2022

【No.

1】 Select the statement which best corresponds to the content of the following

passage.
Which job is more dangerous ― being a police officer or a logger＊? While high profile
police shootings might lead you to think that cops have the most dangerous job, statistics

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actually show that loggers are more likely to die on the job than cops. When it comes tomaking this type of judgment about relative risk or danger, our brains rely on a number ofdifferent strategies to make quick decisions. This illustrates what is known as the availability
heuristic, a mental shortcut that helps you make fast, but sometimes incorrect, assessments.
There are all kinds of mental shortcuts, but a common one involves relying on informationthat comes to mind quickly. This is known as “availability.” If you can quickly think ofmultiple examples of something happening ― such as police shootings ― you will believethat it is more common.
When you are trying to make a decision, a number of related events or situations might
immediately spring to the forefront of your thoughts. As a result, you might judge thatthose events are more frequent or probable than others. You give greater credence to thisinformation and tend to overestimate the probability and likelihood of similar things
happening in the future. For example, after seeing several news reports about car thefts,
you might make a judgment that vehicle theft is much more common than it really is in yourarea. This type of availability heuristic can be helpful and important in decision-making.
When faced with a choice, we often lack the time or resources to investigate in greater depth.
《Lines omitted》
The term availability heuristic was first coined in 1973 by Nobel-prize winning psychologists
Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman. They suggested that the availability heuristic occurs
unconsciously and operates under the principle that “if you can think of it, it must be
important.” Things that come to mind more easily are believed to be far more common andmore accurate reflections of the real world. As Tversky and Kahneman explained, one of themost obvious examples of the availability heuristic in action is the impact of readily available
examples.
Like other heuristics, the availability heuristic can be useful at times. However, it canlead to problems and errors. Reports of child abductions, airplane accidents, and train
derailments often lead people to believe that such events are much more typical than they
truly are. For example, after you see a movie about a nuclear disaster, you might becomeconvinced that a nuclear war or accident is highly likely. After seeing a car overturned on
the side of the road, you might believe that your own likelihood of getting in an accident isvery high.
1Plus, the longer you stay preoccupied with the event, the more available it will be in

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your mind and the more probable you will believe it to be. The problem is that certain
events tend to stand out in our minds more than others. Excessive media coverage cancause this to happen, but sometimes the novelty or drama surrounding an event can cause it
to become more available in your memory. Because the event is so unusual, it takes on
greater significance, which leads you to incorrectly assume that the event is much morecommon than it really is.
＊logger: someone whose job is to cut down trees

1．The difference between being a cop and a logger is that the latter is considered to be
more dangerous.
2．Tversky and Kahneman suggest that if you can think of something easily, it will seem toreflect what is happening around you.
3．The availability heuristic presents information to you which prevents you from getting aclear idea of reliable patterns for future decision-making.
4．It became a reality that you got into a car accident after you saw an upturned car on theroad.
5．Media coverage has the effect of making events seem more dramatic, but we tend toforget them quickly.

2

【No.

2】 Select the statement which best corresponds to the content of the following

passage.
What is happening in the brain of an actor reciting Hamletʼs “to be or not to be” soliloquy
or of the person next to you at lunch saying, “Please pass the salt”? For 150 years, scientists

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have known that a brain region called Brocaʼs area plays a key role in speech production,but exactly what it does and how it does it have been a mystery. Now, a study conducted at
the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine using recordings from the surface of thebrain ― made between surgical procedures to treat epileptic seizures ― reveals that Brocaʼsarea is active early in the process of forming sentences and ends its work before a word isactually spoken, which is sooner than was previously believed.
If the process of speaking is like a production of Shakespeareʼs Hamlet, researchers oncesuspected that Brocaʼs area might be a detail-oriented director, controlling exactly how anactor pronounces each line. But the research, published Feb. 17 in the Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, suggests Brocaʼs area may be writing the script ― organizing
the string of sounds that express the playwrightʼs ideas.
This new insight about Brocaʼs area, which is located in the frontal cortex＊1 above andbehind the left eye, could ultimately benefit the treatment of language impairments due tostroke, epilepsy and brain injuries, says Nathan E. Crone, M.D., an associate professor ofneurology at Johns Hopkins and the senior author of the study. Crone is one of the pioneersof the technique the researchers used, which captures the timing and location of brain activity
in sharp detail.
“We were interested in studying how information flows through the brain during speech,”
Crone says, “and in this study, for the first time, we were able to record very precisely thetiming of activation of different centers of the brain during different language tasks. Brocaʼsarea has always been viewed as very important for the articulation of speech, but until now
its precise role was unclear. We found that rather than carrying out the articulation of
speech, Brocaʼs area is developing a plan for articulation, and then monitoring what is said
to correct errors and make adjustments in the flow of speech.”《Lines omitted》
Brocaʼs area appears to act as an intermediary between the temporal cortex, whichorganizes incoming sensory information, and the motor cortex, which carries out the
movements of the mouth, the researchers found. “Brocaʼs area shuts down during the actual
delivery of speech, but it may remain active during conversation as part of planning future
words and full sentences,” says lead author Adeen Flinker, now a postdoctoral researcher at
New York University who did the research while he was a Ph.D. student at the University of3

California, Berkeley.
Flinker says neuroscientists have traditionally organized the brainʼs language center

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into two main regions: one for perceiving speech, and one for producing speech. “This new
finding helps us move toward a less dichotomous＊2 view, where Brocaʼs area is not simply acenter for speech production but rather a critical area for integrating and coordinating
information across brain regions.”＊1

cortex: the outer layer of the brain, composed of folded grey matter＊2

dichotomous: dividing into two parts

1．Brocaʼs area helps articulate word sounds, but it often makes errors.
2．It was discovered during surgery that Brocaʼs area is most active before and after speech
acts.
3．Treating patients with strokes and brain injuries helps researchers know more about
how Brocaʼs area works.
4．Brocaʼs area can be compared to a scriptwriter as it organizes what is going to be said
before it is uttered.
5．Neuroscientists believe there are two language centers in the brain, but neither iscoordinated by Brocaʼs area.

