TIPS AND HUSBANDRY NOTESTIPS AND HUSBANDRY NOTES(Click on number to move to page)
A BASIC HOME
FOR PET OR BREEDING FEMALES
FOR MALES

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A GOOD HOME FOR ALPACAS

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TRANSPORT

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ALPACAS AS PETS

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ALPACAS AND DOGS

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SET-UP

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TEMPERAMENT

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THE LAND, THE PASTURE, THE ANIMALSCONDITIONSIZE
FEEDINGFEEDING CRIAS

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PARASITES

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RECORDS

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STRESS

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OLDER PERSONS

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BREEDING GREYS
GREY, TUXEDO, MULTI, AND BLUE-EYED WHITEGREY AND ROAN
GREY PLUS TUXEDO EQUALS CLASSIC GREY?
BREEDING CLASSIC GREY
IMPROVEMENT

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BIRTHSFLAWSFEEDING A CRIA

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WEANINGHALTER TRAINING

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RAISING HAPPY, HEALTHY ALPACAS

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COATS

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MEDICAL MATTERS

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SELECTION and ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENTAGE AND DEVELOPMENTBREEDING HERE: some examples from one female line
CHOOSING YOUR ANIMALS

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SHOWING AND BREEDING

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THE PRODUCT61

FINALLY

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TIPS AND HUSBANDRY NOTES
What follows is offered only as of possible interest and is not supposed
to replace veterinary advice. Nor is it meant to suggest criticism if you
are doing something else. We learned as we went, so some of this advice
is from experience of having done things that weren't a good idea. Every
property is different.

A BASIC HOME
FOR PET OR BREEDING FEMALES
Caring people, observant and willing to learn, with sufficient money tobe able to care for their animals and to buy hay through a drought, in
winter, in bad weather, and after shearing.
It is unwise to buy cheap female alpacas because you cannot affordthem unless they are cheap and then find yourself unable to feed themappropriately or upset by the costs.
Breeding females are more work to look after and cost more to maintainthan males or non-breeding females. Things happen. Your first birthmight require vet help on a Sunday. Crias are wonderful, but they, too,need attention.
You should have enough females for company (at least 3 or 4 mature
females) on sufficient land (at least 3 acres just for three females), withsafe fencing, without obvious danger from dogs, with pasture, withshade, and with shelter. If you are breeding, more acres will be essential
in time. More animals are better—four is small. Six is better, eight isbetter still, and with twenty adult females your herd will be comfortable.
It is fun to buy alpacas, but it is all too easy to get excited and buy
some then shift focus and buy a different sort, then another, and thenfind you have too many for your property.
The paddock should have a safe place to catch the animals (gates in acorner secured to droppers will do, loose hinge joint won't do). If you arebreeding, there should be another paddock for weanling males.
Remember, you will have male crias and you really can't leave them
permanently with the females. If there is a mature entire male he needs
to be safely confined. (This is likely to mean double fence between him
and females. A mature entire male usually cannot live with weanlings.)
It is unwise to run a mature entire male with females who are giving
birth or with females too young to be bred. Fencing should be six orseven strand plain wire, stretched, or some sort of mesh or hinge joint,
stretched.
Alpacas do not normally challenge fences, but they can wiggle under six
inches and jump over a barrier more than five feet high from a1standstill. They do learn from each other. Electric fence does not
impress them and also should not be used in a birthing area.
More space is better. It is healthier for the animals and less work foryou.
Owners should be aware of the need for vaccination with 5-in-1 twice ayear with breeding females, twice for crias (at around 6 weeks and 10
weeks, depending on your agreement with your vet) and shearing once ayear. Vitamin D supplementation, at least for crias, is advised forsouthern areas. It is particularly important in drought. In drought the
ADE with lower D may be helpful with mating and conception.
Shelter after shearing: good natural shelter is enough in many areas,
but consider putting the animals overnight in a structure such as agarage if bad weather comes in. Alpacas generally do not use shelter atnight and in very bad weather after shearing they need to be locked into
their shelter. Somewhere dry to put feed in bad weather and rain is agood idea if you are not going to be home. Remember that the animals
tend to want to be together, so even if you have shelter for two groups, if
they can be closer to each other outside the shelters they are more
likely to stay outside.
Owners should check with neighbours and vet about conditions. If you
are likely to find toxic plants, liver fluke, ticks, or barber's pole worms
on your property you need to form a strategy for control. If you haveother livestock or frequent introductions you need to be more vigilant.
Testing each introduction before drenching, so that you know whichworms are present, and then at 10 days and again later is a good idea.
You do need to observe your animals or understand that there are risks
in not doing so. Although much of the time nothing goes wrong, if there
is an eye injury or an animal has squeezed under a fence into a laneway
and has no water, checking them only weekly could leave you with aserious problem.
If you are not naturally observant then make an observation plan thatallows you to see the animals in such a way that anything wrong ismore obvious.
Mixing different livestock—alpacas with sheep, goats, and other farmanimals–is attractive but be aware that this creates more work andmore risk due to parasites and animal intereactions.

FOR MALES
Most of what applies to females also applies to males, but there are a
few differences. Owning just males is less demanding that owning
females. You need at least 2 males on at least 1/2 acre for the alpacas,
and, as long as they are not severely challenged, the 5-in-1 canprobably be just once a year.
2

A GOOD HOME FOR ALPACASThis is more than a basic home. No property is ideal, so don't feel guilty
if you can't do this.
Your female herd should be at least twenty head of adults, with young
and crias extra. They should have at least 30 acres, and the total
number, including crias, should be no more than around 2.5 animals
per acre even if the pasture supports more. Alpacas spend their days
doing different things in different places. Being required to eat, sleep,
nurse crias and defecate in the same small area is a hardship for them.
You should have at least two paddocks of at least 30 acres. The second
is for an emergency. You can have a group of mature males on one, but
you can't swap paddocks frequently. Each paddock should ideally haveits own access to sheds and yards. This is because of parasites. At somepoint you could have a problem and need to drench and move yourfemale herd. This is when that little area near where you handle or feed
your animals becomes a hazard, because you have to re-use it after thedrench. This is something you cannot safely do.
You also need small paddocks that have access to shelter, shade, yards
and shed, and your house. You need more than one of these small
paddocks. Remember that the small paddocks may be contaminatedwith worms easily.
We think it is safest to visit your expectant mothers regularly but leavethem with the herd to after the birth, then later that day bring themother and cria back to a smaller paddock where you can observe themfor ten days to two weeks. But most people use a birthing paddock. This
will be an area close to your house, with shelter and water and shade.
An area like this gets a lot of use.
You need facilities for your weanlings--a clean, safe paddock.
You need facilities for a sick animal or you need to improvise somethingat the time. Portable panels might help. We once had animals in thelaundry, and other people have had a similar experience. Even your van
can be useful. A stable is useful.
Your mature entire males, once checked for parasites, can live in theempty one of your 30-acre paddocks, but somewhere else, farther fromthe females, may be easier.
In some locations you need to be able to shelter ALL your animals at
once after shearing. You may only need this once in your time with
alpacas, but you'll be glad.

3

TRANSPORT
Transport should be in a completely enclosed horse or alpaca float orvan. Animals have been known to jump out the top space behind. They
have tried to jump through the side windows on a standard horse float.
They can jump a barrier of over five feet from a standing start, without
warning, so fast that you don't see it happen.
An enclosed trailer is possible, but it must be completely enclosed, witha roof, high enough for animals to stand, have non-slip flooring (such as
old carpet or rubber), and ventilation. If making a long journey or
carrying pregnant females, you need several inches of straw or hay(after packing down). To get the right amount of straw don't break up
the biscuits but pull them slightly apart side to side and tile them.
Double axle gives a smoother ride than single. If you have a float, checkthe person-door. Often the latches on these are poor and have been
known to open in transit, spilling alpacas onto the highway.
National guidelines for livestock transport suggest that alpacas can be
carried in a stock crate, with non-slip floor, on a truck. This is possible,
but consider conditions. If you are travelling on unsealed roads, in highheat, in cold, or with a single or pregnant animal, consider the risk.
Putting a plastic tarp on the top of a cage trailer without a roof is notadequate for a long journey on major highways in the middle of winter.
If you are transporting entire males and females they need to be
separated. If you are transporting mothers and crias they need time
every two hours to stand up and allow nursing. You should avoid
transporting crias under one month old in a crowded vehicle.
Although alpacas get through many journeys without mishap, things do
happen in the vehicle, when getting out of the vehicle, and due totransport.
If you are considering how you will transport your alpacas you will haveto decide between some sort of float or trailer and a van. After borrowing
our neighbours' horse float for a couple of years we opted for a van, butthere are just two of us and it is okay to have the van as our solevehicle. It is nice because we know how the alpacas are traveling, andwe are happier traveling with them. But the small vans, which can go in
regular parking spaces and underground lots, only carry a few alpacas
and only two people. If you are showing seriously and need to take morethan four (young) animals to a show or to take a mature male as well asothers, then you need a large van, probably in addition to your normalcar, or a float.
The cost of transport is high, so if you are starting with a number of
low-cost animals it is certainly natural to want to keep costs
appropriate. However, it may be difficult to do this.

4

ALPACAS AS PETS
Alpacas are engaging animals that are pleasant to look at as they
wander around your property.
We have had calls from people wanting a female and an entire male to
run together. This is not a good idea. It is possible to have wethers andfemales together, but it may be easier to manage even wethers
separately.
Usually, males will be suggested as pets. Some people feel they prefer
generally to have female animals as pets, but it should be noted that
alpaca females are not gentler with people than males are.
It is true that males are stronger. They also relate to each other and topeople more. They fight with each other from a few days of age andprefer male crias for company. They can get quite noisy when they fight,
screaming at each other even when not doing more.
Males fight less when castrated. The veterinary cost may be similar tothat of castrating dogs and cats. If you are keeping male alpacas as
guards with other livestock it is safest to have them castrated. A mature
male might be fine with ewes, and there is some evidence that mature
males guard better than wethers, but you need to weigh up the risks.
Most males will kick when in close quarters with other males. Somekick you even when there are no other males in the area. Many females
will also kick you, especially when pregnant.
It is okay to buy some females and have a few crias for pleasure. But
many people have problems early on. Some of these may be due tostress caused by movement and by the alpacas being in a small group.
These will lessen over time. However, if you are working full time andgone in the day, you will eventually have some difficulty with yourbreeding females. A problem birth, easily fixed if you were there, canturn into a disaster in eight hours. If you have a slow cria and are notthere on a hot day or a cold day your sleepy cria may not survive. Somecrias, especially if premature, may not thermoregulate properly and can
get cold or over-heated easily. Serious birthing difficulties can show up
in any female of any age, but maidens are more at risk of minordifficulties that can be easily fixed.
You should expect:
1 of ten experienced dams and 2 out of ten maidens to needassistance at birth,
1 of ten dams to need attention in the two weeks following birth,
2 of ten crias of experienced dams and 3 of ten crias of maidens
to need some help, however minor, on the day of birth,
1 of ten crias to need some attention in two weeks following birth,
All crias to need some attention in bad weather.
5

The problems mentioned above may right themselves without
intervention, but, on the other hand, there might be more work later ifthey are not attended to at the time.
If you have only a few females you may go several years without aproblem, but then again you might have several problems right away
and then none for several years, so the average risk is not a protection.
Although you may want to have a cria or two for the children's pleasure
and want to ensure there is nothing wrong with the animals you buy sothat all is good and fun, things do happen, and the perfect animal may
be less perfect in time.
Occasionally females when not mated can come to think they are
pregnant when they are not. In my admittedly small experience thesefemales have been even less good-tempered than when actuallypregnant. Some females when open, or even when pregnant, will start
mounting other open females. This is tiresome.
If you are buying alpacas as pets this means that they are indeed pets,
to be cared for. A nice, halter-trained alpaca will cost a breeder quite a
bit more to produce than the price you are likely to be paying. If you feel
you must have females, consider a couple of older females who haven't
been breeding in a while. Buying young females thinking you would likemaybe to mate them sometime may not work out. Females who are notmated for some years can be hard or impossible to mate successfullyeven for an experienced breeder.
Often buyers want the youngest animals they can get so that the
animals will bond to them and have a personal tie with them. The
bonding, though, is on the human side. The animals do develop trust inpeople who care for them, but this develops over time from any age.
Making a companion animal of an alpaca is not a good idea. We havebottle-fed a number of animals with no later effects, but if you separate
your animal from the herd, bottle-feed it and handle it a great deal you
are likely to end up with a problem. Making a pet of a single alpaca of
any age is unwise for you and is unfair to the animal.
Note: alpacas will keep the grass down but they will also eat the garden;
they cannot tell toxic from non-toxic plants; they need to be shorn but
the sale value of the fleece is unlikely to cover the cost of shearing.
Finally, if you are keeping alpacas as pets but are also breeding them,without registering offspring, it still matters that you choose a goodmale. There are plenty about at modest prices. But if they are
principally pets you really shouldn't try to buy young, show quality
females and then not mate them or mate them to low quality males.

