NATIONAL HURRICANE CENTERTROPICAL CYCLONE REPORTHURRICANE IRMA
(AL112017)30 August–12 September 2017
John P. Cangialosi, Andrew S. Latto, and Robbie Berg
National Hurricane Center
24 September 20211

VIIRS SATELLITE IMAGE OF HURRICANE IRMA WHEN IT WAS AT ITS PEAK INTENSITY AND MADE LANDFALL ON BARBUDA AT 0535
UTC 6 SEPTEMBER.

Irma was a long-lived Cape Verde hurricane that reached category 5 intensity on the
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. The catastrophic hurricane made seven landfalls,
four of which occurred as a category 5 hurricane across the northern Caribbean Islands.
Irma made landfall as a category 4 hurricane in the Florida Keys and struck southwestern
Florida at category 3 intensity. Irma caused widespread devastation across the affectedareas and was one of the strongest and costliest hurricanes on record in the Atlantic basin.
1 Original report date 9 March 2018. Second version on 30 May 2018 updated casualty statistics for Florida,meteorological statistics for the Florida Keys, and corrected a typo. Third version on 30 June 2018 corrected the yearof the last category 5 hurricane landfall in Cuba and corrected a typo in the Casualty and Damage Statistics section.
This version corrects the maximum wind gust reported at St. Croix Airport (TISX).

Hurricane Irma

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Hurricane Irma
30 AUGUST–12 SEPTEMBER 2017

SYNOPTIC HISTORY
Irma originated from a tropical wave that departed the west coast of Africa on 27 August.
The wave was then producing a widespread area of deep convection, which became moreconcentrated near the northern portion of the wave axis on 28 and 29 August. By 0000 UTC 30
August, satellite images indicated that a well-defined surface circulation had developed and since
deep convection was already sufficiently organized, it is estimated that the system became atropical depression at this time when it was centered about 120 n mi west-southwest of São
Vicente in the Cabo Verde Islands. Banding features increased after genesis, and the depression
became a tropical storm 6 h later. The “best track” chart of Irma’s path is given in Fig. 1, with thewind and pressure histories shown in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively. The best track positions andintensities are listed in Table 12.
While moving westward to the south of a mid-level ridge over the eastern Atlantic, Irma
strengthened rapidly in environmental conditions of low vertical wind shear and a fairly moist lower
troposphere while it was over marginally warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Irma developeda ragged eye around the time it became a hurricane near 0600 UTC 31 August, which was only
30 h after it became a tropical depression. Irma reached hurricane strength when it was still
located over the eastern Atlantic about 400 n mi west of the Cabo Verde Islands. Later on 31
August, Irma turned west-northwestward as the ridge to the north of the cyclone weakened a little.
Meanwhile, Irma continued to rapidly strengthen, and it reached major hurricane status (>= 100kt) by 0000 UTC 1 September, only two days after genesis. This 70-kt increase in intensity overa 48-h period is a remarkable rate that is only achieved by a small fraction of Atlantic tropical
cyclones (about 1 in 30). Although Irma was a very intense hurricane at this time, the inner core
was quite compact with hurricane-force winds estimated to extend no more than 15 n mi from thecenter (Fig 4).
After becoming a category 3 hurricane, Irma’s intensification paused with the eye
occasionally becoming cloud filled and deep convection in the eyewall appearing less intense.
Irma fluctuated between category 2 and 3 strength from 0000 1 September to 0000 UTC 4
September. The main causes for the intensity fluctuations were likely eyewall replacement cycles
and intrusions of dry air. Meanwhile, the hurricane turned west-southwestward in response to astrong high pressure system to its north (Fig 5a), and lost 2.5° of latitude between 2 and 4
September. This south of west motion was very significant because it brought the cyclone overhigher SSTs and in a position poised to affect the northern Leeward Islands.

2

A digital record of the complete best track, including wind radii, can be found on line at
ftp://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/atcf. Data for the current year’s storms are located in the btk directory, while previous
years’ data are located in the archive directory.

Hurricane Irma3

By early on 4 September, Irma’s eye was growing in size and becoming better defined,
and deep convection around the eye was gaining symmetry. Irma was on a strengthening trend
once again, likely due to the completion of an eyewall replacement cycle, and it was headed
toward the northern Leeward Islands. Irma turned west-northwestward, due to the erosion of thewestern side of the mid-level ridge (Fig 5b), and went through another round of rapid
intensification. The hurricane reached its maximum intensity of 155 kt around 1800 UTC 5
September, when it was located about 70 n mi east-southeast of Barbuda. As a category 5
hurricane, Irma made landfall on Barbuda around 0545 UTC 6 September with maximum windsof 155 kt and a minimum pressure of 914 mb (Fig. 6a).
After crossing Barbuda, Irma continued to exhibit an impressive satellite appearance andmade its second landfall on St. Martin at 1115 UTC that day, with the same wind speed andpressure as for its Barbuda landfall. Still moving west-northwestward to the south of a mid-level
ridge, Irma made its third landfall on the island of Virgin Gorda in the British Virgin Islands at 1630
UTC 6 September still as a 155-kt category 5 hurricane. Later that day, as Irma moved awayfrom the Virgin Islands, reconnaissance data from the Air Force indicated that the major hurricane
had weakened slightly and had a double wind maximum, indicative of concentric eyewalls. The
double eyewall structure was also evident in Doppler radar data from San Juan, Puerto Rico (Fig.
7). Even though Irma was no longer at its peak intensity, it remained a category 5 hurricane witha larger wind field than it had previously (Fig. 4). The eye of Irma tracked about 50 n mi to thenorth of the northern shore of Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic from 1800 UTC 6
September to 1800 UTC 7 September, with the strongest winds to the north of the center.
The eye of Irma passed just south of the Turks and Caicos Islands around 0000 UTC 8
September, and it made landfall on Little Inagua Island in the Bahamas at 0500 UTC that day atcategory 4 intensity, with estimated maximum winds of 135 kt and a minimum pressure of 924
mb. This slight weakening ended Irma’s 60-h period of sustained category 5 intensity, which isthe second longest such period on record (behind the 1932 Cuba Hurricane of Santa Cruz delSur). Irma then turned slightly to the left, due to a building subtropical ridge, and moved toward
the northern coast of Cuba (Fig. 5c). Reconnaissance and microwave data indicate that the innercore had become better organized, and it is estimated that Irma strengthened to a category 5
hurricane again around 1800 UTC 8 September, only 18 h after weakening below that threshold.
Irma then intensified a little more and made its fifth landfall near Cayo Romano, Cuba, at
0300 UTC 9 September, with estimated maximum winds of 145 kt (Fig. 6b). This marked the firstcategory 5 hurricane landfall in Cuba since Huracan sin Precedentes in 1924. Irma tracked along
the Cuban Keys throughout that day, and its interaction with land caused it to weaken significantly,
first to a category 4 storm a few hours after landfall in the Cuban Keys and then down to a category
2 hurricane by 1800 UTC that day when the eye was very near Isabela de Sagua. Shortly afterthat time, the forward speed of Irma slowed, and it began to make a turn to the northwest, whichcaused the core of the hurricane to move over the Florida Straits early on 10 September.
When Irma moved over the warm waters of the Florida Straits, the hurricane reintensified
once again. Data from the Air Force Hurricane Hunters indicate that Irma became a category 4
hurricane by 0600 UTC 10 September when it was centered about 55 n mi south-southeast of
Key West, Florida. Meanwhile, Irma had turned to the north-northwest in the flow between asubtropical ridge over the western Atlantic and a mid- to upper-level low pressure system overthe Gulf of Mexico (Fig 5d). The category 4 storm made yet another landfall near Cudjoe Key inHurricane Irma4

the lower Florida Keys around 1300 UTC that day with maximum winds of 115 kt and a minimumpressure of 931 mb (Fig 6c).
The convective pattern of the hurricane then became more ragged, likely due to increasing
southwesterly vertical wind shear, and in response, Irma weakened to a category 3 hurricane
around 1800 UTC 10 September. Irma made its final landfall near Marco Island, Florida, at 1930
UTC 10 September (Fig. 6d), with estimated maximum winds of 100 kt and minimum pressure of
936 mb. Once inland over southwestern Florida, Irma weakened quickly, due to the influences ofland and strong wind shear, while moving north-northwestward on the east side of a large cyclonicgyre that was centered over the Gulf of Mexico. Irma’s center tracked just east of Naples and Ft.
Myers by 0000 UTC 11 September as a category 2 hurricane and passed between Tampa andOrlando by 0600 UTC that day as a category 1 storm. Although Irma was weaker while overFlorida, the wind field of the hurricane spread out significantly, with tropical-storm-force winds
extending up to 360 n mi from the center (Fig. 4).
Irma weakened to a tropical storm by 1200 UTC 11 September when it was centeredabout 20 n mi west of Gainesville, Florida. While Irma was moving across northern Florida, mostof the deep convection was located well to the northeast of the center, and the strongest winds
were confined to the northeast coast of Florida and southeastern Georgia. The center of Irma
moved over southern Georgia just west of Valdosta around 1800 UTC that day with maximum
winds of 45 kt, and the system became a remnant low with 25-kt winds once it crossed into
Alabama by 0600 UTC 12 September. The remnant low continued northwestward while
weakening and dissipated shortly after 1200 UTC 13 September over southeastern Missouri.

METEOROLOGICAL STATISTICS
Observations in Irma (Figs. 2 and 3) include subjective satellite-based Dvorak techniqueintensity estimates from the Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB) and the Satellite
Analysis Branch (SAB), and objective Advanced Dvorak Technique (ADT) estimates from the
Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies/University of Wisconsin-Madison. Dataand imagery from NOAA polar-orbiting satellites including the Advanced Microwave Sounding
Unit (AMSU), the NASA Global Precipitation Mission (GPM), the European Space Agency’s
Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT), and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP)
satellites, among others, were also useful in constructing the best track of Irma.
Aircraft observations include flight-level, stepped frequency microwave radiometer(SFMR), and dropwindsonde observations from 15 flights (including 56 center fixes) of the 53rd
Weather Reconnaissance Squadron of the U.S. Air Force Reserve Command and 8 flights(including 26 center fixes) of the NOAA Aircraft Operations Center (AOC). In addition, the NOAAAOC G-IV aircraft flew 8 synoptic surveillance flights around Irma.
National Weather Service WSR-88D Doppler radar data from San Juan, Puerto Rico;
Miami, Florida; Key West, Florida; Melbourne, Florida; Jacksonville, Florida; Tampa, Florida; andTallahassee, Florida, were used to make center fixes and obtain velocity data while Irma wasHurricane Irma

5

near the U. S. coast. Météo-France radar data from Guadeloupe and Martinique as well as radar
data from the Institute of Meteorology of Cuba were also helpful in tracking the center of Irma.
Selected ship reports of winds of tropical storm force or greater associated with Irma are
given in Table 2, and selected surface observations from land stations and data buoys are given
in Table 3.

Winds and Pressure
Irma’s estimated peak intensity of 155 kt from 1800 UTC 5 September to 1200 UTC 6
September is based on a blend of multiple SFMR surface wind estimates and flight-level winds
observed by the Air Force Reserve and NOAA Hurricane Hunters during that time period. The
highest unflagged SFMR surface wind estimate from the Air Force Reserve was 160 kt at 1633
UTC 5 September. The flight-level winds measured during that mission were around the same
speed. The peak 700-mb flight-level winds of 164 kt, which correspond to a peak surface wind of
145–150 kt, were measured by the Air Force Reserve early on 6 September. The NOAA
Hurricane Hunters measured maximum 750-mb flight-level winds of 167 kt, which correspond toabout 150 kt at the surface, and peak SFMR winds of 152 kt. It should be noted that this intensity
estimate is somewhat uncertain given the disparity between the peak SFMR winds and theintensity supported by the highest flight-level winds. The 155-kt peak intensity of Irma is 5 kt lower
than the operational assessment in favor of blending the flight-level and SFMR reports.
Irma’s estimated minimum central pressure of 914 mb at 0600 UTC 6 September is basedon a dropwindsonde surface pressure measurement of 915 mb at 0503 UTC 6 September, which
was accompanied by a surface wind of 15 kt. This estimate is also consistent with a weather
station on St. Barthelemy that reported a minimum pressure of 915.9 mb, and a station on
Barbuda that reported a minimum pressure of 916.1 mb. The Barbuda station reported sustained
winds of 105 kt and a gust of 139 kt when it was in the southern eyewall. Also, an unofficial
observation in St. Barthelemy reported a maximum wind gust of 173 kt.
Caribbean Islands
Around 1700 UTC 6 September, the center of Irma passed just north of Buck Island in the
U.S. Virgin Islands, where sustained winds of 92 kt and a gust of 119 kt were reported.
Irma’s center passed about 50 n mi north of San Juan, Puerto Rico, just before 0000 UTC
7 September. The lowest pressure observed on mainland Puerto Rico during Irma was from a
National Ocean Service (NOS) station in Fajardo, which recorded a pressure of 980.1 mb at 2118
UTC 6 September. The highest wind speed reported in Puerto Rico was 48 kt with a gust of 64
kt at an NOS site at La Puntilla in San Juan Bay at 2230 UTC 6 September.
The Turks and Caicos Islands experienced the northern eyewall of Hurricane Irma around0000 UTC 8 September. However, no observations were available from these locations due tofailure of the observing equipment.
The hurricane then took a long duration track along or near the northern coast of Cuba
from 8 September through early 10 September. Irma approached the northern coast of eastern
Cuba late on 8 September, with sustained 10-minute winds of 44 kt and a peak gust of 63 kt
observed in the town of Velasco at 1959 UTC. The lowest pressure recorded on land that dayHurricane Irma6

was 991.0 mb at 2100 UTC in La Jiquima, Holguin. Irma tracked near or over the Cuban Keys
on 9 September and, at 1430 UTC, a coastal station at Caibarien recorded sustained winds of 85
kt with an accompanying gust of 122 kt, and a minimum pressure of 969.9 mb when Irma’s center
passed approximately 15 n mi northeast of that location. The lowest recorded pressure in Cuba
during Irma was 933.1 mb at Cayo Coco at 0520 UTC 9 September, which was in the eye of thehurricane at that time. The western eyewall was also sampled at that station, with sustained
winds of 83 kt and a gust of 105 kt observed at 0500 UTC that day. The highest wind speedrecorded in Cuba was just inland of Cayo Coco at a station near Camilo, Cienfuegos, where
sustained winds of 108 kt and a gust of 138 kt were measured at 0720 UTC 9 September. Earlyon 10 September, Irma departed the coastal region of central Cuba as it turned northnorthwestward toward Florida. Tropical storm conditions continued over a portion of Cuba thatday, with sustained winds of 49 kt and a gust of 73 kt observed at San Antonio de los Banos.
Although observations were not available from Havana, two observations recorded tropical-stormforce winds just southeast of the capital city.
United States
The earliest significant report of high winds in Florida came from an observation at Alligator
Reef Light at 1159 UTC 10 September, where sustained winds of 62 kt and a gust of 81 kt were
measured. At 1204 UTC that day, a minimum pressure of 977.0 mb was recorded at that same
station when the center of Irma was nearly 50 n mi to its west-southwest. The lowest pressure
reported in the Florida Keys was 933.7 mb at 1216 UTC by a spotter in Big Pine Key. The
strongest wind speed in the Florida Keys was reported by an automated station on Big Pine Key,
where a 104-kt gust at an observing site of 6 meter elevation was recorded (10 m is standard
height).
Irma made its final landfall near Marco Island, Florida, at 1930 UTC 10 September. A
spotter in Marco Island reported a minimum pressure of 936.9 mb, with maximum sustained windsof 97 kt and a gust of 112 kt. In addition, the Marco Island Police Department reported a wind
gust of 113 kt at 1900 UTC, and the Naples Municipal Airport reported a 123-kt wind gust aroundthe same time. Sustained hurricane force winds extended well inland over the southern Florida
peninsula. At Government Cut off of Miami Beach sustained winds of 65 kt at an elevation of 23
meters occurred, and a wind gust of 97 kt was measured at Deerfield Beach. Nearly all of theinland observations in the Miami-Dade and Broward County metro area reported sustained winds
just below hurricane force. At 1903 UTC that day, the Opa Locka Airport reported 2-minute
averaged sustained winds of 56 kt with a gust of 74 kt, and several other nearby stations reported
similar wind speeds.
The hurricane continued northward across central Florida with hurricane conditions
decreasing in areal coverage when Irma’s center approached the Orlando and Tampa areas.
Tropical storm conditions were experienced on both the west and east coasts of the state on 10
and 11 September. The center passed near Plant City at 0509 UTC 11 September, where aspotter reported a minimum pressure of 964.4 mb. At 0142 UTC, a couple of hours before theeyewall and strongest winds arrived, that spotter measured 10-second 7-meter winds of 63 kt anda gust to 71 kt. Reports from both sides of the state confirmed Irma’s expansive wind field. For
example, buoy 42036 offshore of Tampa in the Gulf of Mexico measured 44 kt sustained winds
at 5-meters with a 10-min averaging period at 0420 UTC 11 September. Also in the Gulf of
Mexico, at 0823 UTC that day, buoy 42039 offshore of Pensacola measured 37 kt sustained winds

Hurricane Irma

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at an elevation of 4 meters. Off the east coast, buoy 41009 off of Cape Canaveral measured
sustained winds of 56 kt at 4 meters.
Irma moved across north-central Florida through early 11 September and then moved into
southeastern Georgia late that day and early 12 September. Tropical storm conditions werereported across much of northern Florida, especially to the east of the center. The JacksonvilleInternational Airport measured sustained 2-minute 10-meter winds of 51 kt at 1053 UTC 11
September with a gust of 75 kt. At the Gainesville Regional Airport, closer to where the center
passed, a minimum pressure of 979.5 mb was observed at 1053 UTC with maximum sustained
2-minute 10-meter winds of 40 kt.
Several sites in Georgia and South Carolina reported tropical storm conditions from Irma
on 11 September. These reports include locations as far north as the Atlanta International Airport,
which measured 2-minute 10-meter winds of 39 kt at 1910 UTC and a gust of 56 kt. At 1609
UTC, Charleston International Airport in South Carolina measured 2-minute 10-meter winds of 42
kt and a gust of 52 kt.
Figure 8 shows observed maximum sustained wind speeds during Hurricane Irma for
Cuba and portions of the southeastern United States, and Fig. 9 show maps of maximum wind
gusts for the same geographical areas.
Landfall Intensity Estimates
Barbuda: The estimated landfall intensity of 155 kt at 0545 UTC 6 September is based ona blend of SFMR surface wind values near 160 kt and flight-level winds of 161 kt, which reduce
to about 145 kt at the surface, measured by the Air Force Hurricane Hunters around the time oflandfall. The lowest pressure observed in Barbuda was 916.1 mb.
St. Martin: The estimated landfall intensity of 155 kt at 1115 UTC 6 September is basedon similar data to the Barbuda landfall with SFMR values around 155 kt.
British Virgin Islands: The estimated landfall intensity of 155 kt at 1630 UTC 6 September
on Virgin Gorda is based on SFMR winds around 155 kt.
Bahamas: The estimated landfall intensity of 135 kt on Little Inagua Island at 0500 UTC 8
September is based on flight-level winds reported by the Air Force of 147 kt, which reduce to 132
kt at the surface, and an ADT estimate of 7.0/140 kt.
Cuba: The estimated landfall intensity of 145 kt near Cayo Romano at 0300 UTC 9
September is based on SFMR winds of 145 kt measured by the Air Force a few hours before
landfall.
Florida Keys: The estimated landfall of 115 kt at 1300 UTC 10 September near Cudjoe
Key is based on SFMR winds between 110 and 120 kt just prior to landfall.
Southwest Florida: The estimated landfall intensity of 100 kt at 1930 UTC 10 September
near Marco Island is based on a sustained surface wind measurement of 97 kt from a nearby
weather spotter.

