Published in March 2017

Copyright (c) Research Center for West Asian Civilization, University of Tsukuba.
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Scientific Studies on Conservation for Üzümlü Church and its wall paintings in Cappadocia, Turkey
Vol. 2: Annual report on the activities in 2015 and 2016

Printed in Japan at Maeda Printing co.
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Ibaraki, JapanAll rights reserved.

Scientific Studies on Conservation for Üzümlü Churchand its wall paintings in Cappadocia, Turkey
Vol. 2 (Report on the activities in 2015 - 2016)

Contents
I Scientific Studies on Conservation for Üzümlü church and Its Wall Paintings
I-1

Scientific research and conservation intervention at Üzümlü Church 2016 .…………….................….……3
Yoko Taniguchi, University of Tsukuba

I-2

Evaluation on the biodeterioration or bioprotection effect on the rock by lichens species……....................7
Annalaura Casanova Municchia & Giulia Caneva, University Rome Tre

I-3

Conservation Intervention: Wall paintings at the Üzümlü Church .……………...................................……21
Yoko Taniguchi, University of Tsukuba

I-4

Assessmenr of Micro-Environment around Üzümlü Churech..............................................................……43
Chiemi Iba, Kyoto University
Kunio Watanabe, Mie University

II Scientific analysis and Conservation for Üzümlü wall paintings
II-1 Methodology of High-resolution Photography for Mural Condition Database …………...….……...........…...55
ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, II-5/W3 (2015),
pp. 105-110
Ryo Higuchi, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Tamaki Suzuki, Asia-Japan Research Center, Kokushikan University
Yoko Taniguchi, University of Tsukuba
Mina Shibata, Assistant, National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Tokyo
II-2 Digital Non-metric Image-based Documentation for the Preservation and Restoration ofMural Paintings: the Case of Üzümlü Rock-hewn Church, Turkey ….........…61
Virtual Archaeology Review, 7 (14), pp. 31-42.
Ryo Higuchi, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Tamaki Suzuki, Asia-Japan Research Center, Kokushikan University
Yoko Taniguchi, University of Tsukuba
Mina Shibata, Assistant, National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Tokyo
Murat Gülyaz, Nevşehir Museum
II-3 Enviromental monitoring for suppress of deterioration of a rock-hewn church, Cappadocia…................…73
日本文化財科学会第33 回大会研究発表要旨集，pp.260-261，
2016.6
Mizuho Yoshioka, Kyoto University
Chiemi Iba, Kyoto University
Yoko Taniguchi, University of Tsukuba
Keigo Koizumi, Osaka University
Kunio Watanabe, Mie University
Piao Chunze, HYTEC Inc.
Katsuhiko Sano, D & D Corporation

II-4 Prevention against deterioration by water using surface finishing to Rock-hewn Churches
in Cappdocia…...........75
日本建築学会近畿支部研究報告集，第56 号・環境系，
pp.237-240，
2016.6
Mizuho Yoshioka, Kyoto University
Chiemi Iba, Kyoto University
Kunio Watanabe, Mie University
Shuichi Hokoi, Kyoto UniversityiII-5 Prevention against deterioration by water using surface finishing to Rock-hewn Churches
in Cappdocia…...........79
日本建築学会学術講演梗概集 D- Ⅱ，
pp. 411-412，
2016.8Mizuho Yoshioka, Kyoto University
Chiemi Iba, Kyoto University
Shuichi Hokoi, Kyoto University
II-6 Effects of Water Repellent on Frost Damage in Outer Walls of
Rock-Hewn Churches in Cappadocia, Turkey...............................…81
Proceedings of the CESBP Central European Symposium on Building Physics AND BauSIM 2016,
pp. 277-284, 2016.9
Mizuho Yoshioka, Kyoto University
Chiemi Iba, Kyoto University
Kunio Watanabe, Mie University
Yoko Taniguchi, University of Tsukuba
Keigo Koizumi, Osaka University
Katsuhiko Sano, D & D Corporation
Piao Chunze, HYTEC Inc.
II-7 Enviromental Monitoring and Surface Treatment Tests for Conservation of
the Rock-Hewn Church of Üzümlü, Cappadocia…….....…89
Proceedings of the 13th International Congress on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone,
vol. 2, pp.1145-1152, 2016.9
Chiemi Iba, Kyoto University
Yoko Taniguchi, University of Tsukuba
Keigo Koizumi, Osaka University
Kunio Watanabe, Mie University
Katsuhiko Sano, D & D Corporation
Mizuho Yoshioka, Kyoto University
II-8 Field Research for understanding the weathering process of rock-hewn church
in Cappadocia –First report of the field survey….......…97
第50 回地盤工学研究発表会梗概集、
2015 年9 月、地盤工学会、
pp.27-28
Keigo Koizumi, Osaka University
Kunio Watanabe, Mie University
Chiemi Iba, Kyoto University
Piao Chunze, HYTEC Inc.
Katsuhiko Sano, D & D Corporation
Yoko Taniguchi, University of Tsukuba
II-9 Scientific Research for Conservation of Rock Hewn Church of Üzümlü (Cappadocia) in 2015
: Chapel of Niketas the Stylite in red valley.............…99
Yoko Taniguchi, University of Tsukuba
Keigo Koizumi, Osaka University
Chiemi Iba, Kyoto University
Kunio Watanabe, Mie University
Katsuhiko Sano, D & D Corporation
Piao Chunze, HYTEC Inc.
Hatice Temurii

Ayça Baştürkmen, Uğur Yalçınkaya, Mustafa Toptepe (Nevşehir Restorasyon ve Konservasyon BölgeLab.)
II-10 Scientific Research for Conservation of The Rock Hewn Church of Üzümlü, Cappadocia.......................117
37. International Symposium of Excavations, Surveys and Archaeometry, Erzurum 11-15
May 2015, 361-378, Published in 2016
Yoko Taniguchi, University of Tsukuba
Keigo Koizumi, Osaka University
Chiemi Iba, Kyoto University
Jennifer Porter, University of Malta
Fazıl Açıkgöz, Niğde Museum
Murat Ertuğrul Gülyaz, Nevşehir Museum

III AppendicesIII-1 Condition glossary…………………………………………………………………....................……... ……....133
III-2 Documentation of Wall Paintings (2014) :Condition Survey.......................………….............…………..…139
III-3 Documentation of Wall Paintings (2016) :Consevation Intervation……………......…..............…………....194

iii

8

I. Scientific Studies on Conservation for Üzümlü church and
Its Wall Paintings1

2

Ⅰ -1 Scientific Research and Conservation Intervention at Üzümlü Church2016Üzümlü Kilisede Yapilan Bilimsel Arastirmalarin Çalisma Raporu-2016
				Members

Yoko TaniguchiÜyelerJapanese team

Japon ekibi

Yoko Taniguchi (University of Tsukuba)
Hisato Hashizume (Freelance conservator, Equilibrarte srl)
Turkish members Türk Ekibi
Fazıl Açıkgöz (Director of Nigde Museum)
Hatice Temur (Director of Nevşehir Restorasyon ve Konservasyon Bölge Lab.)Uğur Yalçınkaya (Restorer of Nevşehir Restorasyon ve Konservasyon Bölge Lab.)
Field work: 31 August – 11 September 2016

INTRODUCTIONGİRİŞThe National Research Institute for Cultural Properties ofÖncelikle 2010 yılında, UNESCO’nun JFIT projesi

Tokyo, the University of Tsukuba and Osaka Universityçerçevesinde Tokyo’da bulunan Kültür Varlıklarının Ulusal

planned to initiate a research project in 2010 at the ÜzümlüAraştırma Enstitüsü, Tsukuba Üniversitesi ve Osaka

Church under the framework of UNESCO JFIT. Due toÜniversitesi tarafından Üzümlü Kilise’nin araştırma projesi

unforeseen circumstances, the project was not launched thatolarak yürütülmesi amaçlanmıştır.Çeşitli umulmadık

year. However, with the permission of Turkey’s Ministrynedenlerden ötürü proje başlatılamadı.2014’de Türkiyeof Tourism and Culture, a curtailed project for the Üzümlü

Cumhuriyeti Turizm ve Kültür Bakanlığının izni ile Japon

Church was commenced in 2014 by the University of

hükümetinin fonları ve Kajima vakfının mali desteği alınarak

Tsukuba with participation from members of Japanese

Tsukuba Üniversitesi ve Japonyadaki Kyoto,Osaka ve Mieuniversities, Japanese companies in Kyoto, Osaka and Mie,şehirlerinde bulunan diğer üniversiteler ve şirketlerle veand cooperative research teams from other countries. Fundingişbirlikçi diğer ülkelerin araştırmacıları ile yine Üzümlü

for the project came from the Japanese government and theKilise’de daha küçük ölçekli bir proje başlatıldı.

Kajima Foundation.
Çevresindeki şartlar ile ilişkili olarak 2015’ten bu yana
Since 2015, heightened security risks have raised concern

Türkiye’nin güvenlik seviyesinin belirsiz durumu giderek

in Turkey. This has created difficulties for students fromartmıştır.Yabancı öğrenciler için bazı eğitici çalışmalarda alan

Japan and elsewhere outside Turkey to access opportunities

fırsatlarını değerlendirme durumu zorluğu ile sonuçlandı.Bufor didactic research activities in the field. Although the firstilk 3 yıllık proje aşamasında neredeyse sonuca varılmıştır,three years of the Üzümlü Church project are near completionancak, aşınan tüf kayalar üzerine koruma sorununun temelat this stage, the main objective—to resolve problems inamacı henüz çözülmüş değildir.Bundan dolayı, bozulmalarınconserving fragile tuff rock—has not yet been achieved.

daha fazla izlenmesi, mikro-çevre koşulların etkisi ve koruma

Therefore, further monitoring of the status of deterioration,amaçlı uygulama sonrası durum, proje başlanıldığı zamandan

the micro-environment and post-intervention conditions shallitibaren projenin ikinci aşamasına kadar devam edilecektir.

be continued until the second phase of the project is launched.

3

1.Permeate application: A new trial

1. Permeate Uygulamaları (Yeni Deneme)

By Yoko Taniguchi

Yoko Taniguchi tarafından yapıldı

In 2015, a small tuff rock mass was chosen for a consolidation

2015’te seçilmiş küçük bir kaya kütlesi üzerinde permeate

test using Permeate HS-360. A nearby tuff rock was also left

HS-360 kullanarak konsolidasyon testi yapıldı.Bir yıl

untreated as a control and both were monitored for 1 year.

boyunca yakındaki tüf kayaçlar izlendi ve aşınan kumları

The permeate is based on alkoxysilane containing a methyl ordüzeltilmeden bırakıldı.Permeate bir metil veya fenil gurubu

phenyl group. An alkoxy group is polymerised by hydrolysis

içeren alkoksisilan bazlı bir organik bileşiktir ve bir alkoksi

with atmospheric moisture. After polymerisation, the 3D Si–

grubu atmosferik nem ile hidroliz yoluyla polimerize olur.

O–Si structure improves bulk strength by firmly hardening in(atmosferdeki nemi bünyesine alarak polimerleşmeşir)the gaps within the object. Moreover, after polymerisation,

Polimerizasyon sonrası, üç boyutlu Si-O-Si (silisyum-

a methyl or phenyl group remains. As these groups are

Oksijen-Silisyum) yapısı içindeki boşluklar oldukça sıkıhydrophobic, the substance becomes water-repellent after

bir şekilde sertleşerek hacimce kuvvetini arttırıır. Ayrıca,

curing. This alkoxysilane based consolidant does not form

polimerizasyon sonucu, bir metil veya bir fenil grubu kalır.Bua film on the porous surface but penetrates and hardens

gruplar hidrofobik olduğu için, kür sonrası su itici hale gelir.

at a depth of a few millimetres. Vapour can permeate theBu alkoksisilan bazlı konsolidatör madde, gözenekli yüzey

consolidant layer, although liquid water cannot infiltrate theüzerinde bir film tabakası oluşturmaz ancak birkaç millimetre

layer. In practice, hydrolysis takes over 24 hours.

derinliğe nüfus eder ve sertleşir. Sıvı su tabakaya nüfuz
edemezken buhar konsolidatif tabaka boyunca nüfuz edebilir.
Pratikte, hidroliz 24 saati aşar.

To quantify the degree of weathering of the tuff masses,
stainless steel nails were anchored to the rock surface in
September 2015. Surfaces facing in each of the four directions

Tüf kütlelerinin hava koşullarının aşndırma miktarını ölçmek(north, east, west, and south) were identified and two nails

için Eylül 2015'te paslanmaz çelik çiviler kaya yüzeyine

were set in each direction such that one nail was located inyerleştirildi.Her yönde (üst ve alt kısımlar) ve üstte iki olmak

the upper region and one in the lower region of the surface.

üzere çivi yerleştirildi; Yani her bir test kayasında 9 çiviOne nail was then located on the top, leaving a total of ninebulunuyordu. Kaya dışından görülen çivinin uzunluğu hem

nails on each test rock. The length of the nail appearing

sağ hem de sol tarafta dijital kaliper ile ölçülmüştür. Her

outside of the rock was measured with a digital caliper on

ay Nevşehir Bölge Laboratuvar uzmanları tarafından çiviboth right and left sides. The nail length was measured byuzunluğu ölçüldü.'Kontrol' kayasında, kayanın altına biriken

local collaborators every few months. In the ‘control’ mass,aşınan tüf tozu ve yerleştirilen dokuz çivinin dördü dört

weathered tuff powder accumulated below the rock, anday sonra kaya kütlesinden düştü. Buna karşılık, 'permeate

four out of the nine nails fell within the first four months

kaplanan' kayasında, yıpranmış katmanlar genelde küçüktür

from anchoring. In contrast, in the ‘treated’ mass, weatheredve sadece bir çivi düşmüştür (Şekil 1.1).Uygulama yapılan

deposits were generally small and only one nail fell off (Figure

yüzey, zaman geçtikçe belirgin olarak koyulaşmıştır (Şekil

1.1). The treated surface darkened distinctly as time passed

1.2a, b). Üzümlü kilisesinin kuzeyi de aynı malzeme ile test

(Figures 1.2a and 1.2b). The north side of the Üzümlü Churchedildi (Şekil 1.7, 1.8) ancak bu alan, kaya kütlesine kıyasla

was also tested with the same material (Figures 1.7 and 1.8).

daha az kararmıştır.

However, this area showed less darkening compared to that
Bu algılanan koyluğu düzeltmek için, bir başka kaya kütlesi

on the rock masses.

üzerinde ve kilisenin kuzey tarafında (HS-360'ın yanında)In order to improve protection and to minimize darkening,bir modifiye edilmiş Permeate HS-390 uygulanmıştır. Yeni

a modified type of Permeate HS-390 was applied to anotherkütlenin üzerine 10 paslanmaz çelik çivi yerleştirildi (Şekil

rock mass and on the north side of the church, next to the HS-

1.8). Nevşehir Bölge Laboratuvar Müdürlüğü ile işbirliği

360 area. 10 stainless steel anchors were placed on the new

periyodik izleme ve control çalışması yapılacaktır.

mass (Figure. 1.8). Periodical monitoring shall be carried4

out in cooperation with the regional conservation lab in
Nevshehir.

Figure. 1.1 Comparison of anchors (control and Permiate HS-360)Şekil. 1.1 Çivilerin karşılaştırılması (kontrol ve permiate HS-360)

east ／Doğu
Figure. 1.2a Condition of area treated with Permeate HS-360(Sep 2015)

east ／Doğu
Figure. 1.2b Condition of area treated with Permeate HS-360(Sep 2016)Şekil. 1.2a Permeate HS-360 uygulanan alanın durumu (Eylül
2015)Şekil. 1.2a Permeate HS-360 uygulanan alanın durumu (Eylül
2015)

Figure. 1.3 Condition of area treated with Permeate HS-360.
Some areas of the consolidated surface were detached (Sep2016)Şekil. 1.3 Permeate HS-360 uygulanan alanın durumu:
Konsolide(kaplanan) yüzeyin bazı alanları ayrılmıştır (Eyl 2016)

Figure. 1.4 Condition of area treated with Permeate HS-360.
The lower portion showed weathering under the consolidated
layer (Sep 2016)Şekil. 1.4 Permeate HS-360 uygulanan alanın durumu: alt
bölüm, alt kısım konsolide (kaplanan) katmanın altında belirli
hava şartlarına maruz kaldığı görülür (Eyl 2016)

5

Figure. 1.6 Application of HS-390 to a rock massŞekil. 1.6 Kaya kütlesi üzerinde HS-390 uygulaması

Figure. 1.5 Application of HS-390 next to the HS-360 area
(after 1 year) (north side of the church)Şekil. 1.5 HS-390 uygulaması HS-360 alanının yanında (1 yılsonra) (kilisenin kuzey tarafında)Figure. 1.8 Surface 24 hours from applicationŞekil. 1.8 Uygulamadan 24 saat sonra

Figure. 1.7 Surfaces 24 hours from application (HS-390) and 1
year from application (HS-360)Şekil. 1.7 Uygulamadan 24 saat sonra (HS-390) ve
uygulamadan 1 yıl sonra (HS-360)

Figure. 1.9 Location of the tested masses (Permeate HS-360, 390 and control)Şekil. 1.9 Test edilen kaya kütlelerin bulunduğu yer (Permeate HS-360, 390 ve kontrol)6Ⅰ -2 Evaluation on The Biodeterioration or Bioprotection Effect on The
Rock by Lichens Species
Kaya Üzerinde Liken Türlerinin Biyolojik Koruma veya Biyolojik
Bozunma Etkisine Göre Değerlendirme						Annalaura Casanova and Giulia Caneva
Department of Science, University Rome Tre 28/7/2016

Issue

Durum

The Uzumlu church, in Cappadocia, made by pink tuff

Kapadokya’daki Üzümlü Kilise, pembe tüf tabakalıdır,substrata, appears significantly covered by a wide biologicalgeniş bir biyolojik kolonizasyonla önemli ölçüde örtülüdür,colonization, visually appearing as black-gray crusts andgörünüş olarak siyah-gri kabuklu olarak algılanır ve biyofilm

biofilms and mainly due to lichens growths. This colonization(biyolojik tabaka) temelde likenlerin büyümesine bağlıdır.

appears distributed over all the facades, which qualitative andBu kolonizasyon, niteliksel ve niceliksel değişikliklere

quantitative changes depending on of their exposure (west,bağlı olarak ortaya çıkar (batı, kuzey, doğu ve güney), tüm

north, east and south) (Fig.1).

cephelere dağılmış görünmektedir.(Şekil 2.1).

Aim

Amaç

The aim of this work is to identify the lichen species

Bu çalışmanın amacı kayada gelişen liken türlerini saptamak-

growing into the rocks and to investigate the biodeterioration

tanımlamak ve kaya üzerindeki biyolojik bozulmayı veya

or bioprotection effect on the stone. This information isbiyolojik koruma etkisini araştırmaktır. Bu bilgi, kayaların

fundamental for establishing if a biocide treatment of thebiyolojik oluşumlarının kilisenin korunma durumunu olumlu

rock could worsen or improve the state of conservation of theyönde etkilediği veya koruyamayacağı olumsuz etkichurch.

sini belirlemek için temel bir gerekliliktir.

Materials and Methods

Malzemeler ve Yöntemler

In situ observation and sampling

Yerinde inceleme ve örnekleme

In the western façade, we have observed a very intense

Kilisenin batı cephesinde özellikle üst ve orta bölümlerinde

biological patina, which appears distributed mainly in thedağılmış olarak ortaya çıkan oldukça yoğun biyolojik patina

upper and middle areas (Fig. 1). The lower area next to thegözlemlendi (Şekil 2.1). Kilise girişinin yanındaki alanda çok

entrance looks rather not colonized. In this exposure, where

fazla biyolojik kolonileşmenin olmadığı görüldü. Biyolojik

the biological patina looked different we have collected two

patinanın farklı göründüğü bu cepheden iki örnek alındı (W1samples (W1 and W2). The northern surface is characterizedve W2). Kilisenin kuzey yüzeyi alt-dikey eğimle karakterize

by a sub-vertical inclination and seems mainly eroded. Here,edilmiş ve aslında aşındığı gözlemlenmiştir. Burada, biyolojik

the biological patina appears very compact and looks to bepatina çok yoğun görünmekte ve çoğunlukla likenler ve

mainly composed of lichens and mosses. In this area, weyosunlardan oluştuğu gözlemlenmektedir. Bu alanda, alt

took four samples in the lower zone (N1, N2, N3, and N4).

kısımlardan 4 adet örnek alındı (Ö1, Ö2, Ö3 ve Ö4). Kilisenin

The eastern exposure is sub-vertical and it is suffering fromdoğusunda dikey-alt kısımlarında ortaya çıkan güçlü bir

a strong colonization consisting of lichens. In the upper andliken kolonizasyonu bulunmaktadır. Üst ve alt bölümlerden

lower area, we have collected two fragments (E1, E2). In the

iki örnek alınmıştır (E1, E2). Kilisenin güney cephesinde,southern exposure, the surface appears widespread colonized,

yüzeyde yaygın kolonize olduğu görünmektedir ve alt

and we have taken two samples from the lower zone (S1, S2).

bölümlerden iki örnek alınmıştır (S1, S2).

7

Figure. 2.1 Distribution of biological colonization in different exposuresŞekil 2.1 Kilisenin farklı cephelerindeki biyolojik kolonizasyon dağılımı

Laboratory observations

Laboratuvar İncelemeleri

The identification of the species was carried out partially inÖrneklenen her bir biyolojik grup için türlerinin tanımlanlası;

the field in the laboratory using specific keys of determination

kısmen çalışma sahasında ve belirli tanımlama metotları

for each sampled biological group. We also thanks Dr. P.

kullanılarak laboratuvarda gerçekleştirildi. Ayrıca likenlerin

Giordani for the check of Lichens, and the identification work

kontrolü için Dr. P. Giordani’ye teşekkür ediyoruz ve yakında

to arrive the species level will be completed at soon.

türlerin tanımlama çalışması tamamlanacaktır.

The rock is a dirty white to pink tuff rock, and contains

Tüf kaya, kirli beyaz-pembe tüf ve kuvars, biyotit, plajiyoklas

minerals as plagioclase, quartz, biotite. The porosity is verygibi mineralleri içermektedir.Kayanın gözenekli yapısı, %38

high with an effective porosity of 38 % (Topal & Doyuran,oranında etkin bir gözeneklilik ile oldukça yüksektir (Topal

1998).

&Doyurgan, 1998).

Analysis has been directly performed both on the samples

Hem herhangi bir hazırlık yapılmayan numunenin hemde

without any preparation and on the polished cross-sections inparlatılmış parça-kesiti alınan numunenin derinlemesineorder to investigate the fragment in depth. Sample preparationaraştırılması amacıyla analiz işlemleri doğrudan

involved embedding the sample in a polyester resin prior togerçekleştirilmiştir. Numune hazırlama işlemi, UNI 10922’yepolishing according to UNI 10922. Pictures of all samples

gore parlatılmadan once numune bir polyester reçineye

have been taken by an Olympus SZX16 stereomicroscope,

gömülmesini içerir.Tüm numunelerin resimleri OLYMPUS

digital pictures have been taken with a Color View II (SoftSZX16 streomikroskop ile, dijital resimler Renkli Görünüm II

Imaging System GmbH, Münster, Germany) digital camera(Soft Görüntülemi Sistemi GmbH,Münster, Almanya) Cell^Bcoupled to Cell^B software. In addition, the cross-sections

yazılım programına bağlı dijital fotoğraf makinasıyla çekildi.

were observed with a NIKON Eclipse ME600, SMZ 800,

Buna ek olarak, enine-kesitleri NİKON Eclipse ME600,SMZ

EPIPHOT 300 microscope and digital photographs were

800, EPİPHOT 300 mikroskobu ile incelendi ve fotoğraflar

taken with a Nikon Digital Sight DS-Fi1 Digital Camera.

Nikon Dijital Sight DS-Fi1 Dijital fotoğraf makinası ileçekildi.
Kırık kaya örnekler üzerinde SEM analizleri yapıldı (herhangi

SEM analyses were performed on the fractured rock8

samples (without any preparation). All the samples werehazırlık işlemi yapılmaksızın) Tüm numunelere K550 ünitesi

spurred with gold under vacuum using K550 unit (Emitech(Emitech Tekonolojisi Ltd., Kent, İngiltere) kullanılarak

Technologies Ltd., Kent, England) and were then observed

vakum altında altın püskürtüldü ve daha sonar bir XL30 SEM

with a XL30 SEM microscope (FEI Company, Eindhoven,mikroskopu (FEI Şirketi,Eindhoven,Hollanda) ile incelendi.

The Netherlands. Samples were inserted into the vacuum andNumuneler vakumun içine yerleşrildi ve ikincil electron (SE)secondary electron (SE) images was done at an accelerating

görüntüleri 5kV’lık bir hızlandırma voltajıyla yapıldı vevoltage of 5 kV and a working distance of 8 mm in order toliken türlerinin morfolojik yapısının belirlenmesi amacıyla

obtain a recognition of the morphological structure of the

8mm’lik mesafede çalışıldı.

lichens species.

Results and discussion

Sonuçlar ve tartışmalarWest exposureBatı cephe

In both samples W1 and W2 has been observed the presence

Her iki örnekte W1 ve W2’de alt katmana sıkıca tutunmuş

of the crustose lichen Acarospora sp., characterized by akırmızı-kahverengi küçük lekeler içeren bir talus ile

red-brown thallus with small areoles firmly attached to thebelirlenen, krustoz liken Acarospora sp. gözlenmiştir (Şekil

substrate (Fig 2 a, d).

2.2 a.d).

In the W1 fragment SEM analysis showed a dense networks

W1 parçasında yapılan SEM analizi, yüzeyin altında

of fungal hyphae under the surface and in the lower part ofve örneğin alt tarafında yoğun mantar hife ağlarının

the sample. On the other hand, in sample W2 fungal hyphaeolduğunu gösterdi. Öte yandan, W2 örneğinde mantar

appear lesser dense but is clear the penetration inside thehifelerinin yoğunluğunun daha az görülmesine ragmen kaya

Figure. 2.2 Biological colonization in west exposures a), d) Sampling points and pictures under the stereomicroscope; b), c)
Microphotograph of the sample in polished cross sections; c), d) SEM image in false colour of the fragments.
Şekil 2.2 Kilisenin batı cephesinde biyolojik kolonizasyon a), d) Alınan örneklerin kilise yüzeyinde seçilen noktalar ve
stereomikroskop altındaki resimleri ; c) Parlatılan kesitlerde örneklerin misroskopografisi ; c), d) Örnek parçaların renkli SEM
görüntüsü

9stone between the rock grains.

taneciklerinin arasındaki taş içerisine nüfuz etmeye açıktır.

North exposure

North exposure

N1

N1

In the fragment N1 has been observed the crustose lichen

In the fragment N1 has been observed the crustose lichen

Aspicilia; the thallus is whitish- to leaden grey and appear

Aspicilia; the thallus is whitish- to leaden grey and appear

cracked-areolate with the surface of each areole warted (Figcracked-areolate with the surface of each areole warted (Fig

3 a). In addition, the OM and SEM observation (Fig. b, c)

3 a). In addition, the OM and SEM observation (Fig. b, c)showed the presence of black meristematic fungi over theshowed the presence of black meristematic fungi over thesurface.

surface.

The SEM observation of the entire fractured sample

The SEM observation of the entire fractured sample

highlights the dense networks of fungal hyphae inside thehighlights the dense networks of fungal hyphae inside therock. The images also indicate that a relatively greater portion

rock. The images also indicate that a relatively greater portionof the rock shows evidence of fragmentation and crumbling.

of the rock shows evidence of fragmentation and crumbling.

In fact, as shown by Figs. 3 I and II, mineral grains are

In fact, as shown by Figs. 3 I and II, mineral grains arecompletely embedded in the interior of the hyphae networks.

completely embedded in the interior of the hyphae networks.

The abundance of hyphae decreases with the depth, and only

The abundance of hyphae decreases with the depth, and only

a few hyphae can be seen in the bottom part.

a few hyphae can be seen in the bottom part.

Figure. 2.3 Biological colonization in north exposures a) Sampling point (N1) and picture under the stereomicroscope; b)
Microphotograph of the sample in polished cross sections; c) SEM image in false colour of the fragment surface; d) SEM image in
false colour of the fragment.
Şekil 2.3 Kilisenin batı cephesinde biyolojik kolonizasyon a) Alınan örneğin (N1) kilise yüzeyinde seçilen noktası vestereomikroskop altındaki resimi ; b) Parlatılan kesitlerde örneğin misroskopografisi; c) Örnek parça yüzeyinin renkli SEM
görüntüsü, d) Örnek parçanın renkli SEM görüntüsü

10

N2

N2

In the fragment N2 have been observed the crustose lichens

N2 parçasında, turuncu ve kahverengi apotekiya ile çok

Caloplaca and Lecanora cfr. crenularia, characterized bybüyük mesafe gerekmeksizin krustoz liken Caloplaca veorange and brown apothecia without a thalline margin (Fig.

Lecanora cfr. Crenularia gözlenmiştir (Şekil 2.4 a). Cilalı

4 a). Meristematic fungi were also observed by OM in thekesitte OM analizi ile meristematik mantarlar gözlenmiştir

polished cross-section (Fig. 4b, c).

(Şekil 2.4 b, c).

The SEM details of the entire fractured sample show several

Kırık örneğin tamamının SEM analiz detayları, mantar

spherical bore-holes arising from fungal hyphae and thehiflerden ve üreyen mantar yapılarından kaynaklanan çeşitli

reproductive fungi structures that actively penetrate inside theküresel delikleri göstermektedir; bu yapılar, yüzeyde boşluk

grains leaving tunnels and bore-holes on the surface (Fig. 4 d).

ve delikler oluşturarak taneciklerin içine aktif şekilde nüfuz
etmektedir (Şekil 2.4 d).

