2021

1】 Select the statement which best corresponds to the content of the following【No.

passage.
At the deepest point in the ocean lives a fish that is pink, slimy, and looks a bit like anoversized tadpole, up to a foot long: the Mariana snailfish.

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In the Mariana Trench ― 7,000 meters below the oceanʼs surface ― these fish make aliving in total darkness and at crushing pressures that can reach 1,000 times more than at
sea level.
But the Mariana snailfish is not only abundant in this area; itʼs the regionʼs top predator.
How does an animal make a living in such an extreme place?
New research provides clues.

In a study published in Nature Ecology & Evolution,

Chinese researchers examined the anatomy and genetics of the fish. The team picked up
specimens from around 23,000 feet below sea level using remotely-operated landers, andanalysed the creaturesʼ genes, proteins, and anatomy.
They found a few peculiarities. For one, the fish have gaps in their skulls. First author
Kun Wang, from the Northwestern Polytechnical University, says this “may help the internaland external pressures to be balanced.” In other words, if the fish had a complete and fusedskull, it would be crushed by the pressure.
Whatʼs more, their bones are not entirely made of, well, bone ― but are largely cartilage＊.
In fact, the team found that the fish have a mutation in the primary gene responsible for
calcification, the buildup of calcium to harden the bones. This mutation renders the genepartially nonfunctional. Wang says this makes their bones more flexible and likely moreable to withstand pressure.
Such high pressures can also break down proteins, which are important for normal
physiological processes. The team found that the fish have high levels of a substance called
trimethylamine N-oxide（TMAO）, which is used to stabilize proteins. Most animals have one
copy of this gene, while these fish have five.
Even moving chemicals into and out of cells can be difficult at these high pressures.
The Mariana snailfish makes up for this by producing high numbers of proteins thattransport necessary substances, Wang says.
＊

cartilage: firm and flexible connective tissue11．The Mariana snailfish can live in the harsh environment of the deep sea because it has
many companions and no fewer enemies.
2．There are gaps in the skulls of the Mariana snailfish, but the accumulation of calcium
promotes calcification, making the bones strong enough to withstand pressure.
3．Regarding the Mariana snailfish, the primary gene that hardens bones is not fully
functional, forming soft bones that can withstand pressure.
4．The Mariana snailfish cannot transfer chemicals through its cell membranes under highpressure because of the high concentration of substances that stabilize proteins.
5．The Mariana snailfish produces a large amount of chemicals because it cannot
supplement the proteins that are broken down by high pressure.

2

【No.

2】 Select the statement which best corresponds to the content of the following

passage.
Some 2,000 years after they were first erected, Ancient Roman harbours made fromconcrete are still standing across Europe.

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Meanwhile, more modern constructions have proved far less durable, crumbling into thewater in a matter of decades.
Finally, scientists have solved the puzzle of what made the ancient concrete so strong ―and they think the discovery could make modern buildings more environmentally friendly.
Concrete used for ancient sea walls was made by mixing lime, seawater, volcanic ash androck. The combination produces a ʻpozzolanic reactionʼ ― named after the commune ofPozzuoli in Naples.
Researchers have now discovered that elements in the ash react with sea water, which
actually strengthens the material. In contrast, waves erode modern concrete.
“Contrary to the principles of modern cement-based concrete, the Romans created arock-like concrete that thrives in open chemical exchange with seawater,” Utah University
geologist Marie Jackson said.
Researchers discovered the Roman concrete contained aluminium tobermorite, a raremineral that adds extra strength. When the Roman concrete was exposed to seawater, thetobermorite crystallised and spread. The researchers said that long-term exposure to sea
water helped these crystals to continue growing, reinforcing the concrete and preventing
cracks from developing.
Switching to a similar type of concrete could make some contemporary constructions
less harmful to the environment, since the production of modern Portland cement uses hightemperature kilns that make a significant contribution to industrial carbon dioxide
emissions. Professor Jackson said the material should be considered for proposed projects
such as the tidal lagoon being considered in Swansea.
The lagoon would need to run for 120 years to recoup the cost of its construction,
Professor Jackson said. “You can imagine that, with the way we build now, it would be amass of corroding steel by that time,” she added.
Yet a structure built from Roman concrete, she argued, could remain intact for
centuries.

31．Concrete made in ancient Rome is the oldest concrete in the world and is used invarious places due to its high durability.
2．The reason why modern concrete is not durable and has a negative impact on theenvironment is that it does not mix lime with rock to produce concrete.
3．Seawater plays an important role in the durability of ancient Roman concrete, and the
combination of seawater and the ash component makes the concrete stronger.
4．Modern cement-based concrete is more expensive than Roman concrete, so changing
the materials of buildings to Roman ones can reduce construction costs.
5．Roman concrete is more environmentally friendly than modern concrete, but it is not
used in modern buildings because of the scarcity of minerals.

4

【No.

3】 Select the statement which best corresponds to the content of the following

passage.
Pluto is a cold little world far from us in the outer reaches of our solar system. But
researchers believe Pluto may have been born as a much warmer place. They say it may

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even have sheltered a subsurface or underground ocean ― one that still exists today.
A report on Pluto appeared earlier this month in the scientific journal Nature
Geosciences. The lead author was Carver Bierson, a planetary scientist at the University ofCalifornia Santa Cruz.

