Putrajaya
Green City 2025
Baseline and Preliminary Study
Revised Edition

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Malaysia Green Technology Corporation
Putrajaya Corporation
Kyoto University
Okayama University

November, 2012

National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
Asian Pacific Integrated Modeling TeamPreface
In line with the Malaysian Government’s aspiration to reduce 40% of CO2 emission intensity by theyear 2020 as compared with 2005 levels, this Putrajaya Green City 2025 project will become thebenchmark for future urban development. This project is the outcome of project discussion on
development of low-carbon cities with the Director General of Federal Town and Country Planning
Department and the Director of Town Planning of Putrajaya Corporation in May 2010.
The study has the generous support from collaboration among key oversea experts from Kyoto
University, Okayama University, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Asia-PacificIntegrated Model (AIM) team and local experts from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) as wellas Malaysian Green Technology Corporation (MGTC).
This report is the follow up to the research framework report - “Towards Putrajaya Green City
2025- Feasibility Study” which was published in October 2010. Based on the feedback, datacollection and analysis, this report outlines the low-carbon scenarios and pathway of Putrajaya in thenext 15 years based on quantitative integrated modeling of the future society, economy andenvironment. This is a document to communicate at local city level where policy makers canintegrate climate change actions in the preparation of a new master plan or amendment of existingdevelopment plan. We hope that this preliminary baseline report will provide direction for the
preparation of the roadmap for Putrajaya Green City development. It should also serve as a platform
for further intensive discussions among stakeholders and related parties, which include local
residents, public agencies and business communities towards the preparation of a comprehensive andpractical roadmap for Putrajaya.
Finally, we would like to thank all public and private agencies in Putrajaya for their cooperationin providing data, information and other technical support which has assisted in making this Putrajaya Green City 2025 project possible.
HO CHIN SIONG
Professor
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

YUZURU MATSUOKA
Professor
Kyoto University

OMAIRI BIN HASHIM
Director of Town Planning
Putrajaya Corporation

Contents
Executive Summary

2

Background

6

A Dozen Actions Towards Green City

8

Action 1: Integrated City Planning and Management

10

Action 2: Low-carbon Transportation

12

Action 3: Cutting Edge Sustainable Buildings

14

Action 4: Low-carbon Lifestyle

16

Action 5: More and More Renewable Energy

18

Action 6: The Green Lung of Putrajaya

20

Action 7: Cooler Urban Structures and Buildings

22

Action 8: Community and Individual Action to Reduce Urban

24

Temperature
Action 9: Use Less Consume Less

26

Action 10: Think Before You Throw

28

Action 11: Integrated Waste Treatment

30

Action 12: Green Incentives and Capacity Building

32

Methodology

34

Overview of the methodology

34

Socio-economic scenario

36

Low-carbon Putrajaya

38

Cooler Putrajaya

40

3R Putrajaya

42

Information Source

44

Data Tables

46

Executive Summary

This study has three main objectives which featureeach of these three themes and they are as follows:
1. To reduce Green House Gasses (GHG) emission intensity related to energy use by 60%,
2. To reduce peak temperature by 2°C and3. To reduce the final disposal of solid waste and GHG
emission per waste generation by 50%.

Putrajaya
Structure
Plan-Laporan
Pemeriksaan
Rancangan Struktur Putrajaya 2025, June 2009
(Perbadanan Putrajaya, 2009).

Passenger
transport

4,500
4,000

Freight transport

3,500
3,000

[ktCO2eq]

The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of developing Putrajaya as a Green City and formulate proposed
actions. There are three main themes which are looked
into and studied in this research in the process of developing a green city. The three main themes are Lowcarbon Society, Urban Heat Island and Solid Waste Management.

The main indicators used in this research are shownin Table 1. The population of Putrajaya in 2007 is 49,452
and will increase seven times to 347,700 in 2025.

Residential

2,500
Government
departments

2,000
1,500

Public amenities& facilities

1,000
500

Commercial

0

The base year for this research is set as 2007 due tothe data availability and the target year is 2025 based on

2007

-500

2025BaU 2025CM

Carbon sink
(Tree planting)Figure 1: GHG emission from energy use

Table 1: Main data and result

2

2007

2025BaU

2025CM

2025BaU/2007

2025CM/
2007

2025CM/
2025BaU

Population [no.]49,452

347,700

347,700

7.0

7.0

1.0

Employment [no.]Per capita GDP in Malaysia[Mill.RM/capita]
Economic activity (2007=1)
Passenger transport demand[Mill.pass-km]
Freight transport demand[Mill.t-km]
Final energy demand [ktoe]

45,000164,500

164,500

3.7

3.7

1.0

23,60550,33750,337

2.1

2.1

1.0

1

7.8

7.8

7.8

7.8

1.0

585

4230

3719

7.2

6.4

0.9

109

851

681

7.8

6.2

0.8

135

908

411

6.7

3.0

0.5

Final energy demand
per economic activity (2007=1)

1

0.9

0.4

0.9

0.4

0.5

Primary energy demand [ktoe]

1,339

10,092

5,277

7.5

3.9

0.5

GHG emission [ktCO2eq]

664

4,186

1,780

6.3

2.7

0.4

Low-carbon Putrajaya study identified the emission
from seven sectors in Putrajaya, namely; Commercial,
Public amenities and facilities, Government Departments,
Residential, Passenger Transportation and Freight transportation sector (Figure 1). The estimated GHG emission
from energy use for 2007 is 516ktCO2eq and this total
emission is estimated to increase about seven times to3,772ktCO2eq in 2025 Business as Usual (BaU) case.
With the introduction of suitable low-carbon countermeasures, the emission levels can be lowered by nearly
60% to achieve 1,591ktCO2eq in 2025 Countermeasures(CM) case.

However, this scenario will be changed in 2025.
This is because, Putrajaya plans to diversify its economy
and intends to develop the commercial sector. Therefore,
in year 2025BaU the commercial sector is estimated to be
the highest GHG emitter with 1,435ktCO2eq, which isabout 22 times higher than its emission levels in baseyear (65ktCO2eq). The second highest emitter in
2025BaU is the passenger transport sector with
1,313ktCO2eq.

Putrajaya, the new Federal Government Administrative Centre of Malaysia, is estimated to have the highest
GHG emission from the government departments in 2007
with 180ktCO2eq, and is followed closely by the passenger transport sector with 161ktCO2eq. This is because
currently the passenger transport sector is dominated byprivate transportation, with 70-30 ratio on private andpublic transportation.

Figure 2: Scenery in Putrajaya

3

Executive Summary (cont.)
The findings from the Cooler Putrajaya research showsthat the daily maximum temperature in Putrajaya is over
30°C, and it exceeds 35°C during the month of January to
May (Source: Planning Department of PJC. See also Figure 24). Based on the findings of this research, countermeasures are introduced to enable Putrajaya lower the
maximum temperature by 2°C. The results for this study
is done using the Urban Heat Island (UHI) Modeling tool
- WRF version 3.2 to quantify the effects of countermeasures for Cooler Putrajaya.

the suitable waste treatment options, the GHG emission
can be reduced to less than half of the BaU case.

The third component of this study is 3R Putrajaya(Reuse, Recycle and Reduce). The two main targets of 3R
Putrajaya in 2025 are, to reduce 50% of the solid waste
volume which is landfilled, and to reduce 50% of GHG
emission, both from 2025BaU. The proposed countermeasures aim to reduce both household and businesswaste. In 2025BaU, there is a four times increase in
GHG emission from 2007 levels. However, under countermeasures, the volume of landfilled waste and the emission of GHG can be reduced more than 50% from the
BaU levels. There are three options suggested and with

Figure 3: Scenery in Putrajaya

4,500

Emission reductions

4,000
3,500

[ktCO2eq]

3,000
2,500
4,186

2,000

Action 10: Think Before You Throw*

Action 9: Use Less Consume Less*
Action 8: Community and Individual Action to
Reduce Urban Temperature
Action 7: Cooler Urban Structures and Buildings
Action 6: The Green Lung of Putrajaya

1,500

Action 5: More and More Renewable Energy

1,000
500

Action 12: Green Incentives and Capacity
Building
Action 11: Integrated Waste Treatment*

1,780
Action 4: Low Carbon Lifestyle664

Action 3: Cutting-Edge Sustainable Buildings

02007

2025BaU

2025CM*GHG emission and emission reduction from solid waste management in 2025CM is that of "Separate collection with thermal treatment" (See also page 43).
**It includes contribution from freight transport (2.8%) and central
power generation (13.8%).

Action 2: Low-carbon Transportation
Action 1: Integrated City Planning &Management
Others**
GHG emission

Figure 4: GHG emission reduction of all three components (Low-carbon, Cooler, 3R)

4

This report aims to propose a dozen actions which
can be implemented by Putrajaya Corporation (PJC) andvarious other government departments, private organizations and individuals towards achieving The Green City
Putrajaya status. These actions focus on all three components as mentioned above. Figure 4 shows the GHG
emission by Actions which include all three categories(Low-carbon, Cooler and 3R Putrajaya).
Actions 1 to 6 focus on Low-carbon Putrajaya, Actions 7 and 8 are for Cooler Putrajaya, Actions 9 to 11 arefor 3R Putrajaya category respectively. Action 12 does
not contribute directly to emission reduction through aspecific category, therefore this is an action that focuseson capacity building and increasing the environmental
awareness in the residents and individuals in Putrajaya.
Besides all these 12 actions proposed, there is also emission contributed from the central power generation for theenergy consumption and also from freight transportation
which come from outside the borders of Putrajaya. These
two emission contributors need actions from the National
Level to be implemented to reduce the GHG emission,
therefore it is not highlighted here in this report.
Each of these 12 actions will be discussed in detailed in this report, sub-actions and programmes are proposed for each action. The amount of emission reduction
contributed by each action is identified and various programmes that can be conducted by PJC or any other relevant agency or individual is suggested in this report. The
overall contribution of total GHG emission in 2007 is

Figure 6: Scenery in Putrajaya

664ktCO2eq and the emission in 2025BaU increases
about 7 times to 4,185ktCO2eq. With countermeasures
introduced, the emission can be reduced by about 57% in
2025CM to 1,780ktCO2eq.
The Actions, sub-actions and programme introduced
here in this report are identified and suggested after intensive discussion between the researchers and PJC and also
various government agencies in Putrajaya. PJC also conducted a two days workshop to gather individual specialist from various field of professions to have a brainstorming session in order to discuss the proposed actions. Thisis a baseline and preliminary study for this Putrajaya
Green City project, and there is much room for further
research to develop an action plan or roadmap towards
making this Putrajaya the pioneer Green City in Malaysia.

Figure 5: Scenery in Putrajaya

5

Background
PUTRAJAYA—THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENTADMINISTRATIVE CENTRE OF MALAYSIA
The creation of a new Federal Government Administrative Centre at Putrajaya marks a new chapter in the development history of modern Malaysia. The development of
this city was prompted by the government’s desire andthe dire need to balance and disperse development to areas outside of the capital city of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur,
hence improving the urban environment and quality oflife, as well as easing the pressure on the overstretchedinfrastructure of Kuala Lumpur.
Its development provided a golden opportunity for
PJC, the local planning authority for Putrajaya to embark
on innovative planning to represent Malaysian values andmulti cultural background. Putrajaya is planned to beequipped with the latest technologies and facilities to allow improvement in the effectiveness of the government’s machinery and productivity as well providing
amenities that will greatly contribute towards a goodquality of urban living and working environment.
Planning Concept and Philosophy
Putrajaya is a plan driven city based on two underlying
concepts, the city in the garden and the intelligent city.
The adoption of these concepts to guide its physical development was aimed at a balanced and sustainable de-velopment, environmentally, socially, as well as economically. Sustainability concept is clearly evident in the designation of almost 40% of its total city area of 4,931ha
specifically for green and open spaces in the Putrajaya
Master Plan.
In brief, the distinguishing features of the Master
Plan are as follows:●
Planned population is about 347,000 people.
●
A large proportion of the city area is designated as
green open space;●
A large water body (600ha) of man-made lakes
and wetlands was formed by utilizing the small
rivers which run through the area;●
The lake creats a 38-km-long waterfront area;●
Open spaces are developed according to acomplete hierarchy, including 12 metropolitanparks;●
A 4.2-km-long boulevard forms the central spineof the city.

Table 2: Land Use Components

Land UseArea [ha]Percentage [%]Government

225

4.6

Residential

711

14.4

Commercial
Mixed Use

139
41

2.8
0.8

Special Use

138

2.8

Service Industry

11

0.2

Public Amenity

344

7.0

1,930

39.2

Infrastructure & Utility

483

9.8

Road

908

18.4

4,931

100

Open Space

Total(May not sum to total due to rounding error.)
Source: Perbadanan Putrajaya (2009)6

Current Status of Development
Up to date, with 14 years of development, 17 ministries
and more than 50 government departments and agencies
have been relocated to Putrajaya. The city at present has
a population of approximately 70,000 people, and areequipped with numerous community facilities, retail outlets, sport and recreational amenities. By year 2012, theremaining 4 ministries in Kuala Lumpur will be moved to
Putrajaya.
Challenges & Way Forward
At the Copenhagen COP15, Malaysia Prime Ministermade a conditional commitment of a reduction of CO2
emission intensity of Malaysian GDP, of up to 40% by

2020 from a 2005 baseline and this is followed by thePrime Minister announcement in the 2010 Malaysian
Budget speech, that the government will “develop Putrajaya and Cyberjaya as pioneer township in Green Technology, as a showcase for the development of other townships” .
Rising up to the challenge, PJC in collaboration with
the Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water andthe Sepang Municipal Council, have taken a bold step
forward to formulate a Green City Action Plan for Putrajaya and Cyberjaya. To start with, PJC has taken the initiative to conduct a carbon emission baseline study for Putrajaya.

Table 3: Current Status of Development for Major Components

Component

StatusPercentage [% ]Government
Commercial

17 Ministries
437,000 m2

81
10

Housing

21,204 units

33

Public Amenity

149 ha43

Infrastructure & Utility

678 ha79Road666 ha73

1,456 ha75

Open Space (including lake & wetland)
Source: Directly obtained from Planning Department of PJC

Figure 7: PJC office building

7

A Dozen Actions Towards Green City
Three Environmental Targets
The goal for Putrajaya Green City 2025 (PGC2025) interm of quantitative environmental targets are outlinedin three themes. The three themes are “Low-carbon
Putrajaya” for climate change mitigation, “Cooler
Putrajaya” for mitigating urban heat environment, and“3R Putrajaya” for recycle-based society.

Cooler Putrajaya: Peak Temperature -2°C

Low-carbon Putrajaya: GHG Emission Intensity
Related to Energy Use -60%
The target for “Low-carbon Putrajaya” is reducing
GHG emission intensity (per economic activity) related
to energy use by 60% compared to year 2007 level.
This target was set in line with the National Target of
40% reduction of CO2 emission intensity by 2020 andalso based on the future plan as stated in the Putrajaya
Structure Plan (Perbadanan Putrajaya, 2009). Therefore
the City Planning Department of PJC set this target forthis study. To achieve this target, energy efficiency
improvement, utilization of renewable energy and lowcarbon transport and structures will have to be introduced.

is reducing peak temperature 2°C from year 2005 level.