6ALPACAS AND DOGS
Alpacas and dogs do not mix. Alpacas will mostly learn to accept yourpet dog when it comes with you, but they do not much like dogs. They
will accept a herd guardian dog as long as its behaviour is correct.
However, be careful. Some females, especially with crias, may react
badly to dogs and will attack them even if they are being good. Under
these circumstances a cornered dog may attack the alpaca.
Alpacas are regularly killed by dogs. These do not have to be wild dogs.
Alpaca owners have had alpacas killed in front of them in minutes by asingle pet dog. Attacks occur in the day as well as at night.
Although a large wether may provide some minor protection against
dogs attacking sheep or alpaca females, it is minor and not something
to rely on. Alpacas protect against foxes, not dogs. Llamas, who are very
big and strong, are regularly killed by dogs or injured in fleeing fromthem.
Even very small pet dogs may cause injuries, and both people andalpacas have had legs broken when a dog dashed out unexpectedly.
So take care. If someone is coming over with an alpaca, first confine thedogs, well in advance, not after they have rushed out barking.

7

SET-UP
There are as many ways of setting up your farm as there are farms, buthere are a few more things to keep in mind.
Accidents happen with equipment, with animals on halter, with dogs,
with dodgy fencing, with small areas, with males trying to get to othermales to fight or to females to mate. To reduce accidents keep paddocks
spacious and without nooks or crannies. Males inevitably head tocorners and pockets when fighting. On larger areas they tire themselves
out running after each other and stop.
Avoid leading your animals when you can instead allow them to go in
the direction both you and they wish. Anywhere you have males havedouble fencing if possible. When fitting up a shed, if you will have males
near other males or near females, consider having an enclosed areawith a gate made six feet high to put a male in. This will give you more
usable shelter. We have two stalls in our shed and would make thegates that high if we were building it now. It is better to make yourmating pen really solid and with high barriers (gates or walls) and at
least 4 x 4 metres or so in area. If it is small or flimsy then females will
slip and fall, or jump out, or you will be holding them with a lead.
Having them on a lead works well enough when the female wants tomate, but it is risky for you to hold a female or male when she isreluctant or when you are checking a pregnancy. It may go well ninetynine times, but go wrong the hundredth, and then you could be hurt.
If you are making your yards, it is better that the immediate area
should be fairly flat.
Look at your set-up and see where there are hazards. Always think"what could happen?" instead of "why would he do that?"
There will always still be hazards that you haven't yet fixed or haven't
thought of, but if you have the opportunity to set your place up fromthe beginning have a look at other set-ups and see what you like.
However, you will see that many properties have many tiny paddocks
and laneways. The alpaca industry started with this, so when you lookat other breeders' farms it is common, but it is not necessary or good.
Although three-sided sheds with the largest opening on the longer side
are most popular, if you have weather like ours with coastal lows andsome severe storms it works to have the shortest end open to thedirection of the least bad weather. It is better to make your shed high,even if the animals aren't that tall, because they don't like to go into
dark, small places and won't use the space provided effectively. They
count the height as part of their space and can be more crowded more
comfortably in a high space.

8

TEMPERAMENT
Alpacas are intelligent. They see through windows and also see
reflections. The smartest of them recognize themselves in reflections
and understand that other things they see in the reflections are behindthem. Only a few non-human animals can use a reflection in this way.
They are mostly fairly peaceful animals with very little opposition reflex.
We have noticed that when people come here to see and perhaps tochoose some alpacas they are very keen to perceive differences intemperament, and they often evaluate temperament as they would in ahorse. This does not work with alpacas. Forget horses, ignore thealpacas' ears (they usually put their ears back when you look at them—
they are shy, not aggressive), do not equate quiet temperament withbeing able to walk up to an animal without its moving away. Forget theidea of "quiet" that you learned in Pony Club.
Temperament is said to be highly heritable, but in this context
temperament is more akin to what most of us would call mannerisms.
Some alpacas paw their feeders. This is heritable. What people usuallymean by temperament is docility with people and responsiveness towhat people want—niceness. This is more complex than mannerisms.
After you know your animals well you might find characteristics you
like or do not like in some lineages, but this will still take time todetermine.
In evaluating temperament you need to consider the animal's
experience, setting, age, and condition.
Alpacas who have not been handled are going to be more flighty thanthose who have been handled. On the other hand, alpacas who havebeen handled a lot and desensitized when crias may be bolder and more
inclined to push back into your space than those who have not been
desensitized.
One of the first things you notice in handling alpacas is that you canmove to within a certain distance from them and then they move away.
This distance may be different with different animals. This is entirely
normal and not something to consider when estimating temperament.
You can't really judge temperament well when visiting other people's
alpacas. They are different when you know them.
The setting makes a difference. If there is no pasture and the alpacas
are being entirely hand fed they are more friendly, docile and interested
in people. If there is good pasture and more space they become lessinterested, more wild, more inclined to take off on a romp instead ofcoming in. Smaller spaces make tamer alpacas. However, they arehealthier in larger spaces where they can feed themselves.
9Setting is complicated. We sometimes take alpacas to the vet in a van.
They are very docile in a van, moved away from home. If you haveanimals penned they are different. The number you pen them withmakes them different still, and so on. If their herd is at a distance they
may seem extremely wild although they are very calm animals whenwith their herd. We have had receptive females unwilling to mate when
at a small distance from their herd, and males unwilling to mate when
they could see a dominant male.
Temperament changes over an animal's life. It is not a stable quality.
Confidence can make an animal bolder or quieter. With a stableenvironment older animals may place increasing trust in the people whocare for them. We have dealt with unmanageable young animals who
became easy to handle adults. Others are very easy to handle when
young and become stroppy when they gain more confidence when older.
Then, too, we learn about them. In several cases we discovered somekey to their behaviour when we needed to handle them. Some who arehalter-trained become calm to handle when haltered. One became
anxious at the edges of the pen but was fine standing in the middle
haltered to have a corneal ulcer treated.
Females and males both become different due to sexuality. Receptive
females can be lovely, friendly pets and become aloof and difficult whenpregnant. Some maidens are nervous during their first pregnancies andthen are more relaxed through the rest of their lives. New mothers may
be hyper-protective and may extend their protectiveness to otheranimals in the herd. Any idea that in some state you see their "real"
personality is false. It is all just as real.
You will need to fit your behaviour to that of your animals. This can be
frustrating. Perhaps remember that human intelligence developed indoing precisely this. Perhaps it is good for you!
Alpacas have a strong herd instinct. The females are only close to theiroffspring, mothers, and, occasionally, to other members of their family.
Within the herd there are members they may like better than others,
but this tends to be mild and does not cause them to make separate
groups. The relationship of mother and offspring sometimes lasts andsometimes does not, though they still recognise family, even after years
separated. There seems to be an element of liking as well as relatedness
in it. Females will let family members close to newborns. Some of us
who have had alpacas for a long time have become more and more
impressed by the ties within female lineages. We once brought a threeyear old female back, a year after she had gone to a new home. Whenshe got out of the van her dam squealed and ran over, and the two were
inseparable until the daughter had her own cria. Some females take ona guard relationship to birthing mothers. This role is not stable: one
animal may take it up one year and another the next. One animal oranother may take the role of leader in choosing where the herd goes andwhat it does. A sensible herd leader who takes the herd to shelter inbad weather is a blessing.
10

Male alpacas are remarkably easy to deal with, but they are males andchange with their development. While adult females seldom touch eachother, males interact more with each other physically.

From a few days of age they recognize the other male crias and often
prefer to play with them, neck wrestling as well as romping. Males
continue to play with other males, will play-mate each other and will try
to play-mate with any open females. Then, oddly, they often forget all
this and are terribly shy when first presented with a female ready tomate. Their lives are totally bound up with their position in relation toother males in their group. Most of their sexuality is this: fighting,chasing, and worrying about each other. Mating for most in nature
would be a rare thing.
Males who get on well together still fight with each other. It is normal.
You cannot get two males who do not fight because they are buddies.
Male groups are unstable. When a young member matures or is being
used for stud he may challenge other members of the group and there
may be a lot of fighting. This usually lasts about a week, and thenthings return to normal.
Desexed, wethers are quieter and are easily frightened by entire males.
We have not found it practical to have wethers and entire males
running together. The entire males have bullied the wethers.
If you have entire males a group of at least six is good. They tend to getalong better. Keeping an entire male alone may make it difficult to
integrate him with a group. Putting him into a settled group in a
paddock new to him is safer than putting the group in with him in the
paddock he has occupied. When adding a weanling male to a young
male group, putting the mildest of those in the established group inwith the weanling first and then moving both to the larger group works
pretty well.
Occasionally a young male will become dangerous to be around because
he will jump on you from behind and knock you down. Don't turn your11

back on him for a while and be very careful. This has always
disappeared for us and was not related to any later behavior.
The males who go on to become sires change with their experience,
becoming more confident. This can make their behaviour with people
somewhat calmer or less so. It is rare, though, for a stud male tobecome significantly harder to handle for people as time passes, though
he may become more and more dominant in his group of males.
However mild a mature working male might be, though, for your safety
you should treat him with respect and take care since he can be
dangerous to you by accident when interested in fighting and mating.
Occasionally a particular hatred might occur between him and anothermale, so proceed cautiously. Very occasionally an older stud male canbecome dangerous with people and may have to be put down. This is
not temperament though. His relatives are likely to be normal.
All this has to do with the alpacas' lives and very little of it has to dowith you. The male who kicks you doesn't dislike you—he just kicks.
The female who charges you as though to kill you when you pick up herbaby is not paying any attention to you personally, only to a threat toher cria. A protective female who attacks you if you try to do something
to a herd mate is functioning well, not badly. It is you who must workout a way around this.
Certainly we all enjoy the sweetest females and the best-behaved males,
but some of the animals with the highest vitality and intelligence are
not the easiest, while some of the mildest animals are less competentthan average. Best not to fuss too much but be moderate inrequirements for temperament, knowing your animal might be quite
different a few years from now at home.

12THE LAND, THE PASTURE, THE ANIMALSThe good shepherd keeps always in mind the condition of the pasture,of the animals (both as individuals and as a mob), the weather, extra
feed provided, and parasites.
All these things are related and changing. No firm solutions can begiven. Adapting to conditions is partly intuitive.
When you buy land, look around the area. Are people farming cattle orwool sheep or meat sheep? Here, the land we are on is on one side of aridge. Our side has some good basalt soils with some areas ofsandstone. The other side of the ridge is poorer country, mostly thesandstone. The trees that grow on our side include peppermints, withdark bark and thick foliage. On the other side of the ridge there is more
scrub. This is an area for breeding cattle, but not for fattening cattle.
The land on the other side of the ridge carries fewer cattle per acre.
Rainfall average is around 1000mms. One kilometre away the rainfall
can be surprisingly different, and, by the time you get to Braidwood,
22kms away, it is as different as Goulburn or Canberra. The highest
rainfall figures can be misleading, though, since a single storm withover 300mms in the middle of winter is not necessarily meaningful by
the time you get to December.
In our microclimate it is often very damp (95% humidity) at night anddry by midday. It can be quite hot and dry on a summer day and very
cold in winter. The contrasts have lead to our having more experience
with pneumonia than average.
Pasture quality differs over the land, but it is mostly semi-improved
with about 15 acres that we planted and fertilized. In dry times there is
still good ground cover, and the heavy soils store moisture for sometime. Our area, on Charley's Forest Road, is known to have a very low
weed problem, because of the continuous ground cover and the rainfall
and cold. It is not particularly efficient to have a lot of kangaroo grass,which the alpacas don't like, but it is a blessing in drought. One year wemanaged mostly with dew caught by the grasses. Different years bringdifferent grasses. When we are lucky enough to have good summer rain
we have a good bit of weeping grass. There is some wallaby grass andother natives. We don't have grass seeds in ears because we don't havebarley grass, but we can have grass seeds in eyes because we havespear grass.
We found that it was better here to leave topknots unshorn at shearing(and trim the long ones with scissors) because we had fewer eye
problems—the eyebrows, often removed at shearing, alert the animals
to things close to their eyes. However, on a different property the ownermight opt to clean shear the heads because of burrs, while on others

13the owners feel trimming the topknots protects against grass seeds. On
a large farm also there are too many animals to handle individually.
The only serious weed in our area is bracken fern. We killed that here
long ago.

