Towards anInternational Year of Glass in 2022

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Toward a United Nations Year of Glass 2022
Glass for a Sustainable Society
Glass has proven to be one of the most important materials enabling the development ofcontemporary human civilization. Glass is an input material for key cutting edge sectors, such asenergy, biomedicine, agriculture, information & communication, electronics, aerospace, optics &optoelectronics, in addition to its traditional roles in architecture, automotive, houseware &packaging; all have impacted humanity1.
This enduring effect of glass on modern society has led some to propose that we are now living in
The Glass Age2. The positive influence of glass on our world continues to expand as new glass
products and processes are developed which address global challenges in energy, architecture,environment, healthcare, information/communication technology, photonics and more3, allcontributing to the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations.
In support of the perceived role of glass in meeting these goals, the history of glass is packed withmilestones that have forever changed our world. While the year of discovery or the culture which
first used the material cannot be identified with certainty, archaeological finds and historical texts
show that glass became an object of luxury, it had an important social role in burials and its use waswidespread. Ancient writers equated the glassblower’s breath with the wisdom of the philosopher
Seneca and the Bible4, references glass in the Book of Job and the Book of Revelations.
The technique of blowing glass was discovered two millennia ago and changed the way the glass
was regarded. Clear vessels were invaluable for stimulating transport, trade, and storage.
Applications expanded when molds were introduced to control shape; artisans were free to makelarger, more dynamic and intricate objects that were collected, traded and given as diplomatic gifts.
Over the last millennium, the role of glass in our shared human cultural and material heritage has
swelled: church windows have miraculously spanned the length of a building allowing light to flood
the interior of sacred spaces, highly decorated goblets have celebrated the reign of a dynasty, andmosque lamps have communicated a patron’s generosity. In the last century float glass has come todominate our architectural skyline and solar panels take a major role in the energy market, while in
the art world it has transcended its classification as a craft material, becoming integrated into thefine arts. The twentieth century has witnessed the growth of university art programs, allowing the
maker to transform from craftsperson to sculptor, using glass for artistic expression.

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Over the same period scientific and technological endeavor has been underpinned by glass. The
development of optics gave rise to the telescope of Galileo and his exploration of the cosmos, while
the microscope has opened up the study of cells, microbes and blood. More recently, glass has been
the catalyst for the high-speed manufacture of incandescent light bulbs, photo-conducting glasses
have revolutionized xerography, and glass-ceramics were born from the controlled crystallization ofglass. Glass optical fibers are the hidden network behind the worldwide web, stimulating a changeof paradigm that has caused a global communications revolution.
In summary, glass is the transparent tool for developed and fairer societies, while compatible witha sustainable planet. It is also art, its history sharing the story and evolution of humankind.
Among the specific milestones to be celebrated in the year 2022 are:•

The 670th anniversary of the earliest depiction of eyeglasses in a painted work of art(frescoes dated 1352 by Tommaso da Modena in Treviso, Italy);•

The 200th Anniversary of the invention of the Fresnel Lens used in the seashore lighthouses
that have prevented countless disasters;
The 100th anniversary of the discovery of ancient Egyptian Glass in King Tutankhamun’s
Tomb in 1922;
The 70th anniversary of the Pilkington patent in 1952 that heralded the float glass process
and forever changed flat glass manufacture;
The 60th anniversary of the Studio Glass Movement; andThe Centennial Anniversary of the German Society of Technology (DGG).
The 45th anniversary of the Nobel Prize to Anderson and Mott for their studies on glass.

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Goals of the UN Year of Glass: The broader vision of a United Nations International Year of Glass
2022 (IYoG2022) is to celebrate the history, current state, and future of the most transformative
material in the history of humankind. The IYoG2022 will underline the scientific and economic
importance of glass in developing and improving the performance of the key technologies, which
can help us face the challenges of a sustainable society. 2022 will be a worldwide affirmation of the
Arrival of the Glass Age, showing that this transparent material can facilitate the emergence of moredeveloped, just, and sustainable societies to meet the challenges of globalization.
Within this broader vision, we have specific goals:•

Organize glass science and glass art festivals, workshops and other activities throughout theworld to promote tolerance and build bridges between people and countries.

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Highlight the intimate link between glass, art and culture and the role of glass-based
technologies in preserving mankind’s cultural heritage.

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Hold: early in 2022 an inaugural Conference in Geneva, Switzerland; a capstone mid-year
International Congress on Glass in Berlin, Germany; and finally a World congress/exhibition
dedicated to glass art and history.

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Demonstrate through joint meetings that glass science and glass arts are effective means ofuniting us while respecting our diversity.

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Enhance public awareness of the critically important role glass has played in serving mankind
and advancing civilization throughout recorded history be it in architecture, the arts,
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communication, medicine, transportation, or other branches of science (aerospace, optics,
astronomy… ).
•Stimulate international cooperation among professional scientific/technical and arts focusedorganizations, research institutes, universities, industry, museums, government agencies,
and others involved in basic research, artistic and engineering applications involving glassand related materials.

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Promote glass as an important, inspirational and incredibly versatile platform to addresssome of the greatest challenges the world faces to ensure sustainable development andimproving the quality of life everywhere but especially in the developing world.

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Act as a catalyst for promoting interdisciplinary fundamental and applied research inmaterials science and engineering with a special focus on glass and amorphous materials.
Materials have been the foundation of mankind’s greatest achievements and their researchand development are the key to sustainable and equitable future growth.

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Build worldwide educational alliances through activities aimed at science & engineering foryoung people, while addressing issues of gender balance and the particular needs ofdeveloping countries and emerging economies.

