Table of content
Table of content......................................................1
Keynote lectures ............................................... 17
Urban Thermal Modulation –The Limits ofInteriorization and Emergence of Atmospheric Security?
..........................................................................................18
Flexible Blades Wind-Turbines: Giant Installations andSystem-of-Systems Approach to Optimizing Wind-Energy
Farms ................................................................................ 19
Innovation in cements – can we meet future constructionneeds sustainably? ........................................................... 21
Strategies for Overcoming Fire Performance Problems in
Structures incorporating Fibre Reinforced Polymer. ..... 22
Green transport development in Vietnam: recent
achievements and key challenges ................................... 24
Large underground caverns for civil application ........... 25
Architecture and Planning for Sustainable
Community ...................................................... 27
Smart Planning and Management Solutions for Smart
Mobility ........................................................................... 28
Transit-Oriented Development for Hanoi Sustainable
Urban Development ........................................................ 29
The typology of the villages in the Red River Delta(Vietnam) - A study for urban planning today ............... 30
Temperature changes on land surface in the context ofurbanization in Quy Nhon City, Viet Nam ...................... 31

1

Sustainable architectural criteria for shophousedevelopment in Hanoi’s new urban areas ...................... 33"Living Lab" - an urban design approach with community
participation. The case study of Quy Nhon, Vietnam..... 34
Learning from Hanoi city’s Ad hoc Architecture forhousing design and urban ecologies ............................... 35
Sustainable management of Vietnamese coastal urban
system .............................................................................. 37
Re-establishing green infrastructure connections in rural
construction planning in the Red River Delta ................ 38
The participation of community in smart management ofneighborhood in parks/playgrounds in Hanoi – The
reality and solution ......................................................... 39
Classification of public spaces to manage in .................. 40
Local Perspectives on Green Resilient Settlements inPakistan ............................................................................ 41
Urban Greening and Geo-environmental Safety ............ 43
A Generic Framework for Predicting Energy Consumptionof Public Building ............................................................ 44
Inventory of Green Roofs within Edinburgh, Scotland .. 45
E-planning and its potential development in Vietnam
urban planning ................................................................ 47
Research on the attractiveness of informal public spaces
for the youth of Hanoi towards a livable city. Case studies
from a university cluster in Hanoi (Vietnam) ................ 48
BIGDATAand
Data
Mining,DigitalTransformation and Internet of Things ............ 50

2

Development of deep learning neural network for
estimating pile bearing capacity ...................................... 51
Application of Random Forest model to determine
unconfined compressive strength of the soil-cement
mixture ............................................................................ 52
Application of XGBoost model for predicting the dynamic
response of high-speed railway bridges.......................... 54
Reliability analysis of structures subjected to seismic
excitation using a deep learning-based surrogate model 55
Prediction of Optimal Cross-sectional Areas of Truss
Structures Using Artificial Neural Networks .................. 56
Exploitation of digital data from building information
models in virtual reality technology ................................57
GIS-based Logistic Regression Application for Landslide
Susceptibility Mapping in Son La Hydropower Reservoir
Basin ................................................................................ 58
An artificial intelligence approach based on Multi-layer
Perceptron Neural Network and Random Forest forpredicting maximum dry density and optimum moisture
content of soil material in Quang Ninh province, Vietnam......................................................................................... 60
Development of a BIM-based Master Digital Model using
data-driven design for the suspension bridge. ............... 62
On The Training Algorithms for Artificial Neural Network
in Predicting compressive strength of recycled aggregate
concrete ........................................................................... 64
Using Random Forest for predicting compressive strengthof self-compacting concrete ............................................ 65
Using artificial neural network containing two hidden
layers for predicting carbonation depth of concrete ...... 66
3

Investigation of input number effect on performance
prediction of soil friction angle using random forest ..... 67
Estimation of the shear strength of FRP reinforced
concrete beams without stirrups using machine learningalgorithm ......................................................................... 68
Application of an Artificial Neural Network Model for thePrediction of the bond strength of FRP bars in concrete .......... 69
Prediction of the compressive strength of rubberized
concrete based on machine learning algorithm .............. 71
Predicting the compressive strength of recycled aggregate
concrete based on artificial neural network ................... 72
Development of Artificial Neural Network Model for
Prediction of Marshall Parameters of Stone Mastic
Asphalt............................................................................. 73
Using Decision Tree J48 based Machine Learning Algorithm for Flood Susceptibility Mapping: A Case Study inQuang Binh province, Vietnam ........................................75
An artificial intelligence approach to predict the resilient
modulus of subgrade pavement or unbound material .... 77
Passenger Train Delay Prediction using Linear Regression
and Ensemble Learning Methods with and without
Ridership and Population Data ...................................... 79
Investigation of artificial neural network models forpredicting the international roughness index of rigid
pavements ....................................................................... 80
Construction Economics and Management .......81
Traffic Revenue Risk Identification and Assessment in
Build-Operate-Transfer Transport Projects in Vietnam 82

4

Corporate social responsibility disclosure and financial
performance of construction enterprises: evidence from
Vietnam ........................................................................... 83
Public private partnership for transport infrastructure
investment: critical success factors and lessons learnt
from projects in the context of developing countries ..... 84
Implementation of PPP for Urban Metro System: Critical
Issues for Developing Countries ..................................... 86
Application of 4D BIM Simulations for Safety and
Schedule Integration of a Reconstruction Project for
Oxygen Plant in Steel Works in Korea ............................ 87
Evaluating the Impact of Interventions in Motorcycle
Ownership and Usage in Vietnam Cities ........................ 89
Capturing the flexibility value of infrastructure: a caseexample of a road project ................................................ 90
Factors affecting Public-Private Partnership preference inVietnam road infrastructure projects ............................. 92
Toward more flexible financial agreements of PPP tollroads: international experiences for Vietnam ................ 93
Design optimization of Fibres Reinforced Concrete
Railway Tracks by using Non-Linear Finite Elements
Analysis ........................................................................... 94
Geotechnics for Environment and Energy
Efficiency ......................................................... 95
Segregation index – a new soil parameter for internal
erosion assessment ......................................................... 96
Experimental study on behaviour of clayey sandreinforced by polypropylene fibre................................... 975

Soft Clay Stiffness Measured in Ho Chi Minh City with
Oedometer Tests for Deep Excavation Calculation ........ 98
Concerns related to modelling land subsidence of Mekong
Delta ................................................................................ 99
New structure to reduce settlement of sea dike built on
soft soil ........................................................................... 101
Prediction of Local Pier Scour under Live-bed Conditions....................................................................................... 102
Experimental study on pile group efficiency in various
types of soil using a small - scale physical model ......... 103
Influence of Fabrics on Compression Mechanics of Iron
Tailings ...........................................................................105
Investigations into Grading Characteristics of Tailings 106
Geophysics technical application in exploring the sandmines in Haiphong area of Vietnam using seismic
measuring equipment “Sub-bottom profiling system 3200
– XS”............................................................................... 107
Sea Levels and Inundation Mapping for Urban Areas ofVietnam ......................................................................... 109
A study on the main factors affecting the reinforcement
corrosion in mechanically stabilised earth walls andpredict the service life of the wall .................................. 110
Emerging Technology for Determining Unsaturated Soil
Shear Strength .................................................................111
Gellan gum-bentonite mixture as a new vertical hydraulicbarrier ............................................................................. 112
Establishing thresholds for rainfall‐induced shallow
landslides using fully coupled hydro-mechanical model........................................................................................ 113
6

Utilization of Site Cut Cohesive Soil for Construction oflarge platform for Gas Receiving terminal .................... 115
Study on application of sea sand-cement column in soft
soil improvement for Hai Phong-Nam Dinh coastal
highway .......................................................................... 117
Hydromechanical behavior of a tuff/bentonite mixture
treated with cement ....................................................... 119
Waste management of disaster affected areas from thezinc-lead enterprise ........................................................ 121
Reliability analysis of pile foundation using GMDH, GP
and MARS ...................................................................... 123
Capillary rise characteristics and saltwater propagation infine aggregate: toward developing the anti-salinity
shallow foundation ......................................................... 124
Cyclic Response and Post-cyclic Settlement of Sand
Experiencing Repeated Earthquakes ............................. 125
Experimental investigation of cement type effect on
hydration and strength development of cement-treatedsoils ................................................................................. 126
Green Transport and Environment ................. 128
Zero-Emission Vehicles Penetration into the ASEAN
Market: Challenges and Perspective .............................. 129
Performance and Emissions of Motorcycle Engine Fueledwith LPG-Ethanol by Port Injection ............................. 130
Sustainable Rice Supply Chain Management in The
Mekong Delta of Vietnam: The Role of Regional Rice
Logistics Centre .............................................................. 131

7

Forecasting Logistics Demand on Strategic Transport
Corridors Based on VISSUM - Case Study of Hanoi-Lao
Cai Transport Corridor of Vietnam................................ 132
Travel Time Attractiveness in Motorcycle Dominated
Cities: an Investigation of University Students’ Travel
Behavior ......................................................................... 133
Environmental performance evaluation at urban
roundabouts ................................................................... 134
Impacts of Last Mile Delivery on Environment in Urban
Areas: Hanoi Case Study ................................................ 135
Policy Measure to Promote Electric Mobility in Emerging
Cities ............................................................................... 136
Assessment of Traffic Performance at Toll Plaza using
Microsimulation – a Case in Vietnam ........................... 137
Determinants of bus passengers’ loyalty: a multinomial
logit regression approach ...............................................138
Impact of congestion charging on traffic and environment
in Hanoi: Results from simulation analysis .................. 139
Development of an Emission Inventory Model fromTransport Surveys ......................................................... 140
Flexible Integrated Transport Systems' Potential to
Unleash Net Benefits in Rural Areas ............................. 141
Nuclear Power Plants, the Unique Merits of the Floating
Option ............................................................................. 142
Calculation of Fuel Baseline and CO2 Emission For Heavy
Duty Vehicles in Viet Nam ............................................. 143
Sustainable Logistics System: Principles and Practices inVietnam .......................................................................... 145

8

Sustainable
Construction
Materials
andTechnologies ................................................... 146
Residual Life Assessment (RLA) of cranes and steel
structures: Problems and Strategy ................................ 147
Effect of Moist Curing Time on Shrinkage Resistance of
Self-Compacting Concrete containing Fly ash ..............148
Mechanical, acoustic and thermal performances ofAustralian hempcretes ...................................................149
Semi-circular bending (SCB) test – modified method andnew test parameters ....................................................... 151
Abrasive and compressive properties of concrete
containing different contents of fine artificial sand ...... 152
Mechanism analysis and improvement of bacterial biomineralization for self-healing concrete using Bacillus
subtilis natto immobilized in lightweight aggregate ..... 153
VariationinTemperature-Induced
Displacement
Curvature of Prestressed Concrete Girders Deteriorated
by Alkali-Silica Reaction ................................................ 155
Effects of initial conditions on simulations of
hygrothermal transfers through a bio-based multi-layered
wall subjected to a real climate ...................................... 156
Influence of calcined clays on workability of low carbon
composite cements ......................................................... 157
Experimental investigation of high-strength lightweight
concrete using fly ash cenospheres ................................ 159
Value‑Add Application of Plastic Waste in Porous Asphalt
Mixture .......................................................................... 160
Valorization of local clay by heat treatment for its use inroad construction ........................................................... 162
9

Influence of rejuvenator on selected characteristics of anasphalt concrete containing 50 % reclaimed asphalt .... 163
Influence of constitutive model on the mechanicalbehavior of a piled embankment ...................................164
Some initial results of the research on using recycled
polyethylene to modify bitumen .................................... 165
Impact of surfactant type on performances of gypsum
foams ..............................................................................166
Research on the effects of aging asphalt binder 60/70 on
Marshall properties of Hot-mix asphalt C12.5 Vietnam 167
Experimental study using nanosilica to improve theproperties of Asphalt binder and Hot-mix asphalt .......168
Warm mix asphalt with reclaimed asphalt pavement – A
solution for sustainable infrastructure development ....169
Valorization of treated dredged sediments in light of life
cycle assessment............................................................. 170
Developing Statistical Models to Predict Temperature
Distribution in Asphalt Concrete in Danang City.......... 171
Use of acoustic emission monitoring to follow durabilityof flax and carbon fibre reinforced polymers underhygrothermal ageing ...................................................... 173
Highlyenvironmental-efficientmodularhousesconsidering construction and deconstruction aspects .. 174
Evaluation of alternative fillers usable for asphalt
mixtures.......................................................................... 175
Stress research in hollow core flat slab and applications........................................................................................ 176

10Effect of tack coat application rate and temperature on
interlayer cohesion and friction of double-layer asphalt
samples ........................................................................... 177
Influence of matrix strength on the pullout behavior ofhigh strength steel fibers ................................................ 178
Effect of surface moisture content on the durability ofsilane-type surface penetration layers during the material
application ...................................................................... 179
Investigation of hydraulic conductivity of soilcrete
specimens made from dredging sand and cement ....... 180
Formation of clinker containing copper ........................182
Establishing the indicators of sustainable building
materials .........................................................................183
Stabilize the diaphragm wall by the method of anchoringin the ground in the I-tower project in Quy Nhon city,
Binh Dinh province ........................................................ 185
Low energy cements prepared from modified SO3 doped
clinkers ...........................................................................186
Numerical modeling of tensile behaviour of textilereinforced concrete composite using a cracking model for
cementitious matrix: effect of material parameters ...... 187
Preliminary Field and Laboratory Investigation on the
Use of Non-Contact Digital Ski Sensor in the South Korea
Expressway Network ..................................................... 188
Research on some performance properties of hot mix
asphalt using sulfur Dung Quat in Viet Nam.................189
Design and mechanical experiments on GFRP frame join
by bolted connections. .................................................. 190

11

Investigation on Relationship between Long Term andShort Term Tests of Chloride Diffusion Coefficient ...... 191
Preliminary Study on Bonding Integrity of Tropical
Hardwoods Cross Laminated Timber Manufacturing by
Vacuum Pressure Method .............................................. 192
An overview: Modern countermeasures against local
scour at bridge piers - Applicability in Vietnam ............194
Smart Technologies for Big Construction Projects....................................................................... 195
A novel solution structure to decrease elevation of seadikecrest level ........................................................................196
New structural engineering for reducing seadike incident
during construction and operation time........................ 197
Application of GSM technology for automatic tidemonitoring combined with multi-beam measuring
equipment to make the bathymetric maps for big
construction projects in Vietnam...................................198
Waterproofing for underground structures without
basement drainage system: assessing the robustness of anegative-side waterproofing solution ........................... 200
Deep Insights into the Self-Compacting Concrete with
Hybrid Fibres ................................................................ 202
ANN Model for Joint Shear Strength of RC Interior
Beam-Column Joint ...................................................... 204
Sub sea tunneling in hard rock environment inScandinavia ................................................................... 205
Deep Insights into the Self-Compacting Concrete with
Hybrid Fibres ................................................................ 206

12Advanced Modeling and Characterization of
Structures ...................................................... 208
Design optimization of Fibres Reinforced Concrete
Railway Tracks by using Non-Linear Finite Elements
Analysis ......................................................................... 209
Numerical Investigation on the Boiling Stability of Sheet
Piles Supported Excavations in Cohesionless Soil ....... 210
Behavior of Steel-UHPC Composite Column under Axial
and Flexural Loading ..................................................... 211
Hybrid Systems in Modelling of Flood Protection
Embankments Using a Real-Scale Experimental Set-Up in
the Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory of TU Dresden . 213
A study on behavior of RC beams strengthened withthree-surface-steel cover ................................................ 214
Evaluation of applicability of seismic base isolation forbridges according to Vietnamese codes ......................... 216
Comparative Analysis of Predicted End Bearing
Resistances of Drilled Shafts in Soft Rocks ................... 217
Local mesh refinement for displacement-based andequilibrium-based finite elements .................................218
Effect of Structural Wall Plan Density on Performance of
RC Shear Wall Buildings Designed as per IndianStandards ....................................................................... 219
Effect of Torsional Eccentricity on Twisting Behavior of a
Steel Building Tested on Shaking-Table ....................... 220
Global sensitivity analysis for bridge crane system bysurrogate modeling ........................................................ 221
Analysis of crack characteristics of reinforced concrete
bridge deck under the effect of static wheel load ......... 222
13

Reliability assessment of cold-formed steel roof truss
according to random factors in Vietnam ...................... 224
Discrete Truss Optimization Using Rao Algorithms .... 225
Jaya-based Fuzzy Structural Analysis .......................... 226
Large deflection bending analysis of FG-GPLRC doubly
curved thin shallow shells stiffened by oblique stiffeners....................................................................................... 227
Effect of auxetic core on the nonlinear buckling analysis
of sandwich Graphene-reinforced composite plates .... 228
Nonlinear large amplitude vibration of lattice core
CNTRC cylindrical panels resting on elastic foundation....................................................................................... 229
Postbuckling analysis of core-corrugated sandwich FGGRC laminated cylindrical shells subjected to externalpressure ......................................................................... 230
Nonlinear axisymmetric vibration of sandwich FGM
shallow spherical caps with lightweight porous core .... 231
Experimental study on the bond strength between
reinforcement bars and concrete as a function of concrete
strength and confinement effect ................................... 232
Numerical simulation in the assessment fatigue life ofprestressed concrete sleeper on the urban railway ...... 233
Experimental Study on CFRP Strengthening of Cracked
Reinforced Concrete Beams .......................................... 234
Effect of Revised Seismic Design Provisions on Seismic
Performance of RC Frame Buildings with and without
Infills ............................................................................. 235
Fire Resistance Performance of Glass Fiber Reinforced
Concrete Columns ......................................................... 237
14

Optimized design of tuned liquid damper for mitigating
seismic induced vibration in case of high-rise building 239
Enhanced Rao algorithm-based optimization method for
nonlinear inelastic steel frames .................................... 240
Experimental study on shear strength and failure
mechanisms of concrete dowel in shallow-hollow
composite beam ............................................................ 242
Effects of travel distance to Acoustic Emission parametersin cement-based materials ............................................ 243
Numerical models of locally corroded mooring chain
system of floating offshore structures and an applicationin Vietnamese conditions .............................................. 244
Effects of Random Road Roughness on Dynamic Impact
Factor of Cable-stayed Bridge subjected to Moving
Vehicle ........................................................................... 245
Rock engineering toolbox for the Follobanen tunnels
under existing Ekeberg tunnels in Oslo, Norway ......... 247
Investigation of a Semi-FE Approach to Prediction of
Floor Response to Walking ........................................... 248
Relocation of Walking Path to Resolve Vibration
Problems in a Lightweight Floor .................................. 249
Energy Consumption Prediction of Residential Buildings
using Machine Learning: A Study on Energy
Benchmarking Datasets of Selected Cities across theUnited States ................................................................. 250
Experimental and numerical studies of temperature
prediction in mass concrete foundation ........................ 251
Impact of fine mineral fraction properties on the fatigue
performance of asphalt mastic...................................... 252

15

Combination of cement deep mixing (CDM) and steel
sheet piles for the cofferdam used in construction of deep
foundation pit in soft ground in the Mekong Delta Coast....................................................................................... 253
Organizing Committee .................................................. 255
International Scientific Committee ......................... 257

16

Keynote lectures17

Urban Thermal Modulation –The Limits of Interiorization andEmergence of Atmospheric Security?
Simon Marvin
Urban Institute, University of Sheffields.marvin@sheffield.ac.uk

This paper argues that important changes are taking place in how the
problematic of excess heat is being understood and addressed in urban
contexts. The key shift underway is strategic interest in the thermal
modulation of the ‘outdoor’ environment. This represents an extension of
the existing mode of thermal modulation based on ‘interiorization’through air conditioned encapsulation to an emerging logic ofmanipulating the outdoor environment – a form of atmospheric security.
The paper explores the key features of this shift and identifies theimplications for urban studies.

Keywords: urban thermal modulation, interiorization, atmosphericsecurity18

Flexible Blades Wind-Turbines: GiantInstallations and System-of-Systems Approach
to Optimizing Wind-Energy Farms
Adnan Ibrahimbegovic*1,2
1Université de Technologie Compiègne – Alliance
Sorbonne Université, Chair of Computational Mechanics,
Centre de Recherches Royallieu, Compiègne, France
2IUF - Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
adnan.ibrahimbegovic@utc.fr 1

In this work we seek to elaborate a couple of new concepts of offshore and inland wind-turbines with respect to currently dominantsystem, which was, to a large extent, developed in Denmark and in
Northern Germany. Both of these locations provide near steady winds
close to optimal conditions for wind-turbines operation. For any otherlocation, the system is far from optimal performance, mostly sitting idle
waiting for optimal wind speed. This new concept to evaluate concerns
the wind-turbines with flexible blades, which are easy to start for mild
winds, like the leaves on a tree, but more difficult to control for strong
winds, with large overall motion of flexible blades. There are multiple
main scientific challenges in this work seeking a judicious combinationof scientific progress in Mechanics, Control and Stochastics in order toprovide the simulation tools for elaboration of such a new concept. In
particular, we need to develop detailed models capable of describing thelarge displacements and rotations of flexible blades (including evaluationof risk to blades failure), the reduced basis approach that can furnish the
optimal support for control algorithm of large overall motion of flexible
blades and stochastic approach able to quantify the effects of variablewind conditions that can be obtained from measurements of windturbine deformations by solving an inverse problem. All thesedevelopments will be combined in simulation tools, which will bevalidated against experimental results and more elaborate predictive
computations of underlying multi-physics problems. The main product* Speaker: Adnan Ibrahimbegovic
Corresponding author: adnan.ibrahimbegovic@utc.fr

19

to deliver is to achieve a novel concept of inland wind-turbines, referred
to as Perpetual Mobile, which offers the optimal capacity for harvestingenergy at large variations of wind speeds and for perfectly adapting tovariable conditions inside wind-turbine farms. The side product todeliver concerns the simulation tools to be developed, which will also beof interest for other multi-physics problems.

Keywords: Wind turbine, wind load, energy-conserving scheme,
long-term simulation.

20

Innovation in cements – can we meet future
construction needs sustainably?
John L. Provis
Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Sheffield,
Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
j.provis@sheffield.ac.uk

There has been an enormous growth in the volume and scope oftechnical analysis of alternative cements, accompanied by claims of“sustainability”, during the past decade. Some of this growth has beenaccompanied by real-world actions in terms of commercialization, trials,
and deployment. However, there are a very large number of lines ofinvestigation – some of which appear extremely promising fromenvironmental and technical perspectives – that have not yet beentranslated into reality. This presentation will address some of the key
drivers for a sustainable future in cement technology, with a particularfocus on alkali-activated materials, including comments on the pathways
by which some of the evident potential of these materials can be
unlocked for the benefit of society.

Keywords: Cement, Concrete, Sustainability.

21

Strategies for Overcoming Fire Performance
Problems in Structures incorporating Fibre
Reinforced Polymer.
Venkatesh Kumar R Kodur
Distinguished Professor, Michigan State University, USA

In recent years there is a growing interest in the use of fiber reinforced
polymers (FRP) for strengthening of concrete structures that are losing theirfunctionality due to aging and corrosion related problems. This is mainly due tohigh strength, light weight, durability, cost effectiveness and ease of applicationof FRP which makes it attractive for fixing deteriorating infrastructure.
Typically, the capacity of reinforced concrete (RC) columns can be enhanced bywrapping the columns with FRP sheets. Similarly strengthening of beams or slab
can be carried out, for enhancing flexural and shear capacity, by applying FRP
laminates to the surface of a concrete member and this is designated asexternally bonded reinforcing (EB) technique. Alternatively, FRP strips or rods
can be inserted into a pre-cut groove(s) on the concrete cover of an RC beam orslab, and then filling the groove(s) with an epoxy adhesive or cementitious
grout, and this type of strengthening is referred to as near-surface mounted(NSM) technique.
Fire represents a significant hazard in buildings and thus FRP-strengthened
concrete structural members have to meet adequate fire resistance requirements.
However, comparatively little is known on the performance of FRP materials
and FRP-strengthened concrete members under fire conditions, and this remains
a primary factor limiting the widespread application of FRP in building
applications.
In the past decade, a number of experimental and analytical studies havebeen carried out to develop an understanding on the behavior of FRPstrengthened RC beams at ambient conditions. Based on these studies,
guidelines have been developed for structural design of FRP-strengthened
concrete members. However, there have been only limited experimental andnumerical studies on the fire resistance of FRP- strengthened concrete members.
Thus, there is very little guidance available in codes and standards for the fire
design of FRP-strengthened concrete members.
To overcome some of the current knowledge gaps, a series of experimental
and numerical studies have been carried out to evaluate fire response of FRPstrengthened concrete columns and beams. Data generated from fire tests was

22utilized to develop a macroscopic finite element for tracing the fire response of
FRP- strengthened RC columns and beams under various configurations. The
validated model was applied to conduct a set of parametric studies to quantify
the influence of critical factors on fire response of FRP strengthened members.
Results generated from fire resistance experiments and numerical studies are
utilized to develop a rational design methodology for evaluating fire resistanceof FRP-strengthened concrete members.
In the presentation, the performance problems associated with FRPstrengthened concrete structures will be illustrated. Data from both material
testing and full-scale fire tests will be utilized to discuss fire performance of
FRP strengthened concrete members. The various factors influencing fire
response of FRP strengthened concrete members will be discussed and thedevelopment of a rational design methodology for evaluating fire resistance of
FRP-strengthened concrete members will be outlined. Examples of innovative
strategies that can be developed for enhancing fire performance of FRPstrengthened concrete structures will be presented. Overall, it is demonstrated
that, while currently available FRP strengthening systems are sensitive to theeffects of elevated temperatures, appropriately designed and protected FRPstrengthened concrete structures are able to achieve required fire performanceneeded in buildings and other infrastructure applications.

23

Green transport development in Vietnam:
recent achievements and key challenges
Truong Thi My Thanh
University of Transport Technology, Vietnam

Transport systems have significant impacts on urban development,
economic and environment that might generate threats to the sustainable
development. Therefore, the development of green transport is a longterm strategy of many countries internationally. Recently, Vietnamese
Government has developed specific policies to enhance green mobility,
for instance, the transport plan associated with public transport
development, the transition to sustainable energy, the application ofadvanced materials and technologies. However, green mobility in
Vietnam is facing many challenges that links to local characteristics
such as a huge travel demand, the unique travel behaviour, the limited
investment budget, and legal barriers of public-private partnershipmechanism.
This presentation will discuss the long-term demand for green
transport development in Vietnam based on scientific approaches andempirical evidence, facilitating an in-depth understanding of transport
status for international and local researchers. By indicating key
challenges, the presentation confirms the necessity to develop innovative
policy recommendations, to further develop models and tools in
conjunction with government bodies as inputs into city- and nationallevel policies and derive practical day-to-day improvement for green
transport systems.

24

Large underground caverns for civil application
Eivind Grøv
Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway

The tunnelling industry has the means to make any “hole in the
ground” almost to any size and shape that is requested. The main
challenge is to integrate such solutions into long-term development andurban planning. The underground solutions must be cost-effective tocompete with surface alternatives and they must be safe and felt to besafe by the users.
Worldwide there is a quest for urban space driven by the increasing
urbanisation. According to the ITACUS white paper (2010) more thanhalf of the world’s population lives in urban areas. With regards toindustrialised countries the figure is closer to 80%. This increased
urbanisation and steadily growing number of “Mega cities” and othercongested areas is a consequence of the increasing global population andmigration to city areas which may offer jobs, income and improved
lifestyle.
Only by ensuring that we are capable of providing safe undergroundstructures will underground infrastructure be perceived to provide asound internal environment. There is public confidence that thetunnelling industry is capable of producing tunnels and caverns to thesatisfaction of the clients.
This presentation discusses the challenges of designing and building
large underground caverns needed for further development of theunderground infrastructure. Underground caverns excavated in the rockmass require a strict control on a number of design parametersdescribing the rock mass quality and its ability to host large caverns.
Many of these are standard rock mechanical parameters that are
identified for any underground excavation. One particular rockmechanics parameter is of utmost importance when designing large
underground caverns but to the surprise of the author of this paper it isoften ignored and neglected by many, namely the in-situ stress condition
which is needed to mobilise frictional forces along joint planes. This
paper will particularly shed light on the importance of including in-situ
stress conditions in the design tasks, focusing the understanding andutilizing of in-situ rock stresses to materialise such caverns.
The presentation will also present some examples to visualise thebeauty of underground rock caverns and their use to serve the public and25thus constituting a major asset to the society including the world largest
man made rock caverns, the Gjøvik hall in Norway.

26

Architecture and Planning for Sustainable
Community27

Smart Planning and Management Solutions for
Smart Mobility
Trinh Dinh Toan [0000-0002-9113-1975]
Department for Transportation Engineering,
ThuyLoi University, 175 TaySon, DongDa, Hanoi
Trinhdinhtoan@tlu.edu.vn

Due to rapid urbanization, many cities in the world are increasingly
confronting urban problems such as inefficient mobility, lack ofinfrastructure, traffic congestion, and environmental pollution. Against
these drawbacks, many governments are working together to findsolutions towards smart urban growth. Smart urban growth addresses
several domains of urban life to support social needs of residents, among
which smart mobility is a vital component. This paper investigates thesmart mobility solutions that are prerequisite for smart urban growth,with focus on planning and management instruments. Through the casestudy of Singapore, the paper attempts to gain knowledge andexperiences on smart mobility solutions from the best practices that may
be applicable for developing countries. The insights gained from the casestudy set a foundation for proposals on smart mobility solutions for
Hanoi Capital.

Keywords: Smart Mobility, Smart Planning, Smart Urban Growth,
Mobility Solution, Sustainable Transport.

28

Transit-Oriented Development for Hanoi
Sustainable Urban Development
Trinh Dinh Toan [0000-0002-9113-1975]
Department for Transportation Engineering,
ThuyLoi University, 175 TaySon, DongDa, Hanoi
Trinhdinhtoan@tlu.edu.vn

Transit-oriented development (TOD) is urban development near ororiented to public transport facilities. Typically, mixed-use urban
development is built around transit stations, surrounded by high density
development with progressively lower-density development spreading
outward from the center. TOD brings substantial benefits to urban
development, including promotion to sustainable urban growth,
improvement of connectivity between the city center and outer areas,
increase in ridership, decrease in road traffic congestion, and efficientuse of the city land. TOD is a fast-growing development strategy and isbecoming more popular among city planners and government officials
for its potential to promote sustainable urban development. TOD has
been using in various developed countries, including Japan, Singapore,and Hong Kong. This paper introduces a number of TOD patterns thathave been successfully practiced in international context, analyses thecharacteristics of transport in a TOD model. In reviewing the current
transport situation and initiatives for integration of TOD for Hanoi, thepaper identifies challenges in application of TOD model and proposedsome key points for successful application of TOD for Hanoi sustainableurban development.

Keywords: Transit-Oriented Development, Public Transport,
Integrated Transport, Sustainable Urban Development, Smart Growth.

29

The typology of the villages in the Red River Delta(Vietnam) - A study for urban planning today
Nguyen Viet Huy1, Tran Quoc Viet1, Huynh To Nga2
1Department of Architecture and Urban planning, National University of

Civil Engineering,
55 Giai Phong street, Hai Ba Trung district, Hanoi, Vietnam.
2 Atelier Dubosc et Associes, 68 Hoang Dao Thuy street, Thanh Xuan
district, Hanoi,Vietnam. huynv@nuce.edu.vn
In general, cities are developed in one of two ways: there are cities
that are founded in old towns, such as Rome (Italy), and other cities
which have evolved from villages, such as Paris, Beijing, or Hanoi.
Despite the fact that village spaces are thought to be spontaneously
arranged, it is apparent that there is still order in these places, and somesettlements are organized in a regular manner. The authors of thisresearch want to provide a picture of how a typical peri-urban hamlets in
the Red River Delta operate. For example, a village's transportation
network or "spontaneous" space is advanced: different architectural
structures, landscape elements, etc. These characteristics provide
evidence for agricultural or non-agricultural society's social, economic,
and cultural choices, as well as inherited cultures, in a technologicalenvironment with food demand, limitations, and bio-climate
measurements. It is also known as an historical stamp of the wet ricecivilization. Researching and analyzing traditional village spaces in the
Red River Delta's peri-urban zones objectively gives a viewpoint on thechallenge to adapt to changing climatic circumstances and indigenous
cultures. Especially in today's setting, uncontrolled urbanization aroundlarge cities occurs simultaneously to with the negative effects of climatechange. These conditions make building and village spatial organization
experience increasingly valuable. Today, these qualities might beassessed and used in urban development planning projects.

Keywords: urban development, traditional village, Red River delta.

30Temperature changes on land surface in thecontext of urbanization in Quy Nhon City, VietNam
Tho Van Phan12[0000-0002-0887-5966] Rute Sousa Matos1[0000-0002-77150256]

1 University of Évora - CHAIA, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809

Évora, Portugal
rsm@uevora.pt
2 Quy Nhon University – Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quy nhon
University
phanvantho@qnu.edu.vn

Quy Nhon city is a grade 1 city situated in Binh Dinh province, in Viet
Nam. Its population was 481.110 inhabitants and it had an urbanization
rate of 60% in 2019, while Quy nhon population numbered just 260.000
in 2017. In order to evaluate the relationship between urban heat islandand land cover, we used Landsat satellite imagery from 1990 to 2020 toclassify the land cover by using the Support Vector Machine learning
method (SVM). The classified results were evaluated with the test
samples from the field survey. The accuracy is above 77%, which isreliable enough for use in research. To create the surface temperaturelayer, we used band 6 in the Landsat 5 ETM remote sensing imagery andbands 10, 11 in the Landsat 8 imagery. The results were calculated thesurface temperature for the study area. The study carried out statistics ofsurface temperature value with land cover. The results show that Quy
Nhon city has become warmer since 2005, which witnessed a significant
increase, compared with roughly 4 degrees in 1996 and around 9 degrees
in 1990. And the temperature in the urban land area is between 30 and
35 degrees. During this period, the classification results show that urban
land has rapidly expanded. Especially from 2005 up to now, Quy Nhoncity has witnessed a strong urban expansion, agricultural land, and water
surface have been changed into urban land. To determine the area ofurban heat islands we used the urban heat index (UHI). The results showthat the heat island phenomenon increases with urbanization in the cityand tends to increase over the years. This research result is a practical31

basis to propose suitable spatial and landscape planning solutions for thecity, towards green and sustainable urban development.

