Preliminary study on
Low Carbon Development towards
2030 in Gyeonggi Province, Korea
December, 2012Preface
The Republic of Korea (Korea) has set a carbon emission reduction target to cope with climatechange and endeavored to reach the target. Both the strong leadership of the national government and theefforts of local governments are indispensable for efficient carbon reduction. According to Article 11 of
the Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth has been established and local green growth strategy,
which is aligned to the national green growth strategy, has been implemented to promote low carbon,
green growth by each province. Furthermore, Clause 1 of Article 42 specifies those mid-/long-term andphased targets and the necessary measures to achieve those targets shall be considered to cope with thenational government's global carbon emission reduction.
According to Gyeonggi research institute report, scenarios that aim - through various policies - toreduce 30% of the emissions in 2020 compared with 2020 BAU scenario have been envisioned. In thisstudy, we estimated the carbon emission reduction target and analyzed the realizability of a low carbon cityin Gyeonggi province to support the general urban development plan containing the establishment of along-term urban developmental direction and reestablishment of the spatial structure.
This brochure includes the basic information and methodology for the analysis of the realizabilityof a low carbon city in Gyeonggi province. This study aims to be utilized as a basic guide and goal-setting
scenario through the preliminary research results for the transition to a low-carbon society in Gyeonggi
province.

LEE, Dong Kun

12. 2012.

Authors
LEE, Dong-kun (Seoul National University)
PARK, Chan (Seoul National University)
Matsuoka, Yuzuru (Kyoto University)
Gomi, Kei (Kyoto University)
Kainuma, Mikiko (National Institute for Environmental Studies)This study was supported by ‘Eco-innovation’ Fund of ministry of environment of Korea and the ‘Environment and Technology
Department’ Fund (S-6) of the ministry of environment of Japan.

Contents
Executive summary

1

Background3

General information
Demography
Economy and Industry
Transportation
Land use and Land use change
Energy Use

Scenarios in 2030

6

Depictive Scenarios
Estimated Socio Economic Indicators
Climate change (SRES A1B)

Results

8

GHG Emission and Reduction
Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures

Methodology

11

A Procedure to create a local LCS scenario
Scope
The structure of the Extended Snapshot Tool

Reference

16

Executive summary
Plan on Combating Climate Change (CPCCC)" ofplans for climate change. The role and cooperation

the Republic of Korea, Korea plans to establishof local governments, which are the main carbon

adaptation measures against climate change for all

emitters and the key force to solve the problems,

local governments by 2012 and to set local carbon

are essential to achieve the national carbon

emission reduction goals to support the national

reduction target. According to the "Comprehensive

carbon emission reduction target.

CO2 emission (MtCO2)

Local governments establish detailed

180

Reductions potential

160

Forestry
Modal share

140

Carbon intensity

120

Energy-efficient device

100

Energy saving behavior

80

Emission by sectors
Landuse change

60

Freight transport

40

Passenger transport

20

Industry0Commercial
Residential-20
Base year

BaU

CM

Figure 1 CO2 emission and reduction in Gyeonggi province(Base year: 2005, BaU: 2030 business as usual, CM: 2030 with counter measures)This study aims to estimate the potentialuse. The carbon emission and potential emission recarbon emission reduction compared with the Busi

duction by human activity in energy sectors are cal

ness As Usual (BAU) scenario in the case of Gyeo

culated by the ExSS (Extended Snapshot Tool). Th

nggi province of Korea. The base year in this stude amount of carbon emission and the change in they is 2005 and the target year for the estimation of tpotential emission reduction through land use andhe potential emission reduction is 2030. The sector

the change in land use were obtained by the protos for the carbon emission level and reduction estim

col presented in the IPCC LULUCF guideline.

ation include the energy sector, the potential emiss

Accordingtotheestimationofion reduction through land use, and the change ingreenhouse gas (GHG) emission by energy usage

potential emission reduction by the change in landchanged by human activities for 2030, the1emission is estimated to increase by 115%

lifestyle would reduce CO2 emissions by 22%compared with 2005. However, the analysis shows

compared with the 2030 BAU.

