COMMISSION B: FIELDS AND WAVES
Edited by Mitsuo Tateiba
B1. Scattering and Diffraction
The topic “scattering and diffraction” is a broad and very important subject area covered by
URSI Commission B. There has been a great progress during the last three years in developing
various solution methods and new results related to this topic. There are a number of simple,
canonical two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) targets such as half-planes, strips
and slits, wedges, circular and elliptic cylinders, and spheres (see Bowman, J. J., T. B. A.
Senior, and P. L. E. Uslenghi, eds., Electromagnetic and Acoustic Scattering by Simple Shapes,
Revised Printing, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, 1987). Although significant results werealready obtained by the late 1960s, there are still a large number of papers published recently
treating these simple 2-D and 3-D obstacles, in which the diffraction phenomena areinvestigated from various new aspects. In addition, scattering problems involving more
complicated geometries have also been analyzed using conventional or newly-developed
analytical and numerical methods.
Summarized below is the recent progress in the research carried out in Japan during thethree-year period from November 1998 to October 2001 regarding the topic area B1: Scatteringand Diffraction. In the following, we have provided a summary of the research related to this
topic, which, however, is closely related to all the other topics B2-B8. It is therefore suggested
that readers also refer to the results summarized in Sections B2 to B8.
1.1 Canonical Structures
Hongo and Serizawa [1999a] analyzed the diffraction of a plane electromagnetic wave by aperfectly conduc ting rectangular plate as well as its complementary problem, namely thediffraction by a rectangular aperture in an infinite perfectly conducting plane. The problem issolved using the Kobayashi potential method and the far field scattering characteristics areinvestigated. They also solved a related acoustic problem using the same technique [Hongo andSerizawa, 1999b]. A circular disk is also a canonical scatterer which has been investigatedsince long time ago. The scattering of electromagnetic waves from an electric dipole by aperfectly conducting circular disk has been analyzed by Kinoshita et al. [2001] from new
aspects using the Kobayashi potential method. The Wiener-Hopf technique is a rigorous
approach for solving diffraction problems related to canonical geometries. Shimoda et al.
[2001] investigated the diffraction by an impedance wedge using the Wiener-Hopf technique,and expressed the solution in terms of the Maliuzhinets function. Kozaki, Sakurai, and theircolleagues investigated the scattering characteristics of the Luneberg lens and related sphericalobstacles numerically [Sakurai et al., 1999, 2000a, 2000b; Sakurai, 2001].
The strip is a well known 2-D target and has a long history of investigations on diffraction
problems. Veliev, Kobayashi, and their colleagues developed a new analytical-numericalmethod based on the integral equation formulation and the orthogonal polynomial expansion in
conjunction with the Fourier transforms, and solved the plane wave diffraction by animpedance strip [Veliev et al., 1999; Ikiz et al., 2001]. They have also analyzed the plane wave
diffraction by a thin material strip using the analytical-numerical method together with1

approximate boundary conditions [Veliev et al., 2000]. A related technique involving
orthogonal polynomials has been applied by Yashiro et al. [2000] to solve rigorously the plane
wave diffraction by a perfectly conducting half-plane.
1.2 Cavity Structures
Waveguide cavities are encountered in many important radar targets such as aircrafts and ships,
and are of great importance in connection with the prediction and reduction of the radar crosssection (RCS). Since this geometry has resonance phenomena in the cavity regions, theanalysis is more complicated than classical obstacles. There are a number of papers treating thediffraction involving 2-D and 3-D waveguide cavities. Tadokoro and Hongo [2001] carried out
the RCS analysis of a large open-ended circular waveguide cavity with impedance walls using
the iterative physical optics algorithm. Sato and Shirai [1999, 2000, 2001a] investigated the
RCS of rectangular troughs on an infinite ground plane using the Kobayashi potential method.
The RCS of parallel-plate and circular waveguide cavities has been rigorously analyzed by
Kobayashi and his colleagues using the Wiener-Hopf technique [Kuryliak et al., 1999, 2001;
Koshikawa and Kobayashi, 2000a]. Ohnuki and Hinata [1999] have analyzed the plane wave
diffraction by a parallel-plate waveguide cavity numerically using the point matching method.
1.3 Waveguides and Periodic Structures
There are a number of papers treating scattering problems related to waveguides and periodic
structures. The Kobayashi potential method has been applied by Serizawa and Hongo [2000,
2001] to the analysis of the radiation from a flanged rectangular waveguide. Okuno,
Matsushima, and their colleagues analyzed the plane wave diffraction by a multilayered strip
grating with the aid of the integral equation formulation and the moment method [Zinenko etal., 1999; Matsushima et al., 2000]. The scattering and guiding characteristics ofinhomogeneous dielectric gratings with surface relief has been analyzed by Yamasaki et al.
[2000] using the improved Fourier series expansion and the multilayer method. Yasumoto andYoshitomi [1999] proposed a new method of calculating the lattice sums for the free-space
Green’s function, which is useful in analyzing scattering problems involving gratings ofinfinite extent. Yasumoto and his colleagues analyzed the diffraction by various gratings using
this new method and other related numerical methods [Kushta and Yasumoto, 2000; Visnovsky
and Yasumoto, 2001; Yasumoto et al., 2001; Watanabe and Yasumoto, 2000a, 2001]. In
addition, Motojima et al. [1998] analyzed the diffraction by sinusoidal metallic and dielectric
gratings based on the point matching method.
1.4 Novel Analytical and Numerical Methods
Recently there has been an increasing interest in the wavelet theory and its applications toelectromagnetic wave problems. Several scattering problems have been investigated using the
wavelet-based analysis by Yashiro and his colleagues [Guan et al., 1999; Kigoshi et al., 2000;
Guan et al., 2000]. During the last three years, various new solution methods forelectromagnetic wave problems have been developed by a number of scientists. Hashimoto[2000a, 2000b] introduced a new description of 2-D electromagnetic waves based on the
bicomplex mathematics and discussed its applications to scattering problems at low and highfrequency limits. Hosono and Hosono [2000, 2001] developed a new method for solving
scattering problems, which is based on the atomic model of a scatterer. This method has been
applied to diffraction problems involving circular and rectangular cylinders, and its validity has
been discussed. Tokumaru [1998] investigated a geometrical structure of electromagnetic fields
2