Hurricane Irma

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Storm Surge3
CaribbeanSignificant storm surge occurred on the island of Barbuda, where Irma made landfall as acategory 5 hurricane. A tide gauge on the island, maintained by the Antigua and Barbuda
Meteorological Service, recorded a peak water level of 7.9 ft Mean Higher High Water (MHHW),
suggesting that inundation of at least 8 ft above ground level occurred on parts of the island.
Significant storm surge likely occurred on the U.S. Virgin Islands, especially on St. Thomas
and St. John. However, specific inundation amounts are not available. The NOS tide gauge at
Charlotte Amalie on St. Thomas went offline during the storm and did not transmit a peak waterlevel, and the other tide gauge reports are likely not representative of the highest inundation on
the islands. Maximum inundation levels of 1 to 2 ft above ground level occurred along the coastof Puerto Rico. The highest water level observation there from a tide gauge was 1.5 ft MHHW at
Arecibo along the north coast of Puerto Rico.
The Instituto de Meteorología de Cuba reports that Irma produced significant coastal
flooding along the north coast of Cuba due to storm surge and large waves. In Ciego de Ávila
Province, the sea rose by 3 to 3.5 m (~10 to 11.5 ft) and penetrated inland more than 800 m (0.5
miles) from the coast. Wave heights on Cayo Coco were estimated to be between 5 and 6 m (16to 20 ft) high. In Camagüey Province, water reached a height of 2 m (6.5 ft) and pushed inland
200 m (650 ft) from the coast on Cayo Romano, where Irma made landfall as a category 5
hurricane. Wave heights there were observed to be over 8 m (26 ft) high. In Puerto Piloto, thesea retreated offshore by 10 to 12 m (33 to 39 ft) due to the southerly winds on the eastern sideof Irma’s circulation. The sea rose by as much as 3 m (10 ft) in Caibarién in Villa Clara Province,
and the surge penetrated approximately 2 km (1.2 miles) inland in Isabela de Sagua.
Unprecedented storm surge flooding occurred in portions of La Habana Province, in some cases
surpassing the coastal floods produced by the Storm of the Century (March 1993) and Hurricane
Wilma (October 2005). Water levels reached 2.25 m (7.4 ft) in some locations.
Florida Keys
The combined effect of storm surge and the tide produced maximum inundation levels of
5 to 8 ft above ground level for portions of the Lower Florida Keys from Cudjoe Key eastward to
Big Pine Key and Bahia Honda Key, near and to the east of where Irma’s center made landfall.
NHC and WFO Key West conducted a survey of the area and found a high water mark of 6.0 ft
above ground level in a garage on Big Pine Key. Accounting for land elevation at the house, the3

Several terms are used to describe water levels due to a storm. Storm surge is defined as the abnormalrise of water generated by a storm, over and above the predicted astronomical tide, and is expressed interms of height above normal tide levels. Because storm surge represents the deviation from normal waterlevels, it is not referenced to a vertical datum. Storm tide is defined as the water level due to the
combination of storm surge and the astronomical tide, and is expressed in terms of height above a vertical
datum, i.e. the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88) or Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW).
Inundation is the total water level that occurs on normally dry ground as a result of the storm tide, and isexpressed in terms of height above ground level. At the coast, normally dry land is roughly defined as areas
higher than the normal high tide line, or Mean Higher High Water (MHHW).

Hurricane Irma

9high water mark measurement converts to 7-8 ft MHHW, implying that maximum inundation
heights were 8 ft above ground level at the lowest spots near the shoreline on Big Pine Key.
Several high water marks of at least 4 ft above ground level were also surveyed by the UnitedStates Geological Survey (USGS) in this area, with the highest mark being 5.45 ft above groundlevel (6.71 ft North American Vertical Datum (NAVD88) / 6.8 ft MHHW) on Little Torch Key.
Maximum inundation levels of 4 to 6 ft above ground level occurred across the Middle andUpper Keys. A high water mark of 4.11 ft above ground level was surveyed in Key Largo, and amark of 3.72 ft above ground level was recorded in Marathon. The NOS tide gauge on Vaca Key
measured a peak water level of 2.6 ft MHHW. Farther south, maximum inundation levels of 2 to
4 ft above ground occurred on the Lower Keys west of Cudjoe Key to Key West. The NOS gauge
on Key West recorded a peak water level of 2.7 ft MHHW.
Southwestern Florida
The combined effect of storm surge and the tide produced maximum inundation levels of
6 to 10 ft above ground level along the unpopulated coast of southwestern Florida between Cape
Sable and Cape Romano, within Everglades National Park and the Ten Thousand Islands
National Wildlife Refuge (Fig. 10). In Everglades City, a USGS storm tide sensor recorded awave-filtered water level of 8.31 ft NAVD88 (which converts to 7.5 ft MHHW). The USGS also
surveyed two high water marks in Everglades City that were greater than 5 ft above ground level.
In Goodland, a USGS storm tide sensor measured a water level of 7.03 ft NAVD88 (6.1 ft MHHW),
and several high water marks of 2-3 ft above ground level were surveyed in the area. Since Irma’s
eastern eyewall moved onshore between Everglades City and Goodland, peak inundation alongthat portion of the coast could have been as much as 10 ft above ground level; however, there
were no observations in that area to definitively corroborate this estimate. Inundation of at least
6 ft above ground level likely occurred along the coast of the remainder of Everglades National
Park south of Everglades City. Observations from stream gauges jointly funded by the National
Park Service and South Florida Water Management District indicate that water levels reached7.01 ft NAVD88 (6.1 ft MHHW) at Shark River, 5.3 ft NAVD88 (5.5 ft MHHW) at Garfield Bight,
and 5.5 ft NAVD88 at Lostmans River.
Maximum inundation levels of 3 to 5 ft above ground level occurred along the remainderof the southwestern coast of Florida from Marco Island northward through Naples to Ft. Myers,
an area which was affected by weakened onshore winds within Irma’s deteriorating western
eyewall. The National Ocean Service (NOS) tide gauge at Naples measured a water level of 4.25
ft MHHW, while the gauge at Ft. Myers on the Caloosahatchee River recorded a water level of
3.28 ft MHHW. In addition, USGS storm tide sensors in Naples and at Delnor-Wiggins State Park
near Naples Park measured water levels of 5.06 ft NAVD88 (4.5 ft MHHW) and 3.90 ft NAVD88(3.4 ft MHHW), respectively.
Before inundation occurred along portions of the southwestern coast of Florida, strong
offshore winds on the northern side of Irma’s circulation initially blew water away from the coastand caused water levels to recede below normal levels. The NOS tide gauge at Naples recordeda minimum water level of 4.8 ft below MHHW (2.0 ft below Mean Lower Low Water [MLLW])
before Irma’s center arrived. Once the center moved north of Naples and the winds shifted toonshore, the water level at the site increased by 9 ft in only 3 hours, and 6 ft within the first hour.

Hurricane Irma

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Florida East Coast
The combined effect of storm surge and the tide produced maximum inundation levels of
4 to 6 ft above ground level for portions of Miami-Dade County in southeastern Florida, especiallyalong Biscayne Bay. A USGS storm tide sensor at Matheson Hammock Park in Miami measureda peak water level of 5.75 ft NAVD88 (5.6 ft MHHW), consistent with a high water mark of 5.1 ft
above ground level which was surveyed in the park. The NOS tide gauge on Virginia Key
recorded a peak water level of 3.7 ft MHHW.
Significant flooding occurred in downtown Miami; however, the flooding was likely caused
by a combination of heavy rainfall and urban runoff, wave overwash becoming trapped behindseawalls, and seawater coming up from below through the city’s drainage systems. Soil samples
were collected by the Physical Oceanography Division of NOAA’s Atlantic Oceanographic andMeteorological Laboratory (AOML) in the Brickell area of downtown Miami two days after Irma,
and their analysis indicates that there was a notable gradient of soluble salts and electricalconductivity of the soil from the bayfront to Brickell Avenue. Along Brickell Bay Drive, directly
adjacent to the bay, soluble salt concentrations averaged around 3400 parts per million (ppm),
with an average electrical conductivity of 6-7 millisiemens per centimeter (mS/cm). Similar
concentration and conductivity values were analyzed from soil samples collected up to one blockfrom the coast on Key Biscayne. These soil samples can be characterized as being moderately
saline. The highest sampled conductivity along Brickell Bay Drive was 9.83 mS/cm, characterized
as strongly saline. Along Brickell Avenue, a few blocks inland from the bay, soluble salt
concentrations averaged around 1000 ppm, with an average electrical conductivity of about 2
mS/cm, on the threshold between non-saline and slightly saline. AOML’s analysis suggests thatsaltwater inundation in Downtown Miami was largely confined within a block or two of the bay,
and much of the flooding that occurred in other parts of the downtown area, including along
Brickell Avenue, was the result of rainfall runoff that was unable to drain into the bay due toelevated water levels caused by the storm surge.
Maximum inundation levels of 2 to 4 ft above ground level occurred across coastal
sections of northern Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach Counties. A storm tide sensor
mounted to an electrical pole at a park on Biscayne Bay just north of downtown Miami measured
a wave-filtered water level of 1.5 ft above ground level (3.35 ft NAVD88 / 3.1 ft MHHW), while asensor along a canal in Pompano Beach (Broward County) recorded a wave-filtered water levelof 3.4 ft NAVD88 (3.1 ft MHHW). In Palm Beach County, a storm tide sensor along theIntracoastal Waterway in Boca Raton recorded a wave-filtered water level of 3.05 ft NAVD88 (2.7ft MHHW), and the NOS tide gauge at Lake Worth measured a peak water level of 1.5 ft MHHW.
Farther north, maximum inundation levels of 1 to 3 ft above ground level occurred across coastal
sections of Martin, St. Lucie, Indian River, and southern Brevard Counties.
Even though Irma made landfall along the southwestern coast of Florida, the hurricane’slarge wind field produced significant storm surge flooding along the northeastern coast of Florida,
where a maximum of 3 to 5 ft of inundation above ground level occurred from Cape Canaveral
northward to the Florida-Georgia border. The NOS tide gauge on Trident Pier at Port Canaveral
measured a peak water level of 4.2 ft MHHW, and a USGS storm tide sensor at Ormand Beachrecorded a water level of 4.37 ft NAVD88 (4.5 ft MHHW). Farther north, a storm tide sensor on
the Matanzas River south of St. Augustine recorded a wave-filtered water level of 6.65 ft NAVD88(4.8 ft MHHW), and the USGS surveyed several high water marks of 2 to 4 ft above ground level

Hurricane Irma

11

in that area. The highest was a mark of 3.3 ft above ground level near Vilano Beach. Along thecoast of extreme northeastern Florida, a storm tide sensor at Jacksonville Beach recorded awave-filtered water level of 6.55 ft NAVD88 (4.1 ft MHHW). In addition, the NOS gauges at
Mayport (Bar Pilots Dock) and Fernandina Beach both measured peak water levels of 3.6 ft
MHHW.
Significant flooding occurred along the banks of the St. Johns River, likely due to a
combination of storm surge and rainfall runoff into the river. The NOS gauge at the I-295 bridgeon the south side of Jacksonville measured a peak water level of 5.3 ft MHHW, while gauges at
Southbank Riverwalk in Downtown Jacksonville and at Racy Point recorded peak water levels of
4.9 ft MHHW and 4.0 ft MHHW, respectively. As an illustration of the combined effect of storm
surge and rainfall runoff, observations from a USGS station in downtown Jacksonville showedthat salinity within the river gradually increased from less than 5 parts per thousand (ppt) on 8
September to about 30 ppt (just a little less than the average salinity of the ocean) late on 10
September. These data indicate that the initial water rises were likely due to easterly winds aheadof Irma pushing seawater upstream in the St. Johns River. However, the USGS data then showedsalinity decreasing rapidly back to normal levels at the downtown site on 11 September, while thewater level at the site continued to increase and reached its maximum about six hours after thesalinity peak. This suggests that the freshwater input from rainfall runoff was also a significant
contributor to the flooding that occurred along the St. Johns River.
Florida Central West Coast
The combined effect of storm surge and the tide produced maximum inundation levels of
1 to 2 ft above ground level along the west coast of Florida north of Charlotte Harbor to Apalachee
Bay. NOS tide gauges along the west coast, including within Tampa Bay, generally recorded
peak water levels of a little more than 1 ft MHHW, with the highest observation being 1.7 ft MHHW
at the McKay Bay Entrance near Downtown Tampa.
Offshore winds on the northern side of Irma’s circulation initially caused water levels torecede below normal levels along much of the west coast of Florida, including Tampa Bay. In
fact, some normally submerged areas went virtually dry, allowing people to (inadvisably) walk out
onto the sea or bay floor, while also stranding marine vessels and even manatees (Fig. 11). At
the McKay Bay Entrance near Downtown Tampa, the NOS tide gauge measured a minimum
water level of 7.4 ft below MHHW (4.7 ft below MLLW), which was more than 6 ft below normal
tide levels. The water level in Tampa Bay at St. Petersburg was about 5 ft below normal, reachinga minimum of 6.0 ft below MHHW (3.7 ft below MLLW), and the water level was so low at Old
Port Tampa that the gauge was unable to obtain a reading for several hours.
Georgia and South Carolina
The combined effect of storm surge and the tide produced maximum inundation levels of
3 to 5 ft above ground level along the coast of Georgia and much of South Carolina. In Georgia,
the NOS tide gauge at Fort Pulaski measured a peak water level of 4.7 ft MHHW, while in South
Carolina, the NOS gauge at Charleston recorded a peak water level of 4.2 ft MHHW. Water levelsof 3.4 ft MHHW and 2.9 ft MHHW were also reported at the tide gauges at Oyster Landing andSpringmaid Pier (Myrtle Beach), respectively. Although the storm surge produced by Irma wasless than that produced by Hurricane Matthew (2016) along the coast of South Carolina, slightlyHurricane Irma

12

higher tides, as well as closer timing of high tide with the peak storm surge, caused water levels
at the Charleston and Springmaid Pier NOS gauges to exceed those observed during Matthew.

Rainfall and Flooding
Even though Puerto Rico did not experience a direct hit from Irma, rainfall totals between
10 and 15 inches occurred over high elevations in the central portion of the island between 5 and
7 September. Irma also produced very heavy rainfall across a large portion of Cuba. Instituto deMeteorología de Cuba provided multiple reports over 10 inches, with the maximum observed
rainfall of 23.90 inches measured in Topes De Collantes. The second highest report was in Sancti
Spiritus where 19.02 inches was measured. Several rivers in Cuba reached major flood stage.
In particular, the Zaza River, in the municipality of Cabaiguán, was the most affected as Irma
caused one of the largest measured floods of this river on record.
Irma produced heavy rain across much of the state of Florida, and rainfall totals of 10 to
15 inches were common across the peninsula and the Keys (Fig. 12). The maximum reported
storm-total rainfall was near Ft. Pierce, Florida, in St. Lucie County, where 21.66 inches of rain
was measured between 9 and 12 September. The heavy rainfall caused flooding of streets andlow-lying areas across much of the Florida peninsula. In Indian River County, 12 people were
rescued from flood waters, and in Orange County residents were rescued from flooded homes.
Heavy rains of 6 to 10 inches occurred across the Florida Keys. Flooding occurred on most rivers
in northern Florida, and major or record flood stages were reported at rivers in Bradford, Clay,
Marion, Flagler, Duval, Putnam, St. Johns, Nassau, and Alachua counties. The St. John’s River
set record flood stages at many locations in Duval County, causing major flooding in theJacksonville metropolitan area, where hundreds of people were rescued. Similar flooding
occurred in Bradford County where record flood stages were set at Alligator Creek, Hampton
Lake, Lake Sampson, and New River.
In Georgia, major flooding occurred in St. Simon’s Island and along the Satilla River.
Rainfall totals were generally between 5 and 10 inches in coastal Georgia, and the maximum
rainfall measured in the state was 10.34 inches in Nahunta in Brantley County from 11 to 12
September. Lesser rainfall amounts occurred over inland Georgia and South Carolina where
rainfall totals between 3 and 7 inches were common. In South Carolina, the maximum rainfall
total was 9.07 inches in Beaufort from 10 to 13 September. These rains caused some flash
flooding and minor to moderate river flooding in South Carolina. Several rescues occurred in
Chatham County in Georgia and in Jasper County in South Carolina due to the flooding. Even
after Irma became a remnant low pressure system it still produced heavy rains in Alabama, where
up to 5 inches accumulated. Rainfall totals near 6 inches occurred in the mountains of western
North Carolina.

Tornadoes
Irma produced 25 confirmed tornadoes: 21 in Florida and 4 in South Carolina (Fig 13).
Of the tornadoes, 3 were EF-2 (on the Enhanced Fujita Scale), 15 were EF-1, and 7 EF-0. The
majority of the tornadoes occurred along the east coast of central and northern Florida. One ofHurricane Irma

13

the EF-2 tornadoes touched down in Mims, Florida, with estimated winds of 100 to 110 kt. This
tornado caused severe roof damage to numerous homes and uprooted many trees in the area.
An EF-2 tornado struck near Crescent Beach, Florida, with peak winds between 95 and 115 kt.
This tornado caused significant structural damage to vacation rentals in the area. Another EF-2
tornado hit Polk City, Florida, knocking down seven high power transmission poles.
Weaker but still notable tornadoes in Florida included an EF-1 that went through Miramar
and caused tree and roof damage. An EF-1 tornado affected St. Augustine causing significant
damage to a cemetery. Another EF-1 tornado with peak winds in the 85 to 95 kt range occurredin Merritt Island and damaged numerous homes and a church.
In South Carolina, the strongest tornado that occurred from Irma was an EF-1 in John’sIsland. This tornado caused home and tree damage along a 0.5 mile path.

CASUALTY AND DAMAGE STATISTICS
Irma caused 47 direct deaths4 as a result of its strong winds, heavy rains, and high surf
across the Caribbean Islands and the southeastern United States. The majority of the causalities
were in the Caribbean Islands, where Irma’s winds were the strongest. Eleven direct deaths werereported combined in Saint Martin and Saint Barthelemy, 9 in Cuba, 4 in Sint Maarten, 4 in the
British Virgin Islands, 3 in the U.S. Virgin Islands, 3 in Barbuda, 1 in Barbados, 1 in Haiti, and 1
in Anguilla.
In the United States, 10 direct deaths were reported, and an additional 82 indirect deaths
occurred, 77 of which were in Florida. Hundreds more were injured before, during, or after thehurricane. About 6 million residents in Florida were evacuated from coastal areas.
BarbudaThis small island took a direct hit from Irma at its peak intensity. Irma’s catastrophic winds
caused destruction across the island, damaging or destroying about 95% of the structures,
including the local airport (Fig 14). The island had no water or communications after the storm,
and was considered nearly uninhabitable. Irma caused most Barbudans to leave their island for
Antigua, with the remaining islanders evacuating soon thereafter when Hurricane Jose
threatened, leaving Barbuda uninhabited for the first time in 300 years. Few residents havereturned as of February 2018. Preliminary estimates of property damage on the island are
between 150 and 300 million USD.

4
Deaths occurring as a direct result of the forces of the tropical cyclone are referred to as “direct” deaths.
These would include those persons who drowned in storm surge, rough seas, rip currents, and freshwater
floods. Direct deaths also include casualties resulting from lightning and wind-related events (e.g.,collapsing structures). Deaths occurring from such factors as heart attacks, house fires, electrocutions fromdowned power lines, vehicle accidents on wet roads, etc., are considered indirect” deaths.

Hurricane Irma

14

Saint Martin/Sint Maarten
Like Barbuda, Saint Martin took a direct hit from the catastrophic category 5 hurricane.
Total damage on the island is estimated to be around 1.5 billion USD. According to media
reports, on the Saint Martin (French) side of the island, 90% of the structures were damaged with
60% of those being considered uninhabitable. Irma’s intense winds heavily damaged the marina
and ripped trees out of the ground. Total losses are estimated to be near 1 billion USD.
On the Dutch side of the island (Sint Maarten), Irma caused severe damage to the airportand damaged or destroyed about 70% of the structures. In addition to the 4 deaths, the hazards
from Irma injured 23 people.
St. Barthelemy
St. Barthelemy was in the southern eyewall of Hurricane Irma and suffered significant
damage, like the surrounding islands. Preliminary assessments from the French government
indicate that economic losses could exceed 480 million USD.
Anguilla
The northern eyewall of Irma passed over Anguilla and caused widespread damage andone death. Most homes and schools were destroyed, and the only hospital on the island wasseverely damaged. About 90% of the roads were impassable, and the strong winds uprooted
numerous trees and power poles. Economic losses from the hurricane are estimated to be atleast 190 million USD.
U.S. and British Virgin Islands
Irma was responsible for three deaths in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Damage in the U.S.
Virgin Islands was most notable in St. Thomas and St. John (Fig 14). In both of these islands,
widespread catastrophic damage was reported, and the islands were stripped of most of theirfoliage. Numerous reports of collapsed homes, businesses, and power lines were reported. In
addition, the fire and police stations collapsed and the hospitals experienced major damage. In
St. Croix, although the damage was not as severe, about 70% of the homes and structuressuffered damage.
Irma’s direct hit on the British Virgin Islands caused extensive damage there. Four deaths
occurred during the storm there, and numerous buildings and roads were destroyed in Tortola.
Authorities from the islands reported that it would take several months to restore electricity.
Puerto Rico
Although Irma’s eyewall passed to the north of Puerto Rico, tropical-storm-force winds
and heavy rains caused widespread power outages and minor damage to homes and businesses.
Weak structures on the island collapsed and numerous trees were uprooted. There was also anear-total loss of electricity and water supply for several days. Three indirect deaths occurred in
Puerto Rico from Hurricane Irma.