that the changes in the usage of energy, such as
using biomass energy and solar, and changes inTable 1 Estimated socio economic indicators in the base year (2005) and the target year (2030 BAU)

Population (million)

2005

2030

Ratio (2030/2005)

10.6

14.0

1.32

Number of households (million)

3.3

5.5

1.64

GRDP (billion KRW)

169

424

2.51

Primary

2.4

2.1

Secondary

63.3

55.9

Tertiary

34.3

42.0

Settlement

122.4

155.9

1.22

Rice field

167.1

144.3

0.86

Crop field

101.5

97.3

0.96

Forest

515.6

510.7

0.99

Grassland

34.0

35.4

1.04

Bare land

20.6

18.5

0.90

Other

39.1

38.5

0.99

Industrial
structure

Land use(Km2)

In Gyeonggi province, the change in land

associated with achieving the goal of 2020, theusage is expected to reduce the amount of

establishment and attempted achievement of ainorganic carbon in the soil compared with 2005,

realistic goal for reduction is necessary, rather thanwith 0.21 MtCO2 of GHG being emitted into thethe establishment of an unrealistic goal.

atmosphere in 2030. Due to the growth in forest

To accomplish the goals of both 2020

vegetation, 10.6 MtCO2 of carbon, which isand 2030, a road map towards achieving to thisapproximately 10% of carbon absorption compare

vision would be essential. Cutting down the GHG

with 2030 countermeasure (CM) scenario, isemissions

expected to be reduced in all of Gyeonggi

appropriate time is very important. In addition, as

province.

a future study, consideration of reduction measures’From the analysis of the reduction

throughtheguideline

for

each

cost in the case of low-carbon policies is necessary.

potentials in 2030, because of the difficulty2Background
General information
Gyeonggi Province is the western central

is around 1,100 millimeters. It is rainy in summer

region of the Korean Peninsula, which is situatedand dry during winter. The topography ofin Northeast Asia, and is located between east

Gyeonggi Province is divided into southern andlongitudes of 126 and 127, and north latitudes ofnorthern areas by the Han River, which flows from36 and 38. Its dimension is 10.2% of Korea’s

east to west. The area north to the Han River isterritory, 10,138 square kilometers. Seoul, themainly mountainous, while the southern area iscapital of the Republic of Korea, situated in its

mainly plain.

center. The location of its provincial governmentis Suwon, but some of its government buildings
are situated in Uijeongbu for the administrative
conveniences of the northern region.
The climate of Gyeonggi Province is thecontinental

climate,

which

has

a

severedifferentiation of temperature between summer
and winter, and has clear distinctions of four
seasons. The annual average temperature is
Figure 2 Location of Gyeonggi province

between 11–13 °. The annual average precipitation

Demography
Gyeonggi Province has shown a rapid

for 22.6% of the total Republic of Korea

increase in population due to the modernization

population. In 2005 there were 3.3 million

and urbanization of the Republic of Korea. Its

households, with an average of 3.2 people per

population has increased from 2.7 million in 1960

family.

to 3.3 million in 1970, 4.9 in 1980, 6.6 in 1992,(people/km2), almost double of the national

9.0 in 2000, 10.1 in 2005, and 12.1 million in 2010.

average of 486 (people/km2).

The population of Gyeonggi province accounted

3

The

population

density

was

1,119

Economy and Industry
Gyeonggi's

gross

regional

domestic(textile), and farm, livestock and fisheries industry.

product in 2008 accounted for 20.3% of the grossDue to the influence of recent high wages, thedomestic product of Korea, and the average

weight of various manufacturing industries has

growth rate between 1995 and 2008 was 6.8%, adecreased

higher rate than the nation's average of 4.4%. The

Province is also making efforts in many ways tototal number of the business body in Gyeonggi

improve and modernize the conventional industry

province in 2008 was 651,418, accounting for 19.9%

structure. Gyeonggi Province is unsparinglyof the total number in Korea and the second

investing in the promotion of service industries

highest after Seoul (719,687 industries, 22.0%).

related to soft competitive power such as state-of-

The number of employee in 2009 was estimated tothe-art IT industry, designing, conventions andbe approximately 5.8 million, and the employment

tourism, along with its great leap as a commercial

rate of individuals older than 15 years reached

hub in Northeast Asia using the Pyeongtaek

61.3%.

