Summary
The Japan Wintering Bird Atlas (JWBA) survey was conducted during the wintering seasonfrom January 2016 to February 2022. Records of 451 bird species were compiled with the help
from 396 surveyors who submitted a total of 105,660 questionnaires from all over the country.
Additional information included 788,148 records extracted from databases and other sources.
40-km mesh grids were laid over the map of Japan, and range maps for 309 species that had beenrecorded in 10 or more meshes, and species that known to have restricted distribution were made.
Results of this recent survey was compared with those of the Environment Agency's surveys
conducted in the 1980s.
The species with the highest number of meshes recorded were, in order of dominance,
Brown-eared Bulbul, Large-billed Crow, Dusky Thrush, Japanese Tit, and Carrion Crow. There
are no big differences between the top species in the present survey and survey conducted in the
1980s.
Birds that showed the most significant range expansions included non-native andreintroduced species such as Chinese Hwamei, Snow Goose, Red-billed Leiothrix, Cackling
Goose, and Oriental Stork. Other top species were mostly waterbirds that forage in shallow wateror on the ground. The top declining species were Budgerigar, Japanese Quail, Striated Heron,
Crested Kingfisher, and Intermediate Egret, many of which also showed a declining trend in theJapan Breeding Bird Atlas (JBBA).
Looking at groups by habitat and life form, there was no significant northward or southward
trend in range expansion for arboreal, grassland, forest ground-feeding birds, seabirds, andraptors. In contrast, most species that showed northward range expansion had characteristics
such as foraging on the ground in open areas, using shallow water areas, submerged foraging interrestrial aquatic system, and aerial foraging. Since many birds with these characteristics are
assumed susceptible to snow cover and freezing, their northward range expansion may be due tothe recent decrease in snow cover and freezing conditions. In addition, many of the aerial
foraging species are summer visitors in Japan because of reduced food availability during thewinter months. Global warming is likely to increase the possibility of these birds wintering inJapan.

1

Contents
Summary
Methods
Survey Results
Hazel Grouse
Rock Ptarmigan
Japanese Quail
Copper PheasantGreen Pheasant
Swan Goose
Tundra Bean Goose
Greylag Goose
Greater White-fronted Goose
Lesser White-fronted Goose
Snow Goose
Cackling Goose
Brant Goose
Tundra Swan
Whooper Swan
Common Shelduck
Mandarin Duck
Gadwall
Falcated Duck
Eurasian Wigeon
American Wigeon
MallardEastern Spot-billed Duck
Northern Shoveler
Northern Pintail
Garganey
Baikal Teal
Eurasian Teal
Canvasback
Common Pochard
Baer's Pochard
Ferruginous Duck
Tufted Duck
Greater Scaup
Lesser Scaup
Harlequin Duck
White-winged ScoterBlack ScoterLong-tailed Duck
Common Goldeneye
Smew
Common Merganser
Red-breasted Merganser
Scaly-sided Merganser
Little Grebe
Red-necked Grebe
Great Crested Grebe
Horned Grebe
Black-necked Grebe
Japanese Wood Pigeon
Oriental Turtle Dove
Common Emerald DoveWhite-bellied Green Pigeon

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Whistling Green Pigeon
Red-throated Loon
Black-throated Loon
Pacific Loon
Oriental Stork
Brown Booby
Pelagic CormorantGreat CormorantJapanese Cormorant
Eurasian Bittern
Cinnamon Bittern
Malayan Night Heron
Black-crowned Night Heron
Striated Heron
Chinese Pond Heron
Eastern Cattle Egret
Grey Heron
Purple HeronGreat Egret
Intermediate Egret
Little Egret
Pacific Reef Heron
Crested Ibis
Eurasian Spoonbill
Black-faced Spoonbill
Siberian Crane
Sandhill Crane
White-naped Crane
Red-crowned Crane
Common Crane
Hooded Crane
Demoiselle Crane
Swinhoe's Rail
Slaty-legged Crake
Okinawa Rail
Brown-cheeked RailWhite-breasted Waterhen
Ruddy-breasted Crake
Common Moorhen
Eurasian CootHouse Swift
Northern Lapwing
Grey-headed Lapwing
Pacific Golden Plover
Grey Plover
Common Ringed Plover
Long-billed Plover
Little Ringed Plover
Kentish Plover
Lesser Sand Plover
Greater Sand Plover
Eurasian Oystercatcher
Black-winged Stilt
Pied Avocet
Eurasian Woodcock
Amami Woodcock
Solitary Snipe

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Common SnipeLong-billed Dowitcher
Bar-tailed Godwit
Eurasian Whimbrel
Eurasian Curlew
Far Eastern Curlew
Spotted Redshank
Common Redshank
Marsh Sandpiper
Common Greenshank
Green Sandpiper
Wood Sandpiper
Grey-tailed Tattler
Terek Sandpiper
Common Sandpiper
Ruddy Turnstone
Sanderling
Red-necked Stint
Little Stint
Temminck's Stint
Long-toed Stint
Sharp-tailed Sandpiper
Dunlin
Ruff
Greater Painted-snipe
Barred ButtonquailBlack-legged Kittiwake
Black-headed Gull
Saunders's Gull
Black-tailed Gull
Mew GullGlaucous-winged Gull
Glaucous Gull
Vega Gull
Slaty-backed Gull
Lesser Black-backed Gull
Caspian TernThick-billed Murre
Common Murre
Spectacled Guillemot
Ancient Murrelet
Japanese Murrelet
Rhinoceros Auklet
Western Osprey
Black-winged Kite
Black Kite
White-tailed Eagle
Steller's Sea Eagle
Crested Serpent Eagle
Eastern Marsh Harrier
Hen Harrier
Japanese Sparrowhawk
Eurasian Sparrowhawk
Northern Goshawk
Grey-faced Buzzard
Eastern Buzzard
Rough-legged Buzzard

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Mountain Hawk-Eagle
Japanese Scops Owl
Ryukyu Scops Owl
Ural Owl
Northern Boobook
Long-eared Owl
Short-eared Owl
Eurasian Hoopoe
Common Kingfisher
Crested Kingfisher
Eurasian Wryneck
Japanese Pygmy Woodpecker
Lesser Spotted Woodpecker
White-backed Woodpecker
Great Spotted Woodpecker
Black Woodpecker
Japanese Green Woodpecker
Grey-headed Woodpecker
Okinawa Woodpecker
Common Kestrel
MerlinPeregrine Falcon
Ashy Minivet
Bull-headed Shrike
Brown Shrike
Chinese Grey Shrike
Eurasian Jay
Lidth's Jay
Azure-winged Magpie
Eurasian Magpie
Spotted Nutcracker
Daurian Jackdaw
Rook
Carrion Crow
Large-billed Crow
Northern Raven
Goldcrest
Chinese Penduline Tit
Marsh Tit
Willow Tit
Varied Tit
Coal Tit
Japanese Tit
Eurasian Skylark
Barn Swallow
Pacific Swallow
Asian House Martin
Light-vented Bulbul
Brown-eared Bulbul
Japanese Bush Warbler
Asian Stubtail
Long-tailed Tit
Dusky Warbler
Yellow-browed Warbler
Bonin White-eye
Warbling White-eye
Marsh Grassbird

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Zitting Cisticola
Bohemian Waxwing
Japanese Waxwing
Eurasian Nuthatch
Eurasian Treecreeper
Eurasian Wren
Red-billed StarlingWhite-cheeked Starling
Chestnut-cheeked StarlingWhite-shouldered Starling
Common Starling
Brown Dipper
White's Thrush
Japanese Thrush
Eyebrowed Thrush
Pale Thrush
Brown-headed Thrush
Izu Thrush
Dusky Thrush
Fieldfare
Ryukyu Robin
Siberian Rubythroat
Red-flanked Bluetail
Daurian Redstart
Stejneger's Stonechat
Blue Rock Thrush
Taiga/Red-breasted Flycatcher
Alpine Accentor
Japanese Accentor
Russet Sparrow
Eurasian Tree Sparrow
Eastern Yellow Wagtail
Grey Wagtail
White Wagtail
Japanese Wagtail
Richard's Pipit
Olive-backed Pipit
Red-throated Pipit
Buff-bellied Pipit
Brambling
Grey-capped Greenfinch
Eurasian Siskin
Common Redpoll
Asian Rosy Finch
Long-tailed Rosefinch
Pallas's Rosefinch
Pine Grosbeak
Red Crossbill
Eurasian Bullfinch
Hawfinch
Chinese Grosbeak
Japanese Grosbeak
Snow Bunting
Meadow Bunting
Chestnut-eared Bunting
Little Bunting
Rustic Bunting