Hurricane Irma

15

In the island of Culebra, there was also a near-total power and water loss. Many homes
on the island were destroyed or suffered major damage, and widespread uprooted trees werereported.
Turks and Caicos Islands
Irma’s northern eyewall passed near or over the Turks and Caicos Islands, causing
significant damage to the islands’ structures and communication infrastructure. In particular, theisland of Providenciales, including its hospital, was heavily damaged. No deaths occurred duringIrma, but the damage was estimated to be at least 500 million USD.
The Bahamas
Most of the southeastern Bahamian islands experienced hurricane conditions. According
to media reports, Irma damaged about 70% of the homes on Great Inagua Island, and widespread
damage also occurred on Crooked Island. The central and northwestern Bahamas were welloutside of Irma’s most intense winds, but many of these islands experienced tropical storm
conditions and minor damage.
Dominican Republic and Haiti
The island of Hispaniola was not directly impacted by Irma, as the eye of the hurricane
passed to the north of the Dominican Republic and Haiti, and damage there was minor comparedto some of the surrounding islands. One death was reported in Haiti from Irma.
Cuba
Irma struck a portion of the Cuban Keys as a category 5 hurricane. Nine direct deaths in
Cuba are blamed on Irma. During the storm, two women on a Havana bus were killed when abalcony tumbled onto the vehicle. Two men died when their home collapsed on them in Havana,and three men died in their individual homes in the provinces of Matanzas, Ciego de Avila, andCamagüey. Also, an 89-year-old woman was found drowned in the water in front of her Vedado
home, her death likely due to Irma’s storm surge.
In terms of damage, the tourist areas of Cayo Coco, Cayo Guillermo, Cayo Santa Mariaand the town of Calibarien (Fig. 14) were hit the hardest, with widespread damage reported inthose areas. Severe damage also occurred in the provinces of Ciego de Ávila and Villa Clara.
More than 150,000 homes were damaged with nearly 15,000 completely destroyed by Irma in
Cuba. Irma also greatly affected the country’s poultry farms with 466 of them being destroyed.
Across the island, uninsured losses from damage caused by Irma is estimated to be near 200
million USD, which is the highest value in Cuba during the past 55 years.
United States
There were 10 direct deaths in the United States, and a breakdown by state is as follows:
Florida – seven, Georgia – two, South Carolina – one. The NOAA National Centers forEnvironmental Information (NCEI) estimates that wind and water damage in the United Statescaused by Irma totaled approximately 50.0 billion USD, with a 90% confidence interval of 37.5 to
62.5 billion USD. This makes Irma the fifth-costliest hurricane to affect the United States, behind
Katrina (2005), Harvey (2017), Maria (2017) and Sandy (2012).

Hurricane Irma

16

Loss of life and specific damage by state is discussed below:
FloridaThere were seven direct deaths in Florida from Hurricane Irma. The Monroe County
Medical Examiner reported that three adult males drowned in the middle or lower Florida Keys
during Hurricane Irma’s passage. Two of the victims were found near the boats on which they
lived just offshore. The remaining circumstances and events responsible for the deaths are notknown. The locations where the victims were found had been subjected to extreme wind andocean conditions, including large waves and storm surge. Given the presence of multiple
possible contributing factors, storm-related and otherwise, we are not able to conclusively
attribute these "direct" deaths primarily to any particular hazard.
Two direct deaths occurred in Duval County, where a 59-year-old male and a 54-year-old
female drowned due to fresh water flooding when their tent was submerged in water in the woods.
An 89-year-old male drowned in Manatee County when he went outside during the hurricane tosecure his boat to the dock and fell into a canal. In Broward County, an 86-year-old male opened
the front door during the hurricane and a gust of wind caused him to fall and hit his head fatally.
Of the 80 indirect deaths in Florida, a combination of falls during preparations for Irma’s approach,vehicle accidents, carbon monoxide poisoning from generators, chainsaw accidents, andelectrocutions were mainly to blame. In Broward County, 14 indirect deaths occurred in one
nursing home due to overheating when air conditioners failed as power faltered.
The damage was the most severe in the Florida Keys where Irma struck as a category 4
hurricane. In the Middle and Lower Keys, most homes were badly damaged or destroyed, andmany structures became uninhabitable. There were widespread power outages and extensive
tree damage throughout the island chain. More than 40 injuries were reported after the storm.
More than 1,300 boats were damaged or destroyed, and many of them were displaced due to thestorm surge. Estimates from FEMA indicate that 25% of buildings were destroyed, 65% weresignificantly damaged, and 90% of houses sustained some damage. Approximately 75% of theresidents in the Keys evacuated before Irma.
In Collier County, Florida, where Irma came ashore near Marco Island as a category 3
hurricane, there was significant damage. The majority of the structures in Everglades City
suffered major wind and/or water damage. At least 88 buildings were destroyed county-wide, and1,500 buildings were badly damaged. There was heavy tree and power pole damage in MarcoIsland, Golden Gate, and portions of Naples.
In Miami-Dade County, about 1,000 homes sustained major damage. About 50% of the
agricultural industry was damaged with estimated losses near 245 million USD. Otherwise, there
was widespread tree and power pole damage in the Miami-Fort Lauderdale metro area, and somedamage occurred along the Biscayne Bay shoreline due to storm surge.
Although Irma was weakening while it moved northward over Florida, there was still a fairamount of damage in the central portion of the state. A combination of Irma’s strong winds,embedded tornadoes, and heavy rains caused minor to moderate damage to many structures
and widespread tree damage. In Brevard County, more than 7,000 homes sustained damage,including 450 that were destroyed or suffered major damage. Moderate to locally severe beacherosion was observed at the coast. Near Orlando, in Osceola County, about 4,000 structures

Hurricane Irma

17

were damaged, and the estimated cost in that county is near 100 million USD. Irma also caused
significant damage to the southwest and central Florida orange groves, totaling about 760 million
USD.
In northern Florida, flooding was the biggest issue. Heavy rains and rivers that reachedmajor or record flood stage caused significant flooding in the Jacksonville area. Flood waters
rushed into the city’s streets and reached up to 5 ft deep in some locations. The flooding in
Jacksonville was record-breaking in some locations, and overall Irma was responsible for one of
the worst flooding events in the city’s 225+ year history. The northeastern portion of the statealso experienced hurricane-force wind gusts and embedded tornadoes that caused structural
damage to homes and businesses. There was also widespread tree and power line damage
across the area.
Figure 15 shows examples of some of the damage from across the state of Florida.
Georgia
Tropical-storm-force winds and heavy rains from Irma caused two direct deaths in
Georgia. In Fulton County, a 55-year-old man was crushed by a tree that fell on his home while
he slept. A 67-year-old woman in Forsythe County perished when a tree fell on her vehicle while
she was in her driveway. An indirect death occurred when a man in Worth County had a heart
attack while he was climbing off the roof of his shed during Irma.
In Camden County, numerous trees and power lines were damaged due to the strong
winds. Dozens of people were rescued by boats near the coast from flooding caused by storm
surge and rainfall. Across the state, there were widespread downed trees, and over 1.5 million
people lost power during the storm.
South Carolina
One direct death occurred from Irma in South Carolina. A 57-year-old man was fatally
struck by a falling tree limb during the storm. Two indirect deaths occurred from vehicle accidents
during the storm, and another person died of carbon monoxide poisoning.
In Beaufort County, numerous trees and power lines were downed from tropical-stormforce winds and tornadoes. Storm surge damaged Fripp Island, where the sea wall was breachedand homes were inundated. On Lady’s Island, strong winds damaged the airport infrastructure,and runways were inundated. Storm surge also caused minor damage in downtown Charlestonand surrounding areas within the tidal zone. Severe beach erosion occurred on the Folly Beach,Isle of Palms, and Sullivan Island.

FORECAST AND WARNING CRITIQUE
GenesisThe genesis predictions for Irma were somewhat successful, but the cyclone formed
sooner than predicted. Table 4 provides the number of hours in advance of formation associatedHurricane Irma18

with the first NHC Tropical Weather Outlook (TWO) forecast in each likelihood category. The
tropical wave that led to the development of Irma was introduced in the TWO and given a low(<40%) chance of genesis during the next five days 78 h before Irma formed. The system wasgiven a medium (40-60%) and high chance (> 60%) 48 h and 36 h before genesis, respectively.
For the short term (48-h) forecasts, NHC gave the disturbance a low and medium chance ofgenesis 42 h and 30 h before it formed, respectively, but it was not assessed to a have a highchance until 12 h before genesis occurred. The global models were not consistent in showing
development of Irma, and most of them were too slow in predicting its formation. This was themain cause for the limited lead time of formation in the NHC forecasts.
Track
A verification of NHC official track forecasts for Irma is given in Table 5a. Official forecast
track (OFCL) errors were roughly 30-40% lower than the mean official errors for the previous 5yr period for all forecast times. At 96 and 120 h, the climatology and persistence model (OCD5)
errors were larger than their 5-yr averages, which suggests that Irma was a more difficult
hurricane than usual to forecast at those longer time periods. Figure 16 shows OFCL forecasts
plotted against the best track for Irma. The NHC forecasts had a slight left-of-track bias while thehurricane was over the central Atlantic, as the subtropical ridge to the north of the tropical cyclone
weakened a little more than anticipated during the early stages of Irma’s lifecycle. A moderateright-of-track bias in the NHC forecasts is evident while Irma was over the western Atlantic andwhen it was forecast to move over the southeastern United States. Irma moved west of many ofthe predicted tracks because the subtropical ridge built westward more than expected (Fig 5c),which delayed the northward turn toward Florida.
A homogeneous comparison of the official track errors with selected guidance models is
given in Table 5b and illustrated in Fig. 17. Among the individual models, the European Centre
for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts model (EMXI) was the best-performing model and the only
one to consistently beat the NHC official forecasts. The NOAA HFIP Corrected Consensus
Approach (HCCA) model and the Florida State Superensemble (FSSE) also performed very welland had lower average errors than the official forecasts at most time periods. Figure 18 shows
the tracks of the typically better-performing models when Irma was forecast to be near the
Bahamas, Cuba, and the southeastern United States. Among the guidance shown, all of themodels had a right-of-track bias and predicted Irma to turn northward sooner and farther east overFlorida, but the bias was the smallest in the ECMWF and UKMET models, which handled thelarge-scale steering features better than the GFS and HWRF models.
Intensity
A verification of NHC official intensity forecasts for Irma is given in Table 6a. The NHC
official intensity forecast errors were larger than their 5-yr means at all forecast times, but the
OCD5 errors were also notably larger than their respective 5-yr means at all forecast times,
indicating that Irma’s intensity was more difficult to forecast than for a typical tropical cyclone.
The NHC forecasts during the early stages of Irma’s lifecycle were too low because the extended
period of rapid intensification was under-forecast. Conversely, the NHC forecasts did not expect
Irma to interact with Cuba as much as it did, and consequently, Irma weakened more than
expected when it was near that island.

Hurricane Irma

19

A homogeneous comparison of the official intensity errors with selected guidance models
is given in Table 6b and illustrated in Fig 19. Among the individual models, the Hurricane Weather
Research and Forecast System (HWFI), Hurricanes in a Multi-scale Ocean-coupled Nonhydrostatic model (HMNI), and the Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System
Tropical Cyclone model (CTCI) had similar or slightly lower errors than the NHC official forecasts.
On the other hand, the Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (DSHP), Logistic Growth
Equation Model (LGEM), Global Forecast System (GFSI), and EMXI all had notably larger errors
than the NHC official forecasts. An illustration of selected intensity model biases is given in Fig
20. All of the models shown had a low bias beyond 36 h, with DSHP and LGEM having asignificant low bias of around 20 kt at 96 and 120 h, which was not surprising given that Irma
maintained its category 5 intensity for an unusually long time. The NHC official forecasts had asmall high bias through 48 h, and a slight low bias at later forecast hours.
Watches and Warnings
Coastal tropical storm and hurricane watches and warnings associated with Irma are listed
in Table 7 and illustrated in Fig. 21. Storm surge watches and warnings are given in Table 8.
NHC provided support to many government meteorological services for areas around the
Caribbean Sea, including Barbados (which has responsibility for Dominica), France (forMartinique, Guadeloupe, and St. Martin), Antigua (which also has responsibility for Montserrat,
St. Kitts, Nevis, Barbuda, Anguilla and the British Virgin Islands), the Netherlands (which has
responsibility for Saba and St. Eustatius), St. Maarten, Dominican Republic, the Bahamas, andCuba.
For the United States, a hurricane watch was first issued for the southern Florida coastline
from Jupiter Inlet southward on the east coast and from Bonita Beach southward on the west
coast, including the Florida Keys, at 1500 UTC 7 September. Since sustained tropical-stormforce winds first reached the Florida Keys within the hurricane watch area around 2100 UTC 9
September, a lead time of 54 h was provided. The hurricane watch area was upgraded to ahurricane warning at 0300 UTC 8 September, a lead time of 42 h before the tropical-storm-force
winds began. Hurricane watches and warnings were subsequently issued at various times formuch of the remainder of Florida. Tropical storm watches and warnings were issued for the
Georgia coast and much of the coast of South Carolina.
Storm surge watches and warnings associated with Irma are given in Table 8. At various
points in time, the NWS issued storm surge warnings for most of the Florida coast—from theFlorida-Georgia border southward on the east coast and from the Ochlockonee River southward
on the west coast, including the Florida Keys, Tampa Bay, and the lower portion of the St. Johns
River north of the I-295 bridge. Storm surge warnings were also issued for the coast of Georgia
and for the coast of South Carolina south of the South Santee River (Fig. 22). NWS issued theinitial storm surge watch for Irma along the Florida coast from Jupiter Inlet to Bonita Beach,
including the Florida Keys, at 1500 UTC 7 September, and that same area was upgraded to astorm surge warning at 0300 UTC 8 September. Storm surge watches and warnings were
subsequently extended and modified northward along both the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts,
encompassing almost the entire coastline from the South Santee River to the Ochlockonee Riverby 0300 UTC 10 September. Water level observations and high water mark surveys indicate that

Hurricane Irma20

at least 3 ft of inundation (which NHC uses at a 10% probability of occurrence as a first-cut
threshold for the storm surge watch/warning) occurred in areas within the bounds of the storm
surge warning area roughly from Charlotte Harbor southward around the Florida Peninsula to
Miami-Dade and Broward Counties, including the Florida Keys. At least 3 ft of inundation also
occurred within the storm surge warning area from near Cape Canaveral northward to the South
Santee River.
The Storm Surge Warning north of Charlotte Harbor to the Ochlockonee River, including
Tampa Bay, did not verify, as water level observations suggested inundations of less than 3 ft
above ground level occurred in that area. However, the storm surge warning along that portionof the coast was necessary, given that a slight westward deviation in Irma’s track, or thecontinuation of strong winds on the back side of the storm, would have produced significantly
more inundation (Fig. 22). Elsewhere, some portions of the southeastern coast of Florida
generally had 3 ft or less of inundation. The Storm Surge Warning was discontinued from North
Miami Beach to Jupiter Inlet at 0300 UTC 10 September in anticipation of the fact that coastal
inundation within that area would likely not reach warning criteria.
NHC’s first forecast for maximum storm surge heights in Florida (at 1500 UTC 7
September) was 5 to 10 ft above ground level within the storm surge watch area from Jupiter Inlet
to Bonita Beach, including the Florida Keys. By the next day, the risk of significant storm surge
increased for the southwestern coast of Florida, and NHC’s forecast was increased to 6 to 12 ft
above ground level from Cape Sable to Captiva at 1500 UTC 8 September and then 10 to 15 ft
above ground level at 1500 UTC 9 September. Maximum inundation heights from Irma wereanalyzed to be around 10 ft above ground level, at the lower end of the forecast range, in theunpopulated area between Cape Sable and Cape Romano. Storm surge inundation forecasts for
the Florida Keys (5 to 10 ft), extreme southeastern Florida (4 to 6 ft), the east coast of Florida (2to 4 ft), and Georgia and South Carolina (4 to 6 ft) were generally accurate, with the highest
observations falling within each of those ranges. However, storm surge inundation forecasts weregenerally too high for the rest of the west coast of Florida, largely because Irma made landfall
well to the south on Marco Island. Had the hurricane deviated only slightly to the west and madelandfall farther up the west coast, inundation from storm surge would have been significantly
higher in those areas (Fig. 23), and potentially devastating for the Naples-Fort Myers area.
NHC does not have responsibility for issuing warnings for inland flooding, but coordinateswith the Weather Prediction Center (WPC) on hazard statements included in NHC public
products. The risk of life-threatening flash flooding from Florida to South Carolina was firstmentioned in the NHC Public Advisory at 1500 UTC 7 September. The threat of inland flooding
was included as a “Key Message” in NHC’s Tropical Cyclone Discussion beginning the followingday.
Impact-Based Decision Support Services (IDSS) and Public Communication
The NHC began providing IDSS to emergency managers on 1 September, several days
before Irma neared the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico, and the service continued through 11
September, when Irma was inland over the southeastern United States. The IDSS included calls
and briefings coordinated through the FEMA Hurricane Liaison Team, embedded at NHC. The
briefings included the territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, the states of Florida,Hurricane Irma

21

Georgia, South Carolina, and FEMA Regions 4 and 2, as well as Federal/State videoteleconferences. At the request of the state of Florida, the NHC began to provide the state withtwice-daily IDSS coordination calls beginning September 4, six days before landfall. That day,the Florida governor declared a state of emergency.
The NHC also collaborated with the affected NWS offices to ensure a consistent message,and NWS meteorologists provided IDSS for local and state emergency management offices
during this event.
Although the average track errors for Irma were fairly small, there were differences in thedetails of the numerical model forecasts that were key to the implied magnitude and location of
the greatest impacts in South Florida and the Florida Keys, including whether the center would
move closer to the east or west coast of the Florida peninsula. Despite those differences, theNHC forecasts were relatively steady in showing an increasing risk for the area as Irma
approached. Language in advisory products such as the Tropical Cyclone Discussion (TCD) andin media and emergency management briefings emphasized the threat and the accompanying
uncertainty. For example, four days before landfall, the TCD stated that "Irma is forecast to turnnorthwestward and northward, but there is still a fair amount of uncertainty regarding the exact
timing and location of recurvature", and one of the TCD "Key Messages" at that time said, "Direct
impacts from wind, storm surge, and rainfall are possible in the Florida Keys and portions of theFlorida Peninsula beginning later this week and this weekend. However, given the forecast
uncertainty at these time ranges, it is too soon to specify the location and magnitude of these
impacts." Two days before landfall in the Keys, the TCD said "This turn will occur, but the precise
moment is still uncertain, and that is why NHC emphasizes that nobody should focus on the exact
track of the center."Due to the possibility of Irma affecting NHC in Miami, a back-up operation was initiated,which included a deployment of three NHC forecasters and two Central Pacific Hurricane Center
forecasters to the NOAA Center for Weather and Climate Prediction in the Washington, D.C. area.
While NHC maintained operations for Hurricane Irma in Miami, forecasters at the back-up location
produced advisories for Hurricanes Jose and Katia, which were active at the same timeas Irma. The rest of the NHC staff continued Irma and other forecast operations, remaining within
the office during a 36-h shelter-in-place activation coinciding with Irma’s local threat and impact.
In addition, an NHC media pool was in operation from 5–10 September to provide live
briefings to national and local television outlets in both English and Spanish. NHC provided
around 300 live interviews through the pool, comprising 201 to local television stations, 78 to
network TV, 14 to radio stations, and 10 to print media. It also gave more than 200 media
interviews by phone. NHC was also active on social media to keep the public informed in realtime on the latest NHC/NWS forecasts and warnings, with posts on Twitter generating 98 million
impressions and Facebook posts reaching more than 18.9 million users and causing more than
12.9 million post engagements. Regarding the NHC website, over 500 million pages were viewed
between 1–30 September resulting in approximately 9 billion hits, primarily due toHurricane Irma. Just prior to Irma's landfall in Florida, the NHC website had approximately 1.1
billion hits (57 million page views) on one day, equaling the total number of hits received during
the entirety of Hurricane Matthew in 2016. At advisory times, over 200,000 users were
simultaneously accessing information on the NHC website. The 7 billion hits attributed to Irma isapproximately 3 times the traffic ever handled by the NHC website during a single storm event.

