2023
Public LibraryTechnology
SurveySUMMARY REPORTAcknowledgments
Report authored by:Sara S. Goek, Project Manager, Data and Research, PLA

with contributions from:
Larra Clark, Deputy Director, Advocacy, PLA
Katina Jones, Program Manager, Evaluation and Assessment, PLA
Members of the Measurement, Evaluation, and Assessment Committee, PLA

data analysis by:
Karen Drill, The Drill Consulting Group, LLC

and design by:
Karen Sheets de Gracia, Karen Sheets Design, Inc.

Citation
Public Library Association. 2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report.
Chicago: Public Library Association, 2024.

Copyright and Reproduction© Public Library Association, a division of the American Library Association.
This work is issued under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
license CC BY-NC 4.0. c b n

Public Library Association
A division of the American Library Association
Chicago, Illinois
2024

Contents
2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report
Executive Summary 1
About the Survey Data 2
Public Access Technology 2
Results for Action: Hotspot Lending 5

Digital Literacy and Training 7
Spotlight: Digital Navigators 9

Infrastructure 11
Spotlight: Data in Action 14

Staff Support and Budget for Technology 15
Results for Action: Upskilling Staff 17

Conclusion 19
Notes 19

Detailed Results 21
Appendix A: Methodology 31
Appendix B: Survey Reference Copy 35
Appendix C: Survey Instructions and Glossary 49

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Reportiii

Executive Summary
Public libraries have long played a critical role in providing access to information to facilitate learningand civic engagement. As information mediums have evolved, so too have libraries. The 2023 Public
Library Technology Survey results shed light on the current state of technology resources, services,
infrastructure, and staff in U.S. public libraries. Key findings include:

Almost half of libraries(47%) offer hotspots forcheckout, an increase
from 2020.

About a quarter of libraries(25%) have digital media
production equipment andover one-third (40%) havemaker production equipment.

95% of public libraries
offer some kind offormal or informal digital
literacy training.

$
95% of libraries
offer e-books and/or e-audiobooks and
58% offer streamingand downloadable
media for patrons.

Federal funding is critical tosupporting library technology
needs: more than half (52%) oflibraries applied for the E-rate
program either individually or as
part of a consortium.

Subscription costs or
payment terms are the top
factor influencing libraries’
ability to offer digitalcontent (selected by 86% oflibraries overall).

A variety of data collection efforts have tracked the evolution of library technology services
over time. The American Library Association’s (ALA) first survey on public libraries and technology
access was administered in 1994. The federal Public Libraries Survey (PLS) added questions about
electronic technology and internet access in FY 1995. The Public Library Association’s (PLA) Public
Library Technology Survey took its current form in 2020, drawing inspiration from earlier studies andcomplementing the questions now asked on the PLS.1
The 2020 survey took place during the COVID-19 pandemic, though that was neither its original
intent nor focus. It highlighted the ways libraries used technology services to extend their reachbeyond physical buildings, such as by offering streaming online programs and hotspots for checkout.
The 2023 results shed light on changes wrought by the pandemic and emergence from it. Across theboard, the technology resources and services libraries offer have expanded in the last three years.

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Executive Summary | 1

This was facilitated at least in part by legislation responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, including theCoronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) and American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA),
both of which provided federal funding to public libraries via the Institute of Museum and LibraryServices (IMLS) and state library administrative agencies, as well as local government entities. Future
iterations of this survey in 2026 and beyond will continue to document changing needs and emerging
technology trends in public libraries.

About the Survey Data
PLA fielded the Public Library Technology Survey in fall 2023. It is one ofa set of three topical surveys administered on a rotating annual basis. The
Measurement, Evaluation, and Assessment Committee decided to makeminor changes in 2023 to reduce survey burden and ensure the datacollected meet current needs in the field. See Appendix C for a reference copy of the survey.
The survey methodology changed between 2020 and 2023. In 2020, the American Institutes
for Research administered the survey on PLA’s behalf and used a nationally representative sample.
Starting in 2021, PLA has administered its annual surveys in-house via the Benchmark platform(librarybenchmark.org), opening them to all public libraries nationwide and weighting the results inpost-processing to ensure they are representative. In 2023, PLA invited all U.S. public libraries (at theadministrative entity level as defined by IMLS) to participate in the Technology Survey. In total, 1,511
libraries completed the survey, a response rate of 16.4%. The results presented below are weighted toaccount for differences between the responding libraries and the universe of all U.S. public libraries.
All questions on the survey were optional, and the tables in the Detailed Results section include
the number of respondents for each question. The percentage estimates reflect the percentage of
respondents for a particular question, rather than the percentage of the full sample. See Appendix A
for further details of the methodology.
The charts and tables below highlight responses for public libraries overall and by locale type.
Locale indicates the level of urbanization of a given location, with libraries divided into the categories
of city, suburban, and town/rural. While city libraries are a small proportion (6%) of all administrative
entities (AEs), they serve a large share of the U.S. population (37%). Suburban libraries are 25% of AEs
and serve 41% of the population. Town/rural libraries make up the majority of AEs (69%) but serve only
22% of the population.2

Public Access Technology
Public libraries provide patrons with access to a wide range of technology devices both in theirbuildings and for use off-site, and they facilitate access to online resources. While older technologies
like copy machines, color printers, and scanners are almost universally available, newer technologies
are less so (Figure 1), particularly in town/rural libraries compared to their city and suburban

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Contents | 2

Copy machine(s)98%Scanner(s)94%Color printer(s)92%

Fax machine(s)79%Wireless or mobile printing

71%

Laptop(s)63%

Early learning devices

53%

Smart objects for STEAM

51%

Maker production equipment

40%

Tablet(s)39%Recreational video gaming consoles

36%

Assistive technology

32%

Digital media production equipment

25%

Large-format printer(s)22%E-readers

19%

Virtual reality headsets

16%

Smartboards

12%
0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Figure 1: On-Site Technology (overall). See Table 1 for detailed results by locale.

counterparts (details in Table 1). Maker production equipment (including 3D printers, carving or
engraving tools, or sewing machines) is available in 39.5% of libraries overall, but in 74.8% of city
libraries compared to about half (50.8%) of suburban libraries and one-third (33.5%) of town/rural
libraries. Digital media production equipment (including hardware and software for audio or visualcreation or editing) is available in 24.6% of libraries overall, 58.9% of city, 38.2% of suburban, and 18%
of town/rural libraries. Since 2020, the proportion of libraries offering laptops, early learning devices,
recreational video gaming consoles, and smart objects for STEAM has increased by more than 10%.
PLA’s surveys focus on the types of resources and services libraries offer, complementing data
captured in the annual IMLS Public Libraries Survey (PLS). The PLS includes counts of the numberof public internet computers libraries have and their total annual uses, as well as Wi-Fi sessions andwebsite visits. In FY 2022, the most recent year for which PLS data is available, on average libraries had
31 public computers each and those computers were used an average of 9,230 times per year. These

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Public Access Technology | 3

figures are much higher in city and suburban libraries than town/rural libraries, commensurate with
their larger populations. However, per person in the library’s service area, the average rates of usage
are higher among town/rural libraries.3
Technology lending garnered much attention during the pandemic. In the last three years the
proportion of libraries circulating internet hotspots and laptops has increased (Figure 2). 46.9% oflibraries overall now offer hotspots, compared to 32.6% in 2020. One respondent commented that
hotspots are both “a wonderful thing and a difficult service to manage.” They can get lost or damaged
and may be subject to data limits. Nonetheless, they can have a transformational impact for patrons,particularly in areas with limited broadband service or for households that struggle to afford theservice.
24.8% of libraries circulate laptops for off-site use, compared to 16.7% in 2020. The proportion
circulating tablets and e-readers has decreased slightly. PLA added three new items to this question
about devices for off-site use, based on open-ended responses to the “other” option on the last
survey. In 2023, 28.9% of libraries circulate early learning devices, 22.3% circulate recreational
technology (e.g., action camera kits, gaming consoles, and coding robots), and 6.9% circulate
streaming devices. In three areas—e-readers, recreational technology, and streaming devices—
suburban libraries stand out as being the most likely to circulate these technologies for off-site use.
0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Internet
hotspots
Internet
hotspots

Laptops
Laptops

Tablets
Tablets

E-Readers
E-Readers

Early learning
devices
Early learning
devices

Recreational
technology
Recreational
technology

Streaming
devicesStreaming
devicesFigure 2: Off-Site Technology. See Table 2 for detailed results.
n Cityn Suburban

n Town/Ruraln Overall2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Public Access Technology | 4

R E S U LT S F O R A C T I O N

Hotspot Lending
Result: 46.9% of public libraries circulate internet
hotspots for offsite use by patrons.
Why it matters: Reliable access to the internet isincreasingly important for daily life, from paying bills tocompleting schoolwork, applying for jobs, reading thenews, or simply browsing. Based on the most recent data
available from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey, 8.8% of U.S. households
have no internet subscription, and among the 91% that do, 11.2% rely on a cellular dataplan, with only 75.9% having broadband such as cable, fiber optic, or DSL. Low-income
households are more likely to lack an internet subscription: as of 2022, 24.7% of householdswith annual incomes under $20,000 are without an internet subscription, compared toonly 3.3% of households with annual incomes over $75,000.4 According to a recent Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) report, fixed broadband has not been deployed toapproximately 7% of the population, with people in rural and Tribal areas more likely to lackaccess.5
In practice: Libraries are leaders in providing internet access for their communities andempowering patrons to participate more fully in the digital world. That includes everythingfrom public computers and Wi-Fi connections in library buildings, to training in digital skills,
assisting patrons with getting connected at home, and hotspot lending. Research has shownthat hotpots can make a difference in the lives of patrons, particularly those who cannot
afford home broadband subscriptions or who live in areas where physical broadband isunavailable.6
To learn more about starting a mobile hotspot lending program, checkout the “How to Hotspot” guide for libraries produced by an IMLS-funded
Rural Hotspots grant project at the University of Texas at Austin. PLA has
also created a “Hotspot Playbook” with guidance on implementing new
hotspot lending programs. Find out more about federal funding for digital
equity initiatives in libraries from ALA.7
Challenges: Prohibitive costs, waiting lists for checkout, and damaged, lost, or defective
devices can make hotspot lending programs a challenge. An anticipated July 2024 FCC
ruling will address whether libraries can use E-rate funding for hotspots, which may help withthe cost issue. Over half (63%) of state library administrative agencies also fund or facilitate
library access to Wi-Fi hotspots, according to the most recent SLAA Survey.82023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Public Access Technology | 5

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

E-books/E-audiobooks
E-books/E-audiobooks

Streaming
Streamingand
andotherother
downloadablemedia
media
downloadable

Homeworkassistanceassistance
Homework

Job/employment
Job/employment
resources
resources

Language
Languagelearninglearning

Healthresources
resources
HealthGenealogytools
tools
Genealogy

Referenceservices
services
Reference
via chatvia
chatorortexttext
Videoconferencing
Videoconferencing
softwaresoftwareDesignDesignsoftware
softwareFigure 3: Technology-Enabled Services and Online Resources. See Table 3 for detailed results.
n Cityn Suburban

n Town/Ruraln Overall

As well as devices, libraries provide patrons with access to online resources and services (Figure 3).
The most common are e-books and e-audiobooks, which 95% of public libraries offer. Almost threequarters of libraries provide job or employment resources (71.5%) and genealogy tools (73.1%). Whileat least half offer streaming or other downloadable media services and language learning, the largest
disparities by locale show up in these areas: 92.9% of city libraries offer streaming or downloadable
media, compared to 46.7% of town/rural libraries, and language learning resources are available topatrons in 85.9% of city libraries, compared to 40.2% of town/rural libraries.
The survey also asked about mobile access to library services. 85.1% offer vendor-delivered apps
for patrons to access library services. These include apps like Libby, Hoopla, and Beanstack. A muchsmaller proportion (28%) have mobile apps created specifically for the library. 83.3% of libraries overall
say their website is optimized for mobile devices, with a relatively small difference by locale (details in
Table 4).