Low-carbon
Putrajaya
GHG emission intensity
related to energy use-60%

Mitigating urban heat environment and lowering peaktemperature are important for not only comfortable lifeof Putrajaya residents and workers, but also reducing
air-conditioning demand that will be effective for “Low-carbon Putrajaya”. For “Cooler Putrajaya”, the target

3R Putrajaya: Final Disposal of Solid Waste-50%, GHG Emission per Waste Generation -50%
Currently, most of the solid waste from Putrajaya islandfilled. However, because of limited natural resourceof the earth, it is required to convert current material
consumption style to more recycle-oriented, sustainable
one. It also can contribute to reduce energy demand,
waste-related GHG emission, and carbon footprint.
Therefore, two targets were set for “3R Putrajaya”;
reducing final disposal of solid waste and GHG emission from solid waste management by 50% compared to
2025BaU level.

CoolerPutrajaya

3R
Putrajaya-2°C

Final disposal& GHG emission fromsolid waste management-50%

Figure 8: Three environmental targets

Figure 9: Scenery in Putrajaya

8

A Dozen Actions
Towards achieving a Green City in Putrajaya, 12 actions are introduced here in this study. These actions are
divided according to the three environmental targets.
The detailed action names and the amount of GHG
emission reduction contributed by each action can beseen in Table 4.
There are 6 low-carbon actions introduced here,
these low-carbon actions propose measures which canbe undertaken by PJC, various relevant authorities andindividuals towards reducing the GHG emission in
Putrajaya.
Three actions are introduced in efforts to reduce
waste using the 3R (Reuse, Recycle and Reduce) andwaste management. Two actions for the reduction ofpeak temperature by 2°C are introduced for the “Cooler
Putrajaya” scenario.
This research determines the GHG emission in
Putrajaya for year 2007 as the base year and estimatesfor 2025. The 12 actions introduced here interpret thesecalculation results into a form which can be understood

ActionAction 9 Action 10
7&8
6.7%
0.2%
3.2%

Action 11
4.4%
Action 1
15.5%

Action 6
1.8%
Action 5
2.5%
Action 4
3.5%

Action 2
29.0%

Action 3
33.2%

Figure 10: Contribution of each action
to GHG emission reduction

easily. Action 3 which is Cutting edge sustainablebuildings, has the highest contribution towards lowering GHG emission. This comes from lowering the energy consumption in all buildings and implementing asuitable lifestyle which is considered towards energy
consumption.

Table 4: GHG emission reduction amount

Name of actions

GHG emission
reduction[ktCO2eq]

1Integrated City Planning & Management

312

Contribution in total
reduction
[%]
15.5

2

Low-carbon Transportation

583

29.0

3

Cutting-Edge Sustainable Buildings

666

33.2

4

Low-carbon Lifestyle

71

3.5

5

More and More Renewable Energy

50

2.5

6

The Green Lung of Putrajaya

35

1.8

7

Cooler Urban Structures and Buildings

8

Community and Individual Action to Reduce Urban Temperature

64

3.2

9

Use Less Consume Less

3

0.2

10

Think Before You Throw

134

6.7

11

Integrated Waste Treatment

88

4.4

12*

Green Incentives and Capacity Building

-

-

2,006
400
2,405

100
-

ActionNumberTotal of PGC2025 Actions
Others**
Total(May not sum to total due to rounding error.)*Action 12 does not have its emission reduction.
**It includes contribution from freight transport (2.8%) and central power generation (13.8%).

9

Integrated City Planning &Management
Integrated urban planning approach underlines goodpractices in urban development, and it has to go hand inhand with simultaneous activities which are related topolicy sectors; both medium and long terms. Urban planning in Putrajaya involves mixed land use planning,
massive tree planting activities and traffic planning.
These plans will significantly contribute to the improvement of the overall ecological balance of the city. The
Putrajaya Structure Plan and other future development
plans have to continuously improved in favour of energy
conservation and GHG emission reduction.
The promotion of low-carbon policies has to be amain theme especially in related sectors; Residential,
Transportation, Commercial, Public Amenities & Utilities, Government Institutions and Power Generation landuse. The implementation of Integrated City Planningand Management through development plans and theimplementation of Low-carbon Society scenario, it isexpected to reduce 312ktCO2eq which contributes toabout 15.5% in total reduction (Figure 12).
Table 5 identifies the sub-actions and programmes
which can be implemented in Putrajaya by the relevant
departments to realize this action. It also shows the contribution of GHG emission reduction of this action.
Make Putrajaya a Bikeable & Walkable City
In planning towards a low-carbon city, non-motorized
movement by walking and cycling are highly encouraged as a mode of travelling through the provision of an
integrated network of pedestrian/cycling paths. These
integrated networks are planned comprehensively to link
together the numerous public facilities, social amenities
and commercial centres with the residential areas. Even
though currently Putrajaya already has the network forpedestrian and cyclist; the ease and security of using
these facilities should be enhanced. This is to encourage

Figure 11: Pedestrian walkway

10

Action Action
7&8
9

Action 1

Action Action
10
11

Action 6
Action 5

Action1,
15.5%

Action 4

Action 2
Action 3

Figure 12: Contribution to GHG emission reduction of Action 1

residents to shift from automobile usage to walking or
cycling around Putrajaya.
The programmes shown in Table 5 are suggestions
as to how this action can be implemented. Putrajaya,
becoming a Garden City which is well know for its
parks and green, should make good use of this special
feature and further encourage non motorized mode oftransportation. School going children should be encouraged to use bicycles or walk to school instead of parents
driving them to school. To realize this, the relevant authorities should play an important role in ensuring thesafety of the cycling paths and walkways.
The government offices should encourage their employees to cycle to work; especially those living within
Putrajaya. To encourage this, office managements andemployers should provide facilities for employees tofreshen up once they reach the work place.
Enhance Mixed-use & Diversified Development
As Putrajaya’s population is expected to increase 7 times
in size from 2007 to 2025, this city has to continuously
develop to provide for the growing needs of its residents.
Putrajaya city planning is driven by sustainable concepts
and contemporary response to the Garden City concept.
This emphasises neighbourhood planning; where selfcontained residential areas are placed near workplaces.
Residents can live and work within short distance tominimize crowded and time-consuming commuting trips
from home to work. The sustainable planning concept
will help shorten the passenger transport lengths andvehicle mile travel (VMT), and in some cases help tofurther promote cycling and walking trips.

Table 5: Sub-actions & Programmes in Action 1

Sub-action

Make Cycling as
Preferred Transport
1-1
Option (Bikeable
City)

Make Walking as
Preferred Transport
1-2
Option (Walkable
City)

Enhance Mixed-use
1-3 and Diversified
Development

1-4

Residential Layout
Planning

Introduce Low
Carbon Planning
1-5 Control &Development Plans& Practices
Allocate Land for
Solid Waste
1-6 Management
Facilities /Management Plan
Total

Programmes

1) Separate route for cyclist and pedestrian2) Facilities for bicycle (bicycle parking spaces)
3) Facilities for cyclist (shower facilities etc.)
4) Bicycle, tricycle rental/shared bicycle, tricycle
program5) Celebrity cyclist encouragement program
6) Provide more shade through landscape7) Bicycle repair shop
8) Incentive for setting up bicycle & repair shop
9) Planning & design action plan for cyclist
10) Priority lighting for cyclist
11) Improvement on the existing cyclist lane
12) Safer school route1) Separate route for cyclist and pedestrian2) Covered pedestrian walkways
3) Pedestrianized streets4) Apply Universal Design Concept (Disable, Senior Citizen, Children etc.)
5) Safer school route6) Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)

ContriGHG
Contribution inemission bution in
total rereduction the Action
duction[ktCO2eq]
[%]
[%]

53

17

3

259

83

13

-

-

-

312

100

16

7) Planning & Design Action Plan for pedestrian8) Pedestrian R & R- Drinking water- Benches- Information kiosk- Police beat1) Encourage Putrajaya Holdings Sendirian Berhad(Sdn Bhd) (PHSB) to expedite the developmentof existing mixed-use plots2) Mixed activities within the same building(flexible usage)1) Orientation/Alignment of the house/building2) Introduce residential element within other development plots (Small Office/Home Office,SOHO)1) Encourage Putrajaya Holdings Sdn Bhd (PHSB)
to expedite the development of existing mixeduse plots2) Mixed activities within the same building(flexible usage)1) Orientation/alignment of the house/building2) Introduce residential element within other development plots (SOHO)

11

Low-carbon Transportation
Through this current study, it is identified that the
Passenger Transportation sector, in 2007 is the second
highest contributor of GHG emission; contributing about
31% of the total emission of 161ktCO2eq, and thisnumber will increase about 8 times in BaU case in 2025with a total contribution of 1,314ktCO2eq. This therefore
summons the need for Low-carbon Transportation
measures; where the dependency on individual vehicles
is reduced and a high level of mobility is ensured. This
Action will contribute about 29% of the total GHG
emission reduction which numbers to about 583tCO2eq
in total reduction in Putrajaya (Figure 13).
Low Emission Vehicles & Intelligent Transportation
SystemSwitching from fossil fuel to renewable energy source is
one of the effective actions in low-carbon transport
policy actions. PJC should promote and encourage theuse of Electric Vehicles (EV) and Hybrid Vehicles (HV)by planning the supporting facilities such as service
station. In order for more effective implementation;
policies which support and encourage government
official vehicles and public transportation to switch to
EV and HV should be introduced.
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) should also
be introduced in Putrajaya. This is the general term used
for new road transportation systems driven by advanced
information and communication technology. The ITS
will manage factors such as vehicles, load, routes toimprove safety, reduce vehicle wear, transportation
times and fuel consumption.

Action 9
Action7&8

Action 2

Action10

Action 6
Action 5
Action 4

Action11

Action 1

Action 3

Action2,
29.0%

Figure 13: Contribution to GHG emission reduction of Action 2

connected with each other by public transportation
networks. Currently, natural gas buses and taxies are
already operated in Putrajaya; however this number
should be increased to meet the increasing demand. It isalso important to have a good network which connects
all the modes of Public transportation within Putrajaya.
This will ensure a better connection from one location toanother and reduce the time spent for waiting. In
addition to this, the existing rail base network andfacilities should be utilized and widened to support theexisting public bus and Express Rail Link (ERL)
services. To encourage a higher usage of public
transportation, Putrajaya has to convince its residents
and commuters that the use of public transportation is
not only convenient but also can be trusted to be on time.

Actions such as Advances in Navigation Systems,
Electronic Toll Collection, Assistance for Safe Driving,
Optimization of Traffic Management, Increasing
Efficiency in Road Management, Support for Public
Transport, Increasing Efficiency in Commercial
Vehicles, Support for Pedestrians, and Support for
Emergency Operations can be adopted or introduced into
the traffic management system by the appropriate
departments in Putrajaya.
Integrated Transportation System
An Integrated Transportation System is designed toeconomically move anyone, anything, anywhere,anytime on time. The central areas of Putrajaya are well

12

Figure 14: Natural gas buses “Nadiputra” and ERL

Table 6: Sub-actions & Programmes in Action 2

Sub-action

Encourage theUse of Low2-1
carbon Emission
VehiclesImplement
Integrated
2-2Transportation
System

Implement
Intelligent
2-3Transportation
SystemEncourage
Transit Oriented
2-4Development(TOD)

Increase Public
Transport
2-5
Provision &
Usage

Total

Contri- ContriGHG
butionbutionemissionin thein total
reduction
Action reduction[ktCO2eq][%][%]

Programmes
1) Encourage walking/cycling to school2) Total ban of diesel engine buses from entering Putrajaya (buses can be parked at Park And Ride)
3) Expend Nadiputra’s services to the surrounding areas(within 25km radius)
4) Government to promote hybrid/electric vehicle5) Government to assist petrol station operators to provide
infrastructure needed
6) Government agencies to use hybrid/electric vehicle
7) Incentives (rebate, tax reduction, etc.) for the usage ofhybrid/electric vehicle for Putrajaya resident
8) Government to expedite to regulate Euro 4M fuel andto assist petrol station operators to provide infrastructure needed for Euro 4M fuel9) Incentives (rebate, tax reduction, etc.) for the usage ofEuro 4M vehicle for Putrajaya government and resident
1) Government to implement Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)/
Dedicated Transport System (DTS) to Putrajaya
2) To implement rail system inbound Putrajaya residential
area and government complex
3) The Putrajaya rail system is to be connected to central
rail system (MRT & LRT)
4) To study the feasibility of using water taxi (battery/electric operated)
5) Implementation bicycle/tricycle for rent
1) To enhance the existing traffic light system
2) To enhance the existing Variable Message Sign (VMS)
3) To implement congestion/cordon charging
4) To enhance the existing Advanced Public Transportation System (APTS)
5) To implement bus junction priority
6) To regularly introduce new transport management
technology/system
1) Identify high density nodes for station development
2) Review land use density along rail base transport route3) Parking management at transit station
4) Integration of all modes of transportation to transit station
5) Mixed used and high density development at transit
station1) Limit parking spaces for private vehicle2) Impose traffic restraint into core island3) Improve Bus Routing to reduce travel time4) Increase bus trip frequency
5) Introduce water taxi (solar power/battery)6) Introduce rail base transport in Putrajaya7) Rail base connectivity between Kuala Lumpur (KL) Putrajaya (Greater KL)
8) Real time schedule information

362

62

18

61

11

3

159

27

8

583

100

29

(May not sum to total due to rounding error.)13

Cutting-Edge Sustainable
Buildings
The energy consumption of buildings in Putrajaya, mainly due to three main sectors, namely; government, commercial, residential and public amenities & facilities. In
2007 the government department has the highest amountof GHG emission which is 180ktCO2eq, and this is expected to increase twice in 2025(BaU). The commercial
sector, on the other hand, only has a contribution of
65ktCO2eq in 2007, however this number increases
about 22 times to 1,435ktCO2eq; which is the highest
emitter in 2025(BaU). The increase of GHG emission inthis sector is in line with the increase in the employmentof this sector. Since buildings are identified to be highGHG emitter, this action will also be the highest reduction target; which will contribute 33.2% (about
666ktCO2eq) of the total emission reduction in Putrajaya(Figure 15).
PJC can promote appropriate and advanced tropicalsustainable buildings by using Asian oriented methodologies, technologies in order to sustain buildings withlong life and high performance. It can support new constructions whereby the design use local and renewablebuildings materials and products. This will be the challenging action which upgrades building sustainability.
Building Evaluation and Training
PJC or relevant government organizations should adopt
existing building evaluation methods, e.g. Green Building Index (GBI), Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design (LEED), Comprehensive Assessment System for
Built Environment Efficiency (CASBEE) etc., to labelbuildings. In the future, Putrajaya should work towards
achieving a standard where all governmental buildings
will be labeled as green building. At the same time, itwill continue to improve the energy saving efficiency

Action 3

Action 11

Action 9

Action 10

Action7&8
Action 5

Action 6

Action 1

Action 4

Action 2
Action 3,
33.2%

Figure 15: Contribution to GHG emission reduction of Action 3

and GHG reduction efficiency measures for all buildings. Training and capacity building for professionals
and technicians on building technology will be established in universities, and organizations such as the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) and othertraining institutions. This will be done in each region for
training of designer and construction workers on theknowledge of energy-efficient building technologies anddesigns.
Environmental Efficiency Labeling
PJC commences an energy efficiency labelling systemfor buildings. This newly-developed evaluation method
aims at long-term energy saving target. The values will
be set for each type of building usage in incremental
steps. The certification and registration of labelling will
be mandatory at the time of purchase for newly-built
houses, at the time of renovation for existing buildings,
and also at certain intervals for lease properties and commercial buildings.

