英語（リーディング）各大問の英文や図表を読み，解答番号

１

〜

４８

にあてはまるものとして最も適当な選択肢を選びなさい。

第１問 （配点 １０）
Ａ

You are studying at a senior high school in Alberta, Canada. Your classmate
Bob is sending you messages about the after-school activities for this term.

Hey! How are you doing?
Hi Bob. I’m great!
Did you hear about this? We’ve got to choose ourafter-school activities for this term.
Yes! I’m going to join the volunteer program and tutor at anelementary school.
What are you going to tutor?
They need tutors for different grades and subjects. I want to help
elementary school kids learn Japanese. How about you? Are you
going to sign up for this program?
Yes, I’m really interested in the volunteer program, too.
You are good at geography and history. Why don’t you tutor the
first-year senior high school students?

― ４ ―（２２１０―４）

I don’t want to tutor at a senior high school. I was thinking ofvolunteering at an elementary school or a kindergarten, but not
many students have volunteered at junior high schools. So, I think
I’ll tutor there.
Really? Tutoring at a junior high school sounds difficult. Whatwould you want to teach there?
When I was in junior high school, math was really hard for me. I’dlike to tutor math because I think it’s difficult for students.

２

問 １ Where does Bob plan to help as a volunteer?

!

At a junior high school"

At a kindergarten#

At a senior high school$

At an elementary school１

問 ２ What is the most appropriate response to Bob’s last message?

!

My favorite subject was math, too.

"

We will tutor at the same school then.

#Wow, that’s a great idea!

$

Wow, you really love Japanese!

― ５ ―

２

（２２１０―５）

Ｂ

You are a senior high school student and thinking about studying abroad.
You find an advertisement for an online event where you can learn about
studying and working in the US.

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Online Study Abroad and Career Information Sessions ２０２２
The American Students’ Network is planning three Virtual Sessions.
SessionDate/Time＊

Details

Study: Senior High School（for junior and senior high school students）

Virtual Session １
July ３１
３ p.m.-５ p.m.

What is it like to study at an American senior high school?
" Classes, homework, and grades" After-school activities and sports☆ You will hear from students all over the US. Take achance to ask questions!

Study: University（for senior high school students）

Virtual Session ２
August ８
９ a.m.-１２ p.m.

What can you expect while studying at a university in the
US?
" Advice for succeeding in classes" Campus life and student associations☆ Listen to a famous professor’s live talk. Feel free to
ask questions!

Work: Careers（for senior high school and university students）

Virtual Session ３
August １２
１ p.m.-４ p.m.

How do you find a job in the US?
" Job hunting and how to write a résumé
" Meet a wide range of professionals including aflight attendant, a chef, an actor, and many more!
☆ Ask questions about their jobs and work visas.

＊

Central Standard Time
（CST）

Click here to register by July ２９, ２０２２. → Session Registration
Please provide your full name, date of birth, email address, name of your school,
and indicate the virtual session（s）you’re interested in.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
― ６ ―（２２１０―６）

問 １ On which day can you listen to a lecture?

!

July ２９"

July ３１#

August ８$

August １２

問 ２ You should attend Sessions １ and ２ to

３

４

!

find out about application procedures"

get information about studying in the US#

share your study abroad experiences$

talk to people with different jobs.

問 ３ To register for any of these virtual sessions, you need to supply!

questions you have"your birthday#

your choice of career$

your home address

― ７ ―

５

.

（２２１０―７）

第２問 （配点 ２０）
Ａ

You are an exchange student in the UK. Your host family is going to takeyou to Hambury for a weekend to experience some culture. You are looking at
the information about what you can do near the hotel and the reviews of thehotel where you will stay.