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Public Access Technology | 6

17.3% of libraries overall conduct technology-based mobile outreach in their communities(including 43.3% of city, 27.6% of suburban, and 12.3% of town/rural libraries). On the 2022 Services
for Strong Communities Survey, only 2.7% of libraries reported that they have a dedicated cybermobile
or mobile technology lab, suggesting that outreach may primarily rely on less formal facilities, such asstaff carrying devices with them or using technology available at the outreach location.9

Digital Literacy and Training
Digital inclusion encompasses not only access to devices and the internet, but education and digital
literacy skills. Public libraries are well-positioned to help their community members learn to use
technology and the internet effectively. 95.3% of libraries provide at least one type of digital literacy
training. The survey asked about training in five areas:
Q

General computer hardware/software (e.g., how to use a mouse and keyboard, word
processing, streaming devices);

Q

Internet use (e.g., web searching, online databases, social media, privacy and safety online);Q

Web development and digital content creation (e.g., website creation, audio/visual content
creation);Q

Coding and maker technology (e.g., programming, robotics, 3D printing); andQ

Other, including assistive technology, video conferencing, or other types of training.

Training can mean formal programs, classes, or appointments, or informal, point-of use training,
and libraries may offer both types. Figure 4 shows the prevalence of formal and informal digital
literacy training overall. In general, the basic types of training (general computer skills and internetuse) are common among libraries of all locale types, while specialized topics (web development
and coding) are found more in city and suburban libraries than in their town/rural counterparts (seedetailed results in Table 6). Informal training is more common, except in the case of coding and makertechnology training, which is more likely to be formal.

Generalcomputer
computerhardware/software
hardware/software skills
GeneralInternet use
Internet
Webdevelopment
developmentand
anddigital
digitalcontent
content creation
creationWeb
Codingandandmakermaker technology
technology
Coding
Other
0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Figure 4: Digital Literacy Training. See Table 6 for detailed results.
n Formaln Informal

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Digital Literacy and Training | 7

In 2020, the survey question about technology-enabled or online programs or services
highlighted the impact of the pandemic. At the time, almost half (48.7%) of libraries offered streaming
programs and 42.6% offered online discussion forums. In 2023, 41.1% of libraries offered streaming
programs and/or online discussion forums (Figure 5). While many libraries continue to offer virtual
programming, the slight decline suggests a renewed focus on in-person programming. Specialized
online programs and services are less common overall: 15.7% of libraries have live online classes or job
training, 12.3% hold individual online consultation appointments, and less than 10% offer telehealthsessions, virtual reality, or home broadband adoption services.
0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Individual
telehealth
Individual
telehealthsessions
sessionsLive
onlineclasses
Live online
classesor jobtraining
or job training

publicprograms
Live online Livepubliconline
programs
or discussion
forumsor discussion forums

realityexperiences
Virtual Virtual
realityexperiences

Home broadband
adoptionHome broadband
adoption

Other
individual
onlineOther individual online
consultation
appointments
consultation appointments

Figure 5: Formal Technology-Enabled Programs and Services. See Table 7 for detailed results.
n Cityn Suburban

n Town/Ruraln Overall

The 2023 survey included a new question about whether libraries have a digital navigator
program. The National Digital Inclusion Alliance (NDIA) defines digital navigators as “individuals
who address the whole digital inclusion process—home connectivity, devices, and digital skills—with
community members through repeated interactions.”10 Overall, 29.7% of libraries indicate they have a
digital navigator program, including 42.1% of city, 34.4% of suburban, and 27.3% of town/rural libraries.
However, a follow-up question asked respondents to provide details of their program and thosecomments suggest the percentages may be overestimates. Respondents describe services to provide
technology assistance to patrons, but not all those services meet the definition of digital navigation.
In some states, including California and Arizona, the state library administrative agency provides ormanages digital navigator services.112023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Digital Literacy and Training | 8

SPOT L IG HT

Digital Navigators
29.7% of libraries report that they offer a digital navigator
program, though only 12.1% indicate that they have staff
dedicated as digital navigators. The examples below—included
with the respondents’ permission—illustrate how libraries of all types
and sizes work to meet their communities’ digital inclusion needs.
If your library is interested in starting a digital navigator program,resources from the National Digital Inclusion Alliance and Urban Libraries Council can help
you learn more.12
Columbus Metropolitan Library in Ohio is a city library with 23 outlets serving a populationof almost one million. The guiding principles the library developed for its Digital Navigators
program are: “In order to get tech help, customers needed to feel safe, not judged; to be seen
and not rushed; and to feel help is abundant, not scarce.” As the program has evolved, all adultservices staff have received training in digital inclusion support and a dedicated Community
Support Center focuses on more in-depth questions. To assess patron access, connectivity,and skills, staff consider: What does the patron say their need or goal is? What barriers get in
the way of accomplishing that goal? What other needs might the patron have that are related,
but unexpressed? What doesn’t the patron know that it would help them to know?13
Manchester-by-the-Sea Public Library in Massachusetts is a singleoutlet suburban library serving a population of over 5,000, of which a large
proportion (22%) is over age 65. The library’s staff regularly assist patrons withdigital inclusion needs in one-on-one appointments or at designated drop-in
sessions. Patrons using these services frequently ask for assistance with newdevices or apps. A challenge the library has faced is that “people want help
in the moment and that need cannot always be met” at that time or for thatspecific issue. However, this valuable service has enabled the library to “build rapport withrepeat patrons who continue to increase their digital knowledge bank as time goes on.”Smyth County Public Library in Virginia is a town/rural library with three outlets serving a
population of about 30,000. In summer 2023 the library received a grant from the state’s Officeof Broadband in the Department of Housing and Community Development to pilot a digitalnavigator program in rural, underserved areas. Promoting it through word-of-mouth advertisingand one-on-one assistance worked best for their community. They found that “developing a
relationship of trust through repeated appointments is the key to unlocking patrons’ eagerness
to learn and explore.” The digital navigator model worked well, but the final report on the pilot
program notes, “achieving digital equity in Smyth County will require a sustained, in-depth
educational effort.”14 The library continues to offer digital navigation services with one staff
member and intends to seek funding for additional staff to grow the program and its outreach toareas where transportation is a barrier to accessing library services.

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Digital Literacy and Training | 9

Another new question on the 2023 survey asked about libraries’ involvement in digital equity
planning. 14% of libraries overall indicate they are involved in their state’s digital equity planning and19.7% are involved in other digital equity or inclusion coalitions at the local, state, or regional level(see Table 9 for detailed results).15 With $2.75 billion in federal funding available for state planning andimplementation, as well as competitive grants through Digital Equity Act programs, this data informs
PLA and ALA advocacy and resource development to support the role of libraries as digital equity
hubs.
An open-ended question on the survey asked about new or emerging technologies for whichlibraries are developing or considering developing digital literacy assistance or training in the coming
year. Of the 336 libraries that responded (excluding those who entered none or N/A), themes thatemerge include:Q

artificial intelligence (61%, n=204),

Q

virtual reality, particularly for job training (17%, n=58),

Q

content creation and maker technologies, including 3D printing,and digital media (10.7%, n=36), as well asQseeking partnerships and grant funding, particularly related totelehealth, open data and job training efforts (15%, n = 50).

In the case of AI, overall, the comments suggest active engagement with the topic. Many
respondents are planning or already offer programs and classes aimed at educating patrons about AI,
covering the basics, implications, and practical uses in daily life or professional settings. Some libraries
are exploring AI’s potential applications within library services, including operations and digital literacy
training.
Another open-ended question asked respondents to identify the greatest challenges their libraries
face in providing digital literacy assistance or training. Of the 1,011 libraries that responded (excluding
those who entered N/A), the five overarching challenges identified are:
Q

Limited staff capacity (54%, n=550), including not having enough staff or staff time, restricts
libraries’ ability to assist and train patrons.

Q

Insufficient funding or resources (39%, n=392) can hinder libraries’ ability to invest in andsustain digital literacy programs, to purchase technology, and to hire qualified staff.

Q

It can be difficult to reach underserved populations (29%, n=300), including non-English
speakers, low-income individuals, patrons with disabilities, seniors, or rural residents. Disparities
in access present a persistent challenge as libraries try to meet digital equity needs.

Q

Lack of staff expertise or training (27%, n=276) can hinder libraries’ ability to offer technology
programs and services to meet patron needs. Rapid advancements in areas like AI can make itchallenging to keep up and provide up-to-date programs and assistance.

Q

Technological and spatial barriers (17%, n=169) include outdated equipment, old buildings, andlimited internet connectivity.

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Digital Literacy and Training | 10

These issues range from financial constraints to community engagement barriers and addressing
them will not be easy. Nonetheless, the survey results demonstrate how libraries already work toadvance digital equity in their communities. The open-ended responses suggest active interest incontinuing and expanding that work even in the face of challenges.

Infrastructure
The questions in the infrastructure section of the survey focus on the libraries’ internet connections,factors affecting connectivity, and recent improvements to the network and physical devices. Overall,
74.8% of public libraries have a fiber optic internet connection, though this is more common in city
(86.6%) and suburban (78.6%) libraries than town/rural libraries (72.8%). This represents a ten percent
increase from 2020. Almost all public libraries (99.4%) offer Wi-Fi internet access to patrons.
A set of three questions asked respondents to report the download and upload speeds at which
the library subscribes for its public access Internet connection, as well as the results of tests of thedownload and upload speeds on wired connections and Wi-Fi. The results show that the average
speeds city libraries subscribe to are over three times thatof town/rural libraries and about twice that of suburban
libraries. More concerning is the proportion of public
libraries whose connection speeds do not meet minimum
federal standards for broadband. Until March 2024, FCC’s
standard was a minimum speed of 25 Mbps download and3 Mbps upload. 5.6% of libraries overall (and 7.1% of town/
rural libraries) report a subscribed download and/or upload
speed that falls below that threshold. In March 2024 thestandard changed to 100 Mbps download and 20 Mbps

28.4% of libraries overall
subscribe to internet
connections that do not meetthe new federal definitionof broadband.

upload.16 28.4% of libraries overall (and 35.4% of town/rural
libraries) subscribe to internet connections that do not meet the new federal definition of broadband.
While subscribed speeds represent an ideal maximum, speed tests provide a snapshot of a user’s
experience of the connection. The survey instructions recommended that respondents run the tests
at their central library (if the library has multiple branches) during regular service hours. The results
would vary depending on the time of day, the number of people using the network at the time, or the
distance from a router for Wi-Fi. The results of the speed tests are considerably lower on average than
the subscribed speeds (see Table 12).
To complement this information, another question asked respondents to report their perception of
how often the internet connection speed meets patron needs (Figure 6): rarely (pages are consistently
delayed in loading), sometimes (pages may be delayed loading during busy times of day), or often(patrons can consistently access the content they want when they need it). 90.4% of libraries reportthat connections on public computers and 86.2% of Wi-Fi connections often meet patron needs.17

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Infrastructure | 11

The responses to this question reflect staff perceptions based on anecdotal evidence, such as patroncomplaints about slow speeds. The open-ended comments explaining the selected rating highlight
how experiences vary depending on the number of users, and the library may not be able to control
the internet contract or speeds available.
Asked about factors affecting the library’s ability to increase its broadband connectivity, thetop reason selected by 40.1% of respondents is that the library is locked into a contract for a particular
speed (Figure 6). 34.9% of respondents indicate that an entity other than the library (including city or
county government) makes decisions about the library’s bandwidth. 30.5% of libraries cannot afford
the cost of increasing bandwidth and 30.4% do not have access to faster speeds in their area. The
latter two factors are much more significant for town/rural libraries, compared to city and suburban
libraries, and these challenges have persisted over time as bandwidth needs and standards have
evolved.
0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