Figure 16: Energy Commission building

14

Table 7: Sub-actions & Programmes in Action 3

Sub-action

Programmes

Contri- ContriGHG
butionbutionemissionin thein total
reduction
Action reduction[ktCO2eq][%][%]

1) Promotion of building materials which are recyclaEco Friendly Building
ble or low-carbon materials
Materials & Energy2) To use high energy efficiency appliances in build3-1 Efficient Labelingings
for Equipments &3) Water saving equipment in toilets (e.g. faucets,
Appliances
flushing, etc.)
1) To introduce BEMS in all government buildings
2) Improvement of the building automated system-Review the default temperature of air conditioner
to be higher-During off peak hours and weekend to minimize
Building Energy
the number of elevators used
3-2 Management System-Tohave sensors for lightings in buildings (e.g.
(BEMS)*
Low occupancy areas- stairwells, toilets, walkways)-To review existing regulations/law with regards
to electricity supply and Gas District Cooling(GDC)
1) To look not only at the design of the building, but
Eco Friendly Building
also the interior design and maintenance of the
3-3
Materials
building
1) Have proper recycling facilities in buildings to reTo Integrate
place the current waste bins in buildings (For stand3-4 Recycling Facilities inardization in all buildings, and for estatic and cleanBuilding Designs
liness of building surroundings)
1) PJC will decide on the rating tool - Green Building
Index or equivalent to achieve all buildings certified
green by 2025
a. Existing buildings (Public)-Audit status of all buildings-Retrofit these buildings within the next 15 years
to achieve certified rating. By 10th year - 75%
of all existing buildingsb. Under construction-To upgrade within 5 years after completion to
Impose Building Ratfulfill minimum certified rating - Mostly up3-5 ing System to All
grading of active elements only
Buildings
c. New buildings-All new buildings must have minimum certified
ratingd. Private commercial buildings-Same as public buildings-Local authority to come out with incentives.
(e.g. Reduction in development charges, fastgreen lane approval, etc.)-Buildings to be have a minimum rating Type:GBI certified or equivalent
Total

501

75

25

115

17

6

50

7

2

-

-

-

-

-

-

666

100

33

* CO2 emission reduction by this Sub-action includes the effect of energy saving behavior.

15

Low-carbon Lifestyle

Action 4

Low-carbon Lifestyle is an action which concentrates on
measures that involve the public.
The residential sector in Putrajaya contributes about
23ktCO2eq to the total GHG emission in Putrajaya in
2007. However this number increases about 11 times
higher to 266ktCO2eq in 2025. The floor area in the residential sector increases about 5.6 times from 2007 to
2025. The emission in the residential sector is mainly
contributed by the use of electricity mainly for spacecooling, lighting and use of electrical appliance. This eco
concisions home action, aims to reduce 3.5% of the total
GHG emission reduction (Figure 17).
Dissemination of Energy Saving and Control Technologies
Practical use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), such as Home Energy Management System (HEMS) has made it possible for autonomous operation and control of appliances. This system will automatically suspend the operation in spaces and periods oftime when people are not present. Furthermore, the appropriate organizations in Putrajaya should establishes
the product labelling system and promote to improve theefficiency of equipments through continual appliancerepairs and exchange of parts as well as updating to thelatest high-efficiency appliances. The citizens also
should be more aware and educated on the energy saving
behaviors which can be practiced at home.
Promoting Low-Carbon Products
Since Putrajaya does not have a large industrial sector,
all products, foods and other materials are imported fromoutside the boundaries. It is important for Putrajaya topromote local products and low-carbon local foods. The
imported may preferably be from low-carbon farming
locally in Malaysia or outside. Consumers will be givena wide range of choices in selection of foodstuffs in supermarkets and restaurants. However these items should
be labelled with health related information, and GHG
emission to promote popularity of environmental awareness of low-carbon agricultural products. Specifically,
consumers prefer locally grown vegetables by farmers
that make various innovations to ensure lower carbon
emission. Putrajaya shall also encourages supermarkets

16

Action 9
ActionAction 6 7&8

Action10

Action11

Action 1

Action 5
Action 4,
3.5%

Action 2
Action 3

Figure 17: Contribution to GHG emission reduction of Action 4

and other stores to support their efforts to promote lowcarbon products by introducing eco-points and othersimilar incentives.

Figure 18: Example of HEMS (NEC Corporation, 2010)
and Scenery in Putrajaya

Table 8: Sub-actions & Programmes in Action 4

Sub-action

4-1

Energy Efficient
Appliances in Homes

Programmes

1) Promotion to create awareness2) High rise residential areas (Apartments/condos)- The common spaces to be retrofitted with energy
management system

ContriContriGHG
butionbutionemissionin totalin thereduction
reducAction
tion[ktCO2eq]
[%]
[%]

55

77

3

16

23

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

71

100

4

- Existing buildings to be retrofitted within thenext 5 years
Home Energy
4-2 Management System(HEMS)*

1) House automated system (for lighting, security,etc.)1) Provide more outlets to sell organic/low-carbon
products

4-3

Promoting Organic /Low-carbon Products

To Integrate
Recycling Facilities in
4-4High rise Residential
Building Designs

2) Incentives: introducing eco points and other similar
incentives
3) To encourage and intensify the “Bumi Hijau” initiative (Organic Food are low-carbon because food is
not imported from outside of Putrajaya)
1) Have proper recycling facilities in high rise residential buildings (Especially government quarters)
2) This will be imposed as a regulation in all government quarters (For standardization in all buildings,
and for cleanliness of building surroundings)

Total
*

GHG emission reduction by this Sub-action includes the effect of energy saving behavior.

Figure 19: Scenery in Putrajaya

17

More & More
Renewable Energy
The power generation for the energy demand in Putrajaya is supplied from outer boundary. In term of energy
security, it is necessary for Putrajaya to generate andmanage electricity. The More and More Renewable Energy Action focuses on enhancing the use of renewableenergy in Putrajaya. This action contributes about 2.5%of the total emission reduction (Figure 20).

Action 5

Action 10
ActionAction 9
7&8

Action 11

Action 6
Action 5,
2.5%

Action 1

Action 4
Action 2

Life Supported by the Sun
PJC together with the suitable agencies should encourage
the installation of low cost photovoltaic systems in housing areas. It is possible to design and install them on var- Figure 20: Contribution to GHG emission reduction of Action 5
ious parts of buildings including the roof, walls and winplans. The fallen leaves or residuals from street greensdows to ensure it will not affect the townscape and aeswill provide the biomass supply. At the same time, thethetic value of the building. In many cases, photovoltaic
waste-type biomass generated within each region is also
are installed in not only residences and buildings but alsoutilized to the full extent. It is expected that the market
in fallow lands for the purpose of selling the generated
share of bio-energy for heat and electricity is on the inpower. Here in Putrajaya, photovoltaic panels should
crease.
also be used by other buildings such as government offices, department buildings, and commercial buildings.
The advantageous effect is expected to reduce
50ktCO2eq, which contributes about 2% in total reduction. Currently with the collaboration with Tenaga National Berhad, PJC has started a 5 megawatt solar farmproject. This project will be the beginning of many otherprojects which involve solar harvesting.
Action 3

Local Production and Consumption of Renewable
EnergyPJC can also promote the diffusion of autonomous andgrid-independent system for renewable energy generation while minimizing its influence on existent powersystems. Solar power generators and wind power generators are equipped with energy storage devices, enabling
stable electricity supply. A part of generated electricity isused for the hydrogen production, which in turn is supplied to fuel cells in residences and offices and even tofuel cell vehicles. In addition, beyond individual energy
storage systems, some precincts should have their own
electricity supply systems that adjust demand and supplyof electricity within the precinct by joint utilization ofsolar, wind, and biomass.
Biomass Production and Utilization
PJC promotes the biomass production and utilization

18

Figure 21: Solar PV on rooftop and scenery in Putrajaya

Table 9: Sub-actions & Programmes in Action 5

Sub-action

Photovoltaic
Power
5-1
Generation andUtilization

Alternative FuelSource from
5-2 Solar Assisted
Power
Generation
ExplorePossibilities of
5-3
Utilizing Solar
ThermalBiomass
5-4 Production &Utilisation

Research &Development for
5-5
RE LocalConsumption

Total

Programmes
1) To implement 5 megawatt project solar farm (TNB)
2) To study the feasibility of using PV/(+hybrid) power generation on these buildings/facilities
a Administrative and commercial building lighting withefficient lamp
b. Residential areac. Bus stopd. Traffic lighte. Advertisement/road signage
f. Street lighting
g. Irrigation solar pumph. Charging station electric vehicles
i. Solar air conditioning unit
3) To implement measure identified if feasible4) To review existing regulation/law and agreement withregard to electricity supply
1) To study feasibility of using hydrogen production for fuelcell for public transportationa. To implement measure identified if feasibleb. To review existing regulation/law
1) To study the feasibility of using solar thermal for the following applicationa. Hot water for domestic use, hospital and hotelb. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)c. Solar desiccant
1) To study the feasibility of anaerobic digestion of municipal waste, sewerage waste for methane production
2) To study the feasibility of anaerobic digestion of direct
combustion using incinerator or plasma for heat production
1) To study the feasibility of using water from lake for thermal sink (lower temperature of the lake bed water) for
GDC operation (Presint 5)- The water temperature difference between the water on
the surface and bottom of lake. (e.g. pump water frombottom of lake will be (Cooler water) to chill in GDC)
2) To explore opportunities for Co-generation from existing
GDC plants
a. To review existing regulation/law
b. To implement the use of waste heat from GDC to generate-Electric-Heat-Cooling (absorption chiller)3) To explore the feasibility of using small wind turbine system (+hybrid) with low speed for electricity generation

Contri- ContriGHG
butionbutionemissionin thein total
reduction
Action reduction[ktCO2eq]
[%]
[%]

50

100

3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

50

100

3

19

The Green Lung of
Putrajaya

Action 6

ActionPutrajaya city is among the few planned cities in MalayAction 9 10
Actionsia that have more than a third of total area allocated for
Action 6, Action
11
7&8
1.8%
functional green open spaces. These planned urban green
Action 1
in the forms of urban parks, city parks and pocket parks
Action 5
at the neighborhood area provide residents with the opAction 4
portunity to experience greenery, nature and wildlife at
the door steps. Apart from the aesthetically pleasing,
Action 2
Action3these green resources and wetland are not only effective
to reduce the heat island phenomena, but also GHG absorption by the photosynthesis mechanism. Trees planting by the pedestrian walkway and urban parks help to Figure 22: Contribution to GHG emission reduction of Action 6
absorb GHG emitted from the vehicles on the streets.
Through urban green improvement and maintenance species of trees which can be planted around the suitable
planning, it creates comfortable and valuable urban envi- areas in Putrajaya.
ronment for citizens in Putrajaya. The carbon sink by
Encourage Greenfrastructure Management in City
tree planting is expected to reduce 35ktCO2eq, which Planning Practicecontributes 1.8% in total reduction (Figure 22).
There should be a good integration between the green
and the infrastructure in the areas in Putrajaya. About
Action Plan for “One Million Trees”
In this action, a total of one million trees should be 40% of the total land area of Putrajaya is alreadyplanted in Putrajaya by 2025. Towards starting an action planned as open space and green area. Therefore thereplan for urban reforestation, Putrajaya firstly has to de- has to be enhancement in the city planning practices tovelop a tree inventory database to identify the types of plant more suitable trees for these areas.

tree which are planted around this area, so that the carbon accounting can be done. With this database, the relevant departments in Putrajaya can determine the specificPutrajaya also has a very big water body which encompasses about 600ha (Lake and Wetlands), which canbe used for rainwater harvesting.

Figure 23: Scenery in Putrajaya

20

Table 10: Sub-actions & Programmes in Action 6

Sub-action

To Develop an
6-1 Action Plan for
Urban Reforestation

Programmes

Contri- ContriGHG
butionbutionemissionin thein total
reduction
Action reduction[ktCO2eq][%][%]

1) To identify Suitable species for planting at different
locations:a. Along roadsides
b. Monorail reserves
c. Buffer zones
d. Around lake area for filtratione. Tree planting programme integrates with rainwater harvesting2) To increase urban forest areas by:
a. Naturalize planting; instead of plantation

To Encourage
Greenfrastructure
6-2
Management in City
Planning Practices

To Develop a
6-3 Detailed TreeInventory Database

To Ensure
Connectivity
6-4
between Fragmented
Forests

Innovation and
6-5 Research &Development

b. Native/indigenous species
c. Wider planting strips
1) Urban forest
a. Plant selection contributing to carbon sink - saff
flowerb. Urban forest management plan2) Wetlands-plant selection contributing to carbon sink

35

100

2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

35

100

2

3) Lake - Water harvesting for irrigation
4) Parks & Open spaces - introduce plant with highest
carbon sink (bamboo)
5) To regulate the use of centralized chilled water from
GDC in all commercial buildings within the CBD6) To encourage and introduce rainwater harvesting1) To collect these data:- Number of trees planted- Species of trees planted- Diameter of trees- Growth speed2) To derive the carbon accounting from the inventorydata1) Create wild life crossings and animal bridges
2) Enhance ecology

1) Explore possibilities of using green areas, lake andwetland as carbon sink2) Extensively promote roof top and vertical gardens
3) Conduct research & development activities on tree
selection, maintenance, carbon sequestration, carrying capacity, etc.
4) Composting of tree waste below ground as carbon
storage

Total

21

Cooler Urban Structure andBuilding

Action 7

Strategies of Urban Heat Island (UHI) Mitigation
Mitigation measures of an urban heat island demonstratea big effect not only to raise a comfort of local residents
but also to bring a co-benefit with a low-carbon policies.
Here, we propose the strategy of reducing peak outdoor
temperature in the daytime by 2°C. Two groups of countermeasures package are shown and the effects are quantified by UHI model simulation. In Action 7, we propose

the countermeasures related to the Urban structure andbuilding. In Action 8, countermeasures in community
and individual scale, such as modal shift and energy saving action, are proposed. For some sub-actions, the thermal energy balance in the urban area was quantitatively
estimated by using the meso-scale meteorological model.

