G5-P1
Cancelled㻪㻘㻐㻳㻕
G5–P2

SOIL CARBON FLUX IN BLACK SPRUCE FOREST AFTERFOREST FIRE, INTERIOR ALASKA

Yongwon Kim1, Yuji Kodama2, Yoshinobu Harazono1, and Hiroki Iwata1
1

International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks,

AK 99775-7335, USA2

Arctic Environment Research Center, National Institute of Polar Research,

Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
E-mail: kimyw@iarc.uaf.edu
Northern boreal forests represent approximately 35% of the world’s forestand contain ca. 66% of the world’s forest soil carbon pools. Because boreal
forests uptake atmospheric carbon dioxide and slowly decompose litter, fibric andhumic substances, the ecosystems are known as carbon sinks.

Forest fire is amajor disturbance in boreal forests, with its occurrence closely coupled to climate
patterns, resulting in changes in Arctic climate. Here, we present soil carbon efflux
in burned black spruce forest with the succession on after 2004 forest fire that is
the most severe damaged year. After 5 years, we have measured soil carbon
efflux using automated chamber system that consists of 6 chambers (each threetransparent- and opaque-material), controller included data-logger, 12 solenoid
valves and pump, and thermocouples. Common hair moss (Polytrichum
commune) grew natural plant after the fire. The NPP (net primary productivity), Re(ecosystem respiration) and GPP (gross primary productivity; GPP = Re - NPP) of
the moss was measured using transparent- and opaque-material chambers,
which mean NEE, Re and GPP were -0.03±1.19, 1.09±0.71, and 1.12±1.51
gC/m2/sec, respectively. Mean microbial respiration after the fire 0.78±0.41
gC/m2/sec, averaged four chambers in no plants from August to October of2009. These carbon fluxes have exponential correlations to temperature,indicating the Q10 values on temperature of air, soil 5 cm and 10 cm below thesurface were 1.66, 2.73, and 3.23, respectively. NEP (net ecosystem productivity)of Common hair moss was roughly -0.81gC/m2/sec, suggesting the losing
carbon of 3.15 gC/m2 for 45-day. This data will compare with NEP by eddy
covariance tower.

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G5–P3

CRYOSPHERICAL COHESIVE REGIONS AS TERRESTRIALRESEARCH IN ALASKA FOR A COLLABORATIVEFRAMEWORK BETWEEN JAMSTEC AND IARC
Sugiura, K.1,2, R. Suzuki3, K. Saito2,3, A. Ito3, Y. Kim2, H. Park1, J. Cherry2,
J. Walsh 2, J. Cable2, S. Nagai3, T. Nakai2
1