The library cannot afford the

The library cannot afford the cost of
cost of increasing bandwidth toincreasing bandwidth to support faster speeds

support faster speeds

City/county/other entities

City/county/other entities influence or makeinfluenceor makedecisionsregarding thelibrary’sdecisions
bandwidth

regarding the library’s bandwidthThelibrary
the technicalThelibrary
lacks lacks
the technicalknowledge
to toincrease
bandwidthknowledge
increase
bandwidth

A fasternotavailable
A fasterspeed
speed isis
notavailablein theservicearea areain thelibrary's
library’s
service

The library is currently locked

The library is currently locked into contract
into contract for a particular
for a particular speed, including E-rate

speed, including E-rate

Figure 6: Factors Affecting Broadband Connectivity. See Table 15 for detailed results.
n Cityn Suburban

n Town/Ruraln OverallTechnology requires continual improvement. In terms of infrastructure, compared to 2020
more libraries have added, replaced, or upgraded their public access laptops and digital signage inthe last two years. Overall differences in other areas are minimal. However, one of the encouraging
changes visible in comparing the results from 2020 to those in 2023 is a narrowing gap between
libraries by locale. In all areas except one, the gap between city and town/rural libraries has decreased

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Infrastructure | 12

by more than 10%. The only area where the gap has widened is public access laptops: overall, morelibraries have added, replaced, or upgraded their laptops in 2023, but where in 2020 the difference
between city and town/rural was 20.1%, now it is 24.6%. Staff computers, laptops, and tablets was a
new item added to this survey question in 2023; overall, three-quarters (75.5%) of libraries have added,
replaced, or upgraded staff devices recently. Figure 7 shows the areas in which libraries have maderecent infrastructure improvements and where gaps remain between town/rural, suburban, and city
libraries.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Bandwidth
10.8%Internal network
11.7%

Firewalls or other security measures
11.5%

Public access computers

Public access laptops

Public-access tablets

24.6%

14.8%

On-site computer lab

Mobile computer lab

11.1%

27.7%

19.1%

Cloud-based server management

22.4%

Physical servers

29.0%Videoconferencing software license or equipment

34.0%

Digital signage
35.0%

Staff devices

16.7%

Figure 7: Infrastructure Added, Replaced, or Upgraded within Last Two Years. The gray line withpercentage labels indicates the difference between city and town/rural libraries. See Table 16 for detailed results.

• City • Suburban • Town/Ruraln Overall

Difference between City and Town/Rural

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Infrastructure | 13

SPOT L IG HT

Data in Action
Research on the evolution of technology services has always
been closely tied to policymaking, public awareness, andadvocacy, particularly since the beginning of the Schools andLibraries program (E-rate) at the Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) in 1996.
ALA and PLA have consistently engaged in the datacollection, analysis, and reporting to draw an accurate and detailed picture of ourcommunities’ provision of public internet, public computers, and digital skill building. As
long as the digital divide continues, this research remains essential for recognizing andpositioning public libraries as digital equity hubs. Most significantly, ALA, PLA, and otheradvocates have used the data to advance public policy and awareness with three primary
audiences:
Congress and other legislators: The digital divide was more visible thanever before during the pandemic, while most library buildings closed tothe public for some period. In a series of pandemic relief and recovery
bills, Congress awarded the single largest increase in IMLS funding andother funding for which libraries could apply directly and via state and local
governments. This was due in large part to effective ALA lobbying, swift
activation of library advocates, and effective use of library data and examples. Technology
access data also has been used to advocate for federal Library Services Technology Act
funding and recognizing libraries and their digital literacy and workforce roles in advocating
for reauthorization of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA).18
Federal agencies and other policymakers: Every year for decades the ALA and PLA haveadvocated with the FCC on behalf of public libraries as part of the E-rate program. Most
recently this has focused on the Learn Without Limits initiative, and our ability
to show the gaps that exist between urban and rural libraries has focused
attention on the impacts of and barriers to library participation. Data also
have helped us demonstrate why net neutrality protections are important forlibraries, advocate for libraries as Affordable Connectivity Program outreachgrantees, and amplify the need for E-rate to include cybersecurity costs. Withbillions of dollars in new funding from the National Telecommunications & Information
Administration, ALA and PLA have positioned libraries as vital hubs for digital equity.19
Media: Every week ALA and PLA field inquiries and pitch reporters on library issues.
Technology trend stories range from 3D printers to digital literacy to hotspot lending,allowing us to provide national benchmarks and context for local media, as well as give bothquantitative data and qualitative examples of public library innovation and leadership.20

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Infrastructure | 14

Staff Support and Budget for Technology
Technology access, training, and infrastructure in public libraries all depend on staff and budgets to
support that work. As Figure 8 illustrates, while most libraries have some type of IT support staff, only
20.7% have full-time IT staff and 11.4% have part-time IT staff. City and suburban libraries are more
likely than town/rural libraries to have dedicated IT support staff. Almost half (47.5%) of libraries get IT
support from a consortium, system, or another administrative entity. 46.9% contract for IT support.
Suburban and town/rural libraries are more likely than their city counterparts to have IT support
through a consortium or system or to contract for that support. About a quarter of libraries (24.7%)
get IT support from their city or county. Only a small proportion (10.9% overall) use volunteers. 3.3%of libraries, and 5.8% of town/rural libraries, indicated that they have no IT support staff of any type(selecting “no” for all options in the question).
0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Full-time
Full-time
library
libraryIT
ITstaff
staff

Part-timePart-time
library
libraryIT
ITstaff
staff

IT support
through a
IT support througha consortium,
consortium,system,system,or other AE
or other AE

Contracted
Contracted
IT support

City/county
City/county
IT support
supportVolunteer
Volunteer
IT
ITstaff
staff

Figure 8: IT Support Staff. See Table 17 for detailed results.
n Cityn Suburban

n Town/Ruraln Overall

Staff may fulfill several types of technology-related roles. As an indicator of the importanceof marketing and outreach in libraries, 58.5% report that they have staff dedicated to social media
account management. Almost half of libraries (44.6%) have staff for website development andmanagement. 28.3% have staff dedicated to technology programming and 27.9% have staff for digital
literacy training. Only 12.1% indicate that they have dedicated Digital Navigators.

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Staff Support and Budget for Technology | 15

For staff to assist patrons and provide relevant programming, it’s important that they themselves
receive training to stay up to date. A new question added to the survey in 2023 asked how library staff
receive technology training (Figure 9). Most common in libraries of all types are self-paced, webbased courses (73.3%). Local, consortium, regional, or state training is a close second (68.9%). Far
fewer town/rural or suburban libraries have dedicated library staff to deliver in-house training or areable to participate in national conference sessions or webinars.
0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Dedicated library
Dedicatedlibrary
staff deliver
staff
deliver
in-house
in-house technology training
technology training

Local, consortium,

Local, consortium, regional,
regional, or stateor state library training

library training

National
conference
National conference sessions
sessions
or webinars
or webinars

Self-paced,web-based courses

Self-paced, web-based courses

Figure 9: Staff Technology Training. See Table 19 for detailed results.
n Cityn Suburban

n Town/Ruraln Overall

While most libraries now offer electronic materials and nationwide electronic circulation has
increased every year,22 managing and funding that content involves many complex local decisions.
Asked about the factors that influence the ability to offer digital content, the top choice for all types oflibraries (selected by 85.7% overall) was the subscription cost or payment terms. For libraries to provide
digital access to books is much more costly than the print equivalents.23 82.7% of libraries report that
their digital content is curated by a consortia, regional system, or state, which also impacts the content
they offer. About half of libraries overall (52.3%)—and 83.8% of city libraries—identify vendor licensing
terms or restrictions as a primary factor. Town/rural libraries are more likely to report broadband
limitations within the library’s service area as a factor influencing their digital content offerings. See
Table 20 for detailed results.
Overall, 60.8% of libraries have a budget line or funding designated specifically for public accesstechnology, including hardware, programming, training, or online services. City libraries are more
likely to have this dedicated funding (84.7%) relative to their suburban (69.1%) or town/rural (56.5%)
counterparts. The libraries that responded affirmatively were asked in a follow-up question how muchcontrol library leadership has over technology expenditures: 63.2% say they have full control, 35%

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Staff Support and Budget for Technology | 16

R E S U LT S F O R A C T I O N

Upskilling Staff
Result: 27% of respondents identify staff training as a
primary challenge they face in response to an open-ended
question.
Why it matters: The survey respondents comment on the
struggle to keep pace with new technologies and devices—knowledge that is necessary to assist patrons. This often
intersects with other challenges, including capacity (having
time to learn new skills) and funding (being able to hire staff with more specialized skills or
pay for professional development).
In practice: The most common resources to support staff technology upskilling comefrom library support organizations and online, self-paced learning. A review of the 20232027 plans for state library agencies found that staff professional development and training isa nearly universal component.21 The annual Tech Boot Camp organized by the Georgia Public
Library Service (GPLS), for instance, brings together library IT professionals from across thestate to share experiences and ideas related to emerging technology. GPLS also offers online
technology training and cybersecurity resources for Georgia library staff.
A wide range of online tools and training also support continuing education and facilitateskill building for patrons through public libraries. PLA’s free DigitalLearn.org toolkit provides
self-directed courses for building digital literacy skills and confidence using technology.
While primarily used with patrons, the modules can also help staff learn about devices orsoftware that may be unfamiliar to them. In addition to the online courses with videos,libraries have access to facilitator materials to help them conduct digital literacy workshops.
Many technology companies and other organizations have created their own suites of
free, on-demand training materials that both patrons and staff may find useful. These include
Applied Digital Skills from Google, Skill Forward from Verizon, and EveryoneOn, a non-profit
organization that aggregates and links to other resources.
Challenges: The technology landscape is changing rapidly with advances in areas likegenerative AI. It may be more meaningful for libraries to foster a culture of learning aroundtechnology than to approach skills as a checklist.

have some control, and 1.8% have no control over decision-making. When it comes to managing
budgets, one respondent observed that their library struggles to balance core services with new needsfor digital equity and access “while not always having the necessary budgets or resources (including
funding and staffing) to meet these range of needs in an ideal or optimum level or be proactive in
responding to trends in the way we’d ideally be able to respond.” The many similar comments on thesurvey suggest theirs is not a unique experience.

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Staff Support and Budget for Technology | 17

Funding for technology can come from many different sources (Figure 10). The top sources are
grants (61.9%), city/county government (48.9%), and federal E-rate funding (48.1%). 44.5% of libraries
use donations or fundraisers, including those from Friends groups, and 24.5% get funds from a libraryfoundation or endowment. Only 35% of libraries report using Library Services and Technology Act(LSTA) funds, and 14.8% use universal service funds distributed by their state. While public libraries may
not receive direct funding from LSTA, all benefit from statewide resource sharing and training enabledby the federal program through formula grants to state library agencies.24
0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Library Services andLibrary Services and Technology
ActTechnology(LSTA) funds Act(LSTA) funds
FederalE-RateFederalE-RateState service
universal
State universal
funds
service funds

City/county
City/county
funds
funds

GrantsGrants

Libraryfoundation or
Libraryfoundation
endowment
or endowment

Donations or
fundraisers

Donations or fundraisers

Figure 10: Funding Sources for Technology. See Table 23 for detailed results.
n Cityn Suburban

n Town/Ruraln Overall

The FCC’s E-rate program provides funding for schools and libraries to help them obtainaffordable internet access and related services. On the 2023 survey, 52.3% of libraries report that they
applied for E-rate funding either individually or as part of a consortium, a slight increase from 2020
when 49.9% applied. Category One E-rate funding includes internet/broadband access and Category
Two includes internal network connections and maintenance. Most libraries applied for Category
One (56.1%) or both categories (37.7%). 6.2% report applying for only Category Two funding. Amongthe 47.7% of libraries that did not apply for E-rate funding, about half (51.2%) report that it was notnecessary for them to apply because they had sufficient funding or access from another source. Morethan 40% of libraries that did not apply cite their lack of staff capacity or the limited discount theywould receive as a reason.