Designing Urban Structure for More Ventilation
In Asian region especially in hot and humid climate,wind velocity is the most effective factor to increase
pedestrian comfortable environment, even if either air
temperature or humidity are high. However, the densityof urban area is usually high and it causes the efficiencyof air changing worse. Moreover, the group of high-risebuildings makes the large wall, and blocks the urban
wind flow. Consequently, all buildings constructed in
Putrajaya need to be considered making wind corridor
in the design process.

Guideline for Building to Reduce UHI Effect
Generally, buildings composing urban environment
cause the enhancement of UHI effect. It means surfacesof buildings make a part of urban surface, and exhausted
heat from buildings are also influential factors for the
UHI. Consequently, satisfied consideration in building
design or landscape design around the building are essential. Wind corridors and shady paths among buildings
can be planned by building orientation or composition.
Choices of surface materials of the grounds or building
facades should also be considered. In building systemdesign, exhausted heat in the air should be reduced bymeans of changing heat exchange by latent heat or raising energy efficiency higher. In order to promote wellconsideration for UHI, design guideline is effective toolsuch as CASBEE-Heat Island (HI).

Also, since wind field is dominated by land use of
surrounding area, suitable land use planning is necessary to be considered.
Maximizing the Cooling Effect by Green
Greening has a strong effect in mitigation of UHI. Since
Putrajaya is abundant in open space and water front, if asuitable plant is grown, the relaxation of UHI can be
maximized. Moreover, the rooftop gardening and wall
greening can also inhibit the intrusion of heat to the inside of a building, and energy consumption of air conditioning can be reduced.

Table 11: Peak Temperature reduction by Action 7&8*

Calculation case
(explanations are describedin pages 40-41)
Urban Green CaseHigh reflecting paint Case
Reduced artificial heat from
Vehicle Case
Reduced artificial heat frombuilding Case
Total

Reflectionof solarradiation [W/m2]

Sensibleheat flux[W/m2]

Latentheat flux[W/m2]

Peak
temperature
reduction** [°C]

Total
contribution
[%]

0
+48.3

-275.0-37.4+275.0
-11.0

-1.65
-0.23

83
11

0

-9.0

-1.5

-0.06

3

0

-11.5

-1.8

-0.07

4

+48.3

-332.9+260.7-2.01

100(May not sum to total due to rounding error.)* Preliminary calculation. Some of countermeasures have not be included in this calculation.
** Average peak temperature is 34.6°C in selected calculation days.

22

Table 12: Sub-actions & Programmes in Action 7

Sub-action

Reflecting
Enhance
Reduction
incoming
ventilationof sensible
solar radiaby wind*heat flux*
tion*

Programmes

Urban
7-1 Wind
Ventilation

1) Land use planning of surrounding area Suitable allocation of forest, lake, anddeveloped area◎○

2) Building orientation/wind direction◎○

3) Ventilation path from/to lake and river◎○

1) Urban Greening - Planting more suitabletree2) Rooftop gardening - shrubs - selected
existing flat roof and future development (National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia, 2009)

7-2 Greening○

3) Wall greening - Green curtain

Reflection
7-3 of Solar
Radiation4) Reduce road surface/driveway - increase
grasscrete areas
1) Usage of high reflectance material/
finishes for rooftop
2) Usage of high reflectance material/
finishes for building wall◎

3) Usage of heat shield pavement

◎

◎

○

◎

○

◎

○

◎

○

○

○

◎

1) Energy saving building
7-4 Building

Reducesensible
temp.*◎

2) Heat insulating roof/wall to save energy
for air conditioning

◎

○

○

3) Suitable design and material for wall ofbuilding to reduce emission of radiative
heat to urban street canopy

◎

○

○

Sensible
Heat Flux

Latentheat Flux

40

Daily Max38

Daily Min
Solar
Radiation

36
34
32

Net Long-wave
Radiation

30
28
26

24
22
20
Jul-2005

May-2005

Mar-2005
Jan-2005

Nov-2004

Sep-2004

Jul-2004

May-2004

Mar-2004
Jan-2004

Nov-2003

Sep-2003

Jul-2003

May-2003

Mar-2003
Jan-2003

Daily maximum and minimum temperature [℃]* ◎: Major mechanism of countermeasure, ○: Effective

Figure 24: Daily maximum and minimum temperature(Monitored temperature in Taman Putra Perdana, Precinct 1, Putrajaya,
Directly obtained from Planning Department of PJC)
Daily maximum temperature in Putrajaya is over 30°C. Especially, it
exceed 35°C from January to May. Model Calculation targets this period.

Ground Heat Flux

Artificial Heat

Figure 25: Urban Heat Balance

23

Community and Individual Action to
Reduce Urban Temperature
Reducing Artificial Heat Exhaust
One of the reasons of urban heat island is an artificial
exhaust heat. The major sources of artificial exhaust
heat in Putrajaya are the waste heat from air conditioning and automobiles.
So, the modal shift to public transportation can
reduce the exhaust heat from vehicles. And, the energy
saving actions can suppress the exhaust heat from building.
The Active Use of the Water
When the water evaporates, heat is taken away and theambient air temperature is mitigated. Watering the pavement, where the temperature becomes very hot by direct
sunlight, can reduce ambient temperature. Also, a waterretentive pavement material can sustain the effect of
reducing the temperature. In addition, water sprinklingto the pavement and grassland enhances the evaporation
and reduces surface temperature.

Actions for reducing UHI also have co-benefit for Lowcarbon Society. The advantageous effect is expected toreduce 64ktCO2eq, which contributes 3.2% in total reduction (Figure 26).
Reduction of Cooling DemandHighly raised air temperature causes the increase coolingdemand in buildings. In case of heat pump air conditioning system, high outdoor air reduces the efficiency ofheat exchange, as a result, cooling systems consume
more energy. Therefore, the relaxation actions for UHI
is expected to reduce GHG emission in building or residential sectors. The advantageous effect is expected toreduce 19ktCO2eq, which contributes 1.0% in total reduction.
Modal ShiftHeat island phenomenon makes the outdoor air temperature high, and pedestrians suffer the overheating affection. Severe and unbearable outside situation makes the24

Action 8

Lowering Sensible Temperature
Direct sunlight is the largest heat stress to pedestrians
and bicyclist. By making the shade by the roadside tree
or artificial shading, sensible temperature can be reduced significantly. Also, mist spray has significant
effect of lowering local temperature with little energy. It
is effective to install them at the bus stop and intersection.
Education and Diffusion of Energy Saving Action
It is necessary to expand education and a mechanism todiffuse modal shift and an energy saving action. In order
to increase the preset temperature of air conditioning in
the office, it is important to popularize a cool dress like
Smart Casual. In addition to the improvement of public
transportation network, it is necessary to install facilities
such as the bus location system using an Information
Technology (IT) to promote modal shift. Also, the installation of the signboard which shows the distance tothe destination is expected to raise the convenience of
the walker.

Action Action 9 Action
10
7&8,
3.2%
Action 6
Action 5

Action11

Action 1

Action 4

Action 2
Action 3

Figure 26: Contribution to GHG emission reductionof Action 7 & 8

pedestrians get away from walking or bicycle, consequently, they uses the vehicles or other devices. PJC
plans several countermeasures for UHI and these actions
also help reducing GHG emission. The advantageous
effect is expected to reduce 45CO2eq, which contributes
2.2% in total reduction.

Table 13: Sub-actions & Programmes in Action 8

Sub-action

To Reduce
8-1 Artificial Heat
Exhaust8-2

Active Utilize of
Water

To reduce
8-3 Sensible
Temperature

Reflecting
Enhance
Reduction Reduceincoming
ventilationof sensible sensible
solar radiaby wind*heat flux* temp.*
tion*

Programmes

1) Modal shift to the public transportation◎

2) Electric-powered vehicle and hybridcar◎3) Use of district cooling system◎

4) Save energy by cutting down on air
conditioning
1) Watering paved surfaces/Waterretentive pavement◎◎◎

2) Fountain/water park◎○

3) Water sprinkling○◎

1) Pedestrian shading – canopy/
linkages2) Open spaces-green pocket, green
connector between buildings◎◎

3) Water mist along the walkway◎

1) Cool Biz’
Human
Parameters
8-4(Behavior
Change)○2) Education for energy saving/suitable
air conditioning
3) Signage’s of distance to encourage
people to walk◎○○4) Encourage public transport usage○* ◎: Major mechanism of countermeasure, ○: Effective
Table 14: GHG emission reduction by Action 8

Low-carbon countermeasure

GHG emission
reduction[ktCO2eq]

Contribution in
the Action[%]

Contribution in
total reduction[%]

Reduction of cooling demand (by UHI mitigation)
Modal shift from automobile to bicycle & walk(by UHI mitigation)

19

30

1.0

45

70

2.2

Total

64

100

3.2

Dry mist spray

Green wall
Shading by trees
Figure 27: Countermeasures to lower urban temperature

Rooftop gardening25

Putrajaya Green City 2025 Workshop
PJC, as the local authority of Putrajaya, plays an important role in the stakeholders discussion sessions anddecision making process which lead to the compilationof this report. This workshop was held as an initiative
towards creating Putrajaya as a Green Township by thePrime Minister of Malaysia. There were about 100 participants from 35 different agencies from both public
and private sectors as well as Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and representatives from the Putrajaya
Resident Association who attended this workshop.
A two days Putrajaya Green City Workshop wasorganized by PJC from 12th-13th February, 2011. The
objectives of this workshop are as follows:
1. To create a platform where professionals gather toshare knowledge and ideas towards creating Putrajaya as a Pioneer Green City.
2. To get the involvement and participation of various

stakeholders to get their corporation in the processof collecting data and get their views and opinion
about their roles in the implementation of these
Programmes.
3. To get the feedback and suggestion from the participants of the workshop about the first draft of theactions proposed in this report.
The participants were also put into groups according to their professions in order to brainstorm and give
their feedback about the first draft of actions drawn up
by the task force of this project. The results of the discussion in this workshop was taken into consideration
for the sub-actions and programs identified in this PGC
report.

Figure 28: Putrajaya Green City 2025 Workshop, held during 12 th-13th February, 201126

Use Less Consume Less
Our daily consumption preference influences our waste
generation. In order to balance the economic growth andthe natural resource saving with our concern towards
sustainable development, it is important to reduce
consumed goods, as a result, this consumption lifestyledepresses GHG emission as well as waste reduction.

Action 9,
0.2%
Action 10

Action 11

Action7&8
Action 6

Action 1

Action 5
Action 4“Reduce” is the first pillar of 3R in Solid Waste
Management (SWM). It is defined as “reducing theamount of waste by increasing the efficiency of resource
use and extending the useful life of products”. Efforts ofreduction activities save money not only of household
but also of authority’s waste treatment cost.
By practice of “reduce” activities in home, GHG
emission from household waste can be reduced by
2.85ktCO2eq, which contributes 93% of the reduction by
this action. Remaining 6% and 1% are carried out by

Action 9

Action 2
Action 3

Figure 29: Contribution to GHG emission reduction of Action 9

restriction of plastic bag use in business sector and promotion of IBS (Industrialized Building System) whichshould be applied in 70% of future building construction(See also pages 42-43).

Table 15: Sub-actions & Programmes in Action 9

Sub-action

Programmes

GHG
emission
reduction[ktCO2eq]

ContriContribution
butionin thein total
Action reduction[%][%]

1) Reduction of household waste reduction
a. Reduction in household consumption

Implement
9-1 Reduction ofWaste at Source

Introduce
9-2 Regulatory
Framework
Total

b. Increase public awareness in consumption reduction
2) Reduction of business waste reduction
a. Intensify waste reduction programs in schools,
offices and businesses
b. Introduces and intensify paperless operations inbusinesses
c. Shops and retail outlets, to restrict the usage ofplastic bags
3) Reduction of construction waste
a. Promote extensive use of IBS (Industrialized
Building System) in building constructions
1) Make green accreditation mandatory
a. Government offices to restrict/refrain from using
PET bottles and Styrofoam utensils in events/
functionsb. Impose penalty for the disposal of reusable construction/renovation material

2.85

93

0.142

-

-

-

0.18

6

0.009

0.04

1

0.002

-

-

-

3.07

100

0.153

27

Think Before You Throw
Before we throw useless things, we should think of“reuse” and “recycle” to reduce GHG emission as wellas waste. “Reuse” and “Recycle” are the second andthird pillars of 3R in SWM, and respectively mean torepair for longer use, to use in other manner or to pass to
who desires and to process it in order to get back to the
products or their materials.

Action 10

ActionAction 9 10, 6.7%
Action7&8
Action 6

Action11
Action 1

Action 5

Action 4
Action 2
Action 3

This action contributes to reduction of 134ktCO2eq
in 2025. The biggest reduction is from waste separation
at source with 72% from office and commercial, and Figure 30: Contribution to GHG emission reduction of Action 10
24% from household sector. Implementation of wastesorting at source should work together with separate col- garden will give extra benefit ofsocializing and enjoyment. Comlection and both selections are based on waste treatment.
munity farming is one of PJC onBuild More Facilities to Enhance Reuse
going program known as “Kempen
However, before waste products are sent to the final
Bumi Hijau”. Large amount oftreatment, some can be reused after going through minor
food waste from school/office/pre-treatment. Introduction of medium such as Flea marrestaurant is treated using comket, car boot sale and drop off point is one way to enposting machine efficiently at thehance reuse by household. In 2025, Putrajaya will haveon-side facility, and landscape
7 Park and Ride facilities, that serve as parking area,
Figure 31: Kempen
waste and sewage sludge is treatBumi Hijau by PJC
these facilities can be transformed into open space to
ed in centralized composting faenhance reuse. Park and Ride area can be the location
cility located in Putrajaya Integrated Solid Waste Recovfor car boot sale during the weekend. Other open spaces
ery Facility.
in residential area or government office can also play the
Waste Separation at Sourcesame role.
PJC together with Alam Flora, provide household andPutrajaya Buy Back Centre
offices garbage bins for waste separation. Commercial
Buy back centers in Putrajaya provide the public opporsectors such as restaurants, cafeterias and hotels are also
tunity to sell their unneeded items. The centre wasprovided with organic-waste bin for composting purlaunched in August 2010, and it is the only one daily
pose. It is targeted by 2025 that waste separation, recyoperating permanent buy back centre. Currently there arecling and composting center allocation become mandatotwo permanent and three mobile centres that are operatry in Putrajaya.
ing in Putrajaya. The residents can choose from two different methods of payment; by cash or point system, Introduce IBS to Building Construction
Industrial building system suppresses waste generation
since the introduction of “Putrajaya Green Card”.
at construction site by prefabrication of construction
Encourage of Composting at Source
materials.
Natural circulation of biomass waste is essential countermeasure for waste and GHG reduction. For reduction atsource, composting of food waste should be the main
focus. Four levels of composting were introduced in theestimation, which are home, community, on-site andcentralized composting. While conventional compostingat home is very easy to carry out, farming in community
Figure 32: Putrajaya Buy Back Centre in Precint 8