Hurricane Irma

22

The above-noted activities were conducted in addition to previously-mentioned support
that NHC provided to government meteorological partner agencies in the Caribbean.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Data in Table 3 were compiled from Post Tropical Cyclone Reports issued by the NWS
Forecast Offices (WFOs) in San Juan, Miami, Tampa Bay/Ruskin, Melbourne, Tallahassee,
Jacksonville, and Charleston. Additional data were used from reports sent by WFOs in Peachtree
City and Columbia. Data from the Weather Prediction Center, National Data Buoy Center, NOS
Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, United States Geological Survey,
Storm Prediction Center, and the Cuban Meteorological Service were also used in this report.
Jose Rubiera from the Cuban Meteorological Service was very helpful in sending data anddamage information from Cuba. The authors would also like to thank the following individuals at
the National Hurricane Center: Laura Paulik for creating the storm surge figures, Jeri Schwietertfor producing the wind watch/warning graphic, Lixion Avila for collecting data and reports from
Caribbean countries, Jack Beven for helping collect and quality control surface observations, andGladys Rubio for translating information from Spanish to English. Brad Klotz of the Hurricane
Research Division was also very helpful in analyzing some of the aircraft data.

Hurricane Irma

Table 1.

23

Best track for Hurricane Irma, 30 August–12 September 2017.

Date/Time(UTC)

Latitude(°N)

Longitude(°W)

Pressure(mb)

Wind
Speed (kt)Stage

30 / 0000

16.1

26.9

1008

30

tropical depression

30 / 0600

16.2

28.3

1007

35

tropical storm

30 / 1200

16.3

29.7

1006

45

"

30 / 1800

16.3

30.8

1004

50

"

31 / 0000

16.3

31.7

999

55

"

31 / 0600

16.4

32.5

994

65

hurricane

31 / 1200

16.7

33.4

983

80

"

31 / 1800

17.1

34.2

970

95

"

01 / 0000

17.5

35.1

967

100

"

01 / 0600

17.9

36.1

967

100

"

01 / 1200

18.4

37.3

967

100

"

01 / 1800

18.8

38.5

967

100

"

02 / 0000

19.1

39.7

967

100

"

02 / 0600

19.1

41.1

967

100

"

02 / 1200

18.9

42.6

973

95

"

02 / 1800

18.7

44.1

973

95

"

03 / 0000

18.5

45.5

973

95

"

03 / 0600

18.2

46.7

973

95

"

03 / 1200

17.9

47.9

969

100

"

03 / 1800

17.6

49.2

965

100

"

04 / 0000

17.3

50.4

959

100

"

04 / 0600

17.0

51.5

952

105

"

04 / 1200

16.8

52.6

945

110

"

04 / 1800

16.7

53.9

944

115

"

05 / 0000

16.6

55.1

943

125

"

05 / 0600

16.6

56.4

933

135

"

Hurricane Irma

24

Date/Time(UTC)

Latitude(°N)

Longitude(°W)

Pressure(mb)

Wind
Speed (kt)Stage

05 / 1200

16.7

57.8

929

150

"

05 / 1800

16.9

59.2

926

155

"

06 / 0000

17.3

60.6

915

155

"

06 / 0600

17.7

61.9

914

155

"

06 / 1115

18.1

63.1

914

155

"

06 / 1200

18.1

63.3

915

155

"

06 / 1800

18.6

64.7

916

150

"

07 / 0000

19.2

66.2

916

150

"

07 / 0600

19.7

67.6

920

145

"

07 / 1200

20.2

69.0

921

145

"

07 / 1800

20.7

70.4

922

145

"

08 / 0000

21.1

71.8

919

140

"

08 / 0600

21.5

73.2

925

135

"

08 / 1200

21.8

74.7

927

135

"

08 / 1800

22.0

76.0

925

140

"

09 / 0000

22.1

77.2

924

145

"

09 / 0600

22.4

78.3

930

130

"

09 / 1200

22.7

79.3

941

110

"

09 / 1800

23.1

80.2

938

95

"

10 / 0000

23.4

80.9

932

100

"

10 / 0600

23.7

81.3

930

115

"

10 / 1200

24.5

81.5

931

115

"

10 / 1800

25.6

81.7

936

100

"

11 / 0000

26.8

81.7

942

80

"

11 / 0600

28.2

82.2

961

65

"

11 / 1200

29.6

82.7

970

50

tropical storm

11 / 1800

30.9

83.5

980

45

"

Hurricane Irma

Date/Time(UTC)

Latitude(°N)

Longitude(°W)

Pressure(mb)

Wind
Speed (kt)Stage

12 / 0000

31.9

84.4

986

35

"

12 / 0600

32.9

85.6

997

25

low

12 / 1200

33.8

86.9

1000

20

"

12 / 1800

34.8

88.1

1003

15

"

13 / 0000

35.6

88.9

1004

15

"

13 / 0600

36.2

89.5

1004

15

"

13 / 1200

36.8

90.1

1005

15

"

13 / 1800

25

dissipated

06 / 0600

17.7

61.9

914

155

maximum wind andminimum pressure

06 / 0545

17.7

61.8

914

155

landfall on Barbuda

06 / 1115

18.1

63.1

914

155

landfall on St. Martin

06 / 1630

18.5

64.4

915

155

landfall on Virgin
Gorda, British Virgin
Islands

08 / 0500

21.5

73.0

924

135

landfall on Little
Inagua, Bahamas

09 / 0300

22.3

77.9

924

145

landfall near Cayo
Romano, Cuba

10 / 1300

24.7

81.5

931

115

landfall on Cudjoe
Key, Florida

10 / 1930

25.9

81.7

936

100

landfall near MarcoIsland, Florida

Hurricane Irma

Table 2.

26

Selected ship reports with winds of at least 34 kt for Hurricane Irma, 30 August–
12 September 2017. Note that many wind observations are taken fromanemometers located well above the standard 10 m observation height.

Date/Time(UTC)

Ship callsign

LatitudeLongitudeWind

Pressure

(N)

(W)

dir/speed (kt)(mb)

02 / 0700

BATFR1

18.6

42.0

310 / 41

1002.805 / 1600

J8PE3

13.6

61.0

170 / 38

1009.106 / 0900

C6FM9

13.2

59.9

290 / 35

1014.209 / 0600

3FOB5

23.2

82.5

030 / 421005.009 / 0700

3FOB5

23.2

82.8

030 / 35

1006.009 / 1800

CQGZ

19.4

80.4

260 / 35

1004.7

10 / 0300

J8PE4

19.4

80.3

250 / 38

1005.010 / 0600

C6FZ8

20.6

81.9

250 / 35

1001.010 / 0600

PLSF1

24.7

82.8

040 / 50993.4

10 / 2000

C6FN5

26.6

88.3

050 / 40

1005.110 / 2100

WMCU

25.9

77.8

130 / 45

1003.6

10 / 2100

SAUF1

29.9

81.3

060 / 38

1007.5

11 / 0000

WDD61226.2

78.6

120 / 64

1000.111 / 0000

C6FN5

27.8

88.8

060 / 52

1006.1

Hurricane Irma

Table 3.

27

Selected surface observations for Hurricane Irma, 30 August–12 September
2017.
Minimum Sea Level
Pressure

Location

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Estimated
Inundation(ft)E

Antigua and Barbuda
Barbuda NOS Site
(BARA9 - 9761115)

06/0536916.1

06/0454

105

139

7.94

7.9

(17.59N 61.82W)

Virgin Islands
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Sites
Henry E Rohlsen AP(TISX)

06/1653995.9

06/1843(17.68N 64.90W)

Cyril E. King AP(TIST)

06/1153(18.33N 64.97W)

33

50(2 min, 10 m)

51*

76*

(2 min, 10 m)*Site damaged during storm

Weatherflow Sites
Buck Island(XBUK)

06/1653969.6

06/1723(18.28N 64.90W)

Rupert Rock(XRUP)

06/1750(18.33N 64.93W)

Sandy Point NWR(XCRX)

06/1903(17.68N 64.90W)

Savana Island(XSAV)

06/1815(18.34N 65.08W)

92(12.1 m)72
(5.5 m)

36(14 m)

50(6.1 m)

119
115
51
77

NOS Sites
Charlotte Amalie,
St. Thomas(CHAV3 - 9751639)

06/1742967.5

06/1736945.1

06/1706

995.0

06/1736

55

85

1.45J

1.71J

1.3J

1.62

1.60

1.2

2.28

2.01

1.7

(18.34N 64.92W)

Lameshur Bay,
St. John(LAMV3 - 9751381)(18.32N 64.72W)

Christiansted Harbor,
St. Croix(CHSV3 - 9751364)(17.75N 64.71W)

06/1642

33

50

Total
rain
(in)

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Lime Tree Bay,
St. Croix(LTBV3 - 9751401)

Hurricane Irma

28

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

Total
rain
(in)

0.60

0.80

0.5

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

06/1706

996.4

06/184843

53(17.69N 64.75W)

Puerto Rico
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Sites
Luis Munoz Marin Intl
AP (TJSJ)

06/1656993.4

06/1828

06/1654991.0

06/1905(18.45N 66.00W)

Roosevelt Roads AP(TJNR)(18.25N 65.64W)

42(2 min, 10 m)

42(2 min, 10 m)

60
57

Weatherflow Sites
Del Rey Marina(XREY)

06/1215(18.29N 65.63W)

Isla Culebrita Light(XCUL)

06/1840952.1

06/1815(18.34N 65.08W)

Las Mareas(XMRS)

07/0104(17.94N 66.26W)

San Juan NAVAID(XJUA)

06/2140(18.29N 65.63W)

35(5 min, 10 m)

50(5min, 10 m)

39(5 min, 10 m)

41(5 min, 14.3 m)

59
77
47

46

NOS Sites
Arecibo(AROP4 - 9757809)

07/0036998.7

07/0130

38

47

1.37

06/2006

991.9

06/2130

45

56

1.44

06/2118

980.1

06/1930

35

50

1.21

1.2

06/2000

42

55

1.80

1.0

1.5

(18.48N 66.70W)

Esperanza, ViequesIsland(ESPP4 - 9752695)

1.57

1.2

(18.09N 65.47W)

Fajardo(FRDP4 - 9753216)(18.33N 65.63W)

Isabel Segunda,
Vieques Island(VQSP4 - 9752619)(18.15N 65.44W)

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

La Puntilla,
San Juan Bay(SJNP4 - 9755371)

Hurricane Irma

29

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

Total
rain
(in)

1.55

2.10

1.3

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

06/2300

989.3

06/223048

64

06/1948981.5(18.46N 66.12W)

Culebra(CLBP4 - 9752235

1.74

1.0

(18.30N 65.30W)

Yabucoa Harbor(YABP4 – 9754228)

06/2224

22

37

1.11

0.8

0.7

(18.06N 65.83W)

Magueyes Island(MGIP4 – 9759110)

07/00121001.907/0354

29

39

0.56

07/0018

1001.507/0606

27

36

1.37

2.00

1.3

1.47

1.50

1.1

(17.97N 67.05W)

Mayaguez(MGZP4 – 9759394)(18.22N 67.16W)

Mona Island(MISP4 – 9759938)

07/0630(18.09N 67.94W)

NWS Cooperative Observer Program (COOP) Sites
Barranquitas(USAP4)7.05(18.18N 66.31W)

Bayamon(BAYP4)13.04(18.38N 66.16W)

Ciales(VILP4)

10.27(18.33N 66.47W)

Comerio(COMP4)7.07(18.22N 66.22W)

Orocovis(OROP4)9.13(18.22N 66.39W)

San Lorenzo(SLGP4)

6.35(18.19N 65.97W)

Utuado(VIVP4)6.74(18.27N 66.70W)

Villalba(VINP4)(18.13N 66.48W)

7.50

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Hurricane Irma

30

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

Cuba
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Sites
Frank País/Holguin
Arpt (78372)

08/2015991.2

08/2200

992.9

08/2225

09/0700

981.3

09/0800

09/1250983.4

09/141708/0825996.7

06/16128.08(20.79N 76.32W)

Hermanos Ameijeiras/
Las Tunas Arpt
(MUVT/78357)

38(1 min, 10 m)

60

4.10

62

8.33

62

12.46

52

2.96

(20.99N 76.94W)

MUCA, Venezuela(78346)(22.03N 78.79W)

MUTD, Trinidad(78337)(21.78N 79.98W)

Punta de Maisí Arpt
(MUMA/78369)(20.24N 74.14W)

36(1 min, 10 m)

40(1 min, 10 m)

35(1 min, 10 m)

Other Sites
Aguada De Pasajeros(78335)09/2055981.2

10/0225

36

46

6.05

10/0800

997.5

10/0235

40

51

3.07

09/1200

969.9

09/1430

85

122

17.11

09/0300

982.2

09/0350

38

67

7.53

09/0650959.8

09/0720

108

138

11.50

09/1800

981.1

09/2310

36

48

4.63

08/0400

998.0

08/0600

40

59

3.41

(22.38N 80.85W)

Bauta(78376)(22.97N 82.53W)

Caibarien(78348)(22.52N 79.45W)

Camaguey 09(78355/elev.122m)(21.40N 77.85W)

Camilo Cienfuegos(78347)(22.15N 78.75W)

Cantarrana(78344)(21.92N 80.17W)

Caujeri(78319)(20.22N 74.81W)(1 min, 10 m)

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Cayo Coco(78339)Hurricane Irma

31

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed
Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

09/0520933.1

09/0500

83

105

09/1000

982.8

09/1440

42

63

13.79

09/1500

981.5

09/1345

39

77

7.56

09/0400

965.7

09/0400

60

130

10.20

09/0300

984.2

09/0500

43

73

6.38

08/1830994.1

08/1740

40

59

4.20

09/1900

982.0

09/1940

38

64

6.57

09/2200

979.8

09/2200

50

60

3.94

09/0700

984.3

09/0700

38

78

7.61

08/2100

991.0

09/0412

37

53

7.28

09/1800

976.5

09/1450

30

63

12.49

09/0000

977.2

09/0320

42

87

7.54

08/1110998.0

08/1015

23

43

16.69

09/0100

991.0

09/025060

7.93(22.52N 78.45W)

El Jibaro(78341)(21.72N 79.22W)

El Yabu(78343)(22.43N 79.98W)

Esmeralda(78352)(21.85N 78.12W)

Florida(78350)(21.52N 78.23W)

Guaro(78370)(20.67N 75.78W)

Jaguey Grande(78331)(1 min, 10 m)(22.63N 81.27W)

Jovellanos(78330)(22.78N 81.18W)

Jucaro(78345)(21.62N 78.85W)

La Jiquima(78362)(20.93N 76.53W)

Matanzas 4(78326)(1 min, 10 m)(23.02N 81.52W)

Nuevitas(78353)(21.53N 77.25W)

Palenque de Yatera(78334)(20.45N 74.92W)

Palo Seco(78354)(21.13N 77.32W)(1 min, 10 m)

28

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Pinares De Miyari(78371/elev. 646m)

Hurricane Irma

32

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Date/
time
(UTC)A

09/1800

930.0

09/0850993.7

08/1430

09/1800

963.0

09/1235

10/0045966.8

09/1200

977.2

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

8.17

(20.48N 75.80W)

Puerto Padre(78358)

69

4.15

68

94

11.55

10/0100

49

73

4.47

09/1515

45

70

19.02

09/2100

44

56

3.20

(21.20N 76.62W)

Sagua La Grande(78338)52(1 min, 10 m)(22.82N 80.08W)

San Antonio Banos(78328/MUSA)(22.87N 82.51W)

Sancti Spiritus(78349)(21.93N 79.45W)

Santiago De Las
Vegas (78373)(22.97N 82.38W)

Topes De Collantes(78342)

09/1300

961.8

09/1835

38

59

23.90

09/2305

976.9

09/1830

41

68

4.19

08/1959998.6

08/1728

44

63

7.44

(21.92N 80.02W)

Union De Reyes(78327)(22.77N 81.53W)

Velasco(78378)(21.08N 76.30W)(1 min, 10 m)

NOAA and Marine Partner Buoys
Canaveral(41009)11/0230993.7

11/0245(28.50N 80.18W)

COMPS C12(42022)48(? min, 3.1 m)(27.50N 83.74W)

Edisto(41004)

11/1850

1003.1

11/1505

11/1450995.1

11/091006/2200

1007.506/2346(32.50N 79.10W)

Grays Reef
(41008)(31.40N 80.87W)

NE Puerto Rico
(41043)(21.13N 64.86W)

56(1 min, 4 m)

45
(1 min, 4 m)

44
(10 min, 5 m)

39
(1 min, 4 m)

66

61
58
60
47

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Pensacola(42039)

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Date/
time
(UTC)A

11/1050

1000.911/0823

06/1900

988.9

06/1900

06/1100

992.4

06/1500

06/2030985.7

06/211011/0850990.9

11/0420(18.50N 66.10W)

S. of St. John, VI(41052)(18.30N 64.80W)

Viques Island(41056)(18.30N 65.50W)

West Tampa(42036)

33

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed(28.79N 86.01W)

San Juan(41053)Hurricane Irma

(28.50N 84.52W)

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

37

41

(1 min, 4 m)

39
(1 min, 4 m)

44
(1 min, 4 m)

43
(1 min, 4 m)

44
(10 min, 5 m)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

52

56

55

56

United States
FloridaInternational Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Sites
Albert Whitted Airport(KSPG)

11/0453973.8

11/0053

11/0441990.1

11/0207

11/1153987.0

11/1227

11/0937984.8

11/0246

10/2253952.4

10/2216

11/0238987.8

10/2306

10/2202989.5

10/1847

10/2120989.0

10/0153(27.77N 82.63W)

Cape Canaveral AFD
Skid Strip (KXMR)(28.46N 80.56W)

Craig Municipal Airport(KCRG)(30.33N 81.52W)

Daytona Beach Intl
(KDAB)(29.18N 81.05W)

Fort Myers Page Field(KFMY)(26.58N 81.97W)

Fort Pierce/St. Lucie
Co Intl (KFPR)(27.49N 80.36W)

Ft. Lauderdale
Executive (KFXE)(26.20N 80.17W)

Ft. Lauderdale
International (KFLL)(26.07N 80.15W)

47(2 min, 10 m)

51(2 min, 10 m)

40(2 min, 10 m)

47(2 min, 10 m)

50(2 min, 10 m)

62(2 min, 10 m)

53(2 min, 10 m)

46(2 min, 10 m)

60
70

12.08

61
68
73

10.60

77

15.88

72

9.57

61

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Gainesville Regional
Airport (KGNV)

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Date/
time
(UTC)A

11/1053979.5

11/0527

10/1701

993.3

10/1651

11/1156986.6

11/0748

11/1153984.6

11/1053(26.00N 80.24W)

Jacksonville Intl
Airport (KJAX)(30.49N 81.69W)

Jacksonville Naval Air
Station (KNIP)(30.24N 81.68W)

Key West Intl Airport(KEYW)

10/1115(24.56N 81.76W)

Leesburg Intl Airport(KLEE)

11/0820977.0

11/0735

11/1152988.5

11/0738

11/0532988.1

10/1718986.8

10/1110

10/2116988.8

10/1313

10/1932

959.4

10/1801(28.82N 81.80W)

Mayport Naval Station(KNRB)(30.39N 81.42W)

Melbourne Intl Airport(KMLB)

34

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed(29.68N 82.27W)

Hollywood North Perry
Airport (KHWO)

Hurricane Irma

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

40

50

(2 min, 10 m)

49(2 min, 10 m)

51(2 min, 10 m)

43(2 min, 10 m)

52(2 min, 10 m)

42(2 min, 10 m)

59(2 min, 10 m)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

12.40

68
75

9.20

63

7.08

82
60
76

7.96
11.84

(28.10N 80.64W)

Miami Executive/West
Kendall (KTMB)(25.65N 80.43W)

Miami International(KMIA)(25.80N 80.29W)

Naples Municipal
Airport (KAPF)(26.15N 81.77W)

Okeechobee County
AP (KOBE)

11/0315(27.26N 80.85W)

Opa Locka Airport(KOPF)

10/2112988.8

10/1903

11/0804

981.4

11/0504

11/0720980.4

11/0519(25.91N 80.28W)

Orlando Executive(KORL)(28.54N 81.33W)

Orlando Intl Airport(KMCO)(28.42N 81.31W)

48(2 min, 10 m)

46(2 min, 10 m)

53(2 min, 10 m)

40(2 min, 10 m)

56(2 min, 10 m)

49(2 min, 10 m)

51(2 min, 10 m)

63
63
71
62
74
68
69

8.03

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Orlando/Sanford(KSFB)

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Date/
time
(UTC)A

11/0746982.1

11/0651

10/2205

990.1

10/2039

11/0053962.7

10/2153

10/2353958.1

10/2153

11/0656994.3

11/0506

11/0553975.0

11/0553

11/0353975.5

11/0120

11/0553971.8

11/0335

10/2320990.2

10/2101

11/0453971.5

11/0445(26.24N 80.11W)