4

【No.

3】 Select the statement which best corresponds to the content of the following

passage.
Microbiologists have devised a sustainable way to remove polluting microplastics fromthe environment ― and they want to use bacteria to do the job. Bacteria naturally tend to

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group together and stick to surfaces, and this creates an adhesive substance called “biofilm”― we see it every morning when brushing our teeth and getting rid of dental plaque, forexample. Researchers at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University（PolyU）want to use thissticky bacteria property and create tape-like microbe nets that can capture microplastics inpolluted water to form an easily disposable and recyclable blob. Although these findings,
presented at the Microbiology Societyʼs annual conference, are still preliminary, thisinvention could pave the way for sustainably lowering plastic pollution levels in the long run
by simply using something found in nature. “It is imperative to develop effective solutions
that trap, collect, and even recycle these microplastics to stop the ʻplastificationʼ of our
natural environments,” said Sylvia Yang Liu, microbiology researcher at PolyU.
Microplastics are the plastic fragments, usually smaller than 5mm, which are accidentally
released into the environment during production and breakdown of, for example, grocerybags or water bottles ― or during everyday activities such as washing synthetic clothes suchas nylon or using personal care products with scrubbing microbeads in them. Although they
are tiny, the risk they post to the environment is huge.

Microplastics are not easily

biodegradable, so they stick around for long periods of time, and they also absorb andaccumulate toxic chemicals. They disperse into wastewater and into the oceans, endangeringmarine animals who end up eating them and eventually trickling into the food chain andharming human health too. Microplastics had been found in more than 114 aquatic species
in 2018, according to the International Maritime Organization, and they have been found in
salt, lettuce, apples, and more.
Yet, there are not any sustainable, one-size-fit-all ways to eliminate microplastics. With
this research, Liu and the team led by Professor Song Lin Chua and James Kar-Hei Fang
have engineered a bacterial biofilm, from a bacteria called Pseudomonas aeruginosa, able toimmobilise and incorporate rogue microplastics floating around in the water. These microbe
nets trap and group the microplastics and make them sink to the bottom of the water. Then,
thanks to a “capture-release mechanism” using a biofilm-dispersal gene, the researchers canunlatch the microplastics from the bacteria traps and find themselves with bulks of collected
microplastics ready to recycle.
“This is a really innovative and exciting application of biofilm engineering to address
the plastic pollution crisis,” said Dr Joanna Sadler, researcher at University of Edinburgh,
5who was not involved in this study.

“One of the biggest challenges in dealing with

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microplastics is capturing such small particles so they can be degraded and removed fromthe environment.

Liu and co-workers have demonstrated an elegant solution to thisproblem, which holds great potential to be further developed into a real-world wastewater
treatment technology.”

1．Microbiologists at a university in Hong Kong have devised a way to remove plastics fromoceans that can also be applied to dental care.
2．Microplastics are harmful because they do not break down easily, they can soak up toxic
waste, and they make their way into the food chain only via sea salt.
3．The process of removing microplastics from the water includes a process in which abacterial biofilm stops their movement and carries them down to the bottom.
4．Dr Joanna Sadler believes that the main problem in removing microplastics from water
is that they are so small that they cannot be degraded any further.
5．As of yet, there is no definitive way of removing microplastics from our environment,
but microbe nets are the most popular ones used in the treatment of wastewater.

6

【No.

4】 Select the statement which best corresponds to the content of the following

passage.
Pandas are about to be reclassified in China from endangered to vulnerable after efforts
to boost the population saw numbers rise to 1,800 in the wild.

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“China has established a relatively complete nature reserves system,” Cui Shuhong,director of the Department of Natural Ecological Protection of the Ministry of Ecology andEnvironment, said at a press conference. “Large areas of natural ecosystems have beensystematically and completely protected, and wildlife habitats have been effectively improved.”《Lines omitted》
This latest classification upgrade “reflects their improved living conditions and Chinaʼsefforts in keeping their habitats integrated,” Shuhong added.
Bamboo makes up 90% of pandasʼ diets, and the animals would likely starve without theshoots. Experts believe Chinaʼs efforts to replant bamboo forests have been key to thesuccess of the pandasʼ resurgence. The bears were once widespread throughout southernand eastern China, but due to expanding human populations and urban development, arenow confined to areas that have bamboo forests. Pandas have to eat at least 26 lbs ofbamboo every day to maintain their energy, and so ensuring large swathes of bamboo forests
are available is paramount to their survival.
“The Chinese have done a great job in investing in panda habitats, expanding andsetting up new reserves,” Ginette Hemley, senior vice president of conservation at the World
Wildlife Fund, told the reporter. “They are a wonderful example of what can happen when agovernment is committed to conservation.”
Planting bamboo also has advantages for the planet, as the shrub is a grass, not a tree,
and is incredibly efficient at absorbing carbon dioxide, as well as emitting 35% more oxygen
than trees.
Continuing Chinaʼs success will be dependent on the country protecting land fromagricultural and urban development. As land becomes scarcer, measures will need to beextended to protect more land, to ensure bamboo forests can thrive ― and as a result, secure
the future of the worldʼs most loveable, and lazy, monochrome creature.

