2013/3/26

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Natural Disasters in Nepal- An Introduction to Mitigation Efforts throughAcademic and Research Activities -2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

NaturalDisasters inSouth, East,and Southeast
Asia(1975 - 20052005））

Netra Prakash Bhandary
Graduate School of Science and Engineering
Ehime University
President
Nepal Engineers Association Japan Center2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Natural Disasters in Nepal Landslides)
 Floods)
 Earthquake) GLOF (Glacier Lake Outburst Flood)

Weak GeologicalandGemorphological
Formations

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Road building over landslides

Roads over landslide area

Failure prone mountain slopes

Krishnabhir Landslide (2003.11)

Tso Rolpa Glacial Lake (Mool, 2000)

Others: Drought,
Drought Epidemics
Epidemics, Fire
Fire, etc
etc.

Fl d dFlood-damageddb
bridgeid

Surely hit settlements

150m

Massive failures and debris deposit

Clock Tower in 1934 earthquake

Unimaginably large failures1

2013/3/26

1466
1190

200

153
197

232
220

218

400

415
468

1318
1524

1160
873
895

Average death: 878

378

600

765

800

971

1000

881

941

1200

913

1400

Hazard loss with respect to GDP and development
expenditure, 19831983-1995

Decreasing Trend

57
79

Numberr of Deaths

1600

1512

1387

1800

1584

2000

1716

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

DisasterDamage/Loss

2007

2005

2003

2001

1999

1997

1995

1993

1991

1989

1987

1985

1983

0

Year

6-Year Economic Loss：
12 billion Rs.

12-Year humandeath：9800

Year

Real GDP(million NRs.)

Development
Expenditure(million NRs.)

Total Hazard
Loss (million
NRs.)%
Development
expenditure% RealGDP

1983

19,624

4,982

240

1.22

4.82

1984

21,390

5,163

48

0.23

0.94

1985

22,600

5,488

71

0.32

1.31

1986

23,753

6,213

23

0.1

0.37

1987

24,077

7,378

2,004

8.33

27.17

1988

25,749

9,428

6,099

23.69

64.69

1989

27,201

12,328

4,171

15.34

33.84

1990

28,661

12,997

139

0.49

1.07

1991

30,24915,979

42

0.14

0.27

1992

31,376

16,512

52

0.17

0.32

1993

32,081

19,413

5,188

16.17

26.73

1994

34,251

21,482

185

0.54

0.86

1995

35,401

19794.9

930

2.63

4.70

Avg.

27,416

12,089

1,476

5.39

12.9

CBS Statistical Yearbook 1995 and Economic Survey, the Ministry of Finance, 1995

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Human deaths in Asian Region due to Natural Disasters (1995～2004)

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Strategic Road Network of Nepal

PokharaMugling

S. Asia

Number of affected
people vs. persons
killed (based on datafrom 1985-2004)

Deaths of persons per
million/ per year
(based on data from1985-2004)

Sri Lanka

1:321

94

Bangladesh

1:1661

63

Nepal

1:144

39

Afghanistan

1:593

21

China

1:575413

Bhutan

1:278

12

India

1:9531

6

Pakistan

1:2448

4

Maldives

1:360

2Country

Kathmandu
Flood, Cyclone
Tsunami prone area
(BANGLADESH)
Fl d prone area
Flood
(INDIA)

Narayanghat(NEPAL)

Hetauda2

2013/3/26

Typical Slope Failure Alongside Prithvi
Highway (Krishnabhir(Krishnabhir))2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Damaged Portion of Prithvi Highway near
Mugling

Failure Deposit
Debris removed
from the roadRoad
30-40 cm

Subsidence(2003)
Originally
Photo: 2003.11

Photo: 2003.11

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Typical Old Landslide Deposit2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Way to Pokhara (near Damauli
Damauli))

Original road level
Subsidence (50-60cm)

32013/3/26

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Damaged Prithvi Highway near Marsyangdi Power House (2003)

Debris Flow Alongside
Narayanghat--Mugling
Narayanghat
Highway (2003)2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Source point

Heavily decomposed
soil deposit2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Damaged Road Sections due to2003 Rain (Narayanghat-Mugling
Highway)

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Typical Failure Site Alongside Tribhuvan
Highway (2004)

4

2013/3/26

Living with Landslides

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Living with Landslides

Debris Flow in Bagarchhapp village, Manang district which killed many people
including tourists