CONDITION
Mature entire males without parasites on good soils here, with 15 acresof semi-improved pasture and shelter, have had condition scores of 3 to
3.7 in summer, falling to 2.8 or so to 3.5 by the end of winter and into
the spring. They have these scores on their own, with supplementary
hay in storms or very wet weather. Although those who are 3.7 or somight seem overweight, if you feel other areas of the animals' bodies
there is no flabby fat. They are very heavily muscled from having a lot of
exercise. If one of these had a condition score under 2.5 I would worry
that there was something wrong. Wethers get fatter in the same
paddock and are genuinely fat. Note that some animals may have abonier backline than others but be fat enough if you feel their chests
and shoulders. Others may seem fat but have round barrels and be
thin. Weighing them is often surprising.
The work done on alpaca nutrition that is reported in the RIRDOC
booklet was done on wethers in a controlled environment, not weanlings
or females or entire males, and not on animals in large paddocks. If you
follow guidelines for wethers you may underfeed your growing andbreeding animals.
Having observed the condition of the males in a fairly natural state on
the property we accept similar condition scores for the females. There
tend to be some fat females and some thin females. Some females canbecome fat, with no supplementary feeding, on decent pasture, if they
are not being bred and having crias yearly. Occasionally you will have afemale who doesn't provide sufficient milk for her crias and also gets fat.
But, if your female gets pregnant readily and feeds her crias well you
may find it best to ignore the fat condition. The easiest way to help
control her weight is to breed her at 2-3 weeks after birthing and leave
her cria with her as long as possible. This works better than weaning
her cria and putting her on a diet.
It is unwise to try to diet a fat female who is early pregnant or nursing acria since you are likely to lose the pregnancy or compromise the growthof the cria.
Often you can see easily that your fat female is fat because she spends
more time eating. Some females have fat/thin cycles. They fatten
amazingly and then lose weight precipitously when they begin tolactate. These really need to go into birthing with ample weight on.
Very thin females who do not fatten up on good pasture when notlactating may have something wrong with them from the past, but
14

beyond feeding them extra, weaning their crias promptly, and making
sure they don't have parasites there is little you can do. You can try
giving them time off, but it often doesn't help. Most can live long,productive lives, as can fat ones. If your female is thin you can stillmate her and expect success if you will have her on a good level ofnutrition. If nutrition is falling then she is less likely to carry.
With your maidens, if they are growing out to 50 kilos at one year ingood conditions, then it may be best to mate them at one year. There
are two potential problems with waiting. A female eager to mate at one
year may lose interest and refuse at eighteen months. This can takework to fix. Also, if you wait and you have good pasture your young
female may get too fat and this may interfere with her getting pregnant.
They are capable of growing and being pregnant at the same time.
Males and females naturally eat differently. Males eat relatively little
and do not seek out the best pasture. Females are more fussy about
quality and eat more.
Through the year there are some general patterns, though drought
confuses any idea of seasons. When not in drought, in our environment
the alpacas are in the best condition in spring and early summer, on
grass that hasn't gone to seed. They tend to be in trim condition thenalthough the pasture will have high protein and energy. Because it isgreen their dry matter intake is not that high. When it has been dry forsome time the animals will get fatter, but may be low in vitamins. The
shape of your year will likely be different.

SIZE
Size can vary a great deal. We have adult females of 60 kilos and othersof over 90. Everyone has a lot of variety in the size of their animals,
whether they have set a goal of having compact animals or large
animals. There are genetic differences, and these are not always
apparent. So you can mate two small animals and still get a big one.
There are also general differences in size depending on the area inwhich the animal was raised and sometimes the farm on which theanimal was raised.
This is a matter that actually needs serious attention.
In different areas of the country "well-grown" is going to mean different
things. There clearly are factors that limit growth in some areas. This
goes beyond hand-feeding in drought and seems likely to have to dowith minerals in the soil.
Administering vitamin D and phosphorus in periodic injections does not
solve it, although these medicines are necessary in winter in southernareas.
15

Obviously, if your animals are losing condition or actually thin you arealerted to a problem. However, even if the condition (fatness) of youranimals is good it can happen that they fall below a good level in growthrate and size. In some cases this difference is genetic, so you may find
you are weighing the crias of one male more than another but thatthese backward crias catch up later. If the problem is not limited tocertain lineages, then it is a husbandry matter.
The only solution at present is to give critical substances that we know
about (D, phosphorus, selenium) as supplements of some sort. Many
alpaca farms, broken into small paddocks, cannot fertilize theirpaddocks. Many are not on suitable agricultural land. Substitutefeeding may work for a small enterprise, but is expensive, and it is
impossible for a large operation. I am sure that we, personally, hand
feed more than we need to at times, but we do it in order to ensure
adequate nutrition, beyond keeping the animals in good condition.
When animals are limited to the pasture on particular land there aregoing to be some things missing, particularly in parts of the year.
If minerals are a problem, free-choice supplement is an attractive option
but is proven not to work. Animals who need it may or may not choose
to eat it and may eat more or less, not related to their need.
Likewise, alpacas are not very good about licks. They use themerratically, nibbling at them rather than licking. They should have a
block available, but it really will not provide something like selenium inany useful quantity.
Various organic options are available and much used, but, while
attractively safe, these have very low amounts of minerals in them. An
alpaca could have a litre or a kilo of some of these and only barely meetselenium needs for a day in seriously deficient country.
So, it remains a puzzle and one that would benefit from study.

FEEDING
We do feed the females. This we usually do daily, not because they need
the extra food every day, but because we need to see them in acontrolled environment each day to make sure they are all well. We feedthem out of individual feeders. Although they will share hay, mostly,
they don't like to share muesli. We may feed only a small amount, butthere is something to bring them in. We put out at least 10% more
feeders than the number of adult and weanling age animals. This allows
the less aggressive animals more options. There are several different
areas and the oldest part of the shed tends to be occupied by the mostsenior females and their crias, with the shy or lower-ranking animals
naturally in another space. Some rush to their "own" spot. Feeding inindividual feeders works well. Some animals like to sit down wheneating and they can do this. Some eat slowly, and this is easier for themwhen they are not competing with others. In harder times we shift
16

growing crias and animals who need extra into a pen within the shed.
They learn quickly to go in there. It is not for long and not a lot, but it
makes a distinct difference. This is all work and not suitable if you have1000 animals, but it is pleasant enough if you have smaller or medium
numbers. With larger numbers you need to organise hay in hard times
and observe the animals by weighing or condition scoring them
regularly. Whether they need hay daily or twice weekly or what is up to
your conditions. For example, we could not put large bales of hay out inthe paddocks on the ground for ad lib feeding. Humidity at night here isoften over 90% and there is sometimes so much rain that there isstanding water on hills. On the other hand, in drier areas you can put
out large bales and just put a tarp over the bales when it rains.
If you have NO or little pasture then you will need some good quality
feed with proper energy and protein. You can find information about
this relatively easily. Richard Dixon's articles are useful. An old rule wasto balance a ration using at least four substances. This was to even out
the pluses and minuses in nutrients due to the land the feed was grownon. It is still a good idea if you have no grazing to feed a variety. If you
are buying a lot of hay the supplier may have tested it. Ask for the test
or test it yourself in case you need to balance that hay with somethingelse. Testing fodder is not expensive.
More difficult is how to balance having some pasture with what you
feed. We do not have many options here. Where I lived in the US
animals had no grazing from at least November to at least April. You
had to buy your hay in summer and store it. However, hay wascomparatively cheap, varied, and of good quality. You could buy
purpose grown grass hay--in our northern area, this was commonly
pure timothy--or legumes or various mixes. You fussed about things
like second cutting, early flower, and so on. Trefoil, clover, and lucerne
were the available legumes. The lucerne was soft, with fine stalks. You
needed different sorts of hay, with some lucerne for cold weather.
Here we have lucerne, some clover (though it is hard to get), oaten, andmeadow hay, occasionally lucerne/rye. (There are other options further
north.) The meadow hay available in our area is often late cut and not
good. It is not purpose grown. The oaten has often gone to seed and isalmost white in colour, more like bedding straw. Some is a failed crop,
not purpose grown hay. So much is wasted of the lower quality hay thatit not worthwhile to buy. When you buy hay you want the vitamins andminerals it should have, not just fibre. Which brings us back to lucerneand the various chaffs unless you have a good supplier of other hay.
If you have pasture and are feeding extra in winter and bad weather tokeep the animals in good condition, lucerne either as chaff or as hay
works well and is economical. Soaked, cracked lupins work well mixed
with lucerne chaff. When quantity of pasture is a problem, then adding
something else--cereal chaff and bran--becomes necessary, but
continue to keep track of the likely amounts of energy and protein inyour feed. A small amount of LT soy meal is good. You can feed high17

protein supplements when the animals are eating low protein winterpasture, for example, but if they have no pasture a diet totally of
lucerne will leave them hungry since you will not be feeding that much.
Nutritional requirements are based on dry matter values andconsumption is figured at a certain amount per head (though someindividuals may eat a lot more or less).
Remember that very wet pasture that comes in response to rain pleases
the animals but doesn't have a lot in it, and they fill up with it, so somelucerne hay or chaff and lupins is a good idea then, to get them over thechange. They will need the minerals. The requirements for magnesium,in particular, are fairly high for lactating females, and this is a dailyrequirement.
Be aware of enterotoxaemia. Unfortunately the 5-in-1 component forthis only lasts three months. So, always do things gradually and, if you
can, adjust what the animals get naturally. Hay or chaff for about 5days when there is a major weather change is a good idea. If you havehighly productive improved pasture you may need to feed them in themorning and limit their time on the best pasture so that it is a smaller
component of their diet.
One way to think of feeding alpacas is to feed for good tensile strength
in their fleece. Read about fleece breaks and tender fleece in sheep.
Remember the difference between your different categories of animals—
you need a higher level of nutrition for breeding females and growing
animals than wethers, so consistently low nutrition to match your least
good conditions is not appropriate for your breeding animals.
Any hard objects, like lupins (even soaked) or grains or pellets are best
fed mixed with chaff at no less than four (chaff) to one (hard stuff)
proportion. Dampening the mix a little is a good idea.

Alpacas like browse. They don't
mind bitter thngs. They will eat
blackberries, roses, sedge
grasses, leaves and twigs ofseemingly inedible plants likenative blackthorn.

18

They like some weeds/forbs. For example, they like sheep's burr whenin flower and the leaves of shepherd's purse. Sometimes they will add
flower heads and seed heads to their diet. Some things they eat only ina certain state. However, they also may devour a plant on a whim. A
tree can sit there for some time and then one day you will find youralpacas eating the entire thing. Some wattles are obviously tasty. If you
have a convalescent animal with little appetite some safe browse likethornless rose stems with leaves may perk her up.
Always consider where you are. If you are on the coast your problems
are unlike those of people inland.
In time there are likely to be different strains of alpaca suited todifferent environments.
Lastly, scales are handy. They are expensive, but very good to have,even for a small operation, and can be essential for a large one when
you are not able to pay attention to individual animals daily.

FEEDING CRIAS
Feeding your youngest animals is complicated. They have milk and theyeat grass. If the grass is very wet they may not be thirsty. This canmuddle up the dam's lactation or make the crias reluctant to take asupplement from you. Crias also can't really digest mature or overmature grass. Cereal hay will amuse them, but often the quality is suchthat the only bit really useful to them is the grain. They do not need a
lot of roughage, though they need some to develop their digestion.
Encouraging them to eat your food when there is no appropriate
pasture is something you need to improvise. I haven't found any sort ofcreep feeder that a cria felt safe to enter and an adult couldn't. On theother hand, feeding the dams hay and muesli while they are close-by
after birth can make the crias easy to feed later. Some will eat with theirdams. Some dams allow the crias to eat out of the same feeder withthem. However, a percentage of crias have no interest in eating the food
you provide. They SHOULD be eating hay or muesli BEFORE they are
weaned unless your pasture is excellent. Remember that crias areconservative. They may only be willing to eat what they are accustomedto.
It isn't a good idea to try to condition score crias as you would adults byfeeling their spines. Also feel their shoulders and thighs. Crias shouldbe plump, not trim. They need to grow. Going into weaning they need tohave extra weight so that they can maintain their growth and also meettheir needs while in transition.
When weaning crias earlier than six months it would be good to dosome reading (available on the internet) about procedures with lambs. It
is not a simple matter of separating them from their dams. Attention to
nutrition and parasites is important.