7

1．China protected large areas of panda habitats systematically, but did not actively breed
pandas artificially.
2．Bamboo is the main diet for pandas, but since they also eat other plants, they scarcely
starve without replanting the bamboo forests.
3．Pandas were once widespread throughout southern and eastern China, but are now
confined to certain areas due to agricultural development and decreased undergroundresources.
4．China moved panda habitats to the northern parts of China, which is a great example of
the governmentʼs efforts to conserve nature.
5．Protecting land for bamboo forests from agricultural and urban development has
secured the future of the monochrome creature, panda.

8

5】 Select the statement which best corresponds to the content of the following【No.

passage.
The coelacanth ― a giant weird fish still around from dinosaur times ― can live for 100
years, a new study found.

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These slow-moving, people-sized fish of the deep, nicknamed a “living fossil,” are theopposite of the live fast, die young mantra. These nocturnal fish grow at an achingly slow pace.
Females donʼt hit sexual maturity until their late 50s, the study said, while malecoelacanths are sexually mature at 40 to 69 years. And maybe strangest of all, researchers
figure pregnancy in the fish lasts about five years.
Coelacanths, which have been around for 400 million years, were thought extinct until
they were found alive in 1938 off South Africa. Scientists long believed coelacanths live
about 20 years. But by applying a standard technique for dating commercial fish, French
scientists calculated they actually live close to a century, according to a study in Current
Biology.
Coelacanths are so endangered that scientists can only study specimens already caught
and dead.
In the past, scientists calculated fish ages by counting big lines on a specific coelacanthscale. But the French scientists found they were missing smaller lines that could only beseen using polarized light ― the technique used to figure out the age of commercial fish.
Study co-author Bruno Ernande, a marine evolutionary ecologist at Franceʼs marine
research institute, said polarized light revealed five smaller lines for every big one. The
researchers concluded the smaller lines better correlated to a year of coelacanth age ― andthat indicated their oldest specimen was 84 years old.
Using the technique, the scientists studied two embryos＊ and calculated the largest was
five years old and the youngest was nine years old. So, Ernande said, they figured pregnancy
lasts at least five years in coelacanths, which have live births.
That five-year gestation is “very strange” for fish or any animal, said Scripps Institutionof Oceanographyʼs Harold Walker, who wasnʼt part of the research.
Even though coelacanths are unrelated genetically and show wide evolutionary differences,
they age slowly like other dwellers of the deep, sharks and rays, Ernande said. “They might
have evolved similar life histories because they are sharing similar type habitats,” he said.
＊

embryo: an animal or human that has not yet been born, and has just begun to develop

91．The coelacanth took a long time to mature and moved slowly, so it hardly lived long andbecame extinct.
2．Fish ages are generally calculated by counting the number of scale lines, but coelacanths
ages are calculated in a completely different way.
3．The discovery of coelacanthʼs smaller scale lines which are invisible to the naked eye
showed that coelacanths live for about 100 years.
4．Coelacanths get pregnant between the ages of 5 and 9, and the pregnancy period lasts
for approximately 5 years.
5．Not only coelacanths but also other deep-sea creatures such as sharks and rays growslowly, so all of them are called living fossils.

10

【No.

6】 Select the statement which best corresponds to the content of the following

passage.
Every six months, once in March and again in September, an equinox splits Earthʼs day
almost in half, giving us about 12 hours of daylight and 12 of night.

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On a day in the latter part of March, nature brings us the vernal equinox, the time ofyear that ushers in spring in the Northern Hemisphere. Then, on a day in the latter part of
September, the autumnal equinox signals the coming of fall for the North. Those days areswapped for the vernal and autumnal equinoxes in the Southern Hemisphere.
Our planet normally orbits the sun on an axis thatʼs tilted 23.5 degrees, meaning thatthe hemispheres trade off getting more warmth from the sun. Two times a year, Earthʼs orbit
and its axial tilt combine so that the sun sits right above Earthʼs Equator, casting thedividing line between the light and dark parts of the planet ― the so-called terminator, or
twilight zone ― through the North and South Poles.
The terminator doesnʼt perfectly divide the planet into dark and light; Earthʼs
atmosphere bends sunlight by 37 miles（60 kilometers）, which equals half a degree. Thatmeans one half of the planet is still a little more lit than the other, even on an equinox.
Earth isnʼt the only planet that experiences equinoxes: every planet in our solar system
has them. In 2009, the Cassini probe in orbit around Saturn captured an equinox on theringed planet. As on Earth, equinoxes occur every half-year on Saturn, but that equals 15
years on Earth, making Cassiniʼs photo session a unique event.
Ancient cultures have tracked the equinoxes in different ways over the millennia. From
constructed monuments, like pyramids, to stone engravings that acted as calendars, tochurches that incorporated the sun into their architecture, civilizations marked the passingof the sun and the seasons with great accuracy.
Some cultures continue to celebrate the equinox today, like the Lakota Tribe of the U.S.
Midwest. The Lakota connect the earth with the sky by making tobacco from the red willow
tree, which matches the Dried Willow constellation, where the sun rises on the springequinox. They smoke this sacred tobacco in a ceremony marking the return of longer days.