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Yellow-throated Bunting
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Yellow Bunting
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Black-faced Bunting
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Grey Bunting
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Pallas's Reed Bunting
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Japanese Reed Bunting
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Common Reed Bunting
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Chinese Bamboo Partridge
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Indian Peafowl
148Black Swan
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Mute Swan
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Rock Dove
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Eurasian Collared Dove
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Budgerigar
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Rose-ringed Parakeet
151
Red-billed Blue Magpie
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Chinese Hwamei
152
Moustached Laughingthrush 153
Masked Laughingthrush
153
White-browed Laughingthrush 154
Red-billed Leiothrix
154
Crested Myna
155
Common Myna155
Red Avadavat
156
Scaly-breasted Munia
156
Tricolored Munia
157
White-headed Munia
157
Java Sparrow
158
Status of wintering birds
159
Increase/decrease species
162

Methods
The Japan Wintering Bird Atlas (JWBA) survey was conducted during the winteringseason from January 2016 to February 2022 in parallel with the Japan Breeding Bird Atlas(JBBA) survey. Present status of birds and changes from the past can be revealed bycomparing the results with the third basic survey conducted by the Environment Agency in
1984-1986 (Environment Agency 1988), in which the range of wintering birds wasinvestigated.
The Japan Bird Research Association (JBRA) and the Wild Bird Society of Japan (WBSJ)
served as the secretariat for the survey. This project was supported by the Pro Natura
Foundation Japan. Participants in the JBBA were invited to provide winter observation
information from January 2016 to February 2022 by reporting data to the website*. We also
called on the members of the JBRA and participants of the Monitoring Site 1000 survey toprovide information. In addition to the information provided by these sources, we collected
information from databases and other sources. As for database information, we used the“Field Notes” (a bird record database of the JBRA), the bird-watching event database of the
WBSJ, and eBird Japan. However, records in the Field Notes and eBird Japan may include
errors due to misidentification or typo. In suspicious cases from the Field Notes, thesecretariat would contact the observers for confirmation. In cases that confirmation ofrecord on Field Notes was not obtained, or odd distribution location shown from eBird
Japan, the secretariat would consider not to use such questionable data. In addition, resultsof the bird survey at Monitoring Site 1000 of the Ministry of the Environment andinformation from various literatures were also used.
These data were aggregated into meshes of about 40 km square (Fig. 1) consisting of 16
quadratic meshes of standard regional meshes and compiled them into a range map.

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Fig. 1.

Relationship between the 40 km mesh used in this study and the primary and secondary

meshes.

1

In preparing the range maps, we selected 309 species that were recorded in more than 10
meshes of the 40-km mesh to exclude a small number of irregularly visiting species.
However, species that are known to have a naturally restricted distribution, such as
island-dwelling species and cranes, are included in this report.
* https://www.bird-atlas.jp/winter.html

2

Survey Results
105,660 wintering records from 396 survey participants were received. In addition, thedata from JBRA's Field Notes (383,269 records), eBird Japan (316,113 records), the Bird
Watching Database of the WBSJ (61,124 records), Monitoring Site 1000, and literature(27,642 records) were added to the total.
As a result, 451 species were recorded. The range maps of 309 species, including common
species and species with localized ranges, are shown on the following pages and thereafter.
There are, however, a few cautions when comparing the results of the two survey periods:
1) the data quality differed from the observation data collected during the 1984-1986 period(hereafter referred to as "the 1980s") and the 2016-2022 period (hereafter referred to as "the2010s"), 2) the number of target meshes is different, with the 1980s based on 338 meshinformation and the 2010s based on 370 mesh, and 3) many of the outlying islands were notsurveyed in the 1980s, such as the northern Nansei Islands (e.g. Tanegashima, Yakushima,
Amami Oshima and Tokunoshima), and many of the Izu Islands (Fig. 2). The above should
be taken into account when comparing the range maps.

1984-1986
1984-1986年（環境庁 1988）(Environment Agency 1988)

Fig. 2.

2016-2022
2016-2021年度

Mesh for which information was obtained in the 1980s and 2010s surveys.

3

Hazel Grouse

Tetrastes bonasia

Length： 36cm

Weight： ♂339-432g ♀319-421g

エゾライチョウ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Rock Ptarmigan

Lagopus muta

Length： 35.0-37.8cm

Weight： 424.9-604.1g

ライチョウ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 1 -Japanese Quail

Coturnix japonica

Length： 17-19cm

Weight： ♂84-114g ♀90-115g

ウズラ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Copper PheasantSyrmaticus soemmerringii

Length： ♂125cm ♀55cm

Weight： ♂943-1348g ♀745-1000g

ヤマドリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 2 -Green PheasantPhasianus colchicus

Length： 60-80cm

Weight： ♂847-1387g ♀692-970g

キジ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Swan Goose

Anser cygnoides

Length： 81-94cm

Weight： 2800-4200g

サカツラガン

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 3 -Bean Goose

Anser fabalis

Length： 78-89cm

Weight： 2800-4200g

ヒシクイ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Greylag Goose

Anser anser

Length： 75-90cm

Weight： 2000-4500g

ハイイロガン

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 4 -Greater White-fronted Goose

