別表１

TED の調査結果

実施年：2011 年
対象人数：２万人
性別：男 75.7％ 女 23.9％ 無回答 0.4％
年齢：12 歳以下

0.1％

13 〜 17 歳 4.3％
18 〜 25 歳 35.5％
26 〜 34 歳 28.7％
35 〜 50 歳 20.4％
51 歳以上10.9％

すべての質問が複数回答可だったので、答えのパーセントの合計は 100 を超え
ている。

別表１

TED の調査結果

1

質問：男子にやる気が欠けている原因として、どんなことが考えられますか？
メディア、教育機関、両親、友達からの矛盾したメッセージ63

明確な方向性のなさ／目標設定の欠如

59

デジタル系娯楽（ゲーム、ポルノなど）

56

適切なロールモデルの不足

53

成功へのプレッシャーに失敗する恐怖が加わると、若者はトライする気すらなくす46

身体活動の不足41

不安定な家庭38

幼少時に身につけ損なった学習習慣

37

何かを与えられることが当然だとする姿勢

33

薬物治療／違法薬物

25

男女の違いを無視した授業方法

19

信仰や精神修行の欠如

16

上記のどれでもない／その他

4

0

20

40

60

80

＊選択した回答者（％）

結果の注目点●12 歳以下の少年の 64％が「成功へのプレッシャーに失敗する恐怖が組み合
わさると、若者はトライする気すらなくす」を選択。

●

13 〜 17 歳の少年の 62％が「デジタル系娯楽」を選択。

●

18 〜 25 歳の男性の 66％と 26 〜 34 歳の男性の 63％が「明確な方向性のなさ／目標設定の欠如」を選択。

別表１

TED の調査結果

2質問：男子生徒を授業により積極的に参加させるためには、学校をどう変えればいいと思いますか？
もっと実用的な科目やスキルを教える（コミュニケーション、批判的思考、金銭管理など）74能力の高い生徒や深い関心を示す生徒には、
より高度な学習プログラムを提供する

66

より健康的な食事を提供

60

男女両方のカウンセラーを設置

49

体育の授業や休み時間を増やす

40

希望生徒の全員がプレイできるよう、
スポーツチームへの参加機会を増やす

36

朝の始業時間を遅くする

31

低学年の宿題量を減らす

27

男女を別の教室で教える

20

薬物治療／違法薬物

11

上記のどれでもない／その他

5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

＊選択した回答者（％）

結果の注目点●12 歳以下の少年の 64％が「男女両方のカウンセラーを設置」を選択。

●

13 〜 17 歳の少年の 73％が「能力の高い生徒や深い関心を示す生徒には、より高度な学習プログラムを提供する」を選択。

●

18 〜 34 歳の男性の 75％が「もっと実用的な科目やスキルを教える（コミュ
ニケーション、批判的思考、金銭管理など）」を選択。

別表１

TED の調査結果3質問：男子に見られる中退率の上昇やテストでの成績不振は、
アメリカの将来にどんな影響を及ぼすと思いますか？

アメリカの男子は他の先進諸国の男子ほど革新的でも有能でもなくなるだろう

70

中退率は国民全体からすればほんの一部の問題であり、アメリカの国際的な成功に大きな影響はない

19

上記のどれでもない／その他

13

アメリカはなおもトップクラスの人材を輩出しているので、質問にあるような傾向は国の国際的な成功には影響しない

10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

＊選択した回答者（％）

結果の注目点以下のグループはすべて「アメリカの男子は他の先進諸国の男子ほど革新的でも有能でもなくなるだろう」を選択した。
●

13 〜 17 歳の少年の 65％●

18 〜 25 歳の男性の 66％●

26 〜 34 歳の男性の 75％●

35 歳以上の男女の 74％

別表１

TED の調査結果

4質問：男子にやる気を起こさせる安全かつ向社会的な方法としては、どんなものが考えられますか？

自己表現できる創造的な場を提供する

70

子どものころから、もっと責任をもたせる

58

男性メンターを引き合わせる

50

男子に自身の男性的な面だけでなく女性的な面も探るよう励ます

44

ボーイスカウト、チームスポーツ、警察主催のドラッグレース［直線コースでタイムを競う一種のモーターレース］など、男子が仲間を作れる機会を提供する

43

通過儀礼を経験させる

33

上記のどれでもない／その他

5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

＊選択した回答者（％）

結果の注目点以下のグループはすべて「自己表現できる創造的な場を提供する」を選択した。
●

12 歳以下の少年の 89％●

13 〜 17 歳の少年の 72％●

18 〜 25 歳の男性の 74％●

26 歳〜 34 歳の男性の 68％

別表１

TED の調査結果

5質問：ゲームやポルノが若い男性に人気が高い理由は何だと思いますか？

瞬時に喜びが得られる

85拒絶されるリスクがなく、結果は自分次第

73

おもしろくて、簡単に始められる

72

思いどおりになり、達成感が得られる

67

単調さや退屈からの逃避を与えてくれる67

自身のニーズや欲望を表現するはけ口となる

上記のどれでもない／その他

45

5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

＊選択した回答者（％）

結果の注目点●12 歳以下の少年の 78％が「思いどおりになり、達成感が得られる」を選択●

13 〜 17 歳の少年の 84％が「おもしろくて、簡単に始められる」を選択●

18 〜 25 歳の男性の 85％と 26 〜 34 歳の男性の 84％が「瞬時に喜びが得られる」を選択別表１

TED の調査結果

6質問：若い男性にとってゲームのメリットは？

問題解決能力の向上

62

ソーシャルなゲームでは男性同士がつながる場となりうる

53

反射神経がよくなる

51

自己評価が高まる29

上記のどれでもない／その他

17

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

＊選択した回答者（％）

結果の注目点●13 〜 17 歳の少年の 63％が「ソーシャルなゲームでは男性同士がつながる場となりうる」を選択●

18 〜 25 歳の男性の 67％と 26 〜 34 歳の男性の 69％が「問題解決能力の向上」
を選択。

別表１

TED の調査結果

7質問：若い男性にとってポルノのメリットは？

性的欲求を満たせる45

ストレスの解消／ポジティブな心理的効果

43

上記のどれでもない／その他

34

セックスやある種の性的行為についてのタブーを取り払う

30

セックスについて深く学べる

14

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

＊選択した回答者（％）

結果の注目点●13 〜 17 歳の少年の 58％、18 〜 25 の男性の 60％が「ストレスの解消／ポ
ジティブな心理的効果」を選択●

26 〜 34 歳の男性の 51％が「性的欲求を満たせる」を選択●

35 歳以上の男女の回答者の 51％がどの項目にも同意せず、「上記のどれでもない／その他」を選択。「ポルノには何のメリットもない」とコメント欄に書き込む回答者も多かった。

別表１

TED の調査結果

8質問：ゲームとポルノの過剰使用（定義は「日に２時間以上」。
これはのちに「ゲームを週に４時間以上、またはポルノを週に２時間以上」と変更された）と恋愛関係における次のような側面には強い因果関係があると思いますか？

情緒面の未熟さや共感性のなさ

62

恋愛関係の追求や維持に対する関心のなさ／社会的孤立

61

恋愛の相手やその性的能力に対する満足度の低さ55

恋愛の優先度の低さ

53

自身の肉体や性的能力に対する満足度の低さ49

自身の性行為に対する不安43

浮気や離婚に至る可能性の高さ

26

ゲームとポルノは上記のどれとも強い因果関係はない

14

上記のどれでもない／その他

4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

＊選択した回答者（％）

結果の注目点●

18 〜 25 歳の女性の 76％と 26 〜 34 歳の女性の 78％が「情緒面の未熟さや共感性のなさ」を選択●

13 〜 17 歳の少年の 57％、18 〜 25 歳の男性の 59％、26 〜 34 歳の男性の58％が「恋愛関係の追求や維持に対する関心のなさ／社会的孤立」を選択

別表１

TED の調査結果

9別表２ソーシャル・インテンシティ・
シンドローム（SIS）―その尺度と因子

フィルとセーラ・ブランスキルは SIS のさまざまな面の規模を測定するメソッドを開発し、アメリカ人兵士（活動中、現在は不活動、海外配置の経験あり、
海外配置の経験なし）の調査に使用した。これにより、SIS により大きく影響を受ける六つの側面―軍隊仲間、家族、ジェンダー社交選好、社会との結合、ノスタルジア、ドラッグ使用―が明らかになった。これらについては、以下
で統計結果とともに解説するが、まず解析のために使用する語彙の説明から始めよう。
固有値（Eigenvalue）：多変量解析において行列はしばしば対角化される。このプロセスにおいて、固有値は分散を統合するのに使用される。因子分析では、固有値は相関行列の分散を縮約するのに使われる。「最大固有値を有する因子が最大の分散を有し、解から通常は除外される小さいか、あるいは負の固有値を持つ因子へと減らされていく（Tabachnick and Fidell, 1996, p.646)。分析者の視点からは、通常固有値が１.00 以上の場合にのみ、取り上げる価値のある変数と考えられてきた。
クロンバックのα（Cronback's (alpha)）：内的一貫性に関する係数。評価尺
度やテストサンプル対する信頼性推定のための手法としてよく用いられる。ク
ロンバックのアルファは一般的にテスト項目数の増加として級内相関が増加する。従って、テストスコアの信頼性に関して内的一貫性の推定として認められている。
平均：算術平均（arithmetic mean）あるいは平均（average) は、中心値からの離散集合として参照される : 特に、値の総和を値の数で割ったものである。算術平均の集合 x1, x2, ..., xn は、M= or x と示されるのが通例である。
別表 2

ソーシャル・インテンシティ・シンドローム（SIS）―その尺度と因子10

分散：分散とは平均値からの偏差の 2 乗として与えられる。数の集合がどの程度散らばっているのかを評価するものである。もし分散がゼロである場合、すべての値が同一である。分散は常に負でない：分散が小さいとは、データの値
が平均のあたりにかなり接近し、したがって互いに近傍にあることを示す。一方、分散が大きいとは、データの値は平均から離れ、互いに散らばっていることを示す。等価な尺度として分散の平方根が用いられ、標準偏差と呼ばれる。標準
偏差はデータと同じ次元にあるため、標準からの偏差を比較できる。
標準偏差（SD）：平均からの差異または偏差に関する量の尺度。低い偏差とは平均値（期待値でもある）の近くに値が接近していること。高い偏差とは値が広い範囲に散らばっていることを示す。
因子負荷量：その調査で項目／質問に関していくつの特徴的グループとなるのかにより定義される。負荷量は各々の変数がその因子と「相関｣ している程度を表している。

ソーシャル・インテンシティ・シンドローム（SIS）―因子
軍隊仲間：この 16 項目の因子は米軍で働いていた人たちの固い結合を表したものである。（固有値 =9.04; 分散の 15.58％が説明される；M=3.32, SD=.95)
例：「他の友人よりもむしろ軍隊仲間といっしょにいたい」「軍隊仲間といるときが一番自分自身でいられる」「軍隊仲間（彼らが活動中かどうかにかかわらず）がいそうな場所で時間を過ごしがちだ」など。平均因子負荷量は .69( α =.95）。
家族：この 11 項目因子は、家族に対する彼らのネガティブな性向を反映している（固有値 =6.65; 分散の 11.47％が説明される :M=2.23, SD=1.03）。
例：「恋人や妻といると気持ちが沈む」「家族といると退屈だと感じる」「恋人や妻よりも軍隊仲間のほうが信頼しやすい」など。平均因子負荷量は .69（α =.92）。
ジェンダー社交選好 : この７項目因子は、社交的な集まりや同朋意識において本質的に女性より男性を選好する傾向を浮かび上がらせている（固有値 =5.12;
分散の 8.82％が説明される :M=2.69, SD=1.10)。
別表 2ソーシャル・インテンシティ・シンドローム（SIS）―その尺度と因子11例：「自分たち男と違い、女は楽しみ方を知らない」「女友達といると、男友達といるときほどは心地よくない」「グループに女性がいると、男性だけのときほどはおもしろくない」など。 平均因子負荷量は .77（α =.92）。
社会的結合：この 11 項目因子は、社会的結合や他者とともにいることに対する一般的な必要性を反映している（固有値 =5.05; 分散の 8.71％が説明される :M=2.68, SD=.81)。
例：「誰かといっしょにいたいと頻繁に感じる」「友達といっしょにいることに対する必要性を強烈に感じる」「一人の友人と過ごすよりはグループでたむろしていたい」など。平均因子負荷量は .66（α =.87）。
ノスタルジア：この９項目因子は、勤務していたときの好ましい記憶と回想をテーマとしている（固有値 =4.96; 分散の 8.55％が説明される :M=3.63, SD=1.01)。
例：「再配置や再登録を求めようかと考えることがよくあった」「軍隊仲間については悪い思い出より良い思い出の方が多い」「軍に所属していたときの刺激が懐かしくて、再配置／再登録をしたくなった」など。平均因子負荷量は .69（α=.89）。
ドラッグの使用：この４項目因子は、気晴らしのための薬物使用に焦点を当てている（固有値 =3.11; 分散の 5.36％が説明される :M=1.34, SD=0.79)。
例：「違法ドラッグ（マリファナ、コカイン、クラック、スピードなど）を楽しんでいる」「しばしばハイになる」など。平均因子負荷量は .85（α =.88）。

別表 2

ソーシャル・インテンシティ・シンドローム（SIS）―その尺度と因子

12

Notesはじめに
1 Fr y, R. (2013, October 18), Millennials Still Lag in Forming their own Households .
Retrieved May 9, 2014, from Pew Research Center: http://www.pewresearch.org/facttank/2013/10/18/millennials-still-lag-in-forming-their-own-households/.
2 Fry, R. (2013, August 1), A Rising Share of Young Adults Live in Their Parents' Home.
Retrieved May 9, 2014, from Pew Research Center: http://www.pewsocialtrends.
org/2013/08/01/a-rising-share-of-young-adults-live-in-their-parents-home/.
3 Miller, C.C. (2014, November 7), Paternity Leave: The Rewards and the Remaining
Stigma'. Retrieved November 7, 2014, from the New York Times: http://www.nytimes.
com/2014/11/09/upshot/paternity-leave-the-rewards-and-the-remaining-stigma.html.
4 Budnikov, M., personal communication, May 28, 2012 and June 19, 2012.
5 Robinson, M., personal communication, November 13, 2014; and Wilson, G. (2014),
Your Brain on Porn: Internet Pornography and the Emerging Science of Addiction. Kent,
England: Commonwealth Publishing.
6 Liew, J. (2009, December 2), All Men Watch Porn, Scientists Find'. Retrieved October
10, 2014, from the Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/sex/6709646/All-menwatch-porn-scientists-find.html.
7 Abel, I. (2013, January 12), Did Porn Warp me Forever?' Retrieved June 24, 2014, from
Salon: http://www.salon.com/2013/01/13/did_porn_warp_me_forever/; and Sanghani,
R. (2013, September 30), Teenage Boys Addicted to Extreme Porn and Want Help'.
Retrieved June 24, 2014, from the Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/sex/
better-sex-education/10339424/Teenage-boys-addicted-to-extreme-porn-and-want-help.
html.
8 Ogas, O. and Gaddam, S. (2011), A Billion Wicked Thoughts: What the World's Largest
Experiment Reveals About Human Desire (pp. 14, 19, 23–34). New York, NY: Penguin
Group (USA), Inc.（O・オーガス、S・ガダム『性欲の科学』CCC メディアハウス）
9 同前書 (pp. 74, 123–6).
10 Hebert, E. (n.d.), Busy NYC Restaurant Solves Major Myster y by Reviewing Old
Surveillance'. Retrieved July 22, 2014, from DineAbility: http://dineability.com/busynyc-restaurant-solves-major-mystery-reviewing-old-surveillance/.
11 Thompson, C. (2007, September 25), Your Outboard Brain Knows All'. Retrieved May
9, 2014, from Wired: http://archive.wired.com/techbiz/people/magazine/15-10/st_
thompson.

Notes

13

12 American Academy of Pediatrics (2013), Children, Adolescents, and the Media',
Pediatrics, 132(5) (pp. 958–9). Retrieved June 7, 2014, from http://pediatrics.
aappublications.org/content/early/2013/10/24/peds.2013-2656.full.pdf+html.
13 Turkle, S. (2012, February), Connected, but Alone?' Retrieved April 21, 2014, from
TED: http://www.ted.com/talks/sherry_turkle_alone_together.

Part I症状｜ 1 ｜ 教育に幻滅
1 Brooks, D. (2007, October 26), The Outsourced Brain'. Retrieved May 17, 2014, fromthe New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/ 10/26/opinion/26brooks.html.
2 Turk, G. (2014, April 25), Look Up'. Retrieved May 7, 2014, from YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7dLU6fk9QY.
3 Carr, N.G. (2010), The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains (p. 162). New
York: W.W. Norton.（N・G・カー『ネットバカ―インターネットが私たちの脳にしていること』青土社）
4

The Personal News Cycle' (2014, March). Retrieved June 5, 2014, from the Media
Insight Project, American Press Institute: http://www.americanpressinstitute.org/wpcontent/uploads/2014/03/The_Media_Insight_Project_The_Personal_News_Cycle_
Final.pdf.