28

Table 16: Sub-actions & Programmes in Action 10

Sub-action
Expansion of
10-1 Products
Lifespan

Build More
10-2 Facilities toEnhance Reuse

10-3

Introduce andEncourage

Recovery of
10-4 Used Cooking
Oil

GHG
emission
reduction[ktCO2eq]

Programmes

Encourage the reuse of household waste
Introduce flea market where residents can resell their
1) unused belonging. (electrical items, furniture, books,
etc.)
Provide locations for car boot sale (eg. At Park & Ride2)
facilities, open space in residential areas, etc.)
Drop off point for reusable waste (e-waste, household
3)
waste, etc.)
4) Libraries to introduce books sharing activities
1) Household - home composting2) Conventional method
Encourage household to separate used cooking oil forcollection
Impose food and beverage outlets, school/office can2)
teens to separate used cooking oil for collection
1) Residential area
1)

Contri- Contribution
butionin thein total
Action reduction
[%]
[%]

1.2

0.9

0.06

-

-

-

3.7

2.8

0.19

0.2

0.1

0.01

0.1

0.1

0.01

128.4

96.1

6.40

133.5

100

6.66

a. Recyclable
b. Organic (food, used cooking oil, garden waste)c. Others (e-waste, bulky, etc.)* Impose mandatory waste separation in all government quarters
Introduce
Regulatory
Framework to
10-5
Impose Waste
Separation at
Source2) Officea. Recyclable
b. Others (e-waste, bulky, etc.)* Mandatory allocation of recycling center in buildings
3) Commercial
a. Recyclable
b. Organic (food, used cooking oil, landscape)c. Others (e-waste, bulky, etc.)* Mandatory allocation of recycling/composting center in facilities/parks

Total(May not sum to total due to rounding error.)Figure 33: Night market as reuse promotion venue

Figure 34: Waste separation bins

29

Integrated Waste Treatment
Recycle, treatment, and disposal facilities support to therobust solid waste management. There are several
options for waste treatment in order to recover all thevaluable resources and to minimize the needs to use
virgin materials.
This action reduce GHG emission by 88ktCO2eq or
4.4% of total emission reduction. Composting contributes to 88% of GHG reduction in this action. Especiallycomposting by commercial sector is important.
In order to enhance recycling activities in Putrajaya, in
2025 more buy back center should be provided. Fromthe estimation, this program reduce 5ktCO2eq.
The model estimation includes not only GHG emission
from waste treatment but also waste handling stage:
GHG from waste collection and transportation. Introduction of Integrated Solid Waste Recovery Facility in Putrajaya reduces GHG emission from waste handling itself.
Landscapewaste
Sewage sludge
Paper
Plastic bottle
Cans
Glass bottle
Combustible
waste
Used cooking
oil
LegendCentralizedcomposting
facility

Sorting andbailing facility
Incinerator
BDF facility
Waste

Treatment facility

CompostPaper package
Plastic
package
Steel block
Aluminum
block
Glass care
Ash
BDF
Product

Figure 35: Process of waste treatment

Action11, 4.4%
ActionAction 9
Action 10
Action 6

7&8

30

Action 1

Action 5
Action 4
Action 2

Action 3

Figure 36: Contribution to GHG emission reduction of Action 11

Utilization of Bio-Diesel Fuel
Waste cooking oil is collected and utilized as fuel. Biodiesel fuel generated from treatment of used cooking oil
has similar quality to the diesel oil. Therefore it can bedirectly used in conventional transportation engine. Usage of generated bio-diesel fuel in waste transportation
truck is the most applicable option. The recovery of usedcooking oil not only reduces amount of waste sent tolandfill but also reduces GHG emission because cooking
oil belongs to “carbon natural” by regarding the natureof cooking oil as “carbon neutral”.
Pay As You Throw“Pay As You Throw” system is known as unit pricing or
variable-rate pricing. Due to the introduction of this system, household in Putrajaya will be charged according to
the amount of their discharged waste. This program will
create direct incentive to recycle more and generate lesswaste.

Integrated Solid Waste Recovery Facility
To save energy and cost, an integrated solid waste recovery facility will necessary to be constructed as a recycle
home base.
Thermal Treatment
This is a treatment process that involves the combustionof organic substances contained in waste materials. It
can significantly reduces the necessary volume for final
disposal up to roughly 90% in volume. Another benefit
is that this treatment produces power in the process ofwaste burning.

Action 11

BDF* Plant
Diesel fuelCooking oil*BDF: Bio Diesel Fuel
Figure 37: Process of bio-diesel fuel utilization

Table 17: Sub-actions & Programmes in Action 11

Sub-action

Integrated
Solid Waste
11-1 Recovery
Facility

GHG
emission
reduction[ktCO2eq]

Programmes
1) Mini thermal treatment plant for non- recyclable orcompostable waste
2) Sorting center for recyclable waste3) Baling facility for recyclable waste before transported
4) Bio- diesel fuel plant for used cooking oil5) Crushing facility for construction waste
6) Centralized composting center for landscape waste andsewage sludge7) Biogas plant for organic waste
8) Sewage treatment

Introduce
11-2 Regulatory
Framework

1) To provide more composting facilitya. Household - community composting - Provide common compost bins for garden waste in residential areas.
- Provide common compost bins for garden waste inresidential areas.
b. Commercial - On-site composting machine for F&B
outlets/markets/hotels- On- site composting machine for F&B outlets/
markets/hotels* Impose regulations for landscape activities to use
compost produced in Putrajaya

Contri- Contribution
butionin thein total
Action reduction[%][%]

Contribution of these programmes are included in Subaction 10-5.
Contribution of this program isincluded in Sub-action 10-4.
Contribution of this program isincluded in Sub-action 9-1, program 3.
75.87

86.65

3.8

-

-

-

1.46

1.67

0.07

4.75

5.42

0.24

5.48

6.26

0.27

-

-

88

100

2) Provide more buy back centera. Fixed facilities- Boutique for recycle product- Daily operation
b. Mobile facilities- Vehicles that go around residential areas- Weekly operation
3) Introduce separate collection- Fixed schedule by Alam Flora
4) Study on “Pay As You Throw” system

Total

4.37

(May not sum to total due to rounding error.)Figure 38: Thermal treatment facility(Picture of Eastern Clean Centre, Okayama, Japan)

Figure 39: Bailing and sorting at Material Recovery Facility

31

Green Incentives andCapacity Building
The Green Incentives and Capacity Building Action
Policy framework with the support of national government has to be established to ensure businesses with potentials to create and operate low-carbon market are able
to realize it in Putrajaya. Supply of low-carbon, highvalue-added goods and services through energy efficient
production systems should be actively encouraged
through the introduction of appropriate policy measures.
Business Derivative by Economic Incentive
Programmes to encourage business organizations to support GHG emission reduction targets set by PJC should
be introduced and internalized by those organizations
through setting their own emission reduction targets voluntarily. Government organizations and departments
should also actively participate in emission reduction
programmes especially in the services provided to/by
government organizations and departments. Third-party
organizations to evaluate GHG reduction targets shouldbe established or employed by PJC to assess the achievement of the set reduction targets.
Framework for incentives such as tax reduction
measures can be gradually introduced through suitablemeans.
Demand Pull by “Low-Carbon” Value Permeation
Consumers have come to prefer low-carbon products andservices, and accordingly, companies are increasing theirdevelopment investment in low-carbonization of their
manufacturing technologies and services. In addition,
since monetary investment on companies actively implementing low-carbonization is on the increase, lowcarbonization of company activities has become an important element from the viewpoint of corporate compet-

itiveness. Consequently, a number of revolutionary technologies have been put into practice. Putrajaya, as alarge consumer, should support the trials for lowcarbonization of products and services.
Education Framework in Cooperation with Green
Experts
The Ministry of Education in collaboration with PJC
should create educational materials and curriculum tomatch the capacity for all school going children. Moreover, by developing educational programs which require
the participation of parents and children will defuse the“child-to-parent” and “child-to-sibling” spill-over ofknowledge effect for dissemination of environmental
awareness. It is also important to organize environmental
training sessions for teachers in order to improve theirknowledge. In cooperation with NGOs and other privatecompanies, provision of proper information to the general public will be achieved through holding of environmental events and training sessions.
Capacity Building and Environment Education
In educational institutions from primary to secondary
schools, environmental education should become a compulsory subject and must be implemented in various educational programs. To support this, PJC should introduce
programs to certify government officers with a certification system as low-carbon society advisors. All Government departments and agencies should hire a certain
number of low-carbon society advisors to be part of theworkforce of the department. These advisors play animportant role in educating on low-carbon practices andgiving advice to their organizations management to be
low-carbon emitters.

Figure 40: Discussion between PJC and stakeholders, and Environment education

32

Action 12

Table 18: Sub-actions & Programmes in Action 12

Sub-action
Demand Pull by
12-1 “Low-carbon” Value
Permeation

Programmes
1) Networking (smart partnership)2) Testing and evaluation of products and technologies by PJC or Federal
Government
1) Organize public forum
2) Activities on International Green Days (World Environtment Day,
Earth Day, World Habitat Day etc.)

Education Framework in
12-2 Cooperation With Green
Experts

3) Infuse environmental studies in educational system
4) In-house in service environmental/sustainability awareness program(PJC staff, government departments and agencies)5) Community information board & newsletter6) Development of the educational materials (interactive multimedia,
DVD, posters, flyers, manuals etc.) in collaboration with Environmental NGOs
1) Putrajaya Greening Programme2) Educational programs and awareness on green technology - Community/society, school children, office staff
3) To develop green technology and environmental awareness modules
4) Competition and recognition (Biggest Loser)

12-3 Environment Education

5) Community College for Sustainable Development
6) Promote the public health and environmental benefits of supporting
locally grown organic foods (school canteens, office cafeteria, and foodoutlets)7) Identify and eliminate products/chemicals harmful to the ecosystem(water, ground, air)
1) Education greening programmes

Public Awareness12-4 (Putrajaya Greening
Programme)

2) Plant in/outside school compound3) Education for young/school children - forest education in the nursery4) Existing forests to be used as exemplary sites
5) Public able to access information on Putrajaya urban forest planning at
strategic places i.e. bus stops; transportation stations
1) New home constructions to incorporating energy efficiency and renewable energy features:
a. Modular home construction, retrofitting
b. Roofing (insulations)

12-5

Tax Incentives for Energy
Efficiency

c. Rain water harvestingd. Solar (photovoltaic) panels
e. Solar water heaters
f. Passive cooling (rooftop garden)
g. Cars: hybrids/battery-electric2) Incentives: Eco points/subsidies/rewards

12-6 Green Ambassadors

1) Appoint individuals as green ambassador in every department in theorganization – and rewarding them and their staff for their effort3) Green Ambassador will create and monitor the green activities in theorganization

33

Overview of the Methodology“Backcasting” towards Green City
Methodology of “Backcasting”
For creating scenarios to achieve a low-carbon society inthis study, a methodology based on the concept ofbackcasting is applied. According to the definition of
Robinson JB (1990), the backcasting method involves
working backwards from a particular desired end-point to
the present in order to determine the physical feasibilityof that future and what policy measures would be
required to reach that point. This method is suitable forproblems which is long-term, requiring major change,and difficult to solve if present trend continues.
From a technical perspective, the backcasting
approach can be divided into two phases (Figure 42). In
the first phase, a desired goal (“vision”) is described
while in the second phase, the means of attaining thatgoal (“roadmap”) from the current situation is sought.

We identified the three environmental targets
through discussion between policy makers andresearchers; reduction of GHG emission intensity related
to energy use (-60%), waste final disposal (-50%), wasterelated GHG emission (-50%) and mitigation of urban
heat island. (-2°C). These targets were considered“given”, thus, the “vision” should achieve all of threetargets using available countermeasures (See also page 8).
To describe the vision based on quantitative
analysis, quantification models were applied, which havebeen developed by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia andAsia Pacific Integrated (AIM) modeling group since
several years ago (see next page for general information
on utilization of models, and also following pages forapplication of each model by environmental targets).

Application to Putrajaya
As first trial for Putrajaya Green City study, this reportmainly focuses on the first phase, developing the“vision”. The vision includes aspects of demography,
economy, transport, land use, buildings, energy demand,
environmental load, and actions and countermeasures toachieve the environmental targets. It shows a snapshot of
Putrajaya in 2025, which achieves three environmental
targets while maintaining planed development.
Figure 41: Scenery in Putrajaya

Target year

I. Vision

Socio-economic indicators• Population & Household• Economic activity• Employee• Floor area
• Transport demand
Energy demand
Environmental load
Actions & Counter measures

II. Roadmap

Present

Schedule of measures
Cost to implement measures
GHG emission reduction
Ancillary benefit of measures

Figure 42: Methodology of backcasting34

Methodology

Integrated modeling approach
Models for Decision Making
In order to identify necessary actions, “integrated
modeling” based on “backcasting” approach is applied.
The models estimate balanced and quantitative future
activity levels, environmental emission, and measures tobe implemented to achieve the targets.
Information collection is the first step in themodeling work. Socio-economic information as well as
environmental information in the base year (2005) werecollected and analyzed, and current emission are
identified. Besides such information, feasible options for

PGC2025 is collected and a catalogue will be developed
based on the latest technology and policy information.
For future projection, based on planneddevelopment, the models estimate socio-economic
activity level including household number, consumption,
land area and building stock, transport demand and othervariables. Based on them, environmental loads arecalculated with or without countermeasures (“Options”),
and necessary and effective measures are identified
through iterative calculation and discussions.

Information collection
Current information
Population & household, labor
participation, consumption, officespace, land-use, transport demand,energy consumption,
waste generation, climate, etc

Estimation withsocio-economic &environmental models

Waste generation/collection/processing model

Waste generation, final
disposal, GHG emission
from SWM

Determine
the actions
towards
PGC2025

Effective
measures for
3R Putrajaya
LegendWork

Future socio-economic
development plan
Building/office construction,
residents' migration, income
growth, transport plan,etc.