In the report, researchers pointed to evidence for a “hot start”

situation at Plutoʼs beginning, some 4.5 billion years ago. Their study was based on imagesof the dwarf planetʼs surface as well as computer models of the subsurface.
“When Pluto was forming, new material would have been coming in and impacting its
surface,” Bierson said. “Each impact is like an explosion that would warm the nearby area.”
Bierson explained that if Pluto had formed slowly, the surface would have cooled
between each impact and generally stayed very cold. But if Pluto had formed quickly, thesurface may not have had time to cool down. “If Pluto formed in less than 30,000 years,” hesaid, “the heat from these impacts could have been sufficient to lead to an early ocean.”
Pluto may have an icy outer shell hundreds of kilometers thick atop an ocean of water,
possibly mixed with salts and ammonia. A solid rocky core could lie below, Bierson said.
The researchers believe that parts of the ocean would gradually freeze over time. Water
expands as it freezes, and cracks on Plutoʼs surface may be evidence of this. At present,
Plutoʼs surface temperature is about minus 230 degrees Celsius.
A subsurface ocean could make Pluto a possible, although unlikely, candidate for having
living organisms. Bierson said it was possible that contact between water and the rocky core
could have created certain chemical ingredients.
“Are those the right ingredients for life?” Bierson asked. “We donʼt know. We need tolearn more about how life forms, or how life could form, to find these answers.”

51．When it was born, Pluto may have been formed closer to the sun than where it iscurrently located.
2．A “hot start” situation means that Pluto was gradually formed over 30,000 years while
being hit by new material.
3．According to the analysis of computer models, Pluto is likely to have been formed ofwater, salt and ammonia since its birth.
4．The cracks on Plutoʼs surface may be evidence of the presence of an ocean on Pluto,
which gradually freezes over time.
5．The chemical ingredients which were created between the subsurface ocean and therocky core must have led to the production of living organisms on Pluto.

6

【No.

4】 Select the statement which best corresponds to the content of the following

passage.
Online platforms report surging activity. Chess-themed streamers, who play live on
video-sharing websites, have tripled and quadrupled their followers. With the worldʼs best

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players just a click away, grandmasters are more accessible than ever ― hosting events thathave broken viewership records. As play and instruction go virtual, the game itself ischanging. Gone are perceptions of stodgy intellectualism that once surrounded the sport.
Chess in 2020 is younger, faster, more adventurous, and more diverse.
《Lines omitted》
With just 32 pieces and 64 squares, chess has a gift for complexity through simplicity
that has helped it survive for centuries ― even remotely.

Since the early 1900s,

correspondence chess players living worlds apart have mailed each other their moves via
postcard, playing games that lasted for months, says Tony Rich, executive director of theSaint Louis Chess Club.
But the last time chess experienced a renewal like 2020ʼs came in the 1990s, when
computers began to challenge the gameʼs doctrines, says Mr. Rich. In that way, the boom in
online play is now just accelerating the decades-long marriage of chess and advanced
technology.
《Lines omitted》
Whatʼs different now is the volume of interest, says Nick Barton, director of businessdevelopment at an online platform company. This website added 650,000 or so users in eachof the first two months of 2020. Since March, those numbers have entered the millions ―with more than 1.6 million joining in June. This growth involves enormous demographic
change.

Chess has long been heavily male, but the websiteʼs users include a

disproportionately high number of women and girls, says Mr. Barton. Its new players arealso younger, he says. The chess personalities attracting these new users are, in turn,changing the face of the sport itself. “Weʼre kind of seeing the great chess player mergedwith the great entertainer,” says Ms. Shahade, the womenʼs program director at the U.S.
Chess Federation.
《Lines omitted》
Part of what aids the excitement is the fast-paced nature of online chess, compared withover-the-board. Among its most serious players, in-person chess matches can last four to five
hours. Many online games ― known as blitz or bullet chess ― last only five to 10 minutes,
which forces players into more intuitive and unpredictable ― and hence exciting ― tactics.

7

1．Many years ago, chess players who lived far away from each other played chess games
through postcards.
2．The Internet advertisements by chess-themed website companies have helped rapidly
accelerate the number of followers on live online chess games.
3．Since the 1990s, the popularity of online chess has been getting closer to that of face-toface match, owing to advanced technology.
4．In the first half of the year 2020, the total number of people following online chesswebsites reached around 2.25 million.
5．Intuitive and unpredictable tactics in online chess games make players impatient,leading to much shorter match times than before.

8

【No.

5】 Select the statement which best corresponds to the content of the following

passage.
The Mediterranean diet has long been identified as an all-around healthy diet withmany benefits ― from preventing heart disease and cancer to encouraging weight loss and

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improving diabetes management and gut health. In 2020, a newspaper company ranked theMediterranean diet No. 1 in four categories: Best Diets Overall, Easiest Diets to Follow, Best
Diabetes Diets and Best Plant-Based Diets.
Another perk of the diet: The food is delicious, though there isnʼt just one
Mediterranean diet.

