GADRIACTIONS
Summer 2022
Volume 17— Number 1

Volcanic Eruption Expected to Help Economy in Iceland
By Prof. James Mori

Shallow landslide at the border between the municipalities of Recife and Jaboatão dos Guararape, Brazil, in May 2022 (Source: Alves, 2022)

1

Contents•

Volcanic Eruption Expected toHelp Economy in Iceland•

In May-June 2022, 130 people
died in landslides and floods
caused by heavy rain in the
Metropolitan Region of Recife,
northeastern Brazil•

Unusual rainfall intensity andtotal amount causing more than
200 deaths in Petrópolis City,
Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, inFebruary 2022.

•

We hope they are educational and useful. If you would like to get in touchwith the authors, do not hesitate to contact the GADRI Secretariat at:secretariat-gadri@dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp and we will help you to be in touchwith them.

Press Release – Flood Control
Timeline of Disaster Base
Hospitals•

Should you have any articles to share with us too, please do not hesitate tosend them to us.

Article on Instantaneous
tracking of earthquake growthwith elastogravity signals•

Article on Mangrove-induced
resistance to water waves andits parameterization•

Article on Climate-fuelled wave
patterns pose an erosion risk fordeveloping countries•

Article on Giant tsunami
monitoring, early warning andhazard assessment•

Scientific Conference on
International Emergency
Mechanisms and Disaster Risk
Reduction, The Main School ofFire Service, Warsaw,
Poland 15 September 2022•

3rd World Bosai Forum, Sendai
International Center, Tohoku
University, Sendai, Japan, 10 to
13 March 2023•

6th Global Summit of GADRI,
DPRI, Kyoto University, Uji
campus, Kyoto, Japan15 to 17
March 2023

Dear Members,

We hope you are doing well and do hope that you took some time off forsummer holidays.
This year, it has been unusually hot. We have seen an increased numberof disasters from extreme heat waves to wild fires to draughts to heavy
rains and flash floods and others, all related to climate change.
This newsletter covers various reports of value related to the volcanic
eruption in Iceland, climate change related events and other reports sharedby GADRI members.

Preparations are proceeding well to organise the 6 th Global Summit of
GADRI under the theme of “Towards GADRI Objectives of Achieving a
Sustainable Disaster-Resilient World” to be held on-site at DPRI, Kyoto
University, Uji Campus, Kyoto, Japan from 15 to 17 March 2023.
The Global Summit of GADRI will take place soon after the 3rd World Bosai
Forum which will be held from 10 to 13 March 2023 at the Sendai
International Center, Tohoku University, Kawauchi Hagi Hall, Sendai,
Japan.
Do save the dates of the GADRI Summit and other activities. We count on
your active participation in the summit. We hope you and your institute will
engage in the Summit programme and contribute to achieving its statedgoals.
We will be sharing further information and developments of the summit
through e-mails and the GADRI website. Do keep an eye for them.
COVID-19 is still rampant. Do take care of yourselves and stay safe.

Hirokazu Tatano and the Secretariat of GADRI

Photos are from the articles in the newsletter. © Copyright 2022 GADRI Secretariat.
All material provided are subject to copyright permission. GADRI Actions is designed, formatted and edited by
Hirokazu Tatano and Wilma James.

2Volcanic Eruption Expected to Help Economy in Iceland
By Prof. James Mori(Professor Emeritus, Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI),
Kyoto University, Japan
A short report on the volcanic eruption in Iceland by Prof. James Mori after his
visit to the volcano site in Iceland on 12 August 2022.
The Icelandic volcano Fagradalsfjall in the
Meradalir valley began a strong lava
eruption on 3 August 2022. The volcano is
located in an unpopulated area so it is notcausing any local damage. Also, the levelsof ash emissions are relatively low, so it isnotdisrupting
airlinetraffic,asEyjafjallajökull did in 2010. On the contrary,
there is the hope that the eruption will begood for the Iceland economy by attracting
many tourists. The volcano is located about
1 hour drive from the largest city of
Reykjavik and because of the type ofeffusive eruption, people can walk quite
close to the volcano relatively safely. This isproviding a rare opportunity for people tohave a close encounter with an erupting
volcano.

The volcano viewpoint is about a 2 hour
hike from the parking lot.
This photo shows the first part of the trail
which is easy to walk. The path is very
good because it also leads to the site of
the 2021 eruption last year. During thattime, the condition of the trail was greatly
improved.
The 2nd half of the hike to the 2022
eruption is more difficult with lots of rocks
and no clear path. It is not recommended
for small children or people not in good
physical condition.
However, toencourage visitors, they are currently
working to improve the path and every
day the portion of the trail that is in goodcondition is being extended.

3

The hike passes the large
lava flow (dark gray rocks)
from the 2021 eruption.

The activity in March to
September 2021 was similar
to the current eruption, but ina slightly different location.
The
volcanoattracted
several hundred thousand
Icelandic
andforeignobservers.
However,
becauseof
thetravelrestrictions due to the Covid pandemic, there were relatively few foreign visitors. This year with the
improved health conditions, Iceland is hoping that the presently erupting volcano will attract more
foreign tourists.

This is the current main vent which opened on 3 August 2022 as part of a 360 meter long fissure
eruption. The eruption is presently no longer a fissure eruption, but concentrated from this one
main vent and a spatter cone is being built up. The black rocks are new lava which flowed out
during the past 9 days.

4

Since the eruptive style is mainly an effusive lava
eruption with relatively low explosive activity, it
seems fairly safe to observe at close distances ofless than 1 km. Of course, volcanoes are always
dangerous and a sudden large explosion or a

At the close distance
where the people are
sitting in the photo, you
can feel the heat andhear the sounds of thelava fountaining. The
temperatureoftheerupting lava is over1000 oC.

5

sudden change in the location of the vent ispossible.
The physical and volcanic conditions here are
unique and enable people to approach close to an
erupting volcano.

This is another photoof the current lava
fountaining.

The eruption last year
in 2021 lasted for 6
months from March to
September.
The
Icelandtouristindustry is hoping thatthe 2022 eruption will
also last for a similar
or longer duration andattract many foreign
visitors.

Video of the erupting lava taken on 12 August 2022.

