(Provisional Translation)

National Security Strategy
December 17, 2013
I. Purpose
Maintaining the peace and security of Japan and ensuring its survival are theprimary responsibilities of the Government of Japan. As Japan’s security environment
becomes ever more severe, Japan needs to identify its national interests from along-term perspective, determine the course it should pursue in the international
community, and adopt a whole-government approach for national security policies andmeasures in order to continue developing a prosperous and peaceful society.
Japan has contributed to peace, stability and prosperity of the region and theworld. In a world where globalization continues, Japan should play an even moreproactive role as a major global player in the international community.
Based on such a recognition, the Government of Japan hereby sets forth thisNational Security Strategy (hereinafter referred to as “the Strategy”) in order to set out
Japan’s fundamental policies pertaining to national security.
The Strategy first elaborates on Japan’s peaceful orientation to date and thepolicy of “Proactive Contribution to Peace” based on the principle of international
cooperation, examines its national interests and identifies its national security
objectives. Furthermore, the Strategy identifies national security challenges Japan
faces, taking into account the trends of the security environment surrounding Japan.
Finally, the Strategy presents strategic approaches to be taken for national security,with diplomatic and defense policies at their core, based on the recognition that inorder to overcome the challenges and achieve its objectives, Japan needs to effectively
utilize its diverse resources and promote comprehensive measures, strengthen thedomestic foundation for national security and seek deeper understanding both at home
and abroad, and advance efforts at various levels in a multifaceted and coordinatedmanner.

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The Strategy, as fundamental policies pertaining to national security, presents
guidelines for policies in areas related to national security, including sea, outer space,cyberspace, official development assistance (ODA) and energy.
Pursuant to the Strategy, and with the National Security Council (NSC) serving
as the control tower, as well as with strong political leadership, the Government ofJapan will implement national security policies in a more strategic and structured
manner through a whole-government approach.
In addition, when implementing policies in other areas, the Government of Japan
will give due consideration to national security so that Japan can utilize its strengths,
such as its diplomatic ability and defense capability, in a smooth and fully-functional
way as a whole, based on the Strategy.
The Strategy will guide Japan’s national security policy over the next decade.
Through the implementation of concrete policies, the NSC will regularly carry out
systematic evaluation and upgrade the Strategy in a timely and appropriate manner.
Should any major changes in the situation occur, the NSC will review this Strategy inconsideration of the security environment at the time, and make necessary revisions.

II. Fundamental Principle of National Security
1. Principles Japan Upholds
Japan is a country with rich culture and tradition, and upholds universal values,
such as freedom, democracy, respect for fundamental human rights and the rule of law.
Japan has a wealth of highly educated human capital and high cultural standards, and isan economic power with strong economic capacity and high technological capabilities.
Japan has achieved its development benefiting from an open international economic
system.
Surrounded by the sea on all sides and blessed with an immense exclusive
economic zone and an extensive coastline, Japan as a maritime state has achieved
economic growth through maritime trade and development of marine resources, andhas pursued “Open and Stable Seas.”2Japan has consistently followed the path of a peace-loving nation since the endof World War II. Japan has adhered to a basic policy of maintaining an exclusively
national defense-oriented policy, not becoming a military power that poses a threat toother countries, and observing the Three Non-Nuclear Principles.
In addition, Japan has maintained its security, and contributed to peace andstability in the Asia-Pacific region, by enhancing its alliance with the United States(U.S.) with which it shares universal values and strategic interests, as well as bydeepening cooperative relationships with other countries.
Moreover, Japan has contributed to the realization of stability and prosperity inthe international community through initiatives for supporting the economic growth ofdeveloping countries and for addressing global issues based on the principle of humansecurity, as well as through trade and investment relations with other countries. In
particular, Japan’s cooperation contributed to realizing stability, economic growth anddemocratization in many countries, especially those in Asia, including the member
states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
Furthermore, as a peace-loving nation, complying with the United Nations(U.N.) Charter, Japan has been cooperating with the U.N. and other internationalorganizations, and has actively contributed to their activities. In particular, Japan has
continuously participated in U.N. peacekeeping operations (PKO), as the role ofmilitary forces diversified after the end of the Cold War. In addition, as the only
country to have ever suffered atomic bombings in war, Japan has consistently engaged
in disarmament and non-proliferation efforts, playing a leading role in international
initiatives to realize “a world free of nuclear weapons.”
The course that Japan has taken as a peace-loving nation has garnered significant
praise and respect from the international community, and Japan must continue thesesteps to further consolidate such a position.
At the same time, surrounded by an increasingly severe security environmentand confronted by complex and grave national security challenges, it has become
indispensable for Japan to make more proactive efforts in line with the principle ofinternational cooperation. Japan cannot secure its own peace and security by itself, andthe international community expects Japan to play a more proactive role for peace and3stability in the world, in a way commensurate with its national capabilities.
Against this backdrop, under the evolving security environment, Japan willcontinue to adhere to the course that it has taken to date as a peace-loving nation, andas a major player in world politics and economy, contribute even more proactively insecuring peace, stability, and prosperity of the international community, whileachieving its own security as well as peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific region, as a
“Proactive Contributor to Peace” based on the principle of international cooperation.
This is the fundamental principle of national security that Japan should stand to hold.

2. Japan’s National Interests and National Security Objectives
In order to achieve the fundamental principle of national security byimplementation of concrete policies, the Government of Japan needs to define ournational interests and national security objectives, examine them in the context of theconstantly evolving security environment, and mobilize all possible means.
Japan’s national interests are, first of all, to maintain its sovereignty andindependence; to defend its territorial integrity; to ensure the safety of life, person, andproperties of its nationals, and to ensure its survival while maintaining its own peaceand security grounded on freedom and democracy and preserving its rich culture andtradition.
In addition, Japan’s national interests are to achieve the prosperity of Japan andits nationals through economic development, thereby consolidating its peace andsecurity. To this end, especially in the Asia-Pacific region, it is essential that Japan, as amaritime state, strengthens the free trade regime for accomplishing economic
development through free trade and competition, and realizes an international
environment that offers stability, transparency and predictability.
Similarly, the maintenance and protection of international order based on rules
and universal values, such as freedom, democracy, respect for fundamental humanrights, and the rule of law, are likewise in Japan’s national interests.

4In order to safeguard these national interests and to fulfill our responsibility inthe international community, Japan, adopting the policy of “Proactive Contribution to
Peace” based on the principle of international cooperation as a fundamental principle,
will seek to achieve the following national security objectives.
The first objective is to strengthen the deterrence necessary for maintaining its
peace and security and for ensuring its survival, thus deterring threats from directly
reaching Japan; at the same time, if by any chance a threat should reach Japan, todefeat such threat and to minimize the damage.
The second objective is to improve the security environment of the Asia-Pacificregion, and prevent the emergence of and reduce direct threats to Japan, throughstrengthening the Japan-U.S. Alliance, enhancing the trust and cooperative
relationships between Japan and its partners within and outside the Asia-Pacific region,and promoting practical security cooperation.
The third objective is to improve the global security environment and build apeaceful, stable, and prosperous international community by strengthening theinternational order based on universal values and rules, and by playing a leading role inthe settlement of disputes, through consistent diplomatic efforts and further personnel
contributions.