Punta Gorda Airport(KPGD)(26.92N 81.99W)

Regional Southwest(KRSW)(26.54N 81.76W)

Saint Augustine
Airport (KSGJ)(29.97N 81.33W)

Saint Petersburg(KPIE)(27.91N 82.69W)

Sarasota
Airport(KSRQ)(27.40N 82.55W)

Tampa International
Airport (KTPA)(28.82N 81.80W)

West Palm Beach
International (KPBI)(26.68N 80.09W)

Winter Haven Airport(KGIF)

35

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed(28.77N 81.24W)

Pompano Beach
Airpark (KPMP)

Hurricane Irma

(28.05N 81.75W)

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

48

65

(2 min, 10 m)

60(2 min, 10 m)

44(2 min, 10 m)

54(2 min, 10 m)

45(2 min, 10 m)

43(2 min, 10 m)

42(2 min, 10 m)

40(2 min, 10 m)

57(2 min, 10 m)

44(2 min, 10 m)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

76
64
77

9.70

62
64
61
58
79
66

Texas Tech University Hurricane Research Team StickNet (South Florida Observations)
2 NNW Royal Palm
Hammock (0111A)

10/2008(26.04N 81.62W)

4 E Orangetree(0103A)

10/2151(26.29N 81.51W)

5 SW Florida City
(0214A)

10/1558(25.40N 80.56W)

6 E Miccosukee
Village (0105A)

10/1703(25.76N 80.67W)

9 E Miles City
(0102A)(26.16N 81.19W)

10/163674(1 min, 2.25 m)

61(1 min, 2.25 m)

66(1 min, 2.25 m)

48(1 min, 2.25 m)

45(1 min, 2.25 m)

99
77
77
66
60

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

9 ESE Golden Gate
(0112A)

Date/
time(UTC)A(26.15N 81.54W)

10/2239(25.76N 80.12W)

Miles City
(0220A)

10/2032(26.15N 81.34W)

Hollywood Beach(0106A)

10/1954(26.05N 80.11W)

Station 109A

10/1727(26.05N 80.11W)

Station 110A

10/2142(26.37N 81.76W)

36

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

10/2052

Miami Beach(0104A)

Hurricane Irma

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

52

77

(1 min, 2.25 m)

52(1 min, 2.25 m)

55(1 min, 2.25 m)

49(1 min, 2.25 m)

51(1 min, 2.25 m)

60(1 min, 2.25 m)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

64
73

60

68
66

Coastal-Marine Automated Network (C-MAN) and NOS Sites
Clearwater Beach(CWBF1)

11/0606

976.2

11/0548

10/2324953.0

10/2254

10/1900

989.5

10/1830

11/0612974.7

11/0436(27.98N 82.83W)

Fort Myers (FMRF1)(26.65N 81.87W)

Fowey Rock(FWYF1)(25.59N 80.10W)

Fred Howard Park
COMPS (FHPF1)(28.15N 82.80W)

Lake Worth Pier
(LKWF1)

10/2100

62

77

1.67

1.85

0.9

44

59

3.88

3.55

3.3

73

87

(6 min, 6.7 m)(10 min, 44 m)

60(6 min, 10 m)

73

55

79

2.23

2.05

1.5

63

81

3.29

2.73

2.7

(26.61N 80.03W)

Key West (KYWF1)(25.55N 81.81W)

10/1236956.6

Middle Tampa Bay(MTBF1)

10/1224
11.0130(15 m)

56

68

60

78

27.66N 82.59W)

Molasses Reef
(MLRF1)(25.01N 80.38W)

10/1300

984.7

10/1200(10 min, 16 m)

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Naples (NPSF1)(26.13N 81.81W)

Mayport (Bar Pilots
Dock) (MYPF1)

Hurricane Irma

37

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

10/2054939.7

10/2200

56

72

5.14

4.83

4.3

11/1218988.3

11/0736

57

78

6.44

5.58

3.6

11/0418972.5

11/0254

50

60

2.37

11/0418973.3

11/0506

975.1(30.40N 81.43W)

Old Port Tampa(OPTF1)

1.2(27.86N 82.55W)

Port Manatee(PMAF1)

2.17

1.87

1.2

2.17

1.96

1.2

3.07

2.75

1.7

4.60

5.23

4.2

2.72

2.20

2.6

(27.642N 82.56W)

St. Petersburg(SAPF1)

10/234233

52(27.76N 82.63W)

McKay Bay Entrance(MCYF1)(27.91N 82.43W)

Port Canaveral Trident Pier (TRDF1)

11/0700

990.1

11/094246

59

10/1500

986.5

10/1200

57

72

11/0700

986.0

11/072059

73

10/1150966.1

10/1318964.2

10/134254

81

11/0200

974.9

11/0200

57

69

10/1918

989.0

10/1900

46

62

3.92

3.87*

3.7

11/1312990.0

11/1548

30

52

7.78

6.34

3.6

5.97

5.11

3.7

(28.42N 80.59W)

Pulaski Shoals Light(PLSF1)(24.69N 82.77W)

St. Augustine(SAUF1)(10 min, 12 m)(29.86N 81.26W)

Sand Key(SANF1)(24.46N 82.77W)

Vaca Key (VCAF1)(24.71N 81.1W)

Venice(VENF1)(27.07N 82.45W)

Virginia Key (VAKF1)(25.73N 80.16W)

Fernandina Beach(FRDF1)(10 min, 12 m)(30.67N 81.47W)

Dames Point (DMSF1)(30.39N 81.56W)

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
LocationI-295 Bridge, St.
Johns River (BKBF1)

Hurricane Irma

38

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

Total
rain
(in)

5.71L

5.63L

5.3L

6.61L

5.56L

4.9L

4.72L

4.60L

4.0L

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

11/1142983.9

11/064850

60(30.18N 81.68W)

Southbank Riverwalk,
St. Johns River(8720226)(30.32N 81.66W)

Racy Point, St. Johns
River (RCYF1)(29.80N 81.55W)

Cedar Key (CDRF1)(29.13N 83.03W)

Apalachicola (APCF1)(29.73N 84.98W)

Panama City (PACF1)(30.15N 85.67W)

Panama City Beach(PCBF1)

11/0936977.2

11/1536

31

47

2.59

2.71

1.2

11/1206

995.6

11/0918

34

45

0.93

1.68

0.8

11/1942999.3

11/1918

25

39

0.56

1.08

0.3

11/2206

999.4

11/2218

29

38

0.59

1.28

0.3

11/20541004.010/2224

17

28

1.00

1.56

0.6

(30.21N 85.88W)

Pensacola (PCLF1)(30.40N 87.21W)

Weatherflow Sites
Alligator Reef Light(XALG)

10/1204

977.0

10/115962

81

10/1824987.2

10/182453

75

10/2038986.2

10/2058

44

69

10/2037989.4

10/201744

68

11/1235983.0

11/073555

69

10/1325986.8

10/124062

81(24.85N 80.62W)

Biscayne Bay Light 20(XKBS)(25.65N 80.19W)

Boca Raton(XBOC)(26.37N 80.08W)

Boyton Beach(XBOY)(26.54N 80.05W)

Buck Island(XJAK)(30.39N 81.48W)

Carysfort Reef Light(XCFL)(25.23N 80.21W)(14.3 m)Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Cocoa Beach Club(XCOA)

Date/
time(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

11/002247

72

10/2120990.8

10/155548

65

11/1005

987.0

11/102547

60

10/183955

70(25.72N 80.15W)

Crescent Beach
Summerhouse (XHSE)(29.71N 81.23W)

Dania Pier(XDAN)(26.05N 80.11W)

Dinner Key(XDIN)

10/1803

990.3

10/182850

71

10/1917987.0

10/191748

69

10/2111984.7

10/17014367(25.71N 80.21W)

Dodge Island Miami(XDGE)(25.76N 80.14W)

DORAL(XURB)(25.85N 80.37W)

Grant-Valkaria - IndianRiver (XIND)(15 min, 5 m)

10/230644

58

10/185265

79

10/214440

62(27.96N 80.53W)

Government Cut(XGVT)

10/1907983.0(25.75N 80.10W)

Hobe Sound(XHOB)(27.05N 80.17W)

Huguenot Park
(XHUP)

11/1116985.0

11/074657

74

10/2012934.8

10/1957

62

86

11/1010986.0

11/131049

65

10/234548

61

10/235461

74(30.41N 81.41W)

Isles of Capri(XCAP)(26.03N 81.60W)

Jacksonville Beach
Pier (XJAX)(30.29N 81.39W)

Jensen Beach(XJEN)(27.22N 80.20W)

Juno Beach Pier
(XJUP)(26.89N 80.06W)

10/2354

987.9

39

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed(28.31N 80.63W)

Crandon Key
Biscayne (XCRN)

Hurricane Irma

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation(ft)EMinimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Jupiter(XOAK)

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

10/2126987.5

10/230142

67

10/1225952.9

10/1140

53

77

11/1044984.0

11/114945

65

11/010749

63

11/012051

82

10/2302

48

65

43

73

(24.57N 81.79W)

Lewis St. Johns(XLWS)(29.91N 81.33W)

Merritt Island - Banana
River - SR520 (XCCB)(28.36N 80.65W)

Merritt Island - Banana
River - SR528 (XMER)(28.40N 80.66W)

Melbourne Beach
Aquarina (XAQU)(27.94N 80.49W)

Miramar(XFLM)

10/2152982.0

10/1827

10/1924987.5

10/185455

73

11/030953

71(25.96N 80.30W)

Morningside Park
Miami (XMSP)(15 min, 5 m)

(25.82N 80.18W)

New Smyrna Beach(XNSB)(29.04N 80.90W)

Port Everglades(XPEG)

10/2145985.2

10/2005

61

74

10/2137988.1

10/185240

71

10/1230964.6

10/121067

84

10/1347980.8

10/134754

74

10/1730986.4

10/1300

50

71

10/2304

62

87(26.08N 80.12W)

Port Everglades South(XPES)(26.06N 80.13W)

Smith Shoal Light(XSMS)(24.72N 81.92W)

South Key Largo(XSKL)(25.10N 80.43W)

South Miami(XSOM)(25.63N 80.30W)

St. Lucie Power Plant(XSTL)(27.35N 80.24W)

40

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed(26.91N 80.07W)

Key West Coast
Guard Sector (XSMS)

Hurricane Irma

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation(ft)EMinimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Tamarac(XCVN)

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Date/
time
(UTC)A

10/2123986.1

10/1853

11/1158

983.0

11/114340

65

11/0220

49

65

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

43

61

(5 min, 10 m)(30.33N 81.62W)

Titusville - Parrish
Park North (XPAR)(28.63N 80.81W)

Turkey Point(XTKY)

10/1726

977.4

10/174662

81

10/1256976.3

10/143661

81(25.43N 80.35W)

Upper Matecumbe
Key (XUMK)(24.92N 80.64W)

US Air Force Sites
USAF Tower 1(KSC0001)

11/0220(28.43N 80.57W)

USAF Tower 108(KSC0108)

11/0205(28.54N 80.57W)

USAF Tower 211(KSC0211)

11/0220(28.61N 80.62W)

USAF Tower 211(KSC0211)

11/0220(28.61N 80.62W)

USAF Tower 3 –Lower (KSC0003)

11/0202(28.46N 80.53W)

USAF Tower 3 –Upper (KSC0003)

11/0205(28.46N 80.53W)

USAF Tower 300(KSC0300)

11/0230(28.40N 80.65W)

USAF Tower 311(KSC0311)

11/0220(28.60N 80.57W)

USAF Tower 397 –Lower (KSC0397)(28.60N 80.57W)

41

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed(26.19N 80.30W)

Terminal ChannelJacksonville (XTRM)

Hurricane Irma

11/001568(16.5 m)49
(16.5 m)40
(16.5 m)40
(16.5 m)

82

81

73
73

49
(3.7 m)58(16.5 m)56
(16.5 m)48
(16.5 m)81
(78.9 m)

74
79

72

94

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation(ft)EMinimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Date/
time
(UTC)

USAF Tower 397 –Upper (KSC0397)

Press.
(mb)

Date/
time
(UTC)A

11/0015
11/0220(28.60N 80.57W)

USAF Tower 412(KSC0412)

11/0219(28.61N 80.67W)

USAF Tower 418(KSC0418)

11/0145(28.71N 80.73W)

USAF Tower 19(KSC0019)

11/0315(28.74N 80.70W)

USAF Tower 506(KSC0506)

42

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed(28.60N 80.57W)

USAF Tower 403(KSC0403)

Hurricane Irma

11/0130(28.52N 80.64W)

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

90

101

(139.6 m)

44(16.5 m)56
(16.5 m)42
(16.5 m)54
(16.5 m)42
(16.5 m)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

72

76
69
70
72

Remote Automated Weather Stations (RAWS) and HADS Sites
Big Cypress
Reservation (TS909)

11/0105

49

8.23

104

12.54

47

7.74

78

13.63

(26.30N 80.98W)

Big Pine Key(TS607)

10/1438(24.72N 81.39W)

Brighton Seminole 3
NNW (TS896)

23
(6 m)

(27.12N 81.08W)

Chekika(CHKF1)

10/1723(25.62N 80.58W)

Deerfield Beach(DFBS1)

10/2200(26.29N 80.12W)

Golden Gate Estates 5
SE (PHWF1)

10/2211(26.15N 81.58W)

Homestead(STDF1)

10/1700(25.50N 80.50W)

Honeymoon(HMRF1)(26.19N 81.07W)

48(10 min, 6.1 m)

10/214549(10 min, 6 m)

51
(15 m)

21(10 min, 6 m)

45
(15 min, 10 m)

97
59

10.41

63

9.16

59

10.55

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Immokalee(IMKF1)

43

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

10/2300(25.50N 80.50W)

Loxahatchee NWR(LOHF1)

Hurricane Irma

10/2232

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation(ft)ESustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

56

72

14.48

40

66

8.08

31

65

10.23

45

63

7.16

39

67

9.90

83

9.61

65

10.73

62

7.72

79

11.31

(15 min, 10 m)(26.49N 80.43W)

Miles City 7 NE
(RKIF1)

10/2045(26.25N 81.30W)

North Key Largo
Handar (KLNF1)

10/1400

987.5

10/1330(6 min, 10 m)(25.19N 80.35W)

Oasis Ranger Station(OASF1)

10/1637(25.86N 81.03W)

Ochopee(OCOF1)

10/1903(25.90N 81.32W)

Panther East
(PSTF1)

10/1711(10 min, 6 m)

55
(10 min, 6 m)

31

(26.17N 81.36W)

Raccoon Point(RACF1)

10/1722(25.98N 80.90W)

Royal Palm Ranger
Station (LPIF1)

10/1623(25.39N 80.68W)

48(10 min, 6 m)

South Florida Water Management District Sites
Ave Maria(AVEMARIA)

10/2200(26.30N 81.43W)

Belle Glade(BELLW)

10/2245(26.65N 80.63W)

Brighton(S75WX)

10/2345(27.19N 81.13W)

Clewiston(CFSW)(26.73N 80.89W)

Ft. Pierce(NCSF1)(27.47N 80.47W)

10/230057(15 min, 8 m)

44
(15 min, 8 m)

48
(15 min, 8 m)

43
(15 min, 8 m)

77

62

68

60

15.18

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Golden Gate Estates(SGGEW)

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Date/
time
(UTC)A

10/2130

10/2000(27.31N 81.02W)

Lake Hatchineha(WRWX)

44

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed(26.14N 81.58W)

Kissimmee River(S65DWX)

Hurricane Irma

11/0000(28.05N 81.40W)

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

47

84

(15 min, 8 m)

46
(15 min, 8 m)

36
(15 min, 8 m)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

10.36

63

48

Lake Istokpoga
(S68)

6.78

6.82

(27.33N 81.25W)

Lake Okeechobee
Center (LZ40)

11/003052

67

11/011552

65

11/003052

62

11/0030

55

68

37

70

(26.90N 80.79W)

Lake Okeechobee
North (L001)(27.14N 80.79W)

Lake Okeechobee
South (L006)(26.82N 80.78W)

Lake OkeechobeeWest (L005)(26.96N 80.94W)

Lake Tohopekaliga(S61W)

11/0200(28.14N 81.35W)

Miccosukee Village(3AS3W)

10/1715(25.85N 80.77W)(15 min, 8 m)

59
(15 min, 8 m)

75

North Kissimmee
River (S65AMW)

7.69(27.66N 81.13W)

Ortona(S78W)

11/0015(26.79N 81.30W)

The Redland(S331W)

10/1700(25.61N 80.51W)

Rotenberger WMA(ROTNWX)(26.33N 80.88W)

10/213044(15 min, 8 m)

44
(15 min, 8 m)

47
(15 min, 8 m)

65

61

65

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Date/
time
(UTC)

Ten Mile Creek(TMWF1)Press.
(mb)

Date/
time
(UTC)A

10/1745(26.65N 80.07W)

45

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed(27.40N 80.43W)

West Palm Beach
Forrest Hill (FHCHSX)

Hurricane Irma

10/1630

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

39

57

(15 min, 8 m)

38
(15 min, 8 m)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

11.82

67

Yeehaw Junction (YEHF1)

10.61(27.68N 81.02W)

United States Geological Survey (USGS) Storm Tide Sensors
Everglades City
(FLCOL03237)

8.31(25.85N 81.39W)

Goodland(FLCOL03176)

7.03(25.92N 81.65W)

Crescent Beach(FLSTJ03125)

6.65(29.76N 81.25W)

Jacksonville Beach(FLDUV21045)

6.55(30.29N 81.39W)

Miami – Dinner Key(FLMIA03335)

5.75(25.73N 80.24W)

Lakes by the Bay –Black Creek Marina(FLMIA03786)

5.61(25.54N 80.33W)

Miami – Matheson
Hammock Park
(FLMIA21077)

5.36(25.68N 80.26W)

Marco Island –Tigertail Beach(FLCOL03171)

5.20(25.95N 81.74W)

Naples(FLCOL03296)

5.06(26.13N 81.81W)

Port of the Islands –Faka Union Canal(FLCOL03089)(25.96N 81.51W)

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

4.86

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Hurricane Irma

46

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained(kt)BMiami – Black Creek(FLMIA21052)

Gust
(kt)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

4.84

(25.55N 80.35W)

Bonita Springs(FLLEE03292)

4.64(26.37N 81.81W)

Ormond Beach(FLVOL03138)

4.37(29.29N 81.05W)

Henderson Creek(FLCOL03148)

4.12(26.05N 81.71W)

Homestead – Turkey
Point(FLMIA03794)

4.07(25.44N 80.33W)

Delnor-Wiggins StatePark(FLCOL03294)

3.90(26.28N 81.83W)

Karl E. Johnson StatePark(FLLEE03288)

3.56(26.40N 81.88W)

Pompano Beach(FLBRO03525)

3.41(26.22N 80.10W)

Miami – Albert Pallot
Park(FLMIA03213)

3.35(25.81N 80.19W)

Boca Raton – Silver
Palm Park(FLPAL03554)

3.05(26.35N 80.08W)

CoCoRaHS Sites
Aberdeen(FL-PB-77)

8.68(26.56N 80.17W)

Aberdeen 2 WNW(FL-PB-2)

8.96(26.58N 80.20W)

Alachua 5.2 NNW(FL-AL-56)(29.84N 82.51W)

11.03

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Apopka(FL-OR-16)

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Hurricane Irma

47

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

11.58

(28.68N 81.47W)

Apopka(FL-OR-43)

11.80(28.67N 81.46W)

Arcadia 7.1 WSW(FL-DS-1)

11.34(27.18N 81.96W)

Auburndale 3.0 SSW(FL-PK-01)

11.00(28.03N 81.82W)

Avon Park 0.6 NW(FL-HL-10)

9.42(27.60N 81.51W)

Babson Park 0.9 NW(FL-PK-58)

9.85(27.84N 81.54W)

Biscayne Park
(FL-MD-33)

8.19(25.88N 80.18W)

Belleview 4.8 E(FL-MR-18)

9.50(29.05N 81.97W)

Bloomingdale 1.3 ESE(FL-HB-14)

7.32(27.87N 82.24W)

Brooksville 1.2 E (FLHN-17)

6.59(28.56N 82.37W)

Boynton Beach 1
WNW (FL-PB-70)

7.56(26.54N 80.10W)

Bunnell 1.0 ENE(FL-FL19)

8.48(29.47N 81.24W)

Chiefland 8.4 ENE(FL-LV-9)

7.92(29.50N 82.72W)