5 Voyer, D. (2014, April 9), April 29, 2014 Girls Make Higher Grades than Boys in All
School Subjects, Analysis Finds'. Retrieved July 22, 2014, from American Psychological
Assocation: http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2014/04/girls-grades.aspx; also
see Voyer, D. and Voyer, S.D. (2014), Gender Differences in Scholastic Achievement: A
Meta-Analysis', Psychological Bulletin, 140(4). Retrieved July 22, 2014, from http://www.
apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/bul-a0036620.pdf.
6 Cribb, R. (2011, November 25), The Grim Evidence That Men Have Fallen Behind
Women'. Retrieved November 26, 2011, from Toronto
Star: http://www.thestar.com/life/2011/11/25/rob_cribb_the_grim_evidence_that_
men_have_fallen_behind_women.html.
7 Salahu-Din, D., Persky, H., and Miller, J. (2008), The Nation’s Report Card: Writing 2007
(p. 68). Retrieved November 11, 2011, from National Center for Education Statistics,
Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education (NCES 2008-468): http://
nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pdf/main2007/2008468.pdf; and Lee, J., Grigg, W., andDonahue, P. (2007), The Nation’s Report Card: Reading 2007 (p. 64). Retrieved November
11, 2011, from National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences,
US Department of Education (NCES 2007-496): http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/
Notes

14

pdf/main2007/2007496.pdf.
8 Strauss, V. (2011, September 14), What the Decline in SAT Scores Really Means'.
Retrieved December 8, 2011, from the Washington Post: http://www.washingtonpost.
com/blogs/answer-sheet/post/what-the-decline-in-sat-scores-really-means/2011/09/14/
gIQAdUzdSK_blog.html; and Steinberg, K. (2011, September 14), 43% of 2011 CollegeBound Seniors Met SAT College and Career Readiness Benchmark'. Retrieved
December 8, 2011, from the College Board: http://media.collegeboard.com/pdf/
cbs_2011_nat_release_091411.pdf.
9 Stern, P. (Director) (2006), Raising Cain: Boys in Focus [documentary]. United States:
PBS Films.
10 Equity and Quality in Education: Supporting Disadvantaged Students and Schools (p.
22) (2012). Retrieved June 8, 2014, from Organisation for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment: http://www.oecd.org/education/school/50293148.pdf.
11 PISA 2009 at a Glance (p. 22) (2010). Retrieved June 8, 2014, from Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development: http://www.oecd-ilibrar y.org/docser ver/download/9810131ec008.pdf?expires=1402278232&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=B
DB231357DFDA0AEA929A60B339F737C.
12 United Kingdom (n.d.). Retrieved September 23, 2014, from OECD Better Life Index:
http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/united-kingdom/.
13 Sommers, C.H. (2013), The War Against Boys: How Misguided Policies Are Harming Our
Young Men (p. 14). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
14 Planty, M., et al. (2007, June), The Condition of Education 2007 (NCES 2007064). Retrieved June 5, 2014, from National Center for Education Statistics,
Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education: http://nces.ed.gov/
pubs2007/2007064.pdf.
15 Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (n.d.). Retrieved June 8, 2014, from
Division of Human Development, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental
Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/
adhd/data.html.
16 Note: According to NCES, in the US between 2008 and 2009, boys were about 22 percent more likely than girls to have dropped out of high school. Average percentage taken
between these two sources (13 per cent and 30 per cent, respectively).
See: Chapman, C., Laird, J., and KewalRamani, A. (2010, December), Trends in HighSchool Dropout and Completion Rates in the United States: 1972–2008 (NCES 2011012) (p. 24). Retrieved June 5, 2014, from National Center for Education Statistics,
Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education: http://nces.ed.gov/
pubs2011/2011012.pdf; and Chapman, C., Laird, N., Ifill, N., and KewalRamani, A.
Notes

15

(2011, October), Trends in High School Dropout and Completion Rates in the UnitedStates: 1972–2009 (IES 2012-006) (p. 22). Retrieved June 5, 2014, from National Center
for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education:
http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2012/2012006.pdf.
Note: In Canada, five boys drop out for every three girls who do.
See: Richards, J. (2011, January 6), School Dropouts: Who Are They and What Can
Be Done?' (p. 1). Retrieved December 26, 2011, from C.D. Howe Institute: http://www.
cdhowe.org/pdf/ebrief_109.pdf.
17 Chapman, C., Laird, J., and KewalRamani, A. (2010, December), Trends in HighSchool Dropout and Completion Rates in the United States: 1972–2008 (NCES 2011012) (p. 1). Retrieved June 5, 2014, from National Center for Education Statistics,
Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education: http://nces.ed.gov/
pubs2011/2011012.pdf.
18 America’s Young Adults at 27: Labor Market Activity, Education, and Household
Composition: Results From a Longitudinal Survey Summary (2014, March 26). Retrieved
May 7, 2014, from Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of Labor (USDL-14-0491):
http://www.bls.gov/news.release/nlsyth.nr0.htm.
19 Hussar, W.J. and Bailey, T.M. (2013, January), Projections of Education Statistics to 2021
(NCES 2013-008) (pp. 75–7). Retrieved May 9, 2014, from National Center for Education
Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education: http://nces.
ed.gov/pubs2013/2013008.pdf.
20 Frenette, M. and Zeman, K. (2008, December 1), Why Are Most University Students
Women? Evidence Based on Academic Performance, Study Habits and Parental Influences.
Retrieved September 22, 2014, from Statistics Canada: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/81004-x/2008001/article/10561-eng.htm; and Maslen, G. (2013, November 25), Degrees
of Separation: More Women Enrolling at Universities'. Retrieved September 22, 2014,
from the Sydney Morning Herald: http://www.smh.com.au/national/education/degreesof-separation-more-women-enrolling-at-universities-20131124-2y46e.html.
21 Griffiths, S. (2013, August 18), Girls Crowd the Campus as Boys Lose Taste for Uni'.
Retrieved June 20, 2014, from the Sunday Times: http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/Education/article1302079.ece.
22 Kirkup, J. (2014, Januar y 31), Boys being Left Behind as University Gender Gap
Widens'. Retrieved October 10, 2014, from the Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/
education/educationnews/10608739/Boys-being-left-behind-as-university-gender-gapwidens.html.
23 Degrees Conferred by Sex and Race (2012). Retrieved June 5, 2014, from National Center
for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education:
Notes

16

http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=72.

｜ 2 ｜ 労働力からの脱落
1 Symonds, W.C., Schwar tz, R.B., and Ferguson, R. (2011, Februar y), Pathways to
Prosperity: Meeting the Challenge of Preparing Young Americans for the 21st Century'(pp. 4–5). Retrieved May 30, 2014, from Report issued by the Pathways to Prosperity
Project, Har vard Graduate School of Education: http://www.gse.har vard.edu/news_
events/features/2011/Pathways_to_Prosperity_Feb2011.pdf.
2 United Kingdom (n.d.). Retrieved September 23, 2014, from OECD Better Life Index:
http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/united-kingdom/.
3 Labour Force Statistics by Sex and Age – Indicators (n.d.). Retrieved May 12, 2014, from
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: http://stats.oecd.org/.
4 Coombes, A. (2009, July 16), Men Suffer Brunt of Job Losses in Recession'. Retrieved
May 10, 2014, from the Wall Street Journal: http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970203577304574272570149153010.
5 Hartmann, H., Shaw, E., and Pandya, E. (2013, November), Women and Men in the
Recovery: Where the Jobs Are (p. 12). Retrieved November 17, 2014, from Institute for
Women's Policy Research: www.iwpr.org.

｜ 3 ｜ 度を越えた男らしさ ─ソーシャル・インテンシティ・シンドローム（SIS）
1 Carducci, B., personal communication, December 4, 2014.
2 Ibid.
3 Loewe, F. and Lerner, A.J., A Hymn to Him' [originally released in 1956 by Sony BMG
Music Entertainment] (n.d.). Retrieved February 21, 2012, from ST Lyrics: http://www.
stlyrics.com/lyrics/myfairlady/ahymntohim.htm.
4Pornhub Traffic Change During Super Bowl XLVIII' (2014, February 4). Retrieved May
12, 2014, from PornHub: http://www.pornhub.com/insights/pornhub-super-bowl/.

5 ‘Frequently Asked Questions’ (n.d.). Retrieved May 12, 2014, from BroApp: http://broapp.
net/faq.html.
6 Martin, A. (2011, January 14), Young Men, Couples Shunning Sex'. Retrieved January
14, 2011, from the Japan Times : http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2011/01/14/
national/young-men-couples-shunning-sex/#.U27MwV6JUwI.

｜ 4 ｜ゲームのしすぎ─自室で宇宙を制覇
1 The U.S. Digital Consumer Report (2014, February 10). Retrieved April 28, 2014, fromNeilsen: http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/reports/2014/the-us-digital-consumer-report.
html.
Notes

17

2 McGonigal, J. (2011), Reality Is Broken: Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can
Change The World (Inside cover, pp. 4, 6). New York, NY: Penguin Press.（ジェイン・マ
クゴニガル『幸せな未来は「ゲーム」が創る』早川書房）
3 Note: This calculation is based on the average university requirement of 120 credit hours,with each credit hour involving 2.5 hours of homework and class time. Take an averageof 15 hours of actual class time and 22.5 hours of homework outside class each week –37.5 hours – multiplied by 16 weeks per semester, multiplied by 8 semesters, and you've
got 4,800 hours. See also the table Time Bandit' in Chapter 19.
4 Gentile, D.A. (2004), The Effects of Violent Video Game Habits on Adolescent Hostility,
Aggressive Behaviours, and School Performance', Journal of Adolescence, 27, 6.
5 Albanesius, C. (2010, December 27),

Call of Duty: Black Ops Gamers Log 600M

Hours of Play Time'. Retrieved June 20, 2014, from PC Mag: http://www.pcmag.com/
article2/0,2817,2374762,00.asp.
6 Thier, D. (2013, September 18),

GTA 5 Sells $800 Million in One Day'. RetrievedApril 20, 2014, from Forbes: http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidthier/2013/09/18/gta-5sells-800-million-in-one-day/.
7 Erik, K. (2013, September 20),

Grand Theft Auto V Crosses $1B in Sales, Biggest

Entertainment Launch in History'. Retrieved April 20, 2014, from Forbes: http://www.
forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2013/09/20/grand-theft-auto-v-crosses-1b-in-sales-biggestentertainment-launch-in-history/.
8 Nayak, M. (2013, June 10),FACTBOX – A Look at the $66 billion V ideo-

games Industr y'. Retrieved April 29, 2014, from Reuters: http://in.reuters.com/
article/2013/06/10/gameshow-e-idINDEE9590DW20130610.
9 Education Department Budget History Table (2013, October 30). Retrieved May 17, 2014,
from US Department of Education: https://www2.ed.gov/about/over view/budget/
history/edhistory.pdf.
10 BookStats Overall Highlights (n.d.). Retrieved November 11, 2011, from Association ofAmerican Publishers: http://www.publishers.org/bookstats/highlights/.
11 Total Circ: Consumer Magazines (n.d.). Retrieved April 30, 2014, from Alliance for
Audited Media: http://abcas3.auditedmedia.com/ecirc/magtitlesearch.asp.
12 Retrieved November 17, 2014, from Alexa: http://www.alexa.com.
13 Kent, S. (2001), The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story behind the Craze that
Touched our Lives and Changed the World (p. 152). Roseville, CA: Prima Publishing/
Random House.
14 Bai, M. (2013, December 31), Master of His Virtual Domain'. Retrieved June 25, 2014,
from the New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/22/technology/master-ofhis-virtual-domain.html?pagewanted=1&ref=video-games.
Notes

18

15 Free to Play: The Movie (2014). Retrieved June 30, 2014, from YouTube: https://www.
youtube.com/watch?v=UjZYMI1zB9s.
16 Davis, N. (2014, July/August), Game Changers', Playboy: Entertainment For Men,
61(6), 18.
17 American Academy of Pediatrics (2013), Children, Adolescents, and the Media',
Pediatrics, 132(5) (p. 959). Retrieved June 7, 2014, from http://pediatrics.aappublications.
org/content/early/2013/10/24/peds.2013-2656.full.pdf+html.
18 Children and Parents: Media Use and Attitudes Report (2014, October) (p. 9). Retrieved
November 17, 2014, from Ofcom: http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/research/
media-literacy/media-use-attitudes-14/Childrens_2014_Report.pdf.
19 Sleep and Teens (n.d.). Retrieved June 17, 2014, from UCLA Sleep Disorders Center,
University of California, Los Angeles: http://sleepcenter.ucla.edu/body.cfm?id=63.
20 National Sleep Foundation, 2014 Sleep In America Poll Finds Children Sleep Better
When Parents Establish Rules, Limit Technology and Set a Good Example (2014, March
3). Retrieved June 17, 2014, from National Sleep Foundation: http://sleepfoundation.
org/media-center/press-release/national-sleep-foundation-2014-sleep-america-poll-findschildren-sleep.
21 Sleep and Teens (n.d.). Retrieved June 17, 2014, from UCLA Sleep Disorders Center,
University of California, Los Angeles: http://sleepcenter.ucla.edu/body.cfm?id=63.
22 National Sleep Foundation, 2014 Sleep In America Poll Finds Children Sleep Better
When Parents Establish Rules, Limit Technology and Set a Good Example (2014, March
3). Retrieved June 17, 2014, from National Sleep Foundation: http://sleepfoundation.
org/media-center/press-release/national-sleep-foundation-2014-sleep-america-poll-findschildren-sleep.
23 Children and Parents: Media Use and Attitudes Report (2014, October) (p. 5). Retrieved
November 17, 2014, from Ofcom: http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/research/
media-literacy/media-use-attitudes-14/Childrens_2014_Report.pdf.
24 Paton, G. (2014, April 15), Infants unable to use toy building blocks due to iPad
addiction'. Retrieved April 15, 2014, from the Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/
education/educationnews/10767878/Infants-unable-to-use-toy-building-blocks-due-toiPad-addiction.html.
25 Ahlstrom, M., Lundberg, N.R., Zabriskie, R., Eggett, D., and Lindsay, G.B. (2012), Me,My Spouse, and My Avatar: The Relationship between Marital Satisfaction and Playing
Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs)', Journal of LeisureResearch, 44(1). Retrieved June 20, 2014, from http://js.sagamorepub.com/jlr/article/
view/2507.
26 (1982, September 10), Marriage Vows May Conquer Space Invaders', Reuters, San
Notes

19

Francisco Chronicle.
27 Liu, M. (2008, October 19), Former Game Widow Shares her Heartache and How
she got her Husband Back'. Retrieved May 11, 2014, from the Seattle Times: http://
seattletimes.com/html/living/2008275940_gamewidow19.html; also see the site www.
gamewidow.com.

｜ 5 ｜ 超肥満
1 Overweight and Obesity Rates for Adults by Gender, 2010 (n.d.). Retrieved April 29, 2014,
from Henr y J. Kaiser Family Foundation: http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/adultoverweightobesity-rate-by-gender/.
2 Ogden, C.L., Lamb, M.M., Carroll, M.D., and Flegal, K.M. (2010, December), Obesity andSocioeconomic Status in Adults: Unites States, 2005–2008 (p. 1). Retrieved June 5, 2014,
from National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
US Depar tment of Health and Human Ser vices: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/
databriefs/db50.pdf.
3 Adult Risk Factors: Obesity, Blood Sugar, Blood Pressure Data by Country (2013). Retrieved
May 30, 2014, from World Health Organization: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.
main.NCD56?lang=en.
4 Painter, K. (2014, May 28), The Whole World has a Weight Problem, New Report Says'.
Retrieved May 29, 2014, from USA Today : http://www.usatoday.com/stor y/news/
nation/2014/05/28/world-obesity-report/9675267/.
5 Christeson, W., et al. (2012), Still Too Fat to Fight. Retrieved May 16, 2014, from Mission:
Readiness: http://missionreadiness.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/Still-TooFat-To-Fight-Report.pdf.
6 Christeson, W., et al. (2010), Too Fat to Fight. Retrieved May 16, 2014, from Mission:
Readiness: http://www.missionreadiness.org/wp-content/uploads/MR_Too_Fat_to_Fight-11.pdf.
7 Campbell, D. (2014, April 24), Jamie Oliver Calls for Crackdown on Junk Food being
Sold Near Schools'. Retrieved October 10, 2014, from the Guardian : http://www.
theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/apr/25/jamie-oliver-crackdown-junk-food-schools.
8 School Land: Decisions about Disposals (2014, October 31). Retrieved November 17, 2014,
from Gov.uk: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/school-land-decisionsabout-disposals.
9 Christeson, W., et al. (2010), Too Fat to Fight. Retrieved May 15, 2014, from Mission:
Readiness: http://www.missionreadiness.org/wp-content/uploads/MR_Too_Fat_to_Fight-11.pdf.
10 Crawford, P.B. (2007), Key Partners Working Together to Stem Obesity Epidemic',
Notes

20

California Agriculture, 61(3). Retrieved May 16, 2014, from http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/
files/repository/calag/fullissues/CAv061n03.pdf.
11 Ogden, C.L. (n.d.), Childhood Obesity in the United States: The Magnitude of the Problem.
Retrieved May 16, 2014, from Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys,
National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://
www.cdc.gov/cdcgrandrounds/pdf/gr-062010.pdf.
12 McMichael, W.H. (2009, November 3), Most U.S. Youths Unfit to Ser ve, Data
Show'. Retrieved May 15, 2014, from Army Times : http://www.armytimes.com/
article/20091103/NEWS/911030311/Most-U-S-youths-unfit-serve-data-show.
13 Ibid.
14 Ogas, O. and Gaddam, S. (2011), A Billion Wicked Thoughts: What the World’s Largest
Experiment Reveals About Human Desire (p. 198). New York, NY: Penguin Group (USA),
Inc.（O・オーガス、S・ガダム『性欲の科学』CCC メディアハウス）
15 Golokhov, D. (n.d.), Weight Loss and Sex'. Retrieved December 31, 2011, from
AskMen: http://www.askmen.com/daily/sex_tips_400/421_lose-weight-for-bettersex.html; and University of Buffalo study described in Male Obesity Linked to Low
Testosterone Levels, Study Shows' (2010, May 5). Retrieved February 21, 2012, from
ScienceDaily: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100503135659.htm.
16 Tremblay, L. (2011, March 28), High Oestrogen Signs and Symptoms in Men'.
Retrieved January 10, 2012, from Livestrong: http://www.livestrong.com/article/127328high-oestrogen-symptoms-men/.
17 Fulton, A. (2010, May 4),Some Teens Who Sleep Less Gain More Weight'.

Retrieved Januar y 10, 2012, from National Public Radio: http://www.npr.org/blogs/
health/2010/05/some_teens_who_sleep_less_gain.html?ps=rs.
18 Ogden, C.L. (n.d.), Childhood Obesity in the United States: The Magnitude of the Problem.
Retrieved May 16, 2014, from Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys,
National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://
www.cdc.gov/cdcgrandrounds/pdf/gr-062010.pdf.
19 Why People Become Overweight (n.d.). Retrieved January 10, 2012, from Harvard Medical
School: http://www.health.har vard.edu/newsweek/Why-people-become-over weight.
htm.
20 Bellows, L. and Moore, R. (2013, March), Childhood Overweight. Retrieved June 27, 2014,
from Colorado State University: http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/foodnut/09317.
html.

｜ 6 ｜ ポルノの見すぎ─オンデマンドのオーガズム
1 Stein, J. (2014, May), The Great Porn Hunt', Playboy: Entertainment For Men, 61(4), 34.
Notes

21

2 Rumbelow, H. (2014, November 17), The Boys Want to Know – What can I Get Away
With?

', The Times, p. 3.

3 Ogas, O. and Gaddam, S. (2011), A Billion Wicked Thoughts: What the World’s Largest
Experiment Reveals About Human Desire (pp. 6–7). New York, NY: Penguin Group (USA),
Inc.（O・オーガス、S・ガダム『性欲の科学』CCC メディアハウス）Also see: MorleySouter, P. (2007, June 25). Rule 34: There is Porn of It. No Exceptions', Blogspot: http://
rule34.blogspot.com/2007/06/first-post.html.
4 Mazléres, A., Trachman, M., Cointet, J., Coulmont, B., and Prieur, C. (2014, March 21),
Deep Tags: Toward a Quantitative Analysis of Online Pornography', Porn Studies, 1(1–2). Retrieved June 27, 2014, from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/2326874
3.2014.888214?journalCode=rprn20#.U64XnF5tswI.
5 Ogas, O. and Gaddam, S. (2011), A Billion Wicked Thoughts: What the World’s Largest
Experiment Reveals About Human Desire (p. 8). New York, NY: Penguin Group (USA),
Inc.（O・オーガス、S・ガダム『性欲の科学』CCC メディアハウス）
6 Ropelato, J. (n.d.), Internet Pornography Statistics. Retrieved November 17, 2011, fromTop Ten Reviews, TechMediaNetwork: http://internet-filter-review.toptenreviews.com/
internet-pornography-statistics.html.
7 PornHub 2013 Year in Review (2013, December 17). Retrieved June 25, 2014, from
PornHub Insights: http://www.pornhub.com/insights/pornhub-2013-year-in-review/.
8 Ropelato, J. (n.d.), Internet Pornography Statistics. Retrieved November 17, 2011, fromTop Ten Reviews, TechMediaNetwork: http://internet-filter-review.toptenreviews.com/
internet-pornography-statistics.html.
9Introducing the Future of Pornography Viewing: PornIQ' (2013, October 5). Retrieved
June 25, 2014, from PornHub Insights: http://www.pornhub.com/insights/introducingthe-future-of-pornography-viewing-porniq/.