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15
Natsushimacho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
2
International Arctic Research Center (IARC), University of Alaska Fairbanks, 930
Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-7340, U.S.A.
3
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 3173-25
Showamachi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0001, Japan
E-mail: sugiura@jamstec.go.jp (Sugiura, K.)
JAMSTEC-IARC Collaboration Study (JICS) is planned as a five-year project from2009 JFY through 2013 JFY. Our approach has been to carefully examine the ongoing
physical and biological processes and determine the underlying drivers and inherent
linkages among system components. Research has been conducted to understandmulti-scale interactions in the Arctic system, to quantify the impact of observing systemcomponents, and to utilize observations in tests and validation experiments for modelingand remote sensing. Providing the observation tower in the JICS supersite located to thenorth of Fairbanks, Alaska, is expected to contribute to a base for understanding terrestrial
processes and variation on a mesoscale. Simultaneously, regional field surveys havebeen carried out at selected areas in Alaska. This paper introduces investigations related
to the regional field surveys in Alaska.
Regarding ecosystem research, the above-ground biomass (AGB) of 29 forests
along the south-north transect which profiles from boreal forest to tundra in Alaska wasmeasured to construct the estimation algorithm of forest AGB by ALOS/PALSAR data. In
some forests, temporal biomass changes have been monitored. Regarding permafrost
research, physical properties of the surface and sub-surface have been measured at theinterior (taiga), western (tundra) and southern (maritime) coastal sites. Large variations
were found in near-surface soil thermal and hydrologic regime across short distances, with
wet troughs experiencing freeze-up about a month later that the dry and exposed rims.
The climatic gradient of soil and snow property that will be used in large-scale climate
models has been surveyed by in-situ measurements and by lab analysis. Regarding snow
cover research, snow surveys have been continuously carried out and several time-lapse
cameras were installed in a longitudinal section of Alaska. A blowing snow sensor was
installed at the northern tundra site. In addition, a physically basedsnow-atmosphere-ground-vegetation model has been developed, with inclusion of
blowing snow processes. Regarding greenhouse gas research, diurnal and seasonalvariations of floor CO2 exchange in the interior taiga site have been continuously
measured. A process-based terrestrial ecosystem model simulated greenhouse gas
budget of northern terrestrial ecosystems, daily soil respiration, and global distribution ofannual CH4 emission from wetlands and paddy fields. Regarding hydrological research, a
coupled hydrological and biogeochemical model (CHANGE) simulated inter-annual
variations of hydrological processes over the pan-Arctic. A seesaw pattern in interannual
variations of active layer thickness (ALT) was found between Lena and Mackenzie basins,
which was significant when the Arctic air temperature entered into a warming phase,
implicated with changing snow cover and soil moisture. While it is widely believed that ALT
will increase with global warming, this hypothesis may need modification because the ALTshows responses to variations in snow depth and soil moisture that can over-ride theeffect of air temperature.
It is necessary for systematic framework to improve understanding of linkages andfeedbacks among Arctic climate system components on a mesoscale to a synoptic scalein future, in addition to further continuous data collection and analysis.

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G5–P4

THE JAMSTEC-IARC SUPERSITE ENHANCESUNDERSTANDING OF THE ARCTIC CLIMATE SYSTEM– BIOGEOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS –Rikie Suzuki1, Yongwon Kim2, Shin Nagai1, Hideki Kobayashi1, Taro Nakai2, andAkihiko Ito3
1
Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Scienceand Technology (JAMSTEC), 3173-25 Showamachi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama
236-0001, Japan
2
International Arctic Research Center (IARC), University of Alaska Fairbanks, 930
Koyukuk Drive, P.O. Box 757340, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-7340, U.S.A.
3
Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental
Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
E-mail: rikie@jamstec.go.jp (Rikie Suzuki)
Under the JAMSTEC-IARC Collaboration Study (JICS), the supersite wasestablished in the Poker Flat Research Range (PFRR) of the University of Alaska
Fairbanks in 2010, and observations on biogeochemical studies in the black
spruce forest have been intensely carried out in addition to observations for hydro-meteorological studies. This paper introduces biogeochemical observations
which are being taken place at the JICS supersite in PFRR.
Tree census survey was conducted at the 30m x 30m quadrat of the black
spruce forest near the JICS tower in July 2010 to delineate the forest structure.
The result of the census survey clarified that the density of tree stand (over 1.3m)
was 3967 tree ha-1. Also we cut down 16 trees in the forest in August 2012, andmade the allometry equation for the estimation of the leaf area index and theabove-ground biomass of black spruce tree. The forest landscape is always being
monitored by the automatic digital fisheye camera installed on the top of the 17m
JICS tower with 3 hours interval. Those pictures by the camera provide us valuable ideas to interpret the satellite data that show the seasonal change. The
floor-level carbon dynamics are monitored with the automated open/close chamber (AOCC) system that has 16 chambers in the forest. By combining thefloor-level flux data with the atmosphere-level flux data measured at the tower, theroles of forest canopy and floor in gas exchanges will be elucidated.
These biogeochemical observations are integrated with the hydro-meteorological observations of thesupersite, and the data will be utilized
for various studies included the studyof biogeochemical modeling such as
Vegetation Integrative Simulator forTrace Gases (VISIT). Moreover theknowledge and understandings which
are created based on the supersite Black spruce forest in the JICS supersite
observations will substantially enhance viewed from the top of the 17m JICS
the study on Arctic climate system.
tower (July 2010).