in terms of a concept of energy flux densities, and proposed a new description of polarized
electromagnetic waves. These results have been applied by Tokumaru and his colleagues to acouple of scattering problems [Nakagawa and Tokumaru, 1999; Kitagawa and Tokumaru,
1999].
(K. Kobayashi)
B2. Inverse Scattering
We can find theoretical improvement in inversion algorithms. New iterative algorithms for thereconstruction of one-dimensional with an edge-preserving regularization was presented by
Yoshida et al. [2000]. Harada et al.[2001] presented an efficient reconstruction algorithm in thefrequency domain for three-dimensional scattering objects. A non-iterative method forreconstructing the object was also derived and investigated [Ishida et al. 2000]. Tanaka et al.
[2000, 2001a] developed a novel method for choosing the optimal regularization parameterused in the Levenberg-Marquardt method, and they applied it to a fast inversion method for
imaging of dielectric cylinders [Tanaka and Ogata 2001b]. When the cylinder is lossy, iterative
solutions by time-domain data is presented by Takenaka et al. [2000] and Tanakaet al. [1999].
Meng et al. [1999] used a genetic algorithm (GA) approach for reconstruction of the locations
and shapes of two-dimensional impenetrable objects from scattered field data, and used it toreconstruct the electrical parameters of a multilayered radome of finite size [Meng et al. 2000].
As more complicated material case, an inverse scattering problem for a stratified bianisotropic
slab was considered in the frequency domain by He et al. [1999].
Novel radar sensing technologies were introduced. An imaging method based on the
Range-Doppler Interferometry (also known as ISAR) is developed for the imaging of spacedebris, by Sato [1999]. Meteor storms and showers are now considered as potential hazard in
the space environment, and Sato [2000b] developed a special observation scheme using the
MU radar of Japan which enables us to determine the orbit of individual meteors. As forpassive sensing, a new direction finding method applicable to plasma waves is proposed basedon the wave distribution function (WDF). By the proposed method an ill-posed inverse
problem was effectively solved [Goto et al. 2001]. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a good
example of practical use of inverse problem with the combination of radar technologies. As
theoretical works, Kudou and Saitou [2000] showed estimation of the unknown permittivity
and position of a lossless cylinder buried in a lossy medium, Sanada and Ashida [1999] applied
the reverse time migration formulated using FDTD and applied to model with lossless andlossy media. Hayakawa et al.[1998a, 1998b], showed that f-k migration works well for
detection of buried pipes with real data sets, and also developed a 3-D imaging algorithm[Hayakawa et al. 2000]. A robust and high-resolution 2-D imaging algorithm is proposed for
retrieving the shape of conductive objects embedded in a uniform lossy and dispersive medium
by Sato et al. [2000a]. GPR is now used in many applications. Nakauchi et al. [2000] applied tohorizontal drilling, Oota et al. [2000] and. Matsuyama et al. [2000] used GPR for concrete
evaluation, and identification of subsurface material based on GPR was given by Inagaki[2000]. Zhou and Sato [200][2001] showed that GPR imaging is useful for archaeology. Beside
GPR, for deeper subsurface exploration, DC resistivity method is useful. El-Qady and Ushijima[2001] applied this technique and used neural network algorithm for subsurface imaging.
Radar polarimetry will be a useful method for radar imaging. Yang et al. [1998] introduced the3

idea of optimal polarization state in terms of Stokes vector formulation. Miwa et al.
[2000a][2000b] have applied radar polarimetry to borehole radar. As an application of FC-CWPol SAR, buried objects were seen by polarimetric information Moriyama et al. [1999][2000].
Radar hardware is also developed for more accurate data acquisition. Real-time and fullypolarimetric FM-CW radar was developed by Nakamura et al. [2000]. A design of T-bar fed
slot antenna is presented for GPR by Wakita et al. [1998] [1999] and its ultra wide-bandcharacteristics was shown by FDTD [Wakita 2001].
For the remote sensing of the Earth, innovative researches have been carried out.
Characteristics of the mean pulse response and the pulse-to-pulse correlation coefficient on asimulation of satellite altimeter were evaluated by Fujisaki et al. [1999]. Methods for
estimating the ocean wavelength based on the first and second statistics was presented, and thepossibility of detecting the ocean wavelength was considered by Fujisaki and Tateiba [2001a].
The efficiency of methods for estimating the ocean wave height was shown to an arbitrary
ocean waves model, and methods for estimating the ocean wavelength based on the first andsecond statistics was presented [Fujisaki and Tateiba 2001b]. CRL and NASDA in Japan arecooperatively operating airborne polarimetric interferometric SAR. This Pi-SAR data wasanalyzed by Kimura et al. [2000], and Murakami and Sato[2001]. These are also good
examples of radar polarimetry(M. Sato)
B3. Computational Techniques
The computational techniques employed usually in solving EM wave problems can beclassified broadly into three classes: finite-difference and finite-element methods; integral
equation methods; and modal-expansion methods. Recent progress in these areas will besummarized in the three subsections below. A miscellanea section will follow for works that
do not fit in one of the three classes. It is noted that the summary and the references are takenfrom the material that has been submitted by researchers who wish their works cited here. A
great number of articles that are closely related to the computational techniques, hence, may befound in the review of other topic areas in accordance with the author’s desire.
3.1 Finite-Difference and Finite-Element Methods
The FD-TD method has been employed in solving a wide range of problems. Here, wesummarize the works in this field in the last three years. In mos t cases the paragraphseparates research groups.
Awai and Oda [1998] and Awai et al. [1998] examined the coupling between two resonators
and an external Q of a resonator both by employing the FD-TD method. Sanada et al. [1998a,2000] made full-wave FD-TD analysis of ferrite devices and compared the results with existing
theoretical or experimental data. Sanada et al. [1998b], again using the FD-TD method,solved the problem of coaxial-probe insertion in a rectangular waveguide. Okubo et al.
[2000a, 2000b, 2000c] gave the results of FD-TD analysis of magnetized YIG or YIG-GGG
film microstrip lines. Sanada et al. [1999] solved a similar problem also using the FD-TD
method.
Ikuno et al. [2000] described a standard technique for the solution of optical devices using a4