Keywords: Quy Nhon; Landsat; Surface temperature; City
warming.

32

Sustainable architectural criteria forshophouse development in Hanoi’s new urban
areas
Nguyen-Tung Hoang1, Minh-Viet Nguyen1 and Hoang-Hiep
Nguyen1
1 Department of Civil Architecture, National University of Civil

Engineering
tunghn@nuce.edu.vn

The increasingly notable role of shophouse streets in new urban
projects in Hanoi shows great values of this type of housing in thesustainable development of Hanoi architecture. The shophousedevelopment in Hanoi has revealed such architectural-related issues as:a fixed proportion of shophouses in the total number of low-risebuildings will not be suitable for different development stages andscenarios of new urban areas; the strict management of design andconstruction has not resolved the conflicts between the desire forarchitectural uniformity and the requirements for diversity which create
the attractiveness for the area; the inadequate quality of the outdoor
public spaces of shophouse streets and the lack of the possibilities forincreasing energy efficiency of shophouses with facade architectural
solutions and rooftop renewable energy. In order to find sustainable
solutions to the issues as well as to promote the values and potentials of
this type of housing, it is necessary to define sustainable architectural
criteria for shophouse development in Hanoi’s new urban areas and asociological survey is expected to be made for the study.

Keywords: Shophouse, Townhouse, Sustainable Architecture,
Architectural Diversity, Sustainable Architectural Criteria, Hanoi Street

33

"Living Lab" - an urban design approach with
community participation. The case study of
Quy Nhon, Vietnam
Nguyen, Thai Huyen1 and Dang, Thuc Trang2

1 Institute of International Training and Cooperation,

Hanoi Architectural University, Km10, Nguyen Trai, Thanh
Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam
huyen.nt@hau.edu.vn
2 Scene Plus Company Limited, 20 Dao Duy Anh Street,
District Phu Nhuan, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
sceneplus.arch@gmail.com

In today’s ongoing urbanization and 4.0 industry, there is anincreasing demand on urban design approach to be innovative andinclusive to handle these emerging issues. As an answer to thesechallenges, and in order to co-create innovation through the involvementof aware users in a real-life setting, the concept of living labs has
emerged. However, to date, the definition of "Living Labs" is different
between fields and regions in the world. Some interpret the Living Lab as
an approach, others as a single project, and some as a specific place –and some still do not know. In this paper, to better understand thisconcept and its practical application, we present our overview ofprevious literature on this topic and then we recount the specificsituation in Vietnam through three Living Lab workshops conducted in
Quy Nhon city, Binh Dinh province, Vietnam in the last three years.
Since then, we have tried to come up with an empirically based definitionof a contextual living laboratory concept that is appropriated for
Vietnam. We also conclude with a discussion on the role and significanceof the living laboratory in implementing urban planning, urban designand landscape projects in Vietnam.

Keywords: Living lab, Vietnam, urban design, community
participation, workshop.

34

Learning from Hanoi city’s Ad hoc
Architecture for housing design and urban
ecologies
M.Arch Tuan Manh Nguyen 1,2
1 Hanoi Architectural University, Hanoi, Vietnam
2 Kecho Collective co,.ltd , Hanoi, Vietnm

archituan2007@gmail.com

The housing problem of Hanoi shares its similarity with otheremerging cities in the region of Southeast Asia as well as other locations
throughout Latin America and Africa, in its conflict between formal andinformal developments as well as in its absorption of different colonizedcultures. Yet it is different from those cities in that the different
ideologies are not as clear-cut and are not isolated in separate segmentsof the city. Instead, the city represents a symbiotic relationship between
indigenous knowledge and ideological urban planning processes. As theconventional top-down master plan struggles with urban growth,
combined with increasing evidence that informal housing clusters
provide advantages in quality of life, bottom-up, self-organizing housing
strategies need to be considered. If the spontaneously built structures aresynchronized with city planning and in tandem with the requirement of
the natural system, then the future of more resilient cities could besecured. The prospective future of this speculation is to turn rigid
planning methodologies into parametric, mutable processes, where
citizens have freedom to create their own space according to new design
guidelines of “kit of parts,” by learning from the ad hoc strategies inhousing spatial expansion, in a design framework that mimics selforganization in biological systems, where local actions lead to optimalgoals of the whole. Moreover, turning the design from plan to process
implies a better relationship between clients, designers, and contractors,
where the role between them can be shifted and framed in a masscustomization of the building industry.

35

Keywords:
Sustainability,
Informality,
organization, Ad hoc strategies, urban ecology.

36

Architecture,

SelfSustainable management of Vietnamese
coastal urban system
Tran Van Tan1 and Ta Thi Thu Huong2
1 National University of Civil Engineering
2 Urban Development Agency under Ministry of Construction

Arch.t3huong@gmail.com

With the rapid growth of the coastal population, predicted to accountfor 60% of the country’s population, Vietnamese coastal cities and towns
should not continue developing separately. By systematic thinking andgood organization, the coastal cities and towns should link together toestablish the costal urban system. This development model will support
the economy of scale, level up the efficiency of using coastal
infrastructure, and protect national sovereignty. Globally, themegalopolis is an efficient model for managing the coastal urban system.
This research will provide international evidences, analyze statistical
data of the coastal urban system in the Vietnamese context, and suggest
a potential roadmap for applying this coastal urban management model
to our management system.

Keywords: Coastal urban, megalopolis, urban system management.

37

Re-establishing green infrastructure
connections in rural construction planning in
the Red River Delta
Cuong Pham Hung1, Hanh Phung Thi My1 and Nga Duong Quynh1
1 National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Vietnam

ngadq@nuce.edu.vn

In this article, the authors aim to identify the connections of green
infrastructure in traditional villages in the Red River Delta (RRD) withthree case studies from three communes where some of such solutions
have been recently applied in several rural planning projects. Thereby itis possible to find out problems in those ongoing projects and then to
propose more appropriate planning concept which will help re-establish
the fundamental connections in order to achieve the long-awaited green
infrastructure system, as well as to secure sustainable development inrural areas, technically, spatially and environmentally considered.

Keywords: Rural planning, Green infrastructure in rural planning,
Traditional villages in the Red River Delta.

38

The participation of community in smart
management of neighborhood inparks/playgrounds in Hanoi – The reality andsolution
Huong Nguyen Lien1
1 Urban management department, Hanoi architectural university, Hanoi,

Vietnamhuongnl@hau.edu.vn

This paper aims to focus on the participation of community in smart
management of neighborhood parks/playgrounds (NPP) in Hanoi. In
response to the changing functions and characteristics of public spaces(PS) upon the context of different local communities, this research
primarily examines how to smartly manage PS in Hanoi where has been
facing increasing challenges of hyper-urbanization. Meanwhile, the term
NPP can be referred to as the physical environment and social areas forpeople, especially elders and children, to relax, exercise and interact.
Therefore, it is imperative for NPP to be planned and managed with theparticipation of local residents who have the best understanding of theirneeds and expectations, not to mention their interest in improving living
standards. Accordingly, this paper began with a review of the reality of
NPP management in Hanoi and how participation of community has
been taking place. Through a deductive process for the reflection on
reality, the paper provided in-depth discussions on the effectiveness of
local community involvement in NPP management. Specifically, it cameto the conclusion that inclusive stakeholder participation under astrategic partnership can be a key to the success of PS planning andsmart management. In an extensive scope, the paper also highlighted
how application of digital transformation should be a major driver in
NPP management?

Keywords: Neighborhood parks/playgrounds smart management,
The participation of community, Digital- transformation, Hanoi.

39Classification of public spaces to manage in
Hanoi historical inner – toward building acreative city
Huong Nguyen Lien1
1 Urban management department, Hanoi architectural university, Hanoi,

Vietnamhuongnl@hau.edu.vn

According to the Decision No.1259/QD-TTg concerning the generalplanning of construction in Hanoi Capital to 2030 with a vision to 2050,
one of the 15 priorities of urban development is to renovate theHistorical Inner-City area of Hanoi for preserving and promoting thehistorical values of the city. Regardless massive changes of socioeconomic conditions, the thousand-year-old public spaces in the Hanoi
Historical Inner-City area remain sustaining with a remarkably vigorous
vitality, becoming the witness of many historical events. However, hyperurbanization progress is posing a visible threat to the sustainability of
Hanoi Historical Inner, following the challenges of harmonizing thehistorical heritages in the urban architecture and landscape. One
particular problem is poor management of public spaces; for which,classification appears to be a fundamental solution to the existing
dilemma. Following that, the appropriate management for each class of
public spaces can be developed.

Keyword: Classification; Public space, Manage, Hanoi Historical
Inner.

40

Local Perspectives on Green Resilient
Settlements in Pakistan
Muhammad Rayan*1, Umer Khayyam2, Dietwald
Gruehn1

1School of Spatial Planning, Chair of Landscape Ecology

and Landscape Planning (LLP), TU Dortmund, Germany.
2Department of Development Studies, School of Social
Sciences and Humanities (S3H), National University of
Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
muhammad.rayan@tu-dortmund.de, dietwald.gruehn@tudortmund.de, dr.umer@s3h.nust.edu.pk 2

The wave of climatic hazards has hampered countries green
infrastructure planning. As a countermeasure, Urban GreenInfrastructure (UGI) modelling has emerged as an adaptation strategy toenhance the resilience of the urban areas to fight the potential effects ofclimatic risks. It protects and improves the urban eco-system, humanhealth and wellbeing, like in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province ofPakistan. This research aimed to determine sustainable UGI planning
indicators based on local stakeholder’s perspectives. It is to develop a
UGI indicator-based framework for climate-resilient urbanization. The
results of the online expert’s survey were based on 172 questionnaires.
The relative importance index (RII) and interquartile range technique(IQR) were utilized to examine the data. The result shows a very goodlevel of coefficient alpha (α) value, higher than α = 0.7, which is anacceptable threshold level [1, 2]. Furthermore, in this paper, we
acknowledge key green elements, that have achieved RII value ≥ 0.75.
This performs a pivotal role in quality improvement and strengthening
the health of the respective UGI indicators. This study calls for building a
new cultural paradigm in the KP region that supports green growthdevelopment to naturally minimize the vulnerability to urban flooding*Speaker: Muhammad Rayan
Corresponding author: muhammad.rayan@tu-dortmund.de41

hazards and disastrous impacts on the ecosystem functions, and humanwell-being.

Keywords: climate change, adaptation, green infrastructure; urban
eco-system; Pakistan.

42

Urban Greening and Geo-environmental
SafetyE. Buldakova1[0000-0002-1209-8733]

1 Sergeev Institute of environmental geoscience RAS (IEG

RAS), Ulansky per. 13-2, 101000 Moscow, Russia
e_buldakova@mail.ru

Currently, the city governments of various countries face the urgent
issue of adapting the city to climate change. Climate change has becomea real threat to urban security. Destructive hurricanes, heavy rains,
periods of abnormal temperatures (heat and cold), icy rains and heavy
snowfall became more frequent. In addition, the rapid urbanization
makes the search for modern solutions to improve urban environment
more difficult. The concept of "green city" becomes increasingly popularin the context of global changes in nature and society. Modern megacities
place significant emphasis on urban greening as a key component ofadaptation for climate change as a necessary condition for comfortable,safe, and healthy living. Moscow takes a leading place in provision of ahigh rate of green areas per capita among other megacities as reported.
Using GIS-based analysis, this paper assessed the distribution of urban
green spaces as well as dangerous natural processes (landslides, flooding,and karst-suffusion processes) in Moscow. We showed in one map a highlevel of heterogeneity in the distribution of natural parks and designed
green spaces and spatial distribution of dangerous natural processes. We
propose a new scheme to interconnect the existing and future elementsof Blu-Green Infrastructure in the single ecological network to minimize
the damages of dangerous natural processes. There are three types ofdesign patterns for urban green spaces allocated for geo-environmental
safety: conservation, improvement, and redevelopment. New strategy ingreenery management is suggested based on the biome concept.

Keywords: Sustainable Cities; Geo-environmental Safety; Urban
biomes; Urban Greening

43

A Generic Framework for Predicting Energy
Consumption of Public Building
Jun-Mao Liao1, Hung-Yi Lin*2 and Luh-Maan Chang3
1 Senior Consultant, Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI),

Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan
2 Postdoctoral Researcher, National Taiwan University, Zhubei 30264,

Taiwan3 Professor Emeritus, National Taiwan University & Purdue University,

Zhubei 30264, Taiwan*hylin@ntu.edu.tw 3

With the increase in demand for energy, the energy conservation of
the buildings has become important. In this paper, we propose a genericmodel for predicting the energy consumption of public building. The
power usage of the Central Taiwan Industrial Innovation Park (CTIIP)
would be used to exemplify the model. The methods of linear regression
and various machine learning techniques were applied for the prediction.
The experimental results demonstrate that the prediction model isreliable and feasible.

Keywords:

Building

energyconservation;

PublicElectricity consumption; Machine learning; Deep learning.

*Speaker: Le Dinh Phuoc
Corresponding author: phuocld@hau.edu.vn

44building;

Inventory of Green Roofs within Edinburgh,
ScotlandKate Miller1,2, Vladimir Krivtsov1 and Laura Cohen*1
1Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, Scotland
2SRUC, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, Scotland*Corresponding author, email lcohen@rbge.org.uk 4

The integration of Green Roofs (GRs) within urban areas is
widely recognised as being crucial for improving urban
sustainability. Improvement is largely achieved through thecreation of habitats to support urban biodiversity and via therestoration of ecosystem services, which are vital in mediating theimpacts of climate change within highly developed areas. Unlike
many European countries, Scotland does not currently have amandatory policy on the inclusion of GRs in urban areas.
Consequently, there is a distinct lack of available data on existingGRs in Scotland, which presents issues regarding the monitoringof climate adaptation strategies. The principal aim of this study
was to conduct an inventory of GRs within the city of Edinburgh,
to provide baseline data, to inform policy. Investigative methods
used QGIS with satellite imagery to identify and record GR
locations and properties, with findings subject to ground-truthingfor verification. To date, survey findings have revealed a total of
83 existing GRs within Edinburgh, which is almost three times as
many as reported by a Central Scotland Green Network study
previously. The GRs appear to be largely concentrated in the city
center where they provide a considerable contribution towards
local biodiversity and alleviation of flood risks, as well as several
other benefits. The existing GRs are predominantly located oncommercial buildings indicating a growing buy-in from local*Speaker: Hung-Yi LinCorresponding author: hylin@ntu.edu.tw45

businesses. The results of this study will be of use in future policy
making in Scotland, as well as for further research on theresilience and ecosystem services provided by urban green
infrastructure.
Keywords: Green Infrastructure, Ecosystem Services, SuDS,
Urban Environment, Sustainable development, Biodiversity,
Blue-Green Cities.

46

E-planning and its potential development in
Vietnam urban planning
Le Dinh Phuoc*1 and Nguyen Giang Son1
1 Hanoi Architectural University, Hanoi, Vietnam, 100000* Corresponding author: phuocld@hau.edu.vn 5

Today, terms including e-service, e-business, e-government and egovernance have become ubiquitous. Following this trend, electronicplanning or e-planning has gradually gained its traction and become amajor development in many developed countries. In Vietnam, eplanning has not been conceptually brought into existence yet. However,with the increasing commitment of the Vietnamese government to egovernment transformation and incremental implementation ofInformation and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the urban
planning industry, switching the traditional mode in urban planning toan electronic mode is inevitable. Therefore, this paper aims to offer anindicative account of e-planning potential development in Vietnam's
urban planning industry through critical analysis of the conducive
environment that e-government and ICTs implementation havecurrently provided to a foreseen e-planning transition. Collectively, thepaper elicits preliminary recommendations after providing a discussion
on the potential benefits and pitfalls that e-planning mode can bring tourban planning in Vietnam.

Keywords: E-planning, E-government, Smart development, Urban
planning, Public participation, Open Data.

*Speaker: Le Dinh Phuoc
Corresponding author: phuocld@hau.edu.vn

47

Research on the attractiveness of informal
public spaces for the youth of Hanoi towards alivable city. Case studies from a university
cluster in Hanoi (Vietnam)
Ta Quynh Hoa *1, Le Minh Hieu1, Vu Ngoc Tien1
1National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Vietnam* Corresponding author, email: hoatq@nuce.edu.vn 6This paper investigates the role and attractiveness of informal public
spaces for young people in Vietnamese urban life. In Vietnam, public
spaces are officially defined as squares, parks, and flower gardens. The
number of these public spaces in most cities in Vietnam, especially in
Hanoi, is very limited. However, beside the regulated public spaces
mentioned above, there are informal used public spaces (IPSs) that
attract a large number young people to participate. It is the vibrant anddiverse activities in IPSs that create the vitality, unique characters, andattractiveness of a city. It raises a series of question of “What factors
make an IPS to be attractive to the youth? What is the role that an ISP
plays in promoting social interaction of the youth of Hanoi city?”. The
case study was conducted by three large universities in Hanoi. Usingobservational surveys and interviews with IPS’s users, the research has
revealed that there are four most important factors that contribute to theattractiveness of IPSs for young people: 1) accessibility and connectivity,
2) a variety functions and meaningful activities, 3) comfort and safety,
and 4) sociability. The research has proposed some recomendations for
spatial management to improve the quality and attractiveness of IPSs
towards the liveable city of Hanoi.

*Speaker: Ta Quynh HoaCorresponding author: hoatq@nuce.edu.vn

48

Keywords: Informal public spaces, Hanoi, the youth, atractiveness

49

BIGDATA and Data Mining, Digital
Transformation and Internet ofThings50

Development of deep learning neural networkfor estimating pile bearing capacity
Tuan Anh Pham*1, Duy Hung Nguyen1, Hong-Anh Thi Duong1
1 University of Transport Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam

Email: anhpt@utt.edu.vn 7

Accurate determination of bearing capacity is one of the key issues inpile foundation design. However, the estimation of the pile bearing
capacity base on in-site test methods showed time-consuming and costly.
Thus, the main object of this study is to apply Machine Learning (ML)method, namely Deep Neural Network (DNN) to predict the axial load
capacity. A total of 472 static pile load test reports collected fromconstructions in Ha Nam province were used to build the model in which
ten factors and the destructive load on the pile head is considered thesingle output variable. The original data is divided into three parts,
including the training set (60%), the validation set (20%), and the testingset (20%) to build, validate, and test the model respectively. In
particular, the best DNN model architecture is determined by a gridsearch technique. To verify the performance of DNN models, various
methods named root mean squared error (RMSE) and R-squared (R2)were used. The results showed that the DNN model of two hidden layers
achieved superior performance (average R2 = 0.897, RMSE = 108.515) inthe prediction of pile bearing capacity compared to other DNN networkarchitectures. This study can offer pile foundation design engineers aneffective tool to quickly predict the axial load capacity of the driven piles.

Keywords: Deep Neural Network; Axial Bearing Capacity of Pile;
Grid Search Technique.

*Speaker: Tuan Anh Pham
Corresponding author: anhpt@utt.edu.vn

51

Application of Random Forest model todetermine unconfined compressive strength of
the soil-cement mixture
Loi Van Giap1, Tuan Anh Pham*1, Huong-Lan Thi Vu1
1 University of Transport Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam

Email: anhpt@utt.edu.vn 8

Soil-cement mixture is one of the commonly used groundreinforcement solutions in geotechnical engineering. In this study, themain objective is to apply a Machine Learning (ML) method namely,
Random Forest (RF), and an optimization method namely Random
search (RS) to predict unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of thesoil-cement mixture. A total of 216 soil-cement samples were mixed in
the laboratory and compressed to estimate the unconfined compressive
strength, in which fourteen input variables, while the UCS of the mixture
was considered the output variable. This data is divided into two parts ofthe training data set (80%) and the testing set (20%) to train and test themodel, respectively. To verify the performance of the RF model, various
criteria named R-squared (R2), mean absolute error (MAE) and rootmeans squared error (RMSE) was used. The results show that RF is aneffective method to predict the UCS of soil-cement mixtures with aperformance indicator of R2 = 0.885, MAE = 224.611 (kPa), RMSE =286.668 (kPa) on the testing set. In addition, feature important analysis
showed that the amount of cement is the most important input variable
to estimate the UCS of soil-cement mixtures. This study showed thepotential of the RS-RF model in developing tools to quickly predict the
UCS of the soil-cement mixture.

*Speaker: Tuan Anh Pham
Corresponding author: anhpt@utt.edu.vn

52

Keywords: Random Forest; Unconfined compressive strength;
Random search; Cement-soil mixture; Feature important analysis.

53

Application of XGBoost model for predicting
the dynamic response of high-speed railway
bridgesKhuong LE NGUYEN
University of Transport Technology, 54 Trieu Khuc, Hanoi, Vietnam
khuongln@utt.edu.vn

The dynamic response at high speed affects both the vehicles and thestructures in a complex manner, especially in the railway infrastructure
problems. In this study, we developed a new KD-Railway tool for
analyzing the dynamic behavior of high-speed railways by using thefinite element method. Then, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) wasused to predict and better understand the dynamic response of highspeed railway bridges. The model was trained and tested using a dataset
including properties and dynamic responses of 10,000 bridges generated
by KD-Railway. The input variables were the bridge span length, theflexural rigidity, mass per length of the bridge, the cross-section area ofbridge decks, the train speed, the damping ratio, and the HSLM trainmodels.
On the other hand, maximum vertical deflection and maximum
acceleration were considered as the output parameters. The coefficientsof determination (𝑅2) for these two outputs were (0.996, 0.931, 0.977)
and (0.987, 0.901, 0.962) for the training, testing, and entire dataset,
respectively. The sensitivity analyses were also conducted to evaluate theimportance of each input variable on the outcomes.

Keywords: High-Speed Railway Bridges; Extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost); Dynamic response; HSLM train models.

54

Reliability analysis of structures subjected toseismic excitation using a deep learning-basedsurrogate model
Manh-Hung Ha, Trong-Phu Nguyen, Duc-Minh Hoang, VietHung Dang*1
1 National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Vietnam

hungdv@nuce.edu.vn 9

Reliability of structures subjected to seismic loading is a persistentand challenging task as it requires performing the dynamic analysis of
structures and repeating these analyses multiple times with variables
sampled from predefined distributions via the Monte Carlo simulation
method. Thus, this study proposed a surrogate model as an alternative
for the Finite Element Method in forecasting the structure’s response toearthquakes. The proposed method consists of four main steps: i) using
experimental data from the literature to calibrate a reliable numericalmodel, ii) leveraging the numerical model to generate sufficient data fordata-driven method, iii) elaborating a deep learning architecture
dedicated to forecasting structure’s response to earthquake using thelastest advent of Deep Learning in handling time-series data, namely,
self-attention mechanisms, and iv) estimating the reliability of thestructure of interest. The efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed
approach are demonstrated in detail through an example of a 3D steel
frame prone to ground motions, showing a reduction up to 180 fold incomputational time compared to the plain Monte Carlo simulation using
the conventional Finite Element Method, with less than 5% error.

Keywords: Reliability analysis, Earthquake, surrogate model.

*Speaker: Viet-Hung Dang

Corresponding author: hungdv@nuce.edu.vn

55

Prediction of Optimal Cross-sectional Areas ofTruss Structures Using Artificial Neural
Networks
Tran-Hieu Nguyen1 and Anh-Tuan Vu1
1 National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Vietnam

hieunt2@nuce.edu.vn

According to the traditional design process, designers usually design
over and over again the same or very similar truss structures. Thismethod is time-consuming and it cannot take advantage of existing
designs. In this paper, a machine learning-based method is proposed todetermine the optimal design of truss structures. For this purpose, sometrusses with various loading and design constraints are optimized using
the Differential Evolution algorithm. The values of the applied load, theallowable stress, and the allowable displacement are stored as inputs
while the optimized cross-sectional areas of members are collected as
outputs of the training data. Then, a neural network model is trained to
predict the optimal solution of trusses for new design inputs. The wellknown 10-bar truss is used to illustrate the proposed method. The
coefficient of determination R-squared is chosen to evaluate theeffectiveness of the predictive model. The obtained R-squared value ofapproximately 1.0 indicates the predicted areas of truss members arevery close to the true values.

Keywords: Structural optimization, Differential Evolution, Machine
Learning, Neural Networks, Truss structure.

56

Exploitation of digital data from building
information models in virtual reality
technology
Thanh Ban NGUYEN1, Anh Binh TRAN*1, Huu
Trung PHAN1, Quoc Hoang DO1, Quoc ToanNGUYEN1

1 National University of Civil Engineering, 55 Giai Phong,Hanoi, Vietnam
binhta@nuce.edu.vn 10This paper proposes a flexible approach to exploit digital data frombuilding information models (BIM) by calling Application Programming
Interfaces (APIs) using Representational State Transfer (REST)
architectures, from which an application of Virtual Reality (VR) runningon mobile devices is built. By adding these techniques, the application
can address retrieving information from Common Data Environment(CDE) stored on a server, view the BIM model, and allow users tointeract with data associated with each object in a virtual environment.
Research results help software developers, engineers, managers to easily
exploit M&E data and increase efficiency in the operation andmanagement of the building.

Keywords: virtual reality, building information modelling, RESTAPI.

*Speaker: Anh Binh TRAN
Corresponding author: binhta@nuce.edu.vn

57

GIS-based Logistic Regression Application forLandslide Susceptibility Mapping in Son La
Hydropower Reservoir Basin
Tran Van Phong1, Nguyen Duc Dam2, Phan Trong Trinh1, Nguyen
Van Dung3,4, Nguyen Hieu4, Cuong Quoc Tran1, Tung Duc Van1,
Quan Cong Nguyen1, Indra Prakash5, Binh Thai Pham*2

1Institute of Geological Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Science andTechnology, 84 Chua Lang, Dongda, Hanoi, tvphong@igsvn.vast.vn,
phantrongt@yahoo.com, tqcuong@igsvn.vast.vn,
tung_vd123@yahoo.com, congquan_igs@yahoo.com;
2University of Transport Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam,
binhpt@utt.edu.vn11, damnd@utt.edu.vn;
3Institute of Geography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology,
18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, nvdungvdl@gmail.com;
4Department of Geography, University of Science, Vietnam National
University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, nguyenhieu@vnu.edu.vn.
5 DDG (R) Geological Survey of India, Gandhinagar
382010, India; indra52prakash@gmail.com

Landslide susceptibility map is an important tool for planning andmanagement of landslide prone areas in better way. Logistic Regression(LR) based machine learning model has been successfully applied inmany parts of the world for landslide susceptibility mapping. In thisstudy, we have applied the LR model combined with GIS to create
landslide susceptibility map of the basin area of Son La hydropower
plant catchement, Vietnam. For this, a total of 186 landslide locations
identified in the basin area were used to construct landslide inventory. In
total, 12 landslide conditioning factors (elevation, aspect, slope,curvature, deep division, fault density, river density, road density,*Speaker: Binh Thai Pham
Corresponding author: binhpt@utt.edu.vn

58

weathering crust, rainfall, aquifer and lithology) were used for training
and validating the model. Various standard statistical indices including
the ROC curve were used to evaluate performance of the LR model.
Results show that predictive capability of model performance is very
good (AUC=0.832) in accurately mapping landslide susceptibility of thestudy area. Thus, it can be concluded that the LR model is a great tool inconstructing a reliable landslide susceptibility map of the study area,
which can be used in better landslide hazard management.

Key words:Logistic Regression, Landslide susceptibility, ROC,
Vietnam, GIS

59

An artificial intelligence approach based on
Multi-layer Perceptron Neural Network andRandom Forest for predicting maximum dry
density and optimum moisture content of soilmaterial in Quang Ninh province, Vietnam
Manh Nguyen Duc1, An Ho Sy2 , Truong Nguyen
Ngoc3 and Linh Hoang Thi Thuy4

1,2,3,4 University of Transport and Communications, No. 3,

Cau Giay Street, Lang Thuong ward, Dong Da district,Hanoi, Vietnam
nguyenducmanh@utc.edu.vn,syannamanh1998@gmail.com,truongnn1999@gmail.com, lianolinhh@gmail.com

Maximum dry density (ρd(max)) and optimum moisture content (wopt)
are two key parameters of embankment fill soil material using intransport construction. To obtain these parameters, Proctor test (ASTM
D698 / AASHTO) or Modified Proctor test (ASTM D1557/ AASHTO
T180 etc.) is traditionally performed in the laboratory. However, this test
takes time and expenses. Moreover, the accuracy of the test depends
significantly on the collection of samples, expertize of the testers andquality of the experimental apparatuses. In this study, the main aim is to
propose two machine learning approaches named Multi-layer Perceptron
Neural Network (ANN-MLP) and Random Forest (RF) for the predictionof ρd(max) and wopt. Input parameters include silt content(%), clay content(%), liquid limit (%), plastic limit (%), plasticity index (%), specificgravity which have strong correlations with ρd(max) and wopt were used in
the model. Performance of the model was assessed by statisticalmethods, such as Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root mean square error(RMSE), and Coefficient of determination (R2). Results of the models
study indicate that the proposed models ANN-MLP and RF has the same
predictive capability (R2average of ANN-MLP is 0.829 and R2average of RF is0.827). The results of this study might help in quickly predicting ρd(max)and wopt of embankment fill soil material.

60Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Machine learning, Neuralnetwork, Random Forest, Maximum dry density, Optimum moisture
content, Proctor test, Soil material, Vietnam.

61

Development of a BIM-based Master Digital
Model using data-driven design for thesuspension bridge.
NgocSon Dang*1, GiTae Rho2, ChangSu Shim3
1 Postdoctoral researcher, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
2 Ph.D. student, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
3 Professor, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea(*)dangngocson@cau.ac.kr 12Long-span cable-supported bridges are increasingly used to bridge alonger distance with a higher clearance than the other bridge types andtheir impressive aesthetic appearance. However, owing to challenging
dynamic engineering practices, the suspension bridges, in particular,require accumulated design and construction technologies. Moreover, as
the most distinctive mechanical property of the cable structures,
different applied tension generates different lateral stiffness on the main
cable. Without an integrated analysis model, the realistic profile of thecable structures cannot be determined. In this regard, this paper
proposes a master digital model for a suspension bridge based on thedata-driven approach for multiple purposes, including the structuralassessment aspect. The Building Information Modeling (BIM) technique
is a key factor to creating and federate all the essential engineeringknowledge data regarding a suspension bridge. At first, a data schema forthe suspension bridge's main structures is created and based on that, thedatabase for each structural member is defined. The BIM authoring
using the data-driven design is proposed to generate all the individual
structural members then assembly to make the entire initial model forthe suspension bridge. Metadata is linked, and any efficient revisions
concerning varying situations during the construction process can beeasily updated into the digital model through the change of database.
*Speaker: Ngoc Son Dang

Corresponding author: dangngocson@cau.ac.kr

62

Finally, an analysis model is integrated into this initial model to create
the federated master digital model. The advantage of this master digitalmodel lies in the capability to continuously perform the bridge system's
stability analyses at any erection step. Furthermore, it makes the digital
representation of the main cable and suspended bridge structures more
dynamic, no longer just rigid objects in the general commercial BIM
model. A prototyping master digital model was developed for an existingbridge is introduced along with this paper.

Keywords: BIM, data-driven design, master digital model,
suspension bridge.

63

On The Training Algorithms for Artificial
Neural Network in Predicting compressive
strength of recycled aggregate concrete
Hai-Van Thi Mai, Van Quan Tran, Thuy-Anh Nguyen
University of Transport Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
vanmth@utt.edu.vn

Due to the different difficulties of compressive strength of recycled
aggregate concrete (RAC) prediction, this investigation develops a
prediction architecture based on machine learning algorithms. The
artificial neural networks algorithm and artificial neural networks with acascade-correlation algorithm using one hidden layer or two hidden
layers are proposed to predict the compressive strength of the recycled
aggregate concrete. In this research, 112 datasets of recycled aggregate
concrete are gathered from the literature with 6 inputs. Moreover, thisinvestigation has predicted the age effect of recycled aggregate age on thecompressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete. The reliability of
ANN architecture is evaluated by some criteria such as correlation
coefficient (R), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error(MAE). The best ANN architecture could be considered as a new tool foran estimation of the RAC compressive strength.

Keywords: Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC), Compressive
strength, Artificial neural networks (ANN), Cascade.

64

Using Random Forest for predicting
compressive strength of self-compacting
concrete
Hai-Van Thi Mai, Van Quan Tran, Thuy-Anh Nguyen
University of Transport Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
vanmth@utt.edu.vn

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a high-strength and high-efficiency
concrete that can get compacted without the need for mechanicalvibration. SCC can flow due to the self-weight effect to compact and still
ensure uniformity. Thanks to these advantages, self-compacting concrete
has been considered an outstanding application in construction. One of
the most important properties of self-compacting concrete iscompressive strength. In this paper, the application of random forest(RF) to predict the SCC compressive strength has been investigated.
Eight RF architectures with different number of trees were fully
evaluated in terms of performance and prediction capability overstatistical results of 50 simulations for each case. The results showed thata combination of 500 trees performed best and the RF algorithm was agood tool, might be useful for engineers to avoid time-consuming
experiments for predicting the compressive strength of SCC.
Furthermore, the sensitivity of the input variables was also evaluated inthis study.

Keywords:
Random forest.

Self-compacting

concrete,

65

Compressive

strength,Using artificial neural network containing two
hidden layers for predicting carbonation depthof concrete
Van Quan Tran
University of Transport Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
quantv@utt.edu.vn

Carbonation of concrete is one of the main causes of corrosion ofreinforced concrete and consequently inducing deterioration ofreinforced concrete structures. The carbonation depth of concrete
depends on numerous factors including mix design and exposure
conditions. Number of models for predicting carbonation depth
including mathematical and analytical predictions are proposed in theliterature. However, the models seem to not take into account thecomplexity of carbonation process and effect of mix design and exposure
condition on carbonation depth. Therefore, determining the carbonation
depth of concrete is a challenge for civil engineers. In this investigation,
Artificial neural network (ANN) model is used to predict the carbonation
depth. To develop the model, 300 experimental data were collected fromthe literature. The collected data is randomly divided into 2 groups with
6 inputs such as cement content, fly ash (FA) content, water content,
relative humidity, carbonate concentration and time exposure.
Performance evaluation of the models was performed and compared on
training dataset (70% data) and testing data set (30% to remaining data)by criteria of coefficient of correlation (R2), root mean square error(RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE). The performance values show that
the ANN model can accurately predict the carbonation depth of concrete.