10 Children and Parents: Media Use and Attitudes Report (2014, October) (p. 232). Retrieved
November 17, 2014, from Ofcom: http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/research/
media-literacy/media-use-attitudes-14/Childrens_2014_Report.pdf.
11 Betkowski, B. (2007, March 2), Study Finds Teen Boys Most Likely to Access Pornography.
Retrieved June 16, 2014, from University of Alberta: http://www.ualberta.ca/~publicas/
folio/44/13/09.html.
12 Daily Mail Reporter (2011, April 22), Young Men Watch TWO HOURS of Porn Online
Each Week ... and One in Three have Missed a Deadline Because of It'. Retrieved June
16, 2014, from Daily Mail: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1379464/PornYoung-men-watch-2-HOURS-week-missed-deadline-it.html.
13 Beyens, I., Vandenbosch, L., and Eggermont, S. (2015), Early Adolescent Boys'
Exposure to Internet Pornography: Relationships to Puber tal Timing, Sensation
Notes

22

Seeking, and Academic Performance', Journal of Early Adolescence (in-press). Retrieved
September 29, 2014, from https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/458526.
14 Marshall, P. (2010, March 8), Teenage Boys Watching Hours of Internet Pornography
Every Week Are Treating Their Girlfriends Like Sex Objects'. Retrieved November 22,
2011, from Daily Mail: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1255856/Teenage-boyswatching-hours-internet-pornography-week-treating-girlfriends-like-sex-objects.html.
15 Trost, M. (2009, December 2), Cindy Gallop: Make Love Not Porn'. Retrieved February
18, 2015, from TEDblog: http://blog.ted.com/2009/12/02/cindy-gallop_ma/.
16 Sanghani, R. (2013, September 30), Teenage Boys Addicted to Extreme Porn and
Want Help'. Retrieved June 24, 2014, from the Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/
women/sex/better-sex-education/10339424/Teenage-boys-addicted-to-extreme-pornand-want-help.html.
17 500 Online Interviews amongst UK Adults aged 18 (2014, June). Retrieved October 8,
2014, from Institute for Public Policy Research: http://www.ippr.org/assets/media/
publications/attachments/OP4391-IPPR-Data-Tables.pdf.
18

Burnet Studies Shed Light on Sexual Behaviour of Teenagers' (2014, October 9).
Retrieved October 9, 2014, from Burnet Institute: http://www.burnet.edu.au/news/435_
burnet_studies_shed_light_on_sexual_behaviour_of_teenagers.

19 Saletan, W. (n.d.), The Ass Man Cometh'. Retrieved October 8, 2014, from Slate: http://
www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/human_nature/2010/10/the_ass_man_
cometh.html; also see Reece, M,. et al. (2010). Special Issue: Findings from the National
Survey of Sexual Health and Behaviour (NSSHB), Center for Sexual Health Promotion,
Indiana University. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 7(s5). http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/
doi/10.1111/jsm.2010.7.issue-s5/issuetoc.
20 James, S.D. (2008, December 10), Study Reports Anal Sex on Rise Among Teens'.
Retrieved October 8, 2014, from ABC News: http://abcnews.go.com/Health/story?id=6428003.
21 Cates, J.R., Herndon, N.L., Schulz, S.L., and Darroch, J.E. (2004, February), Our Lives,
Our Futures: Youth and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (p. 1). Retrieved July 22, 2014, from
School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill: http://joancates.web.unc.edu/files/2010/11/Our-Voices-Our-Lives-Our-FuturesYouth-and-Sexually-Transmitted-Diseases.pdf.

｜ 7 ｜ 薬物療法や違法ドラッグに頼りすぎ
1 Sax, L. (2009), Boys Adrift: The Five Factors Driving the Growing Epidemic of UnmotivatedBoys and Underachieving Young Men (p. 88). New York, NY: Basic Books.
2 Ibid. (pp. 89–91).
Notes

23

3 Stern, P. (Director) (2006), Raising Cain: Boys in Focus [documentary]. United States:
PBS Films.
Note: Since 2010 in the US, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) has allowed under-26-yearolds to remain on their parents' health insurance. The following year, 19- to 25-year-olds
were the only age group whose number of prescriptions increased. ADHD medications
were 28 per cent of all the newly prescribed medications for the group, followed byantidepressants, which made up 16 per cent of new medications.
See: The Use of Medicines in the United States: Review of 2011 (2012, April) (pp. 11–12,
29). Retrieved May 30, 2014, from IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics: http://www.
imshealth.com/ims/Global/Content/Insights/IMS%20Institute%20for%20Healthcare%20
Informatics/IHII_Medicines_in_U.S_Report_2011.pdf.
4 Meserve, J. and Ahlers, M.M. (2009, May 14), Marijuana Potency Surpasses 10 per cent,U.S. Says'. Retrieved November 22, 2011, from CNN: http://articles.cnn.com/200905-14/health/marijuana.potency_1_average-thc-potent-marijuana-marijuana-users?_
s=PM:HEALTH.
5 Sterling, T. (2011, October 8), Dutch Classify High-Potency Marijuana as Hard Drug'.
Retrieved November 22, 2011, from SF Gate: http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.
cgi?f=/c/a/2011/10/07/MNQO1LES53.DTL.
6 Ramaekers J.G., et al. (2006), High-Potency Marijuana Impairs Executive Function andInhibitory Motor Control', Neuropsychopharmacology, 10, 2296–303.
7 Zimbardo, P.G. and Boyd, J. (2009), The Time Paradox: The New Psychology of Time That
Will Change Your Life. New York, NY: Atria Books.（P・G・ジンバルドー、J・ボイド『迷いの晴れる時間術』ポプラ社）

Part II｜ 8 ｜ 船頭のいない家族─父親不在
1 Table 8. Average Class Size for Public School Teachers in Elementary Schools, Secondary
Schools, and Schools with Combined Grades, by Classroom Type and State: 2007–08(n.d.). Retrieved June 30, 2014, from US Department of Education, National Center for
Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS): http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/
sass/tables/sass0708_2009324_t1s_08.asp.
2 Salcedo, A., Schoellman, T., and Tertilt, M. (2009, October), Families as Roommates:
Changes in U.S. Household Size from 1850 to 2000. Retrieved February 21, 2012, from
Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research: http://www.stanford.edu/group/siepr/
cgi-bin/siepr/?q=system/files/shared/pubs/papers/pdf/09-01.pdf.
3 O'Grady, S. (2013, March 8), Rise of the Single-parent Family'. Retrieved October
Notes

24

10, 2014, from Express: http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/382706/Rise-of-the-singleparent-family.
4 Szalavitz, M. and Perr y, B.D. (2010), Born for Love: Why Empathy Is Essential – andEndangered (p. 16). New York, NY: HarperCollins.（M・サラヴィッツ、B・D・ペリー『子どもの共感力を育てる』紀伊國屋書店）
5 Martin, J.A., Hamilton, B.E., Osterman, M.J., Curtin, S.C., and Mathews, T.J. (2013,
December 30), Births: Final Data for 2012. Retrieved May 19, 2014, from National Vital
Statistics Reports, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/
nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr62/nvsr62_09.pdf#table02.
6 Note: US birth rates by race for women under 30 – Blacks: 73 per cent; Hispanics: 53 per
cent; Whites: 29 per cent.
See: DeParle, J. and Tavernise, S. (2012, February 17), For Women Under 30, Most
Births Occur Outside Marriage'. Retrieved Februar y 21, 2012, from the New YorkTimes: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/18/us/for-women-under-30-most-births-occuroutside-marriage.html.
7 Cribb, R. (2011, November 25), The Grim Evidence That Men Have Fallen Behind
Women'. Retrieved November 26, 2011, from Toronto Star: http://www.thestar.com/
life/2011/11/25/rob_cribb_the_grim_evidence_that_men_have_fallen_behind_women.
html.
8 Families and Households, 2013 (2013, October 31) (p. 4). Retrieved October 10, 2014,
from Office for National Statistics: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_332633.pdf.
9 O'Grady, S. (2013, March 8), Rise of the Single-parent Family'. Retrieved October
10, 2014, from Express: http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/382706/Rise-of-the-singleparent-family.
10 Lawlor, J. (1987, August 17), The Time Crunch; Poll: We Zoom through Life in Fast
Forward', USA Today, p. 1A.
11 Saad, L. (2013, December 26), Most U.S. Families Still Routinely Dine Together at Home.
Retrieved July 26, 2014, from Gallup: http://www.gallup.com/poll/166628/familiesroutinely-dine-together-home.aspx.
あてにならないロールモデル、傷ついた信頼
12 The Importance of Family Dinners VII (Figure 1.A., 2.A.) (2011, September). Retrieved
November 22, 2011, from the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse atColumbia University: http://www.casacolumbia.org/upload/2011/2011922familydinners
VII.pdf.
13 Shteynberg, C. (2009, June 16), How Many Stamps Does it Take to Mail a Baby?'.
Retrieved May 11, 2014, from Smithsonian Institution Archives: http://siarchives.si.edu/
Notes

25

blog/how-many-stamps-does-it-take-mail-baby.
14 Retrieved June 9, 2014, from NannyCam: http://www.nannycam.com/.
15 For 1960, Larsen, C.A. (2013), The Rise and Fall of Social Cohesion: The Construction
and De-construction of Social Trust in the US, UK, Sweden and Denmark (p. 12).
United Kingdom: Oxford University Press; and for 2009, Hampton, K., Goulet, L.S.,
Rainie, L., and Purcell, K. (2011, June 16), Part 4: Trust, Support, Perspective Taking,and Democratic Engagement. Retrieved October 10, 2014, from Pew Research Center:
http://www.pewinternet.org/2011/06/16/part-4-trust-support-perspective-taking-anddemocratic-engagement/.
16 Millennials in Adulthood (2014, March 7). Retrieved October 10, 2014, from Pew
Research Center: http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2014/03/07/millennials-inadulthood/.
17 Larsen, C.A. (2013), The Rise and Fall of Social Cohesion: The Construction and Deconstruction of Social Trust in the US, UK, Sweden and Denmark (p. 12). United Kingdom:
Oxford University Press.
18 Putnam, R.D. (2001), Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (p.
138). New York, NY: Touchstone Books.（ロバート・D・パットナム『孤独なボウリン
グ―米国コミュニティの崩壊と再生』柏書房）
19 Gottman, J.M. and Silver, N. (2000), The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work: A
Practical Guide from the Country’s Foremost Relationship Expert (pp. 5–6). New York, NY:
Harmony.
20

Divorce Rates' (1999, October 8). Retrieved May 7, 2014, from University of Maryland:
http://www.vanneman.umd.edu/socy441/trends/divorce.html.

21 Gottman, J.M. and Silver, N. (2000). The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work: A
Practical Guide from the Country’s Foremost Relationship Expert (p. 4). New York, NY:
Harmony.
22 Chapman, J. (2011, April 18), The Collapse of Family Life: Half of Children See Parents
Split by 16 as Births outside Marriage Hit Highest Level for Two Centuries. Retrieved May 7,
2014, from Daily Mail: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1377940/Half-parentssplit-16-births-outside-marriage-hit-highest-level-200-years.html#ixzz1wOdPJZTo.
23 FlorCruz, M. (2013, February 27), China's Divorce Rate Rises for Seventh Consecutive
Year'. Retrieved May 9, 2014, from International Business Times: http://www.ibtimes.
com/chinas-divorce-rate-rises-seventh-consecutive-year-1105053.
24

Poland: The Soaring Divorce Rate' (2010, January 14). Retrieved May 7, 2014, from
European Journal , DW: http://www.dw.de/european-journal-the-magazine-frombrussels-2010-01-14/e-5094566-9798.

25 Rosen, R. (2001), The World Split Open: How the Modern Women’s Movement Changed
Notes

26

America (p. 43). New York, NY: Penguin Books.
26 Parker, K. and Wang, W. (2013, March 14), Modern Parenthood. Retrieved June 7, 2014,
from Pew Research Center: http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/03/14/modernparenthood-roles-of-moms-and-dads -converge-as-they-balance-work-and-family/.
27 Saad, G. (2013, November 14), Do Men or Women File for Divorce More Often? Retrieved
December 4, 2014, from Psychology Today: http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/
homo-consumericus/201311/do-men-or-women-file-divorce-more-often.
28

Why Do Women Win Most Custody Battles?' (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2014, from
Attorneys.com: http://www.attorneys.com/child-custody/why-do-women-win-mostcustody-battles/.

29 Farrell, W. (2001), The Myth of Male Power: Why Men are the Disposable Sex (p. 21). New
York: Berkeley Books.（ワレン・ファレル『男性権力の神話―《男女差別》の可視性と撤廃のための学問』作品社）
30 Vaillant, G.E. (2012), Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (p. 4).
Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
31 Ibid. (p. 143).
32 Ibid. (p. 113).
33 Ibid. (pp. 118–19).
34 Glenn, N. and Whitehead, B.D. (2009), MAMA SAYS: A National Survey of Mothers’
Attitudes on Fathering (p. 9). Retrieved June 26, 2014, from National Fatherhood Institute:
http://www.fatherhood.org/mama-says-survey.
35 Zak, P. (2011), Paul Zak: Trust, Morality

̶ and Oxytocin? Retrieved November 22,

2011, from TED Conferences: http://www.ted.com/talks/paul_zak_trust_morality_
and_oxytocin.html; and Zak, P.J. and Knack, S. (2001). Trust and growth. The Economic
Journal, 111, 295-321.
36 Larsen, C.A. (2013), The Rise and Fall of Social Cohesion: The Construction and Deconstruction of Social Trust in the US, UK, Sweden and Denmark (p. 12). United Kingdom:
Oxford University Press.
37 Fukuyama, F. (1996). Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (p. 4). Free
Press.（フランシス・フクヤマ『「信」無くば立たず―「歴史の終わり」後、何が繁栄の鍵を握るのか』三笠書房）
38 Murray, C. (2013), Coming Apart: The State of White America, 1960–2010 (p. 169). New
York, NY: Crown Forum.（チャールズ・マレー『階級「断絶」社会アメリカ―新上流と新下流の出現』草思社）
39 Notes: The US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth reported married men spent themost time – 82 per cent of weeks – between 18 and 26 years old in the labour force while
single men spent only 70 per cent of weeks and cohabiting men spent 75 per cent of
Notes

27

weeks working. For women, there were no significant differences found in the number
of weeks worked and partner status, but when a child was present, women worked only
65 per cent of weeks compared with 76 per cent of weeks for women with no child in thehome. By 27 years old, 41 per cent of single women have a child living in their household,compared with 5 per cent of single men. Overall, single black women were the most
likely group to have a child in their home while single Hispanic men were the least likely;
single white men were nearly tied for least likely. For cohabiting couples, Hispanics andblacks were more than twice as likely as whites to have a child in the home. For married
couples, black couples were the most likely to have a child while whites were the least
likely. Only 15 per cent of blacks were married while 39 per cent of whites were. For
those aged 35 and over, 25 per cent of black women, 26 per cent of black men, 8 per centof white women and 12 per cent of white men were never married. More educated people
were less likely to be cohabiting and more likely to be married. Regardless of ethnicity
and partner status, having a bachelor's degree or higher also led to a significant drop in
the likelihood of having a child in the home at 27 years old. By that age, just over one infour blacks and Hispanics who enrolled in university had received a bachelor's degree,compared to nearly half of whites.
See: America’s Young Adults at 27: Labor Market Activity, Education, and Household
Composition: Results From a Longitudinal Survey Summary (2014, March 26). Retrieved
May 7, 2014, from Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of Labor (USDL-14-0491):
http://www.bls.gov/news.release/nlsyth.nr0.htm.
Note: see table 7 for ethnicity and the likelihood of having a child; and for never-marriedrates by ethnicity.
See: Elliott, D.B., Krivickas, K., Brault, M.W., and Kreider, R.M. (2012, May), Historical
Marriage Trends from 1890–2010: A Focus on Race Differences. Retrieved May 9, 2014,
from US Census Bureau: http://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/marriage/data/acs/
ElliottetalPAA2012presentation.pdf; and for increase in never-married rates: Lofquist,
D., Lugaila, T., O'Connell, M., and Feliz, S. (2012, April), Households and Families: 2010
(C2010BR-14) (p. 3). Retrieved May 9, 2014, from US Census Bureau: https://www.
census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-14.pdf.
40 UK Labour Market, September 2014 (2014, September 17) (p. 9).Retrieved October 10,
2014, from Office for National Statistics: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_374770.
pdf.
41 O'Grady, S. (2013, March 8), Rise of the Single-parent Family'. Retrieved October
10, 2014, from Express: http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/382706/Rise-of-the-singleparent-family.
42 Families and Households, 2013 (2013, October 31) (p. 5). Retrieved October 10, 2014,
Notes

28

from Office for National Statistics: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_332633.pdf.
43 Wilcox, W.B. (2011, August 30), A Shaky Foundation for Families'. Retrieved May 8,
2014, from the New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2011/08/30/
shotgun-weddings-vs-cohabitating-parents/cohabitation-is-a-shaky-foundation.
44 Szalavitz, M. and Perr y, B.D. (2010), Born for Love: Why Empathy Is Essential – andEndangered (pp. 163, 167). New York, NY: HarperCollins.（M・サラヴィッツ、
B・D・ペリー『子どもの共感力を育てる』紀伊國屋書店）
45 Sandnes, H.E. (2014, Februar y 9), Dad is Important for His Children’s Development.
Retrieved November 30, 2014, from Kilden Information Centre for Gender Research in
Norway: http://eng.kilden.forskningsradet.no/c52778/nyhet/vis.html?tid=88722.
46 Vaillant, G.E. (2012), Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (p.
357). Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
47 Ibid. (p. 115).
父親は何処？
48 Bolick, K. (2011, November), All the Single Ladies', Atlantic magazine, 120.
49 Stern, P. (Director) (2006), Raising Cain: Boys in Focus [documentary]. United States:
PBS Films.
50 Fractured Families: Why Stability Matters (2013, June) (p. 20). Retrieved October 10,
2014, from the Centre for Social Justice: http://www.centreforsocialjustice.org.uk/
UserStorage/pdf/Pdf%20reports/CSJ_Fractured_Families_Report_WEB_13.06.13.pdf.
51 Borden, C. and Obsatz, K. (Directors) (2007), Journeyman [documentary]. United States:
MirrorMan Films.
52 Perera, J. (2013, October 5), What I Like and Don't Like About Being a Boy: Thoughtsfrom a Group of Grade 4 Boys'. Retrieved May 15, 2014, from Higher Unlearning:
http://higherunlearning.com/2013/10/05/what-i-like-and-dont-like-about-being-a-boythoughts-from-a-group-of-grade-4-boys/.
53 Co, P., Maggiore, N., and Unay, J. (Cinematographers) (2014), Free to Play [documentary].
United States: Valve.
54 Hjern, A., Weitoft, G.R., and Lindblad, F. (2010, June), Social Adversity Predicts ADHDMedication in School Children – A National Cohor t Study'. Retrieved November
22, 2011, from Acta Paediatrica: http://onlinelibrar y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.16512227.2009.01638.x/pdf.
55 Dawson, D.A. (1991, June), Family Structure and Children’s Health: United States, 1988
(Table 13). Retrieved November 22, 2011, from US Department of Health and Human
Ser vices, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health
Statistics: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_178.pdf.
Notes