Anser albifrons

Length： 66-86cm

Weight： 2265-3205g

マガン

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Lesser White-fronted Goose

Anser erythropus

Length： 53-66cm

Weight： 1400-2500g

カリガネ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 5 -Snow Goose

Anser caerulescens

Length： 36-45cm

Weight： ♂2292g ♀1932g

ハクガン

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Cackling Goose

Branta hutchinsii

Length： 56-68cm

Weight： 2000g

シジュウカラガン

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 6 -Brant Goose

Branta bernicla

Length： 56-63.7cm

Weight： 1167-1827g

コクガン

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Tundra Swan

Cygnus columbianus

Length： 115-127cm

Weight： ♂4900-7800g ♀3400-7200g

コハクチョウ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 7 -Whooper Swan

Cygnus cygnus

Length： 127.9-152.6cm

Weight： 6750-12637.5g

オオハクチョウ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Common Shelduck

Tadorna tadorna

Length： 51-56cm

Weight： 700-900g

ツクシガモ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 8 -Mandarin Duck

Aix galericulata

Length： 45cm

Weight： 443-550g

オシドリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

GadwallAnas strepera

Length： 48-58cm

Weight： 850-990g

オカヨシガモ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 9 -Falcated Duck

Anas falcata

Length： 46-53cm

Weight： 580-710g

ヨシガモ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Eurasian Wigeon

Anas penelope

Length： 43-53cm

Weight： 566-944g

ヒドリガモ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 10 -

American Wigeon

Anas americana

Length： 46-58cm

Weight： 680-770g

アメリカヒドリ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

MallardAnas platyrhynchos

Length： 56-65cm

Weight： 690-1500g

マガモ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 11 -

Eastern Spot-billed Duck

Anas zonorhyncha

Length： 51.5-64.5cm

Weight： 750-1156g

カルガモ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Northern Shoveler

Anas clypeata

Length： 43-56cm

Weight： 410-1100g

ハシビロガモ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 12 -

Northern Pintail

Anas acuta

Length： ♂57.7-73.0cm ♀51.0-58.1cm

Weight： ♂765-1143g ♀630-982g

オナガガモ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

GarganeyAnas querquedula

Length： 38cm

Weight： 220-520g

シマアジ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 13 -

Baikal Teal

Anas formosa

Length： ♂39.8-43.8cm ♀38.3-42.3cm

Weight： ♂375-551g ♀383-499g

トモエガモ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Eurasian Teal

Anas crecca

Length： 38cm

Weight： 320-330g

コガモ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 14 -

Canvasback

Aythya valisineria

Length： 48-61cm

Weight： 1150-1250g

オオホシハジロ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Common Pochard

Aythya ferina

Length： 43.0-48.3cm

Weight： 180-250g

ホシハジロ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 15 -

Baer's Pochard

Aythya baeri

Length： 46cm

Weight： 680-880g

アカハジロ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Ferruginous Duck

Aythya nyroca

Length： 41cm

Weight： 520-580g

メジロガモ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 16 -

Tufted Duck

Aythya fuligula

Length： 40-50cm

Weight： 1000-1400g

キンクロハジロ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Greater Scaup

Aythya marila

Length： ♂43.5-46.5cm ♀40.0-45.5cm

Weight： ♂744-1372g ♀690-1312g

スズガモ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 17 -

Lesser Scaup

Aythya affinis

Length： 38-48cm

Weight： 800-850g

コスズガモ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Harlequin Duck

Histrionicus histrionicus

Length： 38-51cm

Weight： 540-680g

シノリガモ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 18 -

White-winged Scoter

Melanitta fusca

Length： 50cm

Weight： 1200-1700g

ビロードキンクロ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Black Scoter

Melanitta americana

Length： 50cm

Weight： 950-1268g

クロガモ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 19 -

Long-tailed Duck

Clangula hyemalis

Length： 38-58cm

Weight： 650-800g

コオリガモ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Common Goldeneye

Bucephala clangula

Length： 40-51cm

Weight： 710-1200g

ホオジロガモ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 20 -

Smew

Mergellus albellus

Length： 35-40cm

Weight： 515-935g

ミコアイサ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Common Merganser

Mergus merganser

Length： 51-68cm

Weight： 1500-1700g

カワアイサ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 21 -

Red-breasted Merganser

Mergus serrator

Length： 48-66cm

Weight： 900-1200g

ウミアイサ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Scaly-sided Merganser

Mergus squamatus

Length： 55cm

コウライアイサ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 22 -

Little Grebe

Tachybaptus ruficollis

Length： 26-33cm

Weight： 160-214g

カイツブリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Red-necked Grebe

Podiceps grisegena

Length： 40-50cm

Weight： 806-925g

アカエリカイツブリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 23 -

Great Crested Grebe

Podiceps cristatus

Length： 46-51cm

Weight： ♂596-1490g ♀568-1380g

カンムリカイツブリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Horned Grebe

Podiceps auritus

Length： 31-38cm

Weight： 300-470g

ミミカイツブリ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 24 -

Black-necked Grebe

Podiceps nigricollis

Length： 28-34cm

Weight： 265-450g

ハジロカイツブリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Japanese Wood Pigeon

Columba janthina

Length： 37-43.5cm

Weight： 500g

カラスバト

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 25 -

Oriental Turtle DoveStreptopelia orientalis

Length： 33-35cm

Weight： 165-274g

キジバト

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Common Emerald Dove

Chalcophaps indica

Length： 25cm

Weight： 110-130g

キンバト

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 26 -

White-bellied Green Pigeon

Treron sieboldii

Length： 31.5-34.8cm

Weight： 217-300g

アオバト

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Whistling Green Pigeon

Treron formosae

Length： 35cm

Weight： 250-270g

ズアカアオバト

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 27 -

Red-throated Loon

Gavia stellata

Length： 59.8-63.8cm

Weight： 1314.4-1857.8g

アビ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Black-throated Loon

Gavia arctica

Length： 68-74cm

Weight： 1951.5-2820.4g

オオハム

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 28 -

Pacific Loon

Gavia pacifica

Length： 62.1

66.9cmWeight： 1476.8-2167.5g

シロエリオオハム

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Oriental Stork

Ciconia boyciana

Length： 110-115cm

Weight： 5000g

コウノトリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 29 -

Brown Booby

Sula leucogaster

Length： ♂73-80cm ♀ 76-83cm

Weight： ♂850-1190g ♀970-1480g

カツオドリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Pelagic CormorantPhalacrocorax pelagicus

Length： 73cm

Weight： 1200-2000g

ヒメウ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 30 -

Great CormorantPhalacrocorax carbo

Length： 80-90cm

Weight： 1400-2400g

カワウ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Japanese CormorantPhalacrocorax capillatus

Length： 80.0-86.5cm

Weight： ♂3100±180g ♀ 2500±180g

ウミウ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 31 -

Eurasian Bittern

Botaurus stellaris

Length： 70cm

Weight： 1000g

サンカノゴイ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Cinnamon Bittern

Ixobrychus cinnamomeus

Length： 40cm

Weight： 130-148g

リュウキュウヨシゴイ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 32 -

Malayan Night Heron

Gorsachius melanolophus

Length： 49cm

ズグロミゾゴイ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Black-crowned Night Heron

