In September 2015, Vietnamese Government submi ed the Na onal‐ly Determined Contribu ons (INDCs) to the United Na ons Frame‐
work Conven on on Climate Change (UNFCCC), in which the target isto reduce 8‐25% of total emissions in 2030 compared to Business‐as‐
Usual (BaU). Under the na onal context, Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) isdeveloping the “Climate Change Ac on Plan (CCAP) in the 2016‐2020
period, with a vision towards 2030” (follows Decision 1474/QD‐TTg,2012).

Tool (ExSS) is applied for the projec on of future energy consump on
and CO2 emission in energy‐related categories. Moreover, Intergovern‐
mental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines are applied to es ‐mate the GHG emissions from non‐energy‐related categories.
In 2020BaU, under the rapid growth of driving forces such as popula‐on, transport demand, and industrial ac vi es; the total final energy
consump on increases 1.73 mes and GHG emissions increases 1.75
mes, from 30,012 ktCO2eq in 2013 to 52,530 ktCO2eq.

Based on the targets in “Master Plan for Socio‐economic Develop‐
ment of HCMC ll 2020 with vision to 2025” (Decision 2631/QD‐TTg,2013) and “Master Plan for Transporta on Development of HCMC by
2020 and vision beyond 2020” (Decision 568/QD‐TTg, 2013), two
scenarios are developed for the socio‐economic vision of HCMC by
2020, with the projec on of energy consump on and CO2 emission inenergy‐related categories such as Power genera on, Transporta on,
Residen al, Commercial, Agriculture and Industry. Moreover, the GHG
emissions from non‐energy‐related categories such as land‐usechange, waste management, and water management are also es ‐mated. In which, in BaU scenario we do not consider the GHG emis‐
sions reduc on target. Meanwhile, in CCAP scenario, mi ga on pro‐jects in the above men oned categories will be implemented in order
to meet the GHG emissions reduc on target as declared in the Vi‐
etnam’s INDCs. To meet this target, the project‐based reduc on po‐
ten al is shown in Figure 1 and Table 1.

In 2020CCAP, the total GHG emissions reduc on in HCMC is 10,057.9
ktCO2eq. In which, HCMC can reduce 9.7% total emissions by imple‐
men ng the current projects by internal eﬀort (without interna onal
supports). With 6.2% reduc on poten al is from grid power, if consid‐
ering this project into “internal” group, then HCMC can increase thereduc on target to 15.9%. Moreover, projects in “external” group (withinterna onal supports) can contribute to reduce 3.2% of total emis‐
sions.
In conclusion, by implemen ng all projects (“internal”, “external”) and
GHG emissions reduc on from grid power, in 2020CCAP HCMC can
reduce 19.1% total GHG emissions in 2020BaU (between the 10‐20%
na onal reduc on target as declared in the Green Growth strategy andwithin 8‐25% men oned in the Vietnam’s INDC submi ed to UNFCCC).

Table 1: GHG emissions reduc on poten al in Ho Chi Minh City in 2020%
ktCO2eq
Informa on from many domes c sources is used to calibrate the pa‐
1. GHG emissions in 2020BaU
52,530.0
100.0
rameters for base year 2013. In target year 2020, Extended Snapshot
2.GHG emissions reduc on poten al in
10,057.9
19.1
2020CCAP
a. Reduc on by projects
Eﬀort
Total
Share
Grid
by
sectorbysectorInternal
External
Energypower
3%
Land‐use planning 333.7
0.3
333.9
0.6
(Internal)
21%
Energy2,119.7 1,564.0
3,683.7
7.0
32%
Transporta on
729.2
86.7
816.0
1.6
10,057.9
52,530Industry
669.8
0.0
669.8
1.3
19%
ktCO2eqktCO2eq
Water manage‐
16% Energy
19.4
17.2
36.6
0.1
1%
ment
(External) Sector
11%
Solid waste man‐
7%1% 7%1,150.7
0.0
1,150.7
2.2
Solidagement
waste
Transport
Construc on
53.1
46.8
99.9
0.2
Industry
Healthcare
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Agriculture
0.0
7.9
7.9
0.0
GHG emissions in 2020BaU
Tourism
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Total by eﬀort
5,075.6 1,722.9
6,798.6
12.9
Total reduction potential in 2020CCAP
Share by eﬀort (%)
9.7
3.3
12.9
Figure 1: GHG emissions reduction potential in Ho Chi Minh City in 2020
b. Reduc on from grid power
3,259.3
6.2

1

Socio‐economic vision
The es ma on of social and economic growth is based on the masterdevelopment plan (Decision 2631/QD‐TTg). Table 2 shows the resultsof main socio‐economic driving forces for base year 2013 and target
year 2020.