Chuluota(FL-SM-8)

11.22(28.65N 81.12W)

Cudjoe Key 0.9 SSW(FL-MN-6)(24.66N 81.51W)

9.76

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

De Land(FL-VL-21)

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Hurricane Irma

48

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

11.53

(29.04N 81.33W)

De Land - Cocorahs(FL-VL-9)

11.82(29.10N 81.36W)

Englewood 3.7 NNW(FL-SS-44)

6.30(27.00N 82.39W)

Florida Gardens 3 N(FL-PB-87)

6.61(26.67N 80.18W)

Ft. Pierce(FL-SL-41)

17.25(27.56N 80.40W)

Gainesville 1.7 SE(FL-AL-26)

10.94(29.65N 82.32W)

Gainesville 2.4 SW(FL-AL-50)

10.75(29.64N 82.36W)

Gainesville 2.4 NW(FL-AL-57)

12.22(29.69N 82.36W)

Gainesville 3.8 W(FL-AL-10)

10.89(29.67N 82.40W)

Gainesville 5.4 W(FL-AL-48)

8.87(29.67N 82.43W)

Gainesville 7.5 WSW(FL-AL-60)

11.15(29.63N 82.45W)

Gainesville 7.7 W(FL-AL-55)

10.33(29.67N 82.46W)

Hernando 1.6 N(FL-CT-11)

10.28(28.93N 82.37W)

High Springs 3.2 SW(FL-AL-17)

8.23(29.78N 82.63W)

Interlachen 8.8 S(FL-MR-46)

11.51(29.48N 81.90W)

Keystone Heights 1.8
ESE (FL-CY-24)(29.76N 82.01W)

10.36

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Keystone Heights 3.5
ENE (FL-CY-7)

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Hurricane Irma

49

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

6.78

(29.79N 81.98W)

Keystone Heights 10
NE (FL-CY-38)

8.55(29.88N 81.91W)

Key Largo 5.3 SW(FL-MN-4)

9.98(25.05N 80.49W)

Key Largo 6.2 NE(FL-MN-25)

6.93(25.17N 80.37W)

Key West 1.3 ENE(FL-MN-16)

9.03(24.57N 81.76W)

LaBelle 2 WNW(FL-HY-3)

10.31(26.76N 81.48W)

Lady Lake(FL-LK-16)

11.03(28.89N 81.94W)

Lake City 7.9 SSW(FL-CB-12)

8.44(30.08N 82.69W)

Lake Wales 0.7 SE(FL-PK-59)

9.84(27.89N 81.58W)

Leesburg(FL-LK-30)

10.13(28.84N 81.91W)

Marathon 6.8 ENE(FL-MN-23)

9.42(24.74N 80.98W)

Micanopy 2.1 NNE(FL-AL-51)

10.70(29.53N 82.26W)

Micanopy 4.6 SSE(FL-MR-42)

6.83(29.44N 82.25W)

Mims(FL-VL-49)

12.87(28.69N 80.99W)

Miramar 1 WSW(FL-BW-10)

9.92(25.98N 80.37W)

North Port 2.6 E(FL-SS-34)(27.05N 82.15W)

6.55

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Ocala 1.1 SE(FL-MR-54)

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Hurricane Irma

50

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

8.63

(29.17N 82.12W)

Ocala 10.7 WSW(FL-MR-56)

9.90(29.12N 82.29W)

Ocala 11.2 SW(FL-MR-59)

9.96(29.07N 82.26W)

Ocala 4.6 N(FL-MR-57)

10.12(29.25N 82.13W)

Ocala 9.80 SW(FL-MR-43)

9.91(29.08N 82.24W)

Ocala 14.3 S(FL-MR-36)

9.65(28.97N 82.13W)

Ocklawaha 4.9 NE(FL-MR-22)

9.00(29.09N 81.87W)

Orange(FL-OR-23)

10.51(28.59N 81.11W)

Orange Park 1.8 WSW(FL-CY-25)

11.03(30.15N 81.73W)

Orlando(FL-OR-27)

10.51(28.59N 81.11W)

Oviedo(FL-SM-12)

12.14(28.66N 81.25W)

Palm Coast 0.6 ESE(FL-FL-21)

7.67(29.56N 81.20W)

Palm Coast 1.9 S(FL-FL-26)

6.72(29.54N 81.21W)

Palm Coast 5.9 S(FL-FL-25)

9.10(29.48N 81.21W)

Palm Bay(FL-BV-1)(27.95N 80.64W)

11.10

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Palm Shores(FL-BV-2)

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Hurricane Irma

51

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

10.01

(28.19N 80.68W)

Penney Farms(FL-CY-41)

7.46(29.98N 81.81W)

Poinciana Place 2.5
SSW (FL-PK-53)

10.14(28.12N 81.50W)

Port St. Lucie(FL-SL-19)

10.36(27.32N 80.31W)

Riverview 4.8 SSW(FL-HB-98)

6.82(27.80N 82.34W)

Ruskin 1.8 ESE(FL-HB-44)

6.78(27.71N 82.40W)

Sebring 4.7 WNW(FL-HL-13)

10.54(27.52N 81.53W)

Starke 0.9 ESE(FL-BF-2)

11.74(29.94N 82.10W)

The Villages 2.7 NNW(FL-ST-13)

9.18(28.90N 81.97W)

Titusville(FL-BV-38)

11.33(28.63N 80.86W)

Trenton 4 NW
(FL-GC-8)

6.53(28.63N 80.86W)

Trenton 8.0 ENE(FL-GC-1)

7.60(29.65N 82.69W)

Union Park
(FL-OR-10)

13.79(28.59N 81.22W)

Valrico 1.1 SE(FL-HB-3)

6.52(27.93N 82.23W)

Valrico 2.2 SE(FL-HB-4)(27.91N 82.23W)

6.31

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Hurricane Irma

52

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Vero Beach(FL-IR-15)

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

10.00

(27.64N 80.42W)

Weeki Wachee 7.1
NNE (FL-HN-24)

7.36(28.61N 82.54W)

Weston 2 SSE(FL-BW-99)

8.80(26.13N 80.39W)

NWS Cooperative Observer Program (COOP) Sites
Bahia Honda Key 1
WSW (BPNF1)

7.58(24.66N 81.28W)

Boca Raton 12 W
(WBCF1)

9.24(26.36N 80.30W)

Buckhead Ridge 7
WSW (IPEF1)

6.18(27.09N 81.01W)

Buckhead Ridge 9 SW
(NWLF1)

7.11(27.03N 81.00W)

Buckhead Ridge 12
WSW (BRGF1)

7.30(27.03N 81.07W)

Buckhead Ridge 14
WNW (IPIF1)

6.03(27.19N 81.13W)

Buckhead Ridge 15 W
(IPRF1)

6.18(27.12N 81.16W)

Carol City 2 NW
(LLUF1)

8.00(25.97N 80.30W)

Coral Springs 3 SW
(CSGF1)

9.72(26.23N 80.30W)

Cutler Bay 3 NE
(CTRF1)

6.48(25.61N 80.31W)

Cutler Bay 3 SSE(BCPF1)(25.54N 80.33W)

6.07

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Deerfield Beach 2
WNW (BORF1)

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Hurricane Irma

53

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

6.76

(26.33N 80.13W)

El Portal(ELPF1)

6.79(25.85N 80.19W)

Florida City 5 SW
(EVGF1)

6.49(25.40N 80.56W)

Ft. Lauderdale 4 W(FTDF1)

9.90(26.14N 80.20W)

Ft. Pierce WP(FPCF1)

21.66(27.44N 80.35W)

Juno Beach(JUBF1)

6.47(26.86N 80.06W)

Jupiter 3 W(JPTF1)

6.32(26.93N 80.14W)

Lake Harbor(SLOF1)

7.75(26.70N 80.81W)

Lakeport 2 E(LKPF1)

6.60(26.98N 81.09W)

Lauderdale Lakes 1 E(LDLF1)

7.68(26.17N 80.18W)

Leisure City 5 E(BHMF1)

6.88(25.49N 80.35W)

Melbourne WFO(MLBF1)

11.82(28.11N 80.65W)

Miami Lakes(MMLF1)

6.33(25.91N 80.32W)

Miami Springs 2 E(MINF1)

6.94(25.81N 80.26W)

Moore Haven(MHVF1)(26.84N 81.09W)

7.70

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Hurricane Irma

54

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Moore Haven 3 NW
(MRHF1)

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

6.98

(26.86N 81.14W)

Mt. Plymouth(PLTF1)

11.59(28.79N 81.53W)

Naples 7 E(NPLF1)

11.46(26.17N 81.68W)

Plantation 2 SE
(PLAF1)8.10(26.09N 80.23W)

Plantation7 W(WSTF1)

10.81(26.13N 80.37W)

Pompano Beach(PNOF1)

6.39(26.23N 80.12W)

Princeton(PRNF1)

6.79(25.54N 80.41W)

Richmond Heights 7
WNW (RHWF1)

6.18(25.66N 80.48W)

Sanford(SFNF1)

11.95(28.81N 81.28W)

South Bay 13 SSE(SWAF1)

6.03(26.48N 80.65W)

Stuart(STRF1)

10.53(27.19N 80.24W)

Sunrise(SNRF1)

7.95(26.16N 80.30W)

Sweetwater 9 W(TTLF1)

6.11(25.76N 80.50W)

Regional Observation Monitoring Program Sites (ROMP)
Avon Park Romp
43XX (7174)(27.60N 81.48W)

8.19

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Brownsville Romp 26(4334)

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Hurricane Irma

55

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

8.77

(27.30N 81.82W)

Caspersen Romp TR
4-1 (8634)

6.71(27.06N 82.44W)

Cecil Webb Romp 5(2754)

8.86(26.95N 81.81W)

Cristina Romp 62(8414)

6.06(27.86N 82.31W)

Cumpressco Romp 89(1834)

11.34(28.36N 82.04W)

Dade City Romp 90(6174)

8.67(28.36N 82.14W)

Davenport Romp 74X(8094)

9.64(28.16N 81.57W)

Fort Meade Romp 45(1354)

10.11(27.76N 81.79W)

Fort Ogden Romp
16.5 (5094)

8.38(27.06N 81.88W)

Green Swamp Romp
87 (1254)

9.61(28.22N 82.03W)

Hicoria Romp 14(7554)

8.65(27.15N 81.35W)

Horse Creek Romp 17(1554)

8.94(27.17N 81.96W)

Horse Lake Romp 105(8454)

7.33(28.56N 82.40W)

Josephine Creek
Romp 28 (2634)(27.37N 81.44W)

9.18

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Joshua Creek Romp
16 (1574)

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Hurricane Irma

56

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

8.04

(27.19N 82.13W)

Kuka Romp CB-1NW(7274)

6.47(28.43N 82.48W)

Lake Medard Romp
61 (1854)

6.57(27.91N 82.16W)

Lake Placid Romp
28X (1494)

7.82(27.27N 81.34W)

Lemon Bay Romp TR
3-3 (7594)

6.49(26.93N 82.33W)

Lily Romp 25(7954)

8.40(27.37N 81.01W)

Long Island Marsh
Romp 15 (7934)

8.80(27.21N 81.66W)

Mulberry Romp 60(1314)

6.36(27.89N 81.98W)

Murdock Romp 18(8514)

7.00(27.19N 82.13W)

Myakka City Romp 23(1474)

6.64(27.31N 82.18W)

Myakka Head Romp
32 (1414)

7.14(27.47N 82.06W)

North Port Romp 9(7834)

8.03(27.08N 82.15W)

Old Polk City Romp 76(8114)

8.66(28.18N 81.83W)

ONA Romp 31(1434)(27.45N 81.92W)

6.34

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Ozello Romp TR 21-2
(1174)

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Hurricane Irma

57

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

7.43

(28.85N 82.60W)

Prairie Creek Romp
12 (2834)

9.51(27.04N 81.74W)

Ringgold Romp 107(1214)

6.30(28.66N 82.46W)

Rock Ridge Romp 88(1874)

9.62(28.31N 81.91W)

Romp 35(3394)

6.95(27.29N 82.04W)

Romp 39(2594)

6.37(27.59N 82.25W)

Romp 131(4434)

7.26(28.33N 82.56W)

Rutland Romp 112(8434)

8.48(28.88N 82.23W)

Shell Creek Romp 11(1614)

6.79(26.98N 81.94W)

Starling Romp 123(1374)

6.20(27.68N 82.25W)

Tippen Bay Romp 13(2614)

8.96(27.07N 81.62W)

Tsala Apopka Romp
116 (6734)

10.19(28.96N 82.34W)

Romp TR 1-2(7754)

7.98(26.84N 81.98W)

Romp TR 3-1(1594)(26.94N 82.22W)

7.33

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Hurricane Irma

58

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

Romp TR 5-3(8574)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

6.79

(27.16N 82.40W)

Utopia Romp 22(7474)

6.21(27.31N 82.34W)

Warner Southern
Romp 44 (8054)

9.46(27.82N 81.60W)

Waterbury Romp 33(7694)

6.62(27.46N 82.26W)

Williston Romp 134(6774)

7.77(28.75N 82.23W)

Winter Haven Romp
73 (8034)

7.43(28.02N 81.73W)

Zolfo Springs Romp
30 (2794)

10.58(27.46N 81.80W)

Other Sites
Airglades FAWN
Clewiston (AIRGL)

11/0015(26.73N 81.05W)

59(15 min, 10 m)

78

Alachua 5 SE

7.51

(29.72N 82.42W)

Alva (ALVA)

7.05(26.71N 81.61W)

Apopka - FAWN
(POPF1)

11/0530

32

53

11.01

11/0130

41

67

9.83

(28.64N 81.55W)

Arcadia – FAWN
(ARCAD)(27.23N 81.84W)

Avon Park Bomb
Range (AVONPK)

8.23(27.63N 81.26W)

Bellair 4 W(29.75N 82.93W)

15.11

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Belle Glade 3 SE
FAWN (BLDF1)

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Hurricane Irma

59

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

10/2245

44

57

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

10.35

(26.65N 80.64W)

Belleview 3 SSW

9.64(29.01N 82.07W)

Bird Creek(4074)

6.33(29.01N 82.75W)

Bithlo - USGS(WELF1)

10.54(28.44N 81.17W)

Bonita Springs Utilities(BSUTIL)

9.92(26.34N 81.75W)

Boca Raton 2 NNW(E5514)

7.36(26.39N 80.11W)

Bowling Green(7114)

8.94(27.64N 81.84W)

Bronson - FAWN
(BRZF1)

11/054523

43

10/2100

50

67

6.81

(29.40N 82.59W)

Broward County EOC(26.12N 80.27W)

Chinsegut Hill
(9174)

7.65(28.62N 82.37W)

Christmas - Spotter(ORA-048)

17.44(28.57N 81.02W)

Clewiston 7 W(CLWF1)

9.65(26.75N 80.94W)

Coleman LP-6
(2774)

9.26(28.81N 82.09W)

Coley NR Frostproof(6070)(27.74N 81.53W)

8.45

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Collier County EOC(NPLCC)

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Hurricane Irma

60

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

10/2000

71

106

10/1900

43

77

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation(ft)E(26.11N 81.69W)

Coral Springs(CRLCG)(26.26N 80.30W)

Creek Ranch(CREEKR)

7.93(28.04N 81.46W)

Cypress Creek TMR-5(2734)

7.48(28.26N 82.40W)

Dade City - FAWN
(311)

11/0615

27

42

8.67

10/1900

30

57

9.68

11/032461

70

10/2200

61

87

10/1800

41

83(28.35N 82.20W)

Davie - FAWN
(FDLF1)(26.09N 80.30W)

Daytona Beach Embry
Riddle (KFLDAYTO14)(29.19N 81.05W)

Deerfield Beach(DRFCE)(26.31N 80.15W)

Doral(WFORT)(25.79N 80.34W)

DV-1 Dover(1294)

6.95(27.99N 82.21W)

DV-2 Dover(7714)

7.12(27.97N 82.15W)

East Palatka 3.5 NNW(29.69N 81.62W)

Fernandina Beach(30.65N 81.45W)

Fernandina Beach
0.4 N(30.66N 81.45W)

10.96

12.70

9.86

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Hurricane Irma

61

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

Fernandina Beach
6.3 S

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

9.92

(30.56N 81.45W)

Floral City Pool(2014)

8.52(28.75N 82.28W)

Florence 9 N

8.55(29.86N 81.88W)

Ft. Wilderness - Reedy
Creek (M)

10.21

(28.41N 81.56W)

Gateway(GATEWAY)

7.38(26.57N 81.74W)

Geneva - USGS(GNEF1)

11.74(28.71N 81.04W)

Green Cove Springs
2.6 WNW

10.48(30.00N 81.72W)

Hanna Lake
(7534)

6.07(28.14N 82.45W)

Hernando Pool
(2054)

8.13(28.90N 82.37W)

Indian Lakes Fire
(INDIANL)

9.21(27.79N 81.33W)

Indian River - FAWN
(IRVF1)

11/0400

31

46

14.15

(27.62N 80.57W)

Inverness Pool
(2034)

8.20(28.85N 82.32W)

Island Ford Lake
(1634)

6.24(28.15N 82.60W)

Jacksonville 6.7 WSW(30.30N 81.76W)

7.37

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Hurricane Irma

62

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

Jacksonville 10 SW

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

11.04

(30.24N 81.79W)

Jacksonville 12 SSE

11.00(30.18N 81.57W)

Jacksonville Heights 5
WNW

7.54

(30.27N 81.86W)

Johnson Pond
(2294)

7.98(29.50N 82.38W)

Joshua - FAWN
(241)

8.72

(27.26N 81.61W)

Lake Apopka NSRA SJRWMD (M)

10.65(28.65N 81.57W)

Lake Arbuckle(ARBCKL_P)

6.36(27.66N 81.37W)

Lake Buena Vista Reedy Creek (M)

10.65(28.39N 81.52W)

Lake Gibson 2(2434)

8.59(28.10N 81.95W)

Lake Hamilton(1754)

8.68(28.04N 81.64W)

Lake Henry(1814)

8.84(28.08N 81.66W)

Lakeland L. Field(KLAL)

11/04154458(27.99N 82.01W)

Lake Lowery(6184)

8.41(28.13N 81.69W)

Lake Mary - USGS(LSPF1)(28.79N 81.41W)

12.46

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Hurricane Irma

63

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

Lakes Regional Park
(LAKES)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

9.20

(26.53N 81.89W)

Lauderhill(FRBCS)

10/1300

43

70

11/031523

36(26.12N 80.18W)

Lecanto - FAWN
(275)

8.41

(28.83N 82.50W)

Lehigh Acres(LEHI)

10.07(26.61N 81.65W)

Leslie Heifner(6774)

7.72(28.75N 82.23W)

Lorida-McArthur(MCARTH)

7.79(27.44N 81.21W)

Lovers Key(LOVERSKE)

8.78(26.39N 81.87W)

Magic Kingdom Reedy Creek (M)

10.29(28.43N 81.58W)

Mandarin 4 NNE

7.35(30.20N 81.61W)

Marco Island PD

10/1900(25.94N 81.71W)

Marco Island –(Spotter)

936.9

113
97

112

46

69

(25.92N 80.73W)

Big Pine Key –(Spotter)

10/1216933.7(21.67N 81.35W)

Margate(PMPNB)

10/1925(26.25N 80.19W)

McIntosh(5074)

7.51(28.07N 82.14W)

MIA - ITWS
(25.80N 80.29W)

Melbourne Shores(KFLMELBO72)(27.96N 80.51W)

10/1646
11/032558(1 min, 15 m)

56(10.4 m)86
75

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Hurricane Irma

64

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

Middleburg 8.8 E

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

11.32

(30.04N 81.75W)

Moore Haven(MRHMG)

10/2300

47

68(26.83N 81.10W)

N. Serv(NRESV)

9.68(26.71N 81.84W)

Naples 1 E(NPLMP)

10/2000

81

123(26.15N 81.77W)

National Weather
Service Miami

989.5

10/170870(25.76N 80.38W)

Near N Perry Airport(CLWCH)

10/195070

95(26.04N 80.22W)

North Kissimmee
River (KREF)

9.48(27.75N 81.18W)

North Port - FAWN
(NPORT)

10/233031

51

10/2100

43

74

7.44

(27.14N 82.34W)

Oakland Park
(FTPCS)(26.20N 80.13W)

Olga(OLGA)

8.81(26.72N 81.68W)

Olustee 3 N(30.24N 82.43W)

Ortega 1 WNW(30.27N 81.72W)

Palm Bay Public
Works - SJRWMD (M)

9.76

11.11

10.52

(27.99N 80.70W)

Palm Bay Stp SJRWMD (M)(28.02N 80.60W)