PGC measures
options catalogue
Discussion withstakeholders

Socio-economic/Energy model(C-ExSS*)
Atmosphericenvironment model(WRF**)(Micro-scale heat
environment tools)

Population/household number,Household consumption,
Government/Business activity,
Building stock, Transport demand
Energy demand, Energy supply,
Energy device diffusion, Carbon sink,
GHG emission from energy use

Effective
measures for
Low-carbon Putrajaya

Information

Database

Temperature

Effective
measures for
Cooler Putrajaya

Model

Output*ExSS: Extended Snapshot Tool. A static, accounting type model to design quantitative future societies as goals of low-carbon
society scenarios. It was developed by Kyoto University and NIES, and will be improved in order to adjust to Putrajaya’s own
situations.
** WRF: Weather Research and Forecasting model. It was developed by NASA and other organizations in the U.S. and widelyused for study on weather and atmospheric environmental research.
Figure 43: Methodology for decision making

35

Socio-Economic Scenario
Socio-Economic Development to 2025
Base Year Information
The base year for this research of Putrajaya Green City
2025 is set as 2007, this is because of the availability ofdata from PJC. The base year information is obtained
mostly from the Draft Laporan Pemeriksaan Rancangan
Struktur Putrajaya, June 2009 (Perbadanan Putrajaya,
2009). This document describes development plan, andenabled us to use it to determine the base year information. As for some detailed figures which we were notable to get for Putrajaya as a City, some assumptions
were made. This can be seen in the Information source,refer to Table 22 in pages 44-45.
Assumption of Socio-economic Development
The assumption of the socio-economic development in
the target year is estimated using the socio-economic tool;Community Extended Snapshot (C-ExSS) (Figure 43).
Since Putrajaya is a Planned city and it has a Master
Plan which designs the future scenario, some variables
such (e.g. population, employment, floor area ofgovernment buildings, etc.) were already planed by PJC.
These variables were input to C-ExSS as exogenous
variables, and based on additional assumptions, othervariables (e.g. residential floor area, passenger transportdemand) were estimated. These socio-economic indicators (Table 19) play a very important role in the designand storyline of the future scenario of Putrajaya in 2025.

Result of Main Variables
As planned by PJC, population in Putrajaya will increases
7 times from 2007 to 2025, to 347,700 (Figure 44). Figure 45 shows the Household number in Putrajaya which
grows simultaneously with the population. Passenger
transport will grow in proportion to the population.
Transport demand is different in 2025BaU and 2025CM.
This is because Putrajaya will increase the use of public
transportation in 2025CM, especially with the rail (SeeAction 1 and 2 for more detail).
Employment is estimated to increase about 3.7 times
in total, while employment in the commercial sector
shows very large growth, about 21 times from 4,061 in2007 to 85,500 in 2025 (Figure 46). Growth of floor areashows similar pattern (Figure 47).
To calculate the emission intensity, it is important tohave the Gross Regional Production (GRP) of Putrajaya.
However, since this data is not available, as an alternative
indicator, “economic activity” is applied here. Economic
Activity is defined as “number of employment in
Putrajaya multiplied by the Malaysian per capita GDP”
and is shown in relative scale compared with base year.
As a combined effect of employment growth in Putrajaya
and Malaysian expected per capita GDP growth, theeconomic activity in 2025 is about 7.5 times greater thanbase year.

Table 19: Socio-economic assumptions

Socio-economic indicators
Population
HouseholdIn-coming persons
Out-going persons
Floor area
Employment
Economy in Malaysia

Assumption

347,700 persons in year 2025
79,023 household in year 2025
76,059 persons per day in year 2025
56,573 persons per day in year 2025
17,187,625 m2 in year 2025 (4.5 times compared to 2007 level)
164,500 employees in year 2025 (3.7 times compared to 2007 level)
Per capita GDP will grow approximately an average of 4.3% per year
It is assumed not to change from year 2007 to 2025 because following factors will
Passenger transportcause increase and decrease;[Factor in increase] Increase in leisure & recreation time
generation[Factor in decrease] Aging society, IT society
Modal share of passenger Modal share will shift from “Bicycle, Walk”, “Motorcycle” to “Automobile” because
transport tripof economic growth
Average trip distance
Trip distance of bicycle and walk will decrease because of modal shift to Automobile
It will increase in proportion to economic activity (7.8 times compared to 2007 level)
Freight transport demandbeacause number of freight vehicle is assumed to grow with economic activity
Energy service demand Per floor area or per capita energy service demand will increase by 1 to 2.13 times

36

Methodology

400

347.7

350
300

[Thousand][Thousand]

250
200
150
100

49.5

50
0
2007

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

79

11

2025

2007
Figure 45: Household
Government
departments

180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

Publicamenities &
facilities
Commercial

2007[Mill.m2][Thousand]Figure 44: Population

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

Residential

Government
departments
Publicamenities &
facilities
Commercial

2025

2007

Figure 46: Employment

800

3,500

3,000
2,500

Rail

2,000

Bus

1,500

Motorcycle

1,000

Automobile

500

681

700

Bicycle,Walk[Mill.t-km][Mill.pass-km]

851

900

4,000

600
500
400
300
200

109

100

0

2,007

0

2025BaU 2025CM

2007

Figure 48: Passenger transport demand(2007=1)

2025

Figure 47: Floor area

4,500

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

2025

2025BaU

2025CM

Figure 49: Freight transport demand

7.8

1

2007

2025

Figure 50: Economic activity

Figure 51: Scenery in Putrajaya

37

Low-carbon PutrajayaCommunity-ExSS
Development of Quantification Tool
In order to quantify socio-economic indicators, energy
demand, GHG emission from energy use and carbon sink,
we developed a tool named “Community Extended Snapshot Tool (C-ExSS)”. C-ExSS is an estimation tool for
designing a low-carbon society in communities or towns
which do not have large industrial sector. It illustrates thequantitative future snapshot of the city including energy
demand, GHG emission and a portfolio of measures tomeet the low-carbon target.
The features of C-ExSS are;1. It is a multi-sector static model. The sectors in thisstudy are: Commercial, Public amenities & facilities,
Government departments and Residential.
2. The household sector is classified by income classes,
so it is possible to consider household structurechange.
3. The energy demand is driven by population, floorarea and the number of employment.

Population

Householdnumber

Sales

Household size

Figure 52: Scenery in Putrajaya

Floor area

Out-going
persons

Work force

In-coming
persons
D&E table

Sales share

D&E ratio table

Householdexpenditure

D&E sheet
Population,
Persons COMEING IN

Population, Floor area
Energy service
generation

EnergyservicedemandFuel share
ESVD
detailed
Number of trees
which have beenplanted in PJ by
the target year

Carbonaccumulation

Energyefficiency
EnergydemandDispersed
power
generation

CO2
emission

Energy sheet

CO2 sheet

Average trip distanceof Passenger
transport

Passenger
transport
demandEnergyefficiency

CO2 emission
factorPas TR sheet

Performance

Efficiency
improvement

CM(CPGR) sheet
CM(TR) sheet
CM(RE) sheet

ESVD
reduction

CM(PG) sheet

Freighttransport
demandFuel share

CO2
emission

Fuel shift
Power generation
Renewable energy

CM effect sheet

Figure 53: Structure of Community-ExSS for target year

38

Energyefficiency

EnergydemandCO2 emission
factorDiffusion
rate

Modal share ofpassenger
transport

Fuel share

Sink sheet

Total CO2
emission

Passenger
transport
generation

EnergydemandCO2 emission
factorFre TR sheet

CO2
emission
LegendTable
Sheet

Exogenous variable/Parameter

Endogenous variableMethodology

Energy demand and GHG emission
Energy Demand
The energy consumption in Putrajaya during the baseyear is 135ktoe and increases to 908ktoe in 2025BaU,
which is reduced by nearly 45% to 411ktoe in 2025CM.
The commercial sector is estimated to have the highest
increase in energy consumption from base year to target
year about 22 times (Figure 56). Future energy demand isestimated using C-ExSS (Figure 53). C-ExSS calculates
energy consumption based on socio-economic indicatorsand information of energy-consuming equipments. Two
scenarios established are: 2025BaU in which current
energy consumption structure is unchanged anddevelopment goes on as normal, and 2025CM in which
low-carbon countermeasures are applied in order toreduce energy consumption and GHG emission.

GHG Emission from Energy Use & Carbon Sink
The over all GHG emission from energy use and carbon
sink for base year is 516ktCO2eq, and this is estimated toincrease about 7 times to 3,772ktCO2eq in BaU case,which can be reduced to 1,591ktCO2eq in CM case(reduction of about 58%). The commercial sector has thehighest emission in 2025BaU (Figure 57). This is followed by the passenger transport sector. The per capita
GHG emission (Figure 58) is 10.4tCO2eq/capita in baseyear, and in 2025(BAU) it drops to 10.9tCO2eq/capita.
However, with suitable countermeasures it can be reduced to 4.6tCO2eq/capita. Introduction of eachcountermeasure is determined based on discussion
between PJC and the research team, and finally a set ofsuitable measures which reduce GHG emission from energy use & carbon sink by 60% is identified. The largest
reduction potential is found in energy efficiency
improvement of commercial sector (Figure 69).

15,0001,000
10,092

800
5,277

5,000

1,339

[ktoe][ktoe]

10,000

Other renewable
Solar heat
Natural gas
LPG
Petroleum
Electricity

600
400
200

0

2007

2025BaU

0

2025CM

2007
2025BaU 2025CM
Figure 55: Final energy demand by fuelFigure 54: Primary energy demand
1,000

Passenger transport

4,500

800

Freight transport

3,500

600

Residential

2,500

400

Government
departments
Public amenities &
facilities
Commercial

Passenger transport
Freight transport

200
0
2007

2025BaU 2025CM[ktCO2eq][ktoe]

Residential

1,500
500
-500

2007

2025BaU 2025CM

Carbon sink (Treeplanting)

Figure 57: GHG emission from energy use & carbon sink
1.5

15
10.4

10.9

1

10
4.6

(2007=1)[tCO2eq/capita]

Figure 56: Final energy demand by sector

5

Government
departments
Public amenities &
facilities
Commercial

1.0

0.94
0.40

0.5
0.0

0
2007
2025BaU
2025CM
Figure 58: GHG emission per capita
from energy use & carbon sink

2007

2025BaU

2025CM

Figure 59: GHG emission per economic activity
from energy use & carbon sink39

Cooler Putrajaya
The model:
Overview of the Urban Heat Island Model
Meso-scale meteorological model and an urban canopy
model are essential tool to investigate the effect ofcountermeasures for urban heat island quantitatively.
Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) version
3.2 is used in this study. This model has implemented anurban canopy model.

December, 2005. Calculation was validated by comparing
the model output with observation. Countermeasures tomitigate UHI is shown in Table 20.

Essential input data for the meteorological model is
Grid Point Value (GPV) data of synoptic meteorologicalfield of target period and land surface information ofmodel domain. An energy balance between land surface
and atmosphere are determined by surface albedo, soil
moisture, surface emissivity and surface roughness,
which are translated from land use/land cover categories.
The mitigation countermeasures are implemented in themodel by changing land use category and its physicalparameters, such as albedo and moisture availability.
United States Geological Survey (USGS) 24category land use data are used, and for Putrajaya region,
detail land use information were translated from GIS
master plan and satellite image.

Figure 60: Calculation Domains

Effect of countermeasures in community scale orpersonal scale, such as dry mist spray and shadepavement, are handled after WRF simulation, because
meso-scale meteorological model cannot treat such asmall scale directly.
Model Calculation
WRF simulation was performed with tree nestingdomains shown in Figure 21. Grid size of each domains
are 5km, 1km, and 200m. Calculation period is January toCountermeasures (CM)• Regional Scale CM
Land use planning in surrounding area
• Urban Scale CM
Urban Green (in City area)
Rooftop greening
High-reflection roofs• Personal scale CM
Mist spray / Shade pavement

Figure 61: Land Surface parameter for Model input
on GIS platform

Current Land Use/Land Cover

Re-analysis
Meteorological Data
(JRA-25)

Meso-scale Meteorological Model
WRF ver. 3.2 with Urban Canopy Model
Effect from Local Countermeasures(Mist, Shading)Simulation Results(Base case / CM cases )Figure 62: Methodology of UHI Model

40

Methodology

Table 20: Calculation cases for urban heat island simulation

Cases
Base Case

Description
Calculation based on the development in line with current Master Plan without any countermeasures. All planned block is categorized to “Urban area” .
Current Green area is kept. As a boundary condition, meteorological objective
analysis data of 2005 was used.

Green Case

420,000 trees are added to Base case in Putrajaya area. (Broadleaf tree)
In the calculation additional trees are equally distributed. In this case, evapotranspiration by tree is key factor.

High reflection painting
Case

All rooftop of building are painted by high reflection paint. And material ofhigh reflectivity are used for 10% of the pavement. By this countermeasure,
we assumed that albedo of urban area change from 0.15 to 0.22.

Reduced Artificial Heatfrom vehicle Case

We assumed that artificial heat exhaust from only vehicle is reduced by LCS
countermeasure. Based on the petroleum consumption of passenger andfreight transportation of BaU and CM case within the Putrajaya urban area,
when we assumed that it is distributed equally to all urban area during daytime 12 hours, artificial heat from vehicle is reduced from 12.6W/m2 to 3.6W/
m2.

Reduced Artificial Heatfrom building Case

We simply used total energy consumption in building in BaU and CM case.
We assumed that daytime energy consumption is double of nighttime. Also,
we assumed that it is distributed equally to all urban area. Then, artificial heatfrom building is reduced from 32.3W/m2 to 20.8W/m2.

Figure 63: Countermeasures for urban heat island

41

3R Putrajaya
GHG emission from waste treatment
The two main targets of 3R Putrajaya are, to reduce 50%of the solid waste volume which is land filled from the2025 (BaU) case, and to reduce 50% of GHG emission
from the 2025 (BaU) case. Waste amount is estimated atthree levels as mentioned below:
1. From waste collected after reduction at source
2. From Waste after it is treated at selected treatment
facilities
3. At landfill site for final disposal

The GHG emission are estimated from waste
treatment including final disposal, and transportation ofwaste from source to treatment facilities to landfill site.
GHG emission from waste collection and transportation
are estimated from travel distance of collection truck. GIS
estimates the trip distance of waste transportation amonglocations of waste source, treatment facilities and landfill
site, using road networks as well as waste generation andlocation.

Countermeasures for reduce, reuse and recycle“3R” means Reuse, Reduce and Recycle. Tables 21 and22 show some example of countermeasures which can bepracticed in order to “reduce” and “reuse” household
waste. These activities should be enhanced by the programs in Action 9 to 11. As for “recycle”, separate collection is the most important practice. It requires integrated

collection systems and facilities.
All 3R practices can reduce waste landfill, hence
methane emission from landfill site. 3R, as well as thermal treatment, can contribute to reduce overall GHG
emission significantly, since methane has stronger greenhouse effect than CO2 .

Future simulations
The future simulation was conducted in four different
cases (Table 21). In 2025BaU, all waste go to landfill as
in the base year. The other three countermeasure cases,
2025CM, simulate combination of two groups of countermeasures: (1) Separate collection, (2) Thermal treatment,and (3) The both. In all three 2025CM cases, “reduction
at source” (= home composting and other “reduce” activities) is considered. GHG calculation from waste transportation is calculated in this study using road network
which is shown in Figure 64.
Figure 66 shows the result of waste treatment in thefour cases. In BaU case, amount of landfilled waste will
be increased more than 4 times than 2005. In 2025CM

cases, reduction of landfill is the most in the case
2025CM(3), which shows 73% of reduction. However,from the view point of GHG emission reduction,
2025CM(1) emits least GHG, and therefore thermal treatment is not the best choice. Considering the balance of
two targets, we decided to adopt 2025CM(3) for the proposal of Actions 9 to 11.
In addition, waste reduction at source and homecomposting are the best solutions for SWM since it is aneffective for both GHG emission reduction and landfill
reduction. More detailed results are shown in Tables 28
and 29 in page 50.