Greeks eat differently than Italians, who eat differently from the

French and Spanish. But they all share many of the same principles, with an emphasis on
fresh fruits and veggies, whole grains, seafood, legumes and flavorful herbs and spices.
The health editors at a newspaper company teamed up with the food pros at a video
streaming website about cooking to find out more by surveying more than 230 people who
follow this healthy way of eating.

The group included those whoʼve been following a

Mediterranean way of eating for over five years to others whoʼve been doing it for less thansix months. Most surveyed cook for just themselves and one other person ― with 72% ofother household members also following the Mediterranean diet.
Most ― about 68% ― initially decided to try the diet based on their own research,though about 16% started because their doctor recommended it. The majority surveyed,
83%, say their goal was better overall health. Weight loss, preventing a chronic disease（likediabetes）and lowering cholesterol also factored as important goals.
Because this is an eating pattern ― not a structured diet ― youʼre on your own to figureout how many calories you should eat to lose or maintain your weight, what youʼll do to stay
active and how youʼll shape your Mediterranean menu. To get help and recipe inspiration,
cookbooks （75%） and websites （71%） are the top resources used by those surveyed ―though apps and expert advice from a trainer or nutritionist were also mentioned.
《Lines omitted》
Most are happy with the results theyʼre seeing, with 79% reporting positive or very
positive changes to their health. Those changes include weight loss and improvements inblood sugar, cholesterol and blood pressure, plus higher energy levels. One participant
wrote, “I feel as though I have more energy and sleep better. I began eating this way two
years ago. And one year ago I went off of blood pressure medicine!”

91．The Mediterranean diet has various benefits for human health, so it was ranked as theNo.1 diet in 2020, according to a survey of people around the world.
2．Diets in Mediterranean countries have common principles regarding what to eat, but
diets in different countries have their own set of characteristics.
3．The number of those who have followed a Mediterranean way of eating for over five
years and those for less than six months were evenly surveyed.
4．The survey shows that the doctors recommend the Mediterranean diet to most of those
who have been suffering from diabetes as the best way to lose weight.
5．One participant suffering from high blood pressure says that the blood pressure
medicine he quit taking two years ago has recently made his health better.

10

【No.

6】 Select the statement which best corresponds to the content of the following

passage.
You could consider modern planes as self-flying, in that they can autonomously executea flight plan created by pilots. However, these aircraft cannot think for themselves; they

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will follow the flight plan until itʼs changed. For example, when pilots take off the seat-belt
sign, chances are youʼre in a self-flying plane.

With this information ― and given thenumber of successful flights every day ― the concept of autonomous aircraft starts to soundlike a safe, feasible innovation. In commercial aircraft, pilots input the flight plan into theflight management system（FMS）when the aircraft is still on the ground. The pilots usuallyactivate this autopilot a few minutes after takeoff. The autopilot typically remains engaged
until a few minutes before landing.
《Lines omitted》
So, how close are we to safe, fully autonomous aircraft?
The difference between autonomous aircraft and self-flying planes is that flights arehighly automated, but self-flying planes still require two experienced, well-trained pilots.
Modern autopilot systems are designed to execute inputs received from the pilot or flight
director computer. The autopilot keeps a plane on a predefined path at cruising altitudes.
It can even perform climbs, descents and turns as instructed. You can imagine that the
autopilot is following an invisible highway called an airway. When at cruising altitudes,
planes are unlikely to encounter birds or other obstacles. Therefore, there is no need to givethe autopilot freedom of movement. In the future, aircraft will not be partially automated,
they will be fully autonomous ― eliminating the need for a pilot.
One of the main applications of autonomous aircraft is for urban air mobility.

In

megacities these autonomous flying taxis ― so to speak ― can revolutionize personal traveland shipping by reducing traffic and increasing safety.

However, designing theseautonomous aircraft to operate in such a busy environment poses engineering problems thatare much more complex than the ones solved by the invention of modern autopilot systems.
《Lines omitted》
This level of autonomy requires sensors, embedded software and artificial intelligence（AI）systems that continuously perceive risky situations, which help to plan a safe path of
motion and execute those motions. These systems will also need to be smart enough todecipher＊ the difference between buildings, birds and other aircraft in any environment or
weather condition.
《Lines omitted》
Sensors will need a lot of development to make autonomous aircraft a reality. You canʼt
11just stick a camera on an aircraft and expect it to be able to see everything in an urban

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environment. Much like the human eye, cameras would be useless in certain conditions, like
fog and glare. Therefore, engineers will need to develop radar, lidar, cameras, sound andinfrared sensors to perceive the environment.

They will then need to combine theinformation from these devices, using sensor fusion methodologies, to get an accurate
picture of the environment for every flight and weather condition.
＊

decipher: succeed in understanding, interpreting, or identifying

1．After flight plans are approved by air traffic controllers and delivered to pilots, pilots
input the data into the flight management system.
2．Autonomous aircraft will be able to navigate difficult environments as they will possess
sensors similar to the human eye.
3．Although the autopilot in an aircraft usually keeps the plane on a specific path, twopilots operate it by themselves if there are problems during the flight.
4．One of the benefits of autonomous flying vehicles is that they can revolutionize the way
engineers reduce safety.
5．Sensors used in fully autonomous flying vehicles will have to be clever enough to tellthe difference between various obstacles in various circumstances.