6

https://youtu.be/IWPjhpn63uM

In May-June 2022, 130 people died in landslides andfloods caused by heavy rain in the Metropolitan
Region of Recife, northeastern Brazil – Short report
By Prof. Masato Kobiyama(Hydraulic Research Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul,
Brazil)1. General description
Recife (8° 04' 03'' S and 34° 55' 00'' W) is the capitalof the state of Pernambuco, located in the Northeast
Region of Brazil. This city is located on an alluvial
plain along the Atlantic Ocean coast, with manyislands, peninsulas and mangroves, and its mean
altitude above sea level is 4 m. According to Leão etal. (2021), having four rivers and more than 70
artificial drainage channels, this city is known as“Brazilian Venice”. Hence, the geomorphic featuresof the city are generally favorable to floods. During
the early Portuguese colonization of Brazil, Recife
was founded in 1537 and its population is 1,661,017
in 2021, which makes this city the sixth oldest cityand the ninth largest city in the country. The city's
Carnival is very famous both nationally andinternationally. Thus, this capital of Pernambuco

state plays a central role historically, culturally andeconomically in Brazil, especially in the northeast
region. Furthermore, it should be emphasized that in
Brazil Recife is one of the most vulnerable cities,
precisely because of the whole geographicalconcerns: a very low altitude, a very high population
density, and socio-economic inequality.
Nearly three weeks of heavy rainfall since the end of
May 2022 caused landslide and flood disasters thatleft 130 dead, 9134 homeless, and 119,523
temporarily-displaced people in the Metropolitan
Region of Recife. The most significant damage
occurred on May 28th. This metropolitan region
consists of 14 municipalities whose geographicalcharacteristics are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 – Characteristics of 14 municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of Recife.
Municipality

Area (km2)

Population (2021)

GDP per capita(2017)

Abreu e Lima

126.193

100,698

20164

Araçoiaba

96.381

20,936

4986

Cabo de Santo Agostinho

448.735

210,79648689

Camaragibe

51.257

159,94511238

Igarassu

305.56

119,69021483

Ilha de Itamaracá

66.68427,0769283

Ipojuca

527.107

99,101

115089Itapissuma

74.23527,144

53089

Jaboatão dos Guararapes

258.694

711,330

19463

Moreno196.072

63,792

10989

Olinda41.681

393,734

13918

Paulista

97.312336,91912240

Recife218.435

1,661,017

31743

São Lourenço da Mata

262.106

114,9109878

2,770.452

4,047,088

Total

Obs.: Municipalities marked in red are those that have lost human lives in this disaster.
7

Table 2 shows the number of human deaths andmonthly rainfall in May and June of the municipalities
that lost human lives. The municipality of Jaboatão
dos Guararapes had the highest number of humandeaths followed by Recife. Therefore, it is clearly

noted that the border between these twomunicipalities, which is characterized by hills andcliffs, was more severely affected. Figure 1 shows
the locality of the Metropolitan Region of Recife andits 14 municipalities.

Table 2 – Numbers of human deaths and monthly rainfall of May and June for each municipality.

Municipality

No.
deat
h

Monthly rain in May (mm)Monthly rain in June (mm)2022

Average

2022

Average

Camaragibe

7

684.5

294.6

393.5

339.1

Jaboatão dos Guararapes

64

675.0

310.1

436.0

352.5

Olinda

6

496.1

325.8

508.9

384.7

Paulita

1

653.5

310.1

447.7

363.0

Recife

50

686.4

328.9

449.2

389.6

Bom Conselho*

1

114.0

86.0

240.8

95.6

Limoeiro*

1

316.7

135.6

190.7

186.5

* The municipalities of Bom Consello and Limoeiro are not part of the Metropolitan Region of Recife andare 233.41 km and 64.75 km respectively from Recife.

Figure 1 – Locality of the Metropolitan Region of Recife and its 14 municipalities. Five municipalities marked
in pink color are those that have lost human lives in the disaster.

8Based on information presented by Aguiar (2022) thatexamined public data from various public agencies,
the breakdown of fatalities data by category is briefly
demonstrated in Table 3. It is clearly observed that
this disaster in Recife in 2022 was predominantly
characterized with shallow landslides which caused

121 deaths. Figure 2 shows the typical scene ofshallow landslide (hillslope failure) which occurred at
the border between the municipalities of Recife andJaboatão dos Guararapes and many people wereburied alive.

Table 3 – Categorical characteristics of fatalities caused by the disaster.
Category
Sex

Hazard type

Age

Description
•

Male

58

•

Female72•

Shallow landslide 121

•

Flood

•

0-12 years old

25•

13-17 years old

8•18-30 years old

24•31-65 years old

63•> 65 years old

10

9

Figure 2 – Shallow landslide at the border between the municipalities of Recife and Jaboatão dos
Guararape, Brazil, in May 2022 (Source: Alves, 2022)

9

2. Rainfall characteristics

The rainy season of the Metropolitan Region of
Recife usually runs from April to July, with June andJuly being the rainiest months in the region.
Accumulation of heavy rain during this period isnatural. In other words, the rainy season had alreadystarted in this reagion at the moment the disasterstruck. In addition to the onset of the rainy season,
there were three other factors contributing to theintensification of the storm.
i)

The La Niña phenomenon: The anomalous
cooling of the waters of the equatorial Pacificcauses the intensification of the trade winds and,
consequently, intensifies the rains in the
Northeast region in 2022.

ii)

Easterly Waves (EWs): They form on the African
coast, reach the Brazilian Northeast coast andmeet warm waters. This meeting serves as if itwere fuel to intensify these rain waves which areeven more charged. It is considered as one of themost important weather systems to the total
rainfall over many tropical regions. They can be
defined as synoptic disturbances associated withtroughs and warm sea surface temperature(Machado et al., 2012; Cheng et al., 2019; Silva
et al., 2020; Enyew and Mekonnen, 2022). The
EWs generate Eastern Wave Disturbances that
advance through the tropical region of the African
continent towards the Americas, often giving riseto tropical storms and hurricanes in the North
Atlantic. According to Sias (2022), however, inthe case of Northeast Brazil, the EWs do notbring hurricanes, but a lot of rain. These waves
form in the area of influence of the trade winds,
close to the equator, especially in the autumn
and winter months of the Southern Hemisphere.

iii) The warming of the Atlantic Ocean in front of theBrazilian Northeast coast: In 2022, this warming
is up to 1°C above average.
Each of these three phenomena can be said to occur
naturally. However, when they occur simultaneously,
they cause anomalous energy input in the physicalspatial system and sometimes exceptional rainfall
events.

10

Based on daily rainfall monitoring data as Rainfall
Bulletin (Boletim Pluviométrico), available at the
Pernambuco Water and Climate State Agency(Agência Pernambucana de Águas e Clima – APAC)(https://www.apac.pe.gov.br/boletins), daily rainfall
values obtained in Recife during the period May 17thto June 14th, 2022, were summarized in Table 4. Incase of Recife, most of May's monthly rainfall began
on May 22nd. In addition, it should be emphasizedthat the event lasted for 22 days (May 22nd to June12th), with a total amount of 926.4 mm and an
average daily precipitation of 42.1 mm during thisperiod. The highest amount of rainfall occurred on
May 28th. For comparison, the average annual
rainfall for Recife is about 2155 mm.
According to Madeiro (2022), the Brazilian Center for
Monitoring and Early Warnings of Natural Disasters(Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas deDesastres Naturais – CEMADEN) issued a geohydrological bulletin on May 25th, warning of the"high risk" of heavy rains and landslides in the
Metropolitan Region of Recife. Even with this alert,
just on May 27th (Friday) when the APAC issued
another statement informing the heavy rain forecast
for the weekend, the Recife City Hall finally activatedthe contingency plan. After the APAC alert wasissued, the Civil Defense Agency of Recife acted
immediately in the late morning of May 27th,
summoning more than 3,000 municipal civil servants
to work on duty from the same day. In addition, thisAgency sent the alert to over 32,000 families living in
at-risk areas via Short Message Service (SMS). On
the other hand, Madeiro (2022) reported thecomments of community leaders: Local residents
were not informed that they would need to leave thearea, nor were they receiving assistance, such as
vehicles, to move them to safer shelters. Therefore, itwill be necessary to find out what kind ofcommunication actually occurred (or whether it did
not occur) between the Civil Defense Agency andlocal residents.