White Horse Hotel
In Hambury Square
Things to do & see near the hotel:◆ Hambury Church: It’s only １０ minutes on foot.
◆ The farmers’ market: It’s held in the square every first and third weekend.
◆ The Kings Arms: Have lunch in the oldest building in Hambury （ justacross from the hotel ）.
◆ East Street: You can get all your gifts there（１５-minute walk from thehotel ）.
◆ The Steam House: It’s next to Hambury Railway Museum, by the station.
◆ The walking tour（９０ minutes）: It starts in the square at １１ am every
Tuesday and Saturday.
◆ The stone circle: Every Tuesday lunchtime there is live music（just behindthe church）.
◆ The old castle（admission: £５）: See the play Romeo and Juliet every Saturdaynight. （Get your tickets at the castle gate, across from the station, for£１５.）
Become a member＊ of the White Horse Hotel and get:◆ a free ticket to the railway museum◆ tickets to the play for only £９ per person◆ a discount coupon for Memory Photo Studio（get a photo of you wearing
traditional Victorian clothes）. Open every day, ９.００ am―５.３０ pm.
＊

Membership is free for staying guests.

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Most popular reviews:
Lovely Town
We will be backOur room was very comfortable, andIt’s a nice hotel in the centre of thethe staff were kind.
Coming fromtown with a great breakfast.
Australia, I thought the play in theThough the shops are limited, thecastle was great, and the walking tour
town is pretty and walking to thewas very interesting. I also recommend
beautiful church only took ５
the stone circle （if you don’t mind aminutes. The tea and cakes at the
１０-minute walk up a hill ）. Ben
Steam House are a must. Sally― ８ ―（２２１０―８）

問１

６is the closest to the White Horse Hotel.

!

East Street"

Hambury Church#

The Kings Arms$

The stone circle

問２

７

is one combination of activities you can do if you visit Hambury

on the third Saturday of the month.

Ａ：go on a walking tour
Ｂ：have your photo taken
Ｃ：listen to the live music
Ｄ：shop at the farmers’ market!

Ａ，Ｂ，and Ｃ"

Ａ，Ｂ，and Ｄ#

Ａ，Ｃ，and Ｄ$

Ｂ，Ｃ，and Ｄ

問 ３ You want to get cheaper tickets for Romeo and Juliet. You will!

become a member of the hotel"

buy your tickets at the castle#

get free tickets from the hotel$

wear traditional Victorian clothes

― ９ ―

８

.

（２２１０―９）

問 ４ One advantage of the hotel the reviews do not mention is the!

comfort"discounts

#

food

$

service

問 ５ Which best reflects the opinions of the reviewers?

９

１０

!

The activities were fun, and the shops good.

"

The hotel room was pretty, and the photo studio great.

#

The music was good, and the activities interesting.

$

The sightseeing was exciting, and the hotel conveniently placed.

― １０ ―.

（２２１０―１０）

ＢYour English teacher has given you this article to read to prepare for a classdebate.

When I was in elementary school, my favorite time at school was when I
talked and ran around with my friends during recess, the long break after
lunch.

Recently, I learned that some elementary schools in the US havechanged the timing of recess to before lunch.

In ２００１, less than ５％ ofelementary schools had recess before lunch. By ２０１２, more than one-third ofschools had changed to this new system. Surveys were conducted to find out
more about this change. Here are the results.

It’s good to have recess before lunch because:!

Students get hungrier and want to eat.

!

Students don’t rush meals to play outside after lunch.

!

Students are calmer and focus better in the afternoon.

!

Less food is wasted.

!

Fewer students say they have headaches or stomachaches.

!

Fewer students visit the school nurse.

However, there are some challenges to having recess before lunch:!

Students may forget to wash their hands before eating.

!

Students may get too hungry as lunch time is later.

!

Schools will have to change their timetables.

!

Teachers and staff will have to alter their schedules.

This is an interesting idea and more schools need to consider it. As a child, I
remember being very hungry before lunch. You might say having lunch later
is not practical. However, some say schools can offer a small healthy morning
snack. Having food more often is better for students’ health, too. What aboutwashing hands? Well, why not make it part of the schedule?
― １２ ―（２２１０―１２）

問 １ Which question are you debating? In schools, should!

break be made shorter"

food waste be reduced#

lunches be made healthier$recess be rescheduled

１１

問 ２ One advantage of having recess before lunch is: Students!

do not need morning snacks"

have a longer break#study more peacefully$

wash their hands better

問 ３ One concern with having recess before lunch is:!

Schools may need more school nurses"

Schools may need to make new schedules#

Students may spend more time inside$

Students may waste more food― １３ ―

１３

?

１２

.

.

（２２１０―１３）

問 ４ Which of the following problems could be solved by the author’s
suggestion?

１４!

School schedules will need changing.