Harbor. Besides this, it is famous for its special

in

Korea’s

economy.

Gyeonggi

As the backbone of Seoul in the means oflocal products such as Icheon rice and Icheon/

manufacturing complex, Gyeonggi Province has

Gwangju ceramics. Also, the manufacturing basedeveloped in various industries relatively evenly,of global IT industries that represent Korea, such

such as heavy industry (electronics, machine,

as Semi-conductor and LCD Complex are locatedheavy and chemical industry, steel), light industry

in Gyeonggi Province.

Transportation
The number of registered vehicles ofSeoul and major cities in Gyeonggi, thus making it

Gyeonggi in 2009 was 4.0 million whichinconvenient to use public transportation within

accounted for 23.2% of the total number ofthe province. The transportation system inregistered vehicles in Korea. From 1995 to 2009,

Gyeonggi province, which occupies the vast

the average growth rate was 7.1%, higher than thatmajority of the metropolitan area, is built mainlyof the country's total of 5.3%. Gyeonggi's total

on the roads, and thus the ratio of railroad sharing

extension of roads in 2009 was 13,178 km, withis at a very low level. In the case of transporting

11,145 km or 84.6% of the total extension being

passengers in the Gyeonggi area, for each purpose

pavement roads. The proportion of the use ofof transportation in 2005, the average distance waspublic transportation in Gyeonggi is 34.9%. The

12.7 km for work, 4.9 km for school, 5.5 km for

public transportation in Gyeonggi mostly connects

shopping and 7.9 km for leisure. For each4

transportation method in 2005, car travelled 11.6

cargo is 98.6% by road, 1.3% by railroad, and 0.1%

km; buses, 8.7 km; subway or train, 19.6 km; taxi,

by coastwise shipping. With respect to arrivals, the

5.1 km and bicycle, 3.0 km. The characteristic ofratio is 92.7% by road, 4.9% by railroad and 2.3%

Gyeonggi’s freight transportation, based on theby coastwise shipping.

means of production, is that the ratio of shared

Land use and Land use change
According to the land cover change

and wetland reduced by 80%. In Gyeonggi

between 1985 and 2005, farmland and forest wasprovince, the forest area in 2009 covered 525,840

reduced, and settlement area grew rapidly. In㎡, 51.8% of the total area, and it has been reduced

detail, settlement areas increased by 450%,

by 0.3% each year during 1995 to 2009.

farmland reduced by 17%, forest reduced by 9%,

Energy Use
The materials regarding energy use in Gyeonggi

and local agencies (Table 1). 28% of the energy isprovince were derived from the report on local

consumed in industry sector, 31% in transportation,energy, the report on national energy and the

22% in household and 18% in commerce.

report on energy usage characteristics by national

Table 2 Energy use in the base year (2005)
Energy Source(Unit: ktoe)
Coal
Petroleum
City Gas

Industry

Transportation

342
2,209
1,021

HouseholdCommerce

39
582
2,865
967
716
10
5,169

71
1,477
135
2,150
187
201
4,231

7,178
88
25
Electricity
2,771
Heat Energy
0
0
Other
307
8
Total
6,650
7,299
Reference: Yearbook of Regional Energy Statistics (2005)

5

Total
452
11,446
4109
5,913
903
526
23,349

Scenarios in 2030
Depictive Scenarios
Two scenarios were developed to figure

be changes in society orientation in the future. The

the direction of future socio economic visions for

CM assumes that the society behavior is depicted

achieving LCS goals toward 2030, i.e. BAU

as sustainable low carbon society. Both scenarios(business as usual) and countermeasure (CM)(BAU, CM) use the same estimates of population,

scenarios. BAU assumes that the existing society

economic growth rate, land use change, andorientation

climate change.

willcontinue

until

2030.