12

【No.

7】 Select the statement which best corresponds to the content of the following

passage.
When we see that children everywhere are required by law to go to school, that almost
all schools are structured in the same way, and that our society goes to a great deal of

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trouble and expense to provide such schools, we tend naturally to assume that there must be
some good, logical reason for all this. Perhaps if we didnʼt force children to go to school, orif schools operated much differently, children would not grow up to be competent adults.
《Lines omitted》
One example that disproves this supposition can be found at the Sudbury Valley School,
where for 40 years children have been educating themselves in a setting that operates on
assumptions that are opposite to those of traditional schooling. Studies of the school and its
graduates show that normal, average children become educated through their own play andexploration, without adult direction or prodding, and go on to be fulfilled, effective adults inthe larger culture.
《Lines omitted》
If we want to understand why standard schools are what they are, we have to abandon
the idea that they are products of logical necessity or scientific insight. They are, instead,products of history. Schooling, as it exists today, only makes sense if we view it from ahistorical perspective. And so, as a first step toward explaining why schools are what they
are, I present here, in a nutshell, an outline of the history of education, from the beginningof humankind until now.
《Lines omitted》
In the beginning, for hundreds of thousands of years, children educated themselves
through self-directed play and exploration.
In relation to the biological history of our species, schools are very recent institutions.
For hundreds of thousands of years, before the advent of agriculture, we lived as huntergatherers. Previously, I summarized the evidence from anthropology that children in huntergatherer cultures learned what they needed to know to become effective adults throughtheir own play and exploration.

The strong drives in children to play and explore

presumably came about, during our evolution as hunter-gatherers, to serve the needs ofeducation. Adults in hunter-gatherer cultures allowed children almost unlimited freedom toplay and explore on their own because they recognized that those activities are childrenʼsnatural ways of learning.
With the rise of agriculture, and later of industry, children became forced laborers. Playand exploration were suppressed. Willfulness, which had been a virtue, became a vice that
had to be beaten out of children.
13

1．Children everywhere are required by law to go to school, and schools around the world
operate much differently.
2．Although the education at the Sudbury Valley School has operated on the opposite ideaof traditional education, children do not become effective adults due to lack of instruction
by adults.
3．Standard schools are products of history and schooling is only reasonable if we look at itfrom a historical viewpoint.
4．As we once lived as hunter-gatherers, our childrenʼs motivation for play and exploration
gradually diminished in the process of evolution.
5．Adults in hunter-gatherer cultures gave children almost infinite freedom to play andexplore, and that freedom was promoted by the rise of agriculture and industry.

14

8】 Select the statement which best corresponds to the content of the following【No.

passage.
Music must first be defined and distinguished from speech, and from animal and birdcries. We discuss the stages of hominid＊ anatomy that permit music to be perceived and

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created, with the likelihood of both Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens both being
capable. The earlier hominid ability to emit sounds of variable pitch with some meaningshows that music at its simplest level must have predated speech. The possibilities ofanthropoid motor impulse suggest that rhythm may have preceded melody, though fullcontrol of rhythm may well not have come any earlier than the perception of music above.
There are four evident purposes for music: dance, ritual, entertainment, and above all social
cohesion.
《Lines omitted》
How did music begin? Was it via vocalization or was it through motor impulse? Before
considering these questions we have to ask first, “What is music?” and this is a question thatis almost impossible to answer. Your idea of music may be very different from mine, and ournext-door neighborʼs will almost certainly be different again. Each of us can only answer forourselves.
Mine is that it is “Sound that conveys emotion.”
We can probably most of us agree that it is sound; yes, silence is a part of that sound,but can there be any music without sound of some sort? For me, that sound has to dosomething ― it cannot just be random noises meaning nothing. There must be some purpose
to it, so I use the phrase “that conveys emotion.” What that emotion may be is largely
irrelevant to the definition; there is an infinite range of possibilities. An obvious one ispleasure. But equally another could be fear or revulsion.
How do we distinguish that sound from speech, for speech can also convey emotion? It
would seem that musical sound must have some sort of controlled variation of pitch,
controlled because speech can also vary in pitch, especially when under overt emotion. So
music should also have some element of rhythm, at least of pattern. But so has the recital ofa sonnet, and this is why I said above that the question of “What is music?” is almost
impossible to answer.
＊

hominid: a primate of a family which includes humans and their fossil ancestors

15

1．Music was originally born from the sounds of animals and birds, and is defined as suchin hominid anatomy.
2．Music has four distinct purposes, and the authorʼs research points out that the mostimportant of these is music for ceremonies.
3．In order to understand the origin of music, first of all we have to raise the question“What is music?”.
4．The author considers music as sound that conveys a mixture of joy and fear.
5．Both speech and music can convey emotion, but the biggest difference between them iswhether the variation of pitch can be controlled or not.

16

【No.