Table 4 – Daily rainfall in Recife during the period May 17th to June 14th, 2022.
May date

Daily rainfall (mm)June date

Daily rainfall (mm)

17th

0.0

1st

15.2

18th

0.0

2nd

18.0

19th

0.0

3rd

9.2

20th

0.0

4th

81.5

21st

0.0

5th

38.0

22nd

10.2

6th

0.3

23rd

1.8

7th

101.4

24th

69.0

8th

12.0

25th

137.4

9th

5.2

26th

33.2

10th

4.0

27th

13.2

11th

26.2

28th

190.0

12th

21.0

29th

85.2

13th

0.0

30th

19.2

14th

0.0

31st

35.2

15th

0.0

3. Historical views of disasters in Recife.
The population of Recife, one of the major cities innortheastern Brazil, has been growing rapidly (Figure3). The current situation of the city, which plays animportantroleculturally
andeconomically,

encourages an influx of people to Recife from within
the state, from outside the state, and even fromoutside the country.

Figure 3 - Population trends in Recife during the period 1890-2020 (Source: Leão et al. 2021)

11

At first, poorer people generally began to live in
vulnerable areas, especially in coastal, wetlands andmangrove areas. These areas are naturally
susceptible to (coastal) flood. Through such a
population settlement history, inhabitants in Recife
frequently suffered from large and strong floods. Twolargest flood disasters occurred in 1966 and 1975
(Table 5). Alves (2022) reported that, in the past, poor
people lived in wetlands or floodplains and many ofthem were evacuated and transported to hillslopes andcliffs. Carrying out interviews with various experts in
Recife, this author emphasized the housing deficit andurgent establishment of adequate housing policies. In
summary, it can be said that the greater population
density towards the hillslopes and cliffs of the city
contributed to the social problems, i.e., sedimentrelated disasters.

Table 5 – Three main disasters occurred in (Metropolitan Region of) Recife

Year

1966

Locality

Date

RecifeNo. deaths

May 30h

1975

RecifeJuly 17-18

2022

Metropolitan
region of Recife

May 22 - June
12 (May 28)

Characteristics

175

Predominantly flood. River Capibaride
overflowed. In many places the water was
more than 2-m deep. There was no problem
with cliffs.

107

Predominantly flood. River Capibaride
overflowed. 80% of the city was flooded.
350,000 people became temporarily homeless.
At one moment, more than 50% of the housesin the city lost power. There was no problem
with cliffs.

130

Predominantly shallow landslide. More than
100 people were buried alive in slope failuresand died.

Furthermore, with interviews and available data
analysis, Lins et al. (2022) mentioned that 600
thousand people (about 36% of Recife’s population)
are living at hillslopes and cliffs which are consideredas high hazard area, and concluded that the social
inequality can be the principal factor for disasters in
Recife.

Thus, it is easily thought that there is a
growing tendency of landslide disasters in Recife. Lins
et al. (2022) investigated citizens’ calls for landslides,
registered by the Civil Defense Agency of Recife
during the period 2014 to May 2022, and reported thetotal of 7340 calls. Table 6 shows this data.

Table 6 – Number of calls for landslides in Recife during the period 2014 to May 2022.
Year

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Calls

486

1043

1124

710

639

1064

253

1145

876

Obs.: The number of calls in 2022 is just until May 2022.

12Figure 4 shows that many unstable houses were built
on the top and bottom of cliffs and on steep hillslopes

which are all dangerous places. This situation certainly
caused the landslide disasters in May-June 2022.

Figure 4 – above photos—Several landslide-related disasters in the Metropolitan Region of Recife, Brazil(Sources: Diego Nigro/AFP/METSUL-Meteorologia in Sias (2022))13

4. Final remarks
An evolution of hydrological disasters in a city, fromflood disaster (water-related disaster) to mass
movement disaster (sediment-related disaster) throughthe city’s development history can be observed invarious cases over the world (Figure 5). Kobiyama etal. (2010) explained that a city settlement normally
starts with flood-plain occupation. Then after
occupying this area, hillslope areas will be occupied.
Therefore, the numbers of occurrences of flood andmass movement as natural phenomena can beconstant through the city’s history meanwhile thosenumbers as natural disasters will be probably
changed, especially with a drastic increase of
sediment-related disasters. Thus, people just feel thatthey have suffered formerly from flood and now frommass movements (landslides, debris flow, etc.). This is
the hydrological disasters’ evolution associated to land

-occupation history in a city. Recife is not an exception
and has been certainly performing such an evolution.
Investigating the inequality in Brazilian metropolis,
Salata and Ribeiro (2022) concluded that theMetropolitan Region of Recife is in the worst situationin Brazil. The authors also reported that 13% of the
population of the region live in extreme poverty (withan income of less than US$32/month) and that 39.7%
live in poverty (US$91/month). This means that, incase of the Metropolitan Region of Recife, more thanhalf of the people (52.7%) live in poverty. These poor
people used to live in coastal areas or swamps ataltitudes near sea level. As a result of suffering fromfrequent flood disasters, they were relocated by public
policy to cliffs or hillslopes which have another type ofnatural hazard.

?

0

e
hi
lls
id

pla

in

?

Se
dim
en
t-r
ela
W
ted
ate
dis
r-r
ela
ast
ers
ted
dis
as
ter
s

Time

Disasters occurence

Figure 5 – Hydrological disasters
evolution due to the land occupation
change. (Source: Kobiyama et al.,2010).

?

flo
od

Area of occupation

100%

City settlement
Dominance ofwater-related
disasters

Indeed, Recife has been playing an important role inclimate change and greenhouse gas emission issues,and showing its leadership nationally and internationally(Leão et al., 2021). Though these actions are certainly
useful in improving the lives of local residents andshould be highly evaluated, the reality is that the results
have not reached the poor people adequately.

14

Time
Present
Dominance of
sediment-related
disasters

UN (2015) presented 17 Sustainable Development
Goals and 169 targets, among which the Goal 10 is“Reduce inequality within and among countries”.
Landslide-dominated disasters in the Metropolitan
Region of Recife in 2022 gave many lessons to people
and public agencies. The fact is that the achievement of
the Goal 10 should be considered the best action fordisaster risk reduction in this region as well as the otherplaces in Brazil.

