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Rigid-Foldable Thick Origami
Tomohiro Tachi
Abstract
In this paper, a method is proposed for geometrically constructing thick panel structures that follow the kinetic behavior of rigidorigami by using tapered or two-ply panels and hinges located attheir edges. The proposed method can convert generalized patternof rigid-foldable origami into thick panels structure with kinetic motion, which leads to novel designs of origami for various engineering
purposes including architecture.

1Introduction

Rigid-foldable origami or rigid origami is a piecewise linear origami that iscontinuously transformable without the deformation of each facet. Therefore, rigid origami realizes a deployment mechanism with stiff panels andhinges, which has advantages for various engineering purposes, especiallyfor designs of kinetic architecture. In a mathematical context, origami isregarded as an ideal zero-thickness surface. However, this is no longer true
when we physically implement the mechanism. Especially when we utilize
the stiffness of panels for large-scale kinetic structures, it is necessary toconsider a mechanism that allows thick panels. For example, in the designof architectural space, we need structures composed of thick panels or composite three-dimensional structure with finite volume in order to bear thegravity and the other loads and to insulate heat, radiation, sound, etc.
Thick panels origami with symmetric degree-4 vertices have been proposed using shifted axis such as [Hoberman 88] and [Trautz and Künstler 09].
However, no method that enables the thickening of freely designed rigid
origami was proposed; such a freeform rigid origami can be obtained as atriangular mesh origami or a generalized rigid-foldable quadrilateral meshorigami [Tachi 09a]. This paper proposes a novel geometric method for
implementing a general rigid-foldable origami as a structure composed oftapered or non-tapered constant-thickness thick plates and hinges without changing the mechanical behavior from that of the ideal rigid origami.
Since we can obtain the valid pattern for a given rigid-origami mechanism,

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the method can contribute to improving the designability of rigid-foldablestructures.

2Problem Description

In this section, we overview the problem of thickening origami, and show
existing approaches tackling this problem. The simplest thick rigid origami
structure is a door hinge, which is a thick interpretation of single line
fold. In this case, the rotational axis is located on the valley side of thefoldline. Here we call this type of approach axis-shift since the axis isshifted to the valley side of the thick panel. Axis-shift can also convert a
corrugated surface without interior vertex such as repeating mountain andvalley pattern to a folding screen composed of thick plate mechanism. This
type of structure can fold and unfold completely from 0 to π. However, axisshift method is not always successful for typical rigid origami mechanismwith interior vertices. This problem can be described as follows.

2.1

Rigid Origami without Thickness

First, we illustrate the kinematics of ideal ideal, i.e., non-thick, rigid origami.
The configuration of rigid origami is represented by the folding angles of
its foldlines, which are constrained around interior vertices. This constraint can be represented as the identity of rotational matrix as used byBelcastro and Hull [Belcastro and Hull 02], Balkcom [Balkcom 02], andTachi [Tachi 09b]. This essentially produces 3 degrees of constraints foreach interior vertex that fundamentally correspond to the rotations in x, y,and z direction of facets around the point of intersection of incident foldlines. As a result, a rigid origami produces a kinetic motion where foldlines
fold simultaneously. Since the number of vertices, facets and edges arerelated by the Euler characteristic of the surface, which is 1, the degreesof freedom of overall system is limited. Specifically, a model has at mostN0 − 3 degrees of freedom (assumed that all facets are triangulated), where
N0 is the number of vertices on the boundary of the surface. Especially, inthe case of quadrilateral-mesh based origami, such as Miura-ori, the number of foldlines is smaller than the number of constraints. This produces
either an overconstrained structure without kinetic motion or a 1 DOF
kinetic structure with redundant constraints; the condition for a quadrilateral mesh origami to have kinetic motion is investigated in [Tachi 09a] toallow freeform generalization of Miura-ori.
In the context of utilizing the kinetic behavior of general origami, theaxis-shift approach has a problem since the typical kinetic behavior oforigami that every edge folds simultaneously is produced by the interior

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vertex that constrains the folding motion. In the case of thick origami withaxis-shift, an interior verticex generally produces 6 constraints throughout
the transformation (3 rotation and 3 translation) since the foldlines are
not concurrent anymore. This normally produces overconstrained system,
where no continuous motion can be achieved. Even if we succeeded indesigning the consistent pattern in finite number of states, this produces
multi-stable structure without rigid-foldabilty.