Outputs
As shown in Table 2, total output in 2020 increases 1.87 mes com‐pared to 2013, in which the industrial sector s ll dominates with morethan 58.1% in 2013 and 54.8% in 2020. However, due to the higher
growth rate compared to other sectors, the share of commercial sec‐
tor increases from 41.1% in 2013 to 44.6% in 2020. Agriculture s ll
keeps a small share of less than 1%.

Table 2: Main socio‐economic indicators in HCMC

Solid waste gener‐
thous. ton
a on

2013

2020

7,939,752
1,277,338
96764,560
7,769
302,257
454,534
1,891,385
15,064
1,098,972
777,348
400,533

9,200,000
1,840,000
159
1,467,160
11,036
533,504
922,6213,539,032
21,3991,939,759
1,577,874
800,858

2020/2013
1.16
1.44
1.66
1.92
1.42
1.77
2.03
1.87
1.42
1.77
2.03
2.00

223,014402,1731.80

723,138
582,125

1,316,629
1,052,499

1.82
1.81

75,357108,2811.44

57,434

101,107

1.76

2,446

4,249

1.74

In industry, food‐tobacco, construc on, machinery, chemical‐
petrochemical, and rubber‐plas c are main ac vi es contribu ng to
17.7%, 14.5%, 11.8%, 9.1%, and 7.7% of industrial output , respec ve‐ly (Figure 2).
2,000
OthersConstruction
1,800
Other manufaturing
Transport equipment
1,600
Machinery
1,400
Other metal
Rubber and plastic
1,200
OthersCoke and petroleum
Printing
1,000
Wood
Wearing apparel
800
Mining and quarrying
600
Iron and steel
Non‐metallic mineral
400
Chemical and petrochemical
Paper
200
TextilesFood and tobacco
0
2013
2020
Figure 2: Outputs by industrial sub‐sectors
Outputs (trillion Dongs)

Unit
Popula on
persons
No. of households household
GDP per capita
mil. Dongs
GDPbil. Dongs
Agriculture
Industry
Commercial
Outputsbil. Dongs
Agriculture
Industry
Commercial
Final consump on bil. Dongs
Gross fixed capitalbil. Dongs
forma onExportbil. Dongs
Importbil. Dongs
Passenger
mil.per.km
transport demandFreight transport
mil.ton.km
demandExport and Import include both interna onal and domes c

Popula on and households
As shown in Table 2, the registered popula on (night‐ me popula on)
in HCMC increases 1.16 mes compared to 2013, reaching 9.2 mil.
people in 2020 (same as the projec on in Master plan ‐ Decision2631/QD‐TTG).

Transport demands

By assuming the household size in 2020 is 5 persons/household(smaller than the calculated value for 2013, which is 6.2), the total
number of households increases 1.44 mes, reaching more than 1.8
mil. households in 2020.

Due to the increasing popula on and industrial ac vi es, thetransport demand in 2020 also increases rapidly with 1.44 mes ofpassenger transport demand and 1.74 mes increase of freighttransport demand compared to 2013 (Table 2).

Macro economy

In passenger transport, there is a rapid increase of demand on car(including taxi) to 2.89 mes, even motorbike s ll dominates. The
share of public transport (bus, train and MRT) increases from 4.9% in2013 to 21.0% in 2020BaU and reaches 26.0% in 2020CCAP due to thecontribu on of BRT and MRT system as urban transport planning.

Following the development targets in the master plan, it is es matedthat the GDP of HCMC in 2020 will increase 1.92 mes compared to2013. In 2013, the commercial sector dominates the GDP share with59.5%, followed by industrial sector with 39.5%. In 2020, due to therapid growth rate in commercial compared to other sectors, the shareof commercial in total GDP increases to 62.9%, while the share of in‐
dustry reduces to 36.4%, with a small share of less than 1% of total
GDP is from agriculture. This economic structure follows the current
trend and future vision of Vietnam towards the ter ary industrial
economy.

In freight transport, the demand increases mainly in truck and water‐way. Since we have no informa on about the plan for freighttransport, we assume that the shares of freight transport modes in2020 are the same as in 2013, in which truck contributes to more than
66.6%, followed by waterway with 33.1% contribu on, and a verysmall part is from train.
100%

100%

As the biggest city in Vietnam, the GDP per capita of Ho Chi Minh in2013 is around 96 mil. Dongs (more than twice of na onal average),
and increases 1.66 mes compared to 2013. Thus, the GDP per capita
reaches 159 mil. Dongs in 2020 due to the rapid GDP growth.

Aviation

90%
80%

MRT

70%

Train

60%

As a result of income increase, the final consump on in 2020 also
increases 2.00 mes compared to 2013, in which main consump on isfrom households for industrial commodi es and services while thegovernment consump on is mainly for science, technology, and otherservices.