5III. Security Environment Surrounding Japan and National
Security Challenges
1. Global Security Environment and Challenges(1) Shift in the Balance of Power and Rapid Progress of Technological Innovation
Since the beginning of the twenty first century, the balance of power in theinternational community has been changing on an unprecedented scale, and this has
substantially influenced the dynamics of international politics.
The primary drivers of this change in the balance of power are the emerging
countries, including China and India. In particular, China is further increasing its
presence in the international community. On the other hand, though its relative
influence in the international community is changing, the U.S. remains the country thathas the world’s largest power as a whole, composed of its soft power originating fromits values and culture, on top of its military and economic power. Furthermore, the U.S.
has manifested its policy to shift its emphasis of national security and economic policy
towards the Asia-Pacific region (the “rebalance” policy).
While the change in the balance of power has encouraged the shift of the centerof gravity of world politics and economy from the Atlantic to the Pacific, it has also
been a reason for a weakening leadership in global governance, as exemplified by thestalled negotiations in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and of the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). In addition, while the rapid
advancement of globalization and technological innovation has deepened
interdependence among states, it has also invited a change in the relative influence
between states and non-state actors, and brought about a complex impact on the global
security environment.
Sovereign states remain the principal actors in the international community, andconflict and coordination between states continue to be the most significant factors
affecting global stability. However, as cross-border flow of people, goods, capital,
information and other items have been facilitated more easily by the advancement of
globalization, non-state actors are beginning to play a more important role indecision-making in the international community.
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In addition, the advancement of globalization and technological innovation bears
negative impact. Terrorism and crimes committed by non-state actors are posing
serious threats to the security of any country. Today, these threats, irrespective of
where they originate in the world, could instantly have a direct influence on the
security of Japan.
(2) Threat of the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Other RelatedMaterials
As the only country to have ever suffered atomic bombings in war, Japan best
understands the tragedy of the use of nuclear weapons and shoulders the responsibility
to realize “a world free of nuclear weapons.” The issue of the transfer, proliferation,and performance improvement of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), including
nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons (NBC), and their means of delivery, such as
ballistic missiles, remain major threats to Japan and the international community. In
particular, the issue of nuclear and missile development by North Korea and thenuclear issue of Iran continue to pose grave threats to peace and stability, not only ineach region but also in the entire international community. Moreover, there remain
concerns over the acquisition and the use of WMD and related items by non-state
actors, including international terrorist organizations, against which traditional
deterrence may not function effectively.
(3) Threat of International Terrorism
Terrorist attacks continue to occur around the world, and the threat of terrorism
by international terrorist organizations remains serious. The advancement of
globalization has made it easier for those organizations to share information andconspire within their own organizations and with other groups, and to securegeographical access and acquire arms.
International terrorism has spread and become diverse in its forms. International
terrorist organizations are utilizing politically unstable and weakly governed countries
and regions as bases for operation and training for terror activities. The ideologies ofsuch terrorist organizations are also motivating other groups and individuals to commit
terrorist acts.

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Some international terrorist organizations designate Japan as their target.
Terrorist attacks against Japanese nationals and interests have actually taken place
overseas. Japan and its people face the threat of international terrorism both at home
and abroad. Diversity of nationality of the perpetrators and victims in recent
international terrorism cases has underscored the increasing importance of combating
terrorism through international cooperation.
(4) Risks to Global Commons
In recent years, risks that can impede the utilization of and free access to global
commons, such as the sea, outer space, and cyberspace, have been spreading andbecome more serious. While the seas are governed by international maritime law, inparticular the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), there
have been an increasing number of cases of unilateral actions in an attempt to change
the status quo by coercion without paying respect to existing international law. With
regard to outer space and cyberspace, applicable norms remain to be developed due tothe different positions among relevant countries.
Against such a backdrop, not only for economic development but also for thenational security of each country, it has therefore become even more important topromote appropriate international rule-making over global commons and to makeconcerted efforts by the international community while respecting such rules.
“Open and Stable Seas” constitute the basis for peace and prosperity of theinternational community as a whole. In this regard, each state has been tackling on its
own or with others various issues including piracy, unidentified vessels, illegal
dumping, contraband, human smuggling, maritime disasters, and the removal ofhazardous substances, for maintaining the stability of sea lanes of communication.
However, in recent years, the number of cases of conflict of interests between or
among states over natural resources and the security of respective states is increasing.
As a result, there is a growing risk of incidents at sea, and of possible escalation into
unexpected situations.
In the South China Sea in particular, disputes that have arisen over sovereignty
between coastal states and China cause concerns over the maintenance of the rule oflaw at sea, freedom of navigation, and stability in the Southeast Asian region. In
8addition, vulnerability is also increasing in sea lanes of communication, spanning
between Japan and the Middle East, on which Japan is largely dependent for its naturaland energy resources, due to various problems including regional conflicts andinternational terrorism in and around the coastal states, as well as piracy. Therefore,
advancing efforts to address these issues is also important for securing the sea lanes.
Furthermore, the Arctic Sea is deemed to have enormous potential fordeveloping new shipping routes and exploration of natural resources. While it isexpected that states concerned work together under relevant international rules, suchpotential could provide new causes of friction among them.
While outer space has been utilized for civil purposes, from security perspective,
the importance of outer space has dramatically increased in recent years, given its use
for the reinforcement of capabilities for information gathering and surveillance, as well
as for securing communication means for military purposes.
On the other hand, the congestion of outer space has heightened as morecountries utilize outer space. There exist risks that could impede the continuous andstable use of outer space with an increasing amount of space debris caused byanti-satellite tests and satellite collisions amongst others, as well as with thedevelopment of counter-space weapons.
Cyberspace, a global domain comprised of information systems,
telecommunications networks and others, provides a foundation for social, economic,
military and other activities. Meanwhile, risks of cyber-attacks with the intent to steal
classified information, disrupt critical infrastructure and obstruct military systems, arebecoming more serious.
In Japan, with an increasing level of connecting networks of social systems andvarious other elements, cyberspace is necessary for promoting both economic growthand innovation through the free flow of information in cyberspace. Protecting
cyberspace from the above-mentioned risks is vital to secure national security.
(5) Challenges to Human Security
Globalization has enabled people, goods, capital, and information to
instantaneously move across borders in large quantities. As a result, international
9economic activities have expanded, thereby bringing prosperity to the international
community.
In contrast, global issues that cannot be dealt with by a single country – namely,
poverty, widening inequality, global health challenges including infectious diseases,
climate change and other environmental issues, food security, and humanitarian crises
caused by civil wars and natural disasters – are emerging as critical and urgent issuesof human security, threatening the very survival and dignity of individuals. The
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), common goals in the development field tobe achieved by the international community, are not likely to be achieved in someregions and sectors. In addition, the increasing demand for energy, food, and water
resources due to the population growth in developing countries and the expansion of
economic scale could cause new conflicts.
These challenges could have repercussions on peace and stability of theinternational community; therefore, Japan needs to promote necessary measures basedon the principle of human security.
(6) The Global Economy and Its Risks
In today’s global economy, no economy is self-sufficient and isolated from theworld economy; thus the risk of the expansion of an economic crisis from one country
to the entire global economy is growing. While this trend is conspicuous in thefinancial economy, today, it is also witnessed in the real economy, as value chains andsupply chains are established across borders with increasing international
specialization.
Under these circumstances, there are concerns over fiscal problems and theslowdown in the growth of emerging economies. In some emerging economies anddeveloping countries, visible signs of protectionism as well as reluctance towards thecreation of new trade rules have been observed.
Furthermore, in recent years, with the advancement of technological innovationin energy sector, one has seen the rise of resource nationalism in resource richcountries and growing global demand, especially in emerging economies, for energy
and mineral resources, followed by the intensified competition for the acquisition ofsuch resources. In addition, given the aggravating environmental problems arising10

from climate change, there are risks of crunches in global supply and demand as wellas temporary shortages of supply in food and water.