FD-TD method based on the principles of a multidimensional wave digital filter. Naka andIkuno [2000a, 2000b, 2001], in their continuous work, examined the propagation
characteristics and discontinuity of two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides using the
FD-TD method combined with the PML absorbing boundary condition and themultidimensional wave digital filter. Yata et al. [2001] solved the problem of junction
between a photonic and a dielectric waveguide and examined the condition to have highcoupling efficiency.
Kuroda and Kuroda [1999, 2000, 2001] and Kuroda and Kawano [2001], in their continuous
research work, applied the FD-TD method with body-fitted grid generation to solve theproblem of scattering by a moving object. Maeda and Tsumagari [2000] discussed theradiation characteristics of a nonlinear dielectric waveguide based on the FD-TD analysis
combined with the Z transformation. Fujimoto et al. [1999, 2000] and Okuno et al. [2001a]gave the results of FD-TD analysis of diffractive-optics elements with binary subwavelength
structures. Shibasaki et al. [2001] examined the propagation characteristics of a periodicallycorrugated waveguide using a FD-TD scheme combined with Floquet’s theorem.
3.2 Integral Equation Methods
In this field a systematic study carried out by Tanaka et al. attracts attention although otherresearchers have made important and creative contributions.
Tanaka et al. [1998, 1999] and Yoshida et al. [2001] made computer simulation of a 2-D
tunneling microscope using a guided-mode extracted integral equation formulation. Tanaka
and Tanaka [1998] and Tanaka et al. [2000] made computer simulation of devices in near-field
optics using boundary and volume integral equations. Extensive study was done and theresults may be found in Tanaka and Tanaka [2001a, 2001b] and in Tanaka et al. [2001].
Takahashi et al. [2000, 2001a] solved the problem of scattering by a honeycomb sandwich
structure by a 3-D volume integral equation approach. Takahashi et al. [2001b] gave an
evaluation of iterative methods used in solving 3-D volume integral equations.
Matsushima and Sakamoto [2001], introducing a wire model combined with an integral
equation formulation, examined the AC resistance and inductance of a transmission line.
Shimoda et al. [2000] dealt with transient scattering caused by a time-dependent resistive
screen in a waveguide by using the Wiener-Hopf technique. Ohki et al. [2000], employing theboundary-element method combined with the extended boundary condition, solved the problemof scattering of a wave beam by a dielectric rectangular cylinder.
3.3 Modal Expansion Methods
Komatsu et al. employed an improved Fourier-expansion method in solving the problem ofdiffraction by a lamellar [2000] and a sinusoidal [2001] grating placed in conical mounting.
Wakabayashi et al. examined the validity of Galerkin’s procedure in solving the problem of asurface-relief [1999] and a metallic plane grating [2001] described by a resistive boundary
condition making comparison with the results of the Fourier-expansion method.
Matsuda et al. [1999a], Okuno et al. [2001b], and Zhou et al. [2001c] examined the plasmon
resonance absorption on the surface of a metallic grating using Yasuura’s mode-matching
method. Matsuda et al. [1999b], using the same method, gave numerical results for a grating5

whose surface is corrugated periodically in two directions. Zhou et al. [2001a, 2001b] andMatsuda et al. [2001], having established an efficient way in solving a large-sized least-squares
problem, gave diffraction efficiency of multilayer-coated bigratings.
Tomita [1999] and Tomita and Karasawa [2000a, 2000b, 2000c, 2001] examined the coupling
efficiency of a directional coupler for dielectric waveguides using the mode-matching methodin the sense of least squares (or Yasuura’s mode-matching method).
Ikuno et al. [2001] presented a rapid algorithm based on Yasuura’s modal expansion techniqueusing arrays of multipoles in addition to the conventional multipoles at the origin.

3.4 Miscellane a
Nishimoto et al. [1998, 2000], using a time-frequency domain analysis based on the wavelet
transform, examined the target information and scattering mechanism that were not apparent intime or frequency domain response. Matsunaga et al. [1999, 2001], using the coupled-mode
analysis, found the propagation characteristics of various kinds of microstrip lines. Asai et al.
[2000, 2001a, 2001b] solved the problem of diffraction by a combined structure consisting of achiral slab and a periodic array employing a 4×4 matrix-based analysis. Hayashi [2000] has
shown a stable method for solving a linear functional equation that appears in handling the
problem of scattering by a hollow pipe of finite length. Ikuno [2000] gave a review on the
research trends in computational electromagnetics and stressed that the use of first-orderequations in time domain is promising. Tanaka and Iizuka [2001] applied the least-squares
method to step frequency-imaging technique.
(Y. Okuno)
B4. High Frequency Techniques
A Fock-type representation of the surface fields has been obtained for the transition region of
the circular cylinder with impedance boundary conditions [Hongo et al., 1999]. This current
supplements the Physical Optics (PO) current approximation near the transition region. A
method of evaluation of the surface fields scattered by an impedance polygonal cylinder has
also been developed [Hongo et al., 2001]. The PO currents are corrected by adding thetransition currents near the edge, which are determined by solving the canonical impedance
wedge problem. A method that uses PO with transition currents has been extended to athree-dimensional (3-D) smooth convex impedance surface [Kobayashi et al., 2000]. While, thePhysical Theory of Diffraction (PTD) with transition currents is applied to the fields diffracted
by obstacles with edges [Hongo et al., 2000a]. Edge and transition currents are borrowed fromthe solution of canonical problems. Also, the expressions for the surface fields of curved
impedance wedge have been derived by applying the theories of Fock for curved surface andMaliuzhinets for impedance wedge [Hongo et al., 2000b]. In addition, the scattering from a thinrectangular plate of a perfect conductor illuminated by an electromagnetic plane wave atglancing incidence has been studied using a formula derived by the method of the Kobayashi
potential, which is a form of Weber-Schafheitlin discontinuous integrals [Serizawa et al., 2001].
Numerical results for the current density distribution and far-field pattern are presented. The
RCS calculation software system has been developed, which contains the transition currents[Kobayashi et al., 1999].
6