There are many arguments which support glass as the significant enabling material for building
sustainable societies. In the following, we review some recent and emerging glass applications that
address many of the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations.
UN GOAL 3 (Good Health and Well-being):
Ensuring healthy lives and promoting the well-being of each generation is essential for sustainable
development. The development of glass and glass-ceramic materials for medical applications
continues to expand.
Biocompatible and bioactive glass medical devices, including bone tissue engineering, are having atransformative effect on patients across the world. The regeneration of bone defects requires
materials that can bond with bone rather than be rejected by the body’s immune system. Specialty
glasses and glass-ceramics have been successfully developed. Bioactive glasses can stimulate thebody’s natural healing process, to regrow natural bone tissue5. 2019 is the 50th anniversary of
Bioglass, the first material that was found to bond to bone (and not be rejected). The first clinicalproducts reached the market in 1994. Problems treated include bone defects in the jaw, often
under/above healthy teeth or around metallic implants. Since then 1.5 million patients have been
helped by Bioglass products6, in many cases where other treatments have failed. Recently, thebenefit of bioactive glasses over alternative materials has been shown to be the ions released as theglass biodegrades; they stimulate bone cells to produce new bone7, 8. Bioglass is the active
ingredient in a toothpaste that can remineralise dentine and enamel 6. Clinical studies have foundbioactive glass has antimicrobial properties in patients with deep bone infections (osteomyelitis).
Treatment with the glass not only repaired the bone but also killed the bacteria, where conventional
antibiotics had failed9,10.

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Now, applications are reaching beyond bone, with new bioactive glasses that stimulate soft tissue
repair. Deep, persistent wounds are a serious health concern, especially in diabetic patients. New
borate glass fibers show a remarkable capacity to heal soft tissue wounds where no previous
therapy had succeeded11. The glass fibers are packed into the wound, degrading over several days.
As the glass breaks down, it releases chemicals that the body needs to enable soft tissue repair.
Moreover, the fibrous morphology of the glasses provides pathways along which tissues can regrow.
The glass degradation rate is a key parameter to ensure that the chemicals are delivered to the bodyat a rate matched to the tissue growth processes12.
Ways to improve efficiency and bioavailability are central to targeted drug delivery. Porous orhollow microspheres offer the possibility of encapsulating fragile drugs while providing protection
from biological compounds that may interfere with drug availability. Porosity offers improved
loading efficiency and helps control the release of medications. Uniform microspheres can beproduced that improve their delivery to a specific target site. They can also reduce dosing frequency,
promoting improved patient compliance. Also, a desirable plasma concentration of a therapeutic
agent can be maintained by continuous drug release from microspheres.
TheraSpheres are non-degradable glass microspheres containing radioactive Yttrium‐90. They are
injected through the hepatic artery and lodge in the liver to treat primary liver cancer. The highenergy radiation dose they deliver could not otherwise be so effectively localised.
Surface-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) are also efficient drug delivery
carriers. Their synthesis allows control of their structural properties and chemical functionalization
for biotechnological and biomedical applications. They can also penetrate cell membranes in animaland plant cells. MSN-based systems have enormous potential, such as site-specific delivery andintracellular controlled release of drugs, genes, and other therapeutic agents13.
Glass is also critical for safe storage of pharmaceuticals. The chemical inertness of glass vials,
cartridges, syringes and ampoules is paramount for pharmaceutical applications to prevent the
medicine from interacting with the glass during long-term storage14Error! Reference source notfound.. The relatively high permeability to air and the sintering aids used in most molded plastics
greatly reduce the shelf life for medicines. Likewise, oxidation and reactivity with medicine makemetals unsuitable for packaging.
Over the past years the increased development of biopharmaceuticals is placing ever higher
demands of the packaging components. The biologically developed drug formulations growing in
the areas of therapeutic proteins, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies exhibit much higher
sensitivities towards foreign substances and changes in environment than chemical drugs do15,16,17.
All new drug delivery devices contain a glass cartridge or a glass syringe. Additionally, the liquid
formulations containing surfactants, salts and chelating agents coupled with even lower drug levels
placed a global focus on the interactions between the formulation and the packaging material andthus the whole container closure system18,19,20.
Chemically strengthened glass in the EpiPen® auto-injector cartridge is used to treat emergencies
caused by severe allergic reactions to, for example, bee stings. The glass used for the EpiPen
cartridge must be both chemically durable and mechanically strong to withstand the high pressuresassociated with the injection process. Several million devices have been strengthened through thisprocess, with no known failures, thanks to advances in glass chemical strengthening technology.