Landslide in Khotang, 2002 in which over 20 people died2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Estimated Loss/Damage in Next Big Earthquake in
Kathmandu Valley （JICA 2002）

Deteriorated buildings and houses

Nepal

Flood
Disaster

120 km of shifting of Koshi River in 250
years

Potential Impact due to scenario EQ in KV(KVERMP estimated for IX MMI)
ImpactExtentDeath
Injuriesj
Buildings destroyed/collapsed
Homeless population
Bridges impassable
Road length damaged
Water supply pipes damaged
Telephone exchange buildings
Telephone lines
Electric substations
Electric lines>40,000>95,000,>60%>700,000
>50%
>10%
>95%
most
>60%
most
40%

Buildings widening upwardyp
populatedpKathmandu ValleyyDensely

Sub-standard building design
Flooding of rivers in the plains

Improperly designed buildings52013/3/26

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Glaciers and Glacier Lakes in the Nepal Himalaya

Potential GLOF sites (ICIMOD)

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Climate Change  Glacier Lake Outburst

Imja Glacier, Nepal - 1956. © Fritz Mueller

Imja Glacier, Nepal - 2006. © Giovanni Kappenberger

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Tsho Rolpa Glacier Lake2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Thulagi Glacier Lake

LANDSAT TM 1992

0.08 km2 yr-1

9 m yr-1

155 m yr-1

4,580 m amsl

1996

outlet( Photo: Mool 2000)

Max.
L: 3.2 km
B: 0.6 km
D: 132 m
V: 76.6 x106 m3

150 m

1996
( Photo: Mool, 2000)(Photographs: Adhikari 1996)

6

2013/3/26

The Nepal Himalaya

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Himalayan Glacier Lakes and Impact of Climate Change

Himalaya and Glaciers

Glacier Lakes in the Nepal Himalaya

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

7

2013/3/26

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Glacier Lake Outburst Flood Hazard2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)• Date: 5 May 2012
00AM – 2
00PM• TimeTime: 99:00AM
2:00PM• Total 8 Flood Waves• Dead: 31• Missing: 40 (?)• Bridges (Suspension): 2• Buses and Trucks: 4• Tractor: 1• Property damage: 100 million rupees• Clear weather (no rain!)• No seismic effect (?)• Population: 0.5 mil.
• City altitude:
800m• Seti SourceEl
Elevation:i
3500 mPokharaKathmandu

Seti Catchment

Seti River

Pokhara Core8

2013/3/26

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Macchapuchhre (6993 m)

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Annapurna II (7037m)

Annapurna IV (7525m)

2011 Foreign Tourists: About 800,000; 80% visited Pokhara

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Bedrock: Calcareous rocks, marbles

Calcareous schist, gneiss

9

2013/3/26

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

About 22 m

About 15 m

(Photos taken by a picnicking boys)

About 30 m fromRiverbed10

2013/3/26

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

About 18 m.

Flow: 5-7 cumec

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Seti Dam112013/3/26

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

2012.5.4

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

2012.5.7(Video: 2012.5.5, 9:00AM )Surface area: 10 sq.km.
Volume: Approx. 1x106 m3

Google Earth Image (2008)

Google Earth Image (2008)2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Approximate flight altitude: 4100m
Average Ground altitude: 3500m
Two-seater microlight plane
Photo date: 2012.5.19, 7:50AM
Google Earth Image: 2008

• Landslide Failure?
• Rock Avalanche/Failure?
• Landslide Damming?
• Snow-Debris Avalanche and Immediate
Slurrification?

12

2013/3/26

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Why all this in Nepal?

N

2012.5.6 (NASA)2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Indian Plate

Origin of the Himalaya

13

2013/3/26

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Generalized cross section of Himalayas across mid Nepal showing
major thrust planes and continental subduction
Bay of Bengal
Kathmandu Valley
Lesser Himalaya
Terai

Higher Himalaya

Tibetan-Tethys Himalaya

Siwaliks
Tibetan Plate

Indian Shield

MFT - Main Frontal Thrust, MBT - Main Boundary Thrust, MCT - Main Central Thrust,
STDS - South Tibetan Detachment System, ITSZ - Indo-Tsangpo Suture Zone

Kathmandu Valley

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Geophysical Division and Tectonic Thrust Lines

