Released 10/09/2007
Revised 8/01/2008

From the Center for

Positive Organizational Scholarship
THEORY-TO-PRACTICE BRIEFING

What is Job Craftingand Why Does It Matter?==

By

Justin M. Berg
Research and Development Consultant

Jane E. Dutton

Robert L. Kahn Distinguished University Professor of Business
Administration and Psychology

Amy Wrzesniewski
Associate Professor of Organizational Behavior - Yale School ofManagement

ABSTRACTJob crafting captures the active changes
employees make to their own job designs
in ways that can bring about numerous
positive outcomes, including engagement,
job satisfaction, resilience, and thriving.
This briefing introduces the core ideas ofjob crafting theory for management
students by defining it, describing why it
is important, summarizing key researchfindings, and exploring what it means for
employees, managers, and organizations.

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THIS PAGE LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY©2007 Regents of the University of Michigan

I take on as much event planning as I can, even though it wasn’t originally part of my job. I do it
because I enjoy it, and I’m good at it. I have become the go-to person for event planning, and I likemy job much more because of it.
Ó=j~êâÉíáåÖ=`ççêÇáå~íçê==When I first came here, we started using the new higher-speed equipment. Then lots of new guys
came in. So I started helping them learn the job. Now it’s just expected that I train the new guys. I
did this in my previous job, so I have experience with it, and I like it because I’m able to help andwork with guys from different backgrounds.
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Ó=j~áåíÉå~åÅÉ=qÉÅÜåáÅá~å==Music is a very important part of my life . . . I often liken teaching to being a musician because
when I’m in front of a classroom, I put on my performance face. It’s the same way with music. I
remember when I was performing with my rock band and the high I got from playing in front ofpeople was very similar to the high I get from performing teaching in front of students.
Ó=råáîÉêëáíó=iÉÅíìêÉê=CORE IDEA
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PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONSFor Employees in General
