Cover -Algal photographs from the image collection of the NIES-Collection,and courtesy of M. Kawachi and S. Hirabayashi.

ContributorsRobert A. Andersen: Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West BoothbayHarbor, ME 04575 USArandersen@bigelow.orgVullapa Arunpairojana: Thailand Institute of Scientiﬁc and Technological Research,196 Phahonyothin Rd, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, ThailandSusan I. Blackburn: CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 1538,Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australiasusan.blackburn@csiro.auChristopher J. Bolch: School of Aquaculture, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, AustraliaMalcolm R. Brown: CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 1538,Hobart, Tasmania 7001, AustraliaWan-Loy Chu: International Medical University, Plaza Komanwel, Bukit Jalil57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysialoy008@imu.edu.myJohn G. Day: Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa, SAMS Research ServicesLtd, Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, Scotland, UnitedKingdomJohn.Day-SAMS@sams.ac.ukDion M. F. Frampton: CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 1538,Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia

Algal Culture Collections and the EnvironmentCopyright 狡 2005 by Fumie Kasai et al.
All rights reserved, but the right to each ﬁgure belongs to the person statedin the caption.
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by photostat, microﬁlm,or any other means, without the written permission of the publisher.
ISBN 4-486-01710-2First edition October, 2005Printed in JapanTokai University PressTokai University Alumni Hall 3-10-35 Minamiyana,Hadano-shi, Kanagawa 257-0003, JapanURL http://www.press.tokai.ac.jp/Nanqin Gan: Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Science, DonghuNanlu No.7, Wuchang, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. ChinaIan D. Jameson: CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 1538, Hobart,Tasmania 7001, AustraliaFumie Kasai: National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba,Ibaraki 305-8506, Japankasaif@nies.go.jpHideo Kasaki: National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa,Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan

Contributorsv

Nobuyoshi Kato: Faculty of Foreign Languages, Dokkyo University, 1-1 Gakuencho, Soka, Saitama 340-0042, JapanMasanobu Kawachi: National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa,Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan

Siew-Moi Phang: Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603Kuala Lumpur, Malaysiaphang@um.edu.myStanley S. Robert: CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 1538,Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia

Kunimitsu Kaya: Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University,Aoba 6-6-20, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japankaya@mail.kankyo.tohoku.ac.jp

Satomi Sano: Ichikawa-Nishi High School, 1-1-1 Higashi-kokubun, Ichikawa, Chiba272-0832, Japan

Watcharee Kunyalung: Thailand Institute of Scientiﬁc and Technological Research,196 Phahonyothin Rd, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand

Tomoharu Sano: National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa,Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan

Aparat Mahakhant: Thailand Institute of Scientiﬁc and Technological Research, 196Phahonyothin Rd, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailandaparat@tistr.or.thLirong Song: Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Science, DonghuNanlu No.7, Wuchang, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. Chinalrsong@ihb.ac.cn

M. Peter Mansour: CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 1538,Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia

Ming-Li Teoh: Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 KualaLumpur, Malaysia

Asira P. Munkhong: Faculty of Environment and Resources Studies, MahidolUniversity, 25/25 Puttamonthon Sai 4 Rd, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand

Patana Thavipoke: Faculty of Environment and Resources Studies, MahidolUniversity, 25/25 Puttamonthon Sai 4 Rd, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand

Andrew P. Negri: Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3 Townsville MC,Queensland 4810, Australia

John K. Volkman: CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 1538,Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia

Peter D. Nichols: CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 1538,Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia

Makoto M. Watanabe: National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa,Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japanmmw@nies.go.jp

Seiichi Nohara: National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa,Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, JapanHisayoshi Nozaki: Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science,University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan

Chiew-Yen Wong: Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaYuji Omori: Yokosuka City Museum, 95 Fukadadai, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-0016,JapanHui Pan: Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Science, DonghuNanlu No.7, Wuchang, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. ChinaNaomi S. Parker: CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research and Department ofAgriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, GPO Box 858, Canberra ACT, 2601, Australiavi