Nycticorax nycticorax

Length： 57.5cm

Weight： 485-683g

ゴイサギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 33 -

Striated Heron

Butorides striata

Length： 52cm

Weight： 135-300g

ササゴイ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Chinese Pond Heron

Ardeola bacchus

Length： 45cm

Weight： 220-380g

アカガシラサギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 34 -

Eastern Cattle Egret

Bubulcus ibis

Length： 46-56cm

Weight： ♂311ｇ ♀304g

アマサギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Grey Heron

Ardea cinerea

Length： 90-98cm

Weight： ♂1071-2073g ♀1020-1785g

アオサギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 35 -

Purple Heron

Ardea purpurea

Length： 78-90cm

Weight： 525-1345g

ムラサキサギ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Great Egret

Ardea alba

Length： 84-94cm

Weight： 700-1200g

ダイサギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 36 -

Intermediate Egret

Egretta intermedia

Length： 65-72cm

Weight： 430-630g

チュウサギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Little Egret

Egretta garzetta

Length： ♂62cm ♀58cm

Weight： ♂604.5±20.40g ♀487.2±16.10g

コサギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 37 -

Pacific Reef Heron

Egretta sacra

Length： 58-66cm

Weight： 330-700g

クロサギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Crested Ibis

Nipponia nippon

Length： ♂77±3.3cm ♀73±2.7cm

Weight： ♂1776±120g ♀1545±107g

トキ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 38 -

Eurasian Spoonbill

Platalea leucorodia

Length： 86cm

Weight： 1130-1960g

ヘラサギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Black-faced Spoonbill

Platalea minor

Length： 68.8-77.7cm

Weight： 1470-1900g

クロツラヘラサギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 39 -

Siberian Crane

Grus leucogeranus

Length： 140cm

Weight： 5670-8620g

ソデグロヅル2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Sandhill Crane

Grus canadensis

Length： 100cm

Weight： 3200-3500g

カナダヅル

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 40 -

White-naped Crane

Grus vipio

Length： 125cm

Weight： 5100-6000kg

マナヅル

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Red-crowned Crane

Grus japonensis

Length： ♂136.5cm ♀124.7cm

Weight： ♂8137±138g ♀7321±133g

タンチョウ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 41 -

Common Crane

Grus grus

Length： 110-125cm

Weight： 3000-6000g

クロヅル

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Hooded Crane

Grus monacha

Length： 100cm

Weight： ♂3280-4870g ♀3400-3740g

ナベヅル

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 42 -

Demoiselle Crane

Anthropoides virgo

Length： 90cm

Weight： 2100-2500g

アネハヅル

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Swinhoe's Rail

Coturnicops exquisitus

Length： 12cm

Weight： 36g

シマクイナ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 43 -

Slaty-legged Crake

Rallina eurizonoides

Length： 25cm

オオクイナ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Okinawa Rail

Gallirallus okinawae

Length： 29-33cm

Weight： 340-430g

ヤンバルクイナ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 44 -

Brown-cheeked Rail

Rallus aquaticus

Length： 29cm

Weight： 85-190g

クイナ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

White-breasted Waterhen

Amaurornis phoenicurus

Length： 32cm

Weight： 170-330g

シロハラクイナ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 45 -

Ruddy-breasted Crake

Porzana fusca

Length： 22.7cm

Weight： 77.5g

ヒクイナ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Common Moorhen

Gallinula chloropus

Length： 32cm

Weight： 200-450g

バン

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 46 -

Eurasian Coot

Fulica atra

Length： 36-45cm

Weight： ♂610-1200g ♀610-1150g

オオバン

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

House Swift

Apus nipalensis

Length： 15cm

Weight： 28.8±2.5g

ヒメアマツバメ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 47 -

Northern Lapwing

Vanellus vanellus

Length： 31cm

Weight： 180-270g

タゲリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Grey-headed Lapwing

Vanellus cinereus

Length： ♂34.2cm ♀33.6cm

Weight： ：♂280.1ｇ ♀266.6g

ケリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 48 -

Pacific Golden Plover

Pluvialis fulva

Length： 22.2-25.9cm

Weight： 93.8-177.4g

ムナグロ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Grey Plover

Pluvialis squatarola

Length： 29cm

Weight： 180-350g

ダイゼン

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 49 -

Common Ringed Plover

Charadrius hiaticula

Length： 18-20cm

Weight： 53-60g

ハジロコチドリ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Long-billed Plover

Charadrius placidus

Length： 19.7-22.2cm

Weight： ♂63.6±3.3g ♀68.1±4.2g

イカルチドリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 50 -

Little Ringed Plover

Charadrius dubius

Length： 14-17cm

Weight： ♂36.8±1.9g ♀38.4±2.7g

コチドリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Kentish Plover

Charadrius alexandrinus

Length： 15.0-17.5cm

Weight： 32-56g

シロチドリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 51 -

Lesser Sand Plover

Charadrius mongolus

Length： 17.8-20.7cm

Weight： 45.0-88.1g

メダイチドリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Greater Sand Plover

Charadrius leschenaultii

Length： 22-25cm

Weight： 73-100g

オオメダイチドリ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 52 -

Eurasian Oystercatcher

Haematopus ostralegus

Length： 41.8-48.0cm

Weight： 487.5-642.8g

ミヤコドリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Black-winged Stilt

Himantopus himantopus

Length： 35.0-40.0cm

Weight： 112–223g

セイタカシギ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 53 -

Pied Avocet

Recurvirostra avosetta

Length： 43cm

Weight： 225-397g

ソリハシセイタカシギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Eurasian Woodcock

Scolopax rusticola

Length： 32.0-34.5cm

Weight： 271-375g

ヤマシギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 54 -

Amami Woodcock

Scolopax mira

Length： 36cm

Weight： 400-500g

アマミヤマシギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Solitary Snipe

Gallinago solitaria

Length： 30cm

Weight： 127-245g

アオシギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 55 -

Common Snipe

Gallinago gallinago

Length： 24.2-28.9cm

Weight： 74.6-140.6g

タシギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Long-billed Dowitcher

Limnodromus scolopaceus

Length： 25-29cm

Weight： 90-135g

オオハシシギ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 56 -

Bar-tailed Godwit

Limosa lapponica

Length： 33-39cm

Weight： 187-438g

オオソリハシシギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Eurasian Whimbrel

Numenius phaeopus

Length： 39.6-44.6cm

Weight： 276.0-517.5g

チュウシャクシギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 57 -

Eurasian Curlew

Numenius arquata

Length： 52-66cm

Weight： 555.8-1088.6g

ダイシャクシギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Far Eastern Curlew

Numenius madagascariensis

Length： 53.5-68.0cm

Weight： 740-1301g

ホウロクシギ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 58 -

Spotted Redshank

Tringa erythropus

Length： 30.5-33.7cm

Weight： 117-182.6g

ツルシギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Common Redshank

Tringa totanus

Length： 25.4-29.2cm

Weight： 105.8-157.5g

アカアシシギ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 59 -

Marsh Sandpiper

Tringa stagnatilis

Length： 24cm

Weight： 55-120g

コアオアシシギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Common Greenshank

Tringa nebularia

Length： 31.8-36.7cm

Weight： 147.8-223.9g

アオアシシギ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 60 -

Green Sandpiper

Tringa ochropus

Length： 22.7-25.4cm

Weight： 72.0-105.4g

クサシギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Wood Sandpiper

Tringa glareola

Length： 20.3-22.8cm

Weight： 53.6-81.8g

タカブシギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 61 -

Grey-tailed Tattler

Heteroscelus brevipes

Length： 24.1-28.5cm

Weight： 75.4-171.0g

キアシシギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Terek Sandpiper

Xenus cinereus

Length： 21.2-24.5cm

Weight： 65.3-111.8g

ソリハシシギ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 62 -

Common Sandpiper

Actitis hypoleucos

Length： 17.8-21.0cm

Weight： 45.0-94.1g

イソシギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Ruddy Turnstone

Arenaria interpres

Length： 20.5-24.0cm

Weight： 97.5-176.3g

キョウジョシギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 63 -

Sanderling

Calidris alba

Length： 20.0-21.0cm

Weight： ♂44-75g ♀50-67g

ミユビシギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Red-necked Stint

Calidris ruficollis

Length： 13.5-16.4cm

Weight： 19.5-47.3g

トウネン

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 64 -

Little Stint

Calidris minuta

Length： 12-14cm

Weight： 17-44g

ヨーロッパトウネン

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Temminck's Stint

Calidris temminckii

Length： 13-15cm

Weight： 16-39g

オジロトウネン

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 65 -

Long-toed Stint

Calidris subminuta

Length： 13-15cm

Weight： 23-40g

ヒバリシギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Sharp-tailed Sandpiper

Calidris acuminata

Length： 17-21cm

Weight： 42-117g

ウズラシギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 66 -

DunlinCalidris alpina

Length： 16-22cm

Weight： 37-88g

ハマシギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Ruff

Philomachus pugnax

Length： 20-32cm

Weight： 130-254g

エリマキシギ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 67 -

Greater Painted-snipe

Rostratula benghalensis

Length： 22.5-25.0cm

Weight： ♂113-155g ♀151-242g

タマシギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Barred Buttonquail

Turnix suscitator

Length： 14-17cm

ミフウズラ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 68 -

Black-legged Kittiwake

Rissa tridactyla

Length： 35.8-40.6cm

Weight： 304.9-398.3g

ミツユビカモメ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Black-headed Gull

Larus ridibundus

Length： 37.0-41.2cm

Weight： 200-447g

ユリカモメ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 69 -

Saunders's Gull

Larus saundersi

Length： 31-32cm

Weight： 200-215g

ズグロカモメ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Black-tailed Gull

Larus crassirostris

Length： 44-47cm

Weight： 475.1-619.9g

ウミネコ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 70 -

Mew Gull

Larus canus

Length： 42.1-46.3cm

Weight： 440.3-593.3g

カモメ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Glaucous-winged Gull

Larus glaucescens

Length： 61-68cm

Weight： 900-1250g

ワシカモメ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 71 -

Glaucous Gull

Larus hyperboreus

Length： 68.5-74.6cm

Weight： 1801.5-2267.3g

シロカモメ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Vega Gull

Larus argentatus

Length： 56-66cm

Weight： 865-1601g

セグロカモメ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 72 -

Slaty-backed Gull

Larus schistisagus

Length： 55-67cm

Weight： 1167.4-1616.3g

オオセグロカモメ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Lesser Black-backed Gull

Larus fuscus

Length： 52-64cm

Weight： 620-1000g

ニシセグロカモメ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 73 -

Caspian Tern

Sterna caspia

Length： 47-54cm

Weight： 600-700g

オニアジサシ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Thick-billed Murre

Uria lomvia

Length： 39.2-44.0cm

Weight： ♂1114±63.6g ♀1070±66.8g

ハシブトウミガラス

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 74 -

Common Murre

Uria aalge

Length： 42.0-47.2cm

Weight： 595.5-926.6g

ウミガラス

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Spectacled Guillemot

Cepphus carbo

Length： 37cm

Weight： 576-760g

ケイマフリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 75 -

Ancient Murrelet

Synthliboramphus antiquus

Length： 24.1-26.7cm

Weight： 191.3-295.1g

ウミスズメ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Japanese Murrelet

Synthliboramphus wumizusume

Length： 22.0-26.5cm

Weight： 139-213g

カンムリウミスズメ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 76 -

Rhinoceros Auklet

Cerorhinca monocerata

Length： 35-38cm

Weight： 549±39g

ウトウ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Western Osprey

Pandion haliaetus

Length： ♂56-60cm ♀58-62cm

Weight： ♂2450-2718g ♀3160-4530g

ミサゴ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 77 -

Black-winged Kite

Elanus caeruleus

Length： 84cm

Weight： ♂197-277g ♀219-343g

カタグロトビ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Black Kite

Milvus migrans

Length： ♂60.4±2.5cm ♀62.5±2.6cm

Weight： ♂857±186g ♀1132±168g

トビ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 78 -

White-tailed Eagle

Haliaeetus albicilla

Length： 70-90cm

Weight： ♂3075-5430g ♀4080-6920g

オジロワシ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Steller's Sea Eagle

Haliaeetus pelagicus

Length： 85-94cm

Weight： 4900-9000g

オオワシ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 79 -

Crested Serpent Eagle

Spilornis cheela

Length： ♂50-53cm ♀51-54cm

Weight： ♂670-780g ♀700-840g

カンムリワシ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Eastern Marsh Harrier

Circus spilonotus

Length： ♂48.0cm ♀58.2cm

Weight： 498-844g

チュウヒ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 80 -

Hen Harrier

Circus cyaneus

Length： 43-53cm

Weight： 200-540g

ハイイロチュウヒ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Japanese Sparrowhawk