"

School staff will have to eat later.

#

Students will be less likely to wash their hands.

$

Students will leave their lunch uneaten.

問 ５ In the author’s opinion, more schools should help students!

adopt better eating habits"

enjoy eating lunch earlier#

not visit the school nurse$

not worry about changes in the timetable― １４ ―

１５.

（２２１０―１４）

第３問 （配点 １５）
ＡYour English teacher from the UK writes a blog for her students. She has

just written about an Expo that is being held in your city, and you areinterested in it.
Tracy Pang
Monday, １０ August, １１.５８ pm
Last weekend, I went to the International Save the Planet Expo held at theConvention Centre. There were a lot of creative ideas that we could try athome. No wonder there were so many people taking part.
The exhibition on remaking household items was particularly inspiring. It wasamazing to see how things we normally throw away can be remade into usefuland stylish items.

They looked nothing like the original products.

workshops were excellent, too.

The

Some sessions were in English, which was

perfect for me（and for you, too）! I joined one of them and made a jewellery
box from an egg carton. We first chose the base colour, and then decided on
the materials for decoration. I had no confidence in making something usable,
but it turned out lovely.
If you are interested, the Expo is on until ２２ August. I strongly suggest thatyou avoid the weekend crowds, though. The calendar below shows the dates of
the Expo and the workshops.
International Save the Planet Expo（August ４―２２）
Sunday

２
９
１６
２３
３０

W
W

Monday

３
１０ W★
１７ W
２４
３１

Tuesday

４
１１
１８
２５

Wednesday Thursday

５ W★
１２ W
１９ W★
２６

６
１３
２０
２７

Friday７１４２１２８Saturday

１
８ W★
１５ W
２２ W★
２９

W＝workshop（★ in English）― １６ ―（２２１０―１６）

問 １ Tracy attended the workshop to learn about!

combining colours creatively"

decreasing household food waste#

redecorating rooms in a house$transforming everyday items

１６.

問 ２ Based on Tracy’s recommendation, the best date for you to attend aworkshop in English is on

１７.

! １２ August" １６ August# １９ August$ ２２ August― １７ ―（２２１０―１７）

ＢYour British friend shows you an interesting article about dogs in the UK.
A Dog-Lover’s Paradise
A visit to Robert Gray’s dog rescue shelter in Greenfields will surprise you if
your idea of a dog shelter is a place where dogs are often kept in crowded
conditions. When I was asked to visit there last summer to take photographs
for this magazine, I jumped at the chance. I will never forget how wonderful it

was to see so many healthy, happy dogs running freely across the fields.

At the time of my visit, around ７０ dogs were living there.

Since then, thenumber has grown to over １００. For these dogs, the shelter is a safe placeaway from their past lives of neglect. The owner, Robert Gray, began taking
in homeless dogs from the streets of Melchester in ２００８, when dogs runningwild in the city were a growing problem. Robert started the shelter in his backgarden, but the number of dogs kept increasing day by day, quickly reaching
２０. So, in the summer of ２００９, he moved the shelter to his uncle’s farm inGreenfields.
Although what I saw in Greenfields seemed like a paradise for the dogs,
Robert told me that he has faced many difficulties in running the shelter.
Since the very early days in Melchester, the cost of providing the dogs withfood and medical treatment has been a problem. Another issue concerns the
behaviour of the dogs. Some neighbouring farmers are unhappy about dogs
wandering onto their land and barking loudly, which can frighten their farmanimals. Most of the dogs are actually very friendly, though.
― １８ ―（２２１０―１８）

The number of dogs continues to grow, and Robert hopes that visitors will finda dog they like and give it a permanent home.

One adorable dog named

Muttley followed me everywhere. I was in love! I promised Muttley that I
would return soon to take him home with me.

Mike Davis（ January, ２０２２）

問 １ Put the following events（!〜$）into the order they happened.
１８

→

１９

→

２０

→

２１

!

The dog shelter began having financial problems.

"

The dog shelter moved to a new location.

#

The number of dogs reached one hundred.

$

The writer visited the dog shelter in Greenfields.

問 ２ The dog shelter was started because

２２

.