11

1．The phenomenon that equinoxes occur twice a year on Earth is caused by the fact that
Earth is tilted and rotates around the Earthʼs axis.
2．Sunlight does not reach Earth in a straight line because Earthʼs atmosphere and its hightemperature bend the light.
3．Equinoxes are observed both on Earth and on Saturn, but they are observed four times
a year on Saturn.
4．Several ancient structures, such as pyramids, stone carvings, and churches, have marked
the equinoxes accurately over the millennia.
5．The Lakota celebrate the equinox by worshiping the rising sun while smoking sacredcigarettes in the vernal and autumnal equinoxes.

12

【No.

7】 Select the statement which best corresponds to the content of the following

passage.
It was the Egyptians who transformed the number one from a unit of counting things toa unit of measuring things. In Egypt, around 3,000 BC, the number one became used as a

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unit of measurement to measure length. If youʼre going to build pyramids, temples, canals
and obelisks youʼre going to need a standard unit of measurement ― and an accurate methodof applying it to real objects. What they invented was the cubit, which they considered to bea sacred measurement. A cubit is the length of a manʼs forearm, from elbow to fingertips,
plus the width of his palm. Considered sacred as they were, they had officially ordained
sticks which they kept in the temples. If copy cubits were needed they were made from oneof the original cubits kept in the temple. Thanks to this very official, very guarded and very
precise unit of measurement the Egyptians were able to create colossal buildings andmonuments with wondrous accuracy.
The Egyptians were the first civilization to invent different symbols for different
numbers. They had a symbol for one, which was just a line. The symbol for ten was a rope.
The symbol for a hundred was a coil of rope. They also had numbers for a thousand and ten
thousand. The Egyptians were the first to dream up the number one million, and its symbol
was a prisoner begging for forgiveness, which was a person on its knees, hands upraised in
the air, in a posture of humility.
Greece made further contributions to the world of numbers and counting, much of it
under the guidance of Pythagoras. He studied in Egypt and upon returning to Greece
established a school of math, introducing Greece to mathematical concepts already prevalentin Egypt. Pythagoras was the first man to come up with the idea of odd and even numbers.
To him, the odd numbers were male; the evens were female. He is most famous for his
Pythagorean theorem, but perhaps his greatest contribution to math was laying the groundwork
for Greek mathematicians who would follow him.

13

1．Greek mathematicians transformed the number one from a unit of measuring things toa unit of counting things.
2．Because the number one started to be used as a unit of measurement in Egypt around3,000 BC, Egyptian civilization rapidly developed.
3．Egyptian civilization was the first one to create different symbols for different numbers
for the first time. For example, the symbol for a thousand was a shining star.
4．Since Greece was greatly helpful to the world of numbers and counting, a lot of Greek
scientists won many kinds of prizes.
5．Pythagoras, who had studied in Egypt, is very famous for the Pythagorean theorem, andhis greatest achievement was perhaps building the foundation for Greek mathematicians.

14

8】 Select the statement which best corresponds to the content of the following【No.

passage.
Research on a newly discovered bird fossil led by The University of Texas at Austin
found that a unique brain shape may be why the ancestors of living birds survived the mass

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extinction that claimed all other known dinosaurs.

“Living birds have brains more complex than any known animals except mammals,” said
lead investigator Christopher Torres, who conducted the research while earning a Ph.D. fromthe UT College of Natural Sciences and is now a National Science Foundation postdoctoral
fellow at Ohio University and research associate at the UT Jackson School of Geosciences.
“This new fossil finally lets us test the idea that those brains played a major role in theirsurvival.”
The fossil is about 70 million years old and has a nearly complete skull, a rareoccurrence in the fossil record that allowed the scientists to compare the ancient bird tobirds living today.
《Lines omitted》
The fossil is a new specimen of a bird named Ichthyornis, which went extinct at the sametime as other nonavian dinosaurs and lived in what is now Kansas during the late Cretaceous
Period.

Ichthyornis has a blend of avian＊ and nonavian dinosaur-like characteristics ―including jaws full of teeth but tipped with a beak. The intact skull let Torres and his
collaborators get a closer look at the brain.
Bird skulls wrap tightly around their brains. With CT-imaging data, the researchers
used the skull of Ichthyornis like a mold to create a 3D replica of its brain called an
endocast. They compared that endocast with ones created for living birds and more distantdinosaurian relatives.
The researchers found that the brain of Ichthyornis had more in common with nonavian
dinosaurs than living birds. In particular, the cerebral hemispheres ― where higher cognitive
functions such as speech, thought and emotion occur in humans ― are much bigger in living
birds than in Ichthyornis. That pattern suggests that these functions could be connected tosurviving the mass extinction.
“If a feature of the brain affected survivorship, we would expect it to be present in thesurvivors but absent in the casualties, like Ichthyornis,” said Torres. “Thatʼs exactly what wesee here.”＊avian: relating to birds

15

1．Research showed that the ancestors of living birds survived the mass extinction because
they had not only a unique brain shape but a huge heart and strong muscles.
2．Thanks to the newly discovered fossil which has a nearly complete skull, scientists wereable to compare the ancient bird with birds living today.
3．As Ichthyornis had mixed features of avian and nonavian dinosaur, Ichthyornis didnʼt go
extinct at the same time as other nonavian dinosaurs.
4．Although the researchers succeeded in creating the endocast of Ichthyornisʼs brain, they
could not find out how Ichthyornis survived the mass extinction.
5．According to the lead investigator Christopher Torres, a big brain was absent in theextinct species like Ichthyornis.