References•

Aguiar, P. (2022) Mulheres são maioria das
vítimas dos temporais e soterramentos lideramcausas de mortes; veja áreas onde ocorreram
130 óbitos. In: G1 Pernambuco. Recife, 10 Jun.
2022.
Availableinhttps://g1.globo.com/pe/
pernambuco/noticia/2022/06/10/mulheres-saomaioria-das-vitimas-dos-temporais-esoterramentos-lideram-causas-de-mortes-vejaareas-onde-ocorreram-129-obitos.ghtml Access on
August 1, 2022.

•

Alves, P. (2022) Mortes por chuvas no Grande
Recife chegam a 109 e tragédia ultrapassa totalde vítimas da cheia de 1975. In: G1 Pernambuco.
Recife, 1 Jun. 2022. Available inhttps://
g1.globo.com/pe/pernambuco/noticia/2022/06/01/
mortes-por-chuva-no-grande-recife-total-de-vitimas-da-cheia-de-1975.ghtml Access on August 1,
2022.

•

Cheng, Y-M.; Thorncroft, C.D.; Kiladis, G.N. (2019)
Two contrasting African easterly wave behaviors.
Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, v.76,
p.1753-1768.

•

Enyew, B.D.; Mekonnen, A. (2022) The Interaction
between African easterly waves and different typesof deep convection and its influence on Atlantic
tropical cyclones. Atmosphere, v.13, 5.

•

Kobiyama, M.; Chaffe, P.L.B.; Goerl, R.F.; Giglio,
J.N.; Reginatto, G.M.P. (2010) Hydrologicaldisasters reduction: lessons from hydrology. In:
Sens, M.L.; Mondardo, R.I. (Org.) Science andTechnology
forEnvironmental
Studies:
Experiences from Brazil, Portugal andGermany. Florianópolis: Federal University of
Santa Catarina, p.49-72.

•

Leão, E.B.S.; Andrade, J.C.S.; Nascimento, L.F.
(2021) Recife: A climate action profile. Cities,
v.116, 103270.

•

Lins, A.; Aguiar, P.; Novelino, R. (2022) Garoto
morreu em comunidade que pediu socorro 14
vezes desde 2015; 'tem que ter vontade paraestabelecer
política
habitacional',dizespecialista. In: G1 Pernambuco. Recife, 7 Jun.
2022.
Availableinhttps://g1.globo.com/pe/

pernambuco/noticia/2022/06/07/garoto-morreu-emcomunidade-que-pediu-socorro-14-vezes-desde2015-tem-que-ter-vontade-para-estabelecerpolitica-habitacional-diz-especialista.ghtml Accesson August 1, 2022.
•

Machado, C.C.C.; Nóbrega, R.S.; Oliveira, T.H.;
Alves, K.M.A.S. (2012) Distúrbio ondulatório deleste como condicionante a eventos extremos deprecipitação em Pernambuco. Revista Brasileirade Climatologia, v.11, p.146-188.

•

Madeiro, C. (2022) Recife só acionou planocontra tragédia 2 dias após alerta de alto risco.
In: UOL. São Paulo, 30 May 2022. Available inhttps://noticias.uol.com.br/colunas/carlosmadeiro/2022/05/30/recife-so-acionou-plano-contra-tragedia-2-dias-apos-alerta-de-alto-risco.htm
Access on August 1, 2022.

•

Salata, A.R.; Ribeiro, M.G. (2022) Boletim
Desigualdade nas Metrópoles. n. 09. Edição
especial: dados anuais (2012-2021). Porto
Alegre: PUCRS, 2022. 40p.

•

Sias, E. Recife vive desastre histórico com 700
mm no mês de chuva seguirá. In: METSUL
Meteorologia. Porto Alegre, 29 May 2022.
Available in https://metsul.com/recife-vive-desastrehistorico-com-700-mm-no-mes-e-chuva-seguira/Access on August 11, 2022.

•

Silva, B.F.P.; Rocha, R.P.; Gomes, H.B. (2020)
Easterly wave disturbances activity over the
Eastern Northeast Brazil during 2006-2010 rainyseasons. Revista Científica FOZ, v.3, n.2, p.203232.

•

UN (2015) Transforming our world: the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development. (A/RES/70/1) New York: United Nations, 35p.
Available in https://www.un.org/en/development/
desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/
globalcompact/A_RES_70_1_E.pdf Access on
August 21, 2020.

Recommended reference to cite this report: Kobiyama, M. (2022) In May-June 2022, 130
people died in landslides and floods caused by heavy rain in the Metropolitan Region of Recife, northeastern Brazil – short report. In: GADRI News, Kyoto, Global Alliance of Disaster Research Institutes (GADRI), 9p.

15

Unusual rainfall intensity and total amount causing
more than 200 deaths in Petrópolis City, Rio deJaneiro State, Brazil, in February 2022.
By Prof. Masato Kobiyama(Hydraulic Research Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul,
Brazil)Figure 1 – Shallow landslide in Petrópolis City in February 2022
(Source: METSUL, 2022).

On the afternoon of February 15th, 2022,
heavy rainfall triggered shallow landslides,
debris flows and flash floods in Petrópolis City
(22° 30' 17'' S and 43° 10' 56'' W) which islocated in mountain region of Rio de Janeiro
State, Brazil. The incident resulted in 234
deaths, 3 missing persons, 994 homelesspeople and an economic loss of about US$ 133
million (considering only the direct damage tocompanies). The population, area and meanelevation of this city are 306,678 in 2020,
795.798 km2, and 838 m, respectively.
According to METSUL (2022), the Civil
Defense of Petrópolis City Hall reported that
there were 325 incidents in 24 hours, including
269 landslides. Figure 1 shows one of shallow
landslides occurrences in the city.

16

The intensity of the rain that fell in a verysmall region of the city was 230 mm in justthree hours and the maximum intensity wasrecorded of 199.2 mm/h at the Alto da Serrarain gauge in the city. These values are
extremely rare in the region. The total amountof rainfall in 24 hours was 259 mm which is
the highest record in Petrópolis since thebeginning of measurements in 1932. In fact,
this amount occurred in 6 hours. This

extremely-heavy rainfall was caused by the
combination of heat and humidity, whichfavored the development of nuclei inatmospheric instability areas in Petrópolis. In
this city, the previous rainfall record in 24
hours was 168.2 mm that occurred in 1952,
and the average monthly rainfall in February is
240 mm.
In order to collect information for supporting
decision making, the Geological Survey ofBrazil (Serviço Geológico
do Brasil – CPRM) sent a
specialized technical teamduring the period February
17th to March 2nd. By
carrying out the fieldsurvey and also using
other available data suchas airplane and DRONE

Figure 2 – Several localities of hydrological disasters in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil(Sources: Modesto et al., 2022)17Figure 2 – Several localities of hydrological disasters in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil(Sources: Modesto et al., 2022)