29

56 Borden, C. and Obsatz, K. (Directors) (2007), Journeyman [documentary]. United States:
MirrorMan Films.
57 Ibid.
58 Guidubaldi, J. (1987), Growing Up in a Divorced Family: Initial and Long Term
Perspectives on Children's Adjustment', Applied Social Psychology, 7, 230.
59 Christoffersen, M.N. (1995), An Investigation of Fathers with 3 to 5-Year old Children.
Social Research Institute Ministerratskonferenz, Stockholm, Sweden (Chart 3).
60 Guidubaldi, J. (1987), Growing Up in a Divorced Family: Initial and Long Term
Perspectives on Children's Adjustment', Applied Social Psychology, 7, 212.
61 Borden, C. and Obsatz, K. (Directors) (2007), Journeyman [documentary]. United States:
MirrorMan Films.
媒体の影響
62 Farrell, W., personal communication, January 5, 2012.
63 Tickner, N. (2008, November 14), Unhappy People Watch TV, Happy People Read/
Socialize'. Retrieved January 10, 2012, from Newsdesk, University of Maryland: http://
www.newsdesk.umd.edu/sociss/release.cfm?ArticleID=1789.
64 Tolstoy, L., Pevear, R., and Volokhonsky, L. (2002), Anna Karenina (p. 1). New York, NY:
Penguin Group (USA), Inc.（レフ・トルストイ『アンナ・カレーニナ』）
65 Stern, P. (Director) (2006), Raising Cain: Boys in Focus [documentary]. United States:
PBS Films.
66 Farrell, W., personal communication, January 10, 2012.
欠点だらけの福祉制度
67 Notes: The main federal assistance programme for American families in need, or
welfare', in the US today is the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF).
President Clinton initiated it in 1997 after the Personal Responsibility and Work
Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) was passed in 1996, succeeding Aid to
Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), which had been in effect since 1935. TANF
transitioned the cost-sharing model, where the federal government's stipend for state
welfare programmes went up as the need for assistance grew, to block grants wherestates were given a set amount and had greater control over their programmes and how
assistance is distributed. In 2013 an average of 4.1 million people received TANF or State
Supplemental Programme (SSP) benefits each month during the fiscal year, most werechildren:Children: 3,091,888 (75 per cent)
Adults: 1,007,243 (25 per cent)
Notes

30

Families (total): 1,751,351
Zero-parent families: 760,293
One-parent families: 908,443
Two-parent families: 82,615
See: Caseload Data 2014 (2014, January 23). Retrieved May 17, 2014, from the Office ofFamily Assistance, US Department of Health and Human Services: http://www.acf.hhs.
gov/programmes/ofa/resource/caseload-data-2013.
68 Notes: Regardless of ethnicity, women were about twice as likely as men (23 per cent vs
12 per cent), and minorities were twice as likely as whites, to have received food stamps:
39 per cent of black women
31 per cent of Hispanic women
21 per cent of black men
19 per cent of white women
14 per cent of Hispanic men
11 per cent of white men
See: Morin, R. (2013, July 12), The Politics and Demographics of Food Stamp Recipients.
Retrieved May 17, 2014, from Pew Research Center: http://www.pewresearch.org/facttank/2013/07/12/the-politics-and-demographics-of-food-stamp-recipients/.
69 Notes: Despite the significant rising costs of living, basic assistance is now only arelatively small share and TANF and maintenance of ef for t (MOE) spending has
decreased from 70 per cent at the beginning of the programme to 29 per cent in 2011
– with nine states spending less than 15 per cent. The Center on Budget and Policy
Priorities (CBPP) says some states shifted resources from cash assistance to activities
designed to promote or support work, but those investments leveled off nearly a decadeago . . . States are using a significant and growing share of TANF and MOE funds tosupport other state services, including child welfare; states also have diverted substantial
funds formerly used to assist poor families to other purposes,' such as filling statebudget holes'.
See: Schott, L., Pavetti, L., and Finch, I. (2012, August 7), How States Have SpentFederal and State Funds Under the TANF Block Grant'. Retrieved May 19, 2014,
from Center on Budget and Policy Priorities: http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.
cfm?fa=view&id=3808.
70 Moffitt, R.A., Reville, R.T., Winkler, A.E., and Burstain, J.M. (2008, August revised
2009, February), Cohabitation and Marriage Rules in State TANF Programs. Retrieved
May 19, 2014, from Of fice of the Assistant Secretar y for Planning and Evaluation,
US Department of Health and Human Ser vices: http://www.aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/09/
CohabitationMarriageRules/index.shtml.
Notes

31

71 Ibid.
72 Hardisty, J. and Williams, L.A. (n.d.), The Right’s Campaign Against Welfare. Retrieved
May 17, 2014, from Jean Hardisty: http://www.jeanhardisty.com/writing/ar ticleschapters-and-reports/the-rights-campaign-against-welfare/.
73 UK Labour Market, September 2014 (2014, September 17) (p. 38). Retrieved October 10,
2014, from Office for National Statistics: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_374770.
pdf.
74 Martin, D. (2014, January 16), A Quarter of British Children are being Raised by aSingle Parent, New Figures Reveal'. Retrieved October 10, 2014, from Mail Online:
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2540974/Britain-fourth-highest-number-singleparents-EU.html.
75 Fractured Families: Why Stability Matters (2013, June) (p. 14). Retrieved October 10,
2014, from the Centre for Social Justice: http://www.centreforsocialjustice.org.uk/
UserStorage/pdf/Pdf%20reports/CSJ_Fractured_Families_Report_WEB_13.06.13.pdf.
76 Ibid. (pp. 13, 22).
77 Ibid. (p. 15).
ヘリコプター・ペアレンツ
78 Gottlieb, L. (2011, July/ August), How to Land Your Kids in Therapy'. Retrieved
November 11, 2011, from Atlantic magazine: http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/07/how-to-land-your-kid-in-therapy/8555.
79 National Visitor Use Monitoring Results USDA Forest Service National Summary Report(2013, May 20) (p. 8). Retrieved May 15, 2014, from National Visitor Use Monitoring(NVUM), US Forest Ser vice: http://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/programmes/
nvum/2012%20National_Summary_Report_061413.pdf.
80 Regnerus, M. (2012), How Different are the Adult Children of Parents who have Samesex Relationships? Findings from the New Family Structures Study', Social Science
Research, 41 (2012). Retrieved June 18, 2014, from http://www.sciencedirect.com/
science/article/pii/S0049089X12000610.
81 Mcpherson, G. (2013, March 6), Children as Happy with Gay Parents – Research'.
Retrieved June 18, 2014, from Cambridge News: http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/
Health/Family/Children-as-happy-with-gay-parents-research-06032013.htm; and vanGelderen, L., et al. (2012), Quality of Life of Adolescents Raised from Birth by LesbianMothers: The US National Longitudinal Family Study', Journal of Developmental &Behavioural Pediatrics, 33(1), 5.
82 Chadwick, V. (2013, June 5), Tick for Same-sex Families'. Retrieved June 18, 2014, fromthe Age Victoria: http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/tick-for-samesex-families-20130605Notes

32

2npxf.html.
83 Mcpherson, G. (2013, March 6), Children as Happy with Gay Parents – Research'.
Retrieved June 18, 2014, from Cambridge News: http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/
Health/Family/Children-as-happy-with-gay-parents-research-06032013.htm; and vanGelderen, L., et al. (2012), Quality of Life of Adolescents Raised from Birth by LesbianMothers: The US National Longitudinal Family Study', Journal of Developmental &Behavioural Pediatrics, 33(1), 5.
84 Lesbian & Gay Parenting (2005). Retrieved June 18, 2014, from American Psychological
Association: http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/parenting-full.pdf.
85 White, R.R. (2011, October 3), The Role Non-Monogamy Will Play in the Future of
Marriage'. Retrieved November 18, 2014, from the Atlantic: http://www.theatlantic.
com/health/archive/2011/10/the-role-non-monogamy-will-play-in-the-future-ofmarriage/245960/.
86 Guttentag, M. and Secord, P.F. (1983), Too Many Women?: The Sex Ratio Question (pp.
20–21). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

｜ 9 ｜ 問題だらけの学校
1 Education at a Glance 2013: OECD Indicators (Indicator B1.1) (2013). Retrieved June30, 2014, from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: http://dx.doi.
org/10.1787/eag-2013-en.
2 Corcoran S.P., Evans, W.N., and Schwab, R.M. (2004), Women, the Labor Market, andthe Declining Relative Quality of Teachers', Journal of Policy Analysis and Management,
23(3), 449–70.
3 Ibid.; and Vance, V.S. and Schlechty, P.C. (1982), The Distribution of Academic Ability in
the Teaching Force', Phi Delta Kappan, 64(1), 22–7.
4 Chetty, R., Friedman, J., and Rockoff, J. (n.d.), The Long-Term Impacts of Teachers:
Teacher Value-Added and Student Outcomes in Adulthood. Retrieved January 12, 2012,
from Harvard University: http://obs.rc.fas.harvard.edu/chetty/value_added.html.
5 Richardson, H. (2013, Februar y 13),

Not Enough Strenuous Activity in SchoolPE'. Retrieved November 18, 2014, from BBC News: http://www.bbc.com/news/
education-21449610.
6 Freeman, C.E. (2004, November), Trends in Educational Equity of Girls and Women:
2004 (p. 45). Retrieved December 26, 2011, from National Center for Education Statistics,
Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education (NCES 2005-016): http://
nces.ed.gov/pubs2005/2005016.pdf.
7 C, K.N., K, P., and W, P.J. (2013, December 3). Diligent Asia, Indolent West'.
Retrieved June 26, 2014, from the Economist : http://www.economist.com/blogs/
Notes

33

graphicdetail/2013/12/daily-chart-1.
8 Sax, L. (2009), Boys Adrift: The Five Factors Driving the Growing Epidemic of UnmotivatedBoys and Underachieving Young Men (p. 21). New York, NY: Basic Books.
9 Steinberg, K. (2011, September 14), 43% of 2011 College-Bound Seniors Met SAT
College and Career Readiness Benchmark' (p. 12). Retrieved December 8, 2011, fromthe College Board: http://media.collegeboard.com/pdf/cbs_2011_nat_release_091411.
pdf.
10

GCSE Results 2013: The Complete Breakdown' (2013, August 22). Retrieved October
10, 2014, from the Guardian : http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/
aug/22/gcse-results-2013-the-complete-breakdown.

11 Szalavitz, M. and Perr y, B.D. (2010), Born for Love: Why Empathy Is Essential – andEndangered (pp. 95, 231, 295). New York, NY: HarperCollins.（M・サラヴィッツ、B・D・
ペリー『子どもの共感力を育てる』紀伊國屋書店）
12 Stern, P. (Director) (2006), Raising Cain: Boys in Focus [documentary]. United States:
PBS Films.
13

Record Numbers of Men Teaching in Primary Schools – But More Still Needed' (2012,
July 6). Retrieved October 10, 2014, from Gov.uk: https://www.gov.uk/government/
news/record-numbers-of-men-teaching-in-primary-schools-but-more-still-needed.

14 What’s the Problem with School? (n.d.). Retrieved December 26, 2011, from PBS: http://
www.pbs.org/parents/raisingboys/school02.html.
15 Dretzin, R. (Director) (2010), Digital Nation: Life on the Virtual Frontier [documentary].
United States: PBS Films [Frontline].
16 Notes: 82 per cent of US libraries reduced operating hours in the 2011–12 year and 65
per cent cut hours in the 2012–13 year.
See: Rosa, K., Research and Statistics on Libraries and Librarianship in 2012 (n.d.)(p. 352). Retrieved May 10, 2014, from Office for Research and Statistics, American
Library Association: http://www.ala.org/research/sites/ala.org.research/files/content/
librarystats/LBTA-research2013.pdf.
一意専心は成功への道
17 C, K.N., K, P., and W, P.J. (2013, December 3), Diligent Asia, Indolent West'.
Retrieved June 26, 2014, from the Economist : http://www.economist.com/blogs/
graphicdetail/2013/12/daily-chart-1.
18

Finn-ished' (2013, December 7). Retrieved June 26, 2014, from the Economist: http://
www.economist.com/news/international/21591195-fall-former-nordic-education-starlatest-pisa-tests-focusing-interest.

19 Suicide and Attempted Suicide – China, 1990–2002 (2004, June 11). Retrieved June 26,
Notes

34

2014, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/
preview/mmwrhtml/mm5322a6.htm.
20

China's Young People at Increasing Risk of Suicide' (2013, September 11). Retrieved
June 26, 2014, from Radio Free Asia: http://www.r fa.org/english/news/china/suicide-09112013114030.html.

21 Shlam, S. and Medalia, H. (2014, January 19), China's Web Junkies'. Retrieved June 26,
2014, from the New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/20/opinion/chinasweb-junkies.html?ref=opinion&_r=1.
学校は古い。だったらどうする？
22 Steinberg, K. (2011, September 14), 43% of 2011 College-Bound Seniors Met SAT
College and Career Readiness Benchmark' (p. 9). Retrieved December 8, 2011, from theCollege Board: http://media.collegeboard.com/pdf/cbs_2011_nat_release_091411.pdf.
23 Hornig, D. and Daley, A. (2011, December 1), Not Enough New Scientists: How
America's Obsession with Liberal Arts Is Making Us Less Competitive'. Retrieved
January 4, 2012, from Casey Daily Dispatch: http://www.caseyresearch.com/cdd/friendsdont-let-friends-major-liberal-arts.
24 Ibid.
性教育 vs ポルノ教育
25 Hirschman, C., personal communication, January 19, 2012.
26 Ogas, O. and Gaddam, S. (2011), A Billion Wicked Thoughts: What the World’s Largest
Experiment Reveals About Human Desire (p. 50). New York, NY: Penguin Group (USA),
Inc.（O・オーガス、S・ガダム『性欲の科学』CCC メディアハウス）
27

Italian Men Suf fer Sexual Anorexia after Internet Porn Use' (2011, March 4).
Retrieved Januar y 9, 2012, from ANSA English: http://www.ansa.it/web/notizie/
rubriche/english/2011/02/24/visualizza_new.html_1583160579.html.

28 Ropelato, J. Internet Pornography Statistics (n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2011, fromTop Ten Reviews, TechMediaNetwork: http://internet-filter-review.toptenreviews.com/
internet-pornography-statistics.html.
29 Vital Signs: Teen Pregnancy – United States, 1991–2009 (2011, April 8). Retrieved
November 17, 2011, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.
gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6013a5.htm?s_cid=mm6013a5_w.
30

State Policies in Brief, Sex and HIV Education' (2014, June 1). Retrieved June 17, 2014,
from Guttmacher Institute: https://www.guttmacher.org/statecenter/spibs/spib_SE.pdf.

31 Sex and Relationships Education Factsheet (2011, January). Retrieved October 13, 2014,
from Family Planning Association Web: http://www.fpa.org.uk/factsheets/sex-andNotes

35relationships-education#aNh7.
32 Parker, I. (2014, August), Young People, Sex and Relationships: The New Norm (p. 10).
Retrieved October 9, 2014, from Institute for Public Policy Research: http://www.ippr.
org/assets/media/publications/pdf/young-people-sex-relationships_Aug2014.pdf.
33 Estimated Median Age at First Marriage, by Sex: 1890 to the Present (2011, November).
Retrieved Febr uar y 20, 2012, from US Census Bureau: http://www.census.gov/
population/socdemo/hh-fam/ms2.xls.
34 Marriages in England and Wales (Provisional), 2012 (p. 8) (2014, June 11). Retrieved
October 9, 2014, from Of fice for National Statistics: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/
dcp171778_366530.pdf.
35 Connor, S. (2013, November 26), The Truth about Women and Sex: They Start Younger
and Have More Partners – and Those are not Necessarily Men'. Retrieved October 13,
2014, from the Independent: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/the-truthabout-women-and-sex--they-start-younger-and-have-more-partners--and-those-are-notnecessarily-men-8962997.html; also see The Third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes andLifestyles (2013, November 26). Retrieved October 13, 2014, from the Lancet: http://www.
thelancet.com/themed/natsal.
36 Brükner H. (2005), After the Promise: The STD Consequences of Adolescent Virginity
Pledges', Journal of Adolescent Health, 36, 271–8.
37 Klein, M. (Kindle edition, 2008), America’s War on Sex: The Attack on Law, Lust, andLiberty. Amazon.com: Praeger Paperback.
38 Comprehensive Sex Education: Research and Results (2009, September). Retrieved May
31, 2014, from Advocates for Youth: http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/storage/advfy/
documents/fscse.pdf; and Darroch, J.E., Singh, S., and Frost, J.J. (2001, December),Dif ferences in Teenage Pregnancy Rates Among Five Developed Countries: The Rolesof Sexual Activity and Contraceptive Use. Retrieved May 31, 2014, from Guttmacher
Institute: http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3324401.html.
39 2009 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Surveillance, STDs in Adolescents and Young Adults(2010). Retrieved November 17, 2011, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats09/adol.htm.
40 Notes: Compare the average US birth rate of 29.4 per 1,000 15- to 19-year-old women
to the rate in Rwanda (34), India (33), Turkey (31), Kazakhstan (30) and Vietnam (29).
According to the CDC, these states have the highest teen birth rates:
New Mexico (47.5) – most comparable to Peru (51), Yemen (47),
Puerto Rico (47), Barbados (48) and Indonesia (48)
Oklahoma (47.3)
Mississippi (46.1)
Notes