30%

0%
2013

2020
BaU

Passenger

2020
CCAP

60%
50%
40%
30%
20%

Bicycle

10%

Walk

0%

10%

The increasing popula on and consump on leads to 1.74 mes in‐crease of municipal solid waste genera on, from 2,446 thous. ton (in2013) to 4,249 thous. ton (in 2020). The main management op ons forsolid waste are disposal (80.2%), compos ng (11.2%), incinera on(6.6%) and recycling (2.0%) (Source: Solid waste treatment plan, 2012).

70%

Car
Motorbike

20%

80%

Bus

50%
40%

90%

2013
Car
Truck

Train

2020
CCAP

Waterway

Freight

Figure 3: Modal share in transport sector

2

2020
BaU

Projec on of final energy consump on
Table 3: Final energy consump on by sectors (ktoe)

The energy intensity by GDP reduces from 9.1 toe/bil. Dongs in 2013
to 8.2 toe/bil. Dongs in 2020BaU and 7.4 toe/bil. Dongs in 2020CCAP
due to the lower increasing rate of energy consump on compared to
the rapid growth of GDP. This reduc on follows the target to reduce
1% to 1.5% per year as men oned in Decision 1393/QD‐TTg for“Na onal Green Growth Strategy”.

2013 2020BaU 2020CCAP BaU/2013 CCAP/BaU
Agriculture
8
Industry
3,921
Commercial
561
Residen al
786
Passenger transport 1,256
Freight transport
441
Total
6,972

In 2020BaU, the total energy consump on is 1.73 mes higher than2013 (Table 3), increasing from 6,972 ktoe to 12,056 ktoe. In which,industry is s ll the main energy consumer with 59.4% (1.83 mes
increase), followed by transport sector with 20.4%. Commercial has
the highest speed of energy consump on with 2.18 mes increase
and its share is 10.1%.

11
7,166
1,221
1,198
1,684
776
12,056

11
6,569
1,101
1,060
1,438
670
10,849

1.47
1.83
2.18
1.52
1.34
1.76
1.73

1.00
0.92
0.90
0.89
0.85
0.86
0.90

8
7

Mtoe

In term of energy consump on mix, there is a switch from coal and oil
consump on to natural gas and electricity. However, coal and gas are
s ll main energy sources with the share of coal and oil consump on
from 68.2% in 2013 to 67.0% in 2020BaU, especially for industrial
ac vi es. A small share of total final energy consump on is from bio‐
mass for some purposes in residen al and commercial sectors.
Figure 4 shows the final energy consump on in industrial sector, inwhich group “Others” (non‐classified in IEA’s EBT) is the biggest con‐sumer with 42.5%, followed by non‐metallic mineral with 25.1%, andpaper produc on with 8.1%. The other energy consumers are tex les,food‐tobacco, chemical, and iron‐steel with the shares are 7.8%, 7.4%,
7.1% and 2.1%, respec vely.

6

Others5

Iron and steel4

Non‐metallic mineral3

Chemical and petrochemical

2

Paper

1

Textiles0

Food and tobacco
2020
2020
BaU
CCAP
Figure 4: Final energy consump on by industrial sub‐sectors
2013

Projec on of GHG emissions
Detail GHG emissions by categories is summarized in Table 4.

In 2020BaU, the total GHG emissions increases 1.75 mes compared
to 2013. In which, the share of energy‐related GHG emissions increas‐es from 93.6% in 2013 to 95.1% in 2020BaU and the remaining shareis from non‐energy‐related GHG emissions.
60‐19.1%+75%
3

50

Reduction
Solid waste management
Agricultural non‐energy‐related31
40
MtCO2eq

In energy‐related categories, the biggest CO2 emi er is s ll industry
with 1.85 mes increase, contribu ng to 52.9% of total emissions.
Residen al and commercial sectors contribute to 15.3% (1.59 mes of2013) and 12.8% (2.25 mes of 2013) of total emissions, respec vely.
Meanwhile, emission from transport increases 1.46 mes compared
to 2013 (14.0% of the total emissions). The agricultural energy‐related
ac vity contributes 0.1% of total emissions.

Transport

As the main energy consumers in industrial sub‐sectors, group“Others” (mainly manufacturing, construc on, machinery, etc.) shares
34.6% of emissions from industry. Moreover, emissions from non‐metallic mineral and paper produc on have 1.84 mes increase com‐pared to 2013, contribu ng to 27.5% and 10.3%, respec vely. Tex les,food‐tobacco, and chemical produc on also contribute to 9.2%, 8.0%,
and 7.8% of the emission from industry, respec vely. Meanwhile, Ironand steel has the smallest amount of CO2 emission since this is not themain industrial ac vity in HCMC.