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Staff Support and Budget for Technology | 18

Conclusion
As the digital environment has evolved, libraries have grown and adapted with it. One respondent
reflected, “We have responded and pivoted since COVID by changing service models to meet patronneeds,” including offering online library cards and technology assistance, though “the everchanging
technology landscape” and adoption of a diverse suite of offerings can be “challenging for both staff
and community.” The role of the public library as a trusted institution is critical for patrons, who may
be apprehensive or intimidated by new technologies in everyday life, from online applications for jobs
or government services to generative AI. Despite persistent funding and staffing challenges, public
libraries provide vital services that help communities of all types and sizes connect and engage online.
PLA’s Technology Survey provides essential information about how library technology resources,
services, training, and infrastructure meet the needs of communities nationwide. The 2023 results willcontinue to inform everything from planning technology services at the local library level to digital
equity planning in states and advocacy for library funding at the national level.

Notes
1.

The Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) has managed the PLS since FY 2006; the National Center
for Education Statistics administered earlier surveys. American Library Association, “Digital Inclusion Survey,”ala.org/tools/research/digitalinclusion; Institute of Museum and Library Services, Public Libraries Survey,
imls.gov/research-evaluation/data-collection/public-libraries-survey; Public Library Association, 2020
Public Library Technology Survey Summary Report (Chicago: Public Library Association, 2021), hdl.handle.
net/11213/20982;

2.

IMLS, Public Libraries Survey (FY 2022): imls.gov/research-evaluation/data-collection/public-libraries-survey.

3.

Ibid.

4.

U.S. Census Bureau. “Types of Computers and Internet Subscriptions.” American Community Survey,
ACS 1-Year Estimates Subject Tables, Table S2801 (2022), data.census.gov/table/ACSST1Y2022.
S2801?q=broadband&g=010XX00US. Accessed on April 30, 2024.

5.

Federal Communications Commission, 2024 Section 706 Report (March 18, 2024), p.2–3, docs.fcc.gov/
public/attachments/FCC-24-27A1.pdf.

6.

Sharon Strover, Brian Whitacre, Colin Rhinesmith & Alexis Schrubbe, “The Digital Inclusion Role of Rural
Libraries: Social Inequalities through Space and Place,” Media, Culture & Society 42, no.2 (2020): 242–59;
Samantha Schartman-Cycyk & Katherine Messier, “Creating Opportunity through Connectivity: How Mobile
Broadband for Anchor Institutions Impacts Communities,” Mobile Beacon (2017), mobilebeacon.org/wpcontent/uploads/2017/06/MB_CreatingOpportunitiesResearchPaper_Web.pdf.

7.

University of Texas at Austin Technology & Policy Institute, “IMLS Rural Hotspots,” texastipi.org/project/imls-rural-hotspots-2/; PLA, “Hotspot Playbook,” ala.org/pla/initiatives/digitallead/hotspot-playbook; ALA,“Digital Equity Resources for Libraries,” ala.org/advocacy/broadband/digital-equity-resources.

8.

IMLS, State Library Administrative Agencies Survey (FY 2022), imls.gov/research-evaluation/data-collection/state-library-administrative-agency-survey.

9.

PLA, Public Library Services for Strong Communities Report: Results from the 2022 PLA Annual Survey(Chicago: Public Library Association, 2023), p.16: hdl.handle.net/11213/20984

10. National Digital Inclusion Alliance, “The Digital Navigator Model,” digitalinclusion.org/digital-navigator-model.

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Conclusion | 19

11. 71% (n=36) of SLAAs support digital literacy programs and 69% (n=35) have a “statewide coordinated digitalprogram or service” that covers public libraries. The SLAA survey does not have detail on how many states
have formal digital navigator programs or services. Institute of Museum and Library Services, State Library
Administrative Agency Survey (FY 2022), imls.gov/research-evaluation/data-collection/state-libraryadministrative-agency-survey.
12. National Digital Inclusion Alliance, “The Digital Navigator Model,”digitalinclusion.org/digital-navigatormodel/; Urban Libraries Council, “Digital Navigators Toolkit,” urbanlibraries.org/initiatives/racial-equity/
digital-navigators.
13. Lo Smith, Luis Delos Santos, and Benjamin Reid, “Digital Navigators: Digital Inclusion in Action,” PLA 2024
Conference (April 4, 2024).
14. “Digital Opportunity Case Study: Smyth County Public Library Digital Inclusion Pilot Grant 2023” (Aug. 21,2023), dhcd.virginia.gov/sites/default/files/Docx/vati/dop-appendix-files/digital-opportunity-casestudies/symthcolibraries_case_study.pdf.
15. ALA, “Ensure State Digital Equity Plans Include Libraries” (August 2023), ala.org/advocacy/sites/ala.org.advocacy/
files/content/telecom/Ensure%20State%20Digital%20Equity%20Plans%20Include%20Libraries_final.pdf.
16. Federal Communications Commission, “FCC Increases Broadband Speed Benchmark” (March 14, 2024), docs.
fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-401205A1.pdf.
17. This is a significant improvement from earlier years: between 2006 and 2011, the proportion of respondents
who indicated that their internet connection was sufficient to meet patron needs at all times never exceeded
55%. John Bertot, Paul Jaeger, Emily Wahl & Kathryn Sigler, “Public Libraries and the Internet: An Evolutionary
Perspective,” ALA TechSource 47, no.6 (2011): journals.ala.org/index.php/ltr/article/view/4556/5358.
18. ALA, “Libraries Gain Record Increases for IMLS, E-rate in Federal Relief Plan” (March 10, 2021), ala.org/news/
press-releases/2021/03/libraries-gain-record-increases-imls-e-rate-federal-relief-plan; ALA, “Libraries
Connect Communities: COVID-19, Internet Access, and Libraries” (February 2021), ala.org/advocacy/sites/
ala.org.advocacy/files/content/telecom/broadband/Libraries_Connect_Communities_ALA_020421.pdf;
ALA, “Re: Input from stakeholders on policy ideas on workforce development,” public letter (April 9, 2021),
ala.org/advocacy/sites/ala.org.advocacy/files/content/Workforce/ALA_Senate%20HELP_workforce%20
comments_4.9.21.pdf.
19. ALA, “E-rate and Universal Service,” ala.org/advocacy/erate; National Telecommunications & Information
Administration, “Working with Libraries: A Guide for States and Territories on Leveraging Libraries in Digital
Inclusion Efforts” (2023), broadbandusa.ntia.doc.gov/sites/default/files/2023-03/How_to_Engage_with_
Libraries_for_SBOs.pdf; ALA, “Digital Equity Resources for Libraries,” ala.org/advocacy/broadband/digitalequity-resources.
20. Kalena Thomhave, “Not Your Mother’s Library: How Book-Borrowing Institutions Are Evolving,” Smart
Cities Dive (Nov. 17, 2023), smartcitiesdive.com/news/city-public-libraries-changing-serviceseducation/700069; Lessa Kanani‘opua Pelayo-Lozada, “Leveraging Libraries to End the Digital Divide,”StateTech (Feb. 2, 2023), statetechmagazine.com/article/2023/02/leveraging-libraries-end-digital-divide.
21. Emily Plagman, “2023–2027 Five-Year Plans: Common Topics,” IMLS (March 28, 2023), imls.gov/sites/
default/files/2023-03/g2s2023-2023-2027-5year-plans-common-topics.pdf.
22. IMLS, “Research Brief: Changes in Public Library Services as the COVID-19 Pandemic Continued ThroughFY 2021” (April 2024), imls.gov/publications/research-brief-changes-public-library-services-covid-19pandemic-continued-through-fy.
23. Clare McGrane, “Digital Reading Soars in Seattle, Creating Problems for Local Libraries,” KUOW NPR (April 23,2024), kuow.org/stories/digital-reading-soars-in-seattle-creating-problems-for-local-libraries.
24. ALA, “Library Services and Technology Act,” ala.org/advocacy/fund-libraries/LSTA.

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Notes | 20

2023 Public Library Technology Survey

Detailed Results
The tables below contain detailed results for each question on the survey by library locale (city,
suburban, and town/rural) and nationally. All results are weighted. For multiple choice or check-allthat-apply questions, the percentage of question respondents who selected each positive responseis reported. The final row in each table reports the total number of respondents who answered thatquestion on the survey. See Appendix A for a description of the survey and analysis methodology.
To explore the results further and create custom peer comparisons, access the full dataset with asubscription to Benchmark: Library Metrics and Trends (librarybenchmark.org).
Table 1. On-Site Technology
Question: Does your library offer the following technologies for on-site use by patrons in any location?
City

SuburbanTown/Rural

Overall

Color printer(s)

91.6%

94.5%

91.8%

92.4%

Large-format printer(s)

21.9%

25.7%

21.0%

22.1%

Wireless or mobile printing

87.8%

79.1%

66.8%

70.6%

Copy machine(s)

98.0%

98.9%

98.3%

98.5%

Fax machine(s)

76.8%

76.3%

79.4%

78.5%

Scanner(s)w

95.8%

94.9%

93.2%

93.7%

Laptop(s)

72.8%

67.6%

61.1%

63.2%

Tablet(s)

49.4%

41.0%

37.0%

38.5%

E-readers

18.8%

19.6%

18.7%

18.9%

Assistive technology

71.9%

45.1%

24.8%

31.7%

Smartboards

20.5%

14.8%

10.9%

12.3%

Early learning devices

77.9%

64.5%

48.1%

53.4%

Recreational video gaming consoles

65.6%

50.5%

30.0%

36.5%

Smart objects for STEAM

74.1%

60.9%

45.9%

50.7%

Virtual reality headsets

38.2%

23.4%

11.5%

15.6%

Digital media production equipment

58.9%

38.2%

18.0%

24.6%

Maker production equipment

74.8%

50.8%

33.5%

39.5%

Other on-site technologies

18.8%

15.1%

13.9%

14.4%

Total question responses

204

502

805

1511

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Detailed Results | 21

Table 2. Off-Site Technology
Question: Does your library circulate the following technologies for off-site use by patrons from any location?
City

SuburbanTown/Rural

OverallInternet hotspots

69.4%

66.2%

39.2%

46.9%

Laptops

37.6%

30.9%

22.0%

24.8%

Tablets

17.2%

15.2%

10.2%

11.7%

E-Readers

12.0%

17.0%

13.1%

14.0%

Early learning devices

53.0%

43.6%

22.6%

28.9%

Recreational technology

37.8%

39.7%

15.7%

22.3%

Streaming devices

7.4%

17.5%

3.5%

6.9%

Other off-site technologies

16.7%

15.9%

11.0%

12.4%

Total question responses

204

502

805

1511

Table 3. Technology-Enabled Services and Online Resources
Question: Does your library make available the following technology-enabled services or online resources foruse by patrons? Please consider both subscription-based services and resources curated by your library (e.g.,links to free health resources on a webpage).
City

SuburbanTown/Rural

OverallE-books/E-audiobooks

99.3%

97.9%

93.8%

95.0%

Streaming and other downloadable media

92.9%

84.5%

46.7%

57.7%

Homework assistance

72.2%

54.4%

35.2%

41.4%

job/employment resources

95.1%

84.6%

65.7%

71.5%

Language learning

85.9%

73.6%

40.2%

50.2%

Health resources

83.3%

74.1%

54.8%

60.7%

Genealogy tools

94.1%

86.5%

67.4%

73.1%

Reference services via chat or text

47.1%

34.4%

20.4%

24.9%

Videoconferencing software

34.3%

28.3%

33.2%

32.1%

Design software

27.4%

21.3%

10.7%

14.0%

Other online resources

15.9%

9.8%

11.2%

11.1%

Total question responses

204

502

805

1511

Table 4. Mobile Access to Library Services
Question: Does your library offer the following methods for patrons to access library services with a mobile
device?
City

SuburbanTown/Rural

Overall

Library website optimized for mobile devices

89.8%

91.7%

80.1%

83.3%

A mobile app created for the library (e.g., withmobile self-checkout, early literacy resources)