The social element associated to residents'
vulnerability and exposure further intensified thistragedy. At the moment of a certain survey performed
in 2012, Petrópolis City had 500 hazard areas. The
evolution of the number of hazard areas and exposed
people has been greatly intensified due to the large
population growth as well as the lack of territorial
control in the city. Therefore, in 2022, the numbers ofhazard areas and highly-vulnerable population could
be much higher. Such population growth results fromthe fact that Petrópolis belongs to the Metropolitan
region of Rio de Janeiro and has many tourist spots.
Most of all places where disasters occurred arelocated at the foot of the steep hillslopes (Figure 1)
and characterized with precarious land-occupations.
There is no good infrastructure in these places,
where, without projects approved by the city hall,residents have been carrying out self-constructions.
This actual situation makes the areas even morefragile. Such a land-occupation's style can beconsidered typical both in Brazil and in Petropolis andis becoming common more and more. In other words,
these areas have turned into shantytowns (or slums),
i.e., ‘favelaizations’ (Müller, 2017). Thus, hazard
areas have been occupied by a poor population withno other choice.
Furthermore, as a part of the metropolitan region,
Petrópolis has been exercising typical (orconventional) urbanization without adequate land-

18

planning. In this city, there is a strong tendency to
reduce river channel width for construction of roads
and buildings, which certainly reduce river’s transportcapacity. Vegetation areas have been also
decreasing. Urbanized areas without planning shouldseek for ecosystem services and/or ruralization
proposed by Kobiyama et al. (2021).
According to Xavier (2022), the administrative
movementfor
regularizationofresidences
demonstrated the seriousness’ lack in the housing
policies of the city hall. In 2017, the Municipal Risk
Reduction Plan had already indicated that more than
28,000 houses were in high or very high hazard areas
which represented one third of the total area of thecity at that time.
Thus, inappropriate (and sometimes illegal) landoccupation of vulnerable population and inefficientland-management of public institutions have been
increasing social vulnerability and population
exposure, consequently increasing risk of residents.
In this sense, Daré (2022) presented common
opinions of several experts of Geosciences Instituteof State University of Campinas (Universidade
Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP). Their opinions
are that excessive rainfall should not be considered
the sole cause of the tragedy in Petrópolis and thatthe tragedy in Petrópolis was not a natural disaster.
Social factor should be always considered a key indisaster risk management.

Figure 2 – Several localities of hydrological disasters in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil(Sources: Modesto et al., 2022)

The society itself which may be the principal social
factor consists of local habitants and public institution
such as city hall as well as scientists and so on.
Hence, it is worth discussing actions of scientists
especially meteorologists. The Brazilian Center for
Monitoring and Early Warnings of Natural Disasters(Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas deDesastres Naturais – CEMADEN) warned about rainin Petrópolis by sending a “very intense weather
event” alert to Petrópolis City two days before thetragedy, but without informing the probable rainfall
intensity. Responding to an interview, the director of
CEMADEN said that people need to fully understandthat the CEMADEN informed the weather scenario
and that it was impossible to predict how much it
would rain. He emphasized that the natural disaster
alert had been issued two days in advance by
CEMADEN. According to him, Brazil has improved
weather monitoring system very well; however, there
has been no progress in prevention work (forecasting
system).
One meteorologist of the CEMADEN explained that
there had been practically no displacement of theclouds. In this case, the rain appeared on top of
Petrópolis and remained there practically until it
dissipated. In case of this phenomenon, themonitoring equipment and system were very
inefficient. Besides, in the world there is no
meteorological model capable to predict this type of

19

natural phenomenon even now. In summary, hecommented
that
there
were
no
models,methodologies and tools that could predict this verylarge amount of rain in a very small space in a very
short time, and concluded that it was not a failure ofBrazilian meteorology.
Even though his comment “it was not a failure ofBrazilian meteorology” can be true, I surely thinkthat Brazilian science and technology related tohydrometeorology could have reduced themagnitude of this tragedy. In my opinion, weather
monitoring system is not satisfactory in Brazil evennow, especially in mountain regions. Based on thefact that water-related and sediment-related
disasters have been intensified in mountain regionsin Brazil (Kobiyama et al., 2019), it is exactly the
moment to improve more the weather monitoring
system in this country.

In case that immense difficulty in predicting rainfall
in mountain regions results from the poor
investment for monitoring system, rainfall-induced
disasters in Brazil might become social disasters
indeed.
As Daré (2022) criticized the public policies in thecity by mentioning frequent occurrences of tragedy,
Petrópolis is well-known as a city frequently
suffering from hydrological disasters. In themountain region of Rio de Janeiro State, onJanuary 11th, 2011, intense rainfall (281.6 mm ineight hours in Nova Friburgo) caused a historic
tragedy, where 947 deaths, nearly 300
disappearances, more than 50 thousand homeless,affecting nearly 1 million people were reported(Dourado et al., 2012). Petrópolis was one of threemost damaged cities in this tragedy. Table 1 shows
the history of hydrological disasters with thenumber of victims recorded by the Civil Defense of
Petrópolis during the period 1966 to February
2022.

Table 1 – Number of human deaths of hydrological disasters in Petrópolis during the period
from 1966 to 2022 February.

Year

Death

Year

Death

Year

Death

1966

80

2003

17

2013

34

1977

11

2007

3

2016

2

1979

87

2008

9

2017

1

1988

171

2009

6

2018

4

1997

6

2010

1

2021

1

2001

51

2011

73

2022

234

Pinto and Iory (2022) demonstrated that Petrópolis
City Hall invested US$ 26,000 in Civil Defense in
2020. This amount is just 0.009% of the municipal
revenue of US$ 298 million in 2020. In 2021, theCity Hall cut spending on Civil Defense, investing
only US$ 18,000, which is only 0.007% of therevenue of US$ 250 million in 2021. Though thisinvestment reduction may be serious concern for
Petrópolis City residents, various actions in
disaster risk reduction (DRR) can be performed
with low cost. In risk and disaster management,
there is the principle where education is the key to
DRR. In the case of a city with economic problems
such as Petrópolis, it is necessary to return to thisprinciple and enhance education for DRR.

According to Silva et al. (2021) which reported the“Civil Defense Program in School” executed by
Santa Catarina State government, Brazil, it is noteasy to carry out a insertion of civil defense
activities to primary and secondary schools.
However, since education is the principle and does
not demand high-cost investment, Petrópolis city
residents together with their city hall must
implement several educational activities for DRR.

20

References

•

•

•

Daré, E.F. (2022) Petrópolis: não foi um
desastre natural! In: Jornal da Unicamp.
Campinas, 22 Feb. 2022. Available in https://www.unicamp.br/unicamp/ju/
noticias/2022/02/22/petropolis-nao-foi-umdesastre-natural Access on July 10, 2022.