!

in Melchester, there were a lot of dogs without owners"

people wanted to see dogs running freely in the streets#the farmers in Greenfields were worried about their dogs$

there was a need for a place where people can adopt dogs

問 ３ From this article, you learnt that

２３

.

!

Robert’s uncle started rescuing dogs in ２００８"

the dogs are quiet and well behaved#

the shelter has stopped accepting more dogs$

the writer is thinking of adopting a dog― １９ ―（２２１０―１９）

第４問 （配点 １６）
To make a schedule for your homestay guest, Tom, you are reading the email
exchange between your family and him.

Hi Tom,Your arrival is just around the corner, so we are writing to check some details.
First, what time will you land at Asuka International Airport?

We’d like tomeet you in the arrivals area.
While you are staying with us, we’ll eat meals together.

We usually havebreakfast at ７:３０ a.m. and dinner at ７ p.m. on weekdays. Do you think thatwill work, or would another time suit you better?
We would like to show you around Asuka.

There will be a neighborhood

festival on the day after you arrive from noon to ４ p.m. You can join one of thegroups carrying a portable shrine, called a mikoshi.

After the festival, at

８ p.m., there will be a fireworks display by the river until ９ p.m.
Also, we would like to take you to a restaurant one evening. Attached is some
information about our favorite places. As we don’t know what you like, pleasetell us which looks best to you.
Restaurants

Comments

Notes

Asuka SteakA local favorite for meat lovers

Closed Tue.

Kagura Ramen

Famous for its chicken ramen

Open every day

Sushi Homban

Fresh and delicious seafood

Closed Mon.

Tempura Iroha

So delicious!

Closed Wed.

Finally, according to your profile, you collect samurai figures. Chuo Dori, themain street in our town, has many shops that sell them. There are also shops
selling food, clothes, computer games, stationery, etc. You can have a greattime there. What do you think? Would you like to go there?
See you soon,
Your Host Family― ２０ ―（２２１０―２０）

The email below is Tom’s reply to your family.
Dear Host Family,

Thank you for your email. I’m really looking forward to my visit to Japan. You
don’t have to come to the airport.
transportation for us to the campus.

Hinode University is arranging

There will be a welcome banquet till

７ p.m. in Memorial Hall. After the banquet, I will wait for you at the entrance
to the building. Would that be all right?

I think I need half a day to recover from the flight, so I might like to get up
late and just relax in the afternoon the next day. The fireworks at night soundexciting.

Starting Monday, my language lessons are from ８ a.m., so could we eatbreakfast ３０ minutes earlier? My afternoon activities finish at ５ p.m. Dinner at
７ p.m. would be perfect.

Thank you for the list of restaurants with comments. To tell you the truth, I’m
not fond of seafood, and I don’t eat red meat. I have no afternoon activities on
the １０th, so could we go out to eat on that day?

As for shopping, Chuo Dori sounds like a great place. While we’re there I’dlike to buy some Japanese snacks for my family, too.

Since my language

classes finish at noon on the １２th, could we go shopping on that afternoon?

Can’t wait to meet you!
Tom

― ２１ ―（２２１０―２１）

［Your notes for Tom’s schedule］
Day/Date
Sat. ６th

With Family

School
２４

Arrival & pick up at

Sun. ７th

Reception

２５・Language classes

Mon. ８th

８ a.m. ― ３ p.m.

Tue. ９th
Wed. １０th（until noon on Fri.）

２６

Dinner at

・Afternoon activities until

Thurs. １１th

５ p.m.

Fri. １２th

Shopping forSat. １３th

Departure＊

Mon. ― Fri. Breakfast

２９

２７

&

２８

（except Wed. & Fri.）

Dinner ７ p.m.

問 １ Where will your family meet Tom?

!

Asuka International Airport"

the Banquet Room#the entrance to Memorial Hall$

the main gate of Hinode University

問 ２ Choose what Tom will do on Sunday.

!

Attend a welcome banquet"

Carry a portable shrine#

Go to a festival$

Watch fireworks― ２２ ―

２４

２５（２２１０―２２）

問 ３ Choose the restaurant where your family will take Tom.

!

Asuka Steak"Kagura Ramen#

Sushi Homban$

Tempura Iroha

問 ４ Choose what Tom will shop for.

２７

・

２８

２６

（The order does notmatter.）!