2. Security Environment and Challenges in the Asia-Pacific Region(1) Characteristics of the Strategic Environment of the Asia-Pacific Region
The shift in the global power balance has elevated the importance of the
Asia-Pacific region in the international community. While this shift provides
opportunities for security cooperation, it has also given rise to regional issues andtensions.
In particular, the region of Northeast Asia is home to a host of actors, such ascountries with large-scale military forces, or those possessing nuclear weapons orcontinuing with nuclear development. Yet a regional cooperation framework in the
security realm has not been sufficiently institutionalized. Countries in the region havecontrasting political, economic, and social systems, and thus their security views arediverse, which constitutes another characteristic of the strategic environment of thisregion.
In this context, in addition to the issues and tensions arising from the shift inthe balance of power, the Asia-Pacific region has become more prone to so-called“gray-zone” situations, situations that are neither pure peacetime nor contingencies
over territorial sovereignty and interests. There is a risk that these “gray-zone”
situations could further develop into grave situations.
On the other hand, the Asia-Pacific region is also witnessing a rise inopportunities for bilateral exchanges and cooperation among countries in the region. In
addition, there have been multilateral security dialogues, including the ASEAN
Regional Forum (ARF), and bilateral and multilateral joint exercises. These initiatives
are contributing to the development of mutual understanding and enhancement of joint
response capabilities. Therefore, it is important to further promote and develop these
multilayered initiatives for regional stability.
(2) North Korea’s Military Buildup and Provocative Actions
In the Korean Peninsula, the large-scale military forces of the Republic of Korea(ROK) and North Korea confront each other. While North Korea continues to face11

serious economic difficulties without any improvement in its human rights situation,
North Korea heavily allocates its resources on military affairs today.
In addition, North Korea has enhanced the capability of WMDs including
nuclear weapons and that of ballistic missiles. At the same time, North Korea hasrepeatedly taken provocative military actions in the Korean Peninsula including the useof provocative rhetoric, some of which are directed at Japan, thereby increasing thetension in the region.
In particular, North Korea’s ballistic missiles development, including those withranges covering the mainland of the U.S., along with its continued attempts tominiaturize nuclear weapons for warheads and equipping them to ballistic missiles,
substantially aggravate the threat to the security of the region, including Japan. These
concerns pose a serious challenge to the entire international community from theviewpoint of the non-proliferation of WMD and related materials.
As Kim Jong-un, First Chairman of the National Defense Commission, has been
making efforts to consolidate his regime, the domestic situation in North Korea needs
to be closely monitored.
Furthermore, North Korea’s abduction is a grave issue affecting Japan’s
sovereignty as well as the lives and safety of Japanese nationals. It is an urgent issue
for the Government of Japan to resolve under its responsibility and a universal issue
for the international community to address as a violation of fundamental human rights.
(3) China’s Rapid Rise and Intensified Activities in Various Areas
There is an expectation for China to share and comply with international norms,
and play a more active and cooperative role for regional and global issues. On the other
hand, China has been rapidly advancing its military capabilities in a wide range ofareas through its continued increase in its military budget without sufficienttransparency. In addition, China has taken actions that can be regarded as attempts tochange the status quo by coercion based on their own assertions, which areincompatible with the existing order of international law, in the maritime and aerial
domains, including the East China Sea and the South China Sea. In particular, China
has rapidly expanded and intensified its activities in the seas and airspace around Japan,
including intrusion into Japan’s territorial waters and airspace around the Senkaku
12Islands. Moreover, China has shown the move that appears to unduly infringe thefreedom of overflight above the high seas by establishing its own “Air Defense
Identification Zone” over the East China Sea.
Such an external stance and military activities by China, coupled with a lack oftransparency in its military affairs and security policy, have become an issue ofconcern to the international community including Japan; therefore, the Government ofJapan needs to pay careful attention to this situation.
The relationship between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait has deepened inrecent years, primarily in economic areas. Meanwhile, the military balance between thetwo sides has been changing. Thus, the cross-strait relationship contains bothorientations towards stability and potential instability.

13IV. Japan’s Strategic Approaches to National Security
To ensure national security, Japan needs to first and foremost strengthen its own
capabilities and the foundation for exercising those capabilities. Japan must alsosteadily fulfill the role it should play and adapt its capabilities to respond to future
developments.
Enhancing Japan’s resilience in national security, through reinforcing its
diplomatic power and defense force, as well as bolstering its economic strengths andtechnological capabilities, contributes to peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific region
and the international community at large. This belief forms the core of the strategic
approaches in the Strategy.
Moreover, in order to overcome national security challenges and achieve
national security objectives, as well as to proactively contribute to peace in cooperation
with the international community, Japan needs to expand and deepen cooperative
relationships with other countries, with the Japan-U.S. Alliance as the cornerstone. At
the same time, Japan needs to make effective use of its diverse resources and promotecomprehensive policies.
In light of this, Japan will take the following concrete strategic approaches,
centering on diplomatic policy and defense policy.