10.67

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Palmdale - FAWN
(PALF1)

Hurricane Irma

65

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

11/0045

36

59

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

8.38

(26.94N 81.31W)

Pana Vista Lake
Panasoffkee (8974)

9.98(28.81N 82.14W)

Parkland(PRKLN)

10/2000

4271(26.30N 80.27W)

Parrish Park SJRWMD (M)

10.07(28.76N 80.88W)

Peace River(7394)

8.43(27.09N 82.01W)

Pembroke Park
(HLLYW)

10/2200

47

75

10/152053

95(25.99N 80.16W)

Pembroke Pines(PBRPN)(26.01N 80.27W)

Pierson - USGS(LGRF1)

10.03(29.23N 81.49W)

Plant City 3 W(Spotter)(28.04N 82.16W)

Raiford 0.9 NE(30.04N 82.23W)

Ransom Rd - NASA SJRWMD (M)11/0509964.4

11/014263(10 sec, 7 m)

71

9.62

11.34

(28.51N 80.68W)

Rock Springs Well SJRWMD

11.16(28.77N 81.44W)

S-161 Along Harney
Rd (6614)

6.52(28.02N 82.37W)

Saddle Creek(1774)(27.94N 81.85W)

8.90

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

66

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

Satsuma 4 NE

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

10.05

(29.59N 81.61W)

Sebring - FAWN
(SEBF1)

Hurricane Irma

11/0300

49

9.03(27.42N 81.40W)

Sebring (SEBRNG)

7.92(27.46N 81.35W)

St. Augustine South

10.22(29.84N 81.31W)

St. George Island
Bridge (Weatherstem)

11/12104747(29.69N 84.89W)

St Pete 42(3014)

7.58(28.18N 82.52W)

Southwest Ranches(WSTNF)

10/1700

4785(26.06N 80.39W)

Starkey(3154)

6.69(28.25N 82.35W)

Sunrise(FTDST)

10/1700

45

71

10/2100

4285(26.16N 80.25W)

Sunrise(SNRSC)(26.16N 80.29W)

SWFWMD
Headquarters (7094)

6.46(28.47N 82.44W)

Tampa SVC Office(9274)

6.87(28.02N 82.35W)

Taylor 7 NNW(30.53N 82.34W)

Ten Mile Canal NR
Daniel (10MILE)(26.55N 81.86W)

7.79

10.03

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Hurricane Irma

67

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

The Villages 2.8 ESE

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

10.59

(28.90N 81.97W)

Tick Island-Kiss. River(TICK)

8.38(27.69N 81.19W)

Umatilla - FAWN
(UMLF1)

11/1100

29

45

10.49

(28.93N 81.65W)

University Park
(MFL)

6.96

(25.75N 80.38W)

Urban Estates(NPLLV)

10/2100

48

97(26.27N 81.75W)

Venus(VENUSR)

8.40(27.08N 81.34W)

Vilano Beach 4 NNW(30.02N 81.32W)

11/03081005.010/2223

51

60

Walt Disney World Svc
Area - Reedy Creek

10.21(28.38N 81.59W)

Wasteplant(WTEP)

11.59(26.63N 81.76W)

Webster City
(9074)

10.60(28.61N 82.05W)

West Miami(MMMCH)

10/154059

81(25.74N 80.30W)

Wildwood II(7034)

8.57(28.86N 82.03W)

Whidden Properties(WHID)

9.76(26.95N 81.57W)

Wilton Manors 1 S(D0271)(26.14N 80.13W)

9.94

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Hurricane Irma

68

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation(ft)E

Withlacoochee River(6082)

10.31(28.48N 82.18W)

Wolfe Nr Jumping
Gully (7254)

6.49(28.38N 82.50W)

Yeehaw Junction SJRWMD (M)

12.00(27.70N 80.90W)

Yellow Fever Creek(YELLOWFE)

6.78(26.68N 81.90W)

GeorgiaInternational Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Sites
Atlanta International
Airport (KATL)

12/0200

999.0

11/1910(33.64N 84.43W)

Bacon County Airport GA (KAMG)

39(2 min, 10 m)

11/1314

56
38

6.04

(31.54N 82.51W)

Brunswick/Clynco
Airport (KBQK)

11/0915(31.15N 81.47W)

Hunter Army Airfield(KSVN)

11/1458

35(2 min, 10 m)

52

33

51

37

53

6.47

(32.01N 81.16W)

Middle Georgia
Regional AP (KMCN)

11/2110994.6

11/1555

11/1956997.6

11/1152

11/0953996.5

11/1005

11/1443984.8

11/1214(32.69N 83.65W)

Savannah Intl Airport GA (KSAV)(32.13N 81.20W)

Valdosta - GA
(KVLD)(30.97N 83.28W)

Valdosta/Moody AFB GA (KVAD)(30.97N 83.20W)(2 min, 10 m)

38(2 min, 10 m)

36(2 min, 10 m)

38(2 min, 10 m)

52
49
54

Coastal-Marine Automated Network (C-MAN), and NOS Sites
Fort Pulaski (FPKG1)(32.03N 80.90W)

11/1706

999.7

11/121842(6.5 m)Weatherflow Sites

61

5.63

8.18

4.7

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
LocationJeckyll Island - GA
(XJEK)

Hurricane Irma

69

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

11/1322988.0

11/133750

67

11/1729997.0

11/121943

56

11/1702

997.0

11/1447

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation(ft)E(31.05N 81.41W)

Tybee Island North GA (XTYB)(32.02N 80.84W)

Tybee Island South GA (XTYE)(31.99N 80.85W)(10 m)

43(9.1 m)55

Remote Automated Weather Stations (RAWS) and HADS Sites
Baxley(BXTG1)

11/150456

11/180144

11/180144

11/180148(31.71N 82.39W)

Jones Island
Okefenokee (JONG1)(30.82N 82.36W)

Okefenokee NWR
East (TS818)(30.74N 82.13W)

Okefenokee NWR
West (TT331)(30.97N 82.40W)

Sapelo Island Reserve(SAXG1)

11/1415994.0

11/2000(31.42N 81.30W)

Sterling Glynn(STRG1)35(10 m)

52

11/110448

11/100455

7.20(31.25N 81.61W)

Waycross(OKEG1)(31.24N 82.40W)

CoCoRaHS Sites
Reevesville 1 SSE(SC-DC-18)

6.00(33.18N 80.64W)

Richmond Hill 1 NE
(GA-BR-2)

6.66(31.94N 81.30W)

Richmond Hill 7 ESE(GA-BR-5)

6.67(31.88N 81.20W)

Rincon 5 NNE(GA-EF-18)(32.36N 81.21W)

7.86

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Hurricane Irma

70

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation(ft)E

NWS Cooperative Observer Program (COOP) Sites
Darien 7 NNE(MERG1)

6.00(31.45N 81.36W)

Fort Stewart(FSBG1)

6.63(31.96N 81.46W)

Richmond Hill 3 NE
(RICG1)

6.12(31.97N 81.29W)

Sapelo Island (SPIG1)

7.53(31.39N 81.28W)

Other Sites
Atkinson 1 WSW

8.74(31.21N 81.87W)

Blackshear 5 NNW

8.45(31.36N 82.28W)

Decatur

6.32(33.71N 84.24W)

Deenwood 2 W(31.25N 82.40W)

Fargo 2 NE
(30.70N 82.54W)

Folkston 10 SW(30.73N 82.13W)

Homeland(30.85N 82.02W)

Jesup 4.2 NNW(31.65N 81.92W)

Jesup 10 NNW(31.73N 81.95W)

11/0604

48

8.66

9.30

9.85

7.22

6.96

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Kingsland 2 SSE

71

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained(kt)B

11/0511(30.75N 81.65W)

Hurricane Irma

Gust
(kt)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

49

Kingsland 3 WSW

6.84(30.77N 81.71W)

Little Satilla River

7.14(31.45N 82.05W)

Nahunta 6 S

10.34(31.12N 81.98W)

Pearson 3.5 NE

6.50(31.33N 82.81W)

Satilla River HWY 158

6.49(31.30N 82.56W)

Screven 2.3 ENE

8.56(31.49N 81.98W)

Steven Foster St Park
1 WNW

7.66

(30.83N 82.36W)

Steven Foster St Park
11 NNW

11/051042(30.98N 82.40W)

Sun Belt Ag Expo
Weatherstem

992.2

11/12143741(31.13N 83.71W)

Suwanee River US
Hwy 448.44(30.68N 82.56W)

Thalmann 5 ESE(31.26N 81.61W)

11/070442

Waycross

9.65

6.86

(31.21N 82.36W)

South Carolina
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Sites

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Beaufort County
Airport - SC (KARW)

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Date/
time
(UTC)A

11/1355

1001.4

11/1235

11/2035

1003.4

11/1615

11/1846

1000.6

11/1609(32.70N 80.01W)

Charleston Intl Airport(KCHS)

72

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed(32.41N 80.63W)

Charleston Executive
Airport (KJZI)

Hurricane Irma

(32.90N 80.04W)

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

35

51

(2 min, 10 m)

35(2 min, 10 m)

37(2 min, 10 m)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

51

52

Coastal-Marine Automated Network (C-MAN), and NOS Sites
Charleston (CHTS1)(32.78N 79.93W)

11/16541002.8

11/165442(8.8 m)53

Oyster Landing (NInlet Estuary) (NIWS1)

4.86

6.78

4.2

4.64

5.75

3.4

3.27

5.31

2.9

(33.35N 79.19W)

Springmaid Pier
(MROS1)

12/0224

1006.6

11/2200

1004.3

11/1620

11/1651

1001.011/1656

11/1351995.0

11/1356

11/1700

998.0

11/1620

11/2144

1001.011/1604

11/1830

1002.011/1645

11/1645

1001.011/1655(33.66N 78.92W)

Folly Beach C-MAN(FBIS1)(32.69N 79.89W)

Sumter/Charleston
Harbor (XSUM-FT)(32.75N 79.87W)

44(10 m)

43(12.1 m)56
56

Weatherflow Sites
Beaufort(XBUF)(32.34N 80.59W)

Charleston/Battery
Point (XCHA)(32.76N 79.95W)

Folly Beach Pier(XFOL)(32.65N 79.94W)

Isle of Palms(XIOP)(32.78N 79.79W)

Sullivans Island(XSUL)(32.77N 79.82W)

49(10 m)

42(10 m)

51(12.8 m)49
(9.4 m)46(12.8 m)

66

57

63
59

59

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Hurricane Irma

73

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation(ft)E

CoCoRaHS Sites
Beaufort 4 NNE(SC-BF-35)

9.07(32.47N 80.67W)

Bluffton 7 W(SC-BF-50)

6.13(32.21N 80.98W)

Bluffton 6 WNW(SC-BF-10)

7.44(32.26N 80.96W)

Canadys(SC-CL-6)

7.33(33.05N 80.63W)

Charleston 2 S(SC-CR-88)

7.26(32.75N 80.00W)

Charleston 2 SE
(SC-CR-89)

7.95(32.76N 79.98W)

Charleston 5 SSE(SC-CR-13)

7.82(32.72N 79.96W)

Charleston 2 W(SC-CR-34)

6.90(32.78N 80.03W)

Charleston 3 W(SC-CR-11)

6.30(32.78N 80.05W)

Cottageville 3 NNW(SC-CL-17)

6.01(32.77N 79.82W)

Charleston 6 NW
(SC-CR-45)

8.53(32.83N 80.07W)

Charleston 5 WNW(SC-CR-97)

8.86(32.80N 80.07W)

Cottageville 6 WSW(SC-CL-16)

6.01(32.89N 80.57W)

Daniel Island 1 SE
(SC-BK-48)(32.84N 79.90W)

7.29

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Goose Creek 5 WNW(SC-BK-17)

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Hurricane Irma

74

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation
(ft)E

6.45

(33.00N 80.08W)

Hollywood 2 S(SC-CR-10)

6.38(32.75N 80.24W)

Lodge 3 SW
(SC-CL-9)

6.97(33.02N 80.99W)

Meggett 2 W(SC-CR-32)

7.27(32.70N 80.29W)

Moncks Corner 4 E(SC-BK-38)

7.28(33.19N 79.94W)

Moncks Corner 7 SW
(SC-BK-25)

6.33(33.11N 80.07W)

NWS Charleston(SC-CR-49)

6.30(32.89N 80.03W)

North Charleston 3
NW (SC-CR-34)

6.82(32.92N 80.07W)

North Charleston 3
WNW (SC-DC-3)

6.87(32.92N 80.08W)

Pineville(SC-BK-29)

6.10(33.42N 80.03W)

Ravenel 2 WNW(SC-CR-92)

6.48(32.78N 80.26W)

Reevesville 1 SSE(SC-DC-18)

6.00(33.18N 80.64W)

Summerville 2 N(SC-DC-41)

7.51(33.03N 80.17W)

Summerville10 NNE(SC-BK-43)(33.12N 80.09W)

6.24

Minimum Sea Level
Pressure
Location

Date/
time
(UTC)

Press.
(mb)

Hurricane Irma

75

Storm
tide
(ft)D

Total
rain
(in)

Maximum Surface
Wind Speed

Date/
time
(UTC)A

Sustained
(kt)B

Gust
(kt)

Storm
surge
(ft)C

Estimated
Inundation(ft)E

Summerville 5 NNW(SC-BK-46)

6.43(33.07N 80.22W)

Summerville 2 SSE(SC-DC-52)

7.28(32.97N 80.17W)

Summerville 1 SSW(SC-DC-36)

7.02(32.98N 80.18W)

NWS Cooperative Observer Program (COOP) Sites
Edisto Island
Middleton (EDSS1)

6.10(32.60N 80.33W)

Sullivans Island(SULS1)

6.26(32.76N 79.85W)

Summerville 4 W(SMVS1)

6.35(33.03N 80.23W)

Yemassee 1 N(YEMS1)

7.00(32.70N 80.85W)

Other Sites
Bennetts Point(ACXS1)

6.06(32.55N 80.45W)

Charleston 6 NW
(BEES1)8.97(32.83N 80.07W)

Furman 1 SW
(YMFS1)

8.22(32.66N 81.20W)

Mount Pleasant(MWPS1)(32.80N 79.90W)
A

Date/time is for sustained wind when both sustained and gust are listed.
Except as noted, sustained wind averaging periods for C-MAN and land-based reports are 2 min; buoy averaging
periods are 8 min.
C Storm surge is water height above normal astronomical tide level.
D
Storm tide is water height above the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88) in the continental UnitedStates. Storm tide is water height above the Puerto Rico Vertical Datum of 2002 (PRVD02) in Puerto Rico andabove the Virgin Islands Vertical Datum of 2009 (VIVD09) in the U.S. Virgin Islands.
B

6.44

Hurricane Irma

76

E

Estimated inundation is the maximum height of water above ground. For NOS tide gauges, the height of the water
above Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) is used as a proxy for inundation.
F Last of several occurrences.
G Wind speed data missing 0510-0650 UTC 3 October 2016.
H All wind data missing 0800-1000 UTC 6 October 2016.
I Record water level.
J Station went offline and did not transmit a peak water level during the event. Peak values represent the highest
transmitted prior to outage.
K All wind data missing 1300 UTC 9 October – 0200 10 October 2016.
L Water levels within the St. Johns River are were affected by a combination of storm surge and freshwater runoff.

Table 4.

Number of hours in advance of formation associated with the first NHC Tropical
Weather Outlook forecast in the indicated likelihood category. Note that thetimings for the “Low” category do not include forecasts of a 0% chance of genesis.

Hours Before Genesis
48-Hour Outlook

120-Hour Outlook

Low (<40%)

42

78

Medium (40%-60%)

30

48High (>60%)1236

Hurricane Irma

Table 5a.

77

NHC official (OFCL) and climatology-persistence skill baseline (OCD5) track
forecast errors (n mi) for forecasts issued for Hurricane Irma, 30 August–12
September 2017. Mean errors for the previous 5-yr period are shown forcomparison. Official errors that are smaller than the 5-yr means are shown inboldface type.
Forecast Period (h)
12

24

36

48

72

96

120

OFCL

14.8

25.5

37.6

50.5

73.9

101.8

135.0

OCD5

31.2

74.3

122.2

175.8

291.7

463.2

677.1

Forecasts

49

47

45

43

39

35

31

OFCL (2012-16)

24.9

39.6

54.0

71.3

105.8

155.4

208.9

OCD5 (2012-16)

47.3

103.9

167.8

230.3

343.1

442.6

531.0

Hurricane Irma

Table 5b.

Model ID78

Homogeneous comparison of selected track forecast guidance models (in n mi)
for forecasts issued for Hurricane Irma, 30 August–12 September 2017. Errors
smaller than the NHC official forecast are shown in boldface type. The number ofofficial forecasts shown here will generally be smaller than that shown in Table 5a
due to the homogeneity requirement.
Forecast Period (h)
12

24

36

48

72

96

120

OFCL

14.5

25.8

38.9

51.8

74.7

104.2

140.2

OCD5

29.9

73.8

124.2

181.0

302.0

473.4

691.0

GFSI

18.7

33.7

50.5

68.2

105.5

153.7

205.5

HMNI

18.1

31.9

45.2

63.8

110.0

156.6

213.6

HWFI

20.5

37.9

52.5

67.0

87.8

117.1

150.8

EGRI

15.2

27.1

43.7

64.2

113.8

170.3

212.5

EMXI

14.3

23.3

33.2

40.3

54.9

78.2

119.5

CMCI

20.6

33.2

47.8

61.5

87.8

129.5

182.1

CTCI

19.5

38.8

58.6

80.9

136.5

208.5

296.7

AEMI

18.9

32.1

46.9

62.7

94.8

138.7

188.5

HCCA

14.5

26.1

37.7

47.8

65.1

84.7

106.8

TVCA

15.2

27.6

40.9

55.7

89.2

129.8

176.6

TVCX

14.1

26.4

39.1

53.0

82.4

119.5

165.1

FSSE

14.9

25.0

35.7

43.7

64.1

97.0

120.6

GFEX

14.2

26.1

39.6

52.2

77.9

111.5

152.2

TABS

29.3

44.9

56.9

64.5

89.2

137.8

190.2

TABM

20.1

33.5

51.9

68.7

99.9

147.6

193.4

TABD

24.9

56.7

75.7

84.1

109.2

154.9

207.1

Forecasts

45

43

41

39

35

31

27

Hurricane Irma

Table 6a.

79

NHC official (OFCL) and climatology-persistence skill baseline (OCD5) intensity
forecast errors (kt) for Hurricane Irma, 30 August–12 September 2017. Mean
errors for the previous 5-yr period are shown for comparison. Official errors thatare smaller than the 5-yr means are shown in boldface type.
Forecast Period (h)
12

24

36

48

72

96

120

OFCL

9.0

12.4

15.8

17.4

18.7

24.9

29.7

OCD5

11.0

17.1

22.3

27.0

33.5

39.8

39.5

Forecasts

49

47

45

43

39

35

31

OFCL (2012-16)

5.5

8.2

10.5

12.0

13.4

14.0

14.5

OCD5 (2012-16)

7.1

10.5

13.0

15.1

17.4

18.2

20.6

Hurricane Irma

Table 6b.

Model ID

80

Homogeneous comparison of selected intensity forecast guidance models (in kt)
for forecasts issued for Hurricane Irma, 30 August–12 September 2017. Errors
smaller than the NHC official forecast are shown in boldface type. The number ofofficial forecasts shown here will generally be smaller than that shown in Table 6adue to the homogeneity requirement.
Forecast Period (h)
12

24

36

48

72

96

120

OFCL

9.0

11.6

15.1

17.3

19.4

26.1

30.2

OCD5

10.9

16.1

21.3

26.6

34.3

40.7

38.9

HMNI

8.9

9.8

13.2

15.8

19.5

25.6

28.1

HWFI

8.7

11.7

13.2

14.1

15.4

22.1

30.0

CTCI

9.3

11.9

14.6

16.6

14.7

15.8

23.9

DSHP

10.0

14.4

18.3

19.0

23.3

30.9

34.4

LGEM

9.6

13.6

18.1

18.4

21.8

30.1

33.5

IVCN

8.1

10.4

13.1

14.1

16.1

23.8

28.7

HCCA

7.9

10.4

12.7

14.0

16.0

24.4

33.1

FSSE

8.0

9.9

11.6

12.5

17.6

28.7

33.9

GFSI

10.4

13.8

16.6

20.6

27.3

32.7

35.0

EMXI

12.8

19.2

25.4

29.6

33.3

33.4

32.5

Forecasts

46

44

42

40

36

32

28

Hurricane Irma

Table 7.

81

Hurricane and tropical storm watch and warning summary for Hurricane Irma,
30 August–12 September 2017.

