Challenge to tackle to Climate Change
in Sub-Saharan Africa@ Innovation for Cool Earth Forum 9th Annual Meeting (October 5-6, 2022)
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
Africa Department
Chika YUKI

Note: The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official positions of JICA.

Expected Role of Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa
Achieve Food Security

Drive Economic Development

 Hunger in Africa has worsened since 2014.
(FAO,2021).

 Agriculture is major value-adding and employing
sector. (WB)
Region / Country

GDP shareEmployment

Sub-Saharan Africa

17.7% (2021)

53% (2019)

Sierra Leone

59.5% (2020)

54% (2019)

Chad

54.0% (2020)75% (2019)

Ethiopia

37.6% (2021)

67% (2019)World

4.3% (2021)

27% (2019)

 Agriculture is expected to drive economic
development in national policies.

 Countries in East and southern Africa continue toexperience acute food insecurity that is predicted
to increase further in the coming months (WB,September 2022)

 Kenya Vision 2030 … The economic pillar recognizes
agriculture as a critical sector in contributing …
achieving an average GDP growth rate of 10 % peryear (Kenya, Agricultural Policy, 2021)
 Agriculture is a central driver for transformation towarda knowledge based, middle-income economy (Rwanda,National Agricultural Policy, 2018)

Expected Role of Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa
Achieve Food Security

Drive Economic Development

 Hunger in Africa has worsened since 2014.
(FAO,2021).

 Agriculture is major value-adding and employing
sector. (WB)
Region / Country

GDP share

Employment

Sub-Saharan Africa

17.7% (2021)

53% (2019)

Sierra Leone

59.5% (2020)

54% (2019)

Chad

54.0% (2020)75% (2019)

Ethiopia

37.6% (2021)

67% (2019)World

4.3% (2021)

27% (2019)

 Agriculture is expected to drive economic
development in national policies.
 Kenya Vision 2030 … The economic pillar recognizes
agriculture as a critical sector in contributing …
achieving an average GDP growth rate of 10 % peryear (Kenya, Agricultural Policy, 2021)

Tackling Climate Change Cannot Ignore Agriculture is a central driver for transformation toward
Improvement of Agricultural
Production.
a knowledge based,
middle-income economy (Rwanda, Countries in East and southern Africa continue toexperience acute food insecurity that is predicted
to increase further in the coming months (WB,September 2022)

National Agricultural Policy, 2018)

From the Perspective of Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa
Net Value of Agriculture per Person is Decreasing. (FAO)

In the background, Arable land per person is decreasing, while population growth rapidly. (WB)
 …the ongoing expansion of agricultural land use is constrained by various sources of uncertainty,
including land fragmentation trends, conflict in land abundant countries, and the presence of othercompeting uses such as mining and urban sprawl… (FAO, 2021)

From the Perspective of Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa
Net Value of Agriculture per Person is Decreasing. (FAO)

In the background, Arable land per person is decreasing, while population growth rapidly. (WB)
 …the ongoing expansion of agricultural land use is constrained by various sources of uncertainty,
including land fragmentation trends, conflict in land abundant countries, and the presence of othercompeting uses such as mining and urban sprawl… (FAO, 2021)

Farmers Cannot Afford Only to Climate Change.
They Need Their Own Benefit, Ex. Profit, Productivity.

What JICA Do | Case of Zambia (Adaptation)
Development of Community-Based Smallholder Irrigation
 Utilize small rivers or wetlands as water sources Develop small-scale irrigation facilities by farmers themselves
 Utilize materials which is easy for farmers to get, like tree branches Assume to be broken in rainy reason
 But farmers themselves can make new ones
 After controlling water well, construct permanent weirs by farmers themselves.

Irrigation Areas Have been Expanded by Farmers Themselves

Construction of small-scale
irrigation facilities by farmers

 In 2009-2011, 544ha were newly irrigated, with 6,874 beneficiary farmers
 They get additional 1,550ZMW (+33%) by irrigation development
 In 2013-2017, 961ha were newly irrigated, income increasing to 220% From 2019, disseminating this technology wider and wider
Construction of permanent weirs
by farmers, by stonework

What JICA Do | Case of Zambia (Adaptation)
Development of Community-Based Smallholder Irrigation
 Utilize small rivers or wetlands as water sources Develop small-scale irrigation facilities by farmers themselves
 Utilize materials which is easy for farmers to get, like tree branches Assume to be broken in rainy reason
 But farmers themselves can make new ones
 After controlling water well, construct permanent weirs by farmers themselves.

Irrigation Areas Have been Expanded by Farmers Themselves

Construction of small-scale
irrigation facilities by farmers

 In 2009-2011, 544ha were newly irrigated, with 6,874 beneficiary farmers
 They get additional 1,550ZMW (+33%) by irrigation development
 In 2013-2017, 961ha were newly irrigated, income increasing to 220%

With Their Own Benefit (Production, Water Supply),Farmers Adopt New Technology by Themselves.

 From 2019, disseminating this technology wider and wider

Construction of permanent weirs
by farmers, by stonework

What JICA Do | Case of Kenya (Adaptation and Mitigation)
Development of Water Saving Rice Cultivation (WSRC)
 The WSRC is a technical package that aims at yield improvement and water saving,which consists of intermittent irrigation, healthy seedling etc

WSRC Can Save Water and Improve Production at the Same Time.
 WSRC was developed in Mwea irrigation scheme, which was constructed with JICA loanPaddy field where
WSRC was adopted

 One of major issues here is lack of water in dry season
 Recent demonstration experiments in some areas shows
yield can be increased by 2 tons/ha with WSRC, need further experiments
 Farmers start to adopt WSRC, but need more demonstration to understand the effect

WSRC Can Also Reduce CH4, But as a Side Effect for Farmers
 Intermittent irrigation prevents anaerobic status, which generates CH4, in paddy filed
 However, reduction of CH4 itself does not bring benefits to farmers
 It is difficult for famers to measure CH4 emission

Measure production in paddy
riled where WSRC was adopted

What JICA Do | Case of Kenya (Adaptation and Mitigation)
Development of Water Saving Rice Cultivation (WSRC)
 The WSRC is a technical package that aims at yield improvement and water saving,which consists of intermittent irrigation, healthy seedling etc

WSRC Can Save Water and Improve Production at the Same Time.
 WSRC was developed in Mwea irrigation scheme, which was constructed with JICA loan

Paddy field whereWSRC was adopted

 One of major issues here is lack of water in dry season
 Recent demonstration experiments in some areas shows
yield can be increased by 2 tons/ha with WSRC, need further experiments
 Farmers start to adopt WSRC, but need more demonstration to understand the effectMeasure production in paddy
riled where WSRC was adopted

WSRC Can Also Reduce CH4, But as a Side Effect for Farmers
 Intermittent irrigation prevents anaerobic status, which generates CH4, in paddy filed

For Famers, Their Own Benefit Comes First,of CH4 Comes After.
 It is difficult for famers Reduction
to measure CH4 emission
 However, reduction of CH4 itself does not bring benefits to farmers

Conclusion
For both governments and farmers, adopting new technology cannot be successful
without agricultural benefit, like productivity or water supplyAdaptation to climate change itself can be own benefit for farmers
However, mitigation cannot
Mitigation technology which contributes to agricultural benefit needs to be developedWhen disseminating to farmers, showing their own agricultural benefit is importantClimate Smart Agriculture (CSA)sustainably increase agricultural productivity and incomes;
adapt and build resilience of people and agri-food systems to climate change; andreduce or, where possible, avoid GHG emissions. (FAO)