Action figures"

Clothes#

Computer games

$

Food

%

Stationery

問 ５ You will have breakfast with Tom at２９! ６:３０ a.m.
" ７:００ a.m.
# ７:３０ a.m.
$ ８:００ a.m.

― ２３ ―（２２１０―２３）

第５問 （配点 １５）
You are applying for a scholarship to attend an international summer program.
As part of the application process, you need to make a presentation about afamous person from another country. Complete your presentation slides basedon the article below.

During his ８７ years of life, both above and below the waves, Jacques
Cousteau did many great things. He was an officer in the French navy, an
explorer, an environmentalist, a filmmaker, a scientist, an author, and a
researcher who studied all forms of underwater life.
Born in France in １９１０, he went to school in Paris and then entered theFrench naval academy in １９３０. After graduating in １９３３, he was training tobecome a pilot, when he was involved in a car accident and was badly injured.
This put an end to his flying career.

To help recover from his injuries,

Cousteau began swimming in the Mediterranean, which increased his interestin life underwater.

Around this time, he carried out his first underwater

research. Cousteau remained in the navy until １９４９, even though he could nolonger follow his dream of becoming a pilot.
In the １９４０s, Cousteau became friends with Marcel Ichac, who lived in thesame village. Both men shared a desire to explore unknown and difficult-toreach places. For Ichac this was mountain peaks, and for Cousteau it was themysterious world under the sea. In １９４３, these two neighbors became widely
recognized when they won a prize for the first French underwater
documentary.
Their documentary, 18 Meters Deep, had been filmed the previous year
without breathing equipment.

After their success they went on to makeanother film, Shipwrecks, using one of the very first underwater breathing
devices, known as the Aqua-Lung. While filming Shipwrecks, Cousteau was notsatisfied with how long he could breathe underwater, and made improvements
to its design. His improved equipment enabled him to explore the wreck of the
Roman ship, the Mahdia, in １９４８.
― ２４ ―（２２１０―２４）

Cousteau was always watching the ocean, even from age four when he
first learned how to swim. In his book, The Silent World, published in １９５３, he
describes a group of dolphins following his boat. He had long suspected thatdolphins used echolocation（navigating with sound waves）, so he decided to try
an experiment. Cousteau changed direction by a few degrees so that the boat
wasn’t following the best course, according to his underwater maps.

The

dolphins followed for a few minutes, but then changed back to their originalcourse. Seeing this, Cousteau confirmed his prediction about their ability, eventhough human use of echolocation was still relatively new.
Throughout his life, Cousteau’s work would continue to be recognizedinternationally. He had the ability to capture the beauty of the world below thesurface of the ocean with cameras, and he shared the images with ordinary
people through his many publications. For this he was awarded the Special
Gold Medal by National Geographic in １９６１.

Later, his lifelong passion forenvironmental work would help educate people on the necessity of protecting
the ocean and aquatic life. For this he was honored in １９７７ with the United
Nations International Environment Prize.
Jacques Cousteau’s life has inspired writers, filmmakers, and evenmusicians. In ２０１０, Brad Matsen published Jacques Cousteau: The Sea King.
This was followed by the film The Odyssey in ２０１６, which shows his time as thecaptain of the research boat Calypso. When Cousteau was at the peak of his
career, the American musician John Denver used the research boat as the title
for a piece on his album Windsong.
Cousteau himself produced more than ５０ books and １２０ television
documentaries. His first documentary series, The Undersea World of Jacques
Cousteau, ran for ten years. His style of presentation made these programs
very popular, and a second documentary series, The Cousteau Odyssey, wasaired for another five years. Thanks to the life and work of Jacques Cousteau,
we have a better understanding of what is going on under the waves.
― ２５ ―（２２１０―２５）

Your presentation slides:

Jacques Cousteau― 30 ―

Early Career (before 1940)
Graduated from the naval
academy31
Started to conduct underwater
research

International Summer
Program Presentation

Continued working in the navy1

2

In the 1940sSome Major Works

Desired to reveal the underwater world

32
33
34
35

36
3

Title

Description

18 Meters
Deep

An early prize-winningdocumentary
A book mentioning his
scientific experiment
A documentary series
that lasted a decade4

Contributions
Developed diving equipment
Confirmed dolphins use
echolocation
Made attractive documentaries
about aquatic life
37
38

5

― ２６ ―（２２１０―２６）

問 １ Which is the best subtitle for your presentation?