PokharaMugling
Kathmandu

Narayanghat
HetaudaMCT

MFT

PokharaMuglingNaubise
Kathmandu

MBT

MCT: main central thrust
MBT: main boundary thrust
MFT: main frontal thrust

Narayanghat
Hetauda14

2013/3/26

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Landslide Mapping

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Roadside Landslide Hazard Mapping

Aerial Photo (1:50,000)~280m

Topo Sheets (1:25,000)~900m

Field Survey, inspection~1330m~180m~2500m~460m

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

A TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF MAKING NATURAL SLOPES PRONE
TO FAILURE

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Road Building: Slope Cutting, River Bank Encroachment(Common Practice in Road Construction)

60°

42°

15

2013/3/26

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Building Roads over Landslide Mass

Failure--prone Slopes of Nepalese Mountains
Failure2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Landslide mass

Build Roads over these Slopes??
River2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Typical Road Alignment on Nepalese Mountains

Building Roads overLandslide Deposits?

A series of landslide on the left bank of the Bhotekoshi
River. Location: north of Barabishe near Daklang

16

2013/3/26

Building Roads Along Rivers (Encroaching River Bank)

Building Roads Along Rivers

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Banepa-Sindhuli Highway

Building Roads Along Rivers

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Large--scale Landslides
Large

Landslide on the right bank of the Bhotekoshi River.
Location: north of Barabise17

2013/3/26

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

 Mechanism
 Hazard Maps Early Warning
 DisasterNaturalDisasters

Education National Disaster
Prevention Plan

Networking with
Ehime University

Integrated Disaster Mitigation Plan
Integrated Disaster
Management

Landslides

Flood, GLOF
 Structural, Nonstructural Measures Financial Difficulty

Flood
Nepal side
Network

Earthquake
Glacial Lakes
Water Env.

Nepal
Model
Replication inother Asian
Nations

Ehime
U i
UniversityitCouncil forInternational
Cooperation
with Nepal

Ehime University
Center for
DisasterManagement
Informatics
Research

Ehime
愛媛大学
University
Ehime University
Special Graduate
Course on Disaster
Mitigation Study5ye
ear investigation

 Earthquake, Landslides,

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Disaster Management
Informatics & Database

Disaster
Education Plan

 36kmｘ36km GIS

 Reference bookdatabase preparation
 Landslide hazard

mapping along major
highways Kathmandu Valley Geoinfo Database
preparation

preparation in Nepalese School teachers trainingg Program conduction in

Schools

Method International Students (Master,(Master Doctor),
Doctor) Visiting Research Fellows
 Field Survey (Investigation)
 Research Meetings (Symposiums, Conferences, Seminars, Talk Programs,etc.) Collaborative Programs with Government and Non-Government Agencies
 Contribution to State Disaster Plan

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Research Base Consolidation in Nepal (2001 onwards)

MOU Signing Ceremony (2006.5.28)

 10-year investigation with the support of Japan
Government
 12-time international seminars and conferences including
institutional and individual network building Four-time Letters of Appreciation from Nepal Government
 Memorandum of Understanding with five major Nepalese
Academic Institutions
 Placement of Ehime University Satellite Office in
Kathmandu (2006.5)
 Beginning of Special Graduate Course on Disaster
Prevention Study at Ehime University (2007.10)
 Joint p
programsgwith Japanesep
University
y Alumni ((JUAAN))
in Nepal (more than 200 members)
 Collaborative research initiatives with Nepal Engineering
College (focusing on Landslides and Earthquake) Beginning of Master Course in Disaster Management with
Nepal Engineering College (talks in progress)
 Many-time Nepal programs at Ehime University

18

2013/3/26

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Satellite Office Launching Ceremony (2006.5.28)

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Reporting of the Activities to Nepal Government

Environment Minister
participating in an
International Conference
Education Minister
participating in a Seminarwith JU Alumni

皇太子夫妻2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Media Support

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Achievements
Books・Proceedings: 10
Research papers： About 30

Appreciation Letters（DG, DOR,
Nepal）

NTV programs on
landslide issues in
Nepal

19

2013/3/26

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Planned Network for Integrated Disaster Management in Nepal

DDM

DHM

Nepal Red
Cross

DSC

DHM: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology
DSC: Department of Soil Conservation

DWIDP

DWIDP: Department of Water Induced Disaster
Prevention

R & D,
PolicyICIMOD: Int’l Center for Integrated Moutnain
Development
NEA: Nepal Engineers’ Association
NGS: Nepal Geological Society

PU: Pokhara University

NGOs

nec: Nepal Engineering College

Insurance

Post
DisasterManagement
NPC

Disaster
Mitigation
Network Nepal

TU: Tribhuvan University
KU: Kathmandu University

Consultants

NAST

Academic Institutions(TU, KU, PU, nec)

NGTS: Nepal Geotechnical Society

NMC

ICIMOD

Scientific
Societies(NEA, NGS,
NGTS, etc.)