19

PARASITES
Although ideal, it is unlikely that you will have double the amount ofland you need so as to provide well-rested paddocks. In some areas thesummers are so hot and dry that paddocks are sterilized yearly and risk
is lowered. In our area, where it is too cold for ticks and can be quite
hot and dry for spells of summer, it is possible with a moderate stocking
rate to keep worm levels very low and eliminate barber's pole worm
altogether. But in some areas people may need to use almost full time
drench in order to cope with barber's pole worms and ticks. Cleaning up
droppings will not help enough.
A count of 200 is significant for an alpaca. For some worms you don't
want any. Alpacas do not become immune to barber's pole worm.
Materials on the wormboss site are for sheep who can tolerate a highlevel of worms. Advisors may not know that the alpacas do not develop
immunity to barber's pole. You need a nil count. The main reason ayoung animal will have a high count and his mate none is that he was
unlucky enough to eat a badly contaminated bit of grass. However,some individuals seem to be resistant and present hope for the future.
Up to several months crias may have some immunity (except to barber'spole worms) via their dams, the mature animals used to your property
should be immune (except to barber's pole worms), but the young
animals are the ones most important to test, individually.
You do not need your property to be without worms (except barber'spole), just to have a low level. Drenching weanlings before movement toa clean paddock can be beneficial and allows them to meet the worms
next with a primed immune system. Your young mothers may haveworms. There is a drop in immunity from sometime before to sometime
after birth, so you might include them in your tests.
Although it is attractive to run various livestock together, it is safer torun breeding females and crias alone. Cattle are a better idea thansheep or goats.
Pour-ons may burn the alpaca, particularly newly shorn and insummer. If you are going to use a pour-on use one for cattle rather thansheep because the sheep pour-ons are designed to penetrate the greaseon the sheep and will be too harsh on the alpaca.
The NSW DPI lab is cheap, efficient, and reliable for testing. You can
ask for kits to be sent to you (free) and have the samples grown out if
necessary, paying by invoice afterward. If you want something special
you can ask for it.
See: https://wormmailinthecloud.wordpress.com/2015/09/04/alpacaworms-carmichael-wormfax-barbervax-etc/

20

QUARANTINE
Quarantine is difficult, and you need to balance the welfare of the new
animals with safety for the rest of your herd. In some cases you do notneed to quarantine new animals, particularly if you know the area andthe husbandry of the owners. If you don't know, then assume the worst
and quarantine the animals.
It is good to test any introduced animal for worms before drenching andthen test again to make sure the drench has worked. Even if you are
not obliged to quarantine an introduction (as for Qalpaca), it is a goodidea to have the animal in an area you won't need for the rest of yourherd. Testing before drench is important to allow you to know what eggs
will have contaminated the area. Then you can return that paddock to
use more quickly if there is nothing significant. As for the dose rate andcombinations of drench, do consider current recommendations. Oral
drenches are more effective than injectables in other stock, but if anoral drench will end up all over you and the area and not in the alpaca
then there is a reason to use an injectable on that paca.
Using one paddock for quarantine and visitors, with frequent use, is not
safe. Weeds may grow there, and the grass may have worm larvae froma previous use. If you are using several different paddocks forquarantine or alternating paddocks to ensure that the pasture in themis clean, then you also need to know how long it has been since the lastuse, what the weather has been like, and so on.

21

RECORDS
Record keeping is an essential chore. You are likely to find that as you
move from a small number of animals to larger your methods fail. You
discover you've missed an animal's 5-in-1 or are waiting for a birth that
isn't due yet. You need to have some way to look at records both byanimal and by herd. If you have your records only by animal you may
fail to notice that you have skipped an animal in a procedure, whereas
on a simple list of all the animals the exception will stand out. Work out
something very clear to you for the most essential husbandry matters.
Does your handwriting work for you or do you need type? Do you do
better with computer records or paper or both? You will probably needseveral sets of records.
Having a way to look up something like a dose of a drug you gave earlier
is also very handy. With larger numbers and a longer time period yourmemory will not be enough.
You need to record movements on your farm and be observant of theweather conditions. You need to know about worms and the lives of
those that are endemic in your area. The worm boss site and the online
Merck veterinary manual are both helpful for this. Usually, a few days
over 40 degrees will kill a lot of larvae, while in temperatures under 15
degrees the eggs will not hatch. You need to know when that happened
and how it fits with your animal movements.
It is often only later that you find you need to know something such as
the date an animal was weaned, or when you had animals in a
paddock.
Once you have more animals than about a hundred, methods have tochange again and observations need to be organized. Then use of scales
on a crush and monthly weighing of the mob tend to become useful,since you will not see things as easily.
These days if we still had many animals we would use a smart phonewith dictation to save the time spent recording the animals one by one
when doing injections, then write it down afterward.

22

STRESSStress is part of normal life, and a healthy animal will tolerate this.
Some of the stress we may impose on the animals can be more serious.
You can estimate stress for your animals to some extent by comparing
with yourself. A day shearing is stressful for both you and the animals.
You'll both recover in about three days. Two days in an airplane andairports followed by capture by terrorists, isolation, strange
surroundings, strange people, and limited food will take a lot longer torecover from. Likewise, your alpaca may lose weight on a journey, be
upset on arrival in a new place, and only recover gradually. If theanimal goes to a show and comes home he will be happy right away on
return to his group, but a total change is harder. If you look at figures
for weight in a young animal who has moved properties, it can take time
for him to return to a normal growth rate.
So, mostly, short stresses are not a problem, but long-term stress is.
Even relatively mild long term or intermittent stress is hard on a young
animal since he is also growing. It is easy for us to see obviously
stressful situations such as a move to a different property, shearing,
bad weather, shedding, showing, and so on, but some are harder.
Having less than they need creates some stress, particularly if they are
moving from a better to a less good situation. Moving from a less good
situation to a better one is only briefly stressful.
Be wary of confinement. Quarantine paddocks, birthing paddocks,
weaning paddocks, and show team paddocks are all stress and parasite
hazards, by their very nature. Although your alpaca may not lookstressed, there is always some stress with confinement, separation,
crowding, and lack of free movement and natural exercise. Stress andparasite risk are both mitigated by good food. But confinement is still
stressful. Make sure your animals are in good condition and, if young,that they are growing well, checked for parasites, and not kept in too
long. If you have an animal confined for months to stay clean and quiet
for shows and your animal is small for her age, thin, stalled in growth,
not eating well, or has any parasite load, it is not worth showing theanimal and thereby, if nothing worse, losing her potential as a breeding
animal. Take an animal who tolerates shows without this treatment.
A special quarantine paddock for new and visiting animals may create
more risk than it avoids.
Management groups are stressful to alpacas. My neighbour has
different mobs of cattle that he moves around in units. If he puts threemobs into a large paddock they remain in three groups. The calves play
together and he can then move those heifer calves as a mob. With thealpacas this is not the case. They want to be together. And they relate infemale lineages rather than age groups. Although some separations are23

absolutely necessary, others might be reconsidered. Again, this isdifferent with large and small numbers. With large numbers you are
more likely to need management groups, and, at the same time, they
are less stressful to the animals because each group is substantial. But
with small numbers, the animals will be happier with fewer groups.
It is very common even on very small properties to carve the paddocks
up into small units, for management. But alpacas really don't require
these—in a small herd (under 60 or so in the group) you can get thewhole mob in easily by rattling some pellets in a bucket, or feed themand do chores like mating at the same time.
Early on we had difficulties managing the animals. When we bought astud male we penned him in a small area with a wether and then let
both out, at which point that wether and two others chased him and heran all the way to the front of the property (close to a kilometre from thehouse). Periodically he would show up closer and the wethers would
dash out at him and he would run again. It took months to wait until
the wethers actually went up there and buddied up with him. Anothertime we brought home a female and cria, put them with our herd, andwatched as they disappeared, running to the edge of a 30-acre paddock.
It took us two hours to catch the cria. The weather turned bad, they
were newly shorn, and we needed to get them to shelter. We learned
that she had never been in a shed before or in a large paddock. Moving
animals from paddock to paddock on the property was always amysterious and difficult process. This all resolved as we learned. It iseasy now.
Unfortunately, handling by people is stressful to an alpaca. The alpacas
are herd animals, herbivores, and prey animals. We are none of these.
We can kill and eat an alpaca. Somewhere in our relationship with theanimals this fact exists. They accept our good behaviour and learn trust
and reliance, but we are probably not as welcome in their group as asheep.
So don't behave like a predator. Walk up to them directly, not circlingaround them; if there are two of you, walk close together; move slowly
and hold anything you carry parallel to your body. The possibility ofdanger clings to you. Movement is not instantly comprehensible (intheir world animals move), so the movement of a rake might upset
them, even if you do it daily.
Having the alpacas with us at feeding time accustoms them to ourpresence, but actual handling is still unpleasant for most. They arenaturally worried about their lack of freedom. They may be afraid of
falling when we want to pick up their feet. Injections seem to hurt themmore than other animals. So get things that require handling done
expeditiously.
On the whole it is a good idea to leave the animals as natural a life as
possible, with other alpacas, with minimum movement.
24

OLDER PERSONS
You may think that as you get older you will not be able to manage youralpacas. However, you are thinking of doing things the same way you
did at age forty, with strength. Women in their late seventies, weighing
less than their smaller alpacas, still care for their alpacas.
You tend to work around lack of strength. Some people have a goodcrush and accustom their animals to passing through it. In any case,
you have to use more thought and less muscle. So, say you need to
examine a strong stud male with your vet. The simple thing for us is to
put him in the van and take him to the clinic. By the time he gets there
he is sitting down and the vet can do quite a bit. If a quieter animal isessential, then he can be sedated. When treating the animal at home,even something like daily medication can be managed. Most alpacas will
eat muesli with an oral medication crushed in it, provided you add
some tasty pellets. One stud male was obliging enough to eat only fromhis own feeder with medicine in it for six weeks although in a mob in a
paddock. Others, you need to separate. If that doesn't work, then adrench is possible. Alpacas react to drench in different ways. Many are
surprisingly easy to handle if you put a syringe point (use a small
feeding syringe) into the corner of their mouths. If difficult, the obvious
solution is force, but if you don't have force then the answer is patience.
After all, you may need to do this alone, without any strength.
Once you are older you may not be able to lift the forequarters of the
alpaca into a vehicle. Having one person at another door with the lead,lift one knee onto the floor, then the other knee. Often the alpaca jumps
in while you are doing this. If you are alone and the alpaca is not too
stroppy, put a long lead from the alpaca, through the cargo barrier, andback to you, hold it to control the head and follow the same procedure
with the alpaca's knees. This takes very little strength. It isn't always
going to work, but sometimes it will.
But occasionally you will fail and need help. Getting older is like that.
Blessedly, making a mistake with an alpaca is not like making a
mistake with a horse. As a child I put a bridle on a head-shy horse
awkwardly, and he became upset. His owner had to stand on a stool
and talk him into accepting the bridle again. It took a long time. She
was 90 and only 5 foot tall.
Alpacas don't hold a grudge (well, perhaps for a few days after
shearing), and do not form habits as persistently as horses. If you havean upset, it isn't permanent.

25

BREEDING GREYS
What follows is the result of years of breeding greys and is practical, notscientific. I'm sure that over time we will know more and that what I
have written will be out-of-date.
Greys are pretty, with their faces framed in colour, each distinct, andthey are relatively rare. The colour is also intriguing: greys seem toappear like magic out of matings of other colours, while, on the other
hand, when mated to other greys they produce solid colours as well asgreys.
So, there is a surprising amount written about breeding grey alpacas.
But although there are no true-breeding greys, that does not mean
breeding them is difficult.
I think it is harder to breed blue-black without colour faults or purewhites with no other coloured fibre than it is to breed greys.
The most important thing to note in breeding grey is that greys have abase colour. You are first breeding that base colour. You are notbreeding white with coloured fibres but black or brown or fawn withwhite fibres.