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Radiation protective glasses are used for health protection in different environments and are underintense study and development.
Produced by different processing techniques, with a wide range of compositions and multiple
applications, glass-ceramics have become essential materials in the health field (orthodontics).
UN GOAL 4 (Quality Education):
A quality education is the foundation for sustainable development. An inclusive education can also
equip local communities with the tools required to develop innovative solutions to the world’spressing problems. A well-rounded education provides insights into the way society has coped withchange over many millennia.
Education has always been a central goal of the International Commission on Glass (ICG), a bodywhich offers a global platform for international cooperation across the world of glass. The ICG has
an important mission to stimulate an understanding of glass and promote interaction amongexperts in glass science and technology, art, history, and education. The consolidation of industry
over the last century has reduced the numbers employed even though output has continued to rise.
To revitalize worldwide glass education in a shrinking but nevertheless vibrant jobs market, a seriesof ICG Summer and Winter Schools have been held, starting in 2009. The Montpellier Summer
School reached its 11th edition in 2019 and audiences continue to grow; in 2018, to celebrate thefirst ten years of these ICG Schools, the volume Teaching Glass Better21 was published. It summarizes
the course contents and captures the historical development and philosophy of the schools,
explaining the lessons learned and offering a framework for others to follow. The Wuhan ICG WinterSchool in China achieved its 5th anniversary in October 2019 and this year a new school, the NASSPM(North America Summer School on Photonic Materials) was held in Quebec with great success. India
has hosted a similar event and plans another, probably in 2022. The overlapping of staff across theschools and even students has helped to propagate and stimulate best practice in teaching methods.
The commitment of ICG to education and outreach is also highlighted by its Youth OutreachCommittee, whose goal is to organize events and mentoring programs aimed at attracting andretaining the future talents of the glass world. The idea is to provide them with the tools and the
network for a successful career, where they will impact on industry and on society by developing
and improving sustainable manufacturing methods and expand the applications of glass.
Education is not only important at the highest levels but also for primary and secondary students,and for young technicians. Active programs targeting such groups are taking place in for example
Brazil and India. We hope that a Year of Glass will encourage the wider sharing of existing practiceand the stimulation of new ideas. Education is the best way to reach and instruct younger
generations, raising their awareness of sustainable development goals and how to achieve them,starting from small changes in everyday life. Multiple examples need to be incorporated at every
level, from elementary schools to colleges and university, to demonstrate the potential of glass indifferent applications and as an essential material to face the challenges of climate change and asustainable society.
Glass recycling is currently used as the perfect model of a circular economy, “from cradle to cradle”.
Applications in health, ICT, photonics, architecture, energy, can demonstrate the crucial role of thismaterial for constructing new and sustainable societies in a living planet.
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Many other national and international organizations have similar aims. ICG is in contact with the
British Glaziers and GlaaS, its equivalent in Australia. Another goal of the IYoG2022 will therefore be
to encourage the sharing of aspirations and to expand the scope of courses available. This will
include reviews of standards and how these are maintained and even improved, a sharing of
educational experiences across different sections, and the setting up and publicizing of a databaseof the courses and educational material available internationally.
UN GOAL 5 (Gender Equality)
While the world has achieved progress towards gender equality and women’s empowerment under
the Millennium Development Goals (including equal access to primary education between girls andboys), women and girls continue to suffer discrimination and violence in every part of the world.
Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but a necessary foundation for a peaceful,prosperous and sustainable world.
Following Donald J. Johnston, General Secretary OECD, “Half of the brainpower on Earth is in theheads of women. Today, the difficulty is to move from the acceptance of equal rights to the realityof equal opportunity. This transition will not be complete until women and men have equal
opportunities for occupying position in power structures throughout the world.”
Feminist economists and sociologists have developed two powerful metaphors to explain theemployment situation of women. The Glass Ceiling explains the difficulty many women experienceto access the highest professional levels, the very limited presence of women in positions of power
and the lack of recognition of the work of many female professionals. The Sticky Floor, on the other
hand, refers to the large number of women condemned to occupy the lower ranks of theoccupational pyramid: temporary, part-time, low-wage jobs, considered "unskilled". This is a floor
from which women cannot easily escape during their working life and which daughters usuallyinherit from their mothers.
The scientific world has historically mistreated women, and discrimination continues to be present.
On March 8th, 2019 there was still only one woman for every nine men in the elite ofEuropean/Western science. European women scientists occupy very few decision-making positions;
their jobs are often worse evaluated; they receive less funds and fellowships for their research; andtheir salaries are lower than those of their male colleagues.
The European Technology Assessment Network (ETAN) report, published in 2001 by the Helsinkigroup reviewed the position of women in science and technology in Europe, concluding that the“under-representation of women threatens the goals of science in achieving excellence, as well as
being wasteful and unjust”.22.
A statistical review of the position of women in higher education, research institutes and industry
shows that, despite variations in systems and structures in different countries, the proportion of
women in senior scientific positions is extremely small everywhere, demonstrating gendersegregation in the scientific field. The gender imbalance in R&D institutes is similar to that of
Universities. Moreover, the proportion of women in top positions as CEOs in industry is around 3%.
To ignore these patterns is to accept discrimination. The report provides a shocking picture of
exclusion and segregation, a common feature all over the world, and which is duplicated in the glass
field and ICG.
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Following the UN Beijing Conference on women in 1995, different reports have highlighted theimportance of “mainstreaming”, or integrating gender equality, as a main policy to be
implemented in Sci/Tech fields. The arguments in favour of having more women in researchdecision-making positions are abundant, from human rights and ethics to economics. The
arguments for social justice and fairness are obvious, but there are also functional arguments:
Diversity increases creativity, providing a substantially broader point of view, with more sensitivity
and respect for different perspectives, which is invaluable within any organization.
Diversity increases quality. The closer to reality the research is, the better it can produce results
and products that people actually need and use.
Gender equality improves efﬁciency as is confirmed by the recent orientation of universities
towards business strategies.
It is difficult to achieve female equality in a single institution or a field, because this is a goal to beachieved across all fields, from academia to industry. But we can use a variety of tools to help
women to achieve their full potential, and this applies in the glass field and ICG.
Gender equality is a must in all ICG and Year of Glass activities to be achieved by recruiting top glasswomen for committees, for plenary and invited talks, as well as positions at the CEO andManagement Board level. The International Year of Glass 2022 will propose and support committees
chaired by women, and every committee should be highly diverse - from congress organisingcommittees to every team running an activity. Educating companies and other platforms for talent
in how to manage diversity and make it an engine for innovation and creativity is the best way tobuild a brighter, more diverse future.