Contributorsvii

PrefaceAlgae are closely related to environmental problems in several respects.
Eutrophication may cause blooms of algae such as cyanobacteria anddinoﬂagellates. Some macroalgae are affected negatively by environmentaldeterioration, such as eutrophication and habitat destruction, and are threatened with extinction. Algae sometimes produce toxins that have exertedharmful effects on humans and other organisms. In contrast, some algaesynthesize beneficial compounds, such as carotenoids and PUFA, whichare accumulated in aquatic organisms through food webs, and humans alsoshare in the bounty of algae. Environmental changes may result in metabolicchanges in algae, which, in turn, would affect organisms at higher trophiclevels through the food web. In their roles as primary producers, algal specieshave been used to evaluate water quality and assess chemical substances.
When experiments are conducted to resolve environmental problems,researchers often use algal strains maintained in culture collections. In thissense, culture collections play an important role in environmental studies.
Another role of culture collections is ex situ conservation of biodiversityand threatened species. Culture collections could contribute to various otherﬁelds of research as well, such as life sciences and aquaculture.
Today, the world’s major culture collections are roughly estimated tomaintain no more than 5000 species (from the reported numbers of speciesin SAG, CCMP, CSIRO, and NIES), representing at most 14% of thedescribed and only a small percentage of the estimated numbers of algalspecies (36,000-43,000 described vs. 160,000-1,200,000 estimated species;Andersen, 1992). Researchers assume that a large number of species haveyet to be discovered in the tropical Asia-Oceania region. Therefore, culturecollections in this region would be important for countries in the vicinity andother counties as well.
This book was compiled based on the papers presented at the symposium“Algal Culture Collections and the Environment” held at the Third AsiaPaciﬁc Phycological Forum, Tsukuba, Japan (Algae 2002). This symposiumrepresents the first small step toward the Asia Oceania Algal CultureCollection Network, which was launched during a roundtable discussionat the Tenth International Congress for Culture Collections (ICCC-10) inOctober 2004. The Asia Oceania Algal Culture Collection Network has beenviii

Prefaceixrealized gradually over the past three years, and now seems to be a suitabletime to publish this book.
In “Roles of Culture Collections,” various aspects of algal culture collections are reported for representative collections in Asia and the Paciﬁc region.
In addition, cryopreservation, the most effective long-term preservationmethod of microalgae, and related problems of this method are discussed.
This section explains efforts to maintain not only culture strains but alsoculture collections themselves. In “Environmental Aspects,” environmentaltopics are reported and reviewed: the water bloom-forming cyanobacteriumMicrocystis and its toxins; the bioactive compounds produced by freshwatercyanobacteria and their chemical structures; algal responses to environmentalfactors; and the threatened state of algae in Japan, with suggestions for a newrole of algal culture collections. We hope that this book is helpful to thoseworking with culture collections and those interested in the relationships ofalgae and the environment.
The editors are grateful Dr. S. I. Blackburn, Dr. A. Mahakhant, Dr. J. G.
Day, all presenters at the symposium “Algal Culture Collections and theEnvironment,” and all members of NIES-Collection.
Fumie Kasai, Kunimitsu Kaya, and Makoto M. Watanabe

ContentsContributorsv

Prefaceix

Roles of Culture Collections1 History and Future Prospect of the Microbial Culture Collection at theNational Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES-Collection)
M. M. Watanabe, F. Kasai, M. Kawachi003

2 The University of Malaya Algae Culture Collection (UMACC): 1987-2005S. M. Phang, W. L. Chu013

3 Algal Culture Collection at MIRCEN, TISTRW. Kunyalung, A. Mahakhant

021

4 The CSIRO Collection of Living Microalgae: An Australian Perspectiveon Microalgal Biodiversity and ApplicationS. I. Blackburn, D. M. F. Frampton, I. D. Jameson, M. R. Brown, M. P. Mansour,A. P. Negri, P. D. Nichols, N. S. Parker, S. S. Robert, C. J. Bolch, J. K. Volkman 029

5 The Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Culture of MarinePhytoplankton: Past, Present and FutureR. A. Andersen

065

6 Cryopreservation and the Problem of Freeze-Recalcitrance in Algal CultureCollectionsJ. G. Day

073

Environmental Aspects7 Toxic Microcystis Blooms and Microcystin Composition in EutrophicLakes of ChinaL. R. Song, N. Q. Gan, H. Pan089

8 Lysis of Microcystis Cells and Degradation of Microcystins by Soil BacteriaA. Munkhong, A. Mahakhant, P. Thavipoke, V. Arunpairojana

109

9 Bioactive Compounds of Freshwater CyanobacteriaK. Kaya, T. Sano

121

10 Response and Adaptation of Algae to the Changing Global EnvironmentW. L. Chu, C. Y. Wong, M. L. Teoh, S. M. Phangx

177Contentsxi

11 Response of Algae to HerbicidesF. Kasai

197

12 Threatened States of the Charales in the Lakes of JapanM. M. Watanabe, H. Nozaki, H. Kasaki, S. Sano, N. Kato, Y. Omori,S. Nohara217AppendixAlgal culture collections in the worldUseful websites

Index

xii239237238