36

Arkansas (45.7)
Texas (44.4)
States with the lowest teen birth rates per 1,000 teens aged 15–19:
New Hampshire (13.8) – most comparable to Australia (12),Hungary (12), Poland (12), Portugal (13) and Canada (14)Massachusetts (14.1)
Connecticut (15.1)
Vermont (16.3)
New Jersey (16.7)
If we go by ethnicity, there were 27.4 teen births per 1,000 white women, 44 for black
women, 46.3 for Hispanic women, 34.9 for American Indian or Alaska Natives, and 9.7 for
Asian or Pacific Islanders. The per cent changes for each ethnicity since 2000 are: white– 37 per cent reduction (from 43.2); black – 43 per cent reduction (from 77.4); Hispanic– 47 per cent reduction (from 87.3); American Indian or Alaska Native – 40 per centreduction (from 58.3); and Asian or Pacific Islander – 53 per cent reduction (from 20.5).
See: Martin, J.A., Hamilton, B.E., Osterman, M.J., Curtin, S.C., and Mathews, T.J. (2013,
December 30), Births: Final Data for 2012. Retrieved May 19, 2014, from National Vital
Statistics Reports, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/
nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr62/nvsr62_09.pdf#table02; and world statistics: Adolescent Fertility
Rate (Births per 1,000 Women ages 15–19) (n.d.). Retrieved May 19, 2014, from United
Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects. The World Bank: http://data.
worldbank.org/indicator/SP.ADO.TFRT?order=wbapi_data_value_2012+wbapi_data_
value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc.
41 Notes: Abortion rates for US teens in 2008 were: 22 per cent of white pregnancies, 65 percent of black pregnancies and 19 per cent of Hispanic pregnancies.
See: Ventura, S.J., Curtin, S.C., Abma, J.C., and Henshaw, S.K. (2012, June 20), EstimatedPregnancy Rates and Rates of Pregnancy Outcomes for the United States, 1990–2008 .
Retrieved May 19, 2014, from National Vital Statistics System, US Department of Healthand Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/
nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr60/nvsr60_07.pdf.
42 Conceptions in England and Wales, 2012 (2014, February 25). Retrieved May 19, 2014,
from Office for National Statistics: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_353922.pdf.
43 Doughty, S., UK Tops League of Teenage Pregnancy' (n.d.). Retrieved October 10,
2014, from Daily Mail Online: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-28860/UK-topsleague-teenage-pregnancy.html.
44 Ventura, S.J., Curtin, S.C., and Mathews, T.J. (1998), Teenage Bir ths in the UnitedStates: National and State Trends, 1990–96. Retrieved May 19, 2014, from National Vital
Notes

37

Statistics System, US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/misc/teenbrth.pdf.
45 Conceptions in England and Wales, 2012 (2014, February 25). Retrieved May 19, 2014,
from Office for National Statistics: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_353922.pdf.
46 Vital Signs: Teen Pregnancy – United States, 1991–2009 (2011, April 8). Retrieved
November 17, 2011, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.
gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6013a5.htm?s_cid=mm6013a5_w.
47 Martinez, G., Copen, C.E., and Abma, J.C. (2011, October), Teenagers in the UnitedStates: Sexual Activity, Contraceptives, and Child Bearing, 2006–2010 National Studyof Family Growth (p. 10). Retrieved October 8, 2014, from National Center for Health
Statistics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/
series/sr_23/sr23_031.pdf.
48 HHS Funding for Abstinence Education, Education for Teen Pregnancy and HIV/
STD Prevention, and Other Programmes that Address Adolescent Sexual Activity (n.d.).
Retrieved November 17, 2011, from National Abstinence Education Association: http://
gallery.mailchimp.com/e71e76ba0a0760415775e4352/files/funding_comparison_Sheet2.
pdf?utm_source=General+Email+list+for+Weekly+Updates&utm_campaign=04e533396bDay_on_the_hill&utm_medium=email.
49 Doughty, S. UK Tops League of Teenage Pregnancy' (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2014,
from Daily Mail Online: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-28860/UK-tops-leagueteenage-pregnancy.html.

｜ 10 ｜ 環境の変化
1 Wang, S.S. (2013, July 15), The Decline in Male Fertility'. Retrieved May 28, 2014, fromthe Wall Street Journal: http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB100014241278873233945
04578607641775723354; also see http://www.rainestudy.org.au.
2 Low Sperm Count Causes (2012, September 22). Retrieved May 30, 2014, from Mayo
Clinic: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-sperm-count/basics/causes/
con-20033441.
3 What Are Endocrine Disruptors? (n.d.). Retrieved May 28, 2014, from Endocrine
Disruptor Screening Programme, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention,
Environmental Protection Agency: http://www.epa.gov/endo/pubs/edspover view/whatare.htm.
4 Endocrine Disruptors (n.d.). Retrieved May 28, 2014, from National Institute ofEnvironmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health: http://www.niehs.nih.gov/
health/topics/agents/endocrine/.
5 Colborn, T., Dumanoski, D., and Myers, J.P. (1997), Our Stolen Future: Are We
Notes

38

Threatening Our Fertility, Intelligence, and Survival? A Scientific Detective Story (p. xv).
New York City: Plume.（シーア・コルボーン、ダイアン・ダマノスキ、ジョン・ピーター
ソン・マイヤーズ『奪われし未来』翔泳社）
6 Wakefield, J. (2002), Boys Won't Be Boys', New Scientist, 2349. Retrieved May 28,
2014, from http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17423495.300;jsessionid=JGIKANP
NOJPP.
7 Interlandi, J. (2013, December), The Toxins That Affected Your Great-Grandparents
Could Be In Your Genes'. Retrieved May 29, 2014, from Smithsonian: http://www.
smithsonianmag.com/innovation/the-toxins-that-affected-your-great-grandparents-couldbe-in-your-genes-180947644/ ?device=iphone?no-ist&no-ist. Also see: http://skinner.wsu.
edu.
8 Testicular Cancer Incidence Statistics (n.d.). Retrieved May 28, 2014, from Cancer
Research UK: http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/testis/incidence/uk-testicular-cancer-incidence-statistics; and Testicular Cancer Screening (n.d.).
Retrieved May 28, 2014, from National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health:
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/screening/testicular/HealthProfessional/
page2; and Walschaerts, M. et al. (2008), Doubling of Testicular Cancer Incidence Rateover the last 20 Years in Southern France', Cancer Causes Control, 19(2). Retrieved May
28, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18236173.
9 Colborn, T., Dumanoski, D., and Myers, J.P. (1997), Our Stolen Future: Are We
Threatening Our Fertility, Intelligence, and Survival? A Scientific Detective Story (p. 9).
New York City: Plume.（シーア・コルボーン、ダイアン・ダマノスキ、ジョン・ピーター
ソン・マイヤーズ『奪われし未来』翔泳社）
10 Wakefield, J. (2002), Boys Won't be Boys', New Scientist, 2349. Retrieved May 28, 2014,
from http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17423495.300;jsessionid=JGIKANPNOJ
PP.
11 Crawford, T. (2014, May 28), SFU Study Finds Lower IQ in Kids Linked to Mom's
Exposure to Flame Retardants in Pregnancy'. Retrieved May 29, 2014, from the
Vancouver Sun: http://www.vancouversun.com/health/study+finds+flame+retardant+ex
posure+utero+lower+children+boost+hyperactivity/9884560/story.html.
12 Betts, K.S. (2002), Rapidly Rising PBDE Levels in North America', Environmental
Science and Technology, Science News, 36(3), 50A–52A.
13 Bramwell, L., Fernandes, A., Rose, M., Harrad, M., and Pless-Mulloli, T. (2014),
PBDEs and PBBs in Human Serum and Breast Milk from Cohabiting UK Couples',Chemosphere, 116. Retrieved October 13, 2014,
from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514004093.
14 Crawford, T. (2014, May 28), SFU Study Finds Lower IQ in Kids Linked to Mom's
Notes

39

Exposure to Flame Retardants in Pregnancy'. Retrieved May 29, 2014, from the
Vancouver Sun: http://www.vancouversun.com/health/study+finds+flame+retardant+ex
posure+utero+lower+children+boost+hyperactivity/9884560/story.html.
15 Wakefield, J. (2002), Boys Won't Be Boys', New Scientist, 2349. Retrieved May 28,
2014, from http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17423495.300;jsessionid=JGIKANP
NOJPP.

｜ 11 ｜ テクノロジーの魔法と興奮依存症
1 Dretzin, R. (Director) (2010), Digital Nation: Life on the Virtual Frontier [documentary].
United States: PBS Films [Frontline].
2 J.R.R. Tolkien, On Fairy Stories (n.d.). Retrieved May 1, 2014, from California Lutheran
University: http://public.callutheran.edu/~brint/Arts/Tolkien.pdf, 8.
3 Laier, C., Schulte, F.P., Brand, M., and Hahn, E.L. (2013), Pornographic Picture
Processing Interferes with Working Memory Performance', The Journal of Sex Research,
50(7). Retrieved June 27, 2014, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2012.716873.
4 Clark, N. and Scott, P.S. (2009), Game Addiction: The Experience and the Effects (p. 84).
Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company.
5 Ibid. (p. 88).
6 Deem, G., personal communication, April 13, 2014.
7 Carr, N.G. (2010), The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains (pp. 26–7). New
York: W.W. Norton.（N・G・カー『ネットバカ―インターネットが私たちの脳にしていること』青土社）
8 Ibid. (pp. 27–8, 33).
9 Doan, A. (2011, October 4), The Lure of Sex in Video Games'. Retrieved November 11,
2011 from Hooked on Games: http://www.hooked-on-games.com/blog/33-the-lure-ofsex-in-video-games.html; also see Doan, A., Strickland, B., and Gentile, D. (2012), Hooked
on Games: The Lure and Cost of Video Game and Internet Addiction (pp. 87-88). Iowa: FEP
International.
10

So, Uh, You Can Have Virtual Sex, Now' (2012, December 18). Retrieved June 26, 2014,
from SourceFed: http://sourcefed.com/so-uh-you-can-have-virtual-sex-now/.

11 Van den Bosch, J. (2013), Sinful Robot: Creating the World's Most Immersive Virtual
Reality Erotic Encounters (with Oculus Rift)'. Retrieved June 26, 2014, from Reddit:
http://www.reddit.com/r/technology/comments/1a2tev/sinful_robot_creating_the_worlds_most_immersive/c8trcpj.
12 Kaplan, E. and Purdum, J. (2001, May 13), I Dated A Robot', in M. Groening and D.X.
Cohen, Futurama. Los Angeles, CA: 20th Century.
13 Yee, N., Bailenson, J.N., and Ducheneaut, N. (2009), The Proteus Effect: Implications of
Notes

40

Transformed Digital Behaviour Self-Representation on Online and Offline Behaviour' (p.
294), Communication Research, 36(2). Retrieved June 12, 2014, from http://vhil.stanford.
edu/pubs/2009/yee-proteus-implications.pdf.
14 Korolov, M. (2010, October 8), Treatment Center gets $865,000 for OpenSim Project'.
Retrieved June 12, 2014, from Hypergrid Business: http://www.hypergridbusiness.
com/2010/10/treatment-center-gets-865000-for-second-opensim-project/.
15 Yee, N., Bailenson, J.N., and Ducheneaut, N. (2009), The Proteus Effect: Implicationsof Transformed Digital Behaviour Self-Representation on Online and Offline Behaviour'(p.287), Communication Research , 36(2). Retrieved June 12, 2014, from http://vhil.
stanford.edu/pubs/2009/yee-proteus-implications.pdf.
16 Dretzin, R. (Director) (2010), Digital Nation: Life on the Virtual Frontier [documentary].
United States: PBS Films [Frontline].
17 Ibid.
ポルノの力
18 Sipress, D. (2011, December 19), When I was your age, I had to hike ten miles throughthe ice and snow to …' – New Yorker cartoon. Retrieved June 16, 2014, from Condé Nast
Collection: http://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/When-I-was-your-age-I-had-to-hike-tenmiles-through-the-ice-and-snow-to-New-Yorker-Cartoon-Prints_i8638277_.htm.
19

Porn: Business of Pleasure' (2007, July 9). Retrieved November 17, 2011, from CNBC:
http://www.cnbc.com/id/31586577/?slide=4.

20 Macfarlane, J. (2008, June 14), Men Aged 18 to 30 on Viagra to Keep Up with Sex and
the City Generation'. Retrieved January 10, 2012, from Daily Mail: http://www.dailymail.
co.uk/health/article-1026523/Men-aged-18-30-Viagra-Sex-And-The-City-generation.html.
慢性的刺激、慢性的不満
21 (2011, July/August). Men’s Health, 30.
22 Retrieved June 8, 2011, from Alexa: http://www.alexa.com UK statistics were retrieved
November 17, 2014.
23 Schonfeld, E. (2011, April 25), Netflix Q1 Earnings Up 88%, Adds 3.M Subscribers'.
Retrieved November 11, 2011, from Seeking Alpha: http://seekingalpha.com/
article/265310-netflix-q1-earnings-up-88-adds-3-m-subscribers.
24 Daily Mail Reporter (2011, April 22), Young Men Watch TWO HOURS of Porn Online
Each Week ... and One in Three have Missed a Deadline Because of It'. Retrieved June
16, 2014, from Daily Mail: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1379464/PornYoung-men-watch-2-HOURS-week-missed-deadline-it.html.

Notes

41

おい、立たなくなっちまった
25 Wilson, G., personal communication.
26 Kühn, S. and Gallinat, J. (2014), Brain Structure and Functional Connectivity AssociatedWith Pornography Consumption', JAMA Psychiatry, 71(7). Retrieved November 29,
2014, from http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1874574.（N・G・
カー『ネットバカ―インターネットが私たちの脳にしていること』青土社）
27 Osterath, B. (2014, June 5), Pea brain: watching porn online will wear out your brain andmake it shrivel. Retrieved November 29, 2014, from Deutsche Welle: http://www.dw.de/
pea-brain- watching-porn-online-will-wear-out-your-brain-and-make-it-shrivel/a-17681654.
28 Wilson, G. (2011, June 17), Start Here: Porn-Induced Sexual Dysfunction. Retrieved
February 21, 2012 from Your Brain on Porn: http://yourbrainonporn.com/porn-induceded-star t-here; and Wilson, G. (2011, Februar y 10). Erectile Dysfunction and Porn .
Retrieved February 21, 2012 from Your Brain on Porn: http://yourbrainonporn.com/
erectile-dysfunction-and-porn.
29 Carr, N.G. (2010), The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains (p. 210). New
York: W.W. Norton.
クーリッジ効果
30 O'Donohue, W.T. and Geer, J.H. (1985), The Habituation of Sexual Arousal', Archives
of Sexual Behaviour, 14(3). Retrieved June 16, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
pubmed/4004547.
31 Ogas, O. and Gaddam, S. (2011), A Billion Wicked Thoughts: What the World’s Largest
Experiment Reveals About Human Desire (p. 193). New York, NY: Penguin Group (USA),
Inc.（O・オーガス、S・ガダム『性欲の科学』CCC メディアハウス）
女性をモノとして見る
32 Max, T. The Date Application (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2011, from Tucker Max:
http://www.tuckermax.com/stories/the-date-application/.
ゲームのパワー
33 Martin, D. (2012, April 10), Jack Tramiel, a Pioneer in Computers, Dies at 83'. RetrievedApril 24, 2014, from the New York Times : http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/11/
technology/jack-tramiel-a-pioneer-in-computers-dies-at-83.html?_r=0.
34 Rose, G.L. (2011, October 6), Steve Jobs – Here's to the Crazy Ones'. Retrieved April
16, 2014, from Virgin: http://www.virgin.com/news/steve-jobs-here's-crazy-ones.
35 Great Male Survey (2011, July). Retrieved August 21, 2011, from AskMen: http://www.
askmen.com/specials/great_male_survey/men_in_2011.html.
Notes

42

36

Study Examines Video Game Play Among Adolescents' (2007, July 4).
Retrieved December 31, 2011, from ScienceDaily: http://www.sciencedaily.com/
releases/2007/07/070702161141.htm.

37 Weis, R. and Cerankosky, B. (2010), Effects of Video-Game Ownership on Young Boys'
Academic and Behavioural Functioning', Psychological Science, 21(4). Retrieved June 20,
2014, from http://pss.sagepub.com/content/21/4/463.
38 Gentile, D.A., et al. (2004), The Effects of Violent Video Game Habits on Adolescent
Hostility, Aggressive Behaviours, and School Performance', Journal of Adolescence, 27, 6.
39 Deem, G., personal communication, April 13, 2014.
40 Clark, N. and Scott, P.S. (2009), Game Addiction: The Experience and the Effects (p. 14).
Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company.
41 Sax, L. (2009), Boys Adrift: The Five Factors Driving the Growing Epidemic of UnmotivatedBoys and Underachieving Young Men (p. 91). New York, NY: Basic Books.
42 Paton, G. (2014, April 15), Infants unable to use toy building blocks due to iPad
addiction'. Retrieved April 15, 2014, from the Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/
education/educationnews/10767878/Infants-unable-to-use-toy-building-blocks-due-toiPad-addiction.html.
43 Gentile, D.A. (2012), Video Game Playing, Attention Problems, and Impulsiveness:
Evidence of Bidirectional Causality', Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 1(1), 62–70.
44 Brandt, M. (2008, February 4), Video Games Activate Reward Regions of Brain in Men
More Than Women, Stanford Study Finds'. Retrieved June 12, 2014, from Stanford
Medicine News Center: http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2008/02/video-gamesactivate-reward-regions-of-brain-in-men-more-than-women-stanford-study-finds.html.
ゲームが良い方向に向かうとき
45 McGonigal, J. About World Without Oil (n.d). Retrieved February 18, 2015, from World
Without Oil: http://worldwithoutoil.org/metaabout.htm.
46 Haberstroh, M. (2008, April 24), Wii Are Family – Two-Thirds of Parents Say Social
Gaming Has a Positive Impact on Family Life'. Retrieved January 10, 2012, from TNS
Technology: http://www.tnsglobal.com/news/news-185D8B66AE3F44C3B60E79E03A4
69E24.aspx.
47 Seaman, A.M. (2014, March 14),

Exercise V ideo Games May Add to Kids'

Activity: Study'. Retrieved June 26, 2014, from Reuters: http://uk.reuters.com/
article/2014/03/14/us-exercise-video-games-kids-idUKBREA2D1AE20140314.
48 Loyola University Health System (2008, March 22), Virtual-reality Video Game to Help
Burn Patients Play Their Way to Pain Relief'. Retrieved June 20, 2014, from ScienceDaily:
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080319152744.htm.
Notes

43

ゲームが悪い方向に向かうとき
49 Stilphen, S., Bob Whitehead (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2014, from DP Interviews, Digital
Press: http://www.digitpress.com/library/interviews/interview_bob_Whitehead.html.
50 Kent, S. (2001), The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story behind the Craze that
Touched our Lives and Changed the World (pp. 550–51). Roseville, CA: Prima Publishing/
Random House.
51 Parkin, S. (2012, April 22), Don't Blame Video Games for Anders Behring Breivik's
Massacre'. Retrieved May 17, 2014, from the Guardian: http://www.theguardian.com/
commentisfree/2012/apr/22/video-games-anders-breivik-massacre.
52 Twenge, J.M. and Campbell, W.K. (2009), The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Ageof Entitlement (pp. 199–200). New York: NY: Free Press; also see Twenge, J.M. andCampbell, W.K. (2003),

Isn't it Fun to get the Respect that we're Going to Deserve?