!

Capturing the Beauty of Nature in Photographs"

Discovering the Mysteries of Intelligent Creatures#

Exploring the Top and Bottom of the World$

Making the Unknown Undersea World Known３０

問 ２ Choose the best option to complete the Early Career（before １９４０）slide.
３１!

Developed underwater breathing equipment"

Forced to give up his dream of becoming a pilot#

Shifted his focus from the ocean to the air$

Suffered severe injuries while underwater

問 ３ Choose four out of the five events（!〜%）in the order they happened tocomplete the In the １９４０s slide.
３２

→

３３

→

３４

→

３５

!

Dived to the Mahdia using improved equipment"

Filmed a documentary without breathing equipment#

Helped one of his neighbors explore high places$

Left the French navy%

Won an award and became famous― ２７ ―（２２１０―２７）

問 ４ Choose the best combination to complete the Some Major Works slide.
３６





!

Shipwrecks

The Cousteau Odyssey"

Shipwrecks

The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau#

The Silent WorldThe Cousteau Odyssey$

The Silent WorldThe Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau

問 ５ Choose two achievements to complete the Contributions slide. （Theorder does not matter.）

３７

・

３８

!

Built a TV station to broadcast documentaries about marine life"

Encouraged people to protect the ocean environment#

Established prizes to honor innovative aquatic filmmaking$

Produced many beautiful images of the underwater world%

Trained pilots and researchers in the French navy

― ２８ ―（２２１０―２８）

第６問 （配点 ２４）
ＡYour study group is learning about “false memories.” One group member
has made partial notes. Read this article to complete the notes for your next
study meeting.

False Memories
What are memories? Most people imagine them to be something like video
recordings of events in our minds. Whether it is a memory of love that wetreasure or something more like failure that we fear, most of us believe ourmemories are a permanent record of what happened. We may agree that they
get harder to recall as time goes on, but we think we remember the truth.
Psychologists now tell us that this is not the case. Our memories can change
or even be changed. They can move anywhere from slightly incorrect toabsolutely false! According to well-known researcher Elizabeth Loftus, rather
than being a complete, correct, unchanging recording, “Memory works a little
bit more like a Wikipedia page.” Anyone, including the original author, canedit the information.
Serious research investigating “false memories” is relatively new. Scholars
Hyman and Billings worked with a group of college students. For thisexperiment, first, the students’ parents sent stories about some eventful
episodes from their child’s youth to the interviewers. Using this family
information, they interviewed each student twice. They mentioned some actual
experiences from the person’s childhood; but, for their experiment, they added
a made-up story about an eventful wedding, encouraging the student to believe
the fake wedding had really happened. The following two sections contain
actual conversations from the interviews of one student. Missing words areindicated by “...”; author’s comments by （“ ）.”Interviewer: Ｉ
Student: Ｓ!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
First Interview
Ｉ: ...looks like an eventful wedding...you were five years old...playing withsome other kids...
（The interviewer, referring to the false event as if the information
came from the student’s parent, goes on to say that while playing
with friends the student caused an accident and the bride’s parents
got all wet.）― ３０ ―（２２１０―３０）

Ｓ: I don’t remember...that’s pretty funny...
Ｉ: ...seems that would be kind of eventful...
Ｓ: ...a wedding. I wonder whose wedding...a wedding reception? I can totally
see myself like running around with other kids...
Ｉ: You could see yourself doing that?
Ｓ: ...bumping into a table? Oh yeah, I would do that...maybe not a wedding...
like a big picnic...
（The student is starting to believe that bumping into the tablesounds familiar. As they finish, the student is asked to think overthe conversation they had before the next session.）!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Second Interview（The interviewer has just asked about some real events from thestudent’s childhood and once again returns to the wedding discussed
in the previous session.）
Ｉ: The next one I have is an eventful wedding reception at age five.
Ｓ: Yeah, I thought about this one...
（The student goes on to describe the people he got wet.）
Ｓ: ...I picture him having a dark suit on...tall and big...square face...I see her
in a light-colored dress...
（The student has new images in mind and can tell this story as if itwere an actual memory.）
Ｓ: ...near a tree...drinks on the table...I bumped the glasses or something...
（This student then provides more information on the couple’s
clothing.）

