ISAR-7
Seventh International Symposium on Arctic Research

March 6-10, 2023
Tachikawa, Japan

Transdisciplinary studies on a rapidly changing Arctic
toward a sustainable societyWelcome Words

On behalf of the Symposium Organizing Committee, it is our great pleasure towelcome you to the Seventh International Symposium on Arctic Research (ISAR-7) heldin Tachikawa, Tokyo on March - ,, in a hybrid manner (partly in-person andpartly online). The symposium is organized by Japan Consortium for Arctic Research(JCAR) and National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR) with cordial supports from Japan
Agency of Marine/Earth Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Institute forSpace-Earth Environmental Research of Nagoya University and many other institutions.
The theme of this symposium is Transdisciplinary Studies on a Rapidly Changing Arctic
toward a Sustainable Society.
Hajime Yamaguchi

Chair, ISAR-7 Symposium
Organizing Committee

The previous symposia have mainly focused on the effects of global warming, which is
progressing several times faster in the Arctic than in the other regions, as well as
related interdisciplinary discussions on the rapidly changing Arctic such as the Arctic
shipping routes which re uire natural science, economics, international law and otherperspectives. However, the COVIDpandemic and the new international problem thathave occurred in the last three years since ISAR- were unexpected and devastatingchanges for humanity. Thus, we have extended the sessions for ISAR-7 to broader
areas such as security and geopolitics. I believe that research in the Arctic region should
lead to contribute for sustainable development of all humankind.
The expected number of participants is aroundfromcountries and regions,which are comparable with those of the previous symposia. We sincerely thank all thecolleagues who have gathered at this symposium under the current difficult situation.
We hope you would have fruitful discussions in ISAR-7 and take a successful step
toward your goal.

Dear friends of Arctic research,
National Institute of Polar Research sincerely welcomes all of you to ISAR-7, the 7thInternational Symposium on Arctic Research, as a co-organizer of the symposium andthe host institute of its venue. I also would like to express my special appreciation toeach and every one of you who came from oversea. This year, ISAR is going to be heldin-person and virtually, and will bring Arctic researchers together in-person after five
years since ISAR- was held in-person in January.

Takuji Nakamura

Professor, Director-General,
National Institute of Polar Research,Japan

The rapid warming in the Arctic region in recent years has significantly increased theimportance of the Arctic observation and researches. In the mean time, both the global
pandemic of COVIDand on-going conflict between the countries in European region
have constrained our activities in such an urgency where acceleration of Arctic researchis strongly demanded for us mankind. However, we shall stay united and engaged inmoving forward with our common goal under any circumstances.
March of this year, which happened to be the first day of the symposium, is called
Keichitsu in Japan (in Chinese, Jing-zhe), meaning it is the day when insects come outof hibernation after a long winter. I do wish that the symposium becomes a great
opportunity for Arctic scientists from all around the world to come out and actively
interact again towards our challenge to the surging global climate change. I hopeeveryone enjoys the ISAR-7 symposium held first time in Tachikawa, the city in west
Tokyo.

1

Organizations

Organizers

Supporters

Japan Consortium for Arctic Environmental Research (JCAR)

Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR)

Japan Federation of Ocean Engineering Societies
Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC)

Co-Organizers

Japan Society of Atmospheric Chemistry (JpSAC)

Hokkaido University

Meteorological Research InstituteJapan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE)
Meteorological Society of Japan (MSJ)

Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research (ISEE),
Nagoya University

National Museum of Ethnology, Japan (MINPAKU)The Ecological Society of Japan

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology(JAMSTEC)The Japan Association for Russian and East European Studies
The Japan Association of Siberian Studies
The Japan Society of Naval Architects and Ocean Engineers (JASNAOE)

Cooperators

The Japanese Association for Canadian Studies (JACS)
The Japanese Society of Cultural Anthropology (JASCA)

Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II(ArCS II)The Japanese Society of Snow and Ice (JSSI)Japan Polar Research Association

The Oceanographic Society of Japan (JOS)

National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES)

ISAR-7 Symposium Organizing Committee (SOC)

ISAR-7 International Advisory Committee (IAC)

Hajime Yamaguchi (Oceanography) National Institute of Polar Research *Chair
Hiroyuki Enomoto (Cryosphere) National Institute of Polar Research *Vice-Chair
Takashi Kikuchi (Oceanography) Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science andTechnology *Vice-Chair
Natsuhiko Otsuka (Engineering) Hokkaido University *Vice-Chair
Teruo Aoki (Cryosphere) National Institute of Polar Research
Yasushi Fukamachi (Oceanography) Hokkaido University
Daisuke Harada (Energy) Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation
Hiroyasu Hasumi (Oceanography) The University of Tokyo
Tetsuya Hiyama (Terrestrial) Nagoya University
Masahiro Hori (Cryosphere) University of Toyama
Hirofumi Kato (Archaeology) Hokkaido University
Nobuhiro Kishigami (Anthropology) National Institutes for the Humanities
Yuji Kodama (Cryosphere) Hokkaido University
Megumi Kurebito (Linguistics) Hokkaido Museum of Northern Peoples
Toshinobu Machida (Atmosphere) National Institute for Environmental Studies
Chisa Mitsuhashi (Science communication) National Museum of Emerging Scienceand Innovation “Miraikan”
Masato Mori (Atmosphere) Kyushu University
Tomoaki Morishita (Terrestrial) Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteTakuji Nakamura (Upper atmosphere) National Institute of Polar Research
Daiju Narita (Economics) The University of Tokyo
Kentaro Nishimoto (International law) Tohoku University/ National Institute of Polar
Research
Shigeto Nishino (Oceanography) Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science andTechnology
Toru Nozawa (Atmosphere) Okayama University
Fujio Ohnishi (International relations) Hokkaido University
Hotaek Park (Permafrost) Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
Genki Sagawa (Ice navigation) Weathernews Inc.
Kazuyuki Saito (Terrestrial) Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
Rigen Shimada (Remote sensing) Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
Tetsuo Sueyoshi (Permafrost) Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science andTechnology
Hiroki Takakura (Anthropology) Tohoku University
Nozomu Takeuchi (Cryobiology) Chiba University
Hironori Yabuki (Data) National Institute of Polar Research
Atsushi Yamaguchi (Marine ecology) Hokkaido University
Masakazu Yoshimori (Climate modeling) The University of Tokyo

Tatiana Alekseyeva (Oceanography) Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Russia
Kumiko Azuma (Cryosphere) National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
Jason Eric Box (Atmosphere) Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Denmark
Dorthe Dahl-Jensen (Paleoclimate) University Copenhagen, Denmark
Hajo Eicken (Sea ice) University of Alaska, USA
Josef Elster (Terrestrial) University of South Bohemia, Czechia
Otto Habeck (Anthropology) Hamburg University, Germany
Jon Ove Hagen (Cryosphere) University of Oslo, Norway
Lassi Heininen (Political science) University of Lapland, Finland
Larry Hinzman (Terrestrial) IASC, USA
Kim Holmén (Atmosphere) Norwegian Polar Institute, Norway
Kristin Ingvarsdottir (Language＆Culture) University of Iceland, Iceland
Rachael Lorna Johnstone (Polar law) University of Akureyri, Iceland
Michael Karcher (Atmosphere) Ocean Atmosphere Systems GmbH, Germany
Joo-Hong Kim (Atmosphere) Korea Polar Research Institute, Korea
Nikolay Kradin (Anthropology) Russian Academy of Science, Russia
Marc Lanteigne (Political science) UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
Wieslaw Maslowski (Oceanography) Naval Postgraduate School, USA
Atsushi Matsuoka (Remote sensing) University of New Hampshire, USA
Kerim Hestnes Nisancioglu (Paleoclimate) Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research and the
University of Bergen, Norway
Tetsuo Ohata (Cryosphere) , Non-affiliated, Japan
Atsumu Ohmura (Climate) Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland
Oyvind Paache (Oceanography) Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research and Norwegian ResearchCenter AS, Norway
Peter L. Pulsifer (Arctic technology) Carleton University, Canada
Volker Rachold (Geography) Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany
Kaj Riska (Arctic technology) KR ice, Finland
Stein Sandven (Oceanography) Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Norway
Martin Schneebeli (Cryosphere) WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF,
Switzerland
Peter Schweitzer (Anthropology) University of Vienna, Austria
Hayley Shen (Engineering) Clarkson University, USA
Hyoung Chul Shin (Marine ecology) Korea Polar Research Institute, Korea
Thomas Spengler (Atmosphere) University of Bergen, Norway
Peter Wadhams (Sea ice) University of Cambridge, UK
Robert Wishart (Anthropology) University of Aberdeen, UK
Takashi Yamanouchi (Atmosphere) National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
Huigen Yang (Upper atmosphere) Polar Research Institute of China, China

2

Session Titles
R
R
R
R
R -S
R
R7
R
R
R
S
S
S
S
S7
S
S
S
S -S
S
S
S
S 7
S
S
S
S

Atmosphere
Ocean and Sea Ice
Rivers, Lakes, Permafrost and Snow CoverIce Sheets, Glaciers and Ice Cores
Terrestrial Ecosystems
Biogeochemical and hydrological responses to climate and environmental changes in the Arctic
Marine Ecosystems
Geospace
Laws, Politics and Economy
Culture, Language, and Environment
Engineering for Sustainable Development
High-latitude Fires, Arctic Climate, Environment and health (HiFACE)
Extratropical teleconnections and predictability of weather and climate related with the Arctic environmental changes
Atmospheric composition and Arctic environment/climate New assessment reports and original studies
Synoptic Arctic Survey international collaboration for Arctic Ocean transdisciplinary studies
Arctic hydrology in the context of warming climate
Sustainable, responsible, and resilient Arctic tourism lip service or concrete actions
Changing Arctic strategic and geopolitical landscapes the impact of the war in Ukraine
After the Ukraine The Arctic, International Law, and International Scientific Cooperation
International Governance of the Central Arctic Ocean Science Indigenous Knowledge, and the Rule of Law
Indigenous Co-Production of Arctic Knowledge Toward a More Inclusive Arctic Scientific Research
Building a region Arctic identities and identity politics
Redefining the well-being of Arctic communities in the context of global environmental and societal change
Making of Arctic exhibition and material study the potential of collaboration study with local people
Arctic Shipping Economic Feasibility and Challenges
Arctic Sea Route and Coastal Protection environmental, engineering, and economic assessment
Toward sustainable Arctic -developing a network of Arctic researchers and other Arctic stakeholdersFunding International Arctic Science
Multidisciplinary observing systems in Arctic, potential and challenges

Plenary【Keynote Speech ➤Venue1 (B201) 】
7-Mar
Keynote Speech 1
Rapid Arctic Warming and its Impact on Indigenous Peoples and Other Communities(Online Presentation)
Dalee Sambo DoroughSenior Scholar and Special Advisor / Arctic Indigenous Peoples University of Alaska Anchorage, Former chair / Inuit Circumpolar Council,
IASC Medalist

8-Mar
Keynote Speech 2
Collaborating towards a pan-Arctic Observing System of System: perspectives fromthe Arctic PASSION project
Michael Karcher
Senior scientist / Alfred Wegener Institute, Coordinator / Arctic PASSION project, Chair / Arctic-Subarctic Ocean Flux study (ASOF),
Advisory Board member / Nansen LEGACY, Member / SAON Board

9-Mar
Keynote Speech 3
Transdisciplinary research on environmental issues
Juichi Yamagiwa
Director-General / Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN)

10-MarKeynote Speech 4

Environmental (in-)Security in the Arctic: Expanding Interdisciplinary Approaches
Marc Lanteigne
Associate Professor / The Arctic University of Norway3

Program
The Entire Program
Room
Venue
(B

)

Venue
(C

)

Venue
(D

)

Venue Venue
(D
) (K
)
R7
R7

Mar.

Breakout Sessions
Breakout Sessions

R
R

S

(Mon)

-

Breakout Sessions

R

S

-

Opening Ceremony/
Photo Session

Opening/
Photo Session-

Keynote Speech

Keynote Speech-

Session Presentations

R7, R , S , S ,S , S7-

Breakout Sessions

S -PartS

S-

Poster Session Core Time
(Online)-Keynote Speech

Keynote Speech

Mar.

-

Session Presentations

R , S , S , S 7,
S ,S

(Wed)

-

Breakout Sessions

R

S

S 7

S

S

R

S

S 7

S

S

S

S

S

S7

R

-

Breakout Sessions
Poster Session Core Time
(Online)-Session Presentations

R ,R ,R ,S-

Keynote Speech

Keynote Speech-

Breakout Sessions 7

R

S

S

R

R

-

Breakout Sessions

R

S

S

R

R

-

Breakout Sessions

R

Mar.

-

Keynote Speech

Keynote Speech

(Fri)

-

Plenary Session/
Closing Ceremony

Plenary Session/
Closing

Mar.
(Thu)

7-Mar

Opening Ceremony

Venue

(B

S

S

)

S
S

S7

-

7

R
R

Venue7) (NINJAL

-

Mar.
7
(Tue)

S
S
S PartVenue(NINJALSR)

Declaration of Opening Hajime Yamaguchi (Chair of ISAR-7 Symposium Organizing Committee)
Welcome Speech Takuji Nakamura (Professor, Director General, National Institute of Polar Research)
Guest Speeches TBC
Photo session

10-MarClosing Ceremony

Venue

(B

)

Closing Remarks Henry Burgess/ President of the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC), Head of the Arctic Office, Natural Environment
Research Council (NERC) UK
Closing Remarks Larry Hinzman/ Executive Director of Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee (IARPC),
Assistant Director for Polar Sciences, Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), Executive Office of the President
Poster Award announcement Kazuyuki Saito (Chair of the Poster Award Committee of SOC)
Closing Address Hajime Yamaguchi (Chair of SOC)

4

Keynote Speech 1 / March 7, 2023
Venue: 1 (B201)
11:00-11:45 Rapid Arctic Warming and its Impact on Indigenous Peoples and Other Communities (Online Presentation)
Speaker: Delee Sambo DoroughSenior Scholar and Special Advisor / Arctic Indigenous Peoples University of Alaska Anchorage, Former chair / Inuit Circumpolar Council, 2022 IASC
Medalist
Profile:Dr. Dalee Sambo Dorough is the former Chairperson of the Inuit Circumpolar Council [2018- 2022]. She received a Ph.D. in Law from the University of
British Columbia, Faculty of Law (2002) and a Master of Arts in Law & Diplomacy, from The Fletcher School, Tufts University (1991). Presently, she is a
Senior Scholar and Special Advisor on Arctic Indigenous Peoples, the University of Alaska Anchorage, where she was an Assistant Professor ofInternational Relations. Dr. Dorough was Chairperson (2014) and an Expert Member of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (2010-2016).
She is past co-Chair of the International Law Association (ILA) Committee on Implementation of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and has publishedcontributions in the field of Indigenous human rights as well as Arctic Indigenous peoples, including a forthcoming co-authored chapter on The World
Heritage Convention and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples for Oxford University Press manuscript on the occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the World
Heritage Convention.

Keynote Speech 2 / March 8, 2023
Venue: 1 (B201)
9:30-10:15 Collaborating towards a pan-Arctic Observing System of System: perspectives from the Arctic PASSION project
Speaker: Michael Karcher
Senior scientist / Alfred Wegener Institute, Coordinator / Arctic PASSION project, Chair / Arctic-Subarctic Ocean Flux study (ASOF), Advisory Board
member / Nansen LEGACY, Member / SAON Board
Profile:Dr. Michael Karcher is a senior scientist at the Alfred Wegener Institute - Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research in Germany. He is a physicaloceanographer by education and has been active in numerous interdisciplinary and inter-sectoral international projects dealing with the Arctic. He iscurrently acting as the scientific coordinator of the EU funded H2020 project ʻArctic PASSIONʼ (Pan-Arctic Observing System of Systems - Implementing
Observations for Societal Needs), a 4 year program meant to support the improvement of the Arctic environmental observing system with 35 partners
from the EU, Canada, India, Japan, Korea and the US and 6 Arctic Indigenous Communities.

Keynote Speech 3 / March 9, 2023
Venue: 1 (B201)
11:00-11:45 Transdisciplinary research on environmental issues
Speaker: Juichi Yamagiwa
Director-General / Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN)
Profile:Dr. Juichi Yamagiwa, Director-General of RIHN, is a world-renowned researcher and expert in the study of primatology and human evolution. Awarded
Doctor of Science from Kyoto University in 1987. After holding positions at the Karisoke Research Center, Japan Monkey Center, and Primate ResearchInstitute Kyoto University, he has been Professor of Graduate School of Science at Kyoto University since 2002. Dean of Graduate School and Faculty of
Science, 2011-2013. 26th President of Kyoto University, 2014-2020. Served as President of International Primatological Society, 2008-2012, also as
Editor in Chief of Primates, a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal of primatology published by Springer Science+Business Media, 2010-2014.
Domestically, he served as the president of JANU, the president of Science Council of Japan, and the ongoing member of Environmental Policy
Committee of Ministry of Environment. His passion for fieldwork research frequently made him travel to some countries of Africa, where he discovered
an abundance of new findings related to gorillas, through his unique viewpoint of evolution.

Keynote Speech 4 / March 10, 2023
Venue: 1 (B201)
9:30-10:15 Environmental (in-)Security in the Arctic: Expanding Interdisciplinary Approaches
Speaker: Marc Lanteigne
Associate Professor / The Arctic University of Norway
Profile:Dr. Marc Lanteigne is an Associate Professor of Political Science at UIT: The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, teaching information relations andPolar politics. He has previously taught in Britain, Canada, China and New Zealand. His research focusses on China, East Asia, and Polar Regional
politics and international relations. He is chief editor of the Arctic news blog Over the Circle, and his current work includes the comparative politics of
non-Arctic states, including in the Asia-Pacific, within the Arctic policy sphere. He is the author of Chinese Foreign Policy: An Introduction, co-editor of
the Routledge Handbook of Arctic Security, and has also published numerous articles on Chinese and East Asian politics and foreign policy, including
Asia-Arctic diplomacy.

5

Session Presentations 1/March 7, 2023
enue 1 ( 201)
Chair: Hiroyuki Enomoto

SP1-R713:00-13:20

Coordinated observations between the Arase satellite and ground-based
observations over Arctic

Y. Miyoshi, I. Shinohara, K. Shiokawa,
K. Hosokawa, Y. Ogawa, S. Oyama, S. Kurita,
M. Ozaki, Y. Kazama, S-Y. Wang, K. Asamura,S. Kasahara, S. Yokota, T. Mitani, N. Higashio,
Y. Kasahara, S. Matsuda, H. Kojima, Y. Katoh,
A. Matsuoka, S. Imajo, T. Takashima,
ERG-project team

SP1-R2

13:20-13:40

Planning for a Future Arctic Oil Spill: New Model Insights and Regional
Security Implications

K. Frazier, M. Richards, R. Kee

SP1-S3

13:40-14:00

Evaluation of black carbon simulations in CMIP6 with longterm observations
in East Asia during 2009 2020

K. Ikeda, H. Tanimoto, Y. Kanaya, F. Taketani,
A. Matsuki

SP1-S2

14:00-14:20

Contribution of the decline in Chukchi and Bering sea ice to cold East Asian
winterY. Tachibana, U. Ando

SP1-S8

14:20-14:40

Effect of the extreme wet event on temporal variations in NDVI andecosystem parameters of larch forest in northeastern Siberia

A. Nogovitcyn, R. Shakhmatov, T. Morozumi,
S. Tei, Y. Miyamoto, S. Nagai, T. C. Maximov,
A. Sugimoto

SP1-S7

14:40-15:00 Role of Snow for Hydrological Change in Lena River Basin

D. Gustafsson, J. Musuuza, K. Klemeth,
L. Lebedeva, T. Hiyama

Session Presentations 2/March 8, 2023
enue 1 ( 201)
Chair: Takashi Kikuchi
TBC
SP2-S23 10:30-10:50
Initially planned presentation (SP2-R4) has been cancelled.
SP2-S4

Taking the Pulse of the Arctic Ocean System, from the Shelves to the Pole
10:50-11:10
US Contribution to the International Synoptic Arctic Survey Program

Climate change, community development, and consumption in North
Greenland: Redesigning food sovereignty research.
The economic impacts of opening the Northern Sea Route under political
SP2-S17 11:30-11:50
uncertainty
Experimental Study on Wave-ice Interaction for Small Ice Floes and Plate
SP2-S18 11:50-12:10
Ice in Regular Wave
The need for International Arctic Science Funding to answer the Big
SP2-S21 12:10-12:30
uestions
SP2-S15 11:10-11:30

TBC
C. Ashjian, J. Grebmeier, N. Bates, R. Campbell,

A L. Cooper, S. Danielson, L. Juranek, E. Labunski,
C. Magen, S. Moore, C. Pilskaln,
M-L. Timmermans
N. Hayashi, A. Delaney
T. Tran, R. Shibasaki, W. Ding
J. Sawamura, H. Mizushima, I. Hamamoto,
M. ZenV. Rachold

Session Presentations 3/March 9, 2023
enue 1 ( 201)
Chair: Tetsuya Hiyama
SP3-R1SP3-R3SP3-R6
SP3-S1

9:30-9:50

Revision of global fossil fuel methane emissions based on trends andmeridional gradients of CH and CH during 1990-2020

Consequences of wildfires in boreal forests underlain by ice-rich permafrost
near Batagay, NE Siberia
The Pelagic Ecosystem in the Central Arctic Ocean with Increased Pressures
10:10-10:30
as Future Prospect
Variability and evolution of fire weather conditions in boreal regions under
10:30-10:50
levels of global warming

9:50-10:10

6

N. Chandra, P. K. Patra, R. Fujita, T. Umezawa,
D. Goto, S. Morimoto, B. H. Vaughn,
T. R ckmann
G. Iwahana, K. Yanagiya, M. Furuya, P. Danilov,
N. Fedorov, A. Desyatkin, A. Fedorov
H. Hop, O. A. Misund
M. T. Lund, K. Nordling, A. B. Gjelsvik,
B. H. Samset

reakout Sessions
R1
Atmospherereakout Session/March 9, 2023
enue 3 (D305)
Chair: Toshinobu Machida, Toru Nozawa
S. Toyoda, D. Goto, S. Morimoto, M. Sasakawa,T. Machida, Y. Tohjima, D. Worthy, N. Yoshida

R1-O01

16:30-16:45 Trend of N2O isotope ratios in the Arctic atmosphere

R1-O02

16:45-17:00

R1-O03

17:00-17:15 Cancel Simulating The Effect Of Leads In Sea Ice Using Global Climate Models

R1-O04

17:15-17:30

Slow-down in summer warming over Greenland in the past decade linked tocentral Pacific El Ni o

K. Suzuki, S. Matsumura, K. Yamazaki

R1-O05

17:30-17:45

Regional ensemble of global climate models for Sakha(Yakutia) Republic, Northern Eurasia

N. Tananaev, K. Kirillina, K. Olenov

Preliminary results of the atmospheric particulate matter variationsin the summer of 2022 in aanaaq, Greenland

T. J. Yasunari, T. Kajikawa, Y. Matsumi
R. Davy, P. Griewank, L. Suo, Y. Gao

R2
Ocean and Sea Ice
reakout Session/March, 2023enue 1 ( 201)
Chair: Amane Fujiwara, Satoshi Kimura, Yasushi Fujiwara
R2-O01

13:00-13:15

Development of a high latitudinal SST and sea ice dataset derived
from GCOM-C/SGLI

Y. Kurihara, R. Shimada

R2-O02

13:15-13:30

Retrieving sea ice strength in the Beaufort Sea using variational data
assimilation

G. Panteleev, M. YaremchukR2-O03

13:30-13:45

Automatic Sea Ice Concentration Segmentation of Sentinel-1 Imagery using a
Convolutional Neural Network

T. Akiyoshi, Y. Toyonaga, Y. Matsuo

R2-O04

13:45-14:00 The arctic summer sea ice prediction based on sea-ice histories

M. Oyama, H. Yamaguch, N. Kimura

R2-O0514:00-14:15 Estimation of sea ice thickness based on the ice histories

N. Kimura, H. Hasumi

R2-O06

14:15-14:30

Estimation of sea ice thickness using UAV-SfM in Utoro, Hokkaido on the
shores of the Sea of Okhotsk

Y. Ouchi, K. Tateyama, T. Watanabe, K. Sato,T. Waseda, T. Kodaira, R. Uchiyama

14:30-14:45 BreakR2-O07

R2-O08

T. Ueno, H. Ueno, M. Itoh, E. Watanabe,

Seasonal variations of sea-ice thickness in the Northwind Abyssal Plain of theJ. Onodera, Y. Kawaguchi, S. Fujio, E. Moriya,
Arctic Ocean: Data analysis of moored ice-profiling sonar
Y. Fukamachi, N. Harada
Energy Cascade in Eurasian Basin of the Central Arctic Ocean:
W-C. Wu, Y-C. Fang, B. Rabe, V. M ller
15:00-15:15 interpretation of horizontal wavenumber spectra of density derived from anautonomous buoy and the FESOM2 Model

14:45-15:00

R2-O0915:15-15:30

Impact of the sea ice divergence on the sea ice thickness distribution in
the Beaufort Gyre

O. Francis, G. Panteleev, M. Yaremchuk, D. Hebert,
R. Allard, R. Krishfield, A. Proshutinsky,

R2-O10

15:30-15:45

Best practice: How we reconciled biologistsʼ and physicistsʼ ice coring
methodology for the MOSAiC expedition

M. Oggier, R. Rember, A. A. Fong , A. Aguilar-Islas,
H. Eicken, L. Whitmore, M. A. Granskog

R2-O11

15:45-16:00 Biogeochemical Evolution of Sea Ice During the Spring Melt

R2-O12

16:00-16:15

Future Projection of Ice-Algal Production in the Arctic Ocean: Model
Intercomparison

L. Whitmore, M. Oggier, M. Kaufman,
K. Dilliplaine, C. Bolt, H. Eicken, R. Rember,
A. Aguilar-Islas
Y. Zhang, E. Watanabe, H. Hayashida

16:15-16:30 BreakR2-O13

16:30-16:45

Interannual dynamics of particle transportation in shelfslope area of thewestern Arctic Ocean from 2010 to 2021

J. Onodera, E. Watanabe, K. Mizobata, M.
Muramatsu, M. Itoh, Y. Tanaka, E. J. Yang, N.
Harada, T. Kikuchi

R2-O14

16:45-17:00

Multidecadal decreasing trend of sea ice production and melt in the
Bering Sea revealed by ocean observations

V. Mensah, Y-C. Chen, K. I. Ohshima

R2-O1517:00-17:15

Development and validation of a sea ice melt estimation method based on
T-S analysis in the Pacific Arctic Region

Y-C. Chen, V. Mensah

R2-O16

17:15-17:30

Enhancement of turbulent mixing by the eddy-wave interaction in the Canada E. Y. Son, Y. Kawaguchi, S. T. Cole, J. M. Toole,
H. K. Ha
Basin: Results from autonomous observations using ITP-V

R2-O17

17:30-17:45

Sea ice timing feedback in observed freeze-up and melt dates across the
ArcticA. Bradley, A. Flatland, W. Downs

R2-O1817:45-18:00

Cancel Turbulent Mixing during Late Summer in Ice Ocean Boundary Layer
in Central Arctic Ocean: Results from MOSAiC Expedition

Y. Kawaguchi, Z. Koenig, D. Nomura, M. Hoppman,
J. Inoue, Y-C. Fang, K. Schulz, M. Gallagher, C.
Katlein, M. Nicolaus, B. Rabe

7

R3
Rivers, Lakes, Permafrost and Snow CoverBreakout Session/March 9, 2023
Venue 1 (B201)
Chair: Tetsuo Sueyoshi, Daqing Yang, Kazuyuki Saito, Masahiro Hori
R3-O01

13:00-13:18

Landslides and Hydrological Environment of Sedimentary Rock Slopein northwest Greenland*T. Watanabe, S. Yamasaki

R3-O02

13:18-13:36

Supraglacial lake evolution on Tracy and Heilprin Glaciers in northwestern
Greenland from 2014 to 2021

*Y. Wang, S. Sugiyama

R3-O03

13:36-13:54

CancelFreshwater ice and safety of people: input of multi-satellite observations

E. Zakharova, *A. Kouraev, C. Duguay,
S. Agafonova, N. Frolova

R3-O04

13:54-14:12

25 years of high-frequency ground penetrating radar measurements
for snow studies in Svalbard*D. Ignatiuk, T. Dunse, J-C. Gallet, L. Girod,
M. Grabiec, D. Kępski, J. Kohler, M. Laska,
B. Luks, W. Pelt, R. Pettersson, V. Pohjola,
T. V. Schuler

R3-O05

14:12-14:30

Bottom-tracking ADCP measurements of river ice floes during collisions
with a concrete structure*T. Abe, H. Yokoyama, H. Ogushi

14:30-14:45 BreakR3-O06

14:45-15:03

Deep learning-based satellite image classification using the chopped picture
method for thermokarst detection*K. Takaya, N. Kurata, T. Ise, Y. Iijima

R3-O07

15:03-15:21

Spatial and temporal change patterns of CO2 and CH4 concentrations in
Mongolian permafrost regions*A. Saruulzaya, M. Ishikawa, T. Hiyama

R3-O08

15:21-15:39

Thermokarst development in the Lena-Aldan interfluve, eastern Siberia,
observed by satellite remote sensing*T. Abe, Y. Iijima

R3-O0915:39-15:57 Oxygen-18 Content in Natural Waters of the Upper Kolyma River Basin

R3-O10

15:57-16:15

Taliks and streamflow generation at the small watershed in continuous
permafrost*V. Khomiakova, A. Zemlianskova, A. Ekaykin,
O. Makarieva, N. Nesterova, A. Ostashov,K. Suzuki*L. Lebedeva

16:15-16:30 Break
R3-O11

16:30-16:48

Betula nana growth rings as indicators of permafrost degradationin subarctic Sweden*H. W. Linderholm, C. Leifsson, M. Björkman,
M. Fuentes

R3-O12

16:48-17:06

Assessment of the effects of short-term warming on permafrost
by meta-omics analysis*L. C. Nguyen, G. Iwahana, S. Fukuda, J. Galipon

R3-O13

17:06-17:24

A mobile Suitcase Lab for onsite genome-wide analysis of DNA andRNA in remote locations*J. Galipon, M. Usui, S. U Dagva, B. Erdenetsetseg, L.
C. Nguyen, S. Fukuda, M. Tomita, B. Boldgiv,
G. Iwahana, M. Watanabe, K. Tadakuma

R3-O14

17:24-17:42 New Data on Ground Temperature in the Upper Kolyma Basin

R3-O15

17:42-18:00

Modelling of Heat Transfer Processes in Subaerial Taliks of Central Yakutia,
Russia8*D. Abramov, O. Makarieva, A. Zemlianskova,
A. Ostashov, N. Nesterova, K. Suzuki*S.V. Popov, A.S. Boronina, L.S. Lebedeva

R4
Ice Sheets,

laciers and Ice Cores

reakout Session/March 8, 2023
enue 1 ( 201)
Chair: Tomotaka Saruya
R4-O01

13:30-13:50 Cancel Organophosphorus Esters in a Firn Core from Austfonna, Svalbard

R4-O02

13:50-14:10

R4-O03

14:10-14:30

R4-O04

14:30-14:50

M. H. Hermanson, R. Hann, E. Isaksson,
G. W. Gabrielsen

K. Kawakami, Y. Iizuka, M. Sasage, M. Matsumoto,T. Saito, A. Hori, S. Ishino, S. Fujita, K. Fujita,
Accumulation rate at a semiannual accuracy and melting history of an ice core K. Takasugi, T. Hatakeyama, S. Hamamoto,
A. Watari, N. Esashi, M. Otsuka, R. Uemura,from southeastern Greenland (SE- Dome ) dating back to preindustrial
K. Horiuchi, M. Minowa, S. Hattori, T. Aoki,
M. Hirabayashi, K. Kawamura, S. Matoba
T. Aoki, R. Shimada, S. Matoba, M. Niwano,
MODIS-derived snow/ice physical parameters and their relationships to
H. Ishimoto, T. Tanikawa, M. Hori, K. Stamnes,
S. Yamaguchi, T. Yamasaki, K. Fujita, I. Yoshinori, M.
albedo over the Greenland ice sheet
Schneebeli, C. Carmagnola

Study of water circulation by water stable isotope and crystal shape ofsnow fall in northwestern Greenland

Y. Kurosaki, S. Matoba

14:50-15:15 Break
Chair: Masahiro Minowa
R4-O05

15:15-15:35

Reduced mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet under stratospheric aerosol
injection

R. Greve, J. C. Moore, T. Zwinger,
F. Gillet-Chaulet, C. Yue, L. Zhao

R4-O06

15:35-15:55

The Impact of Climate Change on the Transformation of Aufeis in
the North-East of Russia

A. Zemlianskova, O. Makarieva, N. Nesterova,
A. Ostashov, V.R. Alexeev, K. Suzuki

R4-O07

15:55-16:15

New Arctic Straits and Islands Appeared due to Glacial Recession fromthe 1960s to 2021

W. Ziaja, K. Ostafin, W. Haska

R4-O08

16:15-16:35

Spatiotemporal changes in communities of snow-ice microbes living on
Gulkana Glacier, Alaska

M. Ono, J. Uetake, A. Tsushima, Y. Onuma,
K. Kobayashi, D. Seto, S. Usuba, F. Konishi,
N. Takeuchi

9

R5
Terrestrial Ecosystems
S8
Biogeochemical and hydrological responses to climate and environmental changes in
the Arctic
Breakout Session/March 6, 2023
Venue 6 (NINJAL244)
Chair: Hideki Kobayashi, Tomoaki Morishita, Yongwon Kim
R5-S8-O01 13:00-13:15

Preliminary result of creating continental-scale, daily water and vegetation
maps over Pan-Arctic area using optical and microwave satellite data

*H. Mizuochi, T. Sasagawa

R5-S8-O02 13:15-13:30

Inclusion of a Site Specific, Variable Aerodynamic Roughness Length (z₀ )in the SNOWPACK Model*J. E. Sanow, S. R. Fassnacht, K. Suzuki

R5-S8-O03 13:30-13:45 Long-term degradation of petroleum in Arctic tundra soils*Z. Bikmullina

R5-S8-O04 13:45-14:00 Groundwater inputs of mercury to Arctic coastal lagoons*E. Bullock, I. Schaal, C. Demir, M. B. Cardenas,
E. Bristol, J. McClelland, W. Huffman, H. Inman, R.
Mason, M. Charette

R5-S8-O05 14:00-14:15

Long-term insight into the changes of plant populations in Arctic Alaska
over the last 2000 years.

R5-S8-O06 14:15-14:30 Winter extreme precipitation event in interior Alaska in December 2021

*M. Gałka, A.-C. Diaconu, A. Feurdean,
L. Hedenäs, K.-H. Knorr, E. Łokas, M. Obremska*K. Suzuki, H. Hirashima, S. Matsumura,
B. Busey, G. Iwahana, H. Park, H. Kobayashi

14:30-14:45 BreakCarbon cycle of permafrost transects: representative terrestrial and*T. Maximov, A. J. Dolman, A. Kotani, T. Hiyamahydrological ecosystems of Eastern Siberia
Permafrost landscapes as cultural landscapes?
R5-S8-O08 15:00-15:15 On the interaction of pastoral and agricultural life-ways in different permafrost *J. O. Habeck
regions of North and Inner Asia
Successional development of soil fungal community on a glacier foreland*M. Naka, K. Nishizawa, S. Masumoto,
R5-S8-O09 15:15-15:30
S. Matsuoka, M. E. Adaime, M. Uchida, A. S. Moriin The high Arctic

R5-S8-O07 14:45-15:00

10

R6
Marine Ecosystems
Breakout Session/March 9, 2023
Venue 5 (K301)
Chair: Atsushi Yamaguchi, Jacqueline Grebmeier, Russell Hopcroft, Yoko Mitani, Franz Mueter, Jean-Baptiste Thiebot
Diatoms Contributing to New Production in Surface Waters of the Northern
R6-O01

R6-O02

13:00-13:15 Bering and Chukchi Seas During Summer with Reference to Water Column
Stratification
Characteristics of autumn diatom communities in the Chukchi Sea unraveled
13:15-13:30 by combined DNA metabarcoding and scanning electron microscope
techniques

R6-O03

13:30-13:45 Long-term changes in Arctic Zooplankton communities

R6-O04

13:45-14:00

R6-O05
R6-O06*K. Suzuki, Y. Yoshino, Y. Nosaka, J. Nishoka,
S. B. Hooker, T. Hirawake*Y. Fukai, K. Matsuno, A. Fujiwara, K. Suzuki*R. R Hopcroft

Distribution of Polar cod, Boreogadus saida, in the Chukchi Sea inferred from *T. Kawakami, A. Yamazaki, H. Jiang, H. Ueno,
A. Kasaienvironmental DNA analysis
Balance between human economic activities and the impacts on ecosystem by*I. Shimizu
14:00-14:15 Atlantic salmon escape into the Pacific Ocean and Pacific salmon invasion of
the Atlantic Ocean
International regulation of fur sealing in the North Pacific : The role of non*M. Lomaeva, Y. Mitani, J. Saunavaara
14:15-14:30
state actors in marine living resource management and conservation

14:30-14:45 BreakSeasonal movement and habitat use of ringed seals in northwestern
Greenland*Y. Sakuragi, A. Rosing-Asvid, S. Sugiyama, Y.
MitaniR6-O07

14:45-15:00

R6-O0815:00-15:15 Diet of seals in northwest Greenland determined by stomach contents analysis A. Rosing-Asvid, Y. Mitani

R6-O0915:15-15:30

R6-O10

15:30-15:45 Bird-colony dynamics revealed by sound monitoring (Siorapaluk, Greenland)

R6-O11

15:45:16:00

Assessing Vulnerability of the Arctic Marine Ecosystems Under the Multiple
Environmental and Anthropogenic Stressors*T. Hirata, K. Sato, I. Alabia, J. García-Molinos,
H. Ueno, E. Watanabe

R6-O12

16:00-16:15

Activities of the ICES-PICES-PAME working group on Integrated Ecosystem
Assessment for the Central Arctic Ocean (WGICA)

L. Jørgensen , *S. Saitoh , M. Heuvel-Greve*M. Ogawa, Y. Sakuragi, M. Otsuki, S. Sugiyama,

Seabird community response to contrasting levels of subglacial meltwaterplume activity in NW Greenland

11*J.B. Thiebot, M. Otsuki, A. Yamaguchi, Y.
Watanuki, S. Sugiyama*E.A. Podolskiy, M. Ogawa, J.-B. Thiebot

R7
Geospace
Breakout Session/March 6, 2023
Venue 4 (D304)
Chair: Yasunobu Ogawa, Takuo Tsuda, Takanori Nishiyama, William Ward
R7-O01

Abrupt Change in the Lower Thermospheric Mean Meridional Circulation during
13:00-13:22
Sudden Stratospheric Warmings and its Impact on Trace Species

R7-O02

13:22-13:44

Progress in high latitude ionospheric specification through diverse data
integration*D.R. Themens, B. Reid, P.T. Jayachandran,
S. Elvidge, A.M. McCaffrey, J. Bernard, N. Rogers,
F. Honary, J. Ruck

R7-O03

13:44-13:59

Localised three-dimensional current systems at auroral and sub-auroral latitudes
and their potential impacts on the arctic upper atmosphere*H. Opgenoorth, A. Schillings, A. N. Willer

R7-O04

13:59-14:14 Climatology of HF propagation at very high latitudes

R7-O05

14:14-14:29

SuperDARN Hokkaido Pair of (HOP) radars – studying the ionosphere,
thermosphere and upper atmosphere in the Antarctic region*Y. Orsolini, J. Zhang, V. Limpasuvan*P. Ponomarenko, K. McWilliams*N. Nishitani

14:29-14:45 BreakThermospheric Radiative Cooling during Northward Interplanetary Magnetic
Fields : A case study

R7-O06

14:45-15:00

R7-O0715:00-15:15 Insights into the Dynamics of the Polar Mesopause Region

R7-O0815:15-15:30

Energetics of Arctic Stratospheric and Mesospheric Coupling Due to Small-scale
Gravity Waves*K. Nielsen, T. Tsuda, S. Nozawa

R7-O0915:30-15:45

AGW-TID detection with EISCAT and meteor radar and application forbackground neutral wind measurements*F. Günzkofer, D. Pokhotelov, G. Stober, I. Mann,
S. L. Vadas, E. Becker, A. Tjulin, C. Borries

R7-O10

15:45-16:00

Effect of Arctic Stratospheric Warming Events on the Antarctic Middle
Atmosphere*P. Espy, K. Yamase-Skarvang

R7-O11

16:00-16:15

First Campaign Results of LODEWAVE(LOng-Duration balloon Experiment of gravity WAVE over Antarctica)*Y. Tomikawa, K. Sato, Y. Saito, I. Murata,
N. Hirasawa, M. Kohma, K. Nakashino, D. Akita,
T. Matuso, M. Fujiwara, T. Kaho, L. Yoshida

12*T. Bag, D. Rout, Y. Ogawa*W. Ward, S. Kristoffersen, D. Fraser, D. Gamblin,
C. Meek, A. Manson

R8Laws, Politics and Economy
Breakout Session/March 9, 2023
Venue 4 (D304)
Chair: Fujio Ohnishi, Kentaro Nishimoto, Daiju Narita
R8-O01

13:00-13:15 Arctic law is an academic discipline

R8-O02

13:15-13:30

R8-O03

13:30-13:45 The Regulation of Black Carbon Emissions in Arctic Shipping: the Role of Actors *A. S. Ebbersmeyer

R8-O04

13:45-14:00

Toward Reducing the Arctic Black Carbon Emissions: Comparative Assessmentof Policy Instruments across Arctic and non-Arctic States

K. Motohashi, *D. Narita

R8-O0514:00-14:15

Why Do Non-Arctic States Develop Governmental Arctic Policies?
: Motivations and Self-Justifications*J. Jeong

R8-O06

14:15-14:30

The Analysis on Korean Arctic Policy based on the Policy Model andPolicy Priorities*H. SEO*K. Hossain

Cancel Human rights and security of non-Arctic people in the Arctic: policies
and practices*N. Yeasmin

R9
Culture, Language, and Environment
Breakout Session/March 9, 2023
Venue 4 (D304)
Chair: Megumi Kurebito, Nobuhiro Kishigami
R9-O01

14:45-15:00 Arctic Silences: Avoiding Speech in Siberia*L. Vallikivi

R9-O02

15:00-15:15 Naming of meadowlands and their identities in Sakha (Yakutia)*M. Goto

R9-O03

15:15-15:30

R9-O05

15:30-15:45 Being Komi in the city: identities and belonging

R9-O06

15:45-16:00

Religious Resurgence among Sakha (Yakuts)in the Context of Muslim Immigration from Central Asia

*Z. Tarasova*M. Fedina

Indigenous Well-Being in the Arctic Region of North America:
A Theoretical Consideration*N. Kishigami

16:00-16:15 Q&A

R10Engineering for Sustainable Development
Breakout Session/March 7, 2023
Venue 6 (NINJAL244)
Chair: Shotaro Uto
Examination of urban ZEB envelope performance under sub-Arctic climate
R10-O01 15:15-15:33
condition*T. Mori, H. Osawa, T. Yamauchi, H. Itsumiya

R10-O02 15:33-15:51 Challenges of sustainable regional development in arctic remote villages*S. Oike, T. Mori, A. Delaney

R10-O03 15:51-16:09 Prediction of daily leachate generation at dumpsites located in Greenland*Y. Tojo, T. Yasukouchi

R10-O04 16:09-16:27

Icing process hazards related to the “Lena” highway sustainability forthe last 100 years

R10-O05 16:27-16:45 Engineering Challenge toward Sustainable Use of Arctic Sea Route

13*L. Gagarin, N. Baishev, V. Ogonerov, D. Kuzmin*S. UtoS1
igh-latitude ires, Arctic Climate, Environment and health ( i ACE)
reakout Session/March9, 2023
enue 2 (C301)
Chair: Adriana Ford
Community Vulnerability to Wildfire Risk in the Robson Valley region of
British Columbia, Canada

S1-O01

13:00-13:10

S1-O02

13:10-13:20 Community Risk and Resilience to High-latitude Wildfires

I.V. Canosa, J. Ford, J. Paavola

S1-O03

13:20-13:30 Health Impacts of Wildfire smoke in Arctic Council Nations

B. Silver, S. Arnold, L. Emmons, C. Reddington,
L. Conibear

S1-O04

13:30-13:40 Fire Regimes in the Arctic Region

H. Hayasaka

S1-O05

13:40-13:50

Develop an INtegrated Fire Risk mAnagement (INFRA) Pilot Service for
Arctic Wildfires

V. Vitale, E. Brugnoli , G. Bernardi, O. Drofa,
O. Gavrichkova, M. Sarti, E. Nestola, A. Tiesi,
L. Giandomenico, N. Tramarin, M. Mazzola,
A. Lupi, F. Becherini, D. Mastrangelo

S1-O06

13:50-14:00

Predicting seasonal wildfire patterns with machine learning for thecircumpolar and Alaska boreal and Arctic regions

C. Waigl, E. Fischer, T. Ballinger, P. Bieniek,
C. B. Strigle, M. Burgard, J. Hostler, R. Lader,
E. Stevens, H. Strader, A. York, U. Bhatt

S1-O0714:00-14:10 Arctic fire representations in the latest-generation Earth System Models

S1-O08

14:10-14:20

INFERNO-peat: A Representation of High Latitude Peat Fires in the JULESINFERNO Fire Model

J. Whitehead, T. Pearce, J. Ford, G. Halseth

M. Kasoar, K. Blackford, C. Burton, S. Hantson,
A. Voulgarakis
K. Blackford, A. Voulgarakis, C. Prentice,
C. Burton, M. Kasoar

14:20-14:45 Break
14:45-15:45 Discussion

S2
Extratropical teleconnections and predictability of weather and climate related with
the Arctic environmental changes
Part-1

reakout Session/March, 2023enue 3 (D305)
Chair: Meiji Honda, Bunmei Taguchi, Masakazu Yoshimori, Tomonori SatoS2-O01A new proposed scheme for seamless detection of cutoff lows and16:30-16:45
preexisting troughs

M. Honda, S. Kasuga, J. Ukita, S. Yamane,
H. Kawase, A. Yamazaki

S2-O02

16:45-17:00 Cutoff Low Approaching Routes to the Japan Islands

S. Kasuga, M. Honda, J. Ukita, S. Yamane,
H. Kawase, A. Yamazaki

S2-O03

17:00-17:15

S2-O04

Remote influence of the interannual variability of the Australian summer
17:15-17:30
monsoon on wintertime climate in East Asia and the western North Pacific

S2-O05

17:30-17:45

S2-O06

17:45-18:00 Barents-Kara sea-ice decline attributed to surface warming in the Gulf Stream

Distinct seasonality in the frequency of migratory cyclones and anticyclones
over the North PacificReconciling conflicting evidence for the cause of the observed early 21st
century Eurasian Cooling

S. Okajima, H. Nakamura, Y. Kaspi
S. Sekizawa, H. Nakamura, Y. Kosaka
S. Outten, C. Li, M. King, L. Suo, P. F. Siew,
H. Cheung, R. Davy, E. Dunn-Sigouin, T. Furevik,
S. He, E. Madonna, S. Sobolowski, T. Spengler, T.
Woollings
Y. Yamagami, M. Watanabe, M. Mori, J. Ono

Part-2

reakout Session / March 7, 2023
enue 1 ( 201)
Chair: Meiji Honda, Bunmei Taguchi, Masakazu Yoshimori, Tomonori SatoS2-O07

15:15-15:30

S2-O0815:30-15:45

S2-O09

Atmospheric circulation-constrained model sensitivity delays timing of
ice-free Arctic

Energetics of Atmospheric Meridional Teleconnections of Internal/
External Variability over the North Pacific in WinterChanging Role of Atmospheric Temperature Advection and Water Vapor
15:45-16:00 Advection under Arctic Amplification using a Large-scale Ensemble Model
DatasetD. Top l,. DingR. Satoh, Y. Kosaka

M. Hori, M. Yoshimori

S2-O10

16:00-16:15

Exchange of atmospheric moisture between Arctic Ocean and Eurasiancontinent investigated by moisture transport model experiment

T. SatoS2-O11

16:15-16:30

Climatological Characteristics of Atmospheric Rivers over Northern Eurasia
during Summer

Y. Fukutomi, H. Kanamori, T. Hiyama

S2-O12

16:30-16:45

Interdecadal Variations of Monthly Water Budget Comportments inWarm Season over Siberia

H. Kanamori, T. Hiyama

14

S3
Atmospheric composition and Arctic environment/climate: New assessment reports
and original studies
Breakout Session/March 6, 2023
Venue 3 (D305)
Chair: Yugo Kanaya, Kohei Ikeda, Niko Karvosenoja, Ville-Veikko Paunu, Zbigniew Klimont
S3-O01Size Distribution and Depolarization Properties of Aerosol Particles over the
13:00-13:18
Northwest Pacific and Arctic Ocean

S3-O02

13:18-13:36

Concentrations and physical properties of refractory black carbon in the atmosphere*S. Lim, J. Kim, M. Lee, K. Park, Y. Yoon
over the Pacific and the Antarctic Ocean

S3-O03

13:36-13:48

Observations of the Central Arctic Atmosphere and Surface Using Uncrewed
Aircraft Systems*G. de Boer, R. Calmer, G. Jozef, J. Cassano,J. Hamilton, U. Egerer, D. Lawrence, A. Doddi,
B. Argrow

S3-O04

13:48-13:57

Potential impact of marine biota on the formation of marine bioaerosols, CCN, and
INP over the Arctic Ocean*K. Kawana, F. Taketani, K. Matsumoto,T. Miyakawa, Y. Tobo, Y. Iwamoto, A. Ito,
Y. Kanaya

S3-O05

13:57-14:06 Arctic marine aerosols observed during R/V Mirai cruise in Autumn, 2021

*T. Kinase, F.Taketani, T. Miyakawa, C. Zhu,
M. Takigawa, Y. Kanaya

S3-O06

14:06-14:15

Source attribution of black carbon aerosols at Poker Flat, Alaska using
FLEXPART-WRF
Ship-borne Observation of Ice Nucleating Particles over the Western North
14:15-14:24 Pacific to the Arctic Ocean by R/V Mirai: Comparison with Composition of Aerosol
Particles*M. Takigawa, F. Taketani, Y. Kanaya,
H. Kobayashi, T. Kinase, C. Zhu, Y. Kim

S3-O07

Y. Tian, *X. Pan, Y. Sun, P. Fu, I. Uno, Z. Wang

*F. Taketani, Y. Tobo, M. Takigawa, T. Miyakawa,Y. Kanaya

14:24-14:30 discussion on new platforms and Arctic research collaboration
14:30-14:45 BreakS3-O0814:45-15:03

Short-lived climate forcers in the Earth system: recent trends, source attribution,and future projections*M. T. Lund

S3-O0915:03-15:21

Impacts of Short-lived Climate Forcers on the Arctic Climate by MRI-ESM2.0
and Multi-model Analyses*N. Oshima, M. Deushi, T. Aizawa, S. Yukimoto

S3-O10

15:21-15:33

S3-O11S3-O12S3-O13

Estimation of the Arctic CH₄ flux based on an ensemble of atmospheric inversions
and aircraft observations
Quantifying Contributions of Anthropogenic Aerosol Increase and Internal
15:33-15:45 Variability to the Mid-20th Century Arctic Cooling by CMIP6/DAMIP Multimodel
Analysis
Expert Group on Black Carbon and Methane (EGBCM) - A Finnish Perspective
15:45-15:57
on National Reporting

15:57-16:06

Synthesis of bottom-up and observation-based black carbon emission estimatesfrom China, Japan and Korea as Observer States of Arctic Council

16:06-16:15 Poster introduction & discussion on the future SLCF studies and inventories

15*D. A. Belikov, B. D. Belan, M. Y. Arshinov,
N. Saitoh, P. K. Patra*T. Aizawa, N. Oshima, S. Yukimoto*S. Romppanen, K. Kupiainen, M. Savolahti,
N. Karvosenoja*Y. Kanaya, K. Yamaji, T. Miyakawa, F. Taketani,
C. Zhu, Y. Choi, K. Ikeda, H. Tanimoto,D. Yamada, D. Narita, Y. Kondo, Z. Klimont

S4
Synoptic Arctic Survey international collaboration for Arctic Oceantransdisciplinary studies
rea out Session March 8 2023
enue 4 (D304)
Chair Jac ueline Grebmeier

-

S -O

Into the deep Central Arctic Ocean
Basin expedition

results from the Nansen Legacy Arctic*A. Fransson, M. Chierici, B. Bluhm, M. Reigstad

S -O

-

AdvanCing knowledge on the present Arctic Ocean by chemical-phySical,
biogeochemical and biological obServAtioNs to preDict the futuRe
chAnges(CASSANDRA)*M. Azzaro , M. Bensi, G. Civitarese, M. Giani,
A. Lo Giudice, F. Becherini, D. Borme ,W.R.L. Cairns, D.M. Cappelletti, C. Caroppo,
G. Caruso, F. Cerino, A. Cosenza, C. De Vittor,
F. Decembrini, T. Diociaiuti, E. Federici,
M. Feltracco, I. Gandolfi, V. Kovacevic,
R. La Ferla, A. Lupi, G. Maimone, P. Mansutti,
M. Mazzola, S. Miserocchi, M. Monti, M. Papale,
L. Patrolecco, A.C. Rappazzo, F. Relitti, C. Rizzo, F.
Spataro, V. Tirelli, C. Turetta, L. Urbini,
L. Ursella, V. Vitale

S -O

-

Overview of the R/V Mirai Arctic Ocean cruise in*M. Itoh, J. Onodeara, M. Hatta, S. Nishino,
A. Fujiwara, E. Watanabe, A. Murata, T. Kikuchi

S -O

-

Benthic Studies during the*J. Grebmeier, L. Cooper, C. Goethel, B. Marx,
C. Gaffey, J. Silberberg, M. Tepper-Rasmussen

-

Break

US Synoptic Arctic Survey

Chair Michiyo Yamamoto-Kawai
S -O-

Cancel Seasonal and interannual variability in the surface fCO of the Barents *Y. Ericson, A. Fransson, M. Chierici, E. Jones,
I. Skjelvan, A. Olsen, A. Omar
Sea and adjacent high-latitude North Atlantic

S -O

-

Surface microplastic concentrations and water-column microplastic
inventories in the Chukchi Sea, western Arctic Ocean

S -O 7-

Shrink of an ocean gyre in the Pacific Arctic and Atlantification open a door of A. Fujiwara, A. Murata, M. Itoh, M. Aoyama,
M. Yamamoto-Kawai, T. Kikuchi, E. J. Yang,shadow zone-

Temporal changes in radiocesium in the Arctic Ocean and thenorthwestern North Pacific Ocean by*T. Ikenoue, R. Nakajima, A. Fujiwara,
J. Onodera, M. Itoh, J. Toyoshima, E. Watanabe,
A. Murata, S. Nishino, T. Kikuchi*S. Nishino, J. Jung, K. H. Cho, W. J. Williams,

S-

S -O

. Kang*Y. Kumamoto, Y. Hamajima, S. Nishino,
M. Inoue, A. Murata, T. Kikuchi

S7
Arctic hydrology in the context of warming climate
rea out Session March
enue

2023

(K301)
Chair Hotaek Park, Liudmila Lebedeva
River streamflow change in continuous permafrost environment inEastern Siberian Arctic

S7-O

-

S7-O

-

S7-O

-

Cancel Live by the river adaptation to natural disasters on the case of
Dygdal village in Yakutia*V. Filippova, L. Vinokurova

S7-O

-

Trends in River Water Chemistry Suggest Permafrost
Degradation in the Kolyma River Basin*Y. Tashiro, T. Hiyama, H. Kanamori, H. Park,
O. Makarieva, N. Nesterova, K. Suzuki

S7-O

-

Indicators of recent hydro-climatic and river temperature change in the
Mackenzie River Basin*R. Shrestha, J. Pesklevits, B. Bonsal

S7-O

-

Radium Isotopes as Tracers of Shelf-Basin Exchange
Processes in a Changing Arctic Ocean*M. A. Charette, I. V. Polyakov, A. Robbins,
L. M. Whitmore, L. E. Kipp

-

Break

WATER FLOW CHANGES IN THE LENA RIVER AT KYUSYUR DURING*L. Lebedeva, D. Gustafsson, T. Hiyama*A. Georgiadi, I. Milyukova

Chair Tetsuya Hiyama, David Gustafsson
S7-O 7-

Arctic sea ice retreat does not enhance atmospheric hydrological cycle*M. Tanoue, T. Nakamura, K. Oshima,
K. Ichiyanagi, H. Park

S7-O

- 7

Permafrost hydrology changes due to expansion, erosion, and merging ofthermokarst lakes in Central Yakutia*Y. Iijima, T. Abe, H. Saito, A. N. Fedorov

S7-O

7

- 7

Continued warming of the permafrost regions over the Northern Hemisphere *G. Hu, L. hao, T. Wu, . Wu, H. Park, R. Li,. hu, J. Ni, D. ou
under future climate change

S7-O

7

- 7

Contribution of water rejuvenation induced by climate warming toevapotranspiration in subarctic boreal forest*H. Park, T. Hiyama, K. Suzuki

S7-O

7

- 7

Snow Surface Roughness across Space, Time, Land Cover, and Scales*S. R. Fassnacht, K. Suzuki, J. E. Sanow,
B. M. Simms

16

S9
Sustainable, responsible, and resilient Arctic tourism: lip service or concrete actions
reakout Session/March 7, 2023
enue 3 (D305)
Chair: Juha Saunavaara, Monika Luthje

15:15-15:20 Introduction of the Session
Transpolar Tourism:Lessons Learned, Challenges Conquered, and Future
Features, from North to SouthS9-O01

15:20-15:35

S9-O02

15:35-15:50 Pathways to Culturally Sensitive Tourism Policies and Practices

M. L thje, E. H ckert, O. Kugapi

S9-O03

15:50-16:05

In search of the authentic experience: Case of S mi Indigenous Adventure
Tourism
Sustainable Tourism and Climate Change in the Arctic:
16:05-16:20
Womenʼs (Missing) Opportunities and Tourist Motivations
Snowmaking as an adaptation strategy in Arctic winter tourism centers
16:20-16:35
avoiding maladaptation by a climate service

T. Fukuyama, H. Koyabashi, H. Ueda,
J. Saunavaara, C. Bernardi

16:35-16:45 General discussion

Moderated by J. Saunavaara

S9-O04S9-O05E. C. Frye

D. Grafton, A.

uandt, V. Chu

I. Metti inen, M. Coath, R. Contreras,
J. Toivonen, J. Moore

S10
Changing Arctic strategic and geopolitical landscapes: the impact of the war in
krainereakout Session/March, 2023enue 2 (C301)
Chair: Fujio Ohnishi

16:30-16:35 Introduction

F. Ohnishi

Changing geopolitical landscape in the Arctic after the Russian attack on
S10-O01 16:35-16:40
Ukraine on February 2022

F. Ohnishi, M. Lomaeva

S10-O02 16:40-16:45 The Arctic: What role for NATO

P. S. Hilde

S10-O03 16:45-16:50

The Effect of Finnish and Swedish NATO Membership for the Dynamics
in the Arctic

M. Petersson

S10-O04 16:50-16:55

Greenlandic visions of sovereignty and security in the wake of the Russian
war in Ukraine

U. P. Gad

16:55-17:40 Panel discussion

All speakers

17:40-18:00

All speakers

uestions from the floor

S11
After the kraine: The Arctic, International Law, and International Scientific
Cooperation
reakout Session/March 7, 2023
enue 2 (C301)
Chair: Akiho Shibata
Russiaʼs Invasion of Ukraine and Policy Implications for the Poles:
S11-O01 15:15-15:30
Examination of Post-Invasion Developments

Z. Madani

S11-O02 15:30-15:45

Arctic governance in light of Ukraine crisis: the important role of the Arctic
Council in the overall governance of the region

T. Koivurova

S11-O03 15:45-16:00

Analyzing Proposals on the Necessary Modalities for the A-7 States
to Continue the Arctic Councilʼs Work

O. Inagaki

16:00-16:10&A

S11-O04 16:10-16:25

Global governance and the two-category system in the Arctic in relation
to Arctic sustainable development

A. Bakhtaoui Van Deputte

S11-O05 16:25-16:40

The Arctic Council Task Force: Task Force on Improved Connectivity in the
Arctic and the impact of the Ukraine crisis on Arctic connectivity

A. Grenet

16:40-16:45

&A

17

S12
International overnance of the Central Arctic Ocean: Science, Indigenous Knowledge,
and the Rule of Law
S22
Indigenous Co-Production of Arctic Knowledge: Toward a More Inclusive Arctic Scientific
Researchreakout Session/March 9, 2023
enue 2 (C301)
Chair: Romain Chuffart, Lindsay Arthur, Kentaro Nishimoto
S12-S22-O01 16:30-16:40

Shared Arctic Variables and Expert Panels as a forum for co-production
and capacity sharing

A. Bradley, M. Rudolf, H. Lihavainen, H. Eicken,
S. Starkweather, H. Sevestre, I. Matero,
M. Karcher

S12-S22-O02 16:40-16:50

Remaking the world in whoʼs image Arctic Geoengineering, consent,
and the Co-production of knowledge

A. M. Cooper

Working together with local communities to understand changes in the
S12-S22-O03 16:50-17:00 coastal environment and their impact on society in Inglefield Bredning,northwestern Greenland

M. Otsuki, Y. Sakuragi, J. B. Thiebot, M. Ogawa,
R. Kusaka, E. Podolskiy, T. Oshima, S. Sugiyama

S12-S22-O04 17:00-17:10

Nordurslod Arctic Exhibition Ark & Global Indigenous Centre:
A Gateway to New International Dialogue, Innovation and Constructive Action

L. E. Arthur

S12-S22-O05 17:10-17:20

A Research Agenda for Central Arctic Ocean Fisheries Agreement:
Science, Indigenous Knowledge and Rule of Law

K. Nishimoto, A. Shibata, K. Taki, S. Nishino

S12-S22-O06 17:20-17:30

Development of the Joint Program of Scientific Research and Monitoring(JPSRM) under scientific meetings

K. TakiTaking into account of Indigenous Knowledge under the CAO Fisheries
S12-S22-O07 17:30-17:40 Agreement: Lessons from 2022 ICC Protocols for Equitable and EthicalEngagement

A. Shibata

S13
uilding a region: Arctic identities and identity politics
reakout Session/March, 2023enue 2 (C301)
Chair: Krist n Ingvarsd ttir, Aileen Aseron Espiritu
S13-O01

The Rise and Demise of the Arctic as a Region
14:45-14:55
The Arctic Council without Russia

A. A. Espiritu

S13-O02

14:55-15:05 Region-building in the West Nordic Arctic

K. Ingvarsdottir

S13-O03

15:05-15:15 Roles of imported whale meat from Iceland and Norway

J. Akamine

S13-O04

15:15-15:25

Polska jako cz onek obserwator Rady Arktycznej(Poland as Arctic Council Observer)

P. Markowski

S13-O05

15:25-15:35

Cooperating and Observing towards an Ideal:
The Arctic in Japan s Foreign Policy Identity

W. Yennie Lindgren

S13-O06

15:35-15:45 Constructed Proximity:Identity and Chinaʼs Near-Arctic State Concept18

M. Lanteigne

S15
Redefining the well-being of Arctic communities in the context of global
environmental and societal change
reakout Session/March 8, 2023
enue 7 (NINJAL201)

Chair: Naotaka Hayashi
S15-O01 13:30-13:48 Using Traditional Ways of Education to Maintain Indigenous Communities

T. Inoue

S15-O02 13:48-14:06

Ainu People and Well-being : A Case Study of Salmon Fishing and Ceremony
under the Ainu Policy Promotion Act

S15-O03 14:06-14:24

Food Life History Project in Alaska: Community-based Participatory Research Y. Kugo, M. Koskey, G. Iwahana, T. John,
K. Saito, Y. Hirasawa, S. Tatsuzawa
on Underground Caches

How are waste management issues recognized in people s lives in small
remote villages in Alaska
Community-based wild reindeer monitoring and establishment of adaptive
S15-O05 14:42-15:00 hunting area in the Siberian Arctic: as autonomous adaptation to climatechange
S15-O04 14:24-14:42

H. Noguchi

K. Ishii

S. Tatsuzawa, I. Okhlopkov, E. Kirillin, M. Nikolay

15:00-15:15 BreakS15-O06 15:15-15:25

Livelihood of Indigenous People under A Changing Climate in Yakutia, Russia: S. Khasanov, D. Yamada, D. Narita,
T. Gavrilyeva, V. Parilova, J. Garcia Molinos
Description and Analysis of A uantitative Household Survey

S15-O07 15:25-15:35 Arctic LNG Business in Russia: Retreat or Resume
S15-O08 15:35-15:45

Economic Development in the Arctic Regions in Russia:
before and after February 2022

M. Tokunaga
S. TabataPotential Climate Refugees from Permafrost Area: Are People Ready to Leave
Y. Zhegusov
Their Native land
Arctic river settlements of Yakutia in changing climatic conditions
S. Grigorev, A. Suleymanov, A. Arkhipova,
S15-O10 15:55-16:05 (social challenges of changing the hydrological regime of the Arctic in the 21st S. Fedorov
century).
S15-O09 15:45-15:55

S15-O11 16:05-16:15 Arctic policy and fiscal problems in Russia: the case of the Sakha Republic

K. Yokogawa

16:15-16:45 Discussion

S1
Making of Arctic exhibition and material study: the potential of collaboration study
with local people
reakout Session/March 7, 2023
enue 4 (D304)
Chair: Hiroki Takakura, Yuka Oishi
S16-O01 15:15-15:32

Anthropology of exhibitions in Russian Arctic:
Sharing the visual images beyond borders

H. Takakura, V. Ignatyeva

The Relational Exhibition: Connecting Landscapes, Communities,
S16-O02 15:32-15:49
and Research Archives

V. Peemot

S16-O03 15:49-16:06 Life of a Big River : Russia-Japan Traveling Exhibition Project

Y. Watanabe, A. Logunovich, A. Kazakevich

Possibilities and Difficulties involved in the holding Arctic Exhibitions in
S16-O04 16:06-16:23
Museums with Small Arctic Collections

S. Koresawa

S16-O05 16:23-16:40

More than dissemination: two-ways interaction between scienceand the local community.

16:40-16:45 Wrap-up

19

A. Stammler-Gossmann

S17
Arctic Shipping: Economic easibility and Challenges
reakout Session/March 8, 2023
enue 5 (K301)
Chair: Trang Tran, Chathumi Ayanthi Kavirathna
S17-O01 13:30-13:44

The economic impacts of opening the Northern Sea Route under politicaluncertainty

S17-O02 13:44-13:58 Economic Prospect of Arctic Container Liner Shipping

T. Tran, R. Shibasaki, W. Ding
H.

u

S17-O03 13:58-14:12

Multicommodity Cargo Flow Simulation of Northern Sea Route using Global
Logistics Intermodal Network Model

K. Kawachi, R. Shibasaki, N. Kosuge

S17-O04 14:12-14:26

A Model-Based Social Impact Evaluation of R&D topics related to
Northern Sea Routes

K. Morikami, R. Wada, T. Tran, R. Shibasaki,
N. Otsuka

S17-O05 14:26-14:40

Analysis of Arctic Shipping Prospects under the Influence of Climate andPolitical Factors. Zhou, M. Yue, L. Dai, H. Hu

A Research on the Turkish Shipyards in the Arctic:
S17-O06 14:40-14:54
Opportunities and Challenges

E. Caymaz

14:54-15:15 BreakS17-O07 15:15-15:29 Full-Scale Prediction of Ship Resistance in Ice Condition

S-Y. Jeong, K. Choi, H-S. Kim

S17-O08 15:29-15:43 Risk-Aware Route Planning for Arctic Maritime Navigation

L. Etienne, O. Faury, A. Cheaitou,
P. Rigot-Muller, L. Fedi

S17-O09 15:43-15:57 Logistic configurations as a risk management and sustainable tool.

O. Faury, A. Cheaitou, L. Etienne, L. Fedi,
P. Rigot-Muller

S17-O10 15:57-16:11

Vessel speed optimization in China transportation market with the EU
in multiple modes including the Northern Sea Route

W. Ding, R. Shibasaki, C. A. Kavirathna

S17-O11 16:11-16:25

Bulk Vessels Diversions to the Arctic Shipping Routes with the Effect ofEmission Trading System

C. A. Kavirathna, R. Shibasaki, W. Ding

S17-O12 16:25-16:39

Cancel Container shipping fleet CAPE
Northern Sea Route

H. Jia, R. Shibasaki, W. Ding, T. Tranand fuel consumption concerning the

S18
Arctic Sea Route and Coastal Protection: environmental, engineering, and economic
assessment
reakout Session/March 9, 2023
enue 3 (D305)
Chair: Akihisa Konno
S18-O01 13:00-13:20 Development of Arctic data visualization system for ice navigation support

G. Sagawa

S18-O02 13:20-13:40

Preliminary analysis for ice thickness estimation for the wide areaof Arctic Sea using AMSR2

S. Kubo, A. Konno

S18-O03 13:40-14:00

Seasonal and regional predictability of Arctic sea ice:
Lagrangian ice tracking applications

C. Brunette, B. Tremblay, R. Newton

S18-O04 14:00-14:20 Numerical Simulation of Ships Navigating Through Broken Ice Fields

T. Tokudome, A. Konno

14:20-14:45 BreakS18-O05 14:45-15:05

Development of a method for evaluating brash ice channel condition
for ship navigation

Y. Yoshida, A. Konno

S18-O06 15:05-15:25

Investigation of Hydrodynamic Forces Acting on an Ice Piece Downstreamof Floating Ice Pieces

R. Hayashi, A. Konno, Z. Jinxin, D. Kitazawa

S18-O07 15:25-15:45

Laboratory Experiments of Urea-doped Water Spray Icing
on Cylindrical Specimens

T. Ozeki, S. Adachi, T. Tokudome, A. Konno

20

S20
Toward sustainable Arctic -developing a network of Arctic researchers and otherArctic stakeholdersreakout Session/March 9, 2023
enue 7 (NINJAL201)
Chair: Natsuhiko Otsuka, Juha Saunavaara, Hajo Eicken, Yuji Kodama

13:00-13:05 Rationalization

N. Otsuka
Y. Kodama, N. Otsuka, J. Saunavaara,
F. Ohnishi, S. Uto, T. Hirata, Y. Fukamachi

S20-O01 13:05-13:20 HAI-FES: Problem-solving project for the sustainable Arctic
Developing guidelines, standards and best practices
for sustainable development in the Arctic
Food Life History in Greater Beringia:
S20-O03 13:40-14:00
Types, History, and Current Issues of Cold Storage
Sustainability of the Northern Sea Route, commercial, environmental,
S20-O04 14:00-14:20
and social perspectives
SMART/Dual-purpose Trans-Arctic Cables: Industry-Academia Cooperation
S20-O05 14:20-14:40
initiative too good to be missed
S20-O02 13:20-13:40

S20-O07 14:40-15:00 Yakutia as a platform for science diplomacy in Russiaʼs Arctic

S. Sandven, J. Pearlman
K. Saito, G. Iwahana, Y. Kugo, H. Hirasawa,
S. Tastuzawa, T. John, M. Koskey
N. Otsuka, F. Ohnishi
J. Saunavaara
T. Gavrilyeva, V. Parilova

15:00-15:10 BreakS20-O06 15:10-15:30 The review of the KoARCʼs activities and visions

15:30-16:15 Panel Discussion

H K. Seo
Moderator: N. Otsuka

S21
unding International Arctic Science
reakout Session/March 8, 2023
enue

(NINJAL244)

Chair: Volker Rachold, Egillr N elsson, Tetsuo Sueyoshi, Lindsay Arthur,

g st Hj rtur Ing

rsson

S21-O01 13:30-13:45 Challenges in International Arctic Research Cooperation

K. Latola

S21-O02 13:45-14:00 Overview of European Polar Research Funding

N. Biebow, J. B. Orbaek, E. T. Nielsson,
A. H. Ingporsson, L. Arthur, A. Strobel

Cooperation in European Polar Research: current status,
and upcoming developments
Evolution of Arctic Research System in Japan -From individual research to
S21-O04 14:15-14:30
national project, and international collaboration
S21-O03 14:00-14:15

H. Enomoto
J. R. Larsen, H. Savela, N. Biebow, R. Badhe,
P. Elshout, V. Spadetto, A. Strobel, S. Scory

S21-O05 14:30-14:45 Organizing funding for observing in the Arctic
S21-O06 14:45-15:00

P. Elshout, R. Badhe

New initiative toward the International Platform for Arctic Science:
Call for ECSs proposal using R/V Mirai 2023 Arctic Cruise

T. Kikuchi, and other ArCS II members

15:00-15:15 BreakScience Process and its outcomes of the third Arctic Science Ministerial
S21-O07 15:15-15:30 (ASM3)
international cooperation in Arctic research

T. Sueyoshi, L. E. Arthur, H. Kimura,. Kjartansdottir, Y. Kodama

S21-O08 15:30-15:45 Funding the future of polar research

S. M. Strand, L. M. Grosfeld

S21-O09 15:45-16:00

Tools for Enhancing International Research Funding Opportunities:
Arctic Science Ministerial Resources

J. Baeseman, H. Yabuki, T. Sugimura, K. Iino,
T. Sueyoshi, H. Kimura, Y. Kodama, L. E. Arthur,
Kjartansdottir

S21-O10 16:00-16:15

Strengthening international collaboration to fund Arctic science:the perspective of the French National Research Agency

A. H. Prieur-Richard

S21-O11 16:15-16:30 Funding of Arctic science

A Norwegian perspective

16:30-16:45 General Discussion

21

J. L. Fuglestad, J. B. rb k, I. Fossum,
S. L. Smedsrud, P. Soergaard.

S23
Multidisciplinary observing systems in Arctic, potential and challenges
Breakout Session/March 9, 2023
Venue 6 (NINJAL244)
Chair: Heikki Lihavainen

13:00-13:02 Introduction and logistics
S23-O01 13:02-13:13 Towards a High Arctic Ocean Observation System*H. Sagen, S. Sandven

A New Environmental Monitoring in the Arctic: Cryosphere Integrated
S23-O02 13:13-13:24
Observatory Network on Svalbard (CRIOS)*M. Laska, G.D. Breedveld, A.S. Coulson,
J-C. Gallet, Ø. Godøy, D. Ignatiuk, S. Jawak,
H. Lihavainen, B. Luks, J. Małecki, K. Migała,
D. Próchniewicz, I. Sobota, M. Strzelecki,
P. Zagórski

S23-O03 13:24-13:35 GEOCRI: A Big Data Approach for Cold Region Information Service

Y. Qiu, *H. Enomoto, M. Menenti, X. Cheng,
J. Key, H. K. Lappalainen, X. Li, S. Sandven,
V. Vitale

S23-O04 13:35-13:46

Bridging the Fram Strait - facilitating collaboration acrossthe largest high Arctic climatic gradient

H. H. Christiansen, S. Rysgaard, H.Skov,
P. S. Mikkelsen, S. S. Jawak, C. Stedmon,*H. Lihavainen

S23-O05 13:46-13:57

Towards ‘good practice’ in the use of Indigenous, local and scientificknowledge for informing natural resource management*F. Danielsen, M. Enghoff, M. K. Poulsen,
L. Iversen, S. Sandven, N. Johnson, O. Lee

The Climate Change Tower Integrated Project (CCT-IP) and theS23-O06 13:57-14:08 muldisciplinary observing activities of Italy at Ny Alesund (Svalbard) since
2009*V. Vitale, M. Mazzola, A. Viola, S. Gilardoni,
E. Barbaro, R. Salvatori, R. Salzano, A. Spolaor,
A. Lupi, F. Becherini, M. Vardè, B. Petkov,
F. Tampieri, R. Traversi, S. Becagli, M. Severi,
D. Cappelletti, B. Moroni, M. Rinaldi, M. Paglione, L.
Langone, S. Miserocchi, P. Giordano, F.Giglio,
T. Tesi, M. Doveri, S. Giamberini, A. Augusti,
O. Gavrichkova, M. Azzaro, M. Guglielmin,
N. Cannone, G.Verazzo

S23-O07 14:08-14:19

Estimation of high tundra vegetation productivity using OCO-2,
Sentinel 5 and FLoX data

*K. Ostapowicz, T. Park, L. Nilsen, H. Tømmervik

S23-O08 14:19-14:30

Using Unattended Approaches to Enable Multidisciplinary Study of
Seasonal Events in the Coastal Arctic Ocean*S. Laney, S. Okkonen, K. Longnecker, L. Catipovic

22

Poster Session
March 8, 2023
Core time 1 (Online) : 8:20-9:20 (JST)Core time 2 (Online) : 17:00-18:00 (JST)R1-P01

Temporal Variations of the Mole Fraction, Carbon, and Hydrogen Isotope Ratios ofAtmospheric Methane observed at Churchill, Canada

T. Ozaki, S. Morimoto, R. Fujita, T. Umezawa,
D. Worthy, D. Goto

R1-P02

Mesoscale Atmospheric Structure near the Sea Ice Edges over the Arctic Region as represented
by ERA5

R. Masunaga

R1-P03Future changes of Arctic cloud and its radiation effect in large ensemble projections by MIROC6

M. Abe, H. Tatebe, J. Ono, Y. Komuro

R2-P01Comparisons of sea-ice reproducibility and their impacts on climate variability in an initialized
climate model

J. Ono, Y. Komuro, H. Tatebe

R2-P02First look of ocean and sea-ice conditions from Ice Exercise 2022 (ICE

S. Kimura, A. Fujiwara, T. Kikuchi

R2-P03

Satellite-based mapping of sediment-laden sea ice

H. Waga, H. Eicken, B. Light, Y. Fukamachi

R2-P04

Laboratory experiment of ice group formation under waves

Y. Fujiwara, T. Waseda, T. Kodaira, T. Nose,
T. Katsuno, K. Sato

R2-P05

Impacts of freshwater types on sea surface partial pressures of CO in the Pacific sector of
the Arctic Ocean

M. Tozawa, D. Nomura, M. Matsuura, M. Hatta, A.
Fujiwara, S. Yasunaka, A. Murata

R2-P06

Experimental research on spectral downshift of propagating waves under sea ice

K. Sato, T. Waseda, T. Kodaira, Y. Fujiwara,
T. Nose, T. Katsuno

R2-P07

Melt pond CO dynamics and flux with the atmosphere in the central Arctic Ocean
during summer to autumn transition

M. Yoshimura, D. Nomura, A. Webb, Y. Li,
M. Dallʼosto, K. Schmidt, E. S. Droste,
E. J. Chamberlain, K. Posman, H. Angot,
B. Blomquist, E. Damm, J. Inoue, B. Delille

R2-P08

Sea ice variability on the Chukchi Sea and the Beaufort Sea since the Late Pleistocene

M. Uchida, H. Kumata, K. Mantoku, C. Amano,
M. Utsumi, M. Itoh, S. Nishino, K. Shimada

R2-P09Interannual variability of phytoplankton community structure in the Pacific Arctic Region

A. Fujiwara, S. Nishino, T. Hirawake, K. Suzuki,
T. Kikuchi

R2-P10Spatial distribution of manganese in surface waters in the East Siberian Arctic Seas

N. Kanna, K. Tateyama, T. Waseda, A. Timofeeva,
M. Papadimitraki, L. Whitmore,
H. Obata, H. Ogawa, D. Nomura, I. Polyakov

R2-P11

Temporal changes in physical and biogeochemical properties of halocline waters
in the Canada Basin

H. Tsujimoto, M. Yamamoto-Kawai, W. Williams

R2-P12

Impacts of non-breaking wave induced mixing on the modelling of Arctic Cyclone throughthe two-way coupled numerical model

K. u, Y. Fujiwara, T. Nose, T. Kodaira,T. Waseda

R2-P13

Radiation characteristics of thin sea ice in the ice tank experiments during freezing
and melting periods using multifrequency passive microwave radiometers

K. Tateyama, H. Enomoto, K. Akiu, M. Nakayama

R3-P01

Representation of Microscale Spatial Variability in Thaw Depth in Eastern Siberian Larch Forests

T. Nakai, T. Hiyama, A. Kotani, Y. Iijima,
T. Ohta, T. C. Maximov

R3-P02Intraseasonal permafrost thaw processes around Batagay NE Siberia detected by
ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 InSAR time series analysis

K. Yanagiya, M. Furuya, G. Iwahana, P. Danilov,
N. Fedorov, A. Desyatkin, A. Fedorov

R3-P03

Deep learning-based identification of thermokarst in Eastern Siberia and its relationship withlocal environment and land use

N. Kurata, K. Takaya, T. Ise, Y. Iijima

R3-P04

Thermal Denudation Features on the Yamal Peninsula

I. Tarasevich, A. Kizyakov, M. Leibman,
N. Nesterova, R. Khairullin, A. Khomutov

R3-P05

Black carbon and their isotopic signatures in soil and permafrost in Ny- lesund, Svalbard:
Implication of sources and fate under changing Arctic climate

M. Uchida, H. Kumata, K. Mantoku, G. Iwahana, M.
Uchida

R3-P06Detecting spatio-temporal variations in water and vegetation change areas in the East Siberian
permafrost zone using backscatter coefficient and DSM

N. Omori, Y. Iijima

R3-P07

Monitoring surface temperature and channel width of the six Arctic rivers from space using
GCOM-C/SGLI

M. Hori

R3-P08Single-spore PCR revealed the novel parasitic fungi infecting snow algae in alpine ecosystems

H. Nakanishi, K. Seto, J. Uetake, M. Ono,
N. Takeuchi, M. Kagami

R3-P09In-situ field observations of snow cover characteristics in Alaskan boreal forest during
the snow melt season

K. Sugiura, Y. Kitahara

R3-P10

Monitoring of snow physical parameters by spectral radiation measurements using ground-based
optical instrument in Ny- lesund, Svalbard

T. Tanikawa, N. Ohkawara, T. Aoki

R4-P01

Snow accumulation inferred from a GPR survey around the Southeastern Dome,
Greenland Ice Sheet

M. Minowa, K. Fujita, S. Matoba, Y. Iizuka

R4-P02The current state and future directions of the polar regional climate model NHM SMAP

M. Niwano,
the NHM SMAP Model Development Team

R4-P03

Numerical modeling of biological processes on snow and glacier surfaces in the Arctic region

Y. Onuma, M. Niwano, R. Shimada, N. Takeuchi

R4-P04

Early melt onset drives dark ice exposure on the Greenland Ice Sheet

R. Shimada, M. Hori, N. Takeuchi, T. Aoki

R4-P05

Changes in stripe patterns of dark regions in the southwestern Greenland Ice Sheet

A. Uruma, N. Takeuchi

R4-P06

Temporal variations of radiant fluxes and surface energy balance from 2012 to 2020
at the SIGMA-B site on aanaaq Ice Cap, northwestern Greenland

M. Nishimura, T. Aoki, M. Niwano, S. Matoba,
T. Tanikawa, S. Yamaguchi, T. Yamazaki

R4-P07Mass balance and surface elevation change offrom 2012 to 2022

K. Watanabe, K. Kondo, S. Sugiyama

2022)

aanaaq Ice Cap in northwestern Greenland23

R4-P08

Meltwater discharge from

R4-P09Drone survey for precise DEM construction and supraglacial stream mapping on
aanaaq Glacier, northwestern Greenland

S. Ukai, S. Sugiyama, K. Kondo

R4-P10Ground penetrating radar survey on

K. Sato, S. Sugiyama

R4-P11The prevalence of chytrid infection of glacier algae on a glacier in Alaska

K. Kobayashi, N. Takeuchi, M. Kagami

R4-P12Dating and insoluble particle analysis of a shallow ice core drilled at EGRIP, Greenland

Y. Komuro, F. Nakazawa, K. Goto-Azuma,
N. Nagatsuka, M. Hirabayashi, J. Ogata,
K. Fukuda, N. Kurita, K. Kitamura, G. Sinnl,
S. O. Rasmussen, T. J. Popp, D. Dahl-Jensen

R4-P13

Variations in mineralogy of dust in ice cores obtained from Greenland over the past 100 years

N. Nagatsuka, K. Goto-Azuma, A. Tsushima,
K. Fujita, S. Matoba, Y. Onuma, Y. Komuro,
M. Hirabayashi, J. Ogata, Y. Ogawa-Tsukagawa,K. Kitamura, T. Aoki, T. J. Popp, D. Dahl-Jensen

R4-P14Abrupt shifts in terrestrial aerosol deposition in Greenland during Dansgaard-Oeschger events
9-13

K. Goto-Azuma, N. Moteki, J. Ogata, K. Fukuda,
M. Hirabayashi, Y. Komuro, I. Oyabu, K. Kitamura,
S. Fujita, Y. Ogawa-Tsukagawa, T. Mori, S. Ohata,
Y. Kondo, M. Koike, K. Kawamura, S. O. Rasmussen,
D. Dahl-Jensen

R4-P15

Atmospheric CH concentration during the Holocene reconstructed from the NEEM (Greenland)and Dome Fuji (East Antarctica) ice cores

I. Oyabu, K. Kawamura, K. Kitamura,
S. Morimoto, S. Aoki, K. Goto-Azuma, T. Blunier

Characterization and discrimination of tundra plant leaves by Attenuated Total Reflection
Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy

T. Osono, W. Lin, M. Hasegawa, M. Uchida

R5-S8-P01

aanaaq Glacier in the summer 2022

T. Imazu, K. Kondo, S. Sugiyama

aanaaq Glacier in northwestern Greenland

Populations and leaf-trait variations of two Labrador-tea species across permafrost gradients
R5-S8-P02
in interior Alaska

G. Amada, G. Iwahana, K. Noguchi, Y. Matsuura,
H. Kobayashi

R5-S8-P03 Methane emission from tree stems in interior Alaska

T. Morishita, Y. Kim, K. Noguchi, Y. Matsuura,
K. Terazawa

R5-S8-P04

Total carbon and nitrogen stocks of the degrading Ice Complex permafrost at Yukechi,
central Yakutia

R5-S8-P05 Lagging Effect of Stem Respiration on Temperature in Sub- Arctic Species, Interiro Alaska
R5-S8-P06

Interrelationships of CO , CH , and N O fluxes in Snow-Covered Temperate Soils,
Northern Japan

N. Tananaev, A. Shepelev

Y. Kim, S.-J. Park, B.-Y. Lee, S.-D. Kim

Y. Kim, N. Tanaka
K. Konya, G. Iwahana, T. Sueyoshi, T. Morishita,
J. UetakeR5-S8-P07 Methane observations at the terminus of glaciers in Alaska
R5-S8-P08

Winter Soil Temperature and Growing Season Net CO Exchange in Eastern Siberian Larch
Forests

R5-S8-P09

Temporal and spatial patterns of remote sensing reflectance of understory vegetation in a sparse H. Kobayashi, G. Amada, G. Iwahana, W. Yang,
A. Hama, Y. Kim
black spruce in interior Alaska

R5-S8-P10

Ecological and physiological features of the process of photosynthesis of Asian white birch(Betula platyphylla) in Central Yakutia

A. Kotani, T. Hiyama, T. Nakai, T. C. Maximov

M. Grigorev, T. Maximov, A. Maksimov

R5-S8-P11 Snow cover impacts greenhouse gas dynamics in subarctic, alpine catchments

A. L. Popp, N. Valiente, K. Aalstad, S. Trier Kj r,
P. D rsch, D. Hessen

R5-S8-P12 Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment Processes 2 (RECCAP2): CO uptake in the Arctic Ocean

S. Yasunaka, M. Manizza, J. Terhaar, A. Olsen,
R. Yamaguchi, P. Landsch tzer, E. Watanabe,
D. Carroll, H. Adiwara

R6-P01

Degradation of phthalates and camphor by the deep-marine halophilic bacteria Halomonas
titanicae and their relevance to the order Oceanospirillales

M. Igarashi, J. Fleming, H. Suzuki, J. Galipon,

R6-P02

Sea ice melt timing and ammonium concentration can alter autumn phytoplankton compositionin the Pacific Arctic

K. Sumiya, K. Matsuno, K. Sato, A. Murata,
S. Nishino, A. Yamaguchi

R6-P03

Biological features of Calanus glacialis in the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean during autumn
in 2019

M. Ishihara, K. Matsuno, K. Tokuhiro, Y. Ando,
K. Sato, A. Yamaguchi

R6-P04

Cancel Spatial shifts in fish and macroalgae abundance and distribution in coastal areas of HighArctic fjords due to cryosphere changes

V. G.Triginer, M. Geoffroy, A. Sen, J. Berge,
B. Damsg rd

R7-P01

Statistical study of high energy electron precipitation based on Arase satellite EISCAT collaborative observation data

Y. Ogawa, M. Fukizawa, Y. Miyoshi, K. Hosokawa,
S. Oyama, K. Shiokawa, K. Seki, S. Kurita,
K. Asamura, S. Kasahara, T. Mitani, S. Matsuda,
Y. Kasahara, Y. Kato, I. Shinohara,
ERG-EISCAT project team

R7-P02

Studies of pulsating aurorae: simultaneous observations with the Arase satellite andoptical instruments in the Arctic

K. Hosokawa, Y. Miyoshi, M. Ozaki, S.-I. Oyama,
Y. Ogawa, S. Kurita, Y. Kasahara, Y. Kasaba,
S. Yagitani, S. Matsuda, F. Tsuchiya, A. Kumamoto, R.
Kataoka, K. Shiokawa, Y. Tanaka, S. Nozawa,
M. Teramoto, I. Shinohara, R. Fujii

R7-P03

Relationship between pulsating auroral electrons and duct propagation of chorus waves:
Simultaneous observations with EISCAT, ground-based all-sky imagers and Arase

Y, Ito, K. Hosokawa, Y. Ogawa, Y. Miyoshi,
F. Tsuchiya, M. Fukizawa, K. Murase, S.-I. Oyama,
S. Nakamura, Y. Kasahara, S. Matsuda,
S. Kasahara, Y. Kazama, T. Hori, S. Yokota,
K. Keika, S. Wang, S. W. Y. Tam, I. Shinohara

R7-P04

Studies of nightglow emissions in the mesopause above northern Scandinavia

P. Dalin, T. Nishiyama, P. Voelger, U. Br ndstr m, J.
Kero, T. Trondsen

R7-P05A new spectroscopic and imaging observation of shortwavelength infrared aurora and airglow(1.00-1.35 m) at Longyearbyen (78.1 N, 16.0 E) coordinated with EISCAT Svalbard radar

T. Nishiyama, M. Kagitani, S. Furutachi, T. Tsuda,
Y. Iwasa, Y. Ogawa, F. Tsuchiya, S. Nozawa,F. Sigernes

R7-P06

Spectroscopic observation of OH airglow in 1.1-1.3 m in the polar region

S. Furutachi, T. Nishiyama, T. Tsuda, Y. Ogawa,S. Nozawa, F. Sigernes

R7-P07

Coordinated observations of energetic electron precipitation by subionospheric VLF/LF
radio propagation with other groundbased facilities

F. Tsuchiya, H. Ohya, Y. Miyoshi, K. Shiokawa,Y. Hobara, M. Connors, Y. Ogawa, A. Mizuno,
Y. Kasahara, T. Nishiyama, H. Misawa, T. Obara

24

R7-P08

The 10-year summary of the sodium lidar at Tromsø, and its future plan

S. Nozawa, T. D. Kawahara, N. Saito, T. T. Tsuda,
S. Wada, M. Tsutsumi, T. Takahashi, T. Kawabata, Y.
Ogawa, H. Fujiwara, S. Suzuki, M. G. Johnsen, A.
BrekkeR7-P09Ultra-narrowband Optical Filter Development for the Na lidar Observation at TromsøT. D. Kawahara, S. Nozawa, N. Saito, T. T. Tsuda,
T. Takahashi, T. Kawabata, S. Wada

R7-P10A self-build FPGA-based data acquisition system for Tromsø sodium lidar

R. Watabe, T. T. Tsuda, T. Aoki, S. Nozawa,T. Kawabata, N. Saito, T. D. Kawahara

R7-P11

Polar mesospheric cloud observations by the Advanced Himawari Imager onboard the Japanesegeostationary-Earth-orbit meteorological satellite Himawari-8

T. T. Tsuda, Y. Miyoshi, Y. Hozumi, Y. Ando,
K. Hosokawa, H. Suzuki, K. T. Murata,
T. Nakamura, J. Yue, K. Nielsen

R8-P01

Cancel Preliminary strategic considerations over the Polar Routes opening

E. G. Iida, A. Baldini

R9-P01

Polar Educators International and the Third Arctic Science Ministerial (2021):
A Landmark for Polar Education

M.P. Casarini, J. Dooley, S. Weeks

S2-P01

Baroclinic Blocking

P. Martineau, H. Nakamura, A. Yamamoto,
Y. KosakaS2-P02

Interannual-to-decadal modulation of wintertime subseasonal variability over the Eurasia-East
Asian sector

B. Taguchi

S2-P03

Interannual Variation of the Warm Arctic-Cold Eurasia Pattern Modulated by Internal
Atmospheric Variability Examined by a Large Ensemble Experiment. Zhou, T. Sato, S. Li

S2-P04

A hemispheric extreme warm winter in 2019-20 enhanced by the highest sea surface
temperature around mid-latitude

Y. Ando, Y. Tachibana

S2-P05Winter atmospheric trends over East Asia analyzed for individual surface pressure patterns

K. Tamura, T. Sato

S2-P06

Lagged remote effect from tropical ocean on sea ice variability in the Sea of Okhotsk

M. Takehata, Y. Tachibana, Y. Ando

S2-P07

Impact of the Pacific sector sea ice loss on the sudden stratospheric warming characteristics

J. Zhang, Y. Orsolini, V. Limpasuvan, J. Ukita

S2-P08Arctic Sea ice loss and Eurasian cooling in winter 2020-21

K. Nishii, B. Taguchi, M. Mori, Y. Kosaka,
H. Nakamura

S3-P01

Global carbon budgets estimated from long-term observations of the atmospheric CO mole
fraction, isotopic ratio of CO and O /N at Ny-Alesund, Svalbard

D. Goto, S. Morimoto, S. Ishidoya, S. Aoki

S3-P02

Evaluation of black carbon in the Arctic region using the WRF/CMA
the Northern Hemisphere scale

K. Yahara, K. Yamaji, F. Taketani, M. Takigawa,Y. Kanaya

S3-P03

Variations of organic aerosols at Fukue Island as affected by the large-scale lockdown due to
COVID-19

C. Zhu, T. Miyakawa, F. Taketani, B. Kunwar,
D. K. Deshmukh, K. Kawamura, Y. Kanaya

S3-P04

Shipborne observations of black carbon aerosols in the Arctic Ocean during summer and autumn
2016 2020

Y. Deng, H. Tanimoto, K. Ikeda, S. Kameyama,
Y. Omori, J. Jung, Y-J. Yoon, E-J. Yang, S-H. Kang

S4-P01

Spatial and temporal variations of surface seawater carbonate properties in the western Arctic
Ocean: Results from the R/V Mirai observations

A. Murata, S. Nishino

S4-P02

Seasonal variation in nutrient concentration of the Pacific-origin water from the Chukchi Sea
to the Canada Basin

M. Yamamoto- Kawai, M. Itoh

S7-P01

Stable Water Isotopes and Tritium Concentrations Reveal Seasonal Contributions of GroundIce and Snow Meltwater to the Lena River Basin

T. Hiyama, L. Lebedeva, H. Park, K. Asai,
A. L. Popp, D. Gustafsson

S7-P02

Seasonal Variation of Stable Isotopes in Precipitation at Fairbanks, Alaska

K. Takakura, K. Ichiyanagi, H. Park, M. Tanoue

S7-P03

Freshwater budget of the Sea of Okhotsk and sea ice variability

K. Oshima, Y. Tachibana, K. Komatsu

S7-P04

HYPE-ERAS: A Transdisciplinary View on Climate Change Impacts on Hydrology, Permafrost andResilience in Eastern Siberian Arctic and Sub-Arctic

D. Gustafsson, A. Popp, L. Lebedeva,
S. Boyakova, T. Hiyama

S9-P01

Multi-actor cooperation for sustainable development of cruise tourism in the Pacific Arctic:
The Case of the Russian Far East

M. Lomaeva, J. Saunavaara

S10-P01

The Strategic Orientation of Russian Fishing Industry after Ukraine :What Implications for the Arctic

Y. Favennec

S10-P02

A Research on New Dimensions of Science Diplomacy and the Changing Arctic in the
Anthropocene

E. Caymaz

S16-P01

North Greenland Inuit materials collected 50 years ago at the Little World Museum of Man

R. Kusaka, S. Sugiyama, A. Harada

S18-P01

Improvement of an Arctic Sea Route Search System to increase calculation speed

T. Sugimura, H. Yabuki, H. Yamaguchi

S23-P01

Monitoring of polar snow by AMSR-E and AMSR2 satellite microwave observations

R. Kasakawa, H. Enomoto

S23-P02

Developing a regional observing system for the pan-Arctic community

I. Matero, H. Lihavainen, R. Denkmann,
C. H bner, S. Jawak, E. Jones, . Godøy,
K. Holm n

S23-P03

Using NEON Active Layer Sampling Methods for Pathogen Detection in Melting Permafrost

N. Catolico, R. Spurbeck, L. Catlin, D. Monahan,
K. Gonzales, A. Vinturella

S23-P04

Data Management of Arctic Project in Japan

H. Yabuki, K. Iino, T. Terui, T. Sugimura

25

simulation onBooth Exhibition

The booth exhibition will be located on the st floor atrium of the NIPR, and some of the informationis also available on the ISAR-7 online exhibition site. Enjoy the exhibition

Towards a New

ori on of Arctic Research

By Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II)This booth exhibition introduces the Arctic research of ArCS II and the educational materials.

Research vessels supporting Arctic science: now and in the future
By Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)
We will introduce Japan s first research vessel with ice-breaking capabilities, which is currently underconstruction, and the Oceanographic Research Vessel MIRAI, which is now conducting observation activities in
the Arctic Ocean.

Research on Climate Change at the National Institute for Environmental Studies
By National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES)The National Institute for Environmental Studies(NIES) was established in
7 . The exhibit will showcase awide range of research on climate change, particularly observations and model analyses of greenhouse gasesthat cause global warming, as well as research that contributes to adaptation to future climate change impacts.

Envisioning uture lobe through nderstanding the Arctic: the Challenge of the Arctic
Trans-Disciplinary Community of Practice
By Arctic Trans-Disciplinary Community of Practice
The Arctic Trans-Disciplinary Community of Practice brings together researchers, government officials, businesspeople, NPOs, students in various fields on a regular basis to share different views and exchange perspectives
about complex environmental and social economic changes in the Arctic region and their impacts on the entire
globe including Japan. We exhibit our reports and audio-visual materials created through our workshops. We
hope that visitors broaden their interest on the Arctic and have an opportunity to deepen considerations on theconnection between the Arctic and the globe.

26

General Information

Restaurants & Shops
Restaurant Map

Tachikawa Guide Book

Google Map

Taratta Tachikawa

Nearest Convenience Store/CafePrinting Services
kinko sTachikawa City Hall

Nearest Shopping Mall

LaLaport

GREEN SPRINGS

Attention!!

eduroamNIPRWLAN
ISAR7➤ Masks and Name Tag
Please wear masks and name tag at all times when in the building.
➤ Eating ＆Drinking Area
Eating and drinking is permitted only in designated areas.
➤ Smoking Area
Smoking is permitted only in designated areas.
Please refrain from smoking outside of the venue.
➤ Photo and Video Shooting
Press and Secretariat will take photos and videos during ISAR 7.
Those photos and video may go public.

27

Venue Map (NIPR)*The venue of ISAR-7 is divided into two separate buildings, NIPR and NINJAL.
*These building are a research facility so please do not enter restricted areas that are not designated event or venue areas.
*Eating and drinking is permitted only in designated areas.
Venue 4 (D304)*Please wear name tags and masks at all times when in the building.

3 minute walk from NIPR south entrance to NINJAL

te toMain Entrance (North)

the

Ven

WC

ue 3

&4

EV

or

Rou

Venue 3 (D305)

Flo

Layout of NIPR and NINJAL

3r

dVenue 2 (C301)/Lunch Venue

Venue 5 (K301) /Lunch Venue
te to

Eating& Drinking Area
theSouth Entrance

Museum(Eating& Drinking Area)

Route to NINJAL

Venue 2~5

WC

Venue 1

EV

Venue 1 (B201)

Breakout Sessions

Eating& Drinking Area

Opening/ Closing

2F

WC

Flo

Floor Guide at NIPR

3F

ue 5

Smoking Room

WC

SouthernCross

Ven

or

Rou

d

Atrium/ Venue 1~5

2n

NIPR

Keynote Presentations
Session Presentations
Breakout Sessions

Main Entrance

Smoking Room

A

tri

★

or

/

Receptionlo

AtriumEV

1stF

NINJAL

1F

WC

um

WC

Reception
Booth Exhibitions
Poster Display
Eating& Drinking Area
Cofee breakEating& Drinking Area
Smoking RoomNational Institute of Polar Research (NIPR)

28

South EntranceWC

To SouthernCross, NINJAL and JR Tachikawa Station

Venue Map (NINJAL)
1st Floor

2nd Floor

WC

Venue 7 (NINJAL201)

Smoking room

Route to 1F

Eating& Drinking Area
[Restricted Area] Please DO NOT ENTER !!

Route to Venue 6&7
Main Entrance

WC[Restricted Area] Please DO NOT ENTER !!

Venue 6 (NINJAL244)

Floor Guide at NINJAL
Parking

2F

Parking

Venue 6
Venue 7

1F

Breakout Sessions

Eating& Drinking AreaNINJAL is the rented venue for hosting ISAR-7.
Participants are not allowed to use any areas otherthan the designated areas and Session Venues(NINJAL 244 and 201).

Route to SouthernCross and South Entrance of NIPR
29
National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL)COVID 19 Safety Protocols

ISAR 7 Secretariat will make utmost efforts to prevent the spread of COVID 19 infection at the local
site. In addition to working with the venue to ensure thorough disinfection and ventilation.

 Please take your temperature beforehand and refrain from in person attendance at the meeting if
you have a fever or any other health problems.
 Your temperature will be checked at the entrance gate. If you are found to have a fever, we regret
to inform you that you will not be admitted. Please leave on the spot and participate online.
 Please wear a mask (non woven cloth is strongly recommended) in the venue.
 Please sanitize your hands frequently in the venue. (Alcohol for sterilizing is available at eachlocation in the venue.) There will be a limit to the number of people who can enter each of the session rooms. If the room
is full and you cannot enter, please participate the sessions online.