㻔㻔㻛㻪㻘㻐㻳㻘
G5–P5

THE JAMSTEC-IARC SUPERSITE ENHANCESUNDERSTANDING OF THE ARCTIC CLIMATE SYSTEM– HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS –
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1

International Arctic Research Center (IARC), University of Alaska Fairbanks, 930
Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-7340, USA
2
Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth
Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-Cho, Yokosuka,
Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
3
Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth
Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 3173-25 Showamachi, Kanazawa-ku,
Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
E-mail: tnakai@iarc.uaf.edu, taro.nakai@gmail.com (Taro Nakai)$V WKH NH\ REVHUYDWLRQDO UHVRXUFH RI WKH -$067(&,$5& &ROODERUDWLRQ
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G5–P6

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY MONITORING OF
BIODIVERSITY WITHIN CRYOLITHOZONE OF THE
SAKHA REPUBLIC (YAKUTIA) IN THE CONDITIONSOF ECONOMIC USE AND GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
*1

*1

*2

N.G. Solomonov , I.M. Okhlopkov , S. Tatsuzawa
Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone SB RAS
Lenin Avenue 41, 677980, Yakutsk e-mail: imokhlopkov@yandex.ru*2
Graduate School of Letters, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810,
Japan
*1

Today the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) establishes its own network of ecologicalmonitoring because there is not any biosphere nature reserve over the spacious territoryof the republic.
It includes the network of hydrometeorological stations under
Rosgidromet and observation stations belonging to the system of the Ministry of Nature
protection of the Republic. In 2008 a public institution “Republican Information AnalyticalCenter of Ecological Monitoring” was organized under the auspices of the MNP SR(Ya).
There are also polygons performing their activity in Sakha affiliated to the Permafrost
Institute SB RAS on monitoring concerning the state of permafrost grounds, to theInstitute of Cosmic Research and Aeronomy SB RAS on monitoring of solar-terrestrial
relation, space weather, thunderstorm activity and condition of works and spread of forest
fires, to the Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone SB RAS on monitoring ofgreenhouse effect, carbon emission, photosynthetic intensity, structure and functioning ofsubarctic, mountain and alas-taiga ecosystems. There are 2 state nature reserves and a
lot of specially protected natural territories under the status of the Republic, which
perform their activity on the ecological monitoring over their territories. Though
functioning all these departments are not integrated in one unit with unified objectives andtasks, this network is not complex in full sense, so monitoring of many environmental
parameters is conducted by different offices and institutions independently without dueinteraction with each other.
Since 2004 through 2007 the IBPC SB RAS was performing research in the
Framework Programs of the joint academic council on life sciences on the project “Createa united network of complex ecological monitoring on biodiversity of frozen ecosystems
over the model territories of Yakutia boreal forests, tundra and forest-tundra”. By the
combined efforts of the institutes working in the system of the Yakut Science Center SB
RAS and participation of the foreign partnership serious investigations of the theoreticalprincipals of methodology and practice on ecological monitoring in Yakutia are carried out.
Monitoring on the state of rare and endangered animal and plant species is held, activity
related to their conservation and restoration in number are developed, more and more
remote aerospace techniques of research of the animal habitats, satellite location ofanimals during their migration are applied. Financial maintenance of the foreign
partnership contributes to setting up a network of field stations and polygons to perform
long-term studies of ecosystems’ state and development of the methods for optimizationof biological resources management in the national economy. Some field stations are
fitted with specific scientific equipment and devices and join in the World Network ofstations on ecological monitoring. On a monitoring network basis existed before andmainly owing to the previously implemented work realization of a real complex ecologicalmonitoring with collaboration of research institutes Siberian Branch RAS, other research
institutions of the Republic, Yakut State University, Ministry of Nature Protection andother interested bodies of Sakha is feasible. All data received will be used at theeconomical development of the region with consideration of strategy and tactics ofmanagement of the natural resources according to the National strategy of biologicaldiversity preservation in Russia.