1. Strengthening and Expanding Japan’s Capabilities and Roles(1) Strengthening Diplomacy for Creating a Stable International Environment
The key of national security is to create a stable and predictable international
environment, and prevent the emergence of threats. It is thus necessary for Japan torealize an international order and security environment that are desirable for Japan, by
playing an even more proactive role in achieving peace, stability and prosperity of theinternational community as a “Proactive Contributor to Peace” based on the principle
of international cooperation.
This strategic approach first requires the capability to analyze the constantly
changing security environment and the course that the international community is
taking. On top of this, Japan must have the power to take the lead in setting the14international agenda and to proactively advance its national interests, without being
confined to a reactionary position to events and incidents after they have alreadyoccurred. In doing so, it is necessary to enhance diplomatic creativity and negotiating
power to deepen the understanding of and garner support for Japan’s position in theinternational community, through effectively utilizing all strengths and features of thenation. In addition, by highlighting Japan’s attractiveness, Japan needs to strengthen its
soft power that would benefit the international community. Japan also needs tostrengthen its capacity to promptly and accurately identify the needs of Japanesenationals and firms to support their overseas activities. Furthermore, it is the
responsibility of Japan as a “Proactive Contributor to Peace” to make even moreproactive contributions to international organizations such as the U.N., including
through increasing the number of Japanese staff in such institutions. In order toadvance such vibrant diplomacy, Japan will strengthen the institutional capabilities
through which it undertakes diplomacy. Such overall strengthening of diplomatic
capability is critical to ensure the security of Japan.
(2) Building a Comprehensive Defense Architecture to Firmly Defend Japan
Japan's defense force is the final guarantee of its national security which deters
direct threats from reaching Japan and defeats any threat that reaches it. Japan will
steadily develop its defense force.
To ensure peace and security in Japan amid the severe security environment
surrounding the country, Japan will efficiently develop a highly effective and joint
defense force, adapting to the change in strategic environment with consideration of its
national power and the political, economic, and social situations; and strive to ensure
operations with flexibility and readiness based on joint operations.
Japan will also advance not only the coordination within the government, butalso coordination with local governments and the private sector. In doing so, even inpeacetime, Japan will maintain and improve a comprehensive architecture forresponding seamlessly to an array of situations, ranging from armed attacks tolarge-scale natural disasters.
In developing the structure of the Japan Self-Defense Forces (SDF), which playsa central role in the above-mentioned efforts, Japan will develop a streamlined
planning and programming process, which includes the National Defense Program
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Guidelines and the Medium Term Defense Program, based on the Strategy to enhance
its defense structure for deterrence and response to various situations, prioritizing
important functions from a joint and comprehensive perspective.
In addition, with regard to the threat of nuclear weapons, the extended deterrenceof the U.S. with nuclear deterrence at its core is indispensable. In order to maintain andenhance the credibility of the extended deterrence, Japan will work closely with the
U.S., and take appropriate measures through its own efforts, including ballistic missile
defense (BMD) and protection of the people.
(3) Strengthening Efforts for the Protection of Japan’s Territorial Integrity
To fully protect its territories, in addition to building a comprehensive defense
architecture, Japan will enhance the capabilities of the law enforcement agencies
responsible for territorial patrol activities and reinforce its maritime surveillancecapabilities. Furthermore, Japan will strengthen coordination among relevant
ministries and agencies to be able to respond seamlessly to a variety of unexpected
situations.
Japan will also make a constant review on issues that are relevant to ensuring thesecurity of its territories, and take effective measures.
In addition, Japan will proactively engage in the protection, management, anddevelopment of remote islands near national borders. Furthermore, from a national
security viewpoint, Japan will study the situation of land ownership in areas such as
remote islands near national borders and areas surrounding defense facilities, andreview issues related to the use of such land.
(4) Ensuring Maritime Security
As a maritime state, Japan will play a leading role, through close cooperation
with other countries, in maintaining and developing “Open and Stable Seas,” which are
upheld by maritime order based upon such fundamental principles as the rule of law,ensuring the freedom and safety of navigation and overflight, and peaceful settlementof disputes in accordance with relevant international law. More concretely, Japan willtake necessary measures to address various threats in sea lanes of communication,
including anti-piracy operations to ensure safe maritime transport and promote
maritime security cooperation with other countries.
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Japan will strengthen its maritime domain awareness capabilities that arenecessary for the above-mentioned measures, in a comprehensive manner that involves
the use of outer space, while paying attention to the establishment of international
networks. At the same time, Japan will strive to enhance the frequency and the qualityof bilateral and multilateral cooperation on maritime security such as joint exercises.
In particular, sea lanes of communication, stretching from the Persian Gulf, theStrait of Hormuz, the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden to the surrounding waters of Japan,
passing through the Indian Ocean, the Straits of Malacca, and the South China Sea, arecritical to Japan due to its dependence on the maritime transport of natural and energy
resources from the Middle East. In this regard, Japan will provide assistance to thosecoastal states alongside the sea lanes of communication and other states in enhancing
their maritime law enforcement capabilities, and strengthen cooperation with partners
on the sea lanes who share strategic interests with Japan.
(5) Strengthening Cyber Security
Japan as a whole will make concerted efforts in comprehensively promoting
cross-cutting measures to defend cyberspace and strengthen the response capability
against cyber-attacks, so as to protect cyberspace from malicious activities threatening
cyber security; to ensure the free and safe use of cyberspace; and to guard its criticalinfrastructure against cyber-attacks, including those in which state involvement issuspected.
To this end, Japan will strengthen public-private partnership in the areas ofsystem design, development and operations based on risk assessment, as well as
identifying incidents, minimizing damages and their expansion, and analyzing thecauses of and preventing similar incidents. In addition, Japan will comprehensively
consider and take necessary measures with regard to expanding the pool of humanresources in the security field, protection of control systems, and response to the issuesof supply chain risk.
Furthermore, Japan will strengthen inter-agency cooperation and define the rolesof relevant agencies so that it can reinforce its capability to protect cyberspace andrespond to incidents as a nation at large. At the same time, Japan will promote a rangeof measures, including enhancing the ability and function to oversee, assess, apprehend,
analyze, and internationally coordinate on cyber incidents, as well as reinforcing
17relevant agencies in charge of those tasks.
In promoting these measures, strengthening international partnership in a wide
range of areas is essential. For this, Japan will take measures at technical andoperational levels to enhance international cooperation. Japan will also strengthen
information sharing and promote cyber defense cooperation with relevant countries.
(6) Strengthening Measures against International Terrorism
Japan will first and foremost strengthen its domestic measures againstinternational terrorism such as ensuring the security of nuclear facilities in Japan.
Moreover, in order to ensure the safety of Japanese nationals living abroad, Japan will
strengthen such measures as building a network where risk information held by private
sectors can be shared more effectively and efficiently; and reinforcing the structure foranalyzing the situation of international terrorism and overseas information-collecting
capabilities.
(7) Enhancing Intelligence Capabilities
In order to appropriately support decision-making on national security policies,
Japan will fundamentally strengthen its information-collecting capabilities from adiverse range of sources, including human intelligence, open source intelligence,
signals intelligence, and imagery intelligence. In addition, Japan will promote theutilization of geospatial intelligence with which various types of intelligence are
combined.
Moreover, Japan will enhance its intelligence analysis, consolidation, andsharing capabilities by bolstering its human resources, including developing
highly-skilled intelligence experts. Japan will thereby promote all-source analysis thatmakes use of the array of information-collecting means at the Government’s disposal.
Furthermore, Japan will operate the intelligence cycle more effectively throughthe timely provision of materials and intelligence to the NSC, which serves as thecontrol tower of foreign and security policy, and through the appropriate utilization of
intelligence in policy formulation. In addition, under the Act on the Protection ofSpecially Designated Secrets (*provisional English translation), Japan will strengthen
its counter intelligence functions by developing such intelligence protection system inorder to facilitate intelligence functions throughout the Government.
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(8) Defense Equipment and Technology Cooperation
In cases that contribute to peace and international cooperation, there are
increasing opportunities to cooperate in a more effective manner, including through theutilization and provision of heavy machinery and other defense equipment carried todisaster-stricken countries and sites by the SDF. Moreover, internationally, it has
become mainstream to participate in international joint development and production
projects in order to improve the performance of defense equipment, while dealing withthe rising costs of defense equipment. In this context, from the perspective of“Proactive Contribution to Peace” based on the principle of international cooperation,
Japan is required to contribute more proactively to peace and international cooperation
including through utilizing defense equipment, and to participate in joint development
and production of defense equipment and other related items.
Against this backdrop, while giving due consideration to the roles that the Three
Principles on Arms Exports and their related policy guidelines have played so far, theGovernment of Japan will set out clear principles on the overseas transfer of arms andmilitary technology, which fit the new security environment. In this context,
considerations will be made with regard to defining cases where transfers areprohibited; limiting cases where transfers could be allowed with strict examination;and ensuring appropriate control over transfers in terms of unauthorized use and third
party transfer.
(9) Ensuring the Stable Use of Outer Space and Promoting Its Use for Security
Purposes
The stable use of outer space is not only fundamental to the lives of the people
and the economy, but is also crucial for national security. Japan will therefore maintainand improve the foundation of science, technology and industry that supports thedevelopment and utilization of outer space, and promote the utilization of outer spacefrom a security perspective.
In particular, Japan will engage itself in enhancing the functions of
information-gathering satellites and in making effective use of satellites, includingones Japan possesses for the operation of the SDF units, information-gathering andanalysis, maritime domain awareness, telecommunication, positioning, navigation andtiming. In addition, Japan will enhance a system for space situational awareness.