16

【No.

9】 Select the statement which best corresponds to the content of the following

passage.
Some knowledge lives at the surface of peopleʼs lives. It can be more easily taught andunderstood because itʼs found in the physical realm of books or documents. But like the tip

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of an iceberg, this knowledge is only a small fraction of what people know, or more
importantly, of what people need to learn.
“Tacit knowledge” is the knowledge that lives below the surface. Hidden like the vast
iceberg below the waves, it is the know-how that lives in peopleʼs experiences and feelings
and is more difficult to impart.
《Lines omitted》
Ted Lewis, a University of Wisconsin-Stout alum with degrees in B.S. and M.S. industrial
education, became interested in tacit knowledge as a technical training officer at thenational sugar factory in Trinidad and Tobago in the late 1980s.
The final stage of sugar-making is the most important since there are expensive penalties
if the grains do not meet international standards, he explained. In this stage, sugarcane
juice is boiled in large vacuum pans, so that it crystallizes into sugar. The process is monitoredby “pan-boilers,” who specialize in sampling the syrup to determine when the crystals reachthe right consistency.
“Historically, pan-boilers learn their art through apprenticeship, older heads showing
the newcomers in the heat of factory operations,” Lewis said. “This transfer of art is usually
done in a cloistered way and kept within tight, unionized groupings. It is a classic case oftacit knowledge, transferred on the job with nothing written down.”“As a technical training officer, I was intrigued by this tradition of workers operating
essentially in secrecy, on such a critical aspect of factory operations,” he added. Lewis
recognized that the pan-boilersʼ knowledge would benefit factory engineers and scientists.
For example, he explained, in the engineering aspect, sugar is boiled under vacuum
conditions, which facilitate lower boiling temperatures. “Or we would have caramel insteadof sugar,” he said.
With full participation of the union, Lewis developed training and a comprehensive
reader on the basic engineering and science behind sugar boiling. He also engaged thechemical engineering faculty at a nearby university to develop a Sugar Technology course
for pan-boilers.
“The course made for a more complete pan-boiler, one steeped in tacit aspects of sugar
boiling, learned on the job,” Lewis said, “but also in aspects of boiling as seen through theeyes of engineers and scientists.”17

1．“Tacit knowledge” is the knowledge that exists below the surface and is only a small
fraction of what people learned from books or documents.
2．Whether it be tacit knowledge or not, it is very difficult to give people knowledge andhave them completely understand it.
3．At the sugar factory where Ted Lewis worked, “pan-boilers” monitored the final process
which was important for meeting international standards.
4．Technical training officers at the sugar factory must acquire the techniques of panboilers with solely their own eyes and ears, and without seeing the work of theircolleagues.
5．The training manual and the Sugar Technology course developed by Lewis were very
effective and, as a result, they helped to improve the profits of the factory.

18

【No. 10】 Select the statement which best corresponds to the content of the following
passage.
It seems clear that if Immanuel Kant（1724-1804）were alive today he would endorse
wearing a face mask during pandemic conditions. First, doing so would help preserve oneʼs

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own natural being. Second, it would help to protect the natural being of others, as well as
respecting others as moral, reasoning persons who recognise the same obligation towards
you. Finally, recognising the first two obligations and fulfilling them would be a form ofrespecting yourself as a moral, reasoning being. But apart from these implications, is there
any more that we can gain from Kant concerning this issue?
《Lines omitted》
Opponents of mask-wearing laws tend to cite the right of individuals not to be subject
to unnecessary or coercive restraint. Political philosophers call this right ʻnegative libertyʼ.
Such mask opponents allege that requiring mask-wearing constrains an individualʼsfreedom.
One problem with the negative liberty concept is that it doesnʼt help us determine forwhat ends our freedom exists. This lack tends to reduce freedom to trivial motives relating
to preferences or desires. Here one has to do a lot of work to include ends that benefit both
oneself and others. To compensate for this lack, one can add a proviso: freedom of action
should be allowed only in so far as it does not disadvantage or harm others. Do those who
insist on their right to not wear a mask take this proviso seriously? Probably not.
By way of contrast, we saw that Kant understands what it means to be human in terms ofour capacity to reason and so recognise certain obligations we have towards ourselves andothers.
This is significant for how Kant conceives freedom. He does not take the absence ofrestraint on action to be the essence of freedom, largely because such freedom can contradict
our capacity to reason. For instance, due to questionable influences, we might freely act inways that cause us harm ― a rash act motivated by lust, for example. Instead, Kant conceives
freedom as acting in accordance with what is either rationally necessary（in terms of duties）
or permissible（in the absence of a duty）. While this view may seem constraining at one level― because it implies the realisation that we have to act in one way and not another ― itpresumes freedom is predicated not on the individual acting alone, but on the individual in
relation to others who share the ability to reason. So where does this put the view that decries
mask-wearing?
If I am accurate in my characterization of Kantʼs moral philosophy, those who say
mandating mask-wearing is ʻtyrannyʼ are confused about what it means to be a capable19human. It means being able to reason about how we should act towards others. The end of

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Kantʼs notion of freedom is respect for all rational beings.

1．Kant claimed that wearing a face mask was effective because it could prevent the
spread of infection.
2．Mask opponents deny the notion of negative liberty in support of the right of individuals.
3．Kant didnʼt regard the essence of freedom as the absence of restraint on action since hethought such freedom might lead to actions in which we hurt ourselves.
4．We should be capable of showing respect to others and especially to those who claim
mask-wearing laws are ʻtyrannyʼ.
5．The conflict between proponents and opponents of mask-wearing laws could never be
resolved by accepting Kantʼs idea of freedom.