The limits to the participation of women in sci-tech are not professional, but social; they derive froma sexist educational model, which forces women who decide to work in science to identify
themselves with models that pretend to be neutral but are subliminally masculine. In addition to
implementing diversity and mainstreaming gender policies, the contradictions generated between
quality and professional values, on the one hand, and expectations and social image of women on
the other must be overcome. A commitment is needed to build another science from womenthemselves, another way of approaching scientific work - already inherent in Nature - which
combines real options and does not require a choice between professional and personal life.
Gender matters. Because women are half of the world, we must become half of the glass world,
beginning with the main world association related to glass (ICG).
This task transcends the world of research and industry because it must begin with thetransformation of education into a co-educational project. With teaching that transmits
transformative knowledge, that recognizes and incorporates the social relations of sex andconstitutes a step towards a more complete culture, made by men and women. This is the challenge,
because this is the future.
UN GOAL 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation):
Clean, accessible water for all is an essential aspect of the world we want to live in and there issufficient fresh water on the planet to achieve this. However, due to damaging economics or poor
infrastructure, millions of people including children die every year from diseases associated withwww.iyog2022.org/
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inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene. Water scarcity, poor water quality and inadequate
sanitation negatively impact food security, livelihood choices and educational opportunities for poorfamilies across the world.
While the past century has seen an unprecedented rise in living conditions for billions of people,
many hundreds of millions still live in abject poverty with no or little access to clean water. The
development of porous filter materials offers opportunities to sanitize water for safe consumption.
Porous glasses for such applications include foam glasses or glasses that have been separated into
two phases by spinodal decomposition. Typically one phase has a lower chemical durability and canbe leached out by appropriate treatment. This leaves an interconnected network of pores, where
the pore width can be controlled. Such filters can also be utilized for air purification, an especially
urgent issue in many countries.
On other side, the main causes of surface water and groundwater contamination are industrial
discharges, excess use of pesticides, fungicides, fertilizers (agrochemicals) and landfilling domestic
wastes. Wastewater treatment is based upon various mechanical, biological, physical and chemical
processes. This is a combination of many operations like filtration, flocculation, sterilization or
chemical oxidation of organic pollutants. During recent decades, the photocatalytic degradation ofvarious toxic organic compounds has been proposed as a viable process to detoxify drinking water.
So sunlight shining on coated glass immersed in solutions containing organic pollutants, creates aredox environment able to destroy the pollutants. Most organochloride compounds and many
pesticides, herbicides, surfactants and colorings are completely oxidized into non-toxic products.
The best results have been obtained by the combined use of porous glass filters along withglass/glass-ceramic coatings of titania and solar photo-catalysis and they constitute a cost-effective
solution for implementation in developing countries.
UN GOAL 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy):
Energy is central to nearly every major challenge and opportunity the world faces today. Be it forjobs, security, climate change, food production or increasing incomes, access to energy for all isessential. Working towards this goal is especially important as it interlinks with other Sustainable
Development Goals. Focusing on universal access to energy, increased energy efficiency and theincreased use of renewable energy through new economic and job opportunities is crucial to create
more sustainable and inclusive communities, and resilience to environmental issues like climatechange.
As the worldwide demand for energy increases, new technologies are required to enable renewableenergy generation and more efficient energy storage. One of the most promising sources ofrenewable energy is the sun. Solar energy is the largest carbon-neutral source of energy of global
disposability. More energy from sunlight strikes the Earth in 1 h (6.3 × 1020 J) than all the energy
consumed on the planet in a year (4.7 × 1020 J in 2004). The current exploitation of renewable energy
is ≈7% (2004) of global energy consumption. The huge gap between our present use of solar energy(0.04%) and its enormous undeveloped potential defines a grand challenge in future energy
research and materials technology.
Energy from the sun can be harvested via a variety of technologies, including photovoltaics, solar
thermal energy generation, and photo-bioreactors. Glassy materials play a key role in each of these
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technologies for enhancing the solar energy conversion efficiency and enabling the overall
functionality of the device23.Photovoltaic technologies are based on the photoelectric effect, where
photons are absorbed by a material to excite electrons from the valence band to the conduction
band. A variety of photoelectric materials can be used in photovoltaic solar cells, including
crystalline and amorphous silicon, as well as thin film semiconductors such as CdTe and copper
indium gallium sulfide (CIGS). Glass design plays an important role in improving the solar energy
conversion efficiency by increasing the fraction of solar energy that can be imparted to thesemiconductor, e.g., through increased transparency, light trapping, or anti-reflective coatings.
Glasses also provide mechanical and chemical protection for ensuring the long-term functionality ofthe photovoltaic cells.
Solar thermal devices offer an alternative method for harvesting energy from the sun. With solar
thermal energy, parabolic glass mirrors reflect the sun’s rays, directing the light onto a glass tube
along the focal path of the mirrors. The solar energy heats a fluid inside the glass tube, which thenpowers a generator for production of electricity. Glasses for solar thermal collectors must have highmechanical strength, chemical durability, and dimensional stability with respect to large changes intemperature.
Photo-bioreactors are another approach for harvesting the sun’s energy. With this approach,phototrophic microorganisms such as green algae are grown inside glass tubes. When the
microorganisms are exposed to solar radiation, they convert the solar energy into chemical energy
through natural photosynthesis. The conditions of the photo-bioreactor, including the opticaltransmission and temperature, are optimized to maximize the rate of solar energy conversion by
the microorganisms.
Beyond solar energy, glass also plays a critical role in enabling efficient conversion of wind energy
to electricity. The efficiency of windmills increases with longer turbine blades, which are made fromfiberglass-reinforced composites. Longer blades require the development of fiberglass compositions
with higher stiffness. The strength of the fiberglass-reinforced composite is also a critical property
to enable larger, more efficient and more reliable windmills.
New glassy materials are also being developed for energy storage, including glass-based solid-statebatteries. Here the goals are to improve energy storage density, reduce charging time, and increase
the number of possible recharging cycles (i.e., improved cycling performance). The long-term safetyof solid-state batteries is also of paramount concern. The performance of solid-state batteriesrequires a charged species with sufficiently high mobility. Typically, Li + or Na+ ions are used as the
conducting species. Both glass-based and glass-ceramic-based materials have been proposed as
appropriate solid-state electrolyte materials24, 25, 26,, 27.
Glasses also play a critical role in nuclear power generation, which results in both high- and lowlevel radioactive waste that requires geological time scales to decay fully. Hence, the safe long-term
storage of nuclear waste is of critical concern for protection of our environment and to ensure thesafety of humans and wildlife living near the waste disposal sites. One effective technique for storing
liquid nuclear waste is to immobilize it through vitrification in a glassy matrix28. Of course, the glassmust be stable and chemically durable over thousands of years to ensure the long-term safety of
the waste storage. New glasses are currently being designed to develop glass chemistries that canboth enable higher solubility of the radioactive waste, while simultaneously ensuring a sufficiently