NAST: Nepal Academy of Science and Technology

Research Plan

INGOs

DMG
DMG: Department of Mines and Geology

Press
Council,
Nepal

Nepal Police
Nepal Army
Community
Forest(DIMNET Nepal)

Dept. of
ForestNGOs: Non-Governmental Organizations
INGOs: International Non-Governmental
Organizations

Awareness Media (TV,& Public
Radio, FM
Stations,
Pressure

DDM: Department of Disaster Management
NMC: Nepal Medical Council
NPC:

Schools

DOI: Department of Irrigation

DOI
DOR

newspapers,
etc.)

DOBUP
Municipal Offices,
DDCs, VDCs

Social clubs

DOR: Department of Roads

PolicyImplementation

Earthquake
Earthquake
ResearchResearch

Landslide
Landslide
ResearchResearch

Flood
Flood
ResearchResearch

GLOF
GLOF
ResearchResearch

Fire/Fire/ Training/
Training/
Demonstration
Demonstration•• MFT
MFT Trench
TrenchInvestigation
Investigation•• KTM
KTM Valley
Valley groundgrounddynamics
dynamics•• KTM
KTM Valley
Valley groundgroundmodeling
modeling•• Earthquake
Earthquake
acceleration
acceleration
measurement
measurement inin KTM
KTM
ValleyValley lake
lake deposit
deposit•• Liquefaction
Liquefaction potential
potentialofof Kathmandu
Kathmandu sands
sands•• Landslide
Landslide mechanism
mechanism(field(field measurement,
measurement,
stability
stability analysis)
analysis)•• Landslide
Landslide hazard
hazardmapping,
mapping, basic
basic data
data
collection
collection•• Aerial
Aerial photo
photo based
based
landslidelandslide topography
topography
identification
identification•• Flood
Flood data
data collection
collection
andand analysis
analysis•• Basic
Basic measurements
measurements
andand data
data acquisitionacquisition
fromfrom radar
radar•• Flood
Fl d model
Flood
model
d l analysis
analysisl i•• Field
Field measurement
measurement
systemsystemdevelopment
development•• Development
Development ofofglacialglacial moraine
morainedepositdeposit failure
failureanalysisanalysis•• Modeling
Modeling ofof flowflowmechanismmechanism•• Develop
Develop appropriate
appropriatetechnology
technology forfor firefire resistanceresistanceinin traditional
traditional thatched
thatched roofed
roofedhouse
house inin Terai
Terai•• Live
Live demonstration
demonstration forfor public
publicawareness
awareness•• Community
Community based
based trainings
trainings•• Teacher’s
Teacher’s training
training

Development
Development ofofdatabase
database forforvariousvarious disasters
disasters

DOBUP: Department of Buildings and Urban
Planning

Development
Development ofof
hazardhazard assessment
assessment
methodology
methodology

Development
Development ofof
Appropriate
Appropriate
Technology,
Technology, Manuals
Manuals2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Nepal side
Project Plan andPartners

100

Million NRs.

Ongoing Work80

Expenditure in Road Rehabilitation
owing to Natural Disaster Damage

94.02
82.53

60
40

Road Maintenance
Cost

20
4.66

4.29

2000

2001

38.14

9.89

0
2002

2003

2004

2005

Year

Organogram of the Proposed Research Project (Nepal-side)

Previous Investigations and plans:
1991: JICATeam Leader/Chief Researcher
Prof. Dr. Bishal Nath Upreti (TU)

1992: SWISS

Deputy Team Leader
Prof. Dr. Deepak Bhattarai (nec)