Accipiter gularis

Length： ♂26.5cm ♀30.4cm

Weight： ♂90g ♀135.8g

ツミ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 81 -

Eurasian Sparrowhawk

Accipiter nisus

Length： ♂30.2-32.7cm ♀37.2-40.2cm

Weight： ♂107-138g ♀ 206-264g

ハイタカ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Northern Goshawk

Accipiter gentilis

Length： ♂44.5-49.6cm ♀51.8-57.2cm

Weight： ♂602-848g ♀929-1265g

オオタカ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 82 -

Grey-faced Buzzard

Butastur indicus

Length： ♂38.1-43.1cm ♀40.0-41.5cm

Weight： ♂390-500g ♀430-575g

サシバ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Eastern Buzzard

Buteo buteo

Length： ♂50.3-53.0cm ♀53.5-59.5cm

Weight： 748-970g

ノスリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 83 -

Rough-legged Buzzard

Buteo lagopus

Length： ♂53-57cm ♀58-61cm

Weight： ♂730-990g ♀845-1152g

ケアシノスリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Mountain Hawk-Eagle

Nisaetus nipalensis

Length： ♂70-73cm ♀73-81cm

Weight： ♂2300-2700 ♀2500-3900g

クマタカ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 84 -

Japanese Scops Owl

Otus lempiji

Length： 23-25cm

Weight： 120-200g

オオコノハズク

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Ryukyu Scops Owl

Otus elegans

Length： 18-20cm

Weight： ♂70.0-102.0g ♀78.0-111.5g

リュウキュウコノハズク

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 85 -Ural Owl

Strix uralensis

Length： 50cm

Weight： 600-800g

フクロウ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Northern Boobook

Ninox scutulata

Length： 29cm

Weight： 185-227g

アオバズク

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 86 -

Long-eared Owl

Asio otus

Length： 37cm

Weight： 300g

トラフズク

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Short-eared Owl

Asio flammeus

Length： 38cm

Weight： 350g

コミミズク

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 87 -

Eurasian Hoopoe

Upupa epops

Length： 25-30cm

Weight： 70g

ヤツガシラ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Common Kingfisher

Alcedo atthis

Length： 17cm

Weight： 30g

カワセミ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 88 -

Crested Kingfisher

Megaceryle lugubris

Length： 41-43cm

Weight： 240-305g

ヤマセミ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Eurasian Wryneck

Jynx torquilla

Length： 16.4-18.3cm

Weight： ♂32.6-46.0g ♀37.7-42.4g

アリスイ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 89 -

Japanese Pygmy Woodpecker

Dendrocopos kizuki

Length： 15cm

Weight： ♂17.8-22.8g ♀19.3-26.4g

コゲラ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Lesser Spotted Woodpecker

Dendrocopos minor

Length： 16cm

Weight： 17-26g

コアカゲラ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 90 -

White-backed Woodpecker

Dendrocopos leucotos

Length： 28cm

Weight： 92-158g

オオアカゲラ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Great Spotted Woodpecker

Dendrocopos major

Length： 24cm

Weight： 61.0-86.0g

アカゲラ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 91 -

Black Woodpecker

Dryocopus martius

Length： 45cm

Weight： 250-370g

クマゲラ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Japanese Green Woodpecker