Narcissism, Social Rejection, and Aggression', Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,
29(2). Retrieved June 23, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15272953.
53 Von Drehle, D. (2007, April 19), It's All About Him'. Retrieved June 23, 2014, from
Time: http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1612688,00.html.
54 (1982, November 10), Video Game Warning From Surgeon General', San Francisco
Chronicle, p. 7.
55 Chomik, A., Top 10: Most Violent Video Games' (n.d.). Retrieved December 31, 2011,
from AskMen Web Site: http://www.askmen.com/top_10/videogame/top-10-mostviolent-video-games.html.
56 Huesmann L.R. (2006), The Role of Media Violence in Violent Behaviour', Annual
Review of Public Health, 27, 393–415. Retrieved from: http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/bscw.cgi/d5907573/HuesmannTaylor-The%20Role%20of%20Media%20Violence%20in%20
Violent%20Behavio.pdf.
57 Carr, N.G. (2010), The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains (p. 213). New
York: W.W. Norton.（N・G・カー『ネットバカ―インターネットが私たちの脳にしていること』青土社）
58 Kent, S. (2001), The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story behind the Craze that
Touched our Lives and Changed the World (pp. 4–6, 116, 166). Roseville, CA: Prima
Publishing/Random House.
アメリカ軍はウェブ 2・0 方向へ
59 Dretzin, R. (Director) (2010), Digital Nation: Life on the Virtual Frontier [documentary].
United States: PBS Films [Frontline].
60 Barcott, R., personal communication, January 26, 2012.
61 Dretzin, R. (Director) (2010), Digital Nation: Life on the Virtual Frontier [documentary].
Notes

44

United States: PBS Films [Frontline].
62 Card, O.S. (1994), Ender’s Game. New York: Tor Science Fiction.（オースン・スコット・カード『エンダーのゲーム』早川書房）
63 Digital Nation: Life on the Virtual Frontier, op. cit.

｜ 12 ｜ 膨れあがる自己愛─権利 vs 現実
1 Ashliman, D.L. (2003), Aesop’s Fables (introduction). New York: Barnes & Noble Books.
2 Sherman, D. K. and Cohen, G. L. (2006), The Psychology of Self-defense: Selfaffirmation Theory, Advances in Experimental Psychology (38), 183–242.
3 Carlin, G. (1990), Euphemisms', on Parental Advisory: Explicit Lyrics [CD]. Tarzana,
California: Atlantic/Laugh.
4 Twenge, J.M. and Campbell, W.K. (2009), The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of
Entitlement (pp. 47, 83). New York, NY: Free Press.（J・M・トウィンギ、M・K・キャンベル『自己愛過剰社会』河出書房新社）
5 Coughlan, S. (2014, Januar y 21). University Grade Inflation Disputed'. Retrieved
October 13, 2014, from BBC News: http://www.bbc.com/news/education-25811702.
6 Erikson, E.H. (1994), Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
（E・H・エリクソン『アイデンティティ

青年と危機』金沢文庫）

7 Sax, L. (2010), Girls on the Edge: The Four Factors Driving the New Crisis for Girls (pp.
189–90). New York: Basic Books; and Bly, R. and Woodman, M. (1998), The Maiden
King (p. 20). New York: Henry Holt & Co.; and as the source of this idea, Pearce, J.C.
(1992), Evolution’s End: Claiming the Potential of Our Intelligence (p. 190). New York:
HarperCollins.
8 Yahr, E. (2014, May 5), Five Times Louis C.K. got Really Philosophical on Latenight Talk Shows'. Retrieved May 23, 2014, from the Washington Post: http://www.
washingtonpost.com/blogs/style-blog/wp/2014/05/05/five-times-louis-c-k-got-reallyphilosophical-on-late-night-talk-shows/.
9 Twenge, J.M., Campbell, W.K., and Gentile, B. (2012), Changes in Pronoun Use in
American Books and the Rise of Individualism, 1960–2008' (p. 406), Journal of CrossCultural Psychology , 44(3). Retrieved June 12, 2014, from http://web.natur.cuni.
cz/~houdek3/papers/Twenge%20et%20al%202013.pdf.
10 Eagan, K., Lozano, J.B., Hur tado, S., and Case, M.H., The American Freshman:
National Norms Fall 2013 (2014, March) (p. 4). Retrieved June 11, 2014, fromThe Higher Education Research Institute, The Cooperative Institutional Research
Programme, University of California, Los Angeles: http://www.heri.ucla.edu/briefs/
TheAmericanFreshman2013-Brief.pdf.
112012 Report Card on the Ethics of American Youth' (2012, November 20) (pp. 12,
Notes

45

18). Retrieved June 5, 2014, from Character Counts: http://charactercounts.org/pdf/
reportcard/2012/ReportCard-2012-DataTables-HonestyIntegrityCheating.pdf.
ただでミルクが手に入るのに、牛を買う理由がどこにある？
12 Hvistendahl, M. (2011), Unnatural Selection Choosing Boys Over Girls, and theConsequences of a World Full of Men (p. xiii). New York, NY: PublicAffairs.（マーラ・ヴィ
ステンドール『女性のいない世界―性比不均衡がもたらす恐怖のシナリオ』講談社）
13 Tierney, J. (2007, August 20), Is There Anything Good About Men? And Other Tricky
Questions'. Retrieved June 16, 2014, from the New York Times : http://tierneylab.
blogs.nytimes.com/2007/08/20/is-there-anything-good-about-men-and-other-trickyquestions/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0.
14 Baumeister, R. (2010), Is There Anything Good About Men?: How Cultures Flourish by
Exploiting Men (p. 63). New York, NY: Oxford University Press; also see Wilder, J.A.,
Mobasher, Z., and Hammer, M.F. (2004), Genetic Evidence for Unequal Effective
Population Sizes of Human Females and Males', Molecular Biology and Evolution, 21(11).
Retrieved June 16, 2014, from http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/11/2047.full.
pdf+html.
15 Maywell, H. (2003, Febr uar y 14),

Genghis Khan a Prolific Lover, DNA Data

Implies'. Retrieved November 20, 2014, from National Geographic : http://news.
nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0214_030214_genghis.html.
16 Gur witz, J.H. (2005), The Age/Gender Inter face in Geriatric Pharmacotherapy',
Journal of Women’s Health, 12(1). Retrieved June 18, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/pubmed/15692280.
17 Statistics and Indicators on Women and Men, Table 1a. (2012). Retrieved June 17, 2014,
from Demographics and Social Statistics, United Nations: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/
Demographic/products/indwm/.
18 Ibid.,Table 1b; and The World Factbook, Age Structure (2013). Retrieved June 17, 2014,
from Central Intelligence Agency: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/fields/2010.html.
19 Bolick, K. (2011, November), All the Single Ladies', Atlantic magazine, 124.
20 Statistics and Indicators on Women and Men, Table 1c (2012). Retrieved June 17, 2014,
from Demographics and Social Statistics, United Nations: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/
Demographic/products/indwm/.
21 Sax, L. (2010), Girls on the Edge: The Four Factors Driving the New Crisis for Girls (pp.
34–5). New York: Basic Books.
22 Weiss, R. (2014, July 10), Narcissism, Porn Use, and Addiction'. Retrieved July 26, 2014,
from PsychCentral: http://blogs.psychcentral.com/sex/2014/07/narcissism-porn-useNotes

46and-addiction/; also see Kasper, T.E., Short, M.B., and Milam, A.C. (2014), Narcissism
and Internet Pornography Use', Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy.

｜ 13 ｜ 女性の隆盛 ?
1 Bolick, K. (2011, November), All the Single Ladies', Atlantic magazine, 120, 126; and4 per cent to 23 per cent statistic: Wang, W., Parker, K., and Taylor, P. (2013, May 29),
Chapter 3: Married Mothers Who Out-Earn Their Husbands'. Retrieved September 28,
2014, from Pew Research Center: http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/05/29/chapter3-married-mothers-who-out-earn-their-husbands/.
2 (2014, September 6), Women Beat Men to High-skilled Jobs', The Times, pp. 28, 2G.
3 Rosen, R. (2001), The World Split Open: How the Modern Women’s Movement Changed
America (pp. xxiv–xxv, xxix, xxxi, xxxiv). New York, NY: Penguin Books.
4 Equal Pay Act 1970 (1970, May 29). Retrieved October 13, 2014, from Legislation.gov.uk:
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1970/41.
5 Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (1975, November 12). Retrieved October 13, 2014, from
Legislation.gov.uk: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1975/65.
6 A History of Family Planning Services Factsheet (2011, October 8). Retrieved October
13, 2014, from Family Planning Assocation: http://www.fpa.org.uk/factsheets/historyfamily-planning-services.
7 Valentina Tereshkova (n.d.). Retrieved May 27, 2014, from StarChild, NASA: http://
starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/tereshkova.html.
8 About UNiTE (n.d.). Retrieved May 27, 2014, from UNiTE to End Violence Against
Women, United Nations: http://www.un.org/en/women/endviolence/about.shtml.
9 FAQs (n.d.). Retrieved May 27, 2014, from Olympic.org: http://registration.olympic.org/
en/faq/detail/id/135.
10 Current Numbers of Women Officeholders (n.d.). Retrieved May 12, 2014, from Center
for American Women and Politics: http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/fast_facts/levels_of_office/Current_Numbers.php.
11 Goldsmith, B. (2014, March 26), Women Struggling to Crack Glass Ceiling in Top UK
Companies – Report'. Retrieved October 13, 2014, from Reuters: http://uk.reuters.com/
article/2014/03/26/uk-britain-boardroom-women-idUKBREA2P00320140326.
12 MPs (n.d.). Retrieved October 13, 2014, from Parliament.uk: http://www.parliament.uk/
mps-lords-and-offices/mps/?sort=4&type=0.
13 Williams, Z., Adewunmi, B., Khaleeli, H., and Bates, L. (2014, October 28), How Life for
Women in Britain is Getting Tougher'. Retrieved November 2, 2014, from the Guardian:
http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/oct/28/how-life-for-women-britaingetting-tougher.
Notes

47

14 Muñoz, C. (2014, April 8), Here's What the President is Doing to Close the Pay Gap'.
Retrieved April 8, 2014, from The White House, Newsletter. Also see: www.wh.gov/
equalpay.
15 (2014, April 19–24), The Return of the Stay-at-home Mother', the Economist, 411(8883),
24. Also see: http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21600998-after-fallingyears-proportion-mums-who-stay-home-rising-return.
16 United Kingdom (n.d.). Retrieved September 23, 2014, from OECD Better Life Index:
http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/united-kingdom/.
17 (2014, April 19–24), The Return of the Stay-at-home Mother', the Economist, 411(8883),
24. Also see: http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21600998-after-fallingyears-proportion-mums-who-stay-home-rising-return.
ジェンダー民主主義は必要か ?
18 Rosen, R. (2001), The World Split Open: How the Modern Women’s Movement Changed
America (p. 78). New York, NY: Penguin Books.
19 Parker, K. and Wang, W. (2013, March 14), Modern Parenthood. Retrieved June 7, 2014,
from Pew Research Center: http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/03/14/modernparenthood-roles-of-moms-and-dads -converge-as-they-balance-work-and-family/.
20 Anne-Marie Slaughter (n.d.). Retrieved May 27, 2014, from Princeton University: http://
www.princeton.edu/~slaughtr/.
21 Slaughter, A. (2012, June 13), Why Women Still Can't Have It All'. Retrieved May 23,
2014, from the Atlantic: http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/07/whywomen-still-cant-have-it-all/309020/?single_page=true.
22 Paternity Pay and Leave (2014, October 1). Retrieved October 2014, from Gov.uk: https://www.gov.uk/paternity-pay-leave/overview; and Maternity Pay and Leave (2014, July 29).
Retrieved October 9, 2014, from Gov.uk: https://www.gov.uk/maternity-pay-leave.
重複する課題23 Adult Risk Factors: Obesity, Blood Sugar, Blood Pressure Data by Country (2013). Retrieved
May 30, 2014, from World Health Organization: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.
main.NCD56?lang=en.
24 Twenge, J.M. and Campbell, W.K. (2009), The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of
Entitlement (pp. 2, 31). New York, NY: Free Press.（J・M・トウィンギ、M・K・キャンベル『自己愛過剰社会』河出書房新社）
25

Gender Divide Reaching Male vs. Female Millenials' (2012, September 14). RetrievedApril 28, 2014, from Nielsen: http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/newswire/2012/genderdivide-reaching-male-vs-female-millennials.html.
Notes

48

26 Bechdel Test Movie List (2014). Retrieved May 27, 2014, from Bechdel Test: http://
bechdeltest.com.
27 Agnello, A.J., Keiser, J., Nelson, S., Sanskrit, D., and Teti, J. (2012, July 18), Something
Other than a Man: 15 Games that Pass the Bechdel Test'. Retrieved May 27, 2014, fromThe Gameological Society: http://gameological.com/2012/07/something-other-than-aman-15-games-that-pass-the-bechdel-test/.
28 Stats (2014). Retrieved May 27, 2014, from Bechdel Test: http://bechdeltest.com/
statistics/.
29

Swedish Cinemas Take Aim at Gender Bias with Bechdel Test Rating' (2013,
November 6). Retrieved May 27, 2014, from the Guardian: http://www.theguardian.
com/world/2013/nov/06/swedish-cinemas-bechdel-test-films-gender-bias.

30 Lenhart, A., Ling, R., Campbell, S., and Purcell, K. (2010, April 20), Teens and Mobile
Phones. Retrieved June 7, 2014, from Pew Research Center: http://www.pewinternet.
org/2010/04/20/teens-and-mobile-phones/.
31 Crocker, L. (2013, November 13), Why Women Don’t Like Lady Bosses . Retrieved
September 28, 2014, from the Daily Beast: http://www.thedailybeast.com/witw/
articles/2013/11/13/why-do-women-say-they-don-t-like-working-for-female-bosses.html.
32 Haworth, A. (2013, October 19), Why Have Young People in Japan Stopped Having
Sex?'. Retrieved April 27, 2014, from the Guardian: http://www.theguardian.com/
world/2013/oct/20/young-people-japan-stopped-having-sex.
33 Pelletier, D. (2012, November 13), Artificial Wombs: Is a Sexless Reproduction Society
in our Future?. Retrieved November 25, 2014, from Institute for Ethics & Emerging
Technologies: http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/pelletier20121113.
34 Antenucci, A. and Li, D.K. (2014, April 10), More Young Women Choosing Dogs
over Motherhood'. Retrieved April 12, 2014 from New York Post : http://nypost.
com/2014/04/10/more-young-women-choosing-dogs-over-motherhood/.
35 Wang, W. and Parker, K. (2014, September 24), Record Share of Americans Have NeverMarried . Retrieved September 28, 2014, from Pew Research Center: http://www.
pewsocialtrends.org/2014/09/24/record-share-of-americans-have-never-married/.
36 Gentr y, J. (2014, September 25), Who Pays for the First Date? Sur vey Says Men
Should'. Retrieved September 28, 2014, from USA Today: http://www.usatoday.com/
story/news/nation/2014/09/25/survey-who-pays-for-first-date/16195739/.
地雷と卵の殻37 White, M.D. (2013, August 25), Why Men Find It So Hard to Understand What Women
Want'. Retrieved April 25, 2014, from Psychology Today: http://www.psychologytoday.
com/blog/maybe-its-just-me/201308/why-men-find-it-so-hard-understand-what-womenNotes

49

want.
38

Why Men Find It So Hard to Understand What Women Want: Do Men Know What it's
Like to be Desired–and Why Woman Value it so Much?' (2014, March 19). Retrieved
May 27, 2014, from Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/sex/comments/20twqv/why_
men_find_it_so_hard_to_understand_what_women/cg837ak.

39 Retrieved June 9, 2014, from Candida Royalle: http://candidaroyalle.com.
40 Retrieved June 9, 2014, from Annie Sprinkle: http://anniesprinkle.org.
41 Levy, A., The Prisoner of Sex' (n.d.). Retrieved June 9, 2014, from New York Magazine:
http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/features/11907/.
42 Levy, A. (2006), Female Chauvinist Pigs: Women and the Rise of Raunch Culture (p. 168–9). New York: Free Press.
43 Ibid. (pp. 162, 169, 199).
44 Ibid. (pp. 163–4).
45 Hastings, C. (2014, April 26), Germaine Greer: Twitter Trolls and Online Porn Mean
We've Never Had it so Bad as Women'. Retrieved June 9, 2014, from Daily Mail: http://
www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2614067/Germaine-Greer-Twitter-trolls-online-pornmean-weve-never-bad-women.html.
言語と解放は等しくない。解放と等しいのは解放46 Cohen, N. (2014, April 7), You Sexist/Racist/Liberal/Elitist Bastard! How Dare
You?'. Retrieved May 8, 2014, from the Spectator: http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/nickcohen/2014/04/you-sexistracistliberalelitist-bastard-how-dare-you/.
47 Hess, A. (2014, April 3), Mississippi Sex Ed Class Compares Women to Dirty Pieces
of Chocolate'. Retrieved May 8, 2014, from Slate: http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_
factor/2014/04/03/mississippi_ sex_ed_class_compares_women_to_dirty_peppermint_
patties.
48 Boardman, M. (2014, April 24), Beyonce Covers Time's 100 Most Influential People
Issue'. Retrieved May 22, 2014, from US Weekly : http://www.usmagazine.com/
entertainment/news/beyonce-covers-times-100-most-influential-people-issue-2014244.
See also: http://time.com/time100-2014/.
49 Jones, R., Why Is Ever yone Getting Naked? Rashida Jones on the Pornification ofEverything' (n.d.). Retrieved April 30, 2014, from Glamour: http://www.glamour.com/
entertainment/2013/12/rashida-jones-major-dont-the-pornification-of-everything.
50 Moran, C. (2012), How to Be a Woman (p. 301). New York, NY: Harper Perennial.
51 Levy, A. (2006), Female Chauvinist Pigs: Women and the Rise of Raunch Culture (p. 200).
New York: Free Press.

Notes

50

娘たちに教えたいこと
52 McFadden, C. and Whitman, J. (2014, March 10), Sher yl Sanberg Launches Ban
Bossy Campaign to Empower Girls to Lead'. Retrieved April 28, 2014, from Good
Morning America, ABC News: http://abcnews.go.com/US/sheryl-sandberg-launchesban-bossy-campaign-empower-girls/story?id=22819181.
53 Note: Cosmopolitan, Glamour, Redbook, Seventeen, US Weekly, InStyle, Shape, Self, Weight
Watchers, Vogue, Vanity Fair, Allure, Elle, Lucky, Teen Vogue and Marie Claire all ranked
higher than Forbes, the Economist and Working Mother in magazine circulation.
See: Total Circ: Consumer Magazines (n.d.). Retrieved April 30, 2014, from Alliance for
Audited Media: http://abcas3.auditedmedia.com/ecirc/magtitlesearch.asp.
54 Note: Good Housekeeping, Woman & Home, OK! Magazine, Cosmopolitan, HELLO!,
Prima and Marie Claire all had more subscribers than any version of the Economist(the continental Europe edition had 246,451 subscribers and the UK edition had 217,265
subscribers).
See: PPA Combined Circulation Chart (CCC) (2013, February 14). Retrieved October
10, 2014, from the Professional Publishers Association (PPA): http://www.ppa.co.uk/
marketing/abc/abc-combined-circulation-chart/.
55 Gilbert, E. (2010), Committed: A Skeptic Makes Peace With Marriage (pp. 188–9). New
York, NY: Penguin Group, Inc.
56 Pryor, J.H., et al. (2013, January), The American Freshman: National Norms Fall 2012
(pp. 14–15). Retrieved June 11, 2014, from the Higher Education Research Institute, theCooperative Institutional Research Programme, University of California, Los Angeles:
http://www.heri.ucla.edu/monographs/TheAmericanFreshman2012.pdf.