The

countermeasure scenario assumes that there will
8
7

million

6
5
4

0-14

3

15-64

2

65-

1
0
Male

FemaleMale

2005

Female2030

Figure 3 Projection of population by age

Estimated Socio Economic Indicators
According to the projection of thewill increase to 14.0 million. The average number

expected future population in each province, basedof people per family will decrease to 2.6 in BAU

on a study of the housing population in 2005, thescenario, 2.8 in CM scenario due to different

national population is expected to have negative

scenarios on number of single households and ingrowth from 2018. However, the population in

the population of elders, whereas the average

Gyeonggi province is expected to increase

number in 2005 was 3.2. As a result, the number

continuously until 2030. In 2030, the populationof households will increase by 1.6 times to 5.8

7

million in 2030 BAU scenario from 3.3 million incomparatively slower pace. The total demand of2005.

settlement areas, as the expected area, will
The gross regional domestic product ofincrease to 515.9 km2 when considering theGyeonggi province, based on the constant prices

default plan of Gyeonggi province, including eachof 2000, increase by 2.5 times. The ratio of tertiarycity, county and district. Rice fields, crop fields

industries, such as education, hospitals, andand forest are expected to convert into settlement

recreation facilities, increased, and the ratio ofareas.

secondary industries are expected to decrease at a

Table 3 Estimated socio economic indicators in the base year (2005) and the target year (2030 BAU)
2005
Population (million)
Number of households (million)
GRDP (billion KRW)
Industrial
Primary
structure
Secondary
Tertiary
Land use
Settlement(Km2)
Rice field
Crop field
ForestGrassland
Bare land
Other

2030

Ratio (2030/2005)

14.0
5.5
424
2.1
55.9
42.0
155.9
144.3
97.3
510.7
35.4
18.5
38.5

1.32
1.64

10.6
3.3
169
2.4
63.3
34.3
122.4
167.1
101.5
515.6
34.0
20.6
39.1

2.51

1.22
0.86
0.96
0.99
1.04
0.90
0.99

Climate change (SRES A1B)
According to SRES A1B scenarios, theaverage temperature in Gyeonggi in 2030 will

average temperature will rise due to climate

increase to 11.9 Ԩ, a rise of 0.5 Ԩ compared tochange associated with increase of greenhouse gas

2005.

concentrations in atmosphere.

In SRES A1B, theTable 4 Monthly temperature in the base year (2005) and the target year (2030 BAU) in Gyeonggi
J

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

N

D

Average

2005

-3.2

-2.2

3.6

12.8

16.3

22.7

25.3

25.1

21.9

13.7

7.3

-4.8

11.5

2030

-2.9

-0.3

4.4

11.8

16.8

21.2

24.3

25.3

20.2

13.8

7.1

1.5

11.9

7

Results
GHG Emission and Reduction
Future greenhouse gas emissions wereconditions to be the same as those of the businesscalculated based on two cases. The first case is theas usual (BAU) case but the emission reduction"business as usual" scenario in which themeasures are assumed to be implemented. In 2030

configuration of energy demand and other

BAU scenario, the GHG emissions by energy use

greenhouse gas emissions are maintained at thein 2030 is estimated to be increased by 115%

present levels. As a result, changes in greenhousecompared with those in 2005. However, comparedgas emissions will occur only when there arewith 2030 BAU, in the CM, it will be decreased bychanges in the socioeconomic conditions. The

22% due to energy saving behaviors, energy-

second case is the scenario with “counter

efficient devices and decrease in carbon intensity.

measures”, which envisions the socioeconomic

180

CO2 emission (MtCO2)

