Interim Report from the Panel Chairs
AAAI Presidential Panel on Long-Term AI Futures
August 2009
The AAAI 2008-09 Presidential Panel on Long-Term AI Futures was organized by the president of theAssociation for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) to bring together a group of thoughtful
computer scientists to explore and reflect about societal aspects of advances in machine intelligence(computational procedures for automated sensing, learning, reasoning, and decision making). The
panelists are leading AI researchers, well known for their significant contributions to AI theory andpractice. Although the final report of the panel has not yet been issued, we provide background andhigh-level summarization of several findings in this interim report.
AI research is at the front edge of a larger computational revolution in our midst—a technical revolutionthat has been introducing new kinds of tools, automation, services, and new access to information andcommunication. Efficiencies already achieved via computational innovations are beyond the scope ofwhat people could have imagined just two decades ago. It is clear that AI researchers will spearhead
numerous innovations over the next several decades. Panelists overall shared a deep enthusiasm andoptimism about the future influence of AI research and development on the world. Panelists expect AI
research to have great positive influences in many realms, including healthcare, transportation,education, commerce, information retrieval, and scientific research and discovery.
The panel explored a constellation of topics about societal influences of AI research and development,
reviewing potential challenges and associated opportunities for additional focus of attention andresearch. Several topics were highlighted as important areas for future work; there was a sense that, forthese issues, increased sensitivity, attention, and research would help to ensure better outcomes. The
panel believed that identifying and highlighting potential “rough edges” that might arise at theintersection of AI science and society would be beneficial for directing ongoing reflection, as well as for
guiding new research investments. The study had three focus areas and associated subgroups.
Subgroup on Pace, Concerns, Control
The first focus group explored concerns expressed by lay people—and as popularized in science fiction
for decades—about the long-term outcomes of AI research. Panelists reviewed and assessed popularexpectations and concerns. The focus group noted a tendency for the general public, science-fiction
writers, and futurists to dwell on radical long-term outcomes of AI research, while overlooking the broad
spectrum of opportunities and challenges with developing and fielding applications that leverage
different aspects of machine intelligence.
Popular perspectives on the outcomes of AI research include expectation that there will be one or moredisruptive outcomes. These include that notion that the research will somehow lead to the advent ofutopia or catastrophe. The utopian perspective is perhaps best captured in the writings of Ray Kurzweil
and others, who speak of a forthcoming “technological singularity.” At the other end of the spectrum,some people are concerned about the “rise of intelligent machines,” fueled by popular novels andmovies, that tell stories of the loss of control of robots. Whether forecasting utopian or catastrophic
outcomes, the radical perspectives are frightening to people in that they highlight some form of radical
change on the horizon—often founded on a notion of the loss of control of the computational
intelligences that we create.

The panel of experts was overall skeptical of the radical views expressed by futurists and science-fiction
authors. Participants reviewed prior writings and thinking about the possibility of an “intelligenceexplosion” where computers one day begin designing computers that are more intelligent thanthemselves. They also reviewed efforts to develop principles for guiding the behavior of autonomousand semi-autonomous systems. Some of the prior and ongoing research on the latter can be viewed bypeople familiar with Isaac Asimov's Robot Series as formalization and study of behavioral controls akinto Asimov’s Laws of Robotics. There was overall skepticism about the prospect of an intelligence
explosion as well as of a “coming singularity,” and also about the large-scale loss of control of intelligent
systems. Nevertheless, there was a shared sense that additional research would be valuable on
methods for understanding and verifying the range of behaviors of complex computational systems tominimize unexpected outcomes. Some panelists recommended that more research needs to be done tobetter define “intelligence explosion,” and also to better formulate different classes of such accelerating
intelligences. Technical work would likely lead to enhanced understanding of the likelihood of suchphenomena, and the nature, risks, and overall outcomes associated with different conceived variants.
The group suggested outreach and communication to people and organizations about the low likelihoodof the radical outcomes, sharing the rationale for the overall comfort of scientists in this realm, and forthe need to educate people outside the AI research community about the promise of AI for enhancingthe quality of human life in numerous ways, coupled with a re-focusing of attention on actionable,shorter-term challenges.