Date/Time(UTC)

ActionLocation3 / 2100

Hurricane Watch issued

Antigua, Barbuda, Anguilla, Montserrat,
St. Kitts and Nevis

3 / 2100

Hurricane Watch issued

Saba, St. Eustatius, and St. Maarten

3 / 2100

Hurricane Watch issued

St. Martin and St. Barthelemy

4 / 1500

Hurricane Watch changed to
Hurricane Warning

Antigua, Barbuda, Anguilla, Montserrat,
St. Kitts and Nevis

4 / 1500

Hurricane Watch changed to
Hurricane Warning

Saba, St. Eustatius, and St. Maarten

4 / 1500

Hurricane Watch changed to
Hurricane Warning

St. Martin and St. Barthelemy

4 / 1500

Tropical Storm Watch issued

Dominica

4 / 1500

Hurricane Watch issued

Guadeloupe

4 / 1500

Hurricane Watch issued

British Virgin Islands

4 / 1500

Hurricane Watch issued

U.S. Virgin Islands

4 / 1500

Hurricane Watch issued

Puerto Rico, Vieques. and Culebra

4 / 2100

Tropical Storm Warning issued

Guadeloupe

5 / 0300

Hurricane Watch changed to
Hurricane Warning

British Virgin Islands

5 / 0300

Hurricane Watch changed to
Hurricane Warning

U.S. Virgin Islands

5 / 0300

Hurricane Watch changed to
Hurricane Warning

Puerto Rico, Vieques. and Culebra

5 / 0900

Tropical Storm Watch changed toTropical Storm Warning

Dominica

5 / 1200

Tropical Storm Watch issued

Cabo Engano to Isla Saona, Dominican
Republic

5 / 1500

Tropical Storm Watch issued

Le Mole to Port-Au-Prince, Haiti

5 / 1500

Hurricane Watch issued

Cabo Engano, Dominican Republic to
Northern Border with Haiti

5 / 1500

Hurricane Watch issued

Northern border of Haiti and Dominican
Republic to Le Mole

5 / 1500

Hurricane Watch issued

Turks and Caicos Islands

5 / 1500

Hurricane Watch issued

Southeastern Bahamas

Hurricane Irma

Date/Time(UTC)

ActionLocation

5 / 2100

Hurricane Watch changed to
Hurricane Warning

Cabo Engano to Northern Border withHaiti

5 / 2100

Tropical Storm Warning issued

Cabo Engano to Southern Border withHaiti

6 / 0000

Tropical Storm Warning changed to
Hurricane Warning

Guadeloupe

6 / 0000

Hurricane Watch discontinued

Guadeloupe

6 / 0000

Hurricane Watch issued

Matanzas to Guantanamo, Cuba

6 / 0900

Hurricane Watch changed to
Hurricane Warning

Turks and Caicos Islands

6 / 0900

Hurricane Watch changed to
Hurricane Warning

Southeastern Bahamas

6 / 0900

Tropical Storm Warning
discontinued

Dominica

6 / 0900

Hurricane Watch issued

Central Bahamas

6 / 1500

Tropical Storm Watch changed toTropical Storm Warning

Le Mole to Port-Au-Prince

6 / 1500

Hurricane Watch changed to
Hurricane Warning

Le Mole to northern border with
Dominican Republic

6 / 1500

Hurricane Warning discontinued

Antigua, Barbuda, Montserrat, St. Kitts
and Nevis

6 / 1500

Hurricane Warning discontinued

Guadeloupe

6 / 1600

Hurricane Warning discontinued

Saba and St. Eustatius

6 / 1800

Hurricane Warning discontinued

Anguilla

6 / 1800

Hurricane Warning discontinued

St. Maarten

6 / 2100

Hurricane Watch changed to
Hurricane Warning

Central Bahamas

6 / 2100

Tropical Storm Warning issued

Las Tunas to Guantanamo

6 / 2100

Hurricane Watch issued

Northwestern Bahamas

6 / 2100

Hurricane Warning discontinued

St. Martin and St. Barthelemy

7 / 0300

Hurricane Warning discontinued

British Virgin Islands

7 / 0300

Hurricane Warning discontinued

U.S. Virgin Islands

7 / 0900

Hurricane Watch changed to
Hurricane Warning

Northwestern Bahamas

7 / 0900

Hurricane Warning discontinued

Puerto Rico, Vieques, and Culebra82

Hurricane Irma

83

Date/Time(UTC)

ActionLocation

7 / 1500

Tropical Storm Warning modified toVilla Clara to Guantanamo

7 / 1500

Hurricane Watch issued

Jupiter Inlet to Bonita Beach, Florida
Bay, Lake Okeechobee, and Florida
Keys

7 / 2100

Tropical Storm Warning modified to

Las Tunas to Guantanamo

7 / 2100

Hurricane Watch modified to

Las Tunas to Guantanamo

7 / 2100

Hurricane Warning issued

Villa Clara to Camaguey, Cuba

8 / 0000

Tropical Storm Warning
discontinued

Cabo Engano to Southern Border withHaiti

8 / 0000

Hurricane Warning modified toCabo Frances Viejo to Northern Borderwith Haiti

8 / 0300

Hurricane Watch changed to
Hurricane Warning

Jupiter Inlet to Bonita Beach and Florida
Bay, Lake Okeechobee, and Florida
Keys

8 / 0300

Hurricane Watch issued

Jupiter Inlet to Sebastian Inlet

8 / 0300

Hurricane Warning discontinued

Cabo Frances Viejo to Northern Borderwith Haiti

8 / 0300

Hurricane Watch issued

Bonita Beach to Anna Maria Island

8 / 1200

Tropical Storm Warning
discontinued

Le Mole to Port-Au-Prince

8 / 1200

Hurricane Warning discontinued

Northern border of Haiti and Dominican
Republic to Le Mole

8 / 1500

Hurricane Watch modified to

Jupiter Inlet to Flagler/Volusia CountyLine

8 / 1500

Hurricane Watch modified to

Bonita Beach to Anclote River

8 / 1800

Hurricane Warning discontinued

Turks and Caicos Islands

8 / 2100

Hurricane Watch modified to

Sebastian Inlet to Flagler/Volusia CountyLine

8 / 2100

Hurricane Watch discontinued

Bonita Beach to Anclote River

8 / 2100

Hurricane Watch issued

Anna Maria Island to Suwannee River,
Florida8 / 2100

Hurricane Warning modified to

Sebastian Inlet to Anna Maria Island

9 / 0000

Hurricane Warning discontinued

Southeastern Bahamas

Hurricane Irma

Date/Time
(UTC)

84

ActionLocation

9 / 0300

Hurricane Watch changed to
Hurricane Warning

Matanzas to Camaguey

9 / 0300

Tropical Storm Warning
discontinued

Las Tunas to Guantanamo

9 / 0300

Tropical Storm Warning issued

La Habana to Holguin

9 / 0300

Tropical Storm Warning issued

Ciudad de la Habana

9 / 0300

Hurricane Watch modified to

Las Tunas to Holguin

9 / 0300

Hurricane Watch issued

Volusia/Brevard County Line to
Fernandina Beach

9 / 0300

Hurricane Watch issued

Anclote River to Indian Pass

9 / 0300

Hurricane Warning modified to

Matanzas to Camaguey

9 / 0300

Hurricane Warning modified toVolusia/Brevard County Line to Anclote
River, including Florida Keys, Florida
Bay, Lake Okeechobee

9 / 0900

Hurricane Watch modified to

Flagler/Volusia County Line to
Fernandina Beach

9 / 0900

Hurricane Watch modified to

Chassahowitzka to Indian Pass

9 / 0900

Hurricane Warning modified to

Flagler/Volusia County Line to
Chassahowitzka, Florida Keys, Lake
Okeechobee, Florida Bay

9 / 0900

Tropical Storm Watch issued

north of Fernandina Beach to Altamaha,
Georgia

9 / 1200

Hurricane Warning discontinued

Central Bahamas

9 / 1500

Tropical Storm Warning changed to
Hurricane Warning

Ciudad de la Habana

9 / 1500

Tropical Storm Watch issued

Edisto Beach to South Santee River

9 / 1500

Tropical Storm Watch issued

Indian Pass to Okaloosa/Walton CountyLine

9 / 1500

Tropical Storm Warning modified to

Las Tunas to Holguin

9 / 1500

Hurricane Watch modified toFernandina Beach to Edisto Beach

9 / 1500

Hurricane Watch modified to

Aucilla River to Indian Pass

9 / 1500

Hurricane Warning discontinued

Northwestern Bahamas

9 / 1500

Hurricane Warning modified to

La Habana to Camaguey

9 / 1500

Hurricane Warning issued

Andros Island, Bimini, and Grand
Bahama Island

Hurricane Irma

85

Date/Time(UTC)

ActionLocation

9 / 1500

Hurricane Warning modified toFernandina Beach to Aucilla River

9 / 2100

Tropical Storm Watch changed toTropical Storm Warning

Indian Pass to Okaloosa/Walton CountyLine

9 / 2100

Tropical Storm Watch discontinuedAll

9 / 2100

Tropical Storm Warning
discontinued

Las Tunas to Holguin

9 / 2100

Tropical Storm Warning issued

Fernandina Beach to South SanteeRiver

9 / 2100

Hurricane Watch discontinued

Aucilla River to Indian Pass

9 / 2100

Hurricane Watch discontinued

Las Tunas to Holguin

9 / 2100

Hurricane Warning modified toFernandina Beach to Indian Pass

10 / 0900

Tropical Storm Watch issued

Bimini and Grand Bahamas Island

10 / 0900

Hurricane Warning discontinued

Andros Island, Bimini, and Grand
Bahama Island

10 / 0900

Hurricane Warning modified to

La Habana to Ciego de Avila

10 / 1200

Hurricane Warning modified to

La Habana to Matanzas

10 / 1500

Tropical Storm Watch changed toTropical Storm Warning

Bimini and Grand Bahamas Island

10 / 1800

Hurricane Warning discontinued

La Habana to Matanzas

10 / 1800

Hurricane Warning discontinued

Ciudad de la Habana

11 / 0300

Hurricane Warning changed toTropical Storm Warning

Florida Bay

11 / 0300

Hurricane Warning changed toTropical Storm Warning issued

Jupiter Inlet to Bonita Beach

11 / 0300

Hurricane Warning modified to

Jupiter Inlet to Fernandina Beach

11 / 0900

Hurricane Warning changed toTropical Storm Warning

Lake Okeechobee

11 / 0900

Tropical Storm Warning modified to

Anclote River to Bonita Beach

11 / 0900

Tropical Storm Warning
discontinued

Florida Bay

11 / 0900

Tropical Storm Warning
discontinued

Bimini and Grand Bahamas Island

11 / 0900

Hurricane Warning modified to

Sebastian Inlet to Fernandina Beach

11 / 0900

Hurricane Warning modified to

Anclote River to Indian Pass

Hurricane Irma

86

Date/Time(UTC)

ActionLocation

11 / 1200

Tropical Storm Warning modified to

Bonita Beach to Okaloosa/WaltonCounty Line

11 / 1200

Tropical Storm Warning modified to

Jupiter Inlet to South Santee River

11 / 1200

Hurricane Watch discontinued

All

11 / 1500

Tropical Storm Warning modified to

Anclote River to Okaloosa/WaltonCounty Line

11 / 1500

Tropical Storm Warning modified toVolusia/Brevard County Line to South
Santee River

11 / 1500

Tropical Storm Warning
discontinued

Lake Okeechobee

11 / 1800

Tropical Storm Warning modified to

Suwannee River to Okaloosa/WaltonCounty Line

11 / 1800

Tropical Storm Warning modified to

Flagler/Volusia County Line to South
Santee River

11 / 2100

Tropical Storm Warning
discontinued

Suwannee River to Okaloosa/WaltonCounty Line

11 / 2100

Tropical Storm Warning modified toFernandina Beach to South SanteeRiver

11 / 2100

Tropical Storm Warning modified toAltamaha Sound to South Santee River

12 / 0300

Tropical Storm Warning
discontinuedAllHurricane Irma

Table 8.

87

Storm surge watch and warning summary for Hurricane Irma, 30 August–12
September 2017.

Date/Time(UTC)

ActionLocation

7 / 1500

Storm Surge Watch issued

Jupiter Inlet to Bonita Beach, including
Florida Keys

8 / 0300

Storm Surge Watch changed to
Storm Surge Warning

Jupiter Inlet to Bonita Beach, including
Florida Keys

8 / 1500

Storm Surge Warning modified to

Sebastian Inlet to Venice, including
Florida Keys

8 / 1500

Storm Surge Watch issued

North of Sebastian Inlet to Ponce Inlet

8 / 2100

Storm Surge Watch issued

north of Venice to Anclote River,including Tampa Bay

8 / 2100

Storm Surge Watch modified toPonce Inlet to Flagler/Volusia CountyLine

9 / 0300

Storm Surge Warning modified toVolusia/Brevard County Line to Anclote
River, including Florida Keys and Tampa
Bay

9 / 0300

Storm Surge Watch modified tonorth of Anclote Rive to Suwanee River

9 / 0900

Storm Surge Warning modified toVolusia/Brevard County Line to
Chassahowitzka, Florida Keys, Tampa
Bay

9 / 1500

Storm Surge Warning modified toVolusia/Brevard County Line to
Suwanee River, Florida Keys, Tampa
Bay

9 / 1500

Storm Surge Watch modified tonorth of Volusia/Brevard County line to
the Isle of Palms, South Carolina

9 / 1500

Storm Surge Watch modified tonorth of Suwanee River to OchlockneeRiver

9 / 2100

Storm Surge Warning modified toSouth Santee River to Suwanee River,
Florida Keys, Tampa Bay

10 / 0300

Storm Surge Warning modified toSouth Santee River to Jupiter Inlet,
North Miami Beach to Ochlocknee River,
Florida Keys

11 / 0900

Storm Surge Warning
discontinued

Florida Keys, North Miami Beach toCape Sable

11 / 1500

Storm Surge Warning
discontinued

Bonita Beach southwardHurricane Irma

Date/Time(UTC)

ActionLocation

11 / 2100

Storm Surge Warning
discontinued

From Fernandina Beach southward,
from Aucilla River westward, from
Clearwater Beach southward

12 / 0300

Storm Surge Warning
discontinued

All

88

Hurricane Irma

Figure 1.

Best track positions for Hurricane Irma, 30 August–12 September 2017.

89

Hurricane Irma

Figure 2.

90

Selected wind observations and best track maximum sustained surface wind speed curve for Hurricane Irma, 30 August–12
September 2017. Aircraft observations have been adjusted for elevation using 90%, 80%, and 80% adjustment factors forobservations from 700 mb, 850 mb, and 1500 ft, respectively. Dropwindsonde observations include actual 10 m winds (sfc),
as well as surface estimates derived from the mean wind over the lowest 150 m of the wind sounding (LLM). Advanced Dvorak
Technique estimates represent the Current Intensity at the nominal observation time. AMSU intensity estimates are from the
Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies technique. Dashed vertical lines correspond to 0000 UTC, and thesolid vertical lines correspond to landfalls.

Hurricane Irma

Figure 3.

91

Selected pressure observations and best track minimum central pressure curve for Hurricane Irma, 30 August–12 September
2017. Advanced Dvorak Technique estimates represent the Current Intensity at the nominal observation time. AMSU intensity
estimates are from the Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies technique. KZC P-W refers to pressure
estimates derived using the Knaff-Zehr-Courtney pressure-wind relationship. Dashed vertical lines correspond to 0000 UTC,and the solid vertical lines correspond to landfalls.

Hurricane Irma

Figure 4.

Wind swath depicting the radius of 34-, 50-, and 64-kt winds for Hurricane Irma, 30 August–12 September 2017.

92

Hurricane Irma

93

H

H

Irma
Irma
(b)

(a)

H

L
L

H

Irma

Irma
(c)
Figure 5.

H(d)
GFS analyses of 500-mb heights (dam, black contours), 500-mb relative vorticity (x10-5 s-1, color shading) and 500-mb wind (kt,barbs) at (a) 0000 UTC 3 September, (b) 0000 UTC 6 September, (c) 1800 UTC 8 September, and (d) 0600 UTC 10 September.

Hurricane Irma

Barbuda landfall(a)Cuba landfall

0545 UTC 6 Sep

FL Keys landfall(c)Figure 6.

94(b)0245 UTC 9 Sep

Southwest FL landfall

1245 UTC 10 Sep(d)1915 UTC 10 Sep

GOES-13 infrared satellite images of selected landfalls of Hurricane Irma, including (a) Barbuda landfall at 0545 UTC 6
September, (b) just prior to Cuba landfall at 0245 UTC 9 September, (c) around the Florida Keys landfall at 1245 UTC 10
September, and (d) while making landfall over southwestern Florida at 1915 UTC 10 September.

Hurricane Irma

Outer eyewall

Inner eyewall

Figure 7.

WSR-88D San Juan Doppler radar reflectivity image at 2115 UTC 6 September showing Hurricane Irma’s concentriceyewalls.

95

Hurricane Irma

(a)

(b)

Figure 8.

Map of selected observed sustained maximum wind speeds (kt) during Hurricane Irma when it passed over Cuba and thesoutheastern United States.

96

Hurricane Irma(a)
Figure 9.

(b)
Map of selected observed maximum wind gusts (kt) during Hurricane Irma when it was near Cuba and the southeastern
United States.

97

Hurricane Irma

Figure 10:98

Analyzed storm surge inundation (feet above ground level) along the coasts of Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina from
Hurricane Irma. Image courtesy of the NHC Storm Surge Unit.

Hurricane Irma

Figure 11.

Pictures showing the depletion of water in Tampa Bay and stranded manatees during Hurricane Irma.

99

Hurricane Irma

Figure 12.

Observed rainfall (inches) from Hurricane Irma over the southeastern United States. Courtesy of David Roth from NOAA’s
Weather Prediction Center.

100

Hurricane Irma

Figure 13.

Map of tornado reports from Hurricane Irma. Courtesy of NOAA’s Storm Prediction Center.

101

Hurricane Irma

BarbudaSt. Martin

St. Thomas

Caibarien, Cuba

Figure 14.

Examples of damage caused by Hurricane Irma across the Caribbean Islands.

102

Hurricane Irma

Sugarloaf Key

Miami

CallahanMarco Island

Figure 15.

Examples of damage caused by Hurricane Irma across Florida.

103

Hurricane Irma

104

8/30 1200 UTC – 9/4 1800 UTC(a)
9/5 0000 UTC – 9/12 0000 UTC(b)
Figure 16.

(a) NHC official track forecasts (dashed blue lines) from 1200 UTC 30 August to 1800 UTC 4 September. The best track is
given by the white line with positions given at 6 h interval. (b) NHC official track forecasts (dashed blue lines) from 0000 UTC
5 September to 0000 UTC 12 September. The best track is given by the white line with positions given at 6 h interval.

Hurricane Irma

Figure 17.

NHC and selected model track forecast errors for Hurricane Irma, 30 August–12 September 2017.

105

Hurricane Irma

106

GFS

ECMWF

UKMET

HWRF

Figure 18.

Selected model tracks from 1800 UTC 5 September to 1800 UTC 9 September. The best track is given by the white line withpositions shown at 6 h intervals.

Hurricane Irma

Figure 19.

NHC and selected model intensity forecast errors for Hurricane Irma, 30 August–12 September 2017.

107

Hurricane Irma

Figure 20.

NHC and selected model intensity forecast biases for Hurricane Irma, 30 August–12 September 2017.

108

Hurricane Irma

Figure 21.

Hurricane and tropical storm warnings issued for Hurricane Irma.

109

Hurricane Irma

Figure 22.

110

Maximum water level (feet) measured from tide gauges along the coasts of Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina coasts during
Hurricane Irma and illustration of the Storm Surge Warning area (magenta). Water levels are referenced above Mean Higher
High Water (MHHW), which is used as a proxy of inundation (above ground level) on normally dry ground along the coastline.
Image courtesy of the NHC Storm Surge Unit.

Hurricane Irma(a) Best Track Simulation
Figure 23.

111(b) Forecast Track Simulation(a) Simulated storm surge inundation (feet above ground level) based on Irma’s best track, showing that the highest inundation
occurred within the unpopulated area of the Florida coast between Cape Romano and Cape Sable. (b) Simulated storm surge
inundation (feet above ground level) based on the NHC official forecast for Irma issued at 2100 UTC 9 September. The
simulation shows that if Irma had moved slightly to the west and made landfall farther up the west coast of Florida, significantly
higher storm surge inundation (greater than 9 feet above ground level) would have occurred from Naples northward to the Cape
Coral area. Images courtesy of the NHC storm surge unit.