The equivalence between Aperture Field Integration Method (AFIM) and Physical Optics (PO)
has been discussed for polyhedron surface [Cui et al., 1998], [Cui et al., 1999]. The importanceof the exact expressions for both incident and reflected fields in constructing equivalent surface
currents is emphasized. The equivalent edge currents (EECs) for AFIM are used to extract themechanism of the equivalence between AFIM and PO. Also, mathematical proof for the EECs
for PO (POEECs) has been given for plane wave incidence and the observer in far zone [Cui etal., 2000]. POEECs have been extended to those for impedance plates. Meanwhile, a novel
approach for asymptotic reduction of PO integration has been proposed for two-dimensionalline source diffraction from a half-sheet [Sakina et al., 2000]. Field equivalence principle
provides alternative integration surfaces not on the original half-sheet but on the geometricalshadow and reflection boundaries, where analytical integration leads us to well known
Fresnel-type uniform PO (UPO) diffraction coefficients. Furthermore, the mathematicalderivation of Modified Edge Representation (MER) empirically proposed is investigated in[Sakina et al., 2001a] by using Stokes theorem. It proves remarkable applicability of MER.
Also, the novel line integral representation for PO diffracted fields has been derived [Sakina etal., 2001b], whic h has a high accuracy even near zone.
A random-phase-assisted ray-tracing computer code for predicting spatio-temporal-wirelesschannel parameters has been presented [Zhu et al. 2001a]. A two dimensional-three
dimensional (2D-3D) hybrid ray-tracing algorithm is implemented in code for the prediction ofchannel parameters in outdoor micro- and pico-cellular urban environments. It was found thatmeasured fluctuation of path loss and delay profiles are almost fully confined within the 90%
confidence interval. The conventional verification of path loss and delay profiles predicted by
ray-tracing is extended to include the verification of angle of arrival [Zhu et al., 2001b]. The
spetio-temporal channel impulse response is also transformed to have limited bandwidth andlimited beam-width characteristics [Zhu et al., 2001c]. While, an adaptive Shooting andBouncing Ray (SBR) technique has been used to predict the field strength map [Shirai, 1999a].
A bundle of rays will be shot from a transmitted antenna, then eac h ray is traced until it
decreases to a certain field strength level. This technique considers the field interaction
between multiple scattered rays, so that the interference pattern may be generated. Edgediffracted rays are also included to fill the map in the deep shadow region [Watanabe, 2001].
An E-polarized electromagnetic plane wave scattering by a staggered finite parallel platewaveguide cavity has been analyzed by the Equivalent Source Method (ESM), which is one ofthe powerful high-frequency asymptotic methods [Shirai et al., 1999b]. The ESM is a modified
version of the Geometrical Theory of Diffraction (GTD) and it can be easily used foraccounting multiple edge diffracted waves. Numerical calculations are performed for the RCS
and the results are then compared with the other method and measurements. Good agreement
has been observed between them. An electromagnetic wave scattering by a material loaded
rectangular trough on a ground plane has been approximately analyzed by using standard
impedance boundary condition (SIBC). The validity of the derived approximate solution is
examined by comparing with the rigorous one [Sato et al., 2001]. An applicability condition
has been clarified. The ESM described above has been applied to predict the electromagnetic
wave scattering fields from automobile models [Shirai et al., 2000]. Good agreements between
the theoretical values and the simulation measurements have been obtained.

7

The modified UTD (uniform GTD) solution has been derived for the asymptotic analysis of thediffracted fields in the transition region and shadow region of a perfectly conducting convex
cylinder [Ishihara et al., 2000]. The validity of the modified UTD solution is assessed bynumerical comparisons with the exact solution. Also the asymptotic representations for the
scattering of the fields by the cylindrically curved open surfaces have been derived [Ishihara etal., 1998], [Goto et al., 2000a]. It has been shown that the asymptotic solutions agree
excellently with the numerical solution calculated from the method of moments (MoM) and themeasurements. A uniform physical optics solution (UPO) has also been derived for the
scattered fields by the cylindrically curved surface with edges [Goto et al., 1998]. By applying
the saddle point technique to evaluate the inverse Fourier transform, the time-domain uniform
asymptotic solution (time-domain UTD) has been derived for the scattered fields by thecylindrically curved open surfaces [Goto et al., 2000b], [Ishihara et at al., 2001]. Also, a
uniform asymptotic solution for the scattered fields when the electromagnetic wave is incident
on the plane dielectric interface has been derived [Ishihara et al., 1999]. The solution uniformly
approaches the conventional totally reflected ray and lateral wave as the observation points
move away from the transition region.
The plane wave diffraction by a thin material strip has been analyzed by the Wiener-Hopf
technique together with approximate boundary conditions [Koshikawa et al., 2000b]. Assumingthat the thickness of the material strip is small compared with the wavelength, the strip is
replaced by a strip of zero thickness satisfying the second order impedance boundary
conditions. The resulting diffraction problem is analyzed by the Wiener-Hopf technique. The
problem is formulated in terms of a Wiener-Hopf equation, which is solved by the factorizationand decomposition procedure leading to a high-frequency asymptotic solution. The final
solution is valid for the case where the thickness and the width of the strip are small and large
compared with the wavelength, respectively. The results obtained are regarded as a reference
solution to a canonical problem. The plane wave diffraction by a finite parallel-plate waveguidewith three-layer material loading has also been analyzed using the Wiener-Hopf technique[Okada et al., 2001a], [Okada et al., 2001b]. The problems is formulated in terms of thesimultaneous Wiener-Hopf equations, which are solved asymptotically for the case where thelength of the waveguide plates is large compared with the wavelength. Numerical examples of
the radar cross section (RCS) are presented and the far field backscattering characteristics are
discussed.
(T. Ishihara)
B5. Transient Fields
5.1 Scattering and Diffraction
In electromagnetic wave scattering by dielectric objects, several scattering mechanisms
contribute to the scattering responses. The research has progressed in the numerical study of thescattering data by using Wavelet Transforms(WT), and the Finite-Difference
Time-Domain(FDTD) method combined with a general Perfectly Matched Layer(PML)absorbing boundary.
Nishimoto and Ikuno [2001] have analyzed the scattering responses from a dielectric sphere in
the time-frequency domain by using two types of WTs. The advantage of the use of these two
types WTs is that the different multi-resolution characteristics are available and the informationthat are not apparent in time or frequency domain analysis can be extracted from the responses.
8Sato et al. [2000] have proposed a PML-based absorbing boundary condition for dispersive andanisotropic medium by using FDTD method.
Kobayashi et al. [2001] have investigated the transient scattering of a Gaussian pulse by aconducting rectangular cylinder with an open side-wall by using FDTD method.
Itoh and Hosono [2001] have studied the scattering from a plasma sphere by using the fast
inversion of Laplace transform method (FILT) .
5.2 EMP/EM Coupling Effects
Wu and Awi [2000] have investigated the several types of coplanar waveguide (CPW)
resonator by use of the field decay method based on the FDTD algorithm for numerically andexperimentally.
Iida [1998] has proposed a new method for computing the external Q and unloaded Q of aresonator in the time domain using FDTD method, and has also reported the effects of thearrangement types and coarseness of the FDTD grid on the external Q.
Balasubramanan and Miyazaki [1998] have proposed a thin-film waveguide amplifier based on
Erdoped Garnet crystals. Therefore very short signal pulse of nano- and pico-second duration
are amplified without change in the pulse shapes.
5.3 Antennas
Nishioka et al. [1999] have analyzed the resistor-loaded bow-tie antenna, which is covered withthe rectangular metallic cavity of which inner walls are coated partially or fully with thefrequency dependent ferrite absorber by using a fully three-dimensional FDTD method.
5.4 Guided Waves and Propagation
Shimoda et al. [1999] have developed the Wiener-Hopf technique to the time domain analysis
for transient phenomena of electromagnetic waves caused by the abrupt extinction of theinterior terminative conducting screen in the waveguide applying the variable transformation
for Fourier inverse transform obtained.
Shimasaki et al. [1998] have described a new approach for analyzing nonlinear characteristicsof the magnetization and magnetic field vectors using FDTD method. Therefore under highpower operation in time domain, it seems to take an importance not only for developing new
devices of ferrites but also for nonreciprocal devices like isolators. Kodera et al. [2000] also
applied the same method to the analysis of the magnetostatic wave in ferrite materials including
the nonlinear effects of the input power on the propagation pulse.
Kawabata and Yoshida [1998] have proposed the condensed node expression in the Spatial
Network Method (SNM) for vector potential, and its advantages and validity are presented in
the gyro-anisotropic medium such as magnetized plasma.
Shibata et al.[2001] have proposed a method for estimating complex permittivity of a materialusing a rectangular waveguide with a flange by using FDTD method.
Arima and Uno [1998] have proposed the recursive convolution approach and later piecewise
linear recursive convolution approach for analyzing the electromagnetic propagation throughlinear dispersive materials by using FDTD method.
5.5 Numerical Techniques
In the FDTD method, it has been a problem for the numerical dispersion. So Suzuki et al.
[2000] have proposed a method in the which can reduce the numerical dispersion for thenonisotropic mesh as well as the isotropic case by modifying anisotropically the speed of light.
9