30

March 7-10
2023
Keynote Speeches
Session Presentations

31

Keynote- 1

Rapid Arctic Warming and its Impact on Indigenous Peoples andOther Communities
Dalee Sambo DoroughArctic Indigenous Peoples University of Alaska Anchorage

TBC

32

Keynote-02

Arctic PASSION- a project aiming to improve the Pan-Arctic Observing
System of Systems to serve societal needs
Michael Karcher1*
and the Arctic PASSION project team1
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
In the Arctic the human-induced global warming already leads to changes that are faster
here than anywhere else on our planet. These have environmental, societal, and economic
impacts, locally and beyond the Arctic due to the Arctic’s role in the global climate system.
These facts highlight the need for a sustained and accessible observing system adjusted to theneeds of users, from local inhabitants to academia through to industry and decision-makers [1].
Arctic PASSION aims to improve the current observing system in co-creation byextending Arctic scientific and community-based monitoring, forwarding the inclusion with
Indigenous and Local knowledge, enhancing coordination and cooperation on a pan-Arctic
scale, making data more accessible and by working on the economic viability and sustainabilityof the observing system. Arctic PASSION, funded by the European Commission, started in July
2021 and will run for four years. Over 40 organizations and Indigenous communities located in
17 countries participate in the project as partners. The presentation will address questions
related to an improved observing system of systems from our perspective and present activities
of Arctic PASSION such as the establishment of Shared Arctic Variables Expert Panels, theinitiation of a marine Atlantic-Arctic DBO, the development of Services to provide important
information to Rights-holders and stakeholders in the Arctic, or the co-creation of an event database of CBM based on Indigenous and Local Knowledge, all performed in close collaboration
with international partners from Asia, North America and Europe and institutions such as
SAON, the AOS and GEO.
References[1] Starkweather, S., Larsen, J. R., Kruemmel, E., Eicken, H., Arthurs, D., Bradley, A. C.,
Carlo, N., Christensen, T., Daniel, R., Danielsen, F., Kalhok, S., Karcher, M., Johansson, M.,
Jóhannsson, H., Kodama, Y., Lund, S., Murray, M. S., Petäjä, T., Pulsifer, P. L., Wilkinson,
J.. Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks' (SAON) Roadmap for Arctic Observing and Data
Systems (ROADS). ARCTIC, 74, SUPPL. 1 (2021), 56–68.
https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic74330

33

Keynote-03

Transdisciplinary research on environmental issues
Yamagiwa J
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN)
Research Institute for humanity and nature, called RIHN, was established in 2001, andhas conducted research with the awareness that the roots of global environmental problems arefound in human culture. Therefore, RIHN undertakes interdisciplinary research spanning thenatural sciences, humanities, and social sciences, and in recent years, has evolved towards
transdisciplinary research seeking to expand the kind of knowledge that are considered valid inscientific inquiry. RIHN also collaborates with the international research platform Future Earth,which aims to integrate global environmental change research and contribute to United Nations
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
However, the most important concept of our daily life and our identity is missing in SDGs.
It is culture. Why it’s missing? Probably because culture is not quantified, and it sometimes
causes conflicts between people and groups. But culture depends on experience and empathy
embedded in the body. Culture is reflected in food, cloth and house. Cultural diversity is thecommon heritage of humanity and should be recognized and affirmed for the benefit of present
and future generations. Culture can be shared globally while rooting in the region. In 2001, thesame year of RHIN’s founding, UNESCO adopted the Universal Declaration on Cultural
Diversity. Its Article 1 states that as a source of exchange, innovation and creativity, cultural
diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature. Article 7 states that creation
draws on the roots of cultural tradition, but flourishes in contact with other cultures. Today,
local cultures are about to disappear due to the information revolution and the global movementof people and goods. Hence, RIHN research projects are designed to examine not only thediverse range of cultures that currently inhabit the Earth, but also past patterns of cultural andenvironmental change. In addition to conducting high quality basic research, our aim is toenable discussion of diverse perspectives of nature and their potential relevance to the future.
Since the establishment of RIHN, researchers of the institute have discussed the conceptof futurability (or sustainable future), a Japanese word that combines the ideographs “future”
and “potential”. This concept invites us to consider the kinds of interactions between humanbeings and nature—some age-old and some entirely new—that various societies andcommunities might seek. We hope it will continue to stimulate discussion of what should bedone to address environmental problems at their roots, so that future generations will not inherit
the same patterns of use and degradation that now characterize our global society.
The idea that environmental problems stem from problems in human culture inevitably
leads to the conclusion that environmental research needs to consider the concept of values invarious human societies and cultures. Anthropogenic environmental impact is now predominant
on a global scale, and the current era of Earth history is being called the “Anthropocene”.
Humankind is becoming increasingly conscious of its dependence on finite and limited
resources, and of the many negative consequences of continued degradation of our biosphere.
Humans have also progressively come to understand that a number of critical environmental
problems cannot be separated from social inequity, especially in terms of access to natural
resources and their benefits. RIHN is now conducting solution-oriented environmental research
projects based on new forms of transdisciplinary knowledge production.
In this presentation, I will introduce the present RIHN’s projects to discuss on a newholistic approach to a sustainable future for human beings at local, regional to global scales ofour planet Earth.

34

Keynote-04

Environmental (in-)Security in the Arctic: Expanding
Interdisciplinary Approaches
Marc Lanteigne1*
1

The Arctic University of Norway

The subject of environmental security, which had long been considered a ‘niche’ subjectof study and analysis, has taken on greater prominence in light of the cascading effects ofclimate change in many parts of the world, including the Polar Regions. The Arctic has becomea crucial case study of how climate change is affecting various areas of security thinking, notonly in regards to state and government behaviour, but in terms of development, health, andhuman security. Although discussion of security in the Arctic has begun to focus on hard power
and military strategies as the far north becomes an area of potential competition, it is crucial tobring in different aspects and approaches, including those directly tied to environmental change,
when describing ‘security’ in the region.

35

SP1-R7

Coordinated observations between the Arase satellite andground-based observations over Arctic
Y. Miyoshi1*,I. Shinohara2, K. Shiokawa1 , K. Hosokawa3, Y. Ogawa4, S. Oyama1,4,
S. Kurita5, M. Ozaki6, Y. Kazama7, S-Y. Wang7, K. Asamura2, S. Kasahara8, S. Yokota9, T.
Mitani2, N. Higashio2, Y. Kasahara6, S. Matsuda6, H. Kojima5, Y. Katoh10, A. Matsuoka5,
S. Imajo5, T. Takashima2, ERG-project team
1

ISEE, Nagoya University, Japan, 2JAXA, Japan,
University of Electro-Communications, Japan, 4NIPR, Japan,
5
Kyoto University, Japan,6Kanazawa University, Japan, 7ASIAA, Taiwan,
8
University of Tokyo, Japan, 9Osaka University, Japan,10Tohoku University, Japan
3

The Arase satellite was launched in 2016 and has continued observations in the innermagnetosphere [1]. The inter-continental ground-based network observations are operated by
Japanese PsA [2] and PWING projects [3] over Arctic and these network observations are very
powerful to monitor precipitations and related plasma waves at different latitudes and local
times. Besides the network observations, the EISCAT observation is also important to measurewide range of altitudes covering the mesosphere to the thermosphere. There are various
opportunities for conjugate observations between the Arase satellite and ground-based
observations over Arctic, which provides new findings about couplings between the space andthe Earth upper/middle atmosphere, e.g., pulsating aurora, energetic electron precipitations,
proton aurora, SAR arc, aurora onset, field-aligned acceleration at very high altitudes etc.
Moreover, the conjugate observations have provided new insight into the coupling between themagnetosphere and the middle atmosphere through wave-particle interactions that cause
precipitations of energetic electrons and resultant ozone destruction [4]. In this presentation, we
present an overview of coordinated observations between the Arase satellite and ground-based
observations over Arctic during the declining phase of cycle 24 to the early rising phase of cycle
25.
References[1] Y. Miyoshi et al., Geospace Exploration Project ERG, Earth, Planets Space, 70 (2018)[2] K. Hosokawa et al., A ground-based instrument suite for integrated high-time resolution
measurements of pulsating aurora with Arase, ESSOAR, (2020)[3] K. Shiokawa et al., Ground-based instruments of the PWING project to investigate
dynamics of the inner magnetosphere at subauroral latitudes as a part of the ERG-groundcoordinated observation network, Earth Planets Space, 69 (2017).
[4] Y. Miyoshi et al., Penetration of MeV electrons into the mesosphere accompanying
pulsating aurora, Scientific Reports, 11 (2021).

36

SP1-R

Planning for a Future Arctic Oil Spill: New Model Insights
and Regional Security Implications
K. Frazier*1, M. Richards2 and R. Kee1
1Ted Stevens Center for Arctic Security Studies, USA
2U.S. Coast Guard Sector Anchorage, USA

Investment in Arctic resource extraction increased tenfold in the last decade. With thatinvestment, increases in maritime traffic and infrastructure are increasing the likelihood of an
Arctic oil spill, compelling regional and international Arctic entities to grapple with thislooming threat. The consequence of an Arctic maritime oil spill is heightened by the significant
lack of information surrounding oil slick migration under sea ice. Oil slick motion at the ocean
and ice interface is influenced by current velocity, ice surface drag, and the geometricperturbations of the ice surface into the water column. Obscured from view, the underside ofsea ice has historically lacked quantifiable characteristics and is entirely absent from all current
US climate and ocean-ice models.
Analyzing five years of under ice sonar data from the Beaufort and Chukchi seas,statistical parameters for the underside geometry of thirty unique ice stages of first-year ice
were isolated. Ice data was primarily lognormally distributed. The unique lognormal statisticalparameters for each ice stage were employed to construct subsurface models. Gravity driven
oil spreading was analyzed over these surfaces. These models produced sequestration volumes
for each ice stage ranging from 50,000-600,000 cubic meters per square kilometer, and covering
between 20 and 40% of the under ice surface. The results provide a theoretical maximum
volume of oil that could pool beneath Arctic sea ice, as well as the extent of coverage, before
spilling into neighboring domains.
Absent the presence of other movers, the underside of sea ice can sequester significant
volumes of oil before a slick would spill into a neighboring domain. The implication, then, isthat sea ice could transport significant volumes of oil, fully encapsulated, from a spill locationin one country’s territorial waters, across international boundaries. Subsequent questions arise
regarding the challenges such volumes pose in the response domain, the regional security
implications of large volumes of oil migrating in host ice, and the need for ongoing international
partner collaboration. This work was supported in part by the Oil Spill Recovery Institute
Graduate Research Fellowship [Grant number 21-10-06] and the University of Alaska
Fairbanks.
(A)

(B)

Figure 1. Modeled Arctic sea ice subsurface for “3,1,0” type ice. (A) illustrates a 3-D view of the underside of
the ice and (B) is a side view of the same ice type. Modeling begins with a 3D array indicating ice depth (z) andcell indices. For this visualization, a surface mesh is applied to the data, which uses linear interpolation between
points.

37

SP1-S

Evaluation of black carbon simulations in CMIP6 with longterm observations in East Asia during 2009–2020
K. Ikeda1*, H. Tanimoto1, Y. Kanaya2, F. Taketani2 and A. Matsuki3
1National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Japan
2Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Japan
3Kanazawa University, Japan

Black carbon (BC) emitted from East Asia accounts for 30% of global anthropogenic
emissions and has influences on global and regional climate, including the Arctic. Thus,
accurate estimates of BC emissions from East Asia and their trends are essential to assess theimpacts on climate change using climate models. Recently, our evaluations of BC emissions inbottom-up inventories using chemical transport models (GEOS-Chem and WRF/CMAQ) andlong-term observations at Fukue Island in western Japan indicated that the anthropogenic
emissions inventory (CEDS) used in CMIP6 overestimated BC emissions from China [1-2].
In this study, we evaluated historical simulations for 2009–2014 and scenario simulationsfor 2015–2020 under two emission scenarios (SSP1-2.6 and SSP3-7.0) by 11 climate models
participating in CMIP6 in terms of mass concentration level and long-term trend of BC overEast Asia by comparing surface observations at two remote sites (Fukue Island and Noto
Peninsula). The historical simulations by each climate model generally reproduced the observed
seasonal variation of the monthly mean concentrations at Fukue, with good agreement in themulti-model mean (r=0.78). However, the concentration levels at both Fukue and Noto tended
to be overestimated in the historical simulations (NMB=103% and 94% for the multi-modelmean). Annual mean concentrations at Fukue during 2009–2019 show a decreasing trend of 5.3±0.5%/yr, which is not consistent with the multi-model mean of the historical simulations.
This is because the CEDS inventory for CMIP6 estimated an increase of BC emissions from
China until 2014. The multi-model mean for the SSP1-2.6 experiments showed a decreasing
trend from 2015 (-3.9±0.4%/yr) due to the decrease in Chinese BC emissions. However, theirconcentration levels were higher than the observations because the SSP scenarios started basedon the last year of the CEDS inventory.
We also performed model simulations using GEOS-Chem driven by reanalysis
meteorological data (MERRA-2) with CEDS for CMIP6/SSP scenarios and ECLIPSv6b to
estimate differences in temporal variations and radiative effects of BC due to the uncertainty inthe BC emission estimates. The results using the CEDS/SSP scenarios were basically similar
to the multi-model mean of the CMIP6 simulations. On the other hand, the simulation using
ECLIPSEv6b showed good agreement with the observed concentration levels and trends. The
difference in direct radiative forcing of BC in 2014 between CEDS for CMIP6 andECLIPSEv6b was estimated to be 72% in East Asia and 25% globally.
References[1] Y. Kanaya et al., Rapid reduction in black carbon emissions from China: evidence from2009–2019 observations on Fukue Island, Japan, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6339–6356 (2020)[2] K. Ikeda et al., Evaluation of anthropogenic emissions of black carbon from East Asia in
six inventories: Constraints from model simulations and surface observations on Fukue
Island, Japan, Environmental Science: Atmospheres, 2, 416–427 (2022)

38

SP1-S

Contribution of the decline in Chukchi and Bering sea ice
to cold East Asian winterY. Tachibana1* and U. Ando2,3,4
1

Mie University, Japan
Mie University, Japan Research, Japan, 3Niigata University
4
Japan National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College
2

The Chukchi Sea, on the Pacific side of the Arctic Ocean, recorded its largest ice-freearea in the winter of 2017-18, a period when the Arctic Oscillation (AO) was persistently in its
negative phase. In association with the negative AO, East Asia suffered its coldest winter since1985 while the Arctic region was anomalously warm. Recent studies argued that the decline in
Chukchi Sea ice forced the jet stream to meander southward over Asia and America, allowing
cold air to spread there (e.g., Tachibana et al., 2019; Overland et al., 2021). However, cold
Asian winters are typically explained by La Niña and reduced Arctic ice in the Atlantic sector.
As Chukchi Sea ice coverage has severely declined in recent years, the importance of its rolewith respect to these traditional factors should be investigated on a multiannual time scale inlight of anticipated global warming. Here we present a statistical analysis showing that 201718 was the only winter since 1985 in which declining ice in the Chukchi Sea played a leadingrole and that previously its contribution was much smaller than those of Barents Sea ice and La
Niña. A simple numerical experiment involving an anomalous heat source over the Pacificsector of the Arctic successfully simulated a cold Asia and warm Arctic. Thus, an anomalous
negative AO along with the cold Asian winter of 2017-18 may be partially explained by the
decline in Chukchi Sea ice. In the context of global warming, long-term forecasts of Chukchi
Sea ice may improve predictions of Asian climate.

Figure 1. Possible processes for cold Asia and America viewed from an atmosphere-ocean
coupled system (Tachibana et al., 2019)
References[1] Tachibana, Y., et al., Warm hole in Pacific Arctic sea ice cover forced mid-latitude Northern
Hemisphere cooling during winter 2017-18, Scientific Reports, 9, 5567, DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41682-4 , 2019[2] Overland, et al., Communicating Arctic-Midlatitude Weather and Ecosystem Connections:
Direct Observations and Sources of Intermittency, Environmental Research Letters, 16,105006, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac25bc , 2021

39

SP1-S

Effect of the extreme wet event on temporal variations in
NDVI and ecosystem parameters of larch forest in
northeastern Siberia
A. Nogovitcyn1*, R. Shakhmatov1, T. Morozumi2, S. Tei3,4, Y. Miyamoto5, S. Nagai6, T.C.
Maximov7 and A. Sugimoto3
1

Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
2
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
3
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
4
Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Japan
5
Shinshu University, Japan
6
Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science andTechnology, Japan
7
Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academyof Sciences, Russia
Extreme wet events are predicted to be more frequent and intensive worldwide,
especially in northern regions under Arctic amplification. The taiga ecosystem in northeastern
Siberia, a semi-arid and nitrogen-limited ecosystem on permafrost, has changed under such
event in 2007. This study aims to investigate temporal variations in forest conditions of larch
forest at the Spasskaya Pad station near Yakutsk (Russia) before and after the extreme wet
event. We set a transect (60 m × 510 m) with 34 plots (30 m × 30 m), which were divided into
unaffected (typical forest; TF) and affected by the extreme wet event. The forest conditions of
the plots in 1999-2019 were determined by a satellite-derived proxy of above-groundproduction, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI, a forest greenness) calculated
from Landsat images with a spatial resolution of 30 m. To study the forest conditions of the
TF in 1999-2019, seasonal peak TF NDVI in the transect was compared with the long-term
observed ecosystem parameters at TF out of the transect, such as tree-ring width index (RWI),
soil moisture water equivalent (SWE), carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N)
and ratio of carbon and nitrogen contents (C/N) of larch needles.
Year-to-year variation in NDVI showed a large difference between the TF plots andaffected plots after 2007, because NDVI in the affected plots was lowered by a high treemortality and a presence of surface water. In the TF, hydrological conditions of the previous
year were a controlling factor of the needle production based on a statistically significant
temporal correlation between the TF NDVI and previous summer SWE. But this correlation
was changed from positive in 1999-2006 to negative in 2008-2019. Besides, the TF NDVI
showed a significant positive correlation with the needle N content (or negative one with theC/N) before 2007, which also remained after the wet event, in 2008-2018. That is, theproduction of soil inorganic N and, consequently, the needle production may increase at wet
year before the wet event, but after the wet event they decrease at an extreme wet year. The
wood production (RWI) showed a similar trend with the needle production (TF NDVI) only
before 2007, which could mean a simultaneous response of the two to a change inenvironmental factors, such as water and nitrogen availability. The needle δ15N was generally
decreasing during the entire observation period, suggesting that larches used less inorganic N
from deeper soils, which usually has higher δ15N. The needle δ13C was found to be strongly
dependent on the previous-August SWE for the entire observation period 1999-2019, that
confirmed an importance of the preceding year’s water availability.

40

SP1-S7

Role of Snow for Hydrological Change in Lena River Basin
D. Gustafsson1*, J. Musuuza1, K. Klemeth1, L. Lebedeva2 and T. Hiyama3
1

Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sweden
2
Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Russia
4
Nagoya University, JapanThe aim of this study is to investigate the role of snow for the climate change impacts inhydrological regimes across the river basins in Yakutia, Eastern Siberia. River runoff
observations in large and medium sized rivers show an increase over recent decades associatedwith increasing air temperature and precipitation [1], however, streamflow changes can also be
related to evaporation, snow, glaciers, and permafrost. We assessed the relation betweenchanges in snow and streamflow using the satellite-based ESA CCI snow data and the YakutiaHYPE model. The streamflow trend analysis showed a general pattern of increasing monthly
mean and minimum stream flows from October to April, but more frequent in larger river basins,and especially if the last 20 years are included in the trend analysis [1]. This can be explainedby the increasing autumn precipitation, but the absence of change in annual maximum flow andstreamflow in June also suggests relation to changes in the snow. The snow data shows a patternof decreasing maximum SWE in the western part of the model domain, and a corresponding
decreasing trend of number of days with snow cover (quantified here by the number of days
with SWE>5 mm) (Figure 1). These results are in line with the trends in streamflow found by[1]; a short snow cover period (and increasing amount of autumn and winter rainfall, not shownhere) as well as a lower maximum SWE accumulation could contribute both to the increasing
winter runoff, and the absence of increasing streamflow in early summer.

Figure 1, left: Trends in monthly maximum snow water equivalent (mm/decade, NovApr 1989-2018), right: trend in number of days with more than 5 mm snow (days/decade, 19892018) over the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), derived from the Snow CCI v1.2 product.
This work was conducted as part of the HYPE-ERAS project funded by FORMAS(project DNR: 2019-02332), RFBR (project No. 20-55-71005), and JST (Grant No.
JPMJBF2003) through the Belmont Forum Collaborative Research Action: Resilience in the
Rapidly Changing Arctic.
References[1] L. Lebedeva et al., Streamflow Changes of Small and Large Rivers in the Aldan River
Basin, Eastern Siberia, Water, 13 (2021).

41

SP -STaking the Pulse of the Arctic Ocean System, from theShelves to the Pole – A US Contribution to the International
Synoptic Arctic Survey Program
C. Ashjian1*, J. Grebmeier2 , N. Bates3, R. Campbell4, L. Cooper2, S. Danielson5, L. Juranek6,
E. Labunski7, C. Magen2, S. Moore8, C. Pilskaln9, and M.-L. Timmermans10
1

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA
2
University of Maryland, USA
3
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, Bermuda
4
University of Rhode Island, USA
5
University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
6
Oregon State University, USA
7
US Fish and Wildlife Service, USA
8
University of Washington, USA
9
University of Massachusetts, USA
10
Yale University, USA
The Central Arctic Ocean remains profoundly understudied, particularly with respect tocarbon cycling, ecosystem alteration, and the associated changes in atmospheric, ice and ocean
physics that drive those biological and biogeochemical systems. Because of relatively limited
understanding of fundamental characteristics and processes in the region, predicting changes inthese parameters and in their Pan-Arctic linkages under ongoing climate change remains
challenging. As a US contribution funded by the US National Science Foundation to theinternational Synoptic Arctic Survey, an expedition to quantify the present states of the physical,
biological, and biogeochemical systems of the Pacific Arctic and Amerasian Basin was
conducted from the USCGC Healy during September and October 2022.
The cruise track approximately followed the transects of the 2015 GEOTRACES and1994 Trans Arctic Section cruises to allow for comparative analyses. Stations were widely
spaced in order to accommodate both the long sampling duration required at each site (18+hours at deep locations) and steady progression along the planned track lines. Researchundertaken by the team included physical oceanography, meteorology, mesozooplankton andmacrobenthic distributions and ecology, marine mammal and seabird observations, watercolumn and sediment chlorophyll, water column nutrients and d18Owater, seawater carbonate anddissolved organic carbon, dissolved gases, rates of water column photosynthesis, respirationand net community production, water column particulate carbon, nitrogen, and stable isotope
content and optical properties, and water column and air methane content.
During the cruise, the team sampled along the Chukchi shelf-break and slope, Chukchi
Borderlands and Northwind Ridge, and in the Canada, Amundsen, and Makarov Basins. For
much of the track, the ice was unexpectedly thin with multiple leads. At some latitudes (e.g.,
86-87°N), bands of heavy ice impeded northward progress but elsewhere multiple leads
hastened navigation, even nearing the Pole where long N-S leads extending many kilometersprovided a “road” north. An overview of the expedition and some early results will be presented.

42

-

Reconsidering climate change research from a more
extensive scope of community development studies
N. HAYASHI1*
1

Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, CanadaThis paper reconsiders the framework of climate change research from a wider
viewpoint of community development studies. The impetus of this thought was my realizationthat much of recent climate change research (regarding the social scientific one) might havemerely seen the tip of the iceberg of community dynamics under a rapidly changing
environment. Arctic (and northern) communities have witnessed both environmental change
and local effects of the global economy. As an environmental anthropologist, I have been
focusing on the climatic and environmental change in Greenland; however, I must now pay
attention to the influence of a capitalist economy and other influences derived from politicaland social changes in Greenland. On the other hand, the academic discipline of Development
Studies, although it has a different view of social change than Anthropology, has been
combatting poverty, economic inequality, and community empowerment. Development
Studies' approach to community dynamics is rather holistic, viewing a community as aheterogeneous group and an agent of change. It also examines the informal economy andweak ties of networks within and between communities. Yet, Development Studies has
historically focused on so-call Third World countries, mainly Global South, and does not deal
with northern development.
In this presentation, I discuss that the study of the social impact of climate change canbe conducted within a larger framework of community development research. To this end, inmy presentation, I draw on examples from Greenland and Hokkaido, northern Japan, although
the latter is not in the Arctic per sé (yet it is still in a northern region).

43

-

Food Sovereignty and Well-being in the remote Arctic:
Investigating Barriers to Food Consumption andHarvesting in NW Greenland
A. Delaney1*
1Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku University, Japan

Food sovereignty in the Arctic is about local people’s ability to access foods sufficient
to meet their dietary needs for healthy lifestyles and also, most especially, to enable them toaccess culturally important foods. Such food preferences are key to healthy and resilient
individuals and communities as these foods fulfil socio-cultural needs. People’s right to foodis also inherently political, with communities having the right to define their own foodsystems [1].
Arctic peoples face significant barriers to maintaining food sovereignty. Using a casestudy approach, this presentation reports on anthropological research conducted in Qaanaaq,
Greenland, a community with around 650 people. One of the most northernmost settlements inthe world, the community faces significant logistics and transportation challenges. Qualitativeinterviews and discussions (30) were conducted with ministry, hunting and fishing union, andnatural resource management representatives, as well as interviews and participant observation
with hunters, fishers, and community members, including women. Obstacles to high quality oflife and food sovereignty, including politics, climate change, resource management, and safety
are presented, along with recent, local development efforts surrounding food harvests.

Figure 1. Evening meal with traditional foods.

Figure 2. Landing a “white narwhal”

Acknowledgements
This research was conducted as part of Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II) Project, Grant
Number JPMXD1420318865.
References[1] Organ, J., et al. “Contemporary programs in support of traditional ways: Inuit perspectives oncommunity freezers as a mechanism to alleviate pressures of wild food access in Nain, Nunatsiavut.”
Health & place, 30, pp.251-259. (2014). [2] E. B. Møller, T. Lading, Current building strategies inGreenland, E3S Web Conferences 172 (2020).

44

S17-

1 SP -S17

The economic impacts of opening the Northern Sea Routeunder political uncertainty
T. Tran1*, R. Shibasaki1 and W. Ding1
1

The University of Tokyo, JapanThe opening of the Northern Sea Route potentially reduces distances to transport goods
between East Asia and Europe compared to the traditional Southern Sea Route. At the sametime, political uncertainty in the region could hinder the adoption of a commercial service. This
study examines the economic impacts of opening this route, considering the trade-off between
the benefit of the shorter traveled time and potentially high political uncertainty. Utilizing
several economic and political uncertainty indices (namely the World Uncertainty Index and
the Geopolitical Index), the elasticity of trade costs with respect to political uncertainty is
estimated and then used for simulation in a trade model.
In the simulation model, consumers have love of variety, which differs from the standard
Armington model, where each country’s goods are treated as unique. The elasticity of
substitution between modes of transportation is estimated from the data, which allows forpotential changes in modes of transportation. The world economy is projected to every five
years from 2015 to 2030 with different growth scenarios. The economic impacts (namely thechange in trade cost, trade volume, GDP, and welfare) of the opening of the Northern Sea Routeis evaluated for the different magnitudes of potential political uncertainty.

45

SP -S1Experimental Study on Wave-ice Interaction for Small Ice
Floes and Plate Ice in Regular Wave
J. Sawamura1*, H. Mizushima2. I. Hamamoto1 and M. Zen1
1

Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Osaka University, JAPAN

Reduction of sea ice coverage in the Arctic Sea has increased vessel operations in marginal
ice zones (MIZ). The ice condition in MIZ consists of various types of the floating sea icessuch as level ice, small and large ice floes. Vessels operating in MIZ interact with sea ices andwave. The ice load estimation acting on the ship hull with ship, ice and wave interactions isnecessary for the safe and efficient operation for ice-going vessel. The precise estimation of
ice load needs understanding of the ice motion and displacement floating on the wave [1].
This research investigates the ice motions and displacement in the regular wave
experimentally. The experiment was conducted in the 2D tank in Osaka University, Japan.
The motion (velocity and acceleration) and displacement (vertical and horizontal direction) of
the small ice floes and plate ice in the regular wave were measured. Figure 1 shows theexperimental setup for the measurement of the plate ice motion and deformation in the regularwave. The rectangular polypropylene (PP) plate ice was used as a sea ice. As shown in Figure
2, the plate ice deforms and moves up and down by the regular wave. Furthermore, themeasurement for the small ice floes in the regular wave and the small ice floes interactingwith vertical structure in regular wave were conducted.
Wave gauge W01

0.45 m

W02

X
Wave generator

Regular wave

30 cm

Plate ice (PP plate)
S01
S02

Y
Strain gauge

2D wave tank (Top view)
6.0 m

L01

L02
L03
Laser displacement

1.5 m

Figure 1. Experimental setup (plate ice deformation in regular wave).
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
100

5400 [ue]Wave Disp. Up (W01)

Ice Disp. Middile (L02)

Ice Strain Middile (S02)
5300
5200
5100

105

110

115

120

5000
125

time [s]Figure 2. Time history of inlet wave and ice vertical displacement, ice bending strain (waveheight = 0.01 m, wave length = 1 m, plate ice thickness ).
References[1] Junji Sawamura, Kensuke Imaki, Takaya Shiraishi and Hidetaka Senga, Ice resistance test
using synthetic ice of a ship in small pack ice floes and wave interaction, The proceeding of
28th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, pp.1586-1590, 2018.

46

SP -S 1

The need for International Arctic Science Funding toanswer the “Big Questions”
Volker Rachold1*1German Arctic Office, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Germany

The remoteness of the Arctic and the harsh climate conditions, in particular during winter,pose a challenge for Arctic research and complex scientific activities cannot be organized by
one country alone. The best example is the recent MOSAiC (Multidisciplinary drifting
Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate) expedition that was coordinated by the German
Alfred Wegener Institute and involved 20 nations. Complex expeditions such as MOSAiC are
required to answer “big questions”.
There are a number of international processes to shape the Arctic research agenda and to
identify those “big questions”. The International Polar Year (IPY) is organized since 1882/1883
and the most recent IPY 2007/2008 was the largest coordinated polar research program ever,addressing both the Arctic and the Antarctic. Since 1995, the International Arctic Science
Committee (IASC) periodically conducts an International Conference on Arctic Research
Planning (ICARP) and 2016 the United States initiated the Arctic Science Ministerial meeting
which is organized every second year. Another important mechanism is the Agreement on
Enhancing International Arctic Scientific Cooperation that was developed under the auspicesof the Arctic Council and signed by the eight Arctic States in 2017.
This presentation addresses the need to better coordinate the funding for international
Arctic research. Funding models can include both the pooling of national funds to support
international research programs, such as the European Commission Horizon 2020 program andits successor program Horizon Europe but also the alignment of national funding in multi- orbilateral programs, like for example the Changing Arctic Oceans Program (a collaboration
between the UK National Environmental Research Council and the German Federal Ministry
for Education and Research) and the Canada-Inuit Nunangat-United Kingdom Arctic Research
Program (a joint program of the UK Natural Environment Research Council, Inuit Tapiriit
Kanatami, Polar Knowledge Canada, National Research Council of Canada, Parks Canada andFonds de Recherche du Quebec).

47

SP -R1
Revision of global fossil fuel methane emissions based on trends andmeridional gradients of CH4 and 13CH4 during 1990-2020
N. Chandra1*, P.K.Patra1,2,6 , R. Fujita3, T. Umezawa4, D. Goto5, S. Morimoto6, Bruce H. Vaughn
and T. Röckmann7
1. RIGC, JAMSTEC, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Japan
2. CeRES, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
3. Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
4. National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
5. National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan
6. CAOS, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
7. Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherland

Reducing methane (CH4) emissions is a top priority for climate action because of its short lifetimeand high global warming potential. Emissions of CH4 mainly comes from fugitive fossil fuel exploitation(oil and natural gas, coal, geological), microbial processes (enteric fermentation, rice cultivation, wetland,waste management etc.) and biomass burning sectors, where the fossil fuel sector contributes ~15-22% of
global CH4 emissions (Chandra et al., 2021). However, the CH4 emissions by source sector are largely
uncertain than the total flux, and attribution of total emissions to different sources remained largely
uncertain at regional and global scale. The atmospheric CH4 data alone do not include source-type
information. In contrast, δ13C-CH4 ratio in the atmosphere are controlled by the relative contributions fromsource types with distinctive isotope signatures, hence help to probe sectoral emissions more precisely withthe help of atmospheric chemistry transport model.
We have simulated the global history (1985-2020) of CH4 and δ13C-CH4 using MIROC4-ACTM,
and compared the results at a network of monitoring stations. The best fit emission scenarios are found bycompiling geographical distributions of isotopic signatures of source categories, different emission
scenarios by reviewing recent literature (Höglund-Isaksson et al., 2020), and regional emission trends from
MIROC4-ACTM inversion (Chandra et al., 2021). Based on the reconstruction of the latitudinal gradientand trends of CH4 and δ13C-CH4, we find a decline in emissions from fossil fuel exploitations during 19852020 in contrary to increasing trends from EDGARv6 inventory. An earlier version of EDGARv4.3.2 wasused in our inversion study.
References[1] Chandra, N., Patra, P. K., Bisht, J. S. H., Ito, A., Umezawa, T., Saigusa, N., Morimoto, S., Aoki, S., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Fujita, R., Takigawa,
M., Watanabe, S., Saitoh, N., and Canadell, J. G.: Emissions from the Oil and Gas Sectors, Coal Mining and Ruminant Farming Drive Methane
Growth over the Past Three Decades, J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan. Ser. II, 99, 2021–015, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2021-015, 2021.
[2] Höglund-Isaksson, L., Gómez-Sanabria, A., Klimont, Z., Rafaj, P., & Schöpp, W. (2020). Technical potentials and costs for reducing global
anthropogenic methane emissions in the 2050 timeframe –results from the GAINS model. Environmental Research Communications, 2(2), 025004.
https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ab7457

48

SP -R

Consequences of wildfires in boreal forests underlain by
ice-rich permafrost near Batagay, NE Siberia
Go IWAHANA1,2, Kazuki YANAGIYA3, Masato FURUYA4, Petr DANILOV5, Nikolai
FEDOROV6, Alexey DESYATKIN6,7, Alexander FEDOROV6
1

International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, USA2
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
3
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba, Japan
4
Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
5
Institute of Northern Applied Ecology, North-Eastern Federal University in Yakutsk, Russia
6
Yakutsk Permafrost Institute, Yakutsk, Russia
7
Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Yakutsk, Russia
Post-fire changes in Arctic landscapes are gathering attention from local land managers,
residents, and worldwide audiences because the impact of fires could induce irreversible
permafrost thaw and catastrophic deformation of landforms. Batagay in the Sakha Republic,
Russia, is located in Eastern Siberia and is one of the regions where ice-rich permafrost is
broadly distributed. This highly ice-rich permafrost is susceptible to landform changes bythermal and hydrological erosions due to the excess ice composition. As reported by several
studies on the Batagaika megaslump, 50-80 m thick of the ice-rich permafrost can be eroded,
releasing a considerable amount of sediments and carbons formerly consolidated in permafrost
for more than thousands of years. Global warming has already affected the stability of Arctic
land, and numerous studies reported the associated permafrost degradation. However, we still
have limited knowledge about permafrost land changes after wildfire disturbances.
Batagay area is underlain by at least 50-80 m thick ice-rich permafrost. Recent wildfires
burned an extensive area near Batagay, which triggered prominent thermokarst processes dueto the surface disturbance by the fires. We set study sites B14 and U14 at burned and unburned
areas with gentle slopes near the southern edge of the 2014 fire burn scar, respectively. Sites
B19 and U19 were set at burned and unburned areas in the southeastern edge of the 2019 fireburn scar divided by a firebreak line.
We conducted Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) analysis to generate
ground deformation maps over the post-wildfire area. To investigate ground surface changes,
we also used optical satellite images. Five snow-free and cloud-free Landsat8 images acquired
during 2014-2018 were used to generate the 2014 fire perimeter based on dNBR. We conducted
fieldwork campaigns in three consecutive thawing seasons during 2019-2021. In late September
2019, we measured relative height, soil moisture, ground temperature, and thaw depth along a
30 m transect at B14. Soil geochemistry of the active layer at each site was analyzed in thelaboratory. Similar field surveys followed at the end of the thawing seasons of 2020 and 2021.
We detected seasonal deformation from 2017 to 2018, whose magnitude and spatial
patterns of the tendencies of subsidence and uplift were consistent in both InSAR results using
different satellite data regardless of the season. The fires enhanced seasonal grounddisplacement and triggered interannual thermokarst subsidence at each burned area. In the field,
we confirmed that the burned areas had deeper thaw depths up to three times as deep asunburned areas. Soil moisture profiles at the burned site were significantly higher. Soilchemistry analysis indicates enhanced leaching of ions and micro-elements in the upper active
layer at burned site. The most destructive changes were gully formations triggered naturally
and anthropogenically after the fires.

49

SP -RThe Pelagic Ecosystem in the Central Arctic Ocean with
Increased Pressures as Future Prospect
Haakon Hop* and Ole Arve Misund
Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway
The deep and remote Central Arctic Ocean (CAO) is one of the least studied ecosystems on
Earth. As the region warms and sea ice retreats, previously inaccessible areas are becoming
accessible, paving the way for new activities. Changes in sea-ice cover, water column structure
and composition have already affected the pelagic ecosystem in the CAO, and more pressures
will become apparent from rapid climate change and human activities. New measurements
collected by research expeditions to the CAO are needed to enable effective management andadaptation to a rapidly changing environment.
The Norwegian Polar Institute conducted a research expedition to the CAO with RV Kronprins
Haakon 22 July – 20 August 2022, from Svalbard to the slope and deep waters of the CAO with
continuation to the North Pole and return across the Amundsen and Nansen basins. A purposeof this cruise was to establish a long-term observing system in the CAO based on two new
moorings placed at 4000 m depth in the Amundsen and Nansen basins. They will collect dataon water masses, sea ice and biological matter for the next two years until retrieval. An
important aspect will be to link oceanographic and sea ice information with ecosystemprocesses in a framework of climate change.
First-year sea ice encountered on the way to the North Pole was rather thin, generally <1.5 m,
but became thicker when steaming SW to the transect start, including areas of multiyear ice
over the Amundsen Basin. Leads were relatively frequently encountered, and pelagic trawlingwith Harstad trawl was done in some of the larger ones. Zooplankton was sampled with
Mammoth Multinet, stratified in the water column with nine closing nets, and MIK and Bongo
nets hauled vertically in the upper 1000 m. Pelagic organisms, particularly in the mesopelagic
layer at 200-350 m depth, were surveyed with Simrad EK80 echo sounder, with post-processingin the Large Scale Surveying System (LSSS).
Fishes were caught on the shelf and slope north of Svalbard (N 80,71°) at 350 m depth, withcapelin dominating (45% of the biomass), followed by Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) with 30%
and krill with 20%. Others included deepwater lantern fish (Benthosema glaciale) and juvenilepolar cod (Boreogadus saida), Atlantic wolffish (Anarhichas lupus) and Greenland halibut(Reinhardtius hippoglossoides). Trawling at N 82,82° caught only few deepwater lantern fishand mostly krill and pelagic amphipods. In the North Pole region, there were no pelagic fish.
Jellyplankton occupied the third trophic level, mostly with arow worms (Eukrohnia hamata)and ctenophores (Mertensia ovum) feeding on Arctic copepods Calanus hyperboreus and C.
glacialis.
Future pressures will involve drivers related to both climate change and anthropogenic
activities. Less sea ice, warmer temperature, and associated changes in light and nutrients may
enhance the pelagic production. Boreal fishes are expected to expand seasonally into the
Atlantic layer at 200-600 m depth to feed on the lipid-rich Arctic zooplankton. Shipping andpollution will likely increase, with effects on marine life. Continuous monitoring is pertinent inorder to detect and quantify such changes.

50

SP -S1

Variability and evolution of fire weather conditions in boreal
regions under levels of global warming
Marianne Tronstad Lund1, Kalle Nordling1, Astrid Bragstad Gjelsvik2, Bjørn Hallvard
Samset1
1

CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway
2
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Norway

We present a detailed and systematic characterization of the distribution and variability of fire
weather and its underlying meteorological drivers across five high-latitude boreal regions inNorth America, Scandinavia, and Russia – under 1850-1900 conditions and for global warming
levels up to +4°C.
Recent years have seen unprecedented fire activity at Arctic latitudes. While wildfire
occurrence and severity result from a complex interplay between natural and anthropogenic
factors, weather is a key factor. Weather conditions that promote high wildfire risk arecharacterized by the combination of high temperatures, little precipitation and low humidity,
and often high winds, all of which are affected by human-induced climate change. Such effects
not only manifest as shifts in the means and extremes of the weather conditions but can alsochange the shapes of their distribution. Using initial condition ensembles from two global
climate models, we quantify the full probability density distributions (PDFs) of daily maximum
surface air temperature, precipitation, wind, and minimum relative humidity. These contain
information on expected weather not apparent from the distribution mean or tails, but throughchanges to their overall shape. The resulting aggregate change in fire risk is quantified using
the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI).
Our results provide a comprehensive picture of the potential future changes in driversof fire weather at high latitudes, including differences between regions. We find consistentincreases in both means and upper tails of the FWI distribution, and a widening suggesting
increased variability. The largest changes occur in Canada and the smallest in Alaska. The main
drivers are the projected increase in mean daily surface temperature and a decline in the mean
daily minimum relative humidity, marked already at +1 and +2°C global warming. While theoccurrence and severity of wildfires ultimately depend also on other factors, we show that
continuing global warming can push the high-latitude regions into increasingly unfamiliar fire
weather regimes.

51

March 9

Breakout Session
R1

52

R1-

1

Trend of N2O isotope ratios in the Arctic atmosphere
S. Toyoda11*, D. Goto2, S. Morimoto3, M. Sasakawa4, T. Machida4, Y. Tohjima4, D. Worthy5,
and N. Yoshida6,7
1

2

School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
Division of Advanced Research Promotion, National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
3
Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies, Tohoku University, Japan
4
Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
5
Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada
6
Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
7
Terahertz Research Center, National Institute of Information and Communications
Technology, Japan

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the increasing greenhouse gases and is the most important
stratospheric ozone-depleting gas emitted in the 21st century. Because secular trend of isotope
ratios of atmospheric N2O can be used to deduce relative contribution from each source, several
efforts have been made by measuring air trapped in the polar firn or by analyzing air samples
collected at monitoring stations. However, the latter measurements are reported for only a few
stations in temperate region and Antarctica, and monitoring period is limited. Here we present
a 17-year record of monthly or biweekly isotope ratios of N2O obtained at two sites in the Arctic
region: Novosibirsk in the western Siberia, Russia (55°N, 83°E) (since 2005), and Churchill,northern Canada (59°N, 94°W) (since 2011).
The bulk nitrogen isotope ratio (δ15Nbulk) is decreasing at about −0.04‰ yr−1 while theN2O mixing ratio are increasing (about 0.8 ppbv yr-1). This suggests sources emitting
isotopically light N2O contributes to the increase. The rate of δ15Nbulk is similar to thoseobserved with whole air sampling at other sites in the mid-latitude Northern/Southern
Hemisphere and Antarctica, and those obtained by firn air analyses. When compared at thesame year, however, the value of δ15Nbulk is about 0.2‰ lower in the Northern Hemisphere thanin the Southern Hemisphere. The oxygen isotope ratio (δ18O) also shows decreasing trend withsmaller rate, but north-to-south gradient is not detectable with the precision of the analysis. The
15
N-site preference in N2O (SP) does not show secular increasing nor decreasing trend, andnorth-to-south gradient is not detectable. Our long-term monitoring confirms universal natureof N2O isotopic trend. Further analysis of short-term variations and detailed comparison
between Arctic and other regions will be discussed.

Figure 1. Map showing the sampling locations of this study and others. Red dots indicate
direct air sampling stations; black, firn air sampling sites

53

R1-

Preliminary results of the atmospheric particulate matter
variations in the summer of 2022 in Qaanaaq, Greenland
T. J. Yasunari1,2*, T. Kajikawa3 and Y. Matsumi4
1

Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
Center for Natural Hazards Research, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
3
Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
4
Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan2

It is well-known that atmospheric pollution and human health are highly related. The
Arctic region is also not an exception. Therefore, our research group has developed a mobileand low-cost PM2.5 measurement system for cold regions [1], which can be installed even inseverely frigid regions such as the Arctic. The sensor we incorporated into our system was the
low-cost PM2.5 sensor developed by Nagoya University and Panasonic Co., Ltd. [2]. The
commercial version of the PM2.5 measurement system is now available via a Japanese company,
Tanaka Co., Ltd. (http://kktanaka.co.jp/products).
In the summer of 2022, we installed the commercial version of the PM2.5 measurement
system on the roof of a house in Qaanaaq, Greenland. We measured the particulate mattersmaller than 2.5 μm (i.e., PM2.5) from July 20 to August 13, 2022. The coefficient of 1.3 wasused to convert the measured raw data to PM2.5 mass concentration based on Nakayama et al.
[2]. During the period, we often observed highly increased PM2.5 mass concentrations, and its
maximum concentration was greater than 100 μm m-3 in the 10-second interval data. In addition,from August 8, we observed the smoke from the open waste burning in the village. We will
discuss more on the characteristics of the PM2.5 variations during the observation on the day ofthe presentation.
This study was partially supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (JSPS
KAKENHI Grant Numbers: 19H01976) and the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II project(ArCS II: JPMXD1420318865).
References[1] Yasunari, T. J., S. Wakabayashi, Y. Matsumi, and S. Matoba, Developing an insulation box
with automatic temperature control for PM2.5 measurements in cold regions, J. Environ.
Manage., 311, 114784 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114784[2] Nakayama, T., Y. Matsumi, K. Kawahito, and Y. Watabe, Development and evaluation ofa palm-sized optical PM2.5 sensor, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 52, 2-12 (2018).
https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2017.1375078

54

R1-

Slow-down in summer warming over Greenland in the past
decade linked to central Pacific El Niño
K. Suzuki1, S. Matsumura2 and K. Yamazaki3
1

2

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
3
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Greenland warming and ice loss have slowed down since the early 2010s, in contrast to
the rest of the Arctic region. Both natural variability and anthropogenic forcing contribute torecent Greenland warming by reducing cloud cover and surface albedo, yet most climate models
are unable to reasonably simulate the unforced natural variability. Here we show that asimplified atmospheric circulation model successfully simulates an atmospheric teleconnection
from the tropics towards Greenland, which accounts for Greenland cooling through an
intensified cyclonic circulation. Synthesis from observational analysis and model experiments
indicate that over the last decade, more central Pacific El Niño events than canonical El Niño
events have generated the atmospheric teleconnection by shifting the tropical rainfall zone
poleward, which led to an intensified cyclonic circulation over Greenland. The intensified
cyclonic circulation further extends into the Arctic Ocean in observations, whereas the model
does not show a direct remote forcing from the tropics, implying the contribution of an indirect
atmospheric forcing. We conclude that the frequent occurrence of central Pacific El Niño events
has played a key role in the slow-down of Greenland warming and possibly Arctic sea-ice loss.
This paper was published in [1].
References[1] Matsumura, S., Yamazaki, K. & Suzuki, K. Slow-down in summer warming overGreenland in the past decade linked to central Pacific El Niño. Commun Earth Environ 2, 257(2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00329-xC.R.

55

R1-

Regional ensemble of global climate models for Sakha(Yakutia) Republic, Northern Eurasia
N. Tananaev1,2*, K. Kirillina2 and K. Olenov2
1

P.I. Melnikov Permafrost Institute SB RAS, Russia
2
North-Eastern Federal University, Russia

Climate warming progresses rapidly in Northern Eurasia owing to the effect known as‘Arctic Amplification’, leading to important subsequent changes in hydrology, permafrost,landscape and societies. Regional adaptation and mitigation strategies should be based onreliable climate forecasts, currently provided by CMIP6-generation global climate models(GCMs). The use of multi-member model ensembles increases long-term forecasts’ reliability
and better describe the uncertainties. Indiscriminate GCM selection for the regional ensemble
treats all model outcomes as equally probable, while discriminate selection evaluates GCM
performance against historical data across the region of interest.
Our research aims at developing a regional GCM ensemble for Sakha (Yakutia) Republic,
the largest administrative region globally, based on near-surface air temperature (CMIP6 tasvariable). The following protocol was employed: (1) selecting best-fit historical reanalysis
model as a baseline for comparison with GCM outputs; (2) calculating spatial correlation
between observed (reanalysis) and modeled tas fields for reference periods, as well as taschange between two reference periods, 1961-1990 and 1981-2010; (3) discriminate selection
and combination of GSM outputs based on spatial correlation metrics. In a large region withcomplex terrain and high-altitude relief this approach of giving higher priority to model
ensembles that better reproduce change between periods rather than any single period deemedplausible. Data analysis was performed in QGIS 3.11.22 LTS and RStudio, a GUI to R
programming language.
Several reanalysis models were tested in comparison with observation data, and GHCNCAMS was selected as a baseline historical climate and treated as observed climate. This
reanalysis was second best in terms of correlation with observed tas and its change, but wasless biased toward higher values than ERA5-Land. A total of 48 GCM outputs from the CMIP6
historical experiment were compared to baseline climate for 1961-1990, 1981-2020 periods,
and change between these two periods, using Pearson spatial correlation and Dutilleul’s
modified t-test for bivariate raster correlation.
Various combinations of ten best performing models were tested, both indiscriminate anddiscriminate, the latter was implemented via weighting based on Pearson spatial correlation
coefficient, against GHCN-CAMS reanalysis baseline. A single best model was MPI-ESM-12-HR, with Pearson’s r = 0.52 between observed (GHCN-CAMS reanalysis) and predictedchange between 1961-1990 and 1981-2010 periods. The only GCM ensemble that
outperformed this single model, with Pearson’s r = 0.54 and RMSE = 0.24, was a combinationof five GCMs weighted by their respective Pearson’s r values: CESM2-WACCM (r = 0.38),
CMCC-ESM2 (r = 0.42), CNRM-CM6-1-HR (r = 0.23), INM-CM5-0 (r = 0.21) and MPIESM-1-2-HR (r = 0.52). This combination was accepted as a regional GCM ensemble for Sakha(Yakutia) Republic.
This study is funded by Russian Science Foundation, Project No. 22-27-00344.

56

March 6

Breakout Session
R2

57

R -

1

Development of a high latitudinal SST and sea ice dataset
derived from GCOM-C/SGLI
Y. Kurihara* and R. Shimada
Earth Observation Research Center, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, JapanThe Second-Generation Global Imager (SGLI) is an optical sensor aboard the Global
Change Observation Mission -Climate (GCOM-C) satellite. GCOM-C, which was launched in
December 2017, is one of the two polar-orbiting satellites for the GCOM mission conducted by
the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). SGLI obtains data at the spatial resolutionof 250 m to 1 km and has generated a lot of important geophysical datasets through the fiveyear operation so far. In particular, the Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs) are key geophysicalparameter to understand the global climate system. In previous dataset using thermal infrared,
the polar region SSTs contained the many missing data ascribed to calibration and clouddetection. In GCOM-C mission, we are trying to solve these issues through improvement of thecalibration accuracies and algorithms including SSTs retrieval and cloud detection. The SSTs
are retrieved from the thermal infrared data obtained with the split window channels. SGLI has
improved SST monitoring, especially at high latitudes, through high accuracy and high spatial
resolution observations. Sea ice masks are determined using visible, shortwave infrared andthermal infrared data. The high spatial resolution is a strong advantage to detect sea ices. SGLISSTs and sea ice masks as standard products are provided in near real time as SGLI level 2
products, respectively. These 8-day and monthly statistics are calculated at each equal-latitudelongitude bin and provided as level 3 products. However, the level 3 SST and the level 3 sea
ice mask are provided separately, and the equal-latitude-longitude grided statistics are notsuitable for high latitudes since the area decreases with increasing latitude. Because sea ices are
not masked in the SST product, the sea ice data is beneficial to improve the retrieved SSTs, andvice versa. Therefore, we developed the arctic region SSTs and ice mask product. We gathered
the SGLI level 2 SSTs and sea ice masks in arctic seas at each ~10 km bin on the polar stereo
coordinate and calculated the statistics for each month from June (Fig. 1) to September 2021.
Monthly statistics were determined by iterating the statistics calculation and quality testing. To
improve the results, we validated SSTs and sea ice masks by comparison with in-situ data andother satellite products and compared the monthly statistics with those from other data sources.
We are planning to analyze the data from May to September in each year from 2018 to the latest.
Monthly SSTs, sea ice masks and statistical information used to determine the monthly
composite will be provided as a high latitude SGLI product.

Figure 1. Monthly mean SST (left) and sea ice frequency (right) in June 2021.

58

R -

Retrieving sea ice strength in the Beaufort Sea using
variational data assimilation
G. Panteleev*1, M.Yaremchuk1
1

Naval Research Laboratory, Ocean Science Division, Stennis Space Center, USA

In this study, we consider an extension of a simplified 2d Elasto-Visco-Plastic (EVP) sea ice
model [1] using a spatially variable representation of the sea ice rheological parameters andanalyze feasibility of the parameter optimization using variational assimilation of the sea ice
concentration, thickness and velocity observations. It was found the Tangent Linear and Adjoint
models for the EVP momentum balance are unstable, but can be regularized by introducing the
Newtonian dumping terms. Observing System Simulating Experiments (OSSEs) are configured
for a rectangular domain with cyclonic sea ice circulation pattern, under pack ice conditionsand variable wind/ocean forcing. Multiple OSSE’s indicate that spatially varying ice strengthparameter can be relatively accurately reconstructed for the medium resolution (~30km) models(Fig.1). The developed variational data assimilation EVP model was applied to the sea ice
velocity(https://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0116/versions/4),
sea
ice
concentration(https://nsidc.org/data/) and CryoSat-2 sea ice thickness observations collected around threemoorings in the Beaufort Sea for the periods with intensive sea ice convergence. The satellite
sea ice thickness observations were collocated with the sea ice draft observation from ULS fromthree moorings (https://www2.whoi.edu/site/beaufortgyre/data). Ocean currents from moorings
and atmospheric wind speed (NCEP-NCAR) were assimilated as well. Preliminary results fortheBeaufort
Sea
arediscussed

Figure 1. a) Sea ice velocities and sea ice thickness in the OSSE; b) “true” sea ice
compressive strength distribution utilized in OSSE’s; c) Reconstructed sea ice compressive
strength distribution.
References[1] E.C.Hunke and J.K.Dujiwucz, An elastic-Viscous-Plastic Model for Sea Ice Dynamics,
J.Phys. Ocean, (27), 1997.

59

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Automatic Sea Ice Concentration Segmentationof Sentinel-1 Imagery using a Convolutional Neural
Network
T. Akiyoshi*, Y. Toyonaga and Y. Matsuo
Kyuden Business Solutions Co., Inc., Japan
Arctic countries have been manually creating sea ice charts based on satellite imagery.
However, sea ice charts produced by sea ice expert analysts always contain subjective elements.
Furthermore, the manual production of sea ice charts is time-consuming, resulting in a long
delay between the acquisition and publication of the information. Delays can be fatal fornavigators in the Arctic Ocean because sea ice is very fluid due to the presence of winds andstrong currents. The purpose of this initiative is to produce less subjective sea ice charts in ashorter time by applying the sea ice concentration (SIC) automatic segmentation method to
SAR imagery.
In this study, a modified network of U-Net [1], a convolutional neural networkarchitecture, was used to take the Weekly SIC charts from the Russian Arctic and Antarctic
Research Institute (AARI) and Canadian Ice Service (CIS) and the SAR images (Sentinel-1)
with NERSC noise reduction technique [2] as learning data to automatically perform SIC
segmentation of SAR images. As a result, a less subjective SIC was automatically produced ina short time with an accuracy close to that of manual SIC produced by AARI and CIS (Figure1). Output images created by this method can clearly show SIC, which is difficult to determine
from the original SAR images. In addition, it was confirmed that even sea ice that was notdetected by AMSR2 could be detected by using higher resolution SAR (Figure 2).
As a future issue, improvements are needed because false detections have also been
observed in scenes with rough waves due to storms, as well as in scenes with e.g. nilas withsignificantly lower backscatter and small drift ice.

Figure 1

Figure 2

References[1] A. Stokholm, T. Wulf, A. Kucik, R. Saldo, J. Buus-Hinkler and S. M. Hvidegaard, "AI4SeaIce:
Toward Solving Ambiguous SAR Textures in Convolutional Neural Networks for Automatic Sea Ice
Concentration Charting," in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 60, pp. 1-13,
2022, Art no. 4304013, doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2022.3149323.
[2] J. -W. Park, J. -S. Won, A. A. Korosov, M. Babiker and N. Miranda, "Textural Noise Correction
for Sentinel-1 TOPSAR Cross-Polarization Channel Images," in IEEE Transactions on Geoscienceand Remote Sensing, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 4040-4049, June 2019, doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2018.2889381.

60

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The arctic summer sea ice prediction
based on sea-ice histories
M. Oyama1*, H. Yamaguch1 and N. Kimura2
1

Arctic Sea Ice Information Center, National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
2
Atomosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, JapanThe summer arctic sea-ice has decreased due to the warming. Because of evaluating theavailability of taking NSR, Arctic Sea Ice Information Center (ASIO) developed the mid-term
forecast of the summer sea-ice distribution and published the forecast on our website in May,
Jun, and July. The prediction method follows Kimura et al (2013) [1]. The method assumes that
there is a correlation between the sea ice divergence/convergence (SID) from winter to springand sea ice concentration (DSIC) in summer. On 2022 forecasts, in order to consider the
distribution of the thick multi-year ice, new parameters; sea-ice age (SIA), mean divergence ofice motion (MDI), and an accumulated absolute divergence/convergence of ice motion (AADI)
were introduced. These parameters represent the resistance to melting related to the ice age or
thickness, derived from backward tracking of sea ice for 4 years (SIA and MDI) or 3 months(AADI). When the particle reaches open ocean area, we assume it to be ice formation. SIA isobtained by number of days from ice production. MDI and AADI are calculated bydivergence/convergence of sea ice within that period. Ice predictions in the first, second, andthird reports are performed by the multiple regression analysis of DSIC-SID-SIA-MDI, DSICSID-AADI, and DSIC-SID-SIE, respectively. Predicted ice distributions on September 10 are
shown in Fig1. In the Beaufort Sea, all of the predictions agree approximately with theobservation while the predictions in the Chukchi Sea/East Siberian Sea are
overprediction/underprediction. The predictions become better by considering the multi-year
ice distribution. We aim to improve our prediction methods by identifying the causes of thegaps between the forecast and observation.
Acknowledgements
We thank the Arctic Data Archive system (ADS) for the gridded AMSR-E and AMSR2
data. This work was a part of the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II, programme
grant no.JPMXD1420318865) projects.

Figure 1. Comparison of observation and predictions

References[1] N. Kimura, A. Nishimura, Y. Tanaka and H. Yamaguchi, Influence of winter sea ice motion on
summer ice cover in the Arctic, Polar Research, 32, 20193, 2013.

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Estimation of sea ice thickness based on the ice histories
N. Kimura* and H. Hasumi
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Ice thickness is the most important information of sea ice. There are various ice-thickness
products based on satellite observations (radar and laser altimeter, microwave sensor, etc.) andnumerical models. These products generally agree in the spatial distribution and basin-scale
gradients of the thickness but differ in their absolute value.
This study tries to derive the ice thickness by a new way based on the history from theformation of individual sea ice. We first analyze the ice trajectory traced back to the ice
formation. For this analysis, daily ice velocity product for 2003-2022, derived from images bysatellite microwave sensors Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing
System (AMSR-E) and AMSR2 ([1]Kimura et al., 2013) is prepared. Based on the backward
trajectory, we focus the age in day, history of ice convergence, and history of heat budget.
Generally ice thickness changes through thermodynamic growth/melt and dynamic
deformation (thickening). These processes can be related to the derived parameters of heatbudget and ice convergence, respectively. We aim to derive the ice thickness throughcomparisons between the time-integrated parameters from the backward tracking andindependent thickness measurements obtained by field observations. Aa a first step, we
calculated the daily heat budget at the sea surface and integrated it over the lifetime of sea ice
taking into account differences in growth speed due to the ice thickness. Compared toobservations from vessels and moored Upward Looking Sonar (ULS), the estimated ice
thickness agreed well with the observed thickness in both its distribution and temporal variation.
In the future, we plan to improve the calculation method of the heat budget and incorporateparameters on the dynamic deformation into the calculation, in order to estimate sea ice
thickness more accurately.

Figure 1. Temporal change of sea ice thickness at a point in the Beaufort Sea
observed by moored ULS by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (open dot)
and estimated by this study (closed dot).
References[1] N. Kimura, A. Nishimura, Y. Tanaka and H. Yamaguchi, Influence of winter sea ice
motion on summer ice cover in the Arctic, Polar Research 32 (2013)

62

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Estimation of sea ice thickness using UAV-SfM
in Utoro, Hokkaido on the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk
Y. Ouchi1*, K. Tateyama2, T. Watanabe2, K. Sato3, T. Waseda4,5,
T. Kodaira5 and R. Uchiyama5
1

Graduate School of Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami, Japan
School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology,
Kitami, Japan
3
Civil Engineering Research Institute for Cold Region, Sapporo, Japan
4
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology(JAMSTEC), Yokohama, Japan
5
Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan2

Sea ice thickness is important information for elucidating the effects of climatechange and for economic activities in ice covered sea area. An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle with
Structure from Motion (UAV-SfM) is applied for sea ice thickness measurement in order toachieve low cost, high efficiency, and accurate observation over a wide area under low
temperature conditions.
Observations of snow and ice surfaces heights by UAV-SfM have been conducted moston the lake ice of the Saroma-ko Lagoon and the land-fast sea ice near the coast. In this study,
aerial photographs of sea ice were taken by UAV “DJI Phantom4-pro” and the photographs
were analyzed by SfM software “Metashape”. In addition, A Global Navigation Satellite
System (GNSS) receiver was mounted on the UAV to get coordinates of each aerial photograph.
Figure 1 shows the location and the observation area of the Utoro port of eastern Hokkaido,
Japan. The observation date is on February 12, 2022. Ice cake existed in the port on that day.
The flight time was from 9:36 a.m. to 10:56 a.m. We got 414 photographs by three flights. We
measured sea ice thickness at 10 points by a drill-hole method to compare actual and estimatedvalues. The Digital Surface Model (DSM) of sea ice surface height was generated from the SfM
software. Freeboard and thickness of sea ice were estimated from the DSM and hydrostatic
equilibrium. Figure 2 shows the estimated freeboard distribution in the observation area (Fig.
1). Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) between actual andestimated values were 2.3cm and 2.8cm. Total ice thickness was estimated and compared using
the method based on the relationship between freeboard and ice thickness measured by drill
holes and the method of hydrostatic equilibrium based on densities.
Hokkaido

Y(m)Utoro port
(N44˚06′,E144˚98′)

Area where the DSM was created500m

Figure 1. The location ofobservation area〇：drilling locations

X(m)JGD2011/Japan Plane Rectangular CS13

Figure 2. Spatial distribution of freeboard
over the area of red square in Fig.1.

63

m

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7

Seasonal variations of sea-ice thickness
in the Northwind Abyssal Plain of the Arctic Ocean:
Data analysis of moored ice-profiling sonar
T. Ueno1*, H. Ueno2,3, M. Itoh4, E. Watanabe4, J. Onodera4, Y. Kawaguchi5,
S. Fujio5, E. Moriya6, Y. Fukamachi3, N. Harada5
1

Graduate School of Frontier Science, University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
2
Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
3
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
4
Institute of Arctic Climate and Environmental Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth
Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan
5
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
6
Hydro Systems Development, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
Since the 1990s, moored observations using Ice-Profiling Sonar (IPS), which provides
high resolution sea ice draft data, have been performed in various sea areas [1]. The Northwind
Abyssal Plain (NAP) is a seasonal ice zone located relatively offshore in the western Canada
basin, where biogenic particles are transported from Chukchi shelf by mesoscale eddies as wellas the Beaufort Gyre [2]. In order to clarify the sea ice characteristics in the NAP, in this study,
we performed statistical investigation of sea-ice draft and movement based on mooring system,
together with auxiliary data regarding atmospheric and oceanic conditions.
The NAP18t mooring system was installed at 74°39.012’N, 161°50.340’W, where thefull water depth is about 1824 m, and was equipped with IPS and Acoustic Doppler Current
Profiler (ADCP). The IPS provided timeseries of sea ice draft, which was then converted topseudo-spatial series using sea ice velocity estimated by ADCP horizontal current and surface
wind velocity (NCEP CFSv2).
To investigate the features and variability of the ice field at the NAP, we calculated thetemporal evolution of the probability density function (PDF) of the IPS ice draft. In general,
drafts with high probability were distributed around the primary mode (i.e., the draft with thehighest probability), while the secondary mode appeared at a relatively shallow draft of about
30-40 cm before and after around February. Regarding the primary mode, the evolution from
October onward can be interpreted by the simple, one-dimensional heat balance [3], with NCEP
CFSv2 air temperature used as an input parameter. Meanwhile, the secondary modecharacterized by thinner draft, can be only reproduced by the model when the onset of ice
formation is set to delay by about 4-5 months. We speculate that the direction of prevailing ice
drift has drastically changed around February, i.e., from northwestward to northeastward, which
resulted in the significant thinning of the drifting sea ice.
References[1] Melling, H. and D. A. Riedel, Development of seasonal pack ice in the Beaufort Sea
during the winter of 1991-1992: A view from below, J. Geophys. Res., 101 (1996)[2] Watanabe, E., J. Onodera, N. Harada, M. C. Honda, K. Kimoto, T. Kikuchi, S. Nishino, K.
Matsuno, A. Yamaguchi, A. Ishida, M. J. Kishi, Enhanced role of eddies in the Arctic marine
biological pump, Nature Comm., 5 (2014)[3] Behrendt, A., W. Dierking, and H. Witte, Thermodynamic Sea ice growth in the center
Weddell Sea, observed in upward-looking sonar data, J. Geophys. Res., 120 (2015)

64

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Energy Cascade in Eurasian Basin of the Central Arctic
Ocean: interpretation of horizontal wavenumber spectra ofdensity derived from an autonomous buoy and the
FESOM2 Model
W.-C. Wu1*, Y.-C. Fang1, B. Rabe2, and V. Müller2
1Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan
2 Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Germany

Submesoscale ocean dynamics bridge transitional patterns in the upper ocean [1].
Thinning sea ice is expected to have a profound impact on the thermohaline dynamics of the
Arctic Ocean and modify the energy cascade. We study the spatio-temporal variability andocean dynamics utilizing in-situ-Lagrangian measurements of temperature and salinity from
the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC)
expedition, along with density field derived from the Finite-volumE Sea ice-Ocean Model(FESOM2). Horizontal wavenumber spectra of density variance in the upper-ocean layer (10,20, 50, 75, and 100 m) were computed from observed density measurements based on thirteen~100-km long transects during October 2019 to May 2020. We also analyzed a virtual ~1200
km-long transect spanning the drift trajectory during MOSAiC using FESOM2 products. We
focus on the steepness of horizontal wavenumber spectra of density for horizontal scales of 500
m to 25 km to investigate the inherent oceanic physics [2]. Under the assumption of quasigeostrophic balance and stable stratification, spectra with a slope of -3 are primarily governedby the interior dynamics, according to theory. On the other hand, a slope of -5/3 implies that
surface buoyancy forcing may be important [3]. We assume that our observed variable spectral
slopes in the upper ocean may be affected by the background stratification [4]. Our results showthat the variation in the patterns of spectral slopes indicates a response to changing upper-ocean
stratification. Differences between spectral slopes using MOSAiC measurements and FESOM2
products in the near-surface layer become more aligned as the mixed-layer depth increases inlate winter, while this is not the case for the comparisons of the halocline layer. Further
exploration of the winter state of the regional stratification in the central Arctic is needed.
References[1] E. Kunze, J. M. Klymak, R.-C. Lien, R. Ferrari, C. M. Lee, M. A. Sundermeyer, & L.
Goodman, Submesoscale Water-Mass Spectra in the Sargasso Sea, Journal of Physical
Oceanography 45 (2015)[2] A. J. G. Nurser, & S. Bacon, The Rossby radius in the Arctic Ocean, Ocean Science 10(2014)[3] J. Callies, & R. Ferrari, Interpreting energy and tracer spectra of upper-ocean turbulence inthe submesoscale range (1-200 km), Journal of Physical Oceanography 43 (2013)[4] J. A. MacKinnon, J. D. Nash, M. H. Alford, A. J. Lucas, J. B. Mickett, E. L. Shroyer, A.
F. Waterhouse, A. Tandon, D. Sengupta, A. Mahadevan, M. Ravichandran, R. Pinkel, D.
L. Rudnick, C. B. Whalen, M. S. Alberty, J. S. Lekha, E. C. Fine, D. Chaudhuri, & G. L.
Wagner, A Tale of Two Spicy Seas, Oceanography 29 (2016)

65

R Impact of the sea ice divergence on the sea ice thickness distribution in the Beaufort Gyre
O.Francis3, G.Panteleev1*, M.Yaremchuk1, D.Hebert1, R.Allard1, R. Krishfield2
A. Proshutinsky2
1
Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, USA
2
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, USA
3
University of Hawaii at Manoa, USA
The impact of the sea ice divergence and maximum sea ice shear on the sea ice thickness
distribution are analyzed based on observations. The data includes ULS observations frommoorings
inthecentralBeaufort
Gyre(2007-2021)(https://www2.whoi.edu/site/beaufortgyre/data), high resolution (10km) sea ice velocity anddeformation
rates(2017-2021)
derivedfromsequential
SAR
images(https://resources.marine.copernicus.eu/product-detail/SEAICE_GLO_SEAICE_L4_NRT_OBSERVATIONS_011_006), and coarser (25km) resolution velocity observations(https://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0116/versions/4) (2007-2021). It was found that during theperiods of stronger sea ice divergence, the maximum in sea ice thickness distribution shifts
approximately 1 m to thinner categories as compared to the periods of strong sea convergence
and weak sea ice divergence/convergence. The corresponding shifts in the sea ice probability
density functions were obtained both for the high-resolution sea ice velocity data in the periodof 2017-2021 (Figure 1a) and for the coarser resolution data obtained during 2007-2021(Figure 1b). Interestingly, the average sea ice thickness distribution was not as responsive tothe sea ice deformation rate, suggesting much stronger impact of the sea ice divergence on sea
ice thickness re-distribution function in the multicategory sea ice models (e.g. Thorndike 1974,
Hibler, (1980). All estimates were derived for the periods with well-developed sea ice
conditions, i.e. when 10-day mean sea ice thickness exceeded 0.3m, sea ice concentration wasclose to 100% and thin (<0.15m) was excluded from consideration. Results are comparedwith output from a multi-category sea ice model (CICE6).

Figure 1. a) Mean (2017-2021) pdf of the sea ice thickness distribution during the periods ofpositive (red), near zero (green) and negative sea ice divergence derived from sequential SAR
images. b) The same as a), but for the divergence derived from coarser resolution velocity
observations during in 2007-2021. c) mean pdf of the sea ice thickness distribution during theperiods of strong (blue) and weak (green) maximum shear deformation.
References[1] C.R. Thorndike et al, The thickness Distribution of Sea Ice, J.Geoph.Res, (80),(1975)[2] W.Hibler, Modeling a Variable Thickness Sea Ice Cover, Mon.Whe.Rev (108), (1980)

66

R - 1Best practice: How we reconciled biologists’ andphysicists’ ice coring methodology for the MOSAiC
expedition
Marc Oggier1,2*, Robert Rember1, Allison A. Fong3, Ana Aguilar-Islas4, Hajo Eicken1, Laura
Whitmore1, Mats A. Granskog2
1

International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, UnitedStates of America
2
Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway
3
Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven,
Germany4 College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks,
Fairbanks, USA
Sea ice mediates interactions between the polar ocean and the atmosphere. It is a key
component of polar marine ecosystems and the global climate. Physical processes in the sea
ice cover regulate the energy exchange and biogeochemical processes within the sea ice
matrix. For decades ice coring and core sampling methodologies have varied between
different disciplines. Data resulting from various core sectioning schemes are difficult tocompare. Building upon long-term sea ice physical observations in Utqiaġvik, AK, wedeveloped a novel approach for the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study ofArctic Climate (MOSAiC). This method connects measurements of physical and biologicalice core properties. By sectioning with respect to the closest interface (ocean/ice or ice
surface), we facilitate comparison from same-depth samples across different ice cores and/or
sampling events. Spatial and temporal variability within large ice core collections exposeslarge discrepancies in ice core lengths even for cores collected during a single coring event.
These differences in length measurements are problematic, especially when data profiles fromseveral cores have to be combined to compute another property (e.g., brine volume fraction
from salinity, temperature, and density). We developed an analysis framework to aggregate
ice core data and reconcile profiles of different lengths based on physical processes andstratigraphy, which account for non-linear profiles. While the primary goal is to generatecomposite ice profiles for physical properties, the method is also relevant for the study of
biological and biogeochemical processes.
Observations of landfast sea ice in Utqiaġvik, AK were made on Iñupiat lands andpermitted by the North Slope Borough and the Ukpeaġvik Inupiat Corporation. The field
campaigns were supported by UIC Science. UIC Science obtains permission from the Barrow
Whaling Captains Association for accessing landfast ice during the whaling season. Researchduring the MOSAiC expedition was conducted in international waters and supported by amulti-national consortium. Our offices and laboratory are on the traditional lands of the TrothYeddha’ Dena people of the Lower Tanana River.

67

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Biogeochemical Evolution of Sea Ice During the Spring
Melt
Laura Whitmore1*, Marc Oggier1, Mette Kaufman1, Kyle Dilliplaine2, Channing Bolt3, Hajo
Eicken1, Robert Rember1, Ana Aguilar-Islas2
1

2

International Arctic Research Center, USA
College of Fisheries and Ocean Science, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
3
Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, USA

Biogeochemical processes in the Arctic Ocean are influenced by interactions with thecryosphere. Sea ice cycling, as it relates to geochemistry, is difficult to constrain because of theinaccessibility of polar regions and the heterogeneous, dynamic nature of sea ice. We aim to
describe and quantify changes in nutrient and micronutrient (trace element) distributions during
spring melt. This study leverages two time series data sets. The first study sampled landfast sea
ice off the coast of Utqiaġvik, AK between late April to mid-June of 2021. Nutrient, oxygenisotopes of water, temperature, and salinity samples were obtained three times per week. Traceelement samples were collected one to two times per week. The second study obtained samples
from a floe with both first-year and second-year old ice on a weekly basis from October 2019
– Sept 2020 as a part of the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic
Climate (MOSAiC) Campaign. For both campaigns, ice core drilling and sampling procedures
followed established international standards developed for and practiced during MOSAiC. Sea
ice temperature and salinity profiles had expected distributions throughout the melt.
Macronutrient concentrations were high April – May in the bottom 5 cm of the core anddeclined rapidly when the brine drained; this timing was concomitant with the cessation ofmacroalgae growth. By combining physical and biogeochemical data, we aim to address
knowledge gaps in sea ice biogeochemical cycling and its connectivity to the water column, as
well as gaps in current model parameterizations.
We acknowledge the Alaska Native nations upon whose traditional lands our research
was conducted. Observations of landfast ice were made in Iñupiat lands and was permitted by
the North Slope Borough; the field campaign was conducted with logistical support from the
Ukpeaġvik Inupiat Corporation. Our offices and laboratory are on the traditional lands of the
Troth Yeddha’ Dena people of the Lower Tanana River. Research during the MOSAiC
Campaign was conducted in international waters and was supported by a multi-national
consortium.

68

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Future Projection of Ice-Algal Production in the Arctic
Ocean: Model Intercomparison
Yuanxin Zhang1*, Eiji Watanabe1, Hakase Hayashida1
1Japan Agency for Marine–Earth Science and Technology

BackgroundIce algae (IA) play a fundamental role in the polar biogeochemical cycle. IA not only regulate thecarbon cycle, but also act as important food source for zooplankton and benthos in the marginal seaice zone. The response of IA community to remarkable Arctic sea ice retreat is of great researchinterest. Due to limited observational data, regional differences and long-term variation of IA is notunderstood well. An international project “Ice Algae Moel Intercomparison Project phase 2”(IAMIP2) is ongoing to address these scientific questions and estimate the uncertainties among
different models and future climate scenarios.
MethodHistorical (1958-2018) and future projection experiments (2015-2100) were conducted by a global
sea ice-ocean model (ACCESS-OM2, abbr. AO) and an Arctic Ocean regional model (COCO-Arctic
NEMURO, abbr. CN), respectively [1]. The research target region is the entire Arctic Ocean. For
atmospheric forcing, JRA55-do [2] and EC-Earth3 output under the share socioeconomic pathway(SSP5-8.5) [3] were used in historical and future projection experiments, respectively.
Results
In this study, we analyzed three phases of the entire experiment period (1958-2100): phase 1 (19792018), phase 2 (2021-2060), phase 3 (2061-2100) in four major subregions (Chukchi Sea, Canada
Basin, Eurasian Basin, Barents Sea). Two models show similar spatial pattern of ice-algal production(ice-PP), which is high in the Arctic shelf areas and low in the central basins in all phases. The highest
ice-PP is simulated in the Chukchi Sea and the lowest ice-PP is simulated in the Barents Sea amongfour subregions.
AO model presents higher ice-PP than CN model, this difference caused by higher nitrateconcentration both in sea ice and ocean surface in AO model. Both AO and CN models show thefastest ice-PP decline in phase 2 that is caused by the rapid decrease in sea ice and ocean nitrateconcentration. Sea ice concentration in spring does not show significant decrease during phases 1-3,
indicating that the ice-PP decline is not caused by habitat loss. In spite of the different light condition
between two models, its impact on ice-PP variation is less significant than nitrate. Therefore, it issuggested that nitrate concentration is the dominant factor for future changes in ice-PP.
As a next step, we plan to analyze and compare experiment results under different climate scenarios(e.g., SSP1-2.6), as well as compare with other IAMIP2 model, to estimate the potential uncertainties
in ice-PP future projections and IA impact on the Arctic marine ecosystem and carbon cycle.
Reference:[1] Hayashida, H., Jin, M., Steiner, N. S., Swart, N. C., Watanabe, E., Fiedler, R., et al., Ice Algae
Model Intercomparison Project phase 2 (IAMIP2), Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6847–6861, 2021a.
[2] Tsujino, H., Urakawa, S., Nakano, H., Small, R. J., Kim, W. M., Yeager, S., et al., JRA-55 based
surface dataset for driving ocean–sea-ice models (JRA55-do), Ocean Model, 130, 79–139, 2018.
[3] Hayashida, H.: EC-Earth3 SSP585 atmospheric forcing dataset for the Ice Algae Model
Intercomparison Project phase 2 (IAMIP2) projection experiment v1.0, NCI National Research Data
Collection [data set], https://doi.org/10.25914/606edd5d96a88, 2021b.

69

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Interannual dynamics of particle transportation in shelfslope area of the western Arctic Ocean from 2010 to 2021
J. Onodera1*, E. Watanabe1, K. Mizobata2, M. Muramatsu1,3, M. Itoh1, Y. Tanaka4, E.J. Yang5,
N. Harada6,1 and T. Kikuchi1
1

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
2
Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan
3
Hokkaido University, Japan
4
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan
5
Korea Polar Research Institute, Republic of Korea
6
University of Tokyo, Japan
In the changing environments of the Arctic Ocean, the dynamics of upper ocean
circulation around shelf-slope areas affect lower-trophic marine ecosystems and basin-shelfinteraction such as the transportation of materials. To observe the relationships between particle
transportation and oceanographic condition, multi-year observation of setting particles havebeen conducted by the deployment of bottom-tethered moorings with time-series sediment traps
in the southern Northwind Abyssal Plain (2010-2014, 2018-2021), northern Hanna Canyon(2015-2017), and north of the Barrow Canyon (2015-2019). The settling particles collected by
sediment trap are mainly composed of lithogenic matter with silt grain size in addition tobiogenic matter, suggesting an advection of re-suspended particles from the shelf to the Canada
basin. The setting particle flux in this study showed maxima in not only the productive summer
season but also physical oceanographic events like the passing of oceanic eddies over themooring position area. In an interannual comparison of obtained results in the southern
Northwind Abyssal Plain, total mass flux for 2018-2021 (median: 101.8mg m-2 day-1 at ~200m depth) was higher than that for the previous period of 2010-2014 (median: 31.9mg m-2 day1). The settling particle fluxes in the north of the Barrow Canyon also show an increasing trend.
There were no large changes in the bulk component of trapped materials, and the lithogenic
matter was usually dominant during the studied period. The physical oceanographic-ecosystemmodel showed an increase in the transportation of resuspended matter with the intensified
westward current along the shelf slope of the Chukchi Sea in 2017. The related physicaloceanographic observation suggests a southward position shift of oceanic Beaufort Gyre andthe intensification of the westward shelf-slope current along the shelf edge of the Chukchi Sea
after 2017. In a large sense, the changes in physical oceanographic conditions around thestudied area are the possible main causes of the recent increase in the observed settling particle
fluxes.

70

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Multidecadal decreasing trend of sea ice production andmelt in the Bering Sea revealed by ocean observations
V. Mensah1*, Y-C. Chen2 and Kay I. Ohshima1,3
12Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
Graduate Institute of Hydrological and Oceanic Science, National Central University,
Zhongli, Taiwan
3
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, JapanThe Bering Sea plays a crucial role in the Pacific Arctic (Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea,
Beaufort Sea) physical and biogeochemical properties. It provides up to 40% of the freshwater
flux to the Arctic Ocean, contributes to the stratification of the Pacific Arctic, and is also a
primary source of nutrients to this ocean. Contrary to the Chukchi Sea and the Beaufort Sea,
the Bering Sea does not contain multi-year sea ice, having only a seasonal sea ice cover between
December and June. While both the Chukchi and Beaufort seas have been affected bysignificant loss of their seasonal and multi-year ice content over the past few decades, no clear
trend in sea ice extent, concentration, or production has been detected in the Bering Sea since
the beginning of sea ice satellite measurements (1979). In this study, we use historical data ofocean temperature and salinity from 1930 to 2020 to estimate sea ice melt and establish
meltwater thickness climatologies spanning the period before (1930-1980) and after (19812020) the beginning of satellite measurements. The climatologies and yearly time series of sea
ice melt reveal a decreasing trend, with a difference in meltwater thickness of -7.1 cm (-15% of
the total meltwater thickness) between the after/before 1980 climatologies. To further confirm
this trend, we also produced decadal climatologies of the Bering Sea winter water salinity,
which is used as a proxy for sea ice production. These climatologies also revealed a significant
salinity decrease (-0.14) between 1940-1960 and 2000-2020. Lastly, vertical profiles ofclimatological salinity indicate an increase in sea surface salinity and a decrease in subsurface(below 30 m) salinity between before and after 1980. All three variables that we estimated areconsistent with one another in indicating a decrease of sea ice production (corresponding to thedecrease of winter water and subsurface salinity) and sea ice melt (the increase in surface
salinity) in the Bering Sea, whose start occurred before the beginning of the satellite era.

Figure 1. (a) Difference in Meltwater thickness between (1981-2020) and (1930-1980)
climatologies, and (b) climatological vertical profile of salinity in the Bering Sea before (red)and after (blue) 1980. The black arrows indicate the increase in surface salinity and the decreasein subsurface salinity.

71R - 1Development and validation of a sea ice melt estimation
method based on T-S analysis in the Pacific Arctic Region
Y-C. Chen1*, V. Mensah2
1

Graduate Institute of Hydrological and Oceanic Science, National Central University,
Zhongli, Taiwan
2
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Over the past few decades, Arctic sea ice has declined significantly, and melting sea ice
will affect seawater stratification and the transport of freshwater and nutrients. Until now, sea
ice melt has been estimated mostly by satellite observations, but such estimates contain highuncertainties and are limited to the past 20 years. In this study, we use historical ocean
temperature and salinity data (Method 2) to estimate sea ice melt in the Pacific Arctic Ocean
via a T-S end-member analysis. The test region is set in the Bering Sea. Our results reveal that
this method yields melt water thickness spatial distribution similar to that of sea ice thickness
from the merged (satellite) SMOS-Cryosat2 product. The average value of sea ice melt (0.47m) is also consistent with that of the SMOS-Cryosat2 sea ice thickness. This method also
yields a good match with the time series of sea ice production. We also compared our resultswith another successful melt water estimation method based on automatically finding thedepth of the melt water layer. We found that both methods yield practically equivalent resultsin the Bering Sea, and both methods validate each other’s results. Due to the intrusion ofPacific Water in other parts of the Pacific Arctic (Chukchi Sea and Beaufort Sea), we suggest
the use of our T-S end-member analysis might be adequate in the rest of the Pacific Arctic
region.

Figure 1. Climatology of fresh water thickness in the Bering Sea, estimated by T-S analysis
method.
References[1] O.I. Mamayev, Temperature - Salinity Analysis of World Ocean Waters, Elsevier
Oceanography Series 11 (1975)

72

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Enhancement of turbulent mixing by the eddy-wave
interaction in the Canada Basin: Results from autonomous
observations using ITP-V
E. Y. Son1*, Y. Kawaguchi1, S. T. Cole2, J. M. Toole2, and H. K. Ha3
1

Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
2
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA3
Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea

The interaction between eddy and near-inertial internal wave (NIW) near the Beaufort
Sea has been reported by Kawaguchi et al. (2016) [1]. In this study, we tried to reveal how often
and much eddy-NIW interaction (ENI) enhances the ocean interior mixing using the 3 years
long data collected by the five sets of autonomous observing system. Ice-tethered profiler withvelocity successfully collected 8820 vertical profiles of temperature, salinity, pressure, andhorizontal velocity between 8-250 m depth with 3 h interval freely drifting along the sea ice. In
total, 67 eddies were detected during entire observation period of September 2013 to May 2015.
Most of the eddies were the deep eddy whose core were in the Pacific Winter Water layer of100-250 m. Only 11% of eddies were the shallow eddy whose core was at depth range of 50100 m, where the Pacific Summer Water intrudes. All eddies showed anticyclonic feature oflens-shaped isopycnal with a negative vorticity core that was surrounded by positive vorticity.
Among 67 eddies, 33% of it showed NIW amplification. During the eddy encounter, theturbulent mixing by the NIW was enhanced showing the nearly doubled parameterized eddy
diffusivity (K). In order to show the typical feature of ENI, we select the representative case ofeach deep and shallow eddies. The deep eddy case showed the near-inertial current at 2 cm s-1
with nearly vertical NIW phase signal indicating the negligible vertical wave energy
propagation. By the NIW signal within the eddy, K increased by a few orders higher than the
background level, which was comparable to the molecular level. On the other hand, we can find
only one case of the shallow eddy case. During shallow eddy encounter, the NIW was amplified
at a depth range of 100-200 m where it was 50 m deeper than its bottom. The near-inertial
current speed reached to 11 cm s-1 by the wave amplification and the most wave energy
propagated to a deeper layer. Accordingly, the turbulent mixing also reinforced by the amplified
NIW with the K~ O(10-5.5 m2 s-1). A spectral analysis revealed that the most NIW energy wasconcentrated at vertical and horizontal wavelengths at 100 m and 14 km, respectively.
Furthermore, the most energetic wave had a frequency at 0.98f, where f is local inertial
frequency. Also, the shallow eddy case showed an asymmetricity in turbulence mixing, where
the eastern flank was strengthened. We were able to reveal the asymmetricity was originatedfrom the strong baroclinicity at the rim side of the eddy. However, the baroclinicity could notsolve a question that why NIW amplification appears such a deep depth. We speculate the small
eddy that has the horizontal and vertical size of 11 km and 40 m cannot contain the larger wave
packet. Main part of the present study is published as Son et al. (2022) [2].
References:[1] Y. Kawaguchi, S. Nishino, J. Inoue, K. Maeno, H. Takeda, K. Oshima, Enhanced diapycnal
mixing due to near-inertial internal waves propagating through an anticyclonic eddy in the ice
free Chukchi Plteau, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 46, 2457-2481 (2016)[2] E. Y. Son, Y. Kawaguchi, S. T. Cole, J. M. Toole, H. K. Ha, Assessment of turbulent Mixing
associated with eddy-wave coupling based on autonomous observations from the Arctic Canada
Basin, Journal of Geophysical Research, 127, e2022JC018489 (2022)

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Sea ice timing feedback in observed freeze-up and melt
dates across the Arctic
Alice Bradley1*, Annabel Flatland1 and William Downs2
1
2

Williams College, USA

University of Miami, USA

Trends towards thinner sea ice are a hallmark of climate change in the Arctic. Whether thesetrends accelerate in a primarily first-year ice Arctic depends on an annual feedback cycle:
shorter ice growth seasons resulting in thinner sea ice, earlier opening/retreat, longer summers,
and delayed freeze-up. We analyze correlations between freeze-up and melt dates to evaluate
whether this feedback process is evident in the Arctic Sea Ice Seasonal Change and Melt/Freeze
Climate Indicators from Satellite Data [1] observations. The summer process shows
consistently high correlations across the Arctic, but the winter process is less broadly supportedby the data, except in narrow cases that account for modes of climate variability that drive ice
drift over the winter. Patterns in the winter correlations are compared to ice drift models toshow that there is evidence for a weak over-winter ice timing feedback in the observational
data. The timing feedback process plays a general role in overall thinning of Arctic sea ice but
between a weak winter feedback and the effects of ice motion, this research suggests that ice“memory'' may be short-term and scattered.

References[1] Steele, M., A. C. Bliss, G. Peng, W. N. Meier, and S. Dickinson. (2019). Arctic Sea Ice Seasonal
Change and Melt/Freeze Climate Indicators from Satellite Data, Version 1 [Data Set]. Boulder,
Colorado USA. NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center.
https://doi.org/10.5067/KINANQKEZI4T.

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Breakout Session
R3

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1

Landslides and Hydrological Environment of Sedimentary
Rock Slope in northwest Greenland
T. Watanabe 1* and S. Yamasaki2
1

2

Kitami Institute of Technology, Japan
Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan

A lot of recent studies suggest that rapid climate change in the Arctic. Chance of massmovements is probably increasing by its related phenomena. For example, increase chances ofrain events are remarkable effect to destabilize slope condition. Sedimentary rock areas in the
Arctic have thick colluvium on slope, and their surface has unique structure formed byperiglacial environment. However, the effect of erosion by abundant rain water and/or waterflow to the slope has been little known. In Siorapaluk, the northernmost settlement of Greenland,
the fjord cliff is covered with such thick colluvium. The colluvium collapsed and slid down bystrong rainfalls in summers of 2016 and 2017 (Yamasaki and Watanabe, 2019; Walls et al.,2020). Those landslides are extremely large (the maximum width is 125 m, and two to threemeters thick) as colluvium slope failures. To prevent landslide disasters from small settlementin the Arctic, the landslide mechanism should be clarified. The authors investigated theSiorapaluk case in 2018 and 2022. According to our investigation, thick colluvium consists oflarge angular boulders and sandy fragments, which are weathering products of sedimentaryrocks. Sand fills the gap between the boulder, but the strength reduction by saturation could not
be main factor of landsliding. Because the sand is relatively low permeability due to poor
sorting. On the other hand, the basement rock exposed at the upper slope, the rock generally
has numerous and wide-open cracks. Those structural characters of basement are common
feature in the area. Probably repeated change of glacier stress and freeze-thaw cycle has madedeep cracky zone on the basement of colluvium. At the heavy rain event, rain water penetrates
from upper slope to lower part through the cracky zone, and then it enhances pore pressure
behind the low permeable colluvium cover, leading to landslide. The source area of landslides
tends to distribute on middle parts of slope. Water flow converges at lower parts of slope, but
landslides are not likely to occur at lowest part, because the colluvium is too thick to move.
Also, the distribution of landslides tends to be controlled by the basement form to receive water
flow. For example, some strata on sedimentary rock surface are prominent laterally due to highresistibility against weathering. The source areas sometimes aligned along those strata.

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Supraglacial lake evolution on Tracy and Heilprin Glaciersin northwestern Greenland from 2014 to 2021
Yefan Wang1* and Shin Sugiyama1
1

Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan

Supraglacial lakes form during the melt season as meltwater collects within topographic
depressions on the surface of glaciers and ice sheets. They affect the mass balance of glaciersand ice sheets in two ways: (1) enhance ice surface melt by lowing the surface albedo [1], (2)accelerate the ice flow by delivering a large amount of meltwater into the subglacial
environment during lake-drainage events and reducing basal friction [2]. Therefore, studying
the evolution of supraglacial lakes helps us further understand the effect of meltwater on
glaciers and ice sheets. With this background, we analyzed satellite images acquired between
2014 and 2021 to investigate the evolution of lakes on two large marine-terminating glaciers innorthwestern Greenland.
To generate a high spatiotemporal resolution record of the lake area over Heilprin andTracy Glaciers, we applied a machine learning method on two medium-resolution opticalsatellite datasets (Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8) within Google Earth Engine. Although the basin
areas of the two glaciers are similar (654 km2 and 540 km2), the maximum lake extent on
Heilprin Glacier (22.84 km2) was approximately three times larger than that on Tracy Glacier(7.60 km2). The lakes began forming in early June, which was followed by substantial
expansion from the middle of June. After reaching a maximum thereafter, the lake areasignificantly decreased in August. The lake area peaked at different timing every year,
depending on meteorological conditions. In 2016, 2019, and 2020, the lake area reached a peak
between late June and the beginning of July. In 2017 and 2018, however, the peaks wereobserved in late July because of relatively cold summer temperature. Regarding to the interannual variation, the maximum lake coverage during the study period was observed in 2019(12.41 km2 for Heilprin Glacier and 4.05 km2 for Tracy Glacier), whereas the lake extents were
substantially smaller in 2017 and 2018 (Fig. 1). The lake area was small in these two years
because lakes were undeveloped in the region above 800 m a.s.l.

Figure 1. Annual variations of the maximum lake areas on Heilprin and Tracy Glaciers.
References[1] Tedesco, Marco, et al. Geophysical Research Letters 39.2 (2012).
[2] Stevens, Laura A., et al. Nature 522.7554 (2015): 73-76.

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25 years of high-frequency ground penetrating radarmeasurements for snow studies in Svalbard
D. Ignatiuk1*, T. Dunse2, J-C. Gallet3, L. Girod4, M. Grabiec1, D. Kępski5, J. Kohler3, M.
Laska1, B. Luks5, W. Pelt6, R. Pettersson6, V. Pohjola6 and T. V. Schuler4
1

University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Norway
3
The Norwegian Polar Institute, FRAM Centre, Norway
4
University of Oslo, Department of Geosciences, Norway
5
Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
6
Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
2

The warming of the Arctic climate, which is well documented [1], causes progressive
and ongoing changes in the cryosphere [2-5]. The seasonal snowpack, which covers ~60(summer) to 100% (winter) of the land in Svalbard, is very sensitive to the changing climate[6]. Large scale snow thickness and snow structural information are needed across Svalbard areneeded to better understand the spatial distribution of snow accumulation and its interannual
variability. In addition, such measurements provide a snapshot into spatial patterns of seasonal
precipitation that otherwise is barely covered by the operational precipitation gauges. Surveys
by ground penetrating radar (GPR) are accurate and cost-efficient, and have been conducted on
Svalbard for more than 25 years, thus permitting the assessment of long-term changes. These
data complement the single-point snow monitoring measurements and seasonal measurement
campaigns on glaciers and tundra. The campaigns so far have focused on particular areas, so
the data is sparse. The purpose of presented results from the State of Environmental Science in
Svalbard (SESS) Report published by SIOS (Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing
System) was to compile information about the conducted GPR snow cover measurements aswell as to define standards for measurements and data sharing.
References[1] IPCC: The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, https: www.ipcc.ch (2019)[2] J.E. Box, W.T. Colgan, B. Wouters, D.O. Burgess, S. O’Neel, L.I. Thomson, S. Mernild,
Global sea-level contribution from Arctic land ice: 1971 to 2017, Environ. Res. Lett. 13(2019)[3] W. Van Pelt, V. Pohjola, R. Pettersson, S. Marchenko, J. Kohler, B. Luks, J.O. Hagen,
T.V. Schuler, T. Dunse, B. Noël, C. Reijmer, A long-term dataset of climatic mass balance,snow conditions, and runoff in Svalbard (1957-2018), The Cryosphere 13 (2019)[4] T.V. Schuler, J. Kohler, N. Elagina, J.O. Hagen, A. Hodson, J. Jania, A. Kääb, B. Luks, J.
Małecki, G. Moholdt, V. Pohjola, I. Sobota, W. Van Pelt, Reconciling Svalbard Glacier Mass
Balance, Front. Earth Sci. 8 (2020)[5] M.Błaszczyk, J. Jania, M. Ciepły, M. Grabiec, D. Ignatiuk, L. Kolondra, A. Kruss, B.
Luks, M. Moskalik, T. Pastusiak, A. Strzelewicz, W. Walczowski, T. Wawrzyniak, Factors
Controlling Terminus Position of Hansbreen, a Tidewater Glacier in Svalbard, J. Geophys.
Res. Earth Surf. 126 (2021)[6] J-C. Gallet, M.P. Björkman, C.P. Borstad, A. Hodson, H-W. Jakobi, C. Larose, B. Luks,
A. Spolaor, T.V. Schuler, A. Urazgildeeva, C. Zdanowicz, Snow research in Svalbard: current
status and knowledge gaps. In: Orr et al. (eds): SESS report 2018 (2019)

78

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Bottom-tracking ADCP measurements of river ice floes
during collisions with a concrete structure
Takaaki Abe 1*, Hiroshi Yokoyama2 and Hiroya Ogushi3
1

Civil Engineering Research Institute for Cold Regions, Public Works Research InstituteEstimated ice thickness
by ADCP[m]In cold snowy regions like Hokkaido, Japan, river ice forms inside river. In springsnowmelt season river ice is broken into pieces and they flow downstream. In estuarine reachesof rivers ice floes are sometimes observed to run-up inside channel. In the Abashiri river,concrete revetments are thought to be deteriorated due to chloride damage, cold temperature,and repeated collision of ice floes with these structures [1]. To establish a reliable design
standard for concrete structures against severe winter conditions, there is a need for clarifying
the ice floe movements around them inside the river channel. This study performs a detailed
field observation of ice floe motions during winter season in the Abashiri river, Hokkaido, Japan.
A video camera is installed above the right-hand side of the targeted section located about 3 km
from the river mouth. An acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) is installed upward at theriverbed of the section for bottom tracking of ice floes passing through the section. The fieldsurvey is conducted 2018-2019 winter season.
The video imagery clearly captured the ice floe motion, e.g., collision with concrete
revetment. Figure 1 shows an ice floe motion taken in the early hours of the morning; around1:30 am at February 5, 2019. The camera image with lens distortion correction is suitable fordetecting approaching and escaping velocity of ice during ice floe collision. The floe has 0.23
m/s of approaching velocity with 5 degrees of angle, resulting in the escaping velocity of 0.15
m/s. The thickness of ice floe is estimated using ADCP bottom-tracking data, water level andelevation of the ADCP installation point. Time histories of estimated ice floe thickness is shownin Figure 2. Each four beam irradiated upward from the ADCP is used for thickness estimation.
The time-series value of each beam indicates the passing ice floes have thickness values around
0.4 m. The captured collision is occurred between 1:23:44 - 1:23:51. Estimated ice thicknesses
averaged in this period are 0.39, 0.44, 0.45 and 0.40 for beams 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Using
this procedure, the size of ice floe, variation in momentum of ice floe and its thickness isefficiently obtained. This method can be a reliable tool for ice floe impact force estimation.
Beam1

0.8

Beam2

Beam3

Beam4

0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1:20

1:21

1:22
1:23
Time, February 5, 2019 (UTC+9:00)

1:24

1:25

Figure 1. captured coliision
Figure 2. Time histories of estimated ice thickness (m) byof ice floe with concrete
ADCP bottom tracking measurement
structures (Feb.5)
References[1] H. Yokoyama, Y. Inami, I. Naitoh, S. Maeda, H.Yabe, Y. Yoshikawa, Observation ofcolliding force on concrete structure with progress of combined deterioration in river,
Advances in River Engineering, 29 (2019) (in Japanese with English abstract)

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Deep learning-based satellite image classification using the
chopped picture method for thermokarst detection
K. Takaya1*, N. Kurata2, T. Ise3 and Y. Iijima4
1

2

Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan
Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan
3
Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Japan
4
Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Japan

The polar region is sensitive and vulnerable to climate change, and monitoring of Arctic
regions is becoming increasingly important. Permafrost is widely distributed in the Arctic
regions; it underlies about 24% of the land surface in the Northern Hemisphere. The warmingof the ground can cause permafrost degradation through active layer thickening and thedevelopment of thermokarst landforms in ice-rich permafrost regions. Permafrost degradation
can release greenhouse gases from decayed carbon and significantly alter the local ecosystem.
Thermokarst is an indicator of permafrost degradation; thus, the distribution of these landforms
is essential for understanding carbon exchange and ecosystem impacts at regional and global
scales. In previous studies, fieldwork mapping and satellite image analysis were conducted todetect thermokarst. However, manual analysis from field surveys and remote sensing images istime-consuming. Therefore, automatic detection using deep learning has begun to be conducted.
While deep learning image recognition techniques are beneficial, the thermokarst significantly
varies in characteristics, and thus a large number of training images were needed to create
region-specific AI models. A recently developed method, the chopped picture method, issuitable for identifying ambiguous and amorphous objects such as the thermokarst. This method
is also appropriate for creating region-specific AI models because it efficiently produces thetraining images. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of thermokarst
identification using this method. If this approach is valuable, region-specific AI models can becreated easily and at a low cost. This study uses high-resolution panchromatic and pansharpened images to reveal differences in the detection of thermokarst by satellite images. We
also changed the chopped size applied to each satellite image to obtain the best parameters todetect thermokarst. In this study, we discuss the potential and future prospects for thermokarst
detection using a combination of satellite images and the chopped picture method.
This study was supported by the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability Research Projects II(JPMXD1420318865) funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, andTechnology of Japan,

Figure 1. Classification results of thermokarst using chopped picture method from satellite
image: (left) panchromatic image and (right) pan-sharpened image. Red squares indicate
thermokarst, and green indicates others.