Keywords: Carbonation depth, machine learning, artificial neuralnetwork, concrete, fly ash

66

Investigation of input number effect on
performance prediction of soil friction angle
using random forest
Van Quan Tran, Tuan Anh Pham
University of Transport Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
quantv@utt.edu.vn

The friction angle is one of the most important parameters foranalyzing geotechnical properties. The friction angle of soil depends on
numerous factors including liquid limit (LL), plasticity index (PI),deviation of the Casagrande ∆PI, clay fraction (CF). Determining thefriction angle of soil is a challenge for geotechnical engineers. In thispaper, Random Forest (RF) model is used to predict the friction angle.
To develop the model, 131 experimental data were collected from theliterature. The collected data is randomly classified into 2 groups fortraining and testing process. Performance evaluation of the RF models
was carried and compared on training dataset (70% data) and testingdata set (30% to remaining data) by criteria of coefficient of correlation(R2), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE). The
RF model using 4 inputs gave the best performance. The performancevalues show that the RF model can accurately predict the friction angleof soil.

Keywords: Friction angle, machine learning, random forest, soil,
input number

67

Estimation of the shear strength of FRP
reinforced concrete beams without stirrups
using machine learning algorithm
Thuy-Anh Nguyen*, Thanh Xuan Thi Nguyen
University of Transport Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
anhnt@utt.edu.vn 13

Predicting the shear strength of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
reinforced concrete beams is one of the most complex problems instructural engineering applications. The development of accurate andreliable predictive models is essential and could help to reduce costs. The
development of an alternative approach is, therefore, crucial for
structural engineers. In this study, a database with 307 shear test results
is collected from reliable sources to develop an Artificial Neural Network(ANN) model to predict the shear strength of FRP reinforced concretebeams. Four training algorithms, namely Levenberg-Marquardt (ANNLM), Quasi-Newton method (ANN-QN), Conjugate gradient (ANN-CG),
and Gradient descent (ANN-GD) is used to train the ANN models. The
evaluation of the models is performed and compared on the training
dataset (70% of data) and the testing dataset (the remaining 30% ofdata), using common statistical criteria. The results show that the ANNOSS model has the best prediction performance with the correlation
coefficient (R) of 0.961, root mean square error (RMSE) of 35.53 andmean absolute error (MAE) of 20.63. These results confirmed the ANN
model's effectiveness as a robust algorithm for predicting the shear
strength of FRP reinforced concrete beams without stirrups.

Keywords: FRP-RC beams without stirrups, shear strength,machine learning.
*Speaker: Thuy-Anh NguyenCorresponding author: anhnt@utt.edu.vn

68Application of an Artificial Neural Network Modelfor the Prediction of the bond strength of FRP bars
in concrete
Thuy-Anh Nguyen*, Hong Nhung Thi Ta
University of Transport Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
anhnt@utt.edu.vn14

Over the past years, fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) rebars have been
extensively used in the field of construction instead of steel rebars,
thanks to their non-corrosive nature and high tensile strength. The bondstrength between FRP rebars and concrete is a critical design parameterthat controls reinforced concrete members' performance at theserviceability and ultimate limit states. The latter is generally affected byseveral factors. Unlike steel reinforcement, FRP materials areanisotropic, non-homogeneous, and linearly elastic, resulting in different
force transfer mechanisms between the reinforcement and concrete.
Therefore, accurate estimation of the bond strength is considered a
critical element and might be helpful in many practical applications. In
this study, a database including 477 experimental beam results gatheredfrom the available literature is used to develop an artificial neuralnetwork (ANN) model to predict the bond strength of FRP bars inconcrete. Two ANN models using the Scaled Conjugate Gradientalgorithm (SCG) and Variable Learning Rate Backpropagation algorithm(GDX) are constructed and evaluated in terms of bond strength
prediction accuracy. The assessment of the models is conducted using
statistical measurements, namely the correlation coefficient (R), root
mean square error (RMSE), and absolute mean error (MAE). The results
show that the proposed ANN model can accurately predict the bondstrength of FRP bars in concrete, which appears as an efficient numericalalternative for engineers.
*Speaker: Thuy-Anh NguyenCorresponding author: anhnt@utt.edu.vn

69

Keywords: Bond strength, FRP bars, artificial neural network(ANN).

70

Prediction of the compressive strength ofrubberized concrete based on machinelearning algorithm
Hai-Bang Ly
University of Transport Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
banglh@utt.edu.vn

In recent years, car tires are considered one of the most crucial
environmental pollution problems in many countries. Therefore, reusing
waste rubber crumbs from recycled tires as aggregates for concrete has
attracted increasing attention. Rubberized concrete could also be an
economical and environmentally-friendly construction material. Besides,
enhancing the ductility, toughness, thermal insulation, and impact
resistance are also advantageous while using rubberized concrete. On thecontrary, rubberized concrete's mechanical properties are highly
dependent on the replacement amount of rubber. Thus, the estimation of
the compressive strength of rubberized concrete is crucial forengineering applications. In this study, 162 experimental results
collected from the literature are used to construct a database andattempt to predict the compressive strength of rubberized concrete. An
artificial neural network (ANN) is developed, using 7 input variables,
namely binder, superplasticizer, water, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate,
crumb rubber, and chipped rubber. The model performance is evaluatedusing three performance indicators, such as root mean square error(RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), the Pearson correlation coefficient(R). The results show that the proposed ANN algorithm exhibits
excellent prediction performance and accurately estimated thecompressive strength of rubberized concrete. The results in the present
research are useful and could provide a reference for engineers in
predicting the compressive strength of rubberized concrete.

Keywords: Rubberized concrete, machine learning, compressive
strength.

71

Predicting the compressive strength of recycled
aggregate concrete based on artificial neuralnetworkHai-Bang Ly
University of Transport Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
banglh@utt.edu.vn

Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC), where recycled concrete
aggregates replace natural ones, has received increased attention overthe past decades, and appears as a promising technology for conserving
natural resources, reducing the environmental impact of concrete.
However, the complexities in the mixture optimization of RAC, due tothe variability of recycled aggregates and lack of accuracy in estimating
the compressive strength, require novel and sophisticated techniques.
This study aims at developing a machine learning model, based onneural networks, to predict the RAC compressive strength. The RAC
database in this investigation is constructed from the available literature,divided into two parts, namely the training and testing parts. Wellknown statistical indicators, namely the correlation coefficient (R), root
mean square error (RMSE), absolute mean error (MAE), and mean
absolute percentage error (MAPE) are used to evaluate the performanceof the proposed machine learning model. The results indicate that theoutputs of the proposed model are in good agreement with theexperimental compressive strength values, and may be helpful forengineers to save time, as well as avoiding costly experiments.

Keywords: Recycled Aggregate Concrete, artificial neural network,
compressive strength.

72

Development of Artificial Neural Network
Model for Prediction of Marshall Parameters ofStone Mastic Asphalt
Thanh-Hai Le1, Hoang-Long Nguyen*1, Cao-Thang
Pham2, Huong-Giang Thi Hoang1, Thuy-Anh
Nguyen1

1 University of Transport Technology, Trieu Khuc, Thanh

Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
2 Le Quy Don Technical University, Hoang Quoc Viet, Bac

Tu Liem, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
Corresponding Author: longnh@utt.edu.vn 15

Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA), firstly introduced in the 1960s, is adurable and rut-resistant asphalt mixture that uses stone-on-stone
contact to improve strength, and a rich mortar binder to provide
durability. Marshall parameters, such as Marshall Stability (MS) andMarshall Flow (MF) are critical mechanical properties of SMA,
representing the performance of asphalt concrete. The two Marshallparameters are widely used for the evaluation of resistance todisplacement, distortion, rutting, and shearing stresses of SMA. As the
pavement is frequently subjected to traffic loads, it is highly required tofind out an optimum manner to determine these Marshall parameters.
However, such a procedure is complicated, costly, and time-consuming.
The primary aim of the present work is to develop an alternative
numerical tool using artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the MS
and MF of SMA mixtures. The results show that the ANN algorithm is an
excellent predictor based on the excellent values of statistical criteriasuch as root mean square error, and the Pearson correlation coefficient.
This study's results pave the way towards selecting a suitable machine*Speaker: Hoang-Long NguyenCorresponding author: longnh@utt.edu.vn

73

learning approach to accurately determine the Marshall parameters of
SMA mixtures.

Keywords: Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA), Marshall parameters,
Artificial neural network (ANN).

74

Using Decision Tree J48 based Machine
Learning Algo- rithm for Flood Susceptibility
Mapping: A Case Study in Quang Binhprovince, Vietnam
Chinh Luu*1, Duc-Dam Nguyen2, Tran Van Phong3, Indra
Prakash4, Binh Thai Pham*2

1Faculty of Hydraulic Engineering, National University of Civil
Engineering, Ha- noi 100000, Vietnam, luuthidieuchinh@nuce.edu.vn
2University of Transport Technology, 54 Trieu Khuc, Thanh Xuan,
Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; damnd@utt.edu.vn, binhpt@utt.edu.vn
3Institute of Geological Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Science andTechnology (VAST), Hanoi100000, Vietnam, tphong1617@gmail.com
4Dy. Director General (R), Geological Survey of India, Gandhinagar(Guj.) 382010, India, indra52prakash@gmail.com* Corresponding authors: Chinh Luu 16(luuthidieuchinh@nuce.edu.vn);
Binh Thai Pham (binhpt@utt.edu.vn)
Flood is a dangerous natural hazard causing loss of life, property, andinfrastructure besides affecting the economy and social life of a country.
Vietnam is facing flood hazard problem recurrently mainly due to its
topography, hydrology and climatic condition; and dense population.
Therefore, it is necessary to develop a n accurate flood susceptibility
map to identify the areas likely to be affected by flooding to minimize
potential damages of the flood hazard. This study deals with flood*Speaker: Chinh Luu, Binh Thai Pham
Corresponding author: luuthidieuchinh@nuce.edu.vn,
binhpt@utt.edu.vn

75susceptibility mapping using machine learning based on J48 decision
trees algorithm for identifying in advance flood susceptible areas. In
this study, we have used ten important flood affecting factors, namely
Elevation, Slope, Curvature, River Density, Distance from River,Geomorphology, Land Use, Flow Accumulation, Flow Direction, andRainfall, for the model development. Flood inventory of 318 locations wasused for randomly splitting dataset in 70:30 ratio for model training(70%) and validation (30%). The model performance was evaluatedusing standard statistical measures. The results indicated that thedecision tree (J48) model has high predictive performance (AUC =0.97). Therefore, this model can be used to develop a reliable andaccurate flood susceptibility map of an area for proper planning, floodrisk management, and mitigation.

Keywords: Machine learning; Decision Tree; Flood susceptibility;
Quang Binh province; Vietnam.

76

An artificial intelligence approach to predictthe resilient modulus of subgrade pavement or
unbound material
Huong-Giang Thi Hoang* and Thuy-Anh Nguyen
University of Transport Technology, Ha Noi 100000, Viet Nam
gianghth@utt.edu.vn 17

The resilient modulus (MR) is a crucial parameter, reflecting the
dynamic stiffness and structural response of subgrade pavement
materials. However, the repeated load triaxial tests to directly measure
the MR are complicated, time-consuming, and expensive. Thus, analternative manner of calculating such values needs to be constructed. In
this paper, the backpropagation algorithm is used to construct an
artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict the MR of unboundmaterials. The database used in the development phase of ANN consistsof 9 input parameters, such as the percentage of particles passing
through a 200 sieve, plasticity index, liquid limit, percentage of optimum
moisture content, percent of moisture content, soil saturation degree,
confining stress, deviator stress, and the unconfined compressive
strength. The target of the proposed ANN model is MR values. The
dataset is split into two subsets, namely the training dataset, which
accounts for 70% of the total data, and the testing dataset, containing theremaining 30% of data. The results show that the proposed ANN
algorithm could successfully predict the values of MR, based on several
performance criteria such as the coefficient of determination (R2), root
mean square error (RMSE). It could thus be concluded that the ANN
model is a highly efficient alternative manner for quick estimation of MR
and can be used as an advisory tool for engineers.

*Speaker: Huong-Giang Thi Hoang

Corresponding author: gianghth@utt.edu.vn

77

Keywords: Unbound materials, resilient modulus, artificial neuralnetwork, backpropagation

78

Passenger Train Delay Prediction using Linear
Regression and Ensemble Learning Methods
with and without Ridership and Population
Data
Pipatphon Lapamonpinyo1, Hai-Bang Ly2, and Sybil Derrible1
1 The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60607, USA
2 University of Transport Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam

Corresponding author: plapam2@uic.edu

Passenger train delay (PTD) prediction is an effective solution not
only for rail operators to plan and solve their operation problems, butalso for passengers to better plan or alter their travel schedules. As an
endogenous variable, train delay profile or accumulated delay isnormally used as a key variable to model train delay. In addition, several
exogenous variables, especially ridership or station activities andpopulation seem to influence train delay. This study develops andcompares the performance of PTD prediction models using data-driven
linear regression and ensemble learning methods with and without
exogenous variables; the two exogenous variables examined are ridershipand population. Three Amtrak passenger trains with different delay
profiles and host-railroad performances from 2008 to 2019 are used ascase studies to build the prediction models. The results indicate that the
PTD prediction models using ensemble learning methods outperform theones using linear regression (LR). Moreover, the results also indicatethat the two exogenous variables had little to no impact on the prediction
models using ensemble learning methods.

Keywords: Train Delay Prediction, Machine Learning, Big Data,
Ensemble Learning Method, Random Forest, Exogenous Variables.

79

Investigation of artificial neural networkmodels for predicting the internationalroughness index of rigid pavements
Quoc Trinh Ngo, Hoang-Long Nguyen*1, Thanh-Hai Le
1University of Transport Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam

longnh@utt.edu.vn 18

The International Roughness Index (IRI) is the one of the mostimportant roughness indexes to quantify road surface roughness. In thisstudy, the backpropagation (BP) algorithm and conjugate gradient
backpropagation algorithm were used to develop artificial neuralnetwork (ANN) model for the prediction of the IRI. A total of 913
samples in the case study of the experimental study was the Vietnamese
Highway No.5 between Hanoi and Hai Phong, located in the northernpart of Vietnam including 6 inputs and 1 output were collected fortraining and testing the ANN model. The reliability of ANN model isevaluated by some criteria such as correlation coefficient (R), root meansquare error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). The best ANN
architecture could be considered as a new tool for accurate prediction of
the IRI for evaluation of quality of road surface roughness.

Keywords: International roughness index (IRI), rigid pavements,
concrete, artificial neural network, machine learning.

*Speaker: Hoang-Long NguyenCorresponding author: longnh@utt.edu.vn

80Construction Economics and Management81Traffic Revenue Risk Identification andAssessment in Build-Operate-Transfer
Transport Projects in Vietnam
Thi My Thanh Truong1[0000-0003-3443-1792], Nga Thi Nguyen1
1 University of Transport Technology, 54 Trieu Khuc, Thanh Xuan,

Hanoi, Vietnam
thanhttm@utt.edu.vn

The purpose of this paper is to identify and assess the traffic revenue
risks in Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) transport projects in Vietnam.
This will assist project participants in managing these risks effectively intheir projects. The study used two different data collection phases to do
this, including a literature review and a questionnaire survey. The
questionnaires were administered to two different primary stakeholder
groups comprised public sector authorities (i.e. ministries, department,
agencies) and concessionaires involved from conception to operation
phase of BOT transport projects in Vietnam. The 15 detected traffic
revenue risk indicators were classified into three main components byfactor analysis in the study. This study is expected to assist policymakers
and other stakeholders in formulating policy recommendations thatwould favorably impact the development of BOT transport projects in
Vietnam and other developing countries.

Keywords: Revenue Risk; Risk Management; Build-OperateTransfer; Public-Private-Partnership; Transport Projects.

82Corporate social responsibility disclosure andfinancial performance of construction
enterprises: evidence from Vietnam
Bac An Hoang1 and Thanh Huyen Tran Thi2
1University of Architecture Ho Chi Minh City, 196 Pasteur, District 3, Ho

Chi Minh City,
Vietnaman.hoangbac@uah.edu.vn
2Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh Street, District4, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
ttthuyen@ntt.edu.vn

Currently, Vietnam is increasingly participating in the process ofglobalization and international integration, issue of corporate social
responsibility has not been given adequate attention from boththeoretical and practical perspectives in Vietnam. To ensure sustainable
development for businesses and society, the issue of corporate social
responsibility (CSR) is increasingly concerned. In the constructionindustry, the implementation of CSR activities has yielded some results,
but there are still some limitations. Based on 135 observations samples
from 27 construction companies listed on the Vietnam Stock Exchange
during the 2014-2018 period, the study showed a positive relationshipbetween CSR disclosure and financial performance, including thepositive relationship of product CSR disclosure concerning ROA (Returnon Assets).

Keywords: CSR in construction, financial performance, Vietnam.

83

Public private partnership for transport
infrastructure investment: critical successfactors and lessons learnt from projects in thecontext of developing countries
Tiep Nguyen*1, Leonie Hallo2, Indra Gunawan2 and M-Duc
Nguyen1
1 Ho Chi Minh city University of transport, Vietnam
2The University of Adelaide, South Australia
Corresponding Email: tiep.nguyen@ut.edu.vn 19

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) represent an important channel
that attracts the participation of private sponsors to invest in transport
infrastructure systems in developing countries. PPPs are increasing as aninnovative tool to remedy the lack of the dynamics of traditional
investment channels of public governments and to stimulate thedevelopment of transport infrastructure via the encouragement ofparticipation by private investors. PPP projects are established based on
the cooperation rules of public and private sectors on the basic of
pursuing common goals; and leveraging their joint resources regarding
the competencies and strengths of each actor. However, the poor qualityof collaboration mechanisms between public agencies and privateorganizations is considered to be one of the main causes leading toproject delays and the need for unexpected renegotiations, which resultsin unforeseeable events beyond the control of the contractual parties.
Thus, this paper focuses on reviewing the implementation of PPP
projects in developing countries to provide a holistic picture of PPP
contractual negotiations and identify potential risks and associatedconsequences during the project stages. A systematic review has been
conducted and more than one hundred research papers from 2000 to2020 have been selected for analysis and synthesis. The initial findings*Speaker: Tiep NguyenCorresponding author: tiep.nguyen@ut.edu.vn

84

of this study show that political support, legal-financial risk allocation,
shared authority and responsibility, communication channels, andconflict resolution are critical factors contributing to the success or
failure of the collaboration mechanism between parties in PPP projects.
These factors should be examined carefully during investment policy
development to improve the success rate of PPP projects and attract theparticipation of private sector investors.

Keywords: Public-Private Partnerships; Transport Infrastructure;
Project Risks

85

Implementation of PPP for Urban Metro
System: Critical Issues for Developing
Countries
Nguyen Minh Nhat1 and Dinh Tuan Hai2
1 Institute of International Training and Cooperation,

Hanoi Architectural University, Hanoi, Vietnam
nhatnm@hau.edu.vn

2 Faculty of Urban Management, Hanoi Architectural

University, Hanoi, Vietnam
haidt@hau.edu.vn

Rapidly growing urbanization in developing countries has led to highlevel of traffic demand and vehicle emissions. Consequently, the railbased transport system is preferred in growing metropolises as anadvanced transport mode, potentially resolving mentioned problems.
The huge capital requirement of urban metro projects, however, far
exceeds the availability of the state or central government funding. To
meet the gap in finance, the public sector has implemented public–
private partnership (PPP) framework to build the system. This contract
form offers valuable benefits, such as access to finance, appropriate risk
allocation, and efficient management ability. Nevertheless,international experience in metro plans reveals that the successful
application of PPP in this transport mode is significantly challenged byvarious critical issues. Hence, prior to engaging in PPP urban metro
projects, key elements justifying the benefits and possible threats, need
to be evaluated. This paper, by reviewing international experience,
intensively from emerging markets, and by carrying out an in-depthcase study, attempts to clarify key issues, and strategy implications topromote successful PPP mechanism for urban metro system in Vietnam.

Keywords: Public – Private Partnership, Urban Metro System,
Project Management.

86

Application of 4D BIM Simulations for Safety
and Schedule Integration of a Reconstruction
Project for Oxygen Plant in Steel Works in
Korea
Chae-Yeon Kim1, Jae-Sung Lee1, Ho-Young Roh1 andEul-Bum Lee1
1 Graduate Institute of Ferrous & Energy-materials

Technology (GIFT), Pohang University of Science andTechnology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
chaeyeon@postech.ac.kr

Since the duration of the reconstruction project of an oxygen plant toreplace the about 40-year aging oxygen plant for the “P” company’s steel
works in Korea needs substantial schedule acceleration to improve thesteel plant’s overall production efficiency, the plant owner decided tointegrate construction schedule and cost for minimum trial and error byadopting pre-simulations with 4D BIM (building information modeling).
This case study presents a model for checking the process plan byproviding information on construction duration reality-check comparedto the construction schedules of previous similar projects in “P” company
history before beginning reconstruction of the oxygen plant. It also helps
make decisions by simulating the planned schedule to predict potential
construction delays and providing prioritized ranks of activities thatneed to be shortened to reduce duration economically. The 4D BIMbased simulations with Dassault’s Delmia, which combines the 3Dmodeled with Catia and CPM (Critical Path Method) with Enovia, further
reflects the safety factors for the construction workers based on thelessons-learned database from the previous similar projects, enable thevisualization and management of hazard elements to the schedule
planner and safety manages. The system developed through research will
be implemented as a full-scale during the reconstruction of the oxygen
plant after a pilot test project reported in this paper. When utilizing theresult of this study, it is expected that existing plans can be checked
through the 4D BIM simulations in advance through PC and mobiles

87

(tablets and smartphones) to reduce risks such as construction delays
and safety hazards.

Keywords: BIM, Safety, Schedule, Cost, Plant, Simulation, EPC(Engineering, Procurement, Construction), Project Management.

88Evaluating the Impact of Interventions in
Motorcycle Ownership and Usage in Vietnam
CitiesAn Minh Ngoc1, Hiroaki Nishiuchi2

1,2 School of Systems Engineering, Kochi University ofTechnology, 185 Tosayamadacho-Miyanokuchi, Kami City,
Kochi, 782-8502, Japan
1an.ngoc@kochi-tech.ac.jp; 2Nishiuchi.hiroaki@kochitech.ac.jp

There is a boom of motorcycle growth through the cities of Vietnam
during two decades. The impact of increasing motorcycle ownership andusage, both positive and negative impact, has been particularly apparent
in terms of mobility, accessibility, air pollution, and safety. However,there is still very little that cities know about managing such kind ofmode. This study aims at assisting practitioners by providing a better
understanding of policy options and the likely effectiveness of
instruments to achieve urban mobility. A wider range of policy
instruments will be reviewed to evaluate which one can be used to better
manage the use of motorcycle in cities of Vietnam. To support this task, achoice-based conjoint analysis will be applied to evaluate motorcyclists’preferences. Through analysis, the impact of each policy to customers’
decision and some market segments are highlighted.

Keywords: Motorcycle, Policy Intervention, Motorcycle Ownership,
Motorcycle Usage.

89

Capturing the flexibility value of
infrastructure: a case example of a road project
Tuan Anh Nguyen*1 and Nhu Phien Nguyen1
1 National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Vietnam

anhnt3@nuce.edu.vn 20Road infrastructures have high uncertainties due to unique and longlasting characteristics, and these uncertainties, such as varied market
demands, environmental and demographic changes, lead to the
obsolescence of infrastructures. This creates the need for modern roadinfrastructures to be designed and built with a certain level of flexibility.
Flexibility refers to the ability to adjust or change with future
circumstances. Considering the potential case of road expansion, thispaper investigates the viability of incorporating flexibility into roadprojects. The proposed financial valuation approach of flexible
infrastructure is illustrated via the probabilistic cash flow approach of
options analysis. This approach is straightforward, requires minimal
financial and mathematical knowledge, and offers a practical way tocreate flexibility for road projects. As a case example of Lo Te – Rach Soi
highway project, the paper considers incorporating flexibility on the twostage development of a road project, adding extra lanes for road
expansion. The results, calculated on the case example, show thatincorporating flexibility is financially viable. Although this conclusion on
the viability of flexible infrastructure cannot be drawn generally due tolimitations of a particular given case example, it is shown that the
proposed approach is suggestive and applicable to evaluate the flexibility
value of built-in flexible infrastructure.

*Speaker: Tuan Anh NguyenCorresponding author: anhnt3@nuce.edu.vn

90Keywords: Flexibility, Options analysis, Expansion, Cash flow,
Road project.

91Factors affecting Public-Private Partnershippreference in Vietnam road infrastructure
projects
Hong Thai Nguyen1, Le Thu Huyen2, Minh Quan Thach3, Pham
Diem Hang
1,2,3 University of Transport and Communications/UTC, Hanoi, Vietnam

nhthai@utc.edu.vn, lethuhuyen@utc.edu.vn

Private sector plays the vital role in the success of road infrastructuredevelopment in the form of public-private partnership (PPP) in Vietnam.
However, factors significantly influencing private partners’ willingness toparticipate in road PPP projects remain unclear. The paper aims at
studying factors affecting private sector investment decision in road PPP
projects. The research has conducted literature reviews andquestionnaire surveys concerning the road PPP projects that have been
implemented in Vietnam, identifying 26 factors that can be grouped into
seven major components using principal component factor analysis.
Using the linear regression model and the data from a questionnaire
survey, the findings reveal that three variables have a significant
coefficient, including lender support, public support, capacity andexperience of the private sector. The result can offer suggestions,
including a theoretical basis and practical guidance for government toencourage private partners to participate in road PPP projects.

Keywords: PPP, road infrastructure development, road PPP project,public-private partnership preference.

92

Toward more flexible financial agreements of
PPP toll roads: international experiences for
Vietnam
Tuan Anh Nguyen1
1 National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Vietnam

anhnt3@nuce.edu.vn

Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is adopted globally in thedevelopment of toll road infrastructure projects, and in Vietnam, there is
no exception. Within this project delivery, to mitigate revenue-based
risk, the public sector authority offers a guarantee or subsidy, as a formof the financial agreement, to the private sector concessionaire. The
recent literature provides a great deal of study on introducing managerial
flexibilities, embedded with Real Options, in such financial agreements.
Those financial agreements that reflect how risk-sharing mechanisms
between the two parties, the authority and the concessionaire, can beclassified into two groups: one-sided protection and two-sided
protection. One-sided revenue protection provides revenue protections
to either party to cope with fluctuating revenue, while two-sided revenue
protection combines both minimum revenue guarantee and revenue cap
to create a band of revenue that benefits both parties. Each of the above
protection scenarios is discussed in independent research. The literature
lacks a comprehensive review covering all revenue guarantee options
available in PPP toll road projects. This paper thus summaries all
existing revenue-related guarantee options available in the worldwide
literature and analyses international experiences that provide potentials
and valuable lessons for developing road infrastructure in Vietnam.

Keywords: PPP, Road projects, Financial agreements, Options.

93

Design optimization of Fibres Reinforced
Concrete Railway Tracks by using Non-Linear
Finite Elements Analysis
J.L Tailhan, P. Rossi
MAST-EMGCU, Univ Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, F-77447 Marne-la-Vallée,FranceBetween 2007 and 2014, IFSTTAR, Alstom and other industrials
partners have developed a new concept of railways track called New
Ballastless Track (NBT). A first numerical study, using a non-linear
model was performed to evaluate the possibility of replacement of theoriginal reinforced concrete layer of the track slab by a steel fiber
reinforced concrete, to simplify the construction of the NBT track and to
take advantage of the redistribution of mechanical stresses on a hyperstatic structure. This study led to the conclusion that this replacement
was very relevant.
This paper is on the optimization of this Fibres Reinforced Concrete
Railway Tracks solution by using the same non-linear numerical model.
It is shown that this optimization procedure should lead to reduction of
CO2 emissions compared with the initial one.

Keywords: Railway Tracks, Fibre Reinforced Concrete, Cracking,
Carbone Footprint.s

94

Geotechnics for Environment and Energy
Efficiency

95

Segregation index – a new soil parameter forinternal erosion assessment
Peter To1 and Thinh Le Van2
1 College of Science and Engineering, James Cook

University, 15-113 James Cook Drive, Douglas, QLD 4814,
Townsville, Queensland, Australia
peter.to@jcu.edu.au
2 Thuy Loi University, 175 Tay Son, Dong Da, Hanoi,
VietnamInternal erosion is a major cause related to nearly half of dam
dysfunctions and failures. This phenomenon occurs when loose soil
particles are transported outwards the soil mass by seepage through aseries of pores and pore constrictions. As loose particles are usually fineand embedded in the pores formed by the soil primary fabric, traditional
methods often correlate the representative sizes of fine and coarse
particles to indicate the susceptibility to internal erosion of an assessedsoil. These methods are not very accurate because soil particle size
distribution can vary widely with several identical key sizes. This paper
presents a new indicator for internal erosion assessment using theprobability to be transported of loose particles: the segregation index.
This index is estimated experimentally and analytically for thecorrelation with internal erosion test results. The index also has asignificant role in the estimation of real effective stress of soils.

Keywords: Segregation, Internal erosion, Assessment, Dam, Soil
Characteristics

96

Experimental study on behaviour of clayey
sand reinforced by polypropylene fibre
Sy Hung Nguyen1
1 Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Ho Chi Minh

City, Vietnam(sihung.nguyen@hcmute.edu.vn)

In this paper, the author presents the improvements in themechanical properties of clayey sand soils reinforced by polypropylene(PP) fibres. PP fibres with 3 different lengths of 10mm, 15mm and 20mm
were mixed with the soil with content by weight of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%.
Three types of experiments were conducted including 30 compaction
tests, 30 direct shear tests and 10 triaxial compression tests. With thesame compaction energy, the maximum dry density was achieved with afibre length of 20 mm and a fibre content of 1%. After determining the
optimum water content for each type of fibre length and content, the soil
samples in the direct shear and triaxial compression test were preparedby compaction to have the corresponding maximum density. The direct
shear test showed that as the fibre content or the fibre length increased,
the cohesion c increased whilst the friction angle
decreased. The
cohesion c reached the maximum value with the fibre length of 20 mm
and the fibre content of 1%. This value was 9 times greater than that of cof the un-reinforced soil. In the consolidated undrained (CU) triaxial
test, the peak deviator stress was significantly improved compared to unreinforced soil. The maximum values of both cohesion cCU and friction
angle CU were achieved with a fibre length of 15mm and a fibre content
of 1%. The largest value of cCU of the reinforced soil was more than 10times of the unreinforced soil. However,
CU did not have much
improvement compared to un-reinforced soil.

Keywords: Fibre-reinforced, Triaxial Test, Compaction Test,
Polypropylene Fibre

97

Soft Clay Stiffness Measured in Ho Chi Minh
City with Oedometer Tests for Deep
Excavation Calculation
Trung Ngo Duc1
1 Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

ndtrung@ntt.edu.vn

To calculate the stability and deformation of the deep excavation in
Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) in particular and Vietnam in general often
use the Finite Element Method (FEM) with Mohr-Coulomb (MC),Hardening Soil (HS) model. The HS model built based on the Hyperbolicmodel shows more progress than the MC model. The HS model also
explains the dependence of the modulus on stress. The degree of
dependence of stress is given by the exponent m. To simulate thedependence of the stress according to the logarithmic law, the exponent
parameter (m) has different values depending on the soil type, the choiceof the exponential parameter makes it difficult for engineers to correlate
from experimental expressions because this amplitude is still relatively
wide and gives a large difference in calculation results. This paper
determines parameter m and the correlation coefficient Eoed/ E50 forsoft soil in HCMC is based on the Oedometer test as identified in the HS
model to calculate deep excavation.

Keywords: Deep Excavation, Hardening Soil, Stiffness, Oedometer
test

98

Concerns related to modelling land subsidenceof Mekong Delta
Hung Pham*1, Ingo Sass1, Oanh Nguyen2
1: Geothermal Science and Technology, Institute of Applied
Geosciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
2: GEOS Construction Technology Consulting. JSC, Hanoi,
Vietnampham@geo.tu-darmstadt.de 21

Land subsidence due to groundwater extraction is a serious issue inMekong Delta Vietnam, especially when it combines with the sea levelrise. Various models were established to study the problem. Usually, two
steps models are used. First, the groundwater models are solved toobtain changes in the water table resulting in changes in effective stress.
Then, land subsidence magnitude is calculated based on the onedimensional consolidation theory. After analyzing carefully land
subsidence models for the Mekong Delta, we would like to discuss heresome concerns related to the described data and methodologies, which
are related to (1) the inconsistency between the compression index andthe specific storage, (2) the spatial distribution of parameters, (3)obtained parameters using the parameter estimation tool, (4)comparisons between INSAR data and model results.

Keywords: Models of Land subsidence, Mekong Delta*Speaker: Hung Pham
Corresponding author: pham@geo.tu-darmstadt.de99

Flood risk mapping based on AHP, Fuzzy andGeomatics technology for Lai Giang basin inSouth-Central Coastal Vietnam
Tu Anh Ngo[0000-0002-8909-7755] Xuan Huu Nguyen[00000001-9977-461X] Phuong Thanh Thi Truong [0000-0003-42699633] Tho Van Phan[0000-0002-0887-5966]
Quynhon University, 170 An Duong Vương st, Quynhon
city, Vietnam
ngoanhtu@qnu.edu.vn
nguyenhuuxuan@qnu.edu.vn
truongthithanhphuong@qnu.edu.vn
phanvantho@qnu.edu.vn

Flood is one of the most dangerous disasters in Vietnam, the problemof floods is getting more serious and floods have caused great damage to
people and property in the context of climate change. In this study, themethodology emphasizes weighting crucial variables using spatial
analyst tools, Analytic Hierarchy Process, and fuzzy-based Geomatics forflood disaster risk. The fuzzy contains three input indicators: the hazard
factor, the exposure factor, and the vulnerability factor. Hazard factors
are obtained using the flooding map was constructed from radar satellite
imagery (Sentinel-1). Then, hazard factors, exposure factors, andvulnerability factors are all put into the Geographic Information System(GIS) to accomplish overlay analysis, AHP, and fuzzy matrix calculation.
This methodology has been successfully applied to the flood risk map in
the Lai Giang river basin, the South Central Coast, Vietnam. Finally, theweights of these variables on the risk of the flood were assigned as 50%
for elevation, 40% for distance from Lai Giang river, 5% for Manning's
coefficient, and 5% for population density.