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G5–P7㻔㻕㻔㻪㻘㻐㻳㻛
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G5–P9

CHEMICAL CHANGES AND FUNGAL COLONIZATION OF
SALIX ARCTICA LEAF AND STEM LITTER ON
DEGLACIATED MORAINES IN HIGH-ARCTIC CANADA
Takashi Osono1,*,

Dai Hirose2,

Masaki Uchida3,

Hiroshi Kanda31

Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Shiga 520-2113 Japan

2

College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba 274-8555 Japan

3

National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo 173-8515 Japan*tosono@ecology.kyoto-u.ac.jp
Relationships between chemical changes in decomposing leaf and stem
litter of Salix arctica and fungal colonization were examined in arctic tundra,
located within the proglacial field of the southern front of Arklio Glacier in the
Kreiger Mountains near Oobloyah Bay, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada.
Samples were collected in 2003 from five glacial moraines with different
development periods since the Last Glacial, the order of establishment of which isapparent based on the distance from the glacier snout and the moraines (Osono
et al. 2012). Samples of dead leaves and stems were divided into three and five
decay classes, respectively, using visual criteria and used for chemical analysis,
hyphal length estimation, and fungal isolation. Contents of acid unhydrolyzable
residues, extractives, and C varied significantly with the moraine and the decayclass of both leaves and stems. Contents of total carbohydrates, N, P, K, Ca, Mg,
C/N ratio, and δ15N varied significantly with either the moraine or decay class inleaves or stems. Total hyphal length ranged from 673 to 9470 m/g dry material inleaves and from 537 to 4404 m/g for stems and varied significantly with the decayclass in leaves and stems. Four morphotaxa were frequently isolated from leaves
and stems, and frequencies of occurrence of two morphotaxa varied significantlywith the decay class. Total hyphal length and frequencies of fungal morphotaxa
significantly correlated with contents of acid-unhydrolyzable residue, total
carbohydrates, extractives, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, C/N ratio, and/or δ15N in leaves andstems, suggesting organic chemical and nutritional controls on fungal
colonization.
_________________________________
Osono, T., Ueno, T., Uchida, M., Kanda, H., 2012. Abundance and diversity offungi in relation to chemical changes in arctic moss profiles. Polar Sci. 6, 121-131.

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G5–P10㻪㻘㻐㻳㻔㻓

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G5–P12ESTIMATION OF C LOSS BY FIRE IN A BURNED BLACKSPRUCE FOREST IN INTERIOR ALASKA USINGRADIOCARBON.
Miyuki Kondo1, Masao Uchida1, Yasuyuki Shibata1, Hiroki Iwata2,3, Yoshinobu
Harazono3,4
1

National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan

2

Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.

3International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks,

Alaska, 99775-7340,USA
4

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture

University, Sakai, 599-8531, Japan
E-mail:kondo.miyuki@nies.go.jp

Carbon loss from forest floor/top soil by wildfire was estimated at a burned
boreal forest site in Interior Alaska, using radiocarbon (Δ14C). By comparingorganic C storage and radiocarbon profile at burned forest with those of a mature
forest, we estimated C loss from forest floor/top soil.

Soil profiles were surveyed

at the mature black spruce forest in University of Alaska Fairbanks, and theburned black spruce forest in Poker Flat Research Range, which burned in 2004
summer. The Δ14C profiles at the mature forest show clear bomb 14C peak after
1960’s, and plant litter and soil organic C at top of the 15cm was fixed over the
past 50 years.

Burned boreal forest site were similar Δ14C profiles to the mature

forest, but top of 10cm was lost. Organic carbon storage in each forest wasestimated by bulk density and C contents.

Decline of carbon storage after

wildfire was estimated, assuming that C storage in the mature forest were same
regime of C storage as burned stands before wildfire. Compare with mature forest,
4.4 kg C m-2 was lost. Wildfire disturbance in 2004 caused much C loss fromforest floor, corresponding to 53% of accumulated C over the past 50 years.

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Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
2
River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
3
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