Figure. 2.4 Biological colonization in north exposures a) Sampling point (N2) and picture under the stereomicroscope; b) ,c)
Microphotograph of the sample in polished cross section; d) SEM image of the entire fragment with detail in false colour.
Şekil 2.4 Kilisenin kuzey cephesinde biyolojik kolonizasyon a) Alınan örneğin (N2) kilise yüzeyinde seçilen noktası vestereomikroskop altındaki resimi ; b) ,c)Parlatılan kesitlerde örneğin misroskopografisi; d) Örnek parçanın tamamının detaylı olduğu
renkli SEM görüntüsü

11N3 and N4

N3 ve N4

In the fragment N3 has been observed a crustose lichen

N3 parçasında, talus ayrı ve yumrudur, yüzeyi kül grisi küresel

Xanthoparmelia group Neofuscelia, the thallus is areolate

ve epruizoz gibi görünen krustoz liken Xanthoparmelia

and verrucose; the surface appear ash gray, globular, andsınıfından Neofuscelia gözlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, OM

epruinose. In addition, the OM observation (Fig. b, c) showedgözleminde (Şekil b, c) siyah meristemik mantarların varlığı

a dense presence of black meristematic fungi.

yoğun şekilde görülmektedir.

The SEM observation of the entire fractured sample shows

Kırık örneğin tamamının SEM analiz gözleminde, kayada

the striking density and penetration of the networks of fungal

bulunan mantar hifeleri ağlarının dikkat çeken yoğunluğu ve

hyphae inside the rock. In detail, the Fig. 6 I and II show thepenetrasyonunu gösterir.Ayrıntıları şekildedir. Şekil, 6 I ve

photobiontic layer in the thallus structure, while Fig. 6 III andII, talus yapısındaki fotobiyotik tabakadır. Şekil 6 III ve IV,

IV underline as the mineral grains are completely embedded

mineral taneleri hif ağlarına tamamen gömülmesini vurgular.

in the hyphae networks.
Öte yandan N4 örneği, talus foliozlu bir liken tarafından
On the other hand, sample N4 appear colonized by a lichen

kolonize edilmiş gibi görünen uzun üst yüzeyi kahverengi ve

with thallus foliose, the long upper surface is brown withbazı bölümleri kararmıştır. Substrat yüzeye bağlı likenlerin

some blackened areas. Due to the limited substrate attached toyüzünden SEM analizi ile gözlem yapmak mümkün olmadı.

the lichen has not been possible to do observations by SEM.

Doğu cephesi

Figure. 2.5 Biological colonization in north exposures a), d) Sampling points (N3, N4) and pictures under the stereomicroscope; b),c) Microphotograph of the sample in polished cross section, the arrows underline the meristematic fungi presence.
Şekil 2.5 Kilisenin kuzey cephesinde biyolojik kolonizasyon a) Alınan örneklerin (N3,N4) kilise yüzeyinde seçilen noktalar ve
stereomikroskop altındaki resimleri ; b), c) Parlatılan kesitlerde örneklerin misroskopografisi ve oklar meristematik mantarların
varlığını vurgulamakta

12

Figure. 2.6 SEM image in false colour at different magnification of the N3 fragment.
Şekil 2.6 N3 örneğinin farklı gelişmekte olan SEM analizinin renki görüntüsü

13East exposureDoğu cephesi

E1

E1

In the fragment E1 has been observed the crustose lichen

E1 parçasında, talus griyimsi-beyazdır ve kırık görünümlü,Aspicilia; the thallus is grayish-white and appear cracked-

her oyuğun yüzeyinde düzensiz olarak bulanan krustoz liken

areolate, with the surface of each areole irregular (Fig 7 a).

Aspicilia gözlenmiştir (Şekil 2.7 a). Talus bölgesinin altında

Under the thallus area is evident a bright orange coloration

açık turuncu renktedir (Şekil 2.7 b, c).

(Figs. b, c).
Parçanın SEM gözlemlerinde, kaya kaidesinin güçlü bir
SEM observations of the fragment showed a strong loss ofşekilde kaybedildiği ve birkaç millimetre derinliğe kadar

the rock matrix and a dense network of fungal hyphae that

subsrat içine nüfuz eden yoğun bir mantar hifesi ağı tespit

penetrates into the substrate to a depth of several millimeters.

edildi. Şekil 2.8 II ve III’de detaylı olarak mineral tanelerin

In detail, the figures 8 II and III underline that mineralhif ağlarının içine tamamen gömüldüğünü vurgular.

grains are completely embedded in the interior of the hyphae
networks.

E2

E2

In the fragment E2 has been observed the crustose lichen

E2 parçasında, turuncu ve beyaz apotekiya ile çok büyük

Caloplaca, characterized by orange and white apothecia

mesafe olmaksızın krustoz liken Caloplaca gözlenmiştir (Şekil

without a thalline margin (Figs. 7 d). Meristematic fungi were

2.7 d). Cilalı kesitte OM analiziyle kayalarda meristematik

also observed inside the rock by OM in the polished cross-mantarlar gözlenmiştir (Şekil 2.7 f).

section (Fig. 7 f).
Örneğin SEM gözlemlerinde, birkaç kaya tanesinin
SEM observations of the fragment showed a strong network

bulunduğu yüzeyde mantar hiflerinin güçlü bağı olduğunu

of fungal hyphae under the surface where few rock grains

göstermektedir (Şekil 9). Hiflerin yoğunluğu derinleştikçe

have been observed (Fig. 9). The abundance of hyphaeazalır ve alt kısımda sadece birkaç hif görünmektedir.Farklı

decreases with the depth, and only a few hyphae can be seen

olarak, Şekil 2.9 II ve III örneklerinin bir kısmının boyutu 5

in the bottom part. Interesting, in an area of sample figures 9µm’lik dairesel yapıların ayrıntını gösterir fakat yapılarının

Figure. 2.7 Biological colonization in east exposures a), d) Sampling points (E1, E2) and pictures under the stereomicroscope; b), c),e), f) Microphotograph of the sample in polished cross sections.
Şekil 2.7 Kilisenin doğu cephesinde biyolojik kolonizasyon a), d) Alınan örneklerin (E1,E2) kilise yüzeyinde seçilen noktalar ve
stereomikroskop altındaki resimleri ; b), c), e), f) Cilalı kesitlerde örneklerin misroskopografisi

14Figure. 2.8 SEM image in false colour at different magnification of the E1 fragment.
Şekil 2.8 E1 örneğinin farklı gelişmekte olan SEM analizinin renki görüntüsü

15Figure. 2.9 SEM image in false colour at different magnification of the E2 fragment.
Şekil 2.9 E2 örneğinin farklı gelişmekte olan SEM analizinin renki görüntüsü

16özelliği hala araştırılmaktadır.

II and III shown a detail of circular structures of size of about
5 µm, but their nature is still to be investigated.

South exposure

Güney Cephe

S1

S1

In the fragment S1 has been observed a crustose lichen

S1 örneğinde; üst yüzeyi kızıl kahve renkli ve açısal izlerle

Acarospora; the thallus appears with angular areoles and thetallus, krustoz liken Acarospora gözlenmiştir. (Şekil 2.10

upper surface is reddish brown (Fig 10 a). In addition, thea).Buna ek olarak, OM gözleminde (Şekil 2.10 c) yüzey

OM observation (Fig. 10 c) showed the presence of blacküzerinde siyah meristematik mantar gözlenmiştir.

meristematic fungi over the surface.
Kırık örneğin SEM analiz detayları, hif ağlarında tamamen
The SEM details of the fractured sample show mineralgömülü halde olan mineral taneleri ve kaya kısmınıngrains completely embedded in the hyphae networks andparçalanmasını göstermektedir (Şekil 2.10 d, e, f, g).

fragmentation of portion of the rock (Figs. 10 d, e, f, g).

Figure. 2.10 Biological colonization in south exposures a) Sampling point (S1) and picture under the stereomicroscope;b), c) Microphotograph of the sample in polished cross section; d), e), f), g) SEM image in false colour of details
observed in the sampleŞekil 2.10 Kilisenin güney cephesinde biyolojik kolonizasyon a) Alınan örneğin (S1) kilise yüzeyinde seçilen noktası
ve stereomikroskop altındaki resmi ; b), c) Cilalı kesitte alınan örneğin misroskopografisi ; d), e), f), g) Örnek parçanın
tamamının detaylı olduğu renkli SEM görüntüsü

17

S2

S2

In the fragment S2 has been observed the crustose lichen

S2 parçasında, talusu beyaz renkli ve areoles daha yuvarlak

Acarospora; the thallus is white and appear with the areoles

görünen krustoz liken Acarospora gözlenmiştir (Şekil 2.7

more rounded (Fig. 11 a). The SEM details of the fracturedd). Kırık numunenin SEM analizi detaylarında, hif ağlarına

sample show mineral grains completely embedded in thetamamen gömülü olan mineral taneleri görülmektedir (Şekil

hyphae networks (Figs. 11 d, e).

2.11 d, e).

Figure. 2.11 Biological colonization in south exposures a) Sampling point (S2) and picture under the stereomicroscope; b), c)
Microphotograph of the sample in polished cross section; d), e), SEM image in false colour of details observed in the sampleŞekil 2.11 Kilisenin güney cephesinde biyolojik kolonizasyon a) Alınan örneğin (S2) kilise yüzeyinde seçilen noktası vestereomikroskop altındaki resmi ; b), c) Cilalı kesitte alınan örneğin misroskopografisi ; d), e) Örnek parçanın tamamının detaylıolduğu renkli SEM görüntüsü

18Discussion and Conclusion

Tartışma ve Sonuç

Results show the rock substrate, in all exposures, but

Sonuçlar kaya yüzeylerin tümünde biyolojik kolonilere maruz

highly in N, suffers of a more or less intense disaggregation

kaldığını göstermektedir ancak N’de oldukça yüksek olduğu

and fragmentation of the stone. Moreover, the surfaces

saptanmış ve taşı aşağı-yukarı parçalamış ve parçalamaya

immediately below the lichens are interested by surfaceçalışmaktadır.Dahası, likenlerin hemen altındaki yüzeyler,adhesion and in depth penetration of fungal hyphae. In fact,yüzeye tutunma ve mantar hifeler derinlere ilerlemekle

SEM analysis of the all fragments showed a dramatic lossmeşguldur. Aslında, tüm parçaların SEM analizi, taşof the stone matrix and a dense network of fungal hyphae

yapısında şaşırtıcı bir kayıp olduğu ve birkaç millimetre (1,5penetrating into the substrate to a depth several millimetres-5,5 mm) derinliğe kadar yüzey içine nüfuz eden mantar(1.5 -5.5 mm). This may indicate an effective biodeterioration

hifelerin yoğun bir ağı görülmektedir. Bu gözenekliliği ve

processes caused by the large concentration of fungal hyphaegeçirgenliği arttıran çatlaklar, çatlaklar ve granül sınırları

within the rock through the dissolution of minerals along

boyunca minerallerin çözünmesiyle kaya içerisinde mantar

grain boundaries, cleavages, and cracks, which increase

hifelerinin yoğun konsantasyonunun neden olduğu etkili bir

porosity and permeability. Since these weathering processesbiyolojik bozunma süreci gösterebilir.

interact and enhance each other effects.
Bu süreçte hava koşullarının etkileşime girer ve birbirlerinin
On the other hand, lichens may perform a certain protection

etkilerinin arttırırlar. Öte yandan, likenlerin bozucu etkisi

against other abiotic degradation factors even thougholmasına ragmen diğer abiyotik (fiziksel-mikroorganizma

they have deteriorative effects. In fact, lichens could havedışındaki) bozunma faktörlerine karşın belirli bir koruma

a protective role on porous stone reducing the action ofsağlayabilir.

weathering agents such as wind, water exchange, marine
aerosols and pollution, giving rise to a protective effectAslında, likenler, gözenekli taş üzerinde, hava koşullarınınagainst deterioration phenomena [Salvadori & Casanova

rüzgar, nem (su) değişimi, deniz aresolleri ve kirlilik gibi

Municchia, 2016; Concha-Lozano et al., 2011; Caneva et al.,etkisini azaltarak koruyucu bir rol oynayabilirler ve bozulma2008), Carter & Viles, 2004; Ariño et al., 1995]. Previous

olaylarına karşı koruyucu bir etki oluşturabilirler. [Salvadoristudies regarding the case of the lichen covered tuff of& Casanova Municchia, 2016; Concha-Lozano vs., 2011;

Cappadocian monuments showed a higher vapor diffusion

Caneva vs., 2008), Carter & Viles, 2004; Ariño vs., 1995].

resistance and slower penetration of water if compared with

Kapadokya tüf anıtların üzerini kaplayan likenlerle ilgili eski

no-colonized one [Garcia-Valles et al., 2003]. Nevertheless,çalışmalarda, kolonize olamayan kısımla kıyaslandığında

usually it is a challenge establish if a species possess ayüksek nem direnci ve suyun daha yavaş nüfuz ettiği görüldü.

biodeteriorative or bioprotective effect, because it is also

[Garcia-Valles vs., 2003]. Bununla birlikte, genellikle, birhighly influenced by stone and environmental characteristics.

türün biyolojik bozucu beya biyo koruyucu etkiye sahip
olup olmadığını belirlemek zordur çünkü taş ve çevre
koşullarından çok fazla etkilenmektedir.

In our case a such high penetration and colonization of
the stone, the already loss of the stone matrix, such as
the protective action of the superficial crusts reducing the

Bizim durumumuzda likenlerin taş kolonizasyonu ve bu

weathering velocity by limiting the penetration of water into

kadar nüfuz etmesi, taş yapısının çoktan kaybolması, suyun

the rock, advise against the removal of such biological cover.

kayaya erişmesini sınırlayarak tahribat hızını düşürücü etkisi
gibi yüzeysel koruyucu tabaka oluşturarak bu tür maddelerin
uzaklaştırılmasına karşı biyolojik örtü olarak taviye edilir.

19

References
Ariño, X.; Ortega-Calvo, J.J.; Gomez-Bolea, A.; Saiz-Jimenez, C. Lichen colonization of the Romanpavement at Baelo Claudia (Cadiz, Spain): biodeterioration vs. bioprotection. Sci. Total Environ., 1995,
67, 353-363.
Caneva G., Nugari M.P, Salvadori O, 2008. Plant Biology for cultural heritage. Getty Conservation
Institute. Los Angeles: 1-408.
Carter, N.E.; Viles, H.A. Lichen hotspots: raised rock temperatures beneath Verrucaria nigrescens onlimestone. Geomorphol. J., 2004, 62, 1-16.
Concha-Lozano, N.; Gaudon, P.; Pages, J.; de Billerbick, G.; Lafon, D.; Eterradossi, O. Protective effectof endolithic fungal hyphae on oolithic limestone buildings. J. Cult. Herit., 2012, 13(2), 120-127.
Garcia-Valles, M.; Topal, T.; Vendrell-Saz, M. Lichenic growth as a factor in the physical deterioration orprotection of Cappadocian monuments. Environ. Geol., 2003, 43, 776-781.
Topal, T; Doyuran,V.; Analyses of deterioration of the Cappadocian tuff, Turkey. Environ. Geol., 34,
1998, 5–20.
Salvadori, O. Casanova Municchia, A.; The role of fungi and lichens. Open Conf. Proc. J., 2016, 29–38.

20

Ⅰ -3 Conservation intervention: Wall paintings at the Üzümlü ChurchÜzümlü Kilisesi’nin duvar resimlerinde yapılan konservasyon
müdehaleleri
By Yoko Taniguchi

IntroductionGirişOne main cause of serious ongoing damage to wall paintingsÜzümlü Kilise’nin duvar resimlerinin üzerinde devam

at the Üzümlü church is extensive graffiti by tourists, mosteden ciddi zararların temel nedenlerinden biri, muhtemelen

likely local tourists (Taniguchi, et.al 2016). However, there

yerel turistlerce yapılan yoğun grafitiler, graffiti içeriğidir

also exists areas where slight detachment along rock cracks[Taniguchi, vs.2016]. Bununla birlikte, kaya çatlakları

requires proper stabilization.

boyunca bazı alanlarda iyi bir stabilizasyon gerektiren
ayrılmalar görülmektedir.

Paintings at the Üzümlü Church consist of a relatively puregypsum ground, various iron oxides (red ochre, yellowÜzümlü Kilise’nin duvar resimleri, yüksek oranda saf

ochre), green earth and some lead oxides (Taniguchi, et.alalçı bir zemin ile çeşitli demir oksitler (kırmızı aşıboya,2016). No apparent organic binder has been detected so far

sarı toprakboyası), yeşil toprak ve bazı kurşun oksitlerden(Takashima 2015). This means that the paintings are water

meydana gelmektedir [Taniguchi,vs. 2016 yayını] Bu zamana

sensitive, and break easily upon physical impact. Their

kadar yapılan araştırmalarda hiçbir organic bağlayıcı tespit

properties restrict any watery intervention.

edilmedi [Takashima 2015] Bu da duvar resimlerinin suyakarşı duyarlı ve herhangi bir fiziksel etkiye maruz kaldığında

The origin of gypsum-based wall paintings goes back tobozunabilir olduğu anlamına gelmektedir. Bu özellikler, sulu

Neolithic Anatolia such as Çatalhöyük (BC 7,500)(De Britoherhangi bir müdahele yapmayı kısıtlamaktadır.

and Flores-Colen 2014). The method spread widely, known
as the stucco technique in ancient West Asia and Central Asia

Alçı bazlı duvar resimlerinin kökeni, Netolitik Çağ’a(such as in Samarra, Iraq and the Egyptian Dynastic period),kadar Çatalhöyük (M.Ö. 7500) gibi [De Britoa ve Flores-

and reached the African and American continents (Burgio

Colen 2014] uzanır ve antik Batı Asya ve Orta Asya’daet.al 2007). Compared with lime plaster, which requires 900-

(Samara: Irak,Mısır’daki Hanedan dönemi vs ) bilinen

1000°C temperatures to produce quick lime from limestone/sıva tekniği, Afrika ve Amerika kıtalarına da yayılmıştır

corals, gypsum (hemihydrate Plaster of Paris: CaSO4.1/2 H2O)

[Burgio, vs. 2007] Kireçtaşı/mercanlardan sıcak kireç elderequires only 120-150°C from raw gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O).

etmek için 900-1000 °C sıcaklığa ihtiyaç kireç sıva ile

The reaction to convert it to its CaSO4.2H2O form occurs as akarıştırılır, alçıdan (hemihidrat alçı sıva: CaSO4.1/2 H2O) saf

simple hydration process (setting) that requires only water.

alçıdan (CaSO4.2H2O) için 120-150 °C sıcaklık gereklidir.
CaSO4.2H2O yapısını tekrar oluşturmak için verilen reaksiyon

Our interventions were minimal and aimed only to stabilize

sadece su gerektiren basit hidrasyon işlemi (ayarlama) olarak

the current state of materials, rather than enhance aesthetic

gerçekleşir.

appearances, which would require reintegration andreconstruction of images. Toning was carried out only in

Müdahalelerimize ilişkin prensiplerimiz asgari düzeydeydi

cases of obviously recent (with indication of years) -incisedve estetik görünüş için değil mevcut durumun stabile edip

graffiti and carbon- and paint-based surface graffiti. Materials

korunmasını amaçlamaktaydı, bu da görünümün yeniden

and methods were chosen as retreatable and compatible withbütünleşmesini ve yeniden oluşturulmasını gerektirmekteydi.

original gypsum plasters. Intervention materials must be of a

Sadece grünür graffitide tonlama yapıldı, graffiti yüzeyine

weaker substance and lighter weight than original materials.

karbon/boya uygulandı. Malzemeler ve yöntemler geri

21

dönüşümlü olarak seçildi ve orjinal alçı sıvası uygun hale

weaker substance and lighter weight than original materials.

getirildi.Müdahale orjinal malzemelerden daha zayıf ve dahahafif olmalıdır.

Materials to satisfy the above principles for gypsum plasterwere basically gypsum-based mortars with compatible fillers
and fluidizer, although they could be much more complicated

Alçı sıva için yukarda bahsedilen prensipleri karşılayan

than lime-based plaster, which has been the subject of muchmalzemeler, temel olarak alçı bazlı uygun ve akışkan dolgu

study and explanation. Testing for materials was conductedbağlayıcı harçları, alçıdan çok daha zor hazırlanmasınain Japan and Cappadocia prior to in-situ intervention in 2015

ragmen kireç bazlı çok fazla denemeler ve ilgili çalışmalarda

and 2016. No synthetic resin was applied in any case, becausebulunuldu. Malzemelerin testi, 2015 ve 2016 yıllarında

it would change the permeability of original walls.

yerinde müdaheleden once Japaonya’da deneyleri yapıldı vedaha sonra Kapadokya’da uygulandı. Durumu ne olursa olsun
orjinal duvarların geçirgenliğini değiştiren bir sentetik reçine
uygulanmamıştır.

A good injecting mortar (for grouting) for the Üzümlü wallÜzümlü Kilisesi duvar resimleri konservasyonunda kullanmak

paintings had to meet the following conditions.

üzere iyi bir enjeksiyon harcı elde etmek için (dolgu için)özelllikle aşağıdaki koşulların sağlanması gerekir.

-Fluid-Chemically stable-Akışkan (sıvı)-Lightweight-Kimyasal olarak kararlı yapıda-Injectable through narrow needles-Hafif ağırlıkta-Natural texture and colour to fit with tuff rocks-İnce uçla enjekte edilebilir-Longer working time-Doğal yapı ve mevcut tüf kayanın rengine uygun-Limited water release ratio-Uzun sure çalışılabilir-No shrinkage (volume loss) during setting-Ortama sınırlı oranda su bırakan-Viscosity-Sertleşme sırasında daralmayan-Weak in shear strength(hacim kaybı olmayan)-Enough cohesion-Viskoz (yarı sıvı)-Enough adhesion but mechanically-Kayma kuvveti düşük

removable between rock and gypsum surfaces-Uygun tutunucu kuvvette-Kaya ile alçı yüzey arasında mekanik olarak uygunyapışma kuvveti

GypsumAlçı

CaSO4. /2 H2O is known as Plaster of Paris, and hardens due to

CaSO4.1/2 H2O hemihidrat alçı sıva olarak bilinen malzeme su

a hydration process setting as CaSO4.2H2O (gypsum) when it

ile karıştırıldığında hidrasyon işlemi (sertleşme) nedeniyle

mixes with water. This reaction is exothermic and responsible

CaSO4.2H2O (alçı) olarak sertleşir.Bu reaksiyon ekzotermiktir

for the ease with which gypsum can be cast into variousve alçı çeşitli formlara ve şekillere dökülebilir kolaylıkta

forms and shapes.

olmalıdır.

The fast gypsum (alpha-shape) sets quickly. On the other

Hızlı alçı (alfa şekli) hızlı bir şekilde sertleşirken diğeri

hand, the slow gypsum (beta-shape) sets in about 10 minutes.

yavaş alçı (beta-şekli) 10 dakika da sertleşir.Alçı suda az

Gypsum is slightly soluble in water which may cause fatalçözünür, yüksek su salınım oranı olan bir enjeksiyon harcı,

problems such as detachment and cracking if a grouting

tarihi (orjinal) sıva ile temas ederse ayrılma ve çatlama

mortar with a high water release ratio comes into contact withgibi geri dönüşü olmayan kayıplara neden olabilir.Sentetik

122the traditional gypsum plaster. Some uses of synthetic resinsreçinelerin kullanıldığı yerlerde; son derece gözenekli ve

may not be compatible with the original gypsum plaster,geçirgen orjinal sıva ile uyumlu olmayabilir.Bununla birlikte,

which is highly porous and permeable. Overall, the use ofalçının bir koruma malzemesi olarak kullanılması ağırlığının

gypsum as a conservation material has various disadvantages,

yüksek olması, çalışma süresinin kısalığı, akıcılığının

such as its heavy weight, short working time, low fluidity, anddüşük oluşu ve yüksek su salınım oranı olması gibi çeşitli

high water release ratio. To facilitate its use in conservation,

dezavantajları vardır. Koruyucu malzeme olarak kullanılması

gypsum must be modified using light weight fillers, retarders,için hafif ağırlıkta dolgu maddeleri,donmayı geciktiriciler

and thickeners.

ve koyulaştırıcılar katmak gibi bazı değişiklikler yapılması
gerekir.

Citric and malic acids (and their sodium neutral salts) aretraditionally used as retarders (Ersen, et.al 2006; Lanzon,

Donma geciktiricilerinde geleneksel olarak sitrik ve maliket.al 2012; Fukui, et.al 1984). For example, sodium citrateasitler (ve bunların nötr sodium tuzları) yaygın şekilde

functions to slow the crystalisation process, since it creates akullanılırlar [Ersen, vs 2016; Lanzon, vs. 2012; Fukui, vsthin layer of calcium citrate on the surface of CaSO4.2H2O.

1984]. Örneğin, sodyum sitrat, CaSO 4.2H 2O2 (alçı)’nın

Although citric and malic acids work as retarders, theiryüzeyinde ince bir kalsiyum sitrat tabakası oluşturduğu

acidity accelerates crystalisation; therefore, organic salts are

için kristalleşme sürecini yavaşlatır. Sitrik/Malik asitler

more effective as retarders than organic acids themselves.

hem alçının sertleşme sürecini geciktirirler hem de asidiközellikleri kristalleşmenin hızlanmasında katkıda bulunurlar

Fillers

bu nedenle organik tuzların geciktirci etkisi organik asitlerden

Shirasu microballoon (Shirafine®) is a product made fromdaha iyi etkisi vardır.

30,000 year-old natural volcanic sediment from the Aira
volcano in south Kyushu, mainly in the Kagoshima region

Dolgu Harcı(Nomoto 1967). Shirasu volcanic ash accumulates at a

Shirasu mikrobalonu (Shirafine® markalı), esas olarak

thickness of 10 – 200 meters in the region and creates a broad

Kagoshima bölgesinde bulunan Aira yanardağının 30.000

pyroclastic plateau, which manifests poor concreteness andyıl önceki patlaması sonucu doğal volkanik tortudan eldehigh permeability. Shirasu ash is non-glutinous and appears as

edilen üründür[Nomoto 1967]. Shirasu volkanik külü,

a white cream colour. The shirasu balloon is made by boilingbölgede 10-200 m kalınlıkta birikir ve geniş piroklastik platoshirasu in kilns. It consists of hemispherical micro particlesoluşturur ve bu da düşük yoğunlukta ve yüksek gerçirgenlikte

of around 20 – 1400 μm φ of a rather small gravity [0.4-0.6

olduğunu gösterir. Shirasu külü yapışkan değildir ve beyaz(bulk specific gravity) / α-gypsum: 2.76, β-gypsum:2.64]. The

krem renklidir.Shirasu balonu fırınlarda ısı ile kabaran

microballoons are flame-retardant, possess a high melting

shirasudur. Boyutu 20-1400 μm φ arasında yarı küre mikro

point, and are relatively cheap. They also have less waterparçacıklardan oluşur.Özgül ağırlık oldukça küçüktür

absorbency compared to glass microspheres, which results in(shirasu mikro balonu: 0.4-0.6 (birim hacim ağırlığı)/better fluidity for a longer time (Isayama et.al 1976).

α-alçı: 2.76, β-alçı:2.64), ve alev-geciktirme, erimenoktası

		yüksek ve olduça ucuz olması gibi özellikleri vardır. Shirasu

The advantages inherent to this natural volcanic microballoon

mikronalonunun cam mikroküreciklerle kıyasla daha az su

as a filler relative to synthetic glass microspheres are the: (1)geçirgenliği olması ve bu yüzden uzun süre daha akışkan

irregular, angular particle shape, (2) less sheer strength, whichkalmasına neden olur [Isayama, vs. 1976].

eases shaping work, (3) broader particle size distribution, and(4) natural ivory-white colour. Often glass-microspheres of

Dolgu maddesi olarak kullanılan sentetik cam

homogeneous particles have a dilatancy effect, which makemikroküreciklerle bu doğal mikro balonu kıyaslarsak, doğal

injection through a narrow syringe very difficult. Perhaps

mikrobalonun avantajları bunlardır; (1) düzensiz/açısal

owing to the broad particle size distribution of the shirasu

parçacık şekli , (2) şekillendirme işini kolaylaştıran dahamicroballoon, fluidity is not disturbed in the syringes.

az etkin çekim kuvveti , (3) daha geniş parçacık boyutudağılımı, (4) doğal fildişi beyaz rengi. Genellikle homojen

23

Dolgu maddesi olarak kullanılan sentetik cam mikroküreciklerle bu doğal mikro balonu
kıyaslarsak, doğal mikrobalonun avantajları şunlardır;(1) düzensiz/açısal parçacık şekli ,parçacıkların cam mikrokürecikler, dilatansite basınç etkisi(2) şekil alma işini kolaylaştıran daha az etkin çekim kuvveti ,gösterir ve bundan dolayı dar bir enjektör içinde enjeksiyon(3) daha geniş parçacıklı boyut dağılımı,
yapılmasını zorlaştırır. Muhtemelen shirasu mikrobalonunun(4) doğal fildişi beyaz rengi. Genellikle homojen
parçacıkların
cam olduğundan,
mikrokürecikler,geniş parçacık
boyutu dağılımı
akışkanlkşırangalarda
dilatansite basınç etkisi gösterir ve bundan dolayı
darengellenmemiştir.
bir enjektör içinde enjeksiyon
yapılmasını zorlaştırır. Muhtemelen shirasu mikrobalonunun geniş parçacık boyutudağılımı olduğundan, akışkanlığı enjektörlerde engellememiştir.
Table 3.1 Semi-quantitative data of Shirasu microballoon using XRF (Kagoshima prefectural Institute of Industrial

Technology)%]
Tablo 3.1
XRF'yi [masskullanarak
bulunan Shirasu mikrobalonunun yarı kantitatif verileri (Kagoshima
Tablo 3.1 XRF'yi kullanarak bulunan Shirasu mikrobalonunun yarı kantitatif verileri (Kagoshima İli Endüstriyel

İli Endüstriyel
Enstitüsü)[kütlece %]TeknolojiTeknoloji
Enstitüsü) [kütlece%]
Shirasu

K2O

CaO

TiO2

Na2O

Fe2O3

MgO

Al2O3

SiO2

3.83

1.13

0.15

4.12

1.46

0.23

12.10

75.00
24

Figure 3.1 Particle distribution of Shirasu microballoon, ISM-065
Şekil 3.1 Shirasu mikrobalonunun parçacık dağılımı, ISM-065

Figure 3.2 Particle distribution of Shirasu microballoon, ISM-250
Şekil 3.2 Shirasu mikrobalonunun parçacık dağılımı, ISM-250

Gums

Reçineler

Acrylic emersions are commonly used as fluidisers orAkışkanlaştırıcı/plastikleştirici olarak genellikle akrilik

plasticisers in conservation and industry, together withemülsiyonlar konservasyonda ve alçı harcı ile birlikte

gypsum mortar. However, because acrylic resins tend to

endüstide kullanılır. Bununla birlikte, yine, akrilikinterfere with the original permeability of the gypsum

reçineler alçı harcı/tüf kaya yapısının orjinal geçirgenlğini

mortar, or tuff rock fabric, other materials were tested.

etkilemektedir, başka maddeler üzerinde test edilmiştir. İlk

Initially, cellulose derivatives such as methyl cellulose wereolarak, metil selüloz gibi selülozik malzemeler düşünüldü

considered. However, these were ultimately difficult to

fakat tüf kayalar/alçı yüzeyler muhtemelen mikro-lif

separate from tuff rock and gypsum surfaces, likely due toözelliğinden dolayı ayrılması zorlaştı.

their micro-fibrous characteristics.

Then, natural gums were tested, concentrating on diutan

Daha sonra, doğal reçineler test edildi, diutanın amaçlı (Kelco-(Kelco-Crete DG®: CP Kelco.) and xanthan gums (KELZAN®:

Crete DG®: CP Kelco.) ve ksantan reçineleri (KELZAN®:

Sansyo Co.Ltd.). Both gums are known as polysaccharide

Sansyo Co.Ltd.).Her iki reçinede, polisakkarit biyopolimerler

biopolymers, which are used for the stabilization ofolarak bilinen, semestasyon ve alçı gibi duvar malzemelerinde
24emulsions, foams and suspensions such as in masonryemülsiyonların, köpüklerin ve süspansiyonların stabilizematerials like cementations and gypsum. Both gums are ofedilmesi için kullanılır. Aerobik fermantasyon(mikrobiyolojik

high molecular weight, produced by aerobic fermentation. An

türlerin oksijensiz solunumu) ile üretilen yüksek molekül

aqueous solution of diutan gum was infested with mould afterağırlığına sahip reçinelerdir. Diutan reçinesinin sulu

1-2 days, and was therefore excluded from the test.

çözeltisinde 1-2 gün sonunda küf oluşumu gözlendi bu
nedenşe testten çıkarıldı.

Xanthan gum is produced from corn starch fermented
by Xanthomonas campestris. It has a high molecular

Ksantan reçinesi, Xanthomonas kampestrisi tarafından mısır

weight between 2,000,000 and 50,000,000. It is solublenişastasından fermente edilmiştir. 2.000.000 ila 50.000.000
arasında yüksek molekül ağırlığına sahiptir. Suda ve etanolde

in water and ethanol and stable in both acidic andçözünür, asit veya baz koşullarında kararlıdır.Dolgu harcından

basic conditions. In order to prevent excess water fromfazla suyu uzaklaştırmak için, reçinenin içine su ilavesinden

reaching the grouting mortar, ethanol was first added toönce etanol eklendi.Laboratuvar ortamında oda sıcaklığında 6

the gum before more water was added. After 6 months

ay gözlemlendikten sonar, su/etanol içindeki ksantan reçinesi

of observation in the lab at room temperature, theçözeltisi herhangi bir küfün oluşumu görülmedi.

xanthan gum solution in water/ethanol was not infestedŞırıngalara takılı iğneler ile enjekte edilebilirlik değerlendirildi.

by any mould.

Bazı laboratuvar, yerinde test ve denemelerden sonra,aşağıdaki karışımlar dolgu ve enjeksiyon harçları olarak

Injectability through syringe needles was also evaluated.

seçildi. Yerinde yapılacak çalışmaların kolaylaştırmak

After some laboratory and in-situ tests and trials, theamacıyla, tüm malzemelerin ağırlkları hacimsel ve kütleselfollowing compositions (Table 3.2) were selected asolarak ölçülerek, sahada kullanılmak üzere tüm çözeltilerin

edging and grouting mortars. For convenience, allhazırlanması Nevşehir Restorasyon ve Konservasyon Bölge

solutions were made in the Nevshehir laboratory priorLaboratuvarı Müdürlüğü’nde yapıldı.

to field work, and all powder was measured by volume
instead of by weight.

T

Table 3.2 Composition of edging/grouting gypsum mortar (by volume: ml)
Tablo 3.2 Dolgu/enjeksiyon alçı harç karışımı (hacim olarak: mL)
Filler (shirasu
microballoon): Shirafine®

Mortar for

GypsumISM-M065

ISM-M250

EdgingNatural gypsum(local)(CaSO4.1/2H2O)
60

30

30

Grouting

Water

Artificial gypsum(dental grade:
San Esu) (αCaSO4.1/2H2O)

ISM-M065

150

150

Ethanol

50

105

25

Citricacid

Xanthangum

0.025g450.075gApplication

Spatula0.15g

Syringe>18G (φ0.92mm)T
Filler (shirasu
microballoon): Shirafine®

Mortar for

GypsumISM-M065

ISM-M250

EdgingNatural gypsum(local)(CaSO4.1/2H2O)
60

30

30

Grouting

Water

Artificial gypsum(dental grade:
San Esu) (αCaSO4.1/2H2O)

ISM-M065

150

150

Ethanol

50

Citricacid

Xanthangum

0.025g105

45

Application

Spatula0.075g

0.15g

Syringe>18G (φ0.92mm)Figure 3.3 Edging/grouting mortars and gypsumŞekil 3.3 Dolgu/enjeksiyon harcı ve alçısı

Figure 3.3 Edging/grouting mortars and gypsum
Table 3.3 Bulk specific gravities of mortars (after 1 week)
Tablo 3.3
Table 3.3 Bulk specific gravities of mortars (after 1 week)
Fast gypsum(local)San‐esu dental
gypsumEdging mortar(fast local gypsum,
citric acid, shirasu S, L)

Grouting motar(San‐esu dental
gypsum, shirasu S,
citric acid, xanthan
gum)

numbers (n)

5

5

5

5

bulk specificgravity (g/cm3)

0.69

0.90

0.67

0.71

volume (cm3)

17

17

17

17

average (g)

11.67

15.36

11.39

12.12
25

Table 3.3 indicates that the grouting mortar was of a lighter

Tablo 3.3 Dolgu malzemesi (shirasu mikrobalon) sayesinde

weight owing to the shirasu microballoon fillers, and bothenjeksyon harcının daha hafif olduğunu, ve hem dolgu hemde

edging and grouting mortars possessed similar gravities

enjeksiyon harcı orjinal yerel alçı ile benzer özellik kazandı.

owing to the original local gypsum. No obvious cracks were

Herhangi bir alçı parçasının sertleşme işlemi sırasındaobserved during the setting process of any gypsum pieces.

belirgin bir çatlak oluşumu gözlemlenmedi.

26

Figure 3.4 Microphotograph of ISM-065(transmitted microscope, Olympus BH-2)
Şekil 3.4 ISM-065’in mikrofotoğrafı
(Geçirimli mikroskop, Olympus BH-2)

Figure 3.5 Microphotograph of ISM-250 (transmitted
microscope, Olympus BH-2)
Şekil 3.5 ISM-250’in mikrofotoğrafı
(Geçirimli mikroskop, Olympus BH-2)

Figure 3.6 Microphotograph of ISM-065(stereo microscope, LEICA DMS-300)
Şekil 3.6 ISM-0652in mikrofotoğrafı(Stereomikroskop, LEICA DMS300)

Figure 3.7 Microphotograph of ISM-250 (stereo
microscope, LEICA DMS-300)
Şekil 3.7 ISM-250in mikrofotoğrafı(Stereomikroskop, LEICA DMS300)

Figure 3.8 Laboratory preparation (31 August 2016)Şekil 3.8 Laboratuvar hazırlığı (31 Ağustos 2016)

Figure 3.9 On site mortar preparationŞekil 3.9 Yerinde harç hazırlığı

27

Figure 3.10 On-site mortar preparationŞekil 3.10 Yerinde harç hazırlığı

Figure 3.11 Edging work at the naveŞekil 3.11 Kilise ortasındaki dolgu harç çalışması

Figure 3.12 Grouting work at the altarŞekil 3.12 Mihrap’ta yaplan enjeksiyon çalışması

Figure 3.13 Grouting work at the nartexŞekil 3.13 Nartekste yapılan enjeksiyon çalışması

Figure 3.14 After intervention (altar)Şekil 3.14 müdahale sonrası (mihrap)

Figure 3.15 After intervention (nave)Şekil 3.15 müdahale sonrası (kilise ortası)

Figure 3.16 After intervention (nave, vault)Şekil 3.16 müdahale sonrası (kilise ortası, tonoz)

Figure 3.17 After intervention (nave, vault)Şekil 3.17 müdahale sonrası (kilise ortası, tonoz)

28

Conservation intervention

Konservasyon müdahalesi

Stabilisation

Stabilizasyon

Wall paintings were stabilized once more following the

2 0 1 5 ’t e n i t i b a r e n d e v a m e d e n d u v a r r e s i m l e r i n i n2015 interventions. Although most areas were relatively

stabilizasyonu gerçekleştirildi.Duvar resimlerinin çoğunun

stable at the time of our second intervention, some particular

nispeten stabil olmasına ragmen, bazı belirli alanlarda kaya

areas along the rock cracks were detached and delaminated.

çatlakları boyunca kopmalar ve tabakalar ayrılmaları vardır.

Those voids were filled with grouting mortar using needles

Bu boşluklar, iğneler vasıtasıyla enjeksiyon harcı ile doldurur

to increase cohesion. Some areas were pre-wetted with anve bağlantıları arttırılır. Bazı alanlar enjeksiyon yapılmadan

ethanol and water mixture before injection. Edging mortarönce etanol/su karışımı ile ıslatıldı. Ayrılan tabakalar ve

was used to stabilise wall paintings that showed delamination

aralıklar gözlemlenen duvar resmi boyunca, stabil durum

and lacuna (Figures 3.8 – 3.17).

sağlanması için dolgu harcı kullanılmıştır (Şekil 3.8-3.17).

ToningTonlamaAreas marred by harsh white colouring due to scratches andÇizik ve kesiklerden dolayı belirgin beyaz renk gösteren

incisions were toned with natural ochre powder and water.

alanlar doğal kum pulsu-su karışımı ile tonlandırılmştır.

The pigments used were all natural iron oxides, from yellow

Pigmentlerin hepsi doğaldır demir oksit sarıdan koyu kırmızı

to deep red [Italian/Japanese ochre (product name/company):

renk skalasında (İtalyan/Japon aşıboyası: terra rossa 0270,

terra rossa 0270/CTS; ocra rossa 4068/Roma Restauro,

CTS; ocra rossa. 4068, Roma Restauro, Toskana kırmızısı

Tuscan red (Pompeii red)/Kremer; yellow ochre/Hojo,(Pompeii kırmızısı), Kremer; Tsukuba-Hojo’dan elde edilen

Tsukuba] without any organic binder.

sarı aşıboyası) ve herhangi bir organic bağlayıcı içermez.

Ivory black was selected for the black pigment due to its

Siyah pigmente gelince, fildişi siyahı karbon siyahına göre

relatively heavier gravity than carbon black powder. Onlydaha yüksek özgül ağrılığı olduğu için seçildi.Tonlanma

areas that included recent graffiti (identified by Turkish rather

yapılmış alanlar, son yapılan grafitiler olarak sınırlandı.

than Latin, Greek, or Arabic text, as well as any dates given)(Muhtemelen yakın tarihte yapılmış türkçe grafitilere

were toned. Üzümlü wall paintings are one of the moreuygulandı, Latin/Yunan/Arap karakterler bırakıldı).Üzümlü

important historical witnesses of historical graffiti. Several

duvar resimlerinin tarihsel grafitilerinden önemli bir tarihe

types of Greek inscriptions appear on the walls, some dating

tanıklık ettiği görülmektedir. M. S. 8.-9. Yüzyıl’a ait birkaç

back to the 8th – 9th century AD, as do figures of horses andYunan yazı türleri ve bunun yanısıra at figürü, azizler vb.

saints and Arabic graffiti. Also, religious vandalism on theve bazı arapça grafitiler vardır. Aynı zamanda azizlerin

hands and faces of saints could be of historical significanceelleri ve yüzlerinde yapılan dini vandalizmşer tarihsel

and, therefore, we established specific criteria for determining

delil oluşturabilir, bu nedenle tonlama işlemi yapılacak

which shall be toned: only recent touristic graffiti and lines

veya yapılmayacaklar için bir kriter oluşturuldu. Yalnızca

were toned, while we determined that others should remain as

son turistik graffiti ve çiziklerde tonlama işlemi yapılmalı

they are.

diğerleri olduğu gibi bırakılmalıdır.

Documentation

Dökumantasyon

All intervention was documented on transparent polyester

Yapılan tüm konservasyon müdahaleleri şeffaf polyester

sheets. Same base photographs were used as the first year’s

plakalar üzerinde belgelendi.

documentation. Data was transferred to illustrator format

Aynı temel fotoğraflar, ilk yılın belgelemesinde kullanıldı.

(appendix Ⅲ).

Veriler, resimsel (illustrator) biçiminde aktarıldı.

29

Figure 3.18 As of September 2013.
Şekil 3.18 2013 itibariyle

Figure 3.19 As of September 2015; after toning recent touristic graffiti.
Şekil 3.19 Eylül 2015’ten itibaren, son turistik grafitlerin tonlama işlemi sonrası

30

Figure 3.20 After intervention in September 2016Şekil 3.20 Eylül 2016 müdahale sonrası

Figure 3.21 After intervention in September 2016 (altar)Şekil 3.21 Eylül 2016 müdahale sonrası (mihrap)

31

Figure 3.22 After intervention in September 2016 (altar/nave)Şekil 3.22 Eylül 2016 müdahale sonrası (mihrap/kilise ortası)

Figure 3.23 After intervention in September 2016 (nave)Şekil 3.23 Eylül 2016 müdahale sonrası (Kilise ortası)

32

Figure 3.24 After intervention in September 2016 (nave, south wall)Şekil 3.24 Eylül 2016 müdahale sonrası (kilise ortası, güney duvar)

Figure 3.25 After intervention in September 2016 (nave, south wall)Şekil 3.25 Eylül 2016 müdahale sonrası (Kilise ortası, güney dıvar)33

Figure 3.26 After intervention in September 2016 (nave, north wall)Şekil 3.26 Eylül 2016 müdahele sonrası (Kilise ortası, kuzey duvar)

Figure 3.27 After intervention in September 2016 (nave, south wall)Şekil 3.27 Eylül 2016 müdahale sonrası (Kilise ortası, güney duvar)

34

Figure 3.28 After intervention in September 2016 (narthex, north wall)Şekil 3.28 Eylül 2016 müdahale sonrası (narteks, kuzey duvar)

Figure 3.29 After intervention in September 2016 (narthexŞekil 3.29 Eylül 2016 müdahale sonrası (narteks)

35

Figure 3.30 After intervention in September 2016 (west)Şekil 3.30 Eylül 2016 müdahale sonrası (batı)

Figure 3.31 After intervention in September 2016 (entrance)Şekil 3.31 Eylül 2016 müdahale sonrası (giriş)36

Figure 3.32 After intervention in September 2016 (narthex, north)Şekil 3.32 Eylül 2016 müdahale sonrası (nartex, kuzey)

Figure 3.33 After toning in September 2016 (nave)Şekil 3.33 Eylül 2016 tonlama sonrası (Kilise ortası)

37

Figure 3.34 After toning in September 2016 (nave)Şekil 3.34 Eylül 2016 tonlama sonrası (Kilise Ortası)

Figure 3.35 After intervention in September 2016 (altar)Şekil 3.35 Eylül 2016 müdahale sonrası (mihrap)

38

Figure 3.36 After intervention in September 2016 (nave)Şekil 3.36 Eylül 2016 müdahale sonrası (Klise ortası)

Figure 3.37 After intervention in September 2016 (nave, altar)Şekil 3.37 Eylül 2016 müdahale sonrası (Kilise ortası,mihrap)

39

Figure 3.38 Conservation members, 2016Şekil 3.38 2016 yılının konservasyon üyeleri

The Üzümlü Church is not the most magnificent exampleÜzümü Kilisesi, Kapadokya’da yer alan Bizans kilisesinin enof a Byzantine church in Cappadocia. However, it certainlyönemli örneği değildir ancak çevresindeki coğrafi manzara

is endowed with unique character owing to its surroundingve tarihi süreç ile birlikte eşsiz tonlamasyla şüphesiz mirastır.

landscape and historical settings. It is not the same without aİyi korunmuş doğa ve güzelce muhafaza edilmiş mabetwell-preserved environment and beautifully maintained yards.

aynı değildir.Vadi içinde çeşitli değerli gerektiren alçı bazlı

There are numerous precious gypsum-based wall paintings

korunması gereken duvar resimleri var. Bu proje orjinal yerelin the valleys, which require careful protection. This projectkoşullara ayarlama çerçevesinde kültürel mirasın ömrünün

was designed to serve as a model for bringing locals anduzatılması ve korunması için tüm yerli ve yabancı görevlileri

stakeholders together for the purpose of prolonging culturalbir araya getiren küçük bir örnek olmayı hedeflemiştir. Büyük

heritage in the context of its original local settings. Rather

bir müdahelenin yerine, bir dizi hafif, kontrollü olarak devam

than any drastic intervention, modest continuous treatment

eden iyileştirici müdaheleler muhtemelen daha uygun bir

would be a wiser choice in conservation.

tercih olabilir.
Numerous issues must yet be tackled in the conservation fieldin Cappadocia. We look forward to continuing long-term

Kapadokya’daki korunması gereken alanlarda üzerinde

study and monitoring of post-intervention conditions.

durulacak çok fazla konu bulunmaktadır ve yapılanmüdahaleler sonrası uzun vadede gözlemleme ve daha detaylıaraştırma çalışmalarımızı sürdürmeyi planlamaktayız.

I would like to express appreciation to MEXT/JSPS
KAKENHI (24101014) and the Kajima Foundation for theirfinancial support on this project. The Üzümlü project has

40been supported by numerous individuals in both Turkey andBu projeyle ilgili maddi desteklerinden dolayı Kajima

Japan, especially the Turkish government and staff at the

Vakfı’na ve MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (24101014) Merkezi’neNevşehir Restoration and Conservation Regional Laboratoryminnettar olduğumuzu belirtmek isterim.Üzümlü projesi

Directorate. Special appreciation is extended to: the director

hem Türkiye hemde Japonya’daki pek çok kişi tarafından,of the Nevşehir Museum, Murat Ertuğrul Gülyaz; the directorözelliklede Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Kültür ve Turizmof the Niğde Museum, Fazıl Açıkgöz; Ibrahim & Hamidiye

Bakanlığı ve Nevşehir Restorasyon ve Konservasyon Bölge

Sakınan and children; and Tolga Uyar, Zuhal Coçyğit,Laboratuvarı Müdürlüğü personeli tarafından desteklenmiştir.

Giulia Caneva, Piao Chunzu, Shunsuke Fukasawa, Hisato
Hashizume, Ryo Higuchi, Chiemi Iba, Kazuki Kawahara,Nevşehir Restorasyon ve Konservasyon Bölge Laboratuvarı

Keigo Koizumi, Shigekazu Mizukoshi, Takeshi Nakazawa,M ü d ü r V. H a t i c e T E M U R ’ a v e u z m a n l a r ı U ğ u r

Jennifer Porter, Katsuhiko Sano, Juni Sasaki, Mina Shibata,YALÇINKAYA’ya, Ayça BAŞTÜRKMEN’e, Mustafa

Yoshiko Shimadzu, Tamaki Suzuki, Miho Takashima, Mizuho

TOPTEPE’ye, Merve Azize IŞIN’a;Müze Müdürü E. Murat

Yoshioka, Kunio Watanabe and Rayna Rusenko.

GÜLYAZ’a, Niğde Müze Müdürü Fazlı AÇIKGÖZ’e;İbrahim-Hamdiye Sakınan ve çocuklarına ve Tolga Uyar’a,
Zuhal Koçyiğit’e, Giulia Caneva’ya, Piao Chunzu’ya,
Shunsuke Fukasawa’ya, Hisato Hashizume’ye, Ryo
Higuchi’ye, Chiemi Iba’ya, Kazuki Kawahara’ya, Keigo
Koizumi’ye, Shigekazu Mizukoshi’ye, Takeshi Nakazawa’ya,
Jennifer Porter’ya, Katsuhiko Sano’ya, Juni Sasaki’ye, Mina
Shibata’ya, Yoshiko Shimadzu’ya, Tamaki Suzuki’ye, Miho
Takashima’ya, Mizuho Yoshioka’ya, Kunio Watanabe’ye andRayna Rusenko’ya katkılarından dolayı özellikle teşekkür
ederim.

References
Burgio, L., et.al. (2007) Raman analysis of ninth-century Iraqi stuccoes from Samarra, Journal ofArchaeological Science, 34 (2007) pp 756-762.

De Brito, J., Flores-Colen, I. (2014)3. Gypsum plaster, Materials for Construction and Civil Engineering,
pp 123-184, Springer.
Ersen, A., et.al.(2006) Effect of malic and citric acid on the crystallisation of gypsum investigated bycoupled acoustic emission and electrical conductivity techniques, Journal of Material Science 41: 7210.
doi:10.1007/s10853-006-0918-6
Fukui, H., Kito, H., Hisada, K., Kitaoka, T., Hasegawa, J., (1984) Effect of Sodium Citrate on Expansion
Reversal of Gypsum-Bonded Investments (in Japanese), Journal of the Japanese Society for Dental
Materials and Devices, 3, pp.303-309.
Garland, K., Rogers, J. (2006) Review of Some Past Conservation Approaches for the Treatment of ClayBased Chinese Wall Paintings and a Set of Seventeenth-Century Chinese Gate. In L. Rainer & A. Bass
Rivera (Eds.),the Conservation of Decorated Surfaces on Earthen Architecture: Proceedings from theInternational Colloquium. pp 66–77, Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.

41

Lanzon, M. and Garcia-Ruiz, P. A.,(2012) Effect of citric acid on setting inhibition and mechanicalproperties of gypsum building plasters, Construction and Building Materials; 28, 1; 506-511.
Lucas, JC. (1990) Synthetic binders’ coatings for walls interior surfaces. Buildings technical information,
ITE 27. National Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Lisbon.
Isayama, Y., et.al. (1976) On the Preparation and Utilization of the "Shirasu" Producing the hollow glass
micro-sphere (Shirasu-balloons), FLOTATION, 23, 144-157. (in Japanese)

Pasian, C, et.al.(2016) Non-structural injection grouts with reduced water content: Changes induced by
the partial substitution of water with alcohol, Studies in Conservation. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2047058
415Y.0000000022

Silveira, P. (2000) Ancient gypsum plasters: building characterization and pathological analysis. MSc
Dissertation in Construction, Instituto Superior Te’cnico, Lisbon
Takashima, M. (2015) ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) testing for organic binding mediaof Üzümlü wall paintings, in Taniguchi, Y. (ed. ) (2015) Scientific Studies on Conservation for Üzümlü
Church and Its Wall Paintings in Cappadocia, Turkey: vol. 1 Annual report on the activities in 2014, 96102. University of Tsukuba
Taniguchi, Y. (ed. ) (2015) Scientific Studies on Conservation for Üzümlü Church and Its Wall Paintingsin Cappadocia, Turkey: vol. 1 Annual report on the activities in 2014, University of Tsukuba
Taniguchi, Y., et.al (2016) Scientific research for conservation of the rock hewn church of Uzumlu,
Cappadocia, 37. International Symposium of Excavations, Surveys and Archaeometry, Erzurum 11-15
May 2015, 361-378, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Turkey.
谷口陽子（2004）シュウ酸アンモニウムによるグロビジェリーナ石灰岩製石造文化財の表面処
理：処理後の評価『文化財保存修復学会第 26 回大会研究発表要旨集』、254-255．

野元堅一郎（1967）“未開発資源としての“シラス”について”，九州鉱山学会誌第 35 巻第 1 号別冊，
85-99．

42

Ⅰ -4 Assessmenr of Micro-Environment around Üzümlü Churech
Chiemi Iba, Kyoto University
Kunio Watanabe, Mie University

Figure 4.1. From Sep. 25, 2015 to Jul. 21, 2016 (300 days) Environmental data near Üzümlü Church

The diurnal temperature variation of outdoor air ranged over 10 degrees. The variation was 3 degrees
at the entrance, and 2 degrees deep inside the church. Temperature at the entrance was susceptible togreater shifts than that inside due to airflow and solar radiation. The temperature profile is similar tothat of last season.

43

Figure 4.2. From Sep. 25, 2015 to Jul. 21, 2016 (300 days) Ground temperature at Üzümlü Church

In the shady area, ground temperatures measured deeper than 50 mm below the surface remained
uniform. On the other hand, the ground temperature measured at a depth of 50mm in the sunnyarea fluctuated greatly due to solar radiation, while the temperature measured at a 300 mm depth
remained 1-3 degrees higher than that in the shady area.

2015-16 Winter2014-15 WinterAverage temp. during winter months

3.1 °C

4.0°C

Minimum temp. during winter months(date and time of occurrence)-15.5 °C

-16.4 °C

Number of frost days
(min. temperature below 0°C)

66

47

Freeze-thaw cycle(Outdoor temp. -4 °C to +4 °C)

10

6

37

52

130.6

128.0

Number of days with precipitation(daily integrated value ⩾0.2mm)
Total precipitation

Figure 4.3. Meteorological features at red valley over two winter seasons

The weather seemed slightly colder In the 2015-16 season than the previous. The number of frostdays (where minimum temperature dropped below 0 degrees) increased relative to 2014-15. There
were 10 freeze-thaw cycle s in 2015-16, assuming that the cycle corresponds to outdoor temperaturechanges between -4 and +4 degrees. However, because rock surface temperatures tend to be higher
than outdoor temperatures in the daytime, considering the influence of solar radiation, the actual
number of freeze-thaw cycles is estimated to be higher. The total amount of precipitation in winterwas very small and almost the same as that in the previous season.
44

Winter 2015-2016
2015-2016

Winter 2014-2015
2014-2015

Figure 4.4. Daily average/maximum/minimum outdoor temperature and daily cumulative precipitation45

December

January

Figure 4.5. Outdoor temperature in Winter 2015-201646

February

March

Figure 4.6. Outdoor temperature in Winter 2015-2016

47

Figure 4.7. Daily cumulative precipitation and precipitation intensity (10min.)

Daily precipitation did not reach 20 mm. In the winter season, the rainfall intensity was relatively
low, whereas the frequency was rather high.

*note that precipitation measurements might be uncertain in the case of snow.

48

Figure 4.8. 2015-16 Environmental data near Üzümlü Church in WinterFigure 4.9. December 2015 Environmental data near Üzümlü Church in Winter

A focus on December reveals that ground temperatures around the surface in the sunny area weresimilar to those inside the church.
49

Figure 4.10. March 2016 Environmental data near Üzümlü Church in Winter

A focus on March reveals that ground temperatures around the surface (at a 50mm depth) in the sunnyarea fluctuate more than indoor temperatures owing to the solar heat.

Figure 4.11. From Sep. 25, 2015 to Jul. 21, 2016 (300 days) Ground soil moisture data near Üzümlü Church

After rainfall in early December, underground water potential near the surface was higher than that in deeper
zones. Therefore, the rock structure did not absorb significant amounts of groundwater. This tendency wassame as that of the previous season. A few intervals of rainfall were observed in this area. The ground water
potential seemed close to saturation until the end of March.
50

Figure 4.12. From Sep. 25, 2015 to Jul. 21, 2016 (300days) Ground soil moisture data near Üzümlü Church

It is likely that the freeze-thaw cycle will occur frequently in the immediate vicinity of the ground surface
when the ground water potential remains high, because the ground surface temperature tends to drop
lower than that of the outdoor air due to nocturnal radiation.

51

II. Published Articles on Scientific Studies for Üzümlü Church

Ryo Higuchi, Tamaki Suzuki, Mina Shibata, Yoko Taniguchi, "Methodology of High-resolution
Photography for Mural Condition Database," in ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote
Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, II-5/W3 (2015), pp. 105-110 (offprint)Ⅱ-1

ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume II-5/W3, 2015
25th International CIPA Symposium 2015, 31 August – 04 September 2015, Taipei, Taiwan

METHODOLOGY OF HIGH-RESOLUTION PHOTOGRAPHYFOR MURAL CONDITION DATABESE
R. Higuchi a, * , T. Suzuki b, M. Shibata c, Y. Taniguchi daDept. of Built Environment, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan - higuchi.r.ab@m.titech.ac.jp
Asia-Japan Research Center, Kokushikan University, Japan - suzuki.tamaki0316@gmail.comcNational Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Japan - mina.shibata@gmail.com
dGraduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan - taniguchi.yoko.fu@u.tsukuba.ac.jpbSymposium Topic D, D-4 Technologies aimed at preventive maintenance and monitoring of sites

KEY WORDS: Photography, documentation, high-resolution image, mural painting, rock-hewn church, Cappadocia

ABSTRACT:Digital documentation is one of the most useful techniques to record the condition of cultural heritage. Recently, high-resolution
images become increasingly useful because it is possible to show general views of mural paintings and also detailed mural conditions
in a single image. As mural paintings are damaged by environmental stresses, it is necessary to record the details of painting
condition on high-resolution base maps. Unfortunately, the cost of high-resolution photography and the difficulty of operating its
instruments and software have commonly been an impediment for researchers and conservators. However, the recent development ofgraphic software makes its operation simpler and less expensive. In this paper, we suggest a new approach to make digital heritage
inventories without special instruments, based on our recent our research project in Üzümlü church in Cappadocia, Turkey. Thismethod enables us to achieve a high-resolution image database with low costs, short time, and limited human resources.

1. INTRODUCTION
Digital documentation, such as high-resolution photography, is
one of the cutting-edge techniques and most useful methods torecord the condition of cultural heritage. Especially, in recent
mural painting conservation projects, high-resolution images
become useful because it is possible to show both general viewof mural painting and detailed mural condition in a single image.
Such digital archiving is necessary because the mural paintings
are damaged by diverse mechanisms, such as physical,
environmental and biological effects. Therefore, it is necessary
to record the details of painting condition on high-resolution
base maps.
On the other hand, the cost of high-resolution photography andthe difficulty of operating its instruments and software havecommonly been an impediment for researchers and conservators.
However, the recent development of graphic software makes its
operation simpler and less expensive. In this paper, we suggest a
new approach to develop a mural painting database, which isbased on our recent our research project in Üzümlü church in
Cappadocia, Turkey.
2. GENERAL INFORMATION OF ÜZÜMLÜ CHURCH

Figure 1. Map of Turkey and around the site
The Üzümlü church is identified as the chapel of Niketas the
Stylite (Rodley 1963). Little is known about the history of thechurch since little documentation exists. However, because themural paintings are similar to those found in Pantokrator
Monastery (Zeyreki Kilise Camii, 1120 - 1136), Istanbul, themural paintings in the Üzümlü church may date between the
periods of the Komnenos dynasty (1081-1185). On the other
hand, it is very difficult to determine the exact period when thischurch was built or when the murals were painted because thecave church was extended by excavating the rock gradually.
The mural paintings do not contain any botanical materials suchas thatch; therefore, a precise dating is very difficult.

2.1 Location of the Site and its Architectural Style
The Üzümlü church is about 12 m in an east-west direction, andabout 8 m in a north-south direction. The church is composed offive chambers (Fig. 2). Although it is unknown how thesechambers were used originally, we assume that the threeordered chambers from western entrance to eastwards are"narthex", "nave" and "apse". The two other chambers attaching
the north side of nave and apse may be extra ones, as the ceilingheight of these chambers are shorter than the other three

The rock-hewn church of Üzümlü (Üzümlü means grape inTurkish) is located in the Red Valley in the Cappadocia in
Turkey (Fig. 1). It is close to the west of Ortahisar village. The
church shows obvious deterioration phenomena caused byenvironment, rock composition and seismic activity, biologicaland human activities including vandalism.

* Corresponding author

55

ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume II-5/W3, 2015
25th International CIPA Symposium 2015, 31 August – 04 September 2015, Taipei, Taiwan

were merged digitally into a single high-resolution image using
Adobe Photoshop® software. After the images were rectified bymeasurement data, each image piece of wall or ceiling was usedas base map. The conditions of the mural paintings wererecorded on the OHP films on the printed base map. After
digitalising the OHP films, the condition of the mural paintings
were drawn on the high-resolution base map used by Adobe
Illustrator®. Consequently, the process of documentation
generally followed these four steps:
1) Photography of the paintings2) Measurement of the cave and location of paintings3) Image processing: Merging photographs into a single highresolution photograph, rectification of the images andcreation of the base map.
4) Condition assessment and recording

chambers and these two are not covered with mural paintings.
The plans of narthex and nave are imperfect rectangles, and theplan of apse is an ellipse. The ceiling of the narthex and nave
are barrel vault and that of apse is dome. The two chambers on
the north side of nave and apse are cuboid and were never
covered with paintings. Compared with the exposed rocksurface of the main chambers, the surfaces of the two chambers
are roughly excavated. This obviously may indicate that themain chambers and other combers were made by different
techniques. Therefore, it would seem that the latter two
chambers were never painted. Also, these seem to be excavatedin a later period.

3.1 Instrument
The instruments we used in our study are listed below:
Digital Camera (Canon EOS 60D)
Wide-angle Lens (Canon EF-S10-22mm F 3.5-4.5 USM)
Tripod (Manfrotto 055 CXPRO3JP)
Laser digital distance meter (Leica Disto D210)
Measuring Tape
Software: Adobe Photoshop CS6, Adobe Illustrator CS6
3.2 Photography of mural painting
Photography was conducted by setting the camera on a tripod
horizontally and parallel to the mural painting. Then, thedistance between the lens and the mural painting was measured
by a digital distance meter. Depending on the dimensions of themural paintings, the paintings were taken in several shots. Whenthe camera was moved horizontally or vertically, the distance
between the lens and the paintings was kept constant, and eachshot should contain enough overlap with photographs ofadjacent areas, so that the digital merge could be processed
successfully. Figure 3 is an example of a merged photograph. In
this example, four photos (two rows of two shots) were taken of
the wall paining on the south-wall in the nave.

Figure 2. Plan of the Üzümlü church
2.2 Former documentation project
The comprehensive documentation of the rock-hewn churches
in Cappadocia was first undertaken by Dr. Nicole Thierry, fromthe University of Paris-Sorbonne, France, in the 1960s (Thierry,1963). Her research focused on recording the iconographic
scheme. Preliminary measurement of the rock-hewn churches
around Cappadocia valley was also done by a research team led
by Dr. Masaru Maeno, Professor of Tokyo University of theArts in the early 1970s, during which the architectural drawingsof Üzümlü church were made (unpublished). However, sincethe 1970s, no further documentation has been undertaken, andthe paintings have been gradually damaged by physical,
environmental and biological effects.
2.3 Location of mural painting
The mural paintings that were depicted in the 12th century
survive on the following surfaces of the church: intrados of thearched entrance, west-wall, south-wall, east-wall, north arch andbarrel vaulted ceiling in the narthex, west-wall, south-wall, eastwall and barrel vaulted ceiling in the nave, southeast-wall anddomed ceiling in the apse, and transverse arch between narthex
and apse. Although we assume that the intrados of transverse
arch between narthex and nave may be covered with paintings,
we cannot identify any remnants of the mural paintings because
the lower part of this transverse arch is collapsed.

Figure 3. Concept of image merging (the south wall in the nave)
3.3 Measurement

3. DOCUMENTATION METHODOLOGY
Since the paintings are depicted on the large surface of the walls,vaulted ceiling and dome, it was impossible to capture whole
images in a single shot. Therefore, the wall was photographed inseveral pieces both vertically and horizontally, and the pieces

The measurement of the cave was based on the architecturalplan created by Prof. Maeno in 1970s, since there is no digital
measurement data about this church. Further measurements
were taken in this research in order to record the exact
dimension of the paintings and distance between some
important figures and features, which were necessary for image
processing. First, the height and width of the mural paintings
were measured using a digital distance meter or the measuring

56
This contribution has been peer-reviewed. The double-blind peer-review was conducted on the basis of the full paper.

ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume II-5/W3, 2015
25th International CIPA Symposium 2015, 31 August – 04 September 2015, Taipei, Taiwan

tape. Additionally, the distance between distinctive figures in
the mural paintings, such as saints, was measured. When wemeasured curved surfaces, such as barrel vault or dome, we alsomeasured the inner radial of these in order to make a planar
image from the curved surface (Fig. 4).

Figure 6. Image merging process 2: Choose the files to combine
Figure 4. Diagram of conversion from curved surface to planar
image
3.4 Image Processing
The photographs were merged into a single high-resolution
image using the "photo merge" function of Adobe Photoshop
CS6. The merged image was manually rectified based on themeasurement data, and resized to the exact scale. Then, theseimages were imported into Adobe Illustrator CS6 to record themural condition. The process of merge and rectification using
Adobe Photoshop CS6 is as follows:

Figure 7. Image merging process 3: Example of succeeded (left)
and failed (right) combining photos[Procedure of Photomerge]
1) Read files (Fig. 5): read the files to merge. Then select[Automate] in the [File] menu. Then click [Photomerge] andSelect [Add Open Files].

Figure 8. Image merging process 5: Set the guildelines
6) Revise the photograph (Fig. 9): select [Edit] menu and click[Warp] from the [Transform] menu, and revise the distorted
areas of the merged photographs and adjust them to fit theexact scale.

Figure 5. Image merging process 1: "Photomerge" on the menu
2) Merge files (Fig. 6): check [Blend Images Together],[Vignette Removal] and [Geometric Distortion Correction].
Then click [OK].
3) Check the edge of each of the images (Fig. 7): if theprocesses above were done correctly, we then check eachend of the reading photographs.
Figure 9. Image merging process 6: Chose "Warp" tool4) Combine the layers: select [Layer] menu and click [Merge
Visible].

7) Apply the transform (Fig. 10): after finishing transform, click[Apply] in the window "Apply the transform?"

5) Set the guidelines for revision: select [View] menu and click[New Guide...]. Then move the guides based on the measured
places such as Figure 8.

Figure 11 is an example of the photograph of the dome, which
was merged from five images.

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This contribution has been peer-reviewed. The double-blind peer-review was conducted on the basis of the full paper.

ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume II-5/W3, 2015
25th International CIPA Symposium 2015, 31 August – 04 September 2015, Taipei, Taiwan

resulting from cracking of the rock structure and mechanicaldamage, though there may be other causes. Holes are very
circular, small holes of approximately 5mm Ø, which enter
into the plaster layer and generally do not reach the substrate.
Incised graffiti is inscriptions and drawing incised into thesurface of the painting, affecting the paint layer, ground andplaster layer.

Following this method, we created thirteen base maps.

Figure 10. Image merging process 7: Applying the "Warp" toola. Biological activity

b. Deposition of dark materialc. Structural cracking
d. Spalling
Figure 12. Photos of rock layer deterioration
Figure 11. Finished photograph merged five images
3.5 Condition assessment and recording of mural paintings
After creating the base maps, the conditions of the mural
paintings were recorded on the OHP sheets on the printed basemaps. The mural paintings in the Üzümlü church are composedof three layers: rock layer, plaster layer and paint layer.
Therefore, we recorded the condition of each layer of a mural
painting as separated mural condition sheets. The identified
deterioration items in each layer are as follows.

a. Detachment of lower
plaster layera) Rock layer deterioration is identified by four items:
biological activity (Fig. 12-a), deposition of dark material(Fig. 12-b), structural cracks (Fig. 12-c) and spalling (Fig.
12-d). Biological activity is evidence of animal inhabitation
on rock, such as insects or spiders. Deposition of darkmaterial is deposit of dark brown or blockish material on thesurface of the rock. Structural cracks are large cracks thatrun through the body of the rock, caused by faulting.
Spalling is detachment of the rock on a small scale, inparallel to the surface of the rock.

b. Mechanical damagec. Cracking
d. Holese. Incised graffiti
Figure 13. Photos of plaster layer deteriorationb) Plaster layer deterioration is identified by five items:
detachment of lower plaster layer (Fig. 13-a), mechanicaldamage (Fig. 13-b), cracking (Fig. 13-c), holes (Fig. 13-d)
and incised graffiti (Fig. 13-e). Detachment of lower plasterlayer is loss of adhesion between the lower plaster layer androck substrate, as assessed by visual evidence alone.
Mechanical damage is rupture of the painting stratigraphy
by human or animal action, causing a variety of damage
types: loss of the entire stratigraphy, revealing theunderlying rock substrate; loss of the paint layer, groundand part of the lower plaster layer, leaving the interior of thelower plaster layer exposed; loss of only the upper plasterground, leaving the surface of the lower plaster layer intact;deformation of the painting stratigraphy, which otherwise
remain intact. Cracking is that of plaster layer most oftenc) Paint layer deterioration is identified by ten items: smearing(Fig. 14-a), surface deposition (Fig. 14-b), dark grey veil
(Fig. 14-c), micro-losses (Fig. 14-d), grey spotting (Fig. 14e), original fixing (Fig. 14-f), biological deterioration (Fig.
14-g), superficial graffiti (Fig. 14-h), nail (Fig. 14-i) andpaint loss due to biological activity (Fig. 14-j). Smearing isdisplacement of the paint layer by mechanical action beyond
its original location, seen as a spreading of the paint acrossthe surface of the plaster. Surface deposition is deposition ofmaterial on the surface of the painting, such as mud frombirds' nests or from later construction in the church such as
mud plaster. Dark gray veil is veil extending over thesurface of the painting, dark gray in color, somewhat patchy,and of unclear origin. Micro losses are extremely small,

58
This contribution has been peer-reviewed. The double-blind peer-review was conducted on the basis of the full paper.

ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume II-5/W3, 2015
25th International CIPA Symposium 2015, 31 August – 04 September 2015, Taipei, Taiwan

rounded losses of the paint layer generally on the order of
0.5-1 mm Ø. Grey spotting is the faint, circular grey spots,
0.5-3 mm Ø, on the surface of the painting. Original fixing
is the trace of fixing that may be carried out almost at thesame period of mural painting depicted because the colorsof this part and around area of that are almost the same.
Biological deterioration is discoloration, generally dark gray,of certain areas of painting due to animal inhabitation.
Superficial graffiti is the graffiti applied to the surface of thepainting using a medium such as paint, ink or graphite. Nailis the part of nail on the paint layer. Paint layer loss due tobiological activity is loss of the paint layer due to the former
presence of birds' nests primarily which, when separated
from the painting surface, removed part of the paint layer.

a. Smearing

After recording the condition of deterioration of a layer, the
OHP sheet was scanned in order to make digital mural condition
sheets (Fig. 15). In the case that there were too many items torecord an OHP sheet, we used more than two OHP sheets torecord one layer. Using Adobe Illustrator, we traced the scanned
data with a pen tool. The traced deterioration places weredivided into different layers by each item of deterioration.
Therefore, one mural condition sheet can show the deteriorated
places of selected items in one layer. Then, the scale of muralcondition sheets was adjusted to 1/10, 1/15, 1/20, 1/25. As wechecked the deterioration of each layer of the mural paintings,
we produced 39 mural condition sheets and 13 photographs ofmural paintings for the digital heritage inventories. Figure 15 is
one of the examples of digital heritage inventories, which is thepaint layer deterioration of the ceiling in the nave.

b. Surface deposition

Figure 15. Scanned OHP sheet of plaster deterioration of theceiling in the narthexc. Dark grey veild. Micro-losses

e. Grey spotting

f. Original fixing

g. biological deteriorationh. Superficial graffiti

i. Nailj. Paint loss due to biological activity
Figure 14. Photos of paint layer deterioration

Figure 16. An example of digital heritage inventories:
Paint layer deterioration of the ceiling in the nave.

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This contribution has been peer-reviewed. The double-blind peer-review was conducted on the basis of the full paper.

ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume II-5/W3, 2015
25th International CIPA Symposium 2015, 31 August – 04 September 2015, Taipei, Taiwan

4.  CONCLUSION
In this paper, we suggested a new approach to develop a mural
painting database, using normal digital single-lens reflex camera
and tripod, measuring tools and standard digital image
processing software. Compared with conventional digital
documentation, our method can produce high-resolution images
at low cost, and with limited time and human resources.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid foryoung Scientists (B) Number 24760528.
REFERENCES
Rodley, L., 1985, Cave Monasteries of Byzantine Cappadocia,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: New York.
Thierry, N. et al., 1963. Nouvelles églises rupestres deCappadoce, région du Hasan Dagi : new rock-cut churches ofCappadocia, Klincksieck, Paris.
Taniguchi, Y. (ed.), 2015, Scientifics on Conservation forÜzümlü Church and its Wall Paintings in Cappadocia, Turkey,
Tsukuba, Japan.

60This contribution has been peer-reviewed. The double-blind peer-review was conducted on the basis of the full paper.

Ryo Higuchi, Tamaki Suzuki, Mina Shibata, Yoko Taniguchi, Murat Gülyaz, "Digital Non-metric
Image-based Documentation for the Preservation and Restoration of Mural Paintings: the Case ofÜzümlü Rock-hewn Church, Turkey," in Virtual Archaeology Review, 7 (14), pp. 31-42. (offprint)

Ⅱ-2

Virtual Archaeology Review, 7(14): 31-42, 2016
http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2016.4241© UPV, SEAV, 2015
Received: October 30, 2015
Accepted: March 7, 2016

DIGITAL NON-METRIC IMAGE-BASED DOCUMENTATION FOR THE
PRESERVATION AND RESTORATION OF MURAL PAINTINGS: THE
CASE OF THE ÜZÜMLÜ ROCK-HEWN CHURCH, TURKEY
Ryo Higuchia, , Tamaki Suzukib, Mina Shibatac, Yoko Taniguchid, Murat Gülyaze*aDepartment of Built Environment, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ward J3-28 Nasu Lab. in Tokyo Tech,
Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan. higuchi.r.ab@m.titech.ac.jpbAsia-Japan Research Center, Kokushikan University, Japan. suzuki.tamaki.0316@gmail.com

cdNational Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Tokyo, Japan. mina.shibata@gmail.com

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan. taniguchi.yoko.fu@u.tsukuba.ac.jpeNevşehir Museum, Turkey. murategulyaz@gmail.com

Abstract:
Digital photography is a valuable documentation technique for the preservation of a cultural heritage site because highresolution photography presents both general and detailed views of mural paintings and mural condition in a single
image. Advanced digital technology is particularly helpful for preserving and restoring mural paintings given that thepainting condition is recorded on high-resolution base maps shows how mural paintings are damaged by environmental
stresses, mechanical damages and inappropriate treatments, among others. In addition, photogrammetric software
technology is rapidly advancing and being applied to the digital documentation of mural paintings or rock art.
Nevertheless, human experience and investigation of mural paintings is indispensable for recording the condition ofmural paintings, and this highlights that every step of documentation conducted in situ is desirable. However, images byphotogrammetric software do not show sufficient resolution because most normal portable computers used on-site are
not usually sufficient. Based on our experience at the Üzümlü Church in Cappadocia, Turkey, we propose a new
approach to document mural conditions in situ for preservation and restoration. Our method is based on a comparison ofa non-metric but approximate high-resolution image with the actual mural paintings. The method does not require special
instruments and enables digital documentation of the mural condition in situ at a low cost, in a short time frame and using
minimal human resources.
Key words: digital documentation, photography, image processing, mural painting, rock-hewn church, Cappadocia
mural paintings as illustrations can overcome these
problems, but such representations do not accuratelyreflect the actual work of art given that they are usually
mediated by the interpretation of an illustrator.

1. Introduction
Documentation is one of the principal requirements forstudies of mural paintings. The iconographic or stylistic
analyses of mural paintings and the preservation andrestoration of these are based on data derived fromth
documentation. During the 20 century, the main
methods of documentation were analogue photography
and drawings. The former was disadvantageous due tothe fact that only a limited number of shots could be
captured because of the numerous heavy instruments
used. Additionally, although some murals are painted
over small areas, generally speaking photographing anentire painting is impossible with analogue technology. A
typical solution is the mosaicking of photographic shots,
but this approach presents high costs, entails long
periods and requires many human resources. Depicting*

The recent rapid development of digital photography has
expanded the possibilities of documentation primarily
through digital documentation. The digital camera has
paralleled, and in some cases exceeded, the quality ofan analogue camera because it produces detailed highresolution images (Allen & Triantaphollodou, 2010, pp.
279–280). It is easier to manipulate images on acomputer compared to photographs from an analogue
camera. Moreover, images on the computer can display
various kinds of data satisfying the user’s needs,
whereas analogue images cannot change their printed
form. In addition, photogrammetric software is rapidly
being introduced specifically for the documentation of

Corresponding Author: Ryo Higuchi, higuchi.r.ab@m.titech.ac.jp

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2016.4241
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HIGUCHI et al., 2016

mural paintings or rock art (Cerrillo-Cuenca et al., 2014;
Cosentino et al., 2011; Domingo et al., 2013; Ke et al.,2008). As Doneus et al. (2011) clarifed, digital
photogrammetry can provide an accuracy that is similar
to mid-range laser scanning devices.
However, digital photogrammetry of mural paintings has
an avoidable problem. Comprehensive documentation of
the mural condition usually consists of two steps: making
images of the mural paintings and depicting thecondition of the mural paintings on the images by naked
eye investigation, as done by Bayerova et al. (2011).
Documentation of images is best done at the highest
resolution possible, and every phase of digital
documentation in situ is desirable. Although digital
photography can be used with photographic apparatus,
laptop and printer, a high-quality digital photogrammetry
system still requires a high-performance computer(Koutsoudis et al., 2014). To address this problem, theNational Research Institute for Cultural Properties,
Tokyo, implemented several missions for the muralconservation project of the Ajanta Buddhist caves(Yamauchi 2013, 2014).
An important feature of recording the mural condition is
the high resolution of the images and the comparability
between the image and the actual mural paintings.
Metric data are not essential, and we therefore tried tomake the entire process of digital documentation basedon a non-metric approximate image in situ. We used ourrecent research project, the Üzümlü Church in
Cappadocia, Turkey (a UNESCO World Heritage site
since 1985), as an example. This method enabled us tomake a high-resolution image that is comparable to or
surpasses one taken by a multi-shot camera and in
addition has a low cost and uses limited humanresources. The digital documentation project was
conducted in cooperation with Nevşehir Museum, which
manages the cultural heritage sites in Cappadocia. Morethan 400 rock-hewn churches (Turkish Ministry of
Culture and Tourism, 1985, p. 22), including the Üzümlü
Church, can be found in Cappadocia (Fig. 1).

Figure 1: West façade of the Üzümlü Church

1969, p. 241). The lower story was composed of fivechambers (Fig. 3). It is unknown how these chambers
were originally used, but we labelled the threeconsecutive chambers (from west to east) as ‘Narthex’,‘Nave’ and ‘Apse’, following the method adopted inprevious studies (Rodley, 1985, p.184). Two otherchambers on the north side of nave and apse werereferred to simply as ‘Chamber 1’ and ‘Chamber 2’ (fromwest to east) because these are extra chambers that
may have been carved at a later period. The ceilingheights of these chambers were shorter than those of
the other three, and no murals were painted on theirwalls.

2. Overview of the Üzümlü Church
2.1. Location and architectural style
On the southern side of Aktepe, which is a rockmountain in the northern part of Cappadocia, are two
tourist routes from Ortahisar Village: Red Valley andRose Valley. The rock-hewn church of Üzümlü (üzümlü
is Turkish for ‘grape’) is located west of the middle crosspoint of Red Valley and Rose Valley (Fig. 2). We chose
this church as our first target for the preservation andrestoration of mural paintings in rock-hewn churches
because it exhibits typical Cappadocian deterioration
caused by environmental factors, rock composition,
seismic activity, and biological and human activities,
including vandalism.
The structure of the Üzümlü Church is a solitary conethat is approximately 12 m in the east–west direction andapproximately 8 m in the north–south direction. The
entrance to the church is a cut on the western façade of
the rock. In the past, another entrance was on thesouthern side; however, this entrance is now filled.
Although the church comprises two stories, the upper
floor was already inaccessible in the 1960s (Schiemenz,

32

Figure 2: Map of Turkey (A) and the study site (B & C).

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DIGITAL NON-METRIC IMAGE-BASED DOCUMENTATION FOR THE PRESERVATION AND RESTORATION OF
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The structures of the three main chambers are as
follows: Narthex is an imperfect rectangle that spans 1.7
m in the east–west direction and 1.8 m in the north–south direction; Nave is an imperfect rectangle thatspans 2.6 m in the east–west direction and 2.4 m in thenorth–south direction; and Apse is an ellipse with aminor axis of 1.8 m in the east–west direction and amajor axis of 2.4 m in the north–south direction. Narthex
and Nave are covered by a barrel vault, whereas Apse iscovered by a dome. Chamber 1 and Chamber 2 are
cuboid structures. Compared with the exposed rocksurface of the main chambers, those of Chamber 1 andChamber 2 are roughly excavated. This suggests thatthe former three chambers and the latter two wereconstructed using different techniques. Given thatdifferent excavation techniques were used for the mainand extra chambers and only the main chambers havemural paintings, Chamber 1 and Chamber 2 appear tohave never been painted.

can sufficiently shed light on this issue have been found.
Absolute dating methods, such as radiocarbon dating,are ineffective because mural paintings do not containbotanical materials, such as thatch. Previous absolute
datingistherefore
basedon
iconographic
characteristics.
Jerphanion dated the church as going back to theththiconoclast period, that is, the 8 to 9 centuries(Jerphanion, 1942, p.404). Schiemenz (1969), who was
the first scholar to treat the Üzümlü Church as a primaryresearch object, dated the church’s construction to be in
the 9th century after 863 A.D. His dating of the church
was based on his deduction that the saint painted on theeast wall of Narthex, which has now collapsed and isnearly invisible but was visible at that time, is Euthymios
the Younger, who died in 863. He interpreted a three-line
inscription ‘ΠΘ/ΥΜ/ΗΟϹ’, which is on the east side of
the saint, as ΕΥΘΥΜΙΟϹ (this is Euthymios in Greek
orthography) based on contemporary Byzantine Greek
writing and phonetic manners; he did not discuss which
Euthymios this referred to (Schiemenz, 1969, p. 242).
Conversely, Thierry (1981, p. 507) dated the mural
paintings to a slightly earlier period, specifically the latethth
7 century or early 8 century A.D., on the basis of
iconographic details, style of ornamentation andepigraphy. This argument remains inconclusive to thisday. For example, Alioglu et al. (2012) assumed thethchurch to be from the 10 century by its decorationth
programme, but Pelosi et al. (2012) supposed 6–7
century by its stylistic and technical characteristics. We
believe, similar to Rodley (1985: 189), that the saint on
the east wall of Narthex is not Euthymios the Younger
but possibly Euthymios the Great (ca. 377–473).
Therefore, Schiemenz’s dating, which did not consider
the earlier Euthymios, cannot be validated, but thethchurch seems to have been built at least during the 9
century A.D. This means it is one of the earliest phasechurches in Cappadocia and one of the few
representatives of the iconoclast period of Byzantine
churches.

(a)2.3. Previous documentation projects
The comprehensive documentation of the rock-hewn
churches in Cappadocia was first undertaken by
Jerphanion (1942) from the 1920s to the 1940s.
However, he regarded the Üzümlü Church as having
minimal importance. The first person to publish
photographs on the mural paintings of the church was
Budde (1958, fig 34), and a number of researchers,
including Schiemenz (1969), Thierry (1963, 1981) andRodley (1985), subsequently recorded and analysed theiconographic schemes of the paintings. The preliminary
measurement of the rock-hewn churches around
Cappadocia valley was conducted by a research teamled by Dr. Masaru Maeno, a professor affiliated with theTokyo University of the Arts in the early 1970s; during
this period, (unpublished) architectural drawings of theÜzümlü Church were made. Since the 1980s, no further
documentation has been undertaken, and the mural
paintings have been gradually damaged by physical,
environmental and biological elements.

(b)
Figure 3: The drawings of the Üzümlü Church: a) East-west(AA') section; b) Ground floor plan.

2.2. Dating of mural paintings
Although the Üzümlü Church was known at the time ofJerphanion (1942), who first systematically studied themural paintings in Cappadocia, he paid minimal attention
to this church. Schiemenz (1969) then identified theÜzümlü Church as the chapel of Niketas the Stylite, whois depicted in the mural painting on the east wall ofNave. Little information is available and known about thehistory of the church due to lack of historical records that

2.4. Location of the mural paintings
The mural paintings that were depicted until the 9
century can be seen on the following surfaces of thethVirtual Archaeology Review, 7(14): 31-42, 2016

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HIGUCHI et al., 2016church: the intrados of the arched entrance, the west,
south and east walls and the north arch and barrelvaulted ceiling in Narthex; the west, south and east walls
and the barrel-vaulted ceiling in Nave; the southeast walland the domed ceiling in Apse; and the transverse arch
between Narthex and Apse. All those surfaces weredepicted without flattening, i.e. murals are also on the
concave point. Although we assume that the intrados of
the transverse arch between Narthex and Nave may
have been covered with paintings, we cannot identify
any remnants of the murals because the lower part ofthis transverse arch collapsed, and its remains were
removed.

・ Digital single-lens reflex (SLR) camera (Canon EOS
60D).
・ Wide-angle lens (Canon EF-S10-22mm F 3.5-4.5
USM).
・ Tripod (Manfrotto 055 CXPRO3JP).
・ Laptop computer (Mac OS 10.9, 4-core Intel i7
processor at 2.30 Ghz, 8 GB of RAM and AMD
Radeon HD 6750M 1 GB GDDR5 SDRAM).
・ Laser digital distance meter (Leica Disto D210).
・ Measuring tape.
・ Adobe Photoshop CS6 and Adobe Illustrator CS6.

3. Documentation methodology
In this project, our aim was to provide a continuous
operation of digital documentation for preservation andrestoration of mural paintings in situ. Even though we
made inner and outer figures of the rock by threedimensional (3D) laser scanner, the results showed thattime and effort were needed for metric accuracy; in
addition, the laser scanner was difficult to operate for thewhole documentation process in situ. We therefore
prioritised the high resolution imagery over metricaccuracy because murals were depicted on a highly®
distorted surface. We used Adobe Photoshop software
due to its easeness for image processing and its
availability. These are very important factors that
efficiently and effectively advance the documentation ofa large number of Cappadocian churches.

3.2. Photography of the mural paintings
The mural paintings were photographed by mounting thecamera on a tripod horizontally and almost parallel toeach mural; then, the distance between the lens and amural painting was measured by the digital distancemeter. As this method was not intended to take metricdata, the distance did not require strict accuracy andpermited errors. Depending on the dimensions of themural painting, several shots were taken. Even when thecamera was moved horizontally or vertically, thedistance between the lens and the painting was kept
constant, and we ensured that each shot overlappedwith the photographs of adjacent areas. Although it
depends on the surroundings, a 10% overlap wasusually enough. This approach was designed toguarantee successful digital merging. Figure 4 is an
example of a merged photograph. In this example, four
photos (two rows of two shots) were taken of the wall
painting on the south wall in Nave.

Since the murals were painted on large surfaces of thewalls, the vaulted ceiling and dome and the small innerspace, capturing entire images in a single shot was
impossible. We solved this problem by photographing
the surfaces in several vertical and horizontal shots anddigitally merging the pieces into a single high-resolution
image with Adobe Photoshop. Although morphing of theimages was required in many cases, approximate
images that were comparable to the actual mural
paintings were sufficient as a base map, which was thephotograph that depicted the current condition of themural paintings. Details regarding mural condition wererecorded on the overhead projector transparent sheets(hereinafter OHP sheet) on the printed base map. Afterthe OHP sheets were digitalised, the condition of themural paintings was illustrated on the high-resolution®
base map by Adobe Illustrator . The documentation
generally proceeded in four steps:
1) Taking the shots of the mural paintings;
2) Measurement of the cave and location of thepaintings to transform those to be comparable to theactual mural paintings;

Figure 4: Concept of image merging (south wall in Nave).

3.3. Measurement

3) Image processing: merging photographs into asingle high-resolution image, warping the images andcreating the base map;

The measurement of the cave was based on thearchitectural plan created by Prof. Maeno in the 1970s
because no digital measurement data on this church
exist. Additional measurements of the distance between
some important figures and features were conducted tomorph the merged image being compared to the actual
mural painting. First, the heights and widths of the mural
paintings were measured using either a digital distancemeter or a measuring tape. The distance between4) Condition assessment and recording.

3.1. Instruments/programmes
We used the following instruments/programmes in our
research:

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DIGITAL NON-METRIC IMAGE-BASED DOCUMENTATION FOR THE PRESERVATION AND RESTORATION OF
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distinctive figures, such as saints, was also measured.
When we measured curved surfaces, such as the barrel
vault or dome, we also measured the inner radius ofthese to create an approximate planar image from thecurved surfaces (Fig. 5).

Figure 7: Choosing files to combine.
Figure 5: Conversion from curved surface to planar image.

3.4. Image processing
The photographs were merged into a single highresolution image using the ‘photomerge’ function of
Adobe Photoshop CS6. The merged image wasmanually morphed using the ‘warp’ function on the basisof the measurement data and resized to an approximate
scale. These images were then imported into Adobe
Illustrator CS6 to document the mural condition. Weusedthefollowingmergingandmorphing(photomerging) procedure within Adobe Photoshop CS6:

(a)

(b)

Figure 8: Photomerge examples: a) Successful
implementation; b) failed photo combination.

5) Set the guidelines for revision: Select <View> menu
and click <New Guide...>. Move the guides on the basisof the measured sites, as in Figure 9.

1) Read files (Fig. 6): Read the files to merge. Then
select <Automate> in the <File> menu. Click<Photomerge> and select <Add Open Files>.

Figure 9: Setting the guidelines.

6) Revise the photograph (Fig. 10): Select <Edit> menu
and click <Warp> from the <Transform> menu. Revise
the distorted areas of the merged photographs andadjust them to fit the approximate scale.

Figure 6: ‘Photomerge’ on the menu.

2) Merge files (Fig. 7): Check <Blend Images Together>.
Also check <Vignette Removal> and <Geometric
Distortion Correction> to reduce morphing time after
merging as we do not intend to make a metric image.
Click <OK>.
3) Check the edge of each of the images (Fig. 8): Upon
correct execution of the preceding steps, we checked
each end of the reading photographs.If it was wrong,morphed images would not fit each other (such as in Fig
8b). Lack of overlapping images usually induced thiserror.
4) Combine the layers: Select <Layer> menu and click<Merge Visible>.

Figure 10: Choosing the ‘Warp’ tool.

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HIGUCHI et al., 2016

7) Apply the transformation (Fig. 11): After completingthe transformation, click <Apply> in the window <‘Apply
the transform?’>

3.5.1.

Rock layer deterioration

Rock layer deterioration was identified on the basis offour factors: biological activity (Fig. 13a), deposition ofdark material (Fig. 13b), structural cracks (Fig. 13c) andspalling (Fig. 13d). Biological activity was evident by
animal (e.g. spiders, other insects) inhabitation on a
rock. Deposition of dark material pertains to a deposit ofdark brown or blackish material on the surface of a rock.
Structural cracks are large cracks that run through the
body of a rock and are caused by faulting. Spallingrefers to the small-scale detachment of a rock parallel tothe surface of the rock.
3.5.2.

Plaster layer deterioration

Plaster layer deterioration was identified on the basis offive factors: detachment of the lower plaster layer (Fig.
13a), mechanical damage (Fig. 13b), cracking (Fig. 13c),holes (Fig. 13d) and incised graffiti (Fig. 13e).
Detachment of the lower plaster layer is the loss ofadhesion between the lower plaster layer and a rocksubstrate, as assessed by visual evidence alone.
Mechanical damage refers to the rupture in painting
stratigraphy caused by human or animal activity. This
type of damage causes a variety of other harmful effects,
such as loss of entire stratigraphy; revealing an
underlying rock substrate; loss of the paint layer, groundand part of the lower plaster layer, thus leaving theinterior of the lower plaster layer exposed; loss of only
the upper plaster ground, which leaves the surface of thelower plaster layer intact; and deformation of painting
stratigraphy, which otherwise remains intact. Cracking
occurs on a plaster layer most often because of thecracking of the rock structure and mechanical damage,although other factors may cause such damage. Holes
are small highly circular holes of approximately 5 mm indiameter; these penetrate into a plaster layer but
generally do not reach a substrate. Incised graffiti areinscriptions and drawings inscribed onto the surface of apainting, thus affecting the paint, ground and plasterlayers.

Figure 11: Applying the ‘warp’ tool.

Figure 12 is an example of the image mosaic of thedome, which was merged from five images. Following
this method, we created 13 base maps with resolutionsof at least 300 ppi.

3.5. Assessment and documentation of themural condition
After creating the base maps, the condition of the mural
paintings was documented on OHP sheets on theprinted base maps. As every site has a different
component, specific conditions and unique problems
with the mural paintings, naked eye investigation wasnecessary to preserve and restore the art effectively.
The mural paintings in the Üzümlü Church arecomposed of three layers: rock, plaster and paint. We
recorded the condition of each layer of the mural
painting as a separate mural condition sheet. We
identified deteriorating items in each layer by naked eye
investigation. The following sections present detailed
explanations of this process.

Figure 12: Completed image mosaic from five merged images
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DIGITAL NON-METRIC IMAGE-BASED DOCUMENTATION FOR THE PRESERVATION AND RESTORATION OF
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(a)

(b)

(c)
(d)
Figure 13: Photos of rock layer deterioration: a) Biological activity; b) Deposition of dark material; c) Structural cracks; d) Spalling.

(a)

(c)

(b)

(d)

(e)

Figure 14: Photos of plaster layer deterioration: a) Detachment of lower plaster layer; b) Mechanical damage; c) Cracking; d) Holes;e) Incised graffiti.

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HIGUCHI et al., 2016

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

Figure 15: Photographs of paint layer deterioration: a) Smearing; b) Surface deposition; c) Dark grey veiling; d) Micro-losses; e) Grey
spotting; f) Original fixing; g) Biological deterioration; h) Superficial graffiti; i) Nail; j) Paint loss due to biological activity.

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3.5.3.

Paint layer deterioration

Paint layer deterioration was identified on the basis of 10
factors: smearing (Fig. 14a), surface deposition (Fig.
14b), dark grey veiling (Fig. 14c), micro-losses (Fig.
14d), grey spotting (Fig. 14e), original fixing (Fig. 14f),
biological deterioration (Fig. 14g), superficial graffiti (Fig.
14h), nail (Fig. 14i) and paint loss due to biologicalactivity (Fig. 14j). Smearing is the mechanically induced
displacement of a paint layer beyond its original location,
seen as a spreading of paint across a plaster surface.
Surface deposition pertains to the deposition of materialon the surface of a painting; examples of materials are
mud from birds’ nests or from later construction inchurches (mud plaster). Dark grey veiling is theappearance of a veil that extends over the surface of apainting. The veil is dark grey, somewhat patchy and of
unclear origin. Micro-losses are the extremely smallrounded losses of a paint layer generally on the order of
0.5–1 mm diameter. Grey spotting is the occurrence of
faint circular grey spots (0.5–3 mm diameter) on thesurface of a painting. Original fixing refers to traces offixing that may have been carried out almost at the same
period of mural painting depiction because the colours
characterising this section and its surrounding area arealmost the same. Biological deterioration is the dark grey
discoloration of certain areas of a painting and is causedby animal inhabitation. Superficial graffiti refers to graffiti
applied to the surface of a painting using a medium,such as paint, ink or graphite. A nail is the part of a nailon a paint layer. Paint layer loss due to biological activity
is the loss of a paint layer because of the presence ofbirds’ nests. When materials from the nests are
separated from a painting surface, part of the paint layer
is removed.

Figure 16: Scanned OHP sheet of plaster deterioration on theceiling in narthex.

which are impossible to bring in situ. For instance,
Koutsoudis et al. (2014) used a computer systemequipped with an 8-core Intel i7 processor at 3.50 Ghz,
32 GB of RAM and a NVidia Geforce GTX580 3 GB
RAM graphics card running Microsoft Windows 7 64-bit
for making a 3D model by Agisoft PhotoScan(Koutsoudis et al., 2014), which is one of the majorcommercial photogrammetric software. This 3D model
would be possible to use as a base map due to its highlevel of detail; however, the process requires
specifications that are too high for laptop computers(PhotoScan Agisoft, 2016). For example, the muralconservation project by the National Research Institutefor
Cultural
Properties,
Tokyo,
dividedthedocumentation process into work in situ and tasks that
require high-performance computers in Japan andconducted each work and task alternately. They required
several missions on site (Yamauchi 2013, 2014).
Additionally, they used orthoprojection images forrecording, which are difficult to use in Cappadocian
churches, including Üzümlü Church, because usuallymurals are depicted on distorted and sometimes
concave surfaces.

After the state of layer deterioration was documented, an
OHP sheet was scanned to create a digital muralcondition sheet (Fig. 16). In cases where the number of
items was too large for these to be recorded on an OHP
sheet, we used more than two OHP sheets to document
one layer. Using Adobe Illustrator, we traced thescanned data with a pen tool. The traced deteriorationsites were divided into different layers according to each
item of deterioration. Therefore, each mural condition
sheet can show the deterioration sites of selected items
when a pdf file is created and viewed via pdf viewer
software. The approximate scale of the mural condition
sheets was then adjusted to 1/10, 1/15, 1/20 and 1/25.
As we checked the deterioration of each layer of themural paintings, we produced 39 mural condition sheets
and 13 image mosaics of the mural paintings for thedigital heritage inventories. An example is Fig. 17, whichshows the paint layer deterioration of the ceiling in nave.
All the digital inventories of the printed versions(Taniguchi 2015) that we created are available forviewing in Appendix 3 at the following webpage address:
http://rcwasia.hass.tsukuba.ac.jp/kaken/contents/content%20images/0_20150723_uzumlu_2014_final_s.pdf.

We do not deny the importance and effectiveness ofusing photogrammetry in the preservation andrestoration of mural paintings. However, taking into
account that naked eye investigation is indispensable forthe preservation and restoration of mural paintings, thispaper reports on a coherent operation of documenting
mural paintings in situ. We agree existing problems canbe solved by developing specific computers andphotogrammetric software. However, we show theusefulness of digital documentation based on non-metricimages at the present time.
In addition to our project objective carried out in theÜzümlü Church, the Nevşehir Museum is responsible formanaging cultural heritage sites in Cappadocia.
However, the large number of these sites is beyond thecurrent management system's capability. Meanwhile, thetourist volume continues to increase, exerting
progressive stress on each site. In such situations, as
Tsumura (2006) pointed out, the idea is to transform theconcept of mural painting preservation from stopping
deterioration regardless of how unreasonable this may
be to recording the deterioration itself. Our method may
facilitate future preservation and restoration projects in
the region given that it enables the documentation of thesite conditions and requires limited human resources
and instruments.

4. Comparison to previous methods
With the above-described method, we successfully
documented the condition of the mural paintings inÜzümlü Church with non-metric images. Althoughconducting all steps of documentation in situ is desirable
for efficient documentation of the mural condition, it isstill impossible to create high-resolution images byphotogrammetry without high-performance computers,

Virtual Archaeology Review, 7(14): 31-42, 2016

69

39

HIGUCHI et al., 2016

Figure 17: Example of digital image-based documentation of paint layer deterioration on the ceiling in nave

40

Virtual Archaeology Review, 7(14): 31-42, 2016

70

DIGITAL NON-METRIC IMAGE-BASED DOCUMENTATION FOR THE PRESERVATION AND RESTORATION OF
MURAL PAINTINGS: THE CASE OF THE ÜZÜMLÜ ROCK-HEWN CHURCH, TURKEY
images at low cost, in short time frames and with limited
human resources.

5. Conclusion
This paper summarises the procedure of digital nonmetric image-based documentation of mural paintings inÜzümlü Church as a demonstration of our proposed
approach. Each of the processes, the photographing of
the mural paintings, the image processing of the shots
and the description of mural condition was accomplishedwith the help of simple tools, such as a typical digital
SLR camera, tripod, measuring tools, standard laptop
computer and Adobe software. The images are nonmetric and approximate but can be compared with actual
mural paintings; therefore, the approach enables digital
documentation for preservation and restoration of mural
paintings in situ. This approach is expected to contributeto further documenting preservation and restoration
projects in Cappadocia and elsewhere. Compared withconventional digital documentation and despite being
non-metric, our method can produce high-resolution

It is worth noticing that our method is an approximate
one and does not address the metric accuracy problem.
As we stated, we regard this method as a transitional
one until laptop computers can run the photogrammetricsoftware in situ. However, in a next step we should
compare our images with accurate metric images
undertaken by photogrammetry and clarify theiraccuracy for effective transitioning from ours to aforthcoming method.

Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the JSPS KAKENHI Grantin-Aid for young Scientists (B) under Grant Number
24760528; and the JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for
Scientific Research on Innovative Areas under Grant
Number 24101014.

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42

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吉岡瑞穂，伊庭千恵美，谷口陽子，小泉圭吾，渡辺晋生，朴春澤，佐野勝彦：カッパドキア岩窟教会外
壁の劣化抑制に関する研究－現地の環境計測による劣化要因の推定－，日本文化財科学会第33 回
大会研究発表要旨集，pp.260-261，
2016.6（転載）Ⅱ-3

カッパドキア岩窟教会外壁の劣化抑制に関する研究－現地の環境計測による劣化要因の推定－
(QYLURQPHQWDOPRQLWRULQJIRUVXSSUHVVLRQRIGHWHULRUDWLRQRID
URFNKHZQFKXUFK&DSSDGRFLD吉岡瑞穂（京都大学）、◯伊庭千恵美（同左）、谷口陽子（筑波大学）、小泉圭吾（大阪大学）、
渡辺晋生（三重大学）、朴春澤（ハイテック(株)）、佐野勝彦（(株)ディアンドディ）
Mizuho YOSHIOKA, ◯Chiemi IBA (Kyoto Univ.), Yoko TANIGUCHI (Univ. of Tsukuba),
Keigo KOIZUMI (Osaka Univ.), Kunio WARANABE (Mie Univ.), Chunze PIAO (Hytec Inc.),
Katsuhiko SANO (D&D Corp.) 背景・目的 カッパドキアはトルコ中央部に位置する奇岩地帯であり、凝灰岩を掘削して造られた岩窟教会が多数現存する。本研究で対象としているウズムル教会（聖ニキタス教会、７世紀末に造成と推定）もその岩窟教会の  つであり、内面に壁画を有している。図  に教会外観を示す。同教会においては、表面の剥離・粉化や亀裂などといった凝灰岩壁体の劣化が顕著であり、また壁画にも亀裂や剥離などの損傷が及んでいる。教会外壁に関しては凍害などの水分による劣化が激しいと考えられており、その抑制策として壁体外気側表面に撥水剤を塗布する手法が検討されている。
しかし、地下水の吸い上げなど表面以外から壁体へ浸入した水分が撥水剤により移動を阻害され、壁体内部に蓄積しその場で凍結するなど、現在とは異なる場所での劣化を誘発するおそれがある。
そのため壁体への水分供給経路を十分に検討する必要がある。
 本報では、現地周辺の気象環境と土壌水分量のモニタリング、および現地の気象データを用いた熱水分移動解析を行い、壁体への水分供給源と外壁の水分劣化の主要因の推定を行った。
 計測概要 
 周辺環境から壁体へと供給される水分の経路としては、地下水の吸い上げ、降雨、そして壁体表面での結露が考えられる。これらを検討するため、教会周辺の気象と教会壁体の地下部分の水分状態を測定した。図 、 に気象ステーションと温湿度ロガー、および土壌ポテンシャル計、
土壌含水率計の設置個所を示す。
図  教会外観

図  教会平面図と機器設置個所



73


図  機器設置深さ 計測結果
i) 地下水の吸い上げ
 図 4 に 2014 年 9 月から 2015 年 4 月における日向・日
陰両側の教会壁体地下 50mm、300mm 地点の水分ポテン
シャルを示す。9 月は両側で 50mm の方が 300mm よりも水分ポテンシャルが低い。その後 11 月には 50mm の方が高くなり、12 月を過ぎると深さ方向での違いはほぼ見ら

図 4 水分ポテンシャル変動

れない。この結果より、地中の水分は秋冬期にかけて、気温が高い 9 月を除き概ね下方に移動すると考えられる。
また壁体の不飽和透水係数[1]を考慮して 9 月の吸い上げ量を求めると、その値は最大でも 2.0×10-16 kg/m2s 程度の非常に小さな値となる。よって地盤から壁体への水分供給は非常に小さく、外壁撥水処理を行った場合でも壁図 5 降雨・結露による水分供給量

体内に水分が蓄積することはほぼないと考えられる。
ii) 降雨・結露 教会外壁の表面温度は機器による測定を行っていない。
そこで日射を考慮した外壁の三相系一次元熱水分解析[2]を行い、北向き垂直外壁の表面温度および表面飽和絶対湿度から結露による水分供給量を求めた。結露水の流下は考慮していない。図 5 に外気側表面での結露による水図 6 降雨時の風速の相対度数分布

分供給量（解析値）と降雨量（実測値）の 10 分積算値の経時変化を示す。期間中の積算供給水
分量では降雨が結露による供給の約 9.8 倍であったが、供給時間を比較すると結露による供給が降雨の約 14 倍となった。また結露による供給は夜間（特に日の出前）において顕著であった。
これは日没後から日の出前においては壁体の夜間放射によって壁体表面温度が外気温を下回るためである。室内側では結露による水分供給は見られなかった。
i) ii)より、壁体への水分供給経路は主に外気側表面を通じたものであることがわかる。これは壁体の外気側表面において剥離・粉化などの劣化が激しいという現地での観察結果と矛盾しない。
供給量のみを見れば降雨が水分の主供給源であると考えられるが、結露による供給は期間が長く、また凍害が生じやすい夜間に発生するため、壁体の劣化を考えるうえで無視できない。
また図 6 に降雨時の風速の相対度数分布、累積度数分布を示す。降雨時の 90％の時間で風速はほぼ 2m/s 以下と小さいことから、雨滴が壁体に衝突する際の風の影響は小さいと考えられる。
以上の結果をもとに、外気側表面への撥水剤処理が有効であると判断し、現地で試験的な塗布処置を開始した。
 まとめ 本報では現地周辺の気象環境のモニタリングおよび土壌水分量の計測と、その結果を用いた壁体の一次元熱水分解析を行い、壁体への水分供給源および外壁の水分劣化の主要因の推定を行った。その結果、地下水の吸い上げは少なく、壁体への主な水分供給源は外気側での表面結露およ
び雨水であることが推定された。今後は気象と土壌水分量に加えて、塗布処置の経過を観察する。
＜謝辞＞本研究の一部は JSPS 科学研究費補助金（24101014 及び 15K21092）の助成を受けたものです。ここに記して謝意を表します。
＜参考文献＞[1] 吉岡瑞穂、伊庭千恵美、渡辺晋生、鉾井修一：カッパドキア岩窟教会外壁での表面処理による劣化抑制に関する研究－現地凝灰岩の熱水分物性と秋冬期における表面処理の影響―、日本建築学会近畿支部.2016[2] 松本衛，馬沙：地盤の凍結と融解過程の解析に関する研究，日本建築学会論文集，第 482 号，pp.25-34，1996.4

74吉岡瑞穂，伊庭千恵美，渡辺晋生，鉾井修一：カッパドキア岩窟教会外壁での表面処理による劣化抑制に関する研究－現地凝灰岩の熱水分物性と秋冬期における表面処理の影響－，
日本建築学会近畿支部研究報告集，第56 号・環境系，
pp.237-240，
2016.6（転載）Ⅱ-4

平成28 年度日本建築学会
近畿支部研究発表会

カッパドキア岩窟教会外壁での表面処理による劣化抑制に関する研究－現地凝灰岩の熱水分物性と秋冬期における表面処理の影響―
正会員 ○吉岡瑞穂*1 同 伊庭千恵美*2 非会員 渡辺晋生*3 正会員 鉾井修一*4
4.環境工学―9.湿気―ｆ.熱水分移動解析
凍結破砕, 文化財保存, 表面処理, 熱水分同時移動
1.

法では一定温度(23℃)のもとで、相対湿度 11.3%、33％、

本研究の目的及び概要
カッパドキアはトルコ中央部に位置する奇岩地帯

53％、75％、85％、94％における容積基準の平衡含であり、初期キリスト教徒によって凝灰岩を掘削し水率�� を測定した。測定結果をもとに、相対湿度と温度によって定まる水分化学ポテンシャル�と平衡て造られた岩窟教会が多数現存する。この保存に関[1]して壁体や内部壁画の劣化が深刻な問題である 。

含水率の関係を式(1)で近似した。測定結果と式(1)の岩窟教会外壁の劣化要因として、凝灰岩内部でのグラフを次頁図 1、2 に示す。なお本報では吸放湿履
歴は考慮していない。

凍結破砕などの水分による劣化が挙げられる。この抑制策として、水分浸入の防止を主眼に置いた表面処理剤の塗布が検討されている[2]。しかし既報[3]で述 ��
べた通り、外壁内部の熱水分移動性状の変化や塗布

2.2.

箇所での劣化の発生や進行が懸念される。

(1)

液相水分伝導率

検討対象である教会の西壁を構成する凝灰岩を対

本研究はカッパドキアのレッドバレーに位置する

象として、ディスク浸潤計を用いて飽和透水係数����ウズムル教会を対象として、表面処理剤の塗布が教を測定した[6]。測定は異なる水圧条件で 3 回実施し、会外壁内部の熱水分移動と分布性状に与える影響の平均値から Ksat=1.037×10-4 [m/s] を得た。この結果を解明を目的とする。本報では現地凝灰岩の熱水分に用いて液相水分伝導率の推定を行った。

関する移動係数の実測結果から各移動係数の水分依

水分化学ポテンシャル勾配に対する不飽和液相水存性を推定し、それらを用いて現地気象下における分伝導率��� ���については、Van Genuchten の作成した教会外壁の水分移動・蓄積の性状を検討した。

土壌の不飽和透水係数を推定するモデル[7]を参考に、

飽和にごく近い領域で急激に値が増加するという多現地凝灰岩の熱水分物性の推定

孔質材料の性質を考慮して液水の飽和度 S を変数と検討対象を構成する凝灰岩の熱水分移動に関するする式(2)で与えた。次頁図 3 、4 に式(2)で与えられ物性値として、実験室で平衡含水率関係を、現地でた不飽和液相水分伝導率と水分量との関係を示す。

飽和透水係数と熱伝導率の測定を行った。また測定

ただし式(2)の適用範囲は� � �1.0 � 10�� [J/kg]であ

結果に基づき、不飽和時の液相水分伝導率と、熱伝り、�がそれより大きい場合は式(3)で表される飽和液

導率の水分依存性を推定した。
2.1.

0.2316
0.6936�
2.9��6 � ��.��������.���� 1.0 � � �����.����

ただし� � ����� ����が不十分な箇所からの水分の浸入によって、新たな

2.

��� �

相水分伝導率��� ��� を用いる。

平衡含水率�.����� �
�
1
��
� ���
�.��������� � �� ���� � �1 � �1 � �

多孔質材料はおよそ 95％以上の高湿度域において
平衡含水率の変化が著しく大きくなる。本報では相対湿度が 95％以下の低湿度域ではデシケータ法[4]を、 ��

95％以上の高湿度域では砂柱法[5]および水分ポテン

シャル測定装置 WP4 を用いて測定した。デシケータ� ��� � ���� ��

2.3.

熱伝導率

�

(� � �1.0 � 10�� [J/kg]のとき)

(2)
(3)

熱伝導率の測定は現地にて行った。試験体として教Prevention against deterioration by water using surface finishing to Rock-hewn Churches in Cappadocia
YOSHIOKA Mizuho, IBA Chiemi, WATANABE Kunio and HOKOI Shuichi
75会近傍の凝灰岩体と教会の床、西側壁体、北東側壁
体の 4 つを選定し、各々自然乾燥状態と液水をかけて比較的含水率を高くした状態の 2 条件下で、熱特性計（DECAGON 社 KD2 PRO）を用いて測定した。
測定結果を表 1 に示す。試験体ごとのばらつきが図 1 相対湿度と大きいが、いずれの試験体についても自然乾燥状態

容積基準含水率の関係

よりも高含水状態において熱伝導率が大きくなる。

図 2 水分化学ポテンシャルと容積基準含水率の関係

これは水分の浸入によって空隙内の空気の一部がより熱伝導率の大きい水に置き換わったこと、また水分が岩石粒子間に架橋を形成することで熱が伝わりやすくなったことが原因であると考えられる。
表 1 熱伝導率測定結果

図 3 水分化学ポテンシャルと 図 4 容積基準含水率と熱伝導率 [W/mK]

岩体

床

西壁

北東壁

自然乾燥

0.246

0.263

0.197

0.139

高含水

0.488

0.535

0.509

0.55

液相水分伝導率の関係

液相水分伝導率の関係

図 5 容積基準含水率と図 6 容積基準含氷率と土壌物理学の分野では、多孔質材料である土壌の熱伝導率の水分依存性を示す式として、Campbell の式が提案されている[8]。Hannson ら（2004）はこれを凍土に拡張した式を与えている

熱伝導率の関係[9][10]（凍結が生じていない場合）。本報はこの拡張

モデル[9]を用いて熱伝導率の水分依存性を推定した。
実測値は自然乾燥状態と高含水状態を各々平衡含水率 0.004、0.2（飽和度 0.008、0.43）にあたる状態とみなし、4 か所の平均値を推定に用いた。空隙内に氷と液水が共存している場合の実測値は得られていな
いため、空隙が氷で飽和している場合の熱伝導率を
氷と固体実質部の熱伝導率を各体積率で重みづけした加重平均に等しいと仮定して求め、この値を推定
熱伝導率の推定式を式(4)に、図 5 と 6 に実測値と式（4）のグラフを示す。߰୵ は水蒸気を含めた水分量

で、߰௪ ؄ ߰௟ である。また F は水と氷の熱伝導率の違いに基づく係数である。図 5 は凍結が生じていない

ときの液水の含水率と熱伝導率の関係を、図 6 は空隙内に含まれる水分が全て凍結したときの含氷率とെሺͲǤͶ͹ʹ െ ͲǤͳͻͺሻ݁‫݌ݔ‬ሼെሾͺǤͶͻͷሺ߰௪ ൅ ‫߰ܨ‬௜ ሻସ ሽ

（空隙内水分がすべて凍結時）

3.

表面処理剤の材料内凍結性状への影響の解析

3.1.

計算モデル

計算モデルの概要を図 7に示す。厚さ 1000mm の凝灰岩単一層からなる垂直外壁を検討対象とし、一次元の熱水分同時移動解析を行う。現地気象条件下において外気側での表面処理が壁に用いた。

熱伝導率の関係を表す。
ߣ ൌ ͲǤͶ͹ʹ ൅ ͲǤʹͶͳሺ߰௪ ൅ ‫߰ܨ‬௜ ሻ

熱伝導率の関係

体外気側表面近傍の水分分

⽇射

外気

降⾬
空気の対流に
よる熱伝達
⼤気放射

壁体

室内

表面処理
計算方向

空気の対流・
放射による熱伝達

⽔蒸気

⽔蒸気
壁体の
⻑波⻑放射

反射⽇射
地⾯の
⻑波⻑放射

地面

図 7 現地環境を想定した計算モデル

布性状に与える影響に着目して検討する。
3.2.

基礎方程式[11]壁体内部の熱水分移動は、各相の水分状態を考慮した式(5)から(7)に示す三相系の熱水分同時移動方程式
を用いて計算する。水分移動の駆動力は水分化学ポ
テンシャルߤを用いる。本報では重力を考慮しない。

(4)【水分収支式】

ただし ‫ ܨ‬ൌ ͳ ൅ ͳ͵ǤͲͷ߰௜ଵǤ଴଺߲߲ߤ߲ߩ௜ ߰௜߲ߩ௟ ߰௟ ߲ߤ ߲ ᇱ ߲ܶൌ ൬ߣ൰ ൅ ൬ሺߣᇱ ఓ௚ ൅ ߣᇱఓ௟ ሻ ൰ െ(5)߲ߤ ߲‫் ݔ߲ ݐ‬௚ ߲‫ݔ‬
߲‫ݐ‬
߲‫ݔ‬
߲‫ݔ‬

76

3.5.

【エネルギー収支式】
ܿߩ߰

各 Case について、2014 年 9 月 4 日から 2015 年 1߲ܶ ߲߲ܶൌ ൬ߣ ൰
߲‫ݔ߲ ݔ߲ ݐ‬൅‫ܪ‬௚௟ ൜

計算結果

月 1 日まで数値解析を行った。図 8 に計算期間の外(6)߲ ᇱ ߲߲߲ܶߤ߲ߩ௜ ߰௜൬ߣ൰ ൅ ൬ߣᇱఓ௚ ൰ൠ ൅ ‫ܪ‬௟௜߲‫ݐ‬߲‫் ݔ‬௚ ߲‫ݔ‬
߲‫ݔ‬
߲‫ݔ‬

気・室内温度を、図 9 に外気と室内の相対湿度と 10
分間降水量を示す。

ただしܿߩ߰ ൌ ܿ௜ ߩ௜ ߰௜ ൅ ܿ௟ ߩ௟ ߰௟ ൅ ܿ௕ ߩ௕ ߰௕【結氷条件式】

3.3.

ܶߤ ൌ ‫ܪ‬௟௜ ሺ ሻ
ܶ௞

計算条件

(7)

外気側と室内側の境界条件は、ウズムル教会近傍
図8の外気と室内空気の温度と相対湿度、日射量、降水2014 年 9 月-12 月 外気・室内温度量の測定結果を使用した。壁体内部の初期条件は、温度と相対湿度ともに各表面はそれぞれ外気、室内空気の初期値と等しいとし、内部を直線分布とした。
現地凝灰岩の熱水分物性値と移動係数は実測結果および 2.で推定した式を使用した。表 2 に本解析で使用した現地凝灰岩の物性値を示す。また境界面での

図9

熱水分流の計算に用いた係数は表 3 の通りである。

図 10 に Case1 での外気側表面温度と外気温、図 11

表 2 現地凝灰岩の物性値と移動係数から 13 に外気側表面、表面から 1mm、2mm、10mm

物性値値

乾燥密度 [kg/m3]

1400 湿気伝導率 [kg/msPa]

3.38×10-11

空隙率 [m3/m3]

0.47

式(2)(3)12 は各々Case1 での含水率と含氷率の変動、図 13 は式(4)Case2 での含水率変動である。

比熱 [J/kgK]

移動係数2014 年 9 月-12 月 外気・室内相対湿度(RH)と降水量

値

液相水分伝導率[kg/ms(J/kg)]

1200 熱伝導率 [W/mK]

平衡含水率[m /m ]3

3

まず Case1 に関して検討する。温度（図 10）は、式(1)表 3 境界面での計算に用いた係数
対流熱伝達率放射熱伝達率夜明け前等に外気側表面温度が外気温を下回るため、

湿気伝達率

表面結露の発生が懸念される。また含水率（図 11）と含氷率（図 12）は表面での変動が顕著である。凍外気8.6 [W/m K]-

0.0184室内空気

4.1 [W/m2K]

4.65 [W/m2K][kg/m2s(kg/kg’)]

日射反射率

日射吸収率

放射係数

壁体

-

0.8

0.9

地面

0.4

0.6

0.9

3.4.

における含水率、含氷率の計算結果を示す。図 11、

2結が生じる範囲は表面から 2mm までのごく浅い領域のみであった。含水率、含氷率のいずれも 11/25 午前の外気側表面で期間中最大となる。これは 24 日の日
没後より外気側表面の温度が低下して凍結が発生・計算 Case

表面処理を行わない北向き垂直壁を基準（Case1） 進行し、25 日の日の出後に日射を受けて表面温度がとし、現地での使用が検討されている含浸封孔剤の 上昇し氷が融解したためである（図 14 参照）。
塗布を想定した場合を Case2 とした。含浸封孔剤は、多孔質材料表面の微細孔に含浸して硬化し、塗布面

次に表面処理の影響について検討する。壁体内の含水率・含氷率の変動に関して、Case1 と Case2 で変の透湿性は損なわずに撥水性を高めるとされる。本化は見られない（図 11 と 13）。これは計算を行った

報では別途行われた推定から得られた、塗布表面か

秋期は現地環境下において外気や室内空気からの水ら 1.5mm までの透水抵抗を 3.3 倍、1.5mm から 3.5mm 分供給が少ないことと、そのために壁体が常に比較までの透水抵抗を 125 倍にするモデルを用いた[12]。 的乾燥していることが原因であると考えられる。外気と室内からの壁体に浸入する水分は空気中の水蒸

77

気と降雨、壁体表面での結露である。このうち表面

気象下における 9 月から 12 月にかけての壁体内水分処理剤が対象としているのは液水で浸入する降雨と移動・蓄積の性状を検討した。その結果、以下の事

結露であり、いずれも量・供給時間が小さい。乾燥項が明らかになった。

した壁体内部の水分量が増加し液相による水分移動▪ 現地において秋期は乾燥しており、大気中の水が支配的となる前に、供給された水分が表面で蒸発分や降雨による外壁への液水供給が少ない。

したため、含浸部分の撥水処理が内部の水分分布性▪ 壁体は表面を除いてほぼ常に乾燥した状態であ状に影響を与えなかったと考えられる。

るため、壁体内の液水移動は非常に小さい。
▪ 含浸封孔剤による表面処理は液水浸入の抑制が対象であるため、水蒸気での移動が主である期間では壁体内の水分分布性状に影響を与えない。
今後は融雪時期など湿潤な気候下における表面処理の影響を検討する。

記号 μ：自由水基準の水分化学ポテンシャル(=RvTlog(h)) [J/kg], T：
絶対温度 [K], h：相対湿度 [-], t：時間 [s], Rv：水蒸気の気体定数(=461.643) [Pam3/(kgK)], Tk：自由水の結氷温度(=273.16) [K], g: 重力加速度 [m2/s] c：比熱 [J/kgK], ρ：密度 [kg/m3], ψ：容積基準体積率[m3/m3], S：液水の飽和度 [m3/m3], λ：熱伝導率 [W/mK], λ’：水蒸気圧
勾配に対する湿気伝導率 [kg/msPa] , λ’Tg,λ’μg：温度勾配, 水分化学ポテ
ンシャル勾配に対する気相水分伝導率 [kg/msK], [kg/ms(J/kg)],
λ’μl：水分化学ポテンシャル勾配に対する液相水分伝導率[kg/ms(J/kg)],
Hls：水の融解潜熱 [J/kg], Hgl：水の蒸発潜熱 [J/kg]
添え字 g:水蒸気 l:液水 i:氷 b:材料実質部 w: 水分 sat: 飽和
謝辞
三重大学（当時）三輪睦実さんには凝灰岩物性値の測定に関して多図 12 Case1 含氷率変動
図 13 Case2 含水率変動
大なご協力を頂きました。筑波大学 谷口陽子准教授、大阪大学 小泉圭吾助教、ハイテック㈱ 朴春澤氏、㈱ディ・アンド・ディ 佐野
勝彦氏には、岩窟教会や含浸封孔剤について、貴重な助言を頂きました。また、本研究の一部は JSPS 科学研究費補助金（24101014 及び
15K21092）の助成を受けたものです。ここに記して謝意を表します。
参考文献[1] Topal, T.; V. Doyuran. Analyses of deterioration of the Cappadocian tuff,
Turkey. : Environmental geology, 1998, vol.34(1) p.5-20.
[2] La Russa, Mauro Francesco, et al. Cappadocian ignimbrite cavechurches: stone degradation and conservation strategies. Periodico di
Mineralogia. 2014, vol. 83(2), p.187-206.
[3] 吉岡瑞穂; 伊庭千恵美；鉾井修一. カッパドキア岩窟教会外壁で図 14 Case1 11/24 12:00 から 11/25 12:00 のの表面処理による凍結破砕防止に関する研究―表面処理剤が壁体内部の含氷率分布に与える影響の検討―.日本建築学会近畿支
外気温度と外気側表面の温度・含水率・含氷率
部.2015
4. 結論[4] 日本建築学会. 日本建築学会環境基準 AIJES-H001-2006 湿気
丸善, 2006, p.12-14.; p.38-44.
本報では表面処理剤の塗布が教会外壁内部の水分 [5] 物性に関する測定基準・同解説.
Dane J.H. and J.W. Hopmans, 2002. Water retention and storage. In
Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 4. Physical Methods. (J.H. Dane and
分布性状に与える影響の解明を目的として、現地凝G.C. Topp, Eds.) SSSA Book Series No.5. pp. 675-690.
灰岩の熱水分に関する移動係数を推定した。そして [6] Kirkham, M.B. 2005. Principles of soil and plant water relations.
Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington, MA.
それらを用いた現地気象下における教会外壁内部の [7] Van Genuchten, M. Th. A closed-form equation for predicting thehydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils. Soil Science Society of
1 次元熱水分同時移動解析を行い、以下の結論を得た。 America Journal .1980, vol.44 (5), p.892-898.
[8] Campbell, Gaylon S. Soil physics with BASIC: transport models for1) 熱水分物性 平衡含水率、飽和透水係数と熱伝導
soil-plant systems. 1985. Vol. 14, Elsevier,[9] Hansson, Klas, et al. Water flow and heat transport in frozen soil.
率の測定を行った。その結果から平衡含水率曲線、
Vadose Zone Journal. 2004. vol. 3(2), p. 693-704.
[10] 渡辺晋生; 取出伸夫; 坂井勝. 凍結をともなう土中の水分・熱・溶
不飽和時の液相水分伝導率と、熱伝導率の水分依存
質移動モデル (特集 水分・溶質移動モデル). 土壌の物理性. 2007.
106, p.21-32.
性を推定した。
[11] 松本衛，馬沙. 地盤の凍結と融解過程の解析に関する研究. 日本
1996, 第 482 号, p.25-34.
2）数値解析 1)の結果をもとに、検討対象の教会外 [12] 建築学会論文集.
福井一真；伊庭千恵美；鉾井修一. 防水・撥水剤の水分移動特性と建造物への適用可能性に関する研究.京都大学卒業論文.2015
図 10

Case1 外気・表面温度

図 11

Case1 含水率変動壁を想定した単一層垂直外壁モデルを作成し、現地＊1 京都大学大学院工学研究科 修士課程

Student, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University＊2 京都大学大学院工学研究科 助教・博士(工学)Asst. Prof., Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Dr.Eng.
＊3 三重大学大学院生物資源学研究科 准教授・博士(学術) Assoc. Prof.., Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Ph.D.
＊4 京都大学大学院工学研究科 教授・工博
Prof., Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Dr.Eng

78

Ⅱ-5

吉岡瑞穂，伊庭千恵美，鉾井修一：カッパドキア岩窟教会外壁での表面処理による劣化防止に関する研究－現地凝灰岩の熱水分物性と雨水浸入に対する表面処理の影響－，
日本建築学会学術講演梗
概集 D- Ⅱ，
pp. 411-412，
2016.8（転載）

カッパドキア岩窟教会外壁での表面処理による劣化防止に関する研究―現地凝灰岩の熱水分物性と雨水浸入に対する表面処理の影響―

熱水分同時移動
雨水

正会員○吉岡 瑞穂 1*

文化財保存
多孔質材料

表面処理

正会員

1.本研究の背景と目的
カッパドキアはトルコ中央部に位置する奇岩地帯であり、初期キリスト教徒によって凝灰岩を掘削して造られた岩窟教会が多数現存する。この保存に関して壁体や内部壁画の劣化が深刻な問題である[1]。
岩窟教会外壁の劣化要因として、凍害などの凝灰岩内部での水分による劣化が挙げられる。この抑制策として、
水分浸入の防止を主眼に置いた表面処理剤の塗布が検討されている[2]。しかし既報[3]で述べた通り、外壁内部の熱水分移動性状の変化や未塗布箇所からの水分の浸入によって、新たな箇所での劣化の発生や進行が懸念される。
本研究はカッパドキアのレッドバレーに位置するウズ
ムル教会を対象として、表面処理剤の塗布が教会外壁内部の熱水分移動と分布性状に与える影響の解明を目的とする。本報では現地凝灰岩の熱水分に関する移動係数の実測結果から各移動係数の水分依存性を推定した。また
それらを用いて教会外壁の計算モデルを作成し、現地気象下での教会外壁の水分移動・蓄積の性状を検討した。

伊庭 千恵美 2**

正会員

鉾井 修一 3***

含水率を高くした状態の 2 条件下で、熱特性計（DECAGON 社 KD2 PRO）を用いて測定した。その結果、いずれの試験体についても高含水状態の方が値が大きくなった。これらの実測値から、凍土を含めた土壌の
熱伝導率の水分依存性を示す Hannson らのモデル[8]を用いて、現地凝灰岩の熱伝導率の水分依存性を推定した。実測値は自然乾燥状態と高含水状態を各々飽和度 0.008、0.43 にあたる状態とみなし、4 か所の平均値を推定に用いた。空隙内に氷と液水が共存している場合の実測値は得られていないため、空隙が氷で飽和している場合の熱伝導率を氷と固体実質部の熱伝導率を各体積率で重みづけした加重平均に等しいと仮定して求め、この値を推定に用いた。熱伝導率の推定式を式(1)に示す。�� は水蒸気を含めた水分量で�� � �� である。図 3 は凍結が生じていな

いときの含水率と熱伝導率の関係を、図 4 は空隙内の水分が全て凍結したときの含氷率と熱伝導率の関係を表す。
� � ����� � �������� � ��� �������� � �������������������� � ��� �� �

2.現地凝灰岩の熱水分物性の推定
検討対象を構成する凝灰岩の平衡含水率・液水水分伝(1)

ただし � � � � �����������

導率・熱伝導率を測定した。
平衡含水率 �� は実験室において測定した。測定に関しては、相対湿度が 95％以下の領域ではデシケータ法 [4] を、95％以上の領域では砂柱法[5]および水分ポテンシャル測定
装置 WP4 を用いた。測定結果をもとに相対湿度と温度によって定まる水分化学ポテンシャル�と平衡含水率の関係を近似した。結果を図 1 に示す。本報では吸放湿履歴を考慮していない。
飽和液相水分伝導率��� ��� は、現地でディスク浸潤計を用

図 1 容積基準の平衡含水率曲線

図 2 液相水分伝導率

図 3 熱伝導率（凍結なし）

図 4 熱伝導率（すべて凍結）

いて測定[6]した飽和透水係数 Ksat=1.037×10-4 [m/s] を用いて 求 め た 。 不 飽 和 液 相 水 分 伝 導 率 ��� に つ い て は 、 Van

Genuchten の作成した土壌の不飽和透水係数を推定するモデル[7]を参考に、飽和にごく近い領域で急激に値が増加す

3.表面処理が壁体内部の熱水分移動に与える影響の検討
計算モデルの概要を図 5 に示す。厚さ 1000mm の凝灰るという多孔質材料の性質を考慮して液水の飽和度 S を岩単一層からなる北向き垂直外壁を計算対象とし、二次変数とする式で与えた。液相水分伝導率と水分化学ポテ

元の熱水分同時移動解析を行った。壁体内部の熱水分移

ンシャルの関係を図 2 に示す。

動の計算は、各相の水分状態を考慮した式(2)から(4)に示す三相系の熱水分同時移動方程式[9]を用いた。本解析では

熱伝導率λの測定は現地教会にて行われた。教会近傍の凝灰岩体と教会の床、西側壁体、北東側壁体の 4 つを試

重力を考慮していない。

験体として選定し、自然乾燥状態と液水をかけて比較的
Prevention against deterioration by water using surface finishing to Rock-hewn Churches in Cappadocia

79

YOSHIOKA Mizuho, IBA Chiemi,
and HOKOI Shuichi��� �� ��
��

��

���

��
��

�

�

�

�

��

��

��

��� �� � �
��

��

�

��

�

��

���′ �� � �′ �� � � ����� � � ��� �� ��� �� ��� ���� � ��� �������� �

��

�

��

��

��

��� ��
������� �� �� � ���

全 Case 中最も低い。この場合では、塗り残し部分が局所(2)
��� ��
���

的に劣化する恐れがある。
4.まとめ
本報では実測より現地凝灰岩の熱水分に関する移動係(3)数を推定した。またそれらを用いて教会外壁の計算モデ(4)ルを作成し、現地気象下での教会外壁の水分移動・蓄積

計算期間は 2015 年 1 月 1 日で、外気側と室内側の境界の性状を検討した。その結果、含浸封孔剤による表面処

条件は対象教会近傍の測定結果を使用した（図 6）。壁体

理は雨水の浸透抑制に効果的であるが、その範囲を検討

内部の初期条件は一次元の予備解析（計算期間：2014 年する必要があることが示唆された。

9 月 4 日－2015 年 1 月 30 日）により得られた温度分布と

記号 μ：自由水基準の水分化学ポテンシャル(=RvTlog(h)) [J/kg], T：絶対温度[K], h：相対湿度 [-], t：時間 [s], Rv：水蒸気の気体定数(=461.643) [Pam3/(kgK)],
Tk：自由水の結氷温度(=273.16) [K], g: 重力加速度 [m2/s] c：比熱 [J/kgK], ρ：
密度 [kg/m3], ψ：容積基準体積率 [－], S：液水の飽和度 [m3/m3], λ：熱伝導率[W/mK], λ’：水蒸気圧勾配に対する湿気伝導率 [kg/msPa] , λ’Tg,λ’μg：温度勾配,
水分化学ポテンシャル勾配に対する気相水分伝導率 [kg/msK], [kg/ms(J/kg)],
λ’μl：水分化学ポテンシャル勾配に対する液相水分伝導率[kg/ms(J/kg)],
Hli：水の融解潜熱 [J/kg], Hgl：水の蒸発潜熱 [J/kg]
添え字 g:水蒸気 l:液水 i:氷 b:材料実質部 w: 水分 sat: 飽和
謝辞 三重大学 渡辺晋生准教授、三輪睦実さん（当時）には凝灰岩物性値の測定と推定に関して多大なご協力を頂きました。筑波大学 谷口陽子准教授、大阪大学 小泉圭吾助教、ハイテック㈱ 朴春澤氏、㈱ディ・アンド・ディ
佐野勝彦氏には、岩窟教会や含浸封孔剤について、貴重な助言を頂きました。
また、本研究の一部は JSPS 科学研究費補助金（24101014 及び 15K21092）の助成を受けたものです。ここに記して謝意を表します。

相対湿度分布を用いた。現地凝灰岩の移動係数は 2.で推定した値を用いた。また境界面での熱水分流の計算に用いた係数を表 1 に示す。
計算 Case は、表面処理を行わない場合を基準（Case1）とし、現地での使用が検討されている含浸封孔剤を一様に塗布した状況を想定した場合を Case2、一部表面に塗り残しがある場合を Case3 とした（図 7）。含浸封孔剤は塗布表面から 1.5mm までの透水抵抗を岩体の 3.3 倍、1.5mm
から 3.5mm の透水抵抗を 125 倍にするモデルを用いた[10]。
図 8 に 2015 年 1 月 1 日の 13:00 と 15:00 における壁体内の含水率分布を示す。現地気象条件下において外気側
での表面処理が壁体外気側表面近傍の水分分布性状に与える影響に着目し、外気側表面から 5mm 深さまでの領域の水分分布を検討する。この日は 12 時から 20 時頃まで
断続的に降雨があった。いずれの Case においても 1mm
以深では含水率がほぼ変化していない。これは壁体内部が初期的に乾燥しており液相水分伝導率が小さかったためであると考えられる。Case1 では雨水が内部に徐々に浸透して、表面および 1mm 深さでの含水率が時間の経過とともに増加している。Case2 においても同様の傾向が見られるが、その変化は Case1 と比較して穏やかである。また
Case3 では未塗布箇所から液水が浸透しその部分の含水率が増加しているが、15:00 における表面全体での含水率は

参考文献[1] Topal, T.; V. Doyuran. Analyses of deterioration of the Cappadocian tuff,
Turkey. Environmental Geology, 1998, vol.34(1), pp.5-20.
[2] La Russa, Mauro Francesco, et al. Cappadocian ignimbrite cave churches:stone degradation and conservation strategies. Periodico di Mineralogia. 2014,vol. 83(2), pp.187-206.
[3] 吉岡瑞穂; 伊庭千恵美；鉾井修一. カッパドキア岩窟教会外壁での表面処理による凍結破砕防止に関する研究―表面処理剤が壁体内部の含氷率分布に与える影響の検討―. 日本建築学会近畿支部研究報告集 第55 号 環境系、pp. 289-292, 2015[4] 日本建築学会. 日本建築学会環境基準 AIJES-H001-2006 湿気物性に関する測定基準・同解説. 丸善, 2006, pp.12-14.; pp.38-44.
[5] Dane J.H. and J.W. Hopmans, 2002. Water retention and storage. In Methods ofSoil Analysis. Part 4. Physical Methods. (J.H. Dane and G.C. Topp, Eds.) SSSA
Book Series No.5. pp. 675-690.
[6] Kirkham, M.B. 2005. Principles of soil and plant water relations. Elsevier
Academic Press, Burlington, MA.
[7] Van Genuchten, M. Th. A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulicconductivity of unsaturated soils. Soil Science Society of America
Journal .1980, vol.44 (5), pp.892-898.
[8] Hansson, Klas, et al. Water flow and heat transport in frozen soil. Vadose Zone
Journal. 2004. vol. 3(2), pp. 693-704.
[9] 松本衛，馬沙. 地盤の凍結と融解過程の解析に関する研究. 日本建築学会論文集. 1996, 第 482 号, pp.25-34.
[10] 福井一真、伊庭千恵美、吉岡瑞穂、鉾井修一：防水・撥水剤が建築材
料内の水分移動・蓄積に与える影響 （その 1）―浸透系撥水剤の液相
水分伝導率―、日本建築学会近畿支部研究報告集 第 56 号 環境系、
2016

Case1

Case1
Case2
（処理なし） (一様塗布)

Case3(塗り残し)

図 7 計算 Case
表 1 境界面での計算に用いた係数

温度[℃]

図 5 計算モデル

Case2(一様塗布) Case3(塗り残し)

容積基準
含水率
[m3/m3]

図 6 1 月 1 日の気温・降水量*1 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 修士課程**2 京都大学大学院工学研究科 助教・博士（工学）***3 京都大学大学院工学研究科 名誉教授・工博

図 8 1 月 1 日の壁体内含水率分布（上が 13:00, 下が 15:00）* Graduate Student, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University**Asst. Prof., Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Dr. Eng.
*** Prof.Emeritus, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Dr. Eng.

80

M. Yoshioka, C. Iba, K. Watanabe, Y. Taniguchi, K. Koizumi, K. Sano and C. Piao: EFFECTS OF
WATER REPELLENT ON FROST DAMAGE IN OUTER WALLS OF ROCK-HEWN CHURCHES IN
CAPPADOCIA, TURKEY, Proceedings of the CESBP Central European Symposium on Building
Physics AND BauSIM 2016, pp. 277-284, 2016.9 (offprint)

Ⅱ-6

C-05-1 Effects of water repellent on frost damage in outer walls of rock-hewn churches in Cappadocia, Turkey

EFFECTS OF WATER REPELLENT ON FROST DAMAGE IN OUTER WALLS OF
ROCK-HEWN CHURCHES IN CAPPADOCIA, TURKEY
M. Yoshioka1, C. Iba1, K. Watanabe2, Y. Taniguchi3, Dr. K. Koizumi4, K. Sano5, C. Piao6
1
Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto university, Kyoto, Japan
2
Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie university, Tsu, Japan
3
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
4
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
5
D&D CORPORATION, Yokkaichi, Japan
6
HYTEC Inc., Osaka, Japanand improves the strength of the tuff. Surface
treatment as a method for preservation has been triedin other tuff constructions in Cappadocia. However,most of the trials were not effective in reducing therate of tuff erosion. In some cases, it has evenpromoted deterioration of the tuff (La Russa, 2014).
This study aims to evaluate the effects of waterrepellent surface treatment on ice and moisture
distribution in tuff structures in the actual
environment. To achieve this, the following
procedures were conducted in this study and are
discussed here:
Measurements and estimates of the heat andmoisture properties of Cappadocian tuff
Modeling and simulation of heat and moisturetransfer in the tuff wall of the church

ABSTRACTRock-hewn churches are common in Cappadocia,
many of which contain culturally valuable reliefs orwall paintings. However, their tuff structures easily
deteriorate, partly because of water infiltration andfreezing. Thus, application of water repellent
consolidant as a surface treatment is consideredeffective for preserving such structures. This study
examines the effectiveness of water repellent on thewater/ice distribution on the walls of a rock-hewn
church. After the heat and moisture properties of thetuff were surveyed, the heat and moisture transfer inthe walls were analyzed, with the results showingthat the moisture distribution in the walls depended
on the treated-area distribution.

INTRODUCTION

THE CHURCH AND ENVIRONMENT

Cappadocia in Turkey has a famous heritage of
unique landscapes, a historic past, and man-maderock structures. The region comprises extraordinarily
soft and fragile tuff, and erosion and weathering bywind, rain, and snow have produced this uniquelandscape. In addition, many rock-hewn churches,
which were originally carved by Christians there who
had escaped from the Roman Empire, containhistorically and culturally valuable reliefs or wall
paintings on their interior surfaces. These rocky sites
have been registered as a UNESCO World Natural
and Cultural Heritage site under the name GöremeNatural and Historical National Park (UNESCO
1985).
To preserve these rock-hewn churches, it is anurgent importance to prevent deterioration of both theinterior wall paintings and their tuff structures. Oneof the main factors contributing to deterioration ofthese structures seems to be water infiltration and theaccompanying frost damage.
We recently launched a research project at Üzümlü
Kilise (St. Nichlitas Church) in the Red Valley,
Cappadocia. The primary objective of the project is
to find a suitable method for prolonging the life of
tuff structures using water-repellent consolidant as asurface-finishing material. This method is expected
to delay the deterioration of tuff structures because it
controls moisture infiltration into the tuff envelopesÜzümlü ChurchÜzümlü Church (Fig. 1) is located in the Red Valley,
Cappadocia. It is estimated to have been originallyconstructed at the end of the seventh century. It hasretained the wall paintings in its rooms. Both the tuff
structure and paintings in this church exhibit various
deterioration phenomena such as severe cracking,wall embrittlement, and fading. In particular, theprogress of surface exfoliation or powdering is
strikingly advanced. This deterioration has beencaused by the environment, tectonic activity, andbiological and human activities, including vandalism.
The church has not been treated in the past; therefore,
it was selected for this case study (Taniguchi et al.
2015).
In this project, several types of alkoxysilane-based
water repellent with consolidation properties(Permeate® HS-360) were selected as the treatment
substance. When the surfaces of base materials aretreated, they attain the unique property that liquidwater is prevented from infiltrating the treated area
while vapor penetration is still allowed (Iba et al.
2016).
Local Climate
To clarify the environment around the church,meteorological data, indoor temperature, and relative277
81

C-05-1 Effects of water repellent on frost damage in outer walls of rock-hewn churches in Cappadocia, Turkey

methods and devices. At lower humidity levels(below 95% RH), seven specimens were placed into
individual desiccators in which different relative
humidity conditions were created. After the
specimens reached an equilibrium state, the weightwater content of each specimen was measured and its
mass water content was calculated (𝜓𝜓𝑙𝑙 ) [m3/m3]. In
this measurement, 𝜓𝜓𝑙𝑙 was measured at seven different
relative humidity values (11.3%, 33%, 53%, 75%,
85%, and 94%) at a constant temperature of 23°C.
At higher humidity levels (above 95% RH), thesand-pillar method (Dane & Hopmans 2002) and awater potential measuring device (WP4, Decagon)
were adapted to measure the water content.
Based on the results, the adsorption isotherm ofCappadocian tuff was estimated using Equation (1).
The water chemical potential is represented by 𝜇𝜇[J/kg], and the values of 𝜇𝜇 and m are given by
Equations (2) and (3), respectively. Hysteresis is nottaken into account in this paper.

humidity were monitored near the church. Figure 2
shows the outdoor and indoor temperatures andprecipitation at 10 minutes intervals from September
2014 to March 2015.
In September, the outdoor temperature wasrelatively high, although it sometimes dropped below
0°C during winter. However, based on previous
studies, we considered the critical temperature atwhich frost damage is induced in soil or rock to beapproximately −4°C. Such conditions were observed
only four times during the period under consideration,
which was less often than we had anticipated (Iba et
al. 2016).

𝜓𝜓𝑙𝑙 (𝑚𝑚) =0.69360.2316+2.9856 + 𝑒𝑒1.0703(𝑚𝑚−1.793) 1.0 + 𝑒𝑒 3(𝑚𝑚−1.793)

𝜇𝜇 = 𝑅𝑅𝑣𝑣 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇(ℎ)

Figure 1. Exterior of Üzümlü Church

𝑚𝑚 = log10 (−𝜇𝜇)

(1)
(2)
(3)

where
𝑅𝑅𝑣𝑣 : vapor content of air (= 461.643) [Pa·m3/(kg·K)],
T: absolute temperature [K],h: relative humidity [-]The relationship between the relative humidity andmoisture content is shown in Figure 3. In addition,
the relationship between the water chemical potential
and moisture content is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 2. Outdoor/indoor temperatures andprecipitation (September 2014–March 2015)

Liquid Water Conductivity
The saturated coefficient of permeability 𝐾𝐾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 wasmeasured in situ using a disk infiltrometer (Kirkham
2005). The tuff forming the west wall of Üzümlü
Church was used for the measurement. The
permeability 𝐾𝐾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 was measured at different waterpressure conditions. As a result, a 𝐾𝐾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 value ofapproximately 1.037 × 10-4 [m/s] was obtained.
In estimating the relationship between the waterchemical potential 𝜇𝜇 and unsaturated liquid water
conductivity 𝜆𝜆′𝑙𝑙 (𝜇𝜇𝜇[kg/ms (J/kg)], it was assumed thatin porous media 𝜆𝜆′𝑙𝑙 (𝜇𝜇𝜇 sharply increases when it isnearly saturated. The relationship between the waterchemical potential 𝜇𝜇 and liquid water conductivity
𝜆𝜆′𝑙𝑙 (𝜇𝜇𝜇 is shown in Equation 4, referring to the Van
Genuchten model (Van Genuchten 1980). When 𝜇𝜇 is
above −1.0 × 10−4 [J/kg], the tuff is treated as
saturated and 𝜆𝜆′𝑙𝑙 (𝜇𝜇) = 𝜆𝜆′𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 , as given by Equation 5.

MEASUREMENT OF
MATERIALPROPERTIES
To numerically analyze the characteristics of heatand moisture transfer in the tuff walls of the church,
it was essential to clarify the heat and moistureproperties of Cappadocian tuff.
In this paper, adsorption isotherms, liquid water
conductivity, and thermal conductivity of the tuff
were measured.
Adsorption Isotherms
The adsorption isotherms of many porous media
used for building material drastically increase inareas where the relative humidity is fairly high. In
consideration of this, the adsorption isotherm ofCappadocian tuff (𝜓𝜓𝑙𝑙 ) was measured using different

278
82

C-05-1 Effects of water repellent on frost damage in outer walls of rock-hewn churches in Cappadocia, Turkey

Here S represents the degree of saturation of the tuff,
as given by Equation 6.
0.03595 2
1115′ (𝜇𝜇)
0.03595
𝜆𝜆𝑙𝑙= 𝐾𝐾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑆 [1 − (1 − 𝑆𝑆)] ( )𝜆𝜆′𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝐾𝐾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 /𝑔𝑔(𝜇𝜇 ≥ −1.0 × 10−4 [J/kg])
S = 𝜓𝜓𝑙𝑙 /𝜓𝜓0

𝑔𝑔

(4)

(5)
Figure 6. Water content andliquid water conductivity(6)

where 𝑔𝑔 is the acceleration of gravity [m/s2] and 𝜓𝜓0 is
the porosity of the tuff [m3/m3].

Thermal Conductivity
The thermal conductivity of the tuff 𝜆𝜆 [W/mK] wasalso measured in situ. For this measurement, four
samples were selected: weathered tuff rock near the
church and in the floor, west wall, and northeast wallof the church. Each sample was measured using athermal properties meter (KD2 Pro, Decagon) under
two moisture conditions: naturally dry, and wet
owing to pouring water. This measurement was
performed for the purpose of estimating therelationship between the thermal conductivity andwater content of the tuff.
The results of the measurement are listed in Table 1.
Although the measured values varied widely among
samples, the thermal conductivity increased when
they were wet partly because air in the pores of thetuff was replaced by infiltrated moisture, whose
thermal conductivity is higher than that of air.
Moreover, it might be also considered that moisturein the pores formed a water film on the rock particles
and behaved as a thermal bridge. The tuff is so
fragile that it has difficulty forming in lab tests;
therefore, these results were used for estimation.

The relationship between the relative humidity andliquid water conductivity 𝜆𝜆′𝑙𝑙 (𝜇𝜇) is shown in Figure 5.
The relationship between the water chemical
potential 𝜇𝜇 and liquid water conductivity 𝜆𝜆′𝑙𝑙 (𝜇𝜇) is
shown in Figure 6.

Figure 3. Relative humidity and adsorption isotherm

Table 1
Measured thermal conductivity
Thermal conductivity
WestRock Floor[W/mK]walldry
0.246 0.263 0.197
wet
0.488 0.535 0.509

Northeast
wall
0.139
0.55

In the field of soil physics, Campbell (1985)
proposed an equation that estimates the relationshipbetween the water content and thermal conductivityof soil, which, like rock, is porous. Hannson et al.
(2004) then extended the equation to apply to frozen
soil. In this paper, Hannson’s model was adopted
with the measured data, shown in Table 1, used for
curve fitting. In this case, the dry and wet conditions
were considered to correspond to water contents of𝜓𝜓𝑙𝑙 = 0.004 and 0.2 [m3/m3], respectively. As there
were no data available for frozen rock, the average ofthe thermal conductivities of ice and tuff, which wasweighted by the porosity and volume content of thesolid part of the tuff, was calculated. Subsequently,

Figure 4.Water chemical potential
and adsorption isotherm

Figure 5. Water chemical potential
and liquid water conductivity

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and the obtained value was used for fitting as thethermal conductivity at a time when the tuff issaturated with ice.
Finally, the relationship between the thermal
conductivity and water content of the tuff is given by
Equation 7. In this equation, F is a constant given by
Equation 8.

environment, a simple two-dimensional wall model
was proposed, as shown in Figure 9. In the numericalcalculation, these differential equations werediscretized using a central difference method in space
and a forward difference method in time. The timeincrement was set at 0.0001 s during freezing and at
0.05 s otherwise.
Fundamental Equations
The simultaneous heat and moisture transport
equations proposed by Matsumoto (1993) were usedin the following analysis. The heat and moisturebalance equations are shown as Equations 9–10.
Equation 11 presents the freezing condition. In thiscalculation, the effect of gravity on moisture transfer
was ignored.

𝜆𝜆 = 0.472 + 0.241(𝜓𝜓𝑤𝑤 + 𝐹𝐹𝜓𝜓𝑖𝑖 )(7)−(0.472 − 0.198)𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒{−[8.495(𝜓𝜓𝑤𝑤 + 𝐹𝐹𝜓𝜓𝑖𝑖 )4 }𝐹𝐹 = 1 + 13.05𝜓𝜓𝑖𝑖1.06(8)where 𝜓𝜓w is the moisture content including vapor[m3/m3] (approximately equal to the water content(𝜓𝜓𝑤𝑤 ≃ 𝜓𝜓𝑙𝑙 ), and 𝜓𝜓𝑖𝑖 is the ice content [m3/m3].

Figure 7 represents the relationship between thewater content and thermal conductivity in theunfrozen condition. Figure 8 shows the relationshipbetween the ice content and thermal conductivity
when the water in the tuff completely freezes.

Figure 9. Simulation model of wall

𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐Figure 7.Water content andthermal conductivity (unfrozen condition)

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜌𝜌𝑖𝑖 𝜓𝜓𝑖𝑖=(𝜆𝜆 ) + 𝐻𝐻𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕 ′ 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
+𝐻𝐻𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 { (𝜆𝜆′ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ) +
(𝜆𝜆
)}
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕(9)𝜕𝜕𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 𝜓𝜓𝑙𝑙 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 ′ 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜌𝜌𝑖𝑖 𝜓𝜓𝑖𝑖=
(𝜆𝜆)+((𝜆𝜆′𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 + 𝜆𝜆′𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 ) ) −(10)𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝑇𝑇
𝜇𝜇 = 𝐻𝐻𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ln( )
𝑇𝑇𝑘𝑘

(11)

where
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑐 𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖 𝜌𝜌𝑖𝑖 𝜓𝜓𝑖𝑖 + 𝑐𝑐𝑙𝑙 𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 𝜓𝜓𝑙𝑙 + 𝑐𝑐𝑏𝑏 𝜌𝜌𝑏𝑏 𝜓𝜓𝑏𝑏
and c is the specific heat [J/kgK], 𝜌𝜌 is the density[kg/m3], 𝜓𝜓 is the volume content [m3/m3], 𝜇𝜇 is thewater chemical potential [J/kg], 𝑇𝑇 is the absolutetemperature [K], 𝑇𝑇𝑘𝑘 is the freezing temperature offree water (=273.16) [K], t is time [s], H is the latent
heat of moisture [J/kg], 𝜆𝜆 is the thermal conductivity[W/mK], 𝜆𝜆′ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 is the vapor conductivity caused by thetemperature gradient [kg/msK], 𝜆𝜆′𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 is the vapor
conductivity caused by the water chemical potential
gradient [kg/ms(J/kg)], and 𝜆𝜆′𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 is the liquid water
conductivity caused by the water chemical potential
gradient [kg/ms(J/kg)].
Subscripts:
i = ice, l = liquid water, g = vapor, b = body part

Figure 8. Ice content andthermal conductivity (fully frozen condition)

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Modeling
In this paper, we focused on the effects of surface
treatment using a water-repellent consolidant on theice and moisture distribution in a tuff wall, especiallyin the area close to its outer surface. To simulate heatand moisture transfer in the wall in its actual

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Calculation Conditions and Material Properties

The water-repellent consolidant, which is expected
to be applied on the outer wall of Üzümlü Church,
penetrated through the applied surface into the basematerial. After it reached a certain depth, it hardened
to increase the water resistance of the infiltrated area.
The water resistance of the water-repellent layer was
estimated to have been increased by a factor of 3.3
from the surface to a depth of 1.5 mm and by a factorof 125 from a depth of 1.5 mm to a depth of 3.5 mm,based on a separately conducted experiment (Fukui.K,
2016).

The measured outdoor/indoor temperatures andrelative humidity, precipitation, and solar radiation
were used as boundary conditions. To obtain theinitial conditions of the wall, we calculated
beforehand the one-dimensional heat and moisturetransfer in the walls from September 2014 to March2015. The results were used as the initial temperatureand relative humidity conditions of the wall in the 2D calculation. The 2-D model was calculated using
January 1, 2015 as a target.
The measured material properties of tuff mentioned
in the previous section were used for this calculation.
The other properties are shown in Table 2. The heatand moisture coefficients are listed in Table 3, andthe values in Table 4 were used in calculating thesolar heat gain and long-wave radiation on the wall
surface.
Table 2
Properties of the tuff
Properties

Case 1(present)

Value[kg/m3][m3/m3][J/kgK][kg/msPa]

Density
Porosity
Specific heat
Vapor conductivity

1400
0.47
1200
3.38×1011

Results and Discussion
Figure 11 shows the outdoor/indoor temperature,
relative humidity, and precipitation on January 1,
2015, the calculation period. Figures 12–14 represent
the fluctuation of temperature, volume water content,
and volume ice content, respectively, in Case 1(present wall). As mentioned above, we focused on
an area close to the outer surface. Therefore, thevalues of the outer surface, at depths of 1 and 10 mm,
are illustrated in Figures 12–14.
With respect to temperature, there was little
difference between the three points. The wall
temperature was about 4°C below the outdoor
temperature before sunrise (0:00–7:00). During theday (7:00–17:00), the wall temperature rose owing tosolar radiation, long-wavelength radiation in the air,and solar radiation reflected by the ground. Aftersunset (17:00–onward), the wall temperature wasonce again below the outdoor temperature.
Furthermore, it soon dropped below 0°C. The
temperature difference between the outdoor air andwall produced condensation dew on the surface of
the wall.
As Figure 13 indicates, from afternoon to night thewater content at the wall surface exceeded 0.3[m3/m3], which is relatively high, and sometimes
reached saturation (16:00–18:00). This was the resultof intermittent rain in the afternoon, temperaturedescent after sunset, and condensation in the evening.
After 18:00, the water content declined because thewater partly turned into ice. In contrast to the wet
surface, the water content at the inside of the wall

Table 3Heat and moisture transfer coefficientsHeat[W/m2K]

Moisture[kg/m2s(kg/kg’)]

Convection

Radiation

Outdoor

8.6-

Indoor

4.1

4.65

Vapor
0.0184

Table 4
Coefficients of radiation

Wall
GroundSolar
reflection
0.4

Solar
absorption
0.8
0.6

Case 2
Case 3(uniform treatment) (untreated spot)
Figure 10. Simulation caseLong-wave
radiation
0.9
0.9

Simulation Cases
In this calculation, a vertical north-facing wall was
analyzed. Three cases were compared: with/withoutwater-repellent treatment, and with differences of
distribution on the treated surface area. Figure 10
shows models of the three cases. Case 1 shows thepresent wall of the church, which has no surface
treatment applied. Case 2 depicts the wall with thewater-repellent uniformly applied on the outersurface. Case 3 assumes that a spot without surface
treatment lies on the treated layer of Case 2.

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was low. Although the water content of the inside of
the wall increased with that of the outer surface, thefluctuation was not sharp. One reason for the mild
fluctuation can be attributed to the initially dry
condition on the inside of the wall. As shown in
Figure 6 and Table 2, the liquid water conductivity of
Cappadocian tuff is assumed to be much less than its
vapor conductivity when the water content iscomparatively low (<0.3 [m3/m3]). Therefore, therain or condensation might not have infiltrated into
the dry tuff wall and remained instead on the surface.
According to Figure 14, freezing occurred on thesurface after 18:00, as the temperature dropped. In
this calculation period, wall had not frozen except its
surface. The results in Figures 13–14 suggest thatliquid water supplied from outdoors might have beenretained on the surface for a certain time. This
assumption supports the fact that the actual wall
surface suffers embrittlement, whereas the inside of
the wall structure is relatively tough.
Considering both the metrological data and outcomesof Case 1, we focused on the following two periods:(i) 12:00–15:00 and (ii) 18:00–20:00. In period (i),we examined the difference in liquid water
infiltration for the three cases. Also, period (ii) was
selected to analyze and compare the freezing
characteristics of each case. Figures 15–17 show thewater content distribution for each case in period (i)((a) 12:00 and (b) 15:00).The wall depth from thesurface to 5 mm is represented in Figures 15–17. In
the same way, Figures 18–20 illustrate the ice content
distribution in period (ii) ((a) 18:00 and (b) 20:00).
In Figures 15–17, all cases show that the watercontent at the surface and at a depth of 1 mm
gradually increased with time. However, the moisture
condition at depths of more than 1 mm hardly
changed.
Compared with Case 1, Case 2 (uniform treatment)
displays lower water content on the surface at 15:00.
This is attributed to the restriction on liquid water
infiltration due to the water repellent. For Case 3,
Figure 17(b) indicates that liquid water penetrated theinside of the wall through an untreated area. By
contrast, the surface water content in the treated area
was as low as that in Case 2 at 15:00. An untreatedarea can cause local deterioration.
In Figures 18–20, each case illustrates ice content
distribution similar to the water content distribution.
The wall surface of Case 1 froze uniformly. Case 2
showed the lowest ice content of all cases. In Case 3,
ice content in the area surrounding the untreated spot
was highest, whereas that at the treated surface was
as low as that in Case 2.
As mentioned, the ice content of each casefluctuated in the same way as its water content. In
other words, freezing occurred in the areas withhigher water content. This outcome suggests that theice distribution is highly related to water-infiltration
control. Based on this numerical analysis, we canconclude that uniform water-repellent treatment(Case 2) is successful for the preservation of the wall
surface, given the low water/ice content in the case.
However, water/ice distribution is deeply affected byenvironmental condition, and therefore uniform
treatment might not always be suitable.

Figure 11. Outdoor/Indoor boundary conditions

Figure 12. Temperature fluctuations (Case 1)

Figure 13. Water content fluctuations (Case 1)

Figure 14. Ice content fluctuations (Case 1)

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C-05-1 Effects of water repellent on frost damage in outer walls of rock-hewn churches in Cappadocia, Turkey(a) 12:00(b) 15:00
Figure 15. Water content distributions in area
close to surface (Case 1)(a) 18:00(b) 20:00
Figure 18. Ice content distributions in area close
to surface (Case 1)

Water
content[m3/m3](a) 12:00(b) 15:00
Figure 16. Water content distributions in area
close to surface (Case 2)(a) 12:00(b) 15:00
Figure 17. Water content distributions in area
close to surface (Case 3)(a) 18:00(b) 20:00
Figure 19. Ice content distributions in area close
to surface (Case 2)(a) 18:00(b) 20:00
Figure 20. Ice content distributions in area close
to surface (Case 3)

Icecontent[m3/m3]simultaneous heat and moisture transport in the wall
were numerically analyzed. From the results, thefollowing were revealed:
The arid environmental conditions desiccate theinside of the church walls. Therefore, liquidwater infiltration of the wall through the outersurface will take certain time.
Uniform treatment with water-repellent
consolidant, a practically feasible procedure,
reduces water infiltration, thereby reducing the

CONCLUSION
This study was conducted to examine and evaluate
the effects of water-repellent surface treatment on ice
and moisture distribution in the tuff walls of Üzümlü
Church in their actual environment. First, theadsorption isotherm, liquid water conductivity, andthermal conductivity of the tuff were estimated frommeasured data. Subsequently, a numerical model ofthe tuff wall was developed. Using this model,

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occurrence of freezing. Therefore, such atreatment will be effective in preventing
deterioration caused by water, including frost
damage.
Untreated spots in the treated surface allow
water to penetrate into the wall, and thereby
cause topical freezing.
Thus, untreated areas promote direct orproximate local deterioration.

Cappadocian tuffs, Engineering Geology, vol.
105, 186-199.
Fukui, K., et al. 2016. Effects of waterproof or
repelling agent on water transfer andaccumulation of building materials (part1)
Liquid moisture conductivity of water repellent,
Proceedings of Annual Meeting of Architectural
Institute of Japan Kinki Branch, No.56, 165 168, (In Japanese)
Hansson, K. et al. 2004. Water flow and heattransport in frozen soil, Vadose Zone Journal,
vol. 3(2), 693-704.

Summarizing these results, we conclude that surface
treatment involving application of a water-repellent
consolidant is thought to be effective for preventing
deterioration caused by water. However, as shown inCases 2 and 3, the treatment of an area may be
responsible for a change in the water distribution in
the wall. A further study of the relationship between
the treated area and deterioration must be conducted.
This study also suggests that surface treatment withwater repellent can effectively delay deterioration
speed. Such treatments may be applicable to otherhistorical heritage sites and buildings constructedfrom porous materials such as stone, provided thattheenvironmental
conditions,deterioration
mechanisms, and material properties are carefully
considered.

Iba, C. et al. 2016. Environmental monitoring andsurface treatment tests for conservation of therock-hewn church of Üzümlü, Cappadocia, 13th
International Congress on the Deterioration andConservation of Stone (to be published)
Kirkham, M.B. 2005. Principles of soil and plantwater relations, Elsevier Academic Press,
Burlington, MA.
La Russa, M. F. et al. 2014. Cappadocian ignimbrite
cave churches, stone degradation andconservation strategies. Periodico di Mineralogia,
vol. 83(2), 187-206.
Matsumoto, M., Gao, Y., Hokoi, S. 1993.
Simultaneous heat and moisture transfer duringfreesing-melting in building materials, CIB/W40
meeting, Budapest

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank MEXT/JSPS
KAKENHI(24101014) and the Kajima Foundation
for their financial support on this project. The
Üzümlü Church project has been supported bynumerous individuals in both Turkey and Japan,
especially staff members of the Nevşehir Restoration
and Conservation Regional Laboratory Directorate.

Taniguchi, Y. et al. 2015. Scientific research forconservation of the rock hewn church of Üzümlü,Cappadocia, International Symposium of
Excavations, Surveys and Archaeometry.
UNESCO, 1985. Structural conservation of Göreme.
Göreme, land of fairy chimneys. Ministry of
Culture and Tourism, Turkey. General
Directorate of Antiquities and Museums. Author,A., 2010, Boulder, gravel and sand consist of
stone, Ph.D. thesis, University of Hopes andDreams, Country.

REFERENCES
Campbell, G.S. 1985. Soil physics with BASIC:
transport models for soil-plant systems, Elsevier,vol. 14,.

Van Genuchten, M. Th. 1980. A closed-form
equationforpredicting
thehydraulicconductivity of unsaturated soils, Soil Science
Society of America Journal, vol.44 (5), 892-898.

Dane, J.H. and Hopmans, J.W. 2002. Water retention
and storage, In Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 4.
Physical Methods. (J.H. Dane and G.C. Topp,
Eds.) SSSA Book Series No.5. 675-690.
Erguler, Z.A. 2009. Field-based experimental
deterioration of the weathering rates of the284
88C. Iba, Y. Taniguchi, K. Koizumi, K. Watanabe, K. Sano C. Piao and M. Yoshioka: Enviromental
Monitoring and Surface Treatment Tests for Conservation of the Rock-Hewn Church ofÜzümlü, Cappadocia, Proceedings of the 13th International Congress on the Deterioration andConservation of Stone, vol. 2, pp.1145-1152, 2016.9 (offprinting)

Ⅱ-7

ENVIROMENTAL MONITORING AND SURFACE TREATMENTTESTS FOR CONSERVATION OF THE ROCK-HEWN CHURCH
OF ÜZÜMLÜ, CAPPADOCIA
C. Iba1*, Y. Taniguchi2, K. Koizumi3, K. Watanabe4, K. Sano5,
C. Piao6 and M. Yoshioka1

Abstract
A project at Üzümlü Church (St. Nichita’s church: the end of the seventh century AD) in
the Red Valley in Cappadocia, Turkey, has been launched to establish a suitable method forconservation of the extremely soft and fragile tuff structure of the church through geo- andenvironmental-engineering techniques. This project aims to find a method for prolonging
the life of the tuff structures of Cappadocia using material that allows retreatment and ischemically compatible with the original tuff. To understand the cause and factors of rockweathering, in situ environmental monitoring was conducted, particularly focusing on heatand moisture flow in the rock structure and underground. From the results, it seemed thatfreeze–thaw cycles would not occur frequently and would not severely damage thestructure. Erosion by water infiltration derived from rain or melting snow appeared to be
more harmful to the rock structure; therefore, prevention of infiltration by liquid water isemphasised in our project. An outdoor exposure test was launched to evaluate theeffectiveness and aging characteristics of a water-repellent consolidant. To quantify the
degree of weathering, stainless steel nails were anchored to the rock surface and theirlengths were measured by local collaborators every few months using a digital calliper. The
water repellents had the effect of at least delaying deterioration. This case in Üzümlü iscertainly a most technically difficult challenge and could serve as a model case for new
approaches to integrating, presenting and advancing ethical conservation in Cappadocia.
Keywords: rock weathering, fragile tuff, environmental monitoring, surface treatment,water repellent

C. Iba* and M. Yoshioka
Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Kyoto University, Japaniba@archi.kyoto-u.ac.jp
2
Y. Taniguchi
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
3
K. Koizumi
Department of Global Architecture, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan
4
K. Watanabe
Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Mie University, Japan
5
K. SanoD&D Corporation, Japan
6
C. Piao
Hytec Inc., Japan*corresponding author
1

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13th International Congress on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone: Case Studies

1. Introduction
In 1985, Cappadocia was selected as a UNESCO World Natural and Cultural Heritage Siteunder the name ‘Göreme Natural and Historical National Park’ (UNESCO 1985). In thisregion, there are many rock-hewn churches, which often contain reliefs and wall paintings
dating from Byzantine and later periods that constitute part of their historical value.
However, the fabric of these churches, which acts as bodies and supports of wall paintings,
is severely damaged and collapses occur due to weathering and seismic activity every year.
The unique landscape of Cappadocia is composed of soft, fragile tuff. The structure of thisrock suffers from stone powdering, spalling and other types of deterioration caused or
exacerbated by wind and rain erosion and insolation stresses. Particularly during winter, theregion receives fairly high levels of rainfall and snowfall, which may cause freezing andthawing and other severe surface problems, resulting in rapid weathering at a rate of 0.4–
2.5 mm/a (Erguler 2009).
Earlier, the problems of acute cracking and erosion were commonly addressed by applying
a lime-cement-based render over the tuff surface as a tentative measure, since no proposedwater repellents seemed to be convincing for realistic application (Idil 1995). Although
trials were conducted using an iron mesh at the capping-tuff rock interface, detachment
between them always occurs because of possible water infiltration and thermal impact byintense solar radiation (Yorulmaz et.al 1995). None of the surface treatment and capping
have not been effective at reducing the rate of tuff erosion. Often, intense intervention does
not allow future treatments and fails to provide continuous preservation.
This project aims to find a suitable method for prolonging the life of Cappadocia’s fragile
tuff structures to preserve these valuable sites. This method is expected to slow the speed oferosion by application of material that is chemically compatible with the original tuff anddoes not involve covering the tuff with foreign material. We also aim to allow‘retreatability’ in at least 10-yr intervals.
The Üzümlü Church (Fig. 1) in the Red Valley, a stand-alone rock-hewn church, wasselected for this case study. The church shows deterioration phenomena such as severe
cracking, surface disintegration and exfoliation caused by the environment, rockcomposition and tectonic activity as well as biological and human activities including
continuous vandalism. The church structures have not been treated in the past, providing aunique opportunity for this type of study.
a)b)Fig. 1: Üzümlü Church (a) Appearance in winter (b) Environmental monitoring stations.

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To consider the mechanism of rock weathering and preservation of rock structures, waterand heat flows in the rock should be measured. Temperature and moisture behaviour in thesoil and rocks were monitored at the base of Üzümlü Church. The micro-environment of
the church interior and surroundings was also monitored. Based on the monitoring dataobtained over 12 months, some types of alkoxysilane-based water repellents withconsolidation properties (Permeate® HS-360) were selected for in situ tests to evaluate
their effectiveness and aging characteristics.

2. Environmental monitoring
To understand the environment around the church, meteorological data, indoor temperatureand humidity, soil water content, soil water potential and temperature were measured
throughout the year.
2.1. Measurement outline
A set of environmental monitoring stations (Onset HOBO U30-NRC) for monitoring air
temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), rainfall, wind speed/direction and solar radiation
were installed near Üzümlü Church (Fig. 1b). Additionally, two sets of data loggers, HOBO
U23 for RH/T, were placed in the church to monitor the indoor thermal environment. One
logger was placed in the alcove near the entrance (Fig. 2 (Entrance)), and the other was set
in Room 3 (Fig. 2 (Interior)). Two small pits (15 × 15 cm2) were trenched on the south(sunny) and north (shady) sides of Üzümlü Church. As shown in Fig. 2, soil water (5TE)
and potential (MPS2) sensors were horizontally inserted into the rock wall at three different
depths (50, 100 and 300 mm) in each pit. The pits were refilled with the original soil. Alldata were recorded every 10 min.

Fig. 2: Installation of environmental sensors.
2.2. Outdoor/Indoor/Ground temperatures
Fig. 3 shows the outdoor and indoor temperatures and global solar radiation (including
direct and diffuse sky radiation) and the underground temperature (shady side, 300 mm
depth). There are large diurnal temperature variations in the outdoor air. The temperaturefluctuations in the church are smaller than those outside. The temperature near the entrance
is notably affected by the outdoor air due to ventilation, whereas in Room 3, it slightly
fluctuates owing to the heat capacity of the thick rock. Furthermore, the outer wall in Room1, located on the southwest side of the church, is exposed to more solar radiation thanRoom 3, located on the northern side. We considered that the critical temperatureassociated with frost damage to soil or rock is approximately -4°C based on previous
studies (Fukuda 1974, 1983). Such situations were observed only four times in the 2014–2015 season, significantly less often than that assumed.

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Fig. 3: Outdoor/indoor temperatures and solar radiation (September 2014–June 2015).
The underground temperatures on both the sunny and shady sides of the church are shownin Fig. 4, focusing on the winter season (December–February 2014). On the sunny side,
diurnal temperature fluctuations were observed in the soil near the ground surface (50 and
100 mm depth), which may result from the effect of direct solar radiation. The temperature
at 300 mm depth on the sunny side was on average a few degrees centigrade higher thanthat on the shady side. The underground temperature deeper than 50 mm below the groundsurface did not fall below zero even in the coldest season. From these results, freezing
appears to not penetrate the ground.

Fig. 4: Underground temperature during winter (December 2014–February 2015)(a) Sunny side (b) Shady side.

2.3. Wind speed and direction
The upper part of Fig. 5 shows wind roses, which indicate the wind direction frequency ineach direction in each season (except for summer) for both daytime and night time.
Particularly in autumn and spring, there is a clear difference in the wind rose between
daytime and night time. Interestingly, since its installation, the weather station has
consistently shown the prevailing wind direction to be north–south around Üzümlü Church(September 2014–May 2015) probably owing to the geological setting of the Red Valley.
One of the reasons for the daily wind direction change might be caused by the surface
temperature change of the slope behind (north of) the church. An updraft can occur near theback slope, producing a south wind. The lower part of Fig. 5 shows the cumulative

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13th International Congress on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone: Case Studies

frequencies of wind speeds for daytime and night time. In this area, moderate wind speeds
were usually recorded, although relatively strong winds blew, mainly in the daytime, fromthe south. When there was slightly heavy rain (over 2.0 mm/10 min.), the wind speed was
generally less than 1.5 m/s from autumn to spring. Therefore, apparently, the influence ofwind direction and speed on moisture transfer in the soil or rock can be ignored in theanalysis of erosion and frost damage.

Fig. 5: Wind direction and speed near Üzümlü Church (September 2014–May 2015).

2.4. Soil water content, potential and temperature
Fig. 6a shows the soil water potential (depth: 50 and 300 mm) at the sunny and shady sidesof the church and the precipitation measured at the weather station. When the soil is dry,the water potential has a large negative value. Soil water flows because of a potential
gradient (Fig. 6b); therefore, the direction of water flow under the ground surface can be
determined from the potential difference between depths of 50 and 300 mm.

Fig. 6: Underground water potential (a) Time profile from September 2014 to July 2015 (b)Schematic of moisture flow due to water potential gradient.
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13th International Congress on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone: Case Studies

Until the end of November 2014, water appeared to flow downward on both the sunny andshady sides. After heavy rain at the end of November, the water potential at all measured
points rapidly increased. During winter (December–April), the water potential at each depth
remained high due to periodic small precipitation, and the potential gradient became nearlyzero. After April, the potential in the deeper area decreased, leading to downward water
flow. In June, heavy rain appeared to occur and the potential at 50 mm depth steeply
increased, then gradually increased at 300 mm depth. During summer, the moisture in thearea near the ground surface was prone to evaporate and upward water flow was observed.
Similar tendencies were observed in both sunny and shady sides. Based on these conditions,
we can infer that the church structure did not continuously suck up significant amounts ofgroundwater in this area regardless of the solar radiation intensity.
In contrast, a few intervals of heavy rainfall were observed in this area, which could cause
severe erosion of the fragile tuff structure. Therefore, coating with a consolidant/water
repellent and reducing water infiltration to the structure are considered to be very effective
for preventing degradation.

3. Rock consolidation/water repellent test on small rock masses
Based on the environmental monitoring results, an outdoor exposure test was launched toevaluate the effectiveness and durability of consolidation by surface treatment agents fortuff rocks.
3.1. Characteristics of water repellent/consolidant
In this trial, Permeate® HS-360 (D&D Corp.) was selected as a surface treatment agent
after laboratory tests to identify possible consolidants and protective materials for tuff
substrates (Sano and Mizukoshi 2015).
Permeate® is based on alkoxysilane containing a methyl or phenyl group, and an alkoxygroup is polymerised by hydrolysis with atmospheric moisture. After polymerisation, the3D Si–O–Si structure improves bulk strength by firmly hardening in the gaps within theobject. Moreover, after polymerisation, a methyl or phenyl group is left. As these groups
are hydrophobic, the substance becomes water-repellent after curing. This alkoxysilanebased consolidant does not form a film on the porous surface but penetrates and hardens at
a few millimetres depth. Vapour can permeate through the consolidant layer although liquidwater cannot infiltrate the layer. In practice, hydrolysis takes over 24 h.
3.2. Test rocks and testing method
Two small-scale tuff masses near Üzümlü Church were chosen for the test. Fig. 7 shows theone (b) that was splayed with the Permeate® HS-360 and the other (a) that was left
untreated as a control. To quantify the degree of weathering of the tuff masses, stainlesssteel nails were anchored to the rock surface (Fig. 8a). Two nails were set in each direction(upper and lower parts) and on the top; i.e. each test rock contained nine nails. The naillength appearing outside the rock was measured with a digital calliper (Fig. 8b) on bothright and left sides. After anchoring, the measurement error of four different measurements
was checked because the rock surface was considerably uneven. The relative error for the
average value was mostly within 10%. The nail length was measured by local collaborators
every few months. In the ‘control’ mass, weathered tuff powder accumulated below therock, and four out of the nine nails fell off the mass in the four months after anchoring. In
contrast, in the ‘treated’ mass, the weathered deposits were generally small and only one
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nail fell off. As flakes of a particular suitable thickness appeared to exfoliate in some placesin the ‘treated ’mass in winter, deterioration might occur if moisture could accumulate inlocal areas of the mass. A follow-up examination will consider the possibility of frost
damage.

Fig. 7: Outdoor exposure test rocks: (a) Control (b) Treated mass.

Fig. 8: Quantification of the degree of weathering(a) Anchoring of a nail (b) Measurement of nail length.

4. Conclusions
To understand the causes and factors of rapid weathering of extremely friable tuff rock
structures in Cappadocia, in situ environmental monitoring has been ongoing since 2014,
focusing particularly on heat and moisture flow in the rock structure and underground.
Freeze–thaw cycles occur infrequently and do not appear to cause severe damage to thestructure. Furthermore, upward moisture flow from underground to the above-ground rock
structure scarcely appeared in winter, i.e. groundwater would not be sucked up and supplied
to the structure. From the results, we concluded that prevention of rainwater and infiltrationwater from melting snow from outside are the most appropriate measures to be taken in the
project.
For that purpose, some outdoor exposure tests were carried out beforehand in Japan toassess the efficiency of the water repellent/consolidant. The test sample without water
repellent broke in two weeks and collapsed in four weeks, whereas the sample with water
repellent retained its shape for three months (Sano and Mizukoshi 2015). Following theresults, an outdoor exposure test has been started in Cappadocia to evaluate theeffectiveness and aging characteristics of the consolidant. The water repellents had theeffect of at least delaying deterioration. The degree of weathering will be quantitatively
evaluated through the project.
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13th International Congress on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone: Case Studies

Both method and materials must be compatible with the original materials and implemented
on a minimal scale to avoid excess and unnecessary treatments. Moreover, it is necessary tocarefully verify whether a surface treatment might cause different damage or exacerbate
deterioration of the rock structure. Although infrequent, frost damage could occur in thisregion. Detailed investigation of heat and moisture flow will be performed using
computational analysis in future.
Due to similarities in the original technique and deterioration with other sites in
Cappadocia, this study will have relevance for a wider region. The case in Üzümlü iscertainly a technically difficult challenge and could serve as a model for new approaches tointegrating, presenting and advancing ethical conservation in the Cappadocia region.

Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their appreciation to MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI(24101014) and the Kajima Foundation for their financial support on this project. The
Üzümlü project has been supported by numerous individuals in both Turkey and Japan,
especially staff members of the Nevşehir Restoration and Conservation Regional
Laboratory Directorate: Hatice Temur, Ayça Baştürkmen, Uğur Yalçınkaya, Alev Elçin
Cankur, Merve Aziz Işın, Mustafa Toptepe, Tuğba Eryaşar. Director of the Nevşehir
Museum: Murat Ertuğrul Gülyaz. Director of the Niğde Museum: Fazıl Açıkgöz and
Ibrahim Sakınan and family.

References
Erguler, Z.A., 2009, Field-based experimental determination of the weathering rates of the
Cappadocian tuffs, Engineering Geology, 105, 186-199.
Fukuda, M., 1974, Rock weathering by freezing-thawing cycles, low temperature science(in Japanese), Low temperature science. Series A, Physical Sciences, 32, 243-249.
Fukuda, M. 1983, An experiment of freeze-thaw cycles of rock specimens (in Japanese),
Low temperature science. Series A, Physical Sciences, 42, 163-169.
Sano, K. and Mizukoshi, S., 2015, II-5 Preliminary aging tests (outdoor environment) ofconsolidants for tuff rock samples, in Scientific Studies on Conservation forÜzümlü Church and its Wall Paintings in Cappadocia, Turkey, Taniguchi, (ed.),Annual report on the activities in 2014, University of Tsukuba, 37-41.
UNESCO, 1985, Structural conservation of Göreme. Göreme, land of fairy chimneys.
Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Turkey. General Directorate of Antiquities andMuseums.
Yorulmaz, M., Ahunbay, Z. 1995, Structural Consolidation of El Nazar Church, In The
Safeguard of the Rock-Hewn Churches of the Göreme Valley (Proceedings of anInternational Seminar, Ürgüp, Cappadocia,Turkey, 5–10 September 1993), 135–
142. Rome: ICCROM, 1995.
Idil, A, Ç., 1995, Testing three products in Göreme valley, Cappadocia, In The Safeguardof the Rock-Hewn Churches of the Göreme Valley (Proceedings of anInternational Seminar, Ürgüp, Cappadocia,Turkey, 5–10 September 1993), 143–
149. Rome: ICCROM, 1995.

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K.Koizumi, K.Watanabe,C.Iba,C.Piao, K.Sano, Y.Taniguchi、Field Research for understanding theweathering process of rock-hewn church in Cappadocia –First report of the field survey-、
第50 回地盤工学研究発表会梗概集、
2015 年9 月、地盤工学会、
pp.27-28（転載）Ⅱ-8

カッパドキア岩窟教会の風化メカニズムに関する調査研究－初回調査報告－世界遺産 割れ目 水分浸透

大阪大学

国際会員 ○小泉 圭吾

ハイテック 非会員

朴

三重大学

正会員

渡辺 晋生

京都大学

非会員

伊庭千恵美

筑波大学

非会員

谷口 陽子

ディ・アンド・ディ 非会員

佐野 勝彦

春澤

1.はじめに
トルコの中央アナトリアに位置するカッパドキアは 6000
万年前の火山噴火で堆積して形成された凝灰岩の地盤が浸食を受け，キノコや煙突のような奇岩として存在すること，またこの奇岩が 4 世紀頃からキリスト教徒の教会洞窟として用いられたことから，自然遺産，文化遺産としての価値が高く，
1985 年に複合遺産として世界遺産に登録された。一方，これらの岩窟は雨水による乾湿の繰返し，冬場の積雪による凍結破砕や浸食を受け，年々風化，劣化が進み，その保存に対する対策が喫緊の課題となっている。そこで本研究は，カッ

図 1 中央アナトリア地形概況

パドキア，Red Valley にある岩窟教会(ウズムル教会)を対象に，上述した風化・劣化現象の発生メカニズムとその特性を理解し，最終的には現地の管理者自らがこの劣化現象を抑制，緩和することができる対策手法を提案することを目的に研究を開始した。本報告では，2014 年 9 月に行った地質調査と観測機器設置に関する概要を報告する。
2.対象地の地質概況
2.1 周辺地質図 2 ウズムル教会周辺地形状況

中央アナトリアの大部分が海抜 1,000m ほどの高地になっている。トロス山脈と平行して，エルジェス山とハッサン山など大きな火山が存在する。これらの火山の噴火により，中央アナトリアに渡って，新第三紀～第四紀の火山岩が東西方向に広く分布している。
また，北アナトリア断層と東アナトリア断層に制御され，カッパドキア周囲（図 1）には，NW-SE，EN-WS 方向の断層

写真 1 ウズムル教会周辺地形状況（赤破線）が多く存在する。これらの断層の影響を受け，地域内の地盤，同方向を示すリニアメントが多く確認できる。

接するこの３つの岩窟は元々岩盤として一体だったものが，2.2 対象岩窟の風化状況

割れ目に沿った浸食作用で，分断されたものと考えられる。

ウズムル教会（図 2）は観光名所ギョレメの東北に位置す

また，教会岩窟の外壁には割れ目に起因する崩落跡が多数る Red Valley にある。このエリアも同様，NW-SE，EN-WS

残っている。崩落の発生原因については，割れ目に沿った降方向のリニアメントが発達している。また Red Valley 自体は雨，降雪による水の浸透・浸食，あるいは凍結融解の繰り返

東部の隆起に伴う表流水の浸食によって形成された谷筋であしによる要因が考えられる。特に北西面に走っている割れ目る。周辺の地質踏査では，両岸と斜交あるいは平行する割れ（写真 2-左側）が谷筋とほぼ平行，N50°E の角度で教会に目（写真 1）が多く確認された。これらの割れ目付近は，岩貫通していることが内部からも確認できる（写真 2-右側）。

盤崩落の発生及び浸食を受けやすい箇所になる。教会を挟んさらに，内部天井部の割れ目に水分の移動によるものと考えで，すぐ上流側に売店岩窟，下流側にワイナリーがある。隣Field Research for understanding the weathering process of

K.Koizumi(Osaka University), K.Watanabe(Mie University),

rock-hewn church in Cappadocia –First report of the field

C.Iba(Kyoto University),C.Piao(Hytec), K.Sano(D&D) andsurvey-Y.Taniguchi(Tsukuba University)97図 3 気象観測機器の設置概要
15

写真 2 ウズムル教会割れ目状況10

外気温（℃）

窟入口（℃）

窟奥（℃）

深度5cm（℃）

深度10cm（℃）

深度30cm（℃）

5

温度（℃）

られる石灰質の堆積物が確認された。このことから，外部か
らの水の浸入が教会内部の環境に影響を与えている可能性が示唆された。

0‐5‐10

教会岩窟の外壁は表層風化が進んでおり，簡易針貫入試験‐15‐20
2015/1/1

で 4～6kN/m2 程度であった。日照時間の短い北側では若干高い値を示したが，全体的に風化が進行していることが確認さ

2015/1/3

2015/1/5

2015/1/7

2015/1/9
Time

2015/1/11

2015/1/13

2015/1/15

図 4 冬期の外気，窟内，地中温度の関係れた。以上のことから，対象岩窟の安定性を維持するためには，割れ目とともに，表層風化に対する対策が必要である。
3.観測システムの構築
3.1 観測手法
本調査では，対象岩窟の乾湿繰返し，および凍結融解に伴う風化，劣化のメカニズム解明を最終目的とし，図 3 に示す

図 5 冬期の降雨（降雪）と土壌水分，水分ポテンシャル

観測機器を設置した。まず，岩窟教会周辺の気象環境を把握するためのウェザーステーション，対象岩窟と表層地盤間の水分移動を観測するための土壌水分計，水分ポテンシャル計
および，岩窟教会内部の温湿度変化，地盤内部の地温変化を把握するための温湿度計および地温計をそれぞれ設置し，2014 年 9 月末より観測を開始した。土壌水分計，水分ポテン
シャル計および地温計は，日射の影響を考慮し対象岩窟の北側と南側に，温湿度計は入口付近と奥側にそれぞれ設置した。
計測は 10 分間隔とし，データは各計器に接続されたロガーに記録される。記録されたデータはトルコ側の共同研究者によって定期的に収集され，日本側の研究者と共有する体制を構築した。
3.2 観測結果(1)冬期の外気, 窟内, 地中温度示す窟南側深度 5cm および 30cm に埋設した体積含水率，サクションの関係を示した図である。この図より，9 月 29 日から 11 月 21 日の期間において，深度 5cm では降雨に伴う体積
含水率，サクションの変動がみられるものの，深度 30cm においては単調に減少しており，緩やかな重力排水が生じている。一方，11 月 21 日の降雨により，深度 5cm と同様，深度30cm においても体積含水率，サクションの反応がみられ，その後，特にサクションの値がほぼ一定に推移していることがわかる。この原因は 11 月 21 日以降の断続的な降雨あるいは降雪による影響であるものと推測されるが，詳細な考察は今後の課題である。
4.まとめ

図 4 は観測期間中の外気温が最低気温を示した 2015 年 1

本報告では，対象となるカッパドキア岩窟教会周辺の地質

月 9 日を中心に，前後約 1 週間の外気，窟内および地中内のと観測機器設置に関する初回調査概要を纏めた。その結果，温度変化を示した図である。この内，窟入口についてはデー

岩窟教会は周辺岩盤と同様，割れ目の発達，風化の進行が進タロガー不良のため，1 月 10 日以降のデータのみを表示してんでいることが確認された。また，今回設置した観測システ

いる。1 月 6 日夜間から外気温が 0℃を下回り，1 月 9 日にはムより，冬期の一部限定された結果ではあるが，外気，窟内

観測期間中最低となる約-16℃を示した。これに対し，窟奥

および地中温度の関係，降雨（降雪）と地中内の体積含水率の 1 月 6 日夜間の温度は 4℃程度であり，1 月 9 日には最低

およびサクションの関係を把握することができた。今後は，温度となる-6℃を示し，この時点での外気との差は約-10℃観測を継続すると共に，現地試料を用いた乾湿繰返し，凍結であった。窟入口に設置した温度計は窟奥よりも若干低い温破砕に関する室内実験と窟周辺地盤をモデル化することで，度変化を示しており，窟奥と比較して外気の影響を受けてい対象岩窟の劣化メカニズムに関する研究を進める予定である。

ることがわかる。一方この間，地中深度 5cm，10cm，30cm

謝辞：共同研究先であるトルコ・ネブシェヒール博物館のムの地温が 0℃を下回ることは無かった。

ラート氏，修復研究所のファージル氏らには多大なる協力を(2)冬期の体積含水率，サクション
図 5 は観測期間である冬期の降雨（降雪を含む）と図 3 に賜った。また，本研究は JSPS 科研費（24101014）の助成を受けたものです。またここに記して謝意を表します。

98

Yoko Taniguchi, Keigo Koizumi, Chiemi Iba, Kunio Watanabe, Katsuhiko Sano, Piao Chunze,
Hatice Temur, Ayça Baştürkmen, Uğur Yalçınkaya, Mustafa Toptepe, 38. International Symposium of
Excavations, Surveys and Archaeometry, Trakya University, Edirne, 23-27 May 2016, (Forthcoming)

Ⅱ -9 Scientific Research for Conservation of Rock Hewn Church,Üzümlü(Cappadocia) in 2015: Chapel of Niketas The Stylite in Red
ValleyÜzümlü(Kapadokya)’da Bulunan Kaya Oyma Kilisenin Korunmasi İcin2015’de Yürütülen Bilimsel ÇaliŞmasi

: KizilÇukur Vadisindeki Stilit NiketsS Şapeli							Yoko Taniguchi
Keigo Koizumi
Chiemi Iba
Kunio Watanabe
Katsuhiko Sano
Piao Chunze
Hatice Temur
Ayça BaştürkmenUğur YalçınkayaMustafa Toptepe

1. INTRODUCTION

1. GİRİŞ

A project at Üzümlü Church in the Red Valley of Cappadocia,

2014 yılında, Kapadokya’nın Kızılçukur Vadisi’nde bulunan

Turkey was launched in 2014 with two primary objectives:Üzümlü Kilisesi’nde iki temel amacı gerçekleştirmek üzere

conserving the soft, fragile tuff structure of the church

bir proje başlatıldı. Bu amaçların ilki jeoloji mühendisliği ve

through geo- and environmental-engineering methods,çevre mühendisliği teknikleri kullanılarak kilisenin yumuşak

and conserving interior wall paintings while conducting ave kırılgan tüf yapısını korumak. İkinci amaçsa kilisenin içscientific study of their technology. The church structure andduvarlarındaki duvar resimlerini korumak ve bu resimlerin

wall paintings had not been treated in the past, presenting ayapımında kullanılan teknoloji üzerine bilimsel bir çalışma

unique opportunity for this type of study. The project aims togerçekleştirmek. Kilisenin yapısı ve duvar resimleri geçmişte

find a suitable method for prolonging the life of Cappadocia’sonarılmamış olduğu için bu tarz bir çalışma için eşsiz bir

fragile tuff structures and the paintings they shelter, throughfırsat sunmaktadır. Bu proje, “tekrar onarılabilen” koruma

the use of ‘retreatable’ conservation materials. Often, intensemateryallerinin kullanımıyla Kapadokya’nın kırılgan tüf

intervention does not allow for future treatment, and fails

yapıları ve içlerinde barındırdıkları duvar resimlerinin ömrünü

to allow for continuous preservation. Due to similarities inuzatmak için uygun bir yöntem bulmayı hedeflemektedir.

the techniques and deterioration of structures and paintings

Koruma amacıyla gerçekleştirilen yoğun müdahaleler çoğuacross Cappadocia’s sites, this study will have relevance forzaman gelecek onarım işlemlerine izin vermemekte ve

the greater region.

sürekli bir korumayı mümkün kılmamaktadır. Kapadokya’nın
farklı bölgelerindeki yapıların ve duvar resimlerinin yapım
teknikleri ve bozulma biçimleri benzerlik gösterdiğinden
dolayı bu çalışma tüm bölge için önemli olacaktır.

99

2. A comparative look at documentation from

2. 1968-1970 yılları arasındaki ve günümüzdeki

1968-1970 and the present

belgeleme işlemlerine karşılaştırmalı bir bakış

A team from Tokyo National University of Fine Arts andTokyo Devlet Güzel Sanatlar ve Müzik Üniversitesi’denMusic (currently, Tokyo National University of the Arts)(Günümüzdeki adıyla Tokyo Devlet Sanat Üniversitesi)

conducted research surveys in Cappadocia in 1968 and 1970.

bir ekip Kapadokya bölgesinde 1968-1970 yılları arasında

The team consisted of young architectural historians, art

bir takım araştırmalar yapmıştır. Bu ekip, Masaru Meno ve

historians and artists such as Masaru Maeno and Yasushi

Yasushi Nagatsuka gibi genç sanatçılar, mimari ve sanat

Nagatsuka. They successfully measured and photographedtarihçilerinden oluşmaktaydı. Ekip geleneksel yöntemlerle

hundreds of caves using tools and methods that werebirlikte bir olta kullanmak gibi bazı sıra dışı yöntem ve

traditional or unique, such as a fishing rod. A comparison ofaraçlar da kullanarak yüzlerce mağarada ölçüm yapıp bu

photographs from 1968/70 and 2015 (Figure 1a, b) showsmağaraları fotoğraflamıştır. 1968-1970 arasında ve 2015’te

minimal to no change in the wall paintings other than recent(1a ve b görselleri) çekilmiş fotoğraflar kıyaslandığında,graffiti. This means that the wall paintings are quite stableyakın zamanda yapılmış duvar yazısı örnekleri dışında duvar

and intact.

resimlerinde ya hiç değişiklik olmamış ya da gerçekleşen
değişimler asgari düzeydedir. Bu da duvar resimlerinin
dayanıklı ve sağlam olduğunu göstermektedir.

Figure 1a. Inside of Üzümlü church in 2015 (left) and 1968/70 (right)
Görsel 1a. Üzümlü Kilisesinin içi, 2015 yılı(sol) 1968/70(sağ)

100

Figure 1b. Transformation from a monastery to a stable for animals was already done by 1970. A pile of hay is seen in the Nave.
Interior condition seems to be unchanged.

Görsel 1b. Kilise 1970 yılında çoktan bir manastırdan ahıra dönüştürülmüştü. Nef kısmında saman yığını görülebiliyor.
İçerisinin durumu değişmemiş görünüyor.

In 2015, a 3D land survey was carried out in and around the2015 yılında Üzümlü Kilisesi ve çevresinde üç boyutluÜzümlü Church. The narthex (Ch1), nave (Ch2), altar (Ch3)arazi taraması yapıldı. Narteks (Ch1), Nef (Ch2), sunak

and two extended rooms are located in the lower part of the(Ch3) ve iki tane uzatılmış oda kaya kütlesinin alt kısmında

rock mass (Figure 2).

bulunmaktadır (Görsel 2). 3. Görselde biri 1968/70(sağdaki) diğeri 2015 (soldaki) yıllarında yapılmış iki tarama

Figure 3 shows two surveys, one from 1968/70 (right) andgörülebiliyor. İki tarama beraber incelendiğinde dış yüzeyin

one from 2015 (left). Together these indicate that the north-kuzeydoğu yönünün büyük ölçüde aşınmış olduğu görülüyor.

eastern side of the exterior surface has been eroded to a great
degree.
101

Figure 2. Cross-section view N-S (left) and E-W (right).
Görsel 2. Enine kesit. Kuzey-Güney (soldaki) ve Doğu-Batı (sağdaki).

Figure 3a. Comparison of measurements between 2015 (left) and 1968/70 (right)
Görsel 3a. 2015 (soldaki) ve 1968/70 (sağdaki) yıllarında yapılmış ölçümlerin karşılaştırması.

102

Figure 3b. Comparison of the exterior between 2015 (left) and 1968/70 (right)
Görsel 3b. 2015 (soldaki) ve 1968/70 (sağdaki) yıllarında dış yapının karşılaştırması.

Figure 3c. Condition of the top part of the church in 2015.
Görsel 3c. 2015 yılında kilisenin üst kısmının durumu.

103

3. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES INSIDE AND

3. K İLİSENİN İÇİNDE VE DIŞINDAOUTSIDE OF THE CHURCH

GERÇEKLEŞTİRİLEN ÇEVRE ÇALIŞMALARI

3.1 Maintenance

3.1 Bakım

First, the weather station and all measurement data bothİlk olarak hava istasyonunun ve kilisenin içindeki ve

inside and outside the church were carefully checked.

dışındaki ölçümlerin verileri dikkatlice incelenmiştir. Ne

Unfortunately, the data logger ceased functioning on 21 June,yazık ki veri toplayıcı bilinmeyen sebeplerden ötürü 21

2015 for reasons unknown. Waterproof casing on devices

Haziran 2015’te bozulmuştur. Cihazların su geçirmez kılıfları

seemed to retain moisture internally, and therefore evidenced

nemi içeride tuttuğu için cihazda hasar oluşturma riski

a risk of damage; in their place, umbrella-shaped rain coversolduğundan onların yerine cihazları korumak için üstlerine

were installed around the devices to protect them. Then,şemsiye şeklinde muhafazalar yerleştirildi. Sonrasında ise

all batteries were checked and replaced to ensure proper

kesintisiz bilgi toplanmasını sağlamak için tüm piller kontrol

procurement of data.

edilip değiştirildi.

3.2 Survey of indoor environment

3.2 İç ortamın incelenmesi

The temperature of the indoor wall surface was measured at

Yüzey yoğuşması riskini belirlemek için kilisenin iç duvar

8 different points in the church and the airflow was checkedyüzeylerinin sıcaklığı sekiz farklı noktada ölçüldü ve hava

in order to examine the risk of surface condensation. Surfaceakışı incelendi. Görünür bir bağlayıcı malzeme eksikliğinden

condensation would cause pigment loss in the wall paintings

dolayı yüzey yoğuşması duvar resimlerinde pigment kaybına

due to an apparent lack of binding media. Furthermore, it

neden olabilir. Ayrıca çözülebilir tuzların çözülmesini

would trigger soluble salt problems in the wall paintings.

tetikleyip sorunlar yaratabileceğinden duvar yüzeylerinde

Therefore, accurate assessment of any possibility ofgerçekleşmesi olası bir yoğuşmanın doğru bir şekilde tayincondensation on wall surfaces was essential.

edilmesi gerekmekteydi.

Dew condensation would occur whenever indoor surface

İç yüzey sıcaklığının içerideki ya da içeri giren dış havanıntemperatures fall lower than the dew point temperature ofçiğ oluşma sıcaklığının altına düşmesi çiğ yoğuşmasınaindoor or incoming outdoor air. Therefore, temperatures atsebep olacağından zemin köşelerinin ve tavanın sıcaklıkları

the floor corner and ceiling were measured for comparison.

karşılaştırma yapmak amacıyla ölçüldü.

Figures 4a-4c show the time profile of the measured

4a, 4b ve 4c görselleri her bir noktada yapılan sıcaklıktemperatures at each point. The amplitude of the airölçülerinin zamana bağlı grafiğini göstermektedir. Üçüncü

temperature was lowest in Chamber 3 (Inside). The floor

odacık (içerisi) en düşük hava sıcaklığı genliğine sahipti.

temperatures (2FR, 2FL, 3FR, 3FL) were generally lower

Zemin sıcaklıkları (2FR, 2FL, 3FR, 3FL) odaların hava

than the air (room) temperature by 1-3°C in the daytime,sıcaklıklarından gündüz vaktinde genellikle 1-3°C düşükken

whereas the ceiling temperatures (2C, 3C, 3CL) were higher.

tavan sıcaklıkları (2C, 3C, 3CL) daha yüksektir. Birinci

In chamber 1, the wall surface temperature was very close toodacıktaki duvar yüzeyi sıcaklıkları odanın sıcaklığına

the room temperature.

oldukça yakındır.

In 2015, the relative humidity inside the church remained2015 yılı süresince kilisenin içindeki bağıl nem %30-

in the range of 30-55%. Figure 4d shows a comparison of%55 arasında seyretmiştir. 4d görseli zemin sıcaklıkları

the floor temperature (the lowest in the church) and the dew(kilise içindeki en düşük sıcaklık) ile dışarıdaki havanınpoint temperature of the outdoor air. The graph indicatesyoğuşma noktası arasındaki karşılaştırmanın grafiğidir. Bu

that condensation would not occur if outdoor air entered thegrafik dışarıdaki havanın kiliseye girmesi halinde yoğuşma

church. As the inner surface temperature is not expected togerçekleşmeyeceğini göstermektedir. İç yüzey sıcaklıklarının

differ much from the indoor air temperature, it is permissible

iç hava sıcaklığından çok farklı olması beklenmediğinden iç
104

Figure 4a. Measured temperature in Chamber 2
Görsel 4a. 2. Odacıktaki ölçülen sıcaklık

Figure 4b. Measured temperature in Chamber 3
Görsel 4b. 3. Odacıktaki ölçülen sıcaklık

Figure 4c. Measured temperature in Chamber 1
Görsel 4c. 1. Odacıktaki ölçülen sıcaklık

Figure 4d. Judgement of condensation
Görsel 4d. Yoğuşma Grafiği

to ascertain the likelihood of condensation based on thehava sıcaklığına bakarak yoğuşma ihtimalini kesinleştirmek

indoor air temperature.

büyük oranda mümkündür.

Airflow speed and direction were checked at several points inthe church to obtain basic data for estimating the ventilationİçerideki ve dışarıdaki hava arasındaki havalandırma hızını

rate between outdoor and indoor air. Wind speed near thehesaplamak için hava akış yönü ve hızı kilisenin bazı

entrance and the window were measured at 15 second

noktalarında ölçülmüştür. Giriş ve pencere yakınındaki

intervals throughout the day and night.

rüzgar hızı gündüz ve gece boyunca 15 saniyelik aralıklarlaölçülmüştür.

Figure 5 shows the indoor wind speed (at 15 second intervals)
and its moving average (per 5 minutes) during the daytime

5. Görsel gündüz saatlerinde içerideki rüzgar hızının (15compared to the outdoor wind speed (10 minute average).

saniyelik aralıklarla) ve bu hızın hareketli ortalamasının (5Figure 6 shows the case of nighttime in chamber 3. In

dakikada bir) dışarıdaki rüzgar hızı (10 dakikalık ortalama)chamber 3, the average wind speed did not exceed 0.2 m/s

ile karşılaştırılmasını göstermektedir. 6. Görsel ise gece

even in the daytime. The wind speed near the entrance variedsüresince 3. Odacıktaki durumu göstermektedir. 3. Odacıktain accordance with the outdoor wind speed, and was greater

ortalama rüzgar hızı gündüz saatlerinde bile 0.2 m/s’yithan that in chamber 3. These results will be used to further

geçmemiştir. Girişin yakınında ölçülen rüzgar hızı dışarıdaki

investigate ventilation in the church.

rüzgar hızına bağlı olarak değişmekte olup 3. Odacıktaki
rüzgar hızından yüksektir. Bu sonuçlar kilisenin içindeki havaakışını daha detaylı incelemek için kullanılacaktır.
105

Figure 5. Wind speed in chamber 3 during the daytime (Sep. 25)
Görsel 5. Gündüz saatlerinde 3. Odacıktaki rüzgar hızı (25 Eylül)

Figure 6. Wind speed in chamber 3 during the nighttime (from 25-26 September)Görsel 6. Gece saatlerinde 3. Odacıktaki rüzgar hızı (25-26 Eylül)

3.3. Verification of potential evaporation estimated

3.3. Meteorolojik verilere göre hesaplanan potansiyel

by metrological databuharlaşmanın doğrulanması

Knowing the rate of evaporation from ground surface is

Zemin yüzeyindeki buharlaşma hızını bilmek Üzümlü

essential for simulating water and energy balance at the

Kilisesi’nin su ve enerji dengesini simüle etmek içinÜzümlü church. Although the evaporation rate could be

gereklidir. Bazı varsayımlarla yapıp Penman-Monteithestimated from metrological data using, for example, thedenklemi kullanılarak meteoroloji verilerinden buharlaşma

Penman-Monteith equation (1) with some assumptions,hızını hesaplamak mümkün olsa da gerçekçi bir simülasyon

verification of the equation is necessary to perform a realisticoluşturmak için denklemin doğrulanması gerekmektedir. Bu

simulation. Therefore, we measured the evaporation rate andnedenle meteorolojik veriler gözlemlenip buharlaşma hızı

monitored metrological data.

hesaplanmıştır.

Duration: 24-28 September, 2015

Süreç: 24-28 Eylül, 2015

Location and procedure:

Konum ve Yöntem:

A plastic container (30 cm x 20 cm) was filled with water

30cm x 20cm ebatlarında plastik bir kap su ile doldurularak

and set at near the weather station (Figure 7). The water levelmeteoroloji istasyonu yakınına bırakılmıştır (Görsel 7).

in the container was measured several times each day andKaptaki su seviyesi gün içinde birkaç kez ölçülerek açık su

the evaporation rate from the open water surface (potential

yüzeyinde gerçekleşen buharlaşma oranı (Ep olarak gösterilen

evaporation, Ep, which corresponds to the maximum

potansiyel buharlaşma, toprak yüzeyinde gerçekleşen
106

evaporation from soil surface) was evaluated.

maksimum buharlaşma miktarına karşılık gelmektedir)

Ep was also estimated from metrological data using equationdeğerlendirilmiştir.

(1) and compared to the measured Ep.

Ep değeri aynı zamanda (1) numaralı denklem kullanılarak
hesaplanmış ve ölçülen değerle kıyaslanmıştır.

Ep =

900
u ( es − ea )T + 273∆ + γ (1 + 0.34u )0.408∆ ( Rn − G ) + γ(1)where Rn is net radiation, G is ground heat flux, T is average

Bu denklemde Rn net ışımaya, G yer ısı akışnaı, T ortalama

daily temperature, u is wind velocity at a height of 2 meters,

günlük sıcaklığa, u 2 metre yükseklikteki rüzgar hızına, es

es is saturated water vapor pressure, ea is vapor pressure at

doygun su buharı basıncına, D doygun su buharı basıncı

dew point, es is the gradient of saturated water vapor pressureeğrisinin eğimine, g ise higrometre sabitine karşılık

curve, and ea is the hygrometer constant.

gelmektedir.

Data:

Veriler:

Figure 8 shows the cumulative evaporation from 24 to 28

8. görsel 24 Eylülden 28 Eylül’e kadar gerçekleşen toplam

September. Water evaporated faster in the daytime and slower

buharlaşmayı göstermektedir. Su gündüz daha hızlı buharlaşıp

in the night. However, the evaporation rate was mostly

gece daha yavaş buharlaşmış olmakla beraber gözlem süresi

constant during the observation period (Ep = 4.72 mm/d;

boyunca buharlaşma hızı çoğunlukla sabit kalmıştır. (Ep =about 4 mm in the daytime and 1 mm in the night).

4.72 mm/g; gündüzleri yaklaşık 4mm geceleriyse yaklaşık 1mm).

On the other hand, the estimated Ep produced by Eq. (1)and metrological data from the weather station (Figure(1) Denklemi ve meteoroloji verileri (Görsel 9) kullanılarak9) was 4.89. 5.63, and 5.35 mm/d for Sep. 25, 26 and 27,

yapılan hesaplamalar ise 25 Eylül için 4.89 mm/g, 26 Eylül

respectively. The average Ep was 5.29 mm/d and is 0.57

için 5.63 mm/g ve 27 Eylül için 5.35 mm/g sonuçlarını

mm larger than the observed Ep. The difference might comevermiştir. Ortalama Ep 5.29 mm/g olup gözlemlenen Ep’den

from condensation of water in the early morning. Overall,

0.57 mm/g daha fazladır. Bu fark sabah saatlerinde yoğuşan

the equation seems useful for simulating the water balance atsudan kaynaklanıyor olabilir. Genel olarak bu denklem,Üzümlü church, as long as a small correction is applied.

küçük bir düzeltme yapıldığı takdirde Üzümlü Kilisesi’nin su
dengesini simüle etmek için uygun gözükmektedir.

3.4. Verification of thermal properties estimated

3.4. Toprak gözlemleme verilerine göre hesaplanan

by soil monitoring datatermal özelliklerin doğrulanması

To simulate temperature change in the rock wall of ÜzümlüÜzümlü Kilisesi’nin taş duvarlarındaki ısı değişimini