52.6%

49.7%

19.3%

28.0%

Vendor-delivered apps to access libraryservices (e.g., Libby, Beanstack)

97.1%

95.5%

80.9%

85.1%

Scanned codes (e.g., QR codes)

87.0%

75.6%

41.1%

51.3%

Other mobile device services

7.1%

6.5%

6.6%

6.6%

Total question responses

204

502

805

1511

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Detailed Results | 22

Table 5. Technology-Based Mobile Outreach
Question: Does your library conduct technology-based outreach (e.g., via a mobile laptop lab or cybermobile)in the community?
City

SuburbanTown/Rural

Overall

Yes

43.3%

27.6%

12.3%

17.3%

Total question responses

204

502

804

1510

Table 6. Digital Literacy Training
Question: Does your library offer programming or training to patrons on the following digital literacy related
topics, whether in-person or online, or in the library or off-site?
The number of options for this question was condensed from twelve in 2020 down to five (not including theopen-ended “other” option) to simplify the survey. However, all the options from 2020 are contained within
the new, broader categories.
City

SuburbanTown/Rural

Overall

FormalInformal

BothFormalInformal

BothFormalInformal

BothFormalInformal

BothGeneral computer
hardware/software
skills (e.g., how to use
a mouse and keyboard,
word processing,streaming devices)

6.0%

21.5%

71.3%

3.0%

42.6%

50.4%

1.2%

56.6%

33.0%

1.8%

51.6%

38.8%

Internet use (e.g.,
web searching, online
databases, social
media, privacy andsafety online)

8.7%

21.3%

68.6%

5.6%

42.9%

45.5%

2.6%

60.5%

28.7%

3.6%

54.5%

34.5%

Web development
and digital content
creation (e.g., website
creation, audio/visualcontent creation)

13.7%

14.8%

21.1%

8.3%

14.2%

9.4%

2.1%

10.4%

3.7%

4.1%

11.5%

5.8%

Coding and makertechnology (e.g.,
programming,
robotics, 3D printing)

29.4%

14.3%

34.3%

24.0%

6.2%

19.6%

11.9%

9.7%

8.9%

15.5%

9.1%

12.6%

Other—including
assistive technology,
video conferencing, andother types of training

6.3%

40.9%

22.0%

5.0%

36.4%

16.2%

2.5%

40.1%

8.0%

3.3%

39.3%

10.6%

Other programming /training

9.4%

8.3%

8.4%

8.4%

Any programming /training

100.0%

97.6%

94.3%

95.3%

204

500

804

1508

Total question responses

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Detailed Results | 23

Table 7. Formal Technology-Enabled Programs and Services
Question: In the past 12 months, did your library formally offer any of the following technology-enabled or
online programs or services, either alone or in partnership with another organization either on- or off-site?
City

SuburbanTown/Rural

Overall

Individual telehealth sessions

13.7%

9.5%

7.8%

8.5%

Live online classes or job training

36.4%

22.5%

12.1%

15.7%

Live online public programs or discussion forums

74.1%

61.3%

32.4%

41.1%

Virtual reality experiences

18.6%

12.4%

7.5%

9.2%

Home broadband adoption

18.5%

9.5%

9.3%

9.7%

Other individual online consultation appointments

21.4%

10.5%

12.3%

12.3%

Other formal services

9.9%

4.9%

5.4%

5.5%

Total question responses

204

498

803

1505

Table 8. Digital Navigators
Question: Does your library offer a Digital Navigator program, or does it have staff or partners who assist
patrons, through repeated interactions, with digital inclusion needs?
City

SuburbanTown/Rural

Overall

Yes

42.1%

34.4%

27.3%

29.7%

Total question responses

202

494

796

1492

Table 9. Digital Equity Planning
City

SuburbanTown/Rural

Yes

No

Is your library
involved inyour state’s
digital equity
planning?

25.0%

51.0%

25.5%

15.4%

58.9%

27.8%

12.8%

49.8%

38.7%

14.0%

51.9%

35.6%

Is your library
involved inany digital
equity or
inclusioncoalition at
the local,
state, orregionallevel?

48.0%

33.7%

19.3%

21.6%

51.3%

27.7%

17.3%

46.4%

36.3%

19.7%

46.9%

33.5%

Total question
responses

201

Yes

No

Not
sure

Yes

Overall

Not
sure

492

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

No

Not
sure

Yes

No

Not
sure

803

1496

Detailed Results | 24

Table 10. Fiber Optic Network
Question: Is the public access Internet connection at your library fiber optic?
City

SuburbanTown/Rural

Overall

Yes

86.6%

78.6%

72.8%

74.8%

Total question responses

202

492

788

1482

Table 11. Wi-Fi
Question: Does your library offer wireless (Wi-Fi) internet access to patrons (e.g., for use with patron laptops,
tablets, or other wireless devices)?

Yes
Total question responses

City

SuburbanTown/Rural

Overall

100.0%

100.0%

99.2%

99.4%

203

498

793

1494

Table 12. Internet Speeds
Questions:
Q
What are the DOWNLOAD and UPLOAD speeds at which your library subscribes for its public access Internet
connection?
Q
By comparison, what are the typical speeds experienced by patrons utilizing the library’s WIRED public accessinternet connection?
Q
What are the DOWNLOAD and UPLOAD speeds of the wireless internet connection offered by your library?
City

SuburbanTown/Rural

Overall

Subscribed speeds
Average subscribed download speed (Mbps)

1278

680

359

504

Average subscribed upload speed (Mbps)

1216

578

311

441

Total question responses

151

281

388

820

Wired connection speed test
Wired connection test results for download speed (Mbps)

447

318

199

241

Wired connection results for upload speed (Mbps)

390

228

135

171

Total question responses

171

390

575

1136

Wi-Fi connection speed test
Wi-Fi test results for download speed (Mbps)

164

160

106

122

Wi-Fi test results for upload speed (Mbps)

139

112

76

88

Total question responses

175

383

574

1132

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Detailed Results | 25

Table 13. Broadband
Based on the subscribed speeds reported in Table 12, the results below reflect the percentage of libraries
whose internet connections do not meet FCC standards for broadband. At the time of this survey, the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) definition of broadband was a download speed of at least 25 Mbps andupload speed of at least 3 Mbps. In March 2024 the FCC revised that definition to new thresholds of 100 Mbps
for download and 20 Mbps for upload.
City

SuburbanTown/Rural

Overall

Below old FCC standard (25/3)
Subscribed download speed <25 Mbps

0.9%

2.7%

6.9%

5.4%

Subscribed upload speed <3 Mbps

0.9%

1.8%

2.3%

2.1%

Subscribed download and/or upload
speed falls below old FCC threshold

0.9%

2.7%

7.1%

5.6%

Below new FCC standard (100/20)
Subscribed download speed <100 Mbps

5.0%

11.6%

32.0%

25.1%

Subscribed upload speed <20 Mbps

1.5%

8.5%

15.7%

12.9%

Subscribed download and/or upload speed
falls below new FCC threshold

5.0%

15.5%

35.4%

28.4%

Table 14. Internet Connection Speeds Meeting Patron Needs
Question: How often does your library’s public internet connection speed meet patron needs?
City
RarelySuburban

Sometimes

Often

RarelyTown/Rural

Sometimes

Often

RarelyOverall

Sometimes

Often

RarelySometimes

Often

Public computers

2.6%

2.5%

93.7%

0.7%

3.4%

94.8%

1.1%

8.4%

88.8%

1.1%

7.0%

90.4%

Wi-Fi

2.6%

14.2%

83.3%

0.4%

10.4%

89.1%

1.3%

12.1%

85.5%

1.2%

11.8%

86.2%

Total question
responses

203

499

796

1498

Table 15. Factors Affecting Broadband Connectivity
Question: Do any of the following factors affect your library’s ability to increase its broadband connectivity?
City

SuburbanTown/Rural

Overall

The library cannot afford the cost of increasing
bandwidth to support faster speeds.

14.5%

20.6%

34.7%

30.5%

City/county/other entities influence or makedecisions regarding the library’s bandwidth.

40.4%

35.6%

34.4%

34.9%

The library lacks the technical knowledge
to increase bandwidth.

3.8%

12.8%

21.1%

18.4%

A faster speed is not available in our service area.

14.2%

16.6%

36.0%

30.4%

The library is currently locked into contract
for a particular speed, including E-rate.

39.4%

39.3%

40.4%

40.1%

Other factors

9.2%

11.0%

10.8%

10.8%

Total question responses

202

496

797

1495

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Detailed Results | 26

Table 16. Infrastructure Added, Replaced, or Upgraded within Last Two Years
Question: Within the past 2 years, were the following components of your library’s technology infrastructure
added, replaced, or upgraded?
City

SuburbanTown/Rural

OverallPublic access computers

75.8%

67.2%

64.7%

65.8%

Public access laptops

60.9%

42.0%

36.3%

38.8%

Public access tablets

32.2%

22.7%

17.4%

19.4%

On-site computer lab

45.1%

24.2%

17.4%

20.3%

Mobile computer lab

22.4%

9.3%

3.3%

5.6%

Staff computers, laptops, or tablets

90.2%

78.7%

73.6%

75.5%

Bandwidth

49.6%

45.0%

38.8%

40.8%

Internal network

71.4%

65.6%

59.6%

61.6%

Firewalls or other security measures

65.2%

62.3%

53.7%

56.3%

Cloud-based server management

47.7%

41.0%

25.3%

30.0%

Physical servers

56.6%

42.0%

27.6%

32.3%

Videoconferencing software license or
equipment for public or staff

67.5%

53.9%

33.5%

39.9%

Digital signage

51.1%

33.6%

16.1%

21.8%

Other components

9.1%

5.7%

5.1%

5.5%

Total question responses

203

499

799

1501

Table 17. IT Support Staff
Question: What type(s) of IT support staff are utilized by your library?
City

SuburbanTown/Rural

Overall

Full-time library IT staff

67.6%

34.9%

13.0%

20.7%

Part-time library IT staff

18.3%

18.0%

8.8%

11.4%

IT support through a consortium, system, or other AE

29.6%

59.2%

44.8%

47.5%

Contracted IT support

31.4%

41.8%

49.5%

46.9%

City/county IT support

54.8%

35.0%

19.4%

24.7%

Volunteer IT staff

1.2%

6.1%

13.1%

10.9%

None: IT support provided by librarystaff without IT titles or roles.*

20.1%

36.5%

50.7%

45.9%

Libraries that selected “no” for all options

0.0%

0.6%

5.8%

3.3%

Other IT support

11.5%

10.4%

9.0%

9.5%

Total question responses

204

502

805

1511

* Note that most respondents who selected “none” also selected one of the other options, making that
response an inaccurate reflection of the proportion of libraries without dedicated IT support. An estimate isincluded for respondents that selected “no” for all options—a more accurate measure of libraries without any
IT support staff.