2.2

Existing Methods

A few approaches have been proposed in order to solve the problem ofthickening.
Symmetric Miura-ori Vertex Hoberman [Hoberman 88] designed adegree-4 vertex by thick panels that connects shifted axes of rotation using
plates with two level of thicknesses. This gives a structure that enables
a one-DOF folding motion between completely unfolded and folded states
represented by rotation angle (0 to π) (Figure 1). The structure can beapplied for designing Miura-ori or Miura-ori based cylindrical sirface. isproposed.
The most significant limitation of this structure is that it cannot beapplied for non-symmetric or non flat-foldable vertices, e.g., a variational
design of flat-foldable degree-4 vertex thickened with this approach forms
a bistable structure where the connectivity breaks unless it is completely
unfolded or folded. In fact, the application is only limited to symmetricvertex of Miura-or, this only enables one parameter variation. Anothernotable limitation of this approach is that it cannot allow multiple overlapof plates. In a case where alternately adjacent facets, i.e., sharing thesame adjacent facet, overlap in the folded state, the panel of shared facet
is separated into two as the half-thickness volume of overlapped part isremoved in this approach.
Slidable Hinges An implementation method by slidable hinges is proposed by Trautz and Künstler [Trautz and Künstler 09]. This method adds
extra degrees of freedom by allowing the foldlines to be slided along the rotational axes. The number of variables is doubled by such slidable hinges tocompensate the doubled number of constraints around each vertex. They
have shown thick panel kinetic structures with symmetric degree-4 vertices that can be folded to π − δ value where δ relates to the amount ofslide. Since the sliding amount of an edge is shared by adjacent vertices,
the behavior is determined globally for a general case, although the global
behavior of slidable hinges structures have not been sufficiently analyzed.
In fact, this global behavior can be a critical problem for some patterns,

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Figure 1: The folding motion of thickened symmetric degree-4 vertex.

Figure 2: An example of slidable hinges where the sliding value is accumulated at the hinges on the right.
i.e., we can easily show an example that this model fails (Figure 2), wherethe sliding value is accumulated at one of the edges to produce separation
or intersection of volumes. Therefore, slidable hinges do not allow directinterpretation of general origami.

3Proposing Method

Tapered Panels In order to enable the construction of generalized rigidfoldable structure with thick panels, we propose kinetic structures thatprecisely follow the motion of ideal rigid origami with zero thickness (Figure3(b)) by locating the rotational axes to lie exactly on the edges of idealorigami. This has a great advantage over previous axis-shift approachesiiii

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Figure 3: Two approaches for enabling thick panel origami. (a) Axis-shift.
(b) The proposed method based on trimming by bisecting planes. Red
path represents the ideal origami without thickness.
(Figure 3(a)) that the folding motion is estimated only by the kinematics
of ideal origami.
The procedure of creating thick panels is as follows. First, a zerothickness ideal origami in the developed state is first thickened by offsetting
the surface by constant distance in two directions; in this state, the solidsof adjacent facets collide when the origami tries to fold. Then the solid ofeach facet is trimmed by the bisecting planes of dihedral angles between
adjacent facets (Figure 4) in order to avoid the collision of volumes. The
shape of the solid changes according to the folding angles of edges. By firstassuming the maximum and minimum folding angles that the thick origami
can fold, we can obtain the solid that works within that range. Since halfof the volume of the solid becomes zero when the maximum folding angleof an edge equals to π, we cannot completely flat fold the model. Thus weuse π − δ for the maximum folding angles. Now the structure follows thekinetic motion of rigid origami without thickness because all foldlines arelocated on the center of the panel, i.e., the ideal origami surface.
The upper bound of each folding angle π − δ is determined by thicknessof the panels. If we project a solid facet onto a plane, an edge on the top
facet is an offset of the original edge by the distance of t cot 2δ , where t
is the thickness of the panel and the maximum folding angle of the edge
is given by π − δ, respectively. The intersection of adjacent offset edges
determines the corresponding corner points on the offset volume. Thisiiii

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mountainvalley

mountainbottom facet
top facet

Figure 4: Trimming the volume by bisecting planes of dihedral angles between adjacent facets.