20

Read the following passage and answer the questions【No. 11】and【No. 12】.

Taller buildings are key to enhancing quality of life as the worldʼs urban population
grows, but cities should not become obsessed with skyscrapers and must prepare forＡ

著作権の関係で、掲載できません。

expansion as newcomers arrive, the World Bank said.

Urban build-up worldwide grew by 30 per cent between 1990 and 2015, with new buildings
covering an area roughly the size of Sri Lanka, the bank said in a report that was based onsatellite data analysis of almost 10,000 cities. In poor countries about 90 per cent of newbuildings sprung up at the edges of cities, extending their boundaries horizontally, while inrich nations about 35 per cent were built on empty sites within urban centres, the study
found.
Such findings appear

Ｂwith the main focus of urban planning in recent years,

which has been to create compact cities by building upwards. But the reportʼs co-author,
Somik Lall, said that while taller buildings and high-density cities do bring benefits, such amodel should be adapted to local conditions. “The obsession should not be about building
skyscrapers but the passion should be about building liveable cities,” Lall, the World Bankʼslead urban economist, told the Thomson Reuters Foundation by phone.
Whether urban hubs grow vertically, horizontally or within existing spaces is tied toＣ, the report said. With about 70 per cent of the worldʼs population expected

to live in urban areas by 2050, up from 55 per cent at present, cities should plan toaccommodate all three types of development or risk facing uncontrolled sprawl, overcrowding
and congestion, Lall said. Low-income cities tend to look like “pancakes”, growing wide andflat, as newcomers crowd into low-built quarters or settle on the outskirts where land ischeaper, according to the report. As incomes grow, so do buildings, with richer cities taking
the shape of “pyramids”, the research found.
《Lines omitted》
Yet, cities cannot leapfrog from “pancake” to “pyramid” with planning regulations alone,
as new built central high-rises risk remaining vacant if people cannot afford to live in them,
the World Bank researchers said. For developing cities in particular, it is vital to prepare forhorizontal expansion, building transport links and basic infrastructures to ensure liveableconditions on the outskirts and lay the groundwork for future development, the report said.

21

【No. 11】 Select the most appropriate combination of words that can be inserted into
Ａ

,

Ａ

Ｂ

and

Ｃ

.

Ｂ

Ｃ

1．horizontal

at odds

planning regulations

2．horizontal

at odds

economic demand

3．horizontal

in lineeconomic demand

4．verticalat odds

planning regulations

5．verticalin lineplanning regulations【No. 12】 Select the statement which best corresponds to the content of the above passage.
1．Due to an increase in building construction from 1990 to 2015, the entire land of Sri
Lanka became almost completely covered with urban areas.
2．In poor countries, about 90% of new buildings appear on the edges of cities and the rest
are built on empty sites in the centres of cities.
3．The way urban hubs grow can be described by three patterns: vertical, horizontal andscattered.
4．According to Somik Lall, the percentage of the worldʼs population in urban areas is
expected to increase by 2050.
5．Better infrastructure is necessary for horizontal expansion not only in developing cities
but also in developed cities.

22【No. 13】 Select the most appropriate way to fill in the blank of the following passage.
A bunker built by German troops in northern France during World War II has been
. The northern coast is still strewn with fortifications left by
the German army, which built up a so-called Atlantic Wall to try to fend off Allied Forces. In

著作権の関係で、掲載できません。

Saint-Pabu, on the Breton coast, concrete bunkers are half-buried along the sandy beaches
in an area that once operated as a radar station.
Serge Colliou bought up a plot of land around one of them and spent 18 months digging
out and renovating the 400-square-meter（4,300 square feet）structure, turning it into rental
for up to eight people, complete with bar and living room. “We adapted the bunker while
preserving a certain feel,” Colliou said. “We wanted to give the building a second life, so weare not going to live in the past forever. We saved some aspects, you know where you are,there are historic cues, but this isnʼt a museum either.” War-time touches in Bunker L479
include helmets, reproduction guns and signs on the walls. Both German and French guests
have stayed there since it opened a year ago, Colliou said.
Some mayors have tried to remove bunkers and other remains from the coastline, incase there are a danger to swimmers. Others in Saint-Nazaire, La Rochelle, Brest and otherareas have taken steps to restore the historic sites. “We are starting to preserve thosefamous bunkers and it is a good thing, but we cannot save them all,” said Herve Farrant, abunker specialist and author who began to explore the structures in the 1980s.

1．restored and refitted as an underground guesthouse
2．removed from the coastline to protect swimmers
3．strengthened for a potential warlike situation
4．landfilled by the French army
5．rebuilt as a museum23【No. 14】 Arrange ⓐ to ⓔ so that they follow

toin the most appropriate order.