Residential
30

Commercial

2
50
43

20

Industry
Agricultural energy‐related

28
10Grid power
Emission
Non‐energy‐related GHG emissions

0
BaU
2013

CCAP

In non‐energy‐related categories, solid waste is the main emi er with
1.70 mes increase, contribu ng to 4.1% of total emissions. Mean‐
while, the agricultural non‐energy‐related ac vity contributes 0.8% of
total emissions.

Energy‐related GHG emissions

2020

Figure 5: GHG emissions and reduc on
Table 4: GHG emissions by sectors (ktCO2eq)

2020

2013

BaU

GHG emissions%
Energy‐related GHG emissions
28,094 93.6
Agricultural energy‐related
26
0.1
Industry
15,001 50.0
Commercial
2,988 10.0
Residen al
5,074 16.9
Transport
5,006 16.7
Non‐energy related GHG emissions
1,918
6.4
Agricultural non‐energy related
635
2.1
Solid waste management
1,283
4.3
CO2 absorp on
Total GHG emissions
30,012 100.0
GHG emissions per GDP (tCO2eq/bil.Dongs)
39.3
GHG emissions per capita (tCO2eq/person)
3.8

349,94738
27,811
6,717
8,047
7,333
2,583
406
2,177

CCAP
%
95.1
0.1
52.9
12.8
15.3
14.0
4.9
0.8
4.1

52,530 100.0
35.8
5.7

%
41,381 97.4
36
0.1
23,940 56.4
4,914 11.6
6,054 14.3
6,436 15.2
1,425
3.4
399
0.9
1,026
2.4
‐334 ‐0.8
42,472 100.0
28.9
4.6

2020
BaU/2013 CCAP/BaU
1.78
1.48
1.85
2.25
1.59
1.46
1.35
0.64
1.70

0.83
0.95
0.86
0.73
0.75
0.88
0.55
0.98
0.47

1.75
0.91
1.51

0.81
0.81
0.81

GHG emissions reduc on by categories
Among the categories, energy has the largest reduc on poten al,followed by solid waste management and transport. The forth reduc‐on poten al is from industry, even though this is the main source of
GHG emissions.

[III] Reduc on in Transport: 816.0 ktCO2eq
This category covers both passenger and freight transport. The im‐provement of transport management system such as promo on of
eco‐driving with digital tachographs (with 20% diﬀusion rate), wide‐
range traﬃc control (1,000 integrated control traﬃc lights will be
installed), and expansion of frequencies and routes for bus transport(assuming that addi onal 3% shi from motorbike to bus) contributes
to reduce 20.3 ktCO2eq, 17.6 ktCO2eq, and 69.7 ktCO2eq, respec vely.

The fi h reduc on poten al is from land‐use planning, since Ho Chi
Minh City has several priority projects, such as the construc on ofregula on ponds and the increase of greenery. Construc on is thesixth reduc on poten al, followed by water management and agricul‐
tural non‐energy related ac vi es.

The modal shi to subway (addi onal 2%), BRT (addi onal 3%), CNG
bus (30% diﬀusion rate), and electric vehicles (5% diﬀusion rate) re‐duces 174.2 ktCO2eq. On the other hand, promo ng energy‐eﬃcient
vehicles has the poten al to reduce 534.3 ktCO2eq.

The below explana on follows the order of categories in the Ho Chi
Minh City’s CCAP. In which, the reduc on poten al of categories (VIII)‐ Health care and (X) ‐ Tourism are not quan fied. GHG emissions
reduc on poten al by project is summarized in Table 6.

[I] Reduc on in Land‐use planning: 333.9 ktCO2eq[IV] Reduc on in Industry: 669.8 ktCO2eq

The main mi ga on project is aﬀoresta on and greening, par cularly
the plan ng of 10 million tree in parks, along roads and pedestrianspaces, riparian and coastal areas as planned in the Decision 05/QD‐
UBND on the approval of aﬀoresta on and plan ng in HCMC 2011‐2015 with vision to 2020. This project contributes to reduce 333.7
ktCO2eq. Moreover, wind channels (green corridors) project imple‐
mented in commercial buildings reduces the electricity consump on
for cooling, thus reduce 0.2 ktCO2eq.

This category covers all manufacturing and producing ac vi es, in‐cluding the produc on of agricultural products. By improving the kiln
opera on techniques, the heat can be recovered. With 1,000 heatrecovery units being installed, this project reduces 669.8 ktCO2eq(assuming one unit can reduce 669.8 tCO2eq).

[V] Reduc on in Water management: 36.6 ktCO2eq
By construc ng the regula on ponds (total area is 800 ha), rain water
storage facility (4 ha), as well as improving the water distribu on
system (water saving and reduce leakage), water management sector
can reduce 36.6 ktCO2eq.

