Introduction to
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
Service Providers
Dinesh ManandharCenter for Spatial Information Science
The University of Tokyo
Contact Information: dinesh@iis.u-Tokyo.ac.jp

Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

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GPS(Global Positioning System)
USA

Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

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History of GPS (1/2)• Originally designed for military applications at the height of the Cold
War in the 1960s, with inspiration coming from the launch of theSoviet spacecraft Sputnik in 1957.
• Transit was the first satellite system launched by the United States
and tested by the US Navy in 1960.
• Just five satellites orbiting the earth allowed ships to fix their position on theseas once every hour.

• GPS developed quickly for military purposes thereafter with a total of
11 “Block” satellites being launched between 1978 and 1985.
• The Reagan Administration in the us had the incentive to open up
GPS for civilian applications in 1983.
How to Drop Five Bombs from Different Aircrafts into the Same Hole?
(with an accuracy of 10m)
Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

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History of GPS (2/2)• Upgrading the GPS was delayed by NASA space shuttle
Challenger disaster in 1989 and it was not until 1989 that the first
Block II satellites were launched.
• By the summer of 1993, the US launched the 24th GPS satellite
into orbit, which complete the modern GPS constellation ofsatellites.
• In 1995, it was declared fully operational.
• Today’s GPS constellation has around 30 active satellites.
• GPS is used for dozens of navigation applications.
• Route finding for driver, map-making, earthquake research, climate
studies, and many other location based services.
Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

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GPS Segments
GPSSpace Segment

GPSControl Segment

User Segment
GNSS
ReceiverMarine / AIS

Aviation / WAAS
Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

ITS / ADAS

Railway
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GPS Space Segment: Current & Future Constellation
Legacy Satellites

Block IIA
0 operational•L1C/A, L1 P(Y)•L2P(Y)•Launched in 19901997•Last onedecommissioned in2016

Block IIR
12 operational•L1C/A, L1P(Y)•L2P(Y)•Launched in 19972004

Modernized Satellites

Block IIR(M)
7 operational

Block IIF
12 operational

GPS IIIIn production•L1C/A, L1P(Y)•L2P(Y)•L2C, L2M
•Launched in 20052009•L1C/A, L1P(Y)•L2P(Y)•L2C, L2M
•L5
•Launched in 20102016•L1C/A, L1P(Y)•L2P(Y)•L2C, L2M
•L5
•L1C
•Available for launch
in 2016

http://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/space/#IIF
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System

Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Slide : 6GPS Signals
BandL1

L2

L5Frequency,
MHz1575.421227.60

1176.45

Modulation
TypeData /SymbolRate,bps/sps

Notes

1.023

BPSK

50Legacy Signal

101.023

BOC(1,1)

50 / 100

From 2014

CPilot101.023TMBOC

No Data

BOC(1,1) & BOC(6,1)P(Y)

7 days

10.23

BPSK

CM

20

0.5115CL

1500

0.5115

P(Y)

7days

10.23

I

1Q

1SignalType

CodeLengthmsec

Chip Rate,
MHz

C/A

1CData

10.23

BPSK

Restricted

25 / 50
No DataModulated by TDM of(L2CM xor Data) andL2CL50 / 100Provides Higher
Accuracy

BPSK
BPSK

Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

No DataSlide : 7

GPS Receiver Outputs (1/3)

Sky Plot: Visibility of Satellites at Receiver Antenna

Computed Position from GPS displayedover Google Map

Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

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GPSGNSS
ReceiverOutputs(2/3)
Signals Received by the Receiver

Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

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GPS Receiver Outputs (3/3)

Position, Velocity, Time (PVT) and Other Observation Related Outputs

Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

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GLONASS(Global Navigation Satellite System)
RussiaDinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

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GLONASS Current & Future Constellation
1982 First Launch

2003

2011

Planned Launch

GLONASSGLONASS-M

GLONASS-K1

GLONASS-K2

DECOMMISSIONED
87 Launched
0 Operational
81 Retired
6 LostUnder Normal Operation
45 Launched
27 Operational
12 Retired
6 Lost•L1OF, L1SF
• L2SF•L1OF, L1SF
•L2OF, L2SF
•L3OC

Under Production /Operation
2 Launched
2 Operational
First launch Dec 2014

•L1OF, L1SF
•L2OF, L2SF
•L3OC

Under Development
3 On OrderFirst Launch Expected 2018

•L1OF, L1SF
•L2OF, L2SF
•L1OC, L1SC
•L2OC, L2SC
•L3OC

GLONASS space segment STATUS & MODERNIZATION, Joint - Stock Company «Academician M.F. Reshetnev» Information Satellite Systems»
ICG‐7, November 04‐09, 2012 , Beijing, China, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS-K2

Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

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GLONASS FDMA Signals• L1 Band 1598.0625 - 1604.40 MHz• 1602 MHz + n × 0.5625 MHz• where n is a satellite's frequency channel number (n=−7,−6,−5,...,7).

• L2 Band 1242.9375 - 1248.63 MHz• 1246 MHz + n×0.4375 MHz

Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

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Galileo, Europe

Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

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Galileo Space Segment

Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

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Galileo Signals
BandE1E6E51191.795
MHzFrequency, MHz1575.42

1278.75

1176.451207.14

Modulation
Type

Data /
SymbolRate,bps/sps

Notes

10.23

BOC(15,2.5)??