fÑ=Éå~ÅíÉÇ=éêçéÉêäóI=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=áë=~=ï~ó=Ñçê=ÉãéäçóÉÉë=íç=áãéêçîÉ=íÜÉáê=äáîÉë=~í=ïçêâ=áå=ëÉîÉê~ä=áãéçêí~åí=ï~óëI=~ë=ïÉää=~ë=ã~âÉ=î~äì~ÄäÉ=ÅçåíêáÄìíáçåë=íç=íÜÉ=ïçêâéä~ÅÉK=bîÉêóçåÉ=áë=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíI=~åÇ=áí=áë=ÇáÑÑáÅìäí=Ñçê=çêÖ~åáò~íáçåë=íç=ÅêÉ~íÉ=çéíáã~ä=àçÄ=ÇÉëáÖåë=Ñçê=ÉîÉêó=áåÇáîáÇì~ä=ÉãéäçóÉÉK=_ìí=ïáíÜ=êççã=íç=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíI=àçÄ=ÇÉëáÖåë=~êÉ=åçí=ÑáñÉÇX=íÜÉó=Å~å=ÄÉ=~Ç~éíÉÇ=çîÉê=íáãÉ=íç=~ÅÅçããçÇ~íÉ=ÉãéäçóÉÉëÛ=ìåáèìÉ=~åÇ=ÉîÉêJÅÜ~åÖáåÖ=Ä~ÅâÖêçìåÇëI=ãçíáîÉëI=~åÇ=éêÉÑÉêÉåÅÉëK=gçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=íÜÉçêó=ÇçÉë=åçí=ÇÉî~äìÉ=íÜÉ=áãéçêí~åÅÉ=çÑ=àçÄ=ÇÉëáÖåë=~ëëáÖåÉÇ=Äó=ã~å~ÖÉêëX=áí=ëáãéäó=î~äìÉë=íÜÉ=çééçêíìåáíáÉë=ÉãéäçóÉÉë=Ü~îÉ=íç=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=íÜÉãK=cìåÇ~ãÉåí~ääóI=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=áë=~Äçìí=êÉëçìêÅÉÑìäåÉëëK=^=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=éÉêëéÉÅíáîÉ=áãéäáÉë=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=í~ëâë=~åÇ=áåíÉêéÉêëçå~ä=êÉä~íáçåëÜáéë=íÜ~í=ã~âÉ=ìé=~=àçÄ=~êÉ=~=ÑäÉñáÄäÉ=ëÉí=çÑ=ÄìáäÇáåÖ=ÄäçÅâë=íÜ~í=Å~å=ÄÉ=êÉçêÖ~åáòÉÇI=êÉëíêìÅíìêÉÇI=~åÇ=êÉÑê~ãÉÇ=íç=ÅçåëíêìÅí=~=ÅìëíçãáòÉÇ=àçÄK=qÜÉëÉ=ÄìáäÇáåÖ=ÄäçÅâë=ÉñéçëÉ=ÉãéäçóÉÉë=íç=~=î~êáÉíó=çÑ=êÉëçìêÅÉëÔéÉçéäÉI=íÉÅÜåçäçÖóI=ê~ï=ã~íÉêá~äëI=ÉíÅKÔíÜ~í=Å~å=ÄÉ=ìíáäáòÉÇ=ïÜÉå=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖK=qÜÉ=ëìÅÅÉëë=çÑ=~=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíÉê=ã~ó=ÇÉéÉåÇ=ä~êÖÉäó=çå=Üáë=çê=ÜÉê=~Äáäáíó=íç=
í~âÉ=~Çî~åí~ÖÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=êÉëçìêÅÉë=~í=Ü~åÇK=cçê=Éñ~ãéäÉI=ÅçåëáÇÉê=íÜÉ=~ÑçêÉãÉåíáçåÉÇ=êÉëí~ìê~åí=Åççâë=ïÜç=Åê~ÑíÉÇ=íÜÉáê=àçÄë=íç=íêÉ~í=ÅççâáåÖ=~ë=~å=~êíK=qÜÉó=ìíáäáòÉÇ=ÑççÇ=Äó=ã~âáåÖ=áí=íÜÉáê=~êíáëíáÅ=ãÉÇáìãI=âáíÅÜÉå=~ééäá~åÅÉë=Äó=ìëáåÖ=íÜÉã=íç=ÅêÉ~íÉ=~êíïçêâI=~åÇ=ÅìëíçãÉêë=Äó=îáÉïáåÖ=íÜÉã=~ë=ÄÉåÉÑáÅá~êáÉë=çÑ=íÜÉáê=~êíïçêâK=cáÖìêÉ=O=ìëÉë=íÜÉ=ÄìáäÇáåÖ=ÄäçÅâë=~å~äçÖó=íç=ÇÉéáÅí=~=ÜóéçíÜÉíáÅ~ä=
Éñ~ãéäÉ=çÑ=Üçï=çåÉ=çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=Åççâë=êÉëçìêÅÉÑìääó=~åÇ=ÅêÉ~íáîÉäó=Åê~ÑíÉÇ=Üáë=àçÄK=^ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=êÉëÉ~êÅÜ=ÇáëÅìëëÉÇ=~ÄçîÉI=êÉëçìêÅÉÑìääó=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=äáâÉ=íÜÉëÉ=Åççâë=ã~ó=ÜÉäé=ÉãéäçóÉÉë=ÖÉí=ãçêÉ=ÉåàçóãÉåí=~åÇ=ãÉ~åáåÖ=çìí=çÑ=ïçêâI=ÉåÜ~åÅÉ=íÜÉáê=ïçêâ=áÇÉåíáíáÉëI=ÅçéÉ=ïáíÜ=~ÇîÉêëáíóI=~åÇ=éÉêÑçêã=ÄÉííÉêK=©2007 Regents of the University of Michigan