As a numerical results ,the method was applied to a non-uniform mesh in two-dimensional
space.
Ichige and Arai [2001] have proposed the novel concept of a 2-D FDTD formulation, mainly
based on the mid-point finite-difference approximation wave equation, and partially based on
the trapezoid and parabolic methods.
(T. Yamasaki)
B6. Waves in Random, Inhomogeneous, Nonlinear and Complex Media
6.1 Wave Propagation in Random Media
Matsuoka and Tateiba [1999; 2000a] deal with the scattering from a layer containing randomly
distributed particles of high dielectric constant. The dense media radiative transfer equation issolved to get the scattering cross sections, which largely depend on the methods estimating theeffective dielectric constant of the random media [Matsuoka and Tateiba 2000b; Tateiba andMatsuoka 2001].
Kawanishi et al. [1999b] predict the conjugate memory effect caused by the interference of acomplex-conjugate pair of scattering processes in a random media.
Okamura [1998] experimentally demonstrated that enhanced backscattering is observed
without statistical averaging by use of low coherent light. Depth profiles of random media
made up of binary and ternary suspensions are estimated from measured enhanced
backscattering of light [Okamura et al., 1999; Okamura and Yamamoto 2000].
On the other hand, Komiyama discussed localization and density of propagation modes inseveral disordered waveguide systems numerically and analytically [Komiyama, 1998;
2000a; 200b; 2001; Komiyama and Tokimoto, 2000].
6.2 Enviromental Propagation.
Wave scattering from a conducting body surrounded by continuous random media is studied byuse of a current generator. Series expressions of the current generator are derived for TE andTM cases [Tateiba and Meng, 1999]. Bistatic cross sections of a conducting circular cylinderand concave-convex cylinder are calculated to clarify the effects of random media [Meng et al.,2000a; 2000b; Meng and Tateiba 2000; 2001; El-Ocla and Tateiba 1998; 2000a; 200b],where effects of the spatial coherence length of the incident wave on the normalized RCS are
discussed. Some anomalous increases in the normalized RCS are found for H-wave incidence[El-Ocla and Tateiba 2001a; 2001b; 2001c].
The effects of atmosphere and ionosphere turbulence on a microwave beam propagation arestudied for satellite communication. Using spot dancing model, Yamada et al. [1999; 2001]
evaluate bit error rate, which is found to increase at low elevation angle due to atmosphereturbulence.
6.3 Nonlinear Electromagnetics and Nonlinear Media
Yokota et al. [1998] formulate the second-harmonic generation in nonlinear grating coupler bya singular perturbation method. Yokota [2000] deals with propagation of light through a photorefractive nonlinear slab.
Numerical method is developed for analyzing the propagation of light in a nonlinear opticalwave guide. Using a finite element beam propagation method (FE-BPM) , spatial soliton
emission and soliton couplers are investigated [Yasui et al. 1999]. Second harmonic
generation devices with triangular and semi-circular domain inversion profiles and conversion10