Picus awokera

Length： 29cm

Weight： 103-138g

アオゲラ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 92 -

Grey-headed Woodpecker

Picus canus

Length： 26-30cm

Weight： 120-170g

ヤマゲラ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Okinawa Woodpecker

Sapheopipo noguchii

Length： 30cm

Weight： ♂133.0-162.0g ♀116.0-150.0g

ノグチゲラ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 93 -

Common Kestrel

Falco tinnunculus

Length： 33.0-38.5cm

Weight： ♂170-210g ♀122-202g

チョウゲンボウ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

MerlinFalco columbarius

Length： ♂28-31cm ♀32-34cm

Weight： ♂140-193g ♀205-274g

コチョウゲンボウ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 94 -

Peregrine Falcon

Falco peregrinus

Length： ♂35-40cm ♀45-50cm

Weight： ♂500-680g ♀ 800-1200g

ハヤブサ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Ashy Minivet

Pericrocotus divaricatus

Length： 20cm

Weight： 20-22g

サンショウクイ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 95 -

Bull-headed Shrike

Lanius bucephalus

Length： 18.5-21.2cm

Weight： ♂35-46g ♀34-52g

モズ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Brown Shrike

Lanius cristatus

Length： 20cm

Weight： ♂23.9-30.3g ♀24.8-35.0g

アカモズ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 96 -

Chinese Grey Shrike

Lanius sphenocercus

Length： 31cm

Weight： 85-100g

オオカラモズ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Eurasian Jay

Garrulus glandarius

Length： 33cm

Weight： 122-147g

カケス

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 97 -

Lidth's Jay

Garrulus lidthi

Length： 38cm

Weight： ♂164.8-210.4g ♀170.5-194.7g

ルリカケス

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Azure-winged Magpie

Cyanopica cyanus

Length： 31.9-39.0cm

Weight： 69-96g

オナガ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 98 -

Eurasian Magpie

Pica pica

Length： 40.0-48.0cm

Weight： 190-287g

カササギ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Spotted Nutcracker

Nucifraga caryocatactes

Length： 35cm

Weight： 145-213g

ホシガラス

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 99 -

Daurian Jackdaw

Corvus dauuricus

Length： 33cm

Weight： 154-275g

コクマルガラス2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Rook

Corvus frugilegus

Length： 47cm

Weight： 325-516g

ミヤマガラス

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 100 -

Carrion Crow

Corvus corone

Length： 46.2-54.0cm

Weight： ♂460-685g ♀370-620g

ハシボソガラス2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Large-billed Crow

Corvus macrorhynchos

Length： 54-60cm

Weight： 570-895g

ハシブトガラス2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 101 -

Northern Raven

Corvus corax

Length： 61cm

Weight： 1250g

ワタリガラス

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Goldcrest

Regulus regulus

Length： 10cm

Weight： 3-6g

キクイタダキ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 102 -

Chinese Penduline Tit

Remiz pendulinus

Length： 11cm

Weight： 7-11g

ツリスガラ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Marsh Tit

Poecile palustris

Length： 12-14cm

Weight： 12.1±0.7g

ハシブトガラ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 103 -

Willow Tit

Poecile montanus

Length： 11.9-12.8cm

Weight： 11.3±0.5g

コガラ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Varied Tit

Poecile varius

Length： 14cm

Weight： ♂16.33±1.07g ♀15.33±0.60g

ヤマガラ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 104 -

Coal Tit

Periparus ater

Length： 10-12cm

Weight： 6-10g

ヒガラ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Japanese Tit

Parus minor

Length： 13.7-14.8cm

Weight： ♂15.7±0.9g ♀15.0±0.8g

シジュウカラ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 105 -

Eurasian Skylark

Alauda arvensis

Length： 16.1-17.2cm

Weight： 29.2-37.5g

ヒバリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Barn Swallow

Hirundo rustica

Length： 14.6-18.5cm

Weight： 15.6-24.0g

ツバメ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 106 -

Pacific Swallow

Hirundo tahitica

Length： 13cm

Weight： 13g

リュウキュウツバメ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Asian House Martin

Delichon dasypus

Length： 13cm

Weight： ♂18.1±1.0g ♀ 17.7±0.9g

イワツバメ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 107 -

Light-vented Bulbul

Pycnonotus sinensis

Length： 19cm

Weight： 75g

シロガシラ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Brown-eared Bulbul

Hypsipetes amaurotis

Length： 24.9-29.0cm

Weight： 79.9±12.1g

ヒヨドリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 108 -

Japanese Bush Warbler

Cettia diphone

Length： 14.0-15.5cm

Weight： ♂14.8-22.3g ♀10.0-13.7g

ウグイス

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Asian Stubtail

Urosphena squameiceps

Length： 10.5cm

Weight： ♂9.3±0.6g ♀9.3±0.6g

ヤブサメ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 109 -

Long-tailed Tit

Aegithalos caudatus

Length： 12.5-14.5cm

Weight： 5.6-9.4g

エナガ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Dusky Warbler

Phylloscopus fuscatus

Length： 11cm

Weight： 6-13g

ムジセッカ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 110 -

Yellow-browed Warbler

Phylloscopus inornatus

Length： 10-11cm

Weight： 5-9g

キマユムシクイ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Bonin White-eye

Apalopteron familiare

Length： 14.0cm

Weight： 13-17g

メグロ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 111 -

Warbling White-eye

Zosterops japonicus

Length： 11.1±0.3cm

Weight： 11.3±1.9g

メジロ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Marsh Grassbird

Locustella pryeri

Length： ♂12.6±0.4cm ♀11.9±0.4cm

Weight： ♂14.5±0.8g ♀12.6±1.5g

オオセッカ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 112 -

Zitting Cisticola

Cisticola juncidis

Length： 11.2-13.0cm

Weight： 10g

セッカ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Bohemian Waxwing

Bombycilla garrulus

Length： 20cm

Weight： 31-70g

キレンジャク

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 113 -

Japanese Waxwing

Bombycilla japonica

Length： 18cm

Weight： 40-47g

ヒレンジャク

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Eurasian Nuthatch

Sitta europaea

Length： 14cm

Weight： 18-21g

ゴジュウカラ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 114 -

Eurasian Treecreeper

Certhia familiaris

Length： 14cm

Weight： 7-9g

キバシリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Eurasian Wren

Troglodytes troglodytes

Length： 9.9-10.9cm

Weight： 6.8-10.9g

ミソサザイ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 115 -

Red-billed Starling

Spodiopsar sericeus

Length： 22-24cm

Weight： 65g

ギンムクドリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

White-cheeked Starling

Spodiopsar cineraceus

Length： 22.5-24.3cm

Weight： 67.5-97.5g

ムクドリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 116 -

Chestnut-cheeked Starling

Agropsar philippensis

Length： 18.3-19.8cm

Weight： ♂46.7±2.8g ♀47.2±3.9g

コムクドリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

White-shouldered Starling

Sturnia sinensis

Length： 19-20cm

Weight： 61g

カラムクドリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 117 -

Common Starling

Sturnus vulgaris

Length： 22-24cm

Weight： 55-100g

ホシムクドリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Brown Dipper

Cinclus pallasii

Length： 22cm

Weight： 50-70g

カワガラス

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 118 -

White's Thrush

Zoothera dauma

Length： 29.5cm

Weight： 130g

トラツグミ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Japanese Thrush

Turdus cardis

Length： 21.0-22.5cm

Weight： 50–65g

クロツグミ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 119 -

Eyebrowed Thrush

Turdus obscurus

Length： 22cm

Weight： 58-73g

マミチャジナイ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Pale Thrush

Turdus pallidus

Length： 24cm

Weight： 66-80g

シロハラ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 120 -

Brown-headed Thrush

Turdus chrysolaus

Length： 24cm

Weight： 55-70g

アカハラ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Izu Thrush

Turdus celaenops

Length： 23cm

Weight： ♂73.7-81.3g ♀65.9-93.1g

アカコッコ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 121 -

Dusky Thrush

Turdus naumanni

Length： 24cm

Weight： 65-107g

ツグミ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

FieldfareTurdus pilaris

Length： 26cm

Weight： 76-141g

ノハラツグミ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 122 -Ryukyu Robin

Luscinia komadori

Length： 14cm

Weight： ♂23.0±1.3g ♀24.4±2.4g

アカヒゲ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Siberian Rubythroat

Luscinia calliope

Length： 16cm

Weight： 24-25g

ノゴマ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 123 -

Red-flanked BluetailTarsiger cyanurus

Length： 14cm

Weight： ♂11.0-15.2g ♀10.0-17.8g

ルリビタキ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Daurian Redstart

Phoenicurus auroreus

Length： 14-15cm

Weight： 11-20g

ジョウビタキ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 124 -

Stejneger's Stonechat

Saxicola torquatus

Length： 13cm

Weight： 12-16g

ノビタキ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Blue Rock ThrushMonticola solitarius

Length： ♂22.5cm ♀22.1cm

Weight： ♂62.0g ♀57.3g

イソヒヨドリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 125 -

Taiga/Red-breasted Flycatcher

Ficedula albicilla/parva

Length： 12cm

Weight： 10-14g（ニシ）オジロビタキ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Alpine Accentor

Prunella collaris

Length： 18cm

Weight： 33-43g

イワヒバリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 126 -

Japanese Accentor

Prunella rubida

Length： 14cm

Weight： 15-23g

カヤクグリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Russet Sparrow

Passer rutilans

Length： 14cm

Weight： 20g

ニュウナイスズメ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 127 -

Eurasian Tree Sparrow

Passer montanus

Length： 14-15cm

Weight： 24g

スズメ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Eastern Yellow Wagtail

Motacilla flava

Length： 16.5cm

Weight： 18g

ツメナガセキレイ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 128 -

Grey Wagtail

Motacilla cinerea

Length： 19cm

Weight： 17g

キセキレイ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

White Wagtail

Motacilla alba

Length： 19.7-21.4cm

Weight： 25.5-34.5g

ハクセキレイ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 129 -

Japanese Wagtail

Motacilla grandis

Length： 21cm

Weight： ♂31.2±2.3ｇ ♀28.0±1.5ｇ

セグロセキレイ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Richard's Pipit

Anthus richardi

Length： 18cm

Weight： 30g

マミジロタヒバリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 130 -

Olive-backed Pipit

Anthus hodgsoni

Length： 15cm

Weight： 21g

ビンズイ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Red-throated Pipit

Anthus cervinus

Length： 15cm

Weight： 19-21g

ムネアカタヒバリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 131 -

Buff-bellied Pipit

Anthus rubescens

Length： 17cm

Weight： 25g

タヒバリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Brambling

Fringilla montifringilla

Length： 16cm

Weight： 17-26g

アトリ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 132 -

Grey-capped Greenfinch

Chloris sinica

Length： 13-17cm

Weight： 17-30g

カワラヒワ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Eurasian Siskin

Carduelis spinus

Length： 13cm

Weight： 9-17g

マヒワ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 133 -

Common Redpoll

Carduelis flammea

Length： 14cm

Weight： 12-15g

ベニヒワ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Asian Rosy Finch

Leucosticte arctoa

Length： 16-19cm

Weight： 30g

ハギマシコ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 134 -

Long-tailed Rosefinch

Uragus sibiricus

Length： 15cm

Weight： 14-16g

ベニマシコ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Pallas's Rosefinch

Carpodacus roseus

Length： 18cm

Weight： 21-35g

オオマシコ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 135 -

Pine Grosbeak

Pinicola enucleator

Length： 20cm

Weight： 40-62g

ギンザンマシコ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Red Crossbill

Loxia curvirostra

Length： 17-19cm

Weight： ♂22.5-44.6g ♀25.8-47.2g

イスカ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 136 -

Eurasian Bullfinch

Pyrrhula pyrrhula

Length： 15-16cm

Weight： 21-34g

ウソ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Hawfinch

Coccothraustes coccothraustes

Length： 18-19cm

Weight： 45-65g

シメ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 137 -

Chinese Grosbeak

Eophona migratoria

Length： 19cm

Weight： 47-50g

コイカル

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Japanese Grosbeak

Eophona personata

Length： 22-24cm

Weight： 60-85g

イカル

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 138 -

Snow Bunting

Plectrophenax nivalis

Length： 16cm

Weight： 28-34g

ユキホオジロ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Meadow Bunting

Emberiza cioides

Length： 17cm

Weight： 20-26g

ホオジロ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 139 -

Chestnut-eared Bunting

Emberiza fucata

Length： 16cm

Weight： 14-29g

ホオアカ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Little Bunting

Emberiza pusilla

Length： 13-14cm

Weight： 13-15g

コホオアカ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 140 -

Rustic Bunting

Emberiza rustica

Length： 15cm

Weight： 14-28g

カシラダカ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Yellow-throated Bunting

Emberiza elegans

Length： 15-17cm

Weight： 15-24g

ミヤマホオジロ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 141 -

Yellow Bunting

Emberiza sulphurata

Length： 13-14cm

Weight： ♂13.4-18.3g ♀13.8-16.5g

ノジコ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Black-faced Bunting

Emberiza spodocephala

Length： 16cm

Weight： 21g

アオジ2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 142 -

Grey Bunting

Emberiza variabilis

Length： 17cm

Weight： 20-38g

クロジ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Pallas's Reed Bunting

Emberiza pallasi

Length： 13-14cm

Weight： 13.6-16.4g

シベリアジュリン

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 143 -

Japanese Reed Bunting

Emberiza yessoensis

Length： 15cm

Weight： 13-14g

コジュリン

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Common Reed Bunting

Emberiza schoeniclus

Length： 16cm

Weight： 20-21g

オオジュリン

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 144 -

Chinese Bamboo Partridge (invasive)