GREY, TUXEDO, MULTI, AND BLUE-EYED WHITE
It is well known that greys pop up from matings using blue-eyed whites,
and greys often have blue or grey in their eyes. However mating greys togreys does not produce blue-eyed whites. We have done a great manymatings of grey to grey and have never produced a blue-eyed white fromthem. It probably happens but would be rare. You may produce blueeyed whites if you breed together greys that have all-blue eyes and alsoa multi pattern with ventral white.
The white faces, necks and legs on many greys are not usually anindication of a multi pattern or tuxedo. They are largely irrelevant inbreeding greys or the solid base colour.
Blue-eyed whites are probably the result of having two white patternson the same animal. The absence of a pigment that is also associatedwith nerves can make the animal deaf. Greys are no more likely to bedeaf than fawns. The only greys more likely than solid colours to be deaf
are those with a multi pattern and also blue eyes. A small percentage ofalpacas are deaf to some degree no matter what the colour.
The AAA recently defined tuxedo to include all multis or fancies that are
not appaloosas. Here, though, I will use it to refer to the pattern of whitesomewhere on the face, possibly the front of the neck, and on the lower
legs below the knee and hock. It is expressed more or less, and may be

26restricted in expression to only a small dot of white on the head or a
foot.

GREY AND ROAN
The term "white-spotting pattern" refers to any white fibre distribution
on a coloured coat. It includes genetically managed white markings ofall sorts, including grey, roan, tuxedo, appaloosa, piebald, and extreme
white piebald.
Theoretically, any coat of dark fibres with white fibres regularlyinterspersed is roan. So it would be possible to call all such alpacasroan and then describe them further.
The terms are arbitrary and people have different ideas about grey androan. Here, to be clearest I will from now on refer to "classic grey" as an
animal with a significant percentage of white fibres through the coatand a pattern that shades to white on the face and usually front ofneck. I will use the term "modern grey" to refer to animals without theshading to white on face and front of neck (these may still have white
markings) plus a high percentage of white fibres through the coat sothat they look grey on the outside. I will use the term "roan" to refer toanimals that look brown or black or fawn but have a (lower than in aclassic grey) percentage of white fibres through their coats (these may
also have white markings) obvious only when the coat is opened. It issometimes hard to draw a line between roan and solid with a colour
fault. Many coloured animals have at least a few white fibres or othercolour fibres in their coats by the time they are two.
Classic greys are usually darker at birth than they end up, as you cansee in these two photos below of the same animal at one month and as
an adult.

Silver grey crias may look like tuxedo blacks at birth. We have been
hard-pressed to locate any white fibres in some and don't know theirtrue colour until after shearing. It is only the fuzzy edges of the colour
areas that make it clear they are grey. The photos below show a girlsoon after her birth, before first shearing and after a later shearing.

27

Tips are often faded to red at birth or fade in the first few weeks; somany silver greys are registered as rose grey. Our soils are orange, so
the animal on the right is stained. His topknot is white, not orange.

I don't know whether the additional white fibres are secondaries thatget long enough to be visible over time or are coloured fibres that turnwhite. In most grey fleeces most white fibres are finer secondaries. To
my knowledge there is no grey fibre but only mixed white and coloured
fibres.
Here is a photo of a sample of a first fleece showing the amount ofchange that can occur. Spots also appear or disappear.

28

The amount of white on the face and neck can vary from little to a lot
but is still the same pattern.

Classic greys change from darker to lighter in their first two years. Then
when they are older, primary fibres, which are mostly coloured, arelonger and make the animal look darker, but the fleece itself does not
get darker. Below is a grey shorn on the left, and on the right in fleece,with dark primaries making her look darker.

Their colour is shaded a bit over their bodies. For example, you willoften notice a change at the last rib from darker to lighter, or a streak ofdarker colour or a small spot in this area, as you can see in thesephotos of Platina, first as a cria and then both sides.

29

They are often lighter on the edges of their hind legs and hips. Classic
greys often have spots. Patterns with darker legs and with lighter legs
are both common. Those above, of Platina, show the paler legs, whilethat below on the left, of her daughter, shows the darker points.

The classic grey pattern usually includes a darker cap on the animal's
head (although pale greys, often produced from silver grey/rose grey
matings, may be pale or white on their heads (as Elysion Mercury is onright), with just a slightly darker dot in the topknot.
On most classic greys the white areas fill in with colour to some extent
as the animal ages. Some that start out with white faces and neckfronts end up grey throughout—a lighter colour than the rest of theirbodies, but not white.
Spots are normal on greys, as are patterns. Along with patterns shading
to dark or light on the legs, there are patterns with white on the lower
legs. This is common and not something to worry about.

However, this sort of pattern below with ventral white is actually a fancy
pattern and grey, so be careful unless you want it!

30

Modern greys (my definition) are rare. The colour may turn darker incolour over the first year. White markings if present are hard-edged.
Below is an animal belonging to a friend. This is a rare colour.

In roans the white fibres are very fine and close to invisible on lighter
colours. On dark colour they show up gradually, most obviously first on
the neck, which often turns a darker shade, too. If white markings arepresent they are hard-edged.

On paler animals it can be hard to distinguish a very pale rose grey
from a roan or from a vicuna fawn or a multi. Sometimes it is clear after
their first shearing, sometimes it is clear at birth but not later, but other31

times the colour of such animals remains puzzling, perhaps being morethan one colour.

The colour may be deep on the backline and become paler further down
the body. Darker roans may have still darker base colour on theirnecks, heads, and legs, while their necks tend to show roan first. The
colour on their heads and necks seems sometimes to darken over time.
White markings on the darker roans are hard-edged.
I have little personal experience of either modern greys or roans, so fromhere on I will be writing only about the classic greys, clearly grey on theoutside and shading toward white on the face and usually the front of
the neck.
There are a great many colours of alpacas, far more than our list allows,
and there are some rare and quite beautiful colours.

GREY PLUS TUXEDO EQUALS CLASSIC GREY?
One explanation of classic grey is that it is a combination of grey/roanplus tuxedo pattern, with the genes so close that they usually travel
stuck together. Modern greys and roans then are the result of thetuxedo component being missing in some animals.
My observation doesn't bear this out. The white areas on a classic grey
are not sharply defined with permanent borders as with a tuxedo coat.
32

The white areas on a classic grey are also notreally white but often have coloured fibres,
and the colour may increase with theanimal's age.

Tuxedo can be anything from white face
and front of neck plus white socks tojust a dot of white on the nose or thinringlets on the feet (as in the mother, on
the right). Interestingly, mating a tuxedo
to a grey may result in more white on
the offspring, as in this case. This
female produced a wide variety ofcolours when mated to different grey
males.
The patterns of classic grey also are not those you would expect oftuxedo. Classic grey has the half white neck and full face pattern much
more often than you would expect from tuxedo and shows limited
pattern much less often.
Generally, matings of classic greyto classic grey do not produce tuxedo
white markings more often than non-grey to non-grey matings. And
matings of classic grey to solid coloured do not produce non-grey
tuxedo patterns more often than matings of solid colours to solid
colours.
Random spots on the body of a dark coloured non-grey animal, such asa white spot on the shoulder of a black animal, are not tuxedo markingsand do not seem to be something to avoid in breeding for grey. Evenclones have different markings. Small spots also appear or disappear.
Roans and modern greys may have different patterns, such as thedarker neck and head, combined with very smooth colour over theirbarrels.
If you mate an animal with white markings on face and feet (even thissmall white spot on her face, not visible until she was mature) to a33

classic grey there is a significant risk of producing blue-eyed whites ortuxedos with a larger percentage of white than the tuxedo parent.
However this may be an individual animal matter. Another female herewith much more white on her face produced solid black regularly withgrey males.

So I think of classic grey as a separate pattern. This, though, does not
explain how roans and modern greys appear from time to time fromgrey/grey matings.
Eventually we will learn what is going on from the geneticists.

BREEDING CLASSIC GREY
It is possible that classic grey is homozygous lethal. This would explain
why greys do not breed true. This means that all classic greys have one
grey and one non-grey copy of a gene, with the homozygous grey
embryos lost, leaving one third base colour offspring and two thirds
grey. These losses do not mean that you have stillborn crias or lateabortions. Mostly the losses would be early embryos, and the number ofthese losses would disappear in the normal luck of breeding alpacas.
I've heard that in ET, embryos from grey/grey matings have a 10%
greater chance of being lost between 10 and 14 days.
In breeding classic grey it is sometimes advised to breed the grey to thedesired base colour rather than to a grey in order to avoid making blueeyed whites or risking abortions.
We haven't had blue-eyed whites born from grey/grey matings. We also
don't seem to have misfortune more easily with grey/grey matings thanwith base colour/grey matings.
If you prefer to breed classic grey to base colour you should get around
50% classic grey and base colour rather than 66% grey with mating
grey to grey. Our figures for mating grey to non-grey give about 50%
grey progeny, but there are not enough results to be sure
It is possible that blacks and bay browns from grey matings may
produce grey at a higher rate than if from non-grey ancestry.

34

The particular pattern of your classic grey may influence outcomes, but
you won't really know this until you do a number of matings. A numberof grey stud males from white matings have bold patterns with a lot ofwhite on the legs. This does not seem to be significant. On the other
hand, some "signature" markings may show up. One of our males had a
bit of fawn on the top of his back and we have had crias with this;another of our males had some almost invisible speckles on one hip.
These also showed up on offspring occasionally.
Altogether we have had about 2/3 grey from grey/grey matings. Within
this 2/3 I place a small number of very obviously roan (or modern grey)
animals and a few pale fawn greys. Of the 1/3 who were not grey about
2% had white markings on heads or below knees. Of the solid colour
progeny about a quarter had some roaning or speckles or other colour
inconsistencies. Many solid colour animals without grey ancestry also
have roaning, speckles, or colour inconsistencies. I have not found thatdark solid colour animals with roaning produce grey better than those
without roaning, but the sample is too small to judge well.

IMPROVEMENT
It is often suggested to breed to white and pale colours in order toimprove the quality of the dark coloured animals. Since whites
consistently win at shows over other colours, except for the palest fawn,
it is alluring to use them. Breeding white to grey you risk making blueeyed white. This is not such an awful result—some prominent lineages
go back to blue-eyed white females, and a number of well-known grey
males are out of blue-eyed white dams. BEWs are not popular, though,and you also do not know what colours they carry until you haveoffspring. They are by no means reliably "crypto greys". If you matethem to solid dark colours you will find out what they can do. We had
one who made greys well.
In breeding to whites and light fawns you run into animals who offer nogenetic possibility of making dark colour and into animals who carrysome dilute factor. Many greys and dark coloured animals with part
Peruvian pedigrees carry dilute factor. When you add several doses
together you end up with a pale animal.
Breeding greys to whites or light fawns also risks making base-colour
coats with white markings. The whites and light fawns may havemarkings you cannot see.
It is also an option to seek out pale animals with roaning, striped or
dark toenails, dark skin, or other characteristics that suggest they areinvisibly grey or carry dark colour. However, there are problems withdoing this. It is hard to get back to your dark base colour, particularly
to blue-black. Mostly you will get more pale animals. Also, qualitychanges with colour.