efficiency are analyzed [Yasui and Koshiba, 2000a; 2000b; 2001].
6.4 Rough Surface Scattering
By a stochastic functional approach, Kawanishi studied Brewster's scattering angle, which
depends on the loss of dielectrics but does not exist in case of rough metal surface [Kawanishi
and Izutsu 1999; Kawanishi 2000a; 2000b; 2000c]. Kawanishi et al. [1999a] measured thelight scattering from dielectric random surfaces and confirmed the existence of thequasi-anomalous scattering and Brewster's scattering angle. Tamura and Nakayama [1999]
obtain solutions of the nonlinear integral equation for the mass operator representing multiple
scattering effects. Gao and Nakayama [1999] and Hattori et al. [2001] discussed wave
scattering from periodic random surfaces. Nakayama [2000a; 200b] propose the periodic
Fourier transform as a new method of analyzing the wave scattering from finite periodic roughsurface.
Finite volume time domain method was formulated for numerically analyzing the wave
scattering from various types of rough surfaces [Yoon et al., 1999], and was successfully
applied to scattering from random dielectric surfaces at low grazing angle of incidence [Yoon etal., 2000a; 2000b; 2000c]. Yoon et al. [2001] introduced ray tracing analysis to obtain delay
time spread for a building like rough surface. The boundary-element method is applied to thewave scattering from a randomly rough cylinder surface to get the angular distributions of thecoherent and incoherent components [Arita and Kojima, 2000; Kojima and Arita, 2000]
6.5 Anisotropic Media
Numerical methods of analyzing waves in anisotropic optical waveguides were developed
extensively. Koshiba et al. [1999] developed a full-wave finite-element method (FEM) to
investigate the frequency dispersion of microwave propagation in broad-band Mach-Zehnder
optical modulator. Saitoh et al. [1999b] applied FEM to determine the distribution of thermal
strain, in terms of which strain-induced optical waveguides were investigated. An integrated
acoustooptic tunable filters on a piezoelectric substrate and strain-induced polarization mode
converters are also investigated by Saitoh et al. [1999a; 1999c]. Tsuji et al. [1999] formulated
a finite element beam propagation method (FE-BPM), which was applied to an anisotropic
planar waveguide and a magnetooptic channel waveguide. Saitoh and Koshiba [2001a; 2001b]
studied Gaussian beam excitation on anisotropic optical waveguide by a full-vector FE-BPM
and by an approximate scalar FE-BPM.
6.6 Chiral, Bi-isotropic and Bi-anisotropic Media
Scattering of a Hermite-Gaussian beam field from chiral cylinder [Yokota and Kai [2001] andchiral sphere [Yokota et al. 2001] was studied by the complex-source-method to obtain theeffective dielectric constant. However, Kusunoki [1998] formulates scattering by a chiralcoated dielectric cylinder using the FDTD method, where time variation of the polarization
conversion is presented for the Gaussian pulse wave.
Diffraction by chiral or bianisotropic gratings is analyzed by a 4×4 matrix-based method. A
uniaxial chiral slab with a plane metallic grating, a plane metallic grating in a planar-stratified
bianisotropic medium and other structures are considered [Asai et al. 2000a; 2000b; 2001; Asaiand Yamakita 2001]. On the other hand, Kunishi et al. [1999] applied the finite element
method to the diffraction by a chiral slab with periodically deformed surface, where parameters
to generate circularly polarized wave were presented.
Inverse problem is studied by use of Levenberg-Marguardt-Morrsion method. It is numerically11demonstrated that chiral parameters can be determined from frequency response or time
response of transmission and reflection in case of a stratified chiral slab [Kusunoki,
2000;Kusunoki and Tanaka, 1999].
On the other hand, Nanbu et al. [2000a; 2000b] deal with random media containing randomly
distributed chiral particles by multiple scattering method and obtain the effective constitutive
parameters, which are much better than those from the Maxwell-Garnett method [Nanbu et al.
2001a; 2001b; 2001c; 2001d].
6.7 Other Complex MediaLight-beam scattering from a three dimensional MO (magneto-optical) disk structure wasstudied numerically [Kobayashi et al. 2000]. By FDTD method, the scattering pattern from arecording bit was analyzed [He et al, 1998; Kobayashi et al. 2001]. Hotta et al. [2001] applied
the frequency dependent FDTD method to analyze the scattering from Au or Al pregroove layer.
Fukai et al. [2000] deal with a four-layer structure of a phase-change optical disk to obtain how
scattering patterns change before and after recording.
(J. Nakayama)
B7. Guided Waves
7.1 Non Planar Waveguides
Rigorous and efficient methods based on the Fourier transform technique have been proposedfor characterizing rectangular waveguide junctions [Jia, H. et al., 1998 and 1999a] and arectangular groove waveguide [Jia, H. et al., 1999b], and also they have been improved byadding modified perfectly matched boundary to analyze open waveguide structures [Jia, H. etal., 2000], such as an inset dielectric guide [Jia, H. et al., 2001]. A coupled-mode equation
has been successfully applied to the analysis for NRD-guide coupler [Watanabe, K. and K.
Yasumoto, 1999], and radio wave propagation through modified T-junction in two-dimensionaltunnel has been analyzed by the finite volume time domain method (FVTD) [Han, K. K. and K.
Yasumoto, 1999].
The characteristics of a Cherenkov laser have been investigated for several types ofwaveguides: a step-wised taper dielectric waveguide [Hirata, A. et al., 1998], a plasma-filled
waveguide [Thumvongskul, T. et al., 2000], a dielectric waveguide with a DBR [Hirata, A. and
T. Shiozawa, 2000] and a waveguide filled with a inhomogeneous and lossy backgroundplasma [Thumvongskul, T. and T. Shiozawa, 2001].
Zaginaylov, G. A. et al. [2000] have investigated the dispersion characteristics of therectangular waveguide grating analyzed by the singular integral equation method, andThumvongskul, T. et al. [1999] have investigated the growth and saturation characteristics ofthe EM wave in a Smith-Purcell free-electron laser with a Bragg cavity.
On the other hand, Tsuji, M. and H. Shigesawa [2001] have investigated a ridge effect oncomplex propagation constant of a stub-loaded rectangular waveguide by using the modified
mode-matching method, and Hsu, J. P. et al. [2000] have derived the equivalent circuit
consisting of multi-transmission lines and multi-port ideal transformers for therectangular-waveguide H-plane discontinuity.
7.2 Planar and Quasi-Planar Waveguides
Tsuji et al. have discovered various leakage phenomena on printed-circuit transmission; asurface-wave-like leaky modes [Tsuji, M. et al., 1999a], a higher-order leaky mode [Tsuji, M.
12