Keywords: Flood Risk, Fuzzy, AHP, Geomatics, Lai Giang basin

100New structure to reduce settlement of sea dikebuilt on soft soil
Ngoc Nguyen Van*1, Binh Bui Quoc 1 and Quoc Hoan Pham1
1 Vietnam Maritime University, Hai Phong, Vietnam

ngocnv.ctt@vimaru.edu.vn22

Nowadays, there are two types of sea dike, including vertical walltyped and sloping ones. The vertical wall-typed sea dike is based on thepile foundation principle. The construction process of this structure iscomplex, and the sheet pile is high cost. Thus, it is rarely used. Sloping
sea dike, based on gravity foundation principle, mainly uses rock and soil
as the material. Therefore, this structure is widely used due to its simple
construction process and low cost. However, in the case of soft soil, thedike settlement is high, requiring ground improvement, leading to higher
construction cost. In order to deal with this problem, the hollow
structure (KCR) working based on both pile and gravity foundation
principle is proposed. This new structure is compared with thetraditional sea dike structure using for the Tien Lang – Hai Phong Vietnam sea dike project. The calculation is performed with Plaxis 2D interms of the settlement of the dike. Results show that the settlement ofsea dike using hollow structure (KCR) equals 18.7% of the traditional
one, thanks to its pile foundation principle. In addition, the construction
cost also reduces 40 – 70 %.

Keywords: Hollow structure (KCR), sea dike, vertical wall - type sea
dike, sloping sea dike, soft soil, sea dike settlement.

*Speaker: Ngoc Nguyen VanCorresponding author: ngocnv.ctt@vimaru.edu.vn

101

Prediction of Local Pier Scour under Live-bed
Conditions
D.N.Tran 1 and T.N Doan 2
1,2 Hydraulics and Hydrology Division, Faculty of Civil
Engineering, University of Transport andCommunications, Viet Nam
dtnoi@utc.edu.vn

This paper presents a formula developed for predicting local scour
depth around a bridge pier in cohesionless soil based on field data. The
semi-theoretical equation for scour prediction proposed by Nghien [1] isconsidered and improved by incorporating Froude number into thecalculation of the hydrodynamic drag force coefficient Cd. By performing
field data-based analysis and comparing the results with ten formulas
published in the literature, it is concluded that the proposed formula forpredicting local scour depth under live-bed conditions could provide theclosest prediction to the measurement and observation data.

Keywords: Local scour depth, Field data, Hydrodynamic force,
Live-bed conditions.

102

Experimental study on pile group efficiency invarious types of soil using a small - scale
physical model
Sy-Hung Nguyen*1, Thi Phuong Huyen Tran2 and Quoc-Minh
Pham3
1 Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Ho Chi Minh

City, Vietnam
2 The University of Danang - University of Technology and Education, Da

Nang City, Vietnam

3 University of Cuu Long, Vinh Long Province, Vietnam(Sihung.nguyen@hcmute.edu.vn) 23

A testing program of static pile load was conducted using a smallscale model to investigate some factors influencing pile group efficiency.
Natural sandy and clay soils were put into a soil tank. The test piles havea small size with two different lengths. The studied types of soil include
sand soil, sand-clay alternating layers’ soil, and clay soil. There were atotal of thirty-six tests with various spacing to diameter ratios (S/d) andlength to diameter ratios (L/d). In sandy soil, the group efficiency η wasalways greater than 1, in which there was a slight decrease in the group
efficiency η when (L/d) increased and η decreased to 1 when (S/d)
increased. In clay soil, η was always less than 1; however, when (L/d)
increased, η increased significantly. Thus, the effect of the pile length
should be considered for pile in clay soil, where η increased when (S/d)
increased, which is clearly opposite to that of sandy soil. With the same
parameters including the number of piles, pile dimensions, and (S/d)
and (L/d) ratios, the order in term group efficiency η was obtained asfollows: sand soil, sand-clay soil, and clay soil.

*Speaker: Sy-Hung NguyenCorresponding author: Sihung.nguyen@hcmute.edu.vn

103

Keywords: Small-scale Model, Pile Group Efficiency, Static Load
Test, Sandy Soil, Clay104

Influence of Fabrics on Compression
Mechanics of Iron Tailings
Ismail Adeniyi Okewale1 [0000-0003-1115-7479] and Hendrik Grobler2
1, 2 Department of Mining Engineering, University of Johannesburg,

South Africa
iaokewale@futa.edu.ng

Due to irreparable damages done by the failure of tailing dams to thehuman, assets and environment which have ultimately resulted in great
economic, social and environmental challenges worldwide, investigations
into mechanical behaviour of tailings have received some attentions.
However, the knowledge and understanding of mechanics ofcompression behaviour in iron tailings is still limited. This study
investigates the mechanical behaviour of tailings in compression
considering effects of fabric resulting from sample preparation and thepossibility of non-convergent behaviour. This was achieved by conducing
series of one-dimensional compression tests in conjunction with index,
microstructural, chemical and mineralogical tests. The results show thatthe effects of fabric resulting from sample preparation is seen. There ispresence of parallel and non-unique normal compression lines which isan important feature of transitional mode of behaviour. The behaviour ofiron tailings therefore depends on initial specific volume.

Keywords: Tailings, compression, fabrics, geotechnical properties,
transitional behaviour.

105Investigations into Grading Characteristics ofTailings
Ismail Adeniyi Okewale1 [0000-0003-1115-7479] and Hendrik Grobler2
1, 2 Department of Mining Engineering, University of Johannesburg,

South Africa
iaokewale@futa.edu.ng

Tailings are by-products of beneficiation processes of run-off mine inorder to extract valuable fractions from ore minerals. Studying thismaterial is essential due to importance of its handling and consequent
negative impacts on human and environment as well as limited
understanding of its mechanics. Grading is one of important aspects ofmechanics of behaviour of geomaterials and it is investigated in details inthis study. This is achieved by conducting index tests on samples
collected at different depths in the pond. Also, comparisons were madewith other tailings reported in the literature. The engineering descriptors(mean particle size, coefficient of uniformity, coefficient of curvature,clay fraction and fines content) were considered as grading
characteristics. Different grading characteristics were found for thetailings. The grading curves may result from degree of sorting bysedimentation at different points.

Keywords: Grading, tailings, mechanics, engineering descriptors,
index properties.

106Geophysics technical application in exploring
the sand mines in Haiphong area of Vietnam
using seismic measuring equipment “Subbottom profiling system 3200 – XS”
Xuan Thinh Nguyen*1, Minh Thu Bui1
1Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vietnam Maritime University, 484 Lachtray

Street, Haiphong city, Vietnam
thinhms@vimaru.edu.vn; thubm.ctt@vimaru.edu.vn*Corresponding author 24

In the contemporary life, the exploration of sand mines on the sea
has been very interested by investors. In recent years, the demand forbackfilling materials by sand in Haiphong estimated to be over
150.000.000 m3 per year [1]. It is projected that from 2020 to 2025, theincrease in demand for these products will reach over 20 percent. This
research will introduce the sand mine exploration method by theapplication of sub-bottom seismic equipment in Haiphong City waters
and evaluates the effectiveness of the combination of both sand mine
drilling methods using a drill boat and Sub bottom seismic device.
Indeed, to construct this research, methods of data collection,
experimental methods, expert methods, data analysis and evaluation
methods have been used to take advantages of applying geophysicaltechniques in evaluating the current sand mine reserves. After
conducting the exploration of sand mines in Haiphong, the results of the
sub bottom seismometer device were checked together with thetraditional geological drilling results, It was found that the time of using
the seismometer was much shorter than the traditional drilling methodby many times, it only took about 2 days for 100 Ha to be explored in thefield, when the geological drilling method was applied, it could take 15 to
30 days to complete 100 Ha in the field, with the analytical results*Speaker: Xuan Thinh NguyenCorresponding author: thinhms@vimaru.edu.vn

107

obtained, seismic measurement methods not only save time but also
protects the surrounding ecological environment, and it is essential forassessing the project of sand mines reserves.

Keywords: Sub bottom; Geophysics; Seismic; Geological; Sand
mines, Boreholes.

108

Sea Levels and Inundation Mapping for Urban
Areas of Vietnam
Nguyen Tien Thanh
Department of Hydrometeorological Modeling and Forecasting, Thuyloi
University, 175 Tay Son, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
thanhnt@tlu.edu.vn

Sea level rise is causing a significant increase in the frequency andseverity of coastal flooding, natural hazards for coastal populations,infrastructure, constructions or ecosystem. Climate change and weather
anomalies are making the more rapid sea level changes. In Vietnam,
meanwhile, development of coastal urban areas is a hot trend and ofinterest to investors. So, it is of necessary to identify the observed andfuture potential sea level changes. This paper analyses and represents theobserved and projected sea level changes for Vietnam. More importantly,
inundation mapping is implemented to fully interpret the potential
effects of sea level change for urban areas of Vietnam. The data of 10 tidegauges in the whole country and satellite-based from 1986 to 2019 areused to analyse the observation sea level changes for coastal zones ofVietnam. The CMIP5 models are selected for projecting the sea levelchanges and GIS technology is applied to map for the coastal
inundations. The results illustrate an increasing trend of observed sea
level up to more than 10 mm per year. Regions affected by sea level riseare significantly large, especially in the Red River Delta to Danang
province and Mekong Delta.

Keywords: sea level, inundation, urban, Vietnam, climate change.

109

A study on the main factors affecting thereinforcement corrosion in mechanicallystabilised earth walls and predict the service
life of the wall
CHAU Truong-Linh1, NGUYEN Thu-Ha*2 and VU Dinh-Phung3
1,2University of Science and Technology, The University of Da-Nang, VietNam
3Faculty of Civil Engineering, Thuyloi University, Viet Nam

email: chau-linh@dut.udn.vn; ntha@dut.udn.vn 25

In this study, the Principal Component Analysis method is applied todetermine the main factors affecting reinforcement corrosion inmechanically stabilised earth (MSE) walls. A response surface model isused to build the correlation function between corrosion and main
factors, which is then applied to design a program to predict the service
life of the MSE wall constructed using steel reinforcement (MSE-T). The
results of MSE-T program are used to simulate the scenarios of steel
corrosion of MSE walls by FLAC software, which could show the stressstrain displacement of the walls at the extracted time. The research
results could provide a warning of degradation of the MSE wall in theend stage of working period to enhance safety in the operating process
and propose the solutions to improve the longevity of the walls.

Keywords: MSE wall, MSE-T program, numerical modelling,
corrosion scenario, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Response
surface methodology.

*Speaker: NGUYEN Thu-HaCorresponding author: ntha@dut.udn.vn

110Emerging Technology for Determining
Unsaturated Soil Shear Strength
Tran T.P An1 and Fredlund, Delwyn G.2
1 Department of Hydrogeological and GeotechnicalEngineering, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue
City, Vietnam
2 University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Canadattphuongan@hueuni.edu.vn

In 2019 Fredlund proposed a procedure for the estimation of theunsaturated soil shear strength function. The procedure used the airentry value, AEV, (as defines by the drying branch of the degree ofsaturation Soil-Water Characteristic Curve, S-SWCC), and residual
conditions to define distinct limits for the unsaturated shear strength
function. It was suggested that these points formed two “anchor points”(or reference points), along the drying S-SWCC. The suitability of these
two “anchor points” was verified through comparisons with publishedlaboratory data sets. This paper details a protocol that can be adhered towhen using the S-SWCC to estimate a suitable unsaturated shear
strength function for geotechnical engineering applications.

Keywords: Soil Suction, Unsaturated Shear Strength, Soil-Water
Characteristic Curves.

111

Gellan gum-bentonite mixture as a newvertical hydraulic barrier
Tran T.P An1, Katsumi Takeshi 2, Nguyen The Thao 1,
and Le Thi Cat Tuong 3
1 Department of Hydrogeological and GeotechnicalEngineering, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue
City, Vietnam
2 Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto
University
3 Department of Geotechnics Faculty of Civil Engineering,
MienTrung University of Civil Engineering MUCE
ttphuongan@hueuni.edu.vn

The use of biopolymer, has recently been popularly studied for geoenvironmental applications for the past decades. Among the common
biopolymers used in laboratory studies, gellan gum has been proved toshow effective improvement in the pressurized hydraulic conductivity
and the strength of soils. In this study, the application of gellan
gum/bentonite grouting for the design of a grout curtain to form avertical barrier preventing the flow movement has been investigated.
Bentonite powder was mixed with hot gellan hydrogel over 100 °C withdifferent gellan gum concentrations (2%, 3%, and 4% to the mass of
distilled water). Tests that show the effects of gellan gum on the changes
in water durability, viscosity, and flow controllability of bentonite wereconducted. The results of this study show that gellan gum enhanced theengineering properties of bentonite, and in turn, suggests a potential
material for vertical hydraulic barriers

Keywords: Gellan Gum, Bentonite, Vertical Hydraulic Barrier.

112

Establishing thresholds for rainfall‐induced
shallow landslides using fully coupled hydromechanical model
Thanh-Son Nguyen1, Viet-Anh Pham1, Bao-Viet Nguyen1, KuoHsin Yang2
1 Faculty of Bridges and Roads, National University of Civil Engineering(NUCE),
Giai Phong Rd., Hai Ba Trung Dist., Hanoi 11616, Vietnam
sonnt@nuce.edu.vn
2 Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University (NTU),
1 Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
khyang@ntu.edu.tw

The identification of landslide-triggering rainfall thresholds plays animportant role in providing early warning information and implementing
emergency remedial actions before landslide occurs. In this study, fully
coupled hydro-mechanical model was conducted to establish intensity–
duration (I-D) thresholds for shallow landslides upon rainfall. The
numerical model was first verified against measurements obtained froma full-scale field test for slope. The simulation result shows good
agreement with the experimental results, indicating that the proposed
numerical model is appropriate for use in the simulation of unsaturated
soil slope behavior subjected to rainfall infiltration. This approach wasthen used to determine new I-D thresholds for shallow landslides
considering the different hydrological conditions. Finally, the criticalrainfall threshold curves obtained for the study were compared withshallow landslides historic data. The result revealed that antecedent soil
moistures through initial soil suctions is a critical factor affecting the I-D
thresholds. The majority of landslide data recorded from literature
through case studies located within the proposed thresholds
corresponding initial suction of 2 to 10 kPa. The findings of this study
can be implemented into the current activities for predicting theoccurrence of shallow landslides in the future in Vietnam.

113

Keywords: Rainfall-triggered landslides, coupled hydro-mechanicalmodel, rainfall thresholds.

114

Utilization of Site Cut Cohesive Soil for
Construction of large platform for Gas
Receiving terminal
An environment friendly solution
Dr. Konni. G. R.1 and Kaleswara Rao Tellakula1 and Debraj
Chetterjee1
1, Petrofac International Limited, Sharjah, UAE

ganapathi.konni@petrofac.com

This paper presents how an innovative geotechnical solution on
utilization of site cut soil to build a large embankment platform forsetting up facilities for gas receiving terminal, led to direct positive
impact on the environment and significant saving of energy. In fact, theproposed site for the development of gas receiving terminal in Republic
of Turkey, is located at hilly area and the initial levels of this proposedsite has huge difference between one side to the other all around (North– South and East – West), which has demanded inevitable cutting(352000 m3) and filling (355000 m3 soil) to achieve the flat ground to set
up the project facilities. However, since the site cut soil is turned to becohesive in nature, there was a case that all the cut soil to be disposed at
70km away from site and required to import suitable soil from theborrow area located again at about 70km away from site. The roads
connecting disposal/borrow areas to site are narrow and passing throughvillages and forestry areas. This disposal and importing activities would
have caused huge impact on the environment for couple of months due
to emissions of greenhouse gas -CO2 from the trucks and other machinesrequired for earthworks. Also, the energy required to operate thesetrucks/machines is very huge. Therefore, an innovative cut-fillfoundation geotechnical solution was proposed and executed so as tomeet both the project engineering requirement as well as to protect theenvironment and save the energy; where site cut soil was reused withproper compaction and drainage system to build the embankment
platform for the project and pile are provided as foundation system toensure the integrity and performance of the project facilities. As a result,115

both disposal and import activities have been drastically reduced and led
positive impact on both environment and efficient usage of energy.

Keywords: Innovative solution, cut-fill-foundation, environment,
energy, Piles foundations, embankment platform, hilly, disposal andimporting.

116

Study on application of sea sand-cement
column in soft soil improvement for Hai
Phong-Nam Dinh coastal highway
TA Duc Thinh1, NGUYEN Thi Diu*2,3, NGUYEN Duc Manh3,
PHAM Van Hung1, BUI Anh Thang1
1Hanoi University of Mining and Geology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
2 Department for Technology Science and Environment, Ministry of

Education and Training, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
3 Geotechnical Engineering Department, University of Transport andCommunications, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam*Corresponding author: ntdiu@moet.gov.vn 26

The ground structure of the coastal road of Hai Phong - Nam Dinhalignment consists of 10 to 20-m-thickness soft soil layers, lying near thesurface, so the deep treatment methods, such as sand column, sand well,
prefabricated vertical drain (PVD), soil-cement, etc. will be a reasonablechoice. However, each method has pros and cons. In Vietnam, the riversand resource is increasingly scarce and sand exploitation is causing
serious environmental problems. It is necessary to study anothermaterial to replace the river sand. The paper proposes the soft soil
improvement method by sea sand - cement columns. The laboratory
experiment tests allow defining the sea sand and soft soil properties, andthe sea sand-cement mixture properties. The experimental results showthat the influence of cement content on the strength of sea sand - cement
samples corresponding to the curing time. Additionally, the four-column
physical model in 1:10 small-scale has been set up to investigate theeffectiveness of sea sand - cement columns in soft soil improvement. The
physical model results indicate that the presence of sand-cement
columns in the ground decreases significantly the soft soil andembankment settlements.
*Speaker: NGUYEN Thi Diu

Corresponding author: ntdiu@moet.gov.vn

117Keywords: sea sand - cement column, soft soil, cement content,
physical model, settlement

118Hydromechanical behavior of a tuff/bentonite
mixture treated with cement
Demdoum Abdellah1, Daheur Elhadj Guesmia1, Loualbia Hamza 2,
Bounouara Zahra3, Moulay Smaine Ghembaza4 and Haluk Akgün5

1 Laboratory of Mathematical and Applied Science, University of
Ghardaïa, BP 455, 47000, Ghardaïa, Algeria
2 Research Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Science andTechnology, Ziane Achour University of Djelfa, Djelfa, Algeria
3 Laboratoire Matériaux Sol et Thermique (LMST), Université desSciences et de la technologie Mohamed Boudiaf d’Oran, Oran, Algeria
4Laboratory of Civil Engineering and Environment, Djillali LIABES
University - Sidi Bel-Ab- bes, Algeria
5 Geotechnology Unit, Department of Geological Engineering, Middle
East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
btp.dem@gmail.com

Sandy soil-clay mixtures are commonly used as a liner/barriermaterial in various engineering applications, such as construction of
hydraulic and waste containment. In this study, the hydromechanicalcharacteristics of tuff-bentonite and tuff-bentonite/cement mixtures areinvestigated to propose a local barrier ma- terial. A series of free swelling,
one-dimensional consolidation and falling head permeability tests forhydraulic characteristics as well as the direct shear test for mechanicalcharacteristics were performed on four different tuff-bentonite mixtures and two different tuff-bentonite/cement mixtures. Test results showthat the compressibility/swelling behavior of the mixtures increases withincreasing ben- tonite content. The optimum amount of bentonite toachieve a permeability of less than 10-9 m/s, which is a liner/barrier
design requirement, was found at 8% and 10%. The results of thestrength tests indicate that the apparent cohesion in- creases with thebentonite content, while the apparent angle of friction decreases.
Concerning the optimal mix treated with 3% and 5% cement, the test
results show that the permeability and compressibility/swelling behavior
decrease with the added cement content, while the angle of friction and119cohesion increase. Finally, it was concluded that the 8% bentonite-92%
tuff mixture treated with 3% cement is retained as a passive barriermaterial for landfill sites in arid and semi-arid regions.

Keywords: Bentonite, Tuff, Permeability.

120

Waste management of disaster affected areasfrom the zinc-lead enterprise
Alan Lolaev1,2, Anatoly Gurbanov1,3, Victor Gazeev1,3, Aleksan
Oganesyan1,4, Stanislav Dzeboev5
1 Vladikavkaz Scientific Centre of Russian Academy of the Sciencies (VSC

RAS); Vladikavkaz, Russia;
2North Ossetian State University (NOSU), Vladikavkaz, Russia;
3 Institute of Geology of Ore Fields, Petrography, Mineralogy andGeochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia;
4North Caucasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (State
Technological University), Vladikavkaz, Russia
5NPO Geoengineering, Vladikavkaz, Russia
abl-2010@mail.ru

The research object of the present work is the Mizur tailing dump
located on the territory of North Ossetia-Alania Republic (Russia). The
tailings dam has the size – 150 × 280 m and up to 30 m bulk dam high,and situated in the densely populated area. The exploitation of the Unal
tailing dump has begun since 1984 with the purpose of warehousing oftails and organization of system of turnaround water supply. During theperiod of storage all waste undergoes changes caused by the physical andchemical transformations under the influence of external conditions andinternal factors. As a result of these pre-rotations significant amounts areformed the neogenic substances being more toxic and mobile, than initialconnections. Carried out complex of laboratory and in-situ tests permit
to forecast the amount of “technogenic” resources and has formed thebasis for alteration of work technique. The high concentrations of As, Sb,
Zn, Pb, Cu, Sn are established. Utilization of the buried industrial wastes
will allow not only to receive metals necessary for a national economy,building materials, but also will lower negative pressure on an ecologicalsituation of this area and also will reduce degree of risk of emergence thetechnogenic catastrophes connected with the possible break of a bulk
dam of the tailings dam.

121

Keywords: Tailing Dump, Chemical Composition, Utilization,
Concentration.

122

Reliability analysis of pile foundation using
GMDH, GP and MARS
Manish Kumar1 and Pijush Samui2
1Assistant professor, Department of Civil engineering, BIET Hyderabad,mkumarod@gmail.com
2Associate professor, Department of Civil engineering, NIT Patna,

pijush@nitp.ac.in

Risk and reliability are important aspects of geotechnical structures.
Soil is highly variable. Pile tests are extremely expensive and laborintensive. The paper proposes a reliable method to predict the bearing
capacity of the pile using AI-based models like Multivariate Adaptive
Regression Splines (MARS), Group method of data handling (GMDH)
and Genetic programming (GP) using data of pile dynamic tests
conducted on various sites in Indonesia. The performance of the model isascertained using various performance parameters and are comparedamong themselves using Rank analysis and Taylor diagrams. The
reliability indices of each model are calculated and compared. GP and
MARS are concluded as robust models for estimating bearing capacity
while performance of GMDH is not exciting.
Keywords:Reliability; Piles; MARS; GMDH; GP.

123

Capillary rise characteristics and saltwaterpropagation in fine aggregate: toward
developing the anti-salinity shallow foundation
Nguyen Ngoc Truc*1, Nguyen Van Hoang2, Tran Ngoc Tu3
1 VNU-School of Interdisciplinary Study, Vietnam National University,

Hanoi
No.144 Xuan Thuy str., Cau Giay dist., Hanoi, Vietnam
2 Vietnam institute of Geosciences and Mineral resources,
No. 67 Chien Thang str., Ha Dong dist., Hanoi, Vietnam
3 Graduate Institute of Applied Geology, National Central University,
Taiwan*Corresponding author: E-mail: trucnn@vnu.edu.vn 27

This study is carried out to determine the capillary rise over time offine aggregate in different saline media. The obtained results showedthat the capillary height in fine aggregate is inversely proportional to thesalt concentration of the capillary solution. The aggregate that has
particle size over 2.0 mm shows the best ability to limit capillary rise.
The capillary height of the aggregate gets the highest value when there isno salt in the solution and get the lowest one with the solution at thehighest salinity tested, i.e. 33.0 g/L. The obtained results on capillary
characteristics lead to an idea of design a shallow foundation that has
function of anti-corrosion, anti-salinity proactively and effectively.

Keywords: Capillary rise, Anti-salinity, Anti-capillary, Saline
intrusion*Speaker: Nguyen Ngoc TrucCorresponding author: trucnn@vnu.edu.vn

124

Cyclic Response and Post-cyclic Settlement of
Sand Experiencing Repeated Earthquakes
Trung-Tri Le*, Sung-Sik Park**, Seung-Wook Woo and Lam
Tran
Dept. of Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National Univ., Daegu, 41566
Korea* ltrungtri@gmail.com 28** sungpark@knu.ac.kr (corresponding author)

This study evaluated the cyclic response and re-consolidation
volumetric strain (V) of clean sand subjected to repeated earthquakes at
non-fully liquefied stage. A series of repeated cyclic direct simple shear
tests (CDSS) at various cyclic stress ratios (CSR) and followed reconsolidation phases were performed on loose sand. From theexperimental results, CSR, number of applied shear event, shear strain
induced by shaking event were factors influencing the cyclic behaviorand V. For non-liquefied samples subjected to repeated shear events,
two concepts of maximum double amplitude shear strain (DAmax) andevolution of double amplitude shear strain (EDA) in relation to V were
examined, in which (EDAV) concept exhibited a better correlation andwas suggested as an alternative approach for examining the dynamic
response during shaking events induced by earthquakes.

Keywords: Liquefaction, volumetric strain, cyclic shear strain,
repeated earthquake.

*Speaker: Trung-Tri Le, Sung-Sik ParkCorresponding author: ltrungtri@gmail.com, sungpark@knu.ac.kr

125

Experimental investigation of cement typeeffect on hydration and strength developmentof cement-treated soils
Son Van Nguyen a, [0000-0001-8638-2705], Lanh Si Ho b,[0000-0002-6012-6460], and Kenichiro Nakarai b, *, [0000-00033260-5496]

a Hiroshima University, Department of Civil andEnvironmental Engineering, Graduate School ofEngineering, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
b Hiroshima University, Civil and Environmental
Engineering Program, Graduate School of Advanced
Science and Engineering, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527,
Japan.
* Corresponding author: nakarai@hiroshima-u.ac.jp

Cement treatment is a popular method to enhance properties of soft
soil such as mechanical properties, durability, and physical properties.
Compressive strength is known as one of the most important indicators
governing the quality of improvement of cement-treated soil. The type ofsoil and cement greatly affected the compressive strength of cementstabilized soils. Thus, this paper aims to examine the effects of cement
type on hydration and strength development of cement-treated soils. In
the experiments, Kasama clay, collected in Kanto loam, and two types of
cement, including OPC and HPC, were used to produce the mixtures. The
specimens were prepared with optimum water content using cement/soil= 30% and cured under 20, and 30 or 35 ℃. The experimental results
showed that the temperature generated by hydration of cement-treatedsoil using HPC was higher and reached the highest peak earlier than thatof specimens using OPC. Besides, the strength value of HPC specimens
was much higher than that of specimens using OPC at an early and laterage. These results suggest that HPC can be used for cement-treated soils
as a potential binder to promote the development of compressive
strength.

126

Keywords: Cement-Treated Soil, Cement Types, Cement Hydration,
Strength Development.

127

Green Transport and Environment

128

Zero-Emission Vehicles Penetration into the
ASEAN Market: Challenges and Perspective

Bui Văn Ga1, Bui Thi Minh Tu*1, Pham Xuan Mai2, Bui Van
Hung3,and Le Hoang Phu Pham4
1 University of Science and Technology-The University of Danang
2 Truong Hai Automotive Company

3 University of Technology-Education, The University of Danang
4 The Catholic University of America (USA)*Email: btmtu@dut.udn.vn 29

Electric vehicles (EVs) can be considered as zero-emission means oftransport. They include battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and hydrogenfuel cell electric vehicles (HFEVs). EVs exhibit several advantages suchas high efficiency, suitable torque characteristics, no noise, and nopollution emission in operation. However, the common disadvantages of
EVs are related to the low onboard energy density storage, short cruising
range, high initial cost, and great investment for charging/fuelinginfrastructures. Thanks to the development of new technologies andmaterials, the energy density of the battery has been improved, and thecharging time is shortened. The hydrogen storage technology under theform of hydride has also achieved significant progress in recent years.
The cost of BEVs and HFEVs drops continuously, and it is predicted thatEVs will become cheaper than traditional vehicles in the next decades.
The penetration of zero-emission vehicles into the ASEAN market can beforecasted in three phases. In the long-term, with the progress of thehydrogen-based economy, HFEVs may be dominant.

Keywords: Electric vehicles, Zero-emission vehicles, Lithium-ion
battery, Hydrogen, Fuel cell

*Speaker: Bui Thi Minh TuCorresponding author: : btmtu@dut.udn.vn

129Performance and Emissions of Motorcycle
Engine Fueled with LPG-Ethanol by Port
Injection
Bui Van Ga*1, Cao Xuan Tuan1, Bui Van Hung2, Nguyen Thi
Thanh Xuan1, Bui Van Tan3
1 University of Science and Technology-The University of Danang
2 University of Technology Education-The University of Danang
3 Danang Automobile Registration Center*buivanga@ac.udn.vn 30

The present paper investigates the performance and emission of a
retrofitted Honda 110cc motorcycle engine fueled with LPG-ethanol by
simulation and experiment. The ethanol and the LPG are injected
separately through the two different injectors. A microcontroller is set up
connecting with the ECM of the engine for flexible adjustment of the
LPG/ethanol ratio based on the gasoline injector control signal. The
measurements were conducted on a special engine testing instrumentwith an automatic load controller. The simulation was performed withthe help of the Ansys Fluent Software. The results show that the LPGethanol dual injection forms a stratified mixture distribution at the endof the compression process. The relatively LPG-rich area is found aroundthe spark plug while the ethanol-rich area is located near the cylinderwall. With 30% ethanol addition to LPG, the indicative engine cycle work
increases by 4.5% while the emissions of NOx, CO, and HC decrease
respectively by 13, 20, and 17% as compared to LPG fueling mode. Whenthe ethanol content is higher than 30%, a special intake manifold design
is needed for supporting the evaporation of the liquid fuel.

Keywords: Ethanol; LPG; Alternative fuels; Renewable energy; Port
fuel injection.

*Speaker: Bui Van Ga
Corresponding author: buivanga@ac.udn.vn

130Sustainable Rice Supply Chain Management in
The Mekong Delta of Vietnam: The Role ofRegional Rice Logistics Centre
Nguyen Thị BINH1 and Bui Thi LY21 Foreign Trade University, 91 Chua Lang, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
2Foreign Trade University, 91 Lang Thuong, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam

ntbinh@ftu.edu.vn

The study aims at investigating and assessing the influences of therice logistics centre on sustainable development of the rice supply chain
in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. In order to achieve these objectives, thecurrent situation of rice logistics including the overall supply chains fromproduction in the Mekong Delta to consumption is described. Potential
rice logistics centre in the context the Mekong Delta will be compiled,
and the importance of this measure is examined by conducting an expert
interview survey based on the Multi-Criteria Assessment (MCA) method.
According to the results, the initiative of establishing a rice logistics
centre located close to the centralized rice production areas in the
Mekong Delta is expected toward more inland waterway use, thereby
reducing the number of ton-km for road. In addition to this, theintervention would improve remarkably the social-economic efficiency
through reducing total logistics cost and emission cost for the riceindustry of Vietnam.

Keywords: Rice supply chain management, impact assessment,
multi-criteria assessment method.

131

Forecasting Logistics Demand on Strategic
Transport Corridors Based on VISSUM - Case
Study of Hanoi-Lao Cai Transport Corridor of
VietnamNguyen Thi BINH
Foreign Trade University, 91 Lang Thuong, Dong Da,
Hanoi, Vietnam

Logistics demand forecasting on strategic transport corridors is
considered as the key step in regional logistics planning aiming at using
logistics infrastructure effectively and environmentally. The objective of
this study is to forecast logistics demand on Hanoi-Lao Cai strategictransport corridors of Vietnam. The VISSUM model was used to visualise
freight movements through the network and logistics chain on thiscorridor, thereby setting solid ground for the study to propose different
logistics centres located in Hanoi, Phu Tho, Yen Bai and Lao Cai. These
logistics centers are expected to facilitate freight movement between
Vietnam and China and promote economic development of thenorthwest region of Vietnam in the future.

Keywords: Logistics demand forecasting, transport corridor,
VISSUM.

132

Travel Time Attractiveness in Motorcycle
Dominated Cities: an Investigation of
University Students’ Travel Behavior
Thi My Thanh Truong1[0000-0003-3443-1792], Thi Cam Van
Nguyen2
1 University of Transport Technology, 54 Trieu Khuc,

Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam
2 Ho Chi Minh city Institute for Development Studies, 28

Le Quy Don, Ward 7, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City,
Vietnamthanhttm@utt.edu.vn

Rapid motorisation with high motorcycle volume is a unique traffic
situation in Asian developing countries. The travel behaviour in thesecountries is dominated by motorcycle-traffic-culture in which theconvenience of this transport mode is exploited. With the ability to entersmall alleys and to serve door-to-door mobility, motorcycles are excellent
in accessibility and reducing travel time. As a result, the willingness toshift to bus and urban railway of transport users are limited. In a longterm, local government might get difficulties in developing public
transport to achieve sustainable transport system. This study aims to
examine the travel mode choice of university students in a developing
country where motorcycles have been dominating traffic systems. With
the data collected from 396 students in five universities in Hanoi,
Vietnam, a conditional logit regression model was developed to explore
individual and alternative specific variables influencing the mode choice
for studying trips. Key finding shows that travel time has significant
impact on travel mode choice. Research results are beneficial fortransport planners and transport authorities to develop appropriate
transport planning and management strategies.

Keywords: Travel Time; Mode Choice; Student Travel Behaviour;
Public Transport; Mode Shifting.