160
Emission by sectors

140
120

Freight transport

100

Passenger transport

80

Industry

60

Commercial

40

Residential

20
Base year

BaU

CM

Figure 4 CO2 emissions caused by energy use

scenario emit more carbon compared to base year

After achieving reduction target, there
will be a low carbonized society in 2030 except foremission.

passenger transportation sector, even if in CM

8

40
35

CO2 emission (tCO2)

30
25
Base year

20

BaU
15

CM

10
5
0

Residential(tCO2/person)

Residential(tCO2/household)Commercial
Industry(tCO2/10billionKRW) (tCO2/10billionKRW)

Passenger(tCO2/person)

Freight(tCO2/10billionKRW)

Figure 5 CO2 emissions by each sector (per Capita or per GRDP)

public transportation, utilization of bicycles andIn the transportation sector, carbon

walking, 7.7 MtCO2 of carbon can be reduced.

dioxide emissions will cause an increase in energy

In the residential and commercial sectors,

service due to the change in the industrial structure,byapproximately 142% of the carbon dioxide

travelemission increase is expected in 2030 due totransportation demand by population growth.

increases in the size of equipment, the number ofCompared with the 2030 BAU in transportation

households, the average size of buildings per

sector, 32% of the emissions could be reduced bycapita, and the hours of use and intensity.

the changes in the structure of energy sources used,

However, due to changes in energy sources toimprovements

solar and other types of energy, energy efficientincreased

freight

economic

growth,intransportation
andequipment

demandincreased

efficiency,

andtechnology and changes in lifestyle, the emission

subsidies for highly efficient equipment.
In the freight transportation sector, 5.0

in BAU was estimated to be reduced by

MtCO2 of carbon was analyzed to be reduced byapproximately 24% in 2030 CM. In the residential

improving the efficiency of energy equipment andsector,transferring road-based transportation to railroad-efficient technologies in the insulation ability can

basedpassenger

save 2.2 MtCO2 of carbon. Although 3.5 MtCO2 oftransportation sector, through the reduction in the

carbon can be reduced by improvements in energy

demand for car transportation by familiarizing theefficiency in the commercial sector, only 0.7

public with a low-carbon living style, activation of

MtCO2 of carbon can be reduced by energy

transportation.

In

the

9

energy-saving

behaviorsandenergyefficient improvements in the residential sector. In

emissions are expected to increase. However,

the industrial sector, more efforts in improving

through the development of technology, changes

processes appear to be needed to reduce GHG

in lifestyle and conversion in energy use in power

emissions.

generation sector at the national level, theWhen considering only the increasing

emission in 2030 BAU can be reduced by 22%.

RES

COM

IND

PTS

FTS

GI

demand side for energy services, carbon dioxide

Park
ForestEnergy-efficient device
Modal share
Carbon intensity
Energy-efficient device
Energy saving behavior
Carbon intensity
Energy-efficient device
Carbon intensity
Energy-efficient device
Energy saving behavior
Carbon intensity
Energy-efficient device
Energy saving behavior
-

1

2

3
4
5
CO2 emission (MtCO2)

6

7

Figure 6 CO2 emissions reduction potentials by each sector(FTS: freight transport sector, PTS: passenger transport sector, IND:
industry sector, COM: commercial sector, RES: residential sector)
In Gyeonggi province, changes in land

been accumulated in the vegetation will be

use are expected to cause decrease of the amountreleased into the air, with the amount estimated toof inorganic carbon in the soil compared withbe 2.2 MtCO2/year of carbon. Due to the growth in2005, with 5.5 MtCO2/year of GHG will beforest vegetation, in all of Gyeonggi province,

emitted into the atmosphere till 2030. In the10.6 MtCO2/year of carbon will be absorbed in

Gyeonggi area, the decreases in the area of rice2030. In the case of the park system and grassland,and other crop fields due to the development

0.3 MtCO2/year of carbon, which is approximately

policy will result in the net decrease of inorganic

3% of carbon absorption by forest vegetation, iscarbon in the soil. If the changes in land use

expected to be reduced.