Bambusicola thoracicus

Length： 28-33cm

コジュケイ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Indian Peafowl (invasive)

Pavo cristatus

Length： 90-130cm

インドクジャク

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 145 -

Weight： 200-350g

Black Swan (invasive)

Cygnus atratus

Length： 110-140cm

Weight： 3700-8700g

コクチョウ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Mute Swan (invasive)

Cygnus olor

Length： 160cm

Weight： 8000-16000g

コブハクチョウ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 146 -

Rock Dove (invasive)

Columba livia

Length： 31-34cm

Weight： 314.2±35.63g

カワラバト(ドバト)2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Eurasian Collared Dove (invasive)

Streptopelia decaocto

Length： 32.5cm

Weight： 202-225g

シラコバト

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 147 -

Budgerigar (invasive)

Melopsittacus undulatus

Length： 18cm

セキセイインコ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Rose-ringed Parakeet (invasive)

Psittacula krameri

Length： 37-43cm

Weight： ♂145.6±11.6g ♀145.5±9.4g

ホンセイインコ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 148 -

Red-billed Blue Magpie (invasive)

Urocissa erythroryncha

サンジャク

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Chinese Hwamei (invasive)

Garrulax canorus

Length： 21-24cm

Weight： 49-75g

ガビチョウ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 149 -

Moustached Laughingthrush (invasive)

Garrulax cineraceus

Length： 21-24cm

ヒゲガビチョウ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Masked Laughingthrush (invasive)

Garrulax perspicillatus

Length： 30-34cm

カオグロガビチョウ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 150 -

Weight： 43-55g

White-browed Laughingthrush (invasive)

Garrulax sannio

Length： 22-24cm

Weight： 52-83g

カオジロガビチョウ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Red-billed Leiothrix (invasive)

Leiothrix lutea

Length： 12.7-15.4cm

Weight： ♂18.2-25.0g ♀19.6-24.2g

ソウシチョウ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 151 -

Crested Myna (invasive)

Acridotheres cristatellus

Length： 26-27cm

Weight： 108-140g

ハッカチョウ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Common Myna (invasive)

Acridotheres tristis

Length： 25cm

インドハッカ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 152 -

Red Avadavat (invasive)

Amandava amandava

Length： 10cm

ベニスズメ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

Scaly-breasted Munia (invasive)

Lonchura punctulata

Length： 10cm

シマキンパラ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 153 -

Tricolored Munia (invasive)

Lonchura malacca

Length： 11-12cm

ギンパラ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）

White-headed Munia (invasive)

Lonchura maja

Length： 11.5-12.0cm

ヘキチョウ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 154 -

Java Sparrow (invasive)

Lonchura oryzivora

Length： 14cm

ブンチョウ

2016-2022

1984-1986（環境庁 1988）- 155 -

1．Current status of wintering birds in Japan
1) Range of wintering birds according to latitude
Japan has different climatic zones from north to south, ranging from subtropical tosubarctic. Fig. 3 shows the number of species recorded in each mesh by latitude. In
conjunction, the species richness and abundance of birds in the forests of the 1000
monitoring sites (2013-2017) are also indicated. The outlying islands of Nansei andOgasawara Islands (24- 30˚N) had low species richness, while those of the mainland
areas (31˚N and higher) were high in the south and low in the north, which was acommon feature for both surveys. Species richness tends to be lower in the north, withwaterbirds more susceptible to freezing and snow cover showing this trend. Waterbirds
were included in the JWBA survey but not in the Monitoring Site 1000 survey. Therefore,
the phenomenon of low species counts in the JWBA result is probably evident at sites
further south than in the Monitoring Site 1000 result. It should be noted, however, that
the JWBA is based on a questionnaire-based survey, but not on a field survey, so thedifference in the amount of survey effort could strongly affect the results.

24-26

27-30

31-33

34-36

37-38

39-40

41-42

43-45

Fig. 3. Relationship between the species richness and abundance of birds recorded at each mesh study site andlatitude.

1592) Dominant bird species in winterTable 1 shows the species dominant in the mesh count during the wintering season. In
the 2010s, Brown-eared Bulbul, Large-billed Crow, Dusky Thrush, Japanese Tit, andCarrion Crow, in that order, were recorded in many meshes, and these top species
remained the same as in the 1980s. The most common waterbird species recorded in the2010s that were not in the top 20 in the 1980s were Eurasian Teal, Grey Heron, EurasianCoot, Eurasian Wigeon, and Great Cormorant.

Table 1. List of top 20 species and the number of recorded mesh during the wintering period in the 1980s and2010s. The total mesh were 338 data in the 1980s and 370 in the 2010s. *invasive species.
1984-1986 year
Species

2016-2021 year
Number of meshSpeciesNumber of mesh

Large-billed Crow

312

Brown-eared Bulbul

328

Eurasian Tree Sparrow

311

Large-billed Crow

325

Brown-eared Bulbul

299

Dusky Thrush

301

Carrion Crow

295

Japanese Tit

299

Black Kite

291

Carrion Crow

293

Japanese Tit

284

Black Kite

286

Dusky Thrush

264

Mallard282

White Wagtail

263

Eurasian Tree Sparrow

279

Mallard259

Japanese Pygmy Woodpecker

279

Oriental Turtle Dove

254

White Wagtail

273

Meadow Bunting

251

Eastern Spot-billed Duck

269

Long-tailed Tit

247

Varied Tit

266

White-cheeked Starling242

Long-tailed Tit

257

Eastern Spot-billed Duck240

Eurasian Teal

257

Japanese Pygmy Woodpecker

238

Grey-capped Greenfinch

256

Rock Dove *235

Grey Heron255

Bull-headed Shrike

235

Daurian Redstart

248

Grey-capped Greenfinch

234

Eastern Buzzard

248Japanese Wagtail

232

Eurasian Coot

248

Rustic Bunting

229

Eurasian Wigeon

246

Great Cormorant

2463) Species with a north-south range deviation
Japan is an archipelago extending in a northeasterly direction. The north and south
deviation of the species range is shown based on the value obtained by adding the latitude
and longitude (called the latitude-longitude value; a larger value means a more
northeasterly range) to indicate their position in the Japanese Islands. We selected species
with more than 30 mesh records and showed their range of the south quadrant of the160latitude and longitude values. Table 2 shows the species with a range deviation to the north(left), and to the south (right). The species with the larger south quadrant of the range wereshown as north-deviated, and species with a larger north quadrant of the range wereindicated as south-deviated.
The species with range deviated to the north were dominated by those with range centersin Hokkaido, such as Marsh Tit, Steller's Sea Eagle, White-tailed Eagle, and Common
Redpoll, as well as many seabirds. Although not a northerly bird, Azure-winged Magpie
was listed as a northerly species because of its special distribution that it is not found inwestern Japan.
Black-faced Spoonbill, Chinese Penduline Tit, Ashy Minivet and Common Shelduck
topped the list of species whose range was deviated toward the south, while shorebirds andother species that use tidal flats were abundant in the top 20 southerly species.

Table 2. Species with significant distributional deviations, expressed as quartiles of the sum of latitude andlongitude. *invasive species.
North-deviated species
SpeciesSouth deviated species
South 25％ pointnSpecies

North 25％ pointnMarsh Tit

184.9

53

Black-faced Spoonbill

167.6

42

Steller's Sea Eagle

180.0

87

Chinese Penduline Tit

168.4

33

White-tailed Eagle

179.8

113

Ashy Minivet

169.8

103

Common Redpol

177.3

39

Common Shelduck

170.1

68

Glaucous Gull

176.5

72

Common Greenshank

170.9

57

Snow Goose

175.7

34

Saunders's Gull

171.2

46

Glaucous-winged Gull

175.5

75

Lesser Sand Plover

171.7

39

Cackling Goose

175.5

34

Eurasian Spoonbill

171.8

45

Black Scoter

174.5

100

Pacific Golden Plover

171.8

41

Azure-winged Magpie

174.4

55

Asian House Martin

171.9

77

Harlequin Duck

174.2

110

Russet Sparrow

171.9

45

Red-throated Loon

174.1

57

Eurasian Curlew

172.0

31

Black-legged Kittiwake

174.0

48

Black-winged Stilt

172.2

36

Spotted Nutcracker

173.9

33

Ruddy-breasted Crake

172.3

69

Great Spotted Woodpecker

173.9

183

White-bellied Green Pigeon

172.4

118

Horned Grebe

173.8

91

Zitting Cisticola

172.4

74

Red-necked Grebe

173.8

83

Grey Plover

172.6

58

Brant Goose

173.6

51

Oriental Stork

172.6

45

Eurasian Treecreeper

173.6

81

Chestnut-eared Bunting

172.7

75

Whooper Swan

173.5

135

Red-billed Leiothrix *

173.0

96

161

2. Increase/decrease of range and its factors
The top 20 species were listed in terms of the change rate calculated as follows based on
the number of meshes where each species was recorded for the 317 meshes for which
information was available in both the 1980s and the 2010s.