9】 Select the statement which best corresponds to the content of the following

passage.
The Environmental Protection Agency（EPA）is the agency of the U.S. government thatsets and enforces national pollution-control standards. In 1970, in response to a spate of

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confusing, often ineffective environmental protection laws enacted by states andcommunities, President Richard Nixon created the EPA to fix national guidelines and tomonitor and enforce them.
《Lines omitted》
One of the EPAʼs early successes was an agreement with automobile manufacturers to
install catalytic converters in cars, thereby reducing emissions of unburned hydrocarbons by
85 percent. The EPAʼs enforcement was in large part responsible for a decline of one-third
to one-half in most air-pollution emissions in the United States from 1970 to 1990, andduring the 1980s the pollution standards index improved by half in major cities; significant
improvements in water quality and waste disposal also occurred.
《Lines omitted》
Throughout the 1980s and ʻ90s the EPA continued to strengthen laws governing air andwater quality and toxic substances. However, it also introduced new rules. The EPAʼs
accomplishments during this period included the requirement that all primary andsecondary schools be tested for asbestos starting in 1982, the reauthorization of the Clean
Water Act in 1987, the reauthorization of the Clean Air Act in 1990 with amendments thatcalled for reductions in sulfur dioxide generation and the phasing out of chemicals that
deplete the ozone layer, and a rule requiring the removal of all remaining lead in gasoline
starting in 1996.
《Lines omitted》
In the early 21st century the EPAʼs role expanded to address climate change. In 2007
the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in a case brought by the state of Massachusetts against the
EPA that failure to regulate greenhouse gas emissions from motor vehicles was contrary to
the requirements of the Clean Air Act. As a result, the EPA was given the responsibility todevelop strategies to manage emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases.
Stemming from this mandate, the EPA worked with the U.S. Department of Transportation
to develop standards that would substantially increase vehicle fuel efficiency, and in 2011 it
initiated a permitting program that placed the first limits on greenhouse gas emissions frompower plants, refineries, and other large, stationary sources.

17

1．The EPA is responsible for a decline in the quality of water and air from the 1970s to
the 1990s.
2．The EPA was originally set up to deal with the situation where local authorities set theirown laws.
3．There has been a change in strategy over the years by the EPA to allow car
manufacturers to dispose of more vehicles.
4．A court ruled in favor of the EPA because the EPA was allowing states to set their own
regulations regarding greenhouse gases.
5．Schools in the United States benefitted from a change in the rules that allowed them tobe tested for sulfur dioxide.

18

【No. 10】 Select the statement which best corresponds to the content of the following
passage.
Public health is the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life, andpromoting physical and mental health, sanitation, personal hygiene, control of infectious

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diseases, and organization of health services. From the normal human interactions involved
in dealing with the many problems of social life, there has emerged a recognition of theimportance of community action in the promotion of health and the prevention andtreatment of disease, and this is expressed in the concept of public health.
《Lines omitted》
Public health medicine is part of the greater enterprise of preserving and improving the
public health.

Community physicians cooperate with diverse groups, from architects,

builders, sanitary and heating and ventilating engineers, and factory and food inspectors to
psychologists and sociologists, chemists, physicists, and toxicologists.

Occupational

medicine is concerned with the health, safety, and welfare of persons in the workplace. It
may be viewed as a specialized part of public health medicine since its aim is to reduce therisks in the environment in which persons work.
The venture of preserving, maintaining, and actively promoting public health requires
special methods of information-gathering（epidemiology）and corporate arrangements to
act upon significant findings and put them into practice.

Statistics collected by

epidemiologists attempt to describe and explain the occurrence of disease in a populationby correlating factors such as diet, environment, radiation exposure, or cigarette smoking
with the incidence and prevalence of disease.

The government, through laws andregulations, creates agencies to oversee and formally inspect and monitor water supplies,
food processing, sewage treatment, drains, and pollution. Governments also are concernedwith the control of epidemic and pandemic diseases, establishing guidelines for appropriate
medical responses and isolation procedures, and issuing travel warnings to prevent the
spread of disease from affected areas.
《Lines omitted》
Advances in science and medicine in developed countries, including the generation of
vaccines and antibiotics, have been fundamental in bringing vital aid to countries afflictedby a high burden of disease. Yet, despite the expansion of resources and improvements inthe mobilization of these resources to the most severely afflicted areas, the incidence ofpreventable disease and of neglected tropical disease remains exceptionally high worldwide.
Reducing the impact and prevalence of these diseases is a major goal of international
public health. The persistence of such diseases in the world, however, serves as an important
indication of the difficulties that health organizations and societies continue to confront.
19

1．Public health is concerned with the well-being of people primarily from countries that
rely on medical science.
2．Governments control the spread of epidemics by setting rules that block people fromentering areas where diseases are found.
3．Medical experts put more emphasis on improving the environment in the workplacethan the environment in communities.
4．Epidemiologists collect data about populations so they can use the law to create
agencies that warn about domestic travel.
5．Although advances in science and medicine have helped countries afflicted by many
diseases, there are still challenges left in international public health.