｜ 14 ｜家父長制神話
1 Brand, N. (2013, July 18), Men Must Be Needed Because We Can't Be Wanted'.
Retrieved June 17, 2014, from the Good Men Project: http://goodmenproject.com/
ethics-values/brand-men-must-be-needed-because-we-cant-be-wanted/.
2 Planty, M., et al., US Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences (2009),
The Condition of Education 2009 (NCES 2009-081), 118. Retrieved from National Center
for Education Statistics: http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2009/2009081.pdf.
3 Livingston, G. (2014, June 5), Growing Number of Dads Home with the Kids. Retrieved
June 7, 2014, from Pew Research Center: http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2014/06/05/
growing-number-of-dads-home-with-the-kids/.
4 Planty, M., et al., US Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences (2009),
The Condition of Education 2009 (NCES 2009-081), 99, 101. Retrieved from National
Center for Education Statistics: http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2009/2009081.pdf.
Notes

51

5

GCSE Results 2013: The Complete Breakdown' (2013, August 22). Retrieved October
10, 2014, from the Guardian : http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/
aug/22/gcse-results-2013-the-complete-breakdown.

6 Farrell, W. (2001), The Myth of Male Power: Why Men are the Disposable Sex (p. 34). New
York: Berkeley Books.（ワレン・ファレル『男性権力の神話―《男女差別》の可視性と撤廃のための学問』作品社）
7 Retrieved May 20, 2014, from Scholarships.com: https://www.scholarships.com.
8 Kornrich, S. and Furstenberg, F. (2013), Investing in Children: Changes in Parental
Spending on Children, 1972–2007' (pp.19–20), Demography, 50(1). Retrieved June 7,
2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22987208.
9 Kitroeff, N. (2014, Februar y 7), Investing (More) in Daughters'. Retrieved June 5,
2014, from New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/09/education/edlife/
investing-more-in-daughters.html?_r=0.
パワーとは何か？
10 Hartmann, H. (1976), Capitalism, Patriarchy, and Job Segregation by Sex', Womenand the Workplace: The Implications of Occupational Segregation, 1(3). Retrieved May
22, 2014, from http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3173001?uid=3739632&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21104059578957; and Reilly, K. (1995), Readings in World
Civilizations. New York, NY: St Martin's Press. See Elise Boulding's essay, Women and
the Agricultural Revolution', pp. 21–5.
11 Life Expectancy: Life Expectancy Data by World Bank Income Group (n.d.). Retrieved May
6, 2014, from Global Health Observatory Data Repository, World Health Organization:
http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.700?lang=en.
12 Note: Poor women will live an average of 2.6 years (5 per cent) longer than poor men,
and wealthy women will live an average of 7 years (10 per cent) longer than wealthy men.
See: Kincel, B. (2010, April), The Centenarian Population: 2007–2011. From American
Community Survey Briefs, US Census Bureau (ACSBR/12-18).
13 Arnst, C. (2007, June 13), A Gender Gap in Cancer'. Retrieved May 7, 2014, from
BusinessWeek : http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2007-06-13/a-gender-gap-incancerbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice; and Parker-Pope,T. (2008, March 6), Cancer Funding: Does It Add Up?' Retrieved May 7, 2014, from the
New York Times: http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/03/06/cancer-funding-does-it-addup/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0.
14 Murphy, S.L., Xu, J., and Kochanek, K.D. (2013, May 8), Deaths: Final Data for 2010.
Retrieved May 22, 2014, from National Vital Statistics Reports, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_04.pdf.
Notes

52

15 Suicide: Facts at a Glance (2012). Retrieved June 20, 2014, from National Center for
Injur y Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/suicide_datasheet-a.pdf.
16 Siddique, H. (2014, Februar y 18), Male Suicide Rate in UK Discovered to be 3½
Times That of Women'. Retrieved October 13, 2014, from the Guardian: http://www.
theguardian.com/society/2014/feb/18/male-suicides-three-times-women-samaritansbristol.
17 Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries Summary, 2012 (2013, August 22). Retrieved May 6,
2014, from Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of Labor (USDL-13-1699): http://
www.bls.gov/news.release/cfoi.nr0.htm.
18 Reported Injuries to Men Employees in Great Britain by Age of Injured Person and Severityof Injury (2013, October). Retrieved October 13, 2014, from Health and Safety Executive:
http://www.hse.gov.uk/Statistics/tables/index.htm; and Reported Injuries to Women
Employees in Great Britain by Age of Injured Person and Severity of Injury (2013, October).
Retrieved October 13, 2014, from Health and Safety Executive: http://www.hse.gov.uk/
Statistics/tables/index.htm.
19 Who is Homeless? (2009, July). Retrieved May 7, 2014, from National Coalition for theHomeless: http://www.nationalhomeless.org/factsheets/who.html.
20

Support for Single Homeless People in England, 2014' (2014, April 24) (p. 9). Retrieved
October 13, 2014, from Homeless Link: http://www.homeless.org.uk/sites/default/files/
site-attachments/Support%20for%20Single%20Homeless%20People.pdf.

タブー
21 Knox, B. (2014, February 21), I'm the Duke University Freshman Porn Star and for theFirst Time I'm Telling the Story in my Words'. Retrieved April 26, 2014, from xojane:
http://www.xojane.com/sex/duke-university-freshman-porn-star.
22 Statistics on Women and the Criminal Justice System (p. 16) (2010, November). Retrieved
October 14, 2014, from Ministry of Justice, Gov.uk: https://www.gov.uk/government/
uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217824/statistics-women-cjs-2010.pdf.
23 Rutherford, T. (2014, September 26), Defence personnel statistics (p. 9). Retrieved October
14, 2014, from Parliament.uk.
24 Daniels, N. (2014, January 6), An Open Letter to Bearded Hipsters'. Retrieved April
26, 2014, from the Nicki Daniels Inter view: http://nickidaniels.com/2014/01/06/
beardedhipsters/.
25 McCarthy, A. (2011, August 4), Dealbreaker: He Won't Go Down on Me'. RetrievedApril 26, 2014, from Good: Creative Solutions for Living Well + Doing Good : http://
Notes

53

magazine.good.is/ar ticles/dealbreaker-he-won-t-go-down-on-me; and Michael, D.,
Dating Younger Men can be Exciting for Women in their 40's & Up' (n.d.). RetrievedApril 26, 2014, from YourTango: http://www.yourtango.com/experts/dawn-michael/dating-younger-men-can-be-exciting-women-her-40-s; and (2014, September 27–October3), Fare Ladies', the Economist, 412(8906), 33; also see: http://www.economist.com/
news/united-states/21620229-new-car-service-offers-lifts-women-women-fare-ladies; andBarreca, R. (2011, November 8), Why Women Should Pay Lower Taxes'. RetrievedApril 26, 2014, from Psychology Today: http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/snowWhite-doesnt-live-here-anymore/201111/why-women-should-pay-lower-taxes.
26 Who Must Register (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2014, from Selective Ser vice System:
https://www.sss.gov/FSwho.htm.
27 Cryer, P., The Start of Peace-Time National Service in Britain (n.d.). Retrieved October
14, 2014, from 1900s.org.uk: http://www.1900s.org.uk/1949-1960-national-service.htm.
28 Beck, A.J., Berzofsky, M., Caspar, R., and Krebs, C. (2013, May), Sexual Victimization in
Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates, 2011–12. Retrieved April 26, 2014, from Bureauof Justice Statistics, US Department of Justice (NCJ 241399): http://www.bjs.gov/
content/pub/pdf/svpjri1112.pdf; and Berzofsky, M., Krebs, C., Langton, L., Planty,
M., and Smiley-McDonald, H. (2013, March 7), Female Victims of Sexual Violence,
1994–2010. Retrieved April 26, 2014, from Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice
Programmes, US Depar tment of Justice (NCJ 240655): http://www.bjs.gov/index.
cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=4594.
29 Walsh, A. (2004), Race and Crime: A Biosocial Analysis (pp. 23–5). Hauppauge, NY: Nova
Biomedical.
30 Forcible Rape (2011). Retrieved April 26, 2014, from Federal Bureau of Investigation:
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/crime-in-the-u.s.-2011/
violent-crime/forcible-rape.
31 Sexual Violence: Facts at a Glance 2012 (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2014, from National
Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/svdatasheet-a.pdf.
32 Male Victims of Domestic and Partner Abuse 25 Key Facts (2014, February). Retrieved
May 27, 2014, from ManKind Initiative: http://www.mankind.org.uk/pdfs/25%20Key%20
Facts_Feb%202014%20(final).pdf.
33 United Kingdom (n.d.). Retrieved September 23, 2014, from OECD Better Life Index:
http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/united-kingdom/.
34 Male Victims of Violence (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2014, from National Coalition Against
Domestic Violence: http://www.ncadv.org/files/MaleVictims.pdf.
Notes

54

35 VenerableB, (2014, March 26), Why Rape Is Sincerely Hilarious'. Retrieved May 27,
2014, from YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ikd0ZYQoDko.
みんなのための正義？
36

Attorney General Eric Holder Delivers Remarks at the Annual Meeting of the American
Bar Association's House of Delegates' (2013, August 12). Retrieved April 26, 2014,
from Justice News, US Department of Justice: http://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/ag/
speeches/2013/ag-speech-130812.html.

37 Gold, A.R. (1989, July 2), Sex Bias Is Found Pervading Courts'. Retrieved April 26,
2014, from the New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/02/us/sex-bias-isfound-pervading-courts.html.
38

Men Sentenced To Longer Prison Terms Than Women For Same Crimes, Study Says'(2012, September 11). Retrieved April 26, 2014, from Huffington Post: http://www.
huf fingtonpost.com/2012/09/11/men-women-prison-sentence-length-gender-gap_
n_1874742.html.

39 Farrell, W. (2001), The Myth of Male Power: Why Men are the Disposable Sex (p. 244). New
York: Berkeley Books.（ワレン・ファレル『男性権力の神話―《男女差別》の可視性と撤廃のための学問』作品社）
40 Female Offender Programs and Services (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2014, from California
Department of Corrections & Rehabilitation: http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Adult_operations/
FOPS/index.html.
41 Prison: The Facts (pp. 3–5) (2013). Retrieved October 14, 2014, from Prison Reform
Trust: http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/Portals/0/Documents/Prisonthefacts.pdf.
42 Daily Hansard – Westminster Hall. Retrieved April 26, 2014, from House of CommonsHansard Debates for October 16, 2012 (pt 0002), United Kingdom Parliament:
http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmhansrd/cm121016/
halltext/121016h0002.htm.
43 Prison: The Facts (pp. 1, 5, 8, 9) (2013). Retrieved October 14, 2014, from Prison Reform
Trust: http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/Portals/0/Documents/Prisonthefacts.pdf.
44 Sylla, M., Harawa, N., and Reznick, O.G. (2010), The First Condom Machine in a US
Jail: The Challenge of Harm Reduction in a Law and Order Environment', American
Journal of Public Health, 100(6). Retrieved April 26, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866591/.
いわゆる賃金格差をなくす困難さ
45 Farrell, W. (2001), The Myth of Male Power: Why Men are the Disposable Sex (p. 107). New
York: Berkeley Books.（ワレン・ファレル『男性権力の神話―《男女差別》の可視
Notes

55

性と撤廃のための学問』作品社）
46 Crooke, C. (2013, June), Women in Law Enforcement'. Retrieved April 10, 2014,
from COPS e-newsletter, US Depar tment of Justice: http://cops.usdoj.gov/html/
dispatch/07-2013/women_in_law_enforcement.asp; and Preventing Law Enforcement
Of ficer Suicide. Retrieved April 10, 2014, from International Association of Chiefs of
Police: http://www.theiacp.org/Preventing-law-Enforcement-officer-suicide.
47 Christakis, E. (2012, October 4), Why Are Women Biased Against Other Women?'
Retrieved April 10, 2014, from Time : http://ideas.time.com/2012/10/04/womensinhumanity-to-women/; and Pollack, E. (2013, October 3), Why Are There Still So
Few Women in Science?' Retrieved April 10, 2014, from the New York Times: http://
www.nytimes.com/2013/10/06/magazine/why-are-there-still-so-few-women-in-science.
html?pagewanted=1&_r=5&.
48 The Myth of the ‘Queen Bee’: Work and Sexism (2011, June 20). Retrieved December 4,
2014, from Association for Psychological Science: http://www.psychologicalscience.org/
index.php/news/releases/the-myth-of-the-queen-bee-work-and-sexism.html.
49 Farrell, W. (2001), The Myth of Male Power: Why Men are the Disposable Sex (p. 131). New
York: Berkeley Books.（ワレン・ファレル『男性権力の神話―《男女差別》の可視性と撤廃のための学問』作品社）
シンメトリーな男女関係はセクシーでない
50 Groysberg, B. and Abrahams, R. (2014, March), Manage Your Work, Manage Your
Life'. Retrieved April 28, 2014, from Harvard Business Review: http://hbr.org/2014/03/
manage-your-work-manage-your-life/ar/5.
51 Gottlieb, L. (2014, February 6), Does a More Equal Marriage Mean Less Sex?'. RetrievedApril 28, 2014, from the New York Times : http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/09/
magazine/does-a-more-equal-marriage-mean-less-sex.html?_r=1.
52 Moore, T. (2014, Februar y 9), What if Equality Is the Biggest Bonerkiller of All?'.
Retrieved April 28, 2014, from Jezebel: http://jezebel.com/what-if-equality-is-the-biggestbonerkiller-of-all-1518482932?utm_campaign=socialflow_jezebel_facebook&utm_
source=jezebel_facebook&utm_medium=socialflow.
53 O'Keefe, V. (2014, August 12), A Stay-at-Home Dad Reports on the Mommy Wars'.
Retrieved September 23, 2014, from Time: http://time.com/3104852/working-momsstay-at-home-fathers/.

｜ 15 ｜ 経済の沈滞
1

Cost of Living in the U.S. Hits Record Highs Not Seen Since Financial Crisis' (2011,
March 18). Retrieved January 10, 2012, from Daily Mail: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/
Notes

56

news/article-1367705/Cost-living-America-hits-record-high-according-Consumer-PriceIndex.html.
2 Note: Whites are much more uncertain than minorities about what the future holds forthem.
See: Brownstein, R. (2012, January 7), What the Great Recession Wrought: The State of
the U.S. in 3 Years of Polls'. Retrieved January 10, 2012, from the Atlantic: http://www.
theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/01/what-the-great-recession-wrought-the-stateof-the-us-in-3-years-of-polls/251010/.
3 McLaughlin, M.A. (1988, December), Trends in College Tuition And Student Aid Since
1970 (p. 3), Human Resources and Community Development Division, Congressional
Budget Office; and Coder, J.F. and Cleveland, R.W. (1971, July 27), Household Income
in 1970 And Selected Social And Economic Characteristics of Households (p. 1), US
Department of Commerce, Consumer Income Statistics Branch, Population Division,
US Census Bureau (P60-79); and Median and Average Sales Prices of New Homes Soldin United States (n.d.). Retrieved April 28, 2014, from US Census Bureau: http://www.
census.gov/const/uspriceann.pdf.
4 Symonds, W.C., Schwar tz, R.B., and Ferguson, R. (2011, Februar y), Pathways to
Prosperity: Meeting the Challenge of Preparing Young Americans for the 21st Century'(p. 2). Retrieved May 30, 2014, from Report issued by the Pathways to Prosperity Project,
Har vard Graduate School of Education: http://www.gse.har vard.edu/news_events/
features/2011/Pathways_to_Prosperity_Feb2011.pdf.
5 Hill, A. (2011, June 17), The Cost of Living: 1971 v Today'. Retrieved October 14, 2014,
from the Guardian: http://www.theguardian.com/worklifeuk/cost-of-living-1971-today.
6 UK Labour Market, September 2014 (p. 17) (2014, September 17). Retrieved October 10,
2014, from Office for National Statistics: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_374770.
pdf.
7 UK Wages Over the Past Four Decades – 2014 (p. 11) (2014, July). Retrieved October 10,
2014, from Office for National Statistics: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171776_368928.
pdf.
8 Tuition Costs of Colleges and Universities, Digest of Education Statistics, 2012 (2013).
Retrieved April 28, 2014, from US Depar tment of Education, National Center for
Education Statistics (NCES 2014-015): http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=76;
and Money Income of Households, Families, and Persons in the United States (1991,
August) (p. 1), US Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration,
US Census Bureau (P60-174); and Median and Average Sales Prices of New Homes Soldin United States (n.d.). Retrieved April 28, 2014, from US Census Bureau: http://www.
census.gov/const/uspriceann.pdf.
Notes

57

9 Symonds, W.C., Schwar tz, R.B., and Ferguson, R. (2011, Februar y), Pathways to
Prosperity: Meeting the Challenge of Preparing Young Americans for the 21st Century'(p. 2). Retrieved May 30, 2014, from Report issued by the Pathways to Prosperity Project,
Har vard Graduate School of Education: http://www.gse.har vard.edu/news_events/
features/2011/Pathways_to_Prosperity_Feb2011.pdf.
10 Ibid.
11 Greenstone, M. and Looney, A. (2011), Trends (p. 11). Retrieved June 8, 2014, fromThe Milken Institute: http://www.milkeninstitute.org/publications/review/2011_7/0816MR51.pdf.
12 Ibid.
13 Tuition Costs of Colleges and Universities, Digest of Education Statistics, 2012 (2013).
Retrieved April 28, 2014, from US Depar tment of Education, National Center for
Education Statistics (NCES 2014-015): http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=76;
and Median and Average Sales Prices of New Homes Sold in United States (n.d.). RetrievedApril 28, 2014, from US Census Bureau: http://www.census.gov/const/uspriceann.pdf;
and DeNavas-Walt, C., Proctor, B.D., and Smith, J.C. (2011, September), Income, Poverty,and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 (p. 5). US Department ofCommerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, US Census Bureau (P60-239).
14 Table 47a Average Regional House Prices (n.d.). Retrieved October 14, 2014, from
University of York: http://www.york.ac.uk/res/ukhr/ukhr1011/updates/pdf/11-047ab.
pdf.
15 Figure 1: Median Full-time Gross Weekly Earnings in Current and Constant (2012) Prices,
UK, April 1997 to 2012 (n.d.). Retrieved October 14, 2014, from Office for National
Statistics: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ashe/patterns-of-pay/1997-to-2012-asheresults/patterns-of-pay-2012.html#tab-Trends-in-weekly-earnings.
16 United Kingdom (n.d.). Retrieved September 23, 2014, from OECD Better Life Index:
http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/united-kingdom/.
17 Maguire, K. (2014, Januar y 9), Where Do You Rank in the Official Earnings List?
Figures Reveal Huge Pay Gap between Rich and Poor'. Retrieved October 14, 2014,
from Mirror: http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/uk-average-salar y-26500figures-3002995.
18 Osborne, H. (2014, August 19), UK House Prices in June Reach New Record High'.
Retrieved October 14, 2014, from the Guardian : http://www.theguardian.com/
money/2014/aug/19/uk-house-prices-record-high.
19 Matthews, D. (2013, August 8), International and Postgraduate Student Fees Survey,
2013'. Retrieved October 14, 2014, from Times Higher Education : http://www.
timeshighereducation.co.uk/features/international-and-postgraduate-student-feesNotes

58

survey-2013/2006262.fullarticle.
生活費の高騰が個人と社会の価値を引き下げている
20 Hymowitz, C. (2012, January 4), Behind Every Great Woman'. Retrieved January 7,
2012, from BusinessWeek: http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/behind-every-greatwoman-01042012.html.
21 Mount, F. (2012), Mind the Gap: The New Class Divide in Britain (pp. 58–9, 237).
Croydon: Short Books (UK) Ltd.
22 Ibid. (p. 238).
23 Ragan, M. (2011, August 1), Mid-Life: Change, Transition and Re-Definition'. Retrieved
October 16, 2014, from Psychotherapy & Spirituality Institute: http://mindspirit.org/
articles/mid-life-change-transition-and-re-definition/.
24 Mount, F. (2012), Mind the Gap: The New Class Divide in Britain (p. 52). Croydon: Short
Books (UK) Ltd.
25 Adams, R. (2014, October 5), Too Many Schools Fail Pupils from Disadvantaged
Backgrounds, Says Report'. Retrieved October 14, 2014, from the Guardian: http://
www.theguardian.com/education/2014/oct/06/schools-fail-pupils-disadvantagedbackgrounds.