The students participating in this experiment came to believe that thefalse experiences the interviewers planted were absolutely true. By the second
interview some students thought everything previously discussed was based on
information from their parents about real events. This suggests that, when
― ３１ ―（２２１０―３１）

talking about memories, word choice makes a big difference in responses.
Certain words lead us to recall a situation differently. Because the interviewer
mentioned an “eventful” wedding several times, the student started having a
false memory of this wedding.
Since the time of Sigmund Freud, called “the father of modern
psychology,” mental therapy has asked people to think back to their childhood
to understand their problems. In the late ２０th century, people believed thatrecalling old memories was a good way to heal the mind, so there were
exercises and interviewing techniques encouraging patients to imagine various
old family situations. Now, we realize that such activities may lead to false
memories because our memories are affected by many factors. It is not justwhat we remember, but when we remember, where we are when weremember, who is asking, and how they are asking.

We may, therefore,

believe something that comes from our imagination is actually true. Perhaps
experts should start researching whether there is such a thing as “truememories.”
Summary notes:
FALSE MEMORIESIntroduction
When she says “Memory works a little bit more like a Wikipedia
page,” Elizabeth Loftus means that memories

39

.

40

.

Research by Hyman & Billings
The first interview indicates that the student
The results of their study suggest that

41

and

42

.

Conclusions
People believe that memory is something exact, but our memories
are affected by many things. While focusing on old events was atechnique adapted to heal our minds, we must consider that― ３２ ―

43.

（２２１０―３２）

問 １ Choose the best option to complete statement!

are an account of one’s true experiences"

can be modified by oneself or others#

may get harder to remember as time goes by$should be shared with others freely

問 ２ Choose the best option to complete statement

３９

.

４０

.

!

described all the wedding details to the interviewer"

knew about an accident at a wedding from childhood#

was asked to create a false story about a wedding$

was unsure about something the interviewer said

問 ３ Choose the two best statements for

４１

and

４２

. （The orderdoes not matter.）!

false events could be planted easily in young children’s memories"

our confidence levels must be related to the truthfulness of ourmemories#

people sometimes appear to recall things that never happened to them$

planting false memories is frequently criticized by researchers%

the phrases used to ask about memories affect the person’s response&when a child experiences an eventful situation, it forms stable memories

問 ４ Choose the best option for４３

to complete Conclusions.

!

asking about our memories will help us remember more clearly"

the technique focuses on who, what, when, where, and how#

this mental therapy approach may be less helpful than we thought$

we have to work on our ability to remember events more precisely― ３３ ―（２２１０―３３）

Ｂ

You are in a student group preparing a poster for a presentation contest.
You have been using the following passage to create the poster.

A Brief History of Units of Length

Since ancient times, people have measured things.

Measuring helps

humans say how long, far, big, or heavy something is with some kind of
accuracy. While weight and volume are important for the exchange of food, it
can be argued that one of the most useful measurements is length because it isneeded to calculate area, which helps in the exchange, protection, and taxationof property.
Measuring systems would often be based on or related to the human body.
One of the earliest known measuring systems was the cubit, which was
created around the ３rd millennium BC in Egypt and Mesopotamia. One cubit
was the length of a man’s forearm from the elbow to the tip of the middle
finger, which according to one royal standard was ５２４ millimeters（mm）. In
addition, the old Roman foot （２９６mm）, which probably came from theEgyptians, was based on a human foot.
A unit of measurement known as the yard probably originated in Britain
after the Roman occupation and it is said to be based on the double cubit.
Whatever its origin, there were several different yards in use in Britain. Eachone was a different length until the １２th century when the yard wasstandardized as the length from King Henry I’s nose to his thumb on his
outstretched arm. But it was not until the １４th century that official documents
described the yard as being divided into three equal parts ― three feet ― with
one foot consisting of １２ inches. While this description helped standardize theinch and foot, it wasn’t until the late １５th century, when King Henry Ⅶ
distributed official metal samples of feet and yards, that people knew for
certain their true length. Over the years, a number of small adjustments weremade until the International Yard and Pound Agreement of １９５９ finally defined― ３４ ―（２２１０―３４）

the standard inch, foot, and yard as ２５．
４ mm, ３０４．
８ mm, and ９１４．
４ mm
respectively.
The use of the human body as a standard from which to develop ameasuring system was not unique to western cultures. The traditional Chineseunit of length called chi ― now one-third of a meter ― was originally defined as
the length from the tip of the thumb to the outstretched tip of the middle
finger, which was around ２００mm.