Subgroup on Shorter-Term Challenges
A second subgroup focused on nearer-term challenges, examining potential “rough edges,” where AI
research touches society, that may be addressed via new vigilance, sensitivity, and, more generally, withinvestment in additional focused research. Several areas for future research were identified as having
valuable payoff in the shorter term. These include the promise of redoubling research on using AI
methods to enhance peoples’ privacy. There already has been interesting and valuable work in the AI
research community on methods for enhancing privacy while enabling people and organizations topersonalize services. Other shorter-term opportunities include the value of making deeper investments
in methods that enhance interactions and collaborations between people and machine intelligence. The
panel’s deliberation included discussion of the importance of endowing computing systems with deeper
competencies at working in a complementary manner with people on the joint solution of tasks, and insupporting fluid transitions between automated reasoning and human control. The latter includes
developing methods that make machine learning and reasoning more transparent to people, including,for example, giving machines abilities to better explain their reasoning, goals, and uncertainties. Anotherfocus of discussion centered on the prospect that people, organizations, and hostile governments might
harness a variety of AI advances for malevolent purposes. To our knowledge, such efforts have not yet
occurred, yet it is not difficult to imagine how future computer malware, viruses, and worms mightleverage richer learning and reasoning, accessing an increasing number of channels of information aboutpeople. AI methods might one day be used to perform relatively deep and long-term learning andreasoning about individuals and organizations—and then perform costly actions in a sophisticated andpotentially secretive manner. There was a shared sense that it would be wise to be vigilant and to invest
in proactive research on these possibilities. Proactive work includes new efforts in security,
cryptography, and AI research in such areas as user modeling and intrusion detection directed at thispotential threat, in advance of evidence of such criminal efforts.

Subgroup on Ethical and Legal Issues
A third subgroup focused on ethical and legal questions. This subgroup reflected about ethical and legal
issues that could become more salient with the increasing commonality of autonomous or semiautonomous systems that might one-day be charged with making (or advising people on) high-stakes
decisions, such as medical therapy or the targeting of weapons. The subgroup’s deliberation included
reflection about the applicability of current legal frameworks. As an example, the group reviewed
potential issues with assignment of liability associated with costly, unforeseen behaviors of autonomousor semi-autonomous decision-making systems. Other reflection and discussion centered on potential
ethical and psychological issues with human responses to virtual or robotic systems that have anincreasingly human appearance and behavior. For example, the group reflected about potential
challenges associated with systems that synthesize believable affect, feelings, and personality. What are
the implications of systems that emote, that express mood and emotion (e.g., that appear to care andnurture), when such feelings do not exist in reality? Discussion centered on the value of investing moredeeply in research in these areas, and of engaging ethicists, psychologists, and legal scholars.
Meeting at Asilomar
After several months of discussion by email and phone, a face-to-face meeting was held at Asilomar, atthe end of Feburary 2009. Asilomar was selected as a site for the meeting primarily because it is simply
a fabulous place for a reflective meeting. We also selected the site given the broad symbolism of thelocation. The AAAI Panel on Long-Term AI Futures resonated broadly with the 1975 Asilomar meetingby molecular biologists on recombinant DNA—in terms of the high-level goal of social responsibility forscientists. The AAAI panel co-chairs also alluded to the goal of generating a report on an assessment
and recommendations that would be similar to the 1975 recombinant DNA report in terms of thecrispness, digestability, and design for consumption by scientists and the public alike. However, thesymbolism stops there: The context and need for the AAAI study differs significantly and in multiple
ways from the context of the 1975 meeting on recombinant DNA. In 1975, molecular biologists needed
urgently to address a fast-paced set of developments that had recently led to the ability to modify
genetic material. The 1975 meeting took place amidst a recent moratorium on recombinant DNAresearch. In stark contrast to that situation, the context for the AAAI panel is a field that has shown
relatively graceful, ongoing progress. Indeed, AI scientists openly refer to progress as being somewhat
disappointing in its pace, given hopes and expectations over the years. However, we are seeing ongoingadvances in the prowess of AI methods and an acceleration in the fielding of real-world applications(some quite large in scale), a natural increase of reliance on automation, the coming availability ofsophisticated methods to a wider set of developers, extending well outside the research community(e.g., in the form of a variety of toolkits), and a growing interest and focus among non-experts on radical
outcomes of AI research. On the latter, some panelists believe that the AAAI study was held amidst aperception of urgency by non-experts (e.g., a book and a forthcoming movie titled “The Singularity isNear”), and focus of attention, expectation, and concern growing among the general population.
The panel has identified multiple opportunities for proactive reflection, focused research, and ongoing
sensitivity and attention. We believe that focusing effort as a community of AI scientists on potential
societal issues and consequences will ensure the best outcomes for AI research, enabling society to reap
the maximal benefits of AI advances.
Eric Horvitz and Bart Selman, Co-chairs
AAAI Presidential Panel on Long-Term AI Futures