Table 21: Combination of treatment option and collection waste type

Cases

42

Treatment option

2025BaU

Landfill

2025CM(1) Separate collection

Landfill, home composting, recycling, and Bio Diesel Fuel
(BDF)

2025CM(2) Thermal treatment

Landfill, home composting, BDF, and thermal treatment

2025CM(3) Thermal treatment with separate
collection

Landfill, home composting, recycling, BDF and thermal treatment

[ktCO2eq]

Methodology

450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

414

Half of
2025BaU

2007

Figure 64: Route of waste collection and transportation
Separate collection
Community collection
Landfill

350

350

300

300

250

250

200

200

150

135

(1)
(2) Thermal (3) (3)Separate
Separate treatment collection
Separate withcollection
collection
thermalwithtreatment
thermaltreatment
2025CM

Used cooking oil
Construction waste
Other
Glass
Paper

SludgeGreen Waste
Metal
Plastic Household &Business waste
Food

Half of
2025BaU

150

100

100

50

50

0

2025BaU

190

Figure 65: GHG emission from waste treatment selections[t/day][t/day]Thermal treatment
Self-treatment
Reduction at source

159

148

0

2007

2025BaU (1) Separate (2) Thermal (3) Separate
collection treatment collection
with thermal
treatment

2007

2025BaU

2025CM(3) Separate
collection withthermaltreatment

2025CM

Figure 66: Amount of household and business wasteby treatment selections

Figure 67: Amount of landfilled waste by waste types

Figure 68: Scenery in Putrajaya

43

Information Source
Table 22: Information source
Indicator
Demography and Economy
Population
Daytime population

Methodology=Nighttime population

Perbadanan Putrajaya (2009)=Population+In-coming persons -Out-going persons-

Household size
Household number

Information source

Perbadanan Putrajaya (2009)=Population/Household size[for GDP]The Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister’s Department, Putrajaya (2010)
Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2010)[for Population]
Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2010)

Per capita GDP in Malaysia=GDP/Population

Total hosehold expenditure in
Putrajaya=Per household expenditure*Household number
Per household expenditure was estimated with expenditure patterns
and national average household expenditure.

[for Expenditure patterns] Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2006)[for National average household expenditure] World bank (2010)

In-coming persons

People those who come to Putrajaya from outside. Estimated fromtraffic coming in during morning peak hour[for Traffic volume at station 1 to 6] Directly obtained from Planning Department of PJC (Traffic survey data for Perbadanan Putrajaya (2009))[for Traffic volume at station A1] KW Associate Planners Sdn Bhd (2008)[for The number of passenger of train] Directly obtained from Finance & Revenue Management Department, Express Rail Link Sdn Bhd[for Average number of passenger in Automobile and Bus] Perbadanan Putrajaya (2004)[for Average number of passenger in Motorcycle] Assumed by the researchteam, to be 1 passenger.

Out-going persons

People those who go to outside from Putrajaya. Estimated from traffic
going out during morning peak hour--

Divide restaurants from Shop/shop office and Shopping mall by Number of
employment by job types in Malaysia.
[for Overall employment] Directly obtained from Planning Department of PJC[for Number of employment by job types in Malaysia] Department of Statistics,
Malaysia (2009)-

Directly obtained from Planning Department of PJC-

Directly obtained from Planning Department of PJCResidential=Floor area per household*Household
Allocate residential classification for house type as follows,.
Low income: Affordable home
Middle income: Terrace/Townhouse,Apartment/Condominium
High income: Bungalow, Semi-detached[for Average floor area by house types] Directly obtained from Planning Department of PJC (Housing delivery schedule of Putrajaya Holdings Sdn Bhd)*

Commercial-

Perbadanan Putrajaya (2009)=Total public employment-Government employment[for Total public employment] Perbadanan Putrajaya (2009)-

Directly obtained from Planning Department of PJC

Floor area, Employment

Commercial

Floor area

Public amenities & facilities
Government
departments

Public amenities & facilities
Government
departments
Passenger transport
Passenger transport generation
Employment

Modal share of passenger
transport trip

Bicycle, Walk
Motorcycle
Average
Automobile
trip distanceBus
RailFreight transport

Estimation made by Directly obtained from Planning Department of
PJC and PGC2025 research team.
Based on Sustainable Iskandar Malaysia, 2nd report,[Domestic travel] Assumed that share of Rail is 0, and it moves toBus.
[Cross border travel] Devided the total share of Bus+Rail in Malaysia
into each mode with number of passenger per year.
-[for National modal share] Universiti Teknologi Malaysia et al. (2011)[for Number. of passenger of Bus] Directly obtained from Transportation andTraffic Division, Department of Urban Services, PJC[for Number. of passenger of Rail(ERL)] Directly obtained from Finance &Revenue Management Department, Express Rail Link Sdn Bhd
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia et al. (2011)

Assumption based on geographic distance and number of people who
travel to & from Putrajaya.

--

Estimated from the distance between Putrajaya and Kuala Lumpur.

Freight transport demandFreight transport demand for Malaysia(t-km) was downscaled with
the number of freight vehicle in Malaysia and the freight vehicle
coming into Putrajaya per day.

[for Malaysia’s freight transport demand] Universiti Teknologi Malaysia et al.
(2009)[for Number of freight vehicle coming into Putrajaya per day]
KW Associate Planners Sdn Bhd (2008)
Directly obtained from Planning Department of PJC (Traffic survey data for
Perbadanan Putrajaya (2009))[for Number of freight vehicle possessed in Malaysia]
Ministry of Transport, Malaysia (2008)

Fuel share of transport mode-

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia et al. (2011)

Energy efficiency of transport
mode-

Mizuho information & research institute, inc. (2005)

44

Indicator

Methodology

Information source

Energy & GHG emission from energy use
Energy efficiency ofelectric appliances-

Mizuho Information & Research Institute, Inc. (2005)
Research project to establish a methodology to evaluate mid to long term
environmental policy options towards Asian low-carbon societies (2007)
Malaysia Energy Centre (2007)[for Electricity]: National final energy demand was downscaled with floor
area
Commercial[for LPG]: National final energy demand was downscaled with employment[for Electricity, Airconditioner]: Assumed that per floor area demand issame as Commercial
Public amenities & [for Electricity, Other services]: Assumed that per floor area demand isfacilities
same as Government[for LPG]: National final energy demand was downscaled with employment[for Electricity]: Directly obtained from Planning Department of PJC
Government de[for LPG]: National final energy demand was downscaled with employpartments
ment
Residential
National final energy demand was downscaled with Household-

FinalenergydemandGHG emission factor from energyuse
Solid waste & GHG emission from SWM
Commercial=Number of emloyment*Waste generation rate
Public amenities [for Schools] =Floor area*Waste generation rate
and facilites[for Others] Assumed to be 0.
Waste
Government degeneration=Number of emloyment*Waste generation rate
partments

Usedcooking oil

Roadmap Committee, Shiga Prefecture Sustainable Society Research team(2006)[for Waste generation rate] Fujiwara et al.(2009)[for Waste generation rate] Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Malaysia (2006)[for Waste generation rate] Fujiwara et al. (2009)

Residential=Population*Waste generation rate[for Waste generation rate] Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Malaysia (2006)

Commercial=Shops number*Used oil generation rate[for Shops number] Directly obtained from Planning Department of PJC[for Used oil generation rate] Directly obtained from Okayama City, Japan

Residential=Population*Used oil generation rate

Sewage sludge=Population*Sewage generation rate*Sludge generation rate

Green waste=Park area*Brach or grass generation rate

Construction waste
GHG emission factor from SWM
Collection and transportation
Temperature
Objective analysis data
(Meteorological data)=Construction floor area/year*Waste generation rate[for Used oil generation rate] Directly obtained from Okayama City, Japan[for Sewage generation rate] Directly obtained from Planning Department of
PJC*[for Park area] Directly obtained from Planning Department of PJC[for Branch and grass generation rate] Chiba Prefecture (2004)
Directly obtained from Putrajaya Holdings Sdn Bhd

Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry (2006)[for Road distance] Directly obtained from Planning Department of PJC=Road distance/Collection truck energy efficiency* GHG emission factor [for Energy efficiency] Japan Environmental Management Association for
Industry (2006)--

Meteorological observation data
( Daily maximum temperature , Daily
minimum temperature, Precipitation,
Wind velocity/Direction)
GIS master plan data-

Satellite image 2009-

Japanese Meteorological Agency and Central Research Institute of ElectricPower Industry (2004)

Directly obtained from Planning Department of PJC[Reference]
1) Chiba Prefecture (2004) A report on biomass town in Chiba Prefecture2) Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2006) The national household expenditure survey, 2004/2005
3) Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2009) Laporan pemeriksaan tenaga buruh Malaysia, 20094) Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2010) Annual national accounts, Gross domestic product5) Fujiwara T, Matsuoka Y, Matsui Y (2009) Development of decision making system on waste treatment policy in municipalities
6) Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry (2006) Option data pack & guide for JEMAI-LCA Pro
7) Japanese Meteorological Agency, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (2004) Japanese 25-year Reanalysis
8) KW Associate Planners Sdn Bhd (2008) Draft local plan, presint 5, 6&20, 2008
9) Malaysia Energy Centre (2007) Energy efficiency and conservation guidelines10) Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Malaysia (2006) The study on national waste minimization in Malaysia11) Ministry of Transport, Malaysia (2008) Statistic pengangkutan Malaysia, 200812) Mizuho information & research institute, inc. (2005) Report on investigation for scenario making and simulation program13) National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (2009) Guideline on eco-efficiency in water infrastructure for public buildings in Malaysia
14) NEC Corporation (2010) Business vision. http://www.nec.com/global.environment/featurd/business_vision/images/7_1/home/home.jpg. Accessed 12 Dec 201015) Perbadanan Putrajaya (2004) Putrajaya transport action plan study, January 2004
16) Perbadanan Putrajaya (2009) Laporan pemeriksaan draf rancangan struktur Putrajaya, Jun 200917) Research project to establish a methodology to evaluate mid to long term environmental policy options towards Asian low-carbon societies (2007) Environmental options’ database(EDB) working paper18) Robinson JB (1990) Futures Under Glass: A Recipe for People Who Hate to Predict. Futures(22):820-842
19) Shiga Prefecture Sustainable Society Research Team, Japan (2005): Report of the study project to create sustainable society in Shiga Prefecture20) The Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister’s Department, Putrajaya (2010) Tenth Malaysia plan 2011-2015
21) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kyoto university, Okayama university, Ritsmenkan university (2009) Low-carbon city 2025, Sustainable Iskandar Malaysia
22) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kyoto university, Okayama university, Ritsmenkan university (2011) Low-carbon city 2025, Sustainable Iskandar Malaysia, 2nd report
23) World bank (2010) The Data Catalog, Household final consumption expenditure. http//data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.PRVT.CN. Accessed 12 Dec 201045
45

Data tables
Table 23: Floor area and number of employment
Floor area [m2]

Employment [no.]

2007

2025

Office/Commercial complex
Shop/Shop officeHotel
Shopping mallCommercial
Restaurant
Mix development (housing + commercial)Petroleum station
Service industry
Private amenities
Commercial subtotal
Public kindergarten
SchoolHospital/Clinic
Mosque/Small mosqueFire Department
Police station
Public amenities &
facilities
Neighbourhood Complex
Food Court (landed)
City service center
Recycle center
MarketUtility
Public amenities & facilities subtotal
Parcel A - PM’s officeParcel B - Prime Minister’s Department
Parcel C - Ministry Of Science, Technology & Inovations& Other Agencies
Parcel D
Parcel E
Parcel F
2G1 - Ministry of Finance
2G2 - Perbendaharaan & Kastam

52,29774,716
16,12981,65453,368
0
6,832
0
751
285,746940
417,915
50,17375,666
14,17921,19264,9076,477
27,047
99
4,404
115,687
798,686
67,127
155,639

2,075,644
661,210206,007
81,654
253,537
905,160
18,76016,642
4,868
4,223,480
495
882,161
205,250
225,576
50,13041,990233,719
6,477
176,195
99
4,404
231,193
2,057,687
67,127
155,639

2025
/2007
39.7
8.8
12.8
1.0
4.8
2.7
6.5
14.8
0.5
2.1
4.1
3.0
3.5
2.0
3.6
1.0
6.5
1.0
1.0
2.0
2.6
1.0
1.0

155,190

155,1901.0

214,758
312,3130
68,567101,021214,758
312,313260,925
68,567101,021

1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

2C1 - Ministry of the federal territory and welfare of town

47,70847,7082G3 - Ministry Of Dosmetic Trade and Cosumers Affair

77,135Government departments

Residential

2G4 - Ministry Of PlantationsIndustries and Commodoties
2G5 - National Registration Department
2G6 - Ministry Of Entrepreneur and Co-operative Development (MEDC)
2G7 - Foreign ministry
2G8 - Housing loan department
2C15 - Energy commission
2C10 - Election commission
3G1 - Department of Judiciary & Law Affairs
3G2 - Putrajaya Corporation
3G3 - Palace Of Justice
3M2+C2+C3 - Pilgrimage fund boad complex
4G1 - Ministry Of Agriculture and Agro - Based Industries )4G2 - Fisheries Department

2007

2025

743
1,062
229
1,160
758
0
97
0
11
4,061
6
2,552
306
462
87
129
396
40
165
1
27
706
4,877
906
2,682

42,01913,386
4,170
1,653
5,133
18,324380
337
99
85,500
4
6,353
1,478
1,624
361
302
1,683
47
1,269
1
32
1,665
14,818
800
2,682

2025
/2007
56.5
12.6
18.2
1.4
6.8
3.9
9.2
21.1
0.6
2.5
4.8
3.5
4.2
2.3
4.2
1.2
7.7
1.2
1.2
2.4
3.0
0.9
1.0

3,660

3,660

1.0

5,109
8,539
0
1,305
1,431

12,998
7,573
6,600
1,305
1,431

2.5
0.9
1.0
1.0

1.0

301

301

1.0

77,135

1.0

728

728

1.0

78,56578,565

1.0

1,628

1,628

1.0

66,65966,659

1.0

954

954

1.0

49,30849,308

1.0

721

721

1.0

57,297
92,9690032,29582,78153,082
057,297
92,96914,22915,14832,29582,78153,082
41,249

1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
-

546
1,346
0
0
620
755
700
0

546
1,346
284
250
620
859
700
2,612

1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.0
-

65,51065,510

1.0

1,179

1,179

1.0

30,12930,129

1.0

1,122

1,122

1.0

4G3 - Ministry Of Natural Resources and Environment

61,102

61,102

1.0

1,005

1,005

1.0

4G4 - Ministry Of Youths and Sports
4G5 - Ministry of road transportation
4G7 - Attorney General’s Chamber

54,5420
054,54265,51043,380

1.0
-

725
0
0

725
1,122
868

1.0
-

4G8 - Ministry of rural and regional development

050,766

-

0

996

-

4G9 - Ministry of information, communication, arts, andculture074,558

-

0

1,275

-

4G10 - Ministry of Housing and Local Government

074,169

-

0

2,205

-

0

63,239

-

0

1,317

-

0

147,789

-

0

3,620

-

201,452
2,125,149
293,132
969,845
130,205
1,393,182
4,602,763

283,678
3,058,338
1,613,700
5,681,400
553,020
7,848,120
17,187,625

1.4
1.4
5.5
5.9
4.2
5.6
3.7

100
36,06245,000150
64,182
164,500

1.5
1.8-

4G11 - Ministry of women, family, and community
development
5G2 - Ministry of higher education, and Ministry of
tourism
Other government building
Government departments subtotal
High income
Middle income
Low income
Residential subtotal
Total

3.7

(May not sum to total due to rounding error.)