However, over the years it increased inlength and became known as the Chinese foot.

Interestingly, the Japanese

shaku, which was based on the chi, is almost the same as one standard foot. It
is only １．
８ mm shorter.
The connection between the human body and measurement can also befound in sailing. The fathom（６ feet），the best-known unit for measuring thedepth of the sea in the English-speaking world, was historically an ancient
Greek measurement. It was not a very accurate measurement as it was basedon the length of rope a sailor could extend from open arm to open arm. Like
many other British and American units, it was also standardized in １９５９.
The metric system, first described in １６６８ and officially adopted by the
French government in １７９９, has now become the dominant measuring systemworldwide. This system has slowly been adopted by many countries as either
their standard measuring system or as an alternative to their traditional
system. While the metric system is mainly used by the scientific, medical, andindustrial professions, traditional commercial activities still continue to use
local traditional measuring systems. For example, in Japan, window widths aremeasured in ken（６ shaku）.
Once, an understanding of the relationship between different measures
was only something traders and tax officials needed to know. However, nowthat international online shopping has spread around the world, we all need toknow a little about other countries’ measuring systems so that we know how
much, or how little, of something we are buying.
― ３５ ―（２２１０―３５）

Your presentation poster draft:

Different Cultures, Different Measurements

１．The purposes of common units

Standard units are used for:Ａ．calculating how much tax people should pay
Ｂ．commercial purposes
Ｃ．comparing parts of the human bodyＤ．measuring amounts of foodＥ．protecting the property of individuals

２．Origins and history of units of length

４５
４６

３．Comparison of units of length

Figure 1. Comparison of major units of length
４７

４．Units today４８― ３６ ―（２２１０―３６）

問 １ When you were checking the statements under the first poster heading,everyone in the group agreed that one suggestion did not fit well. Which of
the following should you not include?

!

Ａ

"

Ｂ

#

Ｃ

$

Ｄ

%

Ｅ

４４

問 ２ Under the second poster heading, you need to write statements concerning
units of length. Choose the two below which are most accurate. （The orderdoes not matter.）

!

４５

・

４６

Inch and meter were defined by the １９５９ International Yard and Pound
Agreement.

"

The chi began as a unit related to a hand and gradually became longer

over time.
#

The cubit is one of the oldest units based on the length of a man’s foot.

$The length of the current standard yard was standardized by KingHenry Ⅶ.

%

The origin of the fathom was from the distance between a man’s open
arms.

&

The origin of the Roman foot can be traced back to Great Britain.

― ３７ ―（２２１０―３７）

問 ３ Under the third poster heading, you want a graphic to visualize some of
the units in the passage. Which graph best represents the different lengthof the units from short（at the top）to long（at the bottom）?

Ǐ

ǐ

Ǒ

ǒ

４７

shaku
Roman footstandard footstandard yard
fathom
ken
0

500

1000

1500

2000(mm)

0

500

1000

1500

2000(mm)

0

500

1000

1500

2000(mm)

0

500

1000

1500

2000(mm)Roman footshaku
standard footstandard yardkenfathomstandard footshaku
Roman footstandard yard
fathomken

standard footshaku
Roman footstandard yardkenfathom― ３８ ―（２２１０―３８）

問 ４ Under the last poster heading, your group wants to add a statement about
today’s units based on the passage.
appropriate?

!

Which of the following is the most

４８

Although the metric system has become dominant worldwide, traditional
measuring systems continue to play certain roles in local affairs.

"

Science and medicine use traditional units today to maintain consistency
despite the acceptance of a widespread standardized measurement system.

#

The increase in cross-border online shopping has made the metricsystem the world standard.

$

Today’s units, such as the inch, foot, and yard, are based on the chi,whose origin is related to a part of the human body.

― ３９ ―（２２１０―３９）