Anthropologists have long observed that people across cultures tend to perform
more rituals in times of uncertainty. Stressful events such as warfare, environmental

著作権の関係で、掲載できません。

threat and material insecurity are often linked with spikes in ritual activity. In alaboratory study in 2015, my colleagues and I found that under conditions of stresspeopleʼs behavior tends to become more rigid and repetitive ― in other words, moreritualized.
ⓐ The reason behind this propensity lies in our cognitive makeup. Our brain is wired tomake predictions about the state of the world. It uses past knowledge to make sense ofcurrent situations.
ⓑ So even if they have no direct influence over the physical world, rituals provide a senseof control by imposing order on the chaos of everyday life. It is of little importancewhether this sense of control is illusory. What matters is that it is an efficient way ofrelieving anxiety.
ⓒ But when everything around us is changing, the ability to make predictions is limited.
This causes many of us to experience anxiety.
ⓓ In other words, they are predictable.
ⓔ That is where ritual comes in. They are highly structured. They require rigidity, andmust always be performed the “right” way. And they involve repetition: the same actions
are done again and again.
This is what we found in two soon-to-be-published studies. In Mauritius, we saw that
Hindus experienced lower anxiety after they performed temple rituals, which wemeasured using heart rate monitors. And in the U.S., we found that Jewish students
who attended more group rituals had lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol.

ⓑ

↗

ⓑ

↗

ⓓ

↗

ⓑ

↗

ⓑ

↗

ⓔ

↗

↗

ⓔ

ⓔ

↗

↗

ⓓ

ⓔ

↗

↗

ⓑ

ⓓ

↗

ⓒ

↗

ⓔ

↗

ⓓ

↗

ⓐ

↗

5．ⓒ

ⓐ

↗

4．ⓒ

ⓓ

↗

3．ⓒ

ⓒ

↗

2．ⓐ

↗

1．ⓐ

ⓐ

24

【No. 15】 Arrange ⓐ to ⓔ so that they follow

toin the most appropriate order.

Celeste Green doesnʼt mind that people see her as a strong Black woman. She is infact all three of those things. What irks the 32-year-old resident physician is that itʼs
too often all that people see, overlooking traits that make her equally proud: her

著作権の関係で、掲載できません。

grace, intelligence, patience, and composure.

“Who I am is not just a Strong Black Woman, frowning and forging through life like aⓐchecklist,” Green wrote in her essay to the University of North Carolinaʼs medical schoolin Chapel Hill. “It is not my duty to feign strength or self-righteousness, but to turn myexperiences into empathy.”ⓑ

And these examples sound hyperbolic, but when we look at disparate health outcomes,
pay gaps, recognition for our art, our advocacy, our intelligence... Black women continue
to be overlooked. “I think if a Black woman truly feels her most powerful and capablewhen she describes herself as strong, then I fully support her existing in that space,”

Green wrote.
ⓒ That stereotype has become so fixed in the popular imagination that itʼs often considered
as a kind of “you go, girl!” compliment. “It just carries so much expectation, being
strong,” Green wrote. “ ʻWhy would we give her more pain medicine? Sheʼs strong.ʼ
ʻShe doesnʼt need that grant or scholarship. Sheʼs strong.ʼ ”ⓓ Green, who was admitted and is now in her obstetrics and gynecology residency, said
the strong Black woman trope is a double-edged sword. Itʼs too often harmful to women
who think they must always live up to that expectation. And itʼs dangerous when people
think Black women can handle just about anything without help or respite.
ⓔ So when it was time to write an application essay for her second attempt to get into
medical school, she built her personal statement around the six-word story she sent to
the Race Card Project back in 2012: “We arenʼt all ʻStrong Black Women.ʼ ”“I feel strong much more often now than in those moments when I wrote my six-wordstory. But ʻstrong Black womanʼ can quickly change from an adornment to a burden.”Too often, she wrote, itʼs “an excuse to demand more of us at the expense of our own
well-being and peace.”

ⓔ

↗

ⓑ

↗

ⓓ

↗

ⓑ

↗

ⓓ

↗

ⓒ

↗

↗

ⓑ

ⓐ

↗

↗

ⓓ

ⓐ

↗

↗

ⓑ

ⓐ

↗

ⓔ

↗

ⓓ

↗

ⓒ

↗

ⓐ

↗

5．ⓔ

ⓔ

↗

4．ⓔ

ⓓ

↗

3．ⓒ

ⓑ

↗

2．ⓒ

↗

1．ⓒ

ⓐ
25

【No. 16】 Select the most appropriate combination of words that can be inserted into thedesignated parentheses in the following sentences.
○ We are convinced（

Ａ）his innocence.

○ My little sister believes（

Ｂ）Santa Claus.

○ You donʼt need to buy your train tickets in（○

He provided me（

Ｄ

Ｃ

）
.

）the necessary information.

Ａ

Ｂ

Ｃ

Ｄ

1．of

at

progress

with

2．of

at

advance

for

3．of

in

advancewith

4．withinprogresswith

5．withinadvancefor【No. 17】 Select the most appropriate combination of words that can be inserted into thedesignated parentheses in the following sentences.
○ It was my（Ａ）for not explaining the rules clearly.

○ Did the student solve the（○ My grandmotherʼs（○ Iʼm going to（

Ｃ

Ｂ

）
?

）cake is delicious.

Ｄ）to Okinawa this summer.

Ｂ

Ｃ

Ｄ

1．fault

problem

handcraftedtraveling

2．fault

problemhomemadetake a trip

3．fault

question

handcraftedtake a trip

4．missproblemhomemadetraveling

5．missquestion

handcraftedtravelingＡ26

【No. 18】 Select the most appropriate combination of words that can be inserted into thedesignated parentheses in the following sentences.
○ We finally spotted a taxi but the driver told me that he was off（
○ （

Ａ

）
.

Ｂ ）average, nails grow at the rate of about 2 cm a month.

○ The road is under（○ We were in（ＤＣ）. We have to make a detour.

）for five years before we finally turned a profit.