1993: FINLAND
2007: ADB

Research Area

Research Area

Research Area

Research Area

Earthquake

Flood

Landslides

GLOF

Others (FCoordinator
Mr. A. M. Dixit (NSET)
Researchers:
Dr. S. Ghimire (TU)
Dr. B.N. Upreti (TU)
Dr. R. Shrestha (nec)
Mr. J. R. Joshi (CDRS)
Dr. Harihar Poudyal (TU)
Mr. R. Sthapit (nec)
Dr. R. Guragain (NSET)
Dr. J. R. Pokharel (TU/IOE)
Mr. S. N. Rajbhandari (nec)

Coordinator
Dr. H. K. Shrestha (nec)
Researchers:
Dr. J. R. Pokharel (TU/IOE)
Dr. N. M. Shakya (TU/IOE)
Mr. R. Sharma (DWIDP)
Dr. R. M. Tuladhar (DWIDP)
Dr. D. Pathak (TU)
Dr. L. P. Devkota (TU)
Ms. S. Singh (DMG/GoN)
Dr. K. P. Sharma (DHM)
Ms. A. Shrestha (DHM)

Coordinator
Dr. T. N. Bhattarai (TU)
Researchers:
Dr. V. Dangol (TU)
Dr. D. Bhattarai (nec)
Mr. R. K. Dahal (TU)
Dr. P. B. Thapa (TU)
Dr. S. M. Rai (TU)
Dr. M. R. Dhital (TU)
Mr. T. L. Adhikari (nec)
Mr. P. Khadka (TU/IOE)
Ms. R. Mali (nec)

Coordinator
Dr. K. P. Sharma (DHM)
Researchers:
Dr. A. B. Singh (TU/IOE)
Mr. T. L. Adhikari (nec)
Mr. R. K. Dahal (TU)
Dr. T. N. Bhattarai (TU)
Dr. V. Dangol (TU)
Dr. L. P. Devkota (TU)
Mr. S. R. Bajracharya (TU)
Dr. D.P. Adhikary (TU)
Mr. O. R. Bajracharya (DHM)

Coordinato
Dr. J. R. Po
Researcher
Mr. M. B. P
Dr. P. B. Th
Dr. D. Patha
Dr. R. M. Tu
Dr. D. Bhatt
Mr. L. N. Po
Dr. M. B. P.
Ms. S. Tiwa
Mr. T. B. G.C

Abbreviations:
TU: Tribhuvan University
MOHA: Ministry of Home Affairs
nec: Nepal Engineering College
DMG: Department of Mines and Geology
IOE: Institute of Engineering, TU
DHM: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology
DWIDP: Department of Water Induced Disaster Prevention

Rese

NSET: National Society for Earthquake Techn
NCDM: Nepal Centre for Disaster Manageme
CDRS: Center for Disaster Risk Studies, nec

20

2013/3/26

Road maintenance prioritization inheavily landslide prone area

Highway Route Selection in Landslide Susceptible Area

2. Landuse

3. LandAcquisition
Cost

3. LandAcquisition
Cost

4. Unit cost of
Earthwork
Excavation

4. Unit cost of
7)00
Earthwork1A (293)
Excavation
1, 2 (192 (19High : 2.868272

07

99
3)

)

1A
1,

(2

7)
00

2 (19 93)

2A

C
Road_Tunel
5B

Road (1993 - FINLAND)
7)00

Tunnel (2007 - ADB)

4 (1993)3, 4 (1993)

^_

)

5AB
C (1
3A (20 993)
07)

3 (1993)

3,

5

2.5

007)

(1

9

5A

(1

3
99

)

5

Parameter Considered:

Kilometers05

4 (1993)

Slope

AspectLithology

LanduseDrainage Density

Proximity to Road

Kilometers

Hetauda

3B (2

4

)
93

Under Construction

B. Pavement (Asphalt)

5. Landslide
Susceptibility
5 Mapping
2.50Tunnel (1993 - FINLAND)
007)

3)
99

3A (2

(1

PlannedMuglinR d (2007 - ADB)
Road

007)

5A

3)

Gravel

4. Unit cost
4. Unitcost- of
Road (2007
ADB)
ofEarthwork
Distance
to(1993
StreamTunnel- FINLAN
Earthwork
Excavation
Tunnel(2007
ADB)
Distance to Lineament
Excavation

)

9
(19

3A (2

4
3,

99
(1

Route
1
(1
99
3

Earthern(1993 - FINLANDStreamRoad
Drop

BC

Route 2 3)