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Detailed Results | 27

Table 18. Staff Dedicated to Technology Activities
Question: Does your library have staff dedicated to any of the following technology-related activities?
City

SuburbanTown/Rural

Overall

Website development and management

70.0%

58.2%

38.5%

44.6%

Social media account management

78.5%

70.5%

53.3%

58.5%

Digital literacy training for patrons

51.3%

39.9%

22.4%

27.9%

Technology programming for patrons (e.g. STEAM classes)

58.1%

42.1%

21.9%

28.3%

Digital Navigators to assist patrons

27.0%

15.6%

10.0%

12.1%

Other technology-related activities

12.4%

10.4%

8.2%

8.9%

Total question responses

204

502

805

1511

Table 19. Staff Technology Training
Question: How do library staff receive technology training to assist patrons or for professional development?
Check all that apply.
City

SuburbanTown/Rural

Overall

Dedicated library staff deliver inhouse technology training

62.0%

42.6%

23.8%

30.2%

Local, consortium, regional, or state library training

80.0%

77.5%

65.3%

68.9%

National conference sessions or webinars

60.9%

41.4%

20.2%

27.2%

Self-paced, web-based courses

87.2%

87.7%

67.5%

73.3%

Other staff training methods

6.4%

9.3%

13.9%

12.4%

Total question responses

200

490

757

1447

Table 20. Factors Influencing Digital Content Subscriptions
Question: Take a moment to think about how you select digital content subscriptions for your library. Have
any of the following influenced your ability to offer the digital content that you would like to provide?
City

SuburbanTown/Rural

Overall

Digital content is curated by a consortia,
regional system, or state library

75.9%

83.7%

82.8%

82.7%

Subscription cost or payment terms

96.3%

92.0%

83.0%

85.7%

Broadband limitations within the library service area

10.8%

8.3%

28.8%

23.2%

Duplication of content across vendors

65.6%

54.8%

35.1%

41.2%

Vendor licensing terms or restrictions (e.g., embargo,
non-simultaneous usage, lack of remote use)

83.8%

68.5%

45.0%

52.3%

Concerns about privacy protections for patron data

55.3%

49.6%

37.3%

41.0%

Inability to obtain local data about patron usage

31.5%

24.8%

23.5%

24.2%

Other influences (please specify)

7.8%

5.7%

4.1%

4.7%

Total question responses

204

500

801

1505

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Detailed Results | 28

Table 21. Data and Network Security
Question: How much of a priority is internal data and network security to your library? For example, thelibrary’s ability to protect its online assets and patron privacy from cyberattacks.
City

SuburbanTown/Rural

OverallHigh priority

83.8%

71.4%

56.3%

61.1%

Medium priority

14.5%

22.7%

34.0%

30.4%

Low priority

1.8%

5.9%

9.7%

8.5%

Total question responses

203

497

793

1493

Table 22. Technology Budgets
Questions:
Q
Does your library have a budget line item(s) or funding designated specifically for public access technology,
such as hardware, programming, training, and online services?
Q
How much control does your library leadership have over the decision-making of those technology
expenditures?
City

SuburbanTown/Rural

Overall

Budget line
Yes*

84.7%

69.1%

56.5%

60.8%

Total question responses

201

493

794

1488

Level of control
Full control

66.4%

68.1%

60.9%

63.2%

Some control

33.0%

30.5%

37.1%

35.0%

No control

0.6%

1.4%

2.1%

1.8%

Total question responses

168

358

450

976

* Note: 50 “yes” responses were imputed based on the fact that these libraries indicated the level of control
they have but had not selected a response to the previous budget line question. The results for the second
question thus reflect only those libraries with a yes response for the first.

Table 23. Funding Sources for Technology
Question: Outside of the operating budget, does your library pay for technology needs from any of thefollowing sources?
City

SuburbanTown/Rural

Overall

Library Services and Technology Act (LSTA) funds

41.6%

31.2%

35.8%

35.0%

Federal E-Rate

65.2%

46.9%

47.3%

48.1%

State universal service funds

18.7%

15.1%

14.4%

14.8%

City/county funds

64.5%

48.3%

48.1%

48.9%

Grants

71.4%

58.7%

62.4%

61.9%

Library foundation or endowment

51.4%

27.5%

21.8%

24.5%

Donations or fundraisers

43.0%

44.4%

44.6%

44.5%

Other sources

7.4%

5.4%

5.4%

5.5%

Total question responses

203

499

798

1500

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Detailed Results | 29

Table 24. E-Rate
Questions:Q
Did your library apply for Federal E-rate program funding for FY 2023?
Q
IF YES to above: For which category of Federal E-rate program funding did your library apply?
Q
IF NO to above: For what reason(s) did your library not apply for E-rate funding for FY 2023?
City

SuburbanTown/Rural

Overall

Applied for E-Rate
Yes, individually

50.5%

24.1%

32.1%

31.1%

Yes, as part of a consortium

14.4%

27.9%

19.4%

21.2%

No

35.0%

48.0%

48.5%

47.7%

202

498

798

1498

Total question responses

IF YES to above: E-Rate Category
Category One (i.e., broadband service)

49.3%

49.2%

59.0%

56.1%

Category Two (i.e., internal network, routers)

4.9%

7.0%

6.1%

6.2%

Both

45.8%

43.8%

35.0%

37.7%

Total question responses

133

259

398

790

IF NO to above: Reasons for Not Applying
Lack of staff capacity to complete the application(e.g., it was too complicated or time consuming)

36.1%

44.0%

46.0%

45.2%

Staff did not believe the library would
qualify or felt discouraged from applying
due to a previously denied application

8.0%

13.5%

10.6%

11.2%

The library did not comply with the Children’s Internet
Protection Act (CIPA) filtering requirements

33.9%

40.0%

27.2%

30.4%

The library does not find it necessary to apply (e.g., it has
sufficient funding or is provided free internet service)

52.9%

56.7%

49.3%

51.2%

The total discount was not worth the timeneeded to participate in the program

47.5%

47.1%

39.0%

41.2%

Other reasons

18.6%

16.6%

19.7%

19.0%

Total question responses

69

227

379

675

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Detailed Results | 30

Appendix A. Methodology
SampleThe 2023 Public Library Technology Survey collected data at the administrative entity (AE) level as
defined by IMLS. The AE was used as the sample unit because of the extensive data about each AE
available from the annual IMLS Public Libraries Survey (PLS). The original sample frame was based on
the FY 2021 PLS public use data file. PLA modified the sample to include eight (8) tribal libraries andeleven (11) new libraries that were open in fall 2023 but not represented in the available PLS data. PLA
also removed 14 libraries that IMLS reported were permanently or temporarily closed. The survey was
open for three months between September and December 2023. In total, 9,231 libraries were eligible
to participate in the survey and 1,511 completed it, for a response rate of 16.4%. Six libraries (two law
libraries, one tribal library, and three new libraries) were given a weight of 0, effectively excluding themfrom the national weighted analysis due to their lack of other PLS variables used for weighting. Thus,
the weighted results presented in the report are based on a total of 1,505 completed surveys.
Table A1 below outlines the percentage of respondents by four key characteristics—locale, region,
legal basis, legal service area population, and administrative structure—compared to the percentage of
public libraries (AEs) nationwide with each of those characteristics (based on the FY 2021 IMLS Public
Libraries Survey). The section on analysis and weighting below describes how the final estimates were
calculated to account for these differences.

Table A1
Survey Respondents

All AEs

Locale
City

13.5%

6.0%

Suburban

33.2%

25.2%

Town/Rural

53.2%

68.8%

RegionFar West

9.5%

5.6%

Great Lakes

21.5%

20.5%

Mid East

16.6%

16.8%

New England

11.0%

13.8%

Outlying Areas

0.0%

0.0%

Plains

12.1%

17.2%

Rocky Mountains

5.4%

4.3%

Southeast

12.4%

12.6%

Southwest

11.6%

9.3%
continued on following page2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Appendix A. Methodology | 31continued from previous page
Survey Respondents

All AEs

County or City/County

13.2%

11.1%

Library District

15.8%

15.3%

Municipal

47.7%

52.7%

Nonprofit

14.5%

14.4%

Other

8.7%

6.6%

<10,000

38.5%

57.6%

10,000 - 24,999

19.9%

18.9%

25,000 - 99,999

24.7%

17.1%

>100,000

16.8%

6.3%

Multiple outlets

30.9%

18.8%

Single outlet

69.1%

81.2%

Legal Basis

Legal Service Area Population

Administrative structure

Survey Design
The Technology Survey was first administered in 2020. PLA developed it drawing extensively on
the earlier Public Libraries and the Internet Survey and Digital Inclusion Survey. In 2023, PLA’s
Measurement, Evaluation, and Assessment Committee reviewed the 2020 version of the survey and,in consultation with PLA staff, decided to make relatively minor changes. To reduce survey burden,
questions about digital literacy training and internet speeds were simplified. To ensure the datacollected meets current needs in the field, new questions were added about digital equity planning,
digital navigators, and staff technology training. A reference copy of the full 2023 Public LibraryTechnology Survey questionnaire is included in Appendix B.
The 2023 Technology Survey opened on September 19, 2023 and closed on December 16, 2023.
PLA sent printed invitation letters to all libraries in the sample and attempted to email all public library
directors (though not all may have received the message due to missing or outdated email contact
details). In addition, the survey was publicized via PLA’s e-news, website, publications, and a freewebinar on October 12, 2023. State data coordinators were also asked to share the information withlibraries in their states and to encourage participation. Several reminders were sent via email while thesurvey remained open. Responses were collected through PLA’s data platform, Benchmark: Library
Metrics and Trends (librarybenchmark.org).

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Appendix A. Methodology | 32

Analysis and WeightingThis section outlines the procedure used to calculate weights for the 2023 Public Library Technology
Survey. Because all public libraries were invited to complete the survey and the response rate was 16
percent, nonprobability sample weighting was used to calculate final weights for responding libraries.1
This quasi-randomization approach corrects for selection bias—the sample differs from the rest of the
population such that the results from the sample cannot be projected to the full population—by using
a probability-based reference sample to estimate pseudo-inclusion probabilities for the responding
libraries. This combined sample covered the total population of US public libraries (administrative
entities) open in fall 2023.
Weights were assigned to 1505 libraries that (1) responded to the survey and (2) had data in the
IMLS FY21 Public Libraries Survey. For a given responding library, the final weight was calculated by:
1. Coding the libraries in the reference sample as 0 and responding libraries as 1.
2. Assigning a probability sample weight to libraries in the reference sample (w = N/n) and thelibraries that responded to the survey (w = 1)
3. Adjusting the weight of the libraries in the reference sample to account for the nonnegligible
percentage (16%) of libraries that responded to the survey:

Where wi is the weight for each library i in the reference sample

, and

is

the sample size of the responding libraries (the nonprobability sample).
4. Fitting a binary regression using the following library characteristics from the PLS to predict theprobability of being in the sample of responding libraries:
Q

EBOOK: Count of electronic book unitsQ

BKVOL: Count of print materials in collectionQ

OBEREG: Region Code (Bureau of Economic Analysis)

Q

AUDIO_DL: Count of downloadable audio unitsQ

ELCONT: Total electronic content use

Q

KIDCIRCL: Count of circulation of all children’s materials

Q

LIBRARIA: Total FTE of librarians

Q

LOCALE: City, Suburban, Town/Rural

5. Calculating the inverse probability for each library that responded to the survey (wnp = 1/P).
Two law libraries four other libraries not represented in the PLS were assigned a weight of 0 for a
total number of 1511 libraries in the analytic sample.

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Appendix A. Methodology | 33

The PLS population-level data was used to check how effective weighting was for estimating
population averages across a number of variables. For example, the average number of librarians in
the library population was 5.55. Before weighting, the average number of librarians in the sample
of responding libraries was 13.20 (se = .89) which suggests that the number of librarians wereoverrepresented in responding libraries. After weighting, the estimated average number of librarians in
the population was 5.81 (se = .24)—much closer to the population average. These results indicate thatthe weights were effective in reducing selection bias.

Note
1.

Valliant, R., Dever, J.A., & Kreuter, F. (2018). Practical tools for designing and weighting survey samples.
Springer. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93632-1.

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Appendix A. Methodology | 34

Appendix B. Survey Reference Copy

2023 Technology Survey

Survey: librarybenchmark.org | Deadline: December 16, 2023
The Public Library Association (PLA), a division of the American Library Association(ALA), is conducting this survey to better understand current and emerging
technology in public libraries nationwide. The 2023 Public Library Technology
Survey gathers information about the public access technology infrastructure,technology-related programming, and technology-related funding streams.
We ask that you respond to questions at the library administrative entity level.
This is the same level at which you report annual statistics to your state libraryagency. Some questions ask about whether your library offers resources/services in"at least one location." A location refers to your single main library or any of yourlibrary branches that are usually open to the public and provide services to thecommunity (e.g., lends books, offers public access to computers, etc.). Additionally,
unless otherwise stated, your responses should reflect the current situation withinyour library at the point in time when you are completing this survey. A glossary ofterms is available with the survey instructions.
Your input will help to ensure that the findings from the survey reflect the uniquecharacteristics of your library as well as similar libraries across the country. In
addition, your responses will enable PLA to provide nationally representative data to
inform elected officials, the media, and funders about public library assets andneeds. Findings from the survey will be analyzed and reported in aggregate acrossall public libraries and in groups of similar libraries. PLA will use results from thesurvey to advocate on behalf of public libraries at the national level. In addition,
PLA will make a summary of aggregate results freely available on its website toshare the results widely. Results will be incorporated into the Benchmark: Library
Metrics and Trends data tool.
The survey does not request your name or the names of any staff members, andyour library’s survey responses will remain private. To read ALA’s privacy policy,
please visit http://www.ala.org/privacypolicy.
It should take 30 to 45 minutes to complete this survey. You do not need tocomplete the survey in one session. Rather, you may save your responses andreturn to the survey at another time. If you have any questions about the survey,
please contact the project team at plabenchmark@ala.org.