gradually occur until 2030, then carbon that has

10

Methodology
A Procedure to create a local LCS scenario(1) Setting framework(4) Collection of low-carbon measures andFramework of a LCS scenario includes;

quantification measurestarget area, base year, target year, environmental

To collect counter measures which aretarget, and number of scenarios. Among them, thethought to be available in the target year. Forbase year is compared with target year. The target

example, high energy-efficiency devices, transport

year should be far enough to realize required

structure change such as public transport, use ofchange, and near enough to image the vision forrenewable energy, energy saving behavior andthe people in the region.

carbon sink. Technical data is required to estimate
their effect to reduce GHG emissions. In thisresearch we applied the quantified measures from

(2) Assumptions of socio-economic situations
Before conducting quantitative estimation,

Gyeongi province report and AIM-Korea results.

qualitative future image should be written. It is animage of lifestyle, economy and industry, land use,

(5) Setting introduction of counter measures

climate change scenarios and so on. We could use

Technological parameters related to energy

the assumptions.

demand and CO2 emissions, in short energy
efficiency, are defined. Since there can be various
portfolios of the measures, one must choose(3) Quantification of socio-economic

appropriate

assumptions
To estimate Snapshot based on future
image,

valuesofexogenous

variables

criteria.

For

example,cost

minimization, acceptance to the stakeholders, orandprobability of technological development.

parameters are set. Using those input, ExSS
calculates socioeconomic indices of the target year(6) Estimation of GHG emission in the target

such as population, GDP, output by industry,year

transport demand, and so on. CLUE (The

Based on socio-economic indices andConversion of Land Use and its Effects) model isassumption of measures' introduction, GHG

used to predict future land use.

emissions are calculated including changes in CO2emission from energy use, and carbon dynamics invegetation and soil under the impact of land usechange and climate change.

11Analytic Model
Changes in CO2 emissions are analyzed b

industrial,

residential,commercial/public

andy Extended Snapshot Tool (ExSS), the Conversion

transport (freight, passenger) sectors. The amountof Land Use and its Effects (CLUE), vegetation dof carbon absorption by vegetation and soil

ynamic model.

includes the carbon in forest vegetation, park

Energy use by human activities that are

greens, grassland and soil.

directly related to carbon emission is considered in

Figure 7 Analytic model of this research

Figure 8 CO2 emission related sectors

12

The structure of the Extended Snapshot Tool (ExSS)
Figure 10 shows the structure of thestate, district, city or town. Population is decided

Extended Snapshot Tool (ExSS); m a i n input

by demand from outside of the region, laborparameters and endogenous variables. ExSS is aparticipation ratio, demographic composition andsystem of simultaneous equations. Given a set of

relationship of commuting with outside of theexogenous variables and parameters, solution isregion. To determine output of industries, input-

uniquely defined. In many LCS scenarios,

output approach with “export-based approach” isexogenously fixed population data are used.

combined in line with the theory of regional

However, people migrate more easily, when theeconomics.

target region is relatively a smaller area such as a

Figure 9 Overview of calculation system of Extended Snapshot Tool

13

Industries producing export goods aredevelop led by particular industry, such as

called "basic industry". Production of basic

automotive manufacturing.

industries induces other industries i.e. non-basic

Passenger transport demand is estimatedindustries, through demand of intermediate input

from the population and freight transport demandand consumption of their employees. Number ofwherebyworkers must fulfill labor demand of thosemanufacturing industries. Floor area of commerce

productions. Given assumptions of where thoseis determined from output of tertiary industries.

workers

ratio,

Other than driving force, activity level of each

population living in the region is computed. This

sector, energy demand by fuels determined withmodel enables us to consider viewpoints ofthree parameters. One is energy service demandregional economic development to estimate energy

per driving force, energy efficiency and fuel share.

demand and CO2 emissions. For future estimation,

Diffusion of counter measures changes the value

assumption of export value is especially importantof these parameters, and so GHG emissions.