20

Read the following passage and answer the questions【No. 11】and【No. 12】.
No sooner had the geckoʼs＊1 secret been cracked than humans got to work trying toＡ

it. “It was one of those mysteries that had been around for a long time,” says

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Aaron Parness, who until recently managed the robotic climbers and grippers group at
NASAʼs Jet Propulsion Laboratory（JPL）in Pasadena, California.
Aristotle was the first to go on the recordＢthe gecko is able to scurry＊2 up

and down surfaces in open defiance of gravity, but anyone watching a six-inch lizard cross aceiling would have to wonder. The Greek philosopherʼs question wasnʼt answered until
about 20 years ago, in part because the secret lay in a force of physics discovered millennia
after Aristotleʼs death.
Van der Waals forces are weak electrostatic attractions between polarizable molecules.
Geckosʼ toepads take advantage of this slight attraction by multiplying it. Each pad has
about half a million hairs, made of keratin like human hair but much thinner. Each of themends with hundreds of far thinner nanohairs, creating an incredible amount of surface area
that, with minimal pressure, completely conforms to the tiniest features of any surface it
touches. Itʼs enough surface-to-surface contact that Van der Waals forces become significant.
The concept is simple but

Ｃsuch a surface is not.

When Parness arrived at JPL in 2010, a decade after scientists had unlocked the geckoʼs
mystery, he had already been working on gecko-like human climbing technology as a
graduate student at Stanford University（Spider-Man gloves are still in the prototype stage）.
NASA was interested in such gripping technology for space operations. “Moving aroundin microgravity is more of a climbing problem than a walking problem,” he says, noting that
gecko-like pads would be easy to use and radiation-resistant, and they wouldnʼt rely on
suction cups or other vacuum technology thatʼs useless in a vacuum.
＊1

gecko: a type of small lizard＊2

scurry: to move quickly with short steps

21

【No. 11】 Select the most appropriate combination of words that can be inserted into
Ａ

,

Ｂ

Ａ

and

Ｃ

.

Ｂ

Ｃ

1．copyasking how

recreating

2．copysolving why

handling

3．defeatasking how

recreating

4．defeatasking how

handling

5．defeatsolving why

handling【No. 12】 Select the statement which best corresponds to the content of the above passage.
1．NASAʼs Jet Propulsion Laboratory found that the secret to the ability of geckos to moveagainst gravity lies in their toepads.
2．Geckosʼ toepads have more than a million nanohairs, keeping the lizard on a surface byweak electrostatic attractions known as Van der Waals forces.
3．Parness had been working at JPL since 2010, when the mystery of geckos roaming theceiling was unraveled.
4．In microgravity space, it is more difficult for a person to walk around than to climb
something.
5．NASAʼs experiments have demonstrated that geckos can move around freely even in
microgravity space.

22【No. 13】 Select the most appropriate way to fill in the blank of the following passage.
Chocolate in all its forms is something that I, along with many others like to indulge inon an almost daily basis. But chocolate as itʼs enjoyed today is quite different from when it
first arrived in Europe from South America around the 16th century.

著作権の関係で、掲載できません。

To the indigenous Aztec people, cocoa was consumed as.

It was almost viewed as a panacea that could cure various ailments, including fever,diarrhoea, fatigue, angina and tooth decay.
The Aztec belief that cocoa was a divine elixir＊ was probably due to the notion that it
was a gift from Quetzalcoatl, the Aztec god of wind and wisdom.

Perhaps this is why

Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus named the plant Theobroma cacao, from the ancient Greek
words “theos” meaning god and “broma” meaning food ― “food of the gods”.
Itʼs more likely though that the reason for any potential benefits is due to the highconcentration of polyphenols found in natural cocoa ― known as cocoa flavanols.
Polyphenols are antioxidant compounds in fruit and vegetables that protect the body fromfree radicals, which in excess have been linked to various diseases. So while cocoa may not
be the cure-all it was once believed to be, research shows itʼs more than just a guilty
pleasure.
＊

elixir: a magic liquid that is believed to cure illnesses or to make people live forever

1．a drink and held great cultural and medicinal significance
2．a special drink for celebrating anniversaries and birthdays
3．water for plants and the plants grew extensively
4．a sweet drink and they enjoyed drinking it as we do today
5．a drug from which they extracted medicinal ingredients23【No. 14】 Arrange ⓐ to ⓔ so that they follow

toin the most appropriate order.

This yearʼs record-breaking Atlantic hurricane season has already set a blistering
pace, with the number of storms forming by this point of the year being far higher

著作権の関係で、掲載できません。

than normal. So high, in fact, that meteorologists will likely soon have to start using
the Greek alphabet to name them.

ⓐ If the number of named storms surpasses 21 in a single season, protocol dictates thatthe letters of the Greek alphabet are used for all subsequent storms.
ⓑ In every season, the first storm to form is given a name beginning with the letter A,
while the second storm is given one starting with the letter B, and so on. This patterncontinues until 21 letters of the alphabet have been used up.
ⓒ These letters are: alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, eta, theta, iota, kappa,
lambda, mu, nu, xi, omicron, pi, rho, sigma, tau, upsilon, phi, chi, psi and omega.
ⓓ

The names given to tropical cyclones that form in the Atlantic basin are
predetermined by the World Meteorological Organization（WMO）with a set list foreach year.

ⓔ Q, U, X, Y and Z are left out due to the lack of names that start with these letters.
Having more than 21 named storms in a season is incredibly rare. In fact, it has only
happened once since the modern naming practice began in the mid-20th century ― therecord-breaking 2005 season, which saw 27 named storms, including the catastrophic
Hurricane Katrina that devastated New Orleans.