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7

Spatial and temporal change patterns of CO2 and CH4
concentrations in Mongolian permafrost regions
A. Saruulzaya1*, M. Ishikawa2 and T. Hiyama3
1

Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Mongolia
2
Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
3
Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) released from permafrost regions may have positive feedback
to climate change, but there is much uncertainty about additional warming from the permafrost
carbon cycle [1]. One of the main reasons for this uncertainty is that the observation data oflarge-scale GHG concentrations are sparse, especially for areas with rapid permafrost
degradation. We selected study sites in the Altai, Khuvsgul, Khentii mountains in Mongolian
permafrost regions. We first analyzed the active layer thickness and ground temperaturechanges using borehole observations. Based on ground observation data, we assessed theapplicability of Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) carbon dioxide (CO2) andmethane (CH4) datasets. The GOSAT Level 4 (L4) data product consists of Level 4A (L4A)
surface CO2 and CH4 fluxes data, and Level 4B (L4B) three dimensional CO2 and CH4
concentrations distributions simulated with L4A surface fluxes. Therefore, we used the L4B
data to quantitatively analyze CO2 and CH4 concentrations in this study. During the field work,
we measured CO2 concentrations and fluxes at 140 points in Altai, Khangai, Khuvsgul
mountains using the Environmental Gas Monitoring-4 (EGM-4) equipment. Furthermore, weused datasets from the fifth-generation European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) atmospheric reanalysis (ERA5). ERA5 provides hourly data with 0.25° spatial
resolution from 1979 to near real time, and is easy to access from Climate Data Store [2]. Finally,
we analyzed the temporal and spatial changes in near-surface CO2 and CH4 concentrations from2010 to 2017 and their patterns in different permafrost regions. The results showed that theMongolian permafrost has been experiencing rapid degradation. The annual average nearsurface CO2 concentration increased gradually between 2.19 ppmv/yr and 2.38 ppmv/yr,
whereas the near-surface CH4 concentration increased significantly from 7.76 ppbv/yr to 8.49
ppbv/yr. There were significant seasonal variations in near-surface CO2 and CH4 concentrations
for continuous, discontinuous, sporadic, and isolated permafrost zones. The continuous anddiscontinuous permafrost zones had lower near-surface CO2 and CH4 concentrations in summer
and autumn, whereas sporadic and isolated permafrost zones had higher near-surface CO2 andCH4 concentrations in winter and spring. Our results indicated that climate warming led to rapid
permafrost degradation, and carbon-based GHG concentrations also increased rapidly in
Mongolia. Although, GHG concentrations increased at rates similar to the global average andmany factors can account for their changes, GHG concentration in the permafrost regions merits
more attention in the future because the spatiotemporal distribution has indicated a different
driving force for regional warming.
References[1] E. Schuur, A. McGuire, C. Schädel, G. Grosse, J. Harden, D. Hayes, Climate change andthe permafrost carbon feedback. Nature 520, 171–179 (2015)[2] S. Gleixner, T. Demissie, G.T. Diro, Did ERA5 improve temperature and precipitation
reanalysis over East Africa? Atmosphere 11, 996 (2020)

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Thermokarst development in the Lena-Aldan interfluve,
eastern Siberia, observed by satellite remote sensing
Takahiro Abe1* and Yoshihiro Iijima1
1

Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, JAPANThermokarst is an irreversible process that changes local landforms with underlying icerich permafrost. In the area between the Lena and Aldan rivers in Eastern Siberia, topographic
changes due to thermokarst have been remarkably identified, which has significantly impacted
on lives of neighbors in relation to the destruction of infrastructure, and changes in the water
cycle and ecosystems. Continuous observation for thermokarst has been performed in Yukechi
during the last three decades, and the inter-annual ground-surface subsidence and expansion ofthermokarst lakes have been revealed [1-2]. However, there had been no comprehensive
observations of thermokarst subsidence, which led to uncertainty in assessing permafrost
degradation in the entire area. The spatial distribution of thermokarst subsidence could be an
essential index to evaluate permafrost degradation in the area.
This study used satellite-based remote sensing data to reveal surface changes due tothermokarst. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) time-series analysis using Lband SAR data by ALOS-2 [3] was applied to reveal inter-annual ground subsidence aroundsome populated areas in the interfluve. Our result shows that 6–25 cm ground subsidence was
detected in farming and abandoned arable land in Mayya, Churapcha, Amga, and Tyungyulyu
from 2014 to 2021. Polygonal relief was also identified in such areas. High-resolution opticalimages (WorldView and Pleiades) were utilized to count the number of polygons and calculate
their spatial concentration. The concentrations in each area may reflect the size and distributionof underlying ice wedges. Frequency analysis was also performed on panchromatic images toevaluate the degree of polygonal texture development. The amplitude spectrum in the spatial
frequency bandwidth corresponding to the size of polygons was greater in images with clearlyvisible polygons than in those with unclearly visible ones. These statistical features may reflectthat as polygons develop, the valleys (troughs) between polygons become deeper, making theshading in the image clearer.
This study was supported by four funds; the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability Research
Projects II (JPMXD1420318865) funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science,
and Technology of Japan, the Grant for Joint Research Program of the Japan Arctic Research
Network Center (FS04), JSPS KAKENHI (18H03353), Joint Research Program of Earthquake
Research Institute, the University of Tokyo (2021-B-03). ALOS-2 SLC data are shared among
the PALSAR Interferometry Consortium to Study our Evolving Land Surface (PIXEL) andprovided by JAXA under a cooperative research contract with JAXA.
References[1] A. N. Fedorov, P. P. Gavriliev, P. Y. Konstantinov, T. Hiyama, Y. Iijima, and G. Iwahana,
Estimating the water balance of a thermokarst lake in the middle of the Lena River basin, eastern
Siberia, Ecohydrology 7 (2014)[2] M. Ulrich, H. Matthes, L. Schirrmeister, J. Schütze, H. Park, Y. Iijima, and A. N. Fedorov,
Differences in behavior and distribution of permafrost-related lakes in Central Yakutia and their
responses to climatic drivers, Water Resources Research 53 (2017)[3] T. Abe, G. Iwahana, T. Tadono, and Y. Iijima, Ground surface displacement after a forest
fire near Mayya, Eastern Siberia, using InSAR: Observation and implication for geophysicalmodelling, Earth and Space Science 9 (2022)

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Oxygen-18 Content in Natural Waters of the Upper Kolyma
River Basin
V. Khomiakova1,2*, A. Zemlianskova2, A. Ekaykin1,2, O. Makarieva2,
N. Nesterova2,3, A. Ostashov2, and K. Suzuki4
1

Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Russia
2Saint Petersburg State University, Russia
3State Hydrological Institute, Russia
4Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, JapanThe research presents the characteristic of δ18O and δD content in precipitation and riverwater in the mountainous region of the upper Kolyma River basin. Precipitation samples werecollected over the two-year (2020-2022) period at four meteorological stations spanning 300
km from the Okhotsk Sea shore. River water samples were collected at least once a month in
the Anmangynda river and its tributaries. The Anmangynda River has the basin area 376 km2,
it is characterized by giant spring aufeis field reaching maximum area up to 6.6 km2 andvolume up to 11.7 mln m3 which is formed here. The stable water isotopes content inprecipitation varies from -4,39‰/-31,40‰ to -42,50‰/-337,32‰ (dH/18O). It is somehow
heavier than that in more continental locations at the same temperature [1]. The heaviest
precipitation is brought from the Pacific Ocean and the Okhotsk sea, since the air-masstrajectories in this case are relatively short. However, due to monsoonal circulation and thewesterlies, the role of these moisture sources is uneven throughout a year. The roughtopography of the region further complicates moisture transport and depletion patterns. The
general local meteoric water line has a slope of 7.8 and the intercept of 1.95‰. However,there are significant differences in δ18O/δD and δ18O/Т℃ ratios between the coastal and inland stations. The differences are mostly explained by the increased role of local moisturesources (the Okhotsk and Bering seas) at the coast. Interestingly, this role is significantly
reduced already at 100-300 km distance from the sea [2]. The average river water isotopic
composition corresponds well to that of precipitations. The δ18O content in Anmangynda
river water is almost constant. It varies in a narrow range from -22.23‰ to -21.17‰, rising up
to -20.85‰ during the floods and dropping down to -24.14‰ at the short freshwater period.
However, there is a clear annual cycle with isotopic content getting heavier over the warm
period (from June to October) and then gradually lightening from October to May. The
Olchan river, the tributary of the Anmangynda River, in turn, is the subject to enhanced
annual variability of water isotopic composition (from -19.83‰ to -23.45‰). The amplitudeof these variations is a characteristic of watershed regulating capacity. Further analysis maylead the light on the origin, water sources and dynamic under climate change impact of the
giant aufeis typical for the study region.
The study is supported by St. Petersburg State University (project id 75295776).
References[1] N. Kurita, N. Yoshida, G. Inoue, E. Chayanova, Modern isotope climatology of Russia: A firstassessment, J. Geophys. Res. (Atmospheres), 109 (2004)[2] V.A. Khomiakova, A.A. Zemlianskova, A.A. Ekaykin, O.M. Makarieva, N.V. Nesterova, A.A.
Ostashov, N.A. Tebenkova, Stable oxygen isotopes in precipitation in Tenkinsky district, Magadan
region, Russian Meteorology and Hydrology [In print]83

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Taliks and streamflow generation at the small watershed incontinuous permafrost
L. Lebedeva1
1Melnikov Permafrost Institute SB RAS, Russia

Hydrological and hydrogeological processes in continuous permafrost environment areassociated with the existence of through and non-through water-bearing taliks. The aim of thestudy was to evaluate the relationship between suprapermafrost subaerial talik aquifers andstreamflow generation on the example of a small watershed of the Shestakovka River in thecontinuous permafrost zone of Central Yakutia, Russia. Water-bearing taliks up to 20 m thickoccupy about 20% of the catchment and are confined to gentle slopes composed of sandy
deposits and covered with sparse bearberry pine forests. The groundwater level in taliks has apronounced seasonal variation with the highest values during the period of maximum freezing
from January to March and a decline during the warm season (figure 1). Water balancecalculations show that about 70% of the annual runoff is formed by talik groundwater. 80% of
the watershed, covered with pine forests without taliks, larch-birch forests and swamps,
contribute only 32% of the river flow or 10 mm/year. On the springflood rise, the streamflow
is formed mainly by the swamps and larch-birch forests, where snowmelt water flows down theroof of the frozen ground in the organic layer into the river. Hydrochemical and isotope datasuggest that taliks groundwater contribute to the river during the summer-autumn low water
period.

Figure 1. Talik groundwater level at 4 hydrogeological wells, air temperature, precipitation
and river discharge at the Shestakovka River watershed. Manual measurements are shown bycircles, automated records – by lines.
This study was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No 22-1720040 «Subaerial and lake taliks in continuous permafrost in Eastern Siberia: genesis, current
state and reaction to climate change».

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Betula nana growth rings as indicators of permafrost
degradation in subarctic Sweden
H.W. Linderholm1*, C. Leifsson2, M. Björkman 1, and M. Fuentes 1
1

2

Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Germany

Accelerating Arctic permafrost degradation results in increasing methane emissions
significantly affecting not only regional, but also global climate [1]. Moreover, thawing of
discontinuous permafrost can have large impacts on hydrology and vegetation composition andcoverage. Still, the rate of permafrost degradation can be difficult to estimate with remotesensing, field surveys and modelling. However, using ecological indicators, it may be possible
to detect and monitor changes near-surface permafrost degradation [2]. Dwarf birch (Betulanana), a common species in the Swedish subarctic tundra, shrub rings were collected close to
Latnjajávri Research station (68°21’ N, 18°29’ E), and analysed regarding their suitability as
permafrost indicators. Previous research show that patchy permafrost existed here in 1993 but
was gone in 2001 [3]. Microsections were mounted and annual growth rings measured under amicroscope. These were crossdated within sections, followed by between sections withinsamples and between samples. The resulting shrub-ring chronology which successfully
established is one of the most northerly dwarf birch ones used in dendrochronology. July mean
temperature (r=0.74, p<0.001), and to a lesser degree September precipitation (r=0,52, p<0.01)
had the strongest positive associations with radial growth. The shrub-ring data indicated higher
growth levels and lower standard deviation after the permafrost degradation, while the opposite
was evident before. In addition, recruitment rates seem to have increased after the permafrost
degradation started. Our results suggest that dwarf birch can be used to assess permafrost
dynamics though time. This field study needs to be replicated to increase certainty of how thespecies responds to permafrost change at larger spatial scales.
References[1] J.E. Box et al., Key indicators of Arctic climate change: 1971–2017, 2019 Environmental
Research Letters 14 (2019)[2] Y. Yue, H. Liu, J. Xue, Y. Li, W. Guo, Ecological indicators of near-surface permafrost
habitat at the southern margin of the boreal forest in China, Ecological Indicators 108 (2020)[3] U. Molau, Long-term impacts of observed and induced climate change on tussock tundra
near its southern limit in northern Sweden. Plant Ecology and Diversity 3 (2010)85

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Assessment of the effects of short-term warming on
permafrost by meta-omics analysis

Lan Anh Catherine Nguyen1,2, Go Iwahana3, Shinji Fukuda1,2, Josephine Galipon1,2
1

Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Japan
Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Japan
3
International Arctic Research Center (IARC), University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA2

According to the National Snow and Ice Data Center, approximately 24% of the Earth's
surface is covering a deep-frozen ground called permafrost or permanently frozen ground.
However, due to global warming, it is predicted that 25% of the current permafrost might disappear
in the next 100 years [1], emphasizing the urgency to conduct this study.
The goal of this research is to better understand the possible consequences linked to global
warming on permafrost. To achieve our goal, we conducted fieldwork experiments in Alaska in
October 2022. After extraction of permafrost cores from the Holocene and Pleistocene inside andaround the US Army CRREL Fox tunnel, we conducted a short-term warming simulation on thesecores. Accelerated global warming was simulated by artificially heating crushed permafrost from
-4ºC to 4ºC, with an increase of 4ºC per day. For each condition, we extracted both DNA and RNA.
As a control, we also extracted nucleic acid from the active layer around the Fox tunnel, and fromthe dust accumulating on the inner surface of the tunnel.
In parallel, another goal of this research is to assess the impact of storing permafrost coresat extremely cold temperatures (such as -20ºC or -80ºC), as previous studies have not addressed
the issue of optimal storage conditions[2], [3]. Sudden temperature changes, whether it be warming
or cooling, is likely to affect the cold-adapted microbial community of permafrost. Therefore, we
are also conducting a long-term storage experiment at different temperatures and comparing it to
DNA and RNA extracted immediately upon sampling, to gauge the effect of current practices.
After gaining insight on the above, we plan to study the effect of short-term warming andstoring conditions on the gene networks expressed by the microbial community in the permafrost.
References[1] J. Deng, C. Li, S. Frolking, Y. Zhang, K. Bäckstrand, and P. Crill, “Assessing effects ofpermafrost thaw on C fluxes based on multiyear modeling across a permafrost thaw gradientat Stordalen, Sweden,” Biogeosciences, vol. 11, no. 17, pp. 4753–4770, Sep. 2014, doi:
10.5194/bg-11-4753-2014.
[2] M. J. L. Coolen and W. D. Orsi, “The transcriptional response of microbial communities inthawing Alaskan permafrost soils,” Front. Microbiol., vol. 6, 2015, doi:
10.3389/fmicb.2015.00197.
[3] J. Hultman et al., “Multi-omics of permafrost, active layer and thermokarst bog soil
microbiomes,” Nature, vol. 521, no. 7551, Art. no. 7551, May 2015, doi: 10.1038/nature14238.

86

R - 1A mobile Suitcase Lab for onsite genome-wide analysis of
DNA and RNA in remote locations

Josephine Galipon1,2,3,9, Mariko Usui1,4, Shine-Undarga Dagva1,2, Batdelger Erdenetsetseg1,5, Lan
Anh Catherine Nguyen1,2, Shinji Fukuda1,2, Masaru Tomita1,4, Bazartseren Boldgiv5, Go
Iwahana6,7, Masahiro Watanabe8, Kenjiro Tadakuma8,91

Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Japan
Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Japan3
Neuroscience Institute, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Japan
4
Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Keio University, Japan
5
Department of Biology, National University of Mongolia, Mongolia
6International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA7
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University
8
Tough Cyberphysical AI Research Center, Tohoku University, Japan
9
Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan
2

Fieldwork is easily affected by limitations in transportation and travel restrictions, and theinternational export of samples containing live organisms such as soil and plants requires monthsof tedious paperwork. This makes transient reactions, such as stress responses, challenging to study
in real time. Traditionally, these types of study are only feasible when the sampling site is withinclose proximity of a laboratory, and in practice, data shows that even for the study of stable targets
such as DNA, samples tend to be collected in close proximity to research facilities [1].
This is the result of current technology having been developed on the premise that power
consumption, weight, and bulkiness of research equipment are generally not an issue. If we rethink
protocols, methods, and equipment with the assumption that everything should be done in the field,
different methods would have arisen to meet associated requirements. To demonstrate feasibility,
we developed a molecular biology “Suitcase Lab” that is able to process up to 24 DNA and RNA
samples a day in the field, therefore enabling the study of stress responses directly in the original,
natural habitat. Furthermore, our Suitcase Lab is sufficiently light to be sent over as a kit byinternational air mail, and is compatible with all safety regulations for airplanes, even as a checkedin luggage. This was confirmed multiple times so far, including a remote fieldwork in the
Mongolian Gobi in 2020. We also confirmed that when RNA is converted to a cDNA library fornext-generation sequencing, the library is stable at room temperature three weeks. This is usefulin remote areas with no immediate access to a laboratory, and expected to expand the range ofpossible studies.
Finally, the needs of each study can be met by expanding the “Suitcase Lab” concept to a
“Backpack Lab”, “Home Lab”, “Car Lab”, “Drone Lab”, “Crawler Lab” and so on. We would liketo continue developing solutions for remote specialized molecular fieldwork in collaboration withlocal fieldwork experts, by providing the means for smoother international collaborations.
References[1] Guerra, C.A., Heintz-Buschart, A., Sikorski, J. et al. Blind spots in global soil biodiversity
and ecosystem function research. Nat Commun 11, 3870 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17688-2

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New Data on Ground Temperature in the Upper Kolyma
Basin
D. Abramov1*, O. Makarieva2, A. Zemlianskova2,
A. Ostashov2, N. Nesterova2,3, and K. Suzuki4
1

Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
3State Hydrological Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
4Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
2

Upper Kolyma basin is the mountainous, permafrost, hard-to-reach and poorly gauged region.
The information about ground temperature and the transformation of permafrost due to climatechange impact is practically absent. For year-round monitoring of the permafrost in the upper
Kolyma basin nine thermometric wells up to 15 m deep were drilled and equipped in 20212022. The wells are located at altitudes from 618 to 1182 m in characteristic mountainlandscapes such as rocky talus, mountainous tundra and sparse larch-forest (Figure 1a). One of
the wells is located in the talik zone, another well characterizes thermal regime of a giant spring
aufeis glade. Continuous 4-hour monitoring of soil temperature at various depths is carried out.
Data were obtained on the average annual temperature of ground, the depth of seasonal
thawing/freezing, the amplitude of temperatures on the surface of ground, as well as the depthof zero annual amplitudes. Preliminary analysis of the data shows that within the same region,
geocryological conditions differ significantly. The depth of seasonal thawing varies from 0.9 to
2.6 m; the temperature at the depth of zero annual amplitudes varies from -0.1 to -3.8°C (Figure1b). Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that the optimal depth for thermometricwells in this area is about 15 m, since it allows reliable assessment of the depth of zero annual
amplitudes. The results of data analysis will be presented. Further monitoring and developmentof the network will make it possible to trace the dynamics, identify trends in temperature regimechanges, and also make it possible to predict changes in the permafrost zone of the study area.
The study is supported by St. Petersburg State University (project id 75295776).

Figure 1. The distribution of monitoring wells with the examples of ground temperature
distribution in 2021-2022.

88

R - 1Modelling of Heat Transfer Processes in Subaerial Taliks ofCentral Yakutia, Russia
S.V. Popov1,2*, A.S. Boronina3,2 and L.S. Lebedeva2
1

Saint-Petersburg State University, Russia
2Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Russia
3State Hydrological Institute, Russia

In recent decades, the Arctic has seen a trend towards gradual degradation of permafrost
caused by climate change. This has a negative impact on the ground thermal state, and leads tovery detrimental consequences, especially for Yakutia, Russia. Taliks are the most sensitive
indicators of thermal processes in the permafrost. Therefore, their study can reveal the expected
permafrost behavior in future. This scientific work is devoted to the description of themathematical model and the first results of modelling thermal processes in Yakutian taliks.
The model is based on solving the multiphase Stefan problem. The model is assumed tobe three-dimensional, but this research discusses the most common solution for onedimensional space. Generally, the subaerial talik ΩM (fig. 1) can be both water-saturated andunsaturated, but anyway it is located above the permafrost ΩP and below the seasonally frozen
ΩF or thawed ΩM soil. The talik and the thawed soil are marked with the same labels, since they
are the same area and there are no physical boundaries between them, because the talik is justa thawed medium throughout the year. The talik’s roof is depicted by hatching area in fig. 1. If
the talik is water-saturated, the water inside it moves through the pore space at a velocity of vWT.
In the upper part of ΩM (fig. 1), rainwater is filtered at a velocity of vWM. During the cold period,
the frozen soil ΩF is covered with snow ΩS, which begins to melt with the onset warm weather.
The upper part of the ΩF starts to melt in summer, which leads to the appearance of the ΩM zone,
which can extend up to the talik. The basis for modelling is the data collected in a field [1].

Figure 1. Sketch illustrating the description of the model. See text for explanation.
This study was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No 22-1720040 «Subaerial and lake taliks in continuous permafrost in Eastern Siberia: genesis, current
state and reaction to climate change».
References[1] L.S. Lebedeva, K.I. Bazhin, I.I. Khristoforov, et al., Suprapermafrost subaerial taliks, Central
Yakutia, Shestakovka river basin, Kriosfera Zemli. Earth’s Cryosphere XXIII (2019) DOI:
10.21782/EC2541-9994-2019-1(35-44)

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Breakout Session
R4

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Accumulation rate at a semiannual accuracy and melting
history of an ice core from southeastern Greenland (SEDome Ⅱ) dating back to preindustrial
Kaoru Kawakami*1,2, Yoshinori Iizuka1, Mahiro Sasage1,2, Mai Matsumoto1,2, Takeshi Saito1,
Akira Hori3, Sakiko Ishino4, Shuji Fujita5,6, Koji Fujita7, Keita Takasugi3, Takumi
Hatakeyama8, Saaya Hamamoto7, Akihisa Watari1,2, Nao Esashi7, Miu Otsuka1,2, Ryu
Uemura7, Kazuho Horiuchi8, Masahiro Minowa1, Shohei Hattori9, Teruo Aoki5,6, Motohiro
Hirabayashi5, Kenji Kawamura5,6,10, Sumito Matoba1
1 Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
2 Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
3 Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami, Japan
4 Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
5 National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
6 Department of Polar Science, The Graduate University of Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI,Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
7 Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
8 Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
9 International Center for Isotope Effects Research, School of Earth Sciences andEngineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
10 Japan Agency for Marine Science and Technology, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
Recent Arctic warming has accelerated surface melting even in the highland areas of
the Greenland ice sheet. Understanding of the relationship between climate and surface melting
since the Industrial Revolution is essential for improving the estimates of ice-sheet mass loss
due to global warming. To reconstruct the melt events with an ice core, the age scale andaccumulation rate are important factors. In this study, we analyzed an ice core (hereafter SEin 2021[1], which
has an exceptionally high accumulation rate. From stratigraphical observations, dielectric
2O2, and tritium concentration, we established a time scale for 1799–2020 at asemiannual accuracy, which was validated by several datable layers, and then compared theannual accumulation rate to the reanalysis data by ERA5 project (1950–2020 . The annual
accumulation rate from the ice core (1.04 ± 0.20 m w.e. yr−1
significant trend in 220
years, which is consistent with the ERA5 precipitation (0.84 ± 0.16 m yr−1–2020.
However, on the seasonal basis, significant underestimation of summer precipitation by ERA5
was suggested, despite agreements in other seasons. We consider that the underestimation isdue to the less summer precipitation observed in Tasiilaq, which is downscaled to the ERA5
data. We found that the ice layer thickness per year has increased through the 19th –21stcenturies. There is a good correlation between ice layer thickness and time-integrated summer
temperature anomaly in southeastern Greenland by ERA5 air temperature data (1950–2020 . In
addition, we found exceptionally thick ice layers in 1889 and 1927, indicating extensive melt
events before 1950 without the reanalysis data. The event in 1889 is widely observed in theprevious ice core studies [2]. The thick ice layer in 1927 suggests that the summer in 1927 was
exceptionally warm in the strongly warming decade [3]. The number of ice layers started toincrease since 1845, suggesting that the little ice age ended up in 1845 in this region.
[1] Iizuka et al., 2021: Bull. Glaciol. Res.,39, 1–12.
[2] Keegan et al., 2014: PNAS
–7967.
[3] Chylek et al., 2006: Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L11707.

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MODIS-derived snow/ice physical parameters and theirrelationships to albedo over the Greenland ice sheet
Teruo Aoki1*, Rigen Shimada2, Sumito Matoba3, Masashi Niwano4, Hiroshi Ishimoto4,
Tomonori Tanikawa4, Masahiro Hori5, Knut Stamnes6, Satoru Yamaguchi7, Testuhide
Yamasaki8, Koji Fujita9, Iizuka Yoshinori3, Martin Schneebeli10, and Carlo Carmagnola11
12National Institute of Polar Research, Japan.
Earth Observation Research Center, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Japan.
3
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan.
4
Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan.
5
University of Toyama, Japan.
6
Steven Institute of Technology, USA.
7
National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Japan.
8
Avangnaq Arctic Environmental Research Activity Project, Japan
9
Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Japan.
10
WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Switzerland.
11
Météo-France – CNRS, CNRM, Centre d’Études de la Neige, France.

The Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) rapidly shrinks, contributing to rising global sea levels.
Accelerated surface melting and glacier discharge are the main drivers of mass loss [1]. The
former is strongly related to surface albedo reduction, so-called “darkening”. The possible
causes of the surface darkening are the increase of light-absorbing constituents in snow/ice,snow grain growth in the accumulation area, and expansions of bare ice extent (BIE) and dark
ice extent (DIE) in the ablation area [2]. In this study, the monthly mean values of snow grainradius (SGR) are retrieved from the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)
data since 2000 with a look-up table method [3] calculated using a non-spherical snow grain
shape model [4]. We confirm that MODIS-derived SGR agrees well with in-situ measurements
conducted at eight sites over the GrIS. The monthly mean BIE and DIE are retrieved from thesame satellite data with a threshold method using the visible and near-infrared bands [5]. We
analyzed the interannual variations of those snow/ice physical parameters and the relationships
between the snow/ice parameters and the monthly mean surface albedo calculated from MODIS
snow product [6]. Here we show the SGR (albedo) over the entire GrIS has the maximum(minimum) in July and had increased (decreased) interannually in April - August (p<0.01 forJuly) until 2012. The interannual trends of both parameters are small for the entire period since2000 due to their increasing interannual variabilities since 2013. BIE and DIE appeared mostly
in the region lower than an elevation of 2 km, mainly in summer (July and August) and had
been expanding (p<0.01 for July) until 2012, but their interannual trends are not significant for
the entire period since 2000. We finally show that surface albedo strongly depends on SGR,
BIE, and DIE. Their highest correlation coefficients are June for SGR, July for BIE, and August
for DIE.
References[1] van den Broeke et al., The Cryosphere, 10, 1933-1946, (2016).
[2] Tedesco et al., The Cryosphere, 10, 477–496, doi:10.5194/tc-10-477-2016, (2016).
[3] Stamnes et al., Remote Sens. Environ., 111, 258-273, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2007.03.023 (2007).
[4] Ishimoto et al., J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf., 209, 113–128, doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2018.01.021,(2018).
[5] Shimada et al., Front. Earth Sci., 4:43, doi:10.3389/feart.2016.00043, (2016).
[6] Hall et al., Remote Sens. Environ., 54, 127–140, doi:10.1016/0034-4257(95)00137-P, (1995).

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Study of water circulation by water stable isotope andcrystal shape of snow fall in northwestern Greenland
Y. Kurosaki1,2* and S. Matoba2
1

Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido Univ. Japan
2
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido Univ., Japan

North Water, located on the northwest coast of Greenland, is a polynya area where sea
ice is repeatedly generated and discharged by ocean currents and strong northerly winds, andthe ocean surface is locally exposed in winter. The sea ice fluctuations in North Water affectthe surrounding water cycle. On the other hand, Baffin Bay, located on the midwest coast ofGreenland, has recently been free of sea ice even in winter, providing water vapor that brings
precipitation to the coastal areas of Greenland [1]. In this study, we investigated the crystal
shapes of snowfall, which depend on air temperature and supersaturation of water vapor during
crystal formation and water stable isotope ratios of snowfall, which are controlled by theatmospheric environment in the vapor source and during the transportation from the vapor
source in Siorapaluk (77°47’11”N, 71°21’00”W), northwestern Greenland, and determined theinfluences of water vapor originating from the North Water and the Baffin Bay on snowfall innorthwest Greenland.
We conducted snow and meteorological observations from 8 December 2021 to 11
March 2022 in Siorapaluk. Snow samples were collected in clean polyethylene bags using a
stainless sampler immediately after snowfall accumulated. The snow samples were melted inambient temperature and were decantated into polypropylene bottles. The liquid samples were
kept frozen during storage in Siorapaluk and transportation to Japan. The water stable isotope
ratio of the samples was determined using a wavelength-scanned cavity ring-down
spectroscopy (Picarro L2130i). Photographs of snow crystals were taken at the same time assnow sampling. A translucent black plate was placed on a white box containing an LED lantern,
and snowfall crystals deposited on the plate were photographed. The camera used for thephotography was an OLYMPUS Tough TG-6. 795 snowfall crystals photographed wereclassified as columnar, plate-like, or other (hail, ice crystals, etc.) based on the snow crystal
classification by Kikuchi et al (2021). [2]δ18O of snowfall correlated highlywith air temperature (Fig.1). In the caseof low δ18O, the dominant shape of snow
crystal was column type and d-excess
was high. Back trajectory analyses
indicated the vapor source was North
Water. On the other hand, in high δ18O,
the dominant shape was plate and dexcess was low, and the vapor source
was Baffin Bay.
Figure 1. Correlation between air temperatureand δ18O in snowfall
References[1] Kurosaki et al., 2020: J. Geophys. Res.-Atom., 125, e2019JD03166.
[2] Kikuchi et al., 2021: Seppyo, 74(3), 223-241

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Reduced mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet understratospheric aerosol injection
John C. Moore1,2,3, Ralf Greve4,5*, Thomas Zwinger6, Fabien Gillet-Chaulet7,
Chao Yue1, Liyun Zhao1
1

College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University,
Beijing, China
2

Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland
CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, China
4
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
5
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan6
CSC – IT Center for Science, Espoo, Finland
7
Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France

3

Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) has been proposed as a potential method of mitigating some of the adverse effects of anthropogenic climate change, including sea-level rise fromthe ice sheets. In this study, we use the SICOPOLIS (www.sicopolis.net) and Elmer/Ice(elmerice.elmerfem.org) dynamic models driven by changes in surface mass balance, surface
temperature and ocean temperature (similar to ISMIP6-Greenland; Goelzer et al., 2020, doi:
10.5194/tc-14-3071-2020) to estimate the sea-level-rise contribution from the Greenland ice
sheet under the IPCC RCP4.5, RCP8.5 and GeoMIP G4 (Kravitz et al., 2013, doi:
10.1002/2013JD020569) scenarios. The G4 scenario adds 5 Tg/yr sulfate aerosols to the equatorial lower stratosphere to the IPCC RCP4.5 scenario.
We simulate the mass loss of the Greenland ice sheet for the period 2015–2090 under thethree scenarios with four earth system models, using SICOPOLIS with hybrid shallow-ice–shelfy stream dynamics and Elmer/Ice in the Elmer/Ice-sheet set-up with shelfy stream dynamics. For atmosphere-only forcing, the results from the two ice-sheet models are very similar.
Relative to the constant-climate control simulations, the losses from 2015 to 2090 are 64 [53,80] mm SLE for RCP8.5, 46 [38, 53] mm SLE for RCP4.5 and 28 [18, 39] mm SLE for G4(mean and full range). Thus, the mean mass loss under G4 is about 38% smaller than that under
RCP4.5. For both models, the accumulated SMB is larger than the actual ice loss because, as
the ice sheet recedes further from the coast, the mass loss due to calving is reduced. Inclusionof oceanic forcing changes this picture such that calving becomes a significant contribution tomass loss in all cases. Therefore, absolute numbers of mass losses increase, while the relative
contributions in the order RCP8.5 > RCP4.5 > G4 do not change significantly.
Therefore, our results indicate that SAI can be beneficial for limiting the decay of theGreenland ice sheet. We will put this finding into a wider context and briefly discuss some pros
and cons of geoengineering approaches to reduce the effects of climate change.

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The Impact of Climate Change on the Transformation of
Aufeis in the North-East of Russia
A. Zemlianskova1*, O. Makarieva1, N. Nesterova1,2, A. Ostashov1,3,
V.R. Alexeev3, and K. Suzuki4
1

St. Petersburg State University, Russia
2State Hydrological Institute, Russia
3
Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Russia
4Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
Aufeis (naled, in Russian) is a specific form of seasonal glaciation that is typical for
mountainous permafrost environment. The area of aufeis fields can be measured in tens ofsquare kilometers. The dynamic of the aufeis is closely related to the seasonal and long-termclimate change. The goal is to assess the impact of climate change on giant spring aufeis (areafrom 0.01 to 81.1 km2), which are formed in the North-East of Russia, using historical andcurrent data. The scientific study used the data of the Cadastre of aufeis at the North-East of the
USSR (1958) (including the basins of the Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma, Anadyr and other rivers).
The Cadastre (1958) is the first data generalization accounting for aufeis and theirmorphometric characteristics for the study area. The images taken by the Landsat-8 OLI
satellite in late spring from 2013 to 2019 were used to determine the number of aufeis fields
and their maximum area in the current climate. It was found that the total amount of aufeis
increased compared to the data of 1958 from 4642 to 6217. At the same time, the total area hasmore than halved – from 7,181 to 3,579 km2. The maximum changes were observed in the Yana
River basin where the number of aufeis increased by 1.5 times (from 388 to 583) and in the
Chukchi Peninsula where the area of aufeis decreased by 2.4 times (from 2,417 to 955 km2).
Analysis of the data obtained as a result of ground and remote surveys during 1962−2022
revealed significant changes in the seasonal and long-term cycles of the giant aufeis, themaximum size and the ablation period decreased. The results of remote data assessment wereconfirmed by the field observations obtained at the Anmangynda aufeis (the Magadan region)in 2020−2022. The maximum area and volume of this aufeis field was recorded as high as 6.6
km2 and 11.7 million m3 in 1967. In the current climate, the largest sizes of aufeis reached 5.4
km2 and 8.2 million m3 in 2000. On average, the maximum size of the Anmangynda aufeis
decreased by 25% and 33% in area and volume, respectively, compared to the period
1962−1991. The results suggest that there is a significant increase in air temperature in the
North-East of Russia y an average of 2.2℃ for the period 19 −2015. The greatest changes
are observed in the pre-winter period. In October and November, the air temperature increased
y 3.9℃ and 5.9℃, respectively. Precipitation increased significantly in August (on averageby 45.3 mm, +66%) and a decreased in winter. The pre-winter period is associated with thefreezing of the earth's surface, the beginning of aufeis formation. Therefore, the milder the airtemperature in October and November, the less the earth's surface will cool, the more water willpass beyond the aufeis valley. The less water will go to the formation of aufeis. The dynamicof morphometric characteristics of aufeis under pressure of climate change can reveal the
dynamics of other processes and their transformation, such as permafrost, groundwater. In
remote regions, they may serve as an indicator of changes in the cryosphere.
The study is supported by St. Petersburg State University (project id 75295776).

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7

New Arctic Straits and Islands Appeared due toGlacial Recession from the 1960s to 2021
W. Ziaja1*, K. Ostafin1 and W. Haska1
1

Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Institute of Geography and Spatial Management, Poland

Contemporary climate warming led to a progressive recession of glaciers after the Little
Ice Age. Since the 1960s, the recession of tidewater glaciers became enough big to result in
appearing new straits and islands in some glaciated Arctic coasts. This appearance was firstdescribed by Ziaja and Ostafin [1, 2] who compared their own survey with studies on changesof ice coasts published earlier by Pelto and Sharov, and with brief internet notes. The origin anddistribution of newest Arctic islands and straits was described by Ziaja and Haska [3]. The
formation of new straits and thus islands is determined by the frontal recession of tidewater
glaciers that had previously filled these straits’ depressions below sea level situated in bedrockand had covered, partly or completely, bedrock elevations situated above sea level, which thenbecame new islands. Of course, such depressions must be open to a marine transgression fromat least two sides. The rate of this process was really slow in the 1960s and 1970s, quicker inthe 1980s, and accelerated afterwards. To identify newly appeared straits and islands, maps andsatellite images of all Arctic coasts were checked, using GIS methods. We also measured thesurface area of individual islands and determined their geographic coordinates. Our study
focused exclusively on new Arctic islands with an area of at least 0.4 km2 (40 ha) and ignored
smaller islands, which are much more numerous, treating them as islets. The total number of
new islands formed in the Arctic due to glacial recession since the 1960s is 44, including 6 of
the newest islands appearing since 2018. There is lack of new straits and islands across theAmerican Arctic and there are only two new islands in the Siberian Arctic (in Severnaya
Zemlya) which appeared in 2018. The landscape transformation of select Arctic coastal areas
into new straits and new islands is continually progressing. The same refers to the size of thebiggest new islands. There are numerous new straits and islands in the Arctic at the formation
stage and these will continue be form as long as the climate does not cool down. One of these(the Sørkappland peninsula of Spitsbergen, Svalbard) occupies an area of more than 1000 km2.
New islands and especially new straits are subject to intense evolution of new geo- andecosystems. New straits create the new seaways, some of them may be of a great significancein future.
References[1] W. Ziaja, K. Ostafin, Origin and location of new Arctic islands and straits due to glacial recession,
Ambio 48(1): 25–34 (2019). DOI 10.1007/s13280-018-1041-z[2] W. Ziaja, K. Ostafin, Morphogenesis of New Straits and Islands Originated in the European Arctic
since the 1980s, Geosciences 9, 476, 11 pp. DOI: 10.3390/geosciences9110476[3] W. Ziaja, W. Haska, The newest Arctic islands and straits: origin and distribution, 1997–2021, Land
Degradation & Development (submitted in 2022)

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Spatiotemporal changes in communities of snow-ice
microbes living on Gulkana Glacier, Alaska
M. Ono1*, J. Uetake2, A. Tsushima3, Y. Onuma4, 5,
K. Kobayashi1, D. Seto1, S. Usuba1, F. Konishi1 and N. Takeuchi3
1

Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Japan
Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Japan
3
Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Japan
4
Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
5
Earth Observation Research Center, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Japan2

Snow-ice microbes, which adapted to harsh conditions such as low temperature and highdose of UV, inhabit the cryospheric environments. They cause unique phenomena represented
by colored snow and ice occurring with blooms of snow and glacier ice algae, and cryoconite
holes formed by filamentous cyanobacteria with inorganic matter. These phenomena also
darken glacial surface and have a significant effect on the albedo of snow and ice. It is importantto understand factors controlling the abundance of all microbes including consumers of algae
and cyanobacteria (tardigrades and rotifers) for evaluating the collective influence of biologicalcommunities on albedo (biological albedo reduction: BAR). However, most studies havefocused only on each taxon (algae, cyanobacteria, fungi or heterotrophic bacteria), and there isa lack of information on whole microbial communities. In this study, we aimed to describe
spatiotemporal changes of microbial communities, and discuss the process of their growth andthe factors determining their distribution.
The fieldworks were carried out from June to September of 2022 on Gulkana Glacier inthe Alaska Range, Alaska. Three different types of samples (snow, bare-ice, cryoconite) werecollected spatially at maximum 54 points across the glacier. Microscopic observation andanalysis of Chlorophyll a concentration, which is a proxy for the total abundance of snow andglacier ice algae, revealed that the algae were most abundant around the snow line and that
their maximum occurred in the end of July (1.0 × 103 μg/m2) and in the middle of August (1.5
× 103 μg/m2) on the snow and ice surfaces, respectively. Their distribution in the ice area
showed a similar spatial pattern throughout the season, higher abundance in the upper rightside and lower in the left side. Consumers of algae (tardigrades and rotifers) were found onlyin the upper parts of the glacier. These results suggest that each microbial species on the glacier
have different distribution and that their growth is associated with local characteristics such as
microtopography of the glacier surfaces. In this presentation, we will show more data of spatial
distribution of chemical composition, total impurities, and concentration of each microbe in all
three surface types and discuss the factors of their growth and distribution.

97

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Breakout Session
R5

S8

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Preliminary result of creating continental-scale, daily waterand vegetation maps over Pan-Arctic area using opticaland microwave satellite data
H. Mizuochi1,2*, and T. Sasagawa3
1

Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science andTechnology, Japan
2
Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research (ISEE), Nagoya University, Japan
3
Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Using various open-free satellite and meteorological data sources, long-term,
continental-scale water and vegetation maps over Pan-Arctic area are created. The dataset has
daily frequency and 500-m resolution, and over 10-years duration (2003-2017). Through aninterdisciplinary research project scheme (Pan-Arctic Water-Carbon Cycles), the createdmaps will provide fundamental information to water and carbon cycle in the region.
Overall processes of the map creation are shown in Figure 1. First, features sensitive towater and vegetation are extracted from optical (the Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer: MODIS) and microwave (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer:
AMSR series) satellite data, and pixel-based machine learning (ML) is conducted for each
MODIS pixel. Then, water and vegetation indices at MODIS spatial resolution are predictedby the ML, filling observation gaps caused by cloud interruption and any other sensor errors.
The basic methodology has been already qualified for water map creation over a limited
region (Mizuochi et al., 2021), but we further explored better combinations of the feature
values (among 24 explanatory variables) and the regressor (among 25 ML methods) andefficient processing algorithm. On this basis, adopted ML (random forest) predicted
normalized difference water and vegetation indices (i.e., NDWI and NDVI) with RMSE =0.21 and 0.16 in average of four seasons, respectively.

Figure 1. Scheme of (1) learning and (2) prediction of water and vegetation maps based onsatellite and meteorological data sources. The example high-resolution maps correspond to
MODIS tile h23v02.
References[1] H. Mizuochi, Y. Iijima, H. Nagano, A. Kotani, T. Hiyama., Dynamic mapping of subarctic
surface water by fusion of microwave and optical satellite data using conditional adversarial
networks. Remote Sensing 12(2), 175 (2021)

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Inclusion of a Site Specific, Variable Aerodynamic
Roughness Length (z0) in the SNOWPACK Model
J.E. Sanow1*, S.R. Fassnacht2, K. Suzuki3
1

2

United States Forest Service, White River National Forest, USA
ESS-Watershed Science and CIRA, Colorado State University, USA
3
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan

Terrestrial and airborne based LiDAR and other three-dimensional scans of the earth’s
surface are becoming more readily available. These data are cover a range of resolutions and atvarying scales, which can yield different geometric aerodynamic roughness length (z0). Inclusionof site specific z0 values into hydrologic and meteorological models as a dynamic, instead of astatic parameter, is critical to represent energy processes, and can be observed when simulating
the snowpack surface, such as using the SNOWPACK model. Results indicate that as theresolution increased, the z0 value decreased. When these values were applied to the
SNOWPACK model, smaller z0 values (<0.002 meters) produced smaller sublimation and latent
heat fluxes, and larger peak SWE, cumulative snow depths compared to larger (>0.02 meters) z0
values. Similar patterns were observed when a dynamic z0 was applied to the SNOWPACK
model, although output variables differed when comparing a static versus a dynamic z0 value(Figure 1).

Figure 1. SNOWPACK results from the Trout Farm site using 0.002, 0.02, 0.2 meters, and a
dynamic z0 values from the outputs of a) sum of sublimation, b) SWE, c) snow depth, d) latent
heat flux, and e) sensible heat flux.

100

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Long-term degradation of petroleum in Arctic tundra soils
Z.Bikmullina1*
1

Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Petrochemical contamination of soils is a challenging issue, especially for subpolar
regions where bio- and chemical degradation rate of pollutants is low [1]. Several compounds
are less degradable and, thus, may affect the soil even many years after pollution termination.
In this study, changes of oil fractions composition in upper horizons of contaminatedArctic tundra soils near the Yareiyskoe oilfield (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia)
were investigated. Samples were taken from areas near suspended wells. We assumed that thedate of suspension could be considered as a date of intensive pollution termination.
An analytical method of extraction and fractionation of petroleum from contaminatedsoils is proposed. It successfully implements the separation of soil extracts into 3 fractions. F1(non-polar), and F2 (slightly polar) were analyzed by GC-MS; F3 (polar) – by LC-MS.
Fraction composition shows changes for F1 and F2: relative abundance of easily
degradable compounds decreased, whereas substances with rigid structure or oxidized
derivatives start to prevail. Alkanes/isoprenoids ratio, which is considered as a petroleum
biodegradation proxy, decreased in F1 (fig. 1) [3].
F3 analysis shows similarity of compounds’ molecular weights and molecular formulae
in samples with different period after pollution. The possible interpretation of these data is that
total degradation of maltenes fraction in Arctic tundra soils requires more than 30 years.
We greatly acknowledge As. Prof. Yu. Zavgorodnyaya (Moscow State University) for
her invaluable advisory and consultation on the sampling, method development and sampling
analysis stages.

Figure 1. Ratio of linear alkanes and isoprenoids in F1

References[1] Bento, F.M., Camargo, F.A.O., Okeke, B.C., Frankenberger, W.T., 2005. Comparative
bioremediation of soils contaminated with diesel oil by natural attenuation, biostimulation andbioaugmentation. Bioresour. Technol. 96, 1049–1055.
[2] Zavgorodnyaya, Y.A., Stepanov, A.A., Trofimov, S.Y. et al. Effect of introduction of clays, mineral
fertilizers, and soil ameliorants on decomposition of organic pollutants in oil-polluted sand underconditions of model experiment. Moscow Univ. Soil Sci. Bull. 72, 35–41 (2017).

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Groundwater inputs of mercury to Arctic coastal lagoons
E. Bullock1*, I. Schaal1, C. Demir2, M. B. Cardenas2, E. Bristol3, J. McClelland3, W.
Huffman4, H. Inman4, R. Mason4, and M. Charette5
1

MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science & Engineering, USA
2
University of Texas at Austin, USA
3
University of Texas, Marine Science Institute, USA
4
University of Connecticut at Avery Point, USA
5
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA

The transport of mercury via groundwater in the Arctic has been largely ignored due tothe presence of permafrost, which limits water flow through seasonally thawed, shallow soil
layers. However, as warming temperatures deepen the seasonal thaw of soils, groundwater
mercury contributions to the Arctic Ocean may become increasingly important, especially since
recent studies indicate that large amounts of mercury are stored in permafrost [1,2]. This study
investigated seasonal groundwater discharge into Simpson Lagoon, selected to represent thelagoon-groundwater systems along the Beaufort Sea coast. In August 2021 and June, July, andOctober 2022, Arctic coastal groundwater was sampled along a salinity gradient, capturing thechemical gradients present within the subterranean estuary of Simpson Lagoon. Differences inredox chemistry and salinity were observed to influence the discharge or retention of chemical
species within the shallow supra-permafrost aquifer. We will present seasonal groundwater
concentrations of total dissolved mercury and methylmercury, as well as flux estimatescalculated by combining radium isotopes with traditional hydrological methods. To the best of
our knowledge, these estimates represent the first groundwater discharge estimates of mercury
into Arctic coastal waters informed by direct hydrologic and chemical measurements.

References[1] Obrist, D., Agnan, Y., Jiskra, M., Olson, C. L., Colegrove, D. P., Hueber, J., Helmig, D.,
Tundra uptake of atmospheric elemental mercury drives Arctic mercury pollution, Nature,547 (2017)[2] Schuster, P. F., Schaefer, K. M., Aiken, G. R., Antweiler, R. C., Dewild, J. F., Gryziec, J.
D., Zhang, T., Permafrost stores a globally significant amount of mercury, GeophysicalResearch Letters, 45 (2018)102

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Long-term insight into the changes of plant populations in
Arctic Alaska over the last 2000 years.
M. Gałka1,*, A.-C. Diaconu2, A. Feurdean3, L. Hedenäs4, K.-H. Knorr5, E. Łokas6, M.
Obremska7
1Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
2Babes- Bolyai University, Department of Geology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
3Goethe University, Institute of Physical Geography, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
4

Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany, Stockholm, Sweden
5University of Münster, Institute of Landscape Ecology, Muenster, Germany
6Department of Mass Spectrometry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
7Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland*corresponding author; mariusz.galka@biol.uni.lodz.pl
Peatland ecosystems in the Arctic are important archives for palaeoenvironmental
reconstruction owing to their sensitivity to climatic and hydrological change. We carried out
palaeoecological studies on eight peat monoliths sampled in various types of peatlands (richfens, poor fens, string fens) in Arctic Alaska along N-S gradient from the northern slope of
Brooks Mts. range to Prudhoe Bay. We applied high-resolution analysis: plant macrofossils,
pollen, macro and microcharcoal, testate amoebae, and elemental analysis and stoichiometry,
supported by radiocarbon and lead dating to: i) reconstruct local, especially moss population
and regional vegetation changes during the late Holocene (mainly the last 2000 years); ii)
evaluate the influence of climate change, fire and dust deposition and autogenous succession in
the development of arctic plant communities. We address the following hypotheses: i) due topast climate changes, especially noted during the last decades, some of the moss and shrub (e.g.
Betula nana) populations spread into Arctic areas; ii) minerotrophic plant populations were
dominant in the past, in wetland ecosystems; iii) the responses of the herbaceous and moss
populations vary between types of peatlands due to local conditions such as geomorphologicalrelief and water level depth. Based on our studies we documented: i) the strongest changes inplant populations after Little Ice Ages, and especially over the last decades; ii) an increased
abundance of macrofossils and pollen of shrubs, e.g. Ericaceae, Betula nana, Salix sp. in peatcores linked to warming stages of climate and this pattern was repeatedly observed; iii) an
expansion of Sphagnum species and brown mosses (Tomentypnum nitens, Aulacomnium
turgidum, Loeskypnum badium) that grow in relatively dry habitat over last decades; iv) someof the plant populations composed of Carex ssp. and brown mosses (Scorpidium scorpioides
and Drepanocladus trifarius) showed resilience to climate changes over the last 2,000 years.

103

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Winter extreme precipitation event in interior Alaska in
December 2021
K. Suzuki1*, H. Hirashima2, S. Matsumura2, B. Busey3, G. Iwahana3, H. Park1 and H.
Kobayashi1
12Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Japan
National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED), Japan
3
International Arctic Research Center (IARC), University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA

A record-breaking precipitation event was observed in interior Alaska in December 2021,
with daily maximum precipitation of nearly 100 mm in both Fairbanks and Poker Flat, locatedfarther north in the near Arctic Circle, on December 26. Monthly precipitation in December
exceeded 200 mm at both locations, with Poker Flat recording the higher precipitation. The
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), in collaboration with
the University of Alaska, has set up a tower at the Poker Flat supersite to intensively observe
the water and carbon cycles of the boreal forest, and is simultaneously conducting
meteorological and subsurface observations. In this study, we will clarify the contribution of
rainfall and snowfall to precipitation events exceeding summer precipitation in the Arctic inlate December using a snow model, in-situ observation and reanalysis dataset. In addition, theeffects of record-breaking precipitation events on the snowpack layer and the water and energybalance were analyzed from the snowpack model. Snowpack model simulations and data
analysis revealed that the December precipitation event included significant amounts of rainfall.
And the rainfall affected not only the snowpack but also the underlying soil freezing. In the end,
we will also discuss how record-breaking precipitation events are related to long-term climatechange such as global warming.

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7

Carbon cycle of permafrost transects: representative
terrestrial and hydrological ecosystems of Eastern Siberia
T. Maximov1*, A.J. Dolman2, A. Kotani3, T. Hiyama3
1

Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone of Federal Research Centre “Yakut
Scientific Centre Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences”, Yakutsk, Russia
2
Royal Netherlands Institute of Sea Research (NIOZ), The Netherlands
3
Nagoya University, Japan
Almost 65% of Siberian forests and 23% of tundra vegetation grow in permafrost zone.
According to our estimate, carbon stocks in the soils of forest and tundra ecosystems of Yakutia(Eastern Siberia, Russia) amount to 17 billion tons (125.5 million hectares of forest and 37
million hectares of tundra in total) that is about 25% of total carbon resource in the forest soilsof the Russian Federation.
Our observation network SakhaFluxNet in Eastern Siberia has no world analogue and weare ahead of all Russian regions by the number of scientific stations in the North-East of Russia.
This applies to the instrumental bases of the stations and the range of parameters studied. At
present, SakhaFluxNet research stations are compact mini-scientific institutes researching
global climate change at the world level. With almost 20 years of data series, we are on theverge of catching the trends of large-scale changes in permafrost ecosystems, and further
continuation of these monitoring studies will make it possible to predict global climate change
and solve some issues of human adaptation to today's global challenges.
Long-term experimental data on the carbon of the Arctic tundra and boreal forests of theNorth-East of Russia will be presented. A number of specific results have been obtained: 1)
micrometeorological estimates of the carbon balance have been identified; 2) the quantitative
dependence of the concentration of five types of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6 andH2) and black carbon on weather conditions and the intensity of forest fires is shown; 3) the
carbon parameters of forest, forest-tundra and tundra ecosystems have been studied; 4) attention
is drawn to the short vegetation period of plant development. This feature contributes to theenrichment of the atmosphere of northern latitudes with carbon dioxide; 5) a positive
dependence of the release of biogenic volatile organic compounds on the area of theassimilating surface and climate warming has been established.
According to our long-term eddy-correlation data, the annual uptake of carbon flux
(NEE) in the high productivity larch forest of South eastern Yakutia, 60N – 2.43±0.23 t C ha-1
yr-1, in the moderate productivity larch forest of the Central Yakutia, 62N makes 2.12±0.34 t C
ha-1 yr-1 and in the tundra zone, 70N – 0.75±0.14 t C ha-1 yr-1.
Interannual variation of carbon fluxes in permafrost forests and tundra in Northeastern
Russia (Yakutia) makes 1.7-2.4 and 0.5-0.7 t C ha-1 yr-1 that results in the upper limit of annual
sequestering capacity of 450-617 and 18.5-25.7 Mt C yr-1, respectively.
According our biogeochemical investigation annual flux of carbon from main in Eastern
Siberia Lena river basin is almost 6.2 Mt C yr-1 including 28% at Aldan and 14% at Viluy rivers.
Due to climate warming, there is a trend towards an increase in carbon sequestration by
the tundra as a result of a lengthening of the growing season and changing plant successions, incontrast to a decrease in the forest ecosystem uptakes due to the old age of main of trees species
and by unpredictable degradation of permafrost during climate warming and after forest fires
and insect disturbances as well.

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Permafrost landscapes as cultural landscapes?
On the interaction of pastoral and agricultural life-ways in
different permafrost regions of North and Inner Asia
J. O. Habeck1*
1

Universität Hamburg, Germany

Indigenous and local communities of the Arctic are widely considered as potential
victims of climate change and permafrost degradation; however, the complex interaction of
pastoral/agricultural livelihoods and permafrost landscapes in North and Inner Asia is not
sufficiently understood. Drawing on transdisciplinary studies in the central part of Sakha(Yakutia), the northern Urals, and northern Mongolia, this presentation will explicate thediversity of economic and ecological processes that shape permafrost landscapes. It is relevant
to ask: to what degree can we speak of permafrost landscapes as cultural landscapes – and how
will permafrost-based livelihoods develop in the future?
The author draws on collaborative research within the IPA Action Groups “Permafrost
and Culture” (2014-2019), “Permafrost Agroecosystems” (ongoing) and the EU-funded
research project “Drivers and Feedbacks of Changes in Arctic Terrestrial Biodiversity” (20202024).

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Successional development of soil fungal community on a
glacier foreland in The high Arctic
Minagi Naka1*, Keita Nishizawa2, Shota Masumoto3, Shunsuke Matsuoka4, Marc-Elie
Adaime5, Masaki Uchida6 and Akira S Mori 2
1

Yokohama National University, Japan
2
University of Tokyo, Japan³ University of Tsukuba, Japan
4
Kyoto University, Japan
5
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, US
6
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
Temperatures in the Arctic areas have been increasing approximately twice as fast as intemperate regions during the last century. Glacier retreat is accelerating in response to global
warming and affecting Arctic ecosystems and the global carbon cycle. Providing a better
understanding of how Arctic ecosystems have changed is crucial for predicting the impact of
global warming. Although soil fungi play a vital role in regulating multiple ecosystem functions
such as nutrient cycles, plant growth and carbon budget, the evidence is still limited for shifts
in soil fungal community structure in this region. Our study addressed this knowledge gap byinvestigating soil fungal communities undergoing primary succession on a well-vegetatedglacier foreland on Ellesmere Island in the Canadian high Arctic (Fig. 1a). To assess the fungal
succession trajectory, we established two plots near the edge of the glacier and five plots on
glacier moraines differing in time after deglaciation along the Arklio Glacier foreland
ecosystem (chronosequence approach) (Fig. 1b). In each plot, soil samples were collected, thenthe fungal ITS1 region was sequenced using DNA metabarcoding. Plant community
composition and several potential abiotic drivers (e.g., soil thickness, soil pH, etc.) were also
surveyed. Fungal OTU richness showed nonlinear variation during primary succession, withthe greatest in the mid-successional stage. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the mostabundant fungal phyla, but these two phyla showed different dynamics during primarysuccession. The richness of the Basidiomycota significantly increased along the primarysuccession, while the Ascomycota was stable in the late successional stage. In addition, thesignificant factors for the structure of soil fungal communities were different at eachsuccessional stage. Especially, it was revealed that the soil fungal communities were influenced
by the plant communities in the late successional stages. These results imply that changes invegetation distribution with global warming could change the fungal community structure in
the high Arctic area.
Fig. 1 Site description(a) The study site of Ellesmere Island,
Nunavut, Canada(80°50–52′N, 82°49–51′W)(b) Location of sampling plots along the
Arklio Glacier foreland.

107March 9

Breakout Session
R6

108

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1

Diatoms Contributing to New Production in Surface Watersof the Northern Bering and Chukchi Seas During Summer
with Reference to Water Column Stratification
K. Suzuki1*, Y. Yoshino1, Y. Nosaka2, J. Nishoka1, S. B. Hooker3 and T. Hirawake4
1

Hokkaido University, Japan
2
Tokai University, Japan
3
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, USA
4
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
Intensive phytoplankton blooms, which mainly consist of diatoms, take place in thenorthern Bering and Chukchi Seas from spring to summer. Little is known, however, about thediatoms contributing to new production in these waters during summer when the water column
is often stratified. In this study, using a 13C, 15N dual isotope tracer technique plus scanningelectron microscopy, we assessed the diatom genera or species contributing to new production
in surface waters of the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas in July 2013. Relatively highconcentrations of nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and silicate were observed at Bering Strait andChukchi Shelf stations. In contrast, at the other stations, surface nitrate was generally depleted,but ammonium levels were relatively high (0.05–1.52 µM), suggesting the increased activity ofheterotrophic organisms. In surface waters, hourly nitrate uptake rates ranged from 0.03 to
3.73 mg N m-3 h-1, whereas the ammonium uptake rates varied between 0.04 and 0.43 mg N m3 -1
h . As a result, the mean f-ratio was computed as 0.62 ± 0.23 during observation. We foundthat the nitrate uptake rates were positively correlated with ambient nitrate levels, indicatingthat the activity was mainly regulated by the physical process of nitrate supply.
Small Chaetoceros socialis/gelidus cells numerically dominated the surface phytoplankton
assemblages in stratified waters, whereas the contribution of Thalassiosira to the totalabundance declined with an increase in water column stratification. On the other hand, owing
to the large cell size of Thalassiosira, the contributions of this genus to the total carbon biomass
became relatively high in surface waters. Also, the carbon biomassof Thalassiosira significantly increased with f-ratio, indicating the importance of this diatom
genus to new production in surface waters. Implications of these results are relevant forpredicting changes over time in export production in the study area, assuming the new
production and export production are identical at a steady state condition [1]. Spatiotemporalchanges in phytoplankton assemblages contributing to new production may have significant
ramifications for biogeochemical processes in the study area and ultimately impact carbon
flows to higher trophic organisms, including benthic heterotrophs [2].
References[1] E.A. Laws, P.G. Falkowski, W.O. Smith, H. Ducklow, J.J. McCarthy, Temperature effects onexport production in the open ocean, Global Biogeochemical Cycles 14 (2000)[2] J.M. Grebmeier, B.A. Bluhm, L.W. Cooper, S.L. Danielson, K.R. Arrigo, A.L. Blanchard, J.T.
Clarke, R.H. Day, K.E. Frey, R.R. Gradinger, M. Kędra, B. Konar, K.J. Kuletz, S.H. Lee,
J.R. Lovvorn, B.L. Norcross, S.R. Okkonen, Ecosystem characteristics and processes facilitating
persistent macrobenthic biomass hotspots and associated benthivory in the Pacific Arctic, Progressin Oceanography 136 (2015)

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Characteristics of autumn diatom communities in the
Chukchi Sea unraveled by combined DNA metabarcoding
and scanning electron microscope techniques
Y. Fukai1*, K. Matsuno2, A. Fujiwara3 and K. Suzuki1
2
1 Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
2 Faculty/Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
3
Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, JapanThe Chukchi Sea displays the highest primary productivity in the Arctic Ocean due tothe large diatom blooms occurring from spring to summer. However, there are few taxonomic
studies on the autumn microalgal communities, although enhanced productivity was sometimes
observed in the season. Diatoms are traditionally investigated using microscopy. Although thistechnique has the advantage of distinguishing diatom life stages based on their morphologicalfeatures, the analysis is time-consuming and requires mastery skills to identify diatoms at thegenus or species levels. In contrast, the recently emerged DNA metabarcoding (MB) techniqueallows us to objectively estimate the relative abundance of each algal group based on reliablenucleic acid databases. However, data derived from the two analytical methods have seldom
been validated reciprocally in the Arctic. We, therefore, investigated the autumn diatom
communities in the Chukchi Sea using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and DNA MB
techniques to characterize their community composition with environmental conditions.
Seawater samples were collected from the surface and subsurface layers at 19 stations
from October 8–21, 2020, aboard the R/V Mirai (JAMSTEC). For the SEM analysis, diatoms
were identified and counted with their cell sizes. The abundance of diatoms was also estimatedwith quantitative PCR [1] and amplicon sequence technologies targeting the V4 region of 18SrRNA gene fragments [2]. Representative sequences were determined following the DADA2
Amplicon Sequence Variant (ASV) pipeline in QIIME2 and annotated using the Protist
Ribosomal Reference (PR2) database (v. 4.14.0) [3]. To evaluate the importance of diatoms inthe microalgal communities, chemotaxonomic pigments were also analyzed by ultra-highperformance liquid chromatography (UHPLC).
As a result, diatoms were predominant in the microalgal communities, although thephytoplankton abundance was relatively low (0.112–1.06 mg m-3 in chlorophyll a). The SEM
and DNA MB analyses revealed 14 and 21 diatom genera, respectively. The genus Proboscia
was probably underestimated in the SEM analysis due to its fragile forms. On the other hand,
Chaetoceros resting spores, which cannot be estimated by the DNA MB technique, were
frequently observed with the SEM method. Therefore, we combined the SEM and DNA MB
data based on a significant relationship between biovolume and 18S rRNA gene copies indiatoms [4]. Further correlation-based network and cluster analyses using the modified diatom
dataset revealed that the Proboscia and Chaetoceros resting spores were essential in the autumn
communities. Comparing the diatom communities with environmental factors indicated that
one of the diatom groups was possibly transported from the seafloor.
References [1] Endo, H. et al. (2018). Contrasting biogeography and diversity patterns between diatoms
and haptophytes in the central Pacific Ocean. Sci. Rep. 8, 10916. [2] Piredda, R. et al. (2017). Diversity andtemporal patterns of planktonic protist assemblages at a Mediterranean Long Term Ecological Researchsite. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 93, fiw200. [3] Guillou, L. et al. (2013). The Protist Ribosomal Reference
database (PR2): a catalog of unicellular eukaryote Small Sub-Unit rRNA sequences with curated taxonomy.
Nucleic Acids Res. 41, D597–D604. [4] Godhe, A. et al. (2008). Quantification of Diatom andDinoflagellate Biomasses in Coastal Marine Seawater Samples by Real-Time PCR. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 74, 7174–7182.

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Long-term changes in Arctic Zooplankton communities
Russell R. Hopcroft, for the Plankton Experts Network of the Circumpolar Biodiversity
Monitoring Program
College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
One of the challenges in understand changes in the biological communities of the Arctic it’s thelimited number of times-series within it given its overall scale and the uniqueness of many
regions within the Arctic. Here we examine time-series of the zooplankton communities fromsites scattered throughout the Arctic originating from Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Norway,
Russia, and the United States. All show changes in community structure, including thephenology of its components, although the magnitude of change varies by location. We
illustrate how these are related to changes in sea-ice cover, water temperatures and water masses.
We suggest what the future of these ecosystem may look like based on climate projection.

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Distribution of Polar cod, Boreogadus saida, in the Chukchi
Sea inferred from environmental DNA analysis
T. Kawakami1*, A. Yamazaki2, H. Jiang1, H. Ueno1,3 and A. Kasai1,3
12Faculty/School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
Research Institute for Global Change, Marine Biodiversity and Environmental Assessment
Research Center, Japan Agency for Marine-earth Science and Technology, Japan
3
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan

Polar cod, Boreogadus saida, is regarded as a key species in the Arctic ecosystem due toits circumpolar distribution, abundance, and importance as a prey linking primary producers
and higher consumers [1]. Because the ecology of polar cod is closely associated with sea ice,
rapid reductions in sea ice have the potential to significantly impact their distribution, survival,
reproduction, and biomass [2]. Tracking the distributional shift of polar cod would thus provide
critical information about how recent sea ice reduction would affect Arctic fishes and,ultimately, the food web structure and resilience of the Arctic ecosystem.
This study aimed to overview a distribution of polar cod in the Chukchi Sea based on
environmental DNA analysis. eDNA, which refers to genetic materials extracted from bulk
environmental samples, is a new tool for estimating the presence and abundance of organisms.
eDNA samples were collected from surface seawater during the R/V Mirai (JAMSTEC) Arctic
cruise, held from September to November 2020. eDNA shed from polar cod was detected andquantified using real-time PCR with newly designed
140˚
150˚
160˚ 170˚ 180˚ −170˚−160˚−150˚ −140˚
species-specific primers and probe.
70˚
Polar cod eDNA was detected primarily in thecentral part of the Chukchi Sea shelf and in the
70˚
northernmost observation line, located along theshelf slope and near the sea-ice-covered area (Figure1). In contrast, very little eDNA was detected in the
Bering Sea. The positive sites had distinct
60˚
environmental conditions from the negative sites
60˚(<5 °C in water temperature and <32 in salinity),suggesting that polar cod prefer cold and low-salinity
negativewater. This result was consistent with previous<=30
200
research [e.g., 3]. Therefore, eDNA can be regarded
400
600
as a reliable tool for replacing or supplementing 50˚800(copies/L)
conventional methods. Continuous eDNA surveys,
50˚
170˚
180˚
−170˚
−160˚
combined with oceanographic investigation, will
improve our understanding of Arctic ecosystem Figure 1. Spatial distribution of polarchange.
cod eDNA across the Bering Sea and the
Chukchi Sea.
References[1] Eamer, J. et al. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapidchange. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna. (2013).
[2] Florko, K. R. N. et al. Predicting how climate change threatens the prey base of Arctic marine
predators. Ecol Lett 24, 2563–2575 (2021).
[3] Deary, A. L. et al. Seasonal abundance, distribution, and growth of the early life stages of polar
cod (Boreogadus saida) and saffron cod (Eleginus gracilis) in the US Arctic. Polar Biol 44, 2055–
2076 (2021).

112

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Balance between human economic activities andthe impacts on ecosystem by Atlantic salmon escape
into the Pacific Ocean and Pacific salmon invasionof the Atlantic Ocean
I. Shimizu1*
1

Hokkaido Salmon Distribution Economics Institute, Japan

Cooke farmed net pens were destroyed by high tides in Washington State in August of
2017. Farmed Atlantic salmon escaped into Puget Sounds in the Pacific Ocean. Besides, nonnative Pink salmon of Pacific salmon whose fries were released by Russia were found in Irish
river systems in the Atlantic waters in July of 2017. Bose salmon transported to the different
regions from their original habitats. The impacts on ecological disturbance by hybrid creations
were concerned by native people and biologists. The destruction of Atlantic salmon cages wascaused by insufficient cage cleaning and the invasion of pink salmon was caused by humandesire of new fishery resource development. The effects on original ecosystems were concernedby man-made disasters and non-native invasion. Washington State Senate passed a law in
February of 2018 banning the farming of Atlantic salmon in the state by 2025 [1]. On the other
hand, the Environment Agency of UK was collecting vital data about sighting so officers could
monitor the situation to determine any impacts on the local environment and species. Salmon
production has been increasing by offshore aquaculture and gigantic farming systems have been
constructed. Salmon production needs to supply the global salmon demand. However, it isnecessary to keep the balance between human economic activities and sustainability of
ecological diversities. Humanity must control farming operation to avoid human error andnature threaten to sustain diversities of ecology, species and genetic.

Figure 1. Atlantic salmon escape [2]Figure 2. Pink salmon invasion [3]References[1] B. Fisher, Washington close to banning Atlantic salmon farming, Seafoodsource on 21
February (2018)[2] L.V. Mapes, Washington state cancels lease for Cooke Aquaculture Atlantic salmon farms
near Cypress Island, The Seattle Times on 5 February (2018)[3] Britain’s native salmon are under threat from a pink rival that escaped into the sea from
Russian farms, Happy Pettit For MailOnline on 28 August (2017)

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International regulation of fur sealing in the North Pacific :The role of non-state actors in marine living resource
management and conservation
M. Lomaeva1*, Y. Mitani 2 and J. Saunavaara3
1

Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan2
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Japan
3
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, JapanThe Northern fur seal (NFS) conservation and management regimes were establishedby the US, Canada, Russia/USSR and Japan, and existed in 1911–41 and 1957–84. They
became the cornerstone of environmental governance in the North Pacific (inclusive of theBering and Chukchi seas) and a milestone in the development of international law for wildlife
conservation and multilateral diplomacy for marine living resource management in general.
So far the NFS regimes have been approached mainly from the state-centric
perspective. This paper shifts the focus from the more studied US–Canadian and US–Japan
conflict and cooperation in the Northeast Pacific to Japan-Russia interactions in the Northwest
Pacific, and from the state-centric / unitary-actor to multi-actor perspective. Applying
Putnam’s “two-level game” metaphor, it examines the roles played by subnational
governments and non-state actors (NSAs; e. g. sealing and fishing companies, scientists andenvironmental activists) in the formation (through agenda-setting, issue-definition andbargaining stages), operation, modification and dismantling of the NFS regimes. The paper
outlines and compares SNGs and NSAs’ lobbying strategies and channels vis-a-vis theirrespective central governments, and highlights the instances of multi-actor cooperation.
The study also explores the normative and institutional legacy of the NFS regimes interms of NSAs’ representation and involvement in regional environmental governance (suchas the subsequent salmon and walleye pollock regimes in the North Pacific). In conclusion,
implications for the future of Japan-Russia cross-border environmental cooperation are
discussed, in light of the dramatic impact that Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has had on
bilateral and multilateral cooperation arrangements in the North Pacific.
References[1] P.S. Chasek, D.L. Downie, Global Environmental Politics. 8th ed. (2021)[2] P.G. Harris (ed.), Routledge Handbook of Global Environmental Politics. 2nd ed. (2022)[3] V.E. Sokolov et al., The Northern Fur Seal : Systematics, Morphology, Ecology,
Behaviour. In 2 parts (1998) [In Russian : Соколов В. Е. [и др.] (ред.), Северный морской
котик : Систематика, морфология, экология, поведение. В 2-х частях. – М. : 1998].
[4] R.D. Putnam, Diplomacy and Domestic Politics : The Logic of Two-Level Games,
International Organization, 43 (3) (1988), pp. 427–460.
[5] K. Wada, The Sea Beasts of the North : Sea lions, seals and the fur seals (2010) [InJapanese : 和田一雄『 北の海獣たち : トド・アザラシ・オットセイと共存する未来へ』 彩流社,
2010.5]

114

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7

Seasonal movement and habitat use of ringed seals
in northwestern Greenland
Y. Sakuragi1*, A. Rosing-Asvid2, S. Sugiyama3 and Y. Mitani4
1

2

Greduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
Department of Birds and Mammals, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Greenland
3
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan4
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Japan

Recent global warming accelerates the melting of tidewater glaciers in Greenland andwill impact marine ecosystems in the Arctic. The Arctic ringed seals (Pusa hispida hispida) are
keystone circumpolar Arctic endemic species and are important to the subsistence economy of
the Inuit. Information on the interaction between seals and environment is important to predict
future ecological changes [1]. To understand the characteristic of habitat selection in ringed
seals, four seals (RS2101: adolescent, RS2102: juvenile, RS2103-04: adult) were equipped with
CTD-Satellite Relay Data Loggers in Inglefield Bredning, northwestern Greenland. In total, thefour seals were tracked for 546 days, sent 6453 positions, 9278 dives and 1756 CTD profiles
between August 2021 and April 2022. All seals preferred using shallow and coastal areas. From
August to September, all seals stayed inside of the fjord and closer to the front of tidewater
glaciers. RS2102 and 03 moved out of the fjord from October to November and remained
outside the fjord after December. Diving was generally shallow (52.1 ± 53.7 m, max: 631 m)
and short duration (4.1 ± 3.1 min, max: 28.5 min), and some dives in the shallow area (< 200m) appeared to reach the bottom. CTD profile data showed that seals encountered very low
salinity water at 100 m depth between August and November, which suggest that seals dove
into subglacial discharge plume areas. Our results show a tight connection between all the seals
and tidewater glaciers during summer and fall. Two tags (RS2102 and 03) transmitted into thewinter and both swam out into lighter ice conditions in the North Water Polynya. Our results
give insight to the habitat use of ringed seals in the inhabited part of the north water area.

Figure 1. Seasonal movements of four ringed seals
References[1] C.D. Hamilton et al. Marine mammal hotspots across the circumpolar Arctic, Diversity
and Distributions (2022)

115

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Diet of seals in northwest Greenland
determined by stomach contents analysis
M. Ogawa1*, Y. Sakuragi1 , M. Otsuki2, S. Sugiyama3, A. Rosing-Asvid4 and Y. Mitani5
1

Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
2
Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
3
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
4
Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Greenland5
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Japan

Northwest Greenland, which has one of the largest polynya in Greenland, is an importantfeeding ground for pagophilic seals [1]. Within this region, three species of seals can be found:
the ringed seal Pusa hispida, bearded seal Erignathus barbatus and harp seal Pagophilus
groenlandicus. It is suggested that their feeding ecology has a strong influence on their habitatuse [2]. However, there is limited information on their diet in northwest Greenland and theinteraction of these three species is unknown. To determine prey selection patterns of thespecies, we conducted stomach content analyses in Qeqertat and Siorapaluk, northwest
Greenland. In July and August 2022, we sampled 11 ringed seals, 3 bearded seals and 1 harp
seal during subsistence harvest. Identifiable prey items such as beaks, otoliths, as well as whole
and undigested prey were collected from the stomach contents and counted. The importance ofeach prey was determined by using the frequency of occurrence (FOi) as follows: FOi (%) =(Si / St ) × 100, where Si represents the number of seals that consumed prey type i, and St
represents the total number of seals sampled. Our results revealed that fish were the mostimportant prey for all species. At the same time, however, there were differences in thecomposition of prey species among the species (Table 1). This is the first report of comparing
the diet preference of three seal species in this area, and the first study to clarify the diet ofbearded seals in Greenland. Although these results provide direct quantification of prey
consumption, it takes into account only those consumed during the most recent feeding event.
Therefore, we will also conduct a stable isotope analysis to further investigate their long-term
feeding ecology.
Table 1. Frequency of occurrence (FOi) of prey identified from stomachs of three seal species
SpeciesN

Prey typeFOi (%)

Ringed seal

11

Fish

85.7 %

Amphipods
Mysids28.6 %
57.1 %

Fish

100.0 %

Shrimps
Mollusca

33.3 %
66.6 %

Fish

100.0 %

Bearded seal

Harp seal

3

1

References[1] I. Stirling, The importance of polynyas, ice bergs, and leads to marine mammals and birds, Journalof Marine System 10:9-21 (1997)[2] G.W. Thiemann, S.J. Iverson, I. Stirling and M.E. Obbard, Individual patterns of prey selection anddietary specialization on an Arctic marine carnivore, Oikos 120 (2011)

116

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Seabird community response to contrasting levels of
subglacial meltwater plume activity in NW Greenland
J.B. Thiebot1*, M. Otsuki1, A. Yamaguchi1, Y. Watanuki1, and S. Sugiyama2
1

Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan2

Tidewater glaciers discharge subglacial freshwater into fjords, forming turbid waterplumes surfacing near the calving fronts. This localized and intermittent hydrographic activity
with its associated gradient of water turbidity is one of the key mechanisms spatially structuringfunctional seabird communities in this environment [1]. The upwelling of food-laden turbid
meltwater may indeed provide an important foraging habitat for surface-feeding Arctic seabirds
near the glacier front, whereas pursuit-diving feeders tend to forage away from this plume, inhigher-visibility waters closer to the fjord mouth. However, when this hydrographic activity is
reduced or inexistent (under the influence of climate or glacier dynamics, for example), how
the surface-feeding seabirds may access food near the surface is poorly understood, and theexistence of other mechanisms structuring the different seabird functional communities is
unclear. In this study, we collected boat-based data on the distribution and activity of seabirds
concomitant with oceanographic measures along fjords in the Qaanaaq region of NW Greenland
during the summer of 2022. The subglacial meltwater plume was weak and few surface-feedingseabirds (i.e., black-legged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla, glaucous gulls Larus hyperboreus) wereseen foraging near the glaciers. These surface feeders were rather seen foraging only
occasionally, notably near icebergs flipping over. Pursuit-diving species such as little auks Alle
alle and black guillemots Cepphus grylle were generally more abundant away from the glaciers,
foraging at the fjord mouth; however, they were also unexpectedly observed feeding in large
numbers at the glacier front, notably when their breeding colonies were located nearby. Under
the current Arctic warming and glaciers’ mass loss, which are particularly pronounced inGreenland, weakened levels of subglacial meltwater plume activity may become more frequent.
Such reduced activity may in turn threaten the ability of surface-feeding Arctic seabirds toforage at predictable suitable locations during the breeding season, in the future.

Figure 1. Boat-based census of seabirds and concomitant oceanographic measuresconducted along fjords near Qaanaaq in NW Greenland
References[1] Nishizawa, B., Kanna, N., Abe, Y., Ohashi, Y., Sakakibara, D., Asaji, I., Sugiyama, S.,
Yamaguchi, A., Watanuki, Y. Contrasting assemblages of seabirds in the subglacial meltwaterplume and oceanic water of Bowdoin Fjord, northwestern Greenland. ICES Journal of Marine
Science 77(2), 711-720 (2020)

117

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Bird-colony dynamics revealed by sound monitoring(Siorapaluk, Greenland)
E.A. Podolskiy1*, M. Ogawa2 and J.-B. Thiebot3
1Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
2Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
3Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan

Records of animal sounds are important behavioral and ecological indicators. Today,
compact, autonomous, and affordable sensors allow prolonged sound collection outdoors andthus can be helpful for various research tasks. One such task, continuous observation of a birdcolony attendance, can be laborious, as it requires noting the presence of marked individuals
round-the-clock or to investigate hard-gained biologging data. Notably, the former activity isobserver-biased, and the latter is invasive and limited to a few individuals. Here, to examine
the overall activity of a Little Auk colony during chick rearing, we collected continuous records
of sound near Siorapaluk in Northwest Greenland. Such records are also needed to document
the vocalization repertoire of this species, which is underrepresented in acoustic literature. In
July and August 2022, an audio recorder (Song Meter sampling at 44.2 kHz) was deployed at
two locations for at least three days each time. The first experiment aimed to record backgroundnoise away from the colony; the second recorded sounds directly in the colony, during the peakchick-fledging period. Automatic analysis of noise emitted by the colony shows a clear dielpattern, with acoustically intense nights and quiet afternoons, which is consistent with previous
reports on the highest Little-Auk attendance at low sun (Fig. 1). In addition, manual inspectionof audio data reveals that most Little-Auk vocalizations have a frequency below 10 kHz,
whereas wing flaps have a characteristic frequency of ~7 kHz. Our non-invasive approach ischeap, observer-independent, and time efficient; it is potentially interesting to be used longterm.

Figure 1. Median Sound Pressure Levels (black) at a Little-Auk colony in Siorapaluk,
Greenland compared to sun elevation (red). Yellow color corresponds to SPL time-series
median-filtered with a 5-h-long sliding window. (All is in Local Time)118

R - 11

Assessing Vulnerability of the Arctic Marine Ecosystems
Under the Multiple Environmental and Anthropogenic
Stressors
T. Hirata1*, K. Sato1, I. Alabia1, J. García-Molinos1, H. Ueno1,2 and E. Watanabe3
1

Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
3
Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth
Science and Technology, Japan
2

Recent changes in the Arctic marine environment, as represented by the drastic
decrease of sea ice for example, may increase socio-economic opportunities in natural resource
exploitation and northern sea route shipping etc. On the other hand, both the environmental
changes themselves and the subsequent human activities have potentials to deteriorate thepresent marine ecosystems or ecological services, directly or indirectly. Towards a sustainable
use of the Arctic region under Anthropocene, ecosystem vulnerability against naturalenvironmental changes and subsequent human activities expected needs to be assessed toevaluate how much stress is still allowed to impose on the Arctic ecosystems without causing
irreversible and unmanageable changes of the present ecosystem services. On the other hand,
metrics for the assessment of the marine ecosystem vulnerability is not necessarily wellestablished. Therefore, the objective of this work is to develop the metrics and assess the Arctic
marine ecosystem vulnerability using the metrics. Given the fact that human is also a part ofthe ecosystems, the concept of Planetary Boundaries is introduced in the metrics. The metrics
is based on statistical analysis that identifies geographical regions where (1) larger amplitudeof environmental forcing, (2) larger response of marine ecosystems to the environmental
forcing and (3) smaller adaptive capacity of the ecosystems, are found. Our results show that
ecosystems including more coastlines and more ice edges may be more vulnerable than others.
Our work is expected to contribute to marine ecosystem management and conservation in the
Arctic, including establishment of marine protected areas for example.
(a) natural forcing(b) anthropogenic forcing

Figure 1. Example of (a) natural and (b) anthropogenic forcings119R - 1

Activities of the ICES-PICES-PAME working group on
Integrated Ecosystem Assessment for the Central Arctic
Ocean (WGICA)
Lis Lindal Jørgensen1, Sei-Ichi Saitoh2, and Martine van den Heuvel-Greve3
1

Institute of Marine Research, Norway
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
3
Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands
2

WGICA aims to provide a holistic analysis of the present and future status of the Central
Arctic Ocean (CAO) ecosystem and human activities therein. Climate change reduces sea ice,increases light penetration, causes regionally variable trends in stratification and mixing of thewater column, increases inflow in both the Atlantic and Pacific sectors, and enlarges heating ofwaters at the surface and extending deeper. These changes in turn affect primary production andcascade through the foodweb to ice-associated fauna, zooplankton, fish, benthos, seabirds, andmarine mammals. They may be exacerbated by increasing human activities in and around the
CAO, including increasing pollution from ship traffic and from the transport of contaminants tothe ecoregion by rivers and ocean currents. During this past year, WGICA has studied anddescribed human activities in and around the CAO and resulting pressures. In the next three
years, WGICA planned to identify ecological, economic, social, and institutional researchquestions, to enable further stakeholder involvement, and to identify integrated assessment
methods that can help evaluate ecosystem conditions and changes. In this presentation we
present the main results from the ongoing reporting of the main human activities (global sources,
shipping, military and tourism), pressures (contaminants, garbage, noise, etc) and the work on
describing the vulnerability of the ecosystem. We will present the plans on how to use thisinformation into a method for Integrated Ecosystem Assessment as used in ICES.

120

March 6

Breakout Session
R7

121

R7-

1

Abrupt Change in the Lower Thermospheric Mean Meridional
Circulation during Sudden Stratospheric Warmings and its
Impact on Trace Species
Y. Orsolini1,2*, J. Zhang3, V. Limpasuvan3
1

2

NILU – Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Norway
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
3
Coastal Carolina University, USA

Our understanding of the vertical coupling between the lower atmosphere and the upper
atmosphere has significantly advanced in recent years, spurred by the large amount of new space-borne
and ground-based observations and the extension of atmospheric models into the mesosphere andthermosphere. Observational and model studies have revealed that the mesosphere-lower
thermosphere (MLT) region is the nexus where the forcings by gravity waves (GWs), atmospherictides and planetary waves (PWs) contribute to driving the mean meridional circulation (MMC). It is
widely recognized that the breaking of GWs propagating from below drives a mesospheric pole-topole MMC with ascent at the summer pole and descent at the winter pole. Aloft, in the lower
thermosphere (LT), the MMC reverses with ascent in the winter mid-to-high latitudes and descent in
the summer high latitudes, accompanied by a winter-to-summer meridional flow.
Based on the hourly output from the 2000–2014 simulations of the National Center for
Atmospheric Research’s vertically extended version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate
Model (WACCM-X) in specified dynamics configuration, we examine the roles of planetary waves,gravity waves and atmospheric tides in driving the mean meridional circulation in the lower
thermosphere and its response to the sudden stratospheric warming phenomenon with an elevatedstratopause in the northern hemisphere. Sandwiched between the two summer-to-winter overturning
circulations in the mesosphere and the upper thermosphere, the climatological lower thermospheremean meridional circulation is a narrow gyre that is characterized by upwelling in the middle winterlatitudes, equatorward flow near 120 km, and downwelling in the middle and high summer latitudes.
Following the onset of the sudden stratospheric warmings, this gyre reverses its climatologicaldirection, resulting in a “chimney-like” feature of un-interrupted polar descent from the altitude of 150
km down to the upper mesosphere. This reversal is driven by the westward-propagating planetary
waves, which exert a brief but significant westward forcing between 70 and 125 km, exceeding gravity
wave and tidal forcings in that altitude range. The attendant polar descent potentially leads to a shortlived enhanced transport of nitric oxide into the mesosphere (with excess in the order of 1. parts per
million), while carbon dioxide is decreased.

122

R7-

Progress in high latitude ionospheric specification throughdiverse data integration
D.R. Themens1,2*, B. Reid2,1, P.T. Jayachandran2, S. Elvidge1, A.M. McCaffrey2, J. Bernard2,
N. Rogers3, F. Honary3, and J. Ruck1
1

Space Environment and Radio Engineering (SERENE) Group, School of Engineering,
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
2
Department of Physics, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
3
Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK

The Empirical Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Model (E-CHAIM) is a 3D empiricalmodel of the high latitude electron density designed as an alternative to the use of theInternational Reference Ionosphere (IRI) at high latitudes. The model was initially developed
through Themens et al. [2017, 2018, and 2019] with climatological representations of the F2
peak, topside, and bottomside ionosphere, respectively. The model also includes a storm peakdensity model to accommodate the high latitude negative ionospheric response to storm-drivenchanges in thermospheric composition. Since the initial release of the model, auroral electron
precipitation was added in v3.1 to account for enhancements in the auroral E-Region [Watson
et al., 2021] and a climatological D-Region was added in v3.2 through the integration of the
Faraday IRI-2018 [Friedrich and Torkar, 2018]. Here we will discuss the inclusion of solar
energetic proton precipitation in the model and compare the resulting electron density
enhancements with corresponding increases in riometer absorption and the electron density
structures observed through Incoherent Scatter Radar (ISR). We will also conduct a validationof the performance of the auroral electron precipitation module and examine the integration ofdata assimilation with E-CHAIM via a particle filter approach.
References:Friedrich, M., C. Pock, and K. Torkar (2018). FIRI-2018, an updated empirical model of thelower ionosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 123, 6737– 6751.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025437
Themens, D.R., P.T. Jayachandran, A.M. McCaffrey, B. Reid, and R.H. Varney (2019). A
bottomside parameterization for the Empirical Canadian High Artic Ionospheric Model (ECHAIM), Radio Sci., doi: 10.1029/2018RS006748
Themens, D.R., et al. (2018). Topside Electron Density Representations for Middle and High
Latitudes: A Topside Parameterization for E-CHAIM based on the NeQuick, J. Geophys.
Res. Space Physics, 123, doi: 10.1002/2017JA024817
Themens, D.R., P.T. Jayachandran, I. Galkin, and C. Hall (2017). The Empirical Canadian High
Arctic Ionospheric Model (E-CHAIM): NmF2 and hmF2, J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics,
doi: 10.1002/2017JA024398
Watson, C., D.R. Themens, and P.T. Jayachandran (2021), Development and validation of
precipitation
enhanceddensities
for
E-CHAIM,Space
Weather,doi:10.1029/2021SW002779

123

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Localised three-dimensional current systems at auroraland sub-auroral latitudes and their potential impacts on thearctic upper atmosphere
Hermann Opgenoorth1,2*, Audrey Schillings1,2,3, and Anna Naemi Willer3
12

Department of Physics, Umea University, Umea Sweden
Dept of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
3
Danish Technical University, Copenhagen Denmark

Using data from ground-based magnetometer networks in mostly Scandinavia andCanada, and supporting satellite data – when- and wherever possible - we have studied temporaland spatial characteristics of strong localised intensifications of auroral current systems in thearctic ionosphere and upper atmosphere. We have found that most - if not all - suchintensifications are related to the onset of large- or small-scale three-dimensional currentwedges (or wedge-lets), which connect the upper atmosphere with the deeper magnetospherein the nightside tail regions. Potential agents for the initiation of such current systems are bursty
bulk flows (BBFs) or dipolarising flux bundles (DFBs), which obviously stem from theexistence of remittent or bursty reconnection in the nightside magnetospheric tail.
Such intensifications are therefore parts of the magnetospheric energy cycle, releasing
stored energy from the dayside solar wind /magnetosphere coupling processes and reconnection
there. We will discuss the characteristics of such current systems, their impacts on the upperarctic atmosphere and potential risks posed by such current systems to ground-based, air- andspace-born human infrastructure in the arctic regions, such as geo-magnetically induced
currents (GICs) and ionospheric scintillations

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Climatology of HF propagation at very high latitudes
P. Ponomarenko1,2* and K. McWilliams1
1

Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
2Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Japan

Propagation of high-frequency (HF, 3-30 MHz) radio waves at very high latitudes isstrongly affected by the intrinsically unstable ionospheric conditions caused by energetic
particle precipitations and strong electric fields. This makes the conventional propagation
forecast at these latitudes rather problematic as it relies on model ionosphere and model
propagation mode. While recently there has been a substantial progress in modelling the highlatitude ionosphere using ground data from ionosondes and GPS receivers [1], the simplistic
propagation model remained unchanged. To improve this situation, we utilised multi-year highlatitude observations of ionospheric HF backscatter by Super Dual Auroral Radar Network(SuperDARN). Qualitative identification and quantitative characterisation of the propagation
modes require an accurate knowledge of the vertical angle of arrival (elevation angle). The
accurate calibration of this parameter has become possible only in recent years facilitated by
the development of reliable data-based calibration techniques for SuperDARN interferometry[2]. In this talk we present initial results on a solar-cycle/seasonal/diurnal climatology of the
HF propagation characteristics at the very high latitudes derived directly from observations by
the Canadian SuperDARN radars.
References[1] D.R. Themens et al, The Empirical Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Model (E-CHAIM):NmF2 and hmF2, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 122 (8), (2017)[2] G. Chisham et al, Comparison of interferometer calibration techniques for improved
SuperDARN elevation angles, Polar Science 28 (2021)

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SuperDARN Hokkaido Pair of (HOP) radars – studying theionosphere, thermosphere and upper atmosphere in the
Antarctic region
N. Nishitani1
1

ISEE, Nagoya University, Japan

Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) is a network of high-frequency
radars operated under the international cooperation of about 10 countries. At present, there area total of more than 35 SuperDARN radars located in both the northern and southernhemispheres, ranging from the polar cap, auroral latitude to the sub-auroral and mid-latitude
regions. Among them, the SuperDARN Hokkaido Pair of (HOP) radars, operated by Institutefor Space-Earth Environmental Research (ISEE), Nagoya University, are the radars at thelowest geomagnetic latitude among the SuperDARN radars. Using this unique geographic
characteristic, we have published a number of scientific achievements (see [1] for details of
the accomplishments of the HOP radars, as well as the other, mainly mid-latitude,
SuperDARN radars). In this presentation, the past achievements, present status, and theprospect of future studies of the HOP radars, especially in the aspect of the contribution to thestudy of the Antarctic region, will be presented.
References[1] Nishitani, N., J.M. Ruohoniemi, M. Lester, et al., Review of the accomplishments of Midlatitude Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) HF Radars, Progress in Earth andPlanetary Science, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-019-0270-5, 6:27, 2019.

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Thermospheric Radiative Cooling during Northward
Interplanetary Magnetic Fields: A case study
Tikemani Bag1*, Diptiranjan Rout2, Y. Ogawa1
1

National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3, Midori-cho, Tokyo, Japan2
GFZ Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany

The southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) sustaining longer time in the daysidemagnetosphere results in the phenomenon of geomagnetic storm. The northward IMF can also(rarely) create the “anomalous geomagnetic storm”. Both the phenomena transfer huge amountof solar wind energy into the magnetosphere creating strong perturbations in the wholemagnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere system. This energy is effectively dissipated bydifferent chemical and dynamical processes including the infrared radiative cooling by Nitric
Oxide (NO) at 5.3 µm. By combining the SABER observations onboard the TIMED satellite
and results from the TIEGCM model simulation, we investigate the response of the NO coolingemission to the anomalous geomagnetic storm event of January 21-22, 2005. The main phaseof this storm (minimum Dst = 105 nT) developed during northward IMF Bz condition. A strong
discrepancy is noticed between the observations and model simulation results for both the daily
and orbital averaged cooling emission. The TIMED/SABER satellite observations exhibit
significant enhancement in the NO cooling emission during the storm period and are inaccordance with the observed hemispheric and Joule heating power. On the contrary, the
TIEGCM model simulation, although shows a slight increment, it highly underestimates the
NO cooling emission. We suggest that the inadequacy of the TIEGCM and the strong
discrepancies between the model simulation results and observations could be due to the input
parameters used in the model. In this context, we will also discuss the latitudinal differences inthe thermospheric cooling between the Arctic and Mid-low latitudes.

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7

Insights into the Dynamics of the Polar Mesopause Region
W. Ward1*, S. Kristoffersen2, D. Fraser1, D. Gamblin1, C. Meek3 and A. Manson3
1

Department of Physics, University of New Brunswick, Canada
2
CEA, DAM, DIF, 91297 Arpajon, France.
3
Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
The Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL), established in 2005
at Eureka, Nunavut, Canada on Ellesmere Island (80N 85W), provides observations of the polar
atmosphere from the ground to the lower thermosphere. Instruments providing observations of
the polar mesopause region include an all-sky imager (PEARL All Sky Imager (PASI),
irradiance images), a meteor radar (MR, wind), a Spectral Airglow Temperature Imager (SATI,
temperature and irradiance) and a field-widened Michelson interferometer (E-Region Wind
Interferometer (ERWIN) - wind and irradiance). Thermospheric observations are taken with a
Fabry-Perot interferometer (wind, temperature, irradiance: Q. Wu, P.I.) and PASI using oxygen
red line observations. Over a decade of observations are now available and provide informationon the character of the dynamics near the northern polar upper atmosphere.
In this paper, insights gathered from the observations from three of these instruments(PASI, MR, and ERWIN), on the polar mesopause region are described. Horizontal winds
observed with the MR and ERWIN are in good agreement though the meteor wind amplitudes
are generally larger. The variability of the wind time series from the two instruments differ
implying that there is significant structure in the vertical. Horizontal wind amplitude spectra
peak in the 6 – 12 hour period region but this peak is not seen in the vertical and airglow
brightness spectra. There is significant intermittency in the horizontal wind. Annual and solar
cycle variability of airglow examined. Some solar cycle dependence appears present and there
are several significant peaks in the average annual winter sodium airglow. Analysis ofindividual gravity wave events are discussed. The vertical wind variations and airglow
irradiance are generally found to be in quadrature although there are exceptions. There isevidence that waves with periods close to 12 hours are not tides but are inertial gravity waves.
These results indicate the complexity of the wave field propagating upward into the polar
thermosphere.

128

R7Energetics of Arctic Stratospheric and Mesospheric Coupling Due to Small-scale Gravity Waves

K.Nielsen1*, T. Tsuda2 and S. Nozawa3
1

2

Utah Valley University, USA
University of Electro Communications, Japan
3
ISEE, Nagoya University, Japan

Small-scale gravity waves play a major role in energy transfer throughout the atmosphere and nearspace environment, and therefore are essential to include on both weather and climate model studies.
However, due to their small structure, they are difficult to implement into these models. Instead,they are often parameterized through an ensemble effect of energy transfer, with the assumptionthat the energy transported from the source is deposited at the wave breaking level. It is thisassumption that is one of the obstacles in the models, as we know from observations that waves are
not depositing energy at a single altitude level, but instead deposit energy throughout theirpropagation as they undergo dispersion. In essence, we currently do not have clear understandingsof energy transfer distributions as the waves propagate through the upper atmosphere. The goal ofthis project through multiple objectives is to help advance our understanding of how energy istransported from the Arctic stratosphere into the upper mesosphere and near-space environmentby small atmospheric waves using a suite of instruments situated in Tromsoe, Norway, specifically,
the ISEE Na lidar and Na airglow imager. In this presentation, we present the results on the firstobjective regarding energetics of gravity waves in the MLT region utilizing derived temperature andwinds from the Na LiDAR.

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AGW-TID detection with EISCAT and meteor radar andapplication for background neutral wind measurements
F. Günzkofer1*, D. Pokhotelov1, G. Stober2, I. Mann3, S. L. Vadas4, E. Becker4, A. Tjulin5 and
C. Borries1
1

Institute for Solar-Terrestrial Physics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Neustrelitz,
Germany2
Institute of Applied Physics & Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, Microwave
Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
3
UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
4
North West Research Associates, Boulder, Colorado, USA
5
EISCAT Scientific Association, Kiruna, Sweden
Atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) and their ionospheric component, travelingionospheric disturbances (TIDs), can be described via dispersion relations. The wave
parameters are thereby linked to local density gradient and scale height of the neutral
atmosphere as well as the background wind velocity. The relevant wave parameters (wave
period, vertical and horizontal wavelength) are difficult to determine since there is no single
instrument that sufficiently resolves both vertical and horizontal direction. We show that AGWTID observations with the EISCAT VHF radar and the co-located Nordic Meteor Radar Cluster[1, 2] can be combined where by all important properties of the wave can be inferred. The
EISCAT measurements are used to determine vertical wave properties and the period while themeteor radar cluster are used to determine horizontal wavelength and propagation direction.
Different types of Fourier filters are applied to separate multiple wave modes that can benormally seen in measurements from both instruments. The pure wave modes are then fittedwith respect to the relevant parameters. High-resolution meteor radar data with 10 min
timesteps allows us to filter the detected waves by period. Since the wave period of a single
wave is constant in altitude, and because the measurements are only separated by a 10 km
vertical gap, we can assume to measure the same AGW-TIDs in both instruments. The
measured wave properties are combined with a background neutral atmosphere model to infer
the neutral wind velocity along the propagation direction of the wave. For this, we apply adissipative anelastic gravity wave dispersion relation [3]. The wind velocity profiles obtainedby this method show a reasonable range of values. Such investigations may open up a new
method for wind measurements, which have been difficult in the thermosphere so far.
References[1] G. Stober et al., Atmospheric tomography using the Nordic Meteor Radar Cluster andChilean Observation Network De Meteor Radars: network details and 3D-Var retrieval,Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14 (2021)[2] G. Stober et al., Meteor radar vertical wind observation biases and mathematical debiasing
strategies including the 3DVAR+DIV algorithm, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15(2022)[3] S. L. Vadas and D. C. Fritts, Thermospheric responses to gravity waves: Influences ofincreasing viscosity and thermal diffusivity, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
110 (2005)

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Effect of Arctic Stratospheric Warming Events on the
Antarctic Middle Atmosphere

1Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway
2
Birkeland Centre for Space Science, Norway

131R7- 11First Campaign Results of LODEWAVE(LOng-Duration balloon Experiment of gravity WAVE over
Antarctica)
Yoshihiro Tomikawa1,2,3*, Kaoru Sato4, Yoshitaka Saito5, Isao Murata6, Naohiko
Hirasawa1,2,3, Masashi Kohma4, Kyoichi Nakashino7, Daisuke Akita8, Takuma Matuso9,
Masatomo Fujiwara10, Takana Kaho11, and Lihito Yoshida2
1

National Institute of Polar Research, JapanThe Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Japan
3
Polar Environment Data Science Center, Research Organization of Information and Systems,
Japan
4
The University of Tokyo, Japan
5
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Japan
6
Tohoku University, Japan
7
Tokai University, Japan
8
Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
9
Meiji University, Japan
10
Hokkaido University, Japan
11
Shonan Institute of Technology, Japan
2

In order to clarify the roles of atmospheric gravity waves in the Antarctic region in
driving the general circulation, we planned a super pressure balloon (SPB) observation of
atmospheric gravity waves over Antarctica, which is called LODEWAVE (LOng-Duration
balloon Experiment of gravity WAVE over Antarctica). The first campaign observation was
carried out at Syowa Station in Antarctica from January to February 2022 (during JARE63
summer period). In this presentation, we report on the purpose of this project, outline of theobservation at Syowa Station, the results of data analysis, and its future plan.

Figure 1. Trajectories of 3 SPBs. A red star denotes Syowa Station (69S, 40E).

132

March 9

Breakout Session
R8

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1

Arctic law is an academic discipline
Kamrul Hossain1
1

Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law (NIEM), Arctic Centre, University of
Lapland, Email: khossain@ulapland.fi

The goal of the law is not just to produce legal rules as prescriptions for behaving in acertain way or facing sanctions because of the behaviour contrary to what has been prescribed.
Indeed, the application of legal rules contributes to dispute settlement to serve the objective ofthe law. Legal practitioners rely on existing rules in juridical processes. Yet, the law is not either
to solve disputes only. The presupposed legal rules are often not sufficient to achieve the goalof law – serving society at large to create a better world. Law, therefore, has a mission toaccomplish – human flourishing – which often is also jeopardized due to the problems createdby legal norms themselves. Therefore, the law is about better understanding a society, its
structural contexts and challenges, and integration of relational perspectives by criticallystudying and examining the pretext and context, and rules’ applicability. The law places agreater task to deconstruct presupposed structure and knowledge systems in the face of the
dynamic nature of problems and challenges. The ultimate goal is to eradicate governancechallenges and promote an understanding of multifaceted challenges with a critical legal
mindset toward achieving a fair, just, and equitable society. Hence, legal academics have a rolein achieving the law's goal – justice and fairness. Like any other discipline, law, too, is anacademic discipline, where the Arctic law suggests an answer to study law for achieving
ambitious goals – (environmental and) social justice, human rights, fairness, and equity.
Against this background, the presentation explores, among others, the following questions:
What is Arctic law for and why? Where does the Arctic stand in the context of an understandingof the law presented herein? Does the existence of international treaties or the signing of newagreements, or even diverse forms of interpretation of treaty rules applicable to the Arctic are
sufficient to solve the Arctic problems without examining how such tools operate in the Arctic
context?

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The Regulation of Black Carbon Emissions in Arctic
Shipping: the Role of Actors
A.S. Ebbersmeyer1*
1

Centre for International Law and Governance, Faculty of Law, University of Copenhagen,Denmark

The shipping sector is a major contributor to climate change and is expected to grow in theupcoming years. This poses problems on a global scale, and specifically for the Arctic [1]. As
polar shipping routes become more available due to the melting of Arctic sea ice, this creates a
special threat to the Arctic, namely in the context of black carbon. Black carbon is a potent
climate forcer, emitted when burning heavy fuel oil, which has drastic climate effects
accelerating snow and ice-melt and directly contributes to the warming of the atmosphere [2,3]. This presentation will analyze the international legal framework regulating black carbon
emissions in the Arctic, including the regimes of the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the Arctic
Council. It finds that there is currently a legal gap on this topic. To explain why regulation islacking, the presentation takes an actor-focused approach, by examining the roles that thedifferent state and non-state actors involved in the regulation play at the different law-making
tables (UNFCCC, IMO and Arctic Council). The results will allow a deeper understanding ofinternational law-making, specifically in the context of Arctic shipping. [Please note that thispresentation forms part of my ongoing PhD research.]
References[1] T.W. Smith et al., Third IMO Greenhouse Gas Study 2014. Executive Summary and Final Report,
IMO (2014)[2] J. Bai, The IMO Polar Code: The Emerging Rules of Artic Shipping Governance, 30 International
Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 674 (2015)[3] Y. Yamineva & K. Kulovesi, Keeping the Arctic white: The legal and governance landscape for
reducing short-lived climate pollutants in the Arctic region, 7(2) Transnational Environmental Law 201(2018)

135

R -Toward Reducing the Arctic Black Carbon Emissions:Comparative Assessment of Policy Instruments across
Arctic and non-Arctic States
K. Motohashi1* and D. Narita2
1

Department of Economics and the Fletcher School, Tufts University, USA
2
Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan

The problem of black carbon (BC), which is a short-lived climate forcer and also a major
air pollutant affecting human health, is recognized as a major environmental issue for the Arctic
states. Periodic assessments of the status of BC in the Arctic region are conducted under theframework of the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), and also, somecomprehensive cost-benefit analyses of BC policies have been attempted at a regional level(e.g., [1]). However, these pan-regional assessments often do not pay close attention to theheterogeneity across countries in terms of the jurisdictions and organizational capacity of theregulatory system, which may inhibit the introduction of certain policy mechanisms and bringabout gaps in policy implementation across nations – for example, under federal systems, thenational government simply does not have any power for controlling some types of BC
emissions that are governed by the regional governments. To draw implications for further
reduction of BC emissions for the Arctic region, we review the country-level policy instruments
for its main emission sources under domestic regulation – namely, (i) diesel vehicles, (ii) flaring
in the oil and gas production, (iii) residential heating stoves and boilers, and (iv) field burningfrom agriculture – and compare their features source-by-source across the Arctic states andsome non-Arctic countries (China and India). We perform a cross-country comparison byclassifying the existing policy instruments into three types, (i) command-and-control regulation,(ii) technology-forcing mandates and targets, and (iii) economic instruments, and analyze whichtypes of instruments are used for each source of BC emissions. Key features we find are: (i) thenational system of air quality monitoring is markedly weak in Russia in comparison not only tothe other Arctic states but also to China and India, which would limit the implementation ofeven the same levels of air pollution policies as those currently adopted by Asian countries; (ii)policy harmonization in the flaring regulation, while desirable for emission reduction, ismissing not only across different Arctic states but also within them, partly as a reflection of thelimited power of national regulatory agencies over state or provincial affairs in the US andCanada; (iii) economic instruments, which have been gaining increasing recognition in thecontext of general air pollution management worldwide, must have a scope for further
utilization in the management of Arctic BC emissions, especially for the control of field burning.
References[1] OECD, The Economic Benefits of Air Quality Improvements in Arctic Council Countries,
OECD Publishing (2021).