35Unless you are very lucky you do not get something halfway in between
your grey (or black) and your white (or light fawn) in quality. The result
will be different. It will be hard to judge what the difference will be inadvance. If it were easier or more reliable to do this there would be moredark coloured and grey animals winning championships at shows by
now. Instead, two decades have not produced many browns and blacks
and greys that compete at the same level as whites. There is now not as
great a difference as there used to be between the best coloured animals
and the whites and light fawns, but it is still there.
Note that grey and black fleeces on full siblings will be different. Over
time you will likely find it easier to figure what the difference means.
If you are going to experiment it is more advantageous to use highquality light coloured females with grey males than to use high quality
light coloured males over grey females because it is wise to conserve therarer colour. Your silver greys are also black base colour, so recessive,
which means it could take several generations to get back to your blackbase colour. Doing this with grey and wanting both the dark basecolour and the grey makes it doubly hard. You are inevitably going to
produce fawn, because that may be the darkest colour in light coloured
females, and you will also have to struggle against patterns and almost
invisible colours. Light colours are epistatic to dark. So you will see thelightest colour expressed. Certainly you can do this, but it will take timeand large numbers. You need to be able to keep your fawns and wait forthem in turn to have offspring, and so on.
Over time if you mate grey females to light colour males you will havean increasing percentage of fawn and pale roan in your herd, especially
if you pick the "best" to go on with regardless of colour.
If you have a small operation it might be wise to buy the successful
results of someone else's experiments!
If you want blue-black, red-brown with black points, browns without
shading to paler tints, cold silver grey, and genuinely pink rose grey,
then you need to keep in your herd the animals who can make thesecolours, even if they are not otherwise your best animals.
Improvement does continue even if using only greys and dark colours.
At any rate, we have mated greys to greys and non-greys. We ignored
spots and markings and still ended up with a good percentage ofsmooth coloured greys and solid non-greys. A white foot on a classic
grey doesn't mean you will get any white markings on base colour
progeny. Matings of grey to other colours seem more likely to produce
patterns and spots in your greys, while mating greys to greys over
several generations tends to produce somewhat smoother colour, butthere is not a lot in it. I don't know whether you can breed for spotlesscolour successfully. Limiting the breeding herd in that way leaves fewer
animals of good quality to use.
36

We paid attention to base colour and to grey. I had thought thatpossibly pale greys, often from rose grey/silver grey matings, bred toeach other might reliably make more pale grey, but they don't. Dark,
medium, and light silver really aren't much different in breeding,though to get dark grey it helps to start with at least one dark grey
parent. It is mostly the base colour plus the grey that counts. A palecolour isn't better in fleece because more like a white (instead the dark
primaries stand out). However, rose greys are likely to have betterfleeces than silver greys. The black fibres tend (overall) to be stronger
micron, and silver grey fleeces are likely to be a little less fine and eventhan rose grey fleeces. However, on any particular animal the darker
shaded areas may be softer. Spots on your greys may be quite different,
in fineness and even in length.
The base colour can be blue-black, fading black, brown, or fawn. The
easiest base colours to work with are black and deep red-brown withblack points. The hardest base colour to work with is fawn.
If you have whites and light fawns and want to move to dark colours
and greys, I'd advise using a solid black or brown male with grey in his
background, then, if you want grey, mate the solid colour progeny togrey. White fibres in the male's coat are probably not significant, but
you don't need to avoid a male with them.
Such are my thoughts, if they are of any use to you.

37

BIRTHS
There is quite a lot to say about births, so I will write about things wemight do differently here or simple things that I learned only after someyears.
Things to look for pre-birth are: not eating the previous evening or themorning; humming, especially when the female is answering anotheranimal she can't see; a dirty coat from rolling; a soft, sweet expression
from a female who is normally not soft or sweet; keeping a distancefrom the herd; close presence of an older alpaca observer who has beenwith other births recently; general interest and sniffing from otherfemales.
However well you know your female she may be different when birthing.
Some try to get away from the herd, which doesn't work terribly wellsince the others often follow. But the company of the other animals isnormal. At this particular time, a human isn't normal. So be discreet. At
times I have hidden behind bushes with binoculars.
If the female is near or over one year's gestation and she isuncomfortable, particularly in the late afternoon, consider a vet visit.
These crias can be badly stuck or rolled up and do not necessarily
stimulate contractions until too late. Unless it is prolonged, the same
behaviour before her due date is probably not significant but due to thecria turning.
Females will sometimes come to you for help. They may really need itthen.
If you assist a birth continue until the cria is fully out. By assisting you
have disturbed the process and it may not continue in a normal manner
if you go away part way through the birth after fixing the apparent
problem.
We do not use a birthing paddock. We tried it several times and it didn't
work for us. Our birthing group tends to be too small to make up a herd
and the main herd usually is out of sight of the confined group formuch of the day. There is more stress and less exercise for the latepregnant girls, which isn't a good mix, particularly if they have extra
feed available. The same extra feed if the animals are out with the herdon 30 acres is not an issue.
We leave the late pregnant females with the herd and I go out every twohours to check them.
If you are getting over-large crias or having a lot of problems you might
consider whether you could dispense with the almost universal practiceof putting heavily pregnant females in a small paddock. If you areworking full time and getting home after dark you may really need to38

keep the animals in a small paddock you can explore with a flashlight,
but otherwise, if you are able to go out to them you do catch problems
pretty easily. Many females will let you assist if they are in trouble,
without another person to hold them. With some thought you can also,
if you need to, move them into a smaller area without stressing them.
Smaller crias, born easily to fit mothers, tend to be up and nursing
faster than large crias born to confined mothers. The cria needs a levelof fitness because she actively assists birthing, pushing with her hindlegs and working to get her front legs and head through. If she gets too
tired then once born she may be flat and not up to standing anddrinking as quickly as she should.
The birth and first hours after birth involve interaction between the dam
and cria. On the whole they manage this themselves, but there aresmall interventions that can help, particularly with a first birth. If thecria is not sitting in kush after some time, give her a rub and help her
move to a sitting position. If she just sits and doesn't seem to be trying
or succeeding to stand after an hour, stand her up. Once her muscles
understand the position, it is easier for her to repeat.
If you find a flat, cold cria, wake her up and get her warm.
Occasionally you get one who can't thermo-regulate properly. Add active
warmth to her environment in some way. A cria also doesn't understandheat and shade. If it is hot get the cria and dam into shade soon. New
mothers may want to keep their crias away from you and other animals
at first, so try to organize the space where you put them so that it islogical for them to be in shade.
Once you have warmed up the cria if necessary, if it has been two hours
and the cria has not had a drink, you can give her something—someglucose or a tablespoon of honey in 80 mls warm water, or Impact. (Inmild weather you can wait an hour longer.) This generally moves theinteraction forward and the cria looks more eagerly for the real milk. A
cria always wants her mother's milk.
Don't hang around petting the baby—do what you need to and get away
to a distance. You need the interaction to proceed with each partner
acting and reacting, to each other. Your interference is solely tocompensate for gaps or flaws in the process.
On the other hand, once you know normal births, and if your female iscomfortable with you around, you can gently keep the process moving,helping with a longer birth, standing the cria up, giving a drink,pointing her in the right direction.
Your female will probably like some hay and water.
After a birth if weather is okay we leave the pair for a while to bond(with a bucket of water and some hay) then move them to a paddock
39

close to the shed with shade and shelter, food and water. It is in thefirst two weeks after a birth that we have had things go wrong, so wekeep them in for two weeks. We can observe both, weigh the cria easily,
and move them into shelter easily if needed. Often during this period,
when there is little competition, crias start to nibble hay and muesli.
This is helpful later.
If a maiden mother is not nursing the cria but the cria is eager, makesure there is milk and consider asking the vet for oxytocin and a mild
sedative if she is nervous. You can feed the cria some Impact if she ishungry, but don't overdo it. Although some materials will tell you tofeed the cria at intervals overnight, we have tried not doing this and it ispossibly better not to if you think the mother may start feeding the cria.
The cria should be okay during this period as long as she is warm andsafe. If the mother has died or is truly unavailable, then feed the cria on
her first night.

FLAWS
It happens that some crias are not perfect at birth. They may be flat,
they may have lax tendons or over-tight tendons in their legs. They may
be so disturbed by the birth process that their nervous systems taketime to catch up. Within three days to two weeks most of these
problems disappear. Even if you see something that seems very serious,
like a heart problem, this may improve, and it may not be an inheritedflaw. There are fewer flaws today in alpacas than there were 20 years
back or with imports from Peru.
Remember that "congenital" means "present at birth". This includes
environmentally caused problems. If a flaw is genetic, and heritable, it
is of course wise to be careful. Some flaws, such as hermaphroditism,are known to he highly heritable in other livestock. However, to take one
well-known defect, choanal atresia, it is not clear that it is inherited.
Logically, there may be a genetic component in some cases, but
environmental factors may also be a significant part of the cause. It is
not sensible at this point in time to withdraw animals from the breeding
pool because of this. If you think you see choanal atresia or anotherdefect that might be heritable, it is wise to consult with a vet and get afirm diagnosis, and it might be a good idea to take a drop of blood on a
blotting paper for analysis when a test is available.
Crias are strong. You can achieve a very high birth rate if you spend alittle time doing simple things to protect them after birth. Although you
cannot ensure that they are free from environmental effects, likeextremely high heat, you can to some extent be careful with chemicals.
Also, you can avoid close-breeding. The flaws in camelids may be due inpart to close-breeding in South America.

40

FEEDING A CRIA
It sometimes happens that you need to give a cria a bottle. Many are noteasy to feed though they clearly need it. I am hopeless at milking themothers. I have never had to rear a cria from birth, but on occasion I
have had to feed the cria for a few days after birth or from one month or
so. I have also supplemented crias who are not getting enough milk. I
have only two bits of advice. The one is to try (if it isn't going well) a very
soft teat used with another cria. The other is to be patient. Most of themneed to try the teat and the funny milk and get used to it, so if it doesn't
work, try later. Don't worry too much. If you are supplementing or
totally feeding an older cria it can take over a week of trying twice a day.
Then they give a little sigh and decide to compromise their standards.
Crias settle into little rituals about their drinking. As quickly as possible
try to get the cria to come up to the bottle with minimal handling. It
doesn't do harm to hold them but it is easiest for you if they come up.
Mother alpacas tend to nurse their crias at the same time each day.
Watch for this and catch your cria during nursing or soon before andgive her bottle. She will still nurse from her dam and will not turn toyou instead, as a lamb or calf might, because it is easier to get milk
from the bottle.
Feeding a cria is nowhere near as easy as feeding a lamb. It is great
when you can walk out into the paddock and have the cria run up, but
often that doesn't happen, so you can't rely on being able to do that.
You have to leave the cria with other pacas and you have to plan on
having to catch the cria, at least for some time.
Always leave the cria with alpacas. If you have to take the cria with you
on occasion and bring a companion, you can do that, but then put
them back with other alpacas. The outcome will not be good if you
separate the cria as you would a poddy lamb.

41

WEANING
The relationship of dams and crias is the most touching part ofbreeding alpacas. Suddenly your female becomes soft and attentive andloving. Just seeing her want to be close to another animal is startling.
The crias follow their dams' lead. I have watched a cria closely observe
her dam's behaviour, eating the same little bit of grass, relieving herself
in precisely the same spot right after her dam, and playing with her.
Based purely on eating and digesting food, a well-grown, well-cared for
cria, kept with her herd, can be weaned at three months. However,psychologically, crias are not independent before five months of age or
more. It is at about five months that most will start focusing on you andon their environment. It is at about six months that they will begin to
behave more independently. It may be necessary or convenient to wean
them before six months of age, but when possible they are best left to atleast five.
To what extent is weaning necessary? If the dams are pregnant they
will, with rare exceptions, stop nursing their crias at least a few months
before the next birth. We've had two who would let their crias nurse
close to the next birth. Those have to be separated. For many females,
the next birth determines time of weaning. So they may nurse for five toseven or eight months with a birth due one year after that cria's birth,or for as long as eighteen months if they haven't been remated.
Unfortunately, a stubborn cria can be "weaned" for several months andstill convince her dam to feed her again. Sometimes this means that thefemale will not hold a pregnancy. So then you need to keep them apartuntil the female is several months into her next pregnancy.
Male crias have to be weaned at some point, and any cria may have tobe weaned if the dam is too thin. Fortunately it often is not necessary towean your young females. Being together benefits both the dam andyour female cria. The dams gain confidence and status when they havedaughters in the herd. They are happier. The daughters are more likely
to have problem-free first pregnancies and births.
On a property with lots of small, adjacent paddocks it is not too hard on
the animals if you separate management groups and have your yearling
females separate, but they cope much better together in a herd withadults as long as there is a lot of space. I've tried separating yearling
girls, but with just six they were upset. Many of the young females don't
like to be observed and will tuck themselves behind adults in a herd. It
was hard to get a photo of Platina, who kept gliding behind her motherwhen I had the camera pointed at her. When in a smaller group andsingled out they are nervous. Why upset them?

42

When you do have to wean young animals, or if you have to separate
any animals from the main group, be cautious about stress. If you are
putting weanlings into an area with no pasture where they have tocompete for access to something like oaten hay you are risking theirhealth and proper sexual development. At least give them all the foodthey want and a way to get it without competition. Give them somevariety if you can and remember that they need higher energy, protein,
and minerals than you would offer as a maintenance diet to wethers.
Don't worry about their fleeces "blowing out" at this time. Give themlucerne and, if you have it, offer clover in addition. Give them enoughspace that they can graze in some good areas that are free from latrines.
There really shouldn't be deaths at weaning.
Although a few crias resist eating anything but grass, most will try hay
and muesli if they have enough space to do this without competition. It
may look as though they aren't interested when in fact they feel they
can't compete, even if it looks easy to you. You need to put out enoughfeeders or put hay out in enough different spots that there is a spot foreach cria as well as each adult, plus a number of extras. Although
individual feeders are awkward for space and may seem all wrong forlivestock, they do work for alpacas well, especially if you have shy or
uncompetitive animals or crias you want to feed. So if your operation issmall you can try this. If your operation is larger, then you may alreadytime births to make best use of feed and have areas of particularly good
pasture for nursing dams and for your weanlings.