2B

00
7)
(2

3
99

A (1993)
4, 5A

2B

(1

4, 5A (19993)

3, 4 (1993)

(2007

C

(2

(1

^_ End Point`^ Start Point

Route 1Structure
3. Land Geological
3. LandRoute 2Acquisition
Acquisition
Cost Drainage
Cost Density
Road_Tunel

00
7)

2B

(2

00

7)

)

BC

1 Slope1.

2. Landuse
2. Landuse
Lithology

9(19

Bitumenous

A. Road Slope(Slope Failure)

High : 2600.000000

 Slope

(2

)

(2 0

07

2A

2C

Road TYPE

Study Area

AspectLow : 20.000000

Low : -17.790981
3)_^ End Point^` Start Point

Considered
Kathmandu
1 Slope
1.

1A

(2 0

3)
(199

5. Landslide
Susceptibility
Mapping
3 (1993)

Hetauda3B(1 99 3)

Statistical
Index
99
(1
1
Value

1A

2C

5B

^_

, 5A

3)

93 )

2. Landuse

3)

®

2ABC
, 3,4

1

99
(1

`^

Legend2 (1 993)

1. Slopep®

Kathmandu

LegendLegendRoute 1
Route 2
Parameter
DEM
Factor
FactorValue
Considered:
Considered

2B

1. Slope
p

^`

5A (1

FactorConsidered, 3,4 ,

Route 2

FactorConsidered

2AB
BC

Route 1

993)

Case

Case

®

Landslide susceptibility and
5AB
C (1
99
Road Alignment
3A (2007) 3)

Proximity to Stream

576846606846311978023327063327083327031149203314920075 150300

2332704504332702914920311492029149203089780600
km
633270833270Legend30597803059780

Landslide Hazard Analysis

63684643327031197805468463314920516846

Thrust-Fault Network and Landslides Distribution

30897804868462012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Landslide Hazard Analysis

Major Highway

Lineaments
ThrustThrust (MBT)3029780

Thrust (MCT)

50

46.06

40
30
20

17.33

16.10

1000

2000

11.89

10

8.61

0

Landslides

500

4000

<4000

0

5

10

Distance to Thrust-Fault (m)486846516846546846576846606846

20

30

40
km

3029780

Landlside Area (%)

Fault

63684684

21

2013/3/26

Earthquake Motion Analysis in
Kathmandu Valley

Earthquakes

Borehole data

Earthquake Motion in
Ground Surface
Ground Response Analysis（N（Non-Linear）
Li）

Recent Earthquakes

Earthquake Motion in Base Rock（1994.5～2008.3）
M＞4.0: 211 times

KATHMANDU

Features of
Top Ground

3-D Wave Propagation

KATHMANDU
VALLEY

Valley Deposit

Geological Complexity

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

Seismic Microzonation Map of Kathmandu Valley
0.8

0.6
0 .4

New _GPS _coordinat es_ Pr oject
ct our27

0.4

0.6

0.6

0. 6

1

1.2

.

12

1.

2

.6

0

Roads

±

1

1

1

1

0.6

1.4

1
8

0 0. 450.9

1.4

0.6-0.8100

0.8-1.0
1.0-1.2

Thickness (m)1.2-1.4

200

100
300

6

1

1

200

400

0.8

0. 6

1

1

1

0. 6
0.4

S

300 W

1

0.8

0.6

0.

.8

I

0. 8

0 .8

0. 6

0

0. 8

8

1.
2

0. 6

6

0.

8

0.

0. 6
0.2
1

1

400

1
1.2

0.4

II

0

1.4-2.05

0. 6

0. 8

1.2

1 .2

.8

0-0.6

1

0.6

0

Airpor t

Km
3.6

2. 7

N

mainr ivers

1.2

0.

0 .6

0

Ringroad

1

0.6

1

1. 8

FCODE

.6

1.2

0.

1. 8
1. 6

0.8

0.4

1. 4

0.4

0.6

1

1 .6

0.4

0.

4

1.4

1

0. 2

E

roa ds

0.4

1 .2

0.4

Microtremor Analysis-based Basement Topography
Top
Predication（Kathmandu Valley）

Leg end

0. 6

0. 4

2012 JSCE Annual Meeting Int’l RTM (Nagoya 2012.9.5-6)

0.4

0. 6

Base

22