[II] Reduc on in Energy: 6,943.0 ktCO2eq
This category covers all ac vi es related to the produc on and con‐sump on of energy. In the Energy Saving Company (ESCO) project,with the assumed diﬀusion rate is 20% and the energy saving rate is
13‐14%, the reduc on amount is 1,123.7 ktCO2eq. The replacement tohigh eﬃciency ligh ng (such as LED) in public ligh ng (160,000 lights),
commercial building (8 million lights) and residen al buildings (10million lights) contributes to reduce 688.1 ktCO2eq.

[VI] Reduc on in Waste management: 1,150.7 ktCO2eq
This category only covers the municipal solid waste management
ac vi es. In which, the reduc on of waste genera on and change ofmanagement op on reduce 178.1 ktCO2eq and 40.3 ktCO2eq, respec‐vely. Moreover, the waste‐to‐energy (biogas, power genera on fromincinera on, methane recovery) has the poten al to reduce 932.3
ktCO2eq.

By using energy saving devices (such as air condi oners with 25%
diﬀusion rate), energy saving glasses (with 5% diﬀusion rate), andtechnology (with 10% diﬀusion rate) in residen al and commercial
buildings, the reduc on amount is 176.1 ktCO2eq, 129.5 ktCO2eq and55.2 ktCO2eq, respec vely. The promo on of energy‐eﬃcient appli‐
ances has the poten al to reduce 275.2 ktCO2eq. Besides, the installa‐
on of energy eﬃciency improvement facili es in small‐medium en‐
terprises (450 furnaces) reduces the oil consump on and thus reduce
603.6 ktCO2eq.

[VII] Reduc on in Construc on: 99.9 ktCO2eq
This category covers the ac vi es at construc on sites, while theproduc on of material is included in Industry category.
By assuming 10% diﬀusion rate for environmentally‐sound building
and energy‐eﬃcient building material, the reduc on poten al is 55.9
ktCO2eq. Furthermore, the introduc on of energy‐eﬃcient construc‐on machine with 20% diﬀusion rate can reduce 44.1 ktCO2eq.

Renewable energies (including photovoltaic power at 4‐5 MW in‐stalled capacity, solar water heater with 20% diﬀusion rate, small‐scale hydropower with 2,000 MWh capacity, 4 wind power units with3,000MWh capacity/unit) contributes to reduce 330.9 ktCO2eq. More‐over, the regional energy supply system with 10% diﬀusion rate atindustry helps to reduce 301.3 ktCO2eq. Furthermore, by improving
the genera on eﬃciency and reducing the transmission loss, grid
power can reduce 3,259.3 ktCO2eq.

[IX] Reduc on in Agriculture: 7.9 ktCO2eq
This category covers non‐energy related ac vi es in agriculture, suchas rice cul va on and animal husbandry. The biogas‐based electric
power genera on from livestock manure has the poten al to reduce
6.3 ktCO2eq. Moreover, reducing fer lizer usage and reduce energy
consump on help to reduce 1.6 ktCO2eq.

Comparison of the 2020CCAP’s performance and related targets prescribed in “Decisions”
Table 5 shows the comparison of the reduc on targets of HCMC based on the implementa on of CCAP’s project and the related targets prescribed in
Decision 1393/QD‐TTg for “Na onal Green Growth Strategy”, Decision 2631/QD‐TTg, 2013 for “Master Plan for Socio‐economic Development of
HCMC ll 2020 with vision to 2025”, and the Vietnam’s INDCs submi ed to the UNFCCC.
Table 5: GHG emissions reduc on in HCMC’s CCAP and related decisions
Performance ofQuan fied GHG emissions
the proposed objec ves and related targets
Index
Reference
Scenarios in 2020
based on Decisions
BaU
CCAP
2020
2030
Decision 1393/QD‐TTg
GHG emissions
1.8 (1)
1.4 (1) 2.3(2) ‐ 2.4(2)2.0(2)
Decision 2631/QD‐TTg
GHG emissions intensity
0.91 (1) 0.74 (1) 0.90(2) ‐ 0.92(2) 0.70(3) ‐ 0.80(4) Decision1393/QD‐TTg
0.70(3) ‐ 0.80(4) Vietnam’s INDCs
(6)
(6)
(3)
(4)
GHG emissions from energy‐
1.00
0.83 0.80 ‐ 0.90
0.70(3) ‐ 0.80(4) Decision 1393/QD‐TTg
related ac vi es compared to BaU
0.92(6) ‐ 0.75(6) Vietnam’s INDCs
(1)
(1)
(5)
GDP
1.9
1.9
2.5 ‐ 2.7
5.7(5) ‐ 6.3(5) Decision 2631/ QD‐TTg
(1)
(1)
(5)
Energy Intensity
0.90
0.85
0.80
‐
Decision 1393/ QD‐TTg