Page 5 of 8

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Utilization of Resources:! cççÇ=~ë=~å=~êíáëíáÅ=ãÉÇáìã=! bèìáéãÉåí=Ñçê=ÅêÉ~íáåÖ=Åìäáå~êó=~êíïçêâ=! `çJïçêâÉêë=~ë=Åçää~Äçê~íçêë=áå=ÅêÉ~íáåÖ=Åìäáå~êó=~êí=! `ìëíçãÉêë=~ë=~ééêÉÅá~íçêë=çÑ=
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For ManagerspáåÅÉ=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=Ü~ë=íÜÉ=Å~é~Åáíó=íç=éçëáíáîÉäó=áåÑäìÉåÅÉ=áåÇáîáÇì~ä=~åÇ=çêÖ~åáò~íáçå~ä=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉI=ã~å~ÖÉêë=ã~ó=ï~åí=íç=ÅêÉ~íÉ=~=ÅçåíÉñí=íÜ~í=ÑçëíÉêë=êÉëçìêÅÉÑìä=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖK=qÜáë=ëí~êíë=ïáíÜ=ÇÉëáÖåáåÖ=àçÄë=íÜ~í=äÉ~îÉ=êççã=Ñçê=Åê~ÑíáåÖI=ëç=ÉãéäçóÉÉë=Å~å=í~áäçê=íÜÉáê=àçÄë=íç=Ñáí=íÜÉáê=ãçíáîÉëI=ëíêÉåÖíÜëI=~åÇ=é~ëëáçåëI=ïÜáäÉ=~í=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=íáãÉ=ãÉÉíáåÖ=êÉäÉî~åí=çêÖ~åáò~íáçå~ä=Öç~äëK=^=ÜáÖÜäó=êÉëíêáÅíáîÉ=àçÄ=ÇÉëáÖå=ã~ó=äáãáí=ÉãéäçóÉÉë=Ñêçã=éçëáíáîÉäó=ÅÜ~åÖáåÖ=íÜÉ=ï~ó=íÜÉó=éÉêÑçêã=í~ëâëI=í~âáåÖ=çå=~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=í~ëâëI=~äíÉêáåÖ=íÜÉáê=áåíÉê~Åíáçåë=ïáíÜ=çíÜÉêëI=çê=îáÉïáåÖ=íÜÉáê=àçÄë=áå=~=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=ï~óK=`çÖåáíáîÉ=Åê~ÑíáåÖI=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=áí=íê~åëéáêÉë=áå=íÜÉ=ãáåÇ=çÑ=íÜÉ=Åê~ÑíÉêI=ã~ó=ÄÉ=äÉëë=äáãáíÉÇ=Äó=éêÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=àçÄ=ÇÉëáÖåë=íÜ~å=ÄÉÜ~îáçê~ä=Åê~ÑíáåÖK=eçïÉîÉêI=íÜÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=Ñçêãë=~êÉ=åçí=ãìíì~ääó=ÉñÅäìëáîÉ=~åÇ=çÑíÉå=çéÉê~íÉ=áå=ÅçåàìåÅíáçå=ïáíÜI=êÉáåÑçêÅÉI=~åÇ=ÖáîÉ=êáëÉ=íç=çåÉ=~åçíÜÉêI=~ë=áääìëíê~íÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=Åççâ=Éñ~ãéäÉ=áå=cáÖìêÉ=OK=^åçíÜÉê=Éñ~ãéäÉ=ïçìäÇ=ÄÉ=~=åìêëÉ=ïÜç=ÖáîÉë=ãçêÉ=~ííÉåíáçå=íç=éÉêëçå~ä=áåíÉê~Åíáçåë=ïáíÜ=é~íáÉåíë=íç=ÑìäÑáää=ÜÉê=é~ëëáçå=Ñçê=íÜÉê~éó=Eí~ëâ=Åê~ÑíáåÖFI=íÜÉå