133

Environmental performance evaluation at
urban roundabouts
Francesco Acuto 1, Tullio Giuffrè 2 and Anna Granà 1
1 Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo, ITALY
2 University of Enna Kore, Enna, Italy
francesco.acuto@unipa.it, tullio.giuffre@unikore.it, anna.grana@unipa.it

Transformation toward greener, healthier and safer management ofurban mobility demand is needed soon. Smart tools are available toassess the impact of new infrastructural projects and road facilities also
from an environmental point of view. In this pilot study pollutant
emissions at a sample of urban roundabouts were estimated employing
the Vehicle Specific Power methodology which needs second-by-second
speed profiles both gathered in the field and simulated in AIMSUN. The
versatility of the micro-simulation model for a calibration aimed at
improving accuracy of the emissions estimates was tested in order toensure that second-by-second trajectories experienced in the field
properly reflected the simulated speed-time profiles. The results
confirmed the feasibility of the smart approach that integrates the use of
field-observed and simulated data to estimate emissions at urban
roundabouts. It is also revealed friendly in collecting information via
smartphone and in the subsequent data analysis, and provided newopportunities for a large-scale data collection through a digitalcommunity.

Keywords:
AIMSUN.

Roundabout,

VSP

134

methodology,

airemissions,Impacts of Last Mile Delivery on Environment
in Urban Areas: Hanoi Case Study
Tran Thi Thao1 Dinh Thi Thanh Binh2
1, 2 University of Transport and Communications, 3 Cau Giay, Lang

Thuong, Dong Da, 10000 Hanoi, Vietnam
tranthao@utc.edu.vn

Last-mile delivery is increasingly becoming important for retailers in
the era of rapidly growing e-commerce when consumers prefer shopping
online rather than buy goods at retail stores. However, the last-milecomprises up to 28% of the total delivery cost and is currently regarded
as one of the least efficient and most polluting processes in a supply
chain. As a part of freight transport, it has been criticized for causing
externalities in urban areas such as greenhouse effects, congestion,
pollution, and others. Therefore, studies helping to improve the last miledelivery efficiency and reduce externalities are concerns and challenges
for many researchers. In this paper, impacts of last-mile delivery on theenvironment in urban areas, based on the Hanoi metropolitan context,
are presented. The paper includes 05 sections. After the general
introduction part, the second part describes last-mile delivery’s
environmental issues. The third section introduces the researchmethodology to identify characteristics of last-mile delivery andinvestigate their impacts on the urban environment. Hanoi as a casestudy will be investigated in the fourth section, and then, conclusions
and discussions are presented in the last one. The results reveal that last
mile delivery service constitutes about 27% of all circulating vehicles it
already contributes to around 13% of emissions.

Keywords: Last mile delivery, Freight Transport, Environmentfriendly Transport, E-commerce.

135Policy Measure to Promote Electric Mobility in
Emerging Cities
Pham Thi Kim Ngoc1
1 Hanoi University of Science & Technology, 1 Dai Co Viet, 10000 Hanoi,

VietnamNgoc.phamthikim@hust.edu.vn

Electric mobility is the key objective for many emerging countries in
the context of increasing climate change and environmental pollution.
The main reasons for this push are efforts to reduce air and noise
pollution thus creating a more attractive cities for residents and tourist
whilst also reducing greenhouse gases (GHGs). Transport electrificationis one of the popular trends and is a key pillar for achieving
decarbonization. In emerging cities, less incentives are considered to
examine how they influence consumers' behavior. This article aims at
considering the effects of policy measures in terms of financial
incentives. A binary regression model was used to evaluate consumer’s
decision. 700 individuals were invited to participate in the survey toreflect their different preferences and 633 samples were selected forfurther analysis. The results identified that perception of the government
incentives like tax and fees incentives, loan incentives, and electric pricereduction can significantly impact electric motorcycle adoption behavior.
The results of surveys may serve as initial advance for transport
authorities and electric vehicle manufactures in promoting electric
mobility in motorcycle (MC) dominated emerging cities.

Keywords: Electric Vehicles, Behavior-based Policy Measures,
Financial Incentives, Motorcycle Behavior, Air Pollution.

136

Assessment of Traffic Performance at Toll
Plaza using Microsimulation – a Case in
VietnamDuc Doan1
1 Department of Transport Planning, Ho Chi Minh City University ofTransport, Vietnam
duc.doan@ut.edu.vn

Toll plaza is considered conventional toll collection, which is manualand the most common toll collection method in Vietnam. This study
attempts to analyze the traffic performance of toll plaza by using the
microsimulation software VISSIM. At the selected toll plaza, An Suong –An Lac toll plaza, Ho Chi Minh City, traffic data including traffic volume,
traffic composition and service time are collected at toll booths for all
types of payment. A suggested solution is conducted to enhance the levelof service of the selected toll plaza. The output of this study indicates thatthe best solution for reducing queue length, vehicle day at toll plaza is tochange the payment type from manual method to Electric Toll Collection(ETC) method.

Keywords: Toll plaza, Microsimulation,
performance, Electronic toll collection.

137

VISSIM,

Traffic

Determinants of bus passengers’ loyalty: amultinomial logit regression approach
Tran-Thi P.Anh1, Phan Cao Tho2 and Fumihiko Nakamura3
1 University of Science and Technology, The University of Da Nang, VietNam
2 University of Technology and Education, The University of Da Nang,

Viet Nam
3 Yokohama National University, Japan

Increasing the ridership always receives much attention from public
transit agencies. Beside of studies in which researchers focus on
determining factors affecting the new customer attraction as well as
encouraging customers to shift to public transport (PT) from many othertravel modes, transit users’ loyalty is considered an emerging approachin order to retain existing customers and attract potential ones. This
study used the data conducted from 873 bus users in Viet Nam to
identify the factors that affect customers’ loyalty in the context ofdeveloping countries. A multinomial logit model (MLM) was developed
to examine the association passengers’ loyalty and affecting factors,
including social-economic attributes, trip characteristics andpsychological factors. Results revealed that perceived service quality(PSQ) and experience on bus (EXB) play a critical role in transit user
loyalty. Other factors such as perceived image (IMA), perceived healthbenefits (PHB), perceived environmental value (PEV), perceived
similarity (SIM) and perceived suitable behavior (SBE), married status
and frequency of trips also have significant impacts on passengers’
loyalty toward PT system. Whereas, trip purpose, travel time, income
and gender have no effect on the user loyalty.

Keywords: User Loyalty; Multinomial Logit Model; Public
Transport; Customer Retention; Bus User Behavior.

138

Impact of congestion charging on traffic andenvironment in Hanoi: Results fromsimulation analysis
Nguyen Thanh Tu
Dinh Thanh Binh - Le Thu Huyen – An Minh Ngoc
University of Transport and Communications,No.3, Cau Giay str., Lang Thuong, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
ngthanhtu@utc.edu.vn

Congestion charging is one of the potential measures to control traffic
congestion and reduce emissions in urban area, particularly in Hanoi,
where both the population and traffic demand are increasing rapidly.
This paper í to evaluate the impact of congestion charging on traffic andvehicle emissions in the city based on VISUM macroscopic traffic
simulation software. Multiple testing scenarios were developed withassumptions in different sizes of charging zone and charging fee rates.
The results showed that congestion charging in Hanoi could reduce thetraffic volume in the main road by 10%-25%, potentially reduce CO2
emission by 10%-27%. The size of the charging zone, charging method,and charging rate are key factors that directly influence congestion
charging. This study is supported by Hanoi DOT and is considered as areference to support the development of Hanoi's congestion charging
policies and regulations in the future.

Keywords: Congestion
emissions; CO2 reduction.

charging; Traffic

139

simulation; Vehicle

Development of an Emission Inventory Modelfrom Transport Surveys
An Minh Ngoc1, Le Thu Huyen2, Nguyen Thanh Tu3,
Nguyen Hoang Mai4
1 School of Systems Engineering, Kochi University ofTechnology, 185 Tosayamadacho-Miyanokuchi, Kami City,
Kochi, 782-8502, Japan
1,2,3,4 University of Transport and Communications, 3 Cau
Giay, Lang Thuong, Dong Da, Ha Noi, 10000, Vietnam
1an.ngoc@kochi-tech.ac.jp; 2lethuhuyen@utc.edu.vn;
3ngthanhtu@utc.edu.vn; 4nhmai@utc.edu.vn

Greenhouse gas emission inventory is complicated process because it
requires a wide range of input data. The majority of inventories arecompiled using registered vehicle fleet statistics and emission factors andby their nature tend to be less accurate as registered vehicle fleet do notreflect normal transport activities. In this paper, a methodology for
estimating emissions using transport activity data from transport
surveys is described. This methodology is used to calculate emissions interms of well-to-tank (WTT) and well-to-wheel (WTW) in Hanoi.
Transport activity data, which are required on street-by-street basis, isobtained from video records in one week. Based on surveys, role of eachtransport mode on total transport GHG is considered. They, thensupport to develop strategies to decrease the ambient concentration ofpollutants.

Keywords: Transport Emissions, Transport Activity Data, Emission
Model.

140

Flexible Integrated Transport Systems'
Potential to Unleash Net Benefits in Rural
Areas
Florian Heinitz1
1 Erfurt University of Applied Sciences, Altonaer Strasse 25, 99085

Erfurt, Germany
heinitz@fh-erfurt.de

This contribution presents a flexible integrated transport system
which features the combination of anticipated peer-to-peer ridesharing
and state-licensed on-demand services, complementing fixed-line
scheduled transit. A sequential method of estimating the demandpotential of such a collaborative service structure vs. its supply side isformalized and studied by simulating synthetic network models. The
workflow is set to support planning, to prove the efficiency of integrated
solutions, and to reduce uncertainties for market entrants.

Keywords: Flexible Integrated Transport System, Ridesharing,
Mobility on Demand, Mobility as a Service, Demand-Responsive
Transport, Demand Model.

141

Nuclear Power Plants, the Unique Merits of the
Floating Option
Lim Soon Heng1
1 Fellow, IMarEST, Senior Advisor, Founding President, The Society of

Floating Solutions (Singapore)lsh@sixtrees.com.sg

The biggest threat to the planet is global warming, rising seas, coastal
erosion, caused by the burning of fossil fuels including “clean” naturalgas. Neither wind or solar is sufficient to limit the 2°C rise necessary to
prevent an irreversible catastrophe.
Nuclear energy is the only carbon-free energy that can keep the planet
from overheating. The irrational fear of nuclear power is receding.
Innovative safer nuclear technologies are emerging among them, aresmall modular reactors (SMRs).
The author, a mechanical and marine engineer, taps into decades ofexperience in the design and construction of shipyards and ships andoffshore engineering to offer a concept of lagoon-enclosed floating
nuclear power plants which addresses cost, security and environmental
concerns relating to nuclear power.

Keywords: Floating, Nuclear, Lagoon.

142

Calculation of Fuel Baseline and CO2 Emission
For Heavy Duty Vehicles in Viet Nam
Khiem Ngoc Vu*1, Tuan Trong Tran*1, Doan Cong Nguyen1, Binh
Thai Pham1
1University of Transport Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam,

khiemvn@utt.edu.vn, tuantt@utt.edu.vn, doannc@utt.edu.vn,
binhpt@utt.edu.vn 31
Nowadays, the demand for transporting passengers and goods isincreasing so the number of trucks and passenger vehicles in Vietnam aswell as other countries in the world is continuously increasing to meetsuch demand. The increase in the number of trucks and passenger
vehicles has caused consequences related to environmental pollution,
particularly (PM) and CO2 emissions. GFEI's partners agreed with theobjective of reducing 35% (referred to as the “35/35 program”) of heavyduty vehicles (HDV) average fuel consumption across the world by 2035.
The basis of such reduction is presented by the International Council on
Clean Transportation (ICCT) based on a report published in 2016 whichassessed the potential for improving fuel savings of HDVs in major
markets. The reduction of HDV fuel consumption by 35% in the period of
2015-2035 can be considered as an ambitious target but it is achievable.
The paper presents the results of the analysis of the current state of new
HDV in Vietnam based on the Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI)
Index for the period 2010 to 2019. Results show that if cutting down fuelis currently maintained, by 2035, the CO2 emissions level of heavy-duty
trucks and passenger vehicles will be reduced about 32% compared tothat of 2015. The calculation results of GFEI and CO2 emissions can beused as a reference for the development of emission index for motorized
vehicles and scientific basis for manufactures, assemblers and regulators
to reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions.

*Speaker: Khiem Ngoc Vu, Tuan Trong Tran
Corresponding author: khiemvn@utt.edu.vn, tuantt@utt.edu.vn

143

Keywords: GFEI; CO2 Emission; Electric Vehicles; Vietnam.

144

Sustainable Logistics System: Principles andPractices in Vietnam
Binh Nguyen Thi
Foreign Trade University, 91 Lang Thuong, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam

The overall goal of this study is to gain an in-depth understanding of
the sustainable logistics system, especially in the context of Vietnam. For
this investigation, policy implication for the sustainability of logistics
sector in Vietnam will be formulated. To reach such a goal, the study
conducted a comprehensive literature review on sustainable logistics
system and its practical application in Vietnam. An attempt has been
made to compare and assess different approaches of sustainable logistics
system from theoretical to practical perspectives. Based on that,
proposed measures that should be pursued for a sustainable
development of logistics sector of Vietnam will be discussed in detail.
The research described in the paper is expected as the first step to adecision support system for enhancing the sustainable economic
development focusing on logistics sector in Vietnam.

Keywords: logistics,
sustainable development.

sustainable

145

logistics,

green

logistics,

Sustainable Construction Materials andTechnologies

146

Residual Life Assessment (RLA) of cranes andsteel structures: Problems and Strategy
B. Depale, M. Bennebach
CETIM, 52 avenue Felix Louat, 60304 Senlis, France

The paper starts with the problem of evaluating residual life of
structures and equipment that may have reached or exceeded the end of
their design life. In spite that the problem is encountered in manyindustrial sectors, references available for dealing with it are often
limited. The paper presents a general methodology for the assessmentand management of residual life of existing equipment and structuresthat has been developed by CETIM (Technical Institute for MechanicalIndustry) and concludes with an example of its application to loading
bridges of Calais harbour. The paper also deals with the potential
environment thinking in this process, e.g., the advantages of ResidualLife Assessment resulting in an extension of the service life that may atfinal allow to save energy and material versus building a new structureand demolishing the old one.

Keywords: Design life, fatigue life, residual life, evaluation, steel
structures, cranes.

147Effect of Moist Curing Time on Shrinkage
Resistance of Self-Compacting Concrete
containing Fly ash
Hoang Phuc Nguyen, Van Mien Tran, Thi Hong Yen
Cu and Ngoc Thien Lien
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh,
Vietnam
1670577@hcmut.edu.vn, tvmien@hcmut.edu.vn,
hongyenxd@hcmut.edu.vn, 1513201@hcmut.edu.vn

This paper describes an experimental investigation of the effect of the
moist curing time on the degree of shrinkage resistance of selfcompacting concrete (SCC). The evaluation for the degree of shrinkage
resistance of SCC was based on the restrained ring test (ASTM C1581).
Five SCC mixtures with designed compressive strength of 60 MPa were
cast with the targeted values of slump flow, T500, and the V-funnel TV
from 650 to 800 mm, 2 to 5 s, and 6 to 12 s, respectively. In thesemixtures, fly ash (FA) was used to replace cement with the content of
15%, 25%, 35%, and 50% by weight to evaluate shrinkage resistanceunder the moist curing condition at 1, 3, and 7 days. The obtained results
showed that the moist curing condition and fly ash play a significant
effect on improving the shrinkage resistance of SCC mixes. The result
further suggested that the use of FA from 25% to 35% replacement ofordinary Portland cement (OPC) and the moist curing for at least 3 days
provided a high degree of shrinkage resistance and suitable workability
for SCC.

Keywords: Self-compacting concrete, Fly ash, Shrinkage resistance,
Moist curing.

148

Mechanical, acoustic and thermal
performances of Australian hempcretes
Fabien Delhomme1, Arnaud Castel2, André Almeida3,
Chaoyang Jiang4, Danielle Moreau4, Yixiang Gan5,
Xu Wang5, Sara Wilkinson6
1 University of Lyon, INSA-Lyon, GEOMAS, Villeurbanne,

France2 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UTS,

Sydney, Australia
3 School of Physics, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
4 School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering,

UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
5 School of Civil Engineering, University of Sydney, NSW,

Australia
6 School of Built Environment, UTS, Sydney, Australia

lncs@springer.com

This paper is investigating the performance of Australian hemp in
hempcrete including unretted and retted hurd and fines for wall andrender applications, respectively. The mechanical, thermal and acoustic
characteristics of hempcrete are assessed including the effect of retting
process. Although the retting process caused about 12% decrease in shivbulk density, which was attributed to the degradation of hemp and alower solid volume fraction, hempcrete bulk density, mechanicalcharacteristics, thermal conductivity and acoustic performance are notsignificantly influenced by the retting process. The thermal conductivity
appears to be proportional to the bulk density which is proportional tothe hemp content of hempcrete. Acoustic performance of wall mix
specimens was outstanding with a maximum sound absorption
coefficient around 0.90 for a frequency around 700 Hz. However, theacoustic performance of render mix specimens was extremely poor
compared to that of wall mix specimens with a sound absorption
coefficient less or equal to 0.13. The combined effects of fine particle sizeand high binder content is responsible for this drastic drop in soundabsorption coefficient. Acoustic performance was much more impacted

149

than thermal conductivity by the hemp fine particle size and high binder
content of the render mix.
Keywords: Hemp concrete, Bio-aggregates, Thermal performance,
Acoustic performance, Mechanical characteristics.

150

Semi-circular bending (SCB) test – modified
method and new test parameters
Pavla Vackova1, Jan Valentin1
1 Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166

29 Prague, Czech Republic

For several years the crack propagation test data of bituminous
mixtures according to CSN EN 12697-44 have been collected andevaluated at CTU in Prague. Over time the standardized test procedure
was adapted to the conditions more suitable to be used in the Czech
Republic - in terms of test specimen compaction, availability of cutting
discs of suitable thickness, diameter of test specimens, loading speed etc.
Some of the other conditions of the test were adapted as well as theprocedures of data logging and subsequent evaluation of raw data. Overthe years it has been identified that the strict focus only on fracture
toughness is probably not correct or at least not sufficiently effective.
The characteristics of fracture energy have been introduced and further
studied. This paper compares the fracture toughness and fracture energy
characteristics of selected sets of various types of asphalt mixtures.

Keywords: Asphalt mixtures; semi-circular bending test; SCB test;
low temperature properties, fracture toughness, fracture energy,
flexibility index.

151

Abrasive and compressive properties ofconcrete containing different contents of fineartificial sand
Duc-Trong NGUYEN1 and Duy-Liem NGUYEN*2
1 Campus in Ho Chi Minh City, University of Transport andCommunications, Vietnam
2 Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

and Education, Vietnam*Corresponding author: liemnd@hcmute.edu.vn,
trongnd_ph@utc.edu.vn 32

Using artificial sand to replace natural sand in making concrete is a
useful solution for minimizing environmental impact in Southern
Vietnam. This investigation focuses the dependence of abrasive andcompressive properties of concretes, which is applied for road pavement,
upon different contents of fine artificial sand. The contents of fineartificial sand were changed as follows: 0% (Type 1), 5% (Type 2), 10%(Type 3), 15% (Type 4) and 20% total of artificial sand (Type 5). The totalof coarse artificial sand (size ≥ 0.14 mm) and fine artificial sand (size <0.14 mm) in the concrete composition was fixed in weight. The
experimental result provides that: Type 3 generated the highest
compressive strength and elastic modulus whereas Type 2 produced thelowest abrasion coefficient, i.e., the best performance in abrasive
resistance.

Keywords: Artificial Sand, Crushed Stone, Abrasion, Elastic
Modulus, Compressive Strength.

*Speaker: Duy-Liem NGUYENCorresponding author: liemnd@hcmute.edu.vn

152

Mechanism analysis and improvement ofbacterial bio-mineralization for self-healing
concrete using Bacillus subtilis natto
immobilized in lightweight aggregate
Nguyen Ngoc Tri Huynh1,2, Kei-ichi Imamoto2, Chizuru Kiyohara2,
Nguyen Pham Huong Huyen3, Nguyen Khanh Son1
1 Faculty of Materials Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University ofTechnology,
VNU-HCM, 268 Ly Thuong Kiet St., Ward 14, District 10, HCM City,
Vietnam
2 Department of Architecture, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku,
Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
3 Department of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Food
Industry,
140 Le Trong Tan, Tay Thanh Ward, Tan Phu Disctrict, HCM City,
Vietnamnnthuynh@hcmut.edu.vn

Despite many technical improvements, concrete still faces quality
degradation problems caused by cracks. Many approaches have beenstudied more extensively, meeting the criteria and realizing thatmanagement should be better than preventing the cracks in concrete.
With the ability to be easily cultured and form CaCO3, the potential touse Bacillus subtilis natto in full-scale application is promising. Althoughalkali-tolerant bacteria have been widely studied to maintain enoughvegetative cells until the crack formation, their survival is minimal, evenwhen the bacteria were transformed into spores before mixing toconcrete. Current works still lack a better understanding of the grave of
the factors affecting the fundamental reactions involved, particularly
bacterial growth and its bio-mineralization in harsh conditions as
concrete. This study clarifies the bio-mineralization of Bacillus
subtilis natto with the effects of nutrient-low medium to find a suitable
way to protect and maintain the self-healing abilities for a long time. The
high survival rate of bacteria immobilized in lightweight aggregate

153contributes essential information for maintaining self-healing for a longtime.

Keywords: Self-healing Concrete, Bacteria, Biomineralization.

154

Variation in Temperature-Induced
Displacement Curvature of Prestressed
Concrete Girders Deteriorated by Alkali-Silica
Reaction
Tuan Minh Ha1, Saiji Fukada2, and Duc-Duy Ho3,4
1 Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH), Ho Chi Minh

City, Vietnam
2 Kanazawa University, Kanazawa City, Japan
3 Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Ho Chi Minh

City, Vietnam
4 Vietnam National University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City,

Vietnamhm.tuan@hutech.edu.vn

For a correct evaluation of structural damage properties, it is vital torecognize structural responses induced by structural damage fromalterations due to environmental changes. This study examined therelationship between the ambient temperature variations and thechanges in the curvature of displacement curves of full-scale girders,which were periodically experimented on in six months. The alkali-silica
reaction (ASR) also deteriorated the girders during the monitoring
period. As an outcome, the environmental temperature markedly alteredthe variations in the displacement curvature of the experimental girders.
All curvature values inferred from measured data had positive relations
with the environmental temperature. In addition, the regression model
explained that the ambient temperature was not the only factor
influencing the change in the displacement curvature. Besides, the linear
regression line of the ASR-deteriorated girder had a lightly moresignificant inclination than that of the intact one in all measurements.

Keywords: Fly
Temperature Effect.

Ash,

PC

Girder,155

Displacement

Curvature,Effects of initial conditions on simulations of
hygrothermal transfers through a bio-based
multi-layered wall subjected to a real climate
N. Reuge, F. Collet, S. Pretot, S. Moissette, M. Bart, C. Lanos
Université de Rennes, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Génie Mécanique,Axe Matériaux pour l’éco-construction, 3 rue du Clos Courtel, BP 90422
35704 Rennes, France
reuge@free.fr

This modeling study investigates the effects of the initial conditions
on a bio-based multi-layered wall by hygrothermal simulations. Such a
study cannot be found in the relevant literature. In a first step, the work
consists in numerically generating different climate histories for thestudied wall, using two different real climates: a winter and a springclimate. Then, the wall preloaded with these two different climate
histories and therefore different hygric and thermal initial conditions issubjected to several cycle of 18 days of the spring climate. This study
highlights the significant effects of the initial conditions on thesubsequent simulations: strong differences are predicted about relative
humidity and water content. Many cycles of 18 days of the spring climate
have to be applied to obtain a hygric convergence of the two simulations,
i.e., to erase the wall hygric history. The analytic analysis of the results
leads to define characteristic times of hygric dependency of about 35-40
days. It appears that the hygric predictions of the simulations become
independent of the initial conditions after about three times thesecharacteristic times, i.e., about 3.5 months. Comparatively, the thermal
history takes only a few days to be erased.

Keywords: Bio-based building materials, Hygric history, Modeling.

156

Influence of calcined clays on workability of
low carbon composite cements
Ran Li1, Marlene Schmid1, Tongbo Sui2 and Johann Plank1

1 Technische Universität München, Department of Chemistry, Chair for

Construction
Chemistry, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching
2 Sinoma Int’l & Sinoma Research Institute, No. 16 North WangjingRoad, Chaoyang District
Beijing, 100102 China

This work highlights that the CO2 footprint of cement can be reduced
significantly by blending Portland cement clinker with thermally
activated (calcined) clay (CC). Investigations on pure meta phases
obtained via calcination of native kaolin, montmorillonite, illite andmuscovite reveal that they noticeably increase the water demand anddecrease workability of the cement. The effect depends on the finenessand internal porosity of the calcined clay and the chemical compositionof the native clay. A comparison of three industrial calcined samples of
mixed layer clays originating from natural deposits in Germany, India
and China confirmed the increased water demand of composite cements
holding up to 40 wt. % of these calcined clays. The increase in water
demand correlates with the amorphous part and the meta kaolin content.
Also, the particle size and morphology of the calcined clay impact water
demand. For one sample holding ~ 50 % meta kaolin, an increase insuperplasticizer dosage of ~ 400 % as compared to neat OPC wasrecorded. Whereas, a high content of meta kaolin proved to be favorablewith respect to rapid early strength development as a result of its highpozzolanic reactivity. It can be concluded that calcined clays offer the
potential of significant CO2 reduction in cement manufacture, however
higher superplasticizer dosages need to be used. Still, because of the low
CO2 footprint of superplasticizers a substantial savings in CO2 emission
can be realized, and the cement industry can progress into an era of more
eco-friendly binders.

157

Keywords: Cement, CO2 footprint, Clay minerals, Calcined clay,
Admixtures, Superplasticizers, Workability.

158Experimental investigation of high-strength
lightweight concrete using fly ash cenospheres
Hung L.V1, Tuan N.V2, Thanh L.T1
1 Vietnam Institute for Building Materials, 235 Nguyen Trai rd., Thanh

Xuan district, Hanoi, Vietnam
2 National University of Civil Engineering, 55 Giai Phong rd., Hai Ba

Trung district
lvhung210@gmail.com

Hollow microspheres (cenospheres) from fly ash possess a hollow
spherical shape, watertight, with a particle density less than water (< 1g/cm3). In this study, cenospheres were used as a partial and full
replacement of sand as a lightweight aggregate for making high-strength
lightweight concrete (HSLWC). Besides, some mechanical properties ofthe HSLWC including density, compressive strength, flexural strength,water absorption were investigated taken into account the effects ofdifferent sand/cenospheres ratios. The experimental results showed thatwith the density in the range of 1312-1782 kg/m3, the HSLWC attained
excellent mechanical properties, i.e. specific strength (ratio ofcompressive strength to density) of 36-40.8 kPa/kgm-3, compressive
strength of 54.3-64.1 MPa, flexural strength of 7.6-9.2 MPa at the age of
28 days.

Keywords: cenospheres, fly ash, high-strength lightweight concrete,mechanical properties, density.

159

Value‑Add Application of Plastic Waste in
Porous Asphalt Mixture
Kusumawardani, D.M.1*[0000-0002-4547-0140], Wong, Y. D.1[00000001-7419-5777] and Trinh, Dinh Toan2[0000-0002-9113-1975]
1 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
2 ThuyLoi University, Hanoi, Vietnam

dana0003@e.ntu.edu.sg33

Plastic waste has the highest un-recycled proportion among the solid
wastes in Singapore. Given Singapore’s densely populated living
environment and small land area with limited natural resources,
sustainable development is critical to the nation’s progress. Utilisation ofplastic waste in road pavement construction may become an alternative
solution to reduce the amount of plastic waste in the landfill. This study
evaluates the utilisation of waste plastic as additive materials in porous
asphalt mixture (PAM). PAM is a type of asphalt mixture that possesses
high voids content, usually above 18%, hence surface runoff canpermeate through the pavement surface. Due to the high voids content,
PAM is generally weaker than dense-graded asphalt mixtures. Herein,
polypropylene (PP) plastic was added into the mixtures to improve theperformance of PAM. Jurong sedimentary rock (JSR) was utilised as
aggregates in this study as these materials are abundant in Singapore.
PAM containing JSR with three different proportions of PP plastic thatare 0%, 5%, and 10%, was fabricated. Meanwhile, PAM containing
granite and 0% PP plastic was also produced as a reference mixture. A
series of laboratory measurements, including Marshall, moisturesusceptibility, resilient modulus, and creep tests, were conducted toassess the properties of PAM. The results indicated that adding PP
plastic into the mixtures improves the mechanical properties of PAM,
such as higher values of stability and moisture susceptibility, resilient
modulus and resistance to deformation. Herein, waste plastic has*Speaker: Kusumawardani, D.M.

Corresponding author: dana0003@e.ntu.edu.sg

160promising feasibility to be utilised as additive materials in porous asphalt
mixtures.

Keywords: Waste Plastic, Plastic Polypropylene, Porous Asphalt
Mixture, Laboratory Evaluation Tests.

161

Valorization of local clay by heat treatment for
its use in road construction
Bekki Hadj1,2, Ameur Mohamed1 and Benhebal Hadj1
1 University of Tiaret, BP 78, 14000, Tiaret, Algeria

2 Laboratoire LGéo2d, University of Tiaret, Algeria

h_bekki@univ-tiaret.dz

The heat treatment of clays constitutes a potential solution forenvironmental problems and can, possibly, contribute to improving thebearing capacity of road layers. Indeed, heat- treatment modifies themechanical behavior of fine soils and makes their use very possible in thefield of road infrastructure.
In the present work, we propose to investigate the possibility of adding
heat treated clay to granular pavement materials (crushed gravel) and to
study its influence on the evolution of the bearing capacity of theobtained mixture. The local clay is prepared by heat treatment at twolevels of firing, mainly 850 °C and 1150 °C, then added to crushed gravel(0/31,5 mm) as a binder. Several mixtures are prepared at different
dosages of treated clay and crushed gravel then subjected to Proctor and
CBR (California Bearing ration) tests. The XRD analysis reveals that thefiring beyond 850°C induces transformations in the microstructure of
the clay. As a result, it was found that the addition of treated clay tocrushed gravel at a percentage of 3% to 5% significantly improves thebearing capacity of the mixture compared to untreated granular material.
It can be concluded that the addition of treated clay to the crushed gravelconsiderably improves its bearing capacity by approaching themechanical performance of cement treatment. It can also be noted thatthe proposed solution fits very well the sustainable development.

Keywords: Heat Treatment, Clay, Gravel material, Road pavement,
CBR.

162

Influence of rejuvenator on selectedcharacteristics of an asphalt concrete
containing 50 % reclaimed asphalt
Pavla Vackova1, Jan Valentin1, Majda Belhaj1, Jiri Jindra1, Liang
He2
1 Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166

29 Prague, Czech Republic
2 Faculty of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University,

Chongqing, China

The use of reclaimed asphalt has become a common practice andnecessity in many developed countries whereas there are several options
how to deal with elevated content of such material which is typical forsome level of degradation and heterogeneity. Well-developed and widelyused are solutions where reclaimed asphalt is cold fed by up to 20 %.
Higher portions of reclaimed asphalt are still challenging and needadditional focus. Quite common in last few years is use of rejuvenators
which are understood as special chemical compounds which help topartly restore the degraded bitumen and secure sufficient performance
behavior of asphalt mix containing higher portions of reclaimed asphalt.
Recent study focused on use of several market established rejuvenatorsand some newly developed variants which are predominantly based on
renewable materials. A typical asphalt concrete AC16 has been selected
and 50 % natural aggregate was replaced by reclaimed asphalt of 0/8
mm grading. Rejuvenators were added in a content of 5-7 % of thebitumen content presented in the reclaimed asphalt. Several tests havebeen performed focusing on water susceptibility, deformation behavior(stiffness) and resistance to crack propagation. At the same time bitumen
extracted from the reclaimed asphalt was mixed with rejuvenator andselected bitumen tests were done to find some relation between binderand asphalt mix behavior.

Keywords: asphalt mixtures, reclaimed asphalt, rejuvenator,
recycling.

163

Influence of constitutive model on themechanical behavior of a piled embankment
DAO Phuc Lam1, PHAM Van Hung*2

1University of Transport Technology (UTT), Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
2Hanoi University of Mining and Geology (HUMG), Hanoi, 100000,

Vietnam*Corresponding author: phamvanhung@humg.edu.vn 34

A piled embankment is a complex system, consisting of the stratum,
the soft soil, the rigid pile, and the load transfer platform. Its behavior isalso complex, especially, the arching effect within the load transfer
platform and the settlements and the negative skin friction around thepile shaft. The selection of constitutive models for soil is one of theimportant criteria, it decides the accuracy of the results. In the paper, theinfluence of constitutive models of embankment on the behavior system
is investigated. Two models are considered including the Mohr-Coulomb(MC) model and the CYsoil model. The modified Cam clay model is used
for the soft soil. The numerical results will compare and evaluate theeffectiveness of the two models in simulating the mechanical behavior ofa piled embankment in terms of the soil arching effect, the embankmentand soft soil settlements and the axial pile force. The numerical results
figure out that there is a similarity between the MC and CYsoil numericalresults in terms of the arching shape and the stress transmitted down thepile head and the soft soil. The settlement of embankment of MC model
is significantly smaller than that of CYsoil model, it is only to two-thirdsof that of CYsoil model.

Keywords: constitutive model, piled embankment, mechanicalbehavior, load transfer platform.

*Speaker: PHAM Van Hung
Corresponding author: phamvanhung@humg.edu.vn

164

Some initial results of the research on using
recycled polyethylene to modify bitumen
Tran Viet Khanh1, Nguyen Ba Hoang1, Vo Dai Tu2
1 Ho Chi Minh City University of Transport
2 BMT Construction Joint Stock Company

hoang_ba2001@yahoo.com

Asphalt concrete (AC) has long been a popular material used as apavement texture, however, there are still limitations in the exploitation
process. Bitumen has an important role, it has a great influence on theproperties of AC, improving bitumen quality is a trend in improving AC
quality. Besides some currently used such as rubber additives, sulfur
additives, polymer additives, finding new types of additives with easy,
cost effective supply, taking advantage of recyclable material is always amatter of necessity. This paper presents some initial results of theresearch on using recycled polyethylene (RPE) to improve bitumen. This
study introduces the mechanism of interaction between polyethylene(PE) and bitumen and conducts experimental studies to evaluate theinfluence of PE/RPE on the properties of bitumen. PE/RPE withdifferent contents is added to 60/70 bitumen to analyze the parametersof bitumen such as penetration, softening point, ductility, elastic
recovery, adhesion to stone, viscosity, storage stability. The results of thestudy to initially assess the influence of PE/RPE additives on thespecifications of the bitumen, it is a premise for other studies in using
PE/RPE to create PE improved bitumen (PEMB), RPE modified bitumen(RPEMB), creates new AC with better quality.