Dourando, F.; Arraes, T.C.; Fernandes e Silva,
M. (2012) O megadesastre da Região Serrana
do Rio de Janeiro – as causas do evento, os
mecanismos dos movimentos de massa e a
distribuição espacial dos investimentos dereconstrução no pós-desastre. Anuário do
Instituto de Geociências – UFRJ, v.35, n.2,
p.43-54.

Kobiyama, M.; Michel, G.P.; Goerl, R.F. (2019)
Proposal of debris flow disasters managementin Brazil based on historical and legal aspects.
International Journal of Erosion Control
Engineering, v.11, n.3, p.85-93.

•

Kobiyama, M.; Campagnolo, K.; Fagundes,
M.R. (2021) Ruralization for water resourcesmanagement in urban area revisited. Revista
Geográfica Acadêmica, v.15, n.2, p.68-88.

•

METSUL (2022) Petrópolis enfrenta seu
maior desastre desde a chuva de 1988. In:
METSUL Meteorologia. Porto Alegre, 16 Feb.
2022. Available in https://metsul.com/petropolis-enfrenta-seu-maior-desastre-desde-a-chuvade-1988/ Access on July 10, 2022.

•

Modesto, F.B.F.; Kuhlmann, L.G.; Jacques,
P.D.; Ribeiro, R.S.; Santos, T.D. (orgs) (2022).
Avaliação técnica pós-desastre, Petrópolis,
RJ. Rio de Janeiro: CPRM, 2022. 4p. Available
in https://rigeo.cprm.gov.br/handle/doc/22668
Access on July 10, 2022.

21•

Müller, F.I. (2017) Urban informality as asignifier: Performing urban reordering insuburban Rio de Janeiro. International
Sociology, v.32, n.4, p.493-511.

•

Pinto, P.S.; Iory, N. (2022) Petrópolis cortou
gasto com Defesa Civil em 2021. In:
Poder360. Brasília, 16 Feb. 2022. Available inhttps://www.poder360.com.br/brasil/petropoliscortou-gasto-com-defesa-civil-em-2021/
Access on July 10, 2022.

•

Silva, A.R.C.; Kobiyama, M.; Panceri, R.
(2021) “Programa defesa civil na escola” nosmunicípios de Imbituba e Lauro Müller/SC:
avaliação com alunos e professores. Revistade Geografia (Recife), v.38, n.3, p.154-179.

•

Xavier,P.
(2022)
Diversosfatores
contribuíram para tragédia de Petrópolis,
apontam especialistas. In: Band-Uol. Rio deJaneiro, 14 Mar. 2022. Available in https://www.band.uol.com.br/bandnews-fm/rio-dejaneiro/noticias/diversos-fatores-contribuirampara-tragedia-de-petropolis-apontamespecialistas-16500015 Access on July 10,2022.

Article on Instantaneous tracking of earthquake growthwith elastogravity signals
By Prof. Bertrand Rouet-Leduc et.al.
Published in Nature in May 2022

Prompt Elasto-Gravity Signals（PEGS）are gravitational changes
carrying earthquake
information much faster than seismic
waves.

The research article on “Instantaneous tracing ofearthquake growth with elastrogravity signals” by
Prof. Bertrand Rouet-Leduc, Disaster Prevention
Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto Univers et.al.
was published at Nature in May 2022.

rapidly the size of an earthquake. Magnitude 9
earthquakes have 30 times more energy thanmagnitude 8 earthquakes, which saturates theearly warning system and tends to make it
impossible to estimate the magnitude for larger
earthquakes.

Everyone wants to know the occurrence of a huge
earthquake as soon as possible. Yet it is difficult
to estimate the magnitude of large earthquakes.
The recent breakthrough of “speed-of-light prompt
elastogravity signals (PEGS)” raises hopes of ananswer to this situation while remaining to betested on early warning systems.

"When our research team developed a deeplearning AI model using the information carried by
PEGS, we were pleasantly surprised by the
success of the first prototype to classify
earthquakes according to magnitude," said RouetLeduc.

The team from Kyoto University and Géoazur has
developed a new method based on deep learningAIfordetecting"prompt
elasto-gravity
signals" (PEGS). PEGS is a gravitational change
generated by the massive motion of megaearthquakes and can be recorded by aseismograph. PEGS also conveys information
about ongoing earthquakes at the speed of light,
arriving much faster than the fastest seismic
waves.

The research team was then able to demonstrate
the power of their deep learning model to instantly
track earthquakes in real time after they reach acertain size. Although the algorithm needs to befurther tested on raw data, scientists believe theresults could improve seismic and tsunami
warning systems.

“These signals allow us to track the extent of anThis information appeared at the DPRI, Kyoto
University; and Kyoto University websites.

"Our new model may help people to know quickly
about the tsunami that will occur after a major
earthquake," the author concludes.

earthquake in real time as soon as it reaches
magnitude 8 and above,” says author Bertrand
Rouet-Leduc.
In the past, however, the small amplitude of PEGS
has hindered its application to earthquake andtsunami warning systems. Standard early warning
systems based on seismic waves estimate
magnitude directly from shaking but fail to detect•https://www.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/news/16445/•

KyotoU PEGS away at catching quakes atlight speed［Kyoto University］•

22

Instantaneous tracking of earthquake growthwith elastogravity signals [Nature]

Article on Climate-fuelled wave patterns pose anerosion risk for developing countries
By Prof. Nobuhito Mori et.al.
Published in The Conversation in June 2022

Article on “Climate-fuelled wave patterns
pose an erosion risk for developing
countries” by Prof. Nobuhito Mori et.al.
was published in The Conversation inJune 2022.
In addition to sea level rise and coastal
climate change due to global warming,
there is a risk that the coastal
environment will change significantly due
to changes in global wave characteristics.
Therefore, predicting future changes inwaves is important for adapting to coastal
climate change.

Previous studies have shown that waves can beclassified into several global wave climate types.
This study analysed future ocean waves climate
reproduced by global climate models used by
IPCC, and revealed the types of waves andregional hotspots that are susceptible to global
warming.

The results of this research were published online
in the international academic journal “Nature
Climate Change” on June 16, 2022.
This information was published at DPRI, Kyoto
University website.
•

With warming, the power of waves in the polar
regions and the Southern Ocean increases, andthe frequency of waves propagating from the easton the coasts located in the western part of theocean such as the Pacific Ocean, and the wave
climate propagating from the south on the eastern
coast.

地球温暖化により変わる波浪―温暖化に伴う波浪変化リスクの高い沿岸域を解明―［京都大学］•

地球温暖化により変わる波浪―温暖化に伴う

波浪変化リスクの高い沿岸域を解明―［京都大In Japan, it was predicted that the frequency ofwave climate types propagating from the west inhigh latitudes would increase. In addition to rising
sea levels, this will further intensify the effects ofwarming in coastal areas and will be a factor inchanging coastal environment.

学・プレスリリース本文］•

Climate-fuelled wave patterns pose an erosion
riskfordeveloping
countries[The
Conversation; 本件の解説記事]

The results of this research are expected to expand
into future changes and adaptation measures forcoastal vulnerability due to global warming,
especially changes in beaches and marine
ecosystems.