et al., 2000], a simultaneous propagation between the bound and leaky modes [Tsuji, M. and H.
Shigesawa, 2000b], and a quasi-bound mode [modes [Tsuji, M. et al., 1999b, and Shigesawa, H.
and M. Tsuji, 2000]. Furthermore, Tsuji, M. and H. Shigesawa [2000a] have found out amode extinction effect on microstrip lines when the thickness of a conductor with loss isdecreased.
On the other hand, a coupled-mode equation has been successfully applied to the analyses forcoupled microstrip lines [Watanabe, K. and K. Yasumoto, 2000b], and microstrip lines on
ferrite substrates [Matsunaga, M. and K. Yasumoto, 2000].
Hsu, J. P. et al. [1999] havederived the Foster-type equivalent circuit for a strip line right-angle bend with slant-wise cornercut..
7.3 Dielectric and Optical Waveguides
Koshiba et al. have successfully applied a finite element beam-propagation method to theanalysis of optical circuits [Yoneta, S. et al., 1999a and 1999b] and then have improved it byadding perfectly matched layer boundary conditions for analyzing 3-D optical waveguides[Koshiba, M. et al., 1999, and Tsuji, Y. and M. Koshiba, 2000b]. Tsuji, Y. and M. Koshiba[1998 and 2000a] have proposed a adaptive mesh generation for the full-wave finite-element
analysis of optical waveguides, and also Tsuji, Y. and M. Koshiba [2000c] have presented an
imaginary distance beam propagation method based on finite element scheme for analyzing theguideded and leaky modes of lossy optical waveguides.
On the other hand, a combined method of the BPM and the MEPM has been proposed foranalyzing a bidirectional optical beam.[Hayata, K. et al., 1998], and also a time domain beam
propagation method based on a finite element scheme has been applied to the analyses of
optical circuits [Hikari, M., 1998], and photonic crystal circuits [Koshiba, M. et al., 2000].
Shiraishi et al have investigated the efficient coupling between the single-mode fiber and thelaser diode by using several types of GI fibers; a parabolic -index fiber tip [Shiraishi, K. et al.,1998], a hemispherically-ended GI fiber [Shiraishi, K. and S. Kuroo, 2000], a GI oval-core
fiber [Ogura, A. and K. Shiraishi, 2001], a silica GIO fiber with a highly elliptic core [Ogura, A.
et al., 2001], and a wedge-shaped GI fiber [Yoda, H. et al., 2001].
Yasumoto, K. et al. [1999a] have presented a numerical approach for transition problems in
optical waveguides, by using the Fourier series expansion method with the PML boundary
condition, and also Yasumoto, K. et al. [1999b] have presented a numerical approach forthree-dimensional optical waveguides using periodic boundary conditions.
Watanabe, K. et al. [2000] have performed an accurate coupled-mode analysis of a
grating-assisted directional coupler with help of the singular perturbation technique and also
Xu, S. et al. [1999] have analyzed the radiation effect for the quasi-periodic multi-layer planar
dielectric grating by means of the multimode network theory with the mode-matching method.
Jia. H, et al. [2001] have proposed a fast and efficient method for analyzing an inset dielectric
guide with help of the Fourier transform technique with a modified perfectly matchedboundary.
The finite difference beam propagation method (FDBPM) has been successfully applied todesign various optical circuits consisting linear and/or nonlinear materials: a Y branch [Yabu, T.
et al., 2001], a three branch [Yabu, T. et al., 1999], a self-switch [Pramono, Y. H. et al., 1999],
logic gates [Pramono, Y. H. et al., 2000], and a power limiter [Kitamura, T. et al., 2001a].
An optically controlled nonlinear directional coupler has been analyzed by the coupled mode
theory [Rawat, B. S. et al., 1999].
Furthermore, applying a FD-BPM, Asama, K. et al.
[2000] examined the effect of wall roughness of an optical waveguide and Kurokawa, H. et al.
13[2001] presented a basic design of a Y-branch optical waveguide with a reflecting surface.
7.4 Resonant Modes
Kitamura et al. have investigated three different types of filters consisting of various
planar-circuit resonators by using the FDTD method. One of them is a dual plane comb-line
filter of conductor-backed coplanar waveguide [Kitamura, T. et al., 2001b]. The others are aslot coupled microstrip filter [Murata, M. et al., 2001] and a triplate strip resonator with aloading capacitor [Kitamura, T. et al. 1998].
Kogami et al. have performed various investigations employing the whispering-gallery mode
on a millimeter-wave dielectric disk resonator: a dielectric measurement [Kogami, Y. et al.,2001a], a bandpass filter [Kogami, Y. et al., 2001b], a temperature characteristic measurement[Kogami, Y. and K. Matsumura, 2000], and an analysis by the point matching method[Tomabechi, Y. et al., 2001].
7.5 Miscellaneous
Koshiba, M. and Y. Tsuji [2000] have proposed a unified approach using curvilinear hybrid
edge/nodal elements with triangular shape for guided problems, and also Koshiba, M. et al.
[2001] have newly developed a high-performance absorbing boundary conditions for photonic
crystal waveguide simulations.
(M. Tsuji)
B8. Antenna Theory and Analysis
A problem of a finite gap of a cylindrical dipole antenna has been still given attention and Wu
et al. [1999] analyzed the above problem using Hallen type integral equation, instead of
Pocklington type. Full wave analysis on monopole antenna with conducting flat disc over theearth was conducted by the same research group and Yuasa et al. [1999] presented useful result
to design this kind of antennas. Miyashita et al. [1999a] also presented a useful formula using a
product of far field patterns for evaluating antenna coupling. As a figure of merit of a small
antenna, Ida [2001b] proposed the efficiency- fractional bandwidth product [EB] and discussed
the effectiveness of EB. Some extensive analysis results of complex antennas were reported.
Maruyama et al. [1999] showed the transient EM field of a multi- sector monopole Yagi- Uda
array antenna. A full wave analysis of a radial slot antenna based on a rigorous model was also
carried out by Yamamoto et al. [1999].
8.2 Antenna Elements
Various antenna elements were developed and designed to achieve both electrical andmechanical system requirements or to enhance performances by modifying the original
configurations, although these elements can be principally categorized to conventional
antennas, such as wire antennas, slot antennas or microstrip antennas.
Size reduction of antennas is always important for system designers and some proposals forsmall antennas compatible with other requirements, such as wide bandwidth, circularpolarization and so forth. Small circular polarization antennas were presented by Nebiya et al.
[1999] and Tajima et al. [2000]. Small or low profile antennas with wide bandwidth werereported by Noguchi et al. [1999], and Taguchi et al. [2000a], [2000b].
Circular polarization antennas with simple feeding mechanism were also proposed by Hirose
et al. [2000], Nakamura and Honjo [2001], and Hirose and Wada [2001]. Kawano and14