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high durability. Glass-ceramics have also been proposed for nuclear waste immobilization and may
support an even higher density of waste storage compared to glasses29.
Glass may play a role even in the development of hydrogen-powered vehicles. One of the challenges
is to realize the hydrogen storage in a small volume and light weight; a possible solution is offeredby hollow glass microspheres (HGM), with diameters in the range 1 to 100 μm. One can exploit the
rapid diffusion of hydrogen through the thin wall into an HGM at elevated temperatures andpressures; the gas is then trapped upon cooling to room temperature. A rapid release of the storedhydrogen is possible, for instance, by photo-induced outgassing, in which an infrared light lamp isused to accelerate the release rate30.
UN GOAL 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure):
Investments in infrastructure – transport, irrigation, energy and information and communication
technology – are crucial to achieving sustainable development and empowering communities
throughout the world. It has long been recognized that growth in productivity and incomes, andimprovements in health and education outcomes require such capital spending. Manufacturing is
an important driver of economic development and employment but the CO 2 emissions during
fabrication must also be considered.
Technological progress is the foundation of efforts to achieve environmental objectives, such asincreased resource and energy-efficiency. Without technology and innovation, industrialization will
not happen, and without industrialization, development will not happen. More investment isneeded to increase efficiency in the high-tech products that dominate manufacturing and a focus
should be given to information and communications services (ICT) that increase connections
between people. Glass products have a key role in many of these fields, especially ICT technologies.
The invention of low-loss glass optical fibers was essential in the development of the Internet,
enabling exponentially growing levels of communication across the globe 31. Optical fibers are thephysical support that allowed the paradigm shift leading to the global communications revolution.
They are the indispensable elements on which the process of globalization of the economy andindustry is based, being the main support of a knowledge society.
As the demand for bandwidth continues to grow, new fiber optic technologies are being developed
to enable more data to be transmitted over longer distances, while minimizing the need for signal
amplification. This will involve further reductions in fiber attenuation, which may be achieved
through improved material design or process optimization. Photonic crystal fibers may also enable
lower-loss optical transmission, although significant process challenges must be overcome before
this technology becomes viable for long-haul transmission32. New glass fibers are also being
developed to enable quantum communication, which can lead to secure communication via
quantumly entangled photons33. Glass fibers will play a critical role in facilitating the “Internet ofThings,” i.e., the interconnection of everyday appliances and objects, such as stovetops,
refrigerators, etc., within buildings. This connectivity will enable such appliances to send and receive
data, and perhaps even include built-in smart displays.
More generally, photonics is nowadays a broad technology enabling a vast diversity of applications,and many advances in photonics rely on the use of glasses and glass-ceramics. On one side, thephotonics industry relies on many components having optical glass at their heart: indeed, glass iswww.iyog2022.org/
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critical for the fabrication of spherical lenses, aspheres, prisms, beam splitters, optical fibers,
axicons, and other optical components. Similarly, the optical communications industry relies on
glass components and devices: linked to optical fibers, the addressing and filtering of theinformation flux is largely performed by integrated optical circuits. These circuits are fabricated inglass, owing to the very low losses guaranteed by glass optical waveguides, or in hybrid material
structures, where one can exploit the different properties of glass, glassy materials (such as manypolymers), and semiconductors. Recent advances concern the area of wireless communications,where radio signals can be carried over a fiber-optic cable (RoF, Radio over Fiber), e.g. to facilitate
wireless access, such as 5G and WiFi simultaneous from the same antenna. The radio frequency
generation at millimeter wave frequency and beyond, needed for photonic RoF systems, may be
performed by glass lasers, using Er-Yb doped glass waveguides34.
Fiber lasers, too, exploit the unique characteristics of glass doped with rare earth ions. They benefit
from superior performance, compactness, versatility compared to other commercial lasers and are
therefore used as a standard in many industries over the world for a huge range of applications.
Their use in clinical surgery and therapy is also expanding. Besides being a technological application
tool, fiber lasers constitute an excellent platform for investigating a wide range of nonlinear
phenomena and to advance our understanding of nonlinear processes35.
LED sources, which are based on the light emission from crystalline semiconductors, often require
the integration of a phosphor to produce white light or to suitably tune the emitted color, and thisis often a solid glass artefact or a glass thin film doped with rare earths. One-dimensional photonic
crystal structures, which allow manipulation of the passage of light, may be realized by thedeposition of glass layers with different refractive indices (e.g. using a sol-gel process) . 2D and 3D
photonic crystals are fabricated by self-assembling ordered arrays of glass nanoparticles. Theirapplication to sensing is attracting a growing interest, but glass micro- and nano-spheres may alsooffer solutions to many other problems36.
Another emerging field is that of flexible and stretchable photonics: it is envisaged that the
fabrication of integrated optical circuits in thin films deposited on top of ultra-thin glasses may leadin the near future to a breakthrough similar to what is happening with flexible electronics. Wearable
photonic monitors and sensors will be soon within reach37.
Glass has also played a revolutionary role in information display, from early televisions based oncathode ray tubes to more recent flat panel displays38Error! Reference source not found.. As theresolution of these displays improves by using smaller pixel sizes, the requirements on the high-techglass substrates become more and more stringent39. New glasses must be developed to improve
dimensional stability during the display fabrication process, that is to minimize the magnitude ofvolume relaxation as the thin film electronics constituting the display are deposited onto the glass
substrates. New ultra-thin glasses are also being developed to enable bendable or even foldable
displays40. Advanced glasses are also being developed for visualizing information throughaugmented and virtual reality devices, which perhaps represents the next revolution in information
display technology41.
In addition to their critical role in the transmission and display of information, glasses have also
revolutionized data storage. Chalcogenide-based phase change memories have enabled rewritabledata storage by toggling localized regions between glassy and crystalline states, which represent
either 1 or 0 bits42. High-density magnetic memory disks are built on high-strength, high-stiffness
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glass substrates to enable faster rotational speeds and higher-density memory storage43. Glasses
are also promising materials for next-generation holographic memories, which could enable
exceptionally high data storage densities44.
Among new glass processing techniques, Sol-gel plays an important role. This is a liquid phase, wetchemistry-based technology interest in which has grown steadily for the past 50 years and has
recently gained momentum for applications in optics, optoelectronics and photonics. Sol-gel is a lowtemperature, energy-saving, low-cost technology, especially suitable for glassy coatings andmembranes. Such coatings are used for: mechanical and corrosion protection; anti-reflection;hydrophobicity; photocatalytic self-cleaning and fuel cells; optic and optoelectronic functionalities