Keywords: additives, modified bitumen,
bitumen, polyethylene, recycle polyethylene.

165

polymermodifiedImpact of surfactant type on performances ofgypsum foams
Nourhan Mortada1, Annabelle Phelipot-Mardelé1, Christophe
Lanos1
1 Univ Rennes, LGCGM, 3 rue du Clos Courtel, 35704 Rennes,

Francenourhan.mortada@univ-rennes1.fr

The production of lightweight materials for the building industry
contributes to the sustainable development. To produce such materials,
foaming is a process commonly used to trap air bubbles and achieve arange of low densities. A sufficiently low thermal conductivity and an
acceptable ability to regulate humidity variations in order to limit overall
energy consumption are the sought properties. In this study, a direct
foaming method is applied to formulate gypsum foams using acommercial Plaster and biobased foaming agents: an egg white protein(albumin) and a commercial protein. An anionic surfactant α- olefinsulphonate sodium salt is used as a reference surfactant. By varying themixing time, protein content and water content, gypsum foams were
produced with different densities varying from 300 to 750 kg/m3. The
foam volume is measured continuously during the mixing step and thefoam homogeneity is controlled. The densities of fresh foams and of thehardened foams are used to identify the links between formulation andfoams properties. Use performances as thermal conductivity, Moisture
Buffer Value measurements and mechanical performances are
performed on a selection of gypsum foams. The results appear directly
linked to the porosity and pore connection of the foams. The obtained
results highlight the contribution of surfactant type to the performancesof gypsum foams.

Keywords: Gypsum foams, Mechanical properties, Hygrothermal
performance.

166

Research on the effects of aging asphalt binder
60/70 on Marshall properties of Hot-mix
asphalt C12.5 Vietnam
Dr. Tran Trung Hieu, Dr. Tran Ngoc Hung
University of Transport Technology, 54 Trieu Khuc, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi,
Vietnamtrantrunghieu@utt.edu.vn

Aging of asphalt binder (AB), with chemical and physical processes
occurring, changes the chemical composition and technical properties of
the AB. Change in bitumen characteristics of the AB due to aging have a
direct impact to the properties of Hot-mix asphalt (HMA). This study
presents experimental properties results of AB and HMA caused by the
aging of AB. Research’s results show that aging changed the chemicalcomposition of AB, increased viscosity, improved rheological propertiesof AB, increases Marshall stability, reduces Marshall flow, increased
wheel rutting resistance. However, aging of AB maybe reduces thecracking resistance of HMA.

Keywords: Hot mix asphalt, bitumen, aging, Short Term Oven
Aging, Marshall stability, Marshall flow.

167

Experimental study using nanosilica toimprove the properties of Asphalt binder andHot-mix asphalt
Tran Ngoc Hung, Tran Trung Hieu
University of Transport Technology, 54 Trieu Khuc, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi,
Vietnamtrantrunghieu@utt.edu.vn

The study evaluated the influence of the content nanosilica (NS) 3%,
5%, 7% and 9% by weight of bitumen on the basic properties of asphalt
binder and asphalt concrete. Test results show that the softening
temperature of the asphalt binder increases with the NS content up to
65.5oC; Brookfileld viscosity increased from 322 mPa.s up to 765 mPa.s.
The results also showed improvements in the technical properties of the
Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) using NS, such as air void, Marshall stability
and wheel tracking rutting resistance. The results of the study initiallyindicated the selection of NS content for HMA in Vietnam.

Keywords: Nanosilica, bitumen, asphalt binder, hot-mix asphalt,
Marshall stability, wheel tracking rutting.

168

Warm mix asphalt with reclaimed asphalt
pavement – A solution for sustainableinfrastructure development
Thi Yen Lu1 and Ngoc Lan Nguyen2
1University of Transport Technology, 54 Trieu Khuc Street, Thanh Xuan,

Ha Noi, Viet Nam
yenlt@utt.eu.vn
2 University of Transportation and Communications, 3 Cau Giay Street,
Hanoi, Vietnam
nguyenngoclan@utc.edu.vn

While almost all asphalt paving contractors in Vietnam are using
virgin, non-renewable materials (i.e., aggregates and bitumen) to
produce conventional hot mix asphalt (HMA), most contractors in the
United States, Europe and Japan are producing warm mix asphalt(WMA) with reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). WMA can be produced
and paved at lower temperatures, reducing energy consumption andemissions released during production and paving of asphalt mixtures.
Use of RAP can reduce the demand for non-renewable resources. WhenRAP is used in WMA, their environmental benefits can be combined,making the produced mixture more sustainable. This study presents alife-cycle assessment (LCA) to compare the environmental benefits of
WMA with RAP to those of the conventional HMA currently produced bymost of the asphalt producers in Vietnam. The WMA mixtures with 20–
50% RAP were designed to have performance similar to the conventional
HMA in the LCA. Based on this LCA analysis, it was determined that
WMA with the addition of from 20–50% RAP provides a reduction of
16.6–27.0% global warming (CO2-eq) and 17.8–28.7% energy
consumption impact of HMA when it is designed to have the same
performance as the conventional HMA.

Keywords: Hot mix asphalt, Warm mix asphalt with RAP,
Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Greenhouse gas emissions, Energy
consumption, LCA.

169

Valorization of treated dredged sediments inlight of life cycle assessment
Rachid Zentar1, 2 and Mohammad Almokdad 1, 2
1 IMT Lille Douai, Institut Mines Télécom, Center of Materials andProcesses, Lille, France
2 Univ. Lille,Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Artois, Junia, ULR- LGCgE– Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, F-59000 Lille,
Francerachid.zentar@imt-lille-douai.fr;
mohammad.almokdad@imt-lille-douai.fr

Nowadays, most researches focus on using alternative materials withgrowing demand for natural resources and especially in the civilengineering area. One of the alternative materials we can cite thedredged sediments, which are considered as waste according to theEuropean wastes classification directive. In France, the dredging
industry generates around 50 million m3 of marine sediments each year.
Thus, it becomes an attractive topic to assess its relevance as analternative material in the civil engineering field. The question, which
could be raised is what advantages it can provide as a practical solution
in reducing environmental impacts on humans and the environment. So
the aim of this study is to assess the valorization life cycle system inorder to quantify the environmental impacts, energy usage, and natural
resource consumption, and to indicate which material or processcontributes to high impacts in order to reduce the valorization systemdamages improving its efficiency. This paper will summarize thevalorization life cycle stages, which will provide an overview for future
work and assessment.

Keywords: life cycle assessment, dredged sediments, valorization
strategy, environmental evaluation, waste, alternative material.

170

Developing Statistical Models to Predict
Temperature Distribution in Asphalt Concretein Danang City
Thao T. T. Tran*1, Hai H. Nguyen1, Phuc Q. Nguyen2,
Teron Nguyen1, Phuong N. Pham1, Viet T. Tran1
1 The University of Danang - University of Science and Technology, 54

Nguyen Luong Bang str., Danang city, Vietnam
2 University of Transport and Communications, 3 Cau Giay Str., Hanoi

city, Vietnam
tttthao@dut.udn.vn 35

Asphalt concrete (AC) is a commonly used material in road
construction; however, its quality is highly dependent on atmospheretemperature. Temperatures can adversely affect AC performance and its
service life. This paper presents an empirical model to predict the heat
distribution in AC in Danang. A temperature monitoring station has
been set up at the University of Danang - University of Science andTechnology to monitor heat distribution in the pavement. The monitored
AC layer with a thickness of 13 cm was constructed on a 15-cm cementtreated base. Thermocouple sensors were then installed in AC atdifferent depths of 2 cm, 5 cm, 7 cm, 10 cm, and 12 cm from thepavement surface. The temperature was monitored continuously for fivedays in September, 2020. Climate data, including air temperature andsolar radiation intensity, was collected from the Vietnamese National
Centre for Hydro-meteorological Forecasting. Statistical models
delivered from the collected data to predict the temperature distribution
in AC were developed. They were finally compared with previous studies
and suited to predict the temperature distribution in AC in Danang city.

*Speaker: Thao T. T. Tran
Corresponding author: tttthao@dut.udn.vn

171

Keywords: Temperature Distribution, Statistical Model, Asphalt
Concrete Pavement, Climate Data.

172

Use of acoustic emission monitoring to follow
durability of flax and carbon fibre reinforced
polymers under hygrothermal ageing
Chuyen NGUYEN VIET1,2, Nadège REBOUL1, Laurence CURTIL1

1 Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1,

Laboratoire desMatériaux Composites pour la Construction (LMC2), France
2 Laboratory of strength of materials and structural mechanics, Facultyof Civil Engineering, Thuyloi University, 175 Tay Son, Dong Da, Ha Noi,
Viet Nam(Mail: chuyennv@tlu.edu.vn; nadege.reboul@univ-lyon1.fr;
laurence.curtil@univ-lyon1.fr)

Hand lay-up Fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRP), made of either carbon
or flax textiles, were considered in this study and were subjected to water
immersion at 40°C over 24 weeks. Tensile tests were carried out
periodically to assess the mechanical properties of the composites andAcoustic Emission (AE) monitoring was simultaneously realized tocharacterize the different microstructural damage mechanisms duringloading. Maximum force per unit width, stiffness and ultimate strain
were determined based on tensile testing data whereas frequency
features and number of events were extracted and cumulated from AE
signals. The obtained results showed that the mechanical properties ofcomposites were significantly reduced meanwhile a modification of
failure mode over 24 weeks was observed. Moreover AE signals analysis
allowed a quantification of the level of damage. It also provided a
discrimination of the different damage mechanisms and clarified howeach mechanism contributed to failure.

Keywords: Hygrothermal ageing, Durability, Carbon fiber
reinforced polymer, CFRP, Flax fiber reinforced polymer, FFRP, Acoustic
Emission, Tensile behavior, Damage clustering.

173

Highly environmental-efficient modular
houses considering construction anddeconstruction aspects
T.T. Bui1, A. Limam2, G. Desevedavy3, D. Damichey4
1 University of Lyon, INSA-Lyon, GEOMAS, F-69100 Villeurbanne,

France2 University of Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, MATEIS, UMR 5510, F-69100

Villeurbanne, France
3 University of Lyon, ENSAL Lyon, EVS-LAURe (UMR 5600), F-69120,

Vaulx-en-Velin, France
4 Cubik Home, 58470 Magny Cours, France

tan-trung.bui@insa-lyon.fr

This paper presents a new concept of modular houses which fulfils
the actual requirements of modern construction as optimal insulation,
acoustic performance, environmental aspects and modern architecture.
A recent literature review [1], shows that modular buildings refer not to asingle structure type, but a variety of structural systems or components(1D, 2D, and full volumetric or 3D) and materials (mainly, wood, steel
and concrete). In our approach of modular constructions, PrefabricatedFinished Volumetric Concrete Construction (PFVCC) was preferred.
Then modular houses based on this concept were studied and recently
prototypes built. This allows to characterize their mechanical efficiency,
to monitor their energy saving, and to qualify all the construction
process, including their future deconstruction and reconstruction.

Keywords: Modular buildings, Steel Fiber concrete, Numerical
Simulation.

174

Evaluation of alternative fillers usable forasphalt mixtures
Jan Valentin1, Majda Belhaj1, Pavla Vacková1, Václav Nežerka1,
Jan Trejbal1
1 Faculty of Civil Eng., Czech Technical University in Prague, 166 29

Prague, Czech Republic

In this research study, selected fillers originating as stone dust or as
back fillers have been used as potential substitutes to normally used
limestone filler. They have been analyzed by XRF spectroscopy, density
or quality of fine particles. These parameters might influence the effect ofused fillers on asphalt mortar properties and mix performance. Twotypes of aggregates have been selected and alternative fillers have been
added to asphalt mix of AC8 type according to modified proceduredescribed by the standard EN 1744-4. For each asphalt mix containing
alternative filler stiffness, Marshall stability and resistance to water
immersion were determined to indicate the potentials of such
substitution to asphalt mix durability and resistance to permanent
deformation. From the results it is obvious that the chemicalcomposition might have influence on the asphalt mix stiffness and theresistance to water immersion, similarly the physical properties of fillers
will influence the asphalt mortar quality which is crucial for asphalt mix
resistance to permanent deformation and moisture susceptibility.

Keywords: Quarry Dust, Backhouse Filler, Asphalt Mix, Water
Susceptibility, Stiffness, Loss of Marshall Stability, XRF.

175

Stress research in hollow core flat slab andapplications
Thang Duc Hoang1, Nam Ba Nguyen2
1,2VRO Construction Join Stock Company, 461 Truong Dinh Street, Ha

Noi, Viet Nam

1National University of Civil Engineering, 55 Giai Phong Street, Ha Noi,

VietNamnamrt.vro@gmail.com (corresponding author)
Hollow core flat slab is currently a superior solution compared to
traditional reinforced concrete slab in today's construction to help savematerials, reduce construction time, thereby saving construction costs
significantly while providing a variety of functionality. It brings cool andairy spaces while saving energy in line with the trend of green
construction and sustainable energy development in Vietnam and in theworld as well. This paper aims to examine the methods of structural
calculation and stress analysis of hollow core flat slab through actual
cases and then, compare the results of the calculation methods with themeasured ones at the actual projects using hollow core flat slab. The
finite element method of 3D modeling in commercial Etabs and Ansys
software was used to simulate the stresses of the hollow core slab and thecolumn mushroom area. A few simple formulas to calculate theequivalent exchange of flexural stiffness and slab weight were used inanalytical methods. The results show that if using Etabs software in thedesign, the stress and deflection calculated by the wall method are theclosest to reality while the slab method gives the biggest error. The
achieved results and analytical data of this study can be used as areference for engineers.

Keywords: Flat slab, Stresses, finite element method, model error.

176

Effect of tack coat application rate andtemperature on interlayer cohesion andfriction of double-layer asphalt samples
Bui Thi Quynh Anh1
1 University of Transport Technology

Lack of tack coat application will not ensure the bonding andcontinuity of the asphalt pavement layers. However, excess of its
application can reduce the friction at the interlayer causing slipping. On
the other hand, bituminous tack coat material is very sensitive totemperature changes. The fluctuations in temperature can change theinterface adhesion ability. Therefore, it can be said that the interface
shear resistance characteristics including interlayer cohesion and friction
depended much on the temperature on the tack coat application rate.
The paper presents the experimental results on the influence oftemperature (25, 40, 60oC) and rate of tack coat CRS-1 (0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8l/m2) on the interlayer cohesion and friction between asphalt layers. The
results show that the maximum shear resistance is obtained at the rate of
0.2 (l/m2), and the lowest is for the case of 0.8 (l/m2). Besides, thetemperature increases, the interlayer cohesion dramatically decreases
while increasing the friction coefficient (except for the case of 0.8 (l/m2).

Keywords: Tack coat rate, Temperature, Interlayer, Cohesion,
Friction, Shear, Asphalt.

177

Influence of matrix strength on the pullout
behavior of high strength steel fibers
Ngoc-Thanh Tran*1, Diu-Huong Nguyen 1
1 Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Transport,

Vietnam*Corresponding author: ngocthanh.tran@ut.edu.vn 36

This study investigates the effects of matrix strength on the pullout
behavior of steel fibers by performing single pullout test. Two types ofhigh strength steel fibers, smooth and twisted fiber, were embedded inthree different concrete matrices with compressive strengths of 28 MPa(normal concrete), 84 MPa (high-strength concrete), and 180 MPa(ultra-high-strength concrete). The results showed that twisted fibers
embedded in both normal concrete and high-strength concrete produced
slip hardening behavior while smooth fiber in all concrete matrices
generated slip softening behavior. As the matrix strength increased, thepullout resistance of fibers increased if they could maintain pullout
mode. However, the pullout resistance of twisted fiber in ultra-highstrength concrete deteriorated immediately after the fiber was broken.
Twisted fibers produced higher pullout resistance in normal and highstrength concrete but lower pullout resistance in ultra-high-strength
concrete than smooth fibers. Twisted fiber showed the best performancein high-strength concrete whereas smooth fiber did in ultra-highstrength concrete.

Keywords: Pullout behavior, Steel fiber, Ultra-high-strength
concrete, Pullout mode, Breakage mode.

*Speaker: Ngoc-Thanh Tran
Corresponding author: ngocthanh.tran@ut.edu.vn

178

Effect of surface moisture content on the
durability of silane-type surface penetration
layers during the material application
Takuya Kondo1, Yuta Nomura1, Shinya Mizutani2, YoshihikoNakamoto2 and Katsunori Yokoi1
1 National Institute of technology, Kochi College, Nankoku city, Kochi,Japan
2 Daido Corporation, Osaka city, Osaka, Japantkondou@ce.kochi-ct.ac.jp

The application of silane-type surface penetrants immediately after
concrete demolding shortens the construction period to enhance theefficiency of the process. However, a high water content is expected
immediately after concrete casting, and the durability is low in thepenetrating layer. In this study, specimens are prepared to evaluate thesurface water content during the application of silane-type surface
penetrants. Then, water absorption and saltwater immersion tests are
conducted after the sample are irradiated using a xenon lamp. The abilityof specimens with high water content to prevent the invasion ofdeterioration factors is shown to reduce significantly after theirradiation. Hence, it was the surface moisture content during
application can affect the durability of silane-type surface penetration
layers.

Keywords: Silane-type surface penetrants, xenon irradiation,
surface water content, water absorption, saltwater immersion.

179

Investigation of hydraulic conductivity ofsoilcrete specimens made from dredging sandand cement
Bich Thi Luong1,3(), Hoang-Hung Tran-Nguyen2,3, andPhong Duy Nguyen1,3
1Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University ofTechnology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho
Chi Minh City, Vietnam
2Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University ofTechnology
3Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung, Thu
Duc, HCM City, Vietnam()ltbich.sdh19@hcmut.edu.vn

The Soil Cement Mixing technology (SCM) has been widely applied
for several applications such as soft ground improvement for highway
embankments and earth levee embankments, seepage cutoff walls, andso on. The hydraulic conductivity of soilcrete made from clays wasprimarily studied. The hydraulic conductivity of soilcrete created fromsand has limit research data, especially in Vietnam. This study aims at
better understanding of the permeability behavior of dredging sandtaken in Mekong delta mixing with some cement types at various cement
contents of 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 kg/m3, respectively. Threecement types of the ordinary Portland cement (OPC), Portland cement
blended (PCB) and Portland cement slag (PCS) were utilized. All
permeability tests followed the ASTM D5084 standard. The results
indicate that the hydraulic conductivity of sand soilcrete (ks) was lower
1000 times than that of the compacted sand sample. The ks reduced withincreasing in cement contents and in curing time. ks of soilcrete madefrom the PCS cement was lower than those made from the OPC and PCB
cement. The ks varied from 8.07×10-8 m/s to 2.3×10-11 m/s.

180

Keywords: Hydraulic conductivity, permeability, soilcrete, dredging
sand.

181

Formation of clinker containing copper
Theodor Staněk1[0000-0002-3380-9979], Michaela Krejčí Kotlánová1[00000001-6937-2409], Anežka Zezulová1[0000-0003-1634-3393], Ingrid
Khongová1[0000-0003-0178-6562], Martin Boháč1[0000-0003-0285-4811] andMatej Dzurov1,2[0000-0003-0620-8817]
1 Research Institute for Building Materials, Hněvkovského 30/65, 617 00

Brno, Czech Republic
stanek@vustah.cz
2 CEITEC, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno,
Czech Republic

Copper is one of many elements present in secondary raw materials.
These coppers containing secondary raw materials can be utilized in the
production of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). At laboratory conditions,copper significantly influences the formation of clinker melt and themain clinker phase – alite. For the scope of this research, differential
thermal analysis (DTA), powder X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), optical
microscopy (OM), and scanning electron microscopy with electron
dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) methods were used for theinvestigation of the influence of copper on clinker. It has been confirmedthat addition of copper-containing compounds to a raw meal has asignificant intensification effect on the clinker melt formation. On theother hand, a decrease in the total alite content in the clinker withincreasing CuO content has been observed. Observations were conducted
on clinkers with CuO content up to 4 wt. %. The addition of CuO also
reduced burning temperatures of alitic clinker from standard industrial
burning temperature of 1450 °C to 1250 °C. The decrease of 200 °C inburning temperature has applications for clinker production andreduction of emissions.

Keywords: Copper, Clinker Formation, Phase Composition, Alite.

182

Establishing the indicators of sustainablebuilding materials
Alireza Moghayedi1, Karen Le Jeune1, Mark Massyn1, andPaimaan Byron2
1 University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
2 National Department of Public Works and Infrastructure, Pretoria

0001, South Africa
alireza.moghayedi@uct.ac.za

Sustainable building materials are products with a relatively positive
impact on economies, communities and the environment.
Understanding the key indicators in developing sustainable building
materials, which affect the economic, social and environmental aspectsof buildings, is a critical perspective to aid their evolution. Research insustainable building materials is relatively new, and therefore this study
examined the existing literature on sustainable building materials inacademic journals with the intent of identifying and clustering key
indicators and proposing a conceptual framework for the development ofsustainable building materials. This study employed a verifiable andreproducible systematic literature review of building materials, analyzing
and scrutinizing 203 academic articles for the co-occurrence of
keywords, using a mixed bibliographic and bibliometric method. Itemerged from the study that the groups themed “Process”, “Material”,“Element” and “Technology” contained the greatest number of, and moststatistically significant, indicators associated with sustainable building
material. It was found that, in developing and evaluating sustainablebuilding materials, sustainability, LCA (Life Cycle Assessment),
embodied energy and recycling appear to be the predominant processes
used; concrete, bricks, C&D (Construction and Demolition) waste, andfibre are the foremost materials; walls and roofs are the main building
components; and composite, 3D printing, nanotechnology andprefabrication are the leading technology features. Also, the results of theanalysis of interconnections between indicators revealed that asignificant interconnection exists between embodied energy, LCA,
concrete, composite and durability to the sustainability of building
materials. Based on the taxonomy of indicators and the analysis of their183

interconnections, a conceptual framework for developing sustainablebuilding materials was proposed in the paper.

Keywords: Bibliometric analysis, Building element, Building
material, Sustainable building materials, Technology.

184

Stabilize the diaphragm wall by the method ofanchoring in the ground in the I-tower projectin Quy Nhon city, Binh Dinh province
Van Giang Nguyen¹, Thanh Hoang Nguyen2, Thanh Dat Nguyen3
1Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH), Ho Chi Minh

City,Vietnam
2Head of Project Management Unit I-Tower - Quy Nhon, Binh Dinh,

Vietnam
3Ho Chi Minh City University of Transport, Ho Chi Minh City,Vietnam

nv.giang@hutech.edu.vn; nguyenthanhhoaitu@yahoo.com

The I-Tower commercial building high-level tower is constructed in
condition: narrow construction ground and unfavorable but not affecting
the traffic of the surrounding streets…Besides, the element with twolong, narrow, and deep basements has greatly influenced the optimal
construction method and safety. Internal and external risk factors exist,
which has set a difficult problem for the foundation design engineer torequire savings but absolutely safe and especially not to cause subsidence
and damage to adjacent high-rise buildings. This paper presents how toanalyze the method of diaphragm wall anchoring in the soil as well as its
effectiveness for The I-Tower commercial tower in Quy Nhon City, Binh
Dinh Province.

Keywords: Diaphragm wall, anchor in the ground, construction ofdeep excavation holes, Lower the water table.

185

Low energy cements prepared from modified
SO3 doped clinkers
Martin Boháč1, Theodor Staněk1, Dana Kubátová1, Radoslav
Novotný2, Ingrid Khongová1 and Anežka Zezulová1
1 Research Institute for Building Materials, Hněvkovského 65, 61700

Brno, Czech Republic
2 Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Purkyňova

464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republicbohac@vustah.cz

Clinkers doped with optimized combinations of SO3 and Li2O or CuO
or MgO were synthetized in laboratory furnace at 1350 °C. Clinkers werecharacterized by light and scanning electron microscopy. Chemical andphase composition of clinkers is discussed with respect to early
hydration properties of cements. Hydration of cement pastes wasmonitored by isothermal calorimetry and reaction kinetics corelated withearly strengths. Flexural and compressive strengths of cements were
determined after 2, 7, 28, 90 and 365 days of hydration according to EN
196 on mortars. At high CuO contents, Cu-rich phases form inclusions in
C2S. The limited incorporation of MgO into the structure of clinker
phases is represented in the form of inclusions in C3S. Due to formationof Cu(OH)2, hydration slows down significantly, while Li salts accelerate
early hydration. For the studied modified SO3 doped cements, there is agood correlation between heat development during the first 2 days andstrength development during 1 year. Proposed four low-energy cements
based on SO3 doped clinkers burned at 100 °C lower temperature meetthe requirement for CEM I strengths.

Keywords: Doped clinker, SO3 activation, Li2O, CuO, MgO,
Microstructure, Hydration heat, Strengths.

186

Numerical modeling of tensile behaviour oftextile-reinforced concrete composite using acracking model for cementitious matrix: effectof material parameters
Manh Tien TRAN1, Xuan Hong VU2 and Emmanuel FERRIER2
1 Hanoi University of Mining and Geology, Material Resistance Depart.,

Hanoi, Vietnam
2 Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Laboratory LMC2, France

Xuan-Hong.Vu@univ-lyon1.fr

Over the past recent decades, textile-reinforced concrete composite(TRC) has been increasingly and widely applied in the civil engineering
field. This paper presents obtained results of numerical modeling for
TRC composite using the cracking behaviour model for the cementitious
matrix used for TRC. As the results, the TRC composite presented astrain–hardening behaviour with the cracking phase characterizing by
the drops in tensile stress on the stress-strain curve. This model also
showed the failure mode by the multi-cracking on the surface of TRC
specimen. Furthermore, the parametric studies could show the effect ofseveral material parameters on the TRC tensile behaviour such as thereinforcement ratio, the configuration of textile mesh as well as thelength and position of the measurement zone. In comparison withexperimental results, a good agreement between both numerical andexperimental results was found for all cases of this study.

Keywords: Textile reinforced concrete, Numerical modeling,
Cracking model, Parametric study, Stress-strain curve.

187

Preliminary Field and Laboratory
Investigation on the Use of Non-Contact
Digital Ski Sensor in the South Korea
Expressway Network
Augusto Cannone Falchetto1,2 and Ki Hoon Moon3
1 University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks AK 99775, USA
2 Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, 02150, EU
3 Korea Expressway Corporation, Dongtan-myeon, 445-812, South Korea

afalchetto@alaska.edu

In this paper, the effect of using next-generation equipment forpavement smoothness leveling, known as Non-Contact Digital Ski(NCDS), on the smoothness of asphalt pavements and its impact on the
low temperature behavior of the paved mixture is evaluated. For thispurpose, the International Roughness Index (IRI m/km) was measured
on sections paved with and without NCDS. Asphalt mixture cores werethen taken from the pavement to be tested with the Bending Beam
Rheometer (BBR) and determine thermal stress. Based on simple
graphical and statistical comparisons, it was found that the NCDS paving
method results in considerably lower IRI coupled with a moderate
reduction in thermal stress, suggesting a potential benefit of thistechnology also on the low temperature behavior of the mixture.

Keywords: Smoothness, Non-Contact Digital Ski (NCDS),
International Roughness Index (IRI), Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR)
test.

188

Research on some performance properties ofhot mix asphalt using sulfur Dung Quat in Viet
Nam
Nguyen Thu Trang*1, Tran Ngoc Hung1, Vũ The Thuan1, Bui Ngoc
Kien2
1 University of Transport Technology, No 54 Trieu Khuc Street,

Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam.
2 Thuyloi University, No 175, Tay Son, Dong Da, Ha Noi, Vietnam

Sulfur extended asphalt mixture (SEAM) has been studied applied
effectively in some countries. However, this topic has not been deeply
investigated in Vietnam conditions. This paper presents experimental
results on the performance properties of SEAM with sulfur derived frompetroleum refinery Dung Quat (Vietnam). Using sulfur for Hot-mix
asphalt (HMA) could reduce temperature of mixing procedure andcompaction, which also significantly improved Marshall parameters andrutting resistance of HMA over time of crystallization. Though, theresults showed that sulfur extended asphalt reduces the crack resistanceof HMA.

Keywords: Hot mix asphalt; Wheel tracking test; Dynamic Stability(DS); Rutting Depth (RD), CT index.37*Speaker: Nguyen Thu Trang
Corresponding author:

189

Design and mechanical experiments on GFRP
frame join by bolted connections.
Olivier HELSON, Guiseppe FERRARA, Laurent MICHEL,
Emmanuel FERRIER
University of Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire des Matériaux
Composites pour la Construction (LMC2), 82 bd Niels Bohr 69622
Villeurbanne Cedex, France,emmanuel.ferrier@univ-lyon1.fr

This research is part of MOOVABAT project aimed at designing a
new technological building. In this context, experiments were carried out
to assess the feasibility of using Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) for
moment-resisting frames. Research focuses on the mechanical behaviourof beam-to-column connections under monotonic and cyclic loading.
Specifically highlighted was the need to better understand themechanical behavior of bolted and screwed connections. Full-scale tests
conducted in the laboratory was particularly focused on the beam-tocolumn connection. Both tested configurations include two T-shaped
connections and one portal frame. Cyclic and monotonic tests are
performed in order to assess the strength, the stiffness and the energy
dissipated. The experimental results allowed to accurately characterize
the semi-rigid connections measuring the real deformed shape of thestructural frame. In addition, a deformed shape analysis explains why
the failure occurs by brittle shearing of self-drilling screws. Finally, thetest campaign allow the validation of engineering designs and it seems
possible to consider optimization during the entire industrial production
phase.

Keywords:
construction.

GFRP

structure,190

sustainablestructure,modularInvestigation on Relationship between Long
Term and Short Term Tests of Chloride
Diffusion Coefficient
Tran Van Mien1,2 and Lien Ngoc Thien1,2
1Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Ho Chi Minh

City, Vietnam
2Vietnam National University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City,

Vietnamtvmien@hcmut.edu.vn

Generally, in order to determine the chloride diffusion coefficient of
concrete, many test methods have been developed; those are divided into
two terms: long term tests and short term tests. The long-term test has
an advantage that it characterizes the natural penetration in the realenvironment, however it has also a disadvantage that it takes long time
(90 days), while the advantage of short-term test is that it accelerates test
so it takes short time (24 hours up to 4 days), but its disadvantage is of
not the natural penetration in the actual environment. In this paper, theshort term and long term of the chloride diffusion coefficients of thesame concretes were evaluated, then the relationship between short-termand long-term test of chloride diffusion coefficient was established. The
concrete specimens were casted with water to binder ratio (w/b) as 0.3,
0.4, 0.5 and 0.6. The binder contained Ordinary Portland cement, flyash, silicafume and granulated blast furnace slag. Results showed thatexperimental data of short-term test can be converted to those ofpounding test that is more reliable. Also, there was a fact that chloride
diffusion coefficient from short-term tests, accelerating tests, are always
higher than these from long-term test. And, there was a linear
relationship between short-term test and long-term test.

Keywords: Chloride diffusion coefficient, Long term test, Mineraladmixtures.

191Preliminary Study on Bonding Integrity ofTropical Hardwoods Cross Laminated Timber
Manufacturing by Vacuum Pressure Method
Nordin, M.S.1,3, Norshariza, M.B. *2,3, Lum, W.C.2, Zainal, N.S.3,
and Ahmad, Z. *3

1Malaysian Timber Industry Board, Level 13-17, Menara PGRM, No 8,

Jalan Pudu Ulu, 56100 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2Institute for Infrastructure Engineering and Sustainable Management,

Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
3Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah

Alam, Selangor,
Malaysia* nshariza@uitm.edu.my, zakiah@uitm.edu.my 38

Cross laminated timber (CLT) is known as a composite material thatpossesses high-performance properties. As an engineered timber
product, it has been proven that CLT has better properties in terms of its
strength compared to solid sawn timber. However, the strength of thisproduct is influenced by its bonding integrity. To date, the production
and performance of CLT from tropical hardwood is still less known. A lot
more studies need to be explored especially on bonding integrity that
contributes to CLT's strength efficiency. High temperature and humidity
as well as the uniqueness of the tropical anatomical structure of
hardwood significantly affected this bonding integrity. Therefore,
preliminary study isconducted under laboratory scale before the
manufacturing is executed in industrial scale. In this study, the bonding
integrity of the CLT panels from tropical hardwood namely, Light Red
Meranti and Keruing are assessed. The CLT panels are manufactured via
semi-scale ofvacuum press for three and five layers with dimensionsof 1.3m length x 1m width inaccordance with EN16351. Block shear
are carried out in this bonding integrity study. A total number of 189 test
*Speaker: Norshariza, M.B., Ahmad, Z.
Corresponding author: nshariza@uitm.edu.my, zakiah@uitm.edu.my192

samples were taken at various locations from these panels to represent
the entire CLT panel. Four type of treatments are provided to simulate
various service conditions, which are dry, wet, wet + re-dry, anddelamination (induced pressure) environments. All designed tests are
conducted in accordance with EN16351 and EN14374. The characteristic
value of shear strength and wood failure percentage (WFP) were
measured. From this study, the bonding performance of Light Red
Meranti shows the good bonding performance compared to Keruing.

Keywords: Bonding Integrity, Cross Laminated Timber, Tropical
Hardwoods, Vacuum Pressure Method.

193

An overview: Modern countermeasuresagainst local scour at bridge piers Applicability in Vietnam
Quang Huy MAI
University of Transport and Communications (UTC), No.3 Cau Giay
Street, Lang Thuong Ward, Dong Da District, Hanoi, Vietnam
mqhuy@utc.edu.vn

Local scour is a complex phenomenon consisting of three-dimensional
flow structures that often develop around piers and abutments founded in
movable river beds. Major damage occurs to bridges during flood, mainly
because of scour at bridge foundation, particularly the piers andabutments. In Vietnam, every year there are many serious damages tobridges caused involving local scour. In this article some modern
countermeasures against local scour at bridge piers from National
Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project wereconsidered, including riprap, articulating concrete blocks, gabion
mattresses, rigid and flexible grout filled mattresses. The applicability ofeach method to bridge structures in Vietnamese conditions was alsopresented in detail. The results of analyzing the advantages anddisadvantages of the four methods of erosion control above show that theriprap method is quite suitable in the conditions of Vietnam.