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Appendix B. Survey Reference Copy | 35

Additional Survey Information
What type of information does this survey collect?
The main sections on the 2023 Public Library Technology Survey are: Public AccessTechnology, Digital Literacy and Training, Infrastructure, and Staff Support and Budget forTechnology. The survey questions are primarily multiple-choice, select-all-that-apply, andopen-ended. No survey questions ask you to report any annual output measures.

Who should complete the survey?
One person should submit the survey on behalf of a single library at the administrative
entity level. Often that person is the library director, administrator, or data coordinator.
However, you may need to work with other staff or library departments, such as IT, tocomplete some of these questions.

How do I enter my library’s responses?
Log into your library’s account at https://librarybenchmark.org/. Click on “Surveys” in themenu, and then you will see this survey listed under “Open Surveys.” The survey willremain open through Saturday, December 16, 2023.

Why should my library complete the survey?
Your participation will help make the results powerful and actionable for your library andlibraries across the country. Your input enables PLA to provide nationally representative
data to engage and inform elected officials, the media, and funders about public libraryassets and needs. PLA will also share aggregate results widely with the field, develop tools
for peer comparison, and plan relevant professional development opportunities. In
addition, the survey questions may inspire new ideas for your library. As this is the second
iteration of this survey, the 2023 results will show how the field has evolved. You can readthe report from the 2020 Technology Survey on the PLA website.

How long will it take?
We estimate the survey will take 30 to 45 minutes to complete. However, you may needto gather some information from colleagues before or during the process. We recommend
reviewing all the questions beforehand to help you prepare.

How will the survey results be used?
The survey results will be incorporated into the Benchmark data dashboards, so yourlibrary will be able to see how you compare to your peers and to other libraries in the
United States. PLA will publish a report summarizing the aggregate results on the PLA
website and will use the survey results to advocate on behalf of public libraries at thenational level. For example, in the past 3 years, the results from the 2020 Technology
Survey have been used to advocate for libraries in the E-Rate program, digital literacy
initiatives, and to raise awareness about the value of public library services at the local
level in states like Texas and New York and beyond.

2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

Appendix B. Survey Reference Copy | 36

2023 Technology Survey
Please enter responses in your library’s account in Benchmark: Library Metrics and Trends.
This document is a copy of the survey for reference purposes only – the questions shown
to you in Benchmark are not numbered, nor presented in table format as shown here, andmay vary depending on your answer choices.

Section 1: Public Access Technology
1. Does your library offer the following technologies for on-site use by patrons in any
location?
Yes

No

Color printer(s)Large-format printer(s)Wireless or mobile printing
Copy machine(s)Fax machine(s)Scanner(s)Laptop(s) (includes Chromebooks and gaming laptops)
Tablet(s)E-readers
Assistive technology (e.g., screen readers)
Smartboards
Early learning devices (e.g., AWE stations, Launchpads)
Recreational video gaming consoles (e.g., PlayStation, Xbox)
Smart objects for STEAM (e.g., coding robots, circuit boards)
Virtual reality headsets (e.g., Oculus)
Digital media production equipment – with or without a lab(e.g., hardware/software for creating with audio or video, scanning
content, editing digital photos)

Maker production equipment – with or without a makerspace(e.g., 3D printer, carving, engraving, vinyl cutting, or sewing machines)

Other on-site technologies (please specify)

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2. Does your library circulate the following technologies for off-site use by patrons
from any location?
Yes

No

Internet hotspots
Laptops (includes Chromebooks)
Tablets
E-Readers
Early learning devices (e.g., Playaway Launchpads)
Recreational technology(e.g., GoPro Kits, gaming consoles, coding robots)

Streaming devices (e.g., Roku)
Other off-site technologies (please specify)

3. Does your library make available the following technology-enabled services or online
resources for use by patrons? Please consider both subscription-based services andresources curated by your library (e.g., links to free health resources on a webpage).
Yes

No

E-books/E-audiobooks (e.g., OverDrive)
Streaming and other downloadable media(e.g., Kanopy, Hoopla, Flipster, Freegal)
Online homework assistance (e.g., Brainfuse, tutor.com)
Online job/employment resources(e.g., LearningExpress, LinkedIn Learning, Gale Courses)
Online language learning (e.g., Mango)
Online health resources (e.g., Medline Plus, Health.gov)
Online genealogy tools(e.g., Ancestry, HeritageQuest, Fold3)
Reference services via chat or text
Videoconferencing software(e.g., Adobe Connect, Cisco, GoToMeeting, Zoom)
Design software (e.g., Adobe InDesign, Photoshop)
Other online resources (please specify)

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4. Does your library offer the following methods for patrons to access library services
with a mobile device?
Yes

No

Library website optimized for mobile devices
A mobile app created for the library (e.g., with mobile selfcheckout, early literacy resources)
Vendor-delivered apps to access library services(e.g., Libby, Beanstack)
QR codesOther mobile device services (please specify)

5. Does your library conduct technology-based outreach (e.g., via a mobile laptop lab or
cybermobile) in the community?
 Yes, from at least one location
 No

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Section 2: Digital Literacy and Training
6. Does your library offer programming or training to patrons on the following digital
literacy related topics, whether in-person or online, or in the library or off-site?
Yes,
InformalPoint-of-Use
Training

Yes,
FormalProgram/Class/
Appointment

Both,formalandinformal

No

General computer hardware/software skills(e.g., how to use a mouse and keyboard, word
processing, streaming devices)
Internet use(e.g., web searching, online databases, social
media, privacy and safety online)
Web development and digital content creation(e.g., website creation, audio/visual content
creation)
Coding and maker technology(e.g., programming, robotics, 3D printing)
Other (including assistive technology, videoconferencing, or other types of training)
Other programming/training (please specify)

7. In the past 12 months, did your library formally offer any of the following
technology-enabled or online programs or services, either alone or in partnership withanother organization either on- or off-site?
Yes

No

Individual telehealth sessions(via private kiosks or videoconferencing in private rooms)

Live online classes or job training(e.g., interactive online classes, job certification programs)

Live online public programs or discussion forums(e.g., author talk, community issues forum)

Virtual reality experiences (e.g., field trips)
Home broadband adoption(e.g., researching options, ACP application)

Other individual online consultation appointments(i.e., private videoconferencing outside telehealth)

Other formal services (please specify)

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8. Does your library offer a Digital Navigator program, or does it have staff or partners
who assist patrons, through repeated interactions, with digital inclusion needs?
 No
 Yes
If yes, please share any links related to your digital navigator program, as wellas any challenges or strengths you have discovered with digital navigator
services in libraries and other community-based organizations.

9. The federal government is making historic investments in advancing digital equity,
literacy, and inclusion for all through the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act(IIJA). Its State Digital Equity Planning Grant Program supports the creation ofcommunity-centric solutions to close the digital divide.
a. Is your library involved in your state’s digital equity planning?
 Yes
 No
 Not sureb. Is your library involved in any digital equity or inclusion coalition at the local,
state, or regional level?
 Yes
 No
 Not sure
10. For what other new or emerging technologies is your library developing or
considering developing digital literacy assistance or training in the coming year?
Examples may include, but are not limited to, virtual reality job training, accessing
open data, and utilizing artificial intelligence (AI).

11. What are the greatest challenges your library faces in providing digital literacy
assistance or training?

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Section 3: Infrastructure
The questions in this section may require accessing information from other sources orrequesting information from IT departments/staff.
12. Is the public access Internet connection at your library fiber optic?
 Yes, in at least one location
 No
PUBLIC COMPUTER CONNECTION SPEEDS
13. What are the DOWNLOAD and UPLOAD speeds at which your library subscribes for its
public access Internet connection?
Please refer to the contract with your Internet Service Provider (ISP) to answer thisquestion. If you do not have access to your ISP contract, skip to question 14.
Subscribed DOWNLOAD speed (Mbps):
Subscribed UPLOAD speed (Mbps):
14. By comparison, what are the typical speeds experienced by patrons utilizing thelibrary’s WIRED public access internet connection?
Use a speed test service such as speed.cloudflare.com on one of your public access computerswhen connected to the library’s internet service via an ethernet (wired) connection. Run thetest at your central library (if your library has multiple branches) during regular service hours
to capture an accurate reflection of speeds that patrons and staff experience on a daily basis.

Test results for DOWNLOAD speed (Mbps):
Test results for UPLOAD speed (Mbps):
WIRELESS CONNECTION SPEEDS
15. Does your library offer wireless (Wi-Fi) internet access to patrons (e.g., for use withpatron laptops, tablets, or other wireless devices)?
 Yes No [skip to question 17]
16. What are the DOWNLOAD and UPLOAD speeds of the wireless internet connection
offered by your library?
Use a speed test service such as speed.cloudflare.com on a device connected to the library’s
internet service via Wi-Fi. Run the test at your central library (if your library has multiple
branches) during regular service hours to capture an accurate reflection of speeds that patronsand staff experience on a daily basis.

Wi-Fi test results for DOWNLOAD speed (Mbps):
Wi-Fi test results for UPLOAD speed (Mbps):

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17. How often does your library’s public internet connection speed meet patron needs?
Rarely(e.g., Web pages
consistently delayed
in loading)Sometimes(e.g., Web pages delay
in loading at different
times of the day)Often(e.g., patrons consistently
can access the content theywant when they want it)

Internet connection
on public computers
Wi-Fia. Please share any specific comments you have about the adequacy of yourlibrary’s current internet connection speeds.

18. Do any of the following factors affect your library’s ability to increase its broadband
connectivity?
Yes

No

The library cannot afford the cost of increasing bandwidth tosupport faster speeds.
City/county/other entities influence or make decisions regarding
the library’s bandwidth.
The library lacks the technical knowledge to increase bandwidth.
A faster speed is not available in our service area.
The library is currently locked into contract for a particular
speed, including E-rate.
Other factors (please specify)

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19. Within the past 2 years, were the following components of your library’s technology
infrastructure added, replaced, or upgraded?
Yes

No

Public access computers (desktops)
Public access laptops
Public access tablets (e.g., iPads, Galaxy)On-site computer lab
Mobile computer lab (e.g., cart that can be transported out of
the building, cybermobile)Staff computers, laptops, or tablets
Bandwidth (e.g., improved speeds)
Internal network (e.g., cabling, routers, or wireless accesspoints)Firewalls or other security measures
Cloud-based server management
Physical servers
Videoconferencing software license or equipment for public or
staff (e.g., web cameras, speakers, TV monitors)
Digital signage (e.g., scrolling tickers of information, calendars)
Other components (please specify)

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Section 4: Staff Support and Budget for Technology
20. What type(s) of IT support staff are utilized by your library?
Yes

No

Full-time library IT staff
Part-time library IT staff
IT support through a consortium, state library system, or otheradministrative entity
Contracted IT support (includes hourly or as needed)
City/county IT support
Volunteer IT staff
None: IT support provided by staff without IT titles or roles.