in solar cells, solid-state lighting and optical communications; and from discrete devices such as
optical filters, switches and waveguides to integrated optical circuits.
Glass plays also a key role in transport technologies, leading the design and production of smart
windscreens that are revolutionizing vehicle safety. Flat glass is used to make windscreens,backlights, windows and sun roofs for a wide range of automobile and transport applications, fromcars to cruise ships, trains, aircrafts or buses.
Innovative high-tech glazing solutions have been developed to minimize heat gain in vehicles andoffer thermal comfort all year around, to reduce vehicle weight through the use of lightweightglazing, to provide maximum visibility for optimum driving conditions, to integrate new featuresthat enhance the driving experience and to safeguard the vehicle occupants in case of accident.
Glazing solutions for the automotive industry need to offer the highest possible performance interms of safety, security and durability, as well as style and comfort for vehicle manufacturers andfor their passengers45.
The crucial role of glass products in clean and renewable energy were just described in Goal 7.
UN GOAL 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities):
Cities are hubs for ideas, commerce, culture, science, productivity, social development and muchmore. At their best, cities have enabled people to advance socially and economically. With thenumber of people living within cities projected to rise to 5 billion people by 2030, efficient urban
planning and management practices must be in place to deal with the impact of urbanization.
Common issues include congestion, lack of funds to provide basic services, a shortage of adequate
housing, declining infrastructure and rising air pollution. Challenges linked to rapid urbanization,such as the safe removal and management of solid waste, must be overcome in ways that allow
cities to continue to thrive and grow.
Following the discussions in Goal 9, it is worth repeating that glass technologies are essential in thedevelopment of modern transportation. For example, chemically strengthened glasses are essential
for the safety of airplane cockpit windshields. New lightweight, high-strength glasses are being
developed for automotive windshields to improve fuel efficiency and passenger safety 46. Glassy
materials will also play a more prominent role in automotive interiors, especially with thedevelopment of self-driving vehicles. With humans expected to play a less active role in driving thevehicle, glass displays and touch screens will provide new options for entertainment andconnectivity on the road. However, the glass and glazing industry are increasingly going beyond thisby offering innovative products that dramatically reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Thus,
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they are taking an active role in contributing to innovative and technological competitiveness aswell as to the greening of the transport sector. Weight reduction, solar control glazing and thedevelopment of electric vehicle-specific glazing notably achieve this.
The flat glass industry is also actively developing new energy efficiency technologies for buildings;
newly developed glass and glazing units can significantly reduce the need for heating and cooling,
reducing energy consumption and the associated emission of carbon dioxide. Advances in glass
coatings will enable the development of energy neutral buildings, or even buildings that contributeto the energy grid.
Contemporary residential and commercial architectural design increasingly incorporates more andlarger window areas. This design trend is supported by the evolution of energy-efficient glazing, themost effective being capable of dramatically reducing heat gain and heat loss. Many of these energyefficient glazing options also provide some measure of UV protection 47. A recent TNO study
quantifies the energy savings and CO2 emission reduction potential from high-performance glazing48
across the 28 EU Member States for both 2030 and 2050 horizons. In addition to the maximum
potential, whereby all windows are equipped with high-performance glazing across all EU buildings,
it also simulates the impact of various window replacement rates, all compared to a baseline
scenario. The study draws on recent scientific sources to define input parameters such as today’s
European building stock and performance, the evolution in the energy mix, the penetration of highperformance heating and cooling equipment and so on.
The two scenarios studied show that windows equipped with high-performance glazing have thepotential to deliver up to 75.5 Mtoe of energy savings in 2030 and 67.3 Mtoe in 2050. This
correspond to annual CO2 emission avoidance of up to 94.2 Million tons and 68.5 Million tons in
2030 and 2050 respectively. The study shows an energy saving potential in 2030 equivalent to a
reduction of 30% in the energy consumption of buildings, showing windows to be key components
in the energy performance. The European Union is targeting the objective of becoming the firstclimate neutral economy by 2050. To achieve this ambitious goal, reducing drastically energy
consumption from buildings is a necessity even if Europe succeeds in decarbonizing its energy
production.
The contribution of glazing to a climate neutral Europe could potentially be even higher. New glazing
products, such as switchable/ electrochromic glazing, glazing-integrated photovoltaics or othernovel technologies, not considered in the TNO study, could generate additional CO2 savings.
Glass containers are also key players in the route to reducing solid urban waste (SUW). The “Reduce,
Reuse, Recycle” Waste Hierarchy constitutes the main rule to reduce the amount of waste
generated, and to improve overall waste management processes, offering guidance for creating asustainable life. More than 60% of SUW is containers and packaging, mostly single use, usually
manufactured from non-renewable raw materials, or which, if renewable, are nevertheless being
exploited faster than their regeneration rate.
Reduce is possible by consuming durable goods with long warranties and avoiding disposable items.
In the case of containers, returnable glass bottles are consumed in hotels and restaurants while
single-use containers are preferred by supermarkets. Glass containers, mainly jars and pots, areoften reused to store items in the kitchen though. The third R, recycling, implies the transformationof the object into a raw material that can be shaped into a new item. Glass is the only container
recyclable in the hard meaning of the concept: one glass bottle produces another glass bottle. Glass
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can be infinitely recycled thus being a perfect example of “circular economy” expressed as “fromcradle to cradle”. Moreover, glass containers are the only ones with the GRASS and Food Safety
stamp in Europe and US.
The ever expanding use of clean and renewable energies, especially PV-solar energy for housing
along with the use of low-energy LED lighting offer other ways to reduce energy consumption,
lowering CO2 emissions and pollution in cities.
From greener transport to efficient architectural glazing, from the installation of PV panels to theuse of glass containers that respect the 3R rule, glass is essential to improving the use of natural
resources, lowering CO2 emissions and pollution while enhancing the life of citizens.
Culture in all its expressions is an essential element in improving and developing the life of cities
and the well-being of its inhabitants. Among cultural institutions, museums play a strategic role inmaking cities and communities inclusive, safe, and sustainable.
Museums are places where the tangible and intangible heritage of humanity and its environment ispreserved, studied, and exhibited for the purposes of education, study and enjoyment.
Communities identify museums as spaces for sharing ideas in a safe, inclusive, and accessible
environment49.
Being multidisciplinary institutions open to people and embedded in the community, museums canplay a strategic role in enhancing the knowledge of glass among citizens. They are crucial for
dissemination, educational activities, and hands-on experience.
Even if the origin of museums is rooted in western society and culture, most communities worldwide