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Figure 5: A model with constant thickness panels. Notice the differencewith slidable hinge method as shown in Figure 2.
is similar to calculating skeleton of the polyhedron, however we stop thisprocess when two offset corners are merged into one to keep the shape ofthe top facet. Therefore the amount of possible offset is limited by the sizeof the panel, and thus dihedral angle δ is related to the thickness of thepanel as tan 2δ ∝ t. If we try to thicken the panel, the packaging efficiencyof the structure lowers.
Constant Thickness Panels If the thickness-width ratio for each panel
is small enough compared to incident minimum dihedral angles, so thatthe top and bottom facets share a significant amount of area in a top view,the tapered solid can be substituted by two-ply constant thickness panels.
In the case of constant thickness panels, the structure can be easily manufactured via a simple 2-axis cutting machine; this significantly simplifies
cutting procedure while produces holes at corners of panels. Figure 5 shows
the folding motion of an example model with constant thickness panels.
Global Collision In our proposing method, we have assumed that thecollision between thick panels occurs only at the foldline. Even though thisapproximation works for many models, this is not true in a general sense
since there can occur global collisions. In order to avoid global collision between non adjacent panels, we can naturally extend the proposed method:
calculate the bisecting plane for each pair of intersecting facets and cut out
the volume of panels along the plane, or precisely, the swept plane to allow
continuous motion.
Characteristics Also, since any foldline cannot fold up completely to π,
we cannot produce a folding mechanism with singular two motions suchiiii

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Figure 6: A quadrilateral-mesh hypar model with thick tapered panels.
as a vertex with four π/2 corners. This is a disadvantage of our methodsince axis-shift of symmetric Miura-ori vertex can produce singular motion. Therefore our method is most suitable for producing mechanisms
with simultaneous folding motions.

4

Application for Designs

The proposed thickening method is implemented as a parametric design
system using Grasshopper [McNeel ] and VC# script. This successfullyyielded a rigid-foldable structure with thickness producing the identicalmechanism as the ideal rigid origami. The connection part can be realized
as embedded mechanical hinges whose rotational axes are located exactly
on the ideal edges. Also, non-mechanical hinges can be constructed bysandwiching a strong fabric or film between the two panels since rotationalaxes are located on the center plane.
A realized example design of constant thickness rigid origami composedof quadrilateral panels is shown in Figure 8. This 2.5 m × 2.5 m squaremodel is manufactured from two layers of double-walled cardboards (eachof which is 10 mm thickness) sandwiched by a cloth. Because of its oneDOF mechanism, a simultaneous motion that counterbalances the weight isproduced. This enabled a smooth and dynamic motion by lightly pushing
the rim of the structure. A prospective design possibility is in applying themethod for kinetic architectures (Figure 9).

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Figure 7: Volume substituted by two constant-thickness panels.

Figure 8: An example design of rigid foldable origami materialized withcloth and cardboards.

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Figure 9: An image of architectural-scaled rigid origami.

5Conclusion

This paper presented a novel method for enabling a rigid-foldable origami
structure with thick panels while preserving the kinetic behavior of ideal
origami surface. The method trims intersecting part between panels andproduces a kinetic mechanism that folds between predefined minimum andmaximum folding angles. The maximum folding angle π − δ and the thickness of panels t are related by tan 2δ ∝ t. Our method successfully produced
rigid origami designs applicable for human scale structures.

References[Balkcom 02] Devin Balkcom. “Robotic Origami Folding.” Ph.D. thesis,
Carnegie Mellon University, 2002.
[Belcastro and Hull 02] Sarah-Marie Belcastro and Thomas Hull. “AMathematical Model for Non-Flat Origami.” In Origami3: Proceedings of the 3rd International Meeting of Origami Mathematics, Science, and Education, pp. 39–51, 2002.
[Hoberman 88] Charles Hoberman.
“Reversibly Expandable ThreeDimensional Structure.” United States Patent No. 4,780,344, 1988.

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[McNeel ] McNeel. “grasshopper - Generative Modeling for Rhino.” http://grasshopper.rhino3d.com/.
[Tachi 09a] Tomohiro Tachi.
“Generalization of Rigid-Foldable
Quadrilateral-Mesh Origami.” Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures 50:3 (2009), 173–179.
[Tachi 09b] Tomohiro Tachi. “Simulation of Rigid Origami.” In Origami4 :The Fourth International Conference on Origami in Science, Mathematics, and Education, edited by Robert Lang, pp. 175–187. A K
Peters, 2009.
[Trautz and Künstler 09] Martin Trautz and Arne Künstler. “Deployable
folded plate structures - folding patterns based on 4-fold-mechanism
using stiff plates.” In Proceedings of IASS Symposium 2009, Valencia,
pp. 2306–2317, 2009.

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