•

23

https://www.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/news_en/16584/

Press Release – Flood Control Timeline of Disaster
Base Hospitals
By:
Prof. Tetsuya Sumi, and Associate Professor Takahiro Sayama of Disaster
Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University;• Shimizu Corporation (President Kazuyuki Inoue); and• Hitoyoshi Medical Center (Hospital Director Masami Kimura)••Seven stages and triggers in flood timeline24According to the report issued by the Disaster
Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto
University on 2 April 2022, 34% of medical institutions
designated for infectious diseases nationwide arepositioned in flood potential areas due to heavy rainfall
once in a thousand years, and 26% of them arelocated in the area even with once every 100 to 200
year floods. The report details the survey conductedon the flooding of the Kuma River in Kumamoto
Prefecture and the Hitoyoshi Medical Center.

In addition to public weather information, the mostimportant implementation decisions are based on datafrom the nation-wide RRI Model, which was developedby DPRI as part of the Strategic Innovation Promotion
Program (SIP) of the Cabinet Office. It is expectedthat the activity will become a new framework fordisaster risk reduction plans in the flood timeline of
hospitals in the future.

This article appeared at the DPRI, Kyoto University
website.
Prof. Tetsuya Sumi, and Associate Professor Takahiro
Sayama of Disaster Prevention Research Institute(DPRI), Kyoto University, Shimizu Corporation(President Kazuyuki Inoue), and Hitoyoshi Medical
Center (Hospital Director Masami Kimura) havedeveloped a timeline for flood management andverified its effectiveness by conducting a disasterprevention training at the Hitoyoshi Medical Center on
6 May 2022.

The timeline is designed to evaluate flood risk basedon the actual conditions of hospital architecture andfacilities, and organizes necessary disaster response
operations and implementation criteria (triggers) as
well as coordination methods among staff members. It
specifies to execute them in chronological orderaccording to the seven disaster stages.

•

https://www.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/news_en/16159/

Click here to view the press release in Japanese.
•

災害拠点病院の水害対策タイムラインを策定～令和2年豪雨 を 想定 した 防 災訓 練で 効果 を 検証～［京都大学］

Visit the Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University, Japan tocheck out various research results and activities.

•

Website in English: https://www.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en/•

Website in Japanese: https://www.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/25Article on Mangrove-induced resistance to water
waves and its parameterization
By Program-Specific Assistant Prof. Che-Wei CHANG and Prof. Nobuhito
MORI, DPRI, Kyoto University, in collaboration with the Port and Airport
Research Institute (PARI) and Tohoku Gakuin University—published online in
the international academic journal “Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans”

Program-Specific Assistant Prof. Che-Wei CHANG
and Prof. Nobuhito MORI of the Disaster Prevention
Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University, incollaboration with the Port and Airport ResearchInstitute (PARI) and Tohoku Gakuin University,used 3D-printed models to replicate the complex
root structure of mangroves, studied mangroveinduced resistance and parameterized mangrove
effects on ocean waves by laboratory experiments.
The study was published online in the international
academic journal “Journal of GeophysicalResearch: Oceans” on June 8, 2022.

Risk Reduction)/Nature-based solution (NBS),
which utilizes ecosystems to provide an eco-friendly
approach to coastal protection and climate change
mitigation, has been gaining attention in recent
years.

Specifically, mangrove forests are the major type ofnature-based infrastructure in the tropics andsubtropics. Mangroves, featured by the special rootsystem, are well-known for their resistance against
ocean waves and coastal disasters. To quantify
mangrove effects on wave attenuation, we need toproperly
parameterizemangrove-induced
resistance, which relies on a better understandingof wave-mangrove interactions.

Climate change and sea-level rise pose greater
challenges to worldwide coastal communities,
urging more efficient strategies to mitigate natural
hazards and enhance coastal resilience. Green
infrastructure/Eco-DRR (Ecosystem-based Disaster

This study used 3D-printed models to replicate amature mangrove, the first time in literature to thebest of our knowledge, to study wave-mangroveinteractions in model-scale experiments.

parameterize mangrove effects which could be
used in numerical simulation. Additionally, weobserved that as waves propagate throughmangroves, the irregularly-shaped mangrove roots
caused the fluctuation of fluid velocity and theenhancement of turbulent kinetic energy. Pleaserefer to the published paper for more details.

We directly measured fluid velocity and wave forceson mangrove models in different wave conditions.
Based on the measurements, we proposed
empirical relationships of force coefficients toThis information appeared at the DPRI, Kyoto
University website.
••

An Experimental Study of Mangrove-Induced
Resistance on Water Waves Considering the
Impacts of Typical Rhizophora Roots

26

https://www.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/news_en/16403/

Fig.1: Mangrove
forests (left:Iriomote, Japan;
right: Kiribati)

Fig.2: Mangrove forests (left: Iriomote, Japan; right: Kiribati)

27

Article on Giant tsunami monitoring, early
warning and hazard assessment
By Prof. Nobuhito Mori et. al.
Published in Nature Reviews Earth & Environment
Following is the abstract of the article from Nature
Reviews Earth & Environment:“Abstract:
Earthquake-triggered giant tsunamis can cause
catastrophic disasters to coastal populations,ecosystems and infrastructure on scales overthousands of kilometres. In particular, the scale andtragedy of the 2004 Indian Ocean (about 230,000
fatalities) and 2011 Japan (22,000 fatalities) tsunamis
prompted global action to mitigate the impacts offuture disasters. In this Review, we summarize
progress in understanding tsunami generation,
propagation and monitoring, with a particular focus
on developments in rapid early warning and longterm hazard assessment. Dense arrays of oceanbottom pressure gauges in offshore regions provide
real-time data of incoming tsunami wave heights,
which, combined with advances in numerical andanalogue modelling, have enabled the developmentof rapid tsunami forecasts for near-shore regions(within 3 minutes of an earthquake in Japan). Suchearly warning is essential to give local communities
time to evacuate and save lives. However, long-term
assessments and mitigation of tsunami risk fromprobabilistic tsunami hazard analysis are also needed
so that comprehensive disaster prevention planningand structural tsunami countermeasures can be
implemented by governments, authorities and local
populations. Future work should focus on improving

tsunami inundation, damage risk and evacuation
modelling, and on reducing the uncertainties ofprobabilistic tsunami hazard analysis associated withthe unpredictable nature of megathrust earthquake
occurrence and rupture characteristics. “ (Nature
Reviews
Earth&
Environment—https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-022-00327-3)

The above information was published at the Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University website.
• https://www.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/

For the full article visit:• Nature Reviews Earth & Environment—https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-022-00327-3)

28

The Main School of Fire Service, Warsaw, Poland
will organise the hybrid International Scientific
Conference
onInternational
Emergency
Mechanisms and Disaster Risk Reduction on 15
September 2022.

new networks comprising decision makers, public
administration, public services, armed forces,
academia, non-governmental organisations andlocal disaster risk reduction leaders to be more
flexible and prepared for XXI century safety andsecurity challenges.
Location

Scope and objectives
The main objective of the conference is toexchange good practices and experiences in thescope of international mechanisms for prevention
and response on crisis situations and disasters aswell as to initiate a discussion on improving
disaster risk reduction.
The conference will be a platform of exchange forideas, research results and solutions whichconnect theory and practice of disaster risk
reduction in the field of emergency mechanisms.
An ambition is to develop existing and to initiate

Option 1: The Main School of Fire Service,Slowackiego 52/54 Street, 01629 Warsaw, Poland(after registration)

Option 2: Online
registration)

via

Click

Meeting(afterOption 3: Online via Youtube (open access,without registration)

Visit the web site for further information.