4

Note:
1) compared with 2013(2) compare with 2010, with the assump onthat HCMC adopts the same intensity target
as na onal one(3) compare with 2010, with the assump onthat HCMC adopts the same target as na on‐
al one, and with internal voluntary and addi‐
onal interna onal supports(4) compare with 2010, with the assump onthat HCMC adopts the same target as na on‐
al one, and with internal voluntary eﬀort(5) compare with 2010(6) compared with BaU

Detail of mi ga on projects in HCMC’s CCAP
Table 6: Detail emission reduc on by projects in each category (ktCO2eq)
Project
Project namecode
I‐3 Aﬀoresta on and greening (parks, roads, pedestrian spaces, riparian and coastal areas)
Build wind channels (green corridors)
TOTAL (I)
EnergyII‐1 Energy eﬃciency technology applied to buildings
II‐2 ESCO (Energy Saving COmpany) ProjectII‐2 ESCO (Energy Saving COmpany) Project for commercial buildings
II‐2 ESCO (Energy Saving COmpany) Project for industries
II‐3 High Eﬃciency Ligh ng
II‐3 High Eﬃciency Ligh ng in public ligh ng
II‐3 High Eﬃciency Ligh ng in commercial buildings
II‐3 High Eﬃciency Ligh ng in households
II‐4 High Eﬃciency Air Condi oners (such as Air Condi oners with Inverter Controllers)II‐4 High Eﬃciency Air Condi oners (such as Air Condi oners with Inverter Controllers) in commercial buildings
II‐4 High Eﬃciency Air Condi oners (such as Air Condi oners with Inverter Controllers) in households
II‐5 Energy Eﬃciency Improvement Facili es to be installed at Small/Medium Enterprises (Compressors, Motors)
II‐6 Introduc on of Photovoltaic Power Genera on
II‐6 Introduc on of Photovoltaic Power Genera on to commercial buildings
II‐6 Introduc on of Photovoltaic Power Genera on to households
II‐7 Introduc on of Solar Water Heater
II‐7 Introduc on of Solar Water Heater to commercial buildings
II‐7 Introduc on of Solar Water Heater to households
II‐8 Installa on of Energy Saving Glasses
II‐8 Installa on of Energy Saving Glasses to commercial buildings
II‐8 Installa on of Energy Saving Glasses to households
II‐9 Regional Energy Supply System
II‐10 Introduc on of Small‐scale Hydropower Genera on (at water distribu on sta ons, canals)
II‐11 Introduc on of Wind Power Genera on
II‐12 Promo on of energy‐eﬃcient appliances
Improvement of genera on eﬃciency,
Reduc on of transmission loss
TOTAL (II)Transporta on III‐2 Promo on of Eco‐Driving with Digital Tachographs
III‐3 Construc on of Subway
III‐7 Wide‐range traﬃc control
III‐10 Expansion of Frequencies and Routes of Bus Transporta on
III‐12 Development of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)
III‐13 Shi to CNG bus
III‐14 Introduc on of Electric Motorbikes and bicycles
Promo on of energy‐eﬃcient vehicles
TOTAL (III)Industry
IV‐1 Improvement of Kiln Opera on Techniques/Technologies
TOTAL (IV)Water
V‐1 Stable Water Intake Facility (regula on pond)
management
V‐1 Stable Water Intake Facility (regula on pond) [Commercial]
V‐1 Stable Water Intake Facility (regula on pond) [Residen al]
V‐6 Introduc on of Rainfall Water Storage Facility
Recycling of Rain Water (with Water Purifica on Equipment)
V‐8Countermeasures for water storage and flood
V‐10 Promo on and Distribu on of Water‐Saving Equipment
Improvement of Leakage from Clean Water Pipe Network
Introduc on of Water Distribu on Management to Improve Water Supply System
TOTAL (V)
Solid waste
Reduc on of waste genera on
management
Change of management op ons
VI‐2 Biogas‐based Power Genera on
VI‐3 Electricity Genera on from Solid Waste Incinera on
CH4 recovery from landfill and transferred to biogas
TOTAL (VI)Construc on
VII‐1 Introduc on of Incen ve to Environmentally Sound Buildings
VII‐5 Introduc on of Energy Eﬃcient Construc ng Machine
Introduc on of Energy Eﬃcient Building Materials
TOTAL (VII)

Category
Projectcode
categoryI
Land‐useplanning
II

III

IV
V

VI

VII

IX

Agriculture

Eﬀort
Internal
External
Internal
External
External
External
Internal
Internal
Internal
Internal
Internal
Internal
Internal
Internal
Internal
Internal
Internal
Internal
Internal
Internal
External
External
External
External
External
External
Internal
Internal