HALTER TRAINING
I have little to add to the great deal that has been written, only that it isbetter to keep early lessons very short, to walk the animals (when they
are ready) in areas that are not their pasture, and to adjust the lengthof the lead to the behaviour of the alpaca. Some animals with a large
personal space need a longer lead, while others become anxious unless
you are touching them.

43

RAISING HAPPY, HEALTHY ALPACASGive them space and pasture, shelter and feed in bad weather, monitor
parasites, and you should have beautiful, healthy animals.
If you watch the animals on a property where they have lots of space
you will notice that they use it. Our females normally have thirty to fifty
acres. They walk around about thirty acres of that, most days. They
care about where they are. They will trot up to the top of a hill to see arainbow better, run down a slope to get a drink from a spring midday,
potter out to the best pasture when we open the gate, and, on a frosty
morning, go to the top of a hill or the edge of a forest to escape the cold.
They notice where a fox has passed by, check on a spot with different
grass, camp in one area, and graze in another. They find a particularly
spiky native grass to roll on today and another tomorrow, hopping up
afterwards and leaping in the air. The whole mob, including aged
females, goes on a nice run, pronking. This is part of a vivid life forintelligent, active animals. They are not meant to occupy a half-acre andbe fed a measured diet. Nor are they meant to romp around in small
circles in the morning and evening and otherwise stand around.
The advantages of small paddocks are greater docility and being able toadjust feed more precisely to needs of different groups. The advantagesof larger paddocks are greater fitness, strength, health, and beauty.
Equipment causes injuries. It is the corners, the pens, the gates, thedodgy bit of fencing, and the fights in small spaces, that are risky.
A landscape with some diversity is better than flat, planted pasture. If
you have flat pasture consider planting different seeds in different areas
to encourage the animals to move over the whole thing. Or, put watering
points in different areas. Add some areas of trees. I've often thoughtthat enclosed hedges of multiflora roses (grown regularly as rootstock),which they love, would be a nice addition.
It may sound odd, but hand-feeding is in some ways more healthy thanproviding pasture. Pasture changes and is dependent on seasons andthe soil. There isn't much you can do about it when a problem grass,such as rye, is a major (and productive) component of your pasture, or
when weather conditions mean your pasture is toxic. The fast-growing,fertilized pastures that suit cattle that are deposited in a big mob for a
fortnight and then moved on, are not the safest thing for alpacas.
Metabolic problems are more a risk on planted, improved pasture.
Established grass-dominant pastures are easiest to deal with forbreeding alpacas. Cocksfoot, grazing brome, and good native grasses
are all good. Newer white and red and Persian clover are good in modest
percentages. The production grasses for intensive grazing are probably
not that suitable. You can offer a cover crop of oats with a nil-endophyterye, but with any new, improved pasture be careful about how long theanimals are on this at first and limit grazing, particularly if it has been44

heavily fertilised. In our area pastures are put in for cattle, so although
I ordered Gala grazing brome in one paddock, I found out afterwards
that we got Atom prairie grass--much of a muchness to the person
sowing it, but not to us. Aim for something permanent because it issafer, less work and expense, and allows fewer weeds. Unfortunately,
weeds can come in with the seeds. Also, the disturbance to the soil
allows seeds in the soil to sprout. One paddock we planted in 2004 grewso fast (Atom prairie grass, other grasses, red clover) that we simply
closed the animals out of it for a season. We last planted in 2006 andstill in 2014 have better grass in those small paddocks than we did
before, so it is worthwhile, but a risk at first. Make sure to note theproduction number of the bag of seed. With this you can access test
information on that crop.
Fertilizer and lime can change the grasses that you have, allowing someseeds in the soil bank that like better conditions to profit.
If your property has bracken fern on it, read the Merck veterinary
manual online entry for bracken fern. Even though people have eaten it,
it is seriously bad. Alpacas do eat bracken, even mature fronds, evenwith quite good pasture, because they like to browse woody plants anddo not really mind bitter flavours. Consider getting rid of the bracken
right away by spraying it. Pulling it up or repeatedly mowing are
possible control measures you will read about, but these "control"
methods still mean you have new fronds coming up, and alpacas havedied from eating these. Even if you cut it or pull it up daily for months it
continues to put up fronds. It is simply too poisonous to have theanimals have any access to. Cultivating and planting help, but it comesback. Bracken fern also inhibits tree growth and takes up a highpercentage of the water and nutrients where a large stand of it is
growing. So if you want to do any revegetation or pasture improvement,
get rid of it first.
Similarly, with other weeds and toxic plants, do your reading, know
your property, and deal with the weeds in advance if possible. Once you
have carved your property up into little paddocks it will no longer bepossible to do much work with the pastures. If you are new to yourland, check with the district vet, the local vet, your neighbours, theshire, and so on, about known problems in your area.
Be aware that in an area where a problem is long-established people
might not think about it too much. But if you are new to the area the
problem will require more thought. Declared noxious weeds are weedsthat people are intent on killing or keeping out. For example, in ourshire there have been very few sightings of fireweed (26), mostly on
roadsides, and they are eradicated quickly and the sites observed. It is a
declared noxious weed. The Bega Valley on the other hand, after an
intense campaign, has recently given up and dropped fireweed from thelist of noxious weeds. So, in some areas it may be not declared because
there is no chance of its occurrence, while in others the problem might45

be so bad that "control" is felt to place too large a burden on thelandholder

COATS
A coat can save an animal's life. You can buy them but you can also
make them. I have made two types, one with a waterproof outside andlining, and one of just a wool blanket. A key is to have a cloth that
doesn't squeak or rustle. There are places in the US that sell it. If you
type "waterproof breathable" into the search field on your browser you
will find the sites and can ask the people to send samples.
This is a cria coat with cordura outside and wool blanket inside. They
can also be made with just wool blanket, with a loop around the tail tokeep the coat from folding up.

Heavier cordura works for cria coats and lighter, waterproofed cordura
works for adults. This is a winter coat with thinsulate insulation and awool lining.

Alpacas are colour sensitive and some mothers are puzzled or upset by
the change in the cria when you put on a coat. If you make the coats46

yourself you can order the colour you want. If you breed white, you can
buy white cloth.
A wool blanket coat is very handy when you want to give the animalsome protection but don't want to be taking the coat on and off. It will
prevent sunburn and actually keeps the animal dry without risk ofoverheating. The minute you take the coat off, moisture on the top will
soak in and make the coat wet, but you will find your animal dry ineverything but the heaviest rain.

47

Polar fleece stays warm even when it is wet, but it isn't strong enoughas a coat by itself and it is uncomfortably hot when it is warm. Wool
behaves like fleece, naturally!

Animals tend to fuss aboutsomething around their hindlegs so I've used a loop under
the tail. They don't mind this.
You can see how it works in oneof the photos above.

If you try this pattern, don't omit the band that you slip the girththrough. If you omit it the coat can come loose.
Details like gathering the neck a little with a running stitch and thensewing on binding make the coat fit a bit better. The tab to attach thecoat over the tail helps cover the whole alpaca when she sits down.
Please be careful when you put the coat on to have the animal in a safearea, where you can catch him. Occasionally they get too upset to wear
a coat. With crias occasionally a dam does not recognize the cria with acoat and runs away when the cria comes up to her, so, again, try this in
an enclosed space first and make sure the coat is not a problem.

48

MEDICAL MATTERS
Sometimes it seems there is so little we can do to diagnose and fix
problems with our animals! In truth, things go wrong that we can dovery little about. Mesenteric torsion, for example, is out of our control.
Possibly if the animals could tell us, we could act, but they can't. Some
illnesses, like pneumonia, we can treat with drugs, while others, suchas injuries, we can help with. Our vets can diagnose problems and treat
many things, but means are limited in comparison with what we can dofor people.
So, what is our role?
It is worth noting that history is vital in making a diagnosis. A blood
test, for example, is interpreted by the lab in light of the history.
Without history it is not as useful.
So, history is for us to supply with observation. We do all miss things,
but regular observation and careful records are very useful when there
is a problem.
Nursing care is also far more valuable that is often guessed. This carehas to be provided carefully, balancing stress for the animal with benefit
for the animal. When there is illness all of us get upset and find it hardto think things through, so a friend is often helpful to point out theobvious. My vet has been very helpful to me in this way. Also, whenboth Royall and I are here we help each other and notice different
things.
Temperature is perhaps the first thing to consider. A sick animal may
not thermo-regulate properly. And an animal with a fever needs help toreduce the fever.
Reduced movement is also necessary. An animal with pneumonia who
is trying to keep up with her herd will continue to try to do that until
she can't. She needs the least possible stress on her lungs. A male witha leg injury might not recover if injured again, so needs to be separated
from his mates until he is thoroughly recovered.
Over-the-counter aids like ADE, VAM, CophosB, and so on, may help
with certain problems, as might B1, calcium, magnesium, and so on.
Companionship is normally necessary, but provided so as to not stressthe sick animal.
Encouragement to eat by providing particularly nutritious food may
help. Variety of food helps. Many animals will eat when a mate is closeby and eating.

49

Not infrequently illness results from a combination of problems or asequence of effects on the animal. It is well known that a more
nutritious diet, for example, is of benefit in resisting the effects ofworms, of sporidesmin, and of other insults to the animal's system.
Growing animals or lactating or late pregnant females are more likely tohave something go wrong than wethers might. Serious stress is bad foran animal, and prolonged stress produces physiological problems.
So, if you have a growing animal on an insufficient diet, add prolonged(even if mild) stress, add an unnatural environment, add a parasiteburden, add any additional problems—you are moving toward a healthemergency.
The point is to keep in mind the existence of background problems andcontinually try to improve the basics so that illness is less likely andcan be treated easily.
It is not the case that cattle and sheep graziers ignore this. They may
measure the costs and benefits, but a large percentage of them aregoing to be concerned about coping with seasonal problems, imbalancesin their soils, and so forth.
Since we humans have limited means, we need to do the things we can:observe and record events, monitor and control parasites, provide goodnutrition, limit stress, encourage fitness, provide shelter.
When you go out to deal with a problem, remember that your hands
and mind are the best tools in the world. It gets easier with time, when
you have a routine to deal with a familiar issue.
Remember that farmers tend to put baits for foxes at the edge of theirproperty. It is normal to think that bad things come from outside. And,some really do! But remember to look at home too.

50

SELECTION and ENVIRONMENTThis section will focus not on what you should choose, but on factorsthat may confuse your judgment.
Everyone wants to select the right animals. However, the right female isfirst and foremost one who has daughters regularly. This is notpredictable.
Apart from that, though, is it possible to select a small group of alpacasthat will guarantee success? Probably not. You may study carefully or
buy on a whim, and still your small group will not be perfect.
The animals may perform differently on your property than on that of
the original owners.

ENVIRONMENT
People interested in breeding animals seem to think more quickly aboutbreeding solutions than environmental solutions, but the environment
is very important. Everything that happens to the animal, throughgestation and through its life, has an environmental as well as a genetic
component. The minerals in your soils, the quality of the soil, theamount of rain, your use of chemicals, and so on, all affect the result.
In fact, the animal was originally shaped in response to its environment.
Even you are part of its environment.
Remember that environment affects animals differently. If you test for
selenium, for example, you will find a wide range of levels that are also
not necessarily consistent with observed problems. Hypothermia may
kill two of fifty animals, all exposed to the same cold; and hyperthermia
might give you one cria with a defect, but the problem would still beenvironmental rather than genetic.
Consider the original form of the alpaca, the vicuña. This animal, likeother camelids, is really good at surviving in a harsh, dry environment.
Its natural gait is a pace, which is very economical with energy. It isbalanced on the forehand, has long legs and long neck, and can sit forlong periods with legs folded up under it, keeping warm, or arrange
itself to shed heat by propping up its hindquarters.
This shape—with balance on the forehand, long legs and neck—conflicts with our ideas of what farm animals should look like, and wetend to want instead a shorter, more square animal, balanced more on
the hindquarters. You can indeed breed alpacas toward that, but why?
You want a better fleece and a domestic animal, but you do not needshorter legs, heavier bone, and so on. You really do, also, want toacknowledge the gait—the pace—that is basic to the animal. If you
insist on a square animal with shorter legs, balanced evenly or on thehindquarters you are likely to see lower back and hind leg problems.
51You may even produce an animal that trots rather than paces, and atrot uses more energy.
The environment they come from affects the appearance of the alpacas.
When raised on good pasture on good soils they are going to be larger ingeneral than on poor soils. Here in Australia there is more poor soil
(with low minerals) than good, and many alpaca operations are
established on land farmers have sold because it is not good farmland.
The genetic potential of the animal may not be apparent.
Space makes a difference. You may find that animals with more
exercise have more muscle, and they also stand differently. A camelnecked posture is sometimes caused by simple lack of muscle, which
affects balance.
Pasture also affects fleece. Again, like other environmental effects, thisis not uniform. Some animals' fleeces remain much the same whether
on good or poor feed. But many perform very differently. If you see aproperty with sandy soil, sparse pasture, no apparent hand-feeding,and small animals with very fine, soft, short fleece, be aware that theseanimals may change when you get them home. People have foundchanges in fineness of eight micron or more in a year and also higher
standard deviation. Animals they chose for their compact frames havegiven birth to larger animals.
Pasture can affect fleece and animal growth more than hand-feeding
does. The nutrition in really good pasture can be well beyond that of thebest hay. It also varies a great deal so the ups and downs through theyear will show along the fibre.
If you bring home some three year old animals, small with fine, soft
fleeces, they may change in fleece tests, but the animals themselves will
stay about the same in size. Their offspring, though, may be different,
showing the genetics of the parents. My point here is that you don't
know—be aware that you are looking at the effect of environment aswell as breeding.