live

and

labor

participation

it

is

a

functionofoutputbyif the target region is thought to (or, desired to)Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures
To analyze the reduction potential, thethe promotion of a number of green

information from Gyeonggi research institutecampaigns

report related to mitigation policy was used. The

awareness and voluntary action.

introduction ratio of energy-efficient appliances

for

the

citizens

to

bring

 In the commercial sector, the business for

was calculated by AIM-Korea. The followings are

smart grids (green IT, generalizing smart

Gyeonggi province policies.

measurements, etc.) and energy efficiency
improvements and improves efficiency by

1) Building

investing and supplying highly efficientGyeonggi’s existing reduction policies inenergy facilities and equipment. In the casethe building sector can be divided into energyofsaving and improving efficiency for houses,

energy-consuming

buildings,

theexpansion of a voluntary agreement (VA)

energy-consuming buildings, low-carbon lifestyles

will lead to energy savings.

and public institution.
 In the household sector, the policies for In the public sector, through the pilot

reducing energy include the generalization

project of the emission trading system forof high-efficient equipment, a carbon point

public institutions, the execution of public

system, the operation of a green call center,

officials’

14

green

education

and

green

experience,

publicinstitutions

leading

3) Transportation (Traffic)

businesses on energy saving, and so on, the The GHG reduction policies in Gyeonggi's

plan to save energy by public institutionstransportation sector can be divided into theand develop more efficiency is being

activation of public transportation use, theimplemented. Additionally, the lighting

management

equipment in the public sector will becomedemand,more efficient through the expansion of thetransportation methods, and energy saving

use of LED lighting in government officepolicies.

building in cities and counties, and a green

 For

compass movement to reduce energy
consumption in

of

the

activating

publictransportation

distribution

the

use

of

of

green

publictransportation, services such as expanding

colleges/universities isthebeing promoted.

alternative-day-no-driving

system,establishing a bus rapid transit system (BRT)and strengthening the operation of the bus

2) Industry

management system are being pushed ahead.

VA from energy-consuming establishments,
energymanagement

diagnostics

byAs green transportation methods, services

thesesuch as the dissemination of eco-friendly,

establishments, and the management of thelow emission-vehicles, the activation ofpollutants that are allowed to be emitted by thebicycle roads, and the trend of converting

establishments are being considered to be put into

gas emission to low emission are being

practice.

encouraged.

15

ReferenceBank of Korea, 2003, IO tables of the regions

electricity

Bank of Korea, 2005, IO tables of the regions

home appliances (2009)

Greenhouse Gas Inventory & Research Center ofBasic Plan for Long-term Electricity Supply

Gyeonggi Province (Do), 2010, Gyeonggi 2020and Demand (2010~2024)

Gyeonggi Research Institute, 2010, Master Plan to

Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs),

respond to climate change of Gyeonggi

2010, Passenger transport demand

Gyeonggi Research Institute, 2010, Strategies for

Statistics

Reducing the Impact of Greenhouse Gas

Economics

Institute,2006,

Meteorological

Institute,

Statistics Korea, 2010, Population and housing
2006,

censusAdministration,

Statistics Korea, 2010, Provincial population

2010,

projections (2005 ~ 2030)

Climate Projection (SRES A1B)
Korea

Power

Exchange,

activeStatistics Korea, 2010, Industrial census

Yearbook of Regional Energy Statistics (2005)
Korea

economically(2005 ~ 2030)

Yearbook of Energy Statistics (2005)
Energy2010,

Statistics Korea, 2010, Household projections

Gyeonggi transport DB center (http://gtdb.gg.go.kr)
Economics

Korea,

population survey

Allocation in Gyeonggi-Do

Korea

of

Ministry of Knowledge Economy, 2010, the 5thsociety of Korea

Energycharacteristics

Korea Transport Database (www.ktdb.go.kr)

Korea, 2011, 2020 Roadmap for low carbon

Korea

consumption

2010,

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