3,259.3

Internal
Internal
Internal
Internal
External
External
Internal
Internal

Transport
Transport
Transport
Transport
Transport
Transport
Transport
Transport

Internal

Industry

Internal
Internal
Internal
Internal

Total V‐1
Commercial
Residen al
Commercial

Internal

Commercial

0.004

Internal
External
Internal

Commercial
Commercial
Commercial

Internal
Internal
Internal
Internal
Internal

SW management
SW management
SW management
SW management
SW management

Internal
Internal
External

Commercial
Industry
Residen al

10.9
17.2
4.8
36.6
178.1
40.3
85.7
181.0
665.6
1,150.7
9.1
44.1
46.8
99.9

External

Introduc on of Water‐saving Pumps with U liza on of Renewable Energy

External

Biogas‐based Electric Power Genera on from Livestock Manure

External

Reduc on of Agricultural Chemicals and Fer lizers Usage

External

Photovoltaic Power Genera on at Agricultural Communi esExternal

Total GHG emissions reduc on poten al in 2020CCAP

Grid6,943.0
20.3
35.2
17.6
69.7
69.7
17.1
52.2
534.3
816.0
669.8
669.8
3.7
2.1
1.6
0.0164

Preven on of Mudslides by Plan ng TreesTOTAL (IX)

Emission
reduc onCO2 absorp on
333.7
Commercial
0.2
333.9
Commercial
55.2
Total II‐2
1,123.7
Commercial
233.5
Industry
890.2
Total II‐3
688.1
public ligh ng
3.9
Commercial
397.3
Residen al
287.0
Total II‐4
176.1
Commercial
47.7
Residen al
128.4
Industry
603.6
Total II‐6
6.4
Commercial
3.9
Residen al
2.5
Total II‐7
315.0
Commercial
199.6
Residen al
115.4
Total II‐8
129.5
Commercial
80.1
Residen al
49.4
Industry
301.3
Commercial
1.4
Commercial
8.1
Residen al
275.2
SectorAgricultural non‐energy related
Agricultural non‐energy related
Agricultural non‐energy related
Agricultural non‐energy related
Agricultural non‐energy related

0.03
0.4
6.3
0.8
0.4
7.9
10,057.9

Note: Table 6 only lists up projects which reduc on poten al can be quan fied. Projects in categories (VIII) Healthcare and (X) Tourism have no direct reduc on poten‐al. In the 3rd column, projects that have project codes are CCAP’s projects; and those without code are projects proposed by AIM team.

5

Energy consump ons

Energy‐related GHG emissions

Unit: ktoe

Year

SectorCoal
Oil
Gas Biomass Electricity
Total
Agriculture
0.3
6.7
0.0
0.0
0.6
7.6
Industry
1,915.2
707.4 135.2 541.3
621.5 3,920.7
Commercial
0.0
272.7
0.0
0.9
287.4
561.1
0.0
154.3
0.0
23.8
608.2
786.3
2013 Residen al
Passenger transport
0.0 1,255.6
0.0
0.0
0.0 1,255.6
Freight transport
0.0
440.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
440.7
Total
1,915.5 2,837.5 135.2 566.1
1,517.7 6,972.0
Agriculture
0.5
9.9
0.0
0.0
0.9
11.2
Industry
3,500.5 1,293.1 247.2 989.4
1,135.9 7,166.1
Commercial
0.0
593.5
0.0
2.0
625.6 1,221.1
2020
Residen al
0.0
235.0
0.0
36.3
926.4 1,197.6
BaU
Passenger transport
0.0 1,669.7
0.0
0.0
14.7 1,684.3
Freight transport
0.0
775.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
775.8
Total
3,501.0 4,576.9 247.2 1,027.7
2,703.4 12,056.2
Agriculture
0.5
9.9
0.0
0.9
0.0
11.2
Industry
3,321.3 1,238.9 236.9 2,084.3
0.0 6,881.4
Commercial
0.0
500.3
0.0 568.0
59.0 1,127.3
2020
Residen al
0.0
207.2
0.0 865.1
5.9 1,078.1
CCAP
Passenger transport
0.0 1,461.2
28.5
66.3
0.0 1,556.0
Freight transport
0.0
699.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
699.2
Total
3,321.7 4,116.6 265.4 3,584.6
64.9 11,353.2
In 2020, Biomass includes the modern way of using rice husk, coconut cover, palm oil, etc.