host museums and recognize them as a tool for empowering people, giving them resources forlearning and developing skills, while enhancing their quality of life and wellbeing.
Art, science, archaeology, history, and social sciences find their meeting point in specialized glass
museums and museums with collections of glass. They display glass objects from the antiquity tothe present-day, not only works of art but also glass for everyday use, as well as specialized glass forindustry and science.
Museums have plenty of stories to tell, describing raw materials and techniques needed for
producing glass and glass objects along the centuries, and giving insight into the life of the people
who created and used them.
Glass museums have educational programs for children and adults aimed at raising knowledge
about glass, its history and use. They ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote
lifelong learning opportunities for all (see also goal 4).
Many glass museums are equipped with hot and cold workshops and studios which can provide
invaluable opportunities for learning. Glassmaking activities are also tools which create inclusivity.
UN GOAL 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production):
Sustainable consumption and production are about promoting resource and energy efficiency,
sustainable infrastructure, and providing access to basic services, green and decent jobs and a better
quality of life for all. Currently, consumption of natural resources is increasing, particularly within
Eastern Asia. Countries are though addressing challenges regarding air, water and soil pollution.
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Since sustainable consumption and production aims at “doing more and better with less”, net
welfare gains from economic activity can increase by reducing resource use, degradation andpollution along the whole life cycle, while increasing the quality of life. There also needs to besignificant focus on the operation of the supply chain, involving everyone from producer to final
consumer.
Glass is an environmentally friendly material in many ways. Most glasses are made from safe, readily
available raw materials such as sand, soda ash, and limestone. Also, glasses can be reused andrecycled any number of times. In addition to using more recycled materials, the glass industry iscurrently developing more energy efficient melting technologies to reduce the carbon footprint ofglass manufacturing. One approach to reduce the environmental impact of glass manufacturing isthe development of alternative glass compositions with lower melting temperatures compared to
traditional soda lime silica glasses. The ultimate goal is to achieve carbon-neutral manufacturing.
As discussed in Goal 11, the glass industry offers recyclable goods, from glazing to containers andvehicle windscreens. Glass is the only material which is infinitely recyclable.
Educating consumers on sustainable consumption and lifestyles is essential, by providing them withadequate information through standards and labels and engaging in sustainable public
procurement. The concepts of a “circular economy” have to be understood by citizens to commit to
the challenges of global change; explaining how it will be possible to maintain lifestyle without
damaging the planet.
UN GOAL 13 (Climate Action):
Climate change is now affecting every country on every continent. It is disrupting national
economies and affecting lives, costing people, communities and countries. Weather patterns arechanging, sea levels are rising, weather events are becoming more extreme and greenhouse gas
emissions are at their highest levels in human history.
Affordable, scalable solutions are now available to enable countries to leapfrog to cleaner, more
resilient economies. The pace of change is quickening as more people are turning to renewableenergy and a range of other measures that will reduce emissions and increase adaptation efforts.
Climate change, however, is a global challenge that does not respect national borders. It is an issue
that requires solutions that need to be coordinated at the international level to help developing
countries move toward a low-carbon economy. Paths towards decarbonization are being developedby the glass industry, for a low-carbon economy50
Glass artefacts have a major role in combating climate change due to their energy saving functions
and despite the relative high energy demand for batch melting and the generation of CO 2 during
glass production. The energy efficiency of glass melting itself has increased substantially in the last
decades via the use of recyclable post-consumer waste glasses and the reduced weight of glass
products, e.g. for container glasses by 25% (≈300 kg CO2/1000 kg glass).
Although often taken for granted, glass windows allow light into homes and offices while also
protecting the occupants from harsh weather conditions27Error! Reference source not found..
Today, glass is widely used in architecture for both its practical functionality and its appealing
aesthetics. Some newly developed architectural glasses include photochromic51 andwww.iyog2022.org/
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electrochromic52 materials, which enable windows to adapt dynamically to sunlight conditions so
improving energy efficiency.
Vacuum insulated glazing is another technology which has improved energy efficiency53. Traditional
double-pane windows are filled with a noble gas such as argon between the two panes, which
reduces the transfer of heat. With vacuum insulated glazing, a vacuum replaces the noble gas toreduce heat transfer further. The strength of the glass panes becomes more critical with vacuum
insulated glazing, since small spacers are required to maintain the plane parallel geometry of thetwo glass panes, and localized stresses are generated near the contact points of the glass with thesespacers. Also, the panes must be perfectly sealed to prevent the diffusion of air into the vacuum.
In architectural spaces, laminated glasses are being developed which increase acoustic damping to
reduce “noise pollution” in homes and offices. For example, a recent patent includes a viscoelastic
acoustic damping layer between two panes of glass to increase sound absorption 54.
The energy saving glass products, including low-emissivity double glazing in buildings, mineral wool
and foam glass for insulation and continuous filament glass fiber for production of wind turbines,
lighter vehicles, etc. compensate several times over during their service life for the energy
consumption of their production. For example, the replacement of single with double-glazed
windows will save 60 kg CO2/year due to heat insulation compared to approximately 25 kg CO2/m2
emissions for their manufacture, i.e. the energy payback time is 5 months. Similarly, the promotionof glass containers is important not only because they fulfil the 3R’ rule but because the use ofrecycled glass reduces the energy consumption in glass furnaces. Indeed, the energy necessary tomelt glass is reduced by 2,5% for each 10% of batch replaced by cullet; for 100% green bottle
recycling this means a reduction above 20% and 15% for amber glass.
UN GOAL 14 (Life Below Water):
The world’s oceans – their temperature, chemistry, currents and life – drive global systems thatmake the Earth habitable for humankind. Our rainwater, drinking water, weather, climate,coastlines, much of our food, and even the oxygen in the air we breathe, are all ultimately provided
and regulated by the sea. Throughout history, oceans and seas have been vital conduits for trade
and transportation. Careful management of this essential global resource is a key feature of asustainable future.
Plastic waste is currently polluting the world’s oceans and other bodies of water. The ingestion ofplastic by fish and other marine animals also causes health problems in humans consuming fish andseafood. The toxins found in plastics can lead to numerous health problems, including immune
disorders, birth defects, and several types of cancer.
Glass packaging can be used as a safe and clean alternative to plastics to address this problem andeliminate plastic waste. Glasses are made from natural, safe, and abundant materials such as sand,soda ash, and limestone. Glasses are also infinitely recyclable as described previously. Eliminationof plastics will promote the health of life below the water and the health of humans who consume
fish and seafood as part of their diet.
UN GOAL 17 (Partnerships to Achieve the Goal):