Contact:••

General communication channel: intered@sgsp.edu.pl•

Organisational issues: Sen. Cpt. Monika
Wojakowska, PhD, mwojakowska@sgsp.edu.pl•

Merit-related issues: Maj. Pawel Gromek, DSc.
Eng., SGSP professor, pgromek@sgsp.edu.pl

https://www.sgsp.edu.pl/?page_id=29327

Registration:
https://www.sgsp.edu.pl/?page_id=29327

29

The World Bosai Forum will be held to discuss,learn and spread disaster reduction throughout
the world.

Kawauchi Hagi Hall, Sendai, Japan from 10 to
13 March 2023.

Click here to visit the website.
The 3rd World Bosai Forum will take place at the
Sendai International Center, Tohoku University,•

https://worldbosaiforum.com/2023/en/

What is the World BOSAI Forum?
Reduction (WCDRR) held in Sendai, the Sendai
Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030,
a set of guidelines for efforts related to disaster
reduction, was formulated. The Sendai Frameworkfor Disaster Risk Reduction also incorporates manyof the concepts promoted by Japan, such as theimportance of investment in disaster reduction and"Build Back Better”. It is Japan's responsibility topromote the implementation of the Sendai
Framework for Disaster Reduction, as a world
leader in the field of disaster reduction.
Furthermore, the activities of Japan and the
Tohoku region in the process of recovery from theGreat East Japan Earthquake that occurred on
March 11, 2011, have attracted great interest fromaround the world.

Contact World Bosai Forum Secretariat:
wbf2023@worldbosaiforum.com

30

However, while there have been a variety ofinternational conferences on disaster risk reduction
held around the world, including UN-led andacademic conferences, there has been nointernational "forum" where specific solutions to
reduce damage from disasters can be focused,shared, and discussed.

Therefore, we decided to establish a "FORUM" in
Sendai to propose solutions for disaster risk
reduction from various perspectives, both domestic
and international, industry, government, academia,
and civil society, to learn from each other, to create
new values, and to promote the Sendai Frameworkfor Disaster Reduction. This is the World BOSAI
Forum.

The prolonged worldwide pandemic and cascadingrisks have taught us that the conventional approachto disaster risk planning and management isineffective for the development of sustainable andresilient communities.
A worldwide pandemic underscores the importance ofintegrating the following key areas: •Disaster risk should not be treated in isolation but
should be integrated with health risks, climatechange, and environmental risks;•

DRR objectives and vision should be integrated
with sustainable development goals to foster aresilient world;•

Short-term DRR objectives need to be integrated

with a long-term vision and plans for a resilient
society.
Towards a sustainable and resilient society, the
GADRI's five-fold objectives need to be directed
toward the above-mentioned three key areas for
integration in research and development.
The 6th GADRI Global Summit aims to systematically
identify
theprocesses,
techniques, evidence, challenges and opportunities
for achieving the GADRI objectives for a sustainable
and resilient society against hazards and working tokeep them from becoming disasters.
Programparticipants will communicate academic science
across scientific disciplines to policymakers andpractitioners.

Sub-themes:
1. COVID 19
resiliency

research institutes) for SRSAD
recoveryandbuilding

disaster

9. GADRI Objective- IV
information and engaging
research) for SRSAD

2. Disaster risk governance(mutual sharing
in collaborative

10. GADRI Objective - V (serve as an advocacy
organization ) for SRSAD

3. GADRI for realizing the SENDAI Framework
4. Inclusive and equitable DRR(Note: Sub-themes 6 to 10 will identify the gaps,
discuss what we can do/what should be done andsuggest recommendations towards realizing GADRI
objectives)

5. Sustainable DRR: Integrating climate action,
SDGs and DRR
6. GADRI Objective - I (global research network)
for Sustainable and Resilient Society Against
Disasters (SRSAD)

Pre-conference survey:•

7. GADRI Objective II (developing researchroadmaps and plans) for SRSAD

Related to the five committees - contributions –Website of the 6th Global Summit of GADRI—https://gadri.net/summit/

8. GADRI Objective - III (building the capacities ofImportant Dates:•

1 January to 28 February 2023—Regular Rate••

1 January 2023 to 28 February 2023—Completionof Accommodation

15 to 17 March 2023—6th Global Summit of
GADRI at DPRI, Kyoto University, Uji Campus,
Kyoto, Japan

Posters and Presentations

Registrations and Accommodations••

1 October to 31 December 2022—Early Bird
Registrations

1 October 2022 to 31 January 2023

Pre-conference Survey•
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1 October to 31 January 2023

GADRI Members
Established in March 2015, the Global Alliance ofDisaster
Research
Institutes
supporttheimplementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster
Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (SFDRR) and the work of
the Scientific and Technical Advisory Group of theUnited Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction(UNDRR).
In line with its vision, GADRI strives to deepen theunderstanding of disasters and find implementable
solutions to achieve disaster resilience; i.e. human,
technical system and infrastructure resilience,survivability and well-being, by integrating knowledge
and technologies from around the world. Over 200
institutions have joined GADRI.GADRI membershipis free; and completely voluntary and non-binding.
GADRI Secretariat is currently headquartered andhosted by the Disaster Prevention Research Institute(DPRI), Kyoto University, Japan.
To join GADRI, please contact the GADRISecretariat: secretariat-gadri@dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Geographical Distribution of GADRI as of 31 July 2022
Area

Members

Economies

Africa12

7

Americas

37

8

Asia
(Excluding Japan)

83

23

Europe

37

13

Japan

33

1

Oceania

10

2

Total

212

54

54 economies

Global Alliance of Disaster Research Institutes (GADRI)
Secretariat
Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI)
Kyoto University, Uji Campus, Gokasho, Uji-shi
Kyoto 611-0011, JAPAN
Tel: +81-774-38-4621
Fax: +81-774-38-4254
E-mail: secretariat-gadri@dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp
Web: www.gadri.net

All rights reserved. GADRI ACTIONS is the property of GADRI and protected by the international copyright laws. GADRIACTIONS contents may not be reprinted, copied, and distributed without the copyright holder's prior written permission.

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