Year

SectorAgriculture
Industry
Commercial
2013 Residen al
Passenger transport
Freight transport
Total

Energy andtechnology data

Project data of
CCAP

0.0
580.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
580.2
0.0
534.2
0.0
0.0
133.9
0.0
668.1

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

6.9
38.0
9,017.2 27,810.9
4,965.8 6,717.4
7,353.9 8,047.3
116.3 5,043.8
0.0 2,289.5
21,460.1 49,946.9
5.1
36.3
7,199.2 23,939.5
3,609.4 4,914.3
5,504.1 6,054.2
444.5 4,458.5
0.0 1,977.7
16,762.4 41,380.6• Energy efficiency• Technology status• Emission factor• Implementation of
mitigation measures• Diffusion rate oftechnology

AIM/ExSS

Unit: ktCO2eq
Information sharing and exchanging with HCMC

Macro data

3. Contribution to CCAP

Unit: ktCO2eq

Gas
Biomass Electricity
Total
0.0
0.0
4.5
25.6
317.4
0.0
4,719.1 15,001.3
0.0
0.0
2,182.7 2,987.6
0.0
0.0
4,618.4 5,073.7
0.0
0.0
0.0 3,705.5
0.0
0.0
0.0 1,300.5
317.4
0.0
11,524.6 28,094.2

Non‐energy‐related GHG emissions• Population/household• GDP growth• Economic development• Transport• Others

2. Model simulation

Oil
19.8
2,087.8804.9
455.3
3,705.5
1,300.5
8,373.8

Agriculture
2.0
29.2
Industry
14,397.5 3,816.0
Commercial
0.0 1,751.6
2020
Residen al
0.0
693.5
BaU
Passenger transport
0.0 4,927.5
Freight transport
0.0 2,289.5
Total
14,399.5 13,507.2
Agriculture
2.0
29.2
Industry
12,679.2 3,527.0
Commercial
0.0 1,304.9
2020
Residen al
0.0
550.1
CCAP
Passenger transport
0.0 3,880.1
Freight transport
0.0 1,977.7
Total
12,681.1 11,269.0

Work procedure
1. Data collection

Coal
1.3
7,877.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
7,878.4

AIM/Book-keeping

Energy related
GHG emissions

Non-energy related
GHG emissions

Energy related
GHG emissions
reduction

Non-energy related
GHG emissions
reduction

Technical report• Socio-economic activity• Energy demand• GHG emissions• GHG emissions reduction

Climate Change
Action Plan

Team Informa on
HO CHI MINH CITY CLIMATE CHANGE BUREAU (HCCB)
Nguyen Trung VIET
Ha Minh CHAU
Le Nguyen Que HUONG
Tran Hong LAN
NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, JAPAN (NIES)
TRAN Thanh Tu*
Junichi FUJINO
Toshihiko MASUIKYOTO UNIVERSITY (KU)
Yuzuru MATSUOKA*
E‐KONZAL
Yuki OCHI*
Tomoki EHARAINSTITUTE FOR GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES (IGES)
Shuzo NISHIOKATomoko ISHIKAWAMIZUHO INFORMATION AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE (MHIR)
Go HIBINO

GHG emissions
Reduc on by
Total
Non‐energyYearpower gener‐ including
categories CO2 CH4 N2O Total
a on (waste‐ waste‐to‐to‐energy)
energy2013
Waste
95 1,162
26 1,283
1,283
Agriculture
507 128 635
6352020 BaU Waste
165 1,964
48 2,177
2,177
Agriculture
272 135 406
4062020 CCAP Waste
673 450 159 1,283
‐257
1,026
Agriculture
265 134 399
399

Acronyms and Abbrevia ons
AIM
BaU
BRT
CC
CCAP
CNG
EBT
ExSS
GDP
HCCB
HCMC
IEA
IGES
INDCs
IOT
ktCO2eq

Asia‐Pacific Integrated ModelingBusiness as Usual scenario
Bus Rapid Transit
Climate Change
Climate Change Ac on Plan scenario
Compressed Natural Gas
Energy Balance Table
Extended Snapshot Tool
Gross Domes c ProductHo Chi Minh City Climate Change Bureau
Ho Chi Minh City
Interna onal Energy Agency
Ins tute for Global Environmental Strategies
Intended Na onally Determined Contribu ons
Input‐Output Tablekilo‐ton Carbon dioxide

KU
LCC
MHIR
MRT
NIES
PDP7
SYB
toe

Kyoto University
Low Carbon City
Mizuho Informa on and Research Ins tute
Mass Rapid Transit
Na onal Ins tute for Environmental Studies, Japan
Power Development Plan 7
Sta s cal Yearbook
ton of oil equivalent*We welcome feedback and sugges on. Please contact:

Acknowledgement

TRAN Thanh Tu: thanhtu311083@gmail.com

This research is supported by the Ministry of the Environment,
Japan.

Yuki OCHI: ochi.ekonzal@gmail.com

January, 2016

6

Yuzuru MATSUOKA: matsuoka@env.kyoto‐u.ac.jp