Restricted

41.023

CBOC, Weighted

125 / 250

Data

CPilot100

1.023

combination of
BOC(1,1) & BOC(6,1)

No Data

Pilot

A

10

5.115

BOC(15,5)

??

PRS

B

1

5.115

BPSK(5)500 /1000

Data

C100

5.115

No Data

Pilot

A-I

20

10.23

25 / 50

Data

A-Q

100

10.23

No Data

Pilot

B-I

4

10.23

125 / 250

Data

B-Q

100

10.23

No Data

Pilot

SignalType

CodeLengthmsec

ChipRate,MHzA

10BDataAltBOC(15,10)

Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Slide : 16

Galileo Signals

Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Slide : 17

Galileo Services
Open Service(OS)Freely accessible service forpositioning, navigation and timing formass market

Commercial
Service (CS)

Delivers authentication, high accuracy
and guaranteed services for commercial
applications

Public Regulated
Service (PRS)

Encrypted service designed for greaterrobustness in challenging environments

Search And Rescue
Service (SAR)

Locates distress beacons and confirmsthat message is received

Safety of Life
Service (SoL)

The former Safety of Life service is being re-profiled
Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

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BeiDou, China

Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

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BeiDou Space Segment

Source: Update on BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, Chengqi Ran, China Satellite Navigation OfficeTenth Meeting of ICG, NOV 2015
Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

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COMPASS / BEIDOU Signals: Already TransmittedBandFrequency
MHz

Data /Symbol
rate

Notes

50 / 100

Open

B1(Q)

NoneAuthorizedB1-2(I)

50 / 100Open

25 / 50

Authorized

None

Open

50 / 100

Authorized

500

Authorized

SignalType

Chip
Modulation
Rate
Type(MHz)

B1(I)1561.098
B1

2.046

1589.742

2.046

QPSK

QPSK

B1-2(Q)

B2
B31207.141268.52

B2(I)

2.046

B2(Q)

10.23

B3

10.23

QPSK

QPSK

Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

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QZSS
(Quasi-Zenith Satellite System)
Japan

Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

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Merits of QZSS• QZSS signal is designed in such a way that it isinteroperable with GPS• QZSS is visible near zenith; improves visibility &DOP in dense urban area
• Provides Orbit Data of other GNSS signals• Provides Augmentation Data for Sub-meter andCentimeter level position accuracy• Provides Messaging System during Disasters
http://qzss.go.jp/en/overview/services/sv04_pnt.html

Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Slide : 23

QZSS Development Plan

1st Satellite launched on 11th September 2010
2nd Satellite launched on 1st June 2017
3rd Satellite launched on 19th August 2017

: QZ Orbit: QZ Orbit: Geostationary Orbit

Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

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QZSS Constellation Status• Current Status• One Satellite launched on 11th SEP 2010

• Total constellation of Seven Satellites• Three more satellites were launched by the end of 2017

Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Slide : 25

QZSS Satellite Visibility

Source: SPAC Animation Video

Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Slide : 26

QZSS Satellites & Signal Types
SignalName
L1C/A
L1C
L1SAIF
L1S

QZS-1
QZS-2 to QZS-4
CenterBlock IQ Block IIQ Block IIG
Transmission service
Frequency(QZO) (QZO)
(GEO)
MHz
1
2
1
Satellite positioning service◎◎◎
Satellite positioning service◎◎◎◎
Sub-meter Level Augmentation Service
1575.42(SLAS)/
DisasterandCrisis
Management◎◎

L1Sb--◎SBAS Transmission Service
from around 2020

L2CL5◎◎◎◎◎◎

Satellite positioning service

L5S-LEX◎

L6S-band-◎◎

◎

◎-

◎

Satellite positioning service
Positioning Technology Verification
ServiceMADOCACentimeter Level Augmentation Service(CLAS)
QZSS Safety Service / SAR

Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp1227.60
1176.45
1278.75
2GHz
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QZSS New Applications

Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Slide : 28

QZSS New Applications• Short Message Broadcast during Emergencies and Disasters• L1SAIF / L1S Signals• Sub-meter Level Augmentation Service (SLAS)• L1SAIF / L1S / L1Sb Signals• Centimeter Level Augmentation Service (CLAS)• L6 Signal• PPP-RTK• LEX Signal : MADOCA Service• PPP

Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Slide : 29

Short Message Broadcast during Disaster

Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Slide : 30

Sub-meter Level Augmentation Service (SLAS)

SLAS : Sub-meter Level Augmentation ServiceSignal Used: L1SAIF / L1S
Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

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Centimeter Level Augmentation Service (CLAS)

CLAS : Centimeter Level Augmentation ServiceSignal Used: LEX: MADOCA & L6
Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Slide : 32

NAVIC, India(Indian Regional NavigationSatellite System)

Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Slide : 33

IRNSS Signal Types
SignalCarrierFrequency

Bandwidth

L51176.45MHz

24MHz

S

2492.028MHz

16.5MHz

Dinesh Manandhar, CSIS, The University of Tokyo, dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Slide : 34