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Furthermore, Japan will promote the development and utilization of outer spacein a manner that contributes to national security in the medium- to long-term, including
the development of technologies such as satellite manufacturing.
(10)

Strengthening Technological Capabilities
The advanced technology of Japan constitutes the foundation of its economic
strength and defense forces, and is also a valuable resource that the international
community strongly seeks from Japan. Therefore, Japan should encourage the further
promotion of technologies, including dual use technologies, thereby strengthening
Japan’s technological capabilities.
In promoting measures for strengthening its technological capabilities from anational security viewpoint, Japan will constantly grasp science and technology trends,
including information on technology development. Japan will also make effective useof technology in the area of security, by combining the efforts of industries, academia,
and the Government.
Furthermore, Japan’s outstanding energy-saving and other environment-related
technologies play an important role in Japan’s efforts to tackle global issues together
with the international community. Therefore, Japan will proactively utilize thesetechnologies in diplomacy as well.

2. Strengthening the Japan-U.S. Alliance
For more than 60 years, the Japan-U.S. Alliance, with the Japan-U.S. security
arrangements at its core, has played an indispensable role for peace and security inJapan as well as peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific region. In recent years, theAlliance has also played a more critical role for peace, stability, and prosperity in theinternational community.
The Japan-U.S. Alliance is the cornerstone of Japan’s security. Likewise, for the
U.S., the Alliance has served as the core of its alliance network with countries in theregion, including the Republic of Korea (ROK), Australia, Thailand, and thePhilippines. In this context, the Japan-U.S. Alliance has been serving as a foundation
for the U.S. strategy in the Asia-Pacific region. Such close alliance between Japan andthe U.S. is underpinned by various factors, including that the two countries share20common strategic interests and universal values, such as freedom, democracy, respect
for fundamental human rights, and the rule of law. Furthermore, Japan’s geostrategic
importance in supporting the U.S. engagement in the Asia-Pacific region underlies theclose alliance of the two countries.
With the above-mentioned Japan-U.S. Alliance serving as the foundation, thetwo countries have been working closely at various levels, including at the summit andministerial levels. The two countries address not only bilateral issues, but also thesituation in the Asia-Pacific region, including North Korea, as well as global security
issues, including counterterrorism measures and non-proliferation of WMD.
In the area of economy, Japan and the U.S. aim to achieve economic prosperityin the Asia-Pacific region in a rules-based and transparent manner, including throughthe Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations, which will be mentioned later in thisdocument.
Thus, Japan and the U.S. have persistently strengthened and expanded theircooperation on a wide range of areas for peace, stability, and prosperity of not only thetwo countries themselves, but also the Asia-Pacific region and the broader international
community.
As Japan strengthens its efforts in security as elaborated above, the U.S., basedon its Defense Strategic Guidance emphasizing a rebalancing towards the Asia-Pacificregion, aspires to enhance its presence in the region and strengthen cooperation with its
allies, including Japan and its partners.
In order to ensure the security of Japan and to maintain and enhance peace,stability, and prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region and the international community,
Japan must further elevate the effectiveness of the Japan-U.S. security arrangements
and realize a more multifaceted Japan-U.S. Alliance. Based on this recognition, Japan
will undertake the following initiatives:21

(1) Further Strengthening of Japan-U.S. Security and Defense Cooperation in a
Wide Range of Areas
Japan ensures its national security by enhancing deterrence through thestrengthening of its own defense capability, as well as by the deterrence of theJapan-U.S. Alliance, including the extended deterrence provided by the U.S.
Japan will work with the U.S. to revise the Guidelines for Japan-U.S. Defense
Cooperation, through discussions on a variety of issues such as the concrete manner ofdefense cooperation and basic concepts of bilateral roles, missions, and capabilities(RMC), while ensuring consistency with various policies in line with the Strategy.
In addition, Japan will strive to enhance the deterrence and response capabilityof the Japan-U.S. Alliance through the following efforts: advancing joint training, joint
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) activities, and joint/shared use of
facilities by the SDF and the U.S. forces; working closely with the U.S. on operational
cooperation and policy coordination on issues such as response to contingencies andthe medium- to long-term strategy; strengthening its security cooperation with the U.S.
in such broad areas as BMD, maritime affairs, outer space, cyberspace and large-scaledisaster response operations.
Moreover, in order to strengthen the foundation of the Alliance, including
enhanced interoperability, Japan will advance multilayered initiatives with the U.S.
such as defense equipment and technology cooperation and personnel exchanges.
(2) Ensuring a Stable Presence of the U.S. Forces
To maintain and enhance the Japan-U.S. security arrangements, it is importantfor Japan to cooperate proactively with the U.S. to realize the optimal force posture of
the U.S. forces in the Asia-Pacific region. At the same time, it is also important forJapan to reduce the impact of the U.S. forces in Japan on local communities, including
Okinawa, while maintaining and enhancing the deterrence of the Japan-U.S. Alliance.
As part of this effort, while firmly supporting the smooth and effective stationingof the U.S. forces in Japan through various measures, including Host Nation Support,
Japan will steadily implement the realignment of the U.S. forces in Japan including therelocation of the U.S. Marine Corps in Okinawa to Guam in accordance with theexisting bilateral agreements. In addition, Japan will further promote the joint/shared22

use of facilities by the SDF and the U.S. forces, while taking into consideration
relations with local communities.
Furthermore, Japan will steadily implement measures to reduce the impact on
people living near the facilities and areas of the U.S. forces in Japan. In particular,
Okinawa Prefecture is situated in a critically important location in terms of national
security, and the stationing of the U.S. forces there significantly contributes to thedeterrence of the Japan-U.S. Alliance. In the meantime, as a large part of the facilities
and areas for the exclusive use of the U.S. forces in Japan are concentrated in theprefecture, Japan will make utmost efforts to reduce the impact on Okinawa, including
through the relocation of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma.

3. Strengthening Diplomacy and Security Cooperation with Japan’sPartners for Peace and Stability in the International Community
As elaborated above, strengthening the Japan-U.S. alliance in all its aspects,
including in political, economic and security areas is indispensable to improve thesecurity environment surrounding Japan. On top of that, Japan will engage itself inbuilding trust and cooperative relations with other partners both within and outside theAsia-Pacific region through the following approaches, as it plays an important role inenhancing Japan’s security environment.
(1) Japan will strengthen cooperative relations with countries with which it shares
universal values and strategic interests, such as the ROK, Australia, the countries of
ASEAN, and India:


The ROK is a neighboring country of the utmost geopolitical importance forthe security of Japan. Close cooperation with the ROK is of great significancefor peace and stability of the region, including in addressing North Korean
nuclear and missile issues. For this reason, Japan will construct
future-oriented and multilayered relations and strengthen the foundation for
security cooperation with the ROK. In particular, trilateral cooperation among
Japan, the U.S. and the ROK is a key framework in realizing peace andstability in East Asia. Japan will strengthen this trilateral framework, including
in cooperation on North Korean nuclear and missile issues. With regard to theissue over the sovereignty of Takeshima, Japan will make persevering
23diplomatic efforts, based on the principle of peaceful resolution of conflicts inaccordance with international law.
Australia is an important regional partner that shares not only universal values
but also strategic interests with Japan. In addition to strengthening themutually complementary economic relations between the two countries, Japan
will also strengthen its strategic partnership by steadily sharing strategic
recognition and advancing security cooperation. Japan will also promote awide range of cooperation with Australia in its efforts to shape a regional
order in the Asia-Pacific and to maintain and reinforce peace and stability inthe international community. In so doing, Japan will utilize the trilateralframework among Japan, the U.S. and Australia, as necessary.