--

Other IT support (please specify)

21. Does your library have staff dedicated to any of the following technology-related
activities?
Yes

No

Website development and management
Social media account management
Digital literacy training for patrons
Technology programming for patrons (e.g., STEM classes)
Digital Navigators to assist patrons
Other technology-related activities (please specify)

22. How do library staff receive technology training to assist patrons or for professional
development? Check all that apply.
☐ Dedicated library staff deliver in-house technology training☐ Local, consortium, regional, or state library training (at conferences, online, or in-person)☐ National conference sessions or webinars☐ Self-paced, web-based courses☐ Other staff training methods (please specify)

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23. Take a moment to think about how you select digital content subscriptions for yourlibrary. Have any of the following influenced your ability to offer the digital content
that you would like to provide?
Yes

No

Digital content is curated by a consortia, regional system, or
state library
Subscription cost or payment terms
Broadband limitations within the library service area
Duplication of content across vendors
Vendor licensing terms or restrictions(e.g., embargo, non-simultaneous usage, lack of remote use)
Concerns about privacy protections for patron data
Inability to obtain local data about patron usage
Other influences (please specify)

24. How much of a priority is internal data and network security to your library? For
example, the library’s ability to protect its online assets and patron privacy fromcyber-attacks.
 Low priority
 Medium priority
 High priority
Please provide an explanation for your rating.

25. Does your library have a budget line item(s) or funding designated specifically for
public access technology, such as hardware, programming, training, and online
services?
 No [skip to question 27]
 Yes
26. [If yes to question 25] How much control does your library leadership have over thedecision making of those technology expenditures?
 No control
 Some control
 Full control

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27. Outside of the operating budget, does your library pay for technology needs from anyof the following sources?
Yes

No

Library Services and Technology Act (LSTA) funds distributed byyour state library agency
Federal E-Rate
State universal service fund
City/county funds
Grants (e.g., local, state aid, federal sources)
Library foundation or endowment
Donations or fundraisers
Other sources (please specify)

28. Did your library apply for Federal E-Rate program funding for FY2023?
 Yes, individually [continue to question 29, skip question 30]
 Yes, as part of a consortium [continue to question 29, skip question 30]
 No [skip question 29]

29. [If yes to question 28] For which category of Federal E-rate program funding did yourlibrary apply?
 Category One (i.e., broadband service) Category Two (i.e., internal network, routers) Both2023 Public Library Technology Survey: Summary Report

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30. For what reason(s) did your library not apply for E-rate funding for FY 2023?
Yes

No

The library did not comply with Children’s Internet Protection
Act (CIPA) filtering requirements
The total discount was not worth the time needed to participate
in the program
Lack of staff capacity to complete the application (e.g., it was
too complex or time consuming)
Staff did not believe the library would qualify or felt discouraged
from applying due to a previously denied application
The library does not find it necessary to apply (e.g., it has
sufficient funding or is provided free internet service)
Other reasons (please specify)

Thank You and Final Thoughts

Thank you for taking the time to complete the 2023 Technology Survey!
Please take a moment to describe any other technology issues or concerns that were notreflected in this survey. In particular, please explain challenges or successes you see withlibrary technology services as your community continues to recover from the COVID-19
pandemic or trends you are watching for the future.

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Appendix C. Survey Instructions and Glossary

2023 Technology Survey
Instructions
Log into your library’s Benchmark account (librarybenchmark.org) to enter yourresponses for the 2023 Public Library Technology Survey. Please submit yourresponses by Saturday, December 16, 2023.
Click on “Surveys” in the menu at the top and select “2023 PLA Technology Survey”
under “Open Surveys.” You do not need to complete the survey in one session.
Rather, you may save your responses and return to the survey at another time. We
estimate it will take 30 to 45 minutes to complete this survey.
We recommend using the Survey Worksheet (a PDF form) to review thequestions and collect responses before entering them in the online form. This
worksheet is provided for your convenience and contains FAQs about the survey.
We ask that you respond to questions at the library administrative entity level.
This is the same level at which you report annual statistics to your state libraryagency. Some questions ask about whether your library offers resources/services in"at least one location." A location refers to your single main library or any of yourlibrary branches that are usually open to the public and provide services to thecommunity (e.g., lends books, offers public access to computers, etc.).
Unless otherwise stated, your responses should reflect the current situation
within your library at the point in time when you are completing this survey.
One person should submit the survey on behalf of a single library administrative
entity. Often that person is the library director, administrator, or data coordinator.
However, you may need to work with other staff or library departments, such as IT,
to complete some of these questions.
A glossary of terms can be found below.
If you have any questions about the survey, please contact the project team at
plabenchmark@ala.org.

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Glossary
The terms below are organized alphabetically.
App
Abbreviation for “mobile application.” A software application designed to run on
mobile devices, such as smart phones and tablet computers. Apps are commonlyused for information retrieval, communications, and gaming.
Assistive Technology
Technologies that help people with disabilities adapt to processes or complete tasks
that would otherwise be difficult or impossible. Examples include hearing aids,
wheelchairs, speech to text reader software, etc.
Bandwidth/Connectivity Speed
The speed or capacity of a data transmission rate, usually measured in bits per
second (i.e., Megabits per second [Mbps] or Gigabits per second [Gbps]).
Broadband
A term used to describe high-speed Internet access.
Cloud-Based Server Management
Hosting information or files on remote servers not owned by the library. Examples
include Microsoft Azure or Amazon Web Services (AWS).
Computer Software
Programs that run on a computer.
Digital Literacy
The ability to identify, locate, evaluate, manage, interpret, integrate, and create
information effectively and critically using digital technology, or media that ispresented in digital formats.
Digital Media Production Equipment
Digital media is any type of media content (images, audio, or video) that is enabled
for machine-accessible arrangements and requires specific technology devices orsoftware to create. Examples include the hardware or software for music and video
production, podcasting, scanning content, editing digital photos, etc.
Digital Navigators
Individuals who address the whole digital inclusion process – home connectivity,
devices, and digital skills – with community members through repeatedinteractions. (Definition from NDIA)
Digital Signage
An interactive digital sign or display that allows patrons to see or interact withinformation on a large, mounted screen.

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E-Books/E-Audiobooks
Digital documents – licensed or not – that act as substitutes for print
books/periodicals or audiobooks on physical media and can easily be read or
listened to on a personal computer, tablet, or other device.
E-RateA program of the Federal Communications Commission’s Universal Service Fundthat provides discounts to eligible public libraries and schools on
telecommunications services, internet access, and related infrastructure.
Fiber Optic
A high-speed data transmission medium that uses pulses of light.
Formal Services
Services specifically planned, promoted, and offered by the library. The service may
occur in the library or another facility, and the person providing the support may or
may not be a member of the library staff. These services are often delivered oneon-one, including by appointment.
Hotspot
A wireless access point that uses wireless data from a cellular provider to provide
internet access for phones, computers, tablets, and other Wi-Fi enabled devices.
Informal Point-of-use Training
One-on-one technology help (e.g., with Web browsing, using library databases,
library equipment, etc.) upon patron request. Assistance may or may not beprovided by a member of the library staff (e.g., by a volunteer).
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
A communications carrier that provides access to the Internet; an entity fromwhom a customer buys internet service.
IT (Information Technology) Staff
Staff dedicated to the responsibility of maintaining the information technology
services and resources available at the library or assisting library patrons with using
these products. May include staff who are contracted through the city/county or
support staff assigned to the whole library or several branch locations.
Large-format PrinterA printer with a print width between 17” and 100”. It can be used to print banners,
posters, or signs.
Library Administrative Entity
A public library with a legal service area that may have one or more librarylocations. For the purposes of this survey, “your library” responses should reflect
your library administrative entity at the same level as your annual statistics report
to your state library agency for the national Public Libraries Survey.

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Library Location
A library building that is open to the public and provides services to the community(e.g., lends books, offers public access to the Internet and computers, etc.). In thecase of some public libraries, there is only one location, while others have several
branch locations.
Maker Production Equipment
Hardware, machines, or tools used in physical maker production. Examples include
computer numerical control (CNC) carvers, routers, and vinyl cutters, sewing
machines, 3D printers, etc.
Megabits per second (Mbps or Mb/s)
A unit of measure describing the rate of data transfer equal to 1,000,000 bits per
second; 125,000 bytes per second; or 1,000 kilobits per second. Download andupload speeds from an Internet Service Provider are usually measured in Megabits
per second or Gigabits per second.
Mobile-Optimized Website
A website which is optimized to work on cell phones and other devices with smaller
screens, limited connection speeds, or less processing power than typical personal
computers.
Mobile or Wireless Printing Services
A service that allows library patrons the ability to print documents directly frommobile devices (either personal or library-owned) originating within the library or
remotely.
Open Data
An archive or database in which all of the data stored is completely accessible toanyone who wants to download, use, or manipulate it. There are no legal
restrictions on re-usage of the data. An example would be a collection of data abouta local public transit system, which an independent programmer could then use todevelop a public transit navigation cell phone app.
Partner Organization
An entity or institution separate and distinct from the library that collaborates withthe library on programs, training, or initiatives. May include government agencies,
non-profit organizations, or private companies.
Partnership
A mutually beneficial arrangement between the library and another entity where
both parties assist or support one another and work together toward a shared goal.
Partnerships are different from professional courtesy or cooperation, where thelibrary assists another entity but does not receive assistance in return (or viceversa). Examples of partnerships may include (but are not limited to) sponsoring
activities or events together; working together jointly to develop and deliver
programs or services; and sharing costs for staff, resources, or programming.
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library, or in-kind donations. They may be formal (with a written agreement) or
informal (non-binding agreement or longstanding relationship).
Program
Events, or a series of events, that are organized by the library or its partners, open
to the library’s patrons and community members, held in-person or virtually, on- or
off-site, and are offered to a group of patrons, not one-on-one or passively.
Public Access Computers and Laptops
A public access computer or laptop that provides public access to the Internet,
including those that provide access to a limited set of Internet-based services suchas online databases. This includes circulating laptops but excludes computers or
laptops that only access the library’s web-based public access catalogs.
QR CodesGraphical codes that can be read by an imaging device (i.e., cameras on smart
phones or tablets, or code readers), which represent encoded information. These
usually link to website URLs.
Recreational Video Gaming Consoles
Recreational video gaming includes modern consoles like current versions ofMicrosoft Xbox, Sony Playstation, or Nintendo Switch; retro consoles like Atari,
NES/SNES, or Sega Genesis; and personal computers with software like The Simsor World of Warcraft. It does not refer to gambling.
Scanner
A peripheral machine that converts physical printed documents, images, or othertwo-dimensional objects into a digital image that can be viewed on a machine, suchas a computer.
Smartboard
An interactive whiteboard that uses touch detection for user input. It can be used
the same way as a computer, with fingers or a stylus instead of a mouse, to edit a
document, browse websites, and collaborate on projects.
Staff
Employees or contractors of the library.
Streaming Devices
A digital media player (a set-top box or dongle plugged into an HDMI port) is a typeof consumer electronics device designed for the storage, playback, or viewing ofdigital media content. They are typically designed to be attached to a television or
AV receiver and are often used to consume content from streaming media services
and subscription-based content services. Common dongle varieties include Roku
Streaming Stick, Amazon Fire TV Stick, and Chromecast with Google TV.

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TabletA flat computer that is controlled by a touchscreen with varying degrees ofcomputing functionality. Tablets are differentiated from smart phones by theirlarger screen size, and from E-readers by their computing ability. Common varieties
include Apple iPad, Amazon Kindle Fire, and Samsung Galaxy Note.
Videoconferencing Software/Technologies
Computer-mediated telecommunications technologies that let people in two or moredifferent locations talk to and see each other on computers or comparable devices.
Volunteer
Unpaid person under the supervision of library staff.
Wireless (Wi-Fi) Internet AccessInternet access that does not require a direct connection (e.g., Ethernet) foraccess. Most typically, wireless access adheres to the IEEE 802.11 standard(typically b, g, n, ac, ax) for interoperability and compatibility.

Additional Questions?
If you need further clarification on a question or response option, please contact the
project team at plabenchmark@ala.org.

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