Part III｜ 16 ｜ 政府ができること
1 Bush, M. (2014, Januar y 19), Tr ust in Government Plunges to Historic Low'.
Retrieved November 24, 2014, from Edelman: http://www.edelman.com/news/trust-ingovernment-plunges-to-historic-low/.
2 Retrieved November 24, 2014, from Twitter: https://twitter.com.
3

Postsecondar y Success' (n.d.). Retrieved November 24, 2014, from Bill & Melinda
Gates Foundation: http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/US-Programme/
Postsecondary-Success.

父親の役割を支援
4

Fractured Families: Why Stability Matters' (p. 23) (2013, June). Retrieved October
10, 2014, from the Centre for Social Justice: http://www.centreforsocialjustice.org.uk/
UserStorage/pdf/Pdf%20reports/CSJ_Fractured_Families_Report_WEB_13.06.13.pdf.

5 Martin, D. (2014, January 16), A Quarter of British Children are being Raised by aSingle Parent, New Figures Reveal'. Retrieved October 10, 2014, from Mail Online:
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2540974/Britain-fourth-highest-number-singleNotes

59

parents-EU.html.
小学校にもっと男性教諭を
6 Bisphenol-A (BPA) Frequently Asked Questions (n.d.). Retrieved November 24,
2014, from Food Standards Agency: https://www.food.gov.uk/science/bpa/
foodcontactmaterialsbpafaq.
7 Bisphenol A (2014, October 27). Retrieved November 24, 2014, from European Food
Safety Authority: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/bisphenol.htm.
8

SF Bans Water Bottles' (2014, March 11). Retrieved November 24, 2014, from San
Francisco Bay Guardian: http://www.sfbg.com/2014/03/11/sf-bans-water-bottles.

9

Record Numbers of Men Teaching in Primary Schools – But More Still Needed' (2012,
July 6). Retrieved October 10, 2014, from Gov.uk: https://www.gov.uk/government/
news/record-numbers-of-men-teaching-in-primary-schools-but-more-still-needed.

学校からジャンクフードを追放
10 Overweight and Obese (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2014, from Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html.
11

School Ditches Junk Food' (2014, September 7). Retrieved October 10, 2014, from Mail
Online: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-207286/School-ditches-junk-food.
html.

学生に先々の人生に備えさせる
12 Heckman, J.J. (2011), The Economics of Inequality: The Value of Early Childhood
Education. Retrieved June 8, 2014, from American Federation of Teachers: http://www.
aft.org/pdfs/americaneducator/spring2011/Heckman.pdf.
13 OECD (2012), Equity and Quality in Education: Supporting Disadvantaged Students
and Schools (p. 14). Retrieved June 8, 2014, from OECD Publishing: http://dx.doi.
org/10.1787/9789264130852-en.
14 PISA 2012 Results in Focus: What 15-year olds Know and What They can do with What
They Know (p. 26) (2013). Retrieved June 8, 2014, from Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development: http://www.oecd.org/pisa/keyfindings/pisa-2012-resultsoverview.pdf.
15 Symonds, W.C., Schwartz, R.B., and Ferguson, R. (2011, Februar y), Pathways to
Prosperity: Meeting the Challenge of Preparing Young Americans for the 21st Century'(p. 26). Retrieved May 30, 2014, from Report issued by the Pathways to Prosperity
Project, Har vard Graduate School of Education: http://www.gse.har vard.edu/news_
events/features/2011/Pathways_to_Prosperity_Feb2011.pdf.
Notes

60

16 Paglia, C. (2014, March 13), Put the Sex Back in Sex Ed'. Retrieved September 30,
2014, from Time: http://time.com/23054/camille-paglia-put-the-sex-back-in-sex-ed/.
17 What a Small Town’s Teen Pregnancy Turnaround Can Teach the U.S. (2014,
March 30). Retrieved June 5, 2014, from National Public Radio: http://www.npr.
org/2014/03/30/296441067/what-a-small-towns-teen-pregnancy-turnaround-can-teachthe-u-s.
18 Segal, D. (2014, March 28), Does Porn Hurt Children?'. Retrieved October 9, 2014,
from the New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/29/sunday-review/doesporn-hurt-children.html?_r=0.
19 A Framework for Sexual Health Improvement in England (2013, March 15). Retrieved
October 13, 2014, from Depar tment of Health: https://www.gov.uk/government/
uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/142592/9287-2900714-TSOSexualHealthPolicyNW_ACCESSIBLE.pdf.
20 Martin, D. (2014, January 16), A Quarter of British Children are being Raised by aSingle Parent, New Figures Reveal'. Retrieved October 10, 2014, from Mail Online:
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2540974/Britain-fourth-highest-number-singleparents-EU.html.

｜ 17 ｜ 学校ができること
1 Symonds, W.C., Schwar tz, R.B., and Ferguson, R. (2011, Februar y), Pathways to
Prosperity: Meeting the Challenge of Preparing Young Americans for the 21st Century',(pp. 15, 38). Retrieved May 30, 2014, from Report issued by the Pathways to Prosperity
Project, Har vard Graduate School of Education: http://www.gse.har vard.edu/news_
events/features/2011/Pathways_to_Prosperity_Feb2011.pdf.
2 Ibid.
生活技能を身につける
3 Single-Sex vs. Coed: The Evidence (n.d.). Retrieved June 8, 2014, from National
Association for Single Sex Public Education: http://www.singlesexschools.org/researchsinglesexvscoed.htm; also see Kessels, U. and Hannover, B. (2008), When being aGirl Matters Less: Accessibility of Gender-related Self-knowledge in Single-sex and
Coeducational Classes and its Impact on Students' Physics-related Self-concept ofAbility', British Journal of Educational Psychology, 78 (Pt. 2). Retrieved June 8, 2014, fromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17535522.
双方向性学習のために最新テクノロジーを利用
4 Barsheghian, T. (2011, July 20), Mobile Learning: Are We on the Cusp of Something
Notes

61

Big?'. Retrieved Januar y 4, 2012, from KQED: http://mindshift.kqed.org/2011/07/
mobile-learning-are-we-on-the-cusp-of-something-big/#more-13850.
成績のインフレを止める
5 Twenge, J.M. and Campbell, W.K. (2009), The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of
Entitlement (p. 48). New York, NY: Free Press.（J・M・トウィンギ、M・K・キャンベル『自己愛過剰社会』河出書房新社）｜ 18 ｜ 両親にできること
責任感と回復力は子どもの強さの二本柱
1 Vaillant, G.E. (2012), Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (p.
126). Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
2 Rosin, H. (2014, March 19), The Overprotected Kid'. Retrieved June 25, 2014, fromthe Atlantic: http://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2014/03/hey-parents-leavethose-kids-alone/358631/#disqus_thread.
3 Dweck, C.S. (2006), Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. New York, NY: Ballantine
Books.（キャロル・S・ドウェック『マインドセット「やればできる！」の研究』草思社）
4 Gates, R.M. (2014), Duty: Memoirs of a Secretary at War (pp. 14–15). New York, NY:
Knopf.
仕事はどうする？
5 Symonds, W.C., Schwar tz, R.B., and Ferguson, R. (2011, Februar y), Pathways to
Prosperity: Meeting the Challenge of Preparing Young Americans for the 21st Century'(p. 3). Retrieved May 30, 2014, from Report issued by the Pathways to Prosperity Project,
Har vard Graduate School of Education: http://www.gse.har vard.edu/news_events/
features/2011/Pathways_to_Prosperity_Feb2011.pdf.
勇気を出してタブーの話題に挑戦
6 The Good, the Bad and the Dirty: The iVillage 2013 Married Sex Survey Results (2013,
February 11). Retrieved November 24, 2014, from iVillage: http://www.ivillage.com/
married-sex-survey-results-sex-week/6-b-520245#521337.
7 Vaillant, G.E. (2012), Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (p.
218). Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
時間の管理
8 Lenhart, A., Ling, R., Campbell, S., and Purcell, K. (2010, April 20), Teens and Mobile
Notes

62

Phones. Retrieved June 7, 2014, from Pew Research Center: http://www.pewinternet.
org/2010/04/20/teens-and-mobile-phones/.
9

National Sleep Foundation 2014 Sleep In America Poll Finds Children Sleep Better
When Parents Establish Rules, Limit Technology and Set a Good Example' (2014, March
3). Retrieved June 17, 2014, from National Sleep Foundation: http://sleepfoundation.
org/media-center/press-release/national-sleep-foundation-2014-sleep-america-poll-findschildren-sleep.

10 Clark, N. and Scott, P.S. (2009), Game Addiction: The Experience and the Effects (p. 105).
Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company.
11 Wright, B. (2014, November 24), London is Losing Ground to New York in Battle of
the Finance Centres'. Retrieved November 24, 2014, from the Telegraph: http://www.
telegraph.co.uk/finance/11249562/London-is-losing-ground-to-New-York-in-battle-of-thefinance-centres.html.

｜ 19 ｜ 男たちにできること
ポルノをスイッチオフ
1 Deem, G., personal communication, April 13, 2014.
2 Monet, V., personal communication, June 30, 2014.
3 Pavlina, S. (2007, April 9), Sex Energy'. Retrieved April 14, 2014, from Steve Pavlina:
http://www.stevepavlina.com/blog/2007/04/sex-energy/.
時間泥棒
4 Note: Time Bandit Calculations:
Annual average time a teen male plays video games: Calculation is based on 13 hours per
week. (Gentile, D.A., et al., The Effects of Violent Video Game Habits on Adolescent
Hostility, Aggressive Behaviours, and School Performance,' Journal of Adolescence, 27(2004): 6.)
Learning the foundations of a new language: Per Rosetta Stone, it takes about 40 to 50
hours to complete the content in each level; there are four or five levels per language.
Calculation is the average between 160 and 250 hours.
Learning to play guitar with regular practice: According to TheGuitarLesson.com, it takes
six months of regular practice to achieve an intermediate level of mastery. Calculation isbased on practising 10 hours a week for six months.
Playing a sport during an intramural season: Calculation is based on 4 hours of practiceand competition time per week for eight weeks.
Learning to salsa dance: According to DanceSF.com it takes about two four-week
Notes

63

beginner courses to be good enough to dance socially. This calculation is based on 2.5
hours per class plus 2.5 hours of practice per week.
ベッドメイキングを自分でしなさい。小さな達成は大きな達成につながる
5

10 Life Lessons From Navy SEAL Admiral McRaven's Amazing Commencement
Speech' (2014, May 27). Retrieved May 31, 2014, from Business Insider: http://www.
businessinsider.com/10-life-lessons-from-navy-seal-2014-5.

6 Kremer, W. (2013, January 3). Does Confidence Really Breed Success?' Retrieved June
12, 2014, from BBC News: http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-20756247.
内面の力を発見しなさい
7 Erikson, E.H. (1994), Identity: Youth and Crisis (p. 19). New York, NY: W.W. Norton &Company.（E・H・エリクソン『アイデンティティ―青年と危機』金沢文庫）
8 Cameron, J. (1992), The Artist’s Way: A Spiritual Path to Higher Creativity (pp. 9–14).
New York, NY: Tarcher/Putnam.（ジュリア・キャメロン『ずっとやりたかったことを、やりなさい』サンマーク出版）
9 Carr, N.G. (2010), The Shallows: What the Internet Is doing to Our Brains (p. 179). New
York: W.W. Norton.（N・G・カー『ネットバカ―インターネットが私たちの脳にしていること』青土社）
女性を「ふしだらな女」と罵らない
10 Vrangalova, Z. (2014, April 16), Bros, This Is How Your Slut-Shaming Is Backfiring. A
Sex Researcher Explains'. Retrieved May 9, 2014, from Playboy: http://playboysfw.kinja.
com/bros-this-is-how-your-slut-shaming-is-backfiring-a-se-1563665480.
投票する
11 Gender Differences in Voter Turnout (2011). Retrieved April 28, 2014, from the Center for
American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers University: http://
www.cawp.rutgers.edu/fast_facts/voters/documents/genderdiff.pdf.
12 United Kingdom (n.d.). Retrieved September 23, 2014, from OECD Better Life Index:
http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/united-kingdom/.

｜ 20 ｜ 女性にできること
1 Sommers, C.H. (2013), The War Against Boys: How Misguided Policies Are Harming Our
Young Men (p. 3). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.

Notes

64

あとくされのないセックス
2 Argintar, L. (2013, November 15), The 50 Truths About Love And Sex Every Gen-Y
Girl Must Realize'. Retrieved April 14 2014, from Elite Daily: http://elitedaily.com/
women/50-truths-love-sex-every-gen-y-girl-must-realize/.
誠実な男性を選ぶ
3 Rudder, C. (2014, July 28), We Experiment On Human Beings!'. Retrieved July 29, 2014,
from OkCupid: http://blog.okcupid.com/index.php/we-experiment-on-human-beings/.

｜ 21 ｜ メディアにできること
もっといい婚活出会い系サイトを
1

The Female/Male Digital Divide' (2014, March 5). Retrieved April 28, 2014, fromNielsen: http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/newswire/2014/the-female-male-digital-divide.
html.

2 Smith, A. and Duggan, M. (2013, October 21), Online Dating & Relationships. RetrievedApril 14, 2014, from Pew Research Center: http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/10/21/
online-dating-relationships/.
3 Parthasarathy, N., personal communication, August 4, 2014.
ポルノ業界にできること
4 Gallop, C. (2013, December 4), The Difference between Porn and #Realworldsex:
an Ongoing Discussion'. Retrieved Januar y 10, 2014, from MakeLoveNotPorn:
http://talkabout.makelovenotporn.tv/2013/12/04/the-difference-between-porn-andrealworldsex-an-ongoing-discussion/.
5 Madamcurator (2013, December 5), I'm a Typical 24 year old guy and I Think yourSite is Great'. Retrieved January 10, 2014, from MakeLoveNotPorn: http://talkabout.
makelovenotporn.tv/2013/12/05/im-a-typical-24-year old-guy-and-i-think-your-site-isgreat/.
6

Gates Foundation Awards Grants to Test Ideas Ranging from using Big Data for Social
Good to Inventing the Next Generation of Condoms' (2013, November 20). Retrieved
August 4, 2014, from Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation: http://www.gatesfoundation.org/
Media-Center/Press-Releases/2013/11/Gates-Foundation-Awards-Grants-to-Test-Ideas.

ゲーム業界にできること
7 Bavelier, D. (2012, June), Your Brain on Video Games'. Retrieved June 20, 2014, from
TED: http://www.ted.com/talks/daphne_bavelier_your_brain_on_video_games.
Notes

65

8 McGonigal, J. (2011), Reality Is Broken: Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can
Change The World (Inside cover, pp. 219–32). New York, NY: Penguin Press.（ジェイン・
マクゴニガル『幸せな未来は「ゲーム」が創る』早川書房）

結論
1 Sedgwick, W. (1888, July), Studies From the Biological Laboratory (pp. 396–9), Baltimore,
Maryland: N. Murray, Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved April 21, 2014, from Internet
Archive: https://archive.org/details/studiesfrombiol00martgoog.
2 Turkle, S. (2012, February), Connected, But Alone?' Retrieved April 21, 2014, from
TED: http://www.ted.com/talks/sherry_turkle_alone_together.

Notes

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Recommended Resources
Books
Carr, Nicholas, The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains, W.W.
Norton & Co., 2010. theshallowsbook.com（N・Ｇ・カー『ネットバカ―インター
ネットが私たちの脳にしていること』青土社）
Farrell, Warren, The Myth of Male Power: Why Men Are the Disposable Sex,
Berkley Trade, 2001. warrenfarrell.org（ ワ レ ン・ フ ァ レ ル『 男 性 権 力 の 神 話―《男女差別》の可視性と撤廃のための学問』作品社）
McGonigal, Jane, Reality Is Broken: Why Games Make Us Better and How TheyCan Change the World, Penguin Press, 2011. realityisbroken.org（ジェイン・マ
クゴニガル『幸せな未来は「ゲーム」が創る』早川書房）（続く６作品は日本での出版がありません）

Sax, Leonard, Boys Adrift: The Five Factors Driving the Growing Epidemic ofUnmotivated Boys and Underachieving Young Men, Basic Books, 2009. boysadrift.
com
Sommers, Christina Hoff, The War Against Boys: How Misguided Policies Are
Harming Our Young Men, Simon & Schuster, 2013.
Szalavitz, Maia and Perry, Bruce D., Born for Love: Why Empathy Is Essential –and Endangered, William Morrow Paperbacks, 2011.
Turkle, Sherry, Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Lessfrom Each Other, Basic Books, 2011. alonetogetherbook.com
Vaillant, George E., Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study,
Belknap Press, 2012.
Wilson, Gar y, Your Brain on Porn: Internet Pornography and the Emerging
Science of Addiction, Commonwealth Publishing, 2014. yourbrainonporn.com

Films（紹介されている４作品すべて日本での公開や放映はありません）

Digital Nation: Life on the Virtual Frontier, directed by Rachel Dretzin. PBS Films
Recommended Resources

67

(Frontline), 2010. pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/digitalnation/
Journeyman, directed by Charlie Borden and Kevin Obsatz. MirrorMan Films,
2007. mirrormanfilms.org/film.html
The Medicated Child, directed by Marcela Gaviria. PBS Films (Frontline), 2008.
pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/medicatedchild/
Raising Cain: Boys in Focus, directed by Paul Stern. PBS Films, 2006. pbs.org/
opb/raisingcain/

Support groups
Action on Addiction: actiononaddiction.org.uk
Computer Gaming Addicts Anonymous: cgaa.info
No Fap forum on Reddit: reddit.com/r/nofap/
On-Line Gamers Anonymous: olganon.org
Sex Addicts Anonymous: saa-recovery.org

Recommended Resources

68