Nakano[2000] reported circular polarization array with “C” shape parasitic elements in front ofa grid array.
From the view point of applications, antennas for rectennas were presented by Miura et al.
[1999], Fujino and Mizuguchi[2001] and Syahrial et al. [2001], and those for ground
penetrating radars were presented by Wakita et al. [2000], Miwa et al. [2000] and Nishioka andUno [2000]. Beam tilt antennas for mobile communications by impedance loading werereported by Tanaka et al. [1999], [2001]. A leaky- wave antenna consisting of an image NRD
guide was proposed by Yamamoto and Itoh [2000] and investigated by Chirwa and et al. [2000].
A linear high directivity antenna by a slot array was also investigated by Yamamoto et al.
[2000a], [2000b]. A self - diplexing antenna using a patch antenna with a hole was also practicaland reported by Rikuta and Arai [2000]. Basic researches on patch antennas were continued
and Fujimoto, T. et al. [1999], [2000] presented the formulation of the wall admittance of acircular patch and the analysis of an elliptical patch with a circular slot, respectively.
8.3 Array and Adaptive Array
In the field of phased arrays, techniques for precisely adjusting or diagnosing hardware weredeveloped. Ohtsuka et al. [1999] proposed analysis methods of beam direction accuracy inmonopulse phased array antenna and Yonezawa et al. [1999] proposed the beam correction
method for a deployable phased array antenna.
Researches and developments on adaptive antennas greatly advanced in this period and many
interesting papers were published. Now, adaptive antennas seem to be required to realize andenhance the next generation mobile systems. A new trend in adaptive antennas is to develop the
hardwares. Okamura et al. [1999] proposed the real- time calibration method of weights fortransmitting digital beam forming. Nishimori et al. [2001a], [2001b] showed other novel
calibrating method for a transmitting beam. Obayashi et al. [2001] realized a hardware of an
adaptively steering beam antenna using IF local signal phase shifters. Ohira and Gyoda [2000]
presented a compact steerable beam antenna called “ESPAR”.
Some application proposals to enhance wireless systems were presented by Matsuoka et al.
[1999], Nishimori et al. [2000], Sekiguchi and Karasawa [2000] and Hirata et al. [2001].
Proposals for improving algorithm were also reported by Kasami et al. [2001], Fujimoto, M. et
al. [1999], [2000] and Okamura et al. [2000]. Since space- temporal adaptive equalizations are
effective in multi- path environments such as encountered in mobile communications, newconfigurations were proposed by Takatori et al. [2000], Denno and Ohira [2001] and Ichikawa
et al. [2001].
8.4 Reflectors, Lenses and Radomes
Satellite- borne antennas are required to have high performances in both electrical andmechanical aspects. Naito et al. [1998] presented a novel patterning method of polarization
grids on a curved reflector surface. Influences due to pillow deformation of a mesh reflector
were analyzed by Kurihara et al. [1998]. A new shaped beam design using plane wave
synthesis was developed by Aoki et al. [1999c] and they applied their method to ahorn- reflector antenna on board. Feeding networks designs for scanning beam reflector
antennas or multi- beam antennas were presented by some authors, Kira et al. [1999], Kira andHori [2001] and Tokunaga et al. [1999], [2000]. Compatibility of high cross- polarization
discrimination and arbitrary aperture distribution can be said to be ideal goal in an off- setreflector antenna design and Aoki et al. showed a novel design method using geometrical optics[1999a],[1999b] and Furuno et al. [2000] developed more rigorous design method taking into15

account EM wave propagation phenomena. As for a beam- waveguide design, Miyahara et al.
[1999] investigated the influence of the displacement of the beam- waveguide mirrors to theaperture distribution of a main reflector. Interesting reports were presented concerning lensantennas, one of which is a plate Luneberg lens with the permittivity distribution controlled byhole density by Sato and Ujiie [2001] and the other is a film Fresnel lens antenna for applying
to a large radio telescope by Ujihara et al. [2001]. Influences of a radome to the wide angle
radiation pattern were investigated by Deguchi et al. [2000] and the degradation of DBS
reception antennas due to snow fall were measured by Hu et al. [1999].
8.5 Millimeter- wave Antennas and Optical Antennas
Researches on millimeter wave antennas and optical technologies related antennas are
increasing for applying to vehicle radar systems, wireless LAN’s (Local Area Network) andbroad band wireless access systems.
Kobayashi and Yasuoka [1999a], [1999b], [1999c] presented receiving properties of a slot
antenna and an extended hemispherical lens coupled slot antenna at 94GHz. Sakakibara et al.
[2001] developed a millimeter - wave slotted waveguide array for automobile radar systems.
Array antennas controlled by an optical signal processing were reported by Akiyama et al.
[2001a], [2001b] and a technology for an adaptive antenna control from a remote station
through optical transmission were presented by Seto et al. [2001].
8.6 Mobile Antennas
Owing to the growth of mobile communication services, researches and developments onmobile communication antennas have been increasing. As for the mobile terminal antennas,
Kumon and Tsukiji proposed double folded monopole antennas [1998] and a Z- shaped
modified transmission line antenna[2000]. Kim et al. [2001] presented a folded loop antenna,
which can reduce the induced current on the hand- set case. Sasamori [2001] developed anormal mode helical antenna with matching circuit composed of a sleeve and an inductor. A
loop antenna for a wrist- watch phone is presented by Saito et al. [2001] and they compared thecharacteristics of the loop to a PIFA or a normal mode helical. Amano et al. [1999] developed aduel band internal hand- set antenna using a quarter- wavelength shorted microstrip antenna
with a slot. Extensive analyses of the diversity characteristics were carried out for the hand- setphone. Odachi et al. [2001] cleared the terminating impedance condition to enhance thediversity reception characteristics and Sekine et al. [2001] presented the method to reduce thecoupling between diversity antenna elements. Meksamoot et al. [2001] presented the analysis
results of polarization diversity for a hand- set phone using PIFAs. Coupling between ahand- set antenna and a strip line inside the hand- set box were quantitatively analyzed by
Fukasawa et al. [2000]. Performances of hand- set antennas considering a human body were
investigated by Ogawa and Takada at 800MHz [2000] and Ogawa et al. at 150MHz [2001].
Saito et al. [2000] measured and evaluated the change of radiation pattern due to a human body.
As for base station antennas, some multi- frequency operation antennas were developed.
Kijima et al. [1999] presented a duel frequency base station antenna and Fukasawa et al. [2001]
presented a triple - bands array antenna for cellular base stations. Miyashita et al. [1999]
presented a rigorous analysis of an electromagnetically coupled coaxial dipole array and Cho etal. [2001] reported a linear array antenna with a bidirectional radiation pattern for PHS.
Extensive measurement results of a polarization diversity antenna for cellular base stations
were reported by Nakano et al. [2000].
In addition to cellular mobile systems, wireless LAN systems are becoming important for16

access links to personal terminals. Seki and Hori [2001] developed a multi- sector antenna withself - selecting switch circuit for a wireless LAN terminal. Cheng et al. [2001] proposed a
beamforming antenna controlled by reactance load, which is named “ESPAR”.
8.7 Measurement
A new measurement technology is sometimes required to assure the precise characteristics ofantennas. Ida et al. developed an accurate method of measuring low value of an input resistance[1999] and a method of reducing a drift error of a network analyzer at a measurement of asmall antenna [2001a]. Nishizawa et al. [2000] developed a precise far field patternmeasurement method eliminating the reflections of the antenna surroundings. Superresolution
techniques are also important in the field of antenna measurement, and Hirata et al. [1999],
Okamura et al. [1999a] contributed to improve measurement performances and Nakazawa et al.
[2001] presented measurement method of a direction of arrival using a nonuniform array.
(K. Kagoshima)
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24

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38

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39

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