AGE AND DEVELOPMENT
Age affects how an animal looks. Crias are usually appealing!
Almost everyone, looking at a group of animals, will pick out the
younger ones as better than the older ones. They do indeed look better.
Quite a bit of the effect is fleece. Along with the show standards, youwill also naturally be responding to the "cuteness" of the animal. Fluffy
animals with lots of fleece on their legs and heads are more appealing topeople. People respond to short heads, no matter whether they aremeasurably short or whether it is an effect of fleece. Older animals have
longer heads and also tend to have less fleece on them, exaggerating
this effect.
52

Sometimes young adult animals in short fleece will look "weedy",
standing base-wide because they are actually narrow in the chest,
perhaps a bit knock-kneed. When such youngsters fill out when older
they may look much better, particularly when they are in more fleece.

It is always a good idea to remind yourself of the difference made byfleece to your impression of an animal. We once had two young males
dismissed for having bad legs and another passed only afterinvestigation. Another breeder kindly trimmed the fleece on the front
legs of two of them for us. They came first and second in their class at
the next show. Their legs had not changed at all, only their fleece.
Everyone responds to "cuteness"—it is built into us. In breeding
animals it is quite common that they are bred to be cuter. If you
compare Indian cattle (closer to original cattle) to British beef breeds
this is easily apparent. The British breeds have shorter heads, little
ears, and compact bodies with shorter legs, lower tail set. They also live
short lives.

53

Neotany plays a part in making domestic breeds "cute". When you
breed for docility or friendliness you select in favour of baby-like traits
being retained into adulthood. Dogs bred to have less hunting instinct
have floppy ears, like puppies.
The vicuña is a wild and difficult animal. In taming it the SouthAmerican peoples created the alpaca. Breeding over many generations
for a more tractable animal makes one with more baby-like features
retained to adulthood. In the famous experiment breeding foxes forfriendliness in Siberia, the foxes came to have more baby-like features
retained to adulthood and also an array of colours.
Some characteristics may be due to heredity, environment, or age. You
may not know.

BREEDING HERE: some examples from one female line
Burning Gold Smokey Delight at six months and at two years

in 2001

and in 2003 at 9 years with Octavia at four months

At six months Octavia came third in the National show. Other animals
in various lineages here have also had excellent descendants.

54

Octavia at two years with her first daughter, Colette and at three withher second daughter Titania.

and at six years

Her daughter Colette at four months

55

and at one yearand at four years

and at six with her five month old granddaughter Gigi, one year in thenext photoand at two and a half with her son Rigel.

So, the animal on the right is Burning Gold Smokey Delight's greatgreat-grandson at seventeen months
56

A different daughter of Smokey Delight at eight years (I don't have an
early photo) and her daughter from 2003.

That daughter at three years and at eight years.

That daughter's daughter as a yearling, and her son.

So, again, the animal on the right is a great-great-grandson of theoriginal Burning Gold Smokey Delight.

57

CHOOSING YOUR ANIMALS
Let's say you have gone to a breeder and are standing amidst a lot of
alpacas and certain of them are available for sale.
I read an article recently that explained that when you bought alpacas
you were buying animals the seller had culled. This is not at all true inthe way that you might think. In the first place, many breeders havedifferent values. The most obvious is interest in colour. In the second
place, breeders do not necessarily know which are best or which will be
best in the future. And, finally, many breeders do offer their best
animals for sale. We have. In some years we sold all our young stock.
We at times advertised the animals we thought best in a drop. And,
when we decided to keep an animal the reason was not necessarily to
do with quality.
In recent years we were less likely to sell our best, but amongst our best
were animals (and their descendants) who had failed to sell whenadvertised. Many of our most useful animals were offered for sale atmodest prices. I'm sure other breeders have had similar experiences.
If you go to a dispersal sale you will be able to choose any, but you may
not have much information.
Try to be clear about what you want. If price is your first consideration,
make it clear. If you are prepared to spend and you have evidence thatthe animals will be part of a serious breeding plan, then make thatclear. If you really want pets, make it clear. But asking for high quality,
young, particularly pretty, cheap animals that will guard sheep, be
gentle with the children, be attractive still when you want to sell them,and be able to be bred when you are interested, is not helpful.
If you want show animals then you would buy show animals or females
and males who have produced show animals. However, consider what
has gone into the process of preparing the animals for show andwhether want to do that and are willing to make the continuing effort tomake progress.
Also remember that animals picked out of the paddock in the morningand shown that day do not present the same as animals who have been
confined to small areas for as long as several months before a show tokeep them clean and make them calmer when at the show. Clean fleece
looks and feels much better than dirty fleece; well-timed clipping might
improve the animal's presentation. And, a calm, obedient animal makes
a good impression, even if the animal is not naturally calmer andsweeter than others.
Once you have good males your life changes. You can then buy any
female you like and figure you can handle any needed improvement.

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SHOWING AND BREEDING
If you have some experience of the show ring you will focus on those
alpacas that suit the judging standard. This is after all what you aresupposed to do.
Most very good animals are now also show quality, but this is partly asort of convergence. The showy characteristics come with the package
because this is how people have been breeding. You would think thatstandards for showing should set the direction of your breeding
securely, but it is probably wise to be aware that show standards
change and that they are not always meaningful. Also, show standards
have lead to problems with other animals.
In any form of showing, judges and competitors have to have easily
observable features they can use to discriminate between entries. It is
inevitable that some of these will have little meaning outside the show
ring. Showing anything is like that.
Personally I find it doubtful, for example, that "fleece architecture"means anything in processing fleece, or that it is correlated with density
and/or fineness. It is pretty and easy to see and assess. There is some
old idea that nice tidy staples don't tangle in processing as much as
fleece with cross-fibring. A moment's thought about processing should
dispel this preconception. As for the idea that the more similar thefibres are the better they will crimp up together into staples doesn't
actually seem to be true, from experience.
Take a handful of fleece, brush it—this is what you spin. You have tobrush dense, well-defined staples longer to get rid of them. You can't
spin staples. By the time the commercial processor has picked andwashed fleece there are no staples. Crimp is there in the individual
fibres, but it might not resemble the crimp in the staple. Processors
may prefer clear crimp because they feel it is correlated with evenness,but processing takes the fleece that was organised while on the animal,
separates it totally into individual fibres, and then re-organizes it.
How much of the standard for judging fleece is genuinely tested rather
than based on ideas? It may seem logical that more fleece will fit on the
animal if it is "organized" or that it is going to be finer if more closely
packed, but is this real or just deceptively logical?
We humans like "structured", "uniform", "organized", "orderly" and soon, better than "random", "irregular", "chaotic", "messy".
I love pretty fleece with fine, deep crimp and little staples. I like looking
at it when I spin. I can say that fleece that is particularly fuzzy whenbrushed out spins differently and makes different yarn than fleece thatis relatively smooth when brushed out. The fuzzy fleece is easier to spin,much as tussah silk is easier than cultivated silk. The fleece with59

broader crimp is harder to spin when short and makes a limper yarn,
but this limpness might well suit a textile that is supposed to drape.
The diameter of the staples doesn't seem to matter.
Style is useful in determining where on the animal the better fleece
starts and stops, but doesn't seem to help that much when comparing
one animal to another.
Although it is important to keep up with showing and be aware ofstandards, it is also a good idea to keep in your herd or select forpurchase animals that may not match these standards but have other,valuable characteristics. Some of these may be animals that display an
extreme trait. Breeding with these may keep you competitive when show
standards change.
Over time you come to understand what your animals do. Matings to
one male may produce females that are ideal to mate to another male,while the other order does not work as well. Some matings work
particularly well. For fleece I feel we have done better with matings of
0% to around 3-4% (sharing one grandparent or some more distantrelatives) inbreeding coefficient than higher.
If you close breed you limit your options later.
You need more than a few females in order to do any serious breeding.
This is a signficant challenge. Because alpacas are usually sold one by
one it is difficult for one person or one couple to manage care and salesof a large enough group to make progress. But judgements based onwhat has happened with a few matings are not reliable.
You may lose advantage with a mating made for a particular reason but
regain it with a later mating. For example, you can manipulate style tosome extent with changing fleece length. If you use a male who makes
longer fleece over a female with pretty but short fleece, the style andfineness may not be there in the offspring if the fleece is long, but if you
then put a male who makes shorter fleece over that offspring you canrecreate the fineness and style.
There are also some factors that at times have an unusually large effect.
Some animals have fleeces that stay about the same in quality fromtheir second or third fleece on. This seems to be a separate item andcan be bred for. An example here is Forestglen Platinum. It evenappears in certain lineages when neither parent shows it. It is an
extraordinarily valuable trait.

60THE PRODUCTHow much weight should you give to the animal's appearance?
I have heard people dismiss beauty in livestock—what does it matter,
after all, what the animal looks like? You shear it and sell fleece:
anything else is to appeal to a pet market or shows. A visit to a cattle
sale will quickly educate you. Commercial farmers like their animals tolook right. They are proud of them. You might think that a colour fault
wouldn't matter, but even buyers of steers for meat may pay more forsolid black and reject an animal with the tiniest white spot.
So, the animal will always remain a product, even if there were a goodmarket for fleece.
How much weight do you give to the animal's fleece and to which
qualities?
You can look at fleece production from different angles depending on
what you do. A processor doesn't care how much fleece your alpaca
cuts or whether the fleece goes off at the shoulder, only about thequality and uniformity of what he pays for. Likewise, he is notconcerned with single fleeces. Because it is a bale, the standard
deviation may be higher than what a breeder wants in an individual
fleece. The fleece buyer may mix bales of different fineness. To thebreeder it matters how many animals it takes to produce so many kilos.
The actual, usable fleece weight is important, so uniformity over the
animal is important. To the processor the animal's appearance does notmatter, but to the breeder and judge it does. When you are selling an
animal the fleece test matters more than it does in the halter class inthe show ring.
That will leave you puzzled as to what you should concentrate on! In
choosing animals perhaps try for balance, but keep an open mind aboutacquiring animals who offer something special even if in other areas
they may seem a bit behind. Sometimes you find something particularthat is special to you. When you are extremely keen on something you
might do better with it. If you really love black you may do better
breeding black than if you decide to breed white because the fleece will
theoretically be more usable in the future.

61

FINALLY
Luck with buying animals well is important, but even if you start small
and with a limited budget, if you breed them well you can make anexcellent herd of alpacas. You don't improve your herd most effectively
by buying and selling: you do it by breeding the females so as to raise
the middle level of your herd. And, yes, you breed them well by selecting
the best males for your females. You may do this by mating them all toa succession of sires, or by choosing different sires for different animals.
But the most important thing is to recognize your luck. When you makea very good animal, don't worry too much about the quality of theparents. Lucky accidents are what make improvement possible. Make
the most of them.
Remember that the world your animals live in is not the business worldor the social world in which you can push here or there to get your way
or ignore a complaint until it disappears. In the natural world it rains or
it doesn't rain. You can't convince the sky to rain or pretend it hasn't
rained or make it rain by saying it has. You can't raise the temperature
5 degrees by adjusting the thermometre. You have to take what you are
given and cope.

62