ⓑ

↗

ⓑ

↗

ⓑ

↗

ⓔ

↗

ⓐ

↗

ⓒ

↗

↗

ⓔ

ⓔ

↗

↗

ⓐ

ⓔ

↗

↗

ⓒ

ⓓ

↗

ⓒ

↗

ⓔ

↗

ⓑ

↗

ⓑ

↗

5．ⓓ

ⓐ

↗

4．ⓓ

ⓓ

↗

3．ⓓ

ⓒ

↗

2．ⓐ

↗

1．ⓐ

ⓒ

24

【No. 15】 Arrange ⓐ to ⓓ so that they follow

toin the most appropriate order.

The European Unionʼs food policy must be built around high food safety standards,
which serve to protect and promote the health of the consumer.

著作権の関係で、掲載できません。

ⓐ On the other hand, the agricultural sector has an annual production of about 220
billion € and provides the equivalent of 7.5 million full-time jobs.

Exports ofagricultural and food and drink products are worth about 50 billion € a year. The
economic importance and the ubiquity of food in our life suggest that there must be aprime interest in food safety in society as a whole, and in particular by publicauthorities and producers. Consumers should be offered a wide range of safe and highquality products coming from all Member States.
ⓑ Environment policy therefore plays an important role in ensuring safe food for the
consumer. The agro-food sector is of major importance for the European economy as awhole. The food and drink industry is a leading industrial sector in the EU, with anannual production worth almost 600 billion €, or about 15% of total manufacturing
output. An international comparison shows the EU as the worldʼs largest producer offood and drink products. The food and drink industry is the third-largest industrial
employer of the EU with over 2.6 million employees, of which 30% are in small andmedium enterprises.
ⓒ The production and consumption of food is central to any society, and has economic,
social and, in many cases, environmental consequences. Although health protection
must always take priority, these issues must also be taken into account in thedevelopment of food policy. In addition, the state and quality of the environment, inparticular the ecosystems, may affect different stages of the food chain.
ⓓ This is the essential role of the Internal Market.

The food production chain is

becoming increasingly complex. Every link in this chain must be as strong as the others
if the health of consumers is to be adequately protected.
This principle must apply whether the food is produced within the European
Community or imported from third countries.

ⓓ

↗

↗

ⓐ

ⓓ

↗

↗

ⓐ

ⓓ

↗

↗

ⓑ

ⓒ

↗

ⓐ

↗

ⓓ

↗

ⓓ

↗

ⓑ

↗

5．ⓒ

ⓐ

↗

4．ⓒ

ⓒ

↗

3．ⓒ

ⓐ

↗

2．ⓑ

↗

1．ⓑ

ⓑ
25

【No. 16】 Select the most appropriate combination of words that can be inserted into thedesignated parentheses in the following sentences.
○ The sewage system is broken and needs（○

You can stay at my home as（

Ｂ○

It is（ Ｃ○

Her actions have been attracting a（Ａ）.

）as necessary.

）of you not to wake me up so early.

ＡＤ）deal of attention.

Ｂ

Ｃ

Ｄ

1．repairing

longconsiderate

good

2．repairing

longconsiderable

large

3．repairedfarconsiderate

large

4．repairedfarconsiderate

good

5．repairedlongconsiderable

large【No. 17】 Select the most appropriate combination of words that can be inserted into thedesignated parentheses in the following sentences.
○ She called（○ Tom is tired（Ａ
Ｂ）the drug store on her way home.
）the long mountain hike.

○ He was swimming in the pool all the time（○ I believe that our efforts will result（
Ａ

Ｂ

Ｃ

Ｄ

1．on

from

while

of

2．on

for

while

in

3．on

for

during

in

4．at

from

while

of

5．at

from

during

in

Ｄ

26

Ｃ

）his stay in the hotel.

）success.

【No. 18】 Select the most appropriate combination of words that can be inserted into thedesignated parentheses in the following sentences.
○ I bought some（Ａ）for my breakfast.

○ （Ｂ）, I have never been hospitalized.

○ I（

Ｃ

）swim than play golf.

○ Our volunteer group（ＡＤ）food to the hungry.

Ｂ

Ｃ

Ｄ

1．breads

Luckily

would like togives way

2．breads

Safelywould rather

gives way

3．breadLuckily

would like togives out

4．breadLuckily

would rather

gives out

5．breadSafelywould rather

gives way【No. 19】 Select the most appropriate combination of words that can be inserted into thedesignated parentheses in the following sentences.
○ She said nothing as（Ａ）the situation.

○ The victory was won at the（○ Never put（ＣＢ）of many lives.

）till tomorrow what you can do today.

○ The students were（Ｄ）eyes at the show.

Ａ

Ｂ

Ｃ

Ｄ

1．of

cost

into

by

2．of

back

off

all

3．to

cost

off

all

4．to

back

into

by

5．to

back

into

all

27

【No. 20】 Select the sentence which is grammatically correct.
1．Are you convenient to come to the student meeting tomorrow?
2．In the United States, there was a law that it prohibited the sales of alcohol.
3．This is one of the most fashionable restaurant in the city.
4．He was driving in the direction of north.
5．How can be that he speaks such flawless Arabic?