46

47

0.2

0.0

Freight transport

3.0

Total

0.1

Cooking

2.1

0.1

Hot water

Other electric appliances

0.3

Cooling

0.4

18.6

Total

Lighting

8.7

0.5

Cooking

Other electric appliances

4.0

Hot water

3.9

1.5

CoolingLighting

10.0

0.2

Cooking

Total

1.5

Hot water

3.3

3.6

Cooling

Other electric appliances

9.8

Total

1.5

4.3

Other electric appliances

Lighting

1.9

0.2

CookingLighting

2.0

Hot water

Passenger transport

Residential

Government departments

Public amenities &
facilities

Commercial

1.3

Cooling

47

7.1

56.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Electrici- Petrolety
um

0.0

0.0

1.4

0.0

0.0

1.4

0.0

0.0

3.1

0.0

0.0

3.1

0.0

0.0

0.4

0.0

0.0

0.4

0.0

0.0

0.4

0.0

0.0

0.4

0.0

0.0

LPG

0.0

0.8

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

24.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

24.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Natural
gas

2007

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Solar
heat

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Other
renewable

7.1

57.1

4.4

2.1

0.4

1.5

0.1

0.3

46.3

8.7

3.9

3.6

4.0

25.9

10.5

3.3

1.5

0.6

1.5

3.6

10.1

4.3

1.9

0.6

2.0

1.3

Total

0.0

1.1

36.4

30.9

2.2

0.7

0.9

1.7

42.4

26.8

5.7

0.7

7.1

2.1

36.2

18.0

3.8

0.5

4.6

55.1

457.
9

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

216.
8
9.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

135.
8

28.7

3.7

29.6

19.0

Electrici- Petrolety
um

0.0

0.0

10.1

0.0

0.0

10.1

0.0

0.0

4.5

0.0

0.0

4.5

0.0

0.0

1.1

0.0

0.0

1.1

0.0

0.0

5.2

0.0

0.0

5.2

0.0

0.0

LPG

0.0

5.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

35.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

35.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Naturalgas

2025BaU

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Solar
heat

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Other
renewable

55.1

464.
5

46.6

30.9

2.2

10.8

0.9

1.7

82.2

26.8

5.7

5.2

7.1

37.3

37.2

18.0

3.8

1.6

4.6

9.2

222.
0

135.
8

28.7

8.9

29.6

19.0

Total

0.0

5.2

25.8

22.1

1.2

1.7

0.5

0.4

24.8

17.5

2.7

0.8

3.7

0.0

20.9

12.8

2.2

0.3

2.8

2.9

140.
3

101.
2

16.3

1.6

17.9

3.3

31.4

113.
8

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Electrici- Petrolety
um

0.0

0.0

6.7

0.0

0.0

6.7

0.0

0.0

3.3

0.0

0.0

3.3

0.0

0.0

1.1

0.0

0.0

1.1

0.0

0.0

6.6

0.0

0.0

6.6

0.0

0.0

LPG

0.0

9.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

16.9

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

16.9

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

4.9

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

4.9

Naturalgas

2025CM

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Solar
heat

0.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Other
renewable

31.7

128.
1

32.6

22.1

1.2

8.4

0.5

0.4

45.0

17.5

2.7

4.1

3.7

16.9

22.0

12.8

2.2

1.4

2.8

2.9

151.
8

101.
2

16.3

8.2

17.9

8.2

Total

Table 24: Energy demand [ktoe](May not sum to total due to rounding error.)Table 25: Contribution of countermeasures
SectorActionLow-carbon countermeasure

Cooling
3

High efficiency heat pump air conditioner

3

District cooling
Hot water

3

3High efficiency Cooking

3

IH cooking heater
Lighting

3

13

2.4

59.5

13

2.5

7.4

2

0.3

64.4

14

2.7

155.9

35

6.5

102.3

23

4.3

LED (substitute incandescent light)

3

BEMS*

3

Building insulation

3

Energy saving behavior*

8

UHI countermeasure

4

Photovoltaic power generation at buildings

5.1

1

0.2

Subtotal

451.7

100

18.8

22.0

24

0.9

9.2

10

0.4

1.0

1

0.04

8.5

9

0.4

24.8

27

1.0

25.5

27

1.1

High efficiency heat pump air conditioner
Hot water

3

High efficiency electric boiler
Cooking3
3High efficiency Cooking
IH cooking heater
Lighting

3

LED (substitute incandescent light)

3

Other electric appliances**

3

BEMS*

3

Building insulation

3

Energy saving behavior*

8

UHI countermeasure

4

Photovoltaic power generation at buildings

2.5

3

0.1

Subtotal

93.5

100

3.9

15.5

8

0.6

17.0

9

0.7

1.2

1

0.1

15.1

8

0.6

42.6

23

1.8

55.9

30

2.3

Cooling
3

District cooling
Hot water

3

High efficiency electric boiler
Cooking

3

High efficiency Cooking

3

IH cooking heater
Lighting

3

48

57.2

Other electric appliances**

3

Government
departments

Contribution in total
reduction[%]

3

Cooling

Public amenities & facilities

Contribution in
the sector[%]

High efficiency electric boiler
Cooking

Commercial

GHG emission
reduction[ktCO2eq]

LED (substitute incandescent light)

3

Other electric appliances**

3

BEMS*

3

Building insulation

3

Energy saving behavior*

8

UHI countermeasure

4

Photovoltaic power generation at buildings

37.0

20

1.5

Subtotal

184.3

100

7.7

SectorActionLow-carbon countermeasure
Cooling3

3

3High efficiency Cooking

3

IH cooking heater

4

0.1

2.3

3

0.1

0.9

1

0.04

5.7

7

0.2

3

LED (substitute incandescent light)

3
3
3

Other electric appliances**
HEMS*
House insulation (Next generation level)

42.8

55

1.8

3
3
8
4

House insulation (New standard)
Energy saving behavior*
UHI countermeasure
Photovoltaic power generation at buildings

16.9

22

0.7

0.2

Subtotal
Efficiency improvement of motorcycles, automobiles, buses
2

High efficiency motorcycle

2High efficiency internal combustion vehicle2

Hybrid vehicle

2

Electric vehicle

2
2

5.7

7

77.3

100

3.2

386.2

41

16.1

High efficiency natural gas vehicle
Efficiency improvement of trains
Modal shift

8

UHI countermeasure

2

Enhancement of bus system

1

Pedestrian-friendly city development(Modal shift from automobile to bicycle & walk)2

Introduction of new rail line
Shorter trip distance2

Introduction of new rail line

1

Mixed use development(Shorter trip distance)

8.6

1

0.4

285.8

30

11.9

258.8

28

10.8

100

39.1

Subtotal
Carbon sink (Tree planting)

939.4

6

35.4

1.5

9,10,11

Solid waste management****

224.2

9.3

Total of PGC2025 Actions

2.0

Efficiency improvement of freight vehicle
Others***3.1

Solar water heater

Lighting

Passenger
transport

Contribution in
total reduction[%]

High efficiency electric boiler

Cooking

Residential

Contribution in
the sector[%]

High efficiency heat pump air conditioner
Hot water3

GHG emission
reduction[ktCO2eq]

40.3

60

1.7

1.1

High efficiency bio-diesel freight vehicle-

Efficiency improvement of logistics

26.7

40

66.9

100

-

Subtotal
Central power generation

Total

332.6

2.8
13.8

2,405.4(May not sum to total due to rounding error.)* The difference between “HEMS/BEMS” and “Energy saving behavior” is that the former is contribution of introducing HEMS/BEMS device, and the latteris action such as switching off the light when leave the room.
** Other electric appliances includes Vending machine, Elevator, Printer, TV, Refrigerator etc.
*** They are not included in GHG reduction by Actions.
**** Its GHG emission reduction is from SWM, and is excluded from targeted GHG emission reduction in “Low-carbon Putrajaya” (60% reduction).

49
49

Table 26: Waste amount by waste types

Table 27: Waste amount by treatment selections

2025CM(3) (Thermal treatment withseparate collection )2007

2025BaU

Waste toLandfill

Waste toLandfill

Waste toLandfill

Reduction atsourceWaste totreatment

Food

10.98

72.34

6.90

3.34

62.09

Paper

11.19

70.06

15.83

4.12

50.11

Plastic

2.96

18.47

0.88

11.28

6.31

Glass

1.83

10.82

2.66

2.62

5.54

Metal

1.01

6.04

1.42

2.78

1.84

[t/day]2025CM[t/day]

2007

Other

7.37

44.04

43.22

0.82

0.00

Green waste

10.67

15.19

0.00

0.00

15.19

Construction
waste

72.57

72.57

22.64

22.88

27.05

Sludge

2.08

14.67

0.00

0.00

14.67

Reduction atsourceCommunity
collection
Separatecollection
Selftreatment(Composting)
Thermaltreatment

0.00

0.00

0.74

Landfill

Used cooking oil

0.10

0.74

Total

120.75324.942025BaU(1)Separate
collection(2)Thermal
treatment(3)Thermal
treatment withseparatecollection

0.0

0.0

19.6

19.6

19.6

0.0

0.0

5.4

5.4

5.4

0.0

0.0

63.8

0.0

63.8

0.0

0.0

62.1

55.2

55.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

51.2

11.7

35.3

221.8

70.9

90.4

66.1

93.54
47.85
183.54(May not sum to total due to rounding error.)

Table 28: Reduce: ten good practices towards household waste reduction Table 29: Reuse: five good practices towards household reuse
Practice
Buy according
needs

Explanation
toPractice
Buy
items

Excessive expenditure will leads to excessive waste generation.

Buy in bulk

Buy a bigger quantity of product, instead of buying the same productin a few smaller packaging.

Buy refill and concentrated products

Refills and concentrated products mostly comes in simple packaging
and large amount
1. Most local products are sold directly before packaging is done.

Buy local product2. Local products usually have shorter transport distance and require
minimum packaging

Not to buy overpackaged productChoosing products with simple packaging to prevent the generationof packaging waste.
Choose to decline the use of packaging bags when buying in small
amounts.

Rent or borrow instead of buying

Opt to rent or borrow products that are rarely used. It saves money,
storage space, and reducees the amount of waste generated.

Use online services

This apply to all service than can be obtained online such as, online
music, newspaper, magazines and etc.

Pack left over food.

This reduces the amount of food waste and the needs to buy food.

Sharing

Big items such as party supplies or big machines (grass cutter,gardening tools) can be shared within the community

OthersFreight Passenger
transport transport

PublicGovernment amenities &Residential departments facilities Commercial

Declinepackagingbag unless necessary

Explanation

durableDurable items are longer lasting.

Buy
products
fromrecycled
material

This will encourage the recycling activities and also reduce
the use raw materials.

Repairitems

brokenExchanging partly broken item prevent excess generationof waste.

Use
items

reusable

Choose reusable containers helps prevent the generation ofcontainers waste.
The use of personal bags - “my bag” prevents generation ofplastic bag waste and promotes “reuse” of textile waste forhand-made bag.

Use “my bag”

BEMS/Building insulation/Energy saving behavior

102

Introduction of energy-efficient appliances

344

Photovoltaic power generation

5

BEMS/Building insulation/Energy saving behavior

25

Introduction of energy-efficient appliances

66

Photovoltaic power generation

2

BEMS/Building insulation/Energy saving behavior

56

Introduction of energy-efficient appliances

91

Photovoltaic power generation

37

HEMS/House insulation

17

Introduction of energy-efficient appliances

55

Photovoltaic power generation

6

Modal shift

286

Shorter trip distance259

Introduction of low-emission vehicles

395

Efficient logistics

27

Introduction of low-emission vehicles

40

Central power generation

333

Carbon sink (Tree planting)35

Solid waste management
GHG emission reduction [ktCO2eq]224050 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Figure 69: GHG emission reduction by countermeasure types

50

51
51

52

Figure 70: Scenery in Putrajaya

Research Team Members
Name

Affiliation

Position

Prof. Ho Chin Siong

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Professor, Leader of the team

Mr. Azman Zainal Abidin

Malaysia Green Technology Corporation

Deputy Director Policy Analysis & Research Management

Mr. Omairi bin Hashim

Putrajaya Corporation (PJC)

Director of City Planning

Mr. Azizi Ahmad Termizi

Putrajaya Corporation (PJC)

Deputy Director of City Planning

Prof. Yuzuru MATSUOKA

Kyoto University

Professor, Graduate School of Engineering.

Prof. Takeshi FUJIWARA

Okayama University

Professor, Graduate School of Environmental Science

Prof. Gakuji KURATA

Kyoto University

Associate Professor ,Graduate School of Engineering.

Dr. Junichi FUJINONational Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan

Senior Researcher

Task Force Members
Name

Affiliation

Position

Dr. Kei GOMI

Kyoto University

Research Fellow, Graduate School of Engineering.

Mr. Azhar bin Othman

Putrajaya Corporation (PJC)

Principal Assistant Director of City Planning Department

Ms. Wang Tze Wee

Putrajaya Corporation (PJC)

Senior Assistant Director of City Planning Department

Dr. Genku KAYO

National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan

Research Associate

Ms. Maiko SUDA

National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan

Junior Research Associate

Ms. Janice Jeevamalar SIMSON

Kyoto University

Research Fellow, Graduate School of Engineering.

Ms. Siti Norbaizura

Okayama University

Graduate Student, Graduate School of Environmental Science

Ms. Yuri HAYASHI

Kyoto University

Undergraduate Student, Graduate School of Engineering.

Mr. Tomohito HAMADA

Okayama University

Undergraduate Student, Graduate School of Environmental Science53
53

Putrajaya Green City 2025
-Baseline and Preliminary Study, Revised EditionNovember, 2012

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Malaysia Green Technology Corporation
Putrajaya Corporation
Kyoto University
Okayama University
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
Asian Pacific Integrated Modeling Team

Contact adress
Prof. Ho Chin Siong, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Email: ho@utm.myTel: (607) 5538007, Fax: (607) 5538003