Keywords: local scour, bridge pier, countermeasure, Vietnam
condition.

194

Smart Technologies for Big Construction
Projects

195

A novel solution structure to decrease
elevation of seadike crest level
Binh Bui Quoc*, Ngoc Nguyen Van and Hoan Pham Quoc
Vietnam Maritime University, Hai Phong, Vietnam*binhbq.ctt@vimaru.edu.vn 39

Nowadays, there are two main types of sea dike: sloping dikes
working based on pile foundation principle and vertical wall-typed dikes
working based on gravity principle. Vertical wall-typed dikes are notwidely used because of their complicated structure, construction andhigh cost. Sloping dikes were applied more widely than vertical walltyped dikes because of their simple structure, construction and low cost.
However, the cross-section of a sloping dike lets the wave run-up on theslope. Therefore, the wave run-up height has been higher than the wave
height in front of the structure. It leads to an increase of thecrest level ofsea dike. In many cases of designing, the wave overtopping was accepted
to decrease construction cost. In this paper, the authors have applied a
new structure: hollow structure (KCR), which works on both gravity
principle and pile foundation principle by KCR sidestep shape dike.
Authors also have used ANSYS software to simulate interaction of wave
run-up and three sea dike structures: Tien Lang sea dike, outerrevetment of Lach Huyen port and sloping dikes in the sameenvironmental condition. Results have proved that the wave run-up
height has decreased from 43.96% ÷ 77.76%, crest level of the dike has
decreased from 1.01m ÷ 5.07m, especially, a construction cost has
reduced to 40% ÷ 70%. Those results have indicated that KCR will beahigher quality and effective investment of sea dike.

Keywords: Hollow structure (KCR), sloping dikes, vertical walltyped dikes, sidestep shape dike, dike crest level.

*Speaker: Binh Bui Quoc
Corresponding author: binhbq.ctt@vimaru.edu.vn

196

New structural engineering for reducing
seadike incident during construction andoperation time
Ngoc Nguyen Van*1, Hoang Nguyen2 and Binh Bui Quoc3
1,2,3 Vietnam Maritime University, Hai Phong, Vietnam

ngocnv.ctt@vimaru.edu.vn 40

There are two mainly types of coastal structure engineering: rubble
mound slopes and vertical structures. Vertical structure is not widelyused because of complex structure, hardly construction and high cost.
Rubble mound slope uses more widely than vertical structure because of
simplfication structure, construction and low cost. However, rubble
mound structure formed by soil or rock core and armours layer
consisting of large rock; concrete slab; concrete units… Therefore,seadike core is usually got to incident during construction time andarmour layer is destroyed due to seadike core and foundation settement
incident during operation time. Papers suggested new structural
engineering (KCR), which works based on principle of gravity foundationand pile foundation and step cross- section structure for seadike. These
structures will be safe in storm time because of working based onprinciple of pile foundation, that lead to its settlement is 18.70% incomparasion with typical rubble mound slope structure. KCR not only
reduce seadike incident during construction and operation time but also
reduce percent construction cost up to 65÷70. Therefore, KCR need tobe applying for protecting costal line.

Keywords: Hollow structural engineering (KCR), seadike, verticall
wall, rubble mound slope, step cross section seadike, seadike incident.

*Speaker: Ngoc Nguyen VanCorresponding author: ngocnv.ctt@vimaru.edu.vn

197

Application of GSM technology for automatictide monitoring combined with multi-beammeasuring equipment to make the bathymetricmaps for big construction projects in Vietnam
Xuan Thinh Nguyen*
Faculty of Civil Eng., Vietnam Maritime University, 484 Lachtray St.,
Haiphong city, Vietnam
thinhms@vimaru.edu.vn41

In the modern life, marine structures such as projects for exploiting
inland waterways, navigational channels, and different types of port
facilities are developing more and more, the research of survey
technology for these pro-jects is not only fast but also requires highprecision. With the urgent require-ments in researching and applying themodern technology for the survey, the author has researched GSM [1]technology applied to automatic tidal data transmission combined withthe bathymetric technical by Multibeam Echo Sounder ES3PT-M [2], [3],Hypack software [4] in order to make depth maps for marine
constructions. To do this research, the author installed the automatic
tidal monitoring station, researched how to use automatic monitoring
stations, how to transmit data by SMS waves via mobile phones, how to
use multi-beam measuring equipment and conducted the experiment at
EURO Jetty port project, Haiphong city. With the initial experimental
studies, the combination between the two devices above assists survey
engineers not to waste time in reading the water level manually as
before, which easily leads to errors due to the reader's eyes. In addition,
when measuring with the multi-beam instrument, it was found that themeasurement spectrum was wide and covered the surface layer below
the measuring area. This is a remarkable advantage of the multi-beammeasuring device because it shows the entire bottom depth surface of the*Speaker: Xuan Thinh NguyenCorresponding author: thinhms@vimaru.edu.vn

198

investigation area with a shorter measuring time compared to traditional
measuring devices by about 1/10 times.

Keywords: Multibeam; GSM technology; Hypack; Survey; Tidal;
Data transmission.

199

Waterproofing for underground structures
without basement drainage system: assessing
the robustness of a negative-sidewaterproofing solution
Quoc-Bao Bui1, Thanh-Tich Do2, Dang-Trinh Nguyen1 andSouliya Inthavongsone1
1 Sustainable Developments in Civil Engineering Research Group,

Faculty of Civil
Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
2 INTOC Company, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
buiquocbao@tdtu.edu.vn

The underground spaces are more than more exploited forconstructions, especially in the big cities. One of the problems to betreated for underground structures is the waterproofing. The current
technique today for underground levels is using the peripheric reinforced
concrete (RC) diaphragm walls and disposes a basement drainage system
to evacuate the water penetrating through the diaphragm walls. The
basement drainage system composes of drainage channel with pipes andat least two pumps to evacuate the water from the underground levels to
the water evacuation systems. Then, a secondary wall is usually built tohide the drainage channel and the diaphragm wall. Therefore, thiscurrent technique is expensive for the maintenance and consumes thespaces of the underground levels. This paper presents a direct techniquewhich directly appliques a waterproofing mortar on the negative-side ofthe diaphragm wall. The direct method has several advantages, not only
because it is cheaper than the conventional method but also because it
prevents the flux through the diaphragm concrete walls and so decreases
the internal erosion of the concrete which can deteriorate the concrete
quality. The robustness of the direct negative-side waterproofing method
is discussed and assessed in the present study, from laboratory tests toin-situ tests. The technique works also for positive-side waterproofing
and has shown the robustness after more than 20 years on in-situ
structures.

200

Keywords: waterproofing;waterproofing; internal corrosion.

diaphragm

201

wall;

cement-based

Deep Insights into the Self-Compacting
Concrete with Hybrid Fibres
Achal Agrawal*1,2 and Narayan Chandak1
1 Department of Civil Engineering, SVKM’s NMIMS, MPSTME,

Maharashtra, India
2Department of Civil Engineering, SVKM’s Institute of Technology,

Dhule, Maharashtra, India
achalagrawal031@gmail.com 42

This review article focuses on the mix design data in terms of theconstituents used and their proportions in the mix design of SelfCompacting Concrete (SCC) reinforced with fibres. The design mix
theory for SCC reinforced with fibres specifically hybrid fibres are rare in
the available literature. The attempt is made to collect the mixed design
data on SCC with hybrid fibres from last 4 years. It includes the type of
cement, mineral admixture, chemical admixture, fine and coarse
aggregates used, fibres and powder content of the mix are analyzed andreviewed. The combination of mineral admixtures used with cement bydifferent researchers is also reviewed. The effect of content fibres on the
fresh state properties of SCC such as slump value (Diameter and flowtime) and L-box test is also summarized. The literature indicates the useof steel fibres (straight, hooked end and crimped) and polypropylene(PP) fibres are widely used. This study shows the increase in the fibre
content adversely affect the slump value and other fresh state properties.
It also shows the usage of different fibres and their combination in
hybridization. Also, based on reviewed articles, 5 trials are performed toachieve the SCC. Fresh state properties results show the designed
concrete has met the qualifying criteria for the SCC specified by
European guidelines.

*Speaker: Achal Agrawal
Corresponding author: achalagrawal031@gmail.com

202

Keywords: Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC), Hybrid Fibres,
Mineral admixtures, Fresh State Properties.

203

ANN Model for Joint Shear Strength of RC
Interior Beam-Column Joint
Shreyas Alagundi and Palanisamy. T
National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal 575025,
Mangalore, India
shreyasalagundi@gmail.com

In the present study ANN model is developed to anticipate the Joint
shear strength of interior Beam-Column joints. As there are many factors
and parameters that influence the joint strength, it is challenging todetermine the joint shear strength of joint. The current research aims topredict the Joint shear strength of the Beam-Column joint with the helpof Artificial Intelligence. ANN models have recently gained popularity in
Civil and Structural Engineering and have solved many non liner
engineering problems. In the present research, ANN Model isconstructed and the model is trained, tested and validated. Performanceof the ANN model is measured by statistical relations. Error analysis iscarried out to find out the deviation from experimental values. As themean square error is less and correlation is nearly 95-100%, it has beenconcluded that the Present ANN model can accurately predict the Joint
shear strength. The proposed ANN model is compared with design
equations proposed by design code and found out that the ANN modelshows more stability and accuracy.

Keywords: ANN, Joint shear strength, Beam-Column Joint.

204

Sub sea tunneling in hard rock environment inScandinavia
Eivind Grøv1 and Nghia Quoc Trinh1
1 SINTEF Community, S.P. Andersens veg 3, 7031 Trondheim, NORWAY

eivind.grov@sintef.no

The paper reviews the experience from Nordic sub sea tunnel
benchmark projects, with emphasis on sub sea road tunnels excavated in
hard rock conditions. More than 35 such tunnels have been built in theNordic countries with the majority of the projects located in Norway.
However, a total of 4 such projects have been initiated in the Faroe
Islands, one in Iceland and one project is under discussions in Åland, apart of Finland. All these tunnels have been excavated by conventional
drill and blast. Important issues concerning investigation, planning,
design and construction are described, and important lessons learned
from these projects are discussed.

Keywords: Sub sea tunnel, investigation, planning, design,
construction.

205

Deep Insights into the Self-Compacting
Concrete with Hybrid Fibres
Achal Agrawal*1,2 and Narayan Chandak1
1Department of Civil Engineering, SVKM’s NMIMS, MPSTME,

Maharashtra, India
2Department of Civil Engineering, SVKM’s Institute of Technology,

Dhule, Maharashtra, India
achalagrawal031@gmail.com 43

This review article focuses on the mix design data in terms of theconstituents used and their proportions in the mix design of SelfCompacting Concrete (SCC) reinforced with fibres. The design mix
theory for SCC reinforced with fibres specifically hybrid fibres are rare in
the available literature. The attempt is made to collect the mixed design
data on SCC with hybrid fibres from last 4 years. It includes the type of
cement, mineral admixture, chemical admixture, fine and coarse
aggregates used, fibres and powder content of the mix are analyzed andreviewed. The combination of mineral admixtures used with cement bydifferent researchers is also reviewed. The effect of content fibres on the
fresh state properties of SCC such as slump value (Diameter and flowtime) and L-box test is also summarized. The literature indicates the useof steel fibres (straight, hooked end and crimped) and polypropylene(PP) fibres are widely used. This study shows the increase in the fibre
content adversely affect the slump value and other fresh state properties.
It also shows the usage of different fibres and their combination in
hybridization. Also, based on reviewed articles, 5 trials are performed toachieve the SCC. Fresh state properties results show the designed
concrete has met the qualifying criteria for the SCC specified by
European guidelines.

*Speaker: Achal Agrawal
Corresponding author: achalagrawal031@gmail.com

206

Keywords: Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC), Hybrid Fibres,
Mineral admixtures, Fresh State Properties.

207

Advanced Modeling andCharacterization of Structures

208

Design optimization of Fibres Reinforced
Concrete Railway Tracks by using Non-Linear
Finite Elements Analysis
J.L Tailhan, P. Rossi
MAST-EMGCU, Univ Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, F-77447 Marne-la-Vallée, France

Between 2007 and 2014, IFSTTAR, Alstom and other industrials
partners have developed a new concept of railways track called New
Ballastless Track (NBT). A first numerical study, using a non-linear
model was performed to evaluate the possibility of replacement of theoriginal reinforced concrete layer of the track slab by a steel fiber
reinforced concrete, to simplify the construction of the NBT track and to
take advantage of the redistribution of mechanical stresses on a hyperstatic structure. This study led to the conclusion that this replacement
was very relevant.
This paper is on the optimization of this Fibres Reinforced Concrete
Railway Tracks solution by using the same non-linear numerical model.
It is shown that this optimization procedure should lead to reduction of
CO2 emissions compared with the initial one.

Keywords: Railway Tracks, Fibre Reinforced Concrete, Cracking,
Carbone Footprint.

209

Numerical Investigation on the Boiling
Stability of Sheet Piles Supported Excavations
in Cohesionless Soil
Liet Dang1 and Hadi Khabbaz1
1 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University ofTechnology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW, Australia
dangchiliet@gmail.com

This paper presents the findings of numerical investigations on theboiling stability against seepage failure of a sheet piled cofferdam
supported excavation in cohesionless soil. A numerical analysis based on
the finite element method using both plane strain and three-dimensionalmodel was conducted to investigate the influence of seepage force on thestability of supported excavation. The results of this numerical analysis
were validated with the report data of a case study on seepage force
induced boiling failure inside a sheet pile cofferdam in support of deep
excavations. Subsequently, a parametric study was undertaken toevaluate further the influence of different design parameters, including
size of excavations against excavated level and penetration depths, on theboiling stability by seepage force of sheet piled-cofferdam supported
excavations in sand. The numerical results demonstrated that thecofferdam stability against seepage failure significantly improved with anincrease in the cofferdam size. Meanwhile, shallower sheet-pilepenetration and deeper excavation level in the cofferdam base were
found to have a substantial influence on the excavation base stability
when the size effect of cofferdam was taken into consideration.
Consequently, possible and practical solutions to improve the boilingstability of sheet pile-supported excavations are also proposed in thisinvestigation.

Keywords: Deep excavation; Numerical modeling, Boiling failure;
Seepage210

Behavior of Steel-UHPC Composite Column
under Axial and Flexural Loading
Viet-Chinh Mai1[], Cong-Binh Dao2 and Hoang Pham2
1 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology,

39177, Gumi, Korea
2 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Le Quy Don Technical University, Ha Noi,

VietNammaivietchinh@lqdtu.edu.vn

The most important and most frequently encountered combination of
construction materials is that of steel and concrete, with applications in
multi-story buildings and constructions. The combination of concreteand steel utilizes the compressive strength of concrete and tensile
capacity of steel and the resulting composite members offer many
structural as well as economic benefits. The recent development of
concrete technology resulting in a new type of concrete with many
advanced properties, it is called in common name Ultra High
Performance Concrete (UHPC). By substituting UHPC to Normal
Concrete, the resistance of concrete materials could be reached theresistance capacity of steel and consequently, obtaining optimal load
caring of each contribution material. The replacement does not only
increase the stiffness and overall ultimate strength but also reduces the
cross-section of the composite beams. Furthermore, the need for
economical alternatives for steel-normal concrete composite structureand faster construction processes during the erection of structures, boost
the investigation in the domain of steel- UHPC composite construction.
This study presents a numerical simulation to investigate the structural
performance of steel-UHPC Composite Column under axial and flexuralloading. Non-linear finite element analysis was conducted, which uses
the Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP) model. The numerical results ofthe proposed model showed a good agreement with the experimental
result to capture the behavior of steel-UHPC composite column underaxial force and bending moment.

211

Keywords: Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC), composite
column, simulation model, Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP).

212

Hybrid Systems in Modelling of Flood
Protection Embankments Using a Real-Scale
Experimental Set-Up in the HydraulicEngineering Laboratory of TU Dresden
Dirk FLEISCHER1 [0000-0003-1554-9197], Ulf HELBIG1 [0000-0002-8659-9100],Jürgen STAMM1 [0000-0002-3729-0166]

1 Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany

The unique large-scale test facility for dam and levee models in thehydraulic engineering laboratory of the TU Dresden has already provenitself methodically in several research projects and has been
continuously developed and optimized. Complex issues of dam and levee
protection combined with high-performance measuring and control
systems for different flood scenarios were addressed in order to develop
a profound understanding of the correlations between geohydraulics,
geophysics and soil mechanics of such structures under in-situ-related
conditions. Furthermore, new technologies (e.g. soil sensors fordetermining the water content, non-destructive methods for dikemonitoring or image recognition) can be tested under laboratory
conditions deducing recommendations for practical application. The
hybrid approach supports the validation of mathematical-numericalmodels and keeps the focus on practical issues.

Keywords: Flood Protection, Hybrid Modelling, Levee, Dam.

213

A study on behavior of RC beams strengthened
with three-surface-steel cover
Duy-Liem NGUYEN1, Minh-Phung TRAN2, Tri Nhat MinhNGUYEN3, Duc-Hoa NGUYEN4
1Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

and Education, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
2Faculty of Civil Engineering, Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong

Province, Vietnam
3Campus in Ho Chi Minh City, University of Transport andCommunications, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
4Department of Transportation and Communication, An Giang Province,

Vietnam*Corresponding author: liemnd@hcmute.edu.vn,

phungtm@tdmu.edu.vn, trinnm_ph@utc.edu.vn,
duchoa396@gmail.com

This paper studied on the behaviors of RC beams strengthened withthree-surface-steel cover. All tested beams were prepared with theirdimensions of 150x150x900 mm and experimented under three-point
bend test. There were two types of concrete used: M200 with its
compressive strength of 20.53 MPa and M300 with its compressive
strength of 31.55 MPa. For each concrete type, the beams were
strengthened by three-surface-steel cover at three levels of thickness: 0
mm (no cover), 1.2 mm and 2.0 mm. The experimental result revealed
that the load carrying capacities of the tested beams were clearlyenhanced with increasing of the steel cover thickness. In comparing to
the beam with no steel cover, the load carrying capacities of the beams
using M300 increased 2.18 times and 3.07 times with steel cover
thickness of 1.2 mm and 2.0 mm, respectively, while those using M200
increased 2.51 times and 3.89 times with steel cover thickness of 1.2 mm
and 2.0 mm, respectively. The prediction of flexural resistance was also
performed though sectional analyses.

214

Keywords: Strengthening; Steel cover; Load carrying capacity;
Sectional analysis

215

Evaluation of applicability of seismic baseisolation for bridges according to Vietnamese
codes
Xuan Dai Nguyen1[0000-0001-8580-6940], Van Tu Nguyen1[0000-0002-02985080], and Hoang Nguyen1[0000-0001-9827-5923]

1 Institute of Techniques for Special Engineering, Le Quy Don Technical

University, Hanoi, Vietnam
xuandai.nguyen@lqdtu.edu.vn

Seismic base isolation (SBI) has been increasingly used to enhance
the seismic performance of important structures. However, thistechnique was primarily developed for constructions located in highseismic areas and it is still rarely adopted as common isolation systems
in moderate seismic areas. This paper attempts to investigate the seismic
performance of SBI and its applicability for bridges located in moderate
seismic regions such as Vietnam. The bilinear model is used for
addressing the seismic behaviour of isolators. Seismically isolated-bridge
analyses are conducted essentially based on the nonlinear time history
analysis method (NLTHA). A parametric study is conducted onequivalent simplified models, subjected to ground motions according tothe Vietnamese code (TCVN 9386-2012), to investigate the seismic
responses of isolated-bridges and the SBIs efficiencies. The applicabilityof SBI for bridges in such regions is drawn on the evaluation of
appropriate seismic responses in force, displacement, and residual
displacement. The obtained results indicate that SBIs with moderatecharacteristic strength (Qd) and high post-elastic stiffness (Kd) show thebest performance for bridges in such seismic regions.

Keywords: Seismic isolation, Hysteresis behaviour, Seismicallyisolated-bridge design, Moderate seismic regions.

216

Comparative Analysis of Predicted End
Bearing Resistances of Drilled Shafts in Soft
Rocks
Anjerick Topacio1, Yit-Jin Chen*1, and Ma. Cecilia Marcos2
1 Chung Yuan Christian University, Taiwan
2 Adamson University, Philippines* yjc@cycu.edu.tw 44

Interrelationships of seven representative end-bearing resistanceprediction models normalized by an interpreted end bearing resistancewere compared. A database containing the results of field load tests ofdrilled shafts socketed into soft rocks was established for this study. Softrocks are defined as rocks with unconfined compressive strengths of lessthan 5 MPa. Results of the comparative analysis showed that normalizedend bearing resistances of various prediction models range from 0.55 to
1.02. Design recommendations regarding lower and upper bounds ofnormalized resistances were provided. Mean displacements for predicted
resistances ranged from 21.98 mm to 50.56 mm. Furthermore, anormalized end bearing resistance with displacement curve wasdeveloped on the basis of the analysis results to provide a graphicalrepresentation of the location of each prediction model in the establishedcurve. Statistical analysis was also applied to compare the results of theprediction models and interpreted values.

Keywords: drilled shafts, end bearing capacity, soft rocks, load
tests, prediction models.

*Speaker: Yit-Jin Chen
Corresponding author: yjc@cycu.edu.tw217

Local mesh refinement for displacement-basedand equilibrium-based finite elements
Agnès Fliscounakis1 and Chadi El Boustani2
1 Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, LGCGM - EA 3913, F-35000 Rennes,

France2 Strains, Paris, France

In this paper, a local mesh refinement algorithm for the computationof elastoplastic structures is presented. The elastoplastic computation is
performed using a dual analysis combining two approaches:
displacement-based and equilibrium-based finite elements. The
remeshing scheme is applied to 3D structures discretized with threedimensional tetrahedral meshes.
Thanks to the dual approach, it is possible to assess a global error termthat quantifies the distance between the displacement-based solution
and the equilibrium solution. The local mesh refinement is based on theevaluation of the contribution of each element to this global error. This
process is repeated as long as the distance between the two dual
solutions doesn't respect an accepted tolerance. The method is illustrated
on a real project steel assembly.

Keywords: local mesh refinement, error assessment, equilibrium
finite elements, elastoplastic.

218

Effect of Structural Wall Plan Density on
Performance of RC Shear Wall Buildings
Designed as per Indian Standards
K. K. K. Reddy 1 and P. Haldar 2
1 Doctoral Student, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, India
2 Assistant Professor, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, India

2017cez0001@iitrpr.ac.in

Reinforced Concrete (RC) shear wall buildings are the most common
construction practice in moderate to high seismic zones. Shear walls
provide high strength, stiffness to the building system. However, theperformance of RC shear wall buildings depends on various parameterslike the location of shear walls, the aspect ratio of the shear wall, and thestructural wall plan density. The revised Indian standards forearthquake-resistant design of structures states that RC structural wall
plan density shall be at least 2% for buildings with open storeys, and forregular buildings it can be at least 2% along each principal direction.
This manuscript aims to check the efficacy of the minimum structuralplan density recommended in the revised Indian standard by evaluating
the impact of varying structural wall density on the seismic performanceof high-rise regular RC shear wall buildings located in the high seismic
zone. The seismic performance of shear wall buildings with varying
structural wall density is evaluated in terms of peak displacements, peakaccelerations, and maximum inter-story drift by performing the time
history analysis with different ground motion records. The effect ofstructural wall plan density on the dynamic properties of the buildings isalso studied.

Keywords: Reinforced concrete shear walls, Wall plan density,
Nonlinear analysis, Seismic performance.

219

Effect of Torsional Eccentricity on Twisting
Behavior of a Steel Building Tested on
Shaking-Table
Tran Tuan Nam1
1 Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, 475A Dien Bien Phu,

HCMC, Vietnam
tt.nam@hutech.edu.vn

Based on shaking experiment results of a full-scale 4-story steelbuilding conducted on E-Defense – the world largest shaking-table inJapan, characterization of twisting behavior can be achieved. Exploration
on twisting motion of the specimen building is presented in this paper,
addressing global rotational responses in varying excitation levels. Study
results show that the torsion movement of the building is mainly due tostory torsional eccentricity. On the other hand, the shaking-table also
causes considerable influence on the building twisting response. Somejustifications for stiffness of non-structural components are alsopresented, through which we can get a more precise basis to determine
stiffness contribution of each component.

Keywords: Shaking Experiment, Twisting Behavior, Torsional
Eccentricity.

220Global sensitivity analysis for bridge cranesystem by surrogate modeling
Van-Hai TRINH 1(), Viet-Tan NGUYEN1, and Khac-Quang PHAM1
1 Le Quy Don Technical University (LQDTU), Ha Noi, 100000, Vietnam

hai.tv@lqdtu.edu.vn

As key equipment for lifting and transporting duties, cranes are usedin various industrial fields in modern productions. Thus, the dynamic
problem of such crane system is commonly encountered in the design
process. This paper presents a Monte Carlo-based global sensitivity
analysis of the dynamic model of a bridge crane system using thesurrogate model technique. To this regard, physical modeling anddifferential equation motion of a coupled crane system is first derived
using the Lagrange equation. Then, the numerical solution is offered byusing the Newmark-β integral method for characterizing dynamic
responses of the crane system involving bridge beam, trolley, andpayload. In order to compute Sobol sensitivity indices, the input-output
correlation is formulated by a neural network-surrogate model formed
from the numerical solutions. Finally, for the considered configuration,
the importance levels of input variables with the corresponding
estimated values of the first and total order sensitivity functions aredemonstrated.

Keywords: Overhead crane, dynamic response, global sensitivity,
uncertainty, Monte Carlo simulation, neural network-based surrogate.

221

Analysis of crack characteristics of reinforced
concrete bridge deck under the effect of static
wheel load
Duc Hieu Nguyen1, The Truyen Tran1, Thanh Tung Bui1, Minh
Cuong Le1 and Ngoc Trinh Vu1
1 University of Transport and Communications - UTC (VIETNAM)

hieund_ph@utc.edu.vn

The reinforced concrete slab members are widely used inconstruction in general. For bridges, the reinforced concrete deck slab
which is supported by main girders is responsible for making the way on
bridge. In operation, the impact zone of the wheel load just is a small
area in comparison with the whole area of the deck slab. In the working
with superstructure depend on forms of structures, deck slab plays therole of both a member subjected to the local loads and a part taking partin the bending capacity of main beams.
During the operation of the deck slab, which deteriorates faster thanother parts such as the supporting, abutments. Cracks appeared on theoriginal deck, which could be caused by a variety of reasons including
heavy trucks. Under the effect of heavy trucks with large traffic, the deckslab deteriorates rapidly, leading to repair or replacement.
The investigations proposed ideally simplified models for designing andcalculating deck slab in which an equivalent strip is a form of thesemodels. In this investigation, the authors numerically simulated areinforced concrete slab with two edges being born on the pinned
boundary condition and under the influence of static load on thecorresponding area of the tread. The numerically non-linear analysis
results would be compared with experimental results to propose areliably simulated model. The cracking characteristics of the deck slab
were also investigated by simulated instruments. Simultaneously, a
suitable calculation model of deck slab and rationally operating
condition would be recommended helping reduce maintenance andrepairment costs for deck slab in fact.

222

Keywords: Crack; crack characteristics; reinforced concrete; nonlinear analysis; the wheel load.

223

Reliability assessment of cold-formed steel
roof truss according to random factors in
Vietnam
Bac An Hoang
University of Architecture Ho Chi Minh City, 196 Pasteur, Ho Chi Minh
City, Vietnam
an.hoangbac@uah.edu.vn

In Vietnam, the cold-formed steel (CFS) trusses are increasingly
popular used due to their advantages. However, there have been
problems with the CFS roof truss projects. This study deals with the useof probabilistic methods in assessing the reliability of the CFS roof truss.
Random design parameters (loads, materials …) were used in the Monte
Carlo simulation. The reliability of the CFS truss was determined basedon the reliability of each element. The results show the influence ofrandom factors on the safety of the CFS truss. The above study has acertain reference meaning for the design and analysis of the CFS truss.

Keywords: cold-formed steel, truss, reliability, probabilistic
methods, Vietnam

224

Discrete Truss Optimization Using Rao
Algorithms
Hoang-Anh Pham*†1, Viet-Hung Truong*2 and Thuy-Duong Tran1
1National University of Civil Engineering, 55 GiaiPhong, Hanoi, Vietnam†anhph2@nuce.edu.vn
2ThuyLoiUniversity, 175 Tay Son, Hanoi, Vietnam‡truongviethung@tlu.edu.vn* Corresponding author 45

Rao algorithms are known as simple, parameter-free metaheuristics
that have shown good performance and are quite competitive in solving
engineering optimization problems. Although Rao algorithms are quite
new, they gain increasing attention from researchers. This paper freshly
explores the applicability of Rao algorithms in solving discrete truss
optimization problems. Furthermore, a novel adaptive scheme is
proposed to balance the global exploration and the local exploitation ofthese algorithms and a composite Rao algorithm is established. Threebenchmark truss structures are used to test the performance of theoriginal and the new algorithms. The effect of the population size, theonly required parameter, is investigated, and some remarks are drawn
from the numerical results.

Keywords: Rao algorithm, truss structure, discrete optimization.

*Speaker: Hoang-Anh Pham, Viet-Hung TruongCorresponding author: anhph2@nuce.edu.vn,truongviethung@tlu.edu.vn

225

Jaya-based Fuzzy Structural Analysis
Hoang-Anh Pham1
1National University of Civil Engineering, 55 Giai Phong, Hanoi, Vietnam

anhph2@nuce.edu.vn

In this paper, a novel fuzzy structural analysis procedure based on
the Jaya algorithm is presented. The Jaya algorithm is a simple,
parameter-less optimization technique that is applicable for various
kinds of optimization problems. Therefore, Jaya has gained significant
attention from researchers. However, the applicability of Jaya in thedomain of fuzzy structural analysis has not been addressed. The present
study integrates Jaya in the α-cut level procedure to accurately capture
the fuzzy response of a structural system. Moreover, two techniques,
including the α-level subspace and the nearest neighbor comparison, areintroduced to Jaya for reducing the computation burden. Some examples
having non-monotonic behavior and a relatively large number of fuzzy
parameters are employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the Jayabased fuzzy strategy.

Keywords: Jaya algorithm, fuzzy structural analysis, α-level
optimization

226

Large deflection bending analysis of FGGPLRC doubly curved thin shallow shells
stiffened by oblique stiffeners
Cao Van Doan and Vu Hoai Nam
University of transport technology, Ha Noi City, Viet Nam
doancv@utt.edu.vn
hoainam.vu@utt.edu.vn
In the present paper, by using the Donnell shell theory and therelationship between strain and displacement of von Karman, thebending behaviors of the functionally graded graphene plateletreinforced composite (FG-GPLRC) doubly curved shallow shells
subjected to external pressure are presented and analyzed in detail.
Aiming to heighten the structure's bearing capability, the FG-GPLRC
stiffener system in the longitudinal, transverse and/or oblique directions
is arranged at the bottom surface of FG-GPLRC doubly curve shallow
shells. The improved smeared stiffener technique is used for FG-GPLRC
stiffeners, and the equilibrium equation system is obtained, after that,these equations can be solved by applying Galerkin's procedure, and theexpressions of large deflection bending in the explicit forms are achieved.
The influences of material properties, stiffener system, and geometricalcharacteristics of doubly curved shallow shells on bending behavior are
also considered and investigated.

Keywords: Functionally graded graphene platelet reinforced
composite, Large deflection bending, Doubly curved shallow shell,
Donnell shell theory.

227

Effect of auxetic core on the nonlinear buckling
analysis of sandwich Graphene-reinforced
composite plates
Nguyen Van Tien, Dang Thuy Dong, Vu Minh Duc, Tran Quang
Minh, Nguyen Thi Phuong, Vu Hoai Nam*
University of Transport Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam* hoainam.vu@utt.edu.vn 46

In this paper, the nonlinear buckling behavior of sandwich
functionally graded graphene-reinforced composite laminated plateswith the auxetic core layer subjected to mechanic loads is analyticallyanalyzed. The formulations are based on the first order shear
deformation theory considering the von Kármán geometric
nonlinearities. A homogenization technique of auxetic structures used
for auxetic core layer is presented in the paper. The Galerkin procedure
is presented to achieve the equation system in the nonlinear algebraic
form, then, the explicit expressions of critical buckling loads andpostbuckling load–deflection curve can be obtained. Numericalexaminations indicate the effects of auxetic core layer, geometrical andmaterial parameters on the linear and nonlinear buckling behavior of
sandwich plates.

Keywords: Nonlinear buckling; Functionally graded graphenereinforced composite; Auxetic core layer; Sandwich plate; First order
shear deformation plate theory.

*Speaker: Vu Hoai Nam
Corresponding author: hoainam.vu@utt.edu.vn

228

Nonlinear large amplitude vibration of latticecore CNTRC cylindrical panels resting onelastic foundation
Dang Thuy Dong, Vu Minh Duc, Tran Quang Minh, Nguyen Van
Tien, Nguyen Thi Phuong, Vu Hoai Nam*
University of Transport Technology, Ha Noi, Vietnam
hoainam.vu@utt.edu.vn 47

In this paper, a new design of sandwich cylindrical panels is proposedwith two functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite (FGCNTRC) face sheets and lattice core. The lattice core layer is modeled by
improving the novel smeared technique for stiffener according to thefirst-order shear deformation theory (FSDT). Nonlinear vibration
behavior of first-order shear deformable cylindrical panels with thegeometric nonlinearities is analyzed in present paper.The stress function
is considered and the Galerkin method is used to formulate the nonlinear
motion equation system. Nonlinear dynamic responses of panels can beachieved by using the fourth order Runge-Kutta method. Numericalinvestigations can show the very large effects of lattice core layer, volume
fraction of carbon nanotube, type of carbon nanotube distribution on the
nonlinear vibration behavior of sandwich FG-CNTRC cylindrical panels.

Keywords: Functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced
composite (FG-CNTRC), Nonlinear vibration, Cylindrical panel, Latticecore.