=éÉêÅÉáîÉë=íÜÉëÉ=áåíÉê~Åíáçåë=~ë=ëáãáä~ê=íç=~Åíì~ääó=ÄÉáåÖ=~=íÜÉê~éáëí=EÅçÖåáíáîÉ=Åê~ÑíáåÖFI=ïÜáÅÜ=~äíÉêë=íÜÉ=ï~ó=ëÜÉ=áåíÉê~Åíë=ïáíÜ=ÜÉê=é~íáÉåíë=EêÉä~íáçå~ä=Åê~ÑíáåÖFK=qÜáë=êÉëçìêÅÉÑìä=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=ã~ó=ÉåÜ~åÅÉ=ÜÉê=àçÄ=ë~íáëÑ~Åíáçå=~åÇ=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉI=Äìí=ïáíÜçìí=íÜÉ=ÑäÉñáÄáäáíó=íç=ÇÉîçíÉ=ãçêÉ=íáãÉ=íç=çåÉJçåJçåÉ=áåíÉê~Åíáçåë=ïáíÜ=é~íáÉåíëI=íÜáë=åìêëÉ=ïçìäÇ=ãáëë=çìí=çå=~=ÑêìáíÑìä=çééçêíìåáíó=íç=Åê~Ñí=ÜÉê=àçÄK=gçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=áë=åçí=~äï~óë=éçëáíáîÉK=fí=Ü~ë=íÜÉ=éçíÉåíá~ä=íç=Å~ìëÉ=Ü~êã=áÑ=íÜÉ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=ÖçÉë=~Ö~áåëí=çêÖ~åáò~íáçå~ä=Öç~äë=çê=éêçÇìÅÉë=åÉÖ~íáîÉ=ëáÇÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíëK=bîÉå=ïÜÉå=íÜÉ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=áë=ÄÉåÉÑáÅá~ä=Ñçê=íÜÉ=áåÇáîáÇì~ä=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíÉêI=áí=ëíáää=ã~ó=ÄÉ=Ü~êãÑìä=íç=íÜÉ=çîÉê~ää=çêÖ~åáò~íáçåK=cçê=Éñ~ãéäÉI=~=ã~êâÉíáåÖ=ÉãéäçóÉÉ=ã~ó=Åê~Ñí=ÜÉê=àçÄ=Äó=ëéÉåÇáåÖ=ãçêÉ=íáãÉ=ÇÉîÉäçéáåÖ=åÉï=Äê~åÇáåÖ=áÇÉ~ë=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=ëÜÉ=Éåàçóë=ÄÉáåÖ=ÅêÉ~íáîÉI=ïÜáäÉ=ïÜ~í=ÜÉê=Åçãé~åó=êÉ~ääó=åÉÉÇë=áë=íç=ÑçÅìë=çå=íÜÉáê=ÅìêêÉåí=ëíê~íÉÖóK=lê=~å=ÉãéäçóÉÉ=ÅçìäÇ=~ÅíáîÉäó=~îçáÇ=ÅçããìåáÅ~íáåÖ=ïáíÜ=Üáë=ëìéÉêîáëçê=Äó=ëÉÉãáåÖ=íçç=Äìëó=ïÜÉåÉîÉê=ëÜÉ=áë=~êçìåÇ=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=ÜÉ=ÇáëäáâÉë=ÜÉê=íÉÇáçìë=ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí=ëíóäÉK=qÜáë=ã~ó=ÉåÜ~åÅÉ=Üáë=àçÄ=ë~íáëÑ~Åíáçå=Äìí=Ü~êã=Üáë=çêÖ~åáò~íáçå=áÑ=íÜÉ=ä~Åâ=çÑ=ÅçããìåáÅ~íáçå=ÄÉÅçãÉë=ÇÉíêáãÉåí~äK=pç=áå=~ÇÇáíáçå=íç=ÇÉëáÖåáåÖ=àçÄë=íÜ~í=~ääçï=Ñçê=Åê~ÑíáåÖI=ã~å~ÖÉêë=ëÜçìäÇ=ÅêÉ~íÉ=~åÇ=ëìëí~áå=~=ïçêâ=ÅçåíÉñí=íÜ~í=ÑçëíÉêë=ÄÉåÉÑáÅá~ä=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖK=qÜáë=ãÉ~åë=ÄìáäÇáåÖ=~=ëÜ~