(Number of meshes recorded in the 2010s survey - Number of meshes recorded in the 1980s
survey) ÷ Number of meshes recorded in the 1980's survey x 100

1) Species with reduced range
The top species with reduced range were Budgerigar, Japanese Quail, Striated Heron,
Crested Kingfisher, and Black-crowned Night Heron (Table 3). Many of the top 20 declining
species showed the same declining trend also in the JBBA survey (Ueta & Uemura 2021)
and the Monitoring Site 1000 Shorebird Survey (Biodiversity Center, Nature Conservation
Bureau, Environment Agency 2020), suggesting that population decline has also led to therange contraction.

Table 3. Changes in the number of meshes for the top 20 species recorded. Based on 317 meshes for whichdata were available in both the 1980s and the 2010s. *invasive species.
Species with shrinking distribution
SpeciesSpecies with expanding distribution

1980s

2010s

ChangeSpecies

1980s

2010s

Budgerigar *

43

1

-97.7

Japanese Quail
Striated Heron

32

11

31

13

Crested Kingfisher

151

Black-crowned Night Heron

Chinese Hwamei *

0

60

-65.6

Snow Goose

0

34

-58.1

Red-billed Leiothrix *2

954650.077-49.0

Cackling Goose1

33

3200.0

171

98

-42.7

Oriental Stork244

2100.0Intermediate Egret

73

43

-41.1

Eurasian Spoonbill

3441366.7

Wood Sandpiper

44

26

-40.9

Hooded Crane

4

35

775.0

Eastern Cattle Egret

41

27

-34.1

Common Starling

7

50

614.3

Chinese Bamboo Partridge *

130

95

-26.9

Common Shelduck

10

65

550.0

Little Egret

209

154

-26.3

Ashy Minivet

16

94

487.5

Azure-winged Magpie

73

55

-24.7

Bean Goose

16

86

437.5

Black-headed Gull

167

126

-24.6

Solitary Snipe

8

42

425.0

Northern Lapwing

133

104

-21.8

Black-faced Spoonbill

8

39

387.5

Rock Dove (invasive)

230

187

-18.7

Great Cormorant

51

234

358.8

Pacific Reef Heron

75

63

-16.0

Ruddy-breasted Crake

15

68

353.3

Common Snipe

157

132

-15.9

Mute Swan *

15

63

320.0

Mew Gull

147

124

-15.6

Black-winged Stilt

9

35

288.9

Brown Dipper

177

151

-14.7

Greater White-fronted Goose

23

88

282.6

Kentish Plover

112

96

-14.3

Daurian Jackdaw

15

56

273.3

Japanese Sparrowhawk

65

56

-13.8

Eurasian Coot

63

231

266.7

162

Change2) Species with expanded range
The top species that expanded their range were introduced and reintroduced species,
such as Chinese Hwamei, Snow Goose, Red-billed Leiothrix, Cackling Goose, and Oriental
Stork (Table 3). The increase in the abundance of these species is assumed to be a result of
their successful establishment and expansion of the range. The ecological characteristics ofthe other top 20 species showed that many of them were waterbirds or ground feeders.
These species are more susceptible to the effects of snow cover and freezing temperatures,and it is possible that their range are expanding as a result of global warming, which has
eased the coldness of winters. Since the range expansion includes not only the northward
expansion of the range but also the increase in population size, we selected species with thenorthward expansion and examined the relationship between the degree of northward
range expansion and ecological characteristics. Since the Japanese archipelago extends in anortheasterly direction, we evaluated the range based on the latitude-longitude value
obtained by adding latitude and longitude (the larger this value is, the more northerly therange), as in the extraction method for "species whose range is deviated north-south", inorder to indicate the position of range in this archipelago direction. The medianlatitude-longitude values of the mesh on which each bird species was recorded were
calculated for the 1980s and 2010s, the difference between the median values in the 2010sand 1980s (a positive value means the range deviation northward, a negative value is adeviation southward). The species with a small number of mesh records are not suitable foranalyzing the relationship between changes and ecological characteristics due to thefollowing factors: 1) chance influences the evaluation of range, 2) very little information on
the range of island birds was available in the 1980s (e.g., no records from the northern partof the Nansei Islands, and little information from the Ogasawara Islands), making rangechanges of these outlying island birds unreliable. Therefore, we excluded species from thistabulation that lack records of more than 10 meshes in both periods, and those in which theislands are the main range area (Japanese Wood Pigeon and Taiwan Green Pigeon among
the species with more than 10 meshes). The top species whose range has moved northward
included Daurian Jackdaw, Rook, and Ashy Minivet (Table 4). As for Pacific Loon, the lackof information on seabirds in the 1980s largely affected the range of this species, suggestingthat it may not have moved northward in range.
Looking at birds in the ecological characteristic groups, arboreal, grassland, and forest
ground birds, seabirds, and raptors showed a range trend centered at 0, with no directional

163

change in range (Fig. 4). On the other hand,

Table 4. Top 10 species whose distribution (latitude +longitude values) moved northward.

the birds that have expanded their range
Speciesto the north included ground-feeding
birds that inhabit open areas (wagtails,

Median change
1980s

2010s

ChangeDaurian Jackdaw

164.6

174.0

9.4

Rook

164.3

173.3

9.0

geese, and rooks), shallow-water birds

Ashy Minivet

158.8

166.6

7.8

(rails, sandpipers, and dabbling ducks),

Chinese Grosbeak

164.3

170.6

6.3

Ruddy-breasted Crake

162.4

168.6

6.2

Ruddy Turnstone

162.9

168.8

5.9

kingfishers, and diving ducks that are also

Barn Swallow

164.4

170.1

5.7

found in land and water). Many aerial

Japanese Quail

170.4

175.6

5.2

Temminck's Stint

165.1

169.7

4.6

Pacific Loon

175.4

179.4

4.0

submerged-feeding

birds(grebes,

feeders (swallows and swifts) also showednortherly expansion. As mentioned above,

terrestrial aquatic system is vulnerable to snow cover and freezing, which suggests that the
mitigation of snow cover and freezing has led to a northward expansion of their range. In
addition, the winter season in Japan is not suitable for aerial foragers to overwinter, as
indicated by the small number of target species (4), most of which are summer residents.
This trend may reflect the global warming that is expected to lead to birds with such life
histories becoming able to overwinter in Japan.

10

5

0

-5

Fig. 4: Relationship between ecological characteristics and median change in range. Positive values indicate anorthward shift in range. Numbers at the top of the graph indicate the number of relevant species.

164Literature Cited
Biodiversity

Center,NatureConservation

Bureau,Environment

Agency(2020)

https://www.biodic.go.jp/moni1000/findings/reports/pdf/h31_matome_shorebirds.pdf
Environment Agency (1988) https://www.biodic.go.jp/reports2/3rd/ap_bird/3_ap_bird.pdf
Ueta M & Uemura S (2021) Report of the Japan Breeding Bird Atlas -Mapping the present
status of Japanese birds 2016-2021. The Japan Breeding Bird Atlas Group, Fuchu.
https://www.bird-atlas.jp/news/j_bird_atlas_2016-21.pdf

165

The Report of the Japan Wintering Bird Atlas: 2016-2022
February 12, 2023
Text: Mutsuyuki Ueta, Toshimitsu Nuka & Yusuke Yamazaki
Front page design: Michiko Shigehara
English editing: Reiko Kurosawa and Simba Chan
Publication: The Japan Bird Research Association
Higahi 1-4-28-302, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-0002, Japan

This work was supported by Pro Natura Foundation Japan’s 33rd Pro
Natura Fund.

166