136

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Why Do Non-Arctic States Develop Governmental Arctic
Policies?: Motivations and Self-Justifications
Jihoon Jeong1*
1

Korea Polar Research Institute, Korea

After the Arctic Council opened its door to the observers first time in 1998, the Council
has accepted 13 countries as observer states despite of their lack of territory/EEZ on or aboveof the Arctic circle. Why did the observer states bother to be recognized as observers at aninternational forum, not a legally binding regime? What did make them to convince theirselves that they are eligible to join the Arctic Council as observer? And more importantly,
why has a considerable number of countries out of 13 Arctic Council observer states now
introduced their governmental Arctic policies? What are their motivations and selfjustifications on their Arctic endeavors as non-Arctic states? This presentation analyses thesegovernmental policy documents in addition to the relevant speeches of responsible
governmental officials, to compare them to see a pattern in their rationalization in establishing
Arctic policies in the governmental level.

137

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The Analysis on Korean Arctic Policy
based on the Policy Model and Policy Priorities
HK. SEO1*
1

Korea Polar Research Institute, Republic of Korea

After getting the Arctic Council Observer status in 2013, the Korean government
established the 1st Masterplan for the Arctic Policy (2013-2017) as a follow-up action in thesame year. The 2nd Masterplan (2018-2022) was adopted in July 2018. Then the Ministry of
Oceans and Fisheries (MOF) declared a statement during the Arctic Partnership Week inDecember 2018 on the “2050 Polar Vision” to provide a long-term Arctic Policy direction.
In 2021, Korean government enacted the Act on the Promotion of Activities in the Polarregions to support various activities in the Arctic and Antarctic. The significance of the Act is
as follows: (1) Declaration of the government’s formal commitment to support activities in thepolar regions, (2) laying the legal basis for activities in the polar region (3) getting synergy
effect by collaborating the masterplan for the promotion of research activities in Antarctica(since 2009) and “Masterplan for the Arctic Policy. MOF set the 5 years Masterplan (20232027) for promoting activities in the polar regions as a follow up action of this act Dec, 2022.
This study reviewed Korea’s Artic policies in terms of historical perspectives from 2013
to 2022, and analyzed the differences & commonalities among 3 Masterplans (2013, 2018 and2022) and suggested the implications. And it developed the Korean Arctic Policy Model basedon the outputs of analysis. As the next step, through expert-questionaire analysis, the study set
the priorities on the polar 20 challenges including Climate Change, Ecosystem Change, Arctic
Shipping (issues) which were selected by KOPRI and KMI experts. And then the study
proposed the policy directions reflecting the output of questionnaire output was suggested.
The study will introduce the summary of the history of Korea’s Arctic strategies(Masterplans and Visions) by the period & each masterplan’s policy components, and the Act
on the Promotion of Activities in the Polar regions on detail. Lastly the policy direction of 2022
Masterplan by reflecting the expert-questionaire will be showed at ISAR-7.

Figure 1. Korea’s Arctic Policy Model
References[1] HK Seo, Research on Setting the Priority on Polar Challenge, Korean Journal of SiberianStudies 23(1) (2018)138

March 9

Breakout Session
R9

139

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1

Arctic Silences: Avoiding Speech in Siberia
Laur Vallikivi
Arctic Studies Centre, University of Tartu, Estonia
The aim of this paper is to understand silences as socially and culturally constituted bylooking at the boundaries of speech and non-speech, both inside Indigenous communities andduring their negotiation with strangers. While in outsiders’ accounts Indigenous people areoften characterised as silent and taciturn, local communities perceive nonlocals as verbose andnoisy. The key ethnographic examples come from the Nenets tundra where reindeer herders
meet various kinds of reformers such as state agents and Christian missionaries, who struggle
with the reticence of the nomads. I discuss Nenets notions of powerful words which define thesocial uses of silence and other forms of tacit communication. I also draw examples from
elsewhere in the Arctic and ask what it means to fall silent as an act of refusal or to avoid saying
things because of a sense that words can create undesirable relations and emotions. I show how
these instances are often bound to local concepts of distributed personhood, as well as to wider
cosmological assumptions about what kind of agents can understand human speech, and whatwords can do in animists’ relations with animals and predatory spirits. This entails thewidespread avoidance of naming illness spirits or the recently dead by their proper names inorder not to invoke their unwanted presence or in case of game animals, not to forewarn of ahunt. Instead, a parallel language using euphemisms is the way to manage relations with various
nonhumans on the land. The paper suggests that absences of speech in the Arctic form a fruitful
arena for developing a wider anthropology of silence, in which the well-established concept ofspeech act will turn out to be balanced by an equally powerful but so far unexplored concept ofsilence act.

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Naming of meadowlands and their identities in Sakha(Yakutia)
M. Goto1*
1

Slavic-Eurasian Research Center, Hokkaido University, JapanThe salient topography of the lowlands of Central Yakutia is thermokarst, which is calledalaas in Sakha. Alaas is oval-shaped depressions surrounded by taiga with grassy, level groundat the bottom, often with a lake at its center. There are many such alaases on the right bank of
the Lena. They were formed over thousands of years by subsiding land since the undergroundpermafrost began to thaw after the last ice age ended. This extremely longtime process of its
formation caused salinification of the soil, and therefore no trees but only grass grows at thebottom. This salt-enriched grass has been highly valued by the Sakha pastoralists as fine-quality
fodder.
Such alaases utilized by the Sakha people as meadows are given their own names without
exception [1]. Name is regarded as an essential factor of a meadow, so it is quite legitimate tosay that a meadow without a name is not a proper meadow [2]. Meanwhile, naming things is inother words segmentalizing things by means of a langue. It is to make a conceptual framing andcategorization. Therefore, to name such a place like an alaas that has a clear-cut contour andcontinuously occupies a particular space means a kind of world-making. And such an act ofnaming bears comparison with the scientific understanding in making a world in order [3].
Being based on these perspectives, this study brings out an aspect of proper name of landby making investigation into the cadaster of Khayakhsyt nasleg, an administrative division of
Churapcha ulus in Yakutia. The cadaster encompasses all names of alaases utilized by the
inhabitants of the nasleg. Making a survey of the cadaster will bring the question “what people
are doing by naming alaases; whether they indicate an individual thing or provide a literal or aconnotative meaning?” into light.
This work was a part of the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability (ArCS) Project (Program
Grant Number JPMXD1300000000) and of the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II),
Program Grant Number JPMXD1420318865.
References[1] H. Takakura, The social and symbolic construction of alaas landscapes in the Siberian
forest among the Skaha, Acta Slavica Iaponica 28 (2010)[2] C. Mészáros, The middle world of film: ontological poetics, live landscapes, and sentient
beings in the language of movies, KinoKultura Special Issue 19 The cinema of Sakha(Yakutia) (2022)[3] S.A. Crate, Once upon the permafrost: Knowing culture and climate change in Siberia.
Tucson: The University of Arizona Press (2021)

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Religious Resurgence among Sakha (Yakuts)in the Context of Muslim Immigration from Central Asia
Zoia Tarasova*
University of Cambridge, UK
Right after the fall of the Soviet Union, the Sakha (Yakut) people attempted to contruct their
new post-Soviet identity through the revival of what they perceived to be their native
religious beliefs. This became epitomised in the founding of an Association of Folk Medicine
in Yakutsk and its hosting of an international conference on shamanism in 1992. As it often
happens to identity-building discourses, this religious endeavour soon faded away, giving leadto other projects in the making of Sakha identity, such as the explorations of the genetic origin
of Sakha. Today, however, some Sakha are turning back to what their post-Soviet
predecessors did in the 1990s, namely the religion of Aar Aiyy which principles were laid
down by now late Vladimir Kondakov. What struck me in this renewed interest of Sakha inreligion is that it appears to have a very palpable gendered dimension. Every Sunday, groupsof Sakha men gather for collective prayers and algys rituals of purification and blessing.
These men claim that Aar Aiyy is their source of empowerment amidst the influx of Others,or labour migrants from Central Asia, whom they imagine to be immensely powerful andhence dangerous to Sakha because of their strong affiliation with Islam. How is this religious
contact being made? Is it akin to what is known as ‘colonial mimicry’? What is the place ofChristianity, claimed to be ‘hegemonic’, in this oppositional diade? This seems even moreinteresting given that Sakha are one of few Turkic peoples in the world, who have neveradopted Islam. How different or similar do these Sakha imagine these Mulsim andpredominantly Turkic-speaking migrants to be from themselves?

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Being Komi in the city: identities and belonging
M. Fedina1*
1

University of Helsinki, Finland

Syktyvkar, the capital of the Komi Republic (Russia), is the region’s largest and allegedly
most promising city. A quarter of the city’s population (i.e. approximately 62 thousand) iscomprised of ethnic Komi people [1]. While not being an Arctic city, but rather a Northern one,
Syktyvkar attracts movers from all districts of the Komi Republic, including those incorporated
in the officially demarcated Arctic zone of the Russian Federation.
The Komi people are the Finno-Ugric ethnic group that inhabits, apart from the Komi
Republic, several other regions of the Russian North and amounts to approximately 230
thousand. The Komi Republic is an ethno-territorial entity with the Komi people being its titular
people. Its political and legal status is directly connected to the living of the Komi people [2],and therefore the vitality of Komi communities is directly related to the sustainable
development of the region and its population.
The Komi people have experienced drastic urbanization; nowadays, more than 47% ofthem are urban dwellers [1]. Most relocated to the cities from the rural areas; a small share isborn urbanites. Syktyvkar, in this regard, is not only the most Komi-populated city, but it also
hosts the biggest share of the region’s urban Komi people, i.e., 65%.
This work investigates 1) how urban-dwelling Komi residents perceive themselves inurban space, 2) what meaning they engrain in being Komi urban residents, and 3) how urban
area and Komi people interinfluence each other. The present contribution is based on theinterviews and field notes collected and recorded during the fieldwork conducted by the author
in Syktyvkar in 2021-2022.
Presenting the case of urban Komi people, this work attempts to better understandstrategies of identity development and sustenance employed by non-Russian minorities in thecontinuously restrictive settings of contemporary Russia. Furthermore, bringing urban dwellers
to the main focus assists in demystifying and deromanticizing the image of non-Russian ethnic
minorities as essentially rural residents.
This presentation is a work in progress; some of its first findings will be presented at theconference.
References[1] (forthcoming) Fedina, M. (2022). Syktyvkar: the (Komi) capital of the Komi Republic.
Analysis of lived experiences of urban Komi people, Arctic Yearbook 2022.
[2] Constitution of the Komi Republic. Available at:https://docs.cntd.ru/document/951600634 [accessed 4.11.2022].

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Indigenous Well-Being in the Arctic Region of North
America: A Theoretical Consideration
N. Kishigami1
1

National Museum of Ethnology and The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Japan

Contemporary Indigenous peoples of the Arctic North America region live in the mixed
economic system under the influence of economic globalization and climate change. They facecritical challenges pertaining to their political autonomy, economic self-reliance, and foodacquisition, in addition to cultural and identity problems, social and health problems, physicalsafety problems, and environmental problems that may pose a serious threat to their well-being
unless adequately addressed. I argue that the well-being of the Arctic peoples of North America
is causally correlated with the synergistic effects of these factors [2] (see Figure 1). One of themost serious problems concerning well-being of arctic peoples in North America is a high rateof suicide among young people [1]. I propose to study the suicide problem with use of thistheoretical framework and actor network theory to solve it.

Figure 1. A Theoretical Framework for Well-Being
References[1] Kral, M. J. et al., Unikkaartuit: Meanings of well-being, unhappiness, health, andcommunity change among Inuit in Nunavut, Canada, American Journal of Community
Psychology 48 (2011), DOI 10.1007/s10464-011-9431-4[2] Kishigami, N., Cultural security as a key factor for local well-being among the Inupiat in
Utqiaġvik, Alaska. A paper read at the 1st Japan-Finland Seminar on the Arctic and East Asia
(JAFSAS) (On Line Meeting) (2022)

144

March 7

Breakout Session
R10

145

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1

Examination of urban ZEB envelope performance undersub-Arctic climate condition
T. Mori1*, H. Osawa1, T. Yamauchi1, H. Itsumiya2
1

Graduate School of Eng., Hokkaido University, Japan
2
Daidan co. Ltd., JapanThe Paris Agreement of the IPCC and the Glasgow Climate Agreement have promptedcarbon neutrality efforts around the world. It is estimated that buildings account for 1/3 ofgreenhouse gas emissions from human activities. Therefore, in recent years, many developed
countries have been trying to convert their buildings to Zero Emission Buildings (ZEB) or Zero
Energy Buildings (ZEB). In Japan, measures for decarbonization are being promoted following
the declaration in 2019 that the country will be carbon neutral by 2050. Energy conservation
standards for office buildings have been strengthened and energy conservation standards forresidential buildings have become mandatory by 2025.
This report targets small-scale urban ZEBs in subarctic regions. Originally, energy offsets
are difficult to achieve in urban buildings because it is difficult to install PV. In addition, thesubarctic region has high heat loss in winter, low sunlight hours, and snow cover, which makes
ZEB even more difficult to achieve. However, Norway, Sweden, and Finland have set targets
under the EU strategy[1]. Also, the study to reduce the life-cycle carbon footprint to zero byusing mainly wood materials was conducted [2].
In Hokkaido, there are already five certified ZEB under the Japanese ZEB certification
requirements. In this report, we report on the study of insulation performance, energy-saving
equipment, and PV at the design stage, targeting ZEBs built in the area with the most severe
sunlight conditions in the city. The actual values after one year of building operation are also
reported.

Figure 1. Winter condition of PV panels
References[1] Ravasio, L.; Sveen, S.-E.; Riise, R. Green Building in the Arctic Region: State-of-the-Art
and Future Research Opportunities. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9325.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229325[2] https://sdwg.org/what-we-do/projects/zero-arctic-concepts-for-carbon-neutral-arcticconstruction-based-on-tradition/

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Challenges of sustainable regional development in arctic
remote villages
S. Oike1*, T. Mori1, A. Delaney2
1

2

Hokkaido University, Japan
Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku University, Japan

Qaanaaq is a village in north-west Greenland, one of the most northernmost settlementsin the world. Its harsh, cold climate has a significant impact on indoor environment and heatingenergy consumption [1]. In addition, the remoteness of the community poses challenges for thetransport of human resources and goods [2]. This study presents the results of 1) measurementsof the indoor environment, 2) a web questionnaire about the indoor environment andventilation/heating system, and 3) qualitative interviews conducted in October 2022. In addition,a summary, and some suggestions for the challenges in Qaanaaq are provided.
1) Temperature, relative humidity, CO2 and PM10 were measured in a dwelling built in2000 (Figure 1). The temperature, CO2 and PM10 concentration in the living room weregenerally maintained at appropriate levels. On the other hand, the relative humidity was below
25% through most of the time (Figure 2).
2) 4 survey responses were provided by inhabitants in Qaanaaq. The age of the dwellings
varied from before-1960s to the 2000s; three used diesel oil as the heating fuel, but the heating
systems were different in each, including heating panels and stoves. While all dwellings opened
their windows at least once a day, they also reported from neutral to hot indoor thermal
sensations.
3) Interviews were conducted to a local construction company owner. The heating energy
consumption is very high due to insufficient insulation in older houses, which most of thepeople live in. In order to reduce the amount of materials transported, only the cement isimported and local stones and sand are used when pouring concrete. Nevertheless,transportation costs are still high. Furthermore, human resource-shortage is also challenge, as
there are only about 10 construction workers in the village and few professional workers.
Summary and suggestion
In order to reduce the use of fuel, the price of which is expected to rise, it will be necessary torebuild from the current low-performance dwellings to highly insulated ones. In this case, weshould consider the issues of human resources and transport of materials at the same time.
Acknowledgements
This work was a part of the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II), Program Grant
Number JPMXD1420318865.

Figure 1. The dwelling

Figure 2. The indoor environment in living room

References[1] M. Kotol, C. Rode et al., Indoor environment in bedrooms in 79 Greenlandic households, Building andEnvironment 81 (2014)[2] E. B. Møller, T. Lading, Current building strategies in Greenland, E3S Web Conferences 172 (2020)

147

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Prediction of daily leachate generation
at dumpsites located in Greenland
Y. Tojo1* and T. Yasukouchi1
1

Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, JapanTo understand the factor and timing of leachate generation and impact of global
warming, numerical calculations were conducted. The calculations utilized a model developedby a previous study. The model is based on water balance in landfill and uses meteorological
data (temperature, precipitation, dew point temperature, wind speed, and sunshine duration)from meteorological stations. To calculate evaporation, Penman method was used. Moisture
derived from waste was also considered. Since the original model was developed for
calculations in low-latitude arid regions, the program was revised to take snow accumulationand snowmelt into account. Meteorological data were obtained from the National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Global Surface Summary of the Day for three sites inGreenland. To take the impact of global warming into account, calculation in which
temperature was increased +2°C and +5°C to current data was conducted. As an example,
result of THULE AIR BASE in 1997 is indicated in Figure 1. Leachate is generated between
April and September, and is mainly influenced by snowmelt, which is shown by the dashedline. In July and August, precipitation directly infiltrates into the waste layer and becomesleachate. The amount of evaporation is low, especially in winter due to the lack of solar
radiation during the polar nights. In some years when precipitation (snowfall) is low, leachate
is not generated. Similar trends were observed at the other two sites of which latitudes aredifferent, but the amount of leachate generated was higher due to higher precipitation.
Although results are not shown, calculations with increased temperatures showed a decreasein leachate generation. Increased evaporation due to warming may be a cause in the decreasein leachate. The increase in evaporation is suggested to be a decrease in albedo due to adecrease in snow cover or an increase in surface water retention due to rainwater intrusion
into the surface layer.
2000

10

Snowmelt water

5

1500

0

Temperature

1250
1000

-5
-10

Leachate

750-15Precipitation

500

-20

Evaporation

250

Temperature [ºC]

Quantity [m3/month]

1750

-25

0

-30
Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Figure 1. Calculated result at THULE AIR BASE (1997)
References[1] T. Malmir, H. Nomura, and Y. Tojo, Prediction of long-term leachate generation in a
municipal solid waste landfill in an Arid Climate, Journal of JSCE, Ser. G, 71(7), (2015)

148

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Icing process hazards related to the “Lena” highway
sustainability for the last 100 years
L. Gagarin*, N. Baishev, V. Ogonerov and D. Kuzmin
Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Russia
Icing (Aufeis) hazards since 1920-th were known, where the “Lena” federal highway has
constructed. These hazards relate to damming of a roadway, bridge foundations damaging
blurring an embankment. Approaches of icing processes control were proposed by V.G. Petrov(1930). The long-term exploitation of the “Lena” highway and its importance of cargo linkageof the Sakha Republic had been allowing to its multiple reconstruction. The second icing
hazards assessment in 1960-th by professor V.R. Alekseev was done. Icings had been going on
to develop on previous discovered sites and anti-Icing facilities have not been properly effective.
The last round of the “Lena” highway reconstruction has been starting since 2012. In winter2022 the “Lena” highway was investigated from the south to the north along 600 km. Since
previous investigators the embankment of the highway was raised till 10 m. Therefore, somepart of small icings either disappeared or already hasn't influenced on embankment
sustainability. Anyway, it is 120 Aufeis were detected and 16 from that quantity was assessedas the most hazardous. The criterion of hazard’s degree was applied based on subsidence of anembankment, formation of cracks in an asphalt, erosion washouts, ice mounds formation withtraces of its explosions, are recorded. Six key monitoring sites for the icing development process
and its affecting on embankment sustainability were established.

Figure 1. Icing phenomena along the “Lena” highway and anti-Icing facility on the Banniycreek
The study supported by the grant RSCF #22-27-20118

149

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Engineering Challenge toward Sustainable Useof Arctic Sea Route
S.Uto1*
1

Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan

From engineering point of view, safe and efficient navigation are indispensable for theenvironmental-friendly and sustainable use of the Arctic Sea route. Safety enhances theprevention of oil spill from damaged vessels and efficiency contributes to less GHG emission
from vessels. In the present study, a framework for assessing safe and efficient ice navigationby two-step approach is proposed. As a first step, POLARIS[1] proposed by IMO (International
Maritime Organization) is adopted in the safety assessment. The system evaluates navigation
risks of vessels in Arctic waters using ice class of vessels and sea ice conditions based on WMO
sea ice nomenclature. At the second step, a new treatment on navigability assessment is
proposed in terms of ship dimensions, hull shape parameters and the same sea ice conditions.
Using the same sea ice conditions, it is possible to evaluate safety and efficiency moreconsistently. Prediction of ice resistance of vessels is one of the key technological issues ofnavigability assessment. In the present study, the validity of the prediction method proposed by
the author is discussed by comparing the field data of ship speed, propeller thrust, and visualobservations of sea ice conditions based on WMO sea ice nomenclature.

Fig.1 A framework of safety and efficiency assessment of ships
independently navigate in Arctic Sea route
References[1] IMO MSC.1/Circ.1519. Guidance on Methodologies for Assessing Operational Capabilities
and Limitations in ice. (2016)150

March 9

Breakout Session
S1

151

S1-

1

Community Vulnerability to Wildfire Risk in the Robson Valley region of British
Columbia, Canada
James Whitehead1*, Tristan Pearce1, James Ford2, Greg Halseth1
1

Department of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia,
Prince George, Canada
2
Priestley International Centre for Climate, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom

Climate change has already led to an increase in wildfire season length, wildfire
frequency, and burned area across western Canada. This has had both social and ecologicalconsequences. Most research has focused on the drivers and impacts of wildfire, with less
known about the capacity of communities to respond to and manage wildfire risk. This
research examined community vulnerability to wildfire risk in the Robson Valley region of
British Columbia, Canada. An analysis of data collected through semi-structured interviews
with key informants (directly involved in forestry, wildfire management, or local governance)
and focus groups with community members reveal that communities are largely exposed tothe indirect impacts from wildfires in the region such as road closures, and loss of timberresources as well as wildfires elsewhere, through possible damage to power andcommunications infrastructure along with health impacts due to poor air quality. Residents
are sensitive to these impacts due to their isolation, their reliance on the highway to importfood and critical goods, and their dependency on regionally managed communications andelectricity infrastructure, which is essential for food storage in agricultural communities.
Participants expressed frustration over the centralisation and professionalisation of fire
suppression services at the expense of local wildfire fighting capacity, both in terms ofhuman-power and local knowledge. Opportunities to strengthen community resilience towildfire risk include building local capacity and agency in fire management, enhancing foodsecurity through a community food cellar, and ensuring redundancy in power andcommunication networks. This will involve changes to current provincial fire management
practices, by enabling a response structure that facilitates local participation and agency when
responding to fires within the region and investment in critical infrastructure.

152

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Community Risk and Resilience to High-latitude Wildfires
I.V. Canosa1*, J. Ford2,3 and J. Paavola3
1School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
2Priestley International Centre for Climate, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
3School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom

In recent years, high-latitude regions are experiencing increasingly extreme wildfire
seasons, with parts of Canada, Greenland, Russia and Fennoscandia documenting more intenseand destructive wildfires now than in the past 10,000 years [1, 2]. These wildfires are having
significant social, economic, and health impacts on high-latitude communities, including,among others, forced evacuations, increased hazardous pollutions levels, and disrupted
livelihoods [3, 4, 5]. With climate models predicating an “invasion” of fires to the Arctic andadjacent boreal region [6], it is expected that these impacts will only worsen with time.
Although the physical science is considerably improving over the years, there remains little
empirical work examining the human/social dimension of high-latitude wildfires. In response,
this presentation will introduce a research project focused on understanding how people
perceive, experience, and respond to wildfire events in high-latitude communities. First, it will
introduce a newly developed conceptual framework to illustrate the factors and dynamics
driving risk and resilience to high-latitude wildfires at community levels. This will be followed
by a place-based case study applying the framework in Valemount, British Columbia (BC), to
examine in greater detail risk and resilience and its drivers. The presentation will demonstrate
the importance of considering the social dimensions of wildfire in the evaluation of risk,
vulnerability, and resilience; complement the existing wildfire literature; and provide insightsthat would help practitioners to locate barriers and limits to effectively respond to wildfires inhigh-latitude contexts.
References[1] York, A., Bhatt, U.S., Gargulinski, E., Grabinski, Z., Jain, P. and Soja, A., Wildland fire inhigh Northern latitudes. NOAA (2020)[2] IPCC, Summary for Policymakers. IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere ina Changing Climate (2019)[3] Dodd, W., Scott, P., Howard, C., Scott, C., Rose, C., Cunsolo, A. and Orbinski, J., Livedexperience of a record wildfire season in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Canadian Journalof Public Health 109(3) (2018)[4] Howard, C., Rose, C., Dodd, W., Kohle, K., Scott, C., Scott, P., Cunsolo, A. and Orbinski,J., SOS! Summer of Smoke: a retrospective cohort study examining the cardiorespiratory
impacts of a severe and prolonged wildfire season in Canada’s high subarctic. BMJ open 11(2)(2021)[5] Narita, D., Gavrilyeva, T. and Isaev, A., Impacts and management of forest fires in the
Republic of Sakha, Russia: A local perspective for a global problem. Polar Science (2020)[6] IPCC. The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge University Press (2021).

153

S1-

Health Impacts of Wildfire smoke in Arctic Council Nations
B. Silver1*, S. Arnold1, L. Emmons2, C. Reddington1 and L. Conibear1*12

University of Leeds, UK
National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA*
Now at Tomorrow.io

In the Arctic, climate change is making boreal forest and grasslands increasingly
vulnerable to wildfires. Arctic wildfire carbon emissions have doubled during the previous two
decades, and are predicted to increase even more rapidly in the coming century. Wildfires are
causing the annual mean concentrations of PM2.5 to increase (Figure 1) across parts of the Arctic.
We construct two emissions scenarios, with and without wildfire emissions in Arctic Council(AC) nations. Using the Community Earth System Model, we simulate PM2.5 air quality in these
two scenarios over the period 2001-2020. Using Arctic in-situ measurement data, we show thatthe model has a large negative bias in wildfire plumes. We use a high-resolution PM2.5
reanalysis dataset [1] to correct the PM2.5 bias. We then perform a health impact assessment
using the Global Exposure Mortality Model [2] to estimate the health impacts of long-term
exposure to fire-sourced PM2.5. During 2001-2020, our results attribute 60,000–140,000
premature deaths per year to Arctic Council wildfire emissions. We show that the largest firesourced PM2.5 health burdens fall on non-Arctic Council nations, such as China, due to theirhigh population density and long-range transport of wildfire emission plumes.

Figure 1. Trend in mean summer (JJA) PM2.5 concentrations in Arctic region [1]References[1] A. van Donkelaar et al., Regional Estimates of Chemical Composition of Fine Particulate
Matter Using a Combined Geoscience-Statistical Method with Information from Satellites,
Models, and Monitors, Environ. Sci. Technol. 53 (2019) 2595–2611[2] R. Burnett et al., Global estimates of mortality associated with longterm exposure to
outdoor fine particulate matter, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 115 (2018) 9592–9597

154

S1-

Fire Regimes in the Arctic Region
H. Hayasaka*
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
Fire activity in 288 areas (2.5° N × 10° E) in the Arctic region (50°–70° N, 0°–360° E)
was analyzed using satellite hotspot data (number of HSs = about 4.4 million) from 2002 to
2021. A total of 21 high ﬁre density areas were selected and their ﬁre–weather conditions during
each active ﬁre period were analyzed using weather and temperature maps at upper and lower
air (over 1820 maps in all). Analysis results of ﬁre–weather conditions for high ﬁre density
areas in the Arctic region (North Eurasia and North America) are: Active ﬁres in central andeastern Siberia started by LWM (large westerly meandering) caused by COL (cut-off low)
detached from Arctic low-pressure systems over the continent (west and central Siberia). Veryactive ﬁres on HS peak days in central and eastern Siberia occurred under COH (cut-off high)detached from a ridge extending from the Tibet plateau and Arabia. In North America, active
ﬁres also started by LWM caused by COL detached from Arctic low- pressure systems over the
Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska. However, ﬁres were not so active until high-pressure
systems (COH and ridge) extended from the Great Basin. Analysis results may suggest there
are six major ﬁre regimes in the Arctic region: (1) Eastern Europe, (2) Central and East Siberia(Sakha), (3) Far east high-latitude Siberia (northern Sakha), (4) Far east low-latitude Siberia(southern Khabarovsk), (5) Alaska, and (6) Western Canada. Lastly, we should prepare forthe next large-scale ﬁres due to climate change by applying the ﬁre–weather analysis approachdescribed in this report. Since we can predict occurrence of active ﬁres, we could prevent
active ﬁres by making ﬁre breaks, prescribed ﬁres, and so on. Our ﬁght against wildland ﬁres
is one of the executable ways to mitigate global warming.

Figure 1. Map of part of the northern hemisphere (30°–80° N, -10°–310° E).
The Arctic study region (50°–70° N, 0°–360° E) was divided into 288 areas (2.5° N×10° E),
showing their fire density (hotspot (HS) 10-3 km-2 Year-1).
References[1] H. Hayasaka, Fire Weather Conditions in Boreal and Polar Regions in 2002–2021,
Atmosphere 13(7), 1117 (2022)

155

S1-

Develop an INtegrated Fire Risk mAnagement (INFRA) Pilot
Service for Arctic Wildfires
V. Vitale1*, E. Brugnoli2, G. Bernardi3, O.Drofa4, O. Gavrichkova2, M. Sarti2, E. Nestola2, A.
Tiesi4, L. Giandomenico3, N. Tramarin3, M. Mazzola1, A.Lupi1, F. Becherini1, and D.
Mastrangelo4
1National Research Council, Institute of Polar Sciences, Italy
National Research Council, Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Italy
3
CAE S.p.A. Italy
4
National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Italy2

The past few years have seen a dramatic increase in the frequency and intensity of
extreme wildfire events in the Arctic. Despite the numerous well-documented events that
occurred in the last 3 years across Fennoscandia, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and the RussianFederation, the long-term picture is less obvious, but their impacts on ecosystems andcommunities are clear. Wildfires are a key topic of the new EU Arctic PASSION project. A
pilot service called “Integrated Fire Risk Management” (INFRA) is being developed to
improve provision of information for first responders and communities in the Arctic. Aim is
to develop an integrated web-based system that, through collecting data and coupling physicaland parametric models, will support the prevention and evaluation of the risk of wildfire; thesighting and monitoring of wildfires; emergency management of shutdown operations; postevent management and damage assessment. Information layers and outputs will include: risk
maps, vegetation stress map, fire weather forecasts, fuel map, early identification ofoutbreaks, and short-term evolution of the fire event. The service will pay great attention toconvey information and alarms towards citizens and communities taking into account theirneeds and capacities and the limitations of communication infrastructures. To promote fullco-design and co-development approach, INFRA will be structured according to wellidentified and separate functional blocks, making possible to modulate and reorganize theservice in a relatively simple way according to the specific needs of those who must use it andabove all of the recipients of the service. The development of tools capable of providing
support both in the prevention phase and in the management of the emergency both to thecategory of professional and non-professional users, aims to give maximum attention to theneed to maintain a continuous flow of information, giving the itself the right form and theright comprehensibility, overcoming the problem that often finds itself of little attention to thedifference in the levels of understanding and handling information that an unprofessional user
usually has. This approach has the advantage of being able to tackle the co-design and codevelopment phase starting from a base that at the same time has (i) a degree of solidity andcompleteness such as to be able to base and finalize the discussion and dialogue with users.
and users on concrete / reachable elements and (ii) that degree of flexibility necessary to beable to listen first and then receive in the appropriate way the requests, requests, and also the
feeling of the final recipients of this service. The presentation will provide details of thisapproach, as well as information layers, tools and actions to develop and test the service.

156

S1-

Predicting seasonal wildfire patterns with machine learning
for the circumpolar and Alaska boreal and Arctic regions
Christine Waigl1*, Elizabeth Fischer1, Thomas Ballinger1, Peter Bieniek1, Cecilia BorriesStrigle1, Mitchell Burgard1, Joshua Hostler1, Rick Lader1, Eric Stevens3, Heidi Strader3,
Alison York1, and Uma Bhatt1,2
1

International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
2
Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA3
Alaska Interagency Coordination Center, USA

With accelerated climate warming in the high northern latitudes, wildfire activity has
increased in recent years across the circumpolar boreal and Arctic regions. Fire activity is driven
by fire weather conditions (e.g., hot, dry, and windy) during the wildfire season as well as thepresence of suitable dry fuels and ignitions from lightning strikes. Fire management agencies
have a need for seasonal predictions of wildfire activity and potential. Our research investigates
the predictability of wildfire activity using a machine learning approach. We operate in two
spatial domains: a global circumpolar boreal-and-Arctic domain, and a domain centered on
Alaska. We have assembled a dataset of predictor variables and fire activity related variables,
which are being assembled into a machine learning framework that uses ensembles ofregression trees (Random Forest Regressors and Boosted Regression Trees). Additionally,
Empirical Orthogonal Functions are used for dimensionality reduction and pattern detection.
Target variables for fire conditions are Fire Weather Indices from the Canadian Forest Fire
Danger Rating System (CFFDRS), in particular the Build-Up Index, which is a widely usedindicator of fire weather conditions. Additionally, we use satellite-based fire detections (fromMODIS TERRA) and fire perimeters provided by the Alaska Interagency Coordination Center(AICC). These datasets are gridded to the 0.25° grid of the ERA5 climate reanalysis, which isused to calculate the CFFDRS indices. Predictor variables include the annual snow-off date(gridded, from ERA5), sea ice concentration, atmospheric variables, sea surface temperature,various teleconnection indices as well as lightning activity over Alaska. In Alaska, sub-seasonal
divisions of the fire season and the Predictive Service Areas used by fire managers form thebasis of the spatiotemporal analysis.
This research is coproduced by a team comprised of researchers from the University of
Alaska Fairbanks and fire behavior and fire weather experts from the Alaska interagency fire
management community. It is supported by the National Science Foundation (USA) underaward #OIA-1753748 and by the State of Alaska.

Figure 1. a) Average snow-off Julian day across the circumpolar and Alaska domains (source:ERA5). b) Wildfire activity by decade in Alaska domain, 1940s-present (source: AICC,
Environment Canada). c) Gridded annual fire activity for Alaska domain in selected years(source: AICC)

157

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7

Arctic fire representations in the latest-generation Earth
System Models
M. Kasoar1*, K. Blackford1, C. Burton2, S. Hantson3, and A. Voulgarakis1,4
1

Leverhulme Centre for Wildfires, Environment and Society, Department of Physics, Imperial
College London, UK
2
Met Office Hadley Centre, Met Office, UK
3
Earth System Science Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Max Planck Tandem Group in
Earth System Science, Universidad del Rosario, Colombia
4
School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Greece

The Arctic is experiencing climate change faster than any other region on the planet. This
has alarming consequences for high-latitude fire risk: climate models predict further, substantial
increases in high latitude fire seasons and lightning strikes that have driven recent record
wildfire activity [1-2]. The environmental consequences of increasing future fire risk for thissensitive ecoregion are less robustly known. Impacts on regional air quality are likely as well
as feedbacks on Arctic climate though aerosol radiative forcing; moreover the Arctic comprises
a vast store of carbon in both forests and peatland which stands to amplify climate change
worldwide if burnt [3]. The latest generation of earth system models (ESMs) include interactive
vegetation and carbon cycle schemes, and a good representation of high-latitude fires isessential if we want to properly simulate changing fire emissions and the consequences bothfor the Arctic region and globally. However, the characteristics of high-latitude fires pose
unique challenges for our models. For instance, very few ESMs currently simulate peat fires,
despite peatlands making up a significant component of high latitude soils. Limited
observations of high-latitude peat fires make it difficult to constrain and validate the few models
which do. The Arctic is also characterized by highly variable weather conditions andpredominantly lightning-driven fire activity [4], contrasting with much of the rest of the world
where models often assume a substantial human-driven component to fire ignitions. We present
an assessment of the current state-of-the art in modelling high-latitude vegetation, wildfire burnt
area, and emissions in fire-enabled ESMs and land-surface models, comparing against a rangeof observational products and time periods. As well as assessing the range of uncertainty incurrent models and remote sensing observations, we also seek to explore the drivers of model
diversity in how well high-latitude fire amount and variability are simulated, to highlight the
key processes to focus on in further improving our representation of this crucial earth system
feedback.
References[1] M. W. Jones et al., Global and regional trends and drivers of fire under climate change,
Reviews of Geophysics 60 (2022)[2] A. Krause et al., The sensitivity of global wildfires to simulated past, present, and future
lightning frequency, J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 119 (2014)[3] C. Phillips et al., Escalating carbon emissions from North American boreal forest wildfires
and the climate mitigation potential of fire management, Science Advances 8 (2022)[4] S. Veraverbeke et al., Lightning as a major driver of recent large fire years in North
American boreal forests, Nature Clim Change 7 (2017)

158

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INFERNO-peat: A Representation of High Latitude Peat
Fires in the JULES-INFERNO Fire Model
K. Blackford1,2*, A. Voulgarakis1,2,3, C. Prentice1,2, C. Burton4 and M. Kasoar1,2
12Imperial College London, United Kingdom
Leverhulme Centre for Wildfires, Environment and Society, United Kingdom
3
Technical University of Crete, Greece
4
The Meteorological Office, United Kingdom

High latitude peatlands are an important store of carbon. However, due toanthropogenic activities and climate change they are becoming increasingly vulnerable towildfires [1]. Peat fires are among the largest and most persistent wildfire phenomena and aredominated by smouldering combustion [2]. In the high latitudes, peat fires have the potential
to release vast amounts of long term stored carbon and other greenhouse gases and aerosols.
Consequently, peat fires can have huge implications on the carbon cycle and result in apositive feedback effect on the climate system. Peat fires also impact air quality and can leadto haze events, with major impacts on human health. Despite the importance of peat fires they
are currently not represented in most fire models, leading to large underestimations of burnt
area and carbon emissions in the high latitudes. Here, I present a representation of peat fires in
the JULES-INFERNO fire model (INFERNO-peat). INFERNO-peat improves therepresentation of burnt area across the high latitudes, with notable areas of improvement in
Canada and Siberia. INFERNO-peat also highlights a large amount of interannual variability
in carbon emissions from peat fires. The inclusion of peat fires into JULES-INFERNO
demonstrates the importance of representing peat fires in models, and not doing so may
heavily restrict our ability to model present day fires, and future changes to fire regimes
across the high latitudes.
References[1] Turetsky, M. R. et al., Global vulnerability of peatlands to fire and carbon loss, Nature
Geoscience 8 (2015)[2] Rein, G., Smouldering Fires and Natural Fuels. In Belcher, C., Fire Phenomena and theEarth System: An Interdisciplinary Guide to Fire Science, Wiley and Sons (2013)159

March 6 / March 7

Breakout Session
S2 (Part1 / Part2)

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1

A new proposed scheme for seamless detection of
cutoff lows and preexisting troughs
M. Honda1*, S. Kasuga2, J. Ukita1, S. Yamane3, H. Kawase4, A. Yamazaki5
1

Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Japan
Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Japan3
Department of Environmental Systems Science, Doshisha University, Japan
4
Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan
5
Application Laboratory, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan2

We propose a new scheme based on geopotential height fields to detect cutoff lows
starting in the preexisting trough stage [1]. The intensity and scale derived from the proposed
scheme will allow for a better understanding of the cutoff low life cycle. These cutoff lows
often accompany mesoscale disturbances, causing adverse weather-related events, such as
intense torrential rainfall and/or tornadoes (Fig. 1: left). The proposed scheme quantifies thegeometric features of a depression from its horizontal height profile. The height slope of a line
intersecting the depression bottom and the nearest tangential point (optimal slope) locallyindicates the intensity and scale of an isolated depression. The strength of the proposed scheme
is that, by removing a local background height slope from a geopotential height field, the cutoff
low and its preexisting trough are seamlessly detected as an identical depression. (Fig. 1: right)
The distribution maps for the detected cutoff lows and preexisting troughs are illustrated alongwith their intensities, sizes, and local background flows estimated from snapshot height fields.
We conducted climatological comparisons of cutoff lows to determine the utility of the
proposed scheme.

Figure 1. (Left) Schematic of cutoff low (COL), (Right) COL center, intensity, size andconcave distribution detected based on a new scheme.
References[1] S. Kasuga, M. Honda, J. Ukita, S. Yamane, H. Kawase, A. Yamazaki, Seamless detectionof cutoff lows and preexisting troughs, Mon. Wea. Rev. 149 (2021)

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Cutoff Low Approaching Routes to the Japan Islands
S. Kasuga1*, M. Honda2, J. Ukita2, S. Yamane3, H. Kawase4, A. Yamazaki5
1Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Japan
2Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Japan
3Department of Environmental Systems Science, Doshisha University, Japan
4Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan
5Application Laboratory, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan

Cutoff lows (COLs) are mid-latitude cyclones appear at the upper troposphere. They
contain cold air mass derived from the polar region. Since they decrease atmospheric stability
at the lower troposphere and often accompany severe weathers, investigating COLs thatapproach regions with a large population, such as the Japan Island is important toforecast/mitigate disasters and clarify remote influences of polar atmosphere to its peripheral
region. Besides, the approaching routes of COLs to the Japan Islands and their seasonal cycles
have not been investigated with objective method. In this study, we attempt to elucidate themby utilizing depression detection scheme of Kasuga et al. (2021; K21), which can detect COLs
from their early stage (pre-existing trough stage). We have implemented a tracking scheme of
COLs by simply searching overlapping of area of COLs, which is also defined in K21. Merge
and split of COLs are also recorded to investigate variations of the generation/dissipation of
COLs
Figure 1 shows that tracked COLs at 200 hPa and 500 hPa. Generally, COLs tend to
approach the Japan Islands from northwest. Only JJA and SON at 200 hPa, they approach fromsoutheast. These two routes were reported in different studies; however, we successfully show
them with a consistent criterion. The most frequent COL approaching season is JJA at 200 hPa,
but MAM at 500 hPa. And, we have found that strong class of COLs are most frequent in MAM
for each level. We are investigating these seasonal variations of COLs and planning to introduce
some results at the conference.

Figure 1. Seasonal change of cutoff lows (COLs) tracks approaching the Japan Islands
during 1979–2021 using JRA-55. All track pass the red circle over the Japan Islands. Orange,
green, and blue lines indicate, strong, intermediate, weak COLs, defined by their intensity on
the red circle. Grey lines indicate tracks after reaching the red circle.
References[1] S. Kasuga, M. Honda, J. Ukita, S. Yamane, H. Kawase, A. Yamazaki, Seamless detectionof cutoff lows and preexisting troughs, Mon. Wea. Rev. 149 (2021)

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Distinct seasonality in the frequency of migratory cyclones andanticyclones over the North Pacific
S. Okajima1*, H. Nakamura1 and Y. Kaspi2
1

Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan2
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel

The North Pacific storm-track activity measured by Eulerian eddy statistics is suppressed
substantially under the excessively strong westerly to form a distinct minimum in midwinter,
which seems inconsistent with linear baroclinic instability theory [1]. This “midwinterminimum” of the storm-track activity has been intensively investigated for decades as a test
case for the storm-track dynamics [2-4]. However, the mechanisms controlling it are yet to be
fully unveiled and are still under debate. Here we investigate the detailed seasonal evolution of
the climatological density of surface migratory anticyclones over the North Pacific, incomparison with its counterpart for cyclones, based on a Lagrangian tracking algorithm. We
demonstrate that the frequency of surface cyclones over the North Pacific maximizes in
midwinter, whereas that of anticyclones exhibits a distinct midwinter minimum under the
upstream influence, especially from the Japan Sea. In midwinter, it is only on such a rareoccasion that prominent weakening of the East Asian winter monsoon allows a migratory
anticyclone to form over the Japan Sea, despite the unfavorable climatological-mean conditions
due to persistent monsoonal cold-air outbreaks and excessively strong upper-troposphericwesterlies. The midwinter minimum of the North Pacific anticyclone density suggests that
anticyclones are the key to understanding the midwinter minimum of the North Pacific stormtrack activity as measured by Eulerian eddy statistics.
References[1] H. Nakamura, Midwinter suppression of baroclinic wave activity in the Pacific, J. Atmos.
Sci. 49(17) (2007)[2] E. K. Chang, GCM and observational diagnoses of the seasonal and interannual variationsof the Pacific storm track during the cool season, J. Atmos. Sci. 58(13) (2001)[3] H. Nakamura, T. Izumi, and T. Sampe, Interannual and decadal modulations recently
observed in the Pacific storm track activity and East Asian winter monsoon. J. Climate 15(14)(2002)[4] S. Okajima, H. Nakamura, and Y. Kaspi, Energetics of transient eddies related to the
midwinter minimum of the North Pacific storm-track activity, J. Climate 35(4) (2022)

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Remote influence of the interannual variability of theAustralian summer monsoon on wintertime climate in East
Asia and the western North PacificS. Sekizawa1*, H. Nakamura1 and Y. Kosaka1
1

Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan

In northern Australia, mean rainfall during the Australian summer monsoon (AUSM)
season exhibits distinct interannual variability, which is unlikely forced by sea surface
temperature anomalies but essentially a manifestation of the internal variability of the AUSM
system. This study reveals its significant remote influence on the wintertime climate in East
Asia and the western North Pacific [1]. The stronger AUSM excites a positive Western Pacific(WP) pattern with strengthening of the East Asian winter monsoon (Figure 1), leading to acolder winter over the Korean Peninsula and western Japan as well as reduced precipitation
over southern China. Meanwhile, the Okhotsk sea-ice extent tends to decrease under warm
anomalies and weakened offshore winds.
The mechanisms for this cross-equatorial teleconnection are investigated based on
observational data and numerical experiments. The WP-like anomalies are excited by the
propagation of stationary Rossby waves generated by upper-level divergent wind anomalies
from the Southern Hemisphere that extends into the subtropical Asian jet. The climatological
Hadley cell has an essential role in this process. Anomalous diabatic heating over East Asia andfeedback forcing by transient eddies along the Pacific stormtrack act to further amplify the WPlike response.
The reproducibility of this remote influence in climate models and the remote influence
in intraseasonal timescales may also be discussed in the presentation.

Figure 1. January-February mean 500-hPa geopotential height anomalies regressed onto the
AUSM index. Solid and dashed contours denote positive and negative anomalies, respectively,
with intervals of 3 m. Stippling indicates anomalies exceeding the 95% confidence level.
References[1] S. Sekizawa, H. Nakamura, Y. Kosaka (2021): Remote influence of the interannual
variability of the Australian summer monsoon on wintertime climate in East Asia and thewestern North Pacific. Journal of Climate, 34(23), 9551–9570. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0202.1

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Reconciling conflicting evidence for the cause of theobserved early 21st century Eurasian Cooling

Stephen Outten1,2,*, Camille Li3,2, Martin P. King3,4,2, Lingling Suo1,2, Peter Y. F. Siew3,2,
Hoffman Cheung5,6,2, Richard Davy1,2, Etienne Dunn-Sigouin3,2, Tore Furevik1,2, Shengping
He3,2, Erica Madonna3,2, Stefan Sobolowski4,2, Thomas Spengler3,2, and Tim Woollings7
1

Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway
2
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
3
Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
4
NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
5
School of Atmospheric Sciences & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change
and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
6Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
7
Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Arctic amplification of global warming is accompanied by a dramatic decline in sea ice.
Over a decade ago, researchers noted that this sea ice loss was accompanied by an apparent
cooling over the Eurasian subcontinent, most dramatically during the period 1998-2012. Thisis a counterintuitive impact under global warming and many studies suggested that changes in
wintertime sea-ice were linked to this observed cooling through some hereto unknown
teleconnection, whilst other studies argued that Eurasian cooling is mainly driven by internalvariability. The ongoing debate regarding Arctic to mid-latitude teleconnections over theEurasian sector has divided the scientific community, as highlighted by the work of Cohen etal. [1], giving the impression of strong disagreement between those holding the “ice-driven”
versus “internal variability” viewpoints.
Here we present a new synthesis study into Eurasian cooling [2] which breaks down thedebate into a simple structure by first examining the results of the observational and modellingstudies separately, before reconciling some of the apparently conflicting results from theliterature. While this study does not present a new mechanistic understanding of the processes
underlying Eurasian cooling, it does present an alternative framing of the problem that shows
how sea ice and internal variability perspectives can be compatible. Key to this is viewing
Eurasian cooling through the lens of dynamics (linked primarily to internal variability with asmall contribution from sea ice; cools Eurasia) and thermodynamics (linked to sea ice retreat;
warms Eurasia). This approach, combined with recognition that there is uncertainty in the
hypothesized mechanisms themselves, allows both viewpoints to co-exist and contribute to ourunderstanding of Eurasian cooling. Rather than posit a “yes-or-no” causal relationship between
sea ice and Eurasian cooling, a more constructive way forward is to consider whether thecooling trend was more likely given the observed sea ice loss, and a simple autoregressivemodel is employed to explore this question. Taken in this way both sea ice and internalvariability are factors that affect the likelihood of strong regional cooling in the presence ofongoing global warming.
References[1] Cohen, J., et al.: Divergent consensuses on Arctic amplification influence on midlatitude
severe winter weather, Nature Climate Change, 10 (2020)[2] Outten, S., Li, C., et al..: Reconciling conflicting evidence for the cause of the observed early
21st century Eurasian cooling, Weather Climate Dynamics Discussions, doi: 10.5194/wcd-202232 (preprint)

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Barents-Kara sea-ice decline attributed to surface warmingin the Gulf Stream
Y. Yamagami1*, M. Watanabe2, M. Mori3, J. Ono1
1

2

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Japan
3
Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Japan

Decline in winter sea-ice concentrations (SICs) in the Barents-Kara Sea significantly
affects Arctic climate through changing heat exchange between the warm ocean and cold
atmosphere. The winter SIC anomalies also remotely influence the mid-latitude surface airtemperature in the Northern Hemisphere. However, the sea-ice decrease trend is underestimatedin the multi-model mean of CMIP6 historical simulations. In this study, we show that climate
model (MIROC6) simulations can reproduce the Barents-Kara SICs trend for 1970–2017 whensea surface temperature (SST) variations over the Gulf Stream region is constrained byobservational data (Fig. 1). The constrained SST warming in the Gulf Stream enhances oceanic
heat transports to the Barents-Kara Sea that strengthens the SIC decline. Furthermore, the linear
trends between the Barents-Kara SIC and Gulf Stream SST are highly correlated in the CMIP6
ensemble (r=-0.75), suggesting that the externally forced component of the SST trend explains
56% of the forced Barents-Kara SIC trend. Our results suggests that the surface warming trend
in the Gulf Stream region is an important pacemaker of the Barents-Kara SIC decrease over the
past five decades and also imply that reducing uncertainty of the future SST response may be
crucial for simulating the Arctic sea-ice change.

Figure 1. Observed and simulated linear trends of DJF SST in the Gulf Stream and SIC in the BarentsKara Sea (1970–2017) for the observation (HadISST2; black, COBE-SST2; gray), MIROC6 historicalexperiments (HIST; blue), MIROC6 SST-nudging experiments (NAGA; red), and CMIP6 (green).

References[1] Yamagami, Y., Watanabe, M., Mori, M., & Ono, J. (2022). Barents-Kara sea-ice decline
attributed to surface warming in the Gulf Stream. Nature Communications, 13(1), 1-10.

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7

Atmospheric circulation-constrained model sensitivity
delays timing of ice-free Arctic
D. Topál1,2* and Q. Ding2
1

Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Research Centre for Astronomy and
Earth Sciences, ELKH, Hungary
2
Department of Geography and Earth Research Institute, University of California Santa
Barbara, CA, USA

The Arctic climate system has been suggested to be ‘en route’ to a new state. Here weshow that while the observed Arctic warming contains a substantial contribution from largescale atmospheric circulation in reanalyses, it is not reflected in the modelled forced response.
This suggests prospect of delayed emergence of a seasonally ice-free Arctic under future global
warming scenarios. Hence a recalibration, comparing the warming signals free of thesecirculation impacts in observations and models, is proposed to constrain the models’ Arctic seaice and Greenland ice sheet response to cumulative CO2 forcing over 1979-2020. This manifests
in an approximately decade delay in the projected timing of the first seasonally sea-ice free
Arctic and widespread Greenland melting compared to the unconstrained projections for bothmoderate and high emissions scenarios. Accounting for the role of large-scale atmosphericforcing in Arctic climate change offers new perspectives of estimating regional Arctic climate
sensitivity to anthropogenic forcing.
References[1] D. Topál, Q. Ding, TJ. Ballinger, E. Hanna, X. Fettweis, Z. Li & I. Pieczka (2022):
Discrepancies between observations and climate models of large-scale circulation driven
Greenland melt impact sea-level rise projections, Nature Communications in Press doi:
10.1038/s41467-022-34414-2[2] D. Topál & Q. Ding: Constrained model sensitivity recalibrates projected Arctic climatechange, in revision

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Energetics of Atmospheric Meridional Teleconnections ofInternal/External Variability over the North Pacific in WinterRyo Satoh* and Yu Kosaka
1Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, JapanThe PNA pattern, the WP pattern, and the NPO are known as the dominant teleconnection
patterns in the North Pacific in winter, all of which feature meridional dipoles of atmosphericcirculation anomalies over the basin. In addition to tropical SST forcing, barotropic energy
conversion from the background zonally asymmetric jet, and feedback forcing from transient
eddies, recent studies have pointed out baroclinic energy conversion from the background statewith strong horizontal temperature gradient for their formation and maintenance [1][2].
However, most studies have analyzed a specific pattern of their interest, and role of individual
processes for the dominance of those patterns over other, non-dominant patterns has not beenassessed. Besides the atmospheric internal processes, the extent to which external forcing such
as SST variability contributes to the pattern dominance remains uncertain. In this study, we
systematically extract 286 meridional dipole patterns centered at various locations in thewintertime North Pacific from the atmospheric internal variability (i.e., intrinsic variability
without external forcing) and external variability (i.e., response to external forcing), which areseparated by using a large ensemble AGCM simulation dataset. Then we discuss their
dominance by evaluating their respective energy conversion efficiencies.
For all meridional dipoles, the net energy conversion efficiency is positive with thelargest contribution from baroclinic energy conversion from the background state, indicatingthat all the meridional dipoles gain energy through atmospheric internal processes. For dipole
patterns of internal variability, the net efficiency distribution exhibits geographical dependence(Fig. 1a), mainly determined by the barotropic and baroclinic conversion from the backgroundstate. There are two efficiency maxima, which correspond to the PNA-like pattern and
NPO/WP-like pattern. Dipole patterns of the external variability have overall lower net energy
conversion efficiency (Fig. 1b) due to reduced efficiency of baroclinic conversion.

Figure 1. The net energy conversion efficiency for 286 dipoles over the wintertime North
Pacific extracted from (a) internal variability and (b) external variability.
References[1] S. Tanaka, K. Nishii, H. Nakamura, Vertical Structure and Energetics of the Western PacificTeleconnection Pattern, J. Climate 29 (2016)[2] M. Kim, C. Yoo, M. Sung, S. Lee, Classification of Wintertime Atmospheric Teleconnection
Patterns in the Northern Hemisphere, J. Climate 34 (2021)

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Changing Role of Atmospheric Temperature Advection andWater Vapor Advection under Arctic Amplification using aLarge-scale Ensemble Model Dataset
M. Hori1* and M. Yoshimori1
1

Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Japan

Under elevated concentration of greenhouse gases, the Arctic undergoes an increased
amount of warming compared to the global average in a phenomenon known as Arctic
Amplification (AA). One of the leading topics of debate concerning AA is the importance of
remote transport of heat into the Arctic from the midlatitudes via advection of temperature andwater vapor. Here, we investigate the role of temperature and moisture advection in the lower
troposphere under changing level of global warming using the Database for Policy DecisionMaking for Future Climate Change (d4PDF; Mizuta et al. 2017[1]) dataset which consist of alarge ensemble AGCM dataset designed to quantify the response in atmospheric processes
under changing state of greenhouse gasses and sea surface temperature as well as sea-ice
boundaries. We also utilize the modified formulation of Wang et al. (2019) [2] to decompose
the advection into terms related to dynamical changes, thermodynamical changes and theircovariances. Using the non-warming experiment (HPB-NAT) as a baseline, we applied thismethod to the temperature and water vapor in the lower tropospheric level of 925hPa andcompared the difference between the historical experiment (HPB) and 2K/4K elevated global
warming experiments (HFB-2K / HFB-4K, respectively).
Analysis over the northern winter season of DJF shows that the total advection in HPB
experiment undergoes a positive change in temperature advection over the Arctic driven by astronger dynamical component of advection along the sea-ice boundary in the North Atlantic
and the Northern coastline of the Eurasian continent. This feature drastically changes under
HFB-2K and HFB-4K where the total advection turns negative due to the contribution of boththe thermodynamical term and the eddy term. The thermodynamical term becomes increasingly
negative under weaker temperature gradient and the negative contribution of the eddy term
which is related to the effect of sub-monthly transient eddies dissipating the heat released fromthe ocean dominates over the region where sea ice diminishes. Region along the Eurasiancontinent where sea ice is reduced shows a large release in sensible heat which is consistent
with the negative eddy term.
Similar result can be seen for water vapor where increase in water vapor advection isseen over the North Atlantic due to the dynamical term. The thermodynamical term shows anorth/south dipole pattern where the advection of water vapor in the northern Barents Sea
increases while there is a marked decrease along the Scandinavian coast. In our presentation,
we will further explore the regionality and seasonality of the water vapor advection.
References[1] R. Mizuta, A. Murata, M. Ishii et al, Over 5,000 Years of Ensemble Future Climate
Simulations by 60-km Global and 20-km Regional Atmospheric Models, Bull Am Meteorol
Soc, 98, 1383–1398 (2017)[2] F. Wang, S. J. Vavrus, J. A. Francis, J. E. Martin, The role of horizontal thermal advection
in regulating wintertime mean and extreme temperatures over interior North America during
the past and future, Clim. Dyn. 53, 6125–6144 (2019)169

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Exchange of atmospheric moisture between Arctic Ocean
and Eurasian continent investigated by moisture transportmodel experiment
T. Sato1,2*
1Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, JAPAN
2
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, JAPANPersistent abnormal weather events can cause considerable damage to human society
and natural environments. In northern Eurasia, such abnormal weather events in the warm
season have been enhanced as a result of natural variability and global warming (Sato andNakamura, 2019). The heatwave over Siberia and associated blocking high helped maintainthe abnormal rainfall over East Asia in summer 2020, suggesting Arctic to mid-latitude
teleconnection (Nakamura and Sato, 2022). To understand the contribution of hydrological
cyclone, this study investigates the exchange of atmospheric moisture between Arctic Ocean
and Eurasian continent considering the source of atmospheric moisture. The analysis was
performed by the tagged moisture transport model driven by reanalysis data as described in
Sato et al. (2022). It is found that the transport of atmospheric moisture to Siberia thatoriginated from Arctic Ocean evaporation has increased substantially in autumn to early
winter during 1981–2019 when substantial sea ice retreat was observed. The enhanced Arctic
moisture content is found in western Siberia in September, consistent with the observed
increase in snow cover investigated in earlier studies. Meanwhile, the annual maximum daily
amount of Arctic moistureshows a sharp increase ineastern
SiberiaduringOctober–December associatedwith cyclonic activities along
coastal regions.
Figure 1. Illustration of theland-atmosphere interaction andhydrological cycle over Arctic
ocean and northern Eurasia.
References[1] Sato T., and T. Nakamura, Intensification of hot Eurasian summers by climate change andland-atmosphere interactions. Scientific Reports, 9, 10866, DOI:
10.1038/s41598-019-47291-5 (2019)[2] Nakamura, T., and T. Sato, 2022: A Possible Linkage of Eurasian Heat Wave and East
Asian Heavy Rainfall in Relation to the Rapid Arctic Warming. Environmental Research,
209, 112881, DOI:10.1016/j.envres.2022.112881[3] Sato, T., T. Nakamura, Y. Iijima, and T. Hiyama, 2022: Enhanced Arctic moisturetransport toward Siberia in autumn revealed by tagged moisture transport modelexperiment, npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, DOI: 10.1038/s41612-022-00310-1, inpress.

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Climatological Characteristics of Atmospheric Rivers over
Northern Eurasia during Summer
Y. Fukutomi1*, H. Kanamori1, and T. Hiyama1
1

Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Japan

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) have been regarded as a synoptic precipitation producing
system which forms a sharp and narrow band structure of strong moisture transport. They tend
to be accompanied by development of extratropical cyclones, fronts, and cloud bands which
produce heavy precipitation and flooding in the mid-latitude continental coastal regions. It
might be expected that ARs induce high-impact weather events also in the higher-latitudecontinental inland regions. This study examines structure and characteristics of ARs overnorthern Eurasia during the 43 summer seasons (JJA 1979−2021). Main focus is on thecharacterization of the continental ARs that are responsible for hydrometeorological impacts in
Siberia. The AR events are objectively detected by applying a hierarchical cluster analysis tovertically integrated water vapor transport whose intensity exceeds a specific criterion. The
resulting AR patterns are classified into five distinct types over northern Eurasia. Relationships
between the AR types, extratropical cyclones, frontal activity, and cloudiness are investigatedwith composite analysis using JRA-55-based atmospheric variables, gridded precipitation
analysis (MSWEPv2.8), and satellite-based cloud amount data (ISCCP-H). The ARs are further
characterized as an inland type and an Arctic coastal type. The inland-type ARs tend topenetrate eastward and northeastward into the warm frontal zone accompanied by the
extratropical cyclone development in the western and northwestern side of the ARs. Intense
precipitation bands are aligned to the warm frontal zones associate with the inland ARs. The
coastal-type ARs are more zonally oriented and their axis is almost parallel to warm frontal
zones. A zonally elongated warm frontal zone occurs associated with extratropical cyclone
activity over the Arctic coastal region. An enhanced precipitation band is collocated with thewarm frontal zone whose axis is located to the north of the AR axis. Activities of deep
convective cloud and nimbostratus cloud are enhanced within the precipitation band. They canbe main precipitating clouds in the well-developed AR precipitation band over northern Eurasia.

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Interdecadal Variations of Monthly Water Budget
Comportments in Warm Season over Siberia
H. Kanamori1* and T. Hiyama1
1

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Japan

Precipitation variability in warm season (from May to September) over Siberia
significantly impacts river discharges into the Arctic Ocean from the three major Siberian Riverbasins (Ob, Yenisei, and Lena). Summer precipitation (rainfall) is derived mainly from
evapotranspiration from the land surface, whereas large-scale moisture flux convergence isrelatively small in summer. The boreal forest plays an essential role in the hydrological cycle
through evapotranspiration over Siberia. It has been reported that boreal forests in eastern
Siberia were severely damaged by permafrost degradation and waterlogging owing tocontinuous high summer rainfalls from 2005 to 2008. It is, therefore, essential to reveal the
spatial and temporal variability of Siberian summer rainfall for understanding hydroclimate andthe responses of boreal forest ecosystem in the northern high-latitude regions. Interdecadal
variation in summer rainfall associated with that in stationary waves was predominant over
Siberia. However, interdecadal variation of the hydrological cycle in the region remains unclear.
In this study, we investigate interdecadal variations in the atmospheric water budget
components from 1980–2021 in order to further understand the atmospheric-land surface
interaction over Siberia.
Persistent wet years in the late 2000s and dry years in the late 2010s related to the decadal
variability in summer, particularly over eastern Siberia (Lena River basin), were detected in the
MSWEP (Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation) dataset. The increasing rainfall
trends in July and August contributed mainly to the wet period. However, the rainfall in June
has not increased considerably compared to the other warm months in this period. In contrast,
the decreasing rainfall trends in June and August were dominant in the recent dry years of thelate 2010s. Interestingly, interdecadal rainfall variation was weak in July, with persistently highrainfall since 2000s, while exhibiting notable interannual rainfall variability. The southerlywater vapor transport anomalies evaluated with the ERA5 reanalysis data showed distinct
decreases during the dry period, associated with the interdecadal variation of stationary wave
train along the 65–75N° in June and August. And the evapotranspiration from June to August
obtained from the GLEAM (Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model) data showed anincrease with decadal change from the wet to dry periods. These results imply that the seasonal
cycle of the atmospheric water budget and the hydrological cycle over Siberia were modulatedwith interdecadal variability.

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Breakout Session
S3

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1

Size Distribution and Depolarization Properties of Aerosol
Particles over the Northwest Pacific and Arctic Ocean
Yu Tian1, Xiaole Pan1*, Yele Sun1,Pingqing Fu2, Itsushi Uno3 and Zifa Wang1
1

State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry,
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
2

Institute of Surface-Earth System Sciences, Tianjin University, China

3

Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Japan

Atmospheric aerosols over polar regions have attracted considerable attention for their pivotal
effects on climate change. Temporospatial variations in single-particle-based depolarization
ratios (δ: s-polarized component divided by the total backward scattering intensity) werestudied over the Northwest Pacific and the Arctic Ocean using an optical particle counter witha depolarization module. The δ value of aerosols was 0.06 ± 0.01 for the entire observation
period, 61 ± 10% lower than the observations for coastal Japan (0.12 ± 0.02) and inland China(0.19 ± 0.02) in summer. The volume concentration showed two dominant size modes at 0.9
and 2 μm. The super-micrometer particles were mostly related to sea-salt aerosols with a δ valueof 0.09 over marine polar areas, ∼22% larger than in the low-latitude region because ofdifferences in chemical composition and dry air conditions. The δ values for fine particles (<1μm) were 0.05 ± 0.1, 50% lower than inland anthropogenic pollutants, mainly because of thecomplex mixtures of sub-micrometer sea salts. High particle concentrations in the Arctic Ocean
could mostly be attributed to the strong marine emission of sea salt associated with deep oceanic
cyclones, whereas long-range transport pollutants from the continent were among the primarycauses of high particle concentrations in the Northwest Pacific region.

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Concentrations and physical properties of refractory black
carbon in the atmosphere over the Pacific and the Antarctic
Ocean
S. Lim1*, J. Kim2, M. Lee2, K. Park3, and Y. Yoon3
1

Dept.of Environmental Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, S. Korea
2
Dept.of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, S. Korea
3
Korean Polar Research Center, Incheon, S. Korea

Black carbon (BC), emitted by combustion processes of fossil-fuel and biomass, in the
Arctic atmosphere has attracted considerable interest due to its significant impact on snow andglacial melting, particularly in the Arctic region. However, little is known about its chemicaland physical properties and the histories of its emissions and transport over the Antarctic ocean.
In this study, we will measure refractory black carbon (rBC) including its number and massconcentration, size distributions, and mixing state using an extended-range single particle sootphotometer (SP2-XR, DMT) on the Korean R/V Araon through the Pacific and the Antarctic
ocean, focusing on the Terra Nova Bay over the Ross Sea during November to December 2022.
SP2 has recently been used in the Arctic region as it provides high-resolution data basedon a single particle approach. In detail, this field measurement aims to provide spatial
distributions of the rBC properties and explore its emission sources and aging processes in theatmosphere of the Pacific and the Antarctic ocean. Detailed results will be presented in themeeting.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI) grant funded by the
Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (KOPRI PE22900)

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Observations of the Central Arctic Atmosphere and Surface
Using Uncrewed Aircraft Systems
G. de Boer1,2,3*, R. Calmer1, G. Jozef1, J. Cassano1, J. Hamilton1,2, U. Egerer4, D. Lawrence5,
A. Doddi5, and B. Argrow3
1
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, USA
2
NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory, USA
3
Integrated Remote and In Situ Sensing, University of Colorado, USA
4
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA
5
Research and Engineering Center for Unmanned Vehicles, University of Colorado, USA
Over a six-month period, a team from the University of Colorado Boulder operated
uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS) or drones alongside the research icebreaker Polarstern during
its drift through the Central Arctic Ocean as part of the MOSAiC expedition (de Boer et al.,2022). These observations provide high-resolution perspectives on the temporal and spatial
variability of atmospheric and surface parameters. This includes nearly 100 flights in thelowest 1 km of the atmosphere using the DataHawk2 UAS, which measures thermodynamic
and kinematic properties of the atmosphere. The Datahawk2 was specifically operated inclose proximity to small leads to assess the influence of those ice features on the lower
atmosphere, and was additionally used to provide frequent profiles in between radiosondelaunches. In addition to the DataHawk2, the team also operated the HELiX, a hexacopter
equipped to make detailed measurements of ice surface features and the surface albedo. This
platform captured information on the evolution of the ice surface during MOSAiC leg 4,
including information on melt pond fraction and surface cover. It also provided detailed
information on the significant dependence of measured surface albedo on altitude above thesurface, helping to bridge gaps between surface based albedo sensors, helicopters and satellites.
Here, we will provide an overview of the flights conducted with these UAS during the
MOSAiC campaign. We will provide insight into the evolution of lower atmospheric andboundary layer properties and processes during legs 3 and 4 of MOSAiC. We will additionallyprovide insight into the evolution of the ice surface, including albedo during the summer melt
season, as seen by the HELiX platform. Finally, we will highlight some efforts to understandthe ability of numerical weather prediction models to accurately portray these complex Arctic
processes in relation to the observations collected by UAS and other platforms during MOSAiC.
Pitot Tube

Vaisala RSS-421

CU Finewire with
SHT-85CU IR Sensor (x2)

Autopilot System

Pitot Tube
Vaisala RSS-421

Vaisala RSS-421 (x2)

CU Finewire with
SHT-85Kipp & Zonen
PR1-V (x2)

MicaSense
RedEdge-MX

CU IR Sensor (x2)
Autopilot System

Figure 1. A map showing the flight locations (left), and photographs of the different UAS(center,right).
Vaisala RSS-421 (x2)
Kipp & Zonen
References
PR1-V (x2)[1] G. de Boer, and co-authors: Observing the Central Arctic Atmosphere and Surface with
University of Colorado Uncrewed Aircraft
Systems, Nature Sci. Data., 9,
MicaSense
RedEdge-MX
439, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01526-9.

176

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Potential impact of marine biota on the formation of marine
bioaerosols, CCN, and INP over the Arctic Ocean
K. Kawana1*, F. Taketani1, K. Matsumoto1, T. Miyakawa1, Y. Tobo2,
Y. Iwamoto3, A. Ito4, and Y. Kanaya1
1

Earth Surface System Research Center, Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency
for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Japan
2
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
3
Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Japan
4
Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences, JAMSTEC, Japan

Marine bioaerosols originating from marine biological activities are uplifted from theocean surface to the atmosphere and they could drive climate change via cloud processes byacting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice-nucleating particles (INP). Nevertheless,the abundance and distribution of atmospheric biological particles over the ocean and thepotential roles of marine biota in the cloud-forming processes via sea-air exchange are still
unknown. To investigate the bioaerosols over the ocean and their relationship with the marine
biogenic sources, cruise observation was conducted on R/V MIRAI from 28 Sep to 10 Nov
2019, over the North Pacific, the Bering Sea, and the Arctic Ocean.
Bioaerosol particles in the ambient air were identified with an online waveband
integrated bioaerosol sensor (WIBS-4) and categorized based on the fluorescence patterns andparticle size. Organic gel particles from marine biota, i.e., the polysaccharides transparent
exopolymer particles (TEP) and the proteinaceous Coomassie stainable particles (CSP), wereextracted from surface seawater and quantified. Additionally, physicochemical properties ofaerosol particles (number-size distribution, number concentration, and chemical composition)and cloud-activation properties as CCN and INP were also obtained by in-situ observations.
Using these comprehensive data, we will discuss (1) the geographic distribution and abundanceof bioaerosols and their fluorescence pattern with the meteorological condition and sources, (2)the relationship between bioaerosols and oceanic biological activity underlining air-sea
interaction, and (3) the roles of bioaerosols for activation in the cloud processes based on theobserved CCN and INP.

177

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Arctic marine aerosols observed during R/V Mirai cruise in
Autumn, 2021
T. Kinase1*, F.Taketani1, T. Miyakawa1, C. Zhu1, M. Takigawa1, and Yugo Knaya1
1

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan

Arctic climate change is one of the most important issues for the Earth's future. Aerosols
contribute to climate change via effects on radiation and cloud properties, but measurements ofArctic aerosols are not sufficient to elucidate the roles, especially in the marine environment.
To understand the Arctic climate change, observations of the temporal and spatial distributions
and characteristics of diverse aerosol particles are required. Our group conducted online aerosol
measurements and samplings throughout the Arctic cruise of R/V Mirai (MR21-05C) in 2021.
The research cruise was conducted between September and October 2021. We observed
concentrations of BC (SP2), the size distributions of fine particles (Nano Scan model 3910),
CO (48i-TLE), and O3 (model 205) in the research room. Sample air was introduced to the CO
and O3 instruments using long Teflon tubes from the front of the compass deck and to the SP2and SMPS using a custom-made concentric tube-type inlet. Aerosol samples for thetransmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis were collected using a two-stage auto
impactor with several meters of conductive silicone tube every 1–4 hours. On the compass deck
(18m asl), concentrations of coarse mode particles (KR-12A) and fluorescent particles (WIBS4A) were observed. Aerosol samples were collected on quartz fiber filters using a high-volume
air sampler (120SL) equipped with a single-stage impactor (TE-231) for the chemical analysis.
The air sampler cooperated with a wind selector to avoid sampling ship plumes from R/V Mirai.
During the reseach cruise, we observed several typical events regarding aerosols’
physical and chemical properties, such as the enhancements of fine particle numbers and thechanges in particle’s chemical features (Figure1). In figure1, we can see the changes of particle
fraction of sulfate and sea salt occurring with the fine particle enhancement. In this presentation,
we will introduce such results based on online measurements and TEM analysis observed
during MR21-05C.

Figure 1. Time series of fine and coarse particle concentration, the size distribution of fineparticles, and TEM photos of aerosol particles.

178

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Source attribution of black carbon aerosols
at Poker Flat, Alaska using FLEXPART-WRF
M. Takigawa1*, F. Taketani1, Y. Kanaya1, H. Kobayashi1, T. Kinase1, C. Zhu1, Y. Kim2
1

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
2
University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA

Black carbon aerosols (BC) are emitted into the atmosphere by incomplete combustion
processes of fossil fuels and biomass. Especially in the Arctic region, anthropogenic
emissions from mid-latitudes (e.g., China) are transported by large-scale atmosphericcirculation. Local emissions, such as forest fires in boreal forests and gas flares in oil fields,
are also considered to contribute significantly. In this study, we report on the emission source
analysis for Poker Flat, Alaska, mainly focusing on the forest fire emission inventories, whichstill show large differences among the inventories.
Since April 2016, observations of BC and CO have been conducted at the Poker Flat
Research Range (PFRR; 65.12°N, 147.49°W) in cooperation with the University of Alaska
Fairbanks. The pathways of air parcels observed at PFRR were estimated using the
Lagrangian particle diffusion model FLEXPART-WRF version 3.3. Backward calculations
were performed for 20 days using 40,000 particles every 6 hours from April 2016 to
December 2020. The meteorological field was calculated by a regional meteorological model(WRF) covering the Northern Hemisphere. The source attribution has been estimated using
the residence time calculated by FLEXPART-WRF and emissions at each grid. The
ECLIPSEv6 and six different inventories (FINNv1,5 FINNv2.5(MODIS, MODIS+VIIRS),
GFEDv4.1a, GFASv1.2, QFEDv2.5r1, FEERv1.0-G1.2) were used as the anthropogenic andbiomass burning emissions, respectively.
It was found that there were significant differences in the contribution of biomassburning among inventories in summer when the forest fires were active. Among them,
GFEDv4.1 generally succeeded in capturing large fire events, especially in 2017 and 2019. If
we assume the ‘event period’ as observed BC concentration exceeds the 98 percentiles for thewhole period (>152.6 ng/m3-STP), the contribution of biomass burning was estimated to beremarkably higher at the event period (69.4%) than that during the non-event period (22.1%).

Figure 1. Source sectors estimated using FLEXPART-WRF for 2016-2020.

179

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7

Ship-borne Observation of Ice Nucleating Particles over theWestern North Pacific to the Arctic Ocean by R/V Mirai:
Comparison with Composition of Aerosol Particles
F. Taketani1*, Y. Tobo2,3, M. Takigawa1, T. Miyakawa1, and Y. Kanaya1
1

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
2
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
3
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, JapanAt high latitudes including the Arctic region, mixed-phase clouds consisting of droplets
and ice are often present and play an important role in the hydrological cycle and climate ofthis region. Ice nucleating particles (INPs) present in low abundance in clouds, have asignificant influence on the ice formation process and affect the characteristics of mixed-phase
clouds by changing cloud radiation properties and lifetimes. Therefore, information on theconcentration and source of INPs is important for estimating climate and hydrological cycles.
However, information on INPs over the ocean at high latitude is extremely poor. In this study,
we investigated the number concentration of INPs and the composition of aerosol particles over
the western North Pacific to the Arctic Ocean measured by shipborne observation using the
R/V Mirai from 22 August 2016 to 6 October 2016.
The number concentrations of INPs active at -25C (NINP(T>-25C)) in this cruise varied
from 0.03 - 41 L-1 (Figure 1). NINP(T>-25C) over the Arctic Ocean (>70N) was lower than thoseover the Bering Sea and the western North Pacific. Comparison of NINP(T>-25C) with massconcentrations of Fe and Mn by filter analysis indicated that the variation trends were similar,
suggesting that particles of terrestrial origin may be influencing observed NINP(T>-25C). The
number concentration of INPs active at -15C (NINP(T>-15C)) was significantly observed over the
Bering Sea and western North Pacific in late September. Comparison of NINP(T>-25C) and NINP(T>15C) with number concentration fluorescent aerosol particles (NFAP) measured by Waveband
Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor (WIBS-4) indicated that NINP(T>-15C) shows a higher correlation
with NFAP than NINP(T>-25C), indicating that NINP(T>-15C) may be influenced by biologicalmaterials. In addition, air masses affected by the Siberian Forest fires were also transported
over the Bering Sea in this cruise period, suggesting that soil and biogenic particles frombiomass burning had a significant impact on the observed NINP(T>-25C) and NINP(T>-15C).
Furthermore, we are planning to introduce the new Japanese icebreaker to be constructedin near future for the Arctic research (https://www.jamstec.go.jp/parv/e/).

Figure 1. Time series of number concentrations of INPs (left) and cruise track (right) in thisstudy.

180

S -Short-lived climate forcers in the Earth system: recent
trends, source attribution, and future projections
Marianne Tronstad Lund1*
1

CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway

This talk focuses on the most recent literature and assessments of atmospheric composition, trends,
and projections of SLCF abundances, on global and regional scales, including the Arctic. Short-lived climate
forcers (SLCFs) - including aerosols, methane, and ozone – play a key role in shaping the regional and global
climate and environment. Limiting human-induced global warming and alleviating detrimental air quality
requires concurrent reductions in CO2, and other long-lived greenhouse gases (GHGs), and SLCFs. In
contrast to well-mixed GHGs, SLCFs comprises a complex mix of spatially heterogeneous, chemically andradiatively active compounds with both cooling and warming temperature effects, as well as effects on otherclimate variables. Due to these characteristics and their short lifetime, SLCFs remain challenging to simulate
and their climate effects can depend on the location of emissions, making source-specific attribution
important for the development of mitigation strategies. Recent decades have also seen rapid shifts in thegeographical distribution of anthropogenic emissions of aerosols and precursor gases, and existing scenarios
span a wide range of possible future evolutions (Figure 1). The influence of differences in recent emission
inventories on simulated aerosol and ozone distributions, and the subsequent radiative forcing will be
explored. Finally, knowledge about the climate effects of emissions from different regions and sectors will
be discussed, with an outlook for further required research.

Figure 1: Simulated regionally averaged burdens of BC and sulfate aerosols from 1900 to 2100
using CEDS with the CEDS historical and SSP future emissions (Lund et al. 2019).
References: Lund, M. T., Myhre, G., and Samset, B. H.: Anthropogenic aerosol forcing under the Shared

Socioeconomic Pathways, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 13827–13839 (2019).

181

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Impacts of Short-lived Climate Forcers on the Arctic
Climate by MRI-ESM2.0 and Multi-model Analyses
N. Oshima1*, M. Deushi1, T. Aizawa2, 1 and S. Yukimoto1
1

Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan
2
National Institute of Polar Research, JapanWe developed the latest version of the Meteorological Research Institute Earth System
Model MRI-ESM2.0 [1], which was one of the models that participated in the Coupled Model
Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), contributing to the IPCC sixth assessment report,
and the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) short-lived climate forcers(SLCFs) assessment. MRI-ESM2.0 generally displays realistic reproduction in both mean
climate and interannual variability. In this presentation, we introduce our recent studies,
relevant to the Arctic climate, using MRI-ESM2.0 and multi-model analyses. First, the effective
radiative forcing (ERF) of anthropogenic gases and aerosols under present-day conditions
relative to preindustrial conditions is estimated using MRI-ESM2.0 as part of the Radiative
Forcing Model Intercomparison Project (RFMIP) and Aerosol and Chemistry Model
Intercomparison Project (AerChemMIP), endorsed by CMIP6 [2]. The global mean total
aerosol ERF at the top of the atmosphere consists of 23% from aerosol-radiation interactions−2−2), 71% from aerosol−), and slightly from other−−2
effects). In the Arctic, black carbon (BC) and methane can provide the second andthird largest contributions, respectively, to the positive ERFs after carbon dioxide. The
reduction in the surface albedo due to BC deposition on snow over land and sea ice, which leads
to a decrease in the snow cover due to snow melting, plays a major role in the Arctic mean
shortwave ERFs of BC. This study also suggests the importance of interactions of aerosols withice clouds, particularly over tropical convective regions. Second, observations showed theArctic surface cooling during the mid-20th c–
We conducted a multi-model analysis using the CMIP6 Detection and
Attribution Model Intercomparison Project (DAMIP) historical simulations, suggesting thathuman-related external factors could contribute to the high-latitude surface cooling observed in–[3]. Our analysis shows that both increased anthropogenic aerosols and–Arctic surface
cooling. Finally, we also introduce our recent activities for the AMAP SLCFs multi-modelstudies, which contributed to the AMAP SLCFs assessment report.
References[1] Yukimoto, S., H. Kawai, T. Koshiro, N. Oshima, K. Yoshida, S. Urakawa, H. Tsujino, M. Deushi,
T. Tanaka, M. Hosaka, S. Yabu, H. Yoshimura, E. Shindo, R. Mizuta, A. Obata, Y. Adachi, and M. Ishii,
The Meteorological Research Institute Earth System Model version 2.0, MRI-ESM2.0: Description andbasic evaluation of the physical component, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 97[2] Oshima, N., S. Yukimoto, M. Deushi, T. Koshiro, H. Kawai, T. Y. Tanaka, and K. Yoshida, Globaland Arctic effective radiative forcing of anthropogenic gases and aerosols in MRI-ESM2.0, Prog. Earth.
Planet. Sci. 7 (2020)[3] Aizawa, T., N. Oshima, and S. Yukimoto, Contributions of anthropogenic aerosol forcing andmultidecadal internal variability to mid-20th century Arctic cooling—CMIP6/DAMIP multimodel
analysis, Geophys. Res. Lett. 49 (2022)

182

S - 1

Estimation of the Arctic CH4 flux based on an ensemble ofatmospheric inversions and aircraft observations
Dmitry A. Belikov1*, Boris D. Belan2, Mikhail Yu. Arshinov2, Naoko Saitoh1,
and Prabir K. Patra1,3
1

Center for Environmental Remote Sensing (CEReS), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
2
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics SB RAS, Tomsk, Russia
3
Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science andTechnology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, Japan
Methane (CH4) emitted from both natural and anthropogenic sources is the second mostimportant greenhouse gas with poorly known sources located in the Arctic. The significance ofstudying the dynamics of CH4 emissions from Arctic sources to the atmosphere has increased
sharply in recent years in connection with the degradation of permafrost and subsea methane
hydrate thawing. The high CH4 concentrations in the troposphere over this region were derived
from both ground-based measurements and space-borne observations of the total methanecolumn. The recent review on the methane budget in the atmosphere clarifies the orders ofmagnitude of individual sources for the planet, but it does not answer the question of the reasonsfor the accelerated increase in the CH4 concentration over the Arctic compared to other latitudes.
In this study, we have estimated methane sources and sinks using the Japan Agency for
Marine-Earth Science and Technology’s Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate(MIROC, version 4.0) (referred to as MIROC4-ACTM [1]) and atmospheric measurementsfrom ground-based observations with a special focus on the 2000-2021 period. The CH4
inversion enables the key regions with emission changes to be identified, and the information
on emissions from different source sectors from an extensive set of inventories has been used
to attribute affecting drivers [2]. Our inversion model system simulations with a set ofmandatory and optional runs using various oxidant fields contribute to the global CH4 budget
estimation performed in the frame of the Global Carbon Project.
This MIROC4-ACTM CH4 was estimated using airborne in-situ measurements ofatmospheric CH4 carried out during the extensive campaign undertaken in the troposphere overthe Russian Arctic by means of the Optik Tu-134 [3] aircraft laboratory from 4 to 17 September
2020 [4]. The flight route of the above experiment covered all seas and coastal areas of theRussian sector of the Arctic and the Bering Sea as well. Vertical profiles were measured fromthe minimum permissible heights (typically 500 m above ground level and 200 m above seas)
to the upper troposphere. The methane concentrations recorded over the seas were increased
compared to the coastal areas during all time of the experiment. Whether the methane was ofthe oceanic origin or was transported from terrestrial sources is not clear yet. Clarifying thisissue is of special scientific interest.
References[1] Patra, P. K. et al.: Improved chemical tracer simulation by MIROC4.0-based atmosphericchemistry-transport model (MIROC4-ACTM), SOLA 14 (2018).
[2] Chandra, N. et al.: Emissions from the oil and gas sectors, coal mining and ruminantfarming drive methane growth over the past three decades, J. Meteorological Soc. Jpn (2021).
[3] Anokhin, G. G. et al.: OPTIK Tu-134 aircraft laboratory, Atmos. Oceanic Opt. 24 (2011)
in Russian.
[4] Belan B. D. et al.: Integrated airborne investigation of the air composition over theRussian sector of the Arctic, Atmos. Meas. Tech. 15 (2022)

183

S - 11

Quantifying Contributions of Anthropogenic Aerosol
Increase and Internal Variability to the Mid-20th Century
Arctic Cooling by CMIP6/DAMIP Multimodel Analysis
T. Aizawa1,2*, N. Oshima2 and S. Yukimoto2
1

2

National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan

Observational Arctic surface air temperature (SAT) around 1970 was −0.95°C–−0.70°C
lower than around 1940 (Figure.1). We conducted the multimodel analyses using the state-ofthe-art climate models participated in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6) or Detection and Attribution Model Intercomparison Project (DAMIP) to quantify thefactors contributing the Arctic cooling. Multimodel ensemble mean using all CMIP6 historicalsimulations suggested the contribution of external forcings to the Arctic cooling. Multimodel
ensemble means using all DAMIP historical simulations exhibited Arctic surface cooling of−0.22°C (±0.24°C) in decadal mean SAT in 1970 versus that in 1940 and showed thatanthropogenic aerosol forcings contributed to a cooling of −0.65°C (±0.37°C), which waspartially offset by a warming of 0.44°C (±0.22°C) due to well-mixed greenhouse gases. Whenthe multidecadal internal variability was combined with the cooling response to all forcings, itsvalue reached −0.69°C (−0.93°C–−0.45°C), which is comparable to the observed cooling of−0.81°C. The ranges of 30-year Arctic SAT trends for weak and strong cooling fluctuations
caused by the internal variability were estimated to be −0.6°C and −1.2°C with reemergence
periods of approximately 70 and 2000 years, respectively. The ongoing warming signal will
override the fluctuations due to internal variabilities in the Arctic. As anthropogenic sulfur
emissions and sulfate aerosols contributing to cooling at Earth’s surface will decrease in any
future scenarios of shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP) [1], Arctic warming will continue
over the near-term future even under strong cooling fluctuations generated by internalvariability.

Figure 1. Observed surface air temperature changes in the Arctic (blue line) and Global (redline) relative to the 1850–1900 mean by HadCRUT5. Thick lines indicate 9-year runningmean values.
References[1] M. Gidden, K. Riahi, S. Smith, S. Fujimori, G. Luderer, E. Kriegler et al., Global
emissions pathways under different socioeconomic scenarios for use in CMIP6: A dataset of
harmonized emissions trajectories through the end of the century, Geoscientific Model
Development 12(4) (2019)184

S - 1

Expert Group on Black Carbon and Methane (EGBCM)- A Finnish Perspective on National Reporting
S. Romppanen1*, K. Kupiainen,2 M. Savolahti3 and N. Karvosenoja4
1

Finnish Environment Institute, Climate Solutions
2
Ministry of the Environment of Finland
3
Finnish Environment Institute4
Finnish Environment InstituteArctic States are responsible for 30% of black carbon’s warming effects in the Arctic,
because of the greater warming impact of local emission sources. Furthermore, methane is awell-mixed greenhouse gas, so reducing global sources will benefit the Arctic, and hence
reductions in methane, whether from Arctic or non-Arctic States, is important for the mitigationof near-term warming of the Arctic. Under the Arctic Council Framework for Action2, theArctic States are committed to take “enhanced, ambitious, national and collective action toaccelerate the decline in our overall black carbon emissions and to significantly reduce ouroverall methane emissions”, and to submitting biennial national reports on countries’ existingand planned actions to reduce black carbon and methane, national inventories of these pollutants
and, when available, projections of future emissions.
To help implement these commitments, the Framework established an Expert Group on
Black Carbon and Methane (EGBCM). The Expert Group was tasked with developing abiennial “Summary of Progress and Recommendations” based on the national reports and otherrelevant information. The 3rd Summary of Progress and Recommendations was ready in 2021,
and the 4th Summary report is under preparation. In 2021, the EGBCM assessed that Arctic
States have reduced their collective black carbon emissions by 20% in 2018, compared to 2013,
and are on track to achieve the collective, aspirational goal to reduce black carbon emissions
by 25-33% of 2013 levels by 2025. Collective methane emissions have increased by 2% from2013 to 2018, and are projected to continue increasing to 2025. Continued efforts are hence
required to maintain progress on black carbon emission reductions, and more ambitious efforts
are required to reverse the trend of increasing methane emissions.
This presentation would introduce EGBCM work on national reporting and on the
preparation of the Summary report as well as share recent experiences from the Finnish
perspective.

2

Enhanced Black Carbon and Methane Emissions Reductions. An Arctic Council Framework for Action.

Annex

4.

Iqaluit2015

SAO

ReporttoMinisters,

council.org/handle/11374/610>.

185

availableat<https://oaarchive.arctic-

S - 1Synthesis of bottom-up and observation-based black
carbon emission estimates from China, Japan and Korea
as Observer States of Arctic Council
Y. Kanaya1*, K. Yamaji2, T. Miyakawa1, F. Taketani1, C. Zhu 1, Y. Choi3, K. Ikeda4, H.
Tanimoto 4, D. Yamada5, D. Narita6, Y. Kondo7 and Z. Klimont3
1Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Japan
2Kobe University, Japan
3Hunkuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS), Korea
4National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Japan
5Hokkaido University, Japan
6The University of Tokyo, Japan
7National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR), Japan
8International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Austria

Reducing black carbon (BC) emissions by 25-33% relative to 2013 levels by 2025 istargeted by the Arctic States to stabilize the climate change. Asian countries including Japan,
China and Korea as Observer States of the Arctic Council are invited to the work to reduce
emissions and to report on their national progress, as their emissions can be transported for long
distances to the Arctic region. However, the information content or accuracy is still limited to
fully support the policy. Here our activities are introduced synthesizing recent emission
estimates from bottom-up and top-down (atmospheric observation-based) approaches to assist
the reporting processes. We aim for a regional assessment during 2024 and call for international
collaboration.
China has been regarded as a major emitter and thus chiefly investigated. Our long-term
observations of atmospheric BC mass concentrations using MAAP and COSMOS instruments
since 2009 at Fukue Island (32.75°N, 128.68°E), western Japan, revealed that Chinese national
total emission amount decreased significantly from 1.6 to 1.1 Tg yr-1 during 2009–2018 [1].
This evaluation includes correction for the interannual meteorological variability by using
regional atmospheric chemistry model (WRF/CMAQ) simulations with constant emissions.
Consistency with bottom-up inventories has remarkably improved recently: 1.04 and 1.21 Tg
yr-1 for 2019 from Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC) [2] and theCommunity Emissions Data System (CEDS, v2021-04-21), respectively, and 1.15 Tg yr-1 for2016 from ECLIPSE v6b. Based on the atmospheric concentration response to the COVID-19
lockdown, we estimated the dominance of residential sector (64%) for Feb–Apr 2019 [3], which
was similar to 57% from MEIC for the same period, and 63% from ECLIPSE v6b for 2015,
while other inventories estimated lower fractions. In the presentation, we will summarize
information about Japan and Korea as well.
References[1] Y. Kanaya et al., Rapid reduction in black carbon emissions from China: evidence from2009–2019 observations on Fukue Island, Japan, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6339–6356 (2020)[2] B. Zheng et al., Changes in China's anthropogenic emissions and air quality during the
COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2895–2907 (2021)[3] Y. Kanaya et al., Dominance of the residential sector in Chinese black carbon emissions as
identified from downwind atmospheric observations during the COVID-19 pandemic, Sci. Rep.,
11, 23378 (2021)

186

March 8

Breakout Session
S4

187

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1

Into the deep Central Arctic Ocean – results from the
Nansen Legacy Arctic Basin expedition 2021
A. Fransson1*, M. Chierici2, B. Bluhm3, and M. Reigstad3
1

2

Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
Institute of Marine Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
3
UiT- the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø Norway

In August-September 2021, the Norwegian icebreaker R/V Kronprins Haakon sailed to
the Central Arctic Ocean within the Nansen Legacy project, to investigate the deep and icecovered Nansen and Amundsen basins. The purpose was to provide integrated scientificknowledge on the rapidly changing marine climate and ecosystem of the Nansen and Amundsen
basins in order to facilitate sustainable management through the 21st century. The research
focus was on physical, chemical and biological processes in the sea ice, water column and at
the seafloor in a climate change perspective. The expedition was a Norwegian contribution to
the Synoptic Arctic Survey. We will present preliminary results from the water column
carbonate chemistry, ocean acidification state and drivers.

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AdvanCing knowledge on the present Arctic Ocean bychemical-phySical, biogeochemical and biological
obServAtioNs to preDict the futuRe chAnges(CASSANDRA)
M. Azzaro1*, M. Bensi2, G. Civitarese2, M. Giani2, A. Lo Giudice1, F. Becherini1, D. Borme 2,
W.R.L Cairns1, D.M. Cappelletti1,3, C. Caroppo4, G. Caruso1, F. Cerino2, A. Cosenza1, C. De
Vittor2, F. Decembrini1, T. Diociaiuti2, E. Federici5, M. Feltracco6, I. Gandolfi7, V.
Kovacevic2, R. La Ferla1, A. Lupi1, G. Maimone1, P. Mansutti2, M. Mazzola1, S. Miserocchi1,
M. Monti2, M. Papale1, L. Patrolecco1, A.C. Rappazzo6, F. Relitti2, C. Rizzo8, F. Spataro1, V.
Tirelli2, C. Turetta1, L. Urbini2, L. Ursella2 and V. Vitale1
12Institute of Polar Sciences, Italy
National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics, Italy
3
University of Perugia, Italy
4
Water Research Institute, Italy
5
University of Tuscia, Italy
6
University of Venice, Italy
7
University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
8
Zoological Station “Anton Dohrn”, Italy

The Arctic and sub-Arctic regions have been warming more than twice as rapidly as therest of the world for the past 50 years. The Arctic climate has undergone tremendous changes,
such as Arctic wetting, reduction of Arctic sea-ice thickness and coverage, decrease of snow
cover extent and duration, thawing of permafrost and melting of Greenland ice sheet. Thechanges in sea-ice conditions in turn accelerate warming, by reduced summer albedo andthrough the additional heat flux from the ocean as more open water areas are maintained later
into the Autumn. This positive feedback effect is among the main processes responsible for the“Arctic Amplification”, which is likely to strengthen in the years to come. Arctic and sub-Arctic
ecosystems are environmentally sensitive regions, where the impact of global climate change
is expected to make marked changes over the next decades and more rapidly than elsewhere.
However, many of its consequences have yet to be understood. In this context, the Arctic Ocean
and its marginal seas remain profoundly understudied and among the least-known basins in theworld ocean, due to their remoteness, hostile weather and the multi-year or seasonal ice-cover.
To fill this lack of relevant information, a bottom-up initiative called the Synoptic Arctic Survey(SAS; https://synopticarcticsurvey.w.uib.no), with the aim of developing synoptic-scaleobservations across the Arctic Ocean and its marginal seas, was organized. SAS consists ofregional shelf-to-basin ship-based coordinated surveys to generate a comprehensive dataset of
essential ocean variables (atmospheric, chemical-physical, biogeochemical and biological) on
a quasi-synoptic, spatially distributed basis. SAS aims to take a "picture" of the Arctic Oceanin as much detail as possible and to answer the main scientific question: what is the current
state and major ongoing changes in the Arctic marine system? The CASSANDRA project(granted by the Italian Arctic Research Program, PRA) aims at contributing to the Synoptic
Arctic Survey (SAS) effort by studying a historical transect to 75° N (CASSANDRA I: 29
August - 14 September 2021) crossing the Greenland Sea Gyre, and the work plan has been
designed to contribute to answer this question. Preliminary results of the CASSANDRA I
oceanographic cruise will be presented concerning the hydrography of the 75° N transect,ecosystem functioning and productivity, carbon uptake and ocean acidification.

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Overview of the R/V Mirai Arctic Ocean cruise in 2022
Motoyo Itoh1*, Jonaotaro Onodeara1, Mariko Hatta1, Shigeto Nishino1, Amane Fujiwara1,
Eiji Watanabe1, Akihiko Murata1,2, Takashi Kikuchi1
1

Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research,
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Japan
2
Global Ocean Observation Research Center, JAMSTEC, Japan
The Arctic Ocean cruise of Research Vessel (R/V) Mirai has been conducted from 12
August to 29 September 2022, under the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II) project.
The Arctic Ocean is the area with the fastest rate of global oceanic warming in the world. The
detailed research of the R/V Mirai along with other icebreaking vessels, satellite observationand numerical modeling have documented the impact of inflow of the Pacific origin water We
have observed sea ice decrease and marine ecosystem changes associated with Pacific origin
waters bringing heat, nutrients, fresh water into the Arctic. Its impact is getting greater andmore wide spread into the entire Arctic.
In 2022, we conducted hydrographic, paleoenvironmental and biogeochemical surveys,
including plankton, trace-metals, microplastic, eDNA and aerosols in the Chukchi and Beaufort
Seas. Three hydrographic moorings and a sediment trap mooring were also recovered and redeployed on the pathway of the Pacific origin water to monitor transport and impact on marine
ecosystem. In the marginal ice area, various drifting buoys were launched to measure the ocean
waves and sea ice interaction. Trials of an under-the-ice drone, designed for automated cruiseand observations in the sea ice area, were carried out. In addition to observation of present
Arctic environments, sediment records have been collected by piston, gravity, multicore andbox corers to understand differences between the present environmental changes and past
warming events in the Arctic Ocean.

Figure 1. Map of the entire cruise area (left) and enlarged research areas in the Arctic Ocean(right). The cruise track and minimum ice coverage during the observation term from SSM/I(left). Orange and blue dots show CTD/ROS and XCTD stations (right). Green and red circles
denote moorings and sediment coring stations. Yellow stars show the locations of under ice
drone trials.

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Benthic Studies during the 2022 US Synoptic Arctic Survey
J. Grebmeier1*, L. Cooper1, C. Goethel1, B. Marx1, C. Gaffey2,
J. Silberberg3 and M. Tepper-Rasmussen4
1

University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, Maryland, USA
2
Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
3
Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
4
MARSSAM, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

Benthic population and carbon cycling studies were part of the US contribution to theinternational Synoptic Arctic Survey (SAS), supported by the US National Science Foundationon the USCGC Healy in September-October 2022. Goals of the US SAS included determining
the current state of the Pacific Arctic ecosystem from the Chukchi continental shelf into the
Canada Basin and up to the North Pole, specifically water masses, the marine ecosystem andcarbon cycling. Macrofaunal population and sediment respiration rates were highest on the
Chukchi shelf, declining to extremely low levels in the high Arctic, consistent with lower watercolumn chlorophyll biomass in both the water column and surface sediments under more
persistent ice cover. However, significant chlorophyll biomass was present on the shelf andslope as late as mid-October. Benthic images showed marine snow on the outer shelf and slope,with little detritus in the deep Arctic Basin. Sediments were collected for total organic carbon
and nitrogen content, grain size, and meiofaunal and microbial community studies. We outline
here the benthic SAS program details and preliminary results that will be shared withinternational SAS partners. Overall the SAS will contribute to understanding the present stateof the ecosystem on a pan-Arctic basis.

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Surface microplastic concentrations and water-column
microplastic inventories in the Chukchi Sea, western Arctic
Ocean
T. Ikenoue1*, R. Nakajima1, A. Fujiwara1, J. Onodera1, M. Itoh1, J. Toyoshima2 E.
Watanabe1, A. Murata1, S. Nishino1 and T. Kikuchi1
1

Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science andTechnology (JAMSTEC), Japan
2
The Ocean Policy Research Institute, Sasakawa Peace Foundation, JapanThe recent influx of microplastics into the Arctic Ocean may increase environmental
stress on the marine ecosystem, which is experiencing significant sea-ice loss owing to global
warming. Quantitative data on microplastics in the Arctic Ocean on the Pacific side are very
limited, and the microplastic budget of the water column is completely unknown.
Therefore, in this study, we observed surface concentrations (number of particles per unit
volume of seawater) of microplastics using a neuston net in the Chukchi Sea, Bering Strait, andBering Sea. From these observations, we estimated the water-column microplastic inventories(total number of microplastics in the entire water column). The mean water-column
microplastic inventory in the Chukchi Sea was 5,236 pieces/km2, which was one-thirtieth of
those for the Arctic Ocean on the Atlantic side and less than one-tenth of the average for the
global ocean. Because the total area of the Chukchi Sea is 620,000 km2, the total number ofmicroplastics floating in the entire Chukchi Sea was estimated to be 3.3 × 109 pieces.
However, the annual flux of microplastics from the Pacific Ocean into the Chukchi Sea,
estimated from microplastic concentrations in the Bering Strait, was estimated to be 1.8 × 1010
pieces/year. This value was approximately 5.5 times greater than the total amount of
microplastic in the seawater of the entire Chukchi Sea. This suggests that microplastic inflows
from the Pacific Ocean are accumulating in large amounts in reservoirs other than the Chukchi
Sea water-column (e.g., sea ice and seafloor sediments) or in the downstream regions of the
Pacific-origin water, such as the Beaufort Sea.