【No. 21】 Select the sentence which is grammatically correct.
1．He is trying to buy a car before the ownership fees will be risen in October.
2．Since I had no money but had to pay the rent, I asked him to borrow me the money.
3．I wish I can fix a computer; it is so expensive.
4．I saw a flock of horse grazing in the meadow.
5．Two-thirds of students in the school prefer new songs to old favorites.

【No. 22】 Select the sentence which is grammatically correct.
1．How dare you to speak to him like that!
2．My wife doesnʼt know better than believe such a lie.
3．He kept the engine running while we waited.
4．We have been knowing each other since we met in elementary school ten years ago.
5．I havenʼt saved much money yet. Either has my brother.

【No. 23】 Select the sentence which is grammatically correct.
1．Let me give you an advice.
2．A large amount of his money were wasted on trifles.
3．I wonder when are they giving a birthday party for her.
4．Not only she but also I is pleased to help you.
5．A three-year-old child caught a rabbit.

28

【No. 24】 Select the best English translation.
1．その豪華クルーズ船には，わずか 10 人の日本人しか乗っていなかった。
Not less than 10 Japanese passengers were on board the luxury cruise ship.
2．彼はオムレツを作ることすらできない。
He cannot so much as cook an omelet.
3．彼女は，私の仕事をチェックして，ほんの少しの問題点を見付けた。
She found quite a few problems when she checked my work.
4．この単純作業は決して時間の浪費ではない。
This simple task is nothing but a waste of time.
5．たくさんの人が公園にいたが，彼は一人でゴミ拾いをした。
Many people were in the park, but he picked up some garbage of his own will.

【No. 25】 Select the best English translation.
1．あのゴール手前の興奮している選手を見て。
Look at the exciting player in front of that goal.
2．20 歳になるまでは，お酒を飲むことは認められていません。
You are not allowed to drink alcohol unless you are 20 years old.
3．彼女は空港に着いたときに携帯電話を紛失した。
She had lost her cell phone when she arrived at the airport.
4．もしもっと一生懸命働いていたなら，あなたは昇進していただろうに。
Had you worked harder, you would have been promoted.
5．大きな台風が，九州に近づいている。
A big typhoon is approaching to Kyushu.

29【No. 26】 Select the best English translation.
1．天気が良さそうなので，子供たちは明日遠足に行くでしょう。
Weather permitting, children will make an excursion tomorrow.
2．もうテレビゲームをやめる時間ですよ。
Itʼs about time you stopped playing the TV game.
3．昨日，彼は祖父に新しい自転車を買うことを話した。
He talked his grandfather into buying a new bicycle yesterday.
4．彼の今のお勤め先はどちらですか。
What company is he working?
5．あの赤いネクタイは，この灰色のシャツには合わない。
That red tie doesnʼt go into this gray shirt.

【No. 27】 Select the best English translation.
1．サッカーが好きな人もいれば，野球の方が好きな人もいるし，テニスが好きな人もいる。
Some people like soccer, some other prefer baseball, and the others like tennis.
2．そんな噂であなたが狼狽したとは，驚きです。
I am surprised that you should have felt upset about such a rumor.
3．「あの人はこの部門の担当者ではありません。」「そうですが，そんな行動をとっていますよ。」“That person is not in charge of this department.” “Yes, yet he behaves like such.”
4．駅にいてください。迎えに行きますから。
Stay at the station. Iʼll go and pick you up.
5．彼は，この世で最もユーモアから程遠い芸人である。
He is by far the most humorous entertainer in the world.

30

【No. 28】 Arrange the words in each box in the most appropriate order and select the
combination of words that can be inserted into A, B, and C in the following sentences.
○

When speaking in English, it（

（

）
（

（
）

）
（

）
（

）
（

）
（

）
（

）
（

Ａ

）

）word.

up / right / to / time / me / for / come / the / takes / with○

It is（

（
）

（
）

）
（

Ｂ

）
（

）
（

）
（

）.

laughing / use / at / other / no / failures / peopleʼs○

How many（

（
）

（
）

Ｃ

（
）

）
（

）Japan?

is / Australia / than / larger / times

Ａ

Ｂ

Ｃ

1．up

at

is

2．up

at

larger3．up

use

Australia

4．comeatis5．comeuselarger【No. 29】 Select the word group which contains underlined word parts that all have thesame pronunciation.
1．biology

son

among

onion

2．actionpassionbare

diplomatic

3．result

depositenthusiasm

insult4．vague

steak

label

heaven5．bought

alter

hall

abroad31

【No. 30】 Select the combination of letters which indicates an appropriate syllable onwhich the accent should fall for each word below.
Ａ del-i-ca-cy
ア イウ エＢ cat-e-go-ry
ア イ ウ エＣ a-nal-y-sis
ア イ ウ エＤ

con-ti-nen-tal
ア イ ウ

エ

Ａ

Ｂ

Ｃ

Ｄ

1．ア

ア

イ

ウ

2．ア

ア

ウ

ア

3．ア

イ

イ

ウ

4．イ

ア

ア

イ

5．イ

イ

ア

ア

32