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A successful sustainable development agenda requires partnerships between governments, theprivate sector and civil society. These inclusive partnerships built upon principles and values, ashared vision, and shared goals that place people and the planet at the center, are needed at the
global, regional, national and local level.
Urgent action is needed to mobilize, redirect and unlock public and private resources to deliver onsustainable development objectives. These include green energy, infrastructure and transport, as
well as information and communications technologies.
The main goal of an International Year of Glass 2022 is to activate partnerships between
governments, R&D and academia, companies and civil society. This is the key to this application –the many arguments supporting the significance of glass as an enabling material for building asustainable society. With its unparalleled versatility and technical capabilities, glass material has
fostered numerous cultural and scientific advancements in communications, optics, energy, andmedicine. But glass involves much more than science. Glass is also art, the history of this material
sharing the history and evolution of humankind.
A UN Year of Glass in 2022 will underline the technological, scientific, economic, historical andartistic role of glass in our societies. It will emphasize the rich possibilities of developing technologies
and their potential contribution to meeting the challenges of a sustainable and fairer society. It willbring together the multicolored threads of technology, social history and art through educational
programs and museum exhibitions.
To achieve these ambitious aims the key will be to promote networking among: every type of glass
association; universities, colleges and schools; R&D centers, and industry, including producers andsuppliers; and museums and civil society. This great mobilization will require activation of national
governments, industry, academia and cultural centers to support the initiative and promote a wide
range of activities related to this IYoG2022. All our effort will focus on demonstrating that glass isthe transparent tool able to build a sustainable planet based on more developed and fairer societies.
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