Ａ

Ｂ

Ｃ

Ｄ

1．dutyOnconstruction

business

2．dutyOnwayconnection

3．dutyAt

construction

connection

4．air

On

construction

business

5．air

At

way

connection【No. 19】 Select the most appropriate combination of words that can be inserted into thedesignated parentheses in the following sentences.
○ Today we will begin（Ａ）page 10, line 3.

○ He is not paying attention（

Ｂ）what you are saying.

○

But（ Ｃ）the accident, I would have arrived earlier.

○

Clair is very cheerful, and the same is true（
Ａ

Ｂ

Ｃ

Ｄ

1．at

to

for

of

2．at

to

of

to

3．at

on

of

to

4．by

to

of

of

5．by

on

for

to

27

Ｄ

）Meghan.

【No. 20】 Select the sentence which is grammatically correct.
1．Tom had difficulty to find his wallet this morning.
2．How many times did you change train to the baseball stadium?
3．I have never been to abroad on business.
4．I saw a stranger enter into the room with his shoes on.
5．Your brother will lend you the game machine when you have finished your homework.

【No. 21】 Select the sentence which is grammatically correct.
1．I have visited the old church once ago.
2．The book is easy enough for you understanding.
3．Those who are under 20 are not allowed to drink alcohol here in Japan.
4．I hoped that Tom will reply to my e-mail immediately.
5．Knowing not her phone number, he didnʼt call her.

【No. 22】 Select the sentence which is grammatically correct.
1．I saw the ship sunk.
2．A spider is on the ceiling.
3．Could you explain me how this medicine should be taken?
4．Despite parents give a lot of advice, children donʼt always take it seriously.
5．No matter when plan we choose, weʼll run over the budget.

【No. 23】 Select the sentence which is grammatically correct.
1．Nancy got her father carry her suitcase to her room.
2．We are hard to please Mr. Brown.
3．He became to realize what his mother wanted to say.
4．Jogging will do you good.
5．I find impossible to persuade my teacher.

28

【No. 24】 Select the best English translation.
1．車で家に帰る途中，私の娘を見掛けた。
I saw my daughter driving home.
2．あなたはどこのご出身ですか。
Where did you come from?
3．バスの一番前の席に座った。
I sat in front of the bus.
4．ノートパソコンを充電できるコンセントはありますか。
Is there a consent where I can charge my laptop?
5．この通りは交通量が多い。
Traffic is heavy on this street.

【No. 25】 Select the best English translation.
1．明日，彼のオフィスを訪ねてください。
Please give him a call at his office tomorrow.
2．サラは，彼の言うことは正しいと思った。
Sara doubted that he was right.
3．彼のプレゼンテーションは，申し分なかった。
His presentation left much to be desired.
4．その若い男性は，企画会議で意見を言わなかった。
The young man spoke out at the project meeting.
5．ここは，今まで私たちが訪れた中で最も美しい場所です。
This is the most beautiful place we have visited so far.

29

【No. 26】 Select the best English translation.
1．彼はよく田舎に住んでいる両親の世話をしている。
He often cares for his parents who live in the country.
2．彼の両親は，彼のアメリカでの短期滞在を心配していた。
His parents were worried that he would stay in America for good.
3．彼らは時間どおりにこの仕事を終わらせて，飲みに出掛けた。
They finished this job in no time, then they went out for a drink.
4．警察は彼を第一容疑者として特定した。
The police ruled him out as a prime suspect.
5．英語とフランス語のどちらか一方しか勉強したくない。
I want to study neither English nor French.

【No. 27】 Select the best English translation.
1．私は 2 週間に 1 回，旧友に会いに行く。
I visit my old friends twice a week.
2．マークはとても正直な少年だが，嘘をつく。
Mark is too honest a boy to tell a lie.
3．あなたの親戚のほかに誰か来ますか。
Is anyone coming besides your relatives?
4．こういう種類の辞書には希少価値がある。
These kinds of dictionaries are of little value.
5．トムはかなりの愚か者だ。
Tom is far from a fool.

30【No. 28】 Arrange the words in each box in the most appropriate order and select the
combination of words that can be inserted into A, B, and C in the following sentences.
○

I（

（
）

）
（

（
）

）a（

Ａ

）for（

）
（

）for two tomorrow.

a / to / make / would / reservation / like / table○

She decided（

people（

（
）

（
）

（
）

（
） Ｂ ）of（（）（））helping（））countries.

the / her / young / devote / life / to / to / in / rest / developing○ He is（

）
（

Ｃ

）now（

）he（

）
（

）
（

）.

than / to / off / used / be / better

Ａ

Ｂ

Ｃ

1．tablelife

off

2．tablerest

to3．reservation

life

to

4．reservation

rest

off

5．reservation

her

be

【No. 29】 Select the word group which contains underlined word parts that all have thesame pronunciation.
1．bug

rub

pat

love

2．height

vein

hate

triumph3．clothesbreathesdiseasesmonths

4．sew

screw

soup

humid

5．oasisdangeraim

vacant31

【No. 30】 Select the combination of letters which indicates an appropriate syllable onwhich the accent should fall for each word below.
Ａ ther-mom-e-ter
ア

イ

ウ エ

Ｂ or-i-gin
アイ ウ

Ｃ col-leagueアイ

Ｄ dip-lo-mat
ア イ

ウ

Ａ

Ｂ

Ｃ

Ｄ

1．ア

ア

イ

イ

2．イ

ア

ア

ア

3．イ

イ

イ

ア

4．ウ

ア

イ

イ

5．ウ

イ

ア

ウ

32