The countries of ASEAN, where economic growth and democratization havebeen progressing and which embraces great cultural diversity, are located in
the critical areas of sea lanes of communication of Japan. Japan will further
deepen and develop cooperative relations with the ASEAN countries in all
sectors, including politics and security based on the traditional partnership
lasting more than 40 years. Given the influence ASEAN has on peace, stability
and prosperity of the Asia-Pacific region as a whole, Japan will provide
further assistance to their efforts towards maintaining and strengthening theunity of ASEAN. Furthermore, Japan appreciates the efforts by the countries
concerned to settle disputes in the South China Sea not by force, but inaccordance with the law and rules, as shown in their efforts towards theformulation of a Code of Conduct (COC) with China. Japan will support these
efforts so that an effective and legally binding code of conduct is formulated.

India is becoming increasingly influential, due to what is projected to become
the world’s largest population, and to high economic growth and potential.
India is also geopolitically important for Japan, as it is positioned in the centerof sea lanes of communication. Japan will strengthen bilateral relations in a
broad range of areas, including maritime security, based on the bilateral
Strategic and Global Partnership.

24

(2) Stable relations between Japan and China are an essential factor for peace andstability of the Asia-Pacific region. From a broad, as well as a medium- tolong-term perspective, Japan will strive to construct and enhance a Mutually
Beneficial Relationship Based on Common Strategic Interests with China in allareas, including politics, economy, finance, security, culture and personal
exchanges. In particular, Japan will continue to encourage China to play a
responsible and constructive role for the sake of regional peace, stability andprosperity, to adhere to international norms of behavior, as well as to improve
openness and transparency in its advancing military capabilities through its rapidly
increasing military budget. As a part of such efforts, through continuing andpromoting defense cooperation, Japan will seek to urge improvement intransparency of China’s military and security policies, and promote measures suchas establishing a framework to avert or prevent unexpected situations. Furthermore,with regard to China’s recent attempts to change the status quo by coercion basedon its unique assertion in its relations with neighboring countries, including Japan,
Japan will urge China to exercise self-restraint and will continue to respond firmly
but in a calm manner without escalating the situation.
(3) With regard to the issues of North Korea, Japan will cooperate closely with
relevant countries to urge North Korea to take concrete actions towards its
denuclearization and other goals, based on the Joint Statement of the Six-Party
Talks and relevant U.N. Security Council (UNSC) Resolutions. Concerning
Japan-North Korea relations, Japan will endeavor to achieve a comprehensive
resolution of outstanding issues of concern, such as the abduction, nuclear andmissile issues, in accordance with the Japan-North Korea Pyongyang Declaration.
In particular, it is the basic recognition of Japan that normalization of relations with
North Korea will not be possible without resolving the abduction issue. Japan will
make every effort to realize the safety and prompt return of all abductees at theearliest possible date, investigate the truth regarding the abductions, and transfer
those who executed the abductions.
(4) Under the increasingly severe security environment in East Asia, it is critical for
Japan to advance cooperation with Russia in all areas, including security andenergy, thereby enhancing bilateral relations as a whole, in order to ensure its
security. Based on this recognition, Japan will cooperate with Russia in securing
peace and stability of the Asia-Pacific region. With regard to the issue of the25Northern Territories, the most important pending issue between the two countries,
Japan will vigorously negotiate with Russia under a consistent policy of resolving
the issue of the attribution of the four islands and concluding a peace treaty.
(5) In promoting the efforts mentioned above, Japan will actively utilize and engage inthe further development of functional and multilayered frameworks for regional
cooperation, starting from Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the East
Asia Summit (EAS), ASEAN+3, ARF, the ASEAN Defense Ministers’Meeting-Plus (ADMM-Plus), to the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and trilateralframeworks, such as Japan-U.S.-ROK, Japan-U.S.-Australia and Japan-U.S.-India,
as well as Japan-China-ROK, a grouping of three large neighboring economic
powers. In addition, Japan will appropriately contribute to the creation of a more
institutional security framework in East Asia in the future.
(6) Japan will also cooperate with other partners of the Asia-Pacific region towards
ensuring the stability of the region. These partners include Mongolia, Central Asian
countries, Southwest Asian nations, the Pacific Island Countries (PICs), New
Zealand, Canada, Mexico, Colombia, Peru and Chile. In particular, Japan will
deepen its cooperation with the PICs, which possess vast exclusive economic zones
and abundant maritime resources in the Pacific Ocean, in many areas including
maritime cooperation, through such fora as the Pacific Islands Leaders’ Meeting(PALM).
(7) Furthermore, Japan will strengthen cooperative relations with countries outside theAsia-Pacific region that play an important role in ensuring the peace and stabilityof the international community.
Europe has the influence to formulate international public opinions, thecapacity to develop norms in major international frameworks and a large
economy. Japan and European countries, especially the United Kingdom,France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Poland, share universal values of freedom,democracy, respect for fundamental human rights and the rule of law, andprinciples such as market economy. They are partners for Japan which
together take a leading role in ensuring the peace, stability and prosperity of
the international community. At a time when the power balance of theinternational community is changing, in order to establish an international26

order based on universal values and rules, to effectively address global
challenges, and to accomplish Japan’s initiatives for a peaceful and prosperous
international community, Japan will further strengthen its relations with
Europe, including cooperation with the European Union (EU), the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the Organization for Security andCo-operation in Europe (OSCE). Japan has contributed to the democratizationof East European countries and Baltic countries, and will engage instrengthening relations with them, as well as the Caucasus countries.


Emerging countries such as Brazil, Mexico, Turkey, Argentina and South
Africa have been increasing their presence not only in the international
economy, but also in international politics. Japan will therefore endeavor tofurther develop relations with such countries, not merely on a bilateral basis,but in cooperative efforts in tackling global challenges.

Stability in the Middle East is an issue that is inseparably linked to the stablesupply of energy, and therefore Japan’s very survival and prosperity. Given
that the Gulf States are the largest source of crude oil for Japan, in order toensure the stability of the Middle East, Japan will engage in constructing
multilayered cooperative relations with these countries, encompassing
wide-raging economic cooperation beyond resources and energy, as well as
politics and security. In this context, Japan will play a proactive role in the
resolution of major issues affecting the stability of the Middle East, including
the issue of democratization in Arab countries that stems from the “ArabSpring,” the situation in Syria, Iran’s nuclear issue, the Middle East peace
process and peacebuilding in Afghanistan. In the same vein, Japan will alsocollaborate with other countries that play important roles in the Middle East,
such as the U.S., European countries, Saudi Arabia and Turkey.

Africa is a prospective economic frontier with abundant strategic natural
resources and sustained economic growth. In addition, Africa has been
increasing its influence in the international community. Japan will continue tocontribute to the development and the consolidation of peace in Africa throughvarious avenues, especially through the Tokyo International Conference on
African Development (TICAD) process, and promote cooperation ininternational fora.
27

4. Proactive Contribution to International Efforts for Peace andStability of the International Community
As a “Proactive Contributor to Peace” based on the principle of international
cooperation, Japan will play an active role for the peace and stability of theinternational community.
(1) Strengthening Diplomacy at the United Nations
The U.N. was established with the UNSC as the core of a collective security
system for maintaining international peace and security. However, the system has not
fully functioned as originally anticipated. Nevertheless, the U.N. has taken the lead on
various efforts for peace and security of the world, backed by its legitimacy throughuniversal participation by the Member States and its expertise. In particular, since theend of the Cold War, the role played by the U.N. in maintaining international peace andsecurity has continued to grow.
Building on the invaluable experiences of having served on numerous occasions
as a non-permanent member of the UNSC, Japan will further engage in active efforts
by the U.N. for the maintenance and restoration of international peace and security.
Moreover, Japan will actively contribute to diverse U.N.-led efforts, including
U.N. peacekeeping operations (PKO) and collective security measures; diplomaticefforts such as preventive diplomacy and mediation; seamless assistance efforts fromthe phase of post-conflict emergency humanitarian relief to recovery andreconstruction, as well as assistance through the U.N. Peacebuilding Commission.
At the same time, one must be mindful that realizing the enhancement of theeffectiveness and legitimacy of the U.N., including the strengthening of collective
security functions, is an urgent challenge. Therefore, Japan will continue to strive toachieve the UNSC reform, including through an expansion of both permanent andnon-permanent categories, with Japan becoming a permanent member of the Council.
(2) Strengthening the Rule of Law
Japan will continue to faithfully comply with international law as a guardian of
the rule of law. In addition, in order to establish the rule of law in the international28

community, Japan will participate proactively in international rule-making from theplanning stage, so that Japan’s principles and positions based on fairness, transparency
and reciprocity are duly reflected. Furthermore, Japan will actively support
international judicial organs in terms of both human capital and finance. In addition,
Japan will actively engage in assistance for the development of legal systems in othercountries.
In particular, Japan will involve itself in realizing and strengthening the rule oflaw relating to the sea, outer space and cyberspace. While advancing policy
coordination with countries with shared interests, Japan will contribute proactively tothe development of international rules in the above-mentioned areas, and to thepromotion of confidence building measures among countries of mutual interest. In
addition, Japan will further strengthen capacity building efforts for developing
countries in these fields. More concretely:With regard to the sea, Japan will promote regional efforts and play a leading rolein creating a shared recognition that reinforcement of the maritime order governedby law and rules and not by coercion is indispensable for peace and prosperity of
the international community as a whole.

With regard to outer space, emphasizing the concept of ensuring freedom of accessand utilization of space, Japan will participate proactively in the efforts toformulate an international code of conduct that aims to prevent experiments ofanti-satellite weapons (ASAT) and avoid collision of satellites, and consequently
strive to ensure safe and stable use of outer space.

With regard to cyberspace, based on the recognition of ensuring the free flow of
information in cyberspace, Japan will actively cooperate with like-mindedcountries in the development of international rules on the premise that existing
international law applies to cyberspace. Japan will also vigorously support thecapacity building efforts of developing countries in this area.

(3) Leading International Efforts on Disarmament and Non-Proliferation
Japan, as the only country in the world to have suffered atomic bombings in war,
will continue its vigorous efforts to seek “a world free of nuclear weapons.”29

In view of the threat posed by progress in nuclear and missile development by
North Korea, and being mindful of future trends in the balance of nuclear forces in the
Asia-Pacific region together with the rapid advancement of military technologies,
Japan will lead international efforts on disarmament and non-proliferation, including
those towards the resolution of North Korea’s nuclear and missile development issues
and Iran’s nuclear issues, in a manner consistent with the maintenance of thecredibility of extended deterrence under the Japan-U.S. alliance.
Furthermore, Japan will steadily implement export control measures from asecurity perspective, including active participation in the discussions in theinternational export control regime, in coordination with other relevant countries, toprevent the proliferation of arms, as well as dual use items or technologies to countries
of proliferation concern. In addition, Japan will engage in international efforts on
conventional weapons, such as small arms and light weapons, and anti-personnel
mines.
(4) Promoting International Peace Cooperation
Over the course of more than 20 years, Japan has dispatched SDF units and otherpersonnel to various regions on international peace cooperation assignments, including
in Cambodia, the Golan Heights, Timor-Leste, Nepal, and South Sudan. These
contributions have been deeply appreciated both in Japan and by the international
community.
Japan will further step up its cooperation with U.N. PKO and other international
peace cooperation activities with its determination to contribute even more proactively
to peace based on the principle of international cooperation, taking into account theappreciation and expectation Japan receives from the international community. In
addition, when participating in PKO, Japan will endeavor to ensure effective
implementation of its operations, through coordination with other activities, including
ODA projects.
Moreover, in order to implement seamless assistance in security-related areas,
including through further strategic utilization of ODA and capacity building assistance,
as well as coordination with non-governmental organizations (NGOs), Japan willdevelop a system that enables assistance to potential recipient organizations that cannot
receive Japan’s assistance under the current schemes.
30

Furthermore, Japan as a whole will proactively engage in training forpeacebuilding experts and PKO personnel in various countries. When engaging in such
efforts, Japan will consult closely with countries or organizations that have experiencein the same fields, including the U.S., Australia and European countries.
(5) Promoting International Cooperation against International Terrorism
Acts of terrorism are unjustifiable regardless of their motivation and must be
firmly condemned. It is important for the international community as a whole to take afirm position against them.
Japan will promote international counter-terrorism efforts with the international
community for national security. Japan will promote consultations and exchanges ofviews with other countries on the situation on international terrorism and internationalcounter-terrorism cooperation; reinforcement of the international legal framework tostringently punish terrorists; and assistance to developing countries which do not havesufficient capacity for counter-terrorism and other measures.
Furthermore, Japan must be aware that terrorism and transnational organizedcrime are closely linked in light of the situation whereby the proceeds of organizedcrime, such as illicit trafficking, the trade of arms and drugs, and kidnapping, form an
important source of funding for terrorists. Therefore, Japan will enhance international
cooperation and assistance for developing countries to prevent and combat
transnational organized crime.

5. Strengthening Cooperation Based on Universal Values to Resolve
Global Issues
Japan will endeavor to share universal values and reinforce an open international
economic system, which form the basis of peace, stability and prosperity of theinternational community. At the same time, Japan will advance the following measures
towards the resolution of development issues and global issues that could hinder peaceand stability of the international community, such as poverty, energy issues, widening
disparity, climate change, natural disasters, and food-related issues, through the active
and strategic utilization of ODA, as necessary.
31

(1) Sharing Universal Values
Through a partnership with countries with which Japan shares universal values,
such as freedom, democracy, respect for fundamental human rights including women’s
rights, and the rule of law, Japan will conduct diplomacy that contributes to addressing
global issues.
The wave of democratization that began in the countries of Eastern Europe and
ASEAN in the 1990s and spread to the countries of the Arab world at the beginning of
the 2010s has become an irreversible tide, coupled with the rapid development of
globalization and market-oriented economic reforms.
On the other hand, as was observed in the “Arab Spring,” the process of
democratization does not always proceed smoothly. As an advanced, liberal anddemocratic nation, based on the principle of human security, Japan will actively utilize
its ODA in supporting democratization, the development of legal systems, and humanrights, and contribute to the enhancement of the growing international trend towards
the protection of human rights, including through dialogues in the area of humanrights.
Japan will also engage proactively in diplomatic issues on women, cooperatingwith the international community to implement measures to empower women in
conflict prevention and peacebuilding, and promote their social advancement.
(2) Responding to Global Development and Global Issues and Realizing Human
Security
Japan has garnered high recognition by the international community, by its
proactive contribution to global development in the world through utilizing ODA.
Addressing development issues contributes to the enhancement of the global security
environment, and it is necessary for Japan to strengthen its efforts as part of “Proactive
Contribution to Peace” based on the principle of international cooperation.
Against this backdrop, in order to contribute to the realization of human security,
Japan will utilize its ODA in a strategic and effective manner. Japan will also
strengthen efforts towards the achievement of the MDGs, in areas such as poverty
eradication, global health, education and water, in cooperation with diverse32

stakeholders, including international organizations and NGOs.
In addition, Japan will play a leading role in the formulation of new international
development goals, namely the post-2015 development agenda. In this context, Japan
will engage in further efforts in mainstreaming the concept of human security in theinternational community, building on our initiatives on this agenda to date.
Moreover, Japan will share the lessons learned and experiences from the many
natural disasters that it has experienced, including the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake,the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. Given the expanding scale, impact andfrequency of disasters globally, Japan will take the lead in international cooperation on
disaster management and ensure that communities around the world have a high degreeof resilience to disasters.
(3) Cooperating with Human Resource Development Efforts in Developing
Countries
Japan will invite a broad range of personnel from developing countries,
including eminent students and administrative officials who are expected to become
future leaders. Japan will make use of such opportunities to learn from their knowledge
and experience, as well as providing them with opportunities to be familiarized withJapanese systems, technologies and expertise. Japan will further promote humanresource development in order to enhance mutual understanding with Japan, andensure that these personnel can contribute to sustainable economic and social
development in their home countries.
Japan will engage in efforts to maintain and develop such human networks toexpand and reinforce the foundations of cooperation.
(4) Maintaining and Strengthening the Free Trade System
The expansion of the open and rule-based international economic system, where
Japan continues to be a major player, is essential for the world economy and Japan’s
economic prosperity. In this regard, Japan will promote economic partnership,including through the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), the Japan-EU Economic
Partnership Agreement (EPA), a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) among Japan, China andthe ROK, and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), so as toachieve comprehensive and high-level trade agreements. Through these efforts, Japan33

will contribute to the growth of the global economy, which in turn, will also bringeconomic growth to Japan.
In addition, rule-making for trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific region
through the above-mentioned efforts strengthens the vigor and prosperity in the region,and has a strategic importance of strengthening the foundation for a stable security
environment in the region.
It is expected that the conclusion of such 21st- century economic partnershipagreements will set new and attractive precedents of trade liberalization, and promote
global-scale trade liberalization in the multilateral trade regime based on the WTO.
(5) Responding to Energy and Environmental Issues
The stable supply of energy and other resources is essential for a vibrant
Japanese economy and thus constitutes a challenge to national security. Promoting
measures such as the diversification of supply sources is necessary for securing stable
and low-cost resource supply. Japan will actively utilize diplomatic tools to gain theunderstanding of countries concerned in this course.
In the area of climate change, Japan will increase its engagements towards
emission reduction. Japan will implement a proactive strategy for countering global
warming (the Actions for Cool Earth (ACE)) that utilizes its strengths in outstanding
technologies on environment and energy, and its assistance to developing countries. At
the same time, Japan will engage in establishing a fair and effective internationalframework with participation by all countries. Through these efforts, Japan willcontribute to the achievement of emission reduction by the international community as
a whole and to the resolution of climate change issues.
(6) Enhancing People-to-people Exchanges
People-to-people exchanges are significant as they enhance mutual
understanding and friendship between countries and solidify national ties, while also
helping to develop a stable and friendly security environment by deepening anappropriate understanding towards Japan in the international community.
In particular, Japan will implement measures to expand two-way youth
exchanges and will seek to strengthen relations with various countries into the future.
34

For example, Japan has recently marked 40 years of friendship and cooperation with
ASEAN, where regional integration is advancing while maintaining cultural diversity.
By further vitalizing exchange programs with ASEAN, Japan will further promotemutual understanding.
Moreover, through events of interest for the world, such as the 2020 Olympic
and Paralympic Games in Tokyo, Japan will promote people-to-people exchanges
through sport and culture, and will work to construct and deepen friendly relations at
the individual level.

6. Strengthening the Domestic Foundation that Supports National
Security and Promoting Domestic and Global Understanding
In order to fully ensure national security, in addition to strengthening key
capabilities with diplomatic power and defense force at their core, it is vital toreinforce the domestic foundation for these capabilities to be effectively demonstrated.
Furthermore, considering the importance of seeking a deeper understanding forJapan’s security policies both at home and abroad to ensure national security, Japan
will advance the following measures.
(1) Maintaining and Enhancing Defense Production and Technological Bases
Defense production and technological bases are one of the important factors that
support defense forces through research, development, production, operation andmaintenance of defense equipment. In order to develop, maintain and operate defense
capability steadily with limited resources in the medium- to long-term, Japan will
endeavor to engage in effective and efficient acquisition of defense equipment, andwill maintain and enhance its defense production and technological bases, including
through strengthening international competitiveness.
(2) Boosting Communication Capabilities
In order to promote its security policy from a medium- to long-term perspective,
it is imperative that Japan proactively and effectively communicate its policy to theworld and its people, and increase transparency. In this regard, it is necessary to deepen
the understanding among the people of Japan regarding security policy and build35

cooperative relations and trust with other countries.
To this end, with the Prime Minister’s office serving as the control tower, Japan
will enhance its public relations in an integrated and strategic manner through agovernment-wide approach. Fully utilizing various information technologies anddiverse media, Japan will also strengthen its information dissemination in foreign
languages. In addition, the Government as a whole will cooperate with educational
institutions, key figures, and think tanks. In doing so, Japan will promote Japanese
language education overseas, and train personnel who are capable of contributing tostrategic public relations efforts and other areas.
At a time when the global security environment is becoming more complex anddiverse, it becomes increasingly likely for countries to have conflicting interests.
However, by precisely and effectively communicating information on Japan’s position
based on objective facts, Japan will be able to gain accurate understanding in the forumof international opinion, and contribute to the stability of the international community.
(3) Reinforcing the Social BaseIn order to support national security policy from a medium- to long-term
perspective, it is essential that each and every Japanese national hopes to contribute topeace and stability in the region and the world, and to the improvement of the welfareof humanity. In addition, it is also essential that they perceive national security as afamiliar and immediate issue for them, and have deep understanding of its importanceand complexity.
To that end, the Government of Japan will promote the following measures:
foster respect for other countries and their people as well as love for the country andregion; raise awareness with regard to security on such issues as territory andsovereignty; and ensure the understanding and cooperation of residents around defense
facilities, which serve as the foundation for the activities of the SDF and the U.S.
forces in Japan, through advancing measures that widen the understanding of thegeneral public about the current status of such activities.
(4) Enhancing the Intellectual BaseIn order to invigorate a national discussion and debate and contribute tohigh-quality policymaking on national security, Japan will seek to enhance and36strengthen education on security-related subjects at institutions of higher education,
including through the dispatch of officials of relevant ministries. In addition, Japan
will promote practical research on national security, and engage in deepening
exchanges among the Government, higher education institutions and think tanks,
thereby promoting the sharing of insight and knowledge.
Furthermore, Japan will promote the creation of experts and government
officials that can make practical and constructive contributions to national security
policy, thus broadening the pool of experts on national security.
(End)37