êÉÇ=ìåÇÉêëí~åÇáåÖ=íÜ~í=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=áë=~ÅÅÉéí~ÄäÉ=~åÇ=ÉîÉå=ÉåÅçìê~ÖÉÇ=~ë=äçåÖ=~ë=áí=~äáÖåë=ïáíÜ=çêÖ~åáò~íáçå~ä=Öç~äëK=qç=ÜÉäé=Éëí~ÄäáëÜ=ëìÅÜ=~=åçêãI=ã~å~ÖÉêë=Å~å=ãçÇÉä=éçëáíáîÉ=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=äáâÉ=íÜÉ=~ÑçêÉãÉåíáçåÉÇ=éä~åí=ã~å~ÖÉê=ïÜç=Éñé~åÇÉÇ=ÜÉê=àçÄ=íç=áåÅäìÇÉ=íáãÉ=ïçêâáåÖ=çå=íÜÉ=Ñäççê=ïáíÜ=ÜÉê=ÉãéäçóÉÉëK=eçïÉîÉêI=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=Å~å=áå=ëçãÉ=áåëí~åÅÉë=çÅÅìê=çìíëáÇÉ=çÑ=ã~åÖÉêëÛ=~ï~êÉåÉëëI=ïÜáÅÜ=ã~ó=ÄÉ=ÉëéÉÅá~ääó=äáâÉäó=~åÇ=Åçëíäó=áÑ=íÜÉ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=áë=Ü~êãÑìä=íç=íÜÉ=çêÖ~åáò~íáçåK=j~áåí~áåáåÖ=çéÉå=äáåÉë=çÑ=ÅçããìåáÅ~íáçå=ïáíÜ=ÉãéäçóÉÉë=~Äçìí=Üçï=íÜÉó=ïçìäÇ=äáâÉ=íç=Åê~Ñí=íÜÉáê=àçÄë=~åÇ=ïÜÉíÜÉê=áí=ïçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ÄÉåÉÑáÅá~ä=Ñçê=íÜÉ=çêÖ~åáò~íáçå=ã~ó=ÜÉäé=ã~å~ÖÉêë=~îçáÇ=ÇÉíêáãÉåí~ä=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=~åÇ=éêçãçíÉ=Ñ~îçê~ÄäÉ=Åê~ÑíáåÖK==páåÅÉ=íÜÉ=êÉëçìêÅÉÑìäåÉëë=áåîçäîÉÇ=áå=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖ=áë=ÇÉêáîÉÇ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíÉêë=íÜÉãëÉäîÉë=ê~íÜÉê=íÜ~å=ÖáîÉå=íç=íÜÉã=Äó=ëçãÉ=çìíëáÇÉ=ëçìêÅÉI=íêìëí=Å~å=éä~ó=~=ã~àçê=êçäÉ=áå=ÑçëíÉêáåÖ=çê=êÉëíêáÅíáåÖ=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖK=bãéäçóÉÉë=ã~ó=ÄÉ=äÉëë=êÉëçìêÅÉÑìä=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíÉêë=áÑ=íÜÉó=Çç=åçí=ÑÉÉä=íêìëíÉÇ=íç=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=íÜÉ=ëí~íìë=èìçK=`çåîÉêëÉäóI=íêìëíáåÖ=êÉä~íáçåëÜáéë=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ÉãéäçóÉÉë=~åÇ=ã~å~ÖÉêë=ã~ó=ÜÉäé=ìåäçÅâ=~åÇ=ÉîÉå=ëíáãìä~íÉ=éçëáíáîÉ=àçÄ=Åê~ÑíáåÖI=~ë=íêìëí=ã~ó=ÜÉäé=ÉãéäçóÉÉë=ÑÉÉä=ãçêÉ=ÅçãÑçêí~ÄäÉ=í~âáåÖ=êáëâë=íÜ~í=ÅçìäÇ=éçíÉåíá~ääó=äÉ~Ç=íç=ÄÉåÉÑáÅá~ä=çìíÅçãÉëK
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