*Speaker: Vu Hoai Nam
Corresponding author: hoainam.vu@utt.edu.vn

229

Postbuckling analysis of core-corrugatedsandwich FG-GRC laminated cylindrical shells
subjected to external pressure
Dang Thuy Dong, Vu Minh Duc, Tran Quang Minh, Nguyen Van
Tien, Nguyen Thi Phuong*, Vu Hoai Nam
University of Transport Technology, Ha Noi, Vietnam* phuongnt@utt.edu.vn 48
An analytical approximation for nonlinear stability analysis of corecorrugated sandwich graphene-reinforced cylindrical shells is presented
in this paper. A homogenization model for corrugated structures is used
for corrugated core layer and the governing equation system forcylindrical shells are formulated considering the von Kármán-Donnell
nonlinear theory. Three-term solution form of deflection is chosen, andthe nonlinear postbuckling relation can be formulated by applying theGalerkin procedure. The result of examinations validates the effects ofthe corrugated core layer, graphene volume fraction and graphene
distributions with different geometric ratios on the nonlinear stability
behaviors of corrugated cylindrical shells.

Keywords: Functionally graded graphene-reinforced composite;
Nonlinear buckling; Sandwich Cylindrical shell; External pressure.

*Speaker: Nguyen Thi PhuongCorresponding author: phuongnt@utt.edu.vn

230

Nonlinear axisymmetric vibration of sandwich
FGM shallow spherical caps with lightweight
porous core
Tran Quang Minh, Dang Thuy Dong, Vu Minh Duc, Nguyen Van
Tien, Nguyen Thi Phuong*, Vu Hoai Nam
University of Transport Technology, Ha Noi, Vietnam* phuongnt@utt.edu.vn 49This paper presents the axisymmetric vibration responses ofsandwich Functionally graded material (FGM) shallow spherical capswith lightweight porous core subjected to uniformly external loads andshell-foundation Pasternak interaction. Based on the first-order shear
deformation theory (FSDT) with von Kármán geometrical nonlinearity,
the governing equations are established. By using the Galerkin method
and the Runge–Kutta method, the fundamental frequencies and thenonlinear dynamic responses of the shell are obtained. The effects ofporosity coefficient, geometrical parameters, and foundation are
considered.

Keywords: Nonlinear vibration; sandwich FGM; shallow sphericalcaps; Lightweight porous structures.

*Speaker: Nguyen Thi PhuongCorresponding author: phuongnt@utt.edu.vn

231

Experimental study on the bond strength
between reinforcement bars and concrete as afunction of concrete strength and confinement
effectVinh Tran Xuan1, Hung Nguyen Manh1, Hieu Nguyen Trung2, Dat
Pham Xuan2
1 Vinh University, Nghe an, Vietnam
2 National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Vietnam{vinhxd1989, hungmanh.dhxd}@gmail.com{datpx, hieunt}@nuce.edu.vn
This paper presents the results of the experimental investigations on
the influence of concrete strength, and confinement effect of different
arrangements of hoops on the bond-slip relationship between reinforcing
steel bars and concrete. The Pull-out tests according to therecommendations of RILEM CEB RC6 were conducted to determine thebond strength-slips relationship. A set of 27 specimens were prepared forthe testing with two main parameters, including concrete strength andstirrup spacing. Based on the current test results, the effects of suchvariable of interest on the behavior of RC structural elements are
discussed

Keywords: bond strength, confinement effect, Pull-out tests.

232

Numerical simulation in the assessment
fatigue life of prestressed concrete sleeper on
the urban railway
Tran Anh Dung1,2, Mai Van Tham1, Tran The Truyen1,2
1 University of Transport and Communications, Hanoi, Vietnam
2 Research And Development Center for Railway Infrastructures, Hanoi,

Vietnamtrananhdung@utc.edu.vn

In this study, the train and sleeper are simulated with threedimensional (3D) models. A railway superstructure is modeled with thebeam on elastic bearings. Stresses of prestressed steels in the sleeper
were determined under the effect of dynamic load by using numericalsimulation technique. The purpose of this study is to predict the fatigue
life of the prestressed concrete sleeper (PCS) on the urban railway in
Vietnam. Simulation calculations are conducted by SIMPACK software
to determine the dynamic load of the train. The train and the track
structure are considered interacting in a unified. MIDAS FEA software
was used to calculate the stress of prestressed steels in the PCS. The
fatigue life was calculated for PCS on Ben Thanh – Suoi Tien urban
railway line based on the S-N curve. Both the proposed simulation andthe solution technique are 3D models, and the results are suitable withother authors. The effects of rail, rail pad, sleeper, vibration sleeper box,
and vehicle speed on the dynamic response of the train are considered indetail. The numerical simulation results provide the fatigue life value for
PCS is 101,502,519 cycles equal to 38.62 years. Fatigue life can be used to
optimize the design and maintenance process for the urban railway.

Keywords Fatigue life, Urban railway, Prestressed concrete sleeper,
Dynamic load, S-N curve.

233

Experimental Study on CFRP Strengthening of
Cracked Reinforced Concrete Beams
Xuan Dat Pham 1 and Trung Hieu Nguyen2
1 National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Vietnam{datpx, hieunt}@nuce.edu.vn

This article presents an experimental study on the effectiveness of
CFRP strengthening method on the flexural behaviour of Reinforced
Concrete beams. Six identical RC beams with dimensions of 80 × 140 ×1100 mm are cast and statically loaded to complete flexural failure in thisstudy. The specimens are divided in three categories, including: Twobeams without strengthening as control specimens (Group 1), two intact
beams strengthened with CFRP sheets (Group 2), and two pre-cracked
beams strengthened using CFRP sheets (Group 3). The strengthening
effects on the stiffness and ultimate strength, together with flexural
behavior of test beams are discussed in detail based on the test results.

Keywords: CFRP sheets, Strengthening, RC beam, Cracking234

Effect of Revised Seismic Design Provisions on
Seismic Performance of RC Frame Buildings
with and without Infills
P.L. Kurmi1 and P. Haldar2
1Research Scholar, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, India
2Assistant Professor, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, India

2016CEZ0002@iitrpr.ac.in

Indian Standard for seismic design of Reinforced Concrete (RC)frame buildings with Un-Reinforced Masonry (URM) Infills haveundergone significant revisions in 2016 compared to its older version in2002 and 1993, respectively. Two of the major revisions of BIS 139202016 are the inclusion of capacity design criteria to ensure strongcolumn weak-beam and selection of column dimension based on largest
longitudinal beam rebar. The revised seismic design standard also
recommends modeling guidelines for Un-Reinforced Masonry (URM)
infill using the equivalent diagonal strut to take into account the complex
infill-frame interaction. Under lateral loading, infills contribution to
global strength and stiffness is often ignored for being treated as nonstructural elements in general design practice. The present study
attempts to evaluate the comparative seismic response of Special
Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF) RC buildings with and without infills,
designed with revised and older versions of Indian seismic standards.
Capacity curves have been developed through nonlinear static pushover
analysis. It has been observed that revised code provisions improve thestructural performance in terms of stiffness, strength, inelastic
displacement capacity, and eventually results in the desired ductile
failure mechanism of the RC frames. However, considering the effect ofinfills as per the revised Indian standard has led to reduced inter-storey
drift and ultimate inelastic deformation compared to the bare frame andthe general design practice. It has been observed that the infill-frameinteraction plays a key role in the overall performance as well as govern
the failure mechanism of the structure as a whole.

235

Keywords: Infilled RC frame buildings, Nonlinear analysis, Seismic
design code, Seismic performance.

236

Fire Resistance Performance of Glass Fiber
Reinforced Concrete Columns
Zitouni Mohamed*1 Lamri Belkacem 2 Kada Abdelhak 3
1* Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering andArchitecture, Hassiba Benbouali University of Chlef, Algeria
2 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering andArchitecture, Hassiba Benbouali University of Chlef, Algeria
3 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering andArchitecture, Hassiba Benbouali University of Chlef, Algeria
m.zitouni@univ-chlef.dz 50

The behavior of the reinforced concrete material can be modified byadding a percentage of glass fibers which depend on their characteristics
such as type, shape, volume, or weight content. These fibers arecharacterized by high tensile strength, perfect elasticity, high tightness,good thermal stability and thermal insulation. In this paper, the behaviorof glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) columns with varying glass
fiber volume content (1% and 1.5%) under elevated temperatures andaxial compressive loading is numerically studied in order to evaluate theeffect of adding glass fibers on the behavior of RC columns underelevated temperatures. A reinforced concrete (RC) column without fibers
is used as a control sample. The study is carried out using the ANSYS
software where the temperatures due to the fire are applied according to
the standard ISO834 fire model. In evaluating the fire behavior of thecolumns, geometric and material nonlinearities are considered. The
results show when glass fiber is added to reinforced column, the load
carrying capacity and displacement of reinforced column increase.
Adding glass fibers to reinforced concrete columns provides better
protection to rebar under elevated temperatures. The percentages of*Speaker: Zitouni Mohamed
Corresponding author: m.zitouni@univ-chlef.dz

237

decreasing the ultimate load under elevated temperature wereconsiderably less in GFRC columns compared to that in RC columns.

Keywords: Elevated temperature, Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete,
Concrete Columns, Finite Element Method.

238

Optimized design of tuned liquid damper for
mitigating seismic induced vibration in case ofhigh-rise building
Trinh Thi Hoa1 and Nguyen Thi Tuyet Trinh2
1 University of technology of transportation, Vietnam
2 University of transport and communication, Vietnam

hoatt85@utt.edu.vn

In high-rise building conception, seismic load becomes more andmore a big issue because seismic induced displacement (e.g.
displacement or inter-stories shift) is very important. Tuned Liquid
Damper (TLD) is considered as one promising solution thank to its
efficacity and cheap installation cost. However, lack of standard or
design code may conduct earthquake engineers to some difficulties
during the conception phase of high-rise building. In this paper, theoptimization of TLD parameters, such as geometry, water level are
conducted through a systematic analyses of simplified models,representing a various range of TLD parameters, undergoing an input
signal recorded during 1940’s El Centro earthquake. As highlighted
result, the effectiveness of TLD can be clearly asset through nondimensional frequency equal to the ratio between first sloshingfrequency and first eigen-frequency. The optimized design of TLD isreached when the non-dimensional frequency is close to the unity.

Keywords: Tuned Liquid Damper; Structural dynamics, Seismic
load

239

Enhanced Rao algorithm-based optimization
method for nonlinear inelastic steel frames
Viet-HungTruong1, Hoang-Anh Pham*2, Van-Thuyet Ngo1 andMinh-Phuong Nguyen1
1Thuyloi University, 175 TaySon, Dongda, Hanoi, Vietnam

truongviethung@tlu.edu.vn
thuyet.kcct@tlu.edu.vn
phuongbqldatx@gmail.com
2 National University of Civil Engineering, 55 GiaiPhong Road, Hanoi,
Vietnamanhph2@nuce.edu.vn 51* Corresponding author

Metaheuristics have been increasingly applied in structural design
optimization due to their efficiency in finding the global optimal
solutions. Several metaheuristic techniques have been proposed for the
optimal design of structures. However, the performance of each method
depends on the characteristic of the considered problem. Moreover,many metaheuristics require different control parameters to be tuned fortheir effectiveness. In this paper, we present a parameter-freemetaheuristic based on the Rao algorithms to optimize steel frames.
Direct analysis based on nonlinear inelastic analysis is utilized to capture
the nonlinearity of material and structural geometry. The Rao algorithm,
which is enhanced by an effective scheme to skip unpromising
candidates without performing time-consumed nonlinear inelastic
analyses, is used as the optimizer for the optimization. A two-story spacesteel frame is studied to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

*Speaker: Hoang-Anh Pham
Corresponding author: anhph2@nuce.edu.vn

240

Keywords: Optimization, Rao algorithm, Nonlinear inelastic
analysis, Advanced analysis, Steel frame.

241

Experimental study on shear strength andfailure mechanisms of concrete dowel inshallow-hollow composite beam
Ngoc-Duc Han1, Anh-Tuan Vu1, Dinh-Hoa Nguyen*1, Trung-Kien
Nguyen1 and Van-Cuong Nguyen2
1 Department of Steel and Timber Structure, Faculty of Building andIndustrial Construction, National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi,
Vietnam
2 National University of Civil Engineering Consultancy Company, Hanoi,
Vietnam(*)hoand@nuce.edu.vn 52

Recently, many types of the composite shallow beam have beendeveloped in order to minimize the depth of floor-beam structures and tosave the cost of headed-shear studs. In this new type of composite
structure, the shallow-hollow composite beam consists of web openings,
filled with in-situ concrete (concrete dowel). This article presents anexperimental study to investigate shear strength and shear transferring
mechanism of the concrete dowel with trapezoid shape. A series of static
push-out tests have been conducted. The tested results provide
information on the behavior and shear performance of the specimen.
Shear transferring of concrete-filled web opening connectors reveals thatthe concrete dowel behavior could be divided into crushing,compression, and tension zones.

Keywords: Concrete dowel, shallow-hollow composite beam, pushout test.

*Speaker: Dinh-Hoa NguyenCorresponding author: hoand@nuce.edu.vn

242

Effects of travel distance to Acoustic Emission
parameters in cement-based materials
Tam NGUYEN-TAT
Dr. Lecturer, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Hanoi Architectural
University, Vietnam.
tamnt@hau.edu.vn

By definition, Acoustic Emission (AE) signals are elastic waves
emitted from any internal sources (micro-cracks, interfacial damage,phase transformation) and which propagate to the sensors. In mostcases, the waveforms are attenuated and deformed on their travelling
path. Thus, parameters characterizing the waveforms (such as
Amplitude, Duration, Rise-time) are also strongly influenced. This effectis stronger when the propagation distance increases as indicated in somerecent studies. This result is related to the different of velocities of the
wave types (p-wave and s-wave) during the propagation of the wave,
then the delay between the second and first wave increases. This createsa longer waveform, with higher Rise-time and Duration. The general
result is that sensors which have longer distance from the AE source willproduce lower Amplitude and higher RA (Rise-time per Amplitude)
value signals. This means that the propagation distance should beincorporated in any damage classification.
This study concluded that the RA values increase when the signals
propagate through heterogeneous material may lead to a wrong
conclusion when using damage classification namely RA method which
has been indicated in RILEM TC 212-ACD.

Keywords: Acoustic Emission, concrete, mortar, damage
classification, mode I, mode II, distance, propagation, RA value.

243

Numerical models of locally corroded mooring
chain system of floating offshore structures
and an application in Vietnamese conditions
Pham Hien Hau*1, Vu Dan Chinh1, Le Thi Linh1, Vu Huy Hoang1,2
1 National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Vietnam
2 Rainbow Design Consultancy Company Limited* hauph@nuce.edu.vn 53

In recent times, floating offshore platforms have become mainstream
in Vietnam’s oil & gas industry. The platforms are usually kept bymooring line systems. In the shallow water conditions of Vietnam, themooring lines are mainly made up of chains. For existing floating
offshore platforms, the mooring lines’ strength is reduced due to local
corrosion after a period of operation. In this paper, a numericalinvestigation of the locally corroded mooring chain system in
Vietnamese conditions is conducted to evaluate its strength. The
research results could be used as a reference for re-evaluation of mooring
system strength for renewal and reuse of floating offshore structures inVietnamese conditions.

Keywords: Numerical models, Locally corroded mooring chain
system, Vietnamese conditions.

*Speaker: Pham Hien Hau
Corresponding author: hauph@nuce.edu.vn

244

Effects of Random Road Roughness on
Dynamic Impact Factor of Cable-stayed Bridge
subjected to Moving Vehicle
Xuan-Toan Nguyen1, Duy-Thao Nguyen2, Van-Duc Tran3, ThiKim-Loan Nguyen4
1,2,4 The University of Danang - University of Science and Technology,

Danang city, Vietnam
3 Duy Tan University, Danang city, Vietnam

Email: 2ndthao@dut.udn.vn

In this study, a two-dimensional vehicle-bridge dynamic interaction
model is presented to analyze the dynamic impact factor of a cablestayed bridge in service by considering the effect of the random roadsurface roughness. The bridge system including girder, towers, andcables is discretized by using the finite element method. The common
model of random road roughness vertical profiles is applied in the formof a stationary and ergodic Gaussian process in space. Random samplesof road roughness vertical profiles are generated with the Monte-Carlosimulation method. A two-dimension vehicle model with 4 degrees of
freedom is adopted. Based on the d’Alembert’s principle, the coupledequation of motion of cable-stayed bridge and vehicle are established by
combining both the bridge and vehicle using the interaction force
relationship at the contact point. Solutions of the coupled equation of
motion in the time domain are solved using the Runge-Kutta-Merson
method. The accuracy of numerical results is validated by field test
results of the Pho Nam cable-stayed bridge at Danang city, Vietnam.
Additionally, the influences of random road roughness on the dynamic
impact factor of the bridge were discussed in detail. The results of the
dynamic impact factor study show that bridge design codes currently
underestimate the dynamic response of the bridge for moving vehicles
under different road surface conditions. The findings of this study can beutilized for future design.

245Keywords: Dynamic impact factor (DIF), cable-stayed bridge,
moving vehicle, road roughness, vehicle-bridge interaction (VBI), finite
element method.

246

Rock engineering toolbox for the Follobanen
tunnels under existing Ekeberg tunnels in
Oslo, Norway
Nghia Quoc Trinh1
1 SINTEF Community, S.P. Andersens veg 3, 7031 Trondheim, NORWAY

nghia.trinh@sintef.noJust south of Oslo Central Station the new high-speed Follo Linerailway tunnels pass beneath the existing Ekeberg road tunnels. This
paper presents the numerical model, and monitoring program used toevaluate the stability of the E6 road tunnels during the excavation of theFollo Line tunnels at only less than 4 metres below. The construction of
the Follo Line was approved subject to three conditions: (1) There should
be no negative effect on the stability of the Ekeberg tunnels, (2) The
traffic flow in the Ekeberg tunnels must be maintained at all times and(3) Any risk of instability in the existing tunnels must be detected
beforehand so that necessary precautionary action could be taken ingood time.
In order to deal with the challenges, SINTEF has developed acomprehensive rock engineering toolbox, combining Investigation –Numerical model – Monitoring. The tool has been used successfully inthis project to provide adequate information for excavation planning andcontrol the situation to detect any unexpected situation.

Keywords: metro tunnel, numerical model, tunnel monitoring.

247

Investigation of a Semi-FE Approach toPrediction of Floor Response to Walking
Huu-Anh-Tuan Nguyen 1
1 University of Architecture Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

tuan.nguyenhuuanh@uah.edu.vn

Contemporary guidelines for evaluation of human-induced floor
vibrations normally introduce simplified hand calculation methods forprediction of dynamic characteristics and response of floor systems. On
the other hand, finite element (FE) modeling is more suitable foranalysis of floors with complex geometry and irregular framing layouts.
Vibration prediction using the FE approach usually involves both amodal analysis and a time history analysis that requires modeling of thetime dependent walking force for calculation of the resultant floor
response. The present paper investigates the efficiency of a semi-FE
approach to predicting the vibration response due to walking of a real
office floor. This method combines the modal properties calculated via
an FE model with manual equations established by two widely
recognized design guides to obtain the floor response. The contributionof multiple vibration modes and multiple harmonic components of thefootstep frequency to the total response is considered. The response
calculated using the semi-FE approach is found to compare well withthat obtained from the time history analysis for a practical range ofpacing rates covering both resonance and off-resonance conditions. In
addition, the predicted response is reasonably conservative whencompared with the response level measured on the test floor.

Keywords: Floor Vibrations, Walking Excitation, Finite Element;
Design Guides.

248

Relocation of Walking Path to Resolve
Vibration Problems in a Lightweight Floor
Huu-Anh-Tuan Nguyen1
1 University of Architecture Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

tuan.nguyenhuuanh@uah.edu.vn

Annoying vibrations caused by walking traffic were detected on alightweight floor in an office environment where the measured vibrationlevel was twice the suggested threshold for human comfort. The floor
was fully furnished and consisted of chipboard flooring supported onsteel beams. The present research discusses a possible solution to lessen
the floor vibration by relocation of the long walking path which originallypassed the floor’s midspan. A finite element (FE) model of the case study
floor was created and calibrated against experimental findings. In
particular, the fundamental frequency value obtained from physical heel
drop tests performed on the floor was used as a yardstick to modify the
FE model. Also, the measured damping ratio was utilized in the FE time
history analysis to predict the floor response level. A walking event was
simulated by a series of time-dependent point loads with arrival times
shifted by a footstep period. These single footstep forces were applied to
the FE model on the locations where the walker hit the floor. It was
found that shortening the length of the original walking path wasineffective as maximum response build-up occurred just after 6 footsteps
hitting the lightweight yet highly-damped floor. On the other hand,locating the walking path closer to the bay edges in addition to limiting
the path’s length appeared to help reduce the vibration level by a factor
of up to 2.5. The floor whose critical walking path was properly relocatedwould hence be much less responsive and deemed acceptable from ahuman comfort perspective.

Keywords:
Relocation.

Lightweight

Floor,

249

Footfall

InducedVibration,

Energy Consumption Prediction of Residential
Buildings using Machine Learning: A Study on
Energy Benchmarking Datasets of Selected
Cities across the United States
Milad Parvaneh1, 2, Abolfazl Seyrfar1, Ali Movahedi1, Hossein
Ataei1, Khuong Le Nguyen3, and Sybil Derrible1
1 University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60607, USA
2 Stanford Center for Professional Development, Stanford CA 94305,

USA
3 University of Transport Technology, Hanoi, 1000, Vietnam

milad.ai.sp@gmail.com
parvaneh@stanford.edu

Energy consumption around the globe has been rising for many
decades. A significant portion of this consumption occurs in residentialbuildings. Developing reliable methods to understand and predict energy
use is essential in the global effort to become more sustainable. Many
cities across the U.S. have mandatory energy benchmarking programs
requiring large buildings to track and report their energy use. These
openly available datasets have encouraged many researchers to study
energy use and develop energy use prediction models. In this study, we
employ Extreme Gradient Boosting, Random Forest, and Artificial
Neural Network as three common Machine Learning methods to predictbuilding energy use in eight U.S. metropolitan areas. By examining themodels' performance, we also evaluate and compare the datasets
provided by the benchmarking programs and we investigate whether the
openly available datasets provide adequate input variables for energy use
prediction. Based on the results, suggestions are provided to enhance thedatasets and further improve building energy use research.

Keywords:
EnergyConsumption,
Residential
Buildings,
Benchmarking Programs, Prediction Models, Machine Learning.

250

Experimental and numerical studies oftemperature prediction in mass concrete
foundation
Quang Van Nguyen1, Thang Ba Phung Ba1, May Huu Nguyen1
1 University of transport technology, Ha Noi, Viet Nam

quangnv@utt.edu.vn (Q.V. Nguyen), thangbp@utt.edu.vn (T.B.
Phung),maynh@utt.edu.vn (M.H. nguyen)

The prediction of temperature rise in massive concrete structures has
been a very important problem. In this study, a wind turbine foundation
with thicknesses varying from 3.2 m in the center section down to 0.8 m
at the edge was considered. According to National and Vietnamesestandards, this foundation falls in the mass concrete category. For
studying, a three-dimensional finite element program for thermal
analysis of hydration heat Midas Gen was developed. There is a flow
chart that was carried out steps of studying the massive concrete
problem with different experimental tests and full-size foundation
analysis. The predicted results were compared with the measured datafrom experimental tests and real foundation. The predicted results frommodeling showed good agreements with the site measured data.

Keywords: Mass concrete, thermal analysis, heat of hydration,
monitoring of temperature251Impact of fine mineral fraction properties on
the fatigue performance of asphalt mastic
Michael Steineder1, Bernhard Hofko1, and Lukas
Eberhardsteiner1
1 Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Transportation, Austria

michael.steineder@tuwien.ac.at

This research investigates the influence of fines quality on the fatigue
performance of asphalt mastic by laboratory testing since mastic is theprimary binding component in asphalt mixes. We examined six different
mineral fines (grain size smaller than 125μm) regarding their true
density for this study and carried out a sieve analysis down to 0.002mm.
Furthermore, the BET-surface, the Rigden void, and the grain shapethrough dynamic image analysis of the fines were determined. Twelve
different asphalt mastics were prepared with unmodified and modified
asphalt binders and the six fines to explore these parameters' influenceon fatigue performance. The fatigue performance of the asphalt mastic
was tested with a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). We selected a stresscontrolled time sweep test with hyperbolic specimen shape for fatigue
tests on DSR. From the data obtained, it can be concluded that the BETsurface and the Rigden void impact the fatigue performance of asphalt
mastic, deduced by a simple linear regression model. A correlation
between the other tested parameters and fatigue performance of asphalt
mastic could not be established.

Keywords: Fatigue, DSR, asphalt mastic, material properties

252

Combination of cement deep mixing (CDM)
and steel sheet piles for the cofferdam used inconstruction of deep foundation pit in soft
ground in the Mekong Delta Coast
Tao Nguyen Quang1(), Bui The Anh1, Thanh Vu Cong2, Tri Mai Cao1
1 Faculty of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, National University of

Civil Engineering, 55 Giai Phong, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, Vietnam
2 Institute of Construction for Offshore Engineering, 55 Giai Phong, Hai

Ba Trung, Hanoi,
Vietnam
1 taonq@nuce.edu.vn (corresponding author)

Cofferdam foundation is defined as a temporary structure which isused to prevent soil erosion in the construction area as well as to prevent
water from entering the excavated area when excavation is to be done by
digging deeper along the river bank or coast. Most of the works such as
dams, locks, bridge footings and water intakes of thermal power plants
have deep and wide foundation pits leading to very large cofferdam. In
fact, the cofferdam for such works are usually made of specialized steel
sheet piles and combined with shoring frames.
The specialized steel sheet piles are not popular in the market meanwhile
the shoring frame reduces the work space and increases thecomplication of construction works. Based on research and experiencefrom projects in the Mekong Delta, the cofferdam for the deep and widefoundation pits made by combining between soil cement columns with
common steel sheet piles is the reasonable solution. This solution not
only does not need specialized steel sheet piles but also takes advantage
of local materials, moreover, increasing the work space because it does
not need a shoring frame. This paper is going to present the cofferdam
used in construction of deep and wide foundation pits under the soft soilof the Song Hau thermal power plant by combining cement deep mixing(CDM) with common steel sheet piles.

253

Keywords: cofferdam; deep and wide foundation pit; soft soil;
CDM.

254

Organizing Committee
Chair

NGUYEN Hoang LongHA MINH Cuong

Rector of UTT, Vietnam
AVSE Global & ENS Paris-Saclay, France

Local members (UTT)

VU Ngoc Khiem
NGUYEN Manh Hung
NGO Quoc Trinh
NGO Thi Thanh Huong
PHAM Thai Binh
LE Nguyen Khuong
LY Hai Bang
TRAN Van QuanDAO Phuc Lam
TRUONG Thi My ThanhNGUYEN Thi Thu Hien
HOANG Vu
VU Trung Hieu
LE Thanh Hai
PHI Luong Van
NGUYEN Long Khanh
VU Duy Tung
PHUNG Ba ThangNGUYEN Minh Khoa
NGUYEN Kien Quyet
NGUYEN Thi Loan
TRAN Ngoc Hung
PHAM Tuan Anh
LU Thi Yen

Chairman of UTTVice-rector of UTTHead of Science & Technology
Head of faculty of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Department of Economy of Transportation
Department of Science, Technology &International Cooperation
Department of Science, Technology &International Cooperation
Department of Science, Technology &International Cooperation
Department of Science, Technology &International Cooperation
Department of Science, Technology &International Cooperation
Department of Science, Technology &International Cooperation
Center of Technology of Communication
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering

255

International members

BUI HaBUI Quang HienBUI Quoc Bao
BUI Quoc Tinh
DO Tuan Anh
HUYNH Dat Vu Khoa
LE Ba Danh
LE Thi Xiu
LE Van Nhat
NGUYEN GiangNGUYEN Hoang GiangNGUYEN Thuong Anh
NGUYEN Viet Phuong
NGUYEN Tien Long
PHAM Cao Hung
PHAM Quoc Hoan
TANG Anh Minh
TRAN Ngoc Tuyen
VU Xuan Hong

Monash University, Australia
STECHCO, Canada
Ton Duc Thang Unversity, Vietnam
Tokyo Institute of Technology, JapanAVSE Global & Caen-Normandy University,
FranceAVSE Global & Norwegian GeotechnicalInstitute, Norway
NUCE, Vietnam
AVSE Global & ENPC, France
AVSE Global & EGIS, France
University of Adelaide, Australia
NUCE, Vietnam
Geodynamique et Structure, France
NUCE, Vietnam
AVSE Global & Tractebel, France
University of Sydney, Australia
AVSE Global
AVSE Global & ENPC, France
AVSE Global
University Lyon 1, France

256International Scientific Committee
Advisory board

HANCOCK, Gregory J.

University of Sydney, Australia

SINGH, Devendra Narain

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,
India

SKIBNIEWSKI, Miroslaw J.

University of Maryland, USA

ROUSSEL, Nicolas

Université Gustave Eiffel, France

YOUNG, Ben

University of Hong Kong, China

Coordinators

BUI, Quoc Tinh

Tokyo Institute of Technology, JapanHUYNH, Dat Vu Khoa

Norwegian Geotechnical Institute,
NorwayMembers

AN, Minh Ngoc

Kochi University of Technology, Japan

ARMAGHANI, Danial Jahed

University of Malaya, Malaysia

ASTERIS, Panagiotis G.

School of Pedagogical & Technological
Education, Greece

BEAKOU, Alexis

Université Clermont Auvergne, France

BENABOU, Lahouari

Université de Versailles Saint-Quentinen-Yvelines, France

BENBOUDJEMA , Farid

ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Saclay,
France

BUI, Ha

Monash University, Australia

257

BUI, Quoc Bao

Ton Duc Thang University, Vietnam

BUI, Tan Trung

University of Lyon, France

CHEN, Po-Han

National Taiwan University, Taiwan

CHIA, Fah Choy

Universiti Tunku Addul Rahman,
Malaysia

CHOI, Jung Chan

Norwegian Geotechnical Institute,
NorwayDANG, Thuc Trang

Scene Plus Co.Ltd., Vietnam

DAO, Phuc Lam

University of Transport Technology,
Vietnam

DERRIBLE, Sybil

University of Illinois at Chicago, USA

DIAS, Daniel

University Grenoble Alpes, France

DOAN, Minh Khoi

National University of Civil Engineering,
Vietnam

FERRIER, Emmanuel

University Lyon 1, France

GILBERT, Benoit

Griffith University, Australia

HO, Si Lanh

University of Transport Technology,
Vietnam

JAAFARI, Abolfazl

Research Institute of Forests andRangelands, India

KAYNIA, Amir M.

Norwegian Geotechnical Institute,
NorwayKHOSRAVI, Khabat

Sari Agricultural Science and Natural
Resources University, India

KODUR, Venkatesh

Michigan State University, USA

KUMAR, Raghvendra

GIET University, IndiaLABBÉ, Daniel

School of Urban Planning and LandscapeArchitecture, Montreal University,
CanadaLANOS, Christophe

IUT/INSA Rennes, France

LE, Hoang Son

Vietnam National University, Vietnam

LE, Nguyen Khuong

University of Transport Technology,
Vietnam258

LE, Thu Huyen

University of Transport andCommunications, Vietnam

LIKHITRUANGSILP,
Veerasak

Chulalongkorn University, Thailand

LOU, Eric

Manchester Metropolitan University, UK

LU, Thi Yen

University of Transport Technology,
Vietnam

LUU, Duc Cuong

Vietnam Institute for Urban and Rural
Planning, Vietnam

LY, Hai Bang

University of Transport Technology,
Vietnam

NAKARAI, Kenichiro

Hiroshima University, Japan

NGO, Ngoc-Tri

University of Da Nang, Vietnam

NGUYEN, Giang

University of Adelaide, Australia

NGUYEN, Hong Quan

Vietnam National University – Ho Chi
Minh city, Vietnam

NGUYEN, Khanh Son

Hochiminh City University of Technology,
VietnamNGUYEN, Quang Hung

Hanoi University of Science – Vietnam
National University, Vietnam

NGUYEN, Quang Huy

INSA de Rennes, France

NGUYEN, Quoc Toan

National University of Civil Engineering,
VietnamNGUYEN, The Quan

National University of Civil Engineering,
VietnamNGUYEN, Thi Binh

Foreign Trade University, Vietnam

NGUYEN, Thi Dinh

National University of Civil Engineering,
VietnamNGUYEN, Thi Phuong

University of Transport Technology,
VietnamNGUYEN, Van Bac

University of Derby, UK

NGUYEN Tien Long

Tractebel France, France

NGUYEN, Van-Thanh-Van

McGill University, Canada

259

PARK, Kenneth

School of Engineering & Applied Science,
Aston University, UK

PHAM, Cao Hung

University of Sydney, Australia

PHAM, Hung Cuong

National University of Civil Engineering,
Vietnam

PHAM, Thai Binh

University of Transport Technology,
Vietnam

PHAM, Tuan Hung

National University of Civil Engineering,
Vietnam

PRADHAN, Biswajeet

University of Technology Sydney,
Australia

PRAKASH, Indra

Bhaskarcharya Institute for Space
Applications and Geo-Informatics(BISAG), India

QI, ChongchongCenter South University, China

RAGUENEAU, Frédéric

ENS Paris-Saclay, France

RILETT, Laurence

University of Nebraska–Lincoln, USA

SI LARBI, Amir

ENISE Saint Etienne, France

TA , Ngoc Binh

Institute of Construction Economics,
Ministry of Construction, Vietnam

TANG, Anh Minh

Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, France

TANG, Pingbo

Arizona State University, USA

THAI, Huu Tai

University of Melbourne, Australia

TO, Thi Huong Quynh

National University of Civil Engineering,
Vietnam

TRAN, The Truyen

University of Transport andCommunications, Vietnam

TRAN, Van Quan

University of Transport Technology,
Vietnam

TRAN NGUYEN, Hoang
Hung

Hochiminh City University of Technology,
Vietnam

TRUONG, Thi My Thanh

University of Transport Technology,
Vietnam

TURMO, Coderque José

Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya,260

SpainVU, Hoai Nam

University of Transport Technology,
Vietnam

VU, Truong Vu

Ho Chi Minh City University of Transport,
Vietnam

VU, Xuan Hong

University Lyon 1, France

WONG, Henry

École nationale des travaux publics del'État (ENTPE), France

YVONNET, Julien

Université Gustave Eiffel, France

261