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7

Shrink of an ocean gyre in the Pacific Arctic andAtlantification open a door of shadow zone
S. Nishino1*†, J. Jung2†, K.-H. Cho2, W. J. Williams3, A. Fujiwara1, A. Murata4, M. Itoh1, M.
Aoyama4,5, M. Yamamoto-Kawai6, T. Kikuchi1, E. J. Yang2 and S.-H. Kang7
1

Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Research Institute for Global
Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Japan

2

Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Republic of Korea

3

Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Canada

4

Global Ocean Observation Research Center, Research Institute for Global Change,
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Japan

5

Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics, University of Tsukuba,
Japan

6

Department of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology,
Japan

7

Korea Polar Research Institute, Republic of Korea†These authors contributed equally to this work
The Arctic Ocean is now facing dramatic environmental and ecosystem changes. In thiscontext, an international multiship survey project was undertaken in 2020 to obtain current
baseline data. For the first time, extremely low dissolved oxygen and acidified water were foundin a fishable area of the western Arctic Ocean. The data suggested that the Beaufort Gyre shrank
to the east of an ocean ridge and formed a front between the water within the gyre and the water
expanded from the eastern Arctic. That phenomenon triggered a frontal northward flow thatwas 2–3 times faster than before. This flow could transport the low oxygen and acidified water,which had ever appeared only in the shelf-slope of the East Siberian Sea, toward the fishable
area.

Figure 1. Schematic Arctic Ocean circulation and the study area with hydrographic stations.

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Temporal changes in radiocesium in the Arctic Ocean andthe northwestern North Pacific Ocean by 2020
Y. Kumamoto1*, Y. Hamajima2, S. Nishino1, M. Inoue2, A. Murata1, and T. Kikuchi1
1

Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science andTechnology, Japan
2
Low Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology,
Kanazawa University, Japan.
Dissolved radiocesium (134Cs and 137Cs) in the ocean, which was derived from the nuclear
weapon testing and nuclear accidents, plays a role as a tracer for studies of water circulation in
the ocean. The bomb-derived 137Cs was deposited in the northern hemisphere mostly in the
1950s and 1960s. The 137Cs deposited in the North Atlantic Ocean was transported into the
Arctic Ocean although the bomb-derived 137Cs transport from the North Pacific Ocean to the
Arctic Ocean was limited because of the narrow Bering Strait between the two basins. In the
1990s, the 137Cs concentration in the Arctic Ocean increased due to the polarward transport ofthe 137Cs released from nuclear-fuel reprocessing plants in the United Kingdom and France
mainly in the 1980s [1]. The 137Cs concentration in the North Pacific Ocean increased in the2010s due to the 137Cs released from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FNPP1)
accident in March 2011. In the case of the FNPP1 accident another radioactive isotope, 134Cs
was also released. The FNPP1-derived 134Cs had been transported to the Bering Sea and thenthe Arctic Ocean (Chukchi Sea) by 2017 [2]. We measured vertical profiles of 134Cs and 137Cs
activity concentrations in the Canada Basin in the Arctic Ocean and the western subarctic areaof the North Pacific Ocean in 2020 and discussed their temporal changes by 2020. The FNPP1derived 134Cs was not detected in the surface layer from the sea surface to 800 m depth at a
station in the Canada Basin (75°N/160°W approx.) between 2012 and 2015. In 2020, 134Cs(about 1.5 Bq/m3, decay-corrected to the FNPP1 accident date) was observed in the surface
layer shallower than 100 m depth, which suggests transport of the FNPP1-derived 134Cs fromthe Chukchi Sea to the Canada Basin between 2015 and 2020 along with the surface current.
At a station in the western subarctic area of the North Pacific Ocean (47°N/160°E approx.), the134
Cs concentration in the surface layer shallower than 100 m depth decreased continuously
from about 4 Bq/m3 (decay-corrected) in 2012 to about 0.4 Bq/m3 (decay-corrected) in 2017
due to its eastward transport. In 2020, 134Cs concentration in the surface layer increased to about
1 Bq/m3 (decay-corrected), which suggests a return of the FNPP1-derived 134Cs from the eastern
to the western subarctic area along the anti-cyclonic subarctic gyre current about ten years after
the accident. In the Canada Basin in the Arctic Ocean, 137Cs concentration in the subsurface
layer between 300 and 800 m depth significantly decreased from about 3.5 Bq/m3 (decaycorrected) in 2012–2015 to about 2.3 Bq/m3 (decay-corrected) in 2020, which implies a shift ofwater circulation in the thermocline in the Arctic Ocean between 2015 and 2020.
Reference[1] J. N. Smith, F. A. McLaughlin, W. M. Smethie, Jr., S. B. Moran, K. Lepore, Iodine–129, 137Cs, and
CFC–11 tracer transit time distributions in the Arctic Ocean, Journal of Geophysical Research 116(2011).
[2] Y. Kumamoto, M. Aoyama, Y. Hamajima, M. Inoue, S. Nishino, T. Kikuchi, A. Murata, K. Sato,
Fukushima-derived radiocesium in the western subarctic area of the North Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea,
and Arctic Ocean in 2019 and 2020, J. Environmental Radioactivity. 251-252 (2022).

194

March 6

Breakout Session
S7

195

S7-

1

River streamflow change in continuous permafrost
environment in Eastern Siberian Arctic
L. Lebedeva1*, D. Gustafsson2 and T. Hiyama3
12Melnikov Permafrost Institute SB RAS, Russia
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sweden
3
Nagoya University, Japan

A growing number of studies presents evidence of climate change impacts onhydrological cycle in the Arctic rivers. Our study analyses trends in annual and monthly
streamflow in 21 gauges located in four large and poorly studied Arctic river basins in Eastern
Siberia, for the period 1967-2017. Trends of precipitation and air temperature in thecorresponding catchment areas was also analyzed, The Anabar, Olenek, Yana and Indigirka
rivers are fully covered by continuous permafrost. The selected river basins are considered aspristine environment since no dams, intensive landuse or big towns exist there. The climate isdistinctly continental. The catchment areas of 21 gauges vary from 16.6 to 198000 sq.km. The
mean annual discharge is from 0.09 to 1160 cub.m/s. Time series were evaluated for stationarity
in relation to the presence of monotonic trends with Mann–Kendall and Spearman rankcorrelation tests at the significance level of p < 0.05.
Annual discharge increased by 25-85% over the study period in 10 of the river basins,
while the remaining 11 basins show no significant change. There is a clear seasonal pattern inmonthly flow changes with a higher number of gauges showing positive trends from September
to December compared to the rest of the year. Downstream parts of the studied rivers undergo
more severe hydrological change than upstream areas. The relative trend magnitudes are higher
at the small and middle-sized catchments, while absolute magnitudes are larger at the big rivers.
Spatially coherent patterns of significant trends are detected, which are further investigated bystratifying the results into several regions based on topography. Annual air temperature
increased significantly in all river basins, with changes ranging between 1 and 3 degrees overthe study period. Significant trends in monthly air temperatures were detected in all river basinsfrom March to June. However, a pattern of non-significant trends in monthly air temperaturefrom July to December was detected, correlating in space to the absence of trends in the annual
streamflow in the westerly located rivers (Anabar, Olenek, and parts of Yana).
This work was conducted in the HYPE-ERAS project which is funded by FORMAS(project DNR: 2019-02332), RFBR (project No 20-55-71005) and JST (Grant No.
JPMJBF2003) through the Belmont Forum Collaborative Research Action: Resilience in the
Rapidly Changing Arctic.

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WATER FLOW CHANGES IN THE LENA RIVER
AT KYUSYUR DURING 1936–2019
A. Georgiadi1* and I. Milyukova1
1

RAS Institute of Geography, Russia

The long-term changes in river water flow of the Arctic rivers, as well as those inother regions, are characterized by contrasting periods or phases, according to theterminology adopted in Russia of their increased and decreased values with various
durations. A large amount of long-term variability exists: some long-lasting periods canbe distinguished by a duration of 10–15 years, while others last many decades. These
contrasting phases are characterized by specific, relatively steady water regimes. This
article is devoted to the study of long-lasting periods (phases) of increased and decreased
water flow of the Lena River at Kyusyur. The long-term series of the Lena River daily water
discharges near the village of Kyusyur have been naturalized after the creation of the Vilyuysky
reservoir. The Kalinin-Milyukov flow routing method [1] conceptualizes a relation between the
inflow and outflow of a river section as a linear function of water stored within the reach. The
parameters of the influence function were determined on the basis of data on average dailywater discharges in the Kyusyur and Tabaga on the Lena River, as well as in the Okhotsk Ferryon the Aldan River, for which there were observational data covering periods during which
there was no noticeable anthropogenic impact on the flow of the mentioned rivers. This made it
possible for the entire observation period (1936-2019) to determine the shift points between thelong-term phases of increased/decreased annual and seasonal water flow and investigate theirfeatures. The quasi-synchronous nature of the sequence of phase changes of reduced andincreased values of annual and seasonal flow was revealed. It is common for rivers within thebasins of the Lena and Yenisei rivers. The duration of the contrasting phases varied in a wide
range from 10 years (the phase of decreased snow melt flood flow) to 58 years (the phase of
decreased annual water flow). At the same time, both for annual and seasonal flow, the phasesof decreased flow were longer. At the same time, the most noticeable difference in the flow ofcontrast phases was observed in the winter and summer-autumn seasons, when it was 48 and30%, respectively. The smallest difference is typical for snow-melt flood flow and annual flow
(11-12%).
References[1] G.P. Kalinin, P.I. Milyukov. Approximate calculation of unsteady motion of water masses.
Proc. of the Central Institute of Forecasts. Issue 66. Leningrad, 72 p. (1958) (In Russian).

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Trends in River Water Chemistry Suggest Permafrost
Degradation in the Kolyma River BasinY. Tashiro1*, T. Hiyama1,, H. Kanamori1, H. Park2,
O. Makarieva3, N. Nesterova3, and K. Suzuki2
1Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Japan
2
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
3
Institute of Earth Sciences, St. Peterburg State University, Russia

The Arctic regions are now facing the environmental changes, including water andbiogeochemical cycles, mainly due to permafrost degradation in response to the warming
climate. To understand the impact of permafrost degradation on arctic river biogeochemistry,
it will be beneficial to investigate long-term water chemistry data. In this study, we analyzed
the river water chemistry data (Ca, Mg, SO42-, and Alkalinity) in the Kolyma River from 1980
to 2020, obtained from the Global Environment Monitoring System for Freshwater(GEMS/Water) and the Arctic Great Rivers Observatory (Arctic GRO). We also analyzed
trends of annual/seasonal air temperature and summer (June–August) precipitation in the
Kolyma River basin using Climatic Research Unit gridded Time Series v4.05 (CRU) on a 0.5
latitude/longitude grid for 1980–2020. Both long-term datasets (GEMS and Arctic GRO)
showed increases in the annual concentrations of Ca, Mg, and SO42- during 1980–2020. On theother hand, alkalinity in both datasets did not show any clear trend over this period. We also
found that annual/seasonal air temperature increased in the whole Kolyma River basin during
1980–2020, and this trend was stronger in the northern part of the basin. Summer precipitation
also exhibited an increasing trend in the whole basin, although regional difference was not
obvious. Considering the increased air temperature and summer precipitation in the basin, it isreasonable to assume that increased concentrations of Ca, Mg, and SO42- were resulted frompromoted mineral weathering in soils due to higher soil temperature and increased rainfall, as
indicated in the Yukon and Mackenzie rivers [1,2]. Regarding the alkalinity, an increase over
the recent decades was reported in the Ob and Yenisey rivers [3], but there was no increase in
the Kolyma river and the concentration is lower than those rivers. This inconsistent result islikely related to the permafrost characteristics in the Kolyma River basin; ice-rich Yedoma is
generally distributed in the northern part of the basin where the increase in air temperature wasmore obvious. Because alkalinity is a proxy of the residence time of the supra-permafrost
groundwater flow, the lower concentration of the alkalinity in the Kolyma indicated relatively
new water discharge to the main stream. In contrast, higher concentration and increasing trendof alkalinity in the Ob and Yenisey rivers suggested more contribution of old water discharge
due to permafrost degradation [3]. In the Kolyma river basin, the relatively shallow active layer
helps to discharge new water, and degradation of Yedoma supplies ground ice-melt water withless alkalinity to the Kolyma river.
References[1] Toohey et al., Multidecadal increases in the Yukon River Basin of chemical fluxes as indicators ofchanging flowpaths, groundwater, and permafrost. Geophys. Res. Let. 43(12) 120–130 (2016)[2] Tank, et al., Multi-decadal increases in dissolved organic carbon and alkalinity flux from theMackenzie drainage basin to the Arctic Ocean. Environ. Res. Let. 11(5) (2016)[3] Drake et al., Increasing alkalinity export from large Russian Arctic rivers. Environ. Science andTechnol. 52(15) (2018)

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Indicators of recent hydro-climatic and river temperature change in
the Mackenzie River Basin
R. Shrestha1*, J. Pesklevits1, B. Bonsal2
1

Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Environment and Climate Change
Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada

2

Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Environment and Climate Change
Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada

Canada’s north is warming at more than double the global rate, and causing substantialchanges to the region’s hydrology and ecology. This study assesses recent (1980-2018) changes
in air temperature, precipitation, snowpack, streamflow and water temperature in the Mackenzie
River basin. We focus on mean and extreme indicators, including climate extremes (CLIMDEX),
and mean, maximum and minimum snow, streamflow and water temperature. We use a machinelearning framework to evaluate the relationships between these variables and their changes. Our
initial results indicate mostly increasing annual and seasonal air temperature in the basin, withhigher increases in the northern sub-basins than southern sub-basins. Precipitation is also mostly
increasing across the basin with higher increases in the northern regions. Annual and seasonal
discharge trends in the basins are generally small and non-significant. However, summer watertemperature mostly show significant increases, suggesting that the air temperature increase in themain driver of water temperature changes. Further analysis will provide more detailed insights on
the controls, sensitivities and interactions of these mean and extreme indicators.

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Radium Isotopes as Tracers of Shelf-Basin Exchange
Processes in a Changing Arctic Ocean
M.A. Charette1*, I.V. Polyakov2, A. Robbins3, L.M. Whitmore4, and L.E. Kipp3
1Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA
2University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
3Rowan University, USA
4International Arctic Research Center, USA

The continental margins of the Arctic Ocean play a significant role in Arctic surface waterchemistry via inputs of biologically important materials including carbon, nutrients, and trace
metals from rivers and shelf sediments. Rapid warming of the Arctic may further amplify these
inputs through increases in river discharge, coastal erosion, and permafrost thawing; reductions
in sea ice extent may enhance inputs from shelf sediments via increased turbulence near theseabed in shallow shelf seas (Figure 1). Given their ubiquitous sediment production and releasefrom decay of uranium-thorium series radionuclides in marine environments, radium (Ra)isotopes have been proven as useful tracers of these various input processes.
Since 2015, we have been measuring Ra isotopes in the Arctic Ocean water column totest the hypothesis that the net annual flux of shelf-derived materials from eastern Arctic shelves
to Arctic surface waters is increasing in response to climate warming. Data from that year
indicated a near two-fold increase in radium-228 compared to published data from 2007 andearlier, which suggests that shelf-material fluxes had increased substantially on a sub-decadal
time-scale. Levels of 228Ra observed in 2018 and 2021, remained similarly high, but do notappear to have risen further. Circulation modeling results, water mass fractions, and highresolution radium sampling from 2021 further elucidated the major source of radium isotopes
to the central Arctic Ocean as the East Siberian Sea. This work highlights the need for further
data on how climate change is affecting shelf-basin exchange of biologically-importantmaterials in the Arctic Ocean.

Figure 1. We have hypothesized that the loss of sea ice over Arctic shelves leads to longer
open water seasons and increased wind- and wave- driven turbulence. This increased mixing
can facilitate the release of shelf-derived materials into the overlying water column. (Graphic
by Natalie Renier, WHOI Creative Studio).

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7

Arctic sea ice retreat does not enhance atmospheric hydrological cycle

Masahiro Tanoue1*, Tetsu Nakamura2, Kazuhiro Oshima3, Kimpei Ichiyanagi4, Hotaek Park5
1

Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency
2

Japan Meteorological Agency
3

4

Aomori University

Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University
5

Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, JAMSTEC

Arctic hydrological cycle is increased in the past decade. A driver that induced the increasedhydrological cycle is considered to be the Arctic sea ice retreat, which increases local evaporationand enhance heat transportation from mid-latitudes in winter season. While previous studies haveinvestigated the impacts of Arctic sea ice on atmosphere, these included the effect of other factors.
Here, we quantified the impacts of Arctic sea ice retreat on atmospheric hydrological cycle using
an idealised sea ice retreat experiment simulated by an atmospheric general circulation model4.
We observed an increase in local evaporation in the area associated with sea ice retreat. However,Arctic became dry condition due to increase surface air temperature, resulting in small impact onterrestrial Arctic precipitation. Additionally, the simulated precipitation isotopes increased as
reduced sea ice. These results suggest that Arctic sea ice retreat does not increase hydrologicalcycle, it alone cannot explain the increased Arctic hydrological cycle.

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Permafrost hydrology changes due to expansion, erosion,and merging of thermokarst lakes in Central Yakutia
Yoshihiro Iijima1*, Takahiro Abe1, Hitoshi Saito2, Alexander N. Fedorov3
1

2

Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, JAPANGraduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, JAPAN3
Melnikov Permafrost Institute, SBRAS, RUSSIA

The ice-rich permafrost region is subject to local-scale topographic change due to thedevelopment of thermokarst associated with arctic climate change. Recently, it has been pointed
out that the expansion of thermokarst may significantly alter hydrologic processes throughdeveloping a network of channels along the development of polygonal topographic troughs [1].
Once expanded as a thermokarst lake by topographic subsidence, lateral erosion causes collapse
runoff, merging with nearby lakes or draining into lower elevation valleys and old alases. Thesechannelization processes are called the lake and drained lake basin systems [2]. The system has
been noted as major changes to not only hydrological processes but also the landscape andecosystems of permafrost regions.
In the central Lena River Basin (Central Yakutia), thermokarst lakes develop within the
boreal forest on several river terraces. We compared Planet satellite imagery [3] from 20172022 for the Yukechi area on the Tyungyulyu terrace and the Churapcha area on the Abrakh
terrace, together with high-resolution AW3D DSM. We assessed how many thermokarst lakes
are expanding and merging (Fig. 1). The results showed that more thermokarst lakes are
growing within the boreal forest in the Churapucha area than in Yukechi and that the numberof combined lakes was increasing. In Yukechi, there had been already combined, and drained
thermokarst lakes, and several alases were combined to form one extended watershed.
The merging of thermokarst
lakes and their channelization may
lead to further runoff andsubsequent desiccation of theareas.
The
spatio-temporalvariability and rapidity of theprocesses should be assessed, as
they are likely to be associatedwith irreversible ecohydrologicalchanges.
The present study is Fig.1 Thermokarst lakes in (a) Churapcha and (b)supported by the Arctic Challenge Yukechi. Yellow dots show merged lakes. Red dots
forSustainability
Research show merged and channelized lakes and alases.
Projects II (JPMXD1420318865) funded by MEXT and JSPS KAKENHI (19H00556).
References[1] Liljedahl, A. K., J. Boike, R.P. Daanen, A. N. Fedorov, et al., Pan-Arctic ice-wedge
degradation in warming permafrost and influence on tundra hydrology, Nature Geoscience 9,
312–318 (2016)[2] Jones, B.M., Grosse, G., Farquharson, L.M. et al. Lake and drained lake basin systems inlowland permafrost regions, Nat Rev Earth Environ 3, 85–98 (2022)[3] Planet Team. Planet Application Program Interface: In Space for Life on Earth. San
Francisco, CA. https://api.planet.com. (2017)

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Continued warming of the permafrost regions over the Northern
Hemisphere under future climate change
Guojie Hu1, Lin Zhao2, Tonghua Wu1,4, 5, Xiaodong Wu1, Hotaek Park3, Ren Li1, Xiaofan Zhu1, Jie Ni1, Defu Zou1,
1

Cryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences,

Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
2 School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044,

China
3 Institute of Arctic Climate and Environmental Research, JAMSTEC, Yokosuka, Japan
4 Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
5 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Abstract:
Surface air temperatures can directly affect the thermal state of permafrost in the permafrost
region of the Northern Hemisphere (PRONH). It is necessary to understand the trends in air
temperatures and consider actual CMIP future scenario output instead of a linear temperature
increase over different permafrost regions. In this study, air temperatures from 23 models of thesixth coupled-model intercomparison project (CMIP6) are evaluated against observational datafrom the PRONH. It is shown that most of the models reasonably represent the dominantcharacteristics of air temperature variations. Under three different future scenarios, air temperature
and warming trends are examined using an optimal model ensemble. Results show that mean annual
air temperature (MAAT) is higher in sporadic-permafrost and isolated-permafrost regions than incontinuous-permafrost regions. MAAT warming rates were 0.10 °C/decade and 0.35 °C/decadefrom 1900 to 2014 and from 1980 to 2014, respectively, and were 0.09 °C/decade, 0.38 °C/decade,and 0.95 °C/decade from 2015 to 2100 under the low- to high-emission scenarios. Air temperature
varies considerably between the high-altitude, transitional, and high-latitude permafrost regions,and warming trends are the greatest in high-latitude permafrost regions under future scenarios.
Moreover, warming trends in different permafrost classes vary little from the historical values from1900 to 2014, and with a gradual increase from isolated-permafrost regions to continuouspermafrost regions under future scenarios. The results suggested that air temperatures in the
PRONH warmed approximately 1.6 times faster than global air temperatures from 1980 to 2014 andunder the three future scenarios.

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Contribution of water rejuvenation induced by climate
warming to evapotranspiration in subarctic boreal forest
H. Park1,2*, T. Hiyama2 and K. Suzuki1
1

2

Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, JAMSTEC, Japan
Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Japan

Current climate warming is enhancing the warming of permafrost in the Arctic. Althoughpermafrost is a crucial component of the Arctic terrestrial water cycle, its influence on processes
regulating the fluxes and ages of Arctic terrestrial water, particularly soil water storage andevapotranspiration, is not well understood. In this study, a water age calculation scheme was
implemented into the coupled hydrological and biogeochemical model (CHANGE) to assess
the mechanisms through which climate warming affects the soil water storage–
evapotranspiration–water age feedback cycle in subarctic boreal forests. A previous study (Parket al., 2022) indicated that permafrost warming, characterized by earlier active layer thawing
and later freezing, induced higher evapotranspiration, thereby shortening the residence time of
precipitation-sourced water in the active layer and further rejuvenating water in soil layers andin evapotranspiration. Based on the result, the similar model simulation is conducted over the
pan-Arctic scale, and the analyses are focused on changes in water ages of evapotranspirationand their correlations with warming permafrost. These will increase our understanding for theaccelerating Arctic terrestrial water cycle under the climate warming conditions.
References[1] H. Park, T. Hiyama, K. Suzuki, Contribution of water rejuvenation induced by climate
warming to evapotranspiration in a Siberian boreal forest, Frontiers in Earth Science
doi:10.3389/feart.2022.1037668 (2022)

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Snow Surface Roughness across Space, Time, Land Cover,and Scales
Steven R, Fassnacht1,2,3,*, Kazuyoshi Suzuki4, Jessica E. Sanow1,5, and Bradley M. Simms1
1

ESS-Watershed Science, Colorado State University, USA
Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, USA
3
Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory, USA
4
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
5
United States Forest Service, White River National Forest, USA
2

When there is snow on the ground, the snowpack is the interface between the atmosphereand earth’s surface. The surface of the snowpack changes due to its interaction withmeteorological processes, such as precipitation inputs, wind, humidity, short and long-wave
radiation, the underlying terrain characteristics, and land cover. These connections create adynamic snow surface, yet this surface is considered a constant parameter in many earth systemmodels. Such differences impact the energy and mass balance of the snowpack and the blowing
snow potential, and other processes.
The data from the NASA Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX) collected in 2002
and 2003 across northern Colorado were used to investigate the spatial and temporal variabilityof snow surface roughness. The random roughness (RR) and fractal dimension (D) metrics usedin this investigated are well correlated (Figure 1). However, roughness is not correlated acrossscales, here computed from snow roughness boards at a millimeter resolution and airborne lidar
at the meter resolution. Process scale differences are found based on land cover at each of thetwo measurement scales (Figure 1), as appraised through measurements in the forest and alpine.

Figure 1. Relative fractal dimension (D) versus standardized random roughness for fine(snow roughness board) and coarse (lidar-based) scales

205

March 7

Breakout Session
S9

206

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1

Transpolar Tourism:
Lessons Learned, Challenges Conquered, and Future
Features, from North to SouthDr. Ellen Cressman Frye
William Paterson University of New Jersey, USA
When one contemplates the Polar Regions, whether North or South, the environment andthe landscape are strikingly different from all other regions on Earth, whether desert, jungle,
tropical, or mountainous. Both the North Pole and the South Pole have their own distinguishingfeatures, which are ennumerated here, but as a whole, the challenges that visiting the Polar
Regions are explored, through the specific lens of tourism. Glaciers, ice sheets, icebergs, andunique flora and fauna attract humans’ curiosity, and people long to visit the unique polar
regions. This presentation opens with by comparing and contrasting the history of polar tourism,
including when people began touring the Northern Polar Region versus the Southern; why theywanted to visit these regions; and who these first tourists were, as well as when and how they
traveled. Next, the trajectory of tourism to the Polar Regions is explored: how quickly it
exploded in popularity and why. Intermingled are challenges faced by tourism in each Polar
Region, such as weather, ice, fear of disturbing wildlife and sealife, as well as other regionspecific difficulties. How these challenges were overcome, including accompanying lessons
learned, will be analyzed. The importance of the history of Polar Region tourism cannot behighlighted enough because it shines a spotlight on current features and challenges, particularly
over-tourism, global warming, and overall climate change, among others. We need to get more
people excited about and fascinated by the Polar Regions, in order to effectuate positivetransformation, such as protecting the environment and decelerating climate change. We cannot
underestimate the intrinsic value of polar tourism, and the crucial role it plays, in growing an
increased awareness of, concern about, and eventually, passion for the Polar Regions, inciting
people to action, which in the case of both the Arctic and Antarctica, is becoming critical.

1

207

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Pathways to Culturally Sensitive Tourism Policies andPractices
M. Lüthje1*, E. Höckert1 & O. Kugapi1
1Multidimensional Tourism Institute, University of Lapland, FinlandMarket-driven development, outsider operators with little knowledge of Indigenous orother local cultures, stereotypical representations and cultural appropriation are common
interrelated problems in Arctic tourism. This paper brings together discussions of social
practices and cultural sensitivity in order to gain a better understanding of how more inclusive,
legitimate and effective sustainable tourism policies can be formulated. Our research draws on
a wide range of stakeholder interviews and benchmarking in Arctic Finland, Sweden, Norway,
Greenland and Canada. It focuses on two bundles of culturally sensitive practices that tourism
companies utilise, according to our empirical material: reciprocal practices enhancing
collaboration and respectful practices related to authenticity. Moreover, we identify local
knowledge as the connecting element between these two bundles. The paper suggests cultural
sensitivity as a novel framework for tourism policymaking and sustainable tourism practices.
Our research was supported by the Northern Periphery and Arctic Programme 2014–2020, under Project No. 274 – Culturally Sensitive Tourism in the Arctic (ARCTISEN). We
would like to acknowledge ARCTISEN project partners for their support and commitment todeveloping culturally sensitive tourism in the Arctic.
Keywords: Arctic tourism, authenticity, collaboration, cultural sensitivity, Indigenous peoples,
local knowledge, practice theory, recognition, respect, reciprocity, tourism policy

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In search of the authentic experience:
Case of Sàmi Indigenous Adventure Tourism
T. Fukuyama1*, H. Koyabashi1, H. Ueda2 and J. Saunavaara3, C. de Bernardi4
1

Center for Advanced Tourism Studies, Hokkaido University, Japan
Research Faculty of Media and Communication, Hokkaido University, Japan
3
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
4
ETOUR/Department of Economics Geography Law and Tourism, Mid Sweden University,and Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, Uppsala University, Sweden
2

The global warming causes rapid environmental changes and the global COVID-19
pandemic have directly affected the tourism industry as well as the local communities in the
Arctic. In northern Finland, for example, traditional reindeer herding practices have sufferedfrom difficult winters and the pandemic prevented the visits of the international tourists. Thesedevelopments posed a challenge to the sustainable development and community resilience. In
the field of indigenous tourism, questions concerning authenticity have attracted attention forlong time, not least because of the cases where indigenous cultures (including also Sàmi culture)
have been misused when creating improper services to tourists. According to our understanding,the matching desires and expectations of both the supply (indigenous hosts) and demand side
(visitors) are at the core of authentic tourism experiences and sustainability of the field.
This study examines the authentic experience through a case study focusing on Sàmi
indigenous tourism in Inari region in Finland. We also clarify how the authentic experience
relates to the sustainable indigenous tourism, not only economically, but culturally,
environmentally, and most significantly, ethically. This research leans on the conceptual
framework of Adventure Tourism (AT). AT has recently become a global trend within the hugeinternational tourism market emphasizing visitors’ desire for genuine experiences [1].
According to our understanding, the authentic Sàmi cultural experience should not only
emphasize tradition but be fused with the contemporary and constantly evolving style of livingthat is carried on by future generations. Besides paying attention to Sàmi entrepreneurs andtheir visitors (most of whom come abroad), we are using the theory of value co-creation tounderstand and analyze the interaction between hosts and guests. [2]. Here, value is not created
only from goods and services, but emphasis is in the value created by subjective experiences.
Yet, the authentic experience is not simply considered as a subjective feeling of the visitor but
as an entity co-created through respectful and open interaction between hosts and guests.
When trying to contribute to the development of sustainable tourism and community
resilience, this study also inspects the potential domestic demand for indigenous AT
experiences and services in Finland.
References[1] D. Huddart, T. Stott, Adventure Tourism: Environmental impacts and management (2020)[2] J.H. Gilmore, B.J. PineⅡ, Authenticity: what consumers really want (2007)

209

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Sustainable Tourism and Climate Change in the Arctic:
Women’s (Missing) Opportunities and Tourist Motivations
D. Grafton12*
1

Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
2
Department of Geography, San Diego State University, USA

Tourism plays an increasingly important role in Arctic communities around the world
but the impacts of global climate change on the long-term sustainability of Arctic tourism
remains an understudied area. This research seeks an understanding of how residents of Arctic
towns perceive the role of global climate change in shaping tourism in their communities andhow tourists visiting these locations perceive global climate change impacts on the region.
Women’s perceptions, particularly how indigenous Iñupiat women’s perceptions are situatedon an axis of difference with women of other ancestries, are largely absent from existing
scholarship and this research directly addresses this gap.
The research site for this study was Utqiaġvik (formerly known as Barrow), Alaska in
the United States. Utqiaġvik is the largest city in the North Slope Borough region serving as atransportation and commercial hub. The city acts as the primary destination for tourists due toease of access [1]. The Iñupiat people are the original residents of the North Slope region. Many
Iñupiat people continue to practice traditional customs and livelihood strategies including theharvest of bowhead whales. Utqiaġvik is host to major Iñupiat festivals including the Nalukataq
whale feast held each year around the summer solstice, which attracts tourists seeking authentic
indigenous cultural experiences.
Results from unstructured interviews with residents of Utqiaġvik reveal perceptions
regarding the influence of global climate change on the region, how it is shaping daily life, andwhether it is affecting local tourism. Residents’ perceptions of how tourism impacts privacy
and safety in the community were examined. The role of tourism in Utqiaġvik was also
investigated to reveal its impacts on local women and the lack of resulting economic
opportunities. Results from unstructured interviews with tourists in Utqiaġvik reveal
perceptions regarding what, if any, role global climate change played in their visit to the Arctic
and other motivating factors. This research addresses questions from the literature around thegrowth of “last-chance tourism” in the Arctic and whether it is a motivating factor throughout
the region. Research gaps on women’s perceptions of the role of global climate change in Arctic
tourism including a lack of data on women’s views of privacy and safety related to tourism arealso addressed.
The author would like to acknowledge Amy Quandt, Stuart Aitken, Donatella Zona, andWalter Oechel of San Diego State University, and Vena Chu of the University of California,
Santa Barbara for their mentorship and support.
References[1] North Slope Borough (2014). Soaring to the future: Barrow comprehensive plan 2015-2035.
Final Draft. Retrieved April 1, 2022.

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Snowmaking as an adaptation strategy in Arctic wintertourism centers – avoiding maladaptation by a climate
serviceI. Mettiäinen1*, M. Coath1, R. Contreras1, J. Toivonen2, J. Moore1
1

Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Finland
2
Rukakeskus Ltd.

Reliable snow conditions are the key to economic success in winter tourism industry,
particularly ski resorts [1]. Also in the Arctic, snow conditions are decreasing and getting lesspredictable due to climate change [2]. For instance in Northern Scandinavia, climate change is
expected to decrease snow cover days by 20 – 30 %, particularly in the early season.
As winter tourism centers increasingly use snowmaking as means to ensure snow security,
it is worth considering snowmaking as an adaptive strategy. There is a strong connection
between the costs and emissions of snowmaking and the weather conditions through energy
consumption. Energy consumption for snowmaking increases in less favorable weather
conditions, which raises issues both on competitiveness [3] and on the environmental impacts,and hence the sustainability of snowmaking as an adaptive strategy. High energy consumption
may, in fact, turn snowmaking into maladaptation [1], [4], [5].
Climate services are a diverse set of ways to provide climate and climate change related
relevant information to end-users in user-friendly ways [6].They can support both adaptationand mitigation. We co-designed a climate service for winter tourism industry in Northern
Finland together with a leading ski resort during a 3-year collaborative process. The resulting
service offers reliable 4-week forecast on snowmaking conditions, enabling executive decisions
on snowmaking, targeted marketing, and savings in energy and water consumption. The
prototype is applicable in Arctic countries and potentially all snowy countries across the world.
The presentation is based on work conducted within the Blue-Action: Arctic Impact on
Weather and Climate project (2016-2021), the case study on co-designing a climate service forwinter tourism in Northern Finland. The Blue-Action project received funding from theEuropean Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement
No 727852.
References[1] Steiger, R., Scott, D., Abegg, B., Pons, M., Aall, C., 2019. A critical review of climate change risk
for ski tourism. Current Issues in Tourism 22, 1343–1379.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1410110[2] Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) 2017, 2017. Arctic Monitoring andAssessment Programme, Oslo, Norway:[3] Damm, A., Greuell, W., Landgren, O., Prettenthaler, F. (2017). Impacts of +2°C global warmingon winter tourism demand in Europe, Climate Services 7, pp. 31-46,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2016.07.003[4] Contreras, R., Mettiäinen, I., Toivonen, J., Coath, M. 2018. D5.2 Case Study Nr. 1 Model
Information Utilization Report. Blue-Action project. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1184553[5] Mettiäinen, I., Coath, M., Contreras, R., Moore, J.C. & Toivonen, J. (forthcoming). Assessment
and Evaluation Report. Case Study 1 Winter Tourism in Finland. Blue-Action Deliverable D5.4.
[6] European Commission. 2015. A European research and innovation roadmap for climate services.
Luxembourg: Publications Office.

211

March 6

Breakout Session
S10

212

S1 -

1

Changing geopolitical landscape in the Arctic after theRussian attack on Ukraine on February 2022

Fujio Ohnishi*1
Marina Lomaeva*1
1Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo

The war in Ukraine is transforming the geopolitical landscape around the world. The Arctic is
no exception. On March 3, 2022, seven members of the Arctic Council (A7), with Russia being
the eight, declared to pause all activities, for the first time since 1996, due to the Russian attack
on Ukraine. Other Arctic cooperative platforms followed suit. On June 8, the A7 arctic countries
Moreover, the war prompted Finland and Sweden to apply for NATO membership, which could
bring significant changes for Arctic security. This paper reviews the discussions on changing
geopolitical landscapes of the Arctic region in search for common grounds for deepening theunderstanding of the impacts of the Russian War in Ukraine. In so doing, it highlights theimportance of the core principle of sovereignty and territorial integrity as fundamental rule in
the Arctic international affairs.

213

S1 -

The Arctic: What role for NATO?
P.S. Hilde1*
1

Institute for Defence Studies, Norwegian Defence University College, Norway

The questions of what place the Arctic should have in the affairs of the North Atlantic
Treaty Organisation (NATO), and what role NATO should have in the Arctic, have been
regularly addressed in the last decade and a half. While some have urged NATO members toenhance the Alliance’s role in the region, including developing an Arctic strategy [1], others
have urged restraint [2]. The Russian attack on Ukraine on 24 February 2022 has brought
renewed attention also to this issue. In an August 2022 op-ed prior to a visit to Canada, NATO
Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg outlined the security challenges allies face in the Arctic inlight of the new situation and stated not only that “NATO has a clear interest in preserving
security, stability and co-operation in the High North”, but also that the Alliance “is alreadyincreasing our presence in the High North.” [3] Based on research of primary and secondary
written sources, and interviews with key stakeholders, this paper critically analyses threeperspectives on the NATO-Arctic debate. The first is how has the issue of the Arctic has
evolved in NATO since it appeared in earnest in 2008. The second is what views five allies
with a specific interest in the Arctic – Canada, the United States, United Kingdom, Denmarkand Norway – hold on the issue. Third and finally, the paper addresses what potential roles
NATO could have in Arctic affairs – given the likely strong Russian resistance to cooperatingwith the Alliance in dealing with Arctic issues.

References[1] A. Wieslander, NATO Must Engage in the Arctic, Defence One, 16 September (2019)[2] David Auerswald, NATO in the Arctic: keep its role limited, for now, War on the Rocks,
12 October (2020)[3] Jens Stoltenberg, In the face of Russian aggression, NATO is beefing up Arctic security,
The Globe and Mail, 24 August (2022)

214

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The Effect of Finnish and Swedish NATO Membership forthe Dynamics in the Arctic
M. Petersson1
1

Stockholm University, Sweden

In May 2022, Finland and Sweden applied for NATO membership, a historical decision
for two traditionally non-aligned Arctic countries. Finland and Sweden had cooperated closelywith NATO earlier within NATO’s Partnership for Peace framework and in major NATO
operations at the Balkan’s and in Afghanistan, but membership is a quite different thing. It
means common defence instead of just coordinated defence. The paper will focus on what thatwill mean for the dynamics in the Arctic politically economically, and militarily. The mainargument in the paper is that it will demand a much more active Finnish and Swedish
engagement in the region, and also that NATO will pay more attention to the Arctic when two
more Arctic countries become members.

215

S1 -

Greenlandic visions of sovereignty and security in thewake of the Russian war in Ukraine
U.P. Gad1*
1

Danish Institute for International Studies

Most political parties in Greenland have for decades declared independent statehoodapart from Denmark to be their goal [1]. Political debates have therefore concentrated on how
far removed this goal should be, and what reforms are deemed necessary to inch closer torealizing it [1]. Integral to the independence project has been a political identity as Inuit,
including the idea of the inherent peacefulness of this indigenous people [2]. Visions of The
Great Arctic Thaw and rebalancing of global power and economy has allowed Greenland to
imagine possibilities for diversifying unilateral dependence on Denmark [3; 4]. Most recently,
U.S. advances has allowed Greenland increased influence and even independent room formaneuver within the constitutional relation to Denmark, reaching even to the core of foreign,
security, and defense policy [5]. Concurrently, however, it is increasingly clear that given
Greenland's geopolitical position, the U.S. is and will be leaning hard on, first, the Kingdom ofDenmark, but increasingly also directly on the Government of Greenland, to prevent any othergreat power from engaging Greenland in ways that allow it to gain influence in Nuuk [6]. The
paper discusses how the Greenlandic visions of sovereignty and security is currently shaped by
the way in which the geopolitical freeze already underway in the Arctic is accelerated by the
Russian war in Ukraine. Specifically, it dissects how in the 2022 election campaign before theDanish parliamentary elections, in which Greenland takes part, previous reflex Inuit pacifism
has been transformed into an explicit across the board accept of NATO membership, leaving,
however, open for debate how membership is to be squared with (current lack of and visions of
future) sovereign statehood.
References[1] Gad U.P., National Identity Politics and Postcolonial Soverignty Games, Copenhagen:Museum Tusculanum Publishers [Monographs on Greenland 353, Man & Society 43] (2016)[2] Rasmussen R.K. ‘The desecuritization of Greenland's security’, Arctic Yearbook (2019)[3] Jacobsen M., 'Greenland's Arctic Advantage', Cooperation & Conflict, 55(2):170-192(2020)[4] Gad U.P. et al., 'Imagining China on Greenland's Road to Independence', Arctic Yearbook(2018)[5] Olsvig S., 'Greenland's aim to move from trilateralism with Denmark and the US, to USGreenlandic bilateralism', Danish Foreign Policy Review (2022)[6] van Brunnersum S.-J., 'China failed its Arctic ambitions in Greenland', politico.eu (22October 2022)

216

March 7

Breakout Session
S11

217

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1

Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine and Policy Implications for
the Poles: Examination of Post-Invasion Developments
Z. Madani
Polar Cooperation Research Centre, Kobe University, Japan
Russia’s unprovoked invasion of Ukraine began on 24 February 2022 while the former
was the presiding Member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC); a main body of theUnited Nations (the UN) that according to the UN Charter has the ‘primary responsibility forthe maintenance of international peace and security’.[1] That invasion which continues up until
this moment, appears to have altered fundamentally the perception of the security in the Polarregions.[2] With the outset of Russian invasion of Ukraine, both the Arctic and Antarctic havewitnessed various patterns of policies that have been put in place through their respective
policymaking systems; most of which are mainly by western states in the polar regions triggeredby and as a response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Within the Arctic, shortly after thatinvasion, a joint statement is issued by seven member states of the Arctic Council stating thatthey will not send their representatives to Russia for meetings of the Arctic Council, a forum
that is currently chaired by Russia, and will temporarily pause participation in all meetings of
the Council and its subsidiary bodies.[3] Following that joint statement, Russia’s Ministry ofForeign Affairs issued an announcement that Russia will continue discussion of the current
agenda of the Arctic territories in the northern latitudes as part of the upcoming events of theRussian chairmanship of the Arctic Council, but its chairmanship will be reoriented to addressnational issues of developing its northern territories.[4] This follows by another statement by
seven states of the Arctic Council as to limited resumption of their work with projects that do
not involve the participation of Russia.[5] Up until the moment of writing this manuscript, it
has not yet become clear that how a resumption of the Arctic Council’s work without theparticipation of Russia will look like and whether this has put the work of that forum into anindefinite pause.[6] All the above is taking place within a forum in which international scientificcooperation has constantly been playing a key role in decisions and policies.[7] Within the
Antarctic, the situation takes a different trend. Importantly, strong reactions were expressed at
the ATCM XLIV Berlin (2022) in view of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, stating that it
jeopardizes the atmosphere of mutual trust and support within the Antarctic community. It
seems that whilst most western states have a common position vis-à-vis Russia, this is not trueof other major decision-making states in the Antarctic fora, therefore making it distinct fromthat of the Arctic. This paper seeks to examine various patterns of policies put in place in thepolar regions triggered by and as a result of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine up until present to see
what their implications are in either of the poles from legal and policy perspectives.
References[1]

See Article 24 of the UN Charter.
[2]
For analogous views see, among others: ‘Arctic Cooperation in the Shadow of Russian Aggression: Armchair
Discussion with Icelandic Foreign Minister Thórdís K.R. Gylfadóttir’, the Wilson Center’s Polar Institute, 21 April 2022. Last
retrieved on 24 October 2022 from https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/arctic-cooperation-shadow-russian-aggressionarmchair-discussion-icelandic-foreign-minister; and E. Wishnick and C. Carlson ‘The Russian Invasion of Ukraine Freezes
Moscow’s Arctic Ambitions’, 3 October 2022, Journal of Indo-Pacific Affairs, published online, last retrieved on 24 October
2022 from https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/JIPA/Display/Article/3172713/the-russian-invasion-of-ukraine-freezes-moscowsarctic-ambitions/[3]
Joint Statement on Arctic Council Cooperation Following Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine, March 3, 2022;
https://www.state.gov/joint-statement-on-arctic-council-cooperation-following-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/

218

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Arctic governance in light of Ukraine crisis: the importantrole of the Arctic Council in the overall governance of theregionT. Koivurova1*
1

Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Finland

Russia's illegal attack on Ukraine caused an immediate reaction from the seven western
member states of the Arctic Council. They suspended their own activities in the Council, of
which Russia was and is the chairman. However, these same states also stated that it is important
to continue the cooperation of the Arctic Council for many reasons. At the beginning of June
2022, they resumed about 70 projects that do not involve Russians. Norway is currently
preparing to take over the chairmanship from Russia. One can observe that even in such difficult
circumstances, the seven member states of the Council see a need for resuming the Arctic
Council co-operation. This presentation will demonstrate why it is that the Arctic Council is so
crucial for the future of the Arctic region. In many ways the Council acts as a glue to the multilevel governance environment of the region, without which many important issues will be hardto tackle. Even if there are uncertainties relating to the future of the Council, it is fair to say thatno matter what will happen, the Arctic states will need at some point in time to draw from the
25 years of history of the Arctic Council to respond to the challenges of the region.

219

S11-

Analyzing Proposals on “the Necessary Modalities” for the
A-7 States to Continue the Arctic Council’s Work
Osamu Inagaki1*
1

Polar Cooperation Research Centre, Kobe University, Japan

In response to Ukraine invasion by Russia from 24 February 2022, on 3 March, the seven
Arctic States (A-7 States) decided temporal pause of their participation of all meetings of the
Arctic Council “pending consideration of the necessary modalities that can allow [them] tocontinue the Council’s important work in view of the current circumstances.” On 8 June, theA-7 States announced limited resumption of Council’s work in the projects that do not involve
the participation of the Russian Federation as one of “the necessary modalities”. Furthermore,
the A-7 States announced that they continue to examine “additional modalities” to allow themto further continue the Council’s important work. In face of this crisis of the Arctic Council,
world-leading Arctic experts have published number of insightful web articles considering andproposing “the necessary modalities” [1-5]. What is interesting in these articles is that there
seem to be some differences of views among these authors especially regarding how to continue
the Council’s work among the A-7 States and how to address handover of Council’s
chairmanship. This presentation attempts to identify the real challenges that the Arctic Counciland A-7 States are now facing by analyzing these articles, especially the differences of views
and where they come from.
References[1] Timo Koivurova, “The Arctic Council Can Continue without Russia,” Arctic Today 10
March 2022<https://www.arctictoday.com/the-arctic-council-can-continue-without-russia/>.
[2] Evan T. Bloom, “A New Course for the Arctic Council in Uncertain Times,” Arctic
Today, 18 March 2022 <https://www.arctictoday.com/a-new-course-for-the-arctic-council-inuncertain-times/>.
[3] Jeremy Greenwood, “Move Forward Without Russia: How the Arctic Council Can Keep
Up Its Work?,” High North News, 4 May 2022 <https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/moveforward-without-russia-how-arctic-council-can-keep-its-work>.
[4] Timo Koivurova, “Is It Possible to Continue Cooperating with Russia in the Arctic
Council?,” Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 29 June 2022
<https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2022/06/29/is-it-possible-to-continue-cooperating-with-russiain-the-arctic-council/>.
[5] Evan T. Bloom, “After a 6-month Arctic Council Pause, It’s Time to Seek New Paths
Forward,” Arctic Today, 6 September 2022 <https://www.arctictoday.com/after-a-6-montharctic-council-pause-its-time-to-seek-new-paths-forward/>.

220

S11-

Global governance and the two-category system in the
Arctic in relation to Arctic sustainable development
Amina Bakhtaoui Van Deputte1*
1

Exchange Student at the Graduate School of Law, Kobe University, Japan

The Arctic continues to experience aggravating climate and environmental challenges that
require profound scientific research and effective policies. This paper identifies the privileged
access of Arctic states to their offshore resources based on the Law of the Sea regime. This
privilege influences the outcomes of global governance in the Arctic region that may lead todifferent results as wished upon by non-Arctic states. The High North keeps arousing politicaland economic interests from non-Arctic states, which often collide with sovereign rights ofArctic states on the Arctic maritime domain. In this regard the eight Arctic States (Canada,
Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, the Russian Federation, and the United States)
signed the Agreement on Enhancing International Arctic Scientific Cooperation (2017). This
Agreement creates an improved legal environment for Arctic science. Although it might
stimulate scientific involvement of non-Arctic states - such as through joint research projects
with Arctic states (Article 17) - it does not provide a legal basis for those states to participate informal decision-making. In this way the Agreement creates a two-category system dividing
Arctic and non-Arctic states. (1) This research seeks to discuss this two-category system bytaking a non-state-centric perspective into consideration. On the one hand this requires ananalysis of how non-Arctic states and inter-governmental, non-governmental and Indigenousorganizations are limited in participating in decision-making processes. On the other thisrequests a critical examination of how Arctic scientific research incorporates metropolitan
interests and how the research itself needs to be decolonized. As a result, this research seeks toattach a significant importance to the interests of the victims of climate injustice in the Arctic
region, namely the Arctic communities (both Indigenous People and Arctic non-Indigenous
people). (2) Ultimately, this study examines how Arctic scientific and climate research suffers
under the current situation in Ukraine. Not only because of the increased tensions ininternational politics, but also because of Russia’s dominant position in the North, both
geographically and legally through its chairmanship in the Arctic Council (a platform forenhancing Arctic scientific cooperation) since May 2021. Thus, this study seeks to explore theopportunities of collective action and International Scientific Cooperation without disguising
neo-colonialism under the waiver of Arctic sustainable development.
References:[1] A. Shibata, M. Raita, An Agreement on Enhancing International Arctic Scientific Cooperation: Only
for the Eight Arctic States and Their Scientists?, The Yearbook of Polar Law 143 (2016); A. Shibata,
The Arctic Science Cooperation Agreement: A perspective from non-Arctic actors, Emerging Legal
Orders in the Arctic: The Role of non-Arctic Actors 217 – 218 (2019)[2] U. Markussen, Towards an Arctic Awakening: Neocolonalism, Sustainable Development,
Emancipatory Research, Collective Action, and Arctic Regional Policymaking, The Inter-connected
Arctic 306 – 307 (2016)

221

S11-

The Arctic Council Task Force: “Task Force on Improved
Connectivity in the Arctic” and the impact of the Ukraine
crisis on Arctic connectivity
A. Grenet 1*
1

Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University, JapanThe Task Force on Improved Connectivity in the Arctic (TFICA) main goal was to meetthe needs in terms of connectivity, new technology and network deployment (mostly throughsatellite coverage) for research cooperation and safety issues in the Arctic. Funding in newtechnologies and new partnerships with private or public companies and organizations wasnecessary. The connectivity issue was something to be dealt with multiple solutions. The task
force needed to ensure which regions in the arctic needed the most increase in connectivity
improvement and which changes were a priority (increase regulatory frameworks andharmonization, build up more data centers, including indigenous specificities, adapting theadequate devices to the arctic environment…). The invasion of Ukraine by Russia has put on
hold cooperation between the Arctic States as five of them (maybe six with Finland’s
candidature) are a part of NATO. Russia has the most territorial coverage of the Arctic region.
Scientific cooperation is put at risk as it is getting more difficult for scientists to continue theirresearch with Russians and have them share the results of their discoveries, which reduces
connectivity. While TFICA’s goal was to increase connectivity for scientific cooperation
purposes, it may nowadays change for security and defence objectives.
.

222

March 9

Breakout Session
S12

S22

223

S1 -S-

1

Shared Arctic Variables and Expert Panels as a forum forco-production and capacity sharing
Alice Bradley1*, Margaret Rudolf2, Heikki Lihavainen3, Hajo Eicken4, Sandy Starkweather5,Heïdi Sevestre6, Ilkka Matero3, and Michael Karcher7
1

Williams College, USA
University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
3
SIOS-KC, Svalbard, Norway
4
International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
5
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
6
Secretariat of AMAP - Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Norway
7
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
2

Shared Arctic Variables (SAV) are sets of observables that provide a means to align theinformation needs of end users in order to better coordinate observations of Arctic phenomena.
SAVs are a core element of the Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks (SAON) Roadmap for
Observing And Data Systems (ROADS) process [1], which formed an advisory panel in 2021
and is ready to accept SAV expert panel proposals. SAVs draw on the Essential Variable
concept developed for global observing efforts, comprising variables with an associated set ofobserving requirements guided by information users. What makes SAVs unique is the process
by which they are identified and defined: Expert panels representing a wide range ofperspectives and information use cases, centering the perspectives of Indigenous peoples andregional decision makers, collaborate to identify the variables that would yield collective
benefit through greater alignment and coordination of observations. These expert panels canserve as a platform for co-producing SAV observing requirements. They can also be a sourceof empowerment for communities on the local or regional scale. By convening and supporting
information users and observers from different perspectives (scientists, government, andIndigenous communities), working together to define Shared Arctic Variables, the process canbuild relationships and link information and observing resources to where they are needed.
SAVs, by recognizing Indigenous knowledge systems as an important means of observing in
its own right, may also help in efforts to develop interfaces between Indigenous Knowledge
systems and regulatory or management frameworks. This presentation describes what SAVs
are, the expert panel process to develop SAVs, and how the process was designed to facilitate
co-production and capacity sharing.

References[1] Bradley, Eicken, Lee, Gebruk, Pirazzini. 2022. Shared Arctic Variable framework links local to
global observing system priorities and requirements. Arctic.

224

S1 -S-

Remaking the world in who’s image? Arctic
Geoengineering, consent, and the Co-production ofknowledge
Aaron M. Cooper1
1University of Stavanger, Norway

As the gap between ambition and reality on emission reductions grows, research into climate
intervention ‘geoengineering’ has been fuelled by a sense that more drastic action is needed.
there are legitimate concerns raised over transparency, indigenous consent and procedural
justice where the implementation of geoengineering is concerned, especially as research thus
far shows that there has been very limited dialogue and engagement on geoengineeringresearch and development with Arctic Indigenous peoples. This path raises concerns about how
inclusive these solutions are and the long-term consequences. As non-state actors engage withgeoengineering research and development, against the background of complex Geopolitics andan ill-equipped legal order - The Arctic states, and the Arctic Council, are faced with thechallenge of ensuring indigenous participation with this highly complex issue.
Evidence suggests the current legal framework may be ill-equipped to deal with theintroduction of geoengineering. Against this background, this paper examines geoengineering
governance, examining how its development and potential application in the Arctic may affect
Indigenous participation. The FPIC procedure has already been an important tool for theempowerment of Indigenous peoples like the Sámi. Thus, this paper explores the nature ofconsent and whether co-production of knowledge could offer guidance on how to appropriately
address the challenges of the Arctic and future technologies.
.

225

S1 -S-

Working together with local communities to understand changes
in the coastal environment and their impact on society in
Inglefield Bredning, northwestern Greenland
M. Otsuki1*, Y. Sakuragi2, J.B. Thiebot1, M. Ogawa2, R. Kusaka3, E. Podolskiy4, T. Oshima5,
and S. Sugiyama3
1

2

Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
3
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
4
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University
5
B-431, 3971, Qaanaaq, Greenland

The Arctic environment has been changing more rapidly than what we expected. In
the past decade, researchers of GRENE, ArCS and ArCS II projects have been collaboratingwith residents in Qaanaaq, a small village on the coast of Inglefield Bredning to understandchanges in the environment. The studies have revealed links between changing naturalenvironment and the society, as represented by an important mechanism of high productivities
near marine-terminating glaciers [1]. Here, we introduce our on-going scientific research
conducted with the local society in Qaanaaq in the summer of 2022 as a part of the ArCS II
project. We have conducted multiple at-sea observations and sampling to understand changes
in the coastal environment. For example, we counted the number of marine mammals andseabirds and deployed multiple passive acoustic recorders from the vessels of local hunters. In
addition to these surveys, we collected samples during local subsistence hunting activities tostudy diet, contaminants, and stress in marine mammals and seabirds. These data are usefulfor determining the distribution and its controlling factors of marine top predators and their
response to environmental changes. Finally, we shared our ideas and scientific activities withlocal communities including school children during workshops in Qaanaaq (Figure 1),
Qeqertat and Siorapaluk to raise awareness of challenges in the current environment. The
residents also kindly shared their ecological knowledges and concerns with us. We haverepeatedly organized such workshops with residents since 2016. The active interaction andco-production of knowledge with Inuit and local society are essential for us to tackle
challenges that we face in the Arctic.

Figure 1. Workshop in Qaanaaq
References[1] S. Sugiyama, N. Kanna, D. Sakakibara, T. Ando, I. Asaji, K. Kondo, Y. Wang, Y. Fujishi, S.
Fukumoto, E. Podolskiy et al., Rapidly changing glaciers, ocean and coastal environments, and theirimpact on human society in the Qaanaaq region, northwestern Greenland, Polar Science 27, 100632(2021)

226

S1 -S-

Nordurslod Arctic Exhibition Ark & Global Indigenous
Centre: A Gateway to New International Dialogue,

Innovation and Constructive Action
L.E. Arthur 1*
1

Emissary on Nordurslod, Arctic Circle, Iceland

Up to 80% of the world’s biodiversity is managed by Indigenous Peoples [1]. As theworld faces multiple crises in climate change and biodiversity loss, a new international centrein Iceland, Nordurslod, offers a 21st century model for innovation, dialogue and constructive
action focusing on the Arctic, climate change, oceans and green energy [2]. At this criticaltime, Nordurslod aims to bring the Indigenous worldview into focus within the activities ofthe building by establishing a Global Indigenous Centre and Exhibition Ark for the purpose of
fostering community, facilitating knowledge sharing, and deepening cultural understanding.
A report on the concept of a Global Indigenous Centre is expected to be published in
2023 highlighting voices from Indigenous leaders and recommendations for the developmentof this concept. A Global Indigenous Centre in Iceland offers a common ground not only for
Indigenous peoples to gather, but also an intersection for the international community,
including non-Arctic States, to deepen their understanding of the Indigenous worldview. Sucha place could help to facilitate better practices in co-production of research by providing aplatform for relationship building and knowledge-exchange.

References[1]
https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/publications/state-of-the-worlds-ind
igenous-peoples.html (last accessed 31 October 2022)[2] https://www.arcticcircle.org/journal/nordurslod---the-north-path (last accessed 31 October
2022)

227

S1 -S-A Research Agenda for Central Arctic Ocean Fisheries
Agreement: Science, Indigenous Knowledge and Rule of Law
K. Nishimoto1*, A. Shibata2, K. Taki3, S. Nishino4
1

Arctic Environmental Research Center, NIPR, Japan
Polar Cooperation Research Centre (PCRC), Kobe University, Japan
3
Fisheries Resources Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Japan
4
Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, JAMSTEC, Japan
2

An Effective implementation of the Central Arctic Ocean (CAO) fisheries agreement,
now entering its crucial second year since entering into force in June 2021, poses hugechallenges for the scientific, Indigenous and legal communities, and this paper examines apotential academic research agenda in meeting those challenges through multidisciplinary
research project ArCS II. After sorting out the intricacies involved in those challenges,
compounded by the Russian invasion of Ukraine, this paper will showcase the scientific agenda
discussed under the Provisional Scientific Coordinating Group (PSCG) to create Joint Programof Scientific Research and Monitoring (JPSRM), one of the key pillars for the effectiveness of
the Agreement. It will then turn to the unique requirement under the Agreement for coproduction of scientific and Indigenous knowledge to meet the objective of this Agreement. All
these scientific and Indigenous agenda should be legally and institutionally framed under the
Agreement, such as in the Rules of Procedure (RoP) of the Conference of the Parties (COP)and the Terms of Reference (ToR) of the Joint Scientific Meeting. A legal analysis of thoseinternational instruments is called for. This paper will be based on the outcome of the inaugural
meeting of COP on 23-25 November 2022 in Republic of Korea.

Science-Indigenous-Policy Process under CAO Agreement

Science / Indigenous
3rd FiSCAO
Japan joined

Nov.13‐14, YellowKnife
Co‐production ofIndigenous and Science
Know ledge Workshop

Oct 5th andfinal FiSCAO

2015

2017

COVID‐19 effects on in‐person mtgs andscientific activities

2018

2019

Joint Science Mtg
established?

Russia)WGs on mapping and data
sharing established

2020

2021

2023

2022

June 25
Agreement entered into force

Oct. 3
Agreement adopted
Oslo Declaration by A5

Sept 28‐29, Online
March 1‐3, Online 3rd PSCG
2nd PSCG (w ithout

Feb.11‐13, Ispra, Italy
1st PSCG

M ay 29‐30.Ottawa
1st Preparatory Conference
Established PSCG
w/ ToR

June 15‐16 Online
2nd PrepConf
ToR for CoP and
Joint Science M tg

Policy / Indigenous

M ay‐June, Online
Conference of theParties (CoP)

Nov.23‐25, Korea

Inaugural CoP

2021

ToR for CoP and
Joint Science M tg

Feb.24 Russian invasion of Ukraine
Online CoP mtgs have not been affected so far.

Figure 1. Process under the CAO Fisheries Agreement: 2015-2022

228

S1 -S-

Development of the Joint Program of Scientific Researchand Monitoring (JPSRM) under scientific meetings
K. Taki1*
1

Fisheries Resources Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, JapanIn October 2018, ten countries/organization signed an international agreement to prevent
unregulated commercial fishing in the high seas of the CAO (Agreement). Then, the signatories
tasked the Provisional Scientific Coordinating Group (PSCG) to develop and operationalize
JPSRM and relevant data sharing protocols in a manner consistent with Article 4 of theAgreement and to identify processes and mechanisms to incorporate Indigenous and local
knowledge (ILK) in the work of the PSCG. This paper introduces the discussions in the PSCG
meetings on questions for the guidance of development of JPSRM, mapping and monitoring
programs, and incorporation of ILK to the PSCG. This paper will then compare the coproduction of ILK and western science to Japan’s “Sato-umi” concept under which local
communities voluntarily conduct resource management and successfully increase production
and diversity, then discuss how to enhance the cooperation with ILK toward the developmentof Agreement.

Figure 1. Schematic figure of recommended structure of incorporation of ILK in the 1st PSCG
meeting (2020; Single and coherent body for ILK and science), along with potentially
additional option: establishment of ILK working group, to foster dialogue.
Reference[1] Report of the 1st meeting of the Provisional Scientific Coordinating Group (PSCG)
of the Agreement to Prevent Unregulated High Seas Fisheries in the Central Arctic
Ocean (2020).

229

S1 -S-

7

Taking into account of Indigenous Knowledge under the
CAO Fisheries Agreement: Lessons from 2022 ICC
Protocols for Equitable and Ethical Engagement
A. Shibata1*
1

Polar Cooperation Research Centre, Kobe University, Japan

The Agreement to Prevent Unregulated High Seas Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean(CAO Fisheries Agreement) is a challenging treaty, particularly for Japan as its Contracting
Party and for Japanese scientific communities, that explicitly and legally requires its Parties to“ensure” that a collaborative scientific program under the Agreement (Joint Program for
Scientific Research and Monitoring (JPSRM)) “takes into account…indigenous … knowledge”(Art.4, para.4). In its preamble, the Agreement explicitly recalls the 2007 United Nations
Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Thus, the interpretation as well as implementationof the Agreement should be based on the fundamental normative tenet of the right of selfdetermination and self-governance of the Arctic Indigenous Peoples in all issues affecting theirlives, including fisheries in the Arctic seas. For them, the Arctic seas are one and integral,undivided by artificial borders and maritime jurisdictional lines. The requirement under the
Agreement should not be read only as searching for technical and procedural means of coproduction of knowledge between Indigenous Peoples and Western Science. In this regard,
2022 Circumpolar Inuit Protocols for Equitable and Ethical Engagement (EEE Protocols)
adopted by the Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) provides a powerful message how
fundamentally the Agreement should ensure the incorporation of Arctic Indigenous Knowledge
in its implementation process. For example, Protocol 1 Directive stipulates: “Work with us (theIndigenous Peoples) throughout the development, interpretation and implementation of allagreements…within (their) homeland”. This paper examines the lessons that should be learned
from the 2022 EEE Protocol for the effective and ethical implementation of the CAO Fisheries
Agreement.

< https://iccalaska.org/about/icc-international/ >Reference[1] ICC 2022: EEE Protocols: < https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/project/circumpolar-inuitprotocols-for-equitable-and-ethical-engagement/ >230

March 6

Breakout Session
S13

231

S1 -

1

The Rise and Demise of the Arctic as a Region?
– The Arctic Council without Russia
Aileen Aseron Espiritu1*
1

Senior Researcher, The Barents Instituteat UiT The Arctic University of Norway

For Arctic international relations, the Arctic Council (AC) has been the central institution
advancing the “cooperation, coordination, and interaction” of the Arctic Eight states since1996. Focusing on international Polar research, climate change, energy and resource
development, indigenous peoples, fisheries and oceans, urbanization, populations in the
Arctic, pollution, and plastic in our oceans, transshipment through Arctic waters, research anddevelopment in the Arctic, etc., the AC has been pivotal in drawing attention to many of theseemerging and ongoing concerns. Such activities and international impact have been called
into grave question because Russia, an AC member covering half of the Arctic, declared anillegal war on Ukraine on 24 February 2022. Much of the international community hasreacted by issuing sanctions on Russia, its leadership, and many of its oligarchs. Seemingly
caught flat-footed, the Arctic Council, with Russia as the Chair from 2021-23, has suspended
all formal activities because of Russia’s aggression.
In this paper, I explore the question of the future of the Arctic Council without theparticipation of Russia while it is at war with Ukraine. The Chairship of the Arctic Council isdue to change from Russia to Norway in 2023. My focus will be on three key concerns: 1) as
Norway takes the Chairship of the Arctic Council from 2023-2025, what will define theArctic Council with half of its territory excluded? 2) how will the isolation of Russia from therest of the Arctic Council shape international relations in the Arctic and outside of it; and 3)
what impact will the exclusion of Russia mean for international agreements such as the searchand rescue agreement and the Central Arctic Ocean fisheries agreement?
I attempt to answer these questions by interviewing Senior Arctic Officials, analysing
discourse and media, and examining Russia’s activities and pronouncements since 24
February 2022 as Chair of the Arctic Council.

232

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Region-building in the West Nordic Arctic
K. Ingvarsdottir
University of Iceland
Christopher Hemmer and Peter J. Katzenstein are among those scholars who claim that
regions are created by politics rather than geography. To them, “even regions that seem mostnatural and inalterable are products of political construction and subject to reconstruction
attempts” [1]. The West Nordic islands—Greenland, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands—are close
neighbors in the North Atlantic and can be seen as forming a natural region in geographicalterms. Nonetheless, the islands did not become close partners, regionally and internationally,
until in the last decades. A major milestone in this regard was the establishment of the interparliamentary West Nordic Council in 1985. The Council’s goal has been to strengthencultural, political, and economic relations between the three islands, and since the 2010s, anArctic agenda has become increasingly apparent in its work. Although the West Nordic
islands only have approximately half a million inhabitants between them, they haveincreasingly made themselves heard in regional and international forums on the Arctic. The
paper will explore the geography and competing identities of the West Nordic region, as wellas political efforts towards—and obstacles against—region-building. The paper will also
devote special attention to the development of an Arctic identity shared across all threeislands.
Reference[1] C. Hemmer, P. J. Katzenstein, Why Is There No NATO in Asia? Collective Identity, Regionalism,
and the Origins of Multilateralism, International Organization, 56, no 4, (2002): 575.

233

S1 -

Roles of imported whale meat from Iceland and Norway
J. Akamine1*
1
Hitotsubashi University, Japan
This paper aims at explaining (1) changes of whale meat supply chains in Japan after
withdrawing from the IWC in 2019, (2) influence of whale meat imported from Iceland andNorway into Japanese markets, and (3) articulating socio-political and socio-economic links
between Japanese foodways and the two Nordic countries, which both are members of theregional North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO). Since July 1, 2019, Japan
resumed commercial harvest of three whale species: 187 Bryde’s whales, 25 sei whales and 134
minke whales aligned to quotas within Japanese EEZ. Compared to the research whaling period(1988 - 2018), domestic supplies of whale meat in the market have shrunk to no less than
2,000mt. Japan resumed importing whale meat in 2008 for the first time since the moratoriumof commercial whaling took effect in 1988 to fill the gaps of domestic demand [1]. Since then,consumption of imported whale meat began, particularly fin whale meat and blubbers from
Iceland. Based on literature review, statistics, and fieldwork among stakeholders, the paper will
illustrate marketing strategies by both Japanese whaling companies and importing companies
centered on producing sashimi quality products, which may affect local whale meat production
in Iceland and Norway.
6,000
5,000

Domestic Production

mtImports from Icelandmt

Imports from Norway mt
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0

Figure 1. Domestic production and imports of whale meat (mt)References[1] Akamine, J., Tastes for blubber: Diversity and locality of whale meat foodways in Japan, Asian
Education and Development Studies 10 (2021)

234

S1 -

Polska jako członek obserwator Rady Arktycznej
P. Markowski*
University of Szczecin, Poland

Arctic plays more and more important role in world politics. Its geopolitical, economic andecological significance causes that not only countries within arctic region but also those inindirectinfluence
tend
to
show
interest
in
using
polar
regions.
This tendency can be plainly seen when looking at Polish activity. This country has been a state
observer of Arctic Council for over 20 years and has conducted scientific research on arctic
relatedtopics
for
more
than
40
years.
The aim of presented research is to answer the question regarding causes of Poland’s risinginterest in Arctic Council activities and - looking broader - importance of state observer ininternational organisation. Supplementary, but still an important part of this study is identifying
role of Poland as a member of European Union and the form of its activities at Arctic Council
meetingandeffectivenessofcompletingits
own
political
goals.
Basis for presented issues will be official Arctic Council documents and assumptions of Polish
Arctic Policy. In the former case Arctic Council Observer regular reports play the key role. In
the latter, documents regarding Polish Polar Policy released by Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

235

S1 -

Cooperating and Observing towards an Ideal:
The Arctic in Japan's Foreign Policy Identity
W. Yennie Lindgren1*
1

Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI)

A decade since its inception into the Arctic Council as an observer, how is Japan adapting its
approach to the Arctic in response to recent global developments and what is the influence ofJapan’s broader foreign policy identity in its approach to the High North? Buttressing thenotion that Arctic policies are not standalone policies but the extension of national and foreign
policy initiatives and identities, this presentation considers Japan’s approach to the Arctic in
the context of broader policy initiatives on traditional and non-traditional security issues. How
is Japan’s idea of an “Ideal Arctic” [1] that takes into account developments concerning
environmental changes, sustainable economic activities and the rule of law, adapting given
current global developments? Specifically, the presentation addresses how the war in Ukraine
has impacted Japanese foreign policy and, resultingly, how this affects Japan’s approach to the
Arctic, in particular concerning governance and research. As the idea that two Arctics are
emerging in the aftermath of the war in Ukraine, how does Japan envision its role in fractured
multilateral governance structures and the defining institution in the Arctic, namely, the Arctic
Council? In its review of how Japan has asserted its place in the Arctic since becoming anobserver, drafting an Arctic policy and in the context of broader foreign policy initiatives andidentity, the presentation considers the role of scientific research collaboration, Hokkaido as a“gateway” to the Arctic and implications of the planned 2023 upgrade of central Japanesepolicy documents (i.e. National Security Strategy) for relations with Arctic states. Through a
discourse and practice analysis, it unpacks how security, on traditional and non-traditional andon national and international levels factors in Japan’s approach to the Arctic and demonstrates
the synergy between Arctic security issues and broader, prioritized foreign policy issues, suchas freedom of the seas, peaceful coexistence and environmental sustainability.

References[1] MOFA Japan “Speech by H. E. Mr. Taro Kono, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan at the
Arctic Circle 2018” 19 October (2018).

236

S1 -

Constructed Proximity:
Identity and China’s Near-Arctic State Concept
M. Lanteigne1
1

UiT The Arctic University of Norway - Tromsø, Norway

Although China is not the only non-Arctic country which has sought a greater say in Arctic
affairs, it is the largest and arguably the most influential. For over a decade, Chinese research
papers and policy documents have referred to the country as a ‘near-Arctic state’ (jin beiji guoja
近北极国家), a phrase that was later codified in the Chinese government’s 2018 White Paperon Arctic policy. The term has been viewed by critics as evidence that China is seeking arevisionist role in the far north, given that China has no Arctic geography. However, in
examining Chinese Arctic diplomacy since the country became a formal observer in the Arctic
Council in 2013, it is necessary to study the concept of ‘near-Arctic state’ within the parametersof China attempting to create a distinct Arctic identity. Beijing wishes to be seen as a
responsible stakeholder and partner in Arctic discourse and development, a task which has since
been complicated by the suspension of the Council in 2022, as well as by concerns from some
Arctic governments about China’s longer-term goals for the far north. Nevertheless, it is usefulfor studies of Chinese Arctic policy to better look at the country’s ‘Arctic-adjacent’ status as a
key facet of the country’s interests in not only developing scientific and economic links in theregion, but also in playing a potential enhanced role in future areas of Arctic governance. Thus,
the constructivist study of identity and norm-generation is required in developing an improved
understanding of Beijing’s Arctic engagement, at a time when the region has become a strategic
concern to Arctic and non-Arctic actors alike.

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March 8

Breakout Session
S15

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1

Using Traditional Ways of Education to MaintainIndigenous Communities
T. Inoue1*
1

Josai International University, Japan

From the second half of 20th century, arctic/subarctic indigenous societies in the U.S.A
and Canada have experienced several major changes, such as sedentarization of settlements,
the introduction of monetary economies, and non-traditional education systems. Indigenous
people have been forced to live under the rule of Nation-state governments as minorities andfaced discrimination. New social situations brought severe problems, especially to children andadolescents who lost opportunities to learn from their traditional culture. Indigenous societies
have since faced identity crises and lost their pride as indigenous people. From the 1960’s,
behavior of adolescents (often unlawful or inappropriate) became a major problem inindigenous communities. Some of the leaders of these societies recognized the problems andstarted cultural programs to educate young people by passing on their values. Programs such
cultural camps are still conducted widely among Alaskan indigenous societies [1-2].
In the Gwich’in societies in interior Alaska, leaders started the Youth Survivors program
to provide opportunities to teach their tradition to younger generations in 1980’s. This program
was unique because it was not just a camp for groups of children, but, instead, used theirtraditional methods of mentoring—one expert hunter/trapper/fisher taught only one boy
through practice. They then brought their mentee on hunting/trapping/fishing trips and taught
not only skills and knowledge, but their value, philosophy, world view and discipline. Most ofthese mentors learned their traditional culture through their life in the bush before
sedentarization, as wells as more academic and western methods of through their college
education and/or military services.
In this presentation, I will report on this kind of mentoring and as well as cases of support
for children and adolescents who have behavioral problems or committed minor crimes. In one
example, a mentor taught traditional values and ways of mutual help to children and adolescentsthrough one-on-one mentoring, leading them to rebuild social relations with other community
members. Analyzing these cases, I will show that teaching activities that pass on traditional
values and traditional methods of living method can play important roles in maintaining
community in the modern indigenous settlement society.
Acknowledgement
This presentation is based on the research supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers
JP15K12960 (Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research “Practical Anthropologicalresearch to promote social working in the indigenous societies in Alaska”). The research plan
passed evaluation by the research Ethics Committee, Josai International University, andobtained permission from the President of the University.
I would like to thank the residents of Fort Yukon and the Gwich’in of Fairbanks for theirsupport.
References[1] S. Kondo, Teaching and Leaming Culture in Interior Alaska: Activities in Nikolai, Alaska,
Annual Journal of Cultural Anthropology 9 37-48, (2014)[2] Tanana Chiefs Conference, Culture Camps. Tanana Chiefs Conference Home Page.
https://www.tananachiefs.org/services/youth/culture-camps/#more-3285(Revised: October 25th, 2022)

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Ainu People and Well-being: A Case Study of Salmon Fishing and Ceremony under the
Ainu Policy Promotion Act
Hiroya Noguchi
Hokkaido Museum of Northern Peoples / Tohoku University. Japan
In 2019, a new law on the Ainu people, The Ainu Policy Promotion Act (APPC), wasenforced in Japan. This law prohibits discrimination against the Ainu people and aims at
creating a society where the Ainu people can live with pride as an indigenous people throughmeasures of government and municipalities. Since the main purpose of these measures is thepromotion of Ainu culture, the APPC is closely related to "Cultural Well-being (Manning &Fleming 2019) " for the Ainu people. This presentation will examine how and to what extent
the APPC will contribute to the well-being of the Ainu people, by using field research data andanalyzing changes in salmon fishing under the APPC as a case study.
Salmon had been the staple food for the Ainu people for a long time, but theirlivelihood, fishery, was banned by the Japanese government in the late 19th century. Now, theAinu people is permitted to catch salmon only for special purposes such as a salmon ceremony.
The Ainu people have long demanded the restoration of their salmon fishery rights, and inrecent years their demands have grown stronger. Therefore, the new law includes a little
deregulation of salmon fishing. In other words, regarding salmon fishing, the new law has
expanded a little scope of the Ainu people’s possibilities to live their own culture.
However, despite the deregulation, there have been only a few changes in salmon
fishing under the APPC. Therefore, at least in the case of salmon fishing, the contribution of
the new law to well-being is limited. The reason why the APPC cannot fully contribute to thewell-being of the Ainu people is due to the institutional design. The process of reflecting theirdemands in measures is left to each municipality. Therefore, improvements in salmon fishinghave only occurred in areas where local Ainu groups and the municipality have worked together
for many years. Municipalities which have not built a good relationship with local Ainu groups
have difficulty in making a good policy plan which reflects the demands of the local Ainu
people. In order to contribute to well-being through the APPC, it is necessary to develop asystem to reflect the Ainu people's demands in measures.
References
Matthew, Manning & Christopher Fleming
2019 Understanding Wellbeing. In M. Matthew & C. Fleming (eds.), Routledge Handbookof Indigenous Wellbeing. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 3-10.

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Food Life History Project in Alaska: Community-based
Participatory Research on Underground Caches
Y. Kugo1*, M. Koskey1, G. Iwahana2, T. John1, K. Saito3, Y. Hirasawa4, and S. Tatsuzawa5
1

Center for Cross-Cultural Studies, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
3
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan
4
Department of Human Sciences, University of East Asia
5
Graduate School of Humanities and Human Sciences, Hokkaido University,2This paper presents a progress report on the study of “food life history” in northern
Alaskan communities. Food Life History (FLH) is a framework for a cycle of harvesting food(fishing, hunting, and plant gathering), processing and preserving food, and transportation,
distribution, and consumption of food. Each region has developed its own techniques to hunt
animals and prepare the meat in their environment. Alaska Native peoples have used ice cellars,
underground caches, and pits to preserve and share locally harvested food for at least threereasons: 1) Storing a mass of meat supports the food needs of community, 2) Quickly storingmeat in a cellar helps meat from spoiling, and 3) Some meat processing techniques require skills,
such as to achieve meat fermentation. Based on our preliminary fieldtrips in the partneringcommunities in the summers of 2021 and 2022, we learned that the northern food storagepractices have changed due to rapid environmental fluctuations (e.g. permafrost thawing, thaw
and moisture conditions) and the arrival of modern education, technologies, and economy. Our
research team consists of social and natural scientists 1) to investigate the traditional use ofunderground cache practices in Arctic communities, and 2) to document local concerns of thecurrent harvesting, sharing, and consumption of local foods in response to thawing frozen groundand socioeconomic changes, especially since the introduction of refrigeration in the 1960s.
We have used a community-based participatory research (CBPR) to gain local
perspectives and build research questions from local and researchers’ perspectives. Community
assistants have helped to prompt Elders’ memories to talk about their life experiences traveling,
harvesting food, and using an underground cache. Reawakening the memory and oral history ofthese features through CBPR provides locally relevant, meaningful information for thecommunities’ well-being, and for informing their future cultural revitalization plans.

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Kaori Ishii*
Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku University, Japan
Small and remote villages in the Arctic region have geographical characteristics that
could be disadvantageous for managing waste. These characteristics include transportation
networks limited to sea and air routes, changes in travel methods in summer and winter, andthe lack of resources and facilities. Subsistence activities occupy a crucial place in Alaska
villages even today. Simultaneously, the modernization of livelihoods has progressed due tosmall aircraft operations that started in the 1930s and settlement policies implemented during
the Cold War. Such changes have increased the variety of waste materials, including car
batteries and home appliances. Locally, waste is self-hauled, end up in open dumps, and isincinerated at low temperatures, raising concerns about its impact on the human body and theenvironment. This presentation is designed to demonstrate how these issues are recognized in
the lives of people in small and remote villages in Alaska. In the US, household waste disposal,
including hazardous waste, is generally local governments’ responsibility, and municipalities
are typically required to oversee waste disposal and recycling. In contrast, it is geographicallyand socially difficult for villages to manage waste in remote areas of Alaska, and outside actors
such as the state, NPO/NGOs, and natural scientists are deeply involved in identifying problems
and providing technical assistance. Therefore, it is critical to understand the perceptions of bothpeople who live there and the outside actors. In this presentation, I will examine how people
experience waste problems in daily life and discuss the following issues. (1) The change inquality and quantity of waste resulting from not only modernization but also changes in natureand the social environment, including food availability and climate change. (2) Relationships
between people and waste that are not always problematic. (3) While people are welcoming
support for solving problems and increasing employment, they are also concerned about risks
from the increasing complexity of the waste stream.

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Community-based wild reindeer monitoring andestablishment of adaptive hunting area in the Siberian
Arctic: as autonomous adaptation to climate change
S. Tatsuzawa1,3*, I. Okhlopkov2, E. Kirillin2 and M. Nikolay2
1Hokkaido University, Japan
2Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, SB RAS, Russia
3

North-Eastern Federal University, Russia

In the Arctic region of the Sakha Republic in East Siberia, rapid changes of distribution
and life history of fauna and flora have taken place over the past 30 years. Wild reindeer, on
which northern indigenous peoples have depended for their livelihoods, have changed theirseasonal migration routes, making traditional hunting difficult and becoming one of the reasons
they give up on their traditional lifestyles. In addition, conflicts between wild and domesticatedreindeer, such as competition for feeding grounds and abductions, are increasing, so the conceptof "pest" which was not previously held is spreading in indigenous people. Therefore, we will
work with local people to clarify the latest seasonal migration routes and wintering grounds ofwild reindeer using satellite transmitters and provide this information to stakeholders toestablish a new wintering reserve. In addition, integrated management of both wintering reserveand hunting area by the local committee has enabled both poaching control and sustainable useof wild reindeer population. This is an example of community-based adaptive wildlife
management in the Arctic region, and we would like to evaluate it from both socio-economic
and cultural perspectives as a model of autonomous adaptation to climate change.

243

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Livelihood of Indigenous People under A Changing Climate
in Yakutia, Russia: Description and Analysis of A
Quantitative Household Survey
S. Khasanov1*, D. Yamada2, D. Narita3, T. Gavrilyeva4, V. Parilova5, J. García Molinos6
1

Graduate School of Economics and Business, Hokkaido University, Japan
2
Faculty of Economics and Business, Hokkaido University, Japan
3
Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
4
Institute of Engineering and Technology, North-Eastern Federal University, Russia
5Institute of Finances and Economics, North-Eastern Federal University, Russia
6
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
In this study, we examine the livelihood of indigenous people in Yakutia, northern Siberia,
Russia, based on our own quantitative household surveys. The traditional ways of living forindigenous people are constantly exposed to the rapid changes of modern technologies and ofsocioeconomic structure. Furthermore, climate change and resulting environmental changes canaffect the local climatic conditions and the biodiversity of local species that form the foundationof their traditional lives, and these influences can be of particular significance in northern
Siberia which is one of the world regions where the warming trends are most evident. We
conducted two series of household surveys: broad surveys covering 18 settlements over all
Yakutia conducted from June 2021 to early 2022 and an in-depth survey conducted April andJune, 2022 in which we focused on a single settlement and covering 102 households. The
questionnaire design followed that of a standard nationally sampled household socioeconomic
survey but was adjusted to reflect the traditional livelihood of indigenous people. Our aims inthis study are to examine: (1) the overall well-being levels of indigenous people, along with
their basic demographic and socioeconomic characteristics; (2) the patterns of consumption,
farming, hunting, and gathering of traditional, non-traditional, and market-based items; (3) the
extent to which they are involved in (or dependent on) modern socioeconomic activities outside
their settlements, including temporary and permanent migration to other parts of Russia andremittances from these migrants and; (4) their own perceptions on the impacts of climate change.
These points describe their dependence on traditional methods of food acquisition and on local
climate and species—or lack thereof. They also illustrate the potential impacts of climatechange on their livelihood and well-being that may occur if the warming trends further intensify.
This study is a part of an e-Asia Joint Research Program project entitled “Climate change
Resilience of Indigenous SocioEcological systems,” funded by Japan Science and Technology
Agency (JST).

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Arctic LNG Business in Russia: Retreat or Resume?
M. Tokunaga1*
Faculty of Business and Commerce, Kansai University, Osaka, Japan
In this paper, I demonstrate the trends and prospects of Japanese foreign direct investment(FDI) in the Arctic energy business against the background of the recent development of energy
resources in Russia’s Far North. More specifically, first, to what extent and why Japan, one of
the world’s biggest importers of liquid natural gas (LNG), has been involved in Russian Arctic
oil and gas programs is to be discussed in consideration of Japan’s diplomacy toward Russia.
Second, I overview the business activities of Japanese investors in the Arctic LNG 2 project in
the Gydan Peninsula in the northern part of Siberia and describe how and why they decided toinvest this controversial project with generous support from the office of the Prime Minister ofJapan. Third, I review the potential financial losses of the Japanese companies involved in the
Arctic LNG 2 project due to the harsh economic sanctions against Russia over Moscow’s
actions in Ukraine. It is concluded that Russian LNG from the High North is not an essential
source of the energy for Japan’s business entities in the long run; it would rather pose asignificant risk to corporate management in the wave of de-carbonization and de-Russification.
In this way, Arctic energy FDI represents a significant challenge to sustainable development,even in terms of purely economic efficiency, not to mention environmental and social
sustainability in the Russian Far North.

Figure 1. Arctic LNG 2 in Norther Siberia
Source: Novatek’s website (https://www.novatek.ru/en/business/arctic-lng/)
References[1] M. Tokunaga, K. Suganuma, Japan’s Foreign Direct Investment in Russia: A Big Returnfrom a Small Opportunity, Eurasian Geography and Economics 61 (2020)[2] M. Tokunaga, Russian Arctic Development and Environmental Discourse, In: Veli-Pekka
Tynkkynen et. al (eds.), Russia’s Far North: The Contested Energy Frontier, Routledge,
Chapter 8 (2018)

245

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Economic Development in the Arctic Regions in Russia:
before and after February 2022
Shinichiro Tabata1*
1

Slavic-Eurasian Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan

Russia’s invasion in Ukraine in February 2022 has significantly changed the Russian andworld economy, including international economic relations and energy trade. Until February
2022 the economic development in the arctic regions in Russia had been driven by oil and gas
development [1-3]. Since the beginning of this war, I have been engaged in the analysis of the
impacts of economic sanctions on the Russian and world economy, based on own estimates ofdeclining oil and exports from Russia. It is expected that oil and gas exports from Russia to theWest (unfriendly countries in Russian government terminology) will decrease to zero until 2027.
In this paper, I consider these impacts on the arctic regions in Russia. Will oil and gas
development stop completely in these regions? Then how will be future development in theseregions? Will the Russian government abandon the strategy of advanced development of its
Arctic regions?
In this paper, statistical analysis is made using socio-economic data of the Russian Arctic
regions in the past two decade. Most attentions are paid to two regions: Sakha Republic andYamalo-Nenets Autonomous Oblast. Changes in Russian government strategies and policies
concerning the Arctic development are analyzed as well. In addition, some comparisons are
made between Russia and the other Arctic countries/regions where oil and gas development isthe driver of the economic growth.
References[1] S. Tabata, The Contribution of Natural Resource Producing Sectors to the Economic
Development of the Sakha Republic, Sustainability 13 (18), 10142 (2021)[2] S. Tabata, Flow of Financial Resources between the Federal Budget and the Arctic
Regions in Russia, Region: Economics & Sociology, No. 3 (103) (2019) (in Russian)[3] V. Tynkkynen, S. Tabata, D. Gritsenko, M. Goto eds., Russia’s Far North: The Contested
Energy Frontier. Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge (2018)

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Potential Climate Refugees from Permafrost Area: Are
People Ready to Leave Their Native land?
Yu. Zhegusov1*
1

Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone SB RAS, Russia

Articles about Permafrost Climate Refugees stand out from the numerous publications
on climate change and migration in recent years [1,2,3]. The most common causes of forced
migration are the consequences of climate change, such as extreme weather events, sea-level
rise and food insecurity [4]. Thawing permafrost could also push for growth of a number ofclimate refugees. By 2050, nearby 70% of the modern infrastructure of the cryolithozone arelocated in areas with a high potential for melting of near-surface permafrost. Climate warming
will cause significant damage to infrastructure (up to 60-80% of infrastructure elements) [5].
The permafrost zone occupies almost 65% of the territory of Russia. The Governmentof the Russian Federation is concerned about the problem of permafrost melting. In future,permafrost thawing will bring large expenses for the maintenance of critical infrastructure andprobably make these territories uninhabitable. In 2020, Ruslan Edelgeriev, the special
representative of the President on Climate Issues, allowed the mass relocation of the
population living in the Far North to the southern regions due to the melting of permafrost.
In order to identify the degree of availability for the emigration of residents of the
Sakha Republic (North-East of Russia), in our sociological survey "Climate Change in
Yakutia" we set the following question: "Are you ready to move to another region of Russia
on condition of reimbursement of all relocation costs with providing housing andemployment?"
The survey revealed that 39% of respondents are ready to leave their homeland, but
48.1% are not agree to emigrate, 13% found it difficult to answer.
Social groups’ analysis of responses showed up that women, young people and urban
residents are more willing to change their place of residence. The main reason for theirdecision to leave Yakutia is catastrophic forest summer fires, which cause heavy smoke anddeterioration of air quality.
References[1] Jakobeit, C., Methmann, C. ‘Climate Refugees’ as Dawning Catastrophe? A Critique of
the Dominant Quest for Numbers. In: Scheffran, J., Brzoska, M., Brauch, H., Link, P.,
Schilling, J. (eds) Climate Change, Human Security and Violent Conflict. Hexagon Series on
Human and Environmental Security and Peace, vol 8. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2012).
[2] Farbotko, Carol. Wishful sinking: Disappearing islands, climate refugees andcosmopolitan experimentation. Asia Pacific Viewpoint. 51. 47 – 60 (2010).
[3] Qin, H. Collectif Argos: Climate Refugees. Hum Ecol 39, 699–700 (2011)[4] Sen Roy, S. Climate Refugees. Linking Gender to Climate Change Impacts in the Global
South, 93–115. (2018)[5] Hjort, J., Streletskiy, D., Doré, G. et al. Impacts of permafrost degradation on
infrastructure. Nat Rev Earth Environ 3, 24–38 (2022)

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0

Arctic river settlements of Yakutia in changing climaticconditions (social challenges of changing the hydrologicalregime of the Arctic in the 21st century).
S. Grigorev1*, A. Suleymanov1, A. Arkhipova1 and S. Fedorov1
1

Institute for Humanities Research and Indigenous Studies of the North (SB RAS), Russia

Like all over the world, the river systems of the Arctic region of Yakutia play a huge rolein the life of the indigenous population. Being the most important source of resources, thenorthern rivers play an important role in the social development of aboriginal ethnic groups,
being the basis for their economy and culture. Global climate transformations around the world
also have a significant impact on the Arctic ecosystem, including its water balance. To disrupt
the fragile balance of the Arctic natural environment and the sustainable development of local
aboriginal communities that depend on it, often only small changes in climate cycles andtemperature regimes are enough. In the 21st century on the territory of Yakutia, including its
Arctic part, there is an increase in natural crisis manifestations associated with water resources,
such as floods, shallowing of rivers, degradation of permafrost in adjacent territories, etc. As aconsequence, this entails the growth and complication of social problems for the local
population.
It should be noted that indigenous peoples live in the Arctic regions of Yakutia: Yakuts,
Evenki, Evens, Dolgans, Chukchi and Yukaghirs, who preserve traditional types of economic
and culture. In recent decades, these communities have faced great internal and externaldifficulties and are very vulnerable to any critical situations. At the same time, their way of life,
which is closely interconnected with the surrounding natural conditions, determines a highdegree of dependence on climate change. Confronting the natural disasters of local communities
in Yakutia is complicated by financial poverty, unemployment and migration of the able-bodied
population typical of local villages. In this report, our attention will be paid to a special type ofsettlements in Yakutia - Arctic river settlements located on the banks of rivers and completelydependent on river resources.
Our focus was on the village of Siktyakh, located on the banks of the Lena River innorthern Yakutia, and the village of Argakhtakh, located on the banks of the Alazeya River innortheastern Yakutia, where the authors of the report conducted field research in 2021–2022.
These settlements are of interest due to their remoteness from the main regional economic,
political and cultural centers of Yakutia, and, consequently, their strong autonomy and autarchy.
This feature is an important factor in their life, leaving a special imprint on the history andprospects for their development. Despite the general similarity of the conditions in which they
exist (natural location, remoteness, ethnic composition, economy and demography), societiesthat are located on the banks of large rivers are forced to face different threats and theirconsequences. The example of the village of Argakhtakh, located in the north-east of Yakutia,
demonstrates the stressful state of the local population and the reduction in the scale of the
traditional economy caused by regular floods and the degradation of permafrost that is largely
dependent on it. At the same time, residents of the Siktyakh village, unaffected by floods,
located on the banks of the Lena, are forced to face a different set of problems caused bychanges in temperature and seasonal regimes, as well as local economic and logistical cycles
that depend on it. The study of these remote communities, living largely autonomously fromthe rest of the world, can demonstrate a wide range of both potential threats and the response
and adaptation strategies they have developed in the harsh conditions of Arctic Yakutia.

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Arctic policy and fiscal problems in Russia:
the case of the Sakha Republic
K. Yokogawa1*
1Faculty of Economics, Kanagawa University, Japan

This paper focuses on the Sakha Republic in the Russian Far East as one of the Arctic
regions. Russia's Arctic policy gives priority to improving the living standard and quality of lifeof Arctic inhabitants. I examine the feasibility of Russia's Arctic policy in the context of
economic and social situation in the Sakha Republic and fiscal capacity of local governments,
which are responsible for the provision of social public services.
The Arctic region is an important 'donor' for the Russian economy, which can bringabundant tax revenues to the state budget[1]. However, it has not been considered enough if
this wealth contributes to the sustainable development of Arctic societies. This paper provides
an overview of Russia's Arctic policy, followed by an analysis of the socio-economic situationin the Sakha Republic after the collapse of the USSR. Then, local public service provision andits finance is analyzed based on the fiscal statistics of the Republic.
I conclude that the feasibility of the Russia’s Arctic policy was diluted by Russia's own
actions and policies. Goals such as attracting private investments have become extremely
difficult to realize after the invasion of Ukraine. In addition, improving public services in the
Arctic region such as education and health care, which are considered to be of poor quality, also
is difficult as local governments in the Republic have neither the financial resources nor theautonomy for decision-making to meet the goal, as a result of centralization in the past decades.
References[1] S.Tabata and M.Goto (2020), Hokkyoku no Ningen to Shakai, (Human and Society in the
Arctic. in Japanese)249

March 7

Breakout Session
S16

250

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1

Anthropology of exhibitions in Russian Arctic: Sharing
the visual images beyond borders
Hiroki Takakura1*
Vanda Ignatyeva2*
1

2

Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku University, Japan
Institute of Humanitarian Research and North Indigenous Peoples Problem of Siberian
Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia

Complicity and co-creation is a key words for anthropology in the contemporary Arctic
research. The indigenous peoples are not mere an object for study but a collaborator for thedevelopment of science in society. The trans-disciplinary approach guides to create newconceptual, theoretical, methodological innovations that move beyond discipline-specificapproaches involving many types of stakeholders in the context of real-world problem. This
paper documents some exhibitions related Siberian ethnography organized by the authors toevaluate the anthropological and social significances. As an influential work among therelated previous research, Sara Pink (2007), in her book of the applied visual anthropology,
advocates the cultural intervention for changing societies using the visual materials. Following
this idea, the authors explore the challenges in Russian Arctic contexts. In this presentation,
while we describe how we involve people, local administration, and the related scholars acrosscountries for the exhibition and argue the way the exhibition affects the local peoples and thescholarship. We also examine the exhibition methodology in terms of digital technology inprogress, рresentation, distribution and promotion of modern science achievements. They guidereconsidering the conventional anthropological view and the way of collaboration with the local
people. The exhibition as an applied visual anthropology project recaptures the new meaningof ethnographical snapshot as scientific knowledge. The exhibition is becoming a new form andattribute of research work and scientific exchange, but also a tool and resource forcommunication and social interaction.

S. Pink ed. (2007).Visual Interventions: Applied Visual Anthropology. New York: Berghahn.

251

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The Relational Exhibition: Connecting Landscapes,
Communities, and Research Archives
V. Peemot1*
1

University of Helsinki, FinlandThis study explores the ways in which the archival photography exhibition negotiates
the relationships within and between different community groups. My case-study for thisproject is the black and white photography exhibition entitled “In Search Of Gold In Siberia:
The Heritage Of The Finnish Geological Expedition to Uriankhai in 1917” and its opening
event which took place on January 13th, 2016, in the Nordic Culture Point in Helsinki,
Finland. The exhibition was a result of then three-year-long work on the heritage of theFinnish geological expedition to Uriankhai which is currently known as the Tyva Republic in
North Asia, a part of (Soviet) Russia since 1944. I have collaborated on this heritage projectwith Sjundby Traditionsförening—a community organization based in the Swedish-speaking
municipality of Sjundby (its Finnish name is Siuntio) in southern Finland. The head of theorganization is retired farmer Carl-Johan Lindén whose father, Erik Lindén, participated in the
1917 expedition to Tyva.
Prior to the exhibition, in summer 2013, we followed the 1917 expedition’s routes in Tyva
together with Carl-Johan Lindén and three members of his family. During the trip, we visited
the same locations featured in the archival photographs, shared the historical expedition’s
story with local communities and tried to identify descendants of people who were
photographed back in 1917. I have continued the same work in the following years, while
conducting ethnographic fieldwork for my doctoral and postdoctoral research projects.
I approach the exhibition (its preparation, assembling the photographs and artefacts, and theopening programme) as a social process which connected its diverse audiences: the Sjundby
community, researchers, people who are interested in Tyva, and numerous descendants of the1917 expedition’s members from Finland and abroad. In this work, I discuss how each ofthese groups makes use of the exhibition.

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Life of a Big River: Russia-Japan Traveling Exhibition Project
Y. Watanabe1*, A. Logunovich2, and A. Kazakevich2
12

Tokai University, Japan
Aqua Logo Engineering, Russia"Life of a Big River" is a Russia-Japan traveling exhibition project dedicated to the mainriver of Western Siberia – the Ob. This project was started in collaboration between Russian
aquarium specialists from Aqua Logo Engineering and a Japanese researcher at water
environment outreach.
This project was designed for local city residents of Western Siberia, especially children
ages 7 to 14. The people living in this region have a fish-eating culture and the main source offish is the Ob river. Nevertheless, people had little chance to learn about the life of the Ob.
This exhibition tells fish ecology, food chain, fisheries, industries, fish-eating, andparasites in the Ob. All the topics are guided by typical fish characters. Most of the exhibition
items can be touched. Visitors can play interactive games, work with microscopes, take pictureswith old fishing gear, learn at a masterclass, and sometimes feed the real fish. Each item ismodularized and can be arranged flexibly according to the space. About 100 square meters wererequired for the total exhibit.
After about a year of development, the exhibition tour started in October 2019. The
exhibition has visited three Siberian cities: Kogalym, Noyabrsk, and Langepas. The young
Siberians in each city played and learned about the life of the Ob and its inhabitants at theexhibition.

Figure 1. The location of the Ob River and traveling venues

Figure 2. The guided tour starts at entrance

Figure 3. Exhibition and visitors at Kogalym

253

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Possibilities and Difficulties involved in the holding Arctic
Exhibitions in Museums with Small Arctic Collections
Sakurako Koresawa1*
1

National Ainu Museum/Tohoku University, Japan

The purpose of this presentation is to consider the difficulties and possibilities of holding
arctic exhibition in museums with small or few collections of arctic culture, and located in
non-arctic regions. This presentation will chiefly aim to clarify answer to the following twoquestions. (1) How do museums in non-arctic regions go about holding arctic exhibitions? and(2) How can researchers conduct studies of materials and extend those studies into theexhibitions?
In regard to (1), the talk will address what kind of exhibition methods and content are
effective for visitors from non-arctic regions in order to share and arouse interest in arctic issues
by analyzing the British Museum’s exhibition. This exhibition of arctic climate and its culture
was held from Oct. 2020 to Feb. 2021. The exhibition emphasized arctic issues in terms ofglobal climate change and the resilience of arctic communities by displaying ethnographic
materials and records such as fur clothes and hunting tools, artworks, photos, historical records.
In regard to (2), the talk will explore what kind of research and exhibitions are possible
in museums with small collections of arctic culture by focusing on the case of animal fur
materials. Animal fur is one material that protects the human body from the cold. Residents
both in arctic and non-arctic regions have developed their own culture centering on animal furs
through understanding local environments and the characteristics of animals. Therefore, animal
fur is one of the most common materials in both arctic and non-arctic regions, and thiscommonality will arouse interest in arctic issues among people in non-arctic regions.
In the case of museums that focus on indigenous history and culture in Japan, animal fur
collections of indigenous cultures, for example Ainu culture, are very small despite the numberof historical ethnographies on fur. By focusing on the size in number of fur materials of Ainu
culture, it can be pointed out that there is a bias in museum collections caused by collector'scolonial interests concerning indigenous culture.
Even if there are a few materials in museums, restoration and comparison are effective
ways of exhibiting arctic materials. The restoration of traditional materials based on detailed
research of ethnographic records gives opportunities for indigenous peoples to learn and deepen
their culture. In this case, it can be said that material study combined with historicalethnographies have a possibility to contribute to the cultural revival of the indigenous peoples
and to become an opportunity to consider their indigenous rights on natural resources and landthrough comparing them with other arctic regions.

254

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More than dissemination: two-ways interaction between
science and the local community.
Anna Stammler-Gossmann
Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Finland
The research dissemination section is nowadays an obligatory part of any academic
project proposal. However, it mainly reflects the top-down dissemination of scientificknowledge to a passive audience. In the last decade, the question of how to facilitate more direct,
two-ways engagement with public interests has aroused more attention in the scientificcommunity.
The proposed presentation focuses on the essential role of the exhibition, literal devotion
and visualization as powerful tools in breaking the barriers of scientism, knowledge coproduction and knowledge repatriation. In doing so, I refer to different public events organisedfor different audiences in Finland, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Spain and Germany as an outcomeof my research projects and perspectives of local communities in the Arctic on environmental
changes, human-nature relations, or pastoralism. I will analyse different ways of science
popularization that give access to a spectrum of experimentation, reflection and liaison with art,
but also require mobilizing ethics, improvisation and often missing technical competence.

255

March 8

Breakout Session
S17

256

S17-

1 SP -S17

The economic impacts of opening the Northern Sea Routeunder political uncertainty
T. Tran1*, R. Shibasaki1 and W. Ding1
1

The University of Tokyo, JapanThe opening of the Northern Sea Route potentially reduces distances to transport goods
between East Asia and Europe compared to the traditional Southern Sea Route. At the sametime, political uncertainty in the region could hinder the adoption of a commercial service. This
study examines the economic impacts of opening this route, considering the trade-off between
the benefit of the shorter traveled time and potentially high political uncertainty. Utilizing
several economic and political uncertainty indices (namely the World Uncertainty Index and
the Geopolitical Index), the elasticity of trade costs with respect to political uncertainty is
estimated and then used for simulation in a trade model.
In the simulation model, consumers have love of variety, which differs from the standard
Armington model, where each country’s goods are treated as unique. The elasticity of
substitution between modes of transportation is estimated from the data, which allows forpotential changes in modes of transportation. The world economy is projected to every five
years from 2015 to 2030 with different growth scenarios. The economic impacts (namely thechange in trade cost, trade volume, GDP, and welfare) of the opening of the Northern Sea Routeis evaluated for the different magnitudes of potential political uncertainty.

257

S17-

Economic Prospect of Arctic Container Liner Shipping
H. Xu1*
1China Waterborne Transport Research Institute, China

The continuous retreat of summer-autumn Arctic sea ice enables navigation in formerly
ice-clogged Arctic waters. Compared with traditional shipping routes, the Arctic passages
shortened the distances among main industrialized belts in the world – East Asia, Northwest
Europe, and North America significantly, so more and more ships appear on these passages
during navigation season. The Northern Sea Route (NSR), the passage through Russian Arctic
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the Arctic where the summer-autumn sea ice retreats faster,has witnessed rapidly developing navigation activities and the corresponding icebreaking
service and regulation system since 2009. Even on the Northwest Passage on the North
American sector where thicker ice is cumulated, navigating ships are increasing in these years.
Under the background of global warming and polar amplification, it is doubtless that the
declining trend Arctic sea ice will keep the Arctic passages open during a longer navigable time
window in the future.
Container liner is one of the three main patterns of the global shipping market (the othertwo are bulker and tanker). The majority of international trading categories of cargo istransported by container liners, especially high-valued or time-sensitive cargoes. The trading
among industrialized belts highly depends on container liner shipping, and correspondingly
three east-west main-lanes are formed, namely Asia-Europe, Transpacific, and Transatlantic.
According to the continuous sea ice retreat in the Arctic, the shifting of container liner shippingfrom these traditional main-lanes to Arctic passages is not unimaginable. If this happens, a large
amount of shipping costs can be saved due to the shortened distance and lowered consumptionof fuel, even though only a part of time in a year (generally speaking, from August to Octoberin recent years) is navigable for low- or non-ice-classed ships. This advantage will attractcontainer operator tycoons into this region, and with the further development, the ports locatedin northern areas will become attractive, and even the global container network will be reshaped.
In study discusses the economic feasibility of the Arctic passages used for container liner
shipping in the future is discussed. In the months before or after the three navigable months,
namely “shoulder season”, the sea ice partly exists along the shipping routes, but ice-class ships
can pass through. A solution of combined container service, shifting between Arctic passages
in navigable and shoulder months and the traditional routes in other months, is conceived. Thereis a trade-off in this situation: an ice-class ship has higher costs due to lower fuel efficiency inopen water and higher built-price, but can sail in a longer Arctic navigable time window
compared with a non-ice-class ship. Therefore it is necessary to calculate and compare theeconomic performance of combined solution with the traditional routes.
In this study, a shipping cost model is constructed to solve this question. Several scenarios
are provided to take the uncertainties in the near future into consideration, such as the climatechange, and the impacts of Russia-Ukraine War on Arctic shipping. It is reasonable to predictthat the NSR will be forbidden to foreign ships, so the economic feasibility of a higher latitude
route that bypasses the NSR will be studied. The Northwest Passage, which has been passed
through for limited times in late years, will also be studied. The area of sea ice on the central
Arctic and North American sector is decreasing drastically, so the above two routes not
impossible for commercial navigation in the future. In this study, future sea ice conditions along
the Arctic passages, collected from Copernicus Marine Service database, are used asdeterminants of the Arctic container liner shipping in the future.

258

S17-

Multicommodity Cargo Flow Simulation of
Northern Sea Routeusing Global Logistics Intermodal Network Model
K. Kawachi1*, R. Shibasaki2 and N. Kosuge3
123

The University of Tokyo, Japan

International freight transportation has become increasingly important in transporting awide variety of commodities around the world. Although there have been many analyses oftransportation behavior using simulation models, most of them have been conducted only forcontainerized cargo or have been applied only to a limited geographic region. In this study, we
extend the multi-commodity global logistics intermodal network simulation (M-GLINS) model
developed by Kosuge et al [1] that considers both containerized and dry bulk cargoes to theNorthern Sea Route and analyzed its practicality. As a result, it is now possible to consider
cargo transport on major global shipping routes, including the Arctic Sea Route, whileconsidering congestion and multi-commodity competition, thus broadening the model'sanalysis, and enabling scenario setting and consideration of transport behavior from a morediverse perspective.
The remaining challenges exist. In this study, the Northern Sea Route is represented in
the same format as other maritime shipping routes. However, the Northern Sea Route has
different characteristics from other routes in various respects, suggesting that the Northern Sea
Route needs to be considered as a different mode from other routes to further improve thereproducibility and practicality of the model.
References[1] N. Kosuge, R. Shibasaki, K. Kawachi, H. Arai, T. Nakamura, L. Liu., Development ofMulticommodity-type Global Logistics Intermodal Network Simulation Model Including
Both Containerised and Dry Bulk Cargo, 9th International Conference on Transportation andLogistics (TLOG2022), 19-20 September 2022, Incheon, South Korea

259

S17-

A Model-Based Social Impact Evaluation of R&D topics
related to Northern Sea Routes
K. Morikami*1, R. Wada1, T. Tran1, R. Shibasaki1, N. Otsuka2
1The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 2Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan

In recent years, interest in Arctic shipping has increased due to the effects of global
warming. Although researches on the economic performance of Northern Sea Route (NSR)
Shipping have been increasing, no unified conclusion of its economic feasibility has beenreached due to the complexity and uncertainty of the global logistic system. [1] Therefore, acomprehensive system for determining technological development for the use of Northern Sea
Routes is needed. This study aims to identify technological R&D topics with high priority forthe social implementation of Northern Sea Routes by evaluating the relationship between
technology development and its impact on society. The complexity and uncertainty of NSR
shipping are managed a model-based approach.
The development of technology will change the QCD, i.e., Quality, Cost, Delivery, of the
NSR shipping service. First, we categorize technological needs related to the Northern Sea
Routes and estimate how each technology development would influence the QCD of NSR
shipping. The stage of development is categorized into high, middle, and low, to consider thetechnological uncertainty.
The social impact of QCD changes is evaluated in two steps. First, the change of cost in
NSR transportation costs will affect the import/export cargo transport volume among countries.
We use the GTAP model, a general equilibrium model, to measure changes in import/export
cargo transport volume. Next, the changes in cargo traffic are used as scenario inputs (e.g.,boundary conditions) of the Global Maritime Container Shipping Network Simulation (GMCSNS) model. The model can resolve container flows through the Northern Sea Routes and otherroutes, providing deeper insight into the QCD influence on NSR shipping. For example, howlonger the NSR shipping period can impact the number of voyages observed. We aim to provide
various evaluations to stakeholders, such as increased sales, reduced costs, and improved safety.
As a result, we found that these models, which can deal with complexity, provide insight into
the impact of technological development on society. To manage uncertainty, our future work is
to implement participatory modeling with various experts and stakeholders to provide an
accredited model for decision―making.

Figure1. Model Flowchart

Reference[1] Chathumi Ayanthi KAVIRATHNA, Ryuichi SHIBASAKI, Economic feasibility of Arctic
shipping from multiple perspectives: a systematic review, Okhotsk Sea and Polar Oceans
Research 5 (2021)

260

S17-

Analysis of Arctic Shipping Prospects under the Influenceof Climate and Political Factors
Xiaoxuan Zhou1,2, Mingyuan Yue1,2, Lei Dai1,2* and Hao Hu1,2
1
2State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
Department of Transportation Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China

The Arctic route has huge potential for shipping between Europe and Northeast Asia withsignificant savings in transit time and distance compared to traditional routes (such as Suez
Canal Route, SCR). However, decarbonization is currently an urgent issue for the international
shipping industry and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (especially CO2) from shipping would
harm the environment of Arctic area.
Potential Market Based Measures of GHG emission reduction are under consideration.
The maritime Emission Trading Scheme (METS) is an effective measure, while carriers’ profitdriven reactions, such as route reconfiguration and segment speed optimization, may affect its
effectiveness. Thus, it is important to investigate the carrier’s economic viability under METS
and the CO2 emission considering the utilization of the Arctic route. Since various countries,
regions and shipping organizations have not yet reached a consensus on METS policy
implementation, the METS policy settings based on coverage, carbon allowance price and freecarbon quota may also affect the carriers’ fleet deployment decisions and thus the emission
abatement effectiveness.
For carriers, the main countermeasure to cope with METS is slow steaming in the
restricted area to reduce emission volume and allowance cost. But constrained by the cargodelivery time, carriers may choose to speed up outside the METS region to meet the delivery
requirement. Therefore, METS would guarantee a short-term emission reduction within the
METS area regardless of the policy design, but the volume of overall CO2 emission in somescenarios would be even larger. METS disincentivizes carriers to use the Arctic route when it
is implemented in the Arctic area or with high carbon price. When the Arctic is not restrictedby the METS policy while other regions, such as the EU and China, have implemented it, theuse of the Arctic route is more economically preferrable for carriers and more emission
abatement effective globally than SCR. In individual cases, while ensuring the carbon reductionof the whole voyage, METS positively affects the carriers’ economic viability since they could
sell the extra carbon allowance they have saved through operation and management. It implies
that a moderate carbon price setting and a high free quota proportion may be appropriate forbalancing carriers’ economic performance and CO2 emission reduction, in whole or in part.
Moreover, another uncertainty factor for Arctic shipping comes from the Russia-Ukraine
conflict. First, the dispute over the rights of the Arctic route may further deepen, and Russia
and Canada will further deepen the restrictions on the right of passage of the Arctic route.
Moreover, the sanctions imposed by the Arctic countries on Russia interrupt Russia's resource
exports and trade flows, which may reduce the demand for Arctic shipping, and the utilization
rate of the Northeast Arctic route may decline. But on the other hand, to promote thedevelopment and utilization of the Arctic route, Russia will vigorously implement a series of
support measures including the construction of new icebreakers, port construction and climate,navigation satellite launches, etc. These measures will make Arctic shipping more capable ofreducing costs and passage times.
There is no doubt that the role of the Arctic shipping lanes will grow as global warming
and trade grow. The Arctic has not only strategic value, but also great economic value, andthese economic values will not be exclusive to Arctic countries because of their geographicaladvantages. However, sustainable development of the Arctic is inevitably accompanied bypolicies (e.g., METS), so the carriers will need to weigh in on these more complex conditions.

261

S17-

A Research on the Turkish Shipyards in the Arctic:
Opportunities and Challenges
E. Caymaz1*
1

Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Türkiye

The Arctic region has been experiencing an extensive transformation and several
economic opportunities have emerged due to the shrinking sea ice. While the Arctic Ocean has
become more convenient for navigation, both Arctic and non-Arctic states have updated their
Arctic policies according to recent developments. There has been a substantial increase in thenumber of studies studying three main sea routes: Northwest Passage (NWP), Northeast
Passage (NEP) and Trans-Polar Passage (TPP) [1], [2], [3]. Albeit the existence of contradictory
results, the interest in Arctic shipping presents a growing trend. The Turkish shipyards
increasingly participate in tenders as well. While Çelik Tekne Shipyard stands out as the first
Turkish shipyard to win the tender for shipbuilding in accordance with polar conditions, asignificant increase has been observed in the number of shipyards within the Arctic shipping
tenders since 2018. In addition to Atlas and Akdeniz Shipyards, which produce ice classvehicles in accordance with the requirements of the Pole Code, it is possible to multiply
examples from Beşiktaş Shipyard, which built ice class fuel ships, Sanmar Shipyard, which
won the icebreaker tugboat tender, and Sefine and Kuzey Star Shipyards, which participated in
the icebreaker tenders [4]. Besides, participation of Turkish shipyards as sole contractors in the
Russian Arctic as of 2021 indicate their determination to become active actors in the Arctic
shipping industry. Accordingly, this paper discusses the opportunities and challenges of Arctic
shipping based on the Turkish case.
Keywords: Arctic, Arctic Shipping, Turkish Shipyards.
References[1] Pastusiak, T., The Northern Sea Route as a shipping lane expectations and reality. Springer, (2016).
[2] PAME, Shipping in the Northwest passage: comparing 2013 with 2019, Arctic Shipping Status
Report, April (2021).
[3] Moe, A., Stokke, O. S., Asian countries and Arctic shipping: policies, interests and footprints on
governance, Arctic Review on Law and Politics 10, (2019): 24-52.
[4] Caymaz, E., Enhancing industrial development in the Russian Arctic: the Northern Latitudinal
Passage, the Arctic Institute, April (2022).

262

S17-

7

Full-Scale Prediction of Ship Resistance in Ice Condition
Seong-Yeob Jeong1*, Kyungsik Choi2 and Hyun‐Soo Kim3
1

Ice Model Basin, Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering (KRISO), Korea
2
Department of Ocean Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Korea
3
Department of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering, Inha Technical College, Korea

Predictions of ship resistance in ice have recently attracted the attention of ship designers.
Full‐scale ice trials provide an opportunity to determine full‐scale ship resistance in ice, butsuch trials do not allow direct determination of ship resistance in ice if the ship is not towed
through the ice; thus, full‐scale ship resistance must be determined based on Newton’s second
law and the concept of energy conservation. The purpose of this study was to investigate ship
resistance in ice and establish a reliable performance analysis procedure. First, ice trials with
IBRV Araon were carried out in the Ross Sea in Antarctica in 2019. During these tests, ship
performance data (position, speed, draft, engine output, propeller revolutions, etc.) werecollected using a voyage data recorder (VDR) and an alarm monitoring system (AMS). The ice
conditions were recorded simultaneously using a network camera system on the ship, and theice’s material properties were obtained from field measurements. The ship resistance in ice wasthen calculated based on the work‐kinetic energy theorem, and the speed–resistance and speed–
power relationships were determined under pack ice conditions. Finally, the predicted full‐scale
ship resistance in ice was compared with the calculation results derived from the empiricalformula, and this paper discusses the method’s accuracy.

Figure 1. Ice conditions in the Ross Sea during the IBRV Araon ice trials.
References[1] Suyuthi, A.; Leira, B.J.; Riska, K. Full-Scale Measurement on Level Ice Resistance of
Icebreaker. Proceedings of 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic
Engineering, OMAE 2011–50066, Rotterdam, Netherlands, June 19–24 1995, pp. 983-989.
[2] Jeong, S.Y.; Choi, K.; Kim, H.S. Investigation of ship resistance characteristics underpack ice conditions. Ocean Engineering 2020, 219, 1–17.

263

S17-

Risk-Aware Route Planning for Arctic Maritime Navigation.
L. Etienne1*, O. Faury2, A. Cheaitou3, P. Rigot-Muller4, L. Fedi5
1
2
3

Yncrea Ouest, LabISEN, France, laurent.etienne@yncrea.fr

École de Management de Normandie, Métis Lab, France - ofaury@em-normandie.fr

University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, acheaitou@sharjah.ac.ae
4
5

Maynooth University, Ireland Patrick.RigotMuller@mu.ie

KEDGE Business School, CESIT, France, laurent.fedi@kedgebs.com*

Corresponding author

The Arctic is a remote and harsh environment with difficult navigation due toinhospitable waters infested by sea ice. However, due to climate change, the sea ice is melting,opening way to new navigation routes having longer operation time windows. Sailing in the
Arctic brings new challenges and risks for the ships [1], but also for the environment. The
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Polar Code entered in force in 2017 to define
standardized rules to help manage these risks and to protect the Polar regions’ sensitiveenvironment. Among these rules, the Polar Operational Limit Assessment Risk Indexing
System (POLARIS) was defined to assess the operational capabilities for ships operating in ice[2]. This risk assessment system is an IMO guidance used to determine if the vessel issusceptible to get damaged in ice.
The presented research relies on 25 years of daily environmental data covering the Arctic
fully. Using this large environmental database, daily statistics have been produced to assess thespatial and temporal variability and uncertainty of this risk index and to derive statisticalscenarios. As a result, a spatio-temporal graph covering the Arctic and depicting the daily ice
and risk scenarios over time has been developed. Since ships behave differently in ice, theymust adapt their sailing speed depending on various meteorological and environmental
parameters and available escort assistance. A speed profile has been defined to adapt the speedof the vessel regarding its ice class and the relative POLARIS risk encountered along its route.
The time-dependent graph has been used to optimize a risk-aware shortest path (in time)
between any two locations in the Arctic [3]. The planning tool is able to compute different route
proposals for various vessel ice classes and risk scenarios. The risk encountered, vessel speed
and required icebreaker escort along these routes can be visualized on decision support andplanning maps [4].
References[1] Fedi, L., Faury, O. and Etienne, L. (2020). Mapping and analysis of maritime accidents in the Russian
Arctic through the lens of the Polar Code and POLARIS system, Marine Policy. 18 103984.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103984[2] IMO, (2016). Resolution MSC. 1/Circ 1519, 6 June 2016, Guidance on Methodologies for Assessing
Operational Capabilities and Limitations in Ice.
[3] Wang, Y., Yuan, Y., Ma, Y., Wang, G., (2019). Time-dependent graphs: Definitions, applications,and algorithms. Data Science and Engineering 4 (4), 352–366.
[4] Cheaitou, A., Faury, O., Etienne, L., Fedi, L., Rigot-Müller, P., & Stephenson, S. (2022). Impact of
CO2 emission taxation and fuel types on Arctic shipping attractiveness. Transportation Research Part
D: Transport and Environment, 112, 103491.

264

S17-

Logistic configurations as a risk management andsustainable tool.
O. Faury1*, A. Cheaitou2, L. Etienne3, L. Fedi4, P. Rigot-Muller5
1École de Management de Normandie, Métis Lab, 20, rue de Richelieu 76087 Le Havre,
France2
Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, University of Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates,
3

4

LabISEN, 20 Rue Cuirasse Bretagne, 29200 Brest, France,
KEDGE Business School, CESIT, Domaine de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France,
5
Maynooth University, Dublin, Ireland

Arctic navigation implies to manage the inherent related risks, to consider the impactsof transportation on the environment, and at the same time to make the navigation as profitable
as possible such as ice presence and harsh weather conditions [1]. Considering these risks, thecurrent optimal solution is to invest in winterized vessels which improves the capacity to sailin this ocean [2] which leads to questioning its profitability [2]. As stressed by [2-3], fuelconsumption represents one of the highest expenditures. To counteract the risk of remotenessand increase the number of cargos shipped, investments in ports have been made to make thenavigation safer and more profitable [3].
We propose a model based on a 1A container vessel sailing between Shanghai andRotterdam through the NSR. The vessel could use one hub, both or no hubs for cargotransshipment. The ship is fueled with MGO, VLSFO or LNG and face three ice conditions .
We considered that a TEU cargo value is around 22,000 USD [4].
We compute the ratio of the cost of fuel to the value transported for one USD over a year
considering ice conditions and logistic organization.
References[1] Fedi, L., Faury, O. and Etienne, L. (2020). Mapping and analysis of maritime accidents in the Russian
Arctic through the lens of the Polar Code and POLARIS system, Marine Policy. 118 103984.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103984[2] Faury, O., Cheaitou, A., & Givry, P. (2020). Best maritime transportation option for the Arctic crude
oil: A profit decision model. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 136,
101865.
[3] Cheaitou, A., Faury, O., Etienne, L., Fedi, L., Rigot-Müller, P., & Stephenson, S. (2022). Impact of
CO2 emission taxation and fuel types on Arctic shipping attractiveness. Transportation Research Part
D: Transport and Environment, 112, 103491.
[4] Rodrigue and Slack (2017a) Intermodal Transportation and Containerization. in Jean-Paul Rodrigue(2017), The Geography of Transport System. New York: Routledge, 440 pages. ISBN 978-1138669574.
https://transportgeography.org/?page_id=1768

265

S17- 1

Vessel speed optimization in China transportation market
with the EU in multiple modes including the Northern Sea
Route
W. Ding1*, R. Shibasaki1 and C.A. Kavirathna1
1

The University of Tokyo, 7 Chome-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo City, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan

China-EU’s transportation market is dominated by maritime shipping through Suez
Canal (SCR), besides airline and China-EU railway express. Recently, the Northern Sea Route(NSR) provides a new alternative to connect China and the EU by shipping. However, maritime
shipping is continuously losing its competitiveness with the increasing high-price commodities
and reducing costs in railway. Figure 1 also proves this point, representing that the trade valueof shipping is gradually caught up by the rapidly increasing air and rail.

90

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air

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2010
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2012

80

BILLION USD

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
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2002

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2006

2014

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Figure 1. Trade value of three transportation modes (GTA forecasting)This research mainly aims to maximize the profit of shipping companies with speed
optimization, focusing on the competition between the four transportation modes (NSR, SCR,
railway, and airline). The shipper’s preference is taken into consideration, with two commodity
types categorized by the cargo price. The sensitivity analysis is also conducted with increasing
ice-classed vessel size and fluctuating fuel prices. Our findings show that vessels can be
operated at full speed on NSR due to the saving in shipping distance and fuel cost, while a bit
lower than maximum speed is preferable in SCR. Larger ice-classed vessels benefit NSR witheconomies of scale while increasing fuel prices reduce the competitiveness of shipping. This
research also provides suggestions for liner companies in operating vessels to make a profit in
the competition with the railway and the airline in the final.
References[1] GTA forecasting database: https://ihsmarkit.com/products/gtas- forecasting.html

266

S17- 11

Bulk Vessels Diversions to the Arctic Shipping Routes with
the Effect of Emission Trading System
C.A. Kavirathna1,2*, R. Shibasaki2 and W. Ding2
1

University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
2
University of Tokyo, Japan

Maritime transportation accounts for over 80% of the world trade [1], while bulk shipping
facilitates the movement of nearly half of the world's seaborne trade. These bulk vessels mainly
carry general cargo, iron ore, coal, grain, and other industrial cargo, contributing significantly
to the world economy and various industries. Despite the economic contribution of the bulk
shipping sector, there is a considerable environmental impact from vessel-based emissions,which highlights the significance of various market-based emission control mechanisms.
Besides, the economic and environmental impacts of bulk shipping are greatly affected by thecharacteristics of individual voyages, their shipping routes, voyage distances, navigation speeds,
and vessel characteristics, among others.
The Nothern Sea Route (NSR) is an alternative maritime corridor for international freight
distribution that emerges with sea ice deformation in the Arctic sea. Numerous previous studies
analyzed the economic feasibility of the NSR compared to conventional shipping routes andcame up with diverse conclusions [2]. This study aims to investigate the diversion potential ofbulk vessels from conventional shipping routes such as the Suez Canal Route (SCR) and Cape
Route (CR) to the NSR, considering the economic and environmental feasibility of using NSR.
An emission trading system (ETS) is incorporated in this study to analyze the diversion
potential of shipping moves. This study computes the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission
abatement potential considering the implied carbon pricing effects under the ETS mechanism[3]. The vessel-based emissions are estimated in terms of CO2-equivalent incorporating GHG
pollutants and their Global warming potential.
A sample of shipping moves in 2018 is considered for analysis with their respective
origin-destination pairs and associated shipping demands. A mixed-integer optimization model
is developed to decide the optimum diversion pattern of bulk vessels. A detailed estimation ofvessel speed and navigation conditions is done considering the special-temporal variation ofsea ice conditions along the representative navigation path along the NSR. To decide thenavigation speed, the Polar Operation Limit Assessment Risk Indexing System (POLARIS)
framework is incorporated. The results identify the optimized vessel diversion patternconsidering the restrictions associated with NSR navigation and the potential gain with the ETS
mechanism from both economic and environmental objectives. Sensitivity analysis is carriedout with different carbon prices, cargo volume, and fuel prices to discuss significant policy
implications.
References[1] UNCTAD, Review of maritime transport, available at: https://unctad.org/webflyer/reviewmaritime-transport-2021 (2021).
[2] C.A. Kavirathna, and R. Shibasaki., Economic feasibility of Arctic shipping from multiple
perspectives: a systematic review. Okhotsk Sea and Polar Oceans Research, 5: pp: 15–22(2021).
[3] Z., Wang., J.A. Silberman, and J.J, Corbett., Container vessels diversion pattern to transArctic shipping routes and GHG emission abatement potential, Maritime Policy andManagement, 48 (4), pp: 543-562 (2020).

267

March 9

Breakout Session
S18

268

S1 -

1

Development of Arctic data visualization system
for ice navigation support
G. Sagawa*
Weathernews Inc., JapanFor ships navigating in the Arctic Ocean, accurate information on sea ice, ocean andweather is essential for their safe and planned navigation. The required information nowadays
contain large amount of data, such as radar satellite images and high resolution forecasts fromnumerical simulation models. To efficiently utilize these data for decision makings on Arctic
navigations, it is important to compose a sophisticated IT system managing data communicationand visualization. In this study, an integrated ice visualization system was developed to support
ice navigation. This system consists of cloud storages and a server installed on board a ship.
The server acts as a web server, provides a web application that can be accessed from various
kinds of terminals inside the ship LAN. Items visualized by the system includes realtime datasuch as sea ice forecasts, ice analysis charts, SAR satellite images, weather forecasts and wave
forecasts. These data can be overlayed, and displayed with the ship's track. To reduce theamount of data transferred to the ship, some of the data are vectorized. It helps efficient data
communication under limited satellite based communication environment in the Arctic. The
application applies Mapbox GL JS (Ver. 1) JavaScript library to create interactive web map,
which allows users to move and zoom in to any location. It also supports two map projections:
Polarstereo and Mercator. Polarstereo projection is suitable for viewing geographical data inhigh latitudes including the North Pole, and Mercator projection is widely used in navigation
system. Users can switch to each of the projections dynamically. It was operated for two Arctic
cruise of the research vessel MIRAI in 2020(MR20-05C) and 2022(MR22-06C). This system
received high evaluation from users for its high operability and enhanced visual experience,indicating the usefulness of the system. On the other hand, large discrepancies were foundbetween analysis and forecast of ice distributions. The cause of the discrepancies is assumed to
be an inaccuracy of initial condition of ice, which is composed from AMSR2 passive
microwave satellite observations. It is necessary to improve accuracy of the initial ice
conditions to resolve the issue.

Figure 1. Screen shot of the Arctic ice visualization application
showing ice concentration forecast, SST forecast and SAR images

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Preliminary analysis for ice thickness estimation
for the wide area of Arctic Sea using AMSR2Soichiro Kubo*1 and Akihisa Konno2
1

Graduate School of Engineering, Kogakuin University, Japan
2
School of Engineering, Kogakuin University, JapanThe microwave radiometer (AMSR2) onboard the JAXA satellite GCOM-W can observe
the entire Arctic Sea with high frequency. The purpose of this study is to estimate ice thickness
in the Arctic Sea widely and accurately using the observation capability of AMSR2. In order todevelop an algorithm for estimating ice thickness, as a preliminary analysis, the correlation
between brightness temperature obtained by AMSR2 and ice freeboard obtained by the radar
altimeter (SIRAL) onboard the ESA satellite CryoSat-2 was investigated. In the analysis, a totalof 91 pairs of polarization ratio (PR), frequency ratio (GR), and cross polarization ratio (XPR)
were calculated from the horizontal and vertical polarization of the 6 GHz to 89 GHz band (7frequencies) of the AMSR2 data, these were compared with the SIRAL data. For comparison,since AMSR2 and SIRAL have different data point resolutions, the SIRAL data with finer
resolution were averaged according to AMSR2 resolution. Furthermore, the number of datarequired for averaging the SIRAL data was divided into cases, and the correlation was
calculated. From the analysis so far, a correlation was obtained for each specific analysis period.
However, through the overall analysis, no consistent trend was obtained as to which brightness
temperature and brightness temperature ratio are correlated with ice freeboard.

(a)

(b)

Figure 1. Scatterplot of temperature ratios from AMSR2 and ice freeboard from SIRAL in the
Kara Sea from December 1, 2019 to March 31, 2020. (a)Weakest correlation: Comparison of
frequency ratio of 10 GHz and 23 GHz horizontal polarization (GR1023H) and ice freeboard.
(b)Strongest correlation: Comparison of cross polarization ratio of 36 GHz horizontal
polarization and 6 GHz vertical polarization (XPR36H06V) and ice freeboard. Note that both(a) and (b) were calculated when the average number of the SIRAL data was 20 or more.

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Seasonal and regional predictability of Arctic sea ice:
Lagrangian ice tracking applications
C. Brunette1*, B. Tremblay1 and R. Newton2
1Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
2Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, USA

The motion of sea ice contributes to the predictability of ice coverage, a criticalenvironmental parameter in the Arctic Ocean, for which both observational and modeling
efforts contribute to improving forecasts. The Sea Ice Tracking Utility (SITU) is a tool,accessible online, that can be used to calculate Lagrangian sea ice trajectories using
observations-based sea ice drift [1]. Over recent years, we have developed several applications
that contribute to understanding the role of dynamic mechanisms on the predictability of sea
ice at a seasonal timescale in different peripheral seas of the Arctic Ocean. In this contribution,
we synthesize some key results: in the Laptev Sea, winter coastal divergence explains up to
40% of the interannual variability of the minimum sea ice extent by preconditioning the packice regionally for the summer melt [2]; the same mechanism displays predictive skill in the
Beaufort and Barents Seas, where it also surpasses the reflected solar radiation as a seasonal
predictor [3]; in the Chukchi Sea, predictability from dynamic processes is lost more rapidly,
while the Bering Strait ocean heat transport has a strong influence on the spring and earlysummer sea ice conditions [4]; year-round ice tracking shows increasingly important loss ofmulti-year ice in the Western Arctic, while first-year promotion ice is progressing northward in
the Eurasian Arctic [5]. Sea-ice motion itself is also important to material transport, and SITU
has been used in fore- and hind-casting, e.g., to estimate future risks of oil spills and theprovenance of sea-ice melt anomalies [6]. Ongoing work aims at correcting biases andimproving the accuracy of observations-based drift datasets, supporting additional applications
based on Lagrangian sea ice tracking.
References[1] G. Campbell, S. Pfirman, B. Tremblay, R. Newton, W. Meier, and C. Fowler, Sea ice tracking
utility. NSIDC Labs, http://icemotion.labs.nsidc.org/SITU/ (2020)[2] C. Brunette, B. Tremblay, and R. Newton, Winter coastal divergence as a predictor for theminimum sea ice extent in the Laptev Sea. Journal of Climate, 32 (2019)[3] J. E. Lenetsky, B. Tremblay, C. Brunette, and G. Meneghello, Subseasonal predictability of Arctic
Ocean sea ice conditions: Bering Strait and Ekman-driven ocean heat transport. Journal of Climate, 34(2021)[4] R. Kim, B. Tremblay, C. Brunette, and R. Newton, A regional seasonal forecast model of Arctic
minimum sea ice extent: Reflected solar radiation versus late winter coastal divergence. Journal of
Climate, 34 (2021)[5] J. Hart, B. Tremblay, C. Brunette, C. Dufour, and R. Newton, Examining the transition from aperennial to a seasonal sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean: a Lagrangian approach. McGill Science
Undergraduate Research Journal, 14 (2019)[6] P. DeRepentigny, A. Jahn, B. Tremblay, R. Newton, and S. Pfirman, Increased transnational sea
ice transport between neighboring Arctic states in the 21st century, Earth’s Future, 8 (2020)

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Numerical Simulation of Ships Navigating Through Broken
Ice Fields
T. Tokudome1* and A. Konno1
1

KogakuinUniversity, Japan

A method called Physically Based Modeling was used to numerically evaluate thechannel resistance of ships navigating through the broken ice fields. The results were comparedto the Finnish-Swedish Ice Class Rules (FSICR). In this paper, channel resistance is examinedfrom two perspectives: fluid forces around ice pieces and the shape of the bow. First, the effectof added mass was examined. Numerical experiments were conducted by incorporating a massmodel into the existing fluid force model. The results of this calculation were compared with adrag-based fluid force model. Several bow shapes with arbitrarily changed waterline entrance
angle (α), the stem angle at the centerline (φ1), and the stem angle at the waterline at breadth
B/4 (φ2) were generated. The generated ship models were designated as "α-φ1-φ2" mannersuch as 35-75-75. Simulated ship and ice behavior in a brash ice channel to determine trends inchannel resistance. The results show that the effect of added mass on the ice pieces is relatively
small. Next, the largest increase in channel resistance occurred when α changed (Figure 1). As
α increases, channel resistance also increases. On the other hand, in the range where α is small,the change in channel resistance may be small and channel resistance may decrease. The effecton channel resistance is greater for φ2 than φ1.

Figure 1. Channel resistance for each different α: (stripe) resistance by FSICR formula,(black) resistance by numerical calculation. Results of numerical calculation are quadrupled tocompare trends with results by FSICR formula.
References[1] Konno, A., 2009. Resistance evaluation of ship navigation in brash ice channels withphysically based modeling. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Port andOcean Engineering under Arctic Conditions (No. POAC09-105). Luleå, Sweden.
[2] Tokudome, T., Yoshida, Y., Konno, A., 2021. Fluid force modelling affecting on ice piece
for ship navigation in broken ice fields. Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on
Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions (POAC '21). Moscow, Russia.

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Development of a method for evaluating brash ice channel
condition for ship navigation
Yuya Yoshida1*, Akihisa Konno2
1

Graduate School of Kogakuin University, Japan
2
Kogakuin University, JapanFor ships navigating through brash ice channels, resistance is assumed to be affected by
ice thickness and porosity, but the relationship between ship resistance and brash ice thickness
or porosity is not clarified yet. In addition, there is no established method for calculating the
thickness and porosity of the brash ice channel to be prepared for numerical analysis, and areasonable method for calculating them needs to be studied. In this study, two methods weredeveloped to evaluate the analytical conditions of brash ice thickness, and preliminary analyses
were conducted to investigate the correlation between ice thickness, porosity and hull resistance.
Simulations of ship navigation is conducted using KISIS[1], a ship navigation simulator in iceinfested waters developed in the authors’ group. This simulator can calculate the resistanceof an arbitrary ship shape navigating in an arbitrary brash-ice-channels. The results showed thatthe variation of the acquired channel thicknesses differed significantly between the two
measurement methods. The analysis also showed that there was a tendency for hull resistanceto increase as the ice floe thickness increased. This correlation was found to be a linear
relationship. The same trend is observed for ice volume. These trends are also observed forseveral hull shapes. In contrast, no correlation between porosity and hull resistance wasobserved in both power and normal distribution cases.

Figure 1. The relationship between (left) average cross-sectional area or (right) porosity andresistance
References[1] Taiki Tokudome, Yuya Yoshida, Akihisa Konno, 2021. FLUID FORCE MODELLINGAFFECTING ON ICE PIECEFOR SHIP NAVIGATION IN BROKEN ICE FIELDS,
Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic
Conditions

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Investigation of Hydrodynamic Forces Acting on an Ice
Piece Downstream of Floating Ice Pieces
Ryota Hayashi1*, Akihisa Konno2, Zhou Jinxin3, Daisuke Kitazawa3
1

Graduate School of Kogakuin University, Japan
2Kogakuin University, Japan
3Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo, JapanTo estimate an appropriate fluid force affecting on ice pieces for numerical simulation ofship navigation in ice-infested ocean, we investigate fluid force acting on an ice piecedownstream of floating ice pieces by comparing simulation and experiment. In this study, ice
arrangement types were single, two, and group of ices. Simulation was performed using
Simcenter STAR-CCM+ ver2021.2. RANS and k-ε turbulence models were used forcomputational stability and short computation time. Experiments were conducted following themethod by Yoshida et al. (2018), but a tricomponent force transducer is replaced to measureaccurate fluid force. Results showed that fluid force acting on single ice correspond to theexperimental result that fluid force was proportional to the square of the flow velocity (Hayashi
and Konno, 2022). In the case of an ice piece downstream of two ices, fluid force decreased as
the distance closed between the two ices. This trend was consistent between the simulation andthe experiment, but the slope of the Fluid Force - Ice Distance graph was larger in the simulation
than in the experiment (Hayashi and Konno, 2022). In the case of an ice piece downstream ofgroup of ices, simulation showed an increase in fluid force as the number of front ice rows
increased, while experiments showed a decreasing trend (Hayashi et al., 2022).We have notbeen able to find out this cause at this stage. Therefore, trial-and-error process is underway tohave hints, such as changing the arrangement of ices, and turbulence model. We will continue
to investigate this cause as a future issue.

Fluid force[N]0.1
Simulation(Fixed ice)

0.08

Experiment average

0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0

1
2
Number of front ice row

3

Figure 1. Average of fluid force in case of group of ices compared to experiment
References[1] Takero Yoshida, Sota Kanno, Daisuke Kitazawa, Akihisa Konno: Modeling Fluid Force Acting on
Single Floating Body in Group of Floating Bodies, The Japan Society of Naval Architects and Ocean
Engineers, Vol. 27, pp. 9-14, 2018.
[2] Ryota Hayashi, Akihisa Konno: Investigation of Hydrodynamic Forces Acting on an Ice Piece
Downstream of Floating Ice Pieces, Proceedings of Annual Spring Meeting of The Japan Society ofNaval Architects and Ocean Engineers, Vol.34, pp.305-308, 2022.
[3] Ryota Hayashi, Akihisa Konno, Zhou Jinxin, Daisuke Kitazawa: Investigation of Hydrodynamic
Forces Acting on an Ice Piece Downstream of Floating Ice Pieces, Proceedings of Annual Autumn
Meeting of The Japan Society of Naval Architects and Ocean Engineers, 2022, accepted.

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7

Laboratory Experiments of Urea-doped Water Spray Icing
on Cylindrical Specimens
T. Ozek1*, S. Adachi2, T. Tokudome3 and A. Konno3
1

2

Hokkaido University of Education Sapporo, Japan
Snow and Ice Research Centre, National Institute of Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Japan
3
Kogakuin University, Japan

In recent years, the strength of summer
ice is weakening in the Arctic Ocean, andthe use of the Northern Sea Route is
expected to increase. It is expected that theuse of large vessels with low ice resistancewill increase near future, so evaluation ofship icing is one of the most importantfactors for the operational safety of the Figure 1. Experimental Apparatus.
Arctic routes. In this study, laboratory
experiments of spray icing were conductedusing simple-shaped test pieces that
resembles a member of a ship's
superstructure with the goal of predicting
the amount of icing on individual vessels.
The experimental apparatus (Fig. 1)
was set up in an ice tank (20 m in length ×
6 m in width) at the Technical ResearchLaboratory of Japan Marine United Inc.
Since the use of salt water was forbidden inthis ship model basin, wet ice was grown by
spraying urea-doped water with aconcentration of about 20 ‰ to conduct
experiments on the icing characteristics ofbrine-containing ice. The spray nozzles Figure 2. Growth rate of spray icing on 60,
165 and 520 mm cylinders using ureawere fan-shaped one-fluid nozzles installed doped water. Wind speed were about 7.5 oron both sides of the fan. The spray particle about 10 m/s, and principal spray sizes weresize distribution was measured by the splay about 120 m or about 240 m.
particle counter SPC. The test specimens
were cylindrical PVC models with diameters of 520 mm, 165 mm or 60 mm and heights of 1.2
m. The distance of the specimen from the spray nozzle was 3 m. The icing experiments wereconducted 12 times with different combinations of specimen diameter, wind speed and sprayparticle size. Two wind speed patterns, about 10 m/s and about 7.5 m/s, were used near thecenter of the specimen. Fig. 2 shows the growth rate of spray icing on 60, 165 and 520 mm
cylinders. In all tests, it can be seen that the growth rate per unit area was faster for the 60 mm
cylinder and slower for the 520 mm cylinder. In order to see the effect of the cylinder diameter on
the amount of impinging droplet particles, the ratio representing the freezing rate relative to theimpinging urea-doped water was calculated in each test. In each experiment of 165 and 520
mm cylinders, about half of the impinging spray was frozen under these conditions, and there
was no significant difference in the amount of ice formed on the entire specimen per unit area.
On the other hand, the 60 cylinder had a high freezing rate, more than 70%.

275

March 9

Breakout Session
S20

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1

HAI-FES: Problem-solving project for the sustainable Arctic
Y. Kodama1*, N. Otsuka1, J. Saunavaara1, F. Ohnishi1, S. Uto1, T. Hirata1, and Y. Fukamachi1
1

Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

It is undeniable that the "global environmental problem" is a consequence of the
progress of modern science in subdivided disciplines. The Anthropocene, a period in whichhuman activities are changing the "Earth system" itself as the basis of our existence, has
strengthened the need for interdisciplinary integration of global environmental science and aninternational joint research system since the 1980s, by promoting the establishment of the
Global Environmental Change Research Programs. However, governments, UN agencies, andothers have criticized saying, "We have made progress in understanding, but not in research
toward solutions to global environmental problems."
In response to these criticisms, “Future Earth” was established as a framework to unite
these international collaborations while promoting research toward a sustainable global society
in conjunction and collaboration (transdisciplinary) with academia and society.
“Future Earth” is, through collaboration and integration of natural sciences, humanities
and social sciences, engineering, agriculture and medicine and Trans-disciplinary collaborationand cooperation with various stakeholders in society, to provide wisdom to avoid and mitigate
risks of global environmental change and to promoting the transition to a sustainable global
society for Designing a sustainable global society based on new values.
“HAI-FES” is a Hokkaido University funded project for promoting interdisciplinary
and transdisciplinary sciences in the University and for launching “Future Earth Global Arctic
Network” (FEGA-Net), which is a framework for Arctic and non-Arctic stakeholders to work
together on Arctic-related issues in order to respond to the rapid environmental and socialchanges in the Arctic region that are affecting the entire planet and to achieve sustainable useof the Arctic region. Past activities of HAI-FES include the seminar series intended to create
the network of people by inviting researchers who are engaged in Future Earth and problemsolving project.

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of FEGA-Net

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Developing guidelines, standards and best practices forsustainable development in the Arctic
S. Sandven1*and J. Pearlman2
1Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Norway
2Four Bridges, USA

CAPARDUS is a Coordination and Support Action under H2020, running from 2020-2023
with focus on developing guidelines, standards and “best practices” in research, resource
exploitation and management, shipping, tourism and community planning. The project
involves scientists, economic actors, local communities, managers and regulators. Workshops
and dialogue meetings are used to discuss how the social-environmental systems are changing
Arctic communities and what are the drivers for these changes. The climate change and its
consequences in the Arctic leads to new requirements for planning and decision-making basedon scientific and economic data, assessments and predictions. A prerequisite for good planningis access to data and information of relevance to the local communities, public resource
managers, and operators in the Arctic.
One goal in CAPARDUS is to design an Arctic Practices System (APS). The system isenvisioned to be a sustained repository for practices related to environmental observations,
resource exploitation and other activities in the Arctic. A ´practice´means a documentation indigital form of how things are done for example in observation of a specific ocean
phenomenon. People living and working in the Arctic are operating according to ethics, norms,
guidelines or common practices, which often evolve as a bottom-up process. In other cases
jurisdiction or regulations provide a top-down framework for guidelines and practices.
What an APS should do will is explored in dialogue with people living or working in the Arctic
with knowledge about practices in their daily work. The APS will cover the whole “value
chain” from societal requirements, to data acquisition, products, services and societal benefits.
The APS will be designed from practices and methods of the local communities and otheractors who are involved in the project though the workshops and research schools organized
by CAPARDUS.
CAPARDUS contributes to the Arctic Practices Community by documents on standards,
guidelines and practices of relevance for scientists, commercial operators, Indigenous and local
communities, NGOs and governance bodies. The Arctic Practices Community is an initialrepository for supporting CAPARDUS Arctic Practices System Design. The APS will build on
the UNESCO/IOC Ocean Best Practices System (OBPS; www.oceanbestpractices.org) , which
was implemented to address similar challenges in the marine domain, hosting forward-facing
best practice management system in tune with standards in global ocean observing. The OBPS
operates a permanent repository for documents, where CAPARDUS has established a “Polar
Collaboration”
community
with
more
than
150
documents
https://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/1291. The final CAPARDUS reportwill synthesise how practices, guidelines and standards are evolving in support of sustainable
development in the Arctic.
Acknowledgement: This work is supported by the CAPARDUS project (grant agreement no.
869673) under the European Commission Horizon 2020 program.

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Food Life History in Greater Beringia:
Types, History, and Current Issues of Cold Storage
K. Saito1,2,3*, G. Iwahana3, Y. Kugo4, H. Hirasawa5, S. Tastuzawa6, T. John4, and M. Koskey4
1

Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Japan
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
3
International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
4
Center for Cross-Cultural Studies, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
5
East Asia University, Japan
6
Hokkaido University, Japan
2

This paper introduces and reports the results of the preliminary results on the “Food Life
History of the North” project, conducted partly as a feasibility study at the Research Institutefor Humanity and Nature, and as a project of the National Science Foundation (NSF 2133706,
USA), focusing on varieties and commonness of the issues of cold storage that use the natural
cold environment extending from Siberia and Alaska, the “divided twins” in Beringia, to the
middle latitudes, namely Mongolia and Japan. Along the latitudinal and climatic gradient, theunderground thermal states change from continuous and discontinuous permafrost in the higher
latitudes to seasonally frozen ground. The ecosystem and major harvests also change
accordingly. Consequently, the types and purposes of storage vary as well, from permanentcellars for all-season usage for food and ice for drinking to temporal pits for occasional storage
on hunting, and to ice or snow houses that hold winter-time ice or snow for cool storage or useof ice to the next warm seasons. The usages and practices of their cold storage are consonant,directly or indirectly, with their lifeway and culture, but have been pressured under multiple
environmental changes both in human societies and nature; modernization (e.g., use ofelectricity, global supply chains, monetary and market economy, changes in dietary) on one
hand, and climate changes (warming and wetting) on the other. The related issues include
security and sovereignty of food and energy, health, traditional and scientific knowledge, rituals
and tourism, sustainability and resilience, autonomy, and worldviews. We conductedpreliminary research in the above-mentioned areas for current issues in use such as dysfunctions
or abandonment of cold storage facilities through questionnaires, recordings (oral interviews),
literature, and aerial surveys. We will present the results from our preliminary surveys, and theoverall outlook of the continued work in the areas extending from Beringia to the mid-latitudes.

Figure 1. Cold storage in Siberia, ice stored for drinking, and an ice-cellar schematic.

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Sustainability of the Northern Sea Route,commercial, environmental, and social perspectives
N. Otsuka1*, and F. Ohnishi2
1,2

Hokkaido University Arctic Research Center, JapanDue to the long-term sea ice retreat in the Arctic Ocean[1], ice free summer along theNorthern Sea Route (hereinafter NSR) will expand and navigation condition will become
calmer. In parallel with this, commercial use of the NSR has been developed toward 2021. The
main driver of this achievement is natural gas and crude oil exploitation of the Kara Sea coast,and the NSR is gradually becoming a new energy resource corridor. Furthermore, Russia
intends to develop year-round container shipping service by SMTC Project, which plans to startpilot shipment in 2025[2]. Against the background above, environmental, societal, and otherconcerns are highlighted together with expectable benefits and commercial interests. The
typical characteristics of the NSR shipping is its shortened distance between Europe and Asia,
remoteness of the route, and ice navigation. Due to the shortened shipping distance, reductionof shipping cost and emission, and various advantage of shortening of lead time would be
expected[3]. The chance to connect the NSR will increase for remote cities along the Arctic
coast and inland cities along the large river. And Arctic cruise tour will also get attention from
non-Arctic people. On the other hand, under water noise occurrence will increase by large shipnavigation and may cause negative effect to marine mammal’s living environment. And if cargo
ship and/or cruise ship navigation route and season overlaps marine mammal’s nursery ground,they will be pressed to find another area or lose it. Risk of maritime accident and release ofhazardous materials to the Arctic Ocean will also increase. There are not enough facilities ofaccommodation, medical service, and emergency service in remote coastal cities andsettlements if an emergency incident happens along the NSR. And all these issues might havesome effect to local societies mainly along the Arctic coast.
Under the above merits and demerits, it would be important to utilize the NSR bysustainable manner that to work on effort for consensus building with local stake holders suchas communities along the coast of NSR and people who rely on the coastal marine environment.
In the academic activity, it could be possible to tackle on an assessment that covers conceivableissues as much as possible and examine interrelation of those issues by multiple standpoints.
The key to achieve this assessment would be transdisciplinary discussion and examination. In
the session presentation, overview and idea of the assessment will be discussed.
This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP19K12304 and Arctic
Challenge for Sustainability ArCS II(JPMXD1420318865).
References[1] IPCC, Sixth Assessment Report Summary for Policymakers, pp.5 and pp.16, (2021)[2] Naida Hakirevic Prevljak, Rosatom to deploy 1st Arctic boxship on Northern Sea Route in
2025, Offshore Energy, https://www.offshore-energy.biz/rosatom-to-deploy-1st-arcticboxship-on-northern-sea-route-in-2025/, viewed Mar. 2022, (2021)[3] N. Otsuka, H. Sasaki, T. Kakizaki, E. Nakamura and A. Moriki, Summary of the Northern
Sea Route trial shipping of containers, The 35th International Symposium on the Okhotsk
Sea & Polar Oceans, pp.43-45, (2020)

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SMART/Dual-purpose Trans-Arctic Cables: IndustryAcademia Cooperation initiative too good to be missed?
J. Saunavaara1*
1

Hokkaido University Arctic Research Center, Japan

As Howe et.al. [2019] have pointed out, SMART (Sensor Enabled Scientific Monitoring
and Reliable Telecommunications) or dual-purpose cable initiatives incorporate the demand for
greater connectivity and the need for improved climate change mitigation and ocean
management tools. The SMART cables integrate different types of environmental sensors
measuring temperature, ocean circulation, tides, seismic activity, for example, into commercial
submarine telecommunications cables. Usually repeaters, which are devices strengthening thefiber-optic signal and located 50-100 kilometers from each other, are envisioned as the parts ofthe submarine cable system where sensors could be attached to. Alternatively, the fiber itself
can be used as the sensing element without adding any sensors in the submarine part of thecable [Marra et al. 2018]. If implemented, this type of cooperation could be highly beneficial
both to the cable industry (part of the installation costs covered by the scientific community
purchasing also part of the data transmission capacity) and the academia (establishing a uniqueresearch infrastructure with a reduced price). Although the implementation of SMART
initiatives has witnessed difficulties ranging from sensors’ possible impact on the functioningof the cable to problems in regulation, discussion concerning the dual-purpose use of cables
have recently intensified. At the same time, SMART initiatives are also increasingly discussed
in the context of trans-Arctic submarine fiber optic cables. This study shortly introduces thedifferent trans-Arctic cable initiatives, elaborates the possibilities that the new kind of industryacademy cooperation could bring forth, and describes the steps that should be taken in order tomove forward toward the implementation.

Figure 1. Trans-Arctic cable projects (https://nordu.net/polar-connect/)Figure 2. Construction of submarine fiber optic cable system (Alazri 2018).
References[1] Howe et al. (2019). Scientific Monitoring and Reliable Telecommunications (SMART)
Cable Systems: Integration of Sensors into Telecommunications Repeaters for Climate andDisaster Mitigation. Suboptic 2019, April 9.
[2] Marra et al. (2018). Ultrastable Laser Interferometry for Earthquake Detection with
Terrestrial and Submarine Cables. Science 361 (6401): 486–490.
[3] Alazri, A.S. (2018). The Threat and Vulnerabilities of Submarine Cables in Information
Security and Telecommunication. International Journal of Multimedia and Image Processing.

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7

Yakutia as a platform for science diplomacy inRussia’s Arctic
T. Gavrilyeva1* and V. Parilova2
1
2

Institute of Engineering and Technology, North-Eastern Federal University, Russia
Institute of Finances and Economics, North-Eastern Federal University, Russia

In this study, we examine advantages, risks, and opportunities of implementing
international scientific research in Yakutia. For a long time, Yakutia has been an extremely
appealing object of scientific research, thanks to its unique features. Most researchers believethat Yakutia, as a region, is interesting for the scientific community due to a combination ofharsh climate, a variety of natural landscapes, and low population density, all of which allow it
to act as a large testing ground for scientific research. Furthermore, Yakutia is notable for the
openness of its scientific community and its local population. However, several factors inhibit
Yakutia’s competitive edge in the scientific environment. These include the predominance of
projects in natural sciences domain; the lack of local trained professionals in some branches ofscientific knowledge; a decreasing number of researchers, as well as their aging; and the factthat the scientific infrastructure of Yakutia is competitive only compared to other Russian
regions, but not globally. Among the constraining factors are acquisition conditions and terms
of use of equipment, complicated transportation, and lack of infrastructure in the Arctic regions,and organizational issues, including the issuance of visas, etc. In addition, international
scientific cooperation is also prone to foreign policy risks. The avenues for scientificcooperation in the Arctic largely depend on the intensity and sustainability of contacts via
international organizations.
In this work we also present few insights from implementation of the COPERA (20152017) and RISE (2021-2024) international projects. Both of them were implemented NorthEastern Federal University (Yakutsk, Russia) in cooperation with Hokkaido University(Sapporo, Japan). The last one is an example of a successful international project being
implemented under conditions of pandemic and political fluctuations.
Funding: The reported study was performed under the e-Asia Climate Call and funded by RFBR,
project number 21-55-70104

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The review of the KoARC’s activities and visions
HK. Seo1*1
Korea Arctic Research Consortium, Republic of Korea / KOPRI
The Korea Arctic Research Consortium (KoARC) is a multidisciplinary network of
domestic institutions, Universities and industries involved in the Arctic Research which was
kicked-off on November 2, 2015 under the 1st Masterplan for the Arctic Policy (2013-2017) asa follow-up action of getting the observer status of the Arctic Council in 2013. KoARC’ssecretariat has been operated and supported by Korea Polar Research Institute since 2015 which
is belonging to the policy division of KOPRI as a function.
KoARC’s vision is to serve as the national hub for Arctic research cooperation bycreating links and opportunities for academia, industries, and research institute, etc. In order tofulfill this visions, KoARC has been doing the various activities and projects: to develop
multidisciplinary research projects, (ii) to set the mid-to-long term research direction, (iii) toprovide a platform for collaboration and networking among the Arctic experts, (iv) toparticipate in domestic & international events and activities relevant to Arctic researches for
information sharing (v) to suggest policy proposals to the Korean government based on the
research output.
Member institution of the KoARC has increased from 23 institutions in 2015 to 40 in
2022 including DSME, Hyundai Heavy Industries, Academia and Research institutions(KOPRI, KMI, KRISO…) and based on the KoARC members’ expertise, a lot of projects andevents have been launched and carried out. KoARC embarked on ‘Polar Issue Reportpublication project’ in 2019 which covers various issues from scientific issues (climate change,
permafrost) to Arctic shipping, ship-building, governance, etc, which is supported by Ministryof Oceans and Fisheries. According to this project, 8 themes are selected through editorial
meeting of the Expert-board every year, and as the next step, expert writing and relevant visualmaterials (short-video, and infographics regarding 8 themes) for public understanding is made,and lastly report-publishing and exhibition for visual-materials are executed at the Korean
Arctic Partnership Week (Busan) every December.
Regarding multi-disciplinary project, in 2022 KoARC launched the eco-friendly
icebreaking container vessel development research project (under the preliminary study stage)suggested by DSME and universities, industries, research institutes do the collaborative
researches, finally we plan to develop this project as national R&D project in 2023. Also,
Korean Arctic-information interface (GIS) development project is now underway by university
and industry members, which targets to supply the detailed and practical information indeveloping new projects, and help experts to do the researches. KoARC holds the breakout
session at the Arctic Circle Assembly (Reykjavik) based on the themes of multidisciplinary
projects and polar issue report project. In addition, every two months we host online expertseminar using the Zoom for information sharing and discussion on the recent the Arctic issues.
In the stage of stabilization of the KoARC’s various projects, KoARC will try to improve
the system for facilitating the cooperation with academia, research institutions and government, ,as a substantial herb among the domestic Arctic players, and will expand the collaborations
with JCAR, ARCUS and AEC, etc.
References[1] HK Seo, KoARC’s vision & Knowledge-based Activities. 2020 Arctic Frontiers Poster
session presentation (2020)283

March 8

Breakout Session
S21

284

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1

Challenges in International Arctic Research Cooperation
K. Latola*Thule Institute, University of Oulu, and University of the Arctic, Finland
It is well known that Arctic is not an isolated region, but climate change affecting locally
Arctic land, ocean and its people, is also affecting globally. Finding solutions to both local andglobal challenges need cross-regional inter- and transdisciplinary research, which calls forinternational cooperation with adequate funding schemes. One example of such successfullarge-scale initiative is MOSAiC expedition, however will it stay as a one single case of suchinvestment in collaboration with multinational research institutions? At the organizational level,
long lasting cooperation has been going on with International Arctic Science Committee(IASC), International Arctic Social Sciences Association (IASSA) and University of the Arctic(UArctic), which all also work in partnership with other organizations creating even more
opportunities for international cooperation. This presentation focuses to the University of the
Arctic, which is a cooperation network of 169 members representing both Arctic and noncountries and to its 61 thematic networks and UArctic Institutes with partners from over 30
countries, majority being from outside Arctic. Thematic Networks are platforms forthematically focused joint research, education and knowledge sharing guided by UArctic’s
values: circumpolar, inclusive, respectful, collaborative, open and influential. UArctic develops
knowledge to address local and global challenges of relevance to Arctic peoples and societies
by providing unique educational, research, and innovation opportunities through collaboration
within a powerful network of member institutions. For doing that all different knowledge
systems are needed in a respectful relationship, with co-designing and working together acrossthe disciplines and borders with mutual partnerships with local and Indigenous Peoples.
However, a challenge is the lack of truly international, cross-regional funding instrumentsallowing time for co-developing and planning of the transdisciplinary research. Arctic research
is often funded through national funding agencies and polar programs, and by regional funding
schemes such National Science Foundation in USA, or by European Union through its H2020
and Horizon Europe funding. How could international science partnerships influence to existingregional and national funders to collaborate and create joint Arctic cross-regional funding
schemes or is it time to create completely new funding instruments?

285

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Overview of European Polar Research Funding

N. Biebow1*, J.B. Orbaek2, E.T. Nielsson3, A.H. Ingporsson3, L.
1

3

and A. Strobel1

Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Germany
2
Research Council of Norway; Norway
3
The Icelandic Centre for Research – Rannís, Iceland

The European Polar research funding landscape is diverse and complex. At a national
level, Polar research funding structures vary widely across Europe. Some countries havespecific Polar research funding programmes managed by national agencies or ministries, others
have established national Polar research institutes, that define priorities and provide resources
to carry out their national polar research programme and/or provide logistics support to its polar
scientists. Some countries provide funding for Polar research only through national open
competitive calls for basic research.
The EU-funded EU-PolarNet 2 project aims to provide an overview and better
understanding of the landscape of Polar research funding in Europe and of the diversity andcoordination potential of European Polar research programmes. The project has alreadypublished a Directory of European Polar Research funding programmes and a White Paper on
the European polar research funding landscape. These documents contribute to understanding
the polar activities, national resources, investments, and funding structures in European
countries. A strong European polar research environment requires efficient and effective
national and European polar research programmes that are complementary and coordinated. By
generating a better overview of the landscape and diversity of the funding strategies, structure
and priorities, stronger cooperation and partnerships shall be facilitated in support of large
international initiatives and the establishment of a European Polar Research Area.

286

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Cooperation in European Polar Research: current status,
and upcoming developments
P. Elshout1* and R. Badhe11European Polar Board, Netherlands

Polar science is crucial to understand climate change and the effects of climate change
all around the globe. Out of the 9 climate tipping points that the IPCC has identified, 6 arelocated in the polar regions. Polar regions are difficult to work in, and polar science isexpensive to run. The operating of polar research infrastructure (consisting of researchstations, research vessels and supply logistics) requires a long-term vision, both for research
and funding.
Due to these difficult operating conditions, cooperation between scientists, projects and small
and large polar programs is common. The EPB is a great example of this kind of cooperation
at an organisational level, where its Members, small and large, communicate and share bestpractices. Another example is the Horizon2020 funding program of the EU, which encourages
multilateral scientific cooperation. Amongst the EU Horizon2020 are polar projects such as
INTERACT, EU-PolarNet2 and SO—CHIC; and also the EU Polar Cluster, through which
several projects and organisations work together. On a longer term, EU-PolarNet 2 and EPB
are working towards setting up the European Polar Coordination Office (EPCO) that will
focus on continued research prioritisation, optimisation and funding of European polar
research. With this presentation, the European Polar Board will share further information
about these developments in coordinating European polar research.

287

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Evolution of Arctic Research System in Japan-From individual research to national project, andinternational collaborationH. Enomoto1
1

National Institute of Polar Research, Arctic Environment Research Center, Japan

Arctic science in Japan has been carried out continuously for the last 30 years, and haschanged especially in the last decade. In the past, it was mainly carried out by individual
activities and small, short-term projects.
In response to the establishment of IASC in 1990, a liaison meeting was formed as themomentum to organize activities in Japan increased, and Ny-Alesund was established as aregular observation point. In addition to Svalbard environmental observation, Greenland ice
sheet drilling, and land observation in Siberia, collaboration with IARC began at the end of1990 as an activity base in Alaska. Sailing has begun.
Since 2011, a national project has been implemented to integrate these activities.
Implementing GRENE Arctic project, ArCS, then ArCS II, the aim has moved from researchin a single field to interdisciplinary collaboration, then connecting transdisciplinary.
Domestically in Japan, such cooperation and activities have been promoted. Furthermore,
activities within an international framework are also required. We have been participating in
the development of multipoint observation networks and the international sharing ofobservation data through projects.
ArCS II, which started in 2020, is also preparing opportunities for research cooperation.
This is not the dispatch of individuals, but the initiation and strengthening of collaboration
between research institutes, making it possible to adapt to the collection of two-way andmultinational institutions. Also, by always including young people, it is an attempt to connect
to future sustainability.
Research activities, infrastructure and budgets have also progressed from individuals
and small groups to being assembled into national projects. At ASM, research reports fromvarious countries were collected, but most of them were conducted within a single country.
ASM recommended international collaboration, which should be carried out multilaterally.
There is a need for a forum for such discussions and a mechanism for its implementation.
In addition to those that can be maintained by domestic projects and those that can be
implemented through individual cooperation with overseas, the idea of ASM is to consider
what international management organizations need, such as human exchanges, international
forums, observation networks, and observation campaigns. IASC, SIOS and many European
collaboration, data centers exist, we can seek for further actions, and their sustainability
and/or non vulnerable system.

288

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Organizing funding for observing in the Arctic
J.R. Larsen1* H. Savela2, N. Biebow3, R. Badhe4, P. Elshout4, V. Spadetto5, A. Strobel3, and
S. Scory6
1

Arctic PASSION
Thule Institute, University of Oulu, Finland
3
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Germany
4
The European Polar Board, Den Haag, The Netherlands
5
4PM srls, Castelfranco Emilia, Italy
6
Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
2

The Arctic is undergoing profound transformations. Observations, and data derived fromthem, can support important decisions on mitigating actions and adaptive responses in the
Arctic and beyond. The challenging environmental conditions of the Arctic, limit the use ofstandard technology and increase the costs of observations. The high costs of the observations
in turn makes it more challenging to raise the necessary funding to expand and integrate theArctic observing systems.
A recent workshop with coordinators of polar observing systems, arranged by the EUfunded EU-PolarNet 2, addressed this challenge by discussing future recommendations for e.g.
the coordination of funding. The current lack of a systematic planning and funding mechanisms
to develop and link observing and data system requirements and implementation strategies in
the Arctic region is addressed by The Roadmap for Arctic Observing and Data Systems(ROADS) through generating a systems-level view of observing requirements andimplementation strategies. The ROADS process is one of the drivers of the EU-funded project
Arctic PASSION. This presentation provides an update of the outcomes from the EU-PolarNet
2 workshop, and Arctic PASSION.

Mindmap on organizing funding for observing. Outcome of the EU-PolarNet2 workshop in June 2022.

References[1] EU-PolarNet 2 - Co-ordinating and Co-designing the European Polar Research Area.
Deliverable No. 6.4: Minutes of a Workshop with Coordinators of European Polar Observing
Systems[2] Starkweather et al: Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks’ (SAON) Roadmap for Arctic
Observing and Data Systems (ROADS)
https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/74330

289

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New initiative toward the International Platform
for Arctic Science:
Call for ECSs proposal using R/V Mirai 2023 Arctic Cruise
KIKUCHI, Takashi1*, and other ArCS II members
1

Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment research,
Research Institute for Global Change,
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
Japan has been conducting continuous observation research in the area where sea ice hasdisappeared in the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean using the research vessel "Mirai” (R/V
Mirai) since 1998. However, since R/V Mirai is not an icebreaker, it was not possible toconduct observations in the sea ice area. There were many discussions about how to conduct
observation in the sea ice area and obtain high-quality Pan-Arctic observation data as R/V Mirai
is doing. Then, finally, the Japanese government decided in December 2020 to build a newresearch vessel with icebreaking capabilities to expand observation and research in the Arctic
Ocean. The steel-cutting ceremony for the new research icebreaker for Arctic Science washeld in March 2022 and is scheduled to be delivered in JFY 2026. We will have the trial cruise
for the Arctic Ocean in 2027.
On the other hand, the 3rd Arctic Science Ministerial meeting (ASM-3) was held inTokyo in May 2021. With the participation of 35 countries and organizations, discussions andpresentations were held on promoting research and observation in the Arctic region, addressing
social issues, and further promoting international scientific cooperation. In this meeting, it
was announced that Japan will 1) promote the construction of an icebreaking research vessel
for Arctic science, which will be operated as an international research platform to enhanceinternational collaboration in Arctic research, and 2) promote efforts to foster young researchers
involved in Arctic research.
Japan’s Arctic research project, ArCS II (Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II), is
implementing various activities related to the promotion of international research collaborationand the capacity building of young researchers. In accordance with the objectives of the ArCS
II project and in collaboration with the Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS),
we conduct a new initiative (the call for Early Career Scientists (ECS)) that ECS from not only
Japan but also other countries are invited to apply for a research and observation proposal using
the research vessel MIRAI 2023 Arctic cruise to be conducted from August to October 2023.
This is the first initiative of Japan’s Arctic research activities.
This call opened in early September 2022 and the deadline for submissions was on
October 20. After reviewing many applications, 11 proposals from Japan and 5 othercountries are accepted. We now contact the accepted ECSs to make a cruise plan and prepare
the observation. We will have the R/V Mirai observation cruise in Aug.-Oct. 2023 as aninternational collaboration cruise for ECSs. After the cruise, we can also organize workshops
and propose sessions at international conferences and meetings.
This new initiative is toward the international research platform of Japan’s new
icebreaker for Arctic science and we believe that it encourages the capacity building of ECSs
and international research collaboration for Arctic Science.

290

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7

Science Process and its outcomes of the third Arctic
Science Ministerial (ASM3) – international cooperation in
Arctic research
T. Sueyoshi1*, L. E. Arthur2, H. Kimura1, Á. Kjartansdottir3, and Y. Kodama4
1

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Japan
2Stefansson Arctic Institute, University of Akureyri, Iceland
3Ministry of Education and Children, Iceland
4
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan

The Arctic Science Ministerial is an intergovernmental gathering of science Ministers. It
aims to strengthen scientific cooperation and collaboration among both Arctic and non-Arctic
States in order to develop our understanding of the rapid changes impacting the Arctic. The
Third Arctic Science Ministerial (ASM3) followed the First Arctic Science Ministerial (ASM1),
hosted by the United States in 2016, and the Second Arctic Science Ministerial (ASM2), cohosted by Germany, Finland, and the European Commission. ASM3 was co-hosted by Icelandand Japan, and took place on 7-8 May 2021 in Tokyo, Japan.
The ASM3 Science process followed the structure of the previous Ministerials by soliciting
theme-based project updates and new projects from participating countries, Indigenous Peoples'organizations, and international organizations engaged in Arctic science and education, while
also attempting to create a more formal consultation process with the wider research community
through other international forums and through the ASM3 Webinar Series.
The intention of this wide-reachingscience process was to have robust andinclusive science outcomes to provide astrong foundation for all the final outcomesof the ASM3. These outcomes create usefultools for cooperation, deepen our
understanding of both the achievements andchallenges that lie ahead, and provide astrong framework for taking urgent action.
This presentation introduces a concise
summary of the ASM3 science process andoutcomes, including the report [1], database,and other resources available online [2].
Figure 1. ASM3 Report
References[1] Jenny Baeseman, ASM3 Science Advisory Board, MEXT (Japan), and MRN (Iceland)(ed), "Knowledge for A Sustainable Arctic", The third Arctic Science Ministerial Report(2021)[2] https://asm3.org/conclusions/asm3/ (last accessed 31 October, 2022)

291

S 1-

Funding the future of polar research
S. M. Strand1,2* and L. M. Grosfeld1,3
1

The Association of Polar Early Career Scientists, Norway
2
UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
3
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Germany
The future of polar research depends on the next generation of polar scientists. The
Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS) is a non-profit organization withapproximately 4500 members from over 70 countries that provides a global network forcollaboration, career development, education and outreach among polar enthusiasts. Theinternationality of APECS members is one of the organization’s greatest assets, as early career
researchers (ECRs) are able to build international networks through active engagement in our
activities. These networks help our members secure jobs, develop new projects and research
directions, and provide peer-to-peer support as our members navigate through their careers.
Just as we have seen within APECS, Arctic science majorly benefits from international
coordination, allowing countries and institutions to share and build ideas and achieve far
greater goals than any entity could achieve alone.
International coordination of Arctic science funding is critical for the sustainability of
our organization. As our activities grow, we naturally require more funding. Since members
across the globe benefit from our activities, it follows that our organization is funded from anumber of international sources. APECS and large, international projects (e.g. ARICE, Arctic
PASSION) have mutually benefited from employing APECS Project Officers that help
projects carry out their goals with regards to ECR engagement and development, and tie
APECS, and thus its members, to cutting edge science activities. This is just one small but
meaningful example of the many benefits of internationally-funded and -coordinated projects.
European countries naturally co-fund projects through the programs of the European
Commission, but there is a need for more large-scale initiatives that combine government
funds from additional regions including North America and Asia. Collaboration on Arctic
science already exists across these regions on the individual scientist scale, but needs to be
developed at the highest levels of government and reflected in government budgets. The
MOSAiC Expedition and the associated MOSAiC School are clear examples of what can beachieved when funds from multiple governments are combined. Current geopolitical tensions
make it even more crucial that Arctic science is consistently conducted across borders in orderto achieve the best holistic understanding of the north.
Leadership positions within APECS have most often been filled by individuals with
European or North American backgrounds. Better international coordination of Arctic science
funding will not only benefit scientific outcomes, but will help diversify the APECS network
and will encourage ECR participation and retention from regions where APECS has
previously had less members. APECS would like to acknowledge the increased emphasis on
ECR support by the Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research at JAMSTEC andis excited about the opportunities for future collaboration with Japan and other Asian
countries. International collaboration and mobility is critical for career progression in
research, so enhanced international coordination of science funding benefits Arctic-focused
ECRs and Arctic science overall.

292

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Tools for Enhancing International Research Funding
Opportunities: Arctic Science Ministerial Resources
J. Baeseman1,2*, H. Yabuki3, T. Sugimura3, K. Iino3, T. Sueyoshi4, H. Kimura4, Y. Kodama5,
L. E. Arthur6, and Á. Kjartansdottir7
1IARC, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
2Baeseman Consulting & Services, LLC, USA
3National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR), Japan
4Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Japan
5Arctic Research Center (ARC), Hokkaido University, Japan
6Stefansson Arctic Institute, University of Akureyri, Iceland
7Ministry of Education and Children, IcelandWith the Arctic warming up to 3 times the global average, rapid changes are having
global implications at unprecedented rates. For society to adapt and prepare for such changes,
more research needs to be done and with haste – research that not one scientist or country can
do alone, but research that requires international and interdisciplinary collaboration.
To aid in identifying areas where collaborations can more easily be formed and where
funding organizations and institutions can pool resources for greater benefit, Japan and Iceland,as the organizers for the Third Arctic Science Ministerial (ASM3), building on the efforts of
the US-hosted ASM1 and the German-Finnish-EC hosted ASM2, designed surveys andquestionnaires for the 27 participating national governments, 9 Arctic Indigenous People’s
Organizations and several international organizations with interests in Arctic science andeducation. This produced a plethora of important information which was distilled into a numberof tools helpful for funding organizations and researchers alike. An international
interdisciplinary searchable and user-friendly database with over 400 Arctic research projects[1] is complemented by collections of International Collaboration and Cooperation
Opportunities, Opportunities for Indigenous Peoples, a compilation of National Arctic Policies,
and a thorough report outlining research in the Arctic.
Here, we present how these resources not only provide a detailed overview of what
research is happening in the Arctic and where, but how they can help to identify gaps and areas
where enhanced international collaboration and funding can dramatically increase the impactof Arctic research urgently needed to address global climate change implications.

//Figure 1. ASM3 Project Database

References[1] ASM3 Project Database (https://ads.nipr.ac.jp/ASM3DB/, last accessed 31 October, 2022)

293

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Strengthening international collaboration to fund Arctic
science: the perspective of the French National Research
AgencyA-H. Prieur-Richard1*
1*The French National Research Agency, FranceThis paper aims at presenting avenues for funding agencies to set up joint collaboration
to advance research on the Arctic related issues.
Global environmental changes (climate change, biodiversity changes, pollution, etc.) arestrongly impacting the Arctic ecosystems and the local communities and populations leavingin this geographic area. Scientific-based knowledge of these issues has been developed over thelast decades. However, many questions are still open and request investment in research toprovide management and policy solutions based on scientific evidence. This research needs tobe highly relevant for local stakeholders. To achieve this, engagement with local populations
and communities is key. All types of knowledge need to be mobilized. Another aspect of
research in the Arctic is that it is transnational in nature: global changes impacting the Arctic
may be initiated outside of the region, conditions to conduct research in the Arctic often request
heavy investments. This paper will address those challenges and ways to address them throughtransnational cooperation from the point of view of funding agencies, including thedevelopment of actions of the Arctic Science Funders Forum.

294

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Funding of Arctic science – A Norwegian perspective
J.L. Fuglestad1*, J.B. Ørbæk1 , Ingerid Fossum1 , Sofie Loechen Smedsrud1 , Paal Soergaard1
1

The Research Council of Norway

International cooperation in polar research is vital and will become increasingly more
important in the years to come. This because the rapid changes in Arctic climate andbiodiversity calls for international cooperation. The challenges are more than can be handled
by single countries, both with respect to research themes and funding.
The vision of Norwegian polar research is to be one of the world’s leading nations inpolar research and an important contributor to knowledge of global interest.
The objective of polar research is to enable Norway to fulfil its special responsibility for
acquiring the knowledge needed to implement policy, management and economic activity inthe polar regions. At the same time polar research is intended to generate fundamental
knowledge about the Arctic and the Antarctic.
In Norway there are close to 2000 polar scientists producing nearly 1000 man-years.
Norway's annual funding of polar research is ca. 150 million euros, the majority of this funding
being spent on high Arctic research.
The Research Council of Norway (RCN) is a major player in funding Norwegian andinternational Arctic research. RCN has a polar research program dedicated to fund high Arctic
research only. RCN organizes annual calls, and we encourage Norwegian scientists to include
international partners in their grant proposals to us. The international partners in the projects
can be funded by RCN. One way forward to increase international cooperation andcollaboration in Arctic science is that more countries opens for international partners in nationalcalls.
RCN also contributes with funding to international calls e.g. through Horizon Europe,
Belmont Forum or NordForsk. Future initiatives on Arctic research requires international
cooperation and coordination following priorities set by e.g. the international polar researchcommunity under IASC (ICARP IV), EU-PolarNet2, WMO and global programs. It is equallyimportant that national funding agencies cooperate as well as the scientists themselves. The
national research priorities are a foundation for international cooperation being developed
further through the existing international fora.
International cooperation among Arctic science funders requires long-term planning.
National priorities and investment plans need to be aligned with priorities from international
fora.

295

March 9

Breakout Session
S23

296

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1

Towards a High Arctic Ocean Observation System
Hanne Sagen*, Stein Sandven
Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Norway
Sustained in situ observations of the interior of the ocean lacks in the ice-covered Arctic Ocean.
This limits the possibility to advance research within climate, weather, ice-ocean processes, andgeophysical hazard. A roadmap for sustained ocean observations was established in the EU
project Integrated Arctic Observing System - INTAROS. The roadmap includes
recommendations for new observing technologies including network of multipurpose mooring
providing ocean observations and facilitating for under water geo-positioning systems as wellas support for the vision of SMART cables in the Arctic.
As part of the joint U.S.-Norwegian Pan-Arctic experiment Coordinated Arctic Acoustic
Thermometry Experiment (CAATEX) a basin wide multipurpose mooring system for ocean
observations was operated for one year. Six moorings were installed in 2019 extending from
north of Svalbard in the east to the Beaufort Sea north of Alaska in the west. Each mooring was
equipped with 50–75 acoustic and oceanographic instruments providing oceanographic point
measurements and acoustic thermometry measurements. Two of the moorings weretransceivers that included a low-frequency acoustic source (35 Hz), one in the Eastern Arctic
and one in the Western Arctic. The acoustic signals were successfully received at ranges from100 to 2700 km. The CAATEX observations increases our knowledge about the interior of the
Arctic Ocean. In particular, the experiment shows that the signals from the low frequency
acoustic sources are received at all depths at all the considered ranges which is an importantresult for establishing an underwater geo-positioning (UW-GPS) system in the central Arctic.
The recently funded Eu Project – High Arctic Ocean Observation System (HiAOOS) will
follow up the results from CAATEX. HiAOOS consortium will develop and implement a
network of multipurpose moorings for two years operation in the deep Nansen and Amundsen
Basins. The network will serve several applications, including oceanographic measurements,
acoustic thermometry, geo-positioning of underwater floats, detection of marine mammals,
geohazards and human generate noise. A particular focus will be on improving the access toregular ocean data from platforms under the drifting sea ice. This is significant bottleneck wewill address using new array technology, underwater communication and ROV technology.
Furthermore, Smart Cables with built-in sensors are in progress in the Arctic e.g., Far North
Fiber, Borealis. To facilitate for sustained observations from the full water column the cables
will need to support branching points connecting advanced underwater installations observing
extending upward into the ocean. Cabled super-sites would become be cornerstones in a future
Arctic Ocean Observing System in the High Arctic. Cabled and un-cabled supersites quippedwith sources and receivers will form UW-GPS network for floats, gliders, and AUVs.
Acknowledgement: The INTAROS project has received funding from the European Union’s
Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 727890 (20162022). The CAATEX project (2018-2022) received funding from the Research Council of
Norway project number 280531 and from the US Office of Naval Research. Thanks to the morethan 300 researchers contributed to the successful completion of the INTAROS and CAATEX
projects. A special thanks to the Norwegian Coast Guard for allocating ship time on theicebreaker KV Svalbard, and to the crew onboard KV Svalbard for their support to the complex
operations in CAATEX and INTAROS. The HiAOOS (2023-2027) project starts 1 January2023 receiving funding under grant agreement with European Union’s Horizon Europe researchand innovation programme.

297

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A New Environmental Monitoring in the Arctic: Cryosphere
Integrated Observatory Network on Svalbard (CRIOS)
M. Laska1*, G.D. Breedveld2, A.S. Coulson2, J-C. Gallet3, Ø. Godøy4, D. Ignatiuk1, S. Jawak5,
H. Lihavainen5, B. Luks6, J. Małecki7, K. Migała8, D. Próchniewicz9, I. Sobota10,
M. Strzelecki8 and P. Zagórski11
1

Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
2
University Centre in Svalbard, Norway
3
Norwegian Polar Institute, Norway
4
Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Norway
5
Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System – Knowledge Centre, Norway
6
Institute of Geophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
7
Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland
8
University of Wrocław, Poland
9
Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
10
Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
11
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Poland
One of the most significant challenges for monitoring systems in remote areas isestablishing and accessing automated measurement stations that continuously record highquality data. This is especially important in regions with limited access – like glacierized,
mountainous and polar areas, where harsh terrain and weather conditions decrease thepossibility for safe and continuous direct observations. While remote sensing products are often
satisfactory in providing information about the state of the environment or closing observation
gaps, datasets should be validated against in-situ observations. For this reason, we created the
CRIOS – a predefined project in Polish-Norwegian cooperation, which is an answer to the needsof the scientific community, described in the annual State of Environmental Science in Svalbard
Reports [1], published by the Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System (SIOS).
This project aims to modernize and expand an automated monitoring network focused on
the cryosphere of Svalbard as a calibration/validation system for indirect research. As a firststep, we plan to harmonize and expand the monitoring systems in Hornsund, Longyearbyen andNy-Ålesund (level I stations). The second stage will equate Polish Research Infrastructures(level II stations) – in Kaffiøyra, Petuniabukta, Calypsobyen and Elveflya, with the newest
cryosphere monitoring technologies. All measurement stations will operate following thestandardized measurement protocols developed as part of joint workshops and training sessions.
The key element of the observatory network will be real-time data transfer to the open
repositories, following the FAIR principles (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability,
Reusability). The entire network has been divided into four types of cryosphere monitoring:glacier and snow, meteorological, permafrost and remote sensing. The installations are plannedon the selected glaciers and in the tundra area at each of the presented sites.
The CRIOS open science data policy will allow the publication of scientific papers, MSc
and PhD theses and reports to the authorities responsible for environmental policy and climate
protection. It also gives a valuable opportunity to support significantly seasonal, level II stations
without permanent funds for long-term monitoring to deliver harmonized, high-quality products
and strengthen national, international and interdisciplinary cooperation.
References[1] Ilkka S.O. et al., State of Environmental Science in Svalbard: Synthesizing therecommendations of the first 4 years, Online Report (2022).

298

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GEOCRI: A Big Data Approach for Cold Region
Information Service
Y. Qiu1, H. Enomoto2, M. Menenti3, X. Cheng4, J. Key5, H.K. Lappalainen6. X. Li7,
S. Sandven8 and V. Vitale9
1

International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, China
2
National Institute of Polar Research, Arctic Environment Research Center, Japan
3
Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
4
Sun Yat-sen University, China
5
National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, NOAA, USA
6
University of Helsinki, Finland
7
Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
8
Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Norway
9
National Research Council, Italy* The author’s group are the co-lead group to Cold Regions Initiative under Group on Earth
Observations (GEOCRI)
The Cold Regions Initiative (GEOCRI) is a pilot initiative under Group on Earthobservations (GEO), which mainly about the cryosphere data stream services in Cold Regions
through the Derived and Integrated Earth Observation Products to facilitate the provision andstandardization of satellite information products in the cryosphere-dominated cold regions tomeet the needs of societies, including high elevation and high latitude cold regions.
GEOCRI brings together the efforts of different science and industry communities’
activities currently and stakeholders in the world's cold regions. The core interest of the
GEOCRI is to bring fruitful information, gathered continuously by the national and multinational, growing infrastructures of diverse and complementary Earth observations, to users
on a global scale. The contributors to the objectives of GEOCRI are currently operating
observational and data infrastructures with high-performance data streaming processing
capabilities with open data principles on an international platform. Likewise, data systems
have been developed and are hosting rich data assets. We expect the initiative to generatecontinuous data streams on Essential Cold Regions Variables (ECRVs), and provide pilot
services on the water availabilities in the cold mountain area, safety transportation for the landand northern sea routes, emerging cryosphere disaster mitigation, and assessment supporting
the UN Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs), etc.
The GEO Cold Regions will bring a set of tasks on the fundamental task on variables,
services, and pilot services in the next few years.

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Bridging the Fram Strait - facilitating collaboration acrossthe largest high Arctic climatic gradient
H.H. Christiansen 1*, S. Rysgaard 2, H.Skov 3, P. S. Mikkelsen2, S. Shridhar Jawak4, C.
Stedmon5 and H. Lihavainen4
1

Arctic Geophysics Department, University Centre in Svalbard, Norway

2

3

Greenland Integrated Observing System, Aarhus University, Denmark
iClimate, ARC, Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Denmark4
Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System, Norway
5
National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Danish Technical University, Denmark

The Bridging the Fram Strait project aims to facilitate Svalbard-Greenland collaboration
by optimizing the existing research infrastructures and data across the largest climatic gradientin the high Arctic, as schematized in the long-term SIOS (Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth
Observing System) and GIOS (Greenland Integrated Observing System) projects. The project
conducted a dedicated workshop in October 2022 with thean aim to establish a scientific
Bridging the Fram Strait network consisting of researchers involved in using the entire the Fram
Strait gradient (between warm Svalbard and cold North Greenland) by developing coordinatedparticipation in research campaigns in the he Fram Strait region. Existing large investments
have been made nationally in Svalbard and Greenland respectively in the SIOS and GIOS
projects, and the access to both research infrastructures, observations and data are improved
through both projects. However, a coordinated regional initiative extending across the entire
gradient from the terrestrial parts of Eastern and Northern Greenland across the Fram Strait to
Svalbard has been missing.
There is a great potential in linking existing informal collaboration with oceanography[1,2], permafrost active layer thickness dynamics [3]. Comparative work on carbon fluxes using
similar techniques in Zackenberg (North East Greenland) and Adventdalen (Svalbard) has been
conducted with success [e.g.4] and much more may be developed of the same kind. Studies
across this gradient are of global importance for increasing the understanding of Earth System
Science in all its spheres. Therefore, establishing a joint regional large-scale research and higher
education initiative will facilitate process understanding on pan-Arctic scale and thus place
Svalbard-Greenland research in a global perspective. In ISAR-7, we aim to present salient
outcomes and present the status of the Bridging the Fram Strait project to reach out to morescientists and facilitate already established collaboration.
References[1] R. Gonçalves‐Araujo, C.A. Stedmon, L. de Steur, C.L Osburn, M. A. Granskog, Decade ofAnnual Arctic DOC Export With Polar Surface Water in the East Greenland Current.
Geophysical Research Letters, 47 (2020)[2] N. Pirk, M. Mastepanov, F. J. W. Parmentier, M. Lund, P. Crill, and T. R. Christensen,
Calculations of automatic chamber flux measurements of methane and carbon dioxide using
short time series of concentrations, Biogeosciences 13 (2016).
[3] C. A.Stedmon, M. A. Granskog, P. A. Dodd, An Approach to Estimate the Freshwater
Contribution from Glacial Melt and Precipitation in East Greenland Shelf Waters Using
Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM). Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 120(2015),[4] S. M. Strand, H. H. Christiansen, M. Johansson, J. Åkerman and O. Humlum, Active layer
thickening and controls on interannual variability in the Nordic Arctic compared to the circumArctic. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 32 (2020)

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Towards ‘good practice’ in the use of Indigenous, local andscientific knowledge for informing natural resource
management
F. Danielsen1*, M. Enghoff1, M.K. Poulsen1, L. Iversen2, S. Sandven2, N. Johnson3, O. Lee4
1

Nordic Foundation for Development and Ecology (NORDECO), Denmark
2
Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Norway
3
National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, United States
4International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, United States
A prerequisite for good planning is access to data and information of relevance to people
living and working in the Arctic. Community-Based Monitoring (CBM) and Citizen Science(CS) initiatives are evolving across the Arctic, providing complementary data to the scientificobserving systems [1]. CBM/CS systems are initiated by people who need specificenvironmental and climate information to support management of resources, local decisionmaking and safety of human activities. An example is the PISUNA program (Piniakkanik
Sumiiffinni Nalunaarsuineq; https://www.pisuna.org/, https://eloka-arctic.org/pisuna-net/en) inGreenland [2-3]. Challenges for CBM and CS projects in the Arctic are mainly to (1) bring
CBM/CS systems from ad hoc initiatives to sustainable observing systems, (2) connect
CBM/CS and scientific observations, (3) make use of CBM/CS data in decision-making, and(4) establish sustained funding [1, 4-5]. In this presentation, we use case examples from the
Arctic to review these challenges and to discuss potential solutions. Our work is supported by
the CAPARDUS project through the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation
program under grant agreement No. 869673, and by the Danish Agency for Science and Higher
Education through the UArctic Thematic Network on Collaborative Resource Management.
References[1] F. Danielsen et al. Community-Based Monitoring in the Arctic, Univ. Alaska Press (2020)[2] M. Tengö et al. Creating synergies between Citizen Science and Indigenous and Local
Knowledge, BioScience 71, 503-518 (2021)[3] N. Johnson et al. The use of digital platforms for Community-Based Monitoring,
BioScience 71, 452-466 (2021)[4] H. Eicken et al. Connecting top-down and bottom-up approaches in environmental
observing, BioScience 71, 467-483 (2021)[5] F. Danielsen et al. Community monitoring of natural resource systems and theenvironment, Annual Review of Environment and Resources 47, 637-670 (2022)

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The Climate Change Tower Integrated Project (CCT-IP) andthe muldisciplinary observing activities of Italy at
Ny Alesund (Svalbard) since 2009
V. Vitale1*, M. Mazzola1, A. Viola1, S. Gilardoni1, E. Barbaro1, R. Salvatori1, R. Salzano2, A.
Spolaor1, A. Lupi1, F. Becherini1, M.Vardè1, B. Petkov1,5, F. Tampieri1, R. Traversi3, S.
Becagli3, M. Severi3, D. Cappelletti4, B. Moroni5, M. Rinaldi6, M. Paglione6, L. Langone1, S.
Miserocchi1, P. Giordano1, F.Giglio1, T. Tesi1, M. Doveri7, S. Giamberini7, A. Augusti8, O.
Gavrichkova8, M. Azzaro1, M. Guglielmin9, N. Cannone9, and G.Verazzo1
1

National Research Council, Institute of Polar Sciences, Italy2

National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution, Italy
University of Florence, Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", Italy
4
University of Perugia, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Italy
5
University Gabriele D’annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
6
National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Italy
7
National Research Council, Institute of Geosciences and Georesources, Italy
8
National Research Council, Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Italy
9
Insubria University, Department of Theoretical and Applied Science, Italy
3

The relaunch in 2008-2009 of the Italian activities at the Arctic station of the CNR
Dirigibile Italia (DI) in a broadly multidisciplinary key will be widely presented in terms ofconceptual approaches and overall strategy. In the last 15 years, observing activities havebeen widely expanded and diversified, extending and integrating the three multidisciplinary
observation platforms implemented between 2008 and 2010 as part of the “Climate Change
Tower Integrated Project” (CCT-IP). The development of the observing program has always
followed the dual objective of contributing to the growth of Ny Alesund as an observing
super-site, highlighting its uniqueness in the panorama of research stations in the Arctic, andon the other hand allowing us to observe and study the Kongsfjorden area in an Earth System
Science perspective. The main research topics developed in recent years will be presented
through some of the most important results achieved by the different research groups that
contributed and are contributing to this integrated effort. The importance of international
collaboration will be also highlighted. Finally, the possible prospects in the short and medium
term for the Italian research activities in Ny Alesund and Svalbard area, also as contribution
to SIOS, will be presented/proposed.

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7

Estimation of high tundra vegetation productivity
using OCO-2, Sentinel 5 and FLoX data
K. Ostapowicz1*, T. Park2,3, L. Nilsen4 and H. Tømmervik1
1

Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Tromsø, Norway
2
NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
3
Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
4
Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø
Accurate quantification of gross primary production (GPP) is essential to provide insight
into the vegetation productivity and carbon cycle estimation. Solar-induced chlorophyll
fluorescence (SIF) is a result of plant photosynthesis, considered to be an indicator ofphotosynthetic activities. The previous studies confirmed a strong linear statistical relation
between GPP and SIF for different vegetation types. However, understanding how such
relations hold in tundra vegetation over high arctic is still elusive. Thus, we studied andevaluated the capability of using SIF from the two satellite missions, OCO-2 and Sentinel 5,
together with ground observing systems to explore the growth status of vegetation at theSpitsbergen Island, Svalbard (Arctic Norway). Likewise, we tried to estimate high tundra
vegetation productivity based on the relationship between vegetation GPP and SIF.
First, we assessed the potential of using SIF from satellite data to monitor vegetation
growth. We begin with evaluation of the spatial and temporal regional coverage of OCO-2 andSentinel 5 SIF data between years 2019 and 2022. Then, we used SIF-measured from thehyperspectral field sensor (FloX), a part of the Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing
System (SIOS instrument no. 49), to establish a relation between EC-based GPP and FloX-SIF
then we used it as a FloX-GPP to estimate the relation between SIFs from OCO-2 and Sentinel
5 and vegetation GPP.
Our results showed that (1) SIF data from both satellite missions, OCO-2 and Sentinel 5,allowing for detail spatial characteristic of vegetation productivity and (2) assessment of
temporal variation of vegetation growth in the arctic regions. Further, our results indicated thatthe values of OCO-2 and Sentinel 5 SIFs varied seasonally and were dependable on changes invegetation growth. We also confirmed the strong linear relation between SIF and GPP for hightundra vegetation.
Acknowledgement
This research is funded by the EU CHARTER project (no. 869471) and Research Councilof Norway (RCN) under project number 269927 (SIOS-InfraNor).

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Using Unattended Approaches to Enable Multidisciplinary
Study of Seasonal Events in the Coastal Arctic Ocean
S. Laney1*, S. Okkonen2, K. Longnecker1, and L. Catipovic1
1

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA
2
University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA

Unattended approaches are essential for observing and understanding both ephemeral andseasonal ocean phenomena in polar regions. To obtain greater insight into environmental
phenomena that occur annually in the coastal Arctic Ocean, we developed and implemented astrategy to enable unattended multidisciplinary observations over annual scales in seasonallyice-covered nearshore Arctic waters. A combination of year-round ice-resistant bottom
moorings [1] and ice buoys [2] deployed manually in late spring were used to study Stefansson
Sound, Alaska, from September 2017 to August 2019. Both systems were used in a fully
unattended mode, with the moorings retaining their sensor data until retrieval after one year
whereas the ice buoys telemetered their sensor data in near-real-time on 6-hour intervals.
Together, these complementary observing platforms provided unique insight into several key
phenomena that occur seasonally in these waters including the late fall ice-in, the onset ofphotosynthesis when polar night ends in late winter, the spring freshet arriving from nearby
rivers, and sea ice breakup in early summer. Such a multidisciplinary approach was essential
for identifying seven different environmental stages that occur annually in this nearshore region
and determining their influence on biogeochemical and biological phenomena in Stefansson
Sound that relate to climate, the ocean carbon cycle, and terrestrial-ocean interactions.

Figure 1. Seven stages were identified in Stefansson Sound during 2018-19 (vertical dashedlines) in acoustic backscatter (top panel), currents (middle), and pCO2 (bottom, grey trace).
References[1] S.R. Okkonen, S.R. Laney, Optical, structural and kinematic characteristics of freshwaterplumes under landfast sea ice during the spring freshet in the Alaskan coastal Arctic. Journalof Geophysical Research, Oceans 126 (2021)[2] S.R. Laney, S.R. Okkonen, An autonomous buoy system for observing spring freshet
plumes under landfast sea ice, Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 251 (2022)

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March 8

Poster Session (online)
Core Time 1

8:20~9:20 (JST)Core Time 2

17:00~18:00 (JST)305

R1-P 1

Temporal Variations of the Mole Fraction, Carbon,
and Hydrogen Isotope Ratios of Atmospheric Methane
observed at Churchill, Canada
T. Ozaki1*, S. Morimoto1, R. Fujita2, T. Umezawa3, D. Worthy4 and D. Goto5
1

Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies, Graduate school of Science, Tohoku University,
Sendai, Japan, 2Meteological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan, 3National Institute forEnvironmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan,4Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada,
5
National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan

Systematic observations of the atmospheric CH4 concentration, carbon, and hydrogenisotope ratios of CH4 (δ13C-CH4 and δD-CH4) were conducted at Churchill, Canada, toinvestigate their temporal variations and the causes of the variations. Churchill is in the Hudson
Bay Lowlands, the second largest wetland area in the world, and regarded as one of theimportant CH4 source region. The observed time-series of CH4, δ13C-CH4 and δD-CH4 were
decomposed into long-term, seasonal, and synoptic time-scale components using a digital
filtering technique and each component was analyzed. The long-term component of CH4 shows
an increasing trend after 2007, with an increase rate of 3.4 ppb/yr from 2007-2008 and 16 ppb/yr
in 2020. On the other hand, δ13C-CH4 and δD-CH4 show decreasing trends after 2014. The rates
of decrease for δ13C-CH4 and δD-CH4 in 2020 were -0.04‰/yr and -0.8‰/yr, respectively. As
for the seasonal components, clear seasonal cycles were observed for all components, with theCH4 concentration being lowest and δ13C-CH4 and δD-CH4 being highest in summer, indicatingthat CH4 extinction by a reaction with OH radicals exceed the CH4 release in summer.
Furthermore, high CH4 concentration events (synoptic time-scale variations) were observed
throughout a year. By analyzing the high concentration events using the Miller/Tans plot (Miller
and Tans., 2003) and a Lagrangian particle diffusion model (Zeng et al., 2012), we estimate theisotopic ratios and spatial distributions of the CH4 sources that contributed to the events. As
a result, the δ13C-CH4 and δD-CH4 values of the CH4 sources were -61.0 ± 9.0‰ and -355 ±
169‰, respectively, strongly suggesting the influence of wetland-origin CH4.
References[1] Miller, J. B., and P. Tans, Calculating isotopic fractionation from atmosphericmeasurements at various scale, Tellus, 55B, 207-214 (2003)[2] Zeng et al., Linking carbon dioxide variability at Hateruma station to East Asia emissions
by Bayesian inversion. Lagrangian Modeling of the Atmosphere, 163-172(2012)[3] Fujita et al., Temporal Variations of the Mole Fraction, Carbon, and Hydrogen Isotope
Ratios of Atmospheric Methane in the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada, Journal ofGeophysical Research:Atmospheres/Volime 123, Issue9/p.4695-4711(2018)

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Mesoscale Atmospheric Structure near the Sea Ice Edges
over the Arctic Region as represented by ERA5R. Masunaga1*
1

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan

Over the mid-latitude, recent studies have revealed that steep sea-surface temperature(SST) gradient along the warm western boundary currents (WBCs) exerts significant impacts
on the atmosphere [1]. Surface wind convergence, deep ascent and cloudiness are locallyenhanced over the WBCs. Furthermore, the WBCs can induce large-scale and remote
atmospheric circulation anomalies. In the Arctic regions, similar mesoscale atmosphericfeatures have been identified as the response to steep temperature gradient across the sea ice
edges [2,3]. In the present study, the mesoscale atmospheric features near the sea ice edge
regions are examined based on the state-of-the-art atmospheric reanalysis, with a particularfocus on the comparison among seasons and regions including the midlatitude WBC domains.
In autumn and winter, climatological-mean surface wind convergence, ascent and cloudformation is enhanced near the sea ice edges and SST fronts in the Greenland, Barents (Fig. 1)
and Bering Seas (not shown). The wind convergence is significantly correlated with the
Laplacian of surface temperature on the interannual time-scale as consistent with themidlatitude regions. The atmospheric responses are found to be dependent on the backgroundwind direction; wind convergence (divergence) response is dominant under background windblowing from the ocean to sea ice (sea ice to ocean) regions. The ascent response along the sea
ice edges is confined within the atmospheric boundary layer. Yet, there is a hint of the deep
ascent response along SST fronts in the Barents Sea. Unlike in the midlatitude, the summertime
atmospheric response is indistinct.
This work is supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP 22K20393. This work waspartially carried out in the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II) Project (Program
Grant Number JPMXD1420318865). The author would thank comments from Drs Y. Komuro,
J. Ono (JAMSTEC), T. Kawasaki (AORI).

Figure 1. Wintertime climatologies in (a) surface wind convergence, (b) ascent at 925hPa, and(c) cloud water path based on the ERA5 for 2012-21. The thick contours indicate 15% lines ofthe sea ice concentration and thin contours indicate surface temperature with 1degree intervals.
References[1] R. J. Small and coauthors: Air-sea interaction over ocean fronts and eddies, Dynamics ofAtmospheres and Oceans, 45 (2008)[2] Y. Kawai: Low-Level Atmospheric Responses to the Sea Surface Temperature Fronts in
the Chukuchi and Bering Seas, Frontiers in Marine Science, 8 (2021)[3] H. Seo and J. Yang: Dynamical response of the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer process
to uncertainties in sea-ice concentration, Journal of Geophysical Research, 118 (2013)

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Future changes of Arctic cloud and its radiation effect inlarge ensemble projections by MIROC6
M. Abe1*, H. Tatebe1, J. Ono1 and Y. Komuro1
1

Reserach Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science andTechnology, Japan

There is a great uncertainty about the cloud changes and their role in the Arctic climatechange. Thus, it is important to clarify how cloud changes and their effects are related to the
Arctic warming and sea ice reduction for understanding mechanisms in the Arctic climatechange. In this study, we analyzed cloud changes over the Arctic Ocean and their effects on
surface radiation balance under two different future scenarios.
This study used data from 50-member experiments conducted by MIROC6 (Tatebe et al.
2019) for the future scenarios SSP126 and SSP585 (Shiogama et al. 2019). Significant decreasein Arctic sea ice was not found after 2050 in SSP126. On the other hand, in SSP585, Arctic sea
ices decreased rapidly after 2040, the sea ice in September disappeared by 2070s, and the sea
ice from winter to spring decreased significantly after 2070. Cloud cover over the Arctic Ocean
in SSP126 tended to increase during October and November by 2050, but the small increase incloud cover is found after 2050 even without the significant reduction in sea ice. On the other
hand, SSP585 showed an increase in cloud cover related to sea ice loss in late autumn and early
winter until 2070, but after that, there was not significant cloud cover change related to sea ice
reduction because almost all Arctic sea ice was lost.
In this presentation, we summarize the cloud changes and their radiative effects in
SSP126/SSP585, particularly with focusing on the effect of sea ice reduction on the cloudchange in the Arctic Ocean.
Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II(ArCS II), Program (Grant Number JPMXD1420318865) and MEXT program for the advanced
studies of climate change projection (SENTAN) (Grant Numbers JPMXD0722680395 and
JPMXD0722681344).
References[1] Tatebe, H., Ogura, T., Nitta, T., Komuro, Y., Ogochi, K., Takemura, T., Sudo, K., Sekiguchi,
M., Abe, M., Saito, F., Chikira, M., Watanabe, S., Mori, M., Hirota, N., Kawatani, Y.,
Mochizuki, T., Yoshimura, K., Takata, K., O'ishi, R., Yamazaki, D., Suzuki, T., Kurogi, M.,
Kataoka, T., Watanabe, M., and Kimoto, M.: Description and basic evaluation of simulated
mean state, internal variability, and climate sensitivity in MIROC6, Geosci. Model Dev., 12,2727–2765, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2727-2019, 2019.
[2] Shiogama, H. Abe, M. and Tatebe, H., MIROC6 model output prepared for CMIP6
ScenarioMIP, Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.898, 2019.

308

R -P 1Comparisons of sea-ice reproducibility and their impacts
on climate variability in an initialized climate model
J. Ono1*, Y. Komuro1 and H. Tatebe1
1

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan

Arctic sea-ice decline has substantially affected the climate system not only in the Arctic
but also in the mid-latitudes, and economic activities through the Northern Sea Route, needing
more accurate sea-ice forecasts. Initialized climate models have shown, for instance, that the
Arctic sea-ice area can be predicted up to several months ahead (e.g., [1]). Meanwhile, how
sea-ice reproducibility influences climate variability has not yet been thoroughly investigated.
Our goal of this study is to assess which initialization represents better sea-ice fields, and to
examine whether the differences in sea-ice reproducibility emerge as a critical signal in climate
variability. To this end, five climate simulations with a single climate model MIROC6 wereanalyzed along with observational data. Comparisons of sea-ice area anomaly in September
suggest that constraining sea-ice motion by diagnostic wind stresses is likely better method (Fig.
1). From a regional perspective, initialization with ocean temperature and salinity anomalies isalso crucial for the Barents Sea, where oceanic processes are the source of sea-ice variability.
The processes that lead to improved sea-ice reproducibility and their impacts on theatmospheric and oceanic fields will be discussed in the presentation. The work was supportedby the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II) Project (Program Grant Number
JPMXD1420318865) and MEXT program for the advanced studies of climate change
projection (SENTAN) Grant Numbers JPMXD0722680395.

Figure 1. Time series of the linearly-detrended September sea-ice area from 1979 to 2014, fromobservation (black), historical (gray), DCPP (green; initialization with ocean temperature andsalinity anomalies and sea-ice concentration), nAnOI (red; initialization with only sea-ice
concentration), nAnOI.wsfc (blue; as in nAnOI but for sea-ice motion constrained by diagnostic
wind stresses, and nAaOI.wsfc (yellow; as in nAnOI.wsfc but for initialization with ocean
temperature and salinity anomalies). Shadings denote the ensemble spread for each experiment.
References[1] J. Ono, H. Tatebe, Y. Komuro, M.I. Nodzu, M. Ishii, Mechanisms influencing seasonal tointer-annual prediction skill of sea ice extent in the Arctic Ocean in MIROC, The Cryosphere12 (2018)

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First look of ocean and sea-ice conditions from Ice
Exercise 2022 (ICEX 2022)
S. Kimura1*, A. Fujiwara1 and T. Kikuchi1
1

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, JapanWe deploy an ice-tethered buoy with 6 CTDs within 20 m of sea ice ~300 km offshoreof Prudhoe Bay, Alaska as a part of ICEX 2022 hosted by the U.S. Navy in March 2022. The
ocean measurements were complemented by tracking the surrounding sea-ice motions with 10
GPS and two cameras overlooking the top of the ice-tethered buoy. The buoy tracks werecompletely different from the ICEX 2020. While the set of buoys from ICEX 2020 kept drifting
westward, the trajectory in 2022 shifts northward near 74 north, 160 west. The timing of seaice break-up is qualitatively assessed by detecting the strength of inertial oscillations in thevelocity data using the Hilbert-Huang transformation (HHT). The relative amplitude of energy
in the inertial frequency band increases at the beginning of July. This suggests that the driftingby the ocean current starts to dominate the sea-ice motions starting in July, whereas the internal
deformation was dominant before July. The transition of the sea-ice motions coincides with aformation of melt ponds around the ice-tethered buoy, which are detected by the daily images
from the cameras. When the melt pond disappears from the daily images, we detect fresheningof the water below the sea ice. The significant freshening is confined within 5 m of the watercolumn. Our measurements suggest that the melt pond formation makes the sea ice fragile, andthe melting of sea ice occurs as a burst of fresh water injected into the surface of the ocean.

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Satellite-based mapping of sediment-laden sea ice
H. Waga1,2*, H. Eicken1, B. Light3 and Y. Fukamachi2
1International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
2Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
3Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, USA

Sediment-laden sea ice is a ubiquitous phenomenon in the Arctic Ocean and its marginalseas [1]. This study presents a satellite-based approach at quantifying the distribution of
sediment-laden ice that allows for more extensive observations in both time and space tomonitor spatiotemporal variations in sediment-laden ice. A structural-optical model coupledwith a four-stream multilayer discrete ordinates method radiative transfer model was used to
examine surface spectral albedo for four surface types [2]: clean ice, sediment-laden ice with
15 different sediment loadings from 25 to 1000 g m−3, ponded ice, and ice-free open water.
Based on the fact that the spectral characteristics of sediment-laden ice differ from those othersurface types, fractions of sediment-laden ice were estimated from the remotely-sensed surface
reflectance by a spectral unmixing algorithm [3]. The estimated fractions of each surface typeand corresponding remotely-sensed surface reflectances were used to train an artificial neuralnetwork to speed up processing relative to the least squares method [4]. Comparing the fractionsof sediment-laden ice derived from these two approaches yielded good agreements for areal
fractions of sediment-laden ice, highlighting the superior performance of the neural network
for processing large datasets. Although our approach contains potential uncertainties associatedwith methodological limitations, spatiotemporal variations in sediment-laden ice exhibitedreasonable agreement with spatial and seasonal patterns reported in the literature on in situ
observations of sediment-laden ice. Systematic satellite-based monitoring of sediment-laden
ice distribution can provide extensive, sustained, and cost-effective observations to foster our
understanding of the role of sediment-laden ice in a wide variety of research fields including
sediment transport and biogeochemical cycling. This study was published recently in Remote
Sensing of Environment [5].
References[1] Tschudi, M.A., Maslanik, J.A., Perovich, D.K., 2008. Derivation of melt pond coverage on Arctic
sea ice using MODIS observations. Remote Sensing of Environment 112, 2605–2614.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2007.12.009[2] Light, B., Eicken, H., Maykut, G.A., Grenfell, T.C., 1998. The effect of included participates on
the spectral albedo of sea ice. J Geophys Res Oceans 103, 27739–27752.
https://doi.org/10.1029/98jc02587[3] Tschudi, M.A., Maslanik, J.A., Perovich, D.K., 2008. Derivation of melt pond coverage on Arctic
sea ice using MODIS observations. Remote Sensing of Environment 112, 2605–2614.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2007.12.009[4] Rösel, A., Kaleschke, L., Birnbaum, G., 2012. Melt ponds on Arctic sea ice determined from
MODIS satellite data using an artificial neural network. The Cryosphere 6, 431–446.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-431-2012[5] Waga, H., Eicken, H., Light, B., Fukamachi, Y., 2022. A neural network-based method forsatellite-based mapping of sediment-laden sea ice in the Arctic. Remote Sens Environ 270,
112861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112861

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Laboratory experiment of ice group formation under waves
Y. Fujiwara1*, T. Waseda2,3, T. Kodaira2, T. Nose2, T. Katsuno2, K. Sato2
1

Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, Japan
Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Japan
3
Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, JAMSTEC, Japan
2

Rapid expansion of open-water area in the Arctic region implies an increasing
interaction between sea ice and waves. Among wave-ice interaction processes, the wave-to-ice
effects including pancake ice formation are less understood and its modeling is immature. Here
we present the results of ice floe formation experiments using an 8m-long wave-ice tank. When
we freeze fresh water under continuous agitation of waves, ice forms as numerous small pieces.
This grease ice forms band-shaped groups, each of which moves like one solid body (Fig 1).
Considering the ice group formation as an early stage of pancake ice formation, we investigatedthe dependence of group width on wave parameters. In the tank filled with grease-like ice, we
repeatedly produced monochromatic waves of various amplitudes and frequencies. Groupwidth 𝐷 was manually measured together with local wave amplitude a using wave gauge.
Let us formulate ice as a thin continuum floating on water surface, nearly following
wave orbital motion. If ice group try to move a solid body as large as possible, so that the bodycan be supported with internal (dynamical) stress 𝜏 , we can deduce that 𝐷/𝜆0 =(2𝜋)−1 (𝜏⁄8𝑔𝑎)1⁄2 , where 𝜆0 and 𝑔 are wavelength and gravitational acceleration,
respectively (cf. [1]). From the experimental results shown in Fig 2, 𝐷/𝜆0 generally shows𝑎−1⁄2 dependence, which is consistent with many of the cases observed for consolidated ice
floes.[2] However, the result seems to show some frequency dependence such that the floes
become smaller with lower frequencies, suggesting the influence of factors other than the tensilestress limiting mechanism stated above.

Figure 1. Example of grease ice groups.

Figure 2. Amplitude and frequency
dependence of group width 𝐷. Dashed line
follows the power law 𝑎 −1/2 fitted to data.

References[1] Shen, Hayley H., Stephen F. Ackley, andMark A. Hopkins. "A conceptual model for pancake-ice formation in a wave field." Annals of
Glaciology 33 (2001): 361-367.
[2] Fujiwara, Y., Katsuno, T., Waseda, T., Kodaira, T., and Nose, T. “Laboratory experimentsof ice floe formation under wave motions”. Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2021. (2021)

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Impacts of freshwater types on sea surface partialpressures of CO2 in the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean
M. Tozawa1*, D. Nomura1,2,3, M. Matsuura4, M. Hatta5, A. Fujiwara5,
S. Yasunaka6, A. Murata5
1

Faculty/Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan,
2
Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Japan,
3
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan,
4
Undergraduate school of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan,
5Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Japan,
6
Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, JapanTo assess the impacts of freshwater types on partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2), we measured sea
surface pCO2 and the related biogeochemical properties in the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean
from September to October 2021. Sea surface pCO2 near the ice edge (most northern part) was
not as low as that found around 72°N, where the pCO2 decreased to ~200 μatm (Fig. 1),
although salinity was comparably low in both areas. We calculated the fractions of sea ice
meltwater and meteoric water contained in seawater samples from salinity and stable oxygenisotope. As a result, it was found that meteoric water was dominant near the ice edge, while sea
ice meltwater was dominant around 72°N. We further classified the meteoric water into riverwater and snow meltwater based on relationships with colored dissolved organic matter. It
indicated that the contributions of snow meltwater were high near the ice edge. Impacts of sea
ice meltwater on sea surface pCO2 could be accounted for by the relative proportions of
dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration and total alkalinity (TA), which are different
depending on whether pre-melting sea ice is new or old/rich in snow. Near the ice edge, sea
surface pCO2 was higher, because the impact of reduced TA on raising pCO2 by the effect of
sea ice meltwater rich in snow was enormous. In contrast, around 72°N, sea surface pCO2 waslower by the effect of melting of relatively new ice.

Figure 1. Spatial distribution of pCO2. The dashed line indicates the ice edge at the observation.

313

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Experimental research on spectral downshift ofpropagating waves under sea ice
K. Sato1*, T. Waseda1,2, T. Kodaira1, Y. Fujiwara3, T. Nose1, T. Katsuno1
1

Department of Ocean Technology, Policy and Environment, Graduate School of Frontier
Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
2
Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, JAMSTEC, Japan
3
Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, Japan

Wind-waves grow under the action of wind and concurrently the wavelength increases.
The continuous reduction of the spectral peak frequency of the growing windsea is called the“Spectral downshift”. It is also known that wind-waves propagating into the ice-covered sea
undergo spectral downshift. Recent experimental work showed that this spectral downshift
under the ice can be attributed to an increased attenuation rate of wave energy at highfrequencies (Passerotti et al., 2020) [2]; the attenuation coefficient 𝛼 (𝑎/𝑎0 = exp⁡(−𝛼𝑥))increases with frequency (e.g. 𝛼 ∝ 𝑓 3.5 , Weber (1987) [1]). However, observation by Waseda
et al. (2022) [3] in the Okhotsk Sea cannot be explained by attenuation alone because lowfrequency wave energy grew at the expense of high-frequency components. We present here an
experimental case that shows a possible dissipation-driven nonlinear spectral downshift.
It is known that a monochromatic wave at frequency 𝑓 with sufficiently large wave
steepness is unstable to sideband waves with slightly different frequencies 𝑓 ± Δ𝑓 (Benjamin& Feir, 1967) [4], a.k.a. “modulational instability”. To investigate wave-ice interactions under
ice, we produced “sea ice” in a fresh-water ice-wave tank (Fig. 1a) and generated a modulated
wave train; a carrier wave, and two sidebands. We confirmed spectral downshift, but its rate ismuch faster than the evolution of the same unstable wave train without ice. We found that the𝑓 − 2Δ𝑓 component grew, which is not created by the wave maker. The results indicate that thenonlinear energy transfer is enhanced due to a strong energy attenuation by sea ice. To confirm
this result, we are planning to carry out experiments on a bichromatic wave system (expecting
stronger nonlinear interaction) and a monochromatic wave under the ice as a reference.
a)b)

Figure 1. a) The appearance of sea ice created in a fresh-water wave-ice tank; b) The peak
spectral frequency drops as waves propagate under sea ice (from bottom to top).
References[1] J. Weber, Wave Attenuation and Wave Drift in the Marginal Ice Zone, J. Physical
Oceanography, 17 (1987)[2] G. Passerotti et al., Wave Propagation in Continuous Sea Ice: An Experimental
Perspective, Proceedings of the ASME 2020 39th OMAE Conference, 7 (2020)[3] T. Waseda et al., Observation of anomalous spectral downshifting of waves in the
Okhotsk Sea Marginal Ice Zone, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 380 (2022)[4] T.B. Benjamin, J.E. Feir, The disintegration of wave trains on deep water. Part 1. Theory,
J. Fluid Mech. 27 (1967)

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Melt pond CO2 dynamics and flux with the atmosphere in
the central Arctic Ocean during summer to autumn
transition
Masaki Yoshimura1*, Daiki Nomura1, Alison Webb2, Yuhong Li3, Manuel Dall’osto4, Katrin
Schmidt5, Elise S. Droste6, Emelia J. Chamberlain7, Kevin Posman8, Hélène Angot9, 10, Byron
Blomquist10, Ellen Damm11, Jun Inoue12, Bruno Delille13
1

Hokkaido University, Japan, 2University of Warwick, UK, 3Third Institute of Oceanography,
China, 4Institute of Marine Sciences/CSIC, Spain, 5University of Plymouth, UK, 6University of
East Anglia, UK, 7University of California San Diego, USA, 8Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean
Sciences, USA, 9Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis,
Switzerland, 10University of Colorado, USA, 11Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany, 12National
Institute of Polar Research, Japan, 13Université de Liège, Belgium.
Melt ponds are a common and natural feature of the Arctic sea-ice environment during
summer, and they play an important role for the exchange of heat and vapour between the ocean
and the atmosphere. However, carbon dioxide (CO₂) dynamics and exchange processes withthe atmosphere are still largely unknown. Here, we undertook a melt pond time-series study inthe central Arctic Ocean during Leg 5 of the MOSAiC international drift campaign (22August−20 September 2020). The goals were twofold: 1) understand the relationship between
the physical environment (e.g., water temperature, salinity) and the CO₂ dynamics in the melt
pond, and 2) clarify the CO₂ exchange processes with the atmosphere. The partial pressure of
CO₂ (pCO₂) was determined from two carbonate chemical components, dissolved inorganiccarbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA), obtained by discrete water sampling of the melt pond.
In late summer (August 22), sea ice meltwater of low salinity (0.2 to 1.0 psu) was distributed
from the surface to the bottom (60 cm depth) of the melt pond. The pCO₂ in the surface layerof the melt pond (10 cm depth) was lower (approximately 315 µatm) than that in the atmosphere(approximately 400 µatm), suggesting the absorption of atmospheric CO₂ by the melt pond.
The direct measurement of CO₂ flux between the atmosphere and the melt pond via a floating
metal chamber independently confirmed the melt pond as a sink of atmospheric CO₂ (−3.9mmol C m−2 day−1). However, during the course of the observation period, the layer of sea ice
meltwater thinned and occupied only the top 30−40 cm due to seawater (30 psu) ingress,
forming a strong gradient and stratified interface between meltwater and seawater. The lowest
pCO2 value (approximately 244 µatm) was observed at the interface between these two layers.
Such low pCO2 at the interface can be explained by the mixing process of the carbonate systemparameters between sea ice meltwater at the surface and seawater at the bottom of the melt pond.
On September 12, the strong stratification disappeared, and the water within the melt pond
became relatively uniform from the surface to the bottom (21 to 30 psu). Now the freezing
season had started, where cooling and wind-induced ice floe drift caused mixing and an
entrance of under-ice water through the bottom of the melt pond. Therefore, the pCO2 in themelt pond was well interchanged with the seawater below, reaching approximately 300 µatm.
Although the pond surface pCO₂ was lower than the atmospheric pCO₂, the melt pond did not
act anymore as a CO2 sink for the atmosphere due to gas exchange limitations of ice thickening
at the surface of the melt pond. This observation was supported by the direct chamber
measurements which indicated a near zero flux over the frozen pond surface.

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Sea ice variability on the Chukchi Sea and the Beaufort Sea
since the Late Pleistocene
M. Uchida1*, H. Kumata2, K. Mantoku1, C. Amano3, M. Utsumi4,
M. Itoh5, S. Nishino5 and K. Shimada6
1National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
2Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life sciences, Japan
3 University of Vienna, Austria
4University of Tsukuba, Japan
5Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
6Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan

Records of the spatial and temporal variability of Arctic Ocean sea ice are of significancefor understanding the causes of the dramatic decrease in Arctic sea-ice cover in recent years.
However, the late Pleistocene sea ice history of the Arctic is still poorly understood. In thiscontext, the newly developed sea-ice proxy IP25, a monounsaturated highly branched isoprenoid
alkene with 25 carbon atoms biosynthesized specifically by sea-ice associated diatoms and only
found in the Arctic, and sub-Arctic marine sediments have been used to reconstruct the recent
spatial sea-ice distribution. In our study, the piston core and multiple core samples werecollected in the Chukchi Sea and the Beaufort Sea. The age models were reconstructed byforaminiferal δ18O and radiocarbon of carbonate fossils[1]. We obtained comprehensive dataof sea ice proxy IP25 from the cores ranging from modern to 155 kyr which was probably
characterized by a permanent ice cover until the early last century. The results of IP25 data
showed variable sea ice conditions over all periods, even in the Eemian warm period of 125 kyr
which is similar to future warming Arctic conditions. At this conference, we discuss sea ice
conditions based on the IP25 data in terms of local and global climate changes. The knowledgeof past sea ice conditions may help our understanding of the mechanism of contemporary sea
ice variability and future warming Arctic conditions.
References[1] R. Stephan, M. Uchida, Sedimentary organic matter and carbonate variations in the Chukchi
Borderland in association with ice sheet and ocean-atmosphere dynamics over the last 155 kyr,
Biogeosciences 8 (2011)

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Interannual variability of phytoplankton community
structure in the Pacific Arctic Region
A. Fujiwara1 , S. Nishino1, T. Hirawake2, K. Suzuki3, T. Kikuchi1
1

Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Japan
2
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
3
Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
Phytoplankton support the basis of the pelagic marine ecosystem of the Arctic Ocean.
Their community structure, biomass, and productivity can quickly respond to environmental
changes because of their short life cycle. The Chukchi Sea is the Arctic gateway from the subarctic Pacific (i.e. Bering Sea) and facing rapid environmental changes such as sea ice loss,
warming, freshening, etc. Such environmental changes have consequently triggered themodification of marine ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles. It is crucial to comprehend theprimary producers for a detailed understanding of the process of the changes in the ecosystemand biogeochemical cycles. Hence, we aim to comprehend how the phytoplankton community
responds to the recent environmental changes using the in-situ collected dataset.
We conducted in situ oceanographic surveys during the late summers of 2008–2017 in
the Chukchi Sea and obtained the physical and biogeochemical dataset. Phytoplankton
community structure was inferred from the algal pigment composition (carotenoids andchlorophylls) using the CHEMTAX program [1,2] and clustered into typical groups. Then we
assessed their adaptation to the oceanographic conditions and the interannual variability of theirdistribution.
Phytoplankton were divided into 3 clusters; high-chlorophyll-a biomass and diatoms
dominated group-1, moderate biomass and taxonomic-mixed group-2, and low-biomass andgreen-algae dominated group-3. The group-1 was mainly found in the Pacific-origin highsalinity water, which reflects the features of Anadyr water and/or Bering shelf water. The group2 was found mainly in the Alaskan coaster water, which is relatively warm and less saline. The
group-3 was well adapted to cold and fresh sea ice meltwater. The Pacific inflow, especiallywarm ACW, is one of the factors that cause the warming and sea-ice loss in the area, and group2 spread widely in the region in the warm years. Such yearly changes in primary producers
might be one of the reasons for recent changes in the marine ecosystem in the Pacific Arctic
region.
References[1] Mackey, M., Mackey, D., & Higgins, H. (1996). CHEMTAX-A program for estimatingclass abundances from chemical markers: Application to HPLC measurements ofphytoplankton. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 144, 265–283.
[2] Zhuang, Y., Jin, H., Li, H., Chen, J., Lin, L., Bai, Y., et al. (2016). Pacific inflow control on
phytoplankton community in the Eastern Chukchi Shelf during summer. Continental Shelf
Research, 129, 23–32. doi:10.1016/j.csr.2016.09.010

317

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Spatial distribution of manganese in surface waters in the East
Siberian Arctic Seas
N. Kanna1*, K. Tateyama2, T. Waseda1, A. Timofeeva3, M. Papadimitraki4,
L. Whitmore5, H. Obata1, H. Ogawa1, D. Nomura6, I. Polyakov5
The University of Tokyo, 2Kitami Institute of Technology, 3Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute,
4
National Institute of Aquatic Resources-Technical University of Denmark, 5International Arctic
Research Center, 6Hokkaido University

1

Based on satellite observation, the East Siberian Arctic Seas (ESAS), including Laptev Sea and East
Siberian Sea, have experienced increases in primary production due to ongoing changes in the Arctic
climate [1]. ESAS receives large amount of freshwater from Arctic rivers (Lena, Yana, Indigirka, andKolyma) [2], as well as meltwater from sea ice. The increased freshwater input may supply additional
micronutrients to sustain the higher phytoplankton biomass in surface water of ESAS. Because ESAS
remains one of the less studied areas of the Arctic Ocean, micronutrients input from the freshwater
sources is largely unknown. Here, we present spatial distribution of dissolved manganese (dMn) with afocus on micronutrients in surface waters of ESAS. This study was carried out onboard the Russian
Research Vessel Akademik Tryoshnikov in cooperation with the Nansen and Amundsen Basins
Observational System (NABOS) expedition in September−October 2021.
Surface water in the eastern section of ESAS was relatively fresh (Salinity = 21.4~32.3) and cold
(Temperature = −2.0~+0.3°C), which is likely due to the mixing of the summer Pacific Water withfreshwater supplied by river and sea ice. The concentration of dMn in the surface water ranged from 5.5
to 24.3 nmol kg−1. The concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which is known as riverine
source in ESAS [2], was as high as 146 MC in the surface water. To detect the origin of freshwater inthe surface water, we calculated volumetric water mass fractions by assuming a mixture of threedifferent water masses: the summer Pacific Water, a river water and meltwater from sea ice [3]. Fractionsof mass, salinity and stable oxygen isotopes of water balance equations were solved using these three
end-members. The dMn and DOC concentrations in the surface water were positively correlated with ariver water fraction (p < 0.05), while uncorrelated with a meltwater fraction of sea ice. This result suggestthat river water discharge is main source for supplying dMn into ESAS relative to sea ice meltwater.
Acknowledgement: The participation of N. Kanna and K. Tateyama was supported by the ArCSII
International Exchange Program "Arctic Ocean: Improving tools and information for northern
populations and safe navigation" and was coordinated by T. Alekseeva of AARI, Russia.
[1] K. M. Lewis et al., Changes in phytoplankton concentration now drive increased Arctic Ocean
primary production, Science 369 (2020)[2] I. Semiletov et al., Acidification of East Siberian Arctic Shelf waters through addition of freshwaterand terrestrial carbon. Nature Geosci 9, 361–365 (2016)[3] P.-O. Rosén et al., Ice export from the Laptev and East Siberian Sea
δ18O values, J.
Geophys. Res. Oceans, 120 (2015)

318

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Temporal changes in physical and biogeochemical
properties of halocline waters in the Canada Basin
H. Tsujimoto1*, M. Yamamoto-Kawai1 and W. Williams2
1

2

Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan
Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada

Warming and freshening of Pacific-origin water flowing through the Bering Strait to the
Arctic Ocean have been observed in the last decade. Warming has also been reported for
Atlantic-origin water. These changes may alter water mass structure in the Arctic Ocean. Here,
we investigate temporal changes in properties of the halocline layer of the Canada Basin, where
both Pacific- and Atlantic-origin waters exist, based on observations from 2003 to 2019.
Data analyzed are temperature, salinity, nutrients, and dissolved oxygen. From these, we
calculated AOU (Apparent Oxygen Utilization), mixing ratio of Pacific water to Atlantic water(Rpw), and the fraction of sea ice melt water (fSIM). Rpw was calculated from the relationshipbetween dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorous, and fSIM was calculated from therelationship between δ18O and salinity.
In the upper part of the halocline at salinity layers of S=31.8 and 32.3, corresponding to
the layer of Pacific Summer Water (PSW), temperature, AOU, and nutrients increased during
2012-2019. Increases in AOU and nutrients were prominent for the last few years. These canbe explained by warming of PSW and increased input of nutrient-rich Pacific Winter Water(PWW) into this layer due to freshening of the PWW, as observed in the Bering Strait. In the
middle halocline layer from the core of Pacific Winter Water (PWW, S=33.1) to S=33.6, thewarming was significant after 2012. In this layer, significant decrease in Rpw also occurred
during the same period. These suggest that the freshening of PWW resulted in the reduction of
traditional PWW in the Canada Basin, and replacement of lower part of PWW layer by theLower Halocline Water (LHW), with higher temperature and lower Rpw. In fact, the increase intemperature at two salinity layers of S=33.1 and 33.6 can be explained by the change in mixing
ratio of PWW and LHW estimated from Rpw. Nutrient concentrations also decreased in these
two salinity layers, possibly due to a decrease in the ratio of nutrient-rich PWW, but the rate ofdecrease was smaller than that expected from the decrease in Rpw. In the lower part of halocline,in the S range of 33.7-34.5, warming was observed during 2003-2019, and the degree ofwarming was greatest at the LHW layer (S=34.2). Increase in nutrients and AOU were also
found around LHW (S=34.1 and 34.4). These may reflect changes in properties of LHW in its
formation region of the Barents Sea or on its transport pathway. As for fSIM, no significant
changes were observed for each salinity layers from upper to lower part of halocline.
Observed changes in biogeochemical properties in the halocline may have positive
impact on biological productivity in the Canada Basin, but may have negative impact in thedownstream region where middle halocline water upwell.

319

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Impacts of non-breaking wave induced mixing on themodelling of Arctic Cyclone through the two-way coupled
numerical model
XK. Xu1*, Y. Fujiwara2, T. Nose1, T. Kodaira1, and T. Waseda1
1

2

Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Faculty of Maritime Science, The University of Kobe,Japan

A dramatic decline in the amount and area of the Arctic sea ice has been seen in recent decades
as a striking indicator of current climate change. The increase of open water in the polar regions,specifically in the Arctic, provides opportunities for sensible and latent heat transfer between
the atmosphere and ocean. The substantial air-sea energy transport contributes to the birth of
extreme weather events, such as Arctic Cyclones (ACs). After the passing of ACs, the local sea
ice fields are substantially disturbed, which significantly mediates the surface of sea ice andlocal wave fields. The ocean surface waves play a critical role in the upper ocean mixing. Thisis because additional turbulent energy induced by the waves positively contributes to the upper
ocean dynamical process (i.e., upwelling). ACs development and intensification are expected
to be closely related to the variation of local waves. As the unique vertical temperature andsalinity distribution of interior sea water in the Arctic, wave-induced mixing could potentiallycarry sublayer warm water to the ocean surface, adding extra energy to the development of ACs.
It is here where ACs are different from cyclones that happen in tropical and extratropicalregions when considering the physical process of wave-induced turbulent mixing. Once theACs are intensified due to the addition of energy from the sublayer ocean caused by the waveinduced mixing, severe weather conditions (i.e., stronger winds and higher sea state) areafterwards expected. This subsequently leads to the breaking up of local sea ice, which
institutionally accelerates the melting of broken ice floes. As such, enhanced removal of ice
cover and increments of open water areas are introduced once wave-induced mixing is
considered. To study such potential positive feedback among sea ice, local waves, and ACs, we
simulated one AC during the summer in the Northern Hemisphere through an atmosphereocean-wave coupled model. Based on our modeling results, we expect the positive-feedback
system can be verified.

References[1] Waseda, T., Webb, A., Sato, K., Inoue, J., Kohout, A., Penrose, B. and Penrose, S., 2018.
Correlated increase of high ocean waves and winds in the ice-free waters of the Arctic
Ocean. Scientific reports, 8(1), pp.1-9.
[2] Waseda, T., Nose, T., Kodaira, T., Sasmal, K. and Webb, A., 2021. Climatic trends ofextreme wave events caused by Arctic Cyclones in the western Arctic Ocean. Polar Science, 27,
p.100625.

320

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Radiation characteristics of thin sea ice in the ice tankexperiments during freezing and melting periods using
multifrequency passive microwave radiometers
K. Tateyama1, H. Enomoto2*, K. Akiu1 and M. Nakayama3
1

2

Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami, Japan
Arctic Environment Research Center, National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
3
Hokkaido University of Education, Kushiro campus, Japan

Microwave radiation characteristics of sea ice with a thickness ranged from 0 cm toaround 40 cm was measured using the passive microwave radiometers having the observation
frequencies of 6, 18, 36 GHz in 2021 and 2022 winters. Sea ice growth/melt experiments werecarried out using the ice tank which has a diameter of 2.3m and a depth of 1.3m and filled by 5
tons of saline water (32psu) transported from the Saroma-ko lagoon. The ice tank was set up
outdoors next to the baseball ground in the campus of Kitami Institute of technology. In order
to avoid the effects of melting by sunlight and disturbance by snow, a movable roof was used.
A cooler was installed inside the roof to prevent from melting during daytime (Fig.1). Portablemicrowave radiometers MMRS2 were used and installed at same incident angle (55 degree) to
GCOM-W/AMSR2.
Figure 2 shows the brightness temperatures change with ice growth from open water to
0.24m thick ice. The brightness temperature rises rapidly and showed the maximum value at
0.05m. After that, the brightness temperatures showed the tendency to decrease gradually withsea ice thickens. Figure 3 shows the bulk ice salinity decreases with ice growth in freezing
season, decreases with ice thinning in melting season.

Figure 1. Photograph of the ice tank experiment

Figure 2. Relationship between ice thickness
and brightness temperature.

321

Figure 3. Relationship between ice thickness
and bulk salinity of ice sample.

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Representation of Microscale Spatial Variability
in Thaw Depth in Eastern Siberian Larch Forests
T. Nakai1,2*, T. Hiyama3, A. Kotani4, Y. Iijima5, T. Ohta4 and T.C. Maximov6
1

School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
2International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
3
Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Japan
4
Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Japan
5
Graduate School and Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Japan
6
Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of
Sciences, Russia
Spatial variability in thaw depth at a microscale (50m × 50m) was measured in twolarch forests in eastern Siberia, Spasskaya Pad and Elgeeii, and modeled using a gamma
distribution. The gamma distribution adequately represented the thaw depth spatial variability.
Furthermore, the shape parameter 𝑘𝑘 and rate parameter 𝜆𝜆 of the gamma distribution at bothsites depended on the mean thaw depth. Thus, we developed a hierarchy of models thatsequentially considered the constant state (Model 1), linearity (Model 2), and non-linearity(Model 3) in the dependence of the rate parameter 𝜆𝜆 on the mean thaw depth. Although therequirements of the model levels differed between Spasskaya Pad and Elgeeii, the proposedmodel successfully represented the spatial variability in thaw depth at both sites during different
thaw seasons (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Measured and modeled spatial variability in thaw depth 𝐷𝐷T at different times
during the thawing season in Spasskaya Pad and Elgeeii. The model results are represented as
the cumulative density function (CDF) and probability density function (PDF).

322

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Intraseasonal permafrost thaw processes around Batagay
NE Siberia detected by ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 InSAR timeseries analysis
K. Yanagiya1*, M. Furuya2 , G. Iwahana3,4, P. Danilov5, N. Fedorov6, A. Desyatkin6,7, and A.
Fedorov6
1

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Japan
Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
3
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
4
International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
5
Institute of Northern Applied Ecology, North-Eastern Federal University in Yakutsk, Russia
6
Yakutsk Permafrost Institute, Yakutsk, Russia
7
Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Yakutsk, Russia
2

Yedoma is a permafrost layer with a high volumetric ice content (up to 90%) and organic
sediments. The melting of massive ice in the yedoma layer and run-off meltwater causes
irreversible topographic changes (e.g., thermokarst, thaw slump) and damage to theinfrastructure of the local residents. Therefore, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar(InSAR), which can detect ground displacement signals with an accuracy of cm, is used forbroad monitoring of permafrost degradation. However, detailed degradation processes areunclear due to the coherence loss of C-band data and the low temporal resolution of L-banddata. Here, we report detailed intraseasonal processes of thaw subsidence using InSAR timeseries analysis with high spatial (5 m) and temporal (14 days ~) resolution images taken by
Jaxa’s L-band SAR satellite ALOS-2/PALSAR-2. Our study site is near Batagay, Sakha
republic, Northeast Siberia, where the Batagaika Mega Slump (BMS), the world's largest
retrogressive thaw slump, has been formed since the 1970s due to melting yedoma and erosion.
In 2022, thaw subsidence occurred in the early-season (~7 cm from May to June), thendisappeared in the mid-season, and restarted again in the late-season (more than 7 cm from Julyto September) near the BMS. Zwieback and Mayer (2021) found the late-season thaw
subsidence, caused by “top-of permafrost ground ice melting,” in the exceptionally warm andwet summer near Kivalinam, northwestern Alaska. Our results indicate that a similar lateseason thaw process would occur near Batagay without extreme climate conditions. In addition,
the late-season thaw subsidence within the fire scar, which is on the same slope as the BMS,
was spatially matched with the frost heave area. It would suggest that the ice lens formed at thelower table of the active layer within a part of the fire scar. Furthermore, the early-season
subsidence processes differed between the fire scars and the surrounding unburned area. We
will discuss the difference in thawing processes with on-site data taken in September 2021. The
high temporal and spatial resolution of L-band data effectively elucidates the intraseasonal
permafrost degradation processes, and the next generation's L-band SAR satellites will be
expected to further contribute to mapping ground ice melting.
Reference[1] S. Zwieback, F.J. Meyer, Top-of-permafrost ground ice indicated by remotely sensed lateseason subsidence. The Cryosphere 15, 2041–2055 (2021)

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Deep learning-based identification of thermokarst in
Eastern Siberia and its relationship with local environment
and land use
N. Kurata1*, K. Takaya 2, T. Ise3 and Y. Iijima4
1

Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan
2
Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan
3
Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Japan
4
Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Japan

In the continuous permafrost areas of Eastern Siberia, Arctic climate change is causing
subsidence of the ground surface due to permafrost thawing, known as thermokarst. In
particular, the rapid spread of thermokarst in high-latitude regions is raising alarm bells. The
following research results have been cited from the viewpoint of geography regarding suchenvironmental changes and their regional characteristics. For example, Kirimura et al. [1], using
population data and satellite images, pointed out that thermokarst and land development due tothe thawing of frozen soil are closely related as residential areas have expanded along withpopulation growth. In a study by Fujioka et al. [2], interviews and questionnaires wereconducted with local residents in Eastern Siberia, and it was found that there were significant
differences in perceptions of environmental change among different local resident groups. In
particular, they reported that even residents of the same region have different opinions on theperception of precipitation change. Thus, global environmental changes such as global warming,
regional anthropogenic influences such as population growth and land development, and local
topography and climate are thought to have a combined effect on the emergence of thermokarst.
Therefore, this study examines what conditions influence the emergence of thermokarst by
overlaying environmental conditions such as climate, topography, and land use data on thelocation of thermokarst detected by an artificial intelligence model. Detection of thermokarst
was conducted by applying a deep learning method called the "chopped picture method" tosatellite images. Data such as slope aspect (whether sunny or shaded), sunshine duration, soil,
precipitation, wind volume and wind speed are used as environmental conditions. The noveltyof this study is that it estimates the occurrence of thermokarst through automatic detection using
deep learning. The combination of satellite imagery and deep learning makes it possible to scana wide area using a fixed method and is expected to reduce fluctuations in accuracy due toindividual differences that are a concern in visual identification. In the future, it is desirable toconsider the degree of recognition of environmental changes by local residents in this researchfrom the perspective of comprehensive environmental countermeasures.
This study was supported by the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability Research Projects II(JPMXD1420318865) funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, andTechnology of Japan,
References[1] Takashi KITIMURA, Yoshihiro IIJIMA, Hitoshi SAITO, Population Growth after 2010 in the Sakha
Republic, Russian Federation, Annual Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers (2022)[2] Yuichiro FUJIOKA, Hiroki TAKAKURA, Vanda IGNATYEVA, SaSardana BOYAKOVA, Stepan
GRIGOREV Differences in local perceptions about environmental changes among residents of small
communities in eastern Siberia, Annual Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers (2022)

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Thermal Denudation Features on the Yamal Peninsula
I. Tarasevich1*, A. Kizyakov1, M. Leibman2, N. Nesterova3,4, R. Khairullin2,5 and
A. Khomutov2
1

Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, Russia
3
Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Germany
4
University of Potsdam, Germany
5b.geos GmbH, Austria
2

Retrogressive thaw slumps (RTS), or thermocirques, are permafrost features occurring
due to thermal denudation affecting ice-rich sediments. On the Yamal peninsula RTSs arecaused due to the thawing of tabular ground ice.
Starting from 2012, a large activation of RTS has been noticed on Central Yamal, withinthe «Vaskiny Dachi» key site [1]. The series of yearly unmanned aerial vehicle survey data for2017-2021 were processed to reveal RTS dynamics. Multitemporal digital surface models andorthomosaics of 3 RTSs were created (fig. 1).
The growth of RTS is non-linear and mainly affected by the sum of active airtemperatures and summer precipitation. The most intensive area increase took place in 2012,2016 and 2020 years with extremely warm summers. The average annual growth rates of RTSs
for the period 2017-2021 varied between 864.8 and 749.2 m2 in the case of RTS-5 and RTS-4a,
respectively, to 2806.1 m2 in the case of RTS-5n. On top of that, RTS-5n with the highest ice
content in exposure has extremely expanded in size by 417% of its initial area. Thus, many
local factors such as landform morphology and ice content in exposure determine the individual
growth rate of each RTS.
-0.

Figure 1. Growth of RTS-5 (a), RTS-4a (b) and RTS-5n (c) in 2017-2021. RTS edge positions for a
specific date: (1) 08/28/2017, (2) 07/14/2018, (3) 07/17/2019, (4) 08/23/2020, (5) 08/1/2021.

References[1] A. Khomutov, M. Leibman, Y. Dvornikov, A. Gubarkov, D. Mullanurov and R. Khairullin,
Activation of cryogenic earth flows and formation of thermocirques on central Yamal as a resultof climate fluctuations, Workshop on World Landslide Forum (2017)

325

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Black carbon and their isotopic signatures in soil andpermafrost in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard: Implication of sources
and fate under changing Arctic climate
M. Uchida1*, H. Kumata2, K. Mantoku1, G. Iwahana3, and M. Uchida4
1

Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan2
Department of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Japan
3
International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
4
Arctic Environment Research Center, National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
Black carbon (BC) is the collective carbon-rich aromatic residues and condensates fromthe incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. Anthropogenic BC produced byindustrial activity is also enough time to undergo long-distance transport and reach even Arctic
region. Because BC can absorb solar radiation, thereby warming the atmosphere, altering thealbedo, accelerating glacier melting when deposited on snow, and changing the properties.
Additionally, a high-latitude region including the Arctic has the largest reservoir of soil organiccarbon (SOC) on Earth. For the past centennial and more, the thawing permafrost and glaciershould have been subject to enhanced microbial decomposition to emit GHGs as well as massmobilization and other erosion processes. However, knowledge of terrestrial archives of BC in
the Arctic such as sediments, permafrost soil, ice, and glacier, as well as of the historicalcontribution of transport of atmospheric BC from remote sites where anthropogenic emission
is high, is very sparse. We know these archives serve as ideal archives for exploring futureclimate and environmental changes. Especially this knowledge is very crucial for assessing theimpact of human disturbance on atmospheric composition and thereafter climate. We need toknow the historical trend and variability of BC with the source and fates of BC. For this purpose,for the first time, we investigated CTO-375-based BC content and its isotopic signatures (14C
and 13C) in soil and permafrost in Stuphallet, Blomstrand, the catchment of the Bayelva Rivernear Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard to assess the source and fates of BC.
References[1] M. Uchida, Kumata H., Koike Y., Tsuzuki M., Uchida T., Fujiwara K., Shibata Y.
Radiocarbon-based source apportionment of black carbon (BC) in PM10 aerosols fromresidential area of suburban Tokyo. Nucl.Instrum.Methods Phys.Res.,B, 268 (2010).

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Detecting spatio-temporal variations in water andvegetation change areas in the East Siberian permafrostzone using backscatter coefficient and DSM
N. Omori1*, Y. Iijima1
1

Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Japan

From 2005 to 2008, precipitation increased in summer in the middle reaches of the Lena
River basin in Eastern Siberia (Central Yakutia). The overwetting conditions thickened theactive layer with the thawing of the surface layer of permafrost. As a result, the boreal (mainly
larch) forest under the inundation has been degraded. Iijima et al. (2013) used the backscattering
coefficient of ALOS-PALSAR images of different years (2007-2009) to detect thepermafrost/forest degradation areas [1]. However, the subsequent changes after the disturbancehave never been explored in conjunction with the detailed topographical relationship. The
present study, thus, aims to reproduce a time series of water-logged and vegetation change area
maps from 2007 to 2017 in Central Yakutia using the same method as Iijima et al. (2013).
In this study, we used SAR data from the ALOS-PALSAR series during the summer(July to September) of 2007 to 2017. A backscatter intensity image (dB value) was calculated
from the obtained data. After the calculating process, the water and vegetation change area is
extracted based on the looking table of thresholds determined by Iijima et al. (2013) [1].
We reproduced the time series of the map showing water and vegetation change areafrom 2007 to 2009 and from 2009 to 2015/2017. From 2007 to 2009, when permafrost thawedwith overwetting soil, the proportion of areas verified as weak flooding and forest decline was
the highest. Thereafter, from 2009 to 2017, the area with no flooding and forest recovery was
the highest. These temporal changes imply that the moistening of the soil was mitigated due toless summer precipitation and the cessation of the deepening active layer after 2009. In addition,
the flooding conditions came to be minor likely due to consecutive increases in evaporation as
the solar radiation directly on the ground surface at the forest declined area.
On the other hand, areas classified with intense flooding and forest degradation
continued to be identified on the right bank of the Lena River from 2009 to 2017. Therefore,
the topographic analysis was conducted using a high-resolution AW3D DSM. As a result, thearea classified with continuous and intense flooding with forest degradation appeared in
topographically low spots, such as the lower part of the river terrace and the surroundings nearthermokarst lakes. This local topography may be essential for the forests' continued decline anddegradation in recent years, even though no wet years have occurred.
References[1] Iijima et al. (2013), Spatial characteristics in permafrost and forest degradation in Yakutsk, eastern
Siberia, Annual Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, Spring 2013.

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Monitoring surface temperature and channel width of thesix Arctic rivers from space using GCOM-C/SGLI
M. Hori1*
1

University of Toyama, JapanThe six Arctic rivers (Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Kolyma, Yukon, and Mackenzie shown in
Figure 1) play important roles in the hydrological cycle as well as the ocean-atmosphere energy
exchange in the Arctic [1]. Recently, snow cover extent (SCE) in the Northern Hemisphere
exhibits negative trends in all seasons during the past four decades [2]. Therefore, recent
freshwater cycle and heat flow through the Arctic rivers’ watersheds into the Arctic Ocean canbe considered to change significantly in response to the recent global warming. This study aims
to derive river surface temperature (RST) and channel width (RCW) of the six Arctic rivers
along the main streams using a multi-spectral satellite-borne optical imager, SGLI onboard
Japanese Earth observing satellite named GCOM-C. Preliminary study revealed that SGLI canretrieve RST and RCW of the six Arctic rivers successfully on a near daily basis during theyears of 2018 and 2019 [3]. In this study, the period of data analysis is extended to five years
from 2018 to 2022 and the seasonal and yearly changes in RST and RCW will be presented.

Figure 1. (left) Map of the six Arctic rivers (thick solid lines) and watershed (grey area)
examined in this study. (right) SGLI-derived near-daily river surface temperature along the
Lena River in 2018
References[1] H. Park, E. Watanabe, Y. Kim, I. Polyakov, K. Oshima, X. Zhang, J.S. Kimball, D. Yang,
Increasing riverine heat influx triggers Arctic sea ice decline and oceanic and atmosphericwarming. Sci. Adv. 6 (2020)[2] M. Hori, K. Sugiura, K. Kobayashi, T. Aoki, T. Tanikawa, K. Kuchiki, M. Niwano, H.
Enomoto, A 38-year (1978–2015) Northern Hemisphere daily snow cover extent productderived using consistent objective criteria from satellite-borne optical sensors, Remote
Sens. Environ., 191 (2017)[3] Hori, M., Near-daily monitoring of surface temperature and channel width of the six
largest Arctic rivers from space using GCOM-C/SGLI. Remote Sens. Environ., 263 (2021)

328

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Single-spore PCR revealed the novel parasitic fungi
infecting snow algae in alpine ecosystems
H. Nakanishi1*, K. Seto1, J. Uetake2, M. Ono3, N. Takeuchi4, M. Kagami1
1

Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University,Japan
2
Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Japan
3
Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Japan
4
Department of Earth Science, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Japan

Snow and glacier algae, commonly found on Arctic glaciers and snowpacks, are often
infected by parasitic fungi[1]. Recent metabarcoding analyses revealed the novel phylogenetic
group of fungi, called as Snow Clade 1, only composed of environmental DNA sequences
detected in high mountains around the world[2]. However, their ecology and distribution are still
understudied due to the difficulty of culturing and subsequent DNA sequences. These fungi
could be parasites infecting ice and snow algae in glaciers and high mountains, as observed by
microscopes. In this study, we applied single-spore-PCR[3] during snow algae bloom on Mt.
Gassan in Japan to clarify the phylogenetic position of parasitic fungi on snow algae,
Chloromonas spp. Based on the DNA sequencing of picked single fungal spores andphylogenetic analysis, we identified three novel distinct linages (Sp1, Sp2, and Sp3; Fig. 1), allof which belonged to the Snow Clade 1. The results suggested that the Snow Clade 1 iscomposed of the parasitic fungi infecting algae in high mountains. We also conducted
metabarcoding analyses of various alpine and glacial regions in the world to investigate the
distribution of fungi. By comparing the obtained sequences with the metabarcoding analyses,
we found that certain ASVs matched with parasitic fungi were only detected from Mt. Gassan,
indicating local endemism of parasitic fungi. These results suggest hidden diversity of parasitic
fungi infecting snow algae and their local adaptations to respective environments and hosts.

Figure 1. Micrographs of three novel linages of parasitic fungi infecting Chloromonas spp.
All scale bars are 10 µm.
References[1] E. Kol, The snow and ice algae of Alaska. Smithsonian Misc. Collect. 101 (1942).
[2] C. S. Naff, J. L. Darcy, & S. K. Schmidt, Phylogeny and biogeography of an uncultured
clade of Snow Chytrids, Environ. Microbiol. 15, 2672-2680 (2013).
[3] M. Kagami, K. Seto, D. Nozaki, T. Nakamura, H. Wakana, & C. Wurzbacher, (2021).
Single dominant diatom can host diverse parasitic fungi with different degree of hostspecificity. Limnology and Oceanography, 66 667-677 (2021).

329

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In-situ field observations of snow cover characteristics in
Alaskan boreal forest during the snow melt season
K. Sugiura1* and Y. Kitahara1
1

University of Toyama, JapanTo determine the impact of snow cover on land surface processes, we measured the insitu snow cover characteristics of the sub-Arctic northern forest. We produced time series
datasets of various snow cover parameters (forest floor albedo, canopy albedo, snow depth, airtemperature, snow cover surface and base temperatures, layer structure, grain size distribution,and snow water equivalent) covering the winter melting period based on direct observations ofsnow-covered sections. The in situ cross-sectional measurements of snow depth and snow waterequivalent showed large decreases with increasing temperature and were comparable withvalues calculated via the degree-day method. Moreover, snow cover and forest floor albedo
decreased gradually with time throughout the observational period. Increasing snow cover meltof both the canopy and forest floor significantly impacted the canopy albedo. The disappearanceof snow cover increased the shortwave absorption by approximately 30% due to increasing tree
exposure. The observational data in this study can be used to validate land surface models formore accurate estimations of northern forest albedo.

330

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Monitoring of snow physical parameters by spectral
radiation measurements using ground-based optical
instrument in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard
T. Tanikawa1*, N. Ohkawara1 and T. Aoki2
1

2

Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan
Arctic Environment Research Center, National Institute of Polar Research, Japan

Snow albedo is an important physical parameter that significantly affects snow melting andthe radiative energy budget on the Earth’s surface. The snow albedo is generally high andplays a role in protecting against the absorption of shortwave radiation entering the snow
surface. However, the snow albedo varies with the snow condition and/or the seasonalvariation and controls the melting rate. Thus, the monitoring of snow albedo is a useful way to
see the change in snow cover and melt timing in high latitudinal regions, which is an
informative indicator of climate change. Becherini et al. (2021) [1] found from more than
three-decade daily mean broadband albedo in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard that a great inter-annual
variability of albedo was confirmed especially in the melting season. However, snow physicalparameters that control the snow albedo were not well understood. In general, snow albedo
depends strongly on snow grain size and light absorbing snow impurities including dust andsoot from atmospheric aerosol deposition. In this study, we have monitored the snow grain
size and the concentration of light absorbing snow impurities in Ny-Ålesund since 2012,
which were retrieved from spectral albedo measured by the ground-based spectral radiometersystem for albedo and flux (GSAF) using a look-up table method [2]. The GSAF was installednear the baseline surface radiation network (BSRN) station located in the south of the village
Ny-Ålesund. The results show that surface snow grain size remained in a range of 50 – 500µm in the accumulation season (March to April) and then increased to over 1000 µm after
early/middle May in the melting season. Mean snow grain size in the accumulation season
could be increased year to year. The concentration of light absorbing snow impurities (hereBC-equivalent concentration) varied from 0.01 to 0.1 ppmw and remained at a relatively low
concentration in the accumulation season (~0.05 ppmw) and increased in the melting season(~0.1 ppmw). The possible processes which cause the seasonal variation in the snow impurity
concentration would be differences in the deposition of atmospheric aerosols and an increaseof impurities with snow melting enhancement and sublimation and/or evaporation of surface
snow in the melting season.
References[1] Becherini et al., Bull. Atmos. Sci. Tech. 2 (2021) doi:10.1007/s42865-021-00043-8[2] Tanikawa et al., J. Geophys. Res. 125 (2020) doi:10.1029/2019JD031858

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Snow accumulation inferred from a GPR survey around theSoutheastern Dome, Greenland Ice Sheet
M. Minowa1*, K. Fujita2, S. Matoba1 and Y. Iizuka1
1Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
2Graduate School of Environmental Study, Nagoya University, Japan

Snow accumulation is a component that is still poorly constrained over the Greenland Ice
Sheet. We performed ground-penetrating radar (GPR) measurements around the Southeastern
Dome (SE-Dome) of the Greenland Ice Sheet during a shallow ice core drilling campaign from
May to June 2021 (Iizuka et al., 2021). GPR-derived firn structure was compared with ice coredensity, dates, and melt layers to reconstruct the snow accumulation around the SE-Dome.
Numerous internal reflection horizons (IRHs) were observed, which were related to the ice core
records (Fig. 1). We detected these IRHs automatically and calculated spatio-temporal snow
accumulation rate around the SE-Dome. The calculated accumulation rates are ranged between
0.6 and 1.4 m w.e. a–1, which agreed with previously reported snow accumulation at aneighboring ice core site (Furukawa et al., 2017). Although, the calculated snow accumulation
varied not only in time but also in location. We discuss possible mechanisms of spatio-temporalvariations in accumulation around SE-Dome at the conference.
References[1] Iizuka, Y., et al. Glaciological and meteorological observations at the SE-Dome site,
southeastern Greenland Ice Sheet. Bul. Glaciol. Res., 34 (2016)[2] Furukawa, R., et al. Seasonal‐scale dating of a shallow ice core from Greenland using
oxygen isotope matching between data and simulation. J. Geophys. Res-Atmos. 122 (2017)

332

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The current state and future directions of the polar regional
climate model NHM–SMAP
M. Niwano1, 2*, and the NHM–SMAP Model Development Team
1

Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan
2
National Institute of Polar Research, JapanThe Greenland ice sheet has experienced a significant loss of ice mass since the early
1990s. It is estimated that the contribution by the reduction of the ice sheet surface mass balance
to the total mass loss has been increasing during the period. Therefore, it is urgent to understandthe snow/ice–atmosphere interaction over the ice sheet in detail. These motivated us to develop
a high horizontal resolution (5 km) polar regional climate model combining the Japan
Meteorological Agency Non-Hydrostatic atmospheric Model and the physical snowpack model
Snow Metamorphism and Albedo Process (NHM–SMAP) [1]. The model has contributed toestimate not only the ice sheet surface mass balance [1, 2] but also cloud radiative effects [3]and rainfall [4] over the ice sheet under the recent rapidly warming climate condition. Recently,
NHM–SMAP has also been applied in the Antarctic ice sheet and High Mountain Asia. Throughthese studies, NHM–SMAP as well as SMAP have demonstrated high reliability regarding thesnow/ice–atmosphere interaction. As a ripple effect of our recent attempts, the SMAP model
has been used for the Japan Meteorological Agency operational analysis and forecasts of snow
over Japan since 2022 October (https://www.jma.go.jp/bosai/en_snow/). In this contribution,
we review recent studies that utilized NHM–SMAP, and the current state of the model
development. In addition, we also discuss future directions of the model.
References[1] M. Niwano, et al. NHM–SMAP: spatially and temporally high-resolution nonhydrostatic
atmospheric model coupled with detailed snow process model for Greenland Ice Sheet, The
Cryosphere, 12 (2018)[2] X. Fettweis, et al. GrSMBMIP: intercomparison of the modelled 1980–2012 surface massbalance over the Greenland Ice Sheet, The Cryosphere, 14 (2020).
[3] M. Niwano, et al. Cloud-driven modulations of Greenland ice sheet surface melt, Sci.
Rep., 9 (2019).
[4] M. Niwano, et al. Rainfall on the Greenland ice sheet: present-day climatology from ahigh-resolution non-hydrostatic polar regional climate model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48 (2021)

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Numerical modeling of biological processes on snow andglacier surfaces in the Arctic region
Y. Onuma1*, M. Niwano2, R. Shimada1 and N. Takeuchi3
1

Earth Observation Research Center (EORC), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA),
Tsukuba, Japan
2
Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba 305-0052, Japan
3
Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan

Biological processes on snow and glacier surfaces in the Arctic region play a key role causing
albedo reduction called as “Bio-albedo effect” due to blooms of snow and glacier phototrophs.
Because the bio-albedo effect varies temporally and spatially due to their biological properties
including growth, death and migration, the biological processes need to be separated fromaccumulation processes of the other impurities such as aeolian mineral dust and black carbon.
In addition, different processes causing the bio-albedo effect, which are known as red snow,
dark ice and cryoconite holes, are observed in the Arctic snowpacks and glaciers. To understandthe bio-albedo effect quantitatively, a numerical model to reproduce such biological processes
as well as a physically based albedo model should be established. We recently establishedseveral numerical models: the snow algae model to simulate red snow phenomena caused bysnow algal blooms (Onuma et al., 2020; 2022a), the glacier algae model to simulate dark ice
phenomena caused by glacier algal blooms (Onuma et al., 2022b) and the cryoconite hole model
to simulate vertical dynamics of cryoconite holes (Onuma et al., In prep.). In this study, we
simulate spatio-temporal changes in algal abundance and bio-albedo effect in Greenland Ice
Sheet since 2000 using regional climate or land surface models coupling with the establishedmodels. The simulated spatio-temporal changes are validated using a polar-orbit satellite,
Global Change Observation Mission for Climate (GCOM-C) which carries an optical sensor
capable of multi-channel observation at wavelengths from near-UV to thermal infrared
wavelengths (380nm to 12µm). The detailed discussion will be presented at the symposium.

References[1] Y. Onuma, N. Takeuchi, S. Tanaka, N. Nagatsuka, M. Niwano and T. Aoki, Physically
based model of the contribution of red snow algal cells to temporal changes in albedo innorthwest Greenland. The Cryosphere, 14, 2087-2101. doi:10. 5194/tc-14-2087-2020 (2020)[2] Y. Onuma, K. Yoshimura and N. Takeuchi, Global simulation of snow algal blooming bycoupling a land surface and newly developed snow algae models, Journal of GeophysicalResearch: Biogeosciences, 127 (2), e2021JG006339. doi:10.1029/2021JG006339 (2022a).
[3] Y. Onuma, N. Takeuchi, J. Uetake, M. Niwano, S. Tanaka, N. Nagatsuka and T. Aoki,
Modeling seasonal growth of phototrophs on bare ice on the Qaanaaq Ice Cap, northwestern
Greenland. Journal of Glaciology, 1-13. doi:10.1017/jog.2022.76 (2022b)

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Early melt onset drives dark ice exposure on the Greenland
Ice Sheet
R. Shimada1*, M. Hori2, N. Takeuchi3 and T. Aoki4
1

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Japan
2
University of Toyama, Japan
3
Chiba University, Japan
2
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan

Continuous monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) surface condition is important tounderstand the influence of recent albedo reduction on the radiative budget and mass balanceof the ice sheet. Expansion of bare ice and dark ice area is one of the factors for significant
albedo reduction on the edge part of the GrIS surface. Satellite remote sensing is the one of themost useful tools for the widely and continuous monitoring such as GrIS, the expansionary
trend of the bare ice and dark ice extent has been revealed from the analysis using MODIS
satellite images (Shimada et al., 2016). However, the behavior of the GrIS surface state before
the 2000 has not been investigated. In this study, we aim to investigate the annual variation in
the bare ice and dark ice area during melting season from 1979 using a long-term satellite data
set. The long-term dataset of the bare ice and dark ice distribution on the GrIS was developed
using three optical space-borne sensors: AVHRR, MODIS and SGLI. These sensors have nearinfrared wavelength band used for bare ice detection and red wavelength band used for dark ice
detection. For bias correction between these sensors, the classification thresholds for AVHRR
and SGLI were adjusted to MODIS based on the Cohen’s Kappa coefficient. The 40-year
variations of the bare ice and dark ice extent using the adjusted thresholds showed positive
trends in the whole region of the GrIS (Figure 1). Bare ice extent was gradually expanded from1979, however dark ice extent was rapidly expanded from 2000 to 2012 and remained highsince then. In comparison with surface melt extent derived from passive microwave observation,
the bare ice and dark ice extents were positive correlated significantly with surface melt extent.
Considering melt duration, the dark ice extent showed a strong positive correlation with melt
extent which experienced longer melting. Microwave observation showed the melt onset
became earlier from 2000s, it is possible that the early melt onset drives dark ice exposure on
the GrIS in recent years.
6
Maximum Dark Ice Extent (%)

Maximum Bare Ice Extent (%)

50
40
30
20
10
0
1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

5
4
3
2
1
0
1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

Figure 1. Annual variations of the bare ice (left) and dark ice extent (right) from 1979 to 2021.
References[1] Shimada, R., N. Takeuchi and T. Aoki, Inter-annual and geographical variations in theextent of bare ice and dark ice on the Greenland ice sheet derived from MODIS satellite
images, Font. Earth Sci. 4 (2016)

2025

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Changes in stripe patterns of dark regions in thesouthwestern Greenland Ice Sheet
Akane Uruma1* and Nozomu Takeuchi2
1

2

Faculty of Science, Chiba University, Japan
Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, JapanOn the Greenland Ice Sheet, the bare ice surface is exposed at the marginal parts of theice sheet during summer. In the bare ice area, dark colored ice, called a dark region, appears at
the same locations every year. The dark region expands particularly in the southwestern part ofthe ice sheet over a distance of about 500 km from north to south. In recent years, the area ofthe dark region has expanded. The expansion of the dark region reduces surface albedo of theice sheet and promotes absorption of solar radiation, which accelerates melting of the ice andleads to loss of the ice sheet mass. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors that affectthe area of the dark region. Field observations and satellite image analyses have shown that thedark region is formed by the deposition of light-absorbing impurities such as dust and snow/ice
microorganisms on the ice surface. High-resolution satellite images show that the dark region
consists of stripe patterns extending in parallel with the ice sheet margins. However, it is still
unclear why dust and snow/ice microorganisms accumulate on the ice surface to form stripe
patterns, and what is the relationship between the patterns and expansion of the dark region.
The purpose of this study is to analyze the changes in stripe patterns of the dark region in thesouthwestern part of the Greenland Ice Sheet using satellite images, and to discuss the factorsthat cause the changes in the dark region.
The bare ice area of the Greenland Ice Sheet can be divided into two areas, which are thewhite and dark regions. The white region is defined as the area where the surface appears to bebright and tends to distribute the downstream of the bare ice area. The dark region is defined as
the area where the surface appears to be dark and tends to distribute the upstream of the bare
ice area. Three Landsat-8 OLI satellite images acquired on 10-July, 26-July, and 11-August, in
2019, were used in this study. A transect line across the white and dark regions was selected to
be analyzed with satellite images. A profile of Band 4 (Red Band) reflectance along the transectline was obtained using a geographic information system application (QGIS).
The profile of reflectance along the transect line shows that the reflectance was mostly
constant in the white region, while it largely varied in the dark region. Based on the reflectance,
the dark region was further divided into three areas: dark stripe, white stripe, and intermediatestripe. The comparison of the reflectance profiles among the three images in July and August
revealed that there was little change in reflectance in the white region while there was asignificant change of reflectance in the dark region in mid-July. In the dark region, thereflectance of intermediate-stripe particularly decreased but those of dark and white stripes
decreased slightly. Results show that the change in reflectance of the bare ice surface varies
from area to area: the reflectance did not change in the white region, changed slightly in thedark and white stripes, and changed significantly in the intermediate-stripes in the dark region
during the melting season. The reason for the significant decrease in reflectance in theintermediate-stripe may be due to the growth of microbes such as glacier algae promoted bymore abundant nutrient supply from the ablating ice, and/or to the surface ice structure that
aggregate surface impurities on the bare ice surface.

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Temporal variations of radiant fluxes and surface energybalance from 2012 to 2020 at the SIGMA-B site on Qaanaaq
Ice Cap, northwestern GreenlandMotoshi Nishimura1, Teruo Aoki1, Masashi Niwano2, Sumito Matoba3, Tomonori Tanikawa2,
Satoru Yamaguchi4, and Tetsuhide Yamazaki5
1

Arctic Environmental Research Center, National Institute of Polar Research2
Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency
3
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University
4
National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience
5
Avangnaq Arctic Project

Mass loss in the low-elevation coastal ice cap is significantly higher than in the inland
ice cap in the warming climate[1]. It is especially important to quantitatively verify a long-term
variation of climate conditions and surface mass balance near the equilibrium line. Here, weinvestigated the interannual variation of surface energy balance and surface melting rate at the
SIGMA-B site (77.518° N, 69.062° W; 944 m a.s.l.) to understand the present condition of thesnow/ice surface and its accumulation/ablation process based on the ground meteorologicalobservation data obtained over several years at the site.
We have observed the following meteorological elements; air temperature, relative
humidity, wind direction, wind speed, atmospheric pressure, upward/downward shortwave andlongwave radiations, and snow depth observed by an automatic weather station at the SIGMAB site on the Qaanaaq ice cap located in northwest Greenland. Data from July 2012 to August2020 were used for the analysis in this study. The surface energy balance was calculated using
Eq. (1), including the following energy components: net shortwave radiation ( !"!"# =(1 − ')!"$ ), net longwave radiation ()"!"# = *)"$ − *+,% & ), sensible heat flux (H), latent
heat flux (ιE), sensible heat flux by rainfall (QR), subsurface heat flux (QS), and energy used for
melting (QM). Turbulent energy fluxes (H and ιE) were calculated using the aerodynamic bulk
method, and QS was calculated by the polar regional climate model NHM-SMAP[2]. The
melting amount was calculated using QM. Radiant flux absorbed by the snow surface (R) is
defined as a total of SWnet and downward longwave radiation absorbed by snow (ɛLWd). This
study defined the direction of energy transport to the snow/ice surface as positive.
-' + -( = (1 − ')!"$ + *)"$ − *+,% & + / + 01 + -) ,(1)
The amounts of surface melting in 2014/15, 2018/19, and 2019/20 were large; 919, 968,
and 887 [mm w.e.], respectively, which were more than 1.4 times higher than the observation
period average. The year with the largest summer means SWnet was 2019/20 (85.4 W m−2),
followed by 2014/15 (84.3 W m−2). On the other hand, the year with the largest summer means
ɛLWd and R were 2018/19 (ɛLWd: 271.4, R: 347.1 W m−2). Because downward longwave
radiation increases under overcast conditions due to the additional black body radiation fromcloud-cover, the snow surface was also possibly heated by a large amount of R, with relatively
more cloudy conditions continued in the 2018/19 summer than in the other two summers.
Considering the largest surface melting occurred in the 2018/19 summer, not only thecontribution of shortwave radiation from clear skies but also that of longwave radiation isimportant for surface melting.
References[1] Noël, B. et al. (2017) Nat. Comm., 8 (14730).
[2] Niwano, M. et al (2018). Cryosphere, 12(2), 635–655.

337

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Cap in northwestern Greenland from 2012 to 2022
Kaho Watanabe1,2*, Ken Kondo1,2 and Shin Sugiyama1
1

Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan

2Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Japan

Peripheral glaciers and ice caps in Greenland contribute to 13 % of the global glaciermass loss from 2000 to 2019 [1]. Despite the importance of these glaciers and ice caps, in-situ
glaciological studies are sparse particularly in northern Greenland. To fill the gap in data, wehave conducted surface mass balance and surface elevation measurements on Qaanaaq Glacier,an outlet glacier of Qaanaaq Ice Cap in northwestern Greenland (Figure 1a) [2]. Annual surface
mass balance was measured from 2012 to 2022 at six locations (243 to 968 m a.s.l.), whereas
the surface elevation was surveyed in 2012, 2019 and 2022 with a global positioning systemalong the central flowline of the glacier (Figure 1b). The cumulative specific mass balance from2012 to 2022 averaged over the ice cap was −4.02 ± 0.22 m w.e. The most negative specificmean mass balance was observed in 2014/15 (−1.08 ± 0.04 m w.e. a−1), which we attribute torelatively high summer temperature (positive degree day sum of 208 °C d) in 2015 and a small
amount of snow accumulation during the winter of 2014/15 (0.27 ± 0.11 m w.e. a−1). The glaciersurface elevation dropped with a rate greater in 2019–2022 (−0.87 m a−1) than in the earlier
period of 2012–2019 (−0.61 m a−1). Our results showed that glaciers and ice caps in the Qaanaaq
region are rapidly losing mass over the last decade and its rate has increased over the last three
years.

Figure 1. (a) Satellite image of Qaanaaq Ice Cap (Landsat 8, 25 July 2020). The box indicates the area shown in (b). The
location of the weather station (SIGMA-B) [3] is indicated by ◆. (b) Satellite image of Qaanaaq Glacier. The
mass balance observation sites are indicated by +, and the surface elevation was measured along the black line.

References[1] IPCC, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the
Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge
University Press, In Press (2021)[2] Sugiyama et al., Initial field observation on Qaanaaq ice cap, northwestern Greenland, Annals of
Glaciology, 55(66), 25–33 (2014)[3] Aoki et al., Field activities of the “snow impurity and glacial microbe effects on abrupt warming in
the Arctic” (SIGMA) project in Greenland in 2011–2013, Bulletin of Glaciological Research, 32,
3–20 (2014)

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Meltwater discharge from Qaanaaq Glacierin the summer 2022
Takuro Imazu1,2*, Ken Kondo1,2 and Shin Sugiyama1
12

Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University
Graduate school of Environment Science, Hokkaido University

Under the influence of air temperature rise in the Arctic, glacial meltwater discharge has been
increasing in Greenland. An unprecedented amount of discharge caused flooding, which
resulted in damages of infrastructures in the coastal settlements in Greenland. For example,
floods occurred in 2015 and 2016 at an outlet stream of Qaanaaq Glacier in northwestern
Greenland. This event destroyed road connecting a village and airport, demonstrating theserious impact of climate change on society in the Arctic. After the flood events, we began
measurements of the stream discharge to investigate a link between recent climate change andthe flooding. Based on the measurements from 2017 to 2019, we performed a glacier runoff
model and demonstrated that the floods were caused by the intensive melt of the glacier in 2015,
whereas by a heavy rain event in 2016(Kondo et al., 2021). In the summer 2022, the stream
from Qaanaaq Glacier flooded again on 17 July, highlighting the need for further research in
the region. With this background, we performed discharge and glacier melt measurements inthe summer 2022. Discharge from Qaanaaq Glacier was measured at 2.0 km from the glacierfrom 20 July to 26 August (Fig. 1). Water level of the stream was recorded every 10 min witha pressure sensor (HOBO U20-001-04) fixed within the water in the stream. To quantify thedischarge, water current was measured with an electromagnetic current meter (YOKOGAWA
ES-7603). The discharge measurements were repeated 31 times during the study period, so thatobserved water level variations were converted to discharge time series by using an empirical
relationship between water level and discharge. Meteorological data were obtained from
Qaanaaq Airport located at 16 m a.s.l. (Fig. 1). During the observation period, the dischargevaried within a range from 0.21 to 2.72 m3 s‒1 (Fig. 2). The lowest discharge was observed on
22 August when the daily mean air temperature dropped to 3.9 °C (Fig. 2). On 17 July, the dayof the flood event, air temperature increased to 11 ℃. This is the highest daily mean temperatureduring the summer 2022, suggesting the flood event was likely due to intensive glacier melt.
Glacier runoff model is planned to investigate the processes driven the flood 2022.

Figure 1. Sentinel-2 image of the studysite on 9 September 2022

References

Figure 2. Daily discharge of the stream from Qaanaaq Glacier(left) and daily mean temperature at Qaanaaq Airport (right)[1] Kondo K, Sugiyama S, Sakakibara D, Fukumoto S, Flood events caused by discharge from Qaanaaq
Glacier, northwestern Greenland, Journal of Glaciology 67(2021)

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Drone survey for precise DEM construction and supraglacial
stream mapping on Qaanaaq Glacier, northwestern Greenland
Ukai Shinta*1,2, Sugiyama Shin1, Kondo Ken1,2
12Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University
Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University

Greenland is currently affected by the rapidly warming climate in the Arctic, whichcauses melt increase and retreat of glaciers situated along the coast. To better understand theprocesses driving the glacier change, we have been studying Qaanaaq Ice Cap in northwestern
Greenland since 2012. As a part of the field campaign in the summer of 2022, we conducted
drone observations over Qaanaaq Glacier, an outlet glacier of the ice cap. The survey took place
for seven days between July 14 and August 11. A drone (DJI phantom4pro V2.0) was operated
at 120 m above the glacier to take images with a resolution of 33 mm per pixel. Six painted
wooden plates were distributed around the glacier, which were surveyed with kinematic GNSS
positioning to improve the accuracy of the drone survey. Repeated surveys were carried out at
an elevation of 720 m a.s.l. over an area of 9.14105 m2 (Figure 1) to monitor changing glaciersurface features. 677 images were acquired during each of six surveys. The images clearly
indicate the evolution of supraglacial streams, which are considered to be important for ice melt
as well as glacier hydrology. The images were processed with software (Agisoft Metashape) togenerate an orthorectified mosaic image and construct a DEM. By differing DEMs from July
26 to August 10, surface elevation change over a 15-day period was investigated (Figure 2).
Relatively large changes up to ~2.9m were observed at the glacier/bedrock interface and alonga supraglacial stream. The DEM will be compared with surface elevation data previously
obtained by in-situ GPS survey and satellite remote sensing to quantify the mass loss of theglacier over the last decades.

Figure1.DEM of Qaanaaq Glacier on August

Figure 1.Difference between DEMs on July 26 and August 10.

10 constructed from the drone survey.

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Ground penetrating radar survey on Qaanaaq Glacierin northwestern Greenland
K. Sato1* , S. Sugiyama2

1

Graduate school of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
2
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan

To monitor the changes in peripheral glaciers and ice caps in Greenland, we have beenrunning field observations on Qaanaaq Ice Cap in northwestern Greenland (77º28' N, 69º14' W)
since 2012 now under the ArCS II project (2020–2025). Qaanaaq Ice Cap has an area of 289
km2 with an elevation range of 30–1110 m. In the summer 2022 (18th July–12th August), we
performed a GPR (ground penetrating radar) survey on Qaanaaq Glacier, an outlet glacier ofthe ice cap (Figure 1). The GPR measurement was performed using a GPR system (SIR-4000,
3200 MFL) manufactured by GSSI, Inc. The system consists of a controller, transmitter,receiver and 2.4 m long antennae. The central frequency of the radar wave was 40 MHz. In thesurvey, reflection waves received within a time range of up to 2700 ns were recorded, whichcorresponds to an ice depth up to 226 m given a wave propagation velocity in the glacier of 168
m s-1[1]. The measurement was carried out along 14 survey routes, i.e. seven sections
perpendicular to the ice flow direction, one long section passing six mass balance stakes andfour additional sections along the side margins of the glacier (Figure 1). The total length of thesurvey routes was 21.1 km.
Figure 2 shows the reflection image obtained along the uppermost transverse section(Figure 1). The maximum depth measured along the section was 155 m. A clear v-shaped
depression was observed on the bed at 1000 m from the eastern margin of the survey section(Figure 2). Results obtained at other transverse profiles suggested that this depression continues
downstream. At about 800 m from the eastern margin, strong reflections were recorded within
the glacier from the surface to the bed (Figure 2). Based on our in-situ observation on the glacier,we attribute these englacial reflections to meltwater in a crevasse.
The GPR data provided information (ice thickness, bed geometry and englacial
structures) which are important to study physical processes of the glacier as well as to quantify
the ice volume. We plan further analysis of the data to understand the englacial and basalhydrology in polythermal glaciers in the Arctic.

Figure 1. GPR survey routes and mass balancestake locations on Qaanaaq Glacier.

Figure 2. GPR profile along the section 1 in Figure 1.

References[1] S. Sugiyama, D. Sakakibara, S. Matsuno, S. Yamaguchi, S. Matoba and T. Aoki, Initial fieldobservations on Qaanaaq ice cap, northwestern Greenland, Annals of Glaciology, 55(66), 25-33 (2014)

341

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The prevalence of chytrid infection of glacier algae
on a glacier in Alaska
K. Kobayashi1*, N. Takeuchi1 and M. Kagami2
1Chiba University, Japan
2Yokohama National University, Japan

There are diverse microbes on snow and ice of glaciers worldwide. Snow and glacieralgae, which are photosynthetic microbes, grow on glaciers and often have dark-colored
pigments in their cells. Blooming of such algae can darken the surface of glaciers and canaccelerate their melting. Therefore, it is important to understand population dynamics of algae
to evaluate their contribution of darkening of the glacier surface. Snow and glacier algae areoften observed to be infected with chytrid fungus (Figure 1). Chytrids are a group of fungi
which produce zoospores having flagellum. Parasitic chytrids are known to have a great impact
on aquatic ecosystems, controlling population dynamics of host species and sometimes causing
host extinction (Kagami et al., 2006). However, the impacts of parasitic chytrids on snow andglacier algae and glacial ecosystems are still unclear. This study aims to describe morphology
and distribution of chytrids, and the prevalence of chytrid infection of algal cells in various
habitats (snow and ice surfaces and cryoconite holes) on Gulkana Glacier in Alaska, USA.
Microscopic observation revealed there were mainly five morphological types of chytrids
infecting the algal cells of Ancylonema nordensholdii, Ancylonema alaskana, Chloromonas sp.,and Sanguina sp. on this glacier. The type of chytrids was distinctive among the algal species,
indicating that each type of chytrid can infect specific algal species. The prevalence of chytrid
infection varied among the different types of habitats on the glacier. It was significantly higher
in cryoconite holes than on the ice surface. This is probably due to static environment of melt
water in cryoconite holes, which allow the chytrid zoospores actively moving and finding thehost in the water. These results indicate that chytrid infection possibly control the populationof all algal species causing glacier darkening and changes of the dynamics of cryoconite holes
may affect the prevalence of chytrid infection on the surface of glaciers.
glacier algaemchytrid

chytrid
chytrid

20 μm

glacier algae
20 μm

Figure 1. Chytrids infecting glacier algal cells.
References[1] M. Kagami, T. B. Gurung, T. Yoshida and J. Urabe, To sink or to be lysed: Contrasting
fate of two large phytoplankton species in Lake Biwa, Limnology and Oceanography 51,
2775-2786 (2006)

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Dating and insoluble particle analysis of a shallow ice coredrilled at EGRIP, Greenland
Y. Komuro1,2, F. Nakazawa2,3, K. Goto-Azuma2,3, N. Nagatsuka2, M. Hirabayashi2, J. Ogata2,
K. Fukuda2, N. Kurita4, K. Kitamura2, G. Sinnl5, S. O. Rasmussen5, T. J. Popp5, D. DahlJensen5
1

Laboratory for Environmental Research at Mount Fuji
2
National Institute of Polar Research
3
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI
4
Nagoya University
5
University of Copenhagen
Temporal variations in concentration and size distribution of mineral dust on theGreenland ice sheet are related to temporal variations in ground surface conditions on theirsource regions. For example, decreasing snow-covered areas on the Greenland coast due towarming can increase soil areas and mineral dust emissions on the coast, thus increase mineral
dust fluxes and concentrations on the Greenland ice sheet. Mineral dust originated from distantsource regions (e.g., Asian arid regions) is dominated by fine particles, while that from theGreenland coastal regions contains coarse particles. Thus, the size distribution of mineral dust
deposited on the ice sheet can be used to evaluate their source regions. We analyzed a shallow
ice core drilled at the East Greenland Ice Core Project (EGRIP) site to estimate past temporalvariations in ground surface conditions of the source regions of mineral dust. In this study, we
will report the results of the dating and insoluble particle analysis of the ice core.
The ice core was analyzed using a continuous-flow analysis (CFA) system at NIPR.
Stable water isotope ratios (δ18O and δD) and elemental concentrations (Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, K,
Ca, and Fe) were measured by a water isotope analyzer (Piccaro, L2130-i) and an ICP-MS(Agilent technologies, 7700), respectively. For insoluble particle analyses, a portion of
meltwater was collected using a fraction collector at a depth interval of 0.12 m. Concentrations
and size distributions (0.6–18 μm) of insoluble particles in the collected samples were measured
by a Coulter counter (Beckman Coulter, Multisizer 4e). Additionally, for tritium measurements,
ice core samples at depths of 13–15 m were cut and melted. Tritium measurements of thesamples were conducted using a scintillation counter (ParkinElmer, Quantulus 1220).
Depth profiles of δ18O and δD did not show seasonal variations at depths deeper than 7
m. This result is consistent with a previous ice core study at EGRIP [1]. Na and Ca
concentrations showed clear seasonal variations at all depths. Therefore, we dated this ice coreby annual layer counting. A tritium peak was found at a depth of 14.1 m, thus we regarded thisdepth as year 1963. Sulphur showed high peaks at depths of 23.3 m, 39.8 m, 44.7 m, 83.7 m,
and 105.5 m. We assumed those peaks to be the signatures of Katmai (1912), Tambora (1815),
Laki (1783), Kuwae (1458), and Samalas (1257) eruptions. Based on those results, we estimatedthat the ice core covers about the past 1000 years. In presentation, we will also report results ofinsoluble particle analysis.
References[1] P. Vallelonga et al., Initial results from geophysical surveys and shallow coring of theNortheast Greenland Ice Stream (NEGIS), The Cryosphere 8 (2014)

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Variations in mineralogy of dust in ice cores obtained
from Greenland over the past 100 years
N. Nagatsuka1*, K. Goto-Azuma1, 2, A. Tsushima3, K. Fujita4, S. Matoba5, Y. Onuma6,
Y. Komuro7, M. Hirabayashi1, J. Ogata1, Y. Ogawa-Tsukagawa1, K. Kitamura1, T. Aoki1, 2,
T. J. Popp8 and D. Dahl-Jensen81National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
2
SOKENDAI, Japan
3
Chiba University, Japan
4
Nagoya University, Japan
5
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
6
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Japan
7
Laboratory for Environmental Research at Mount Fuji
8
World Meteorological Organization, Switzerland
To reconstruct past variations in the sources and transportation processes of mineral dust
in northwestern Greenland, we analyzed the morphology and mineralogical composition of dustin the SIGMA-D ice core (77.64N, 59.12W, 2100 m a.s.l) from 1915 to 2013 using scanningelectron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The ice core dust
consisted mainly of silicate minerals and that the composition varied substantially on multidecadal and inter-decadal scales, suggesting that the ice core minerals originated from different
geological sources in different periods during the past 100 years. The multi-decadal variation
trend differed among mineral types. Kaolinite, which generally formed in warm and humid
climatic zones, was abundant in colder periods (1950–2004), whereas mica, chlorite, feldspars,
mafic minerals, and quartz, which formed in arid, high-latitude, and local areas, were abundantin warmer periods (1915–1949 and 2005–2013). Comparison to Greenland surface temperaturerecords indicates that multi-decadal variation in the relative abundance of these minerals was
likely affected by local temperature changes in Greenland. Trajectory analysis shows that theminerals were transported mainly from its west coast during the two warming periods. This was
likely due to an increase in dust sourced from ice-free areas as a result of shorter snow/ice cover
duration in the Greenland coastal region during the melt season caused by recent warming.
Meanwhile, ancient deposits in northern Canada, which were formed in past warmer climates,
seem to be the best candidate during the colder period (1950–2004). Our results suggest that
SEM-EDS analysis can detect variations in ice core dust sources during recent periods of low
dust concentration [1].
To reveal spatial variation in the sources of minerals on the Greenland ice sheet, we have also
analyzed dust from the northeastern Greenland ice core (EGRIP: 75.62N, 35.96W, 2708 m a.s.l)during the past 100 years. The results showed that the particle size, mineral composition, andcompositional variations of the EGRIP ice core dust differed significantly from those of the
SIGMA-D, indicating that the sources and transport processes of the minerals were different
between the two ice cores. The detailed discussion will be presented at the symposium.

References[1] N. Nagatsuka, K. Goto-Azuma, A. Tsushima, K. Fujita, S. Matoba, Y. Onuma et al., Variations inmineralogy of dust in an ice core obtained from northwestern Greenland over the past 100 years, Clim.
Past, 17 (2021)

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Abrupt shifts in terrestrial aerosol deposition in Greenland
during Dansgaard-Oeschger events 9-13
K. Goto-Azuma1,2*, N. Moteki3, J. Ogata1, K. Fukuda1, M. Hirabayashi1, Y. Komuro1, I.
Oyabu1, K. Kitamura1, S. Fujita1, 2, Y. Ogawa-Tsukagawa1, T. Mori4, S. Ohata5, Y. Kondo1, M.
Koike3, K. Kawamura1, 2, S. O. Rasmussen6, D. Dahl-Jensen6
1 National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan
2 SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Tokyo, Japan
3University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
4Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
5Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
6University of Copenhagen, Denmark

During the last glacial period, Greenland experienced 25 times of abrupt climaticfluctuations, known as Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) events. High-resolution records of ions andstable isotopes of water from the NGRIP and NEEM ice-cores have revealed the amplitudes,
sequences, timings and durations of DO events, and provided the information on changes interrestrial environments and those in atmospheric and oceanic circulations [1-3]. However,previous studies focused on either limited DO events or limited aerosol species. For better
understanding of the mechanisms and impacts of DO events, we investigate DO events 9-13
(depth: 1909.6 - 2084 m) using the continuous high-resolution records of δ18O, δD,
microparticles, black carbon (BC), FeOx, and 8 elements (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Al, Si and S)
obtained from a deep-ice core drilled at EGRIP, North East Greenland. Our preliminary data
show that concentrations and sizes of BC, concentrations of microparticles, and concentrationsof the 8 elements increased during stadials and decreased during interstadials, suggesting that
deposition of marine and terrestrial aerosols onto the Greenland Ice Sheet changed between
stadials and interstadials. The composition of mineral dust also changed accompanying thechanges in concentrations, suggesting changes in dust sources.
References[1] J. P. Steffensen et al., High-resolution Greenland ice core data show abrupt climate change
happens in few years, Science, 321 (2008)[2] E. R. Thomas et al., Anatomy of a Dansgaard-Oeschger warming transition: Highresolution analysis of the North Greenland Ice Core Project ice core, J. Geophys. Res., 114(2009)[3] T. Erhardt et al., Decadal-scale progression of the onset of Dansgaard–Oeschger warming
events, Clim. Past, 15 (2019)345

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Atmospheric CH4 concentration during the Holocene
reconstructed from the NEEM (Greenland) and Dome Fuji
(East Antarctica) ice cores
I. Oyabu1*, K. Kawamura1,2,3, K. Kitamura1, S. Morimoto4, S. Aoki4, K. Goto-Azuma1,2, andT. Blunier5
1
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
2
SOKENDAI (The Graduate University of Advanced Studies), Japan
3
Japan Agency for Marine Science and Technology, Japan
4
Tohoku University,
5
University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Methane (CH4) is an important greenhouse gas, whose atmospheric concentration has
been increasing due to human activities for the last few centuries. Orbital-scale variations ofatmospheric CH4 correlate with climatic precession, because the size of wetlands and their CH4
production rate respond to Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer insolation, through thevariations in temperature and rainfall on NH landmasses. The signs of temporal trends of CH4
concentration and NH summer insolation broadly agree with each other for the last threeinterglacial periods and the first half of the Holocene, but they are opposite for the latter half of
the Holocene (decreasing insolation and increasing CH4). Several hypotheses have been
proposed for this divergence of trends, including those proposing early anthropogenic sources
or natural Southern Hemisphere sources. Inter-polar difference (IPD) of CH4 concentrations
may provide constraints on the latitudinal CH4 source distribution and its relationship withclimate. For precise reconstruction of IPD, time resolution and analytical precision of CH4 data
are important. Here, we show the CH4 concentrations in the NEEM (Greenland) and Dome Fuji
(Antarctica) ice cores with high precision (reproducibility is ~±3 ppb), and the CH4 IPD during
the Holocene to discuss the possible causes for the Holocene CH4 variations.

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Characterization and discrimination of tundra plant leaves
by Attenuated Total Reflection
Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy
T. Osono1*, W. Lin1, M. Hasegawa1 and M. Uchida2
1Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Japan
2National Institute of Polar Research, JapanThe chemical property of leaves is an indispensable aspect of functional trait of tundra
plants as it represents the biochemical features explaining not only their response toenvironmental change but also their effects on ecosystem function. Understanding chemical
properties of leaves is thus crucial for the understanding of arctic terrestrial ecosystems, whereplant growth is strongly limited by such environmental factors as low temperature, low moisture,
low nutrient availability, and a short growing season. The attenuated total reflection Fouriertransform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool of investigating functional
traits of plants, but its applicability to tundra plant leaves was yet to be addressed. The present
study aimed at applying the ATR-FTIR measurement to characterize biochemical fingerprintof tundra plant leaves and to discriminate it between plant species. We used a total of 50 samples
each for live and dead leaves from 14 plant species of shrubs, forbs, graminoids, and mosses
collected in the proglacial field near Oobloyah Bay, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada [1].
The ATR-FTIR measurement allows complex assemblages of organic constituents to be
displayed as distinctive spectral features in the mid infrared range (4000-400 cm-1). The ATRFTIR spectra in the fingerprint region of live and dead leaves from 14 tundra plant species
showed a variability in overall appearance between plant species and a degree of similarity
between live and dead leaves of the same plant species. At least 16 peaks were obvious in the
spectra of live and dead leaves of 14 plant species. Of these, four highest peaks were foundbetween 1575 and 1637 cm-1, 1406 and 1452 cm-1, 1313 and 1325 cm-1, and 1022 and 1058
cm-1 and are attributed to chemical features of lignin, cellulose, and/or oxalate. The overall
spectra in the fingerprint region were significantly different between plant species both for live
and dead leaves (PERMANOVA, d.f. =13, P<0.001). Cluster and principal component analyses
showed that leaves of Oxyria digyna and other forbs had distinctive spectral characteristics
attributable to the content of oxalate and other putative compounds. The spectra of shrubs hadgreater values of relative height at 1575 and 1637 cm-1 and 1406 and 1452 cm-1 than those ofgraminoids and mosses. This difference is due to the fact that contents of lignin relative tocellulose were generally greater in shrubs than in graminoids and mosses. In conclusion, the
ATR-FTIR spectroscopy can detect a suite of organic components that characterize live anddead leaves of tundra plant species. Such spectral measurements can be used as a tool todescribe functional traits of plants [2].
References[1] Osono, T., Mori, A., Uchida, M., Kanda, H., 2006. Chemical property of live and deadleaves of tundra plant species in Oobloyah Valley, Ellesmere Island, high arctic Canada. Mem.
Natl. Inst. Polar Res. Spec. Issue 59, 144-155.
[2] Mori, A.S., Osono, T., Cornelissen, H., Craine, J., Uchida, M., 2017. Biodiversityecosystem function relationships change through primary succession. Oikos 126, 1637-1649.

347

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Populations and leaf-trait variations of two Labrador-tea
species across permafrost gradients in interior Alaska
G. Amada12*, G. Iwahana2, K. Noguchi3, Y. Matsuura3, H. Kobayashi121

2

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA
3
Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Japan

Permafrost is one of the most significant environmental factors determining circumpolar
ecosystems, and the influences of permafrost thawing due to recent rapid global warming on
circumpolar vegetation have been a concern. However, it has not been examined how
understory shrubs that dominate such circumpolar ecosystems adapt to permafrost conditions.
We focused on two Labrador-tea species (Ericaceae: Rhododendron subsect. Ledum) inhabitinga wide range of circumpolar ecosystems: R. groenlandicum and R. tomentosum (Fig. 1). Their
populations, leaf traits, and environmental habitats were examined across two permafrost
gradients in discontinuous permafrost regions in interior Alaska. In both species, the numbersof ramets were significantly associated with soil water content and canopy openness rather thanactive layer depth, but the trends were contrastive. Rhododendron tomentosum was morecommon under lighter wetter permafrost conditions, whereas R. groenlandicum was more
dominant under darker drier less-permafrost conditions. Compared to R. groenlandicum, R.
tomentosum had smaller leaves, higher leaf mass per area (LMA), higher leaf dry matter content(LDMC), and higher sapwood area per total shoot leaf area (Huber value) (Fig. 2). Thissuggested that the leaves of R. tomentosum were more conservative than those of R.
groenlandicum. As for the intraspecies variations, both species had more conservative leaves
in the sites under greater permafrost influences. Therefore, habitat segregation due topermafrost may occur between the two Labrador-tea species in the discontinuous regions ininterior Alaska, and more conservative leaves can be adaptive under the permafrost conditions.

Figure 1 (upper): Typical shoots anddistributions of R. groenlandicumand R. tomentosum (based on [1]).

Figure 2 (left): Principal component
analysis of leaf traits in the two
species.

References[1] Hultén E. Flora of Alaska and neighboring territories: a manual of the vascular plants.
Stanford University Press (1968)

348

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Methane emission from tree stems in interior Alaska
T. Morishita1*, Y. Kim2, K. Noguchi1, Y. Matsuura3 and K. Terazawa4
1

Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Japan
2
International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
3
Center for International Partnerships and Research on Climate Change,
Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Japan
4
Department of Northern Biosphere Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Japan
Methane (CH4) is a greenhouse gas and wetland is a major source of CH4. To estimate
CH4 dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems, CH4 flux has been measured near the land surface invarious ecosystems. Recently, it is reported that CH4 in wetland soil is emitted from tree stemand the amount of CH4 emission is not small compared with CH4 emission from the soil.
However, most of all studies are conducted in temperate and tropical region. The purpose ofthis study is to evaluate the seasonal changes and the amount of CH4 emission from boreal trees,such as black spruce, white spruce, and birch in interior Alaska. The study was conducted on anorth-facing slope (CS) and the bottom of the slope (CB) in the Caribou Poker Creek Research
Watershed (65o14’N, 147o49’ W) of the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF), and a riparian
forest (SL) surrounding Smith Lake in UAF. Each three black spruces and birches at CS, six
black spruces at CB, and each tree black spruces, white spruces and birches at SL were selected
for measuring stem CH4 fluxes. Box stainless steel chambers (H 15cm, W 7cm, D 7cm) or
plastic chamber surrounding the stems (L 10cm, 15cm in diameter) were put on the bottom ofeach tree stem. The CH4 flux was measured in every month from May to September with soil
temperature, moisture, and soil CH4 flux. To determine the CH4 flux, a 40-mL gas sample wascollected from the chamber into a 30-mL vacuum glass bottle sealed with a butyl rubber stopperand plastic cap at 0, 20, 40 and 60 min after the lid was closed. The CH4 concentration in thebottles was determined using a gas chromatograph in Japan, and after that, the flux was
calculated. The stem CH4 flux was negligible small at CS, and small amount of CH4 emission
was observed at CB and SL. The seasonal changes of CH4 emission was not clear, but thehighest emission from the spruce at CB and SL was observed in July or August. The CH4
emission rate in this studies were smaller than those reported temperate and tropical region. At
CS, the CH4 uptake into the soil was observed, but CH4 emission was observed at CB and SL.
Therefore, it is considered that the source of CH4 emitted from the stem is mainly derived fromsoil. The CH4 emission from black spruce was the highest at SL among the three sites due tohigh water table. Thus, CH4 production in the soil and water table in summer time are importantfactor of stem CH4 emissions.

349

R -S -PTotal carbon and nitrogen stocks of the degrading Ice
Complex permafrost at Yukechi, central Yakutia
N. Tananaev1.2*, A. Shepelev1,3,4
1
P.I. Melnikov Permafrost Institute SB RAS, Russia
2
North-Eastern Federal University, Russia
3
The Yakut Scientific Centre SB RAS, Russia
4
Institute for Biological Problems of the Cryolythozone, The Yakut Scientific Centre SB RAS,
RussiaThe studies of total carbon (C) and nitrogen, both their organic and inorganic species,
were conducted at the Yukechi Ice Complex study site, central Yakutia, at depths down to 2.5
m. In the soil profile, three distinct layers were observed : the active layer, from the surface
down to 1.2 m, the protective (shielding) layer, from 1.2 m to 2.0 m, and permafrost below 2.0
m (Table 1). Total stock of biogenic elements in the investigated Ice Complex section is40.8 kg m-2, of which 38.7 ± 0.2 kg m-2 of total carbon (TC), and 2.13 ± 0.01 kg m-2 of total
nitrogen (TN). The active layer holds about 53% of the TC stock, and about 58% of TN stock,
are held in the active layer; the shielding layer holds 31% TC stock and 25% TN stock. Below
the shielding layer, permafrost between 2.0 and 2.5 m holds 16% TC stock and 17% TN stock.
The prevalent species in TC stock is carbon detritus, 40% of the TC content in the active layer,
and labile carbon accounts for 18%. The low content of labile organic matter in the shielding
layer and upper permafrost indicates the accumulation of Ice Complex deposits proceeded withpoorly decomposed organic material (Table 1).
Table 1. Total carbon (TC) and nitrogen (TN) stocks on the Yukechi Ice Complex soils
Layer (cm)
A
c
S
hP
e
T
o

Stocks (kg m-2)
TC
TN
2
1
24
10
0
16
54
0
3
35
38.7
2.13

Content (%)
TC
TN
3
0
14
10
0
21
06
0
0
05
1.7
0.1

C/N
21
20
20
20

Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, which is an indicator of the humus enrichment with nitrogen,is 21 in the active layer and descends by one point in the lower layers. This indicates soils
depleted in nitrogen, and indirectly implies a low mineralization degree of the organic matterin studied permafrost soils. High carbon and low nitrogen content of the soil contributes to theweak microbial decomposition of incoming and conserved organic material. This is due to an
inhibited ammonification in nitrogen-poor boreal environments. During short summer, only
minor part of the organic matter decomposes into carbon dioxide, water and mineral salts. As aresult, a layer of weakly decomposed plant and animal remains accumulates on the soil surface,forming an organogenic horizon.
This study is supported by Russian Fund for Basic Research (RFBR), Project No. 21-5575004.

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Lagging Effect of Stem Respiration on Temperature in SubArctic Species, Interiro Alaska
Y. Kim1*, S.-J. Park2, B.-Y. Lee2, and S.-D. Kim3
1

International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, USA
2
Division of Polar Climate Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Korea
3
Department of Biological Science, Chungnam National University, Korea

Boreal forests account for roughly one third of the carbon sequestered in terrestrial
ecosystems, and the high-latitude boreal ecosystem they make up has been consequently
vulnerable to recent climate change. This study investigated stem CO2 emissions of Alaska
paper birch, balsam poplar, white spruce, and black spruce in the mixed boreal forest stands ofinterior Alaska. Stem CO2 emissions, temperatures of air and soil, and PAR (photosynthetically
active radiation) displayed explicit diurnal variations during the observation period. Simulated
stem CO2 emission, normalized to air temperature, elucidated >61 % of measured stem CO2
emission for the four stands. Temperature is an important driver in regulating stem CO2
emissions measured in these four species, further suggesting temperature dependency. And
responses from stem CO2 emission to temperature and PAR are associated with the thicknessof their tree bark, reflecting different lag times of 0.0-3.5 hours for temperature and 4.5-7.5
hours for PAR. This reveals that stem CO2 emissions depended on temperature and PAR, which
may represent the difference in heat transfer to the stem from the thickness of the bark. Just
after observations of the four stands, stem CO2 emissions of four different-aged black spruce
stands were also monitored, and seasonal variations in stem CO2 emissions and temperaturetended to decrease with time during the growing season in Subarctic boreal forest, interior
Alaska.
Table 1. Lagged time (hours) for best fit on temperature and PAR for four stands in interior Alaska
Variables
Paper birch
Balsam poplar
White spruce
Blakck spruce
Air temperature
1.5
3.5
3.0
2.0
Stem temperature
1.5
3.5
2.0
1.0
Soil temperture
0.5
1.5
1.5
0.0
PAR
4.5
7.5
6.5
5.5

351

R -S -PInterrelationships of CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes in SnowCovered Temperate Soils, Northern Japan
Y. Kim1* and N. Tanaka2
1

2

International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, USA
Sanriku Fisheries Research Center, Iwate University Kamaishi satellite, Iwate University, JapanWe describe the interrelationships of the concentrations, fluxes, and production rates ofCO2, CH4, and N2O in a northern Japanese cold temperate grassland soil underlying snowpack
during the winter of 1996/7. Relationships of CO2-CH4 fluxes and CO2-N2O fluxes through thesnowpack showed positively linear correlations, demonstrating that winter CO2 emissions
explained 96% and 77% of the variability of CH4 oxidations and N2O emissions, respectively.
These findings provide significant information for the modification of local and regionalterrestrial ecosystem models in temperate region in assessing the contribution of winter fluxesof greenhouse gases to the annual fluxes. The predicted winter CH4 oxidation and N2O emissionin Northern Hemisphere (>35°N) correspond to at least 15% and 13% of total CH4 oxidationsin natural soils and N2O emissions in natural temperate soils, respectively. Also, temporalvariations of soil CO2 and N2O production rates represent similar trend during the early winterof 1997; however, the variations of these production rates show different patterns after February.
Although the soil moisture was not measured in this study, we suggest the possibility that the
production rates of CO2 and N2O in soil underlying the snowpack significantly depend on soil
oxygen content, which is also highly affected by environmental conditions (i.e., ambient andsoil temperatures, snow depth deposited, and snow-melting water). After a heavy snowfall of
more than 30 cm during the middle of February 1997, the soil temperature suddenly rose above
the freezing point (see Figure 3, Kim and Tanaka, 2002). The increase of downward snow
melting water to the soil that resulted from the insulation effect by the heavy snow accumulation
may have influenced the higher N2O production rates after February.

2

40
CO2

30

2

0.12
0.10

20
0.08
0.06

2

10
0

2

3

50

N O production (mgN O-N/m /h)

NO

0.04

2

Dec Jan Jan Jan Feb Feb Mar
1996 1997

Sampling date

Figure 1. Production rates of CO2 and N2O

352

3

CO production (gCO -C/m /h)

0.14

-10

R -S -P 7

Methane observations at the terminus of glaciers in Alaska
K. Konya*1, G. Iwahana2, T. Sueyoshi1, T. Morishita3 and J. Uetake4
1Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
2International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
3Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Japan
4Hokkaido University, Japan

Methane, even a small amount, has a high greenhouse effect on the atmosphere. The main
source of methane emissions is thought to be wetlands, Ruminates, rice paddies, frozen ground,and so on. Although glacier areas have not been considered as a source, large amounts ofmethane release have recently been observed at glacier terminus in Greenland and Iceland,
associated with methane-saturated meltwater runoff (Burns et al., 2018; Lamarche-Gagnon etal., 2019). A similar amount of methane released from mountain glacier terminuses in the world
could make a greater impact on atmospheric methane concentrations than previously thought.
In this study, Field observations were conducted to investigate methane emissions from a small
mountain glacier area.
The study area is four glaciers in Alaska. Observations were conducted at the terminusof the glaciers in 2019, 2021, and 2022. Methane concentration in the atmosphere was measured
by the chamber method (Morishita et al., 2015) and a portable gas analyzer G4301 (Picarro,Inc.). Also, dissolved methane concentration in the discharge water was measured with theheadspace method. In addition, water quality was measured for discharge water.
Measurements at the ground surface in 2019 (Konya et al., 2022) showed that theconcentrations were similar to those in the atmosphere. On the other hand, some of themeasuring points showed higher concentrations than in the atmosphere in 2021-2022, whichsuggests the emission of methane at the glacier terminus.
This work was a part of the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II), Program
Grant Number JPMXD142031886.

References[1] Burns, R., Wynn, P. M., Barker, P., McNamara, N., Oakley, S., Ostle, N., Stooo, A. W.,
Tuffen, H., Zhou, Tweed, F., S., Chesler, A., Stuart, M., Direct isotopic evidence ofbiogenic methane production and efflux from beneath a temperate glacier, Scientificreports, 8 (2018)[2] Konya K., Iwahana, G., Sueyoshi, T., Morishita, T., Abe, T., Methane flux around the
Gulkana Glacier terminus, Alaska summer 2019, Polar Data Journal 6 (2022).
[3] Lamarche-Gagnon, G., Wadham, J.L., Sherwood Lollar, B., Arndt, S., Fietzek, P., Beaton,A., D., Tedstone, A., J., Telling, J., Bagshaw, E., A., Hawkings, J., R., Kohler, T., J.,
Zarsky, J., D., Mowlem, M., C., Anesio1, A., M., Stibal, M., Greenland melt drives
continuous export of methane from the ice-sheet bed, Nature 565 (2019).
[4] Morishita, T., Noguchi, K., Kim, Y., Matsuura, Y., CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes of upland
black spruce (Picea mariana) forest soils after forest fires of different intensity in interior
Alaska. Soil science and plant nutrition 61 (2015).

353

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Winter Soil Temperature and Growing Season Net CO 2
Exchange in Eastern Siberian Larch Forests
A. Kotani1*, T. Hiyama2, T. Nakai3, 4, and T.C. Maximov5
1

Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Japan
Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Japan3
School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
4International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
5
Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of
Sciences, Russia
2

Winter temperature variation in the high northern latitudes likely affects ecosystem CO 2
exchange in the subsequent growing season. Changes in the winter soil freezing process canalter soil CO 2 efflux in the warm season via the activity of soil carbon decomposer and belowand above-ground plant productivity [1]. To explore how the soil freezing process affects CO 2
exchange in the subsequent growing season in permafrost boreal forests, we analyzed forestatmosphere CO 2 exchange data observed by the eddy covariance method. We used CO 2 flux
data obtained at two larch-dominated forests mixed with birch and willow in the middle of the
Lena basin, eastern Siberia. The lag correlation of monthly mean CO 2 flux and meteorologicalvariables showed that the spring CO 2 fluxes in May significantly correlated with airtemperature in April and May, before and during photosynthesis onsets. The spring CO 2 flux
was also correlated with the start date of net CO 2 uptake. Namely, when the start date of net
CO 2 uptake was early, the cumulative CO 2 uptake (net ecosystem production; NEP) in thespring was large. Additionally, summer gross primary production (GPP) positively correlatedwith the soil temperature of the preceding winter and soil water content before the soil freezing.
We thus concluded that winter soil (not air) temperature affects ecosystem CO 2 fluxes in thesubsequent growing season (especially summer rather than spring) via the soil freezing process.
Because soil water content before the soil freezing affects winter soil temperature via the releaseof latent heat during freezing, the period when the soil temperature is nearly constant around
0 °C (zero-curtain period) becomes longer in the wetter soil condition. Indeed, one of thestudied forests experienced highly wet soil conditions in the second half of the 2000s [2], andthe zero-curtain period of the forest soil became more prolonged than before. We further needto disentangle how interannual CO 2 exchange in permafrost boreal forests interacts with active
layer soil conditions.
References[1] J.L. Campbell, H. Laudon, Carbon response to changing winter condition in northern
regions: current understanding and emerging research needs, Environ. Rev. 27 (2019)[2] T. Ohta, et al., Effects of waterlogging on water and carbon dioxide fluxes andenvironmental variables in a Siberian larch forest, 1998–2011, Agric. For. Meteorol. 188 (2014)354

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Temporal and spatial patterns of remote sensing
reflectance of understory vegetation in a sparse black
spruce in interior Alaska
H. Kobayashi12*, G. Amada12, G. Iwahana2, W. Yang3, A. Hama3, Y. Kim2
1

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
2
University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA
3
Chiba University, Japan

The increasing trend in temperature over the past decade in Arctic-Boreal regions is twotimes higher than that in the whole northern hemisphere. In this regions, there is still big
knowledge gaps in the understanding of how boreal forests respond to abrupt warming and alter
the greenhouse gas flux exchanges. The majority of boreal forests in interior Alaska, underlain
by permafrost, is covered with sporadic black spruce stands, where understory plants
significantly contribute to NEP. Airborne and satellite remote sensing helps to understand theseasonal and spatial variations in understory plants, however, due to the limited ground
accessibly, little are known about the precise spectral patterns of typical understory landscapes,
where moss, lichen, shrubs are coexisted. In this study, we measured spectral reflectance datafrom various understory plant communities in a black spruce forest in interior Alaska andinvestigated how seasonal and spatial patterns in reflectance were associated with understory
plant communities. The results shows the seasonal patterns in reflectance and NDVI varied withplant communities. The seasonality is mainly driven by the phenology of shrubs regardless ofevergreen or deciduous. We also analyzed ground-based data as match-up information tocompare with remote sensing data (e.g. AVIRIS-NG) and distribution of ground surface
displacement from InSAR analyses.

355

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Ecological and physiological features of the processof photosynthesis of Asian white birch (Betula platyphylla)in Central Yakutia
Grigorev M.R. 1*, Maximov T.Chr.1, Maksimov A.P.1
1

Institute of Biological Problems of Cryolithozone SB RAS

Many works have been devoted to the ecological and physiological features of the process ofphotosynthesis of woody plants in Siberia. Unfortunately, studies on the photosynthesis of broad-leaved
trees, namely, Asian white birch in South Yakutia, have hardly been carried out. There are only datafrom episodic studies in Central Yakutia in an average productive forest and the results of phytotron
studies abroad [1–3].
To fill this gap, we set the following goal: research - the study of the ecological andphysiological features of the process of photosynthesis of flat-leaved birch (Bétula platyphýlla) inCentral Yakutia.
Field work was carried out from June 7 to August 13, 2018 at the forest scientific station"Elgeeii" of the IBPC SB RAS in South-Eastern Yakutia and from June 4 to September 9, 2021 at theforest scientific station "Spasskaya Pad'" of the IBPC SB RAS located on the left bank of the river Lena,
30 km north of the city of Yakutsk.
To measure carbon dioxide and light curves, an LI-6400 infrared gas analyzer with OS version
Open 6.1.4 (LI-COR, USA) and LCi-SD (ADC BioScientific Ltd.) were used to measure the daily
course of photosynthesis.
The maximum value of photosynthesis in birch in South-Eastern Yakutia was 31.2 µmol m-2 s1
at a CO2 concentration of 1500 ppm, and carbon dioxide saturation is observed in the range from 480
to 700 ppm. In Central Yakutia, the maximum assimilation value is 19.6 µmol m-2 s-1 at a CO2
concentration of 1500 ppm, carbon dioxide saturation is observed at 500-600 ppm.
The average maximum intensity of photosynthesis in Asian white birch (with PAR equal to1500 µmol m-2 s-1) in South-East Yakutia is 10.2 µmol m-2 s-1, the light saturation plateau is reached at
400 µmol m-2 s-1. While in Central Yakutia this indicator was 8.2 µmol m-2 s-1 with PAR equal to 1500µmol m-2 s-1, light saturation starts from 500 µmol m-2 s-1.
In South-Eastern Yakutia, the seasonal maximum of birch leaf photosynthesis is observed at theend of the second decade of June, which is in good agreement with the rate of utilization of triose
phosphate (TPU) photosynthesis products. In Central Yakutia, the relationship between the seasonal
maximum and the rate of utilization of triose phosphate (TPU) photosynthesis products is not observed.
References
1. T. Koike, T. T. Lei, T. Chr. Maximov, R. Tabuchi, K. Takahashi1 and B. I. Ivanov 1996.
Comparison of the photosynthetic capacity of Siberian and Japanese birch seedlings grownin elevated CO 2 and temperature. ATree Physiology 16, 381-385.
2. Maximov T.C. [et al.] Gas exchange measurements on some major tree species in Siberian
permafrost region in summer. Proc. of Second Symposium. – Sapporo, 1994. – P. 47-51
3. Koike T. [et al.] Photosynthetic characteristics of Dahurian larch, Scotch pine and White
birch seedlings native to eastern Siberia raised under elevated CO2 / Eurasian J. For. Res. –2000. – Vol. 1. – P. 31-37.

356

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Snow cover impacts greenhouse gas dynamics insubarctic, alpine catchments
Andrea L. Popp1,2, Nicolas Valiente3,4, Kristoffer Aalstad1, Sigrid Trier Kjær1,5, Peter Dörsch5, Dag Hessen4
1

Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

2

Hydrology Research, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Norrköping, Sweden

3

Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Centre of Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science,
University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

4

Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, Department of Biosciences, Section for Aquatic Biology and
Toxicology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

5

Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences,
Ås, Norway

High-latitude environments are disproportionately affected by global warming and are changing more
rapidly than any other region of the Earth. Cryospheric changes such as snowpack reduction are known to bestrongly coupled with the entire hydrologic cycle. However, relatively little is known about the nexus between
snow cover changes and source water contributions and associated biogeochemical cycling in Northern aquatic
systems. To better understand the rapid changes occurring in cold region environments, we obtained field- andsatellite-derived data from two sub-arctic catchments (one glaciated, one unglaciated) in the north-western
corner of the Hardangervidda mountain plateau (South Central Norway). During 2020 and 2021, we sampled
and analyzed various water sources including streams, lakes, groundwater, snow and ice for environmental
tracers (major ions, stable water isotopes, radon-222) and greenhouse gases (GHG; CO 2, CH4 and N2O).
Combining the environmental tracer data with a Bayesian end-member mixing modelling approach [1] allowed
us to assess which water sources contribute to streams and lakes. Moreover, we used the noble gas radon toassess hyporheic exchange flow and short water residence times [2]. To estimate snow cover anomalies in 2020
and 2021 compared to a five-year mean, we retrieved fractional snow cover durations (fSCDs) from 2016 to
2021 by merging Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 imagery over the study area and applied a spectral unmixing
algorithm [3]. According to the satellite-derived data, 2020 was exceptionally snow-rich, while 2021 was asnow-poor year. Our results show distinct differences in greenhouse gas dynamics between the two years
depending on water sources and catchment. This work helps to hone our understanding of the response of water
source partitioning and associated biogeochemical cycling to climate change-induced alterations in thesnowpack.
References[1] Popp, A. L., Scheidegger, A., Moeck, C., Brennwald, M. S., and Kipfer, R.: Integrating Bayesian groundwater mixing modeling with onsite helium analysis to identify unknown water sources, Water Resources Research, 55, 10 602–10 615,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR025677 (2019)[2] Popp, A. L., Pardo-Alvarez, A., Schilling, O., Musy, S., Peel, M., Purtschert, R., Hunkeler, D., B. P., and R., K.: A framework for
untanglingtransient groundwater mixing and travel times, Water Resources Research, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR028362 (2021)[3] Aalstad, K., Westermann, S., & Bertino, L.: Evaluating satellite retrieved fractional snow-covered area at a high-Arctic site using
terrestrial photography. Remote Sensing of Environment, 239, 111618, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111618 (2020)

357

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Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment Processes 2(RECCAP2): CO2 uptake in the Arctic Ocean
S. Yasunaka1, 2*, M. Manizza3, J. Terhaar4, 5, 6, A. Olsen7, R. Yamaguchi2, P. Landschützer8, 9,
E. Watanabe2, D. Carroll10 and H. Adiwara1
1

Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
2
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan3
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.
4
Physics Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland
5
Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
6
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts, USA
7
University of Bergen and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway.
8
Flanders Marine Institute, Ostend, Belgium
9
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
10
Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San José State University, California, USA
The Arctic Ocean faces with rapid warming and sea ice retreat, and at present is a net
sink for atmospheric CO2. As a contribution of the Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment
Processes 2 (RECCAP2), we present synthesized estimates of the Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake andtheir uncertainties from state-of-the-art pCO2w data based products, ocean-biogeochemical
models and atmospheric inversions. For the period of 1985−2018, the Arctic Ocean is a net sinkof CO2 of 103 ± 19 TgC yr−1 in the data products, 92 ± 30 TgC yr−1 in the ocean-biogeochemical
models, and 29 TgC yr−1 in the atmospheric inversion. 30−50% of the Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake
occurs in the Barents Sea, 15−25% in the Baffin Bay, 10−35% in the western Greenland Sea,
10% in the Central Basin, and the remaining 0−20% in the other regions. The CO2 absorption
peaks in late summer−early autumn, and is low in winter because of the sea-ice cover inhibiting
air-sea fluxes. Annual mean CO2 uptake increased at a rate of 29 ± 11 TgC yr−1 dec−1 in the data
products, 10 ± 4 TgC yr−1 dec−1 in the ocean-biogeochemical models, and 5 TgC yr−1 dec−1 inthe atmospheric inversion. Uncertainty was large especially in pCO2w in the East Siberian Sea
and the Laptev Sea.

Figure 1. Annual mean CO2 flux from 1985 to 2018 of ensemble mean (large or closed) andeach estimate (small or open; blue circle, data products; green square, ocean-biogeochemical
models; red cross, atmospheric inversions). Value from each estimate is eliminated if morethan 20% in the area have no data.

358

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Degradation of phthalates and camphor by the deep-marine
halophilic bacteria Halomonas titanicae and their relevanceto the order Oceanospirillales
Mizuki Igarashi1,2*, James Fleming1,3, Haruo Suzuki1,2, Josephine Galipon1,4
1

Keio University, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
Keio University, Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Fujisawa, Kanagawa,Japan
3
Present: Oslo University Natural History Museum, Oslo, Norway
4
Keio University, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
2

Halomonas is a genus of halophilic and halotolerant, gram-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic
protobacteria, tolerating moderate (3 – 15 % (w/v)) to extreme (~32%) concentrations of NaCl[1]. Among these, Halomonas titanicae strain BH1T has been isolated from rusticles on thewreck of the RMS Titanic, at a depth of 3,784 meters in the North Atlantic Ocean [2]. Ourprotein BLAST inferred that Halomonas titanicae has gene clusters for the degradation ofphthalates and phthalate esters and a gene for the degradation of camphor. Camphor was heavily
used as a plasticizer until the 1910s [3], while phthalate esters are a category of plasticizers thathave been heavily used since the 1920s [4] and are currently under scrutiny for their potential
antiandrogenic effects [5]. So far, very little is known about the evolution of this operon in
Gammaproteobacteria, and in particular, in marine bacteria. Our phylogenetic analysis basedon both the phthalate degradation pht genes and the camphor degradation gene camA in
Gammaproteobacteria indicated that there are horizontal gene transfers within the order
Oceanospirillales in the camA gene tree. Furthermore, 10 % disodium phthalate added in SW10 medium [2] significantly improved the growth rate of H. titanicae, and the expression of thegenes pht2, pht3, pht4 and pht5 positively correlated with the concentration of disodium
phthalate. We then investigated the evolution of the phthalate degradation genes and the gene
involved in camphor degradation elsewhere in the order Oceanospirillales to better understandits relevance in Halomonas.
References[1] Kim, K. K., Lee, J.-S., & Stevens, D. A. (2013). Microbiology and epidemiology of Halomonas
species. Future Microbiology, 8(12), 1559–1573. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.13.108[2] Sánchez-Porro, C., Kaur, B., Mann, H., & Ventosa, A. (2010). Halomonas titanicae sp. Nov., a
halophilic bacterium isolated from the RMS Titanic. International Journal of Systematic andEvolutionary Microbiology, 60(12), 2768–2774. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.020628-0[3] Duncan, R. (1911). Some Chemical Problems of Today.
[4] IHS Chemical Economics Handbook: Plasticizers (2008)https://ihsmarkit.com/products/plasticizers-chemical-economics-handbook.html (Book)[5] Albert, O., & Jégou, B. (2014). A critical assessment of the endocrine susceptibility of the humantestis to phthalates from fetal life to adulthood. Human Reproduction Update, 20(2), 231–249.
https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmt050

359

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Sea ice melt timing and ammonium concentration can alter
autumn phytoplankton composition in the Pacific Arctic
K. Sumiya1, K. Matsuno1*, K. Sato2, A. Murata3, S. Nishino3 and A. Yamaguchi1
1

2

Hokkaido University, Japan
Kitami Institute of Technology, Japan
3
JAMSTEC, Japan

Associated with sea-ice reduction, physical and geochemical changes have been
demonstrated in the Pacific Arctic [1], and phytoplankton can quickly respond to those changes.
However, details of the phytoplankton community at the species level are not fully examined.
Through this study, we investigated the phytoplankton community in the Pacific sector of the
Arctic Ocean during October 2019 and 2020 in order to reveal the main hydrographic drivers
to change the phytoplankton dominant species by comparing the contrasting years. Diatoms
were the dominant taxon, comprising 13–100% of phytoplankton cell density. Cluster analysis
of abundances divided the phytoplankton community into six groups (A-F), with the
distribution pattern well associated with bottom depth. Based on DistLM analyses, the mostsignificant hydrographic driver was ammonium to restrict the community composition
throughout the study region. In the south Chukchi Sea, several groups were present even in the
narrow area due to the inflow of different types of water masses through the Bering Strait. In
the ice edge region (Canada Basin and Chukchi Plateau), sea ice-associated species (Nitzschiaspp.) were dominant in both years. In the northern Chukchi Sea and slope, the inter-annual
difference in the phytoplankton community was clearly observed; group B was dominant in
2019, but group C was in 2020. Comparing the groups, group B was characterized by one monthearlier sea ice melt timing, warmer (+2.7°C), and a six times higher abundance of diatom
Proboscia alata. Longer no ice period and warmer condition might provide their dominancebecause this species is capable to utilize urea as a nitrogen source in low nutrient concentrations.
This study demonstrated that sea ice melt timing and nutrients (especially ammonium) affectthe phytoplankton community during autumn, which potentially induces changing carbon cycle
and pathway in the food web of the Pacific Arctic.
We thank the captain, officers, crew, and researchers on board the R/V Mirai. This
work was partially conducted for the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II) project.
References[1] E. Carmack and F. McLaughlin, Towards recognition of physical and geochemical change in
Subarctic and Arctic Seas, Progress in Oceanoglaphy 90 (2011)

360

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Biological features of Calanus glacialis in the Pacific sectorof the Arctic Ocean during autumn in 2019
M. Ishihara1*, K. Matsuno1, K. Tokuhiro2, Y. Ando1, K. Sato3 and A. Yamaguchi1
1

Hokkaido University, Japan
2 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
3
Kitami Institute of Technology, Japan
Calanus glacialis, a dominant species on zooplankton biomass in the Pacific Arctic
Ocean, is widely distributed in the shelf area, and play an important role in connecting primary
production and higher trophic levels. In this species, two different populations on genetics (theBering Sea and Arctic Basin populations) exist [1], but little information on their biologicalfeatures is available for each population. In this study, we investigated C. glacialis from
September to November 2019 to reveal geographic variation in population structure, body size,
feeding activity, and fatty acid. The abundance of C. glacialis was high on the slope and low
on the shelf. Since body size (prosome length) was well described by Bĕlehrádek equation
throughout the sampling region, their size was restricted by in-situ temperature. A clear
difference in the size between shelf and basin is suggesting that geographic variation in bodysize is consistent with the distribution of two genetic populations. Cluster analysis based onhydrographic parameters divided four regions: southern shelf, northern shelf, slope, and basin.
The southern shelf was dominated by copepodite stage 5 (C5) with low lipid accumulation.
This population is considered to be transported by Pacific Water from the Bering Sea. In thenorthern shelf, C4 and C5 were dominant with high gut pigment, which suggests that they wereactively grazing before diapause. Additionally, the population exhibited a high composition of
fatty acids originating from dinoflagellates compared to results in the pan-Arctic Ocean. The
slope population was showing the highest abundance with the dominance of C4, and a highamount of diatom-derived EPA. These features were attributed to the upwelling of their
population and of nutrients supporting diatom growth. In the basin, early copepodite stages ofcomposition were distinctly higher than those in previous studies due to an inflow of individuals
from adjunct regions. This population could not grow to a sufficient stage for diapause before
freezing up season because of low temperature and primary production.
We thank the captain, officers, crew, and researchers on board the R/V Mirai. This
work was conducted for the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II) project.
References[1] R. J. Nelson, E. C. Carmack, F. A. McLauglin and G. A. Cooper, Penetration of Pacific zooplankton
into the western Arctic Ocean tracked with molecular population genetics, Marine Ecology Progress
Series 381 (2009)361

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Statistical study of high energy electron precipitation
based on Arase satellite - EISCAT collaborative
observation data
Y. Ogawa1*, M. Fukizawa1, Y. Miyoshi 2, K. Hosokawa3, S. Oyama2,
K. Shiokawa2, K. Seki4, S. Kurita5, K. Asamura6, S. Kasahara4, T. Mitani6,
S. Matsuda7, Y. Kasahara7, Y. Kato8, I. Shinohara6, and ERG-EISCAT project team1

National Institute of Polar Research, Japan, 2ISEE, Nagoya University, Japan,
3
The University of Electro-Communications, Japan, 4University of Tokyo, Japan,
5
Kyoto University, Japan, 6Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Japan,
7
Kanazawa University, Japan, 8Tohoku University, Japan
We have conducted more than 150 collaborative observations (~600 hours in total)
between the Arase satellite and EISCAT radar since March 2017. The obtained collaborative
observation data have been used to publish papers based on detailed data analysis on highenergy electron precipitation into the arctic ionosphere [1] and molecular ion upflow from thearctic ionosphere [2]. However, the overall characteristics of many collaborative events havenot been systematically analyzed and summarized.
In this paper, we report statistical results of the relationship between wave and particle
data observed by the Arase satellite and ionospheric electron density data obtained with the
EISCAT Tromsø radar. Their results are summarized as follows:(1) When the amplitude of the lower-band chorus (LBC) waves is above ~18 pT,
magnetospheric electrons with energies above ~160 keV undergo pitch angle scattering, andbecome significantly ionized at altitudes between 65-100 km.
(2) The relationship between resonance energies of pitch angle scattering and electron
density increases due to energetic electron precipitation suggests that pitch-angle scattering ofenergetic electrons by LBC waves propagating at higher latitudes (~20 deg) rather than in themagnetic equatorial plane occurs frequently.
References[1] Y. Miyoshi et al., Penetration of MeV electrons into the mesosphere accompanying
pulsating aurora, Scientific Reports, 11 (2021).
[2] M. Takada et al., Low-altitude ion upflow observed by EISCAT and its effects on supply ofmolecular ions in the ring current detected by Arase (ERG), Journal of Geophysical Research:
Space Physics, doi:10.1029/2020JA028951 (2021).

362

R7-P

Studies of pulsating aurorae:
simultaneous observations with the Arase satellite
and optical instruments in the Arctic
K. Hosokawa1*, Y. Miyoshi2, M. Ozaki3, S.-I. Oyama2,4,5, Y. Ogawa4, S. Kurita5,
Y. Kasahara3, Y. Kasaba6, S. Yagitani3, S. Matsuda3, F. Tsuchiya6, A. Kumamoto6,
R. Kataoka4, K. Shiokawa2, Y. Tanaka4, S. Nozawa2, M. Teramoto8, I. Shinohara9,
and R. Fujii10
1

University of Electro-Communications, Japan
Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Japan
3
Kanazawa University, Japan
4
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
5
University of Oulu, Finland
6
Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Japan
7
Tohoku University, Japan
8
Kyushu Institute of Technology, Japan
9
Institute of Space and Astronautical Science/Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Japan
10
Research Organization of Information and Systems, Japan
2

Pulsating aurora (PsA) is one of the major types of aurora often seen in the lower latitudepart of the auroral region in the morning side. PsA is known to have two distinct periodicities.
One is the main pulsation whose period ranges from a few to a few tens of seconds. The otheris so-called internal modulation which is ~3 Hz luminosity modulation during the ON phase ofmain pulsation. Previous studies indicated that ~50% of PsA are accompanied by the internal
modulation (i.e., internal modulation is often seen, but not always observed during PsA). Recent
coordinated ground/satellite observations of PsA suggested that these two periodicities areclosely associated with the intensity modulation of whistler mode chorus waves in the morning
side magnetosphere. In particular, the association between the main pulsation and bursts ofchorus was confirmed by several recent papers [1, 2]. However, it has still been under debate
which characteristics of chorus waves control the existence/absence of internal modulation.
This talk will be focused on several results from recent coordinated ground/satellite
observations of PsA [3, 4] since the launch of the Arase satellite. Especially, we will introduce
conjugate high-time resolution measurements of fine-scale temporal/spatial variations of chorus
waves in space and PsA seen from the ground.
References[1] Nishimura, Y. et al. Identifying the driver of pulsating aurora. Science 330, 81–84 (2010)[2] Kasahara, S. et al. Pulsating aurora from electron scattering by chorus waves. Nature 554,
337–340 (2018)[3] Ozaki, M., Miyoshi, Y., Shiokawa, K. et al. Visualization of rapid electron precipitation
via chorus element wave–particle interactions. Nat Commun 10, 257 (2019)[4] Hosokawa, K., Miyoshi, Y., Ozaki, M. et al. Multiple time-scale beats in aurora: precise
orchestration via magnetospheric chorus waves. Sci Rep 10, 3380 (2020)

363

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Relationship between pulsating auroral electrons and duct
propagation of chorus waves: Simultaneous observations
with EISCAT, ground-based all-sky imagers and Arase
Yuri Ito1*, Keisuke Hosokawa1, Yasunobu Ogawa2, Yoshizumi Miyoshi3,
Fuminori Tsuchiya4, Mizuki Fukizawa2, Kiyoka Murase2, Shin-ichiro Oyama3,
Satoko Nakamura3, Yoshiya Kasahara5, Shoya Matsuda5, Satoshi Kasahara6,
Yoichi Kazama7, Tomoaki Hori3, Shoichiro Yokota8, Kunihiro Keika6,
Shiang-Yu Wang7, Sunny W. Y. Tam9 and Iku Shinohara10
1

University of Electro-Communications, Japan
2
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
3
Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Japan
4
Tohoku University, Japan
5
Kanazawa University, Japan
6
University of Tokyo, Japan
7
Academia Sinica, Taiwan
8Osaka University, Japan
9
Institute of Space and Plasma Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
10
Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA, Japan
Auroras are classified into two broad categories: the discrete aurora, which has adistinct arc-like shape, and the diffuse aurora, which has an indistinct patchy shape. Most of the
diffuse auroras are known to show a quasi-periodic luminosity modulation called pulsating
auroras (PsA). Magnetospheric electrons causing PsA are generally scattered through waveparticle interactions with chorus waves and precipitate into the ionosphere, being referred to as“PsA electrons”. Recent studies demonstrated that sub-relativistic electrons originating fromthe radiation belt precipitate into the ionosphere during intervals of PsA. This fact suggests thatthe loss process of such highly energetic electrons in the magnetosphere can be visualized byobserving the shape/distribution of PsA and the energy of PsA electrons at the ionosphericcounterpart. In order to test and further validate this visualization method, it is crucial tounderstand the relationship between the morphology of PsA and the energy of PsA electrons,
although past studies have not sufficiently examined in this regard. In this study, the Arasesatellite, ground-based all-sky imagers, and the European Incoherent SCATter (EISCAT) UHF
radar were used in combination to carry out simultaneous magnetically conjugate observationsof PsA. We investigated the relationship between the morphology of PsA and the energy of
PsA electrons by using this data set. The results demonstrates that the estimated energy of PsAelectrons tended to change in accordance with the transition of the morphology of PsA.
Specifically, when the boundary of the patch structure was distinct, the energy of thecorresponding PsA electron exceeded 10 keV. We hypothesize on the basis of theseobservational results that the morphology of PsA and the change in the energy of PsA electrons
are controlled by the existence of "ducts," which are tube-like regions where the electron density
is lower or higher than the surrounding area. Those duct structures guide chorus waves along
the magnetic field, allowing them to propagate to higher magnetic latitudes. In order to test thishypothesis, we have analyzed the PWE data obtained from Arase to infer the spatial structureof electron density in the source region of PsA. In this presentation, we show the observational
results and discuss the factors controlling the morphology of PsA and the energy of PsAelectrons by showing the electron density estimates in the magnetospheric.

364

R7-P

Studies of nightglow emissions in the mesopause above
northern Scandinavia
P. Dalin1*, T. Nishiyama2, P. Voelger1, U. Brändström1, J. Kero1 and T. Trondsen3
1

Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan3
Keo Scientific Ltd., Calgary, Canada

2

The polar mesopause region (80-100 km) is the most sensitive environmental region of
the Earth’s atmosphere that is subject to human and natural variabilities both on short andlong-term perspectives. Due to a specific environment of the mesopause region (very low
temperatures and strong dynamical variability in summer time) a number of aerosol layered
phenomena occur in the mesopause region as such noctilucent clouds (NLC) and polarmesosphere summer echoes (PMSE). We have recently studied these phenomena by using
optical imagers installed both on the ground and stratospheric balloons as well as with
ESRAD, EISCAT and Mara VHF radars located in northern Scandinavia and Antarctica [1].
We currently focus us on studies of airglow emissions coming from the hydroxyl andmolecular oxygen layers in the polar mesopause region above northern Scandinavia.
Nightglow emissions will be measured with a novel infrared imaging instrument (called the
OH imager) that will measure infrared emissions of selected lines in the hydroxyl OH(3-1)
band and O2 IR A-band to produce emission intensities and temperature maps in themesopause above Kiruna (northern Scandinavia). The neutral temperature will be determinedusing the brightness ratio of two rotational lines P1(2) and P1(4) in the OH(3-1) band.
Significance of the proposed project is determined by unique observations of the OH
and O2 airglow emission layers, which will allow us to obtain the following information on
atmospheric processes at the polar mesopause region:(1) To validate temperature and characteristics of atmospheric gravity waves as will bemeasured by the upcoming EISCAT_3D radar project and Swedish MATS satellite mission.
(2) To study regular variabilities of the mesopause region such as: solar thermal tides, lunar
gravitational tides, multi-year variations, quasi-biennial oscillations.
(3) To study irregular variabilities of the mesopause region such as: atmospheric gravity andplanetary waves on daily and seasonal scales, sudden stratospheric warming effects, responseof airglow emissions and temperature to geomagnetic disturbances and solar activity.
(4) To study artificial wave disturbances due to rocket launches from Esrange and Plesetsk.
(5) To conduct long-term measurements of the polar mesopause temperature (at least for 10
years) in order to establish long-term potential changes in the mesopause environment asevidence of the evolution in the Earth’s climate system.
Acknowledgement
The OH imager is part of Kiruna Atmosfärs- and Geofysiska Observatorium (KAGO) at
the Swedish Institute of Space Physics (IRF-Kiruna) and will be put into the operation in late2022. The project obtained financial support from the Swedish Research Council in 2021
(Vetenskapsrådet, grant No 2021-00360).
References[1] P. Dalin, H. Suzuki, N. Pertsev, V. Perminov, D. Efremov, P. Voelger, V.L. Narayanan, I. Mann, I.
Häggström, M. Zalcik, O. Ugolnikov, J. Hedin, J. Gumbel, R. Latteck, G. Baumgarten, Studies of
noctilucent clouds from the stratosphere during the SONC balloon-borne experiment in 2021, Journalof Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 240, 105959, doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2022.105959(2022).

365

R7-P

A new spectroscopic and imaging observation of shortwavelength infrared aurora and airglow (1.00-1.35 μm) at
Longyearbyen (78.1°N, 16.0°E) coordinated with EISCAT
Svalbard radar
Takanori Nishiyama1,2, Masato Kagitani3, Senri Furutachi4, Takuo Tsuda4, Yuki Iwasa5,
Yasunobu Ogawa1,2, Fuminori Tsuchiya3, Satonori Nozawa6, and Fred Sigernes7
1

National Institute of Polar Research, JapanThe Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Japan
3
Planetary Plasma and Atmosphere Research Center, Tohoku University, Japan
4
The University of Electro-Communications, Japan
5
Research Institute for Physical Measurement, National Institute of Advanced Industrial
Science and Technology, Japan
6
Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Japan
7
Kjell Henriksen Observatory, The University Centre of Svalbard, Norway
2

A new ground-based optical observation of aurora and airglow in short-wavelength
infrared (SWIR) is being planned in Longyearbyen (78.1°N, 16.0°E) coordinated with EISCAT
Svalbard Radar (ESR). Two state-of-the-art instruments, a SWIR imaging spectrograph and a
monochromatic imager, have been developed to focus on study on dayside magnetosphereionosphere-atmosphere coupling processes in the high polar regions.
The 2-D imaging spectrograph, NIRAS-2, has a fast optical system and high spectral
resolutions to challenge twilight/daytime aurora measurements from the ground. It is designed
for SWIR wavelength from 1.00 to 1.35 microns in which sky background intensity is weaker
than in visible. It covers strong auroral emissions in N2+ Meinel band (0-0) and N2 1st Positive
bands (1-2, and 0-1). Its field-of-view (FOV) and angular resolution are 55 degrees and 0.11
degrees per pixel, respectively. If a 30-microns slit is used, spectral bandpass around 1.1
microns are 0.53 nm and 0.21 nm with two different gratings (950 lpmm and 1500 lpmm). In atest observation, we successfully measured airglow emissions of OH (4,1), (5,2), (6,3), (7,4),and (8,5) bands in 1.02-1.33 microns, and O2 IR band at 1.27 μm. We expect that the
spectrograph can detect auroral variations with sufficient time resolutions shorter than 30
seconds. For upper mesosphere, OH (8,5) band was measured with good quality, and rotationaltemperature can be estimated with 10-min resolutions and errors less than 3 K.
In addition to the NIRAS-2, we have been developing the brand-new SWIR camera,
NIRAC, focusing on aurora emissions in N2+ (0-0) band. The camera consists of a few
commercial SWIR lenses for security/defense purposes, plano-convex lenses, a custom opticalfilter (center: 1112.76 nm, FWHM: 13.8 nm) and an InGaAs FPA (640 × 512 pixels). The FOV
is 92 × 73 degrees and slightly wider than that of the spectrograph. In a test observation, we
successfully identified horizontal structures of OH (5,2) band airglow layers with 30-seconds
exposures.
The instruments are going to be installed at The Kjell Henriksen Observatory/The
University Centre in Svalbard (KHO/UNIS) in November 2022. Taking geographicaladvantage of the observatory, 24-hours continuous observations can be expected near the wintersolstice. We are going to address the following scientific goals: dayside reconnections andwave-particle interactions monitored by auroral emissions, energetic particle precipitation
impacts on OH chemistry in the upper mesosphere, atmospheric waves variability, and its
connection to ionospheric disturbances in E-F regions.

366

R7-P

Spectroscopic observation of OH airglow in 1.1-1.3 μm inthe polar region
Senri Furutachi1*, Takanori Nishiyama2,3, Takuo Tsuda1, Yasunobu Ogawa2,3, Satonori
Nozawa4 and Fred Sigernes5
1

University of Electro-Communications, Japan
2
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan3
Department of Polar Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Japan
4
Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Japan
5
Kjell Henriksen Observatory, The University Centre of Svalbard, Norway
Recently, near-infrared OH airglow observations using InGaAs FPA (Focal Plane Array)have been reported [1,2]. The OH airglow intensity in the near-infrared region (~1.6 µm) isstronger than that in the visible, and thus more advanced airglow observations (e.g., with higher
time resolution) can be expected. The number of observations using the near-infrared OH bands
are low, especially in the polar region. In addition, auroral contamination is one of difficulties
in airglow observations in the polar region. For example, there is a report that temperature
measurements using the OH (3,1) band (~1.5 μm) at Syowa Station, Antarctic (69.0°S, 39.6°E)
included an underestimation of the temperature possibly by ~40 K due to auroral contamination[3]. On the other hand, it is suggested that the auroral contamination would be neglected in ~1.3
μm corresponding to OH (8,5) band. Therefore, the validity of temperature measurement with
1.3-µm OH airglow needs to be evaluated.
In this study, we plan to conduct spectroscopic observations of the OH airglow in ~1.3
μm using NIRAS-2 (Near-InfraRed Aurora and airglow Spectrograph-2) at KHO/UNIS,
Longyearbyen (78.2°N, 16.0°E), and also examine the estimation method of OH rotationaltemperature under auroral activity in the polar region. We will also investigate the variations ofOH atmospheric airglow spectra and OH molecular density under auroral activity. Moreover,simultaneous observations with the EISCAT Svalbard Radar will be performed to compare theion temperature and neutral atmosphere temperature.
NIRAS-2 is an imaging spectrograph, which has a wide FOV of 55 degrees with aresolution of 0.11 degrees, and its spectral resolution is variable with combinations of three slits,30-, 60-, and 90-μm, and two volume phase holographic gratings, 950- and 1500-lpmm. OH
airglow observations are mainly performed using the low-dispersion 950-lpmm grating with
60-μm slits. The wavelength range is from 1195 to 1350 nm, targeting the OH (7,4) and (8,5)
bands and O2 IR band with a spectral resolution of 1.1 nm. The preliminary test observation in
NIPR, Tokyo, showed that the signal-noise ratio is better than its predecessor, NIRAS [3]. The
temperature data, estimated from the OH (8,5) band in the 10-minute integration, were wellcomparable with those from NRLMSIS 2.0. The estimated temperature error was typically afew K, which is significantly less than that from NIRAS.
NIRAS-2 is going to be installed at KHO/UNIS, Longyearbyen in November 2022.
Spectroscopic observations will then be carried out, and this paper will present the initial reporton the OH airglow observations by NIRAS-2.
References[1] Schmidt et al., J Atmos Solar Terr Phys 102:125–139 (2013)[2] Pautet et al., Appl Opt 26:5934–5943 (2014)[3] Nishiyama et al., Earth, Planets and Space, 73, 30 (2021)

367

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Coordinated observations of energetic electron
precipitation by subionospheric VLF/LF radio propagation
with other groundbased facilities
F. Tsuchiya1*, H. Ohya2, Y. Miyoshi3, K. Shiokawa3, Y. Hobara4, M. Connors5, Y. Ogawa6,
A. Mizuno3, Y. Kasahara7, T. Nishiyama6, H. Misawa1, and T. Obara1
1

Tohoku University, Japan
Chiba University, Japan
3
Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Japan
4
University of Electro-Communications, Japan
5
Athabasca University, Canada
6
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
7
Kanazawa University, Japan
2

VLF/LF subionospheric radio propagation is a useful technique to investigate energetic
electron precipitation (EEP) with energy of >100keV. This technique contributes to reveal not
only loss processes of trapped radiation belt electrons but also chemical processes in the lower
thermosphere and mesosphere. We constructed a radio observation network called OCTAVE(Observation of Condition of ionized Atmosphere by VLF Experiment) in North America andNorthern Europe. Advantages of this technique are monitoring capability and fine time
resolution. This is useful for investigating localized EEP through coordinated observations withother ground facilities. From simultaneous observations of EEP with pulsating and proton
auroras, we found that EEPs were correlated with pulsations of both auroras [1][2]. These
results are evidence that EEPs occur through pitch angle scattering of the trapped electrons withbursts of whistler mode chorus and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves. EEP sometimes shows
correlations with ultra-low frequency (ULF) waves observed by ground magnetometers and HF
radars, suggesting that whistler mode waves which cause EEP are modulated by ULF waves[3]. It is difficult to obtain the electron energy directly from the subionospheric propagation
technique. This disadvantage could be compensated by applying electromagnetic fieldcalculation to the subionospheric propagation. Recently, we installed a new radio receiver at
northern Finland. We plan to compare EEP with incoherent scatter radar and millimeter
spectroscopic observations to investigate capability of the subionospheric propagation for
estimating the electron energy and chemical influences of EEP to the atmosphere, respectively.
Acknowledgements
This study is supported by JSPS Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (20H01955, 20H01962,
21H01146) and the joint research programs of the Institute for Space-Earth Environmental
Research (ISEE), Nagoya University and National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR).
References[1] F. Tsuchiya et al., Energetic electron precipitation associated with pulsating aurora
observed by VLF radio propagation during recovery phase of substorm on 27 March 2017,
Geophysical Research Letters https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080222 (2018)[2] A. Hirai et al., Temporal and Spatial Correspondence of Pc1/EMIC Waves andRelativistic Electron Precipitations Observed with Ground-Based Multi-Instruments on 27
March 2017, Geophysical Research Letters https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080126 (2018)[3] T. Miyashita et al, ULF Modulation of Energetic Electron Precipitations Observed by
VLF/LF Radio Propagation, Radio Science Bulletin, 372 (2020)

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The 10-year summary of the sodium lidar at Tromsø, andits future plan
S. Nozawa1*, T. D. Kawahara2, N. Saito3, T. T. Tsuda4, S. Wada3, M. Tsutsumi5, T. Takahashi6,
T. Kawabata1, Y. Ogawa5, H. Fujiwara7, S. Suzuki8, M. G. Johnsen9, and A. Brekke9
1

Nagoya University, Japan
Shinshu University, Japan
3
RIKEN, Japan
4
The University of Electro-Communications, Japan
5
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
6
National Institute of Maritime, Port and Aviation Technology, Japan
7
Seikei University, Japan
8
Aichi University, Japan
9UiT The Arctic University of Norway
2

We will report a brief summary of our activities using the sodium lidar at Tromsø(69.6N, 19.2E) over 10 years, and its future plans. The sodium lidar at Tromsø [1, 2] has been
operated for about 10 years since October 2010. For the first two winters, we have observed
neutral temperature and sodium density between about 80 and 110 km. Since October 2012,wind measurements have been conducted together with the both measurements. By now, wehave obtained about 4200 hr of temperature and sodium density data and about 3100 hr ofwind data. It is possible to derive the temperature between 30 and 50 km in the upper
stratosphere, although the time resolutions are not good (a few hours). Utilizing thesetemperature and wind data together with data obtained by co-located EISCAT radars, MF andmeteor radars, photometers, and optical imagers, we have studied several topics such as
gravity waves, sporadic sodium layers, variations of the sodium density by auroral particle
precipitation, and atmospheric instabilities. Although the lidar operation was not made for 3
years due to the pandemic of COVID-19, we have been conducting experiments anddevelopments in Japan for a future extension of the capability of the sodium lidar.
References[1]Nozawa, S., T. D. Kawahara, N. Saito, C. M. Hall, T. T. Tsuda, T. Kawabata, S. Wada, A.
Brekke, T. Takahashi, H. Fujiwara, Y. Ogawa, and R. Fujii (2014) Variations of the neutral
temperature and sodium density between 80 and 107 km above Tromsø during the winter of
2010-2011 by a new solid state sodium LIDAR, J. Geophys. Res., 119,doi:10.1002/2013JA019520, 441-451[2]Kawahara, T.D., S. Nozawa, N. Saito, T, Kawabata, T.T. Tsuda, and S. Wada (2017)
Sodium temperature/wind LIDAR based on laser-diode-pumped Nd:Yag lasers deployed atTromsø, Norway (69.6°, 19.2°), Optics Express, 25, A491-A501

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Ultra-narrowband Optical Filter Development
for the Na lidar Observation at TromsøT. D. Kawahara1*, S. Nozawa2, N. Saito3, T. T. Tsuda4, T. Takahashi5, T. Kawabata2, S. Wada3
Shinshu University, Japan
Nagoya University, Japan
3
RIKEN, Japan
4
The University of Electro-Communications, Japan
5
National Institute of Maritime, Port and Aviation Technology, Japan
1

2

Wintertime Na wind/temperature lidar observations of the MLT region have been continued
at Tromsoe (69.6°N 19.2°E), Norway. The laser transmitter is based on injection-seeded
Nd:YAG lasers, so it is significantly robust with a high laser emission (4W) at 589 nm. The
lidar can measure neutral temperature, northward and eastward winds, and Na density. The
total observation time is over 3,000 hours from 2010 to 2018, with temperature and wind
accuracies of 1 K and 1 m/s, respectively, with height and time resolution of 1 km and 1 hour.
The upgrade of the lidar is in process for the daytime observation. An ultra-narrowband
magneto-optical filter, called a Faraday filter, is under construction to reject high backgroundnoise in daytime conditions. The bandpass characteristic is relatively narrow about 10 GHz(10 pm) at 589 nm which is about 1/100 of commercial bandpass filters. We also apply thefilter for nighttime Na observations in the thermosphere, which is expected to be a very faintsignal comparable to background noise. The new optical design of the lidar receiver with thefilter is in process.
The lidar observation of temperature and winds needs a high-resolution transmission profileof the filter. There are two essential points; to make the robust filter itself and to construct ascannable single-mode 589 nm laser at the lab. We constructed a prototype Faraday filter witha commercial Na glass cell with permanent solid magnets (245 mT) between two polarizers.
Preliminary transmission profiles at different cell temperatures are obtained. In this talk, we
discuss the validity of the profiles with simulation.

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A self-build FPGA-based data acquisition system for Tromsø
sodium lidar
R. Watabe1*, T. T. Tsuda1, T. Aoki1, S. Nozawa2, T. Kawabata2, N. Saito3, and T. D.
Kawahara4
1

The University of Electro-Communications, Japan
2
Nagoya University, Japan
3
RIKEN, Japan
4
Shinshu University, JapanThe sodium (Na) resonance scattering lidar is a laser sensing system to detect Na that is
distributed in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere mainly from 80 to 110 km altitudes.
The Tromsø Na lidar, which is one of the cutting-edge Na lidar systems, has the capability of
five-directional observation with a highly stable and high repetition laser diode (LD)-basedlaser system. The laser repetition rate is 1 kHz, which corresponds to 1 ms of the inter-pulse
period (IPP), and therefore the height coverage of the lidar observation is 0-150 km. Thus, theTromsø Na lidar system is designed for Na distributing at 80-110 km. On the other hand, after
the development of the Tromsø Na lidar, the recent observations from other Na lidars revealed
low-density Na events at upper altitudes (above 110 km, up to 170 km). Such Na events at
upper altitudes can provide good opportunities to extend the observation height range to thethermosphere, but the current Tromsø Na lidar system is insufficient to observe such Na events
because of the limitation in the height coverage of 0-150 km.
To improve the height coverage of the Tromsø Na lidar, in the present study, we propose
a time-delay five-directional laser pulse transmission method. In the current system, five pulses
are split by power from the 1-kHz laser pulse, and these pulses are transmitted to each direction
at the same time. In the proposed method, the 1-kHz laser pulses are transmitted to five
directions with time delays. As the result, the laser repetition rate for a single direction can be
down to 200 Hz, which corresponds to 5 ms of the IPP, and the height coverage can be 0-750
km. Furthermore, the laser pulse is not split by power, and thus signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) canbe also improved. This SNR improvement would be helpful for observations of such lowdensity Na events at upper altitudes. To realize this proposed method, a high-speed dataacquisition system including a function of precise time-delay control is needed, and thus wehave been working on a self-build field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based dataacquisition system for Tromsø sodium lidar. In the presentation, we will describe our proposed
method, and report the current status in the development of our self-build system.

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Polar mesospheric cloud observations by the Advanced
Himawari Imager onboard the Japanese geostationaryEarth-orbit meteorological satellite Himawari-8
T. T. Tsuda1*, Y. Miyoshi2, Y. Hozumi3, Y. Ando1, K. Hosokawa1, H. Suzuki4, K. T. Murata3,
T. Nakamura5,6, J. Yue7, and K. Nielsen8
1Department of Computer and Network Engineering, University of Electro-Communications(UEC), Chofu, Japan2
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
3
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Koganei, Japan
4
Department of Physics, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
5
National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR), Tachikawa, Japan
6
Department of Polar Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI),
Tachikawa, Japan
7
Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA), Greenbelt, US
8
Department of Physics, Utah Valley University (UVU), Orem, US
To advance polar mesospheric cloud (PMC) observations by Advanced Himawari Imager(AHI) onboard the Japanese geostationary-Earth-orbit (GEO) meteorological satellite
Himawari-8, we have developed a PMC detection method for application to the Himawari8/AHI full-disk images. The PMC detection method consists of two steps: the detection ofstronger PMC signals in the first step and the detection of weaker PMC signals in the second
step. By using this two-step detection, we eliminate false detections as much as possible andenhance detection sensitivity. As a result, the PMC detection sensitivity by Himawari-8/AHI iswell comparable to that by Cloud Imaging and Particle Size (CIPS) onboard Aeronomy of Ice
in the Mesosphere (AIM). By analyzing the detected PMC data, various PMC variations suchas quasi-5-day waves and mid-latitude extensions can be revealed. Among them, we focus oninterhemispheric coupling, specifically a relationship between PMC occurrence rates in thesummer hemisphere and sudden stratospheric warmings in the winter hemisphere.

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Polar Educators International and the Third Arctic Science
Ministerial (2021): A Landmark for Polar Education
M.P. Casarini, J. Dooley and S. Weeks
Polar Educators International
Polar Educators International (PEI), established in 2012 as a legacy of the International
Polar Year (IPY), is a unique network of scientists, researchers, teachers, and educators,
connecting polar science, education and the global community to provide a deeper
understanding of current polar sciences to a global audience. [1]
In 2020 PEI was invited to participate in the Third Arctic Science Ministerial (ASM3), cohosted by Iceland and Japan. The main theme was Knowledge for a Sustainable Arctic; PEI
supported one of the four sub-themes, “Strengthen”: preparing the next generation throughcapacity building, education, networking, and resilience.
PEI proposed to deliver three educational programmes:
1. An international conference, PEI2022-Iceland, the fifth of a biennial series of polar
education workshops started in 2013. “Stories in Ice: Connect, Learn, Act” took place in Höfn,
Iceland, on 11-15 April. Co-developed by educators and researchers, with indigenous
representatives, it focused on the human story of the changing Arctic, and its impact on ourenvironment and culture. In hybrid form, it was attended in person by 33 educators andresearchers from 11 countries, including Arctic indigenous communities, in person and online.
2. A Global Conversation between educators, Arctic researchers and Indigenous Knowledge
holders as a series of world café events online, in order to initiate polar education andengagement at the beginning of the Arctic science process.
3. Arctic researchers and educators collaborating to update the IPY publication Polar Scienceand Global Climate: An International Resource for Education and Outreach, published in
2010, known as the “Polar Resource Book” (PRB). PEI is collaborating with APECS(Association of Polar Early Career Scientists), SCAR (Scientific Committee on Antarctic
Research), and IASC (International Arctic Science Committee), our partners in creating a new,updated and open access resource which will continue to inspire educators, science
communicators, students and emerging polar researchers with a shared commitment tooutreach and education.
The ASM3 document, signed by Ministers from 25 nations, the European Union, and 6
Arctic Indigenous Peoples Organisations, at the National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR) in
Tachikawa, Japan, on May 8-9, 2021, stated:“We therefore intend to cooperate through the following actions: Recognize the urgent needand identify gaps in support, capacity building, education, and networking, both in the Arctic
and the wider global Arctic research community, and provide pathways of assistance.
Encourage participation and active engagement in existing international Arctic education
frameworks such as the Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS), Polar Educators
International (PEI), and University of the Arctic (UArctic).”
Through the work and dedication of PEI members and its Executive Committee it is ouraim to continue to increase collaboration between scientists, educators, and people living in the
Arctic, thus creating a society where the challenges of change in the Arctic, mainly caused byclimate change, will be better known, understood, and shared.
References[1] H.A. Roop, G. Wesche, P.F. Azinhaga, B. Trummel, J.C. Xavier, Building collaborative networks
across disciplines: A review of Polar Educators International’s first five years. Polar Record 55 (2019)373

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Baroclinic Blocking
P. Martineau1*, H. Nakamura2, A. Yamamoto3, and Y. Kosaka2
1

2

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo,
Japan
3
Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan

Blocking events present persistent midlatitude atmospheric circulation anomalies thatblock the prevailing westerly winds, thereby causing extreme weather events. On weather charts,
the associated anticyclonic circulation at the surface and aloft appear vertically aligned.
Because of their apparent lack of vertical tilt, they have been studied from a quasi-stationary
barotropic viewpoint. However, it is shown in this work that blocking events often have such
structure that anomalies in geopotential height and temperature are horizontally out-of-phase(Fig. 1) which allows blocking anomalies to produce fluxes of heat against the climatologicalmean gradients. These fluxes contribute to amplifying and maintaining blocking-related
temperature anomalies. This process, which represents the baroclinic conversion of energy fromthe climatological-mean flow to the blocking-related anomalies, is shown to be one of theleading energy sources through a comprehensive analysis of blocking energetics. Dependingon the location, this energy source is comparable to or even greater than the feedback forcing
by migratory cyclones and anticyclones which is often considered the main maintenancemechanism of blocking. In contrast, the baroclinic energy conversion and feedback from highfrequency eddies in summer are more comparable in magnitude.

Figure 1. Excerpt from Fig. 5 of Martineau et al. (2022)[1] illustrating the typical structure ofheight (contours) and temperature (shadings) anomalies associated with European blocking
events.
References[1] P. Martineau, H. Nakamura, A. Yamamoto, Y. Kosaka, Baroclinic Blocking. Geophys.
Res. Lett. 49, 6298–6305 (2022)

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Interannual-to-decadal modulation of wintertime subseasonal variability over the Eurasia-East Asian sector
B. Taguchi1*

1Faculty of Sustainable Design, University of Toyama, Japan

Wintertime subseasonal variability over the Eurasian continent is often accompanied byintense cold air outbreaks in East Asia (e.g., Takaya and Nakamura, 2005). On interannual-todecadal timescales, the wintertime subseasonal variability of surface air temperature (SAT) canbe modulated by the longer timescale variability of the tropospheric seasonal mean state (e.g.,
Martineau et al., 2020). As remote influence from the Arctic to Eurasia/East Asia has beenreported on the interannual time scale (e.g., Mori et al. 2014), it is of scientific interest andsocietal importance whether the low-frequency variability in teleconnection from the Arctic to
East Asia could modulate the occurrence of shorter time-scale cold events over Eurasia andEast Asia. The objective of this study is thus to examine the interannual-to-decadal modulationof the wintertime sub-seasonal variability at the surface over Eurasia and East Asia.
We defined subseasonal variability of SAT (SAT-SSV) for each year as a standard
deviation of 10-60 days band-passed filtered SAT during a winter season from December
through February and applied an EOF analysis to SAT-SSV derived from two sets ofatmospheric reanalysis data: JRA55 and ERA-20C. Spatio-temporal structures of the twoleading modes for the overlapped period correspond well with each other between the tworeanalysis products. The two modes of the SAT-SSV exhibit zonally elongated patterns at
different latitudes across the Eurasian continent, which correspond well to horizontal gradientsof the seasonal-mean SAT. The SAT-SSV modes are also associated with seasonal mean, upper
tropospheric circulation anomalies that extend circumglobally in the northern hemisphere. The
seasonal mean circulation anomalies associated with the 1st mode of SAT-SSV are similar to
Arctic Oscillation, whereas those associated with the 2nd mode of SAT-SSV display regionalsignatures of the North Atlantic Oscillation and Warm Arctic-Cold Eurasia patterns.
References[1] K. Takaya, H. Nakamura., Mechanisms of Intraseasonal Amplification of the Cold
Siberian High, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 62 (2005)[2] P. Martineau, H. Nakamura, Y. Kosaka, B. Taguchi, M. Mori, Modulations of North
American and European Weather Variability and Extremes by Interdecadal Variability of the
Atmospheric Circulation over the North Atlantic Sector, Journal of Climate 33 (2020)[3] M. Mori, M. Watanabe, H. Shiogama, J. Inoue, M. Kimoto, Robust Arctic sea-ice
influence on the frequent Eurasian cold winters in past decades, Nature Geoscience 7 (2014)

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Interannual Variation of the Warm Arctic-Cold Eurasia
Pattern Modulated by Internal Atmospheric Variability
Examined by a Large Ensemble Experiment
Xiling Zhou1*, Tomonori Sato2 and Shixue Li1
1

Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University
2
Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University

Along with the rapid Arctic warming and sea ice decline, especially over the
Barents-Kara Seas (BKS), extreme cold winters have occurred frequently in the
midlatitude in particular near Central Eurasia. The pattern with two distinct wintertemperature anomalies centered over the Barents-Kara Seas and Central Eurasia is
known as the Warm Arctic-Cold Eurasia (WACE) pattern. Previous studies [1-2]suggested inconsistent role of BKS sea ice loss and internal atmospheric variability inthe formation of recent Eurasian cold winters in part of the WACE pattern. The
inconsistency might be owing to large internal variability in the midlatitude circulation
which could perturb the observed linkage between sea ice loss and the cold winters inEurasia. A large ensemble simulation with different initial condition conducted by anatmospheric circulation model could allow us to distinguish the internal atmosphericvariability and the forced response to external forcing.
This study analyzed a large ensemble historical experiment from “Database for
Policy Decision-Making for Further Climate Change” (d4PDF) to investigate the roleof BKS sea ice on the relationship between the WACE pattern and the internal
atmospheric variability. Empirical Orthogonal Function was applied to both observed
and historical simulated the winter (December-February) surface air temperature
anomaly over the Eurasia continent during 1979/1980–2019/2020 to obtain the WACE
pattern and index as the second leading mode. Then twenty out of one hundred
ensemble members were selected considering the similarity and dissimilarity of theinterannual variation of the simulated WACE index against the observed one (i.e., ten
members with highest and lowest correlation relative to observation, respectively).
Results indicate that the Ural Blocking and North Atlantic Oscillation are two of key
internal atmospheric variability processes controlled the interannual variation of the
WACE pattern. Besides the role of local sea ice loss, the recent observed winterwarming trend over the BKS is partly caused by the combined effect of Ural Blocking
and positive phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation, which supporting warm
temperature advection transport from the midlatitude to the Arctic. The recent observed
winter cooling trend over Central Eurasia is dominantly caused by Ural Blocking withincreasing contribution accompanied with the decreasing of the sea ice.
References[1] P Zhang, Y Wu, I Simpson, K Smith, X Zhang, B De, P Callaghan (2018) A stratosphericpathway linking a colder Siberia to Barents-Kara Sea sea ice loss. Science Advance 4.
(7):eaat6025[2] R Blackport, J Screen (2021) Observed statistical connections overestimate the causal.
effects of Arctic sea ice changes on midlatitude winter climate. Journal of Climate 34:3021–
3038

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A hemispheric extreme warm winter in 2019-20 enhancedby the highest sea surface temperature around mid-latitude
Yuta Ando1, 2*, and Yoshihiro Tachibana3
1

Graduate school of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Japan
2
National Institute of Technology, Suzuka College, Japan
3
Weather and Climate Dynamics Division, Mie University, Japan

In 2020 winter, most mid latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere was the historicallywarmest (Fig. 1a). The warmth was spreading zonally around all the mid latitudes throughout
the season. Zonal-mean sea surface temperature in the mid latitudes was also unprecedently
warm (Fig. 1b). It was substantially different from the recent localized extreme weathers, whichwere smaller both in temporal and spatial scales than 2020. The global warming might haveturned into reality. Here we show that synchronized chain interaction between the warm seas
and the warm atmosphere amplified the anomalousness of the warm winter using data analyses
and simple numerical experiments. The chain is as follows; the warm seas built up in theprevious autumn made overlying air warm, then the warmed air penetrated inland by westerlies,
the warm air over the land further flew to the ocean, which again warms the seas. The zonal
oceanic warming in mid-latitudes might shift the climate dynamics to a new state. This air-sea
chain was responsible for unprecedently positive phase of Arctic Oscillation, which is a goodmeasure of the zonal mean extreme warmth.

Figure 1 (a) Three-month mean air temperature anomalies (color shading [K], hatch: recorded
the highest since 1979) at 500 hPa, and geopotential height (contours [m]) at 500hPa in winter2020 between 1 January and 31 March. (b) same as Fig. 1a, but sea surface temperatures(ocean area) and ground temperature (land area).

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Winter atmospheric trends over East Asia analyzed forindividual surface pressure patterns
Kenta Tamura*, Tomonori Sato
Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
The observed surface temperature increase is stronger over land than oceans and is mostpronounced in the Arctic [1]. The warmer Arctic reduces the cold air that leaks to mid-latitudein winter [2]. These effects of global warming are often seen in linear trends of seasonal mean
atmospheric conditions. Our study investigated the linear trends of the atmospheric conditions
for various surface pressure patterns in East Asia. The classification of surface pressure patterns
based on self-organizing maps (SOMs) [3] revealed that surface air temperature around Japan
under the specific surface pressure pattern that induces strong cold air advection (#010 in Fig.
1) showed a stronger warming trend than the trend for its seasonal mean. This indicates thatwarming is more accelerated under the condition that brings cold surges around Japan. In
addition, increasing trends in precipitable water vapor around Japan were found for the pressure
pattern in which low pressure brings warm air advection (#024 in Fig. 1). These results suggestthat the effects of climate change are significant under certain pressure patterns and its trend
differs from that of the seasonal mean.

Figure 1. Composite of standardized sea level pressure patterns in winter on 6 × 4 SOMs.
References[1] Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, et al., 2021. Climate change 2021: the physical science basis.
Contribution of working group I to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on
climate change 2.
[2] Kanno, Y., Abdillah, M.R. and Iwasaki, T., 2016. Long‐term trend of cold air mass amount below adesignated potential temperature in Northern and Southern Hemispheric winters using reanalysis data
sets. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 121(17), pp.10–138.
[3] Kohonen, T., 1982. Self-organized formation of topologically correct feature maps. Biological
Cybernetics, 43, pp. 59–69.

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Lagged remote effect from tropical ocean on sea ice variability in the Sea of Okhotsk
Mitsuki Takehata1, Yoshihiro Tachibana1, and Yuta Ando2, 31Weather and Climate Dynamics Division, Mie University
2
Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University
3
National Institute of Technology, Suzuka College
The Sea of Okhotsk is a unique sea, where sea ice spreads to the lowest latitudes in the world. Sea ice extent in
the Sea of Okhotsk varies remarkably from year to year controlled by various factors. One of the important factors
is a remote effect. Previous studies showed that the sea ice extent in the Sea of Okhotsk increased in years of El
Niño events, however, the lagged effect from the tropical ocean has not been considered. Tropical ocean has thesignificant-lagged impact on other regions such as the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) capacitor effect (Xia et al.,2009). The TIO capacitor effect is a phenomenon in which the influence of the tropical Pacific Ocean appears in
the TIO with a lag of 2-3 months. We therefore examined the lagged relationship between the tropical ocean andsea ice variability in the Sea of Okhotsk using statistical analysis. We found that sea ice extent in the Sea of
Okhotsk was increased in the next winter after the La Niña events (Fig. 1a). We suggest the hypotheses that aprocess of relationship between La Niña and the variability of the sea ice extent in the Sea of Okhotsk in next
winter are as follows: 1) In the La Niña winter, anomalous convection near the Philippine Sea persisted until halfa year later in the summer. 2) Anomalous convection excites the Pacific-Japan teleconnection pattern, which are
related to low pressure anomalies near Siberia (Fig. 1b) and low temperature anomalies in the soil. 3) The lowtemperature anomalies in the soil around Siberia persist until early winter, bringing cold air to the Sea of Okhotsk
and increasing sea ice. Some of these process were also confirmed by numerical model experiments.

(b)

(a)

Figure 1. (a) Time series of lagged correlation coefficients between the Sea of Okhotsk sea ice extent and the Niño 3 indices.
The red line indicates a confidence level of 95%. (b) Regression between the three months averaged OLR index in thePhilippine Sea from June to August with the geopotential height of 850 hPa in the same time. Contours indicate regression
coefficients (m). Color shading indicates confidence levels.

Reference
Xie, S.-P. et al. 2009：Indian Ocean Capacitor Effect on Indo‒Western Pacific Climate during the Summer
following El Niño. Journal of Climate, 22(3), 730-747.

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Impact of the Pacific sector sea ice loss on the sudden
stratospheric warming characteristics
J. Zhang1, Y. Orsolini2,3*, V. Limpasuvan1, J. Ukita4
1

Coastal Carolina University, USA
NILU – Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Norway
3
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
4
Niigata University, Niigata, Japan2

The extent of sea ice coverage over the Arctic Ocean has dramatically declined over the pastfew decades. The anomalously warm Arctic surface associated with the Arctic sea ice loss has been
linked to the mid-latitude surface cooling in the subsequent boreal winter. Several studies havesuggested that this linkage could involve the wintertime stratospheric circulation by enhancing the
upward planetary wave (PW) activity and weakening the polar vortex. Temperature anomalies inducedby the vortex weakening could subsequently descend into the troposphere on time scales of weeks tomonths, potentially leading to cold air outbreaks (CAOs) over the continents. Cases studies based on
observations or model simulations even suggested that the enhanced wave flux could be strong enoughto cause the demise of the polar vortex associated with the sudden stratospheric warming (SSW)
phenomenon.
The atmospheric response to Arctic sea ice loss remains however a subject of much debate. Most
studies have focused on the sea ice retreat in the Barents-Kara Seas and its troposphere-stratosphereinfluence. Here [1], we investigate the impact of large sea ice loss over the Chukchi-Bering Seas on
the sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) phenomenon during the easterly phase of the Quasi-Biennial
Oscillation through idealized large-ensemble experiments based on a global atmospheric model witha well-resolved stratosphere. Although culminating in autumn, the prescribed sea ice loss induces anear-surface warming that persists into winter and deepens as the SSW develops. The resulting
temperature contrasts foster a deep cyclonic circulation over the North Pacific, which elicits a strong
upward wavenumber-2 activity into the stratosphere, reinforcing the climatological planetary wave
pattern. While not affecting the SSW occurrence frequency, the amplified wave forcing in thestratosphere significantly increases the SSW duration and intensity, enhancing cold air outbreaks overthe continents afterward.
References[1] J. Zhang, Y. Orsolini, V. Limpasuvan, J. Ukita, Impact of the Pacific sector sea ice loss on thesudden stratospheric warming characteristics, npj Clim Atmos Sci 5,74 (2022)

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Arctic Sea ice loss and Eurasian cooling in winter 2020-21
K. Nishii1*, B. Taguchi2, M. Mori3, Y. Kosaka4, and H. Nakamura4
1

Graduate School of Bioresouces, Mie University, Japan
Faculty of Sustainable Design, University of Toyama, Japan
3
Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Japan
4
Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
2

Anomalous coldness was observed over midlatitude Eurasia in December 2020 and oversubpolar Eurasia in January 2021. The former was accompanied by the Warm Arctic and Cold
Eurasia (WACE) pattern, while the latter by the negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation (AO).
A set of large ensemble experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model suggests a
contribution of reduced Arctic Sea ice to the midlatitude cooling and WACE pattern inDecember 2020. The tropical and extratropical sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies,
however, contribute to warming over midlatitude Eurasia. In January 2021, neither the sea ice
nor SST anomalies can explain the subpolar Eurasian cooling and the negative AO in our
experiments.

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Global carbon budgets estimated from long-term
observations of the atmospheric CO2 mole fraction,
isotopic ratio of CO2 and O2/N2 at Ny-Alesund, Svalbard
Daisuke Goto1*, Shinji Morimoto2, Shigeyuki Ishidoya3 and Shuji Aoki2
1

2

National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
Center for atmospheric and oceanic studies, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University,Japan
3
National Institute of Advanced Industrial and Science Technology, JapanTo elucidate contributions of the terrestrial biosphere and the ocean to the CO2 cycle on
the earth’s surface, we have conducted systematic observations of the CO2 mole fraction,
carbon isotopic ratio of CO2 (δ13C) and oxygen to nitrogen ratio (δ(O2/N2)) in the atmosphereat NyÅlesund, Svalbard since 1991, 1996, 2001, respectively [1]. The CO2 mole fraction shows
clear seasonal cycles superimposed on the secular increase with an average rate of 2.0 ppm yr−1
for the period 1996–2020. On the other hand, δ13C and δ(O2/N2) decrease secularly at an
average rate of −0.024 ‰ yr−1 for 1996–2020, and −22.6 per meg yr−1 for 2001–2020,
respectively. Based on the observed secular trends of the CO2 mole fraction and d(O2/N2) (O2method), the average terrestrial biospheric and oceanic CO2 uptakes during 2001–2017 were
estimated to be 1.5 ± 0.8 and 2.5 ± 0.6 GtC yr−1, respectively. By using the observed CO2 andd13C (δ13C-method), the corresponding CO2 uptake of 1.2 ± 0.8 and 2.8 ± 0.6 GtC yr−1 wereobtained for the same period. The terrestrial biospheric CO2 uptake derived by the δ13C-method
showed large inter-annual variability in association with El Niño events. On the other hand, theoceanic uptake increased secularly with less inter-annual variability during 1996–2017. The
oceanic CO2 uptake of the decadal periods (2001–2010, 2004–2013 and 2008–2017) estimatedby the O2-method also showed an increasing trend. These uptake rates and the increasing trends
estimated in this study agree with those reported by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) [2] within
the estimation uncertainty. In this presentation, temporal variations of the CO2 mole fraction,
d13C and d(O2/N2) observed at Ny-Ålesund up to 2020 will also be presented.
Acknowledgements:
We are grateful to the Norwegian Polar Institute staffs for their careful air sampling at NyÅlesund.
References[1] Goto, D., Morimoto, S., Ishidoya, S., Aoki, S., Nakazawa, T. (2017), Terrestrial
biospheric and oceanic CO2 uptakes estimated from long-term measurements of atmospheric
CO2 mole fraction, δ13C, and δ(O2/N2) at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci.,
122, doi:10.1002/2017JG003845.
[2] Friedlingstein, P., Jones, M. W., O'Sullivan, M., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck,J., … Zeng, J. (2022), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1917–2005, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-141917-2022

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Evaluation of black carbon in the Arctic region using the
WRF/CMAQ simulation on the Northern Hemisphere scale
K. Yahara1*, K. Yamaji1,2, F. Taketani2,1, M. Takigawa2 and Y. Kanaya2,1
1

2

Kobe University, Japan
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan

Black carbon (BC) emitted into the atmosphere from fuel combustions and biomassburning efficiently absorbs solar radiation and heats the atmosphere directly; therefore, it is an
important short-lived climate forcing factor (SLCF). Accumulated BC over snow and ice
promotes their melting. Consequently, BC is a major heating driver especially in the Arctic
region. Observed surface BC concentrations in the Arctic region indicated a typical seasonalvariation such as increasing from winter to early spring and decreasing during the warmer
season with similar large interannual variabilities. However, the monitoring period was
different at each station. The interannual variabilities of BC concentrations might be caused bydifferences in the air-mass transport patterns from the source regions and the occurrence offorest fires in Siberia and Alaska over the years. To investigate the primary factors in the
differences between the higher BC year and the lower BC year, hemispheric scale air quality
simulation has been performed for 2015 and 2016 by WRF/CMAQ model using HTAPv2.2 andGFASv1.2 inventories. It was found that the model could reasonably capture the concentrationlevels and seasonal patterns of observed BC at Barrow[1] and Ny-Alesund[2] in 2015 (Figure1). Furthermore, compared with onboard observations by the research vessel Mirai promoted
as part of the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability project (ArCS), the timing of the inflow ofpolluted air masses from the Asian continent was relatively well reproduced by the model
simulation and confirming the BC transport from Asia through the western North Pacific tohigher latitudes. We will discuss the primary factors for higher BC concentrations in the Arctic
region through a comparative analysis with the 2016 case under the lower BC condition.

Figure 1. Boxplot of observed (blue) and simulated (red) daily mean BC mass concentrations
at the Arctic, Barrow and Ny-Alesund sites in 2015.
References[1] Koike, M. , Oshima, N. , Ohata, S. , Zhao, Y. , Kondo, Y., 2018, Mass concentration ofBC (black carbon) measurment by COSMOS at Barrow in Alaska., 1.00, Arctic Data archive
System (ADS), Japan, https://ads.nipr.ac.jp/dataset/A20180402-001[2] Koike, M. et al., 2018, Mass concentration of BC (black carbon) measurment by
COSMOS at Ny-Alesund., 1.00, Arctic Data archive System (ADS), Japan,
https://ads.nipr.ac.jp/dataset/A20180402-008

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Variations of organic aerosols at Fukue Island as affectedby the large-scale lockdown due to COVID-19
C. Zhu1*, T. Miyakawa1, F. Taketani1, B. Kunwar2, D. K. Deshmukh2,
K. Kawamura2 and Y. Kanaya1
1

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Japan
2
Chubu University, Japan

Carbonaceous aerosols are one of the most important components affecting the Earth’s
radiative forcing. Although it is quite clear that black carbon is a prominent climate forcer, therole of organic aerosol is controversial. It had been considered to cool the Earth’s surface until
the light-absorbing fraction, brown carbon, was found to cause warming. Specifically, eventhese carbonaceous aerosols are mainly emitted from the midlatitude region, they could betransported to the Arctic region and accelerate Arctic warming. The emission of black carbon
in China increased before 2010 and decreased after that (Kanaya et al., 2020). However, thetemporal trend of organic carbon (OC) is ambiguous due to its diverse sources, such as fossil
fuel combustion, biomass burning, direct emissions from biogenic sources, and secondary
formation by the oxidation of volatile organic compounds. To better understand thecharacteristics of carbonaceous aerosols and their effects on climate, we collected aerosol
samples and analyzed carbonaceous components since late 2019 at Fukue Island, western Japan.
Due to the spread of COVID-19, China implemented a large-scale lockdown in major cities
from late January to early April in 2020. As a result, economic activities are largely restricted,
where emissions of carbonaceous aerosols would possibly change. In this work, we found thatduring the lockdown period, carbonaceous aerosols decreased in February and rebounded in
April at Fukue (Figure 1). The sources of OC and PM2.5 were evaluated using the organic tracer
method and positive matrix factorization method, respectively. OC and PM2.5 from oxidationof aromatic hydrocarbons in the lockdown period decreased by 34% and 19% than the previous
month, respectively, indicating decreased anthropogenic activities from transport and industry
sectors. Meanwhile, OC and PM2.5 from biomass burning increased by 39% and 6% in the
lockdown period, respectively, indicating the continuous effects of biomass burning fromdomestic sector. Our findings provide information to better understand the dynamics andemission controls of carbonaceous aerosols in East Asia.

WSOC, WIOC and EC(µg m-3)

Airmass from China

4

China
lockdown

3

EC

WIOC

WSOC

2
1
0
11/01 12/01
2019

01/01
2020

02/01 03/01

04/01 05/01 06/01 07/01
Date

08/01

09/01 10/01

11/01

Figure 1. Temporal variation of elemental carbon (EC), water-insoluble organic carbon (WISC)
and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in PM2.5 aerosols at Fukue from late 2019 to 2020.
Reference
Kanaya, Y., Yamaji, K., Miyakawa, T., Taketani, F., Zhu, C., Choi, Y., Komazaki, Y., Ikeda, K.,
Kondo, Y., and Klimont, Z.: Rapid reduction of black carbon emissions from China: evidence from2009–2019 observations on Fukue Island, Japan, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 20, 6339–6356 (2020)

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Shipborne observations of black carbon aerosols in the
Arctic Ocean during summer and autumn 2016–2020
Yange Deng1*, Hiroshi Tanimoto1, Kohei Ikeda1, Sohiko Kameyama2, Yuko Omori3,
Jinyoung Jung4, Young Jun Yoon4, Eun Jin Yang4 and Sung-Ho Kang4
1

National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
2
Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
3
University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
4
Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea−3mBC,obser (ng m )mBC,model (ng m )−3

La tude (° N)Black carbon aerosol (BC) is considered an important contributor to the fast climate
warming and snow and sea ice melting in the Arctic. However, the concentration level andorigins of the Arctic BC are not well understood. We made shipborne observations of BC massconcentration (mBC) using light absorption methods in the Arctic Ocean as well as western
North Pacific in July to October in the years of 2016 to 2020. The arithmetic mean values ofmBC in the Arctic were comparable to those obtained in NOAA Barrow Observatory in Alaska
during the same period using the same technique [1]. The background mBC in the Arctic wasestimated to be less than 10 ng m−3. Nine BC episodes - defined as periods when 1-hr mBC wascontinuously higher than 10 ng m-3 for more than 18 hours - were identified. Furthermore, BCtagged tracer simulations were conducted using a global chemistry transport model (GEOSChem v13.1.2) [2]. On average, the model reproduced 53 % of the observed variations of mBC.
According to the model, 67–89 % of BC in the Arctic during the observation periods was frombiomass burning emissions. Biomass burning aerosols from Siberia were likely to be the main
contributor to two distinct BC episodes that were well reproduced by the model. As an example,
the observational and model results as well as the latitude of ship during the cruise in 2018 areshown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Time series of observed and model-simulated mBC, and latitude of the shippositions during the cruise in 2018. Brown shades indicate BC Episodes. Grey shades indicate
periods used for the calculation of background mBC.
References[1] S. Ohata et al., Arctic sea ice change in winter, Black carbon mass concentrations andaerosol light absorption coefficients measured at Arctic sites, 1.01, Arctic Data archive
System (ADS), Japan (2021)[2] K. Iketa et al., Tagged tracer simulations of black carbon in the Arctic: transport, source
contributions, and budget, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, 10515–10533 (2017)385

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Spatial and temporal variations of surface seawatercarbonate properties in the western Arctic Ocean: Resultsfrom the R/V Mirai observations
A. Murata1* and S. Nishino2
1

Glonal Ocean Observation Research Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science andTechnology (JAMSTEC), Japan
2
Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment, JAMSTEC, JapanTo understand marine carbon cycle in a high-latitude region, since the 1990’s, we haveconducted observations of surface seawater partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2) and total dissolved
inorganic carbon (TCO2) in the western Arctic Ocean (north of 60°N) mostly in summer, using
the R/V Mirai of JAMSTEC. From the pCO2 and TCO2 data, surface seawater properties such as
total alkalinity (TA), pH, calcite ( c) and aragonite ( a) saturation states, and buffer factor
were calculated. At the time of writing this abstract, we obtained 5425 data on these surface
seawater properties from the R/V Mirai’s cruises in 2000, 2002, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2021.
Preliminary results of linear trend analysis showed that the pCO2, TCO2, TA, c, a, and buffer
factor had statistically-significant trends: e.g., 1.9 atm year-1 and 2.6 mol kg-1 year-1 for pCO2
and TCO2, respectively. However, good-of-fitness tests were insignificant, except for TCO2.
High spatial variations of each property seem to be one of the reasons causing the low good-offits of the linear trends. For example, surface seawater a revealed high spatial variations
ranging from 2.60 to 0.81, and large differences of the a even in a same cruise. It is important
to consider physical and biogeochemical dynamics in the ocean, which strengthen the spatial
variations, when detections of linear trends are attempted. At the time of the presentation, we
will introduce updated results.

Figure 1. (a) Distributions of a in the western Arctic Ocean. (b) T S diagram with a, which is the same as inFig. 1a. The ellipses 1, 2, and 3 illustrate seawaters of a < ~1.0. The seawaters with ellipse 1 were found in theeasternmost area in the region, probably influenced by the discharge of the Mackenzie River, while the seawaters
with ellipse 2 were found in the Canada Basin or slope regions of the basin. The seawaters with ellipse 3 wereobserved in the Chukchi Sea shelf.

386

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Seasonal variation in nutrient concentration of the Pacificorigin water from the Chukchi Sea to the Canada Basin
M. Yamamoto-Kawai1*, and M. Itoh2
1

2

Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, JapanThe Pacific-origin waters flowing through the Bering Strait is the main transporter ofnutrients to the Canada Basin and to the whole Arctic Ocean. The depth to which nutrientsenters are critical for photosynthetic organisms and thus for the ecosystem of the Canada Basin.
In resent years, freshening of nutrient-rich Winter Pacific Water (PWW) and warming of
nutrient-depleted Summer Pacific Water (SWW) are observed in the Bering Strait. Thesechanges density of Pacific waters and alter the fate of nutrients entering in the Canada Basin.
In order to understand nutrient concentration of Pacific Water in different seasons and processes
determining it, we have conducted a mooring observation in the Barrow Canyon, at the entrance
to the Canada Basin from September 2021 to September 2022. A nitrate sensor and a water
sampler were deployed at 43 m, together with other sensors such as CTD, oxygen, andfluorescence, to monitor water properties of low salinity variety of the Pacific Water that should
enter shallow layer of the Canada Basin. In our presentation, we will show preliminary resultsof these observations.
During the one-year observation, salinity varied from 29.7 to 32.6, and temperature
varied from entration
increased from ~0 in summer to 10~20 µM in winter. Nitrate in winter water is as high as
nutrient maximum layer found in the Canada Basin, though salinity is much lower (mean
S=31.4, compared to S=33.1 for nutrient maximum layer). Relationships between nitrate andsalinity or oxygen differed among months. Linear correlations were found in December, March,
and April, and nitrate-oxygen relationship in these months were close to that expected from the
Redfield ratio, indicating remineralization as tnitrate waters observed in winter ranged from 24.0 to 26.0, with the mean value of 25.2.
Therefore, this water should enter the 50-100 m layer of the Canada Basin and can support
biological production in the subsurface layer. This study shows the evidence that the low
salinity variety of Pacific water formed in winter can transport significant amount of nitrate to
the Canada Basin.

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Stable Water Isotopes and Tritium Concentrations Reveal
Seasonal Contributions of Ground Ice and Snow Meltwater
to the Lena River Basin
T. Hiyama1*, L. Lebedeva2, H. Park1,3, K. Asai4, A. L. Popp5, and D. Gustafsson51

Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Japan
Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
3
Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, JAMSTEC, Japan
4
Geo-Science Laboratory Co. Ltd, Japan
5
Hydrological Research Unit, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sweden
2

The water cycle in the Arctic region, especially in northern Eurasia, is drasticallychanging due to global warming [1]. To better understand the changing climate condition, it is
crucial to assess the contribution of ground ice-melt water to Arctic river discharge. Stablewater isotopes and tritium concentrations can help to detect the fraction of ground ice-meltwater in Arctic river discharge [2]. Thus, we sampled river water around every 10 days at the
Tabaga hydrological station located at the middle reach of the Lena River basin from April
2020 to March 2021. The stable isotope ratios of water and tritium concentration showeddistinct seasonal variations, both were lower in winter and higher in summer. However,interrelation among water level, stable isotope ratios, and tritium concentrations showed
complex seasonal variations; tritium concentrations were elevated during the higher water levelseason, while stable isotope ratios did not show such a clear signal. Because hysteresis was
detected between tritium concentrations and stable isotope ratios, the seasonality ofcontributions of ground ice-melt water and snow-melt water to the Lena River discharge seems
to differ. Consequently, to accurately assess the Lena River discharge in a changing climate, itis necessary to evaluate both ground ice-melt water and water rejuvenation through snow meltusing a hydrological model which includes water age module [3].
This work was conducted as part of the HYPE-ERAS project funded by FORMAS(project DNR: 2019-02332), RFBR (project No. 20-55-71005), and JST (Grant No.
JPMJBF2003) through the Belmont Forum Collaborative Research Action: Resilience in the
Rapidly Changing Arctic. It was also supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of
Science KAKENHI (Grant Numbers 19H05668 and 21H04934).
References[1] T. Hiyama et al., Recent interdecadal changes in the interannual variability of precipitation
and atmospheric circulation over northern Eurasia, Environmental Research Letters 11 (2016)[2] L. Lebedeva et al., Tritium in natural water of the Lena River basin, Geography andNatural Resources 43 (2022)[3] H. Park et al., Contribution of water rejuvenation induced by climate warming toevapotranspiration in a Siberian boreal forest, Front. Earth Sci.: Hydrosphere 10 (2022)

388

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Seasonal Variation of Stable Isotopes in Precipitation
at Fairbanks, Alaska
K. Takakura1*, K. Ichiyanagi2, H. Park3 and M. Tanoue4
1
2

Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Japan
Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Japan
3
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
4
Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan

Global warming is progressing in recent years, especially in the high latitudes of theNorthern Hemisphere. It is empirically known that stable isotope ratios in precipitation have astrong positive correlation with air temperature, well known as the temperature effect. So, stable
oxygen isotope records are an important proxy for reconstructing past climate. The purpose ofthis study is to consider factors controlling the seasonal variation of stable isotopes inprecipitation observed at the inland area of Alaska. Precipitation sampling was conducted at the
University of Alaska Fairbanks from October 2017 to August 2021, totally 275 samples during
the observation period. Temporal variations in daily δ18O in precipitation and air temperatureare shown in Figure 1. The monthly mean stable isotopic values were calculated weighted by
the precipitation amount. As a result, the δ18O and d-excess in precipitation ranged from -31.5‰
in winter to -11.9‰ in summer and from -10‰ in May-June to +12‰ in November-December,respectively, indicating clear seasonal variations. The positive correlation was found between
δ18O and temperature, the correlation coefficient was 0.76 with statistically significant. The
slope of the regression equation was 0.27‰/℃, indicating a temperature effect. A significant
positive correlation was obtained with a slope of the regression equation of 0.28‰/℃ and acoefficient of determination of 0.30 for seasons other than summer, however, a significant
correlation was not found only in summer. For further study, we would like to consider factors
controlling stable isotopes in precipitation from atmospheric circulation fields and water vapor
origins by using an isotope circulation model and back-trajectory analysis.

Figure 1. Daily δ18O in precipitation (dots) and air temperature (line) observed at
Fairbanks.

389

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Freshwater budget of the Sea of Okhotsk
and sea ice variability
K. Oshima1*, Y. Tachibana2 and K. Komatsu3
1

Aomori University, Japan
2
Mie University, Japan
3
The University of Tokyo, Japan
Like the Arctic Ocean, the Okhotsk is an enclosed sea with favorable conditions for sea
ice formation. The low salinity layer formed by freshwater inflows prevents vertical mixing
with deeper water and cold air from Siberia efficiently lowers water temperature at the sea
surface. When people visit the Okhotsk coast for tourism in winter, it is announced that “theAmur River is the major freshwater inflow into the Okhotsk Sea and that is important for sea
ice formation.” Is that reasonable? Besides the Amur, there are other sources of freshwater
inflows into the Sea; river discharge from surrounding land areas excluding the Amur basin,
precipitation over the sea, and seawater exchanges between the surrounding ocean.
First, we quantitatively estimated the freshwater budget of the Sea of Okhotsk. Tachibana
et al. (2008) investigated the water budget in the Amur River and we applied almost the same
analysis method. We estimated moisture flux and net precipitation over the Okhotsk Sea using
meteorological data (JRA-55) based on the atmospheric water budget. Figure 1 shows theseasonal cycle of moisture flux convergence (MFC). As expected, the MFC shows large values
from May to August with a local minimum in June. The correlation and composite analyses
indicated that the MFC and 850hPa geopotential height (z850) were negatively correlated
during the summer months and positive anomalies of z850 emerged over the Okhotsk region.
This implies that the Okhotsk High reduces the precipitation in June. We further examinedlinkages among net precipitation, moisture transport and atmospheric circulation over theregion, and sea ice concentration (SIC), water temperature and salinity in the Sea. The results
indicated that the MFC and SIC have a negative correlation and the associated atmosphericcirculation anomalies indicate a weakening of the Aleutian Low.

References[1] Tachibana, Y., Oshima, K., andOgi, M. (2008), Seasonal andinterannual variations of Amur River
discharge and their relationships tolarge-scale atmospheric patterns andmoisture fluxes, J. Geophys. Res., 113,
D16102, doi:10.1029/2007JD009555.
Figure 1. Climatological seasonal cycle ofmoisture flux convergence (MFC) over
the Okhotsk Sea region. Unit is mm/month.

390

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HYPE-ERAS: A Transdisciplinary View on Climate Change
Impacts on Hydrology, Permafrost and Resilience inEastern Siberian Arctic and Sub-Arctic
D. Gustafsson1*, A. Popp1, L. Lebedeva2, S. Boyakova3 and T. Hiyama4
1

Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sweden
2
Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Russia
3
Institute for Humanities Research and Indigenous
Studies of the North, Russia
4
Nagoya University, Japan

HYPE-ERAS is a transdisciplinary research project aiming to improve the understandingof climate change impacts on flooding, river ice, permafrost thawing and river coastal
communities in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Surveys of local community perception andadaptation to climate change impacts show a growing concern for floods and droughts,
shortening of ice cover periods and rivers getting shallower [1]. Trend analysis on river stream
flow shows that increasing flows are more common in larger rivers, whereas smaller rivers thatfreeze to the bottom are more stable [2]. Hydrological model and isotope analyses indicate that
increasing rainfall and permafrost thaw both contribute to the increasing flow [3]. A new dataset
was developed characterizing the permafrost landscape in high resolution [4]. Satellite anddrone based remote sensing was further used to detect and quantify land surface subsidence,landscape change and loss of agricultural land as a result of permafrost thaw [5]. Satellite
altimetry was used to develop so-called “virtual stations” to extend the existing river gauging
stations to new locations along the Lena river. A hydrological model forecasting system wasdeveloped using in-situ and remote sensing observations of river discharge, water level, ice
thickness and river ice breakup dates. Re-forecast experiments for the period 2008-2021
showed that breakup days could be predicted with a median error of 4-5 days in the area of
Yakutsk and with a median error of 6 days in the other areas of the Lena river. River discharge
forecasts showed skill mainly in large and medium size river basins, where the probability ofdetecting high flow situations were higher than the false alarm ratio at the majority of stations.
This work was conducted in the HYPE-ERAS project which is funded by FORMAS(project DNR: 2019-02332), RFBR (project No 20-55-71005) and JST (Grant No.
JPMJBF2003) through the Belmont Forum Collaborative Research Action: Resilience in the
Rapidly Changing Arctic.
References[1] V. Filippova, Adaptation of the indigenous peoples to climate change effects in Yakutia:
Gender aspects, Polar Science, 26 (2020).
[2] L. Lebedeva et al., Streamflow Changes of Small and Large Rivers in the Aldan River
Basin, Eastern Siberia, Water, 13 (2021).
[3] H. Park et al., Quantitative separation of precipitation and permafrost waters used forevapotranspiration in a boreal forest: A numerical study using tracer model. J. Geophys. Res.:
Biogeosci., 126 (2021).
[4] A.A. Shestakova et al., Mapping the main characteristics of permafrost on the basis of apermafrost-landscape map of Yakutia using GIS. Land, 10 (2021).
[5] Y. Iijima et al., 2021. Thermokarst landscape development detected by multiple-geospatial
data in Churapcha, Eastern Siberia. Front. Earth Sci., 9 (2021).

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Multi-actor cooperation for sustainable development of
cruise tourism in the Pacific Arctic: The Case of theRussian Far East
M. Lomaeva1, J. Saunavaara1*
1

Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan

This paper draws on the results of a fruitful collaboration with the Russian Far East
universities and research institutions as well as their Russian partners, which was funded by theJapanese Ministry of Education and Science as part of Japan Arctic Research Network Center(J-ARC Net, 2016–22) and the Human Resource Development Platform for Japan-Russia
Economic Cooperation and Personnel Exchange (HaRP, 2017–22) projects. It is a case studyof cooperation between central and regional government bodies and other non-state actors (suchas cruise operators, nature reserves, academia, indigenous communities etc.) for sustainable
development of cruise tourism in the Russian Far East, both at the domestic and transnational
levels [1].
This paper examines contributions of each type of stakeholders to domestic regulations(including self-regulation), commercial undertakings, and the assessment of cruise tourism
impacts on wildlife and traditional lifestyles of indigenous communities. It also provides an
overview of transnational channels and mechanisms for cooperation between the actors
involved (which were established before the Russian invasion of Ukraine). Another aspect
covered in this study is the significance of cruise tourism in the Russian Far East development
strategies, from both the central and local government perspectives, and its (potential) conflicts
with other interests and uses of these marine and coastal areas (e. g. security, commercial
navigation, nature conservation, protection of the indigenous minorities of the North and theFar East etc.) [2, 3], and how they have been addressed.
In conclusion, we discuss the impacts of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on cruise
tourism in the Russian part of the Pacific Arctic, and whether cruise tourism (along withenvironmental protection, search and rescue etc.) may serve as a basis for re-startingtransnational cooperation with Russia’s North Pacific neighbors in future, and what roles (inlight of the experience gained before February 2022) various types of actors may be expected
to play in this process. We are fully aware of great uncertainties with respect to the shape andtime frame of future cooperation, which largely depend on further steps by the Russian central
and regional governments.
References[1] M. Lomaeva, J. Saunavaara, M. Tanaka, Prospects for sustainable development of the cruiseindustry in the Pacific Arctic: Outcomes of the Japan-Russia online workshop held on 8–9 December
2021, Proceedings of the 36th International Symposium on the Okhotsk Sea & Polar Oceans 2022
136–139 (2022).
[2] G. Gomilevskaya, G. Petrova, Sea tourism as a component of the tourist brand ‘The Eastern Ringof Russia’, Тhe Territory of New Opportunities. The Herald of Vladivostok State University of
Economics and Service 71–85 (2017).
[3] N. Agaeva, I. Shchetilina and E. Kovaleva, Cruise tourism as a factor of sustainable developmentof the territories of the Russian Federation, E3S Web of Conferences 295, WFSDI 2021 1–7 (2021).

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The Strategic Orientation of Russian Fishing Industry
after Ukraine :What Implications for the Arctic ?
Y. Favennec
Ocean Policy Research Institute, Sasakawa Peace Foundation, Japan
Months after the military incursion into Ukraine, the Russian government approved a new
strategy for the development of national agro-industrial and fisheries sectors until 2030, by order No. 2567
of September 8, 2022, taking into account the economic situation that has developed under sanctions
pressure from Western countries. Two main key goals were enumerated; first to strengthen national foodsecurity, and secondly to significantly expand agricultural and seafood products exports onto foreign
markets. To reach these objectives simultaneously, increase in productivity from agricultural and fisheryproducers has been underlined as an absolute necessity. For that purpose, development of domestic
shipbuilding and construction of coastal fish processing plants were assigned as priority tasks to Russian
fishery complex.
The aim of this presentation is to understand the growing importance of Russian Federation’s
fishing industry in the new geopolitical context, resulted from the large-scaled military actions launchedagainst Ukraine, and to analyze the geostrategic positioning of Far East and Arctic, the most abundant
coastal regions with living marine resources, in Russia’s updated fisheries policy orientation.
Methodologically, based on geopolitical and geoeconomics approaches, the present work will be developed
into two parts. The first one will be the explanation of both “Food security” and “State Income security (offoreign accuracy)”, concepts for a territory-expanding State that is targeted by international isolation
attempts from a bloc. The historical case of Japan in the early 1930’s will be used as an illustration for abetter understanding of Russia’s current strategic situation. The second part will focus on contradictions
that are questioned on several ongoing reforms of Russian fishing industry since the adoption of the newfisheries strategy. On one side, the Russian government seems to have decided to accelerate thedevelopment of the Northern Maritime Route, as an alternative to the Siberian railway to facilitate; (1)domestic seafood supplies from Far East and Arctic regions to the rest of Russian territories ( including
controversially acquired ones ), and (2) increase of valuable seafood exports to foreign markets by taking
advantage of the geographical proximity of both administrative entities to Europe and Asia. But it seems
that traditional fisheries actors of both regions are being excluded from that strategy, since Russian
government has presented a reform to the State Duma on October 2022, defining a new redistribution
system of living marine resources, that may lead to an oligopolistic domination of fishing activities by a
few numbers of great-scaled companies. The potential consequences of these reforms on Far East, andespecially Arctic, will be discussed from “environmental” and “demographic” security angles.

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A Research on New Dimensions of Science Diplomacy andthe Changing Arctic in the Anthropocene
E. Caymaz1*
1

Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Türkiye

The Arctic region has become a natural laboratory of the Anthropocene due to thedetrimental effects of climate change. Often referred to as the ‘Arctic paradox’, the region both
affects and is affected by anthropocentric impacts within the Earth System[1]. Besides,
emerging economic opportunities owing to accelerated warming indicate a multilateral setting
while highlighting the essence of the Anthropocene. Therefore, how environmental and societal
transitions will be addressed becomes prominent for an effective governance process. While
Arctic exceptionalism is considered as inefficient due to the current Russia-Ukraine conflict,some scholars still hold faith in the soft power of science and international scientificcollaborations to address global challenges. Since science diplomacy had proven effective
maintaining scientific collaborations and preventing conflicts even in the Cold War period[2],international research collaborations could become a means to open alternative channels forcommunication and maintain peaceful relations in the High North. On the other hand, recent
studies investigate the duality of science diplomacy since international scientific interaction isshaped by collaboration and competition whereas national policy objectives of a state may
contradict other states[3],[4]. In addition, the non-Arctic states’ growing interest in Arctic
research has evoked controversial views revealing the competitive aspects of science
diplomacy. Accordingly, this study aims to examine whether science diplomacy may become
an effective mediator for restoring constructive relationships within the changing Arctic.
Keywords: Anthropocene, Arctic Paradox, Science Diplomacy.

References[1] National Research Council, The Arctic in the Anthropocene, The National Academies Press:
Washington, (2014).
[2] Ruffini, P. B., What is science diplomacy?. In Science and Diplomacy: A New Dimension ofInternational Relations. Springer, (2017).
[3] Ruffin, N., Ruland, A. L., Between global collaboration and national competition: unravelling themany faces of Arctic science diplomacy, Polar Record 58(20), (2022).
[4] Pedersen, T., The politics of research presence in Svalbard, The Polar Journal, (2021).

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orthreenland n it materials collectedears ago at
the ittle World M se m of Man

1

Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
2
National Energy Research Association in Hokkaido, Japan395

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Improvement of an Arctic Sea Route Search System
to increase calculation speed
Takeshi Sugimura1*, Hironori Yabuki1 and Hajime Yamaguchi1
1

Arctic Environment Research Center, National Institute of Polar Research, Japan

In sailing in the Arctic Sea, it is essential to ensure a safe route to determine the shipping
route based on the icebreaking capacity of the vessel and the sea ice conditions. If the ship is
operated incorrectly, a collision with the ice could cause a serious accident. At present, suchdecisions depend on the experience of the crew. However, there are few opportunities to gain
onboard expertise in sea ice areas. Therefore, training is required to supplement experience withactual past routes on the map. In addition to training, safer navigation would be possible if the
support system supports secure and efficient navigation. Establishing a ship navigation support
system for sea ice areas is an urgent issue for the development of the NSR.
This study has developed an Arctic Sea Route Search System that automaticallycalculates safe and efficient routes. This web application automatically obtains satellite dataand calculates the optimal route according to the vessel’s capabilities. The system is designed
so that anyone can quickly get the optimal route by operating the GUI on the screen. The
program uses the Ice Index method to estimate ship speed and the A* or !* search method tofind the optimal route. In this study, the calculation speed was improved by using GPUs forsome of the calculations. The improved system resulted in calculation speeds that were 3.75
times faster on average and 7.04 times faster at the maximum compared to the previous system.
We have verified the computation results by changing the search method. The validity of thealgorithm was verified by comparison with AIS data. This web application will be useful for
vessels that have used the NSR in the past for route confirmation and training.

Figure 1. Snapshot of web application
References[1] T. Sugimura, H. Yamaguchi, H. Yabuki, Development and Implementation of an Arctic Sea
Route Search System. Proc. ASME 2021 40th Intl. Conf. on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic
Engineering, 7, (2021), https://doi.org/10.1115/OMAE2021-62238

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Monitoring of polar snow by AMSR-E and AMSR2 satellite
microwave observations
R. Kasakawa1* and H. Enomoto2, 312

Meteorology and Glaciology Group, National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
Arctic Environment Research Center, National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
3
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Japan

Cryospheric change due to accelerated warming in the Arctic is a major concern (ACIA,
2005). Such a change influences the environment, resulting in atmospheric, oceanic, andterrestrial changes. Arctic research projects are sending field research groups and establishingobservation sites at various places in this region. Satellite observations are available to support
research planning, and evaluation of observation period and place, as these observations coverboth time and space.
Observation of the melting of snow cover and ice sheets use of satellite microwave
radiometers to detect moisture content in snow from microwave radiation. A method called
XPGR (Cross-Polarization Gradient Ratio) has been used as a main observation algorithm since
the late 1990s, and has been used in climate change research as an index of ice sheet melting.
In addition, a method called Diurnal Amplitude variation (DAV) is used to observe the meltingof snow cover on land. The advantages of DAV, which detects changes in surface snow, arethat it is sensitive to short-term meteorological changes and captures short-term fluctuations(Alimasi, 2016). It is possible to conduct a comparative study of snow cover on land and on ice
sheet. In this presentation, we examined the characteristics and precautions for using XPGR
and DAV respectively. In addition, using meteorological reanalysis data, intercomparison withsatellite observation, effectiveness of each method, and points to note were investigated. The
data used are AMSR (2002-2011), AMSR-2 (2012-2021) and NCEP data for the same period.
These methods can be applied across the polar regions.

Figure 1. Arctic observation sites.
References[1] Alimasi Nuerasimuguli and Hiroyuki Enomoto, 2017: Arctic snow monitoring throughsatellite microwave observations, - Estimation of snow cover and melting periods - (inJapanese), Seppyo, 79（1）17-30．
[2] ACIA, 2005: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, Cam bridge University press, NY, 1042
pp

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Developing a regional observing system for the pan-Arctic
community
I.S.O. Matero1*, H. Lihavainen1, R. Denkmann1, C. Hübner1, S. Jawak1, E. Jones1,
Ø. Godøy1,2, K. Holmén3
1

Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System – Knowledge Centre (SIOS-KC), Norway
2
Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Norway
3
Norwegian Polar Institute, Norway

The Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System (SIOS) is a regional observing
system for long-term in-situ and remotely sensed measurements in and around Svalbard
addressing Earth System Science questions. SIOS research infrastructures are distributed allover Svalbard, in locations with permanent research settlements (Ny-Ålesund, Hornsund,
Longyearbyen) as ‘hot spots’ of co-located measurements. These in-situ measurements areuseful for various interdisciplinary research efforts, validation of global models and supporting
current and future satellite missions for calibration and validation (Cal/Val) activities.
SIOS Knowledge Centre (SIOS-KC) is the hub of SIOS and provides several services.
SIOS-KC connects scientists from around the world by facilitating access to research
infrastructure and observations in and around Svalbard. Two of the integral products of SIOS
are the data access portal and the observation facility catalogue. The former is a virtual data
centre that aims to provide the means to find, download and use all Earth System Science data
relevant to Svalbard. The latter allows for finding observation infrastructure that is active in the
Svalbard region, but also provides information on facilities that are being planned or have been
decommissioned. Further, SIOS-KC coordinates logistical services, remote sensing services,training, education programs, and produces an annual review report of the State ofEnvironmental Science in Svalbard (SESS reports) in collaboration with SIOS member
institutes. The SESS reports provide a framework for systematically enhancing the observation
system in Svalbard to be a reliable and relevant data provider for the pan-Arctic community.

Figure 1. SIOS Logo

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Using NEON Active Layer Sampling Methods for
Pathogen Detection in Melting Permafrost
N. Catolico1*, R. Spurbeck2, L. Catlin2, D. Monahan1, and K. Gonzales2, A. Vinturella2
1National Ecological Observatory Network, Battelle, USA
2
Battelle Memorial Institute, USA

Climate change impacts are disproportionately affecting the Arctic. Alongside warming
temperatures, the region is experiencing unprecedented changes, such as carbon release,ecological and hydrological systems changes, and permafrost degradation [1]. Increased
permafrost thaw represents a threat to human health due to the potential re-emergence andreanimation of frozen pathogens [2]. Several bacterial and viral pathogens can survive harshconditions like freeze thaws and can be infectious upon reanimation. The National EcologicalObservatory Network (NEON) offers open, standardized, environmental datasets from acrossthe United States, including field sites in permafrost ecosystems [3]. The NEON Assignable
Assets Program allows members of the community to leverage NEON’s infrastructure and onsite field scientists to support their own research. NEON’s field sites, staffing resources, andBattelle’s experienced metagenomic sequencing laboratories provide a unique opportunity for
identifying bacterial and viral pathogens present in permafrost melt that may reanimate in a
warming climate.
Here we used NEON’s arctic groundwater sampling protocol [4] to extract active layer
meltwater from up to 8 locations at Toolik Lake (TOOK) and Caribou Creek (CARI) field sites.
We examined NEON’s historical thaw data to target sample windows that coincided withmaximum annual thaw and liquid water presence. Samples were collected by NEON field
scientists and were sequenced using Twist Biosciences Pan viral hybridization panel to detectany viral pathogens and 16S sequencing for detection of bacterial pathogens. Several
microorganisms were identified in each sample, both nonpathogens and those with pathogenic
potential. Future work will determine viability of pathogens identified in the meltwater todetermine the risk potential with continuing climate change. Preliminary data suggests that
NEON’s sampling method proves an accessible, rapid, and inexpensive option for collecting
samples for pathogen detection as warming temperatures continue to alter the arctic landscape.
References[1] Stella, E., Mari, L., Gabrieli, J. et al. Permafrost dynamics and the risk of anthrax transmission: amodelling study. Sci Rep 10, 16460 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72440-6.
[2] Miner et al. Emergent biogeochemical risks from Arctic permafrost degradation. Nat. Clim.
Chang. 11, 809–819 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01162-y[3] NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network) Data Portal. https://data.neonscience.org[4] Goodman, K. and Catolico, N. AOS Protocol and Procedure: SWC – Water Chemistry Sampling in
Surface Waters and Groundwater. NEON.DOC.002905vH. NEON (National Ecological Observatory
Network).

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Data Management of Arctic Project in Japan
Hironori Yabuki1*, Keiko Iino1, Takeshi Terui1, Takeshi Sugimura1
1

Natinal Institute of Polar Research (NIPR)

Arctic is the region where the global warming is mostly amplificated, and the atmosphere- ocean - cryosphere - land system is changing. Active promotion of Arctic environmental
research, it is large and responsible for observational data. Promotion of Arctic research inJapan, has not been subjected to independent in their respective fields.
In the National Institute of Polar Research, perform the integration and sharing of data
across a multi-disciplinary such as atmosphere, ocean, snow and ice, land, ecosystem, model,
for the purpose of cooperation and integration across disciplines, we build the Arctic Dataarchive System (ADS).
Arctic Data archive System (ADS), to promote the mutual use of the data across a multidisciplinary to collect and share data sets, such as observational data, satellite data, numericalexperiment data. Through these data sets, clarify of actual conditions and processes of climatechange on the Arctic region, and further contribute to assessment of the impact of global
warming in the Arctic environmental change, to improve the future prediction accuracy.
A new project of the Arctic research (ArCS II: Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II) has
been started in 2020. ArCS II is a national flagship project funded by the Ministry of Education,
Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). The National Institute of Polar Research(NIPR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) and Hokkaido
University are playing the key roles in this project and will continue to carry it out for
approximately four-and-a-half years from June 2020 to March 2025. Arctic Data archive
System (ADS) is responsible for the data management of this project.
On the other hand, the National Institute of Polar Research to operate the ADS, has
acquired a wide variety of polar science data through Japanese Antarctic research expedition(JARE) and Arctic research project. The data has been published through “JARE date reports”
and “NIPR Arctic Data Reports”. ADS has also started assigned data DOI as a system thatprovides a permanent link to published data. NIPR has targeted quality-controlled data as acondition for assigning data DOI. In addition to discussing the use of peer review frameworks
in data journals to ensure data quality, the role of “JARE date reports” and “NIPR Arctic Data
Reports” was reconsidered. NIPR has published a new data journal "Polar Data Journal" for the
purpose of distributing quality-controlled actual data. ADS play a role as a main data repositoryfor "Polar Data Journal". PDJ publication and ADS collaboration will contribute to thepromotion of open science.

400

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International Symposium on
Arctic Research

ISAR-7/Seventh International Symposium on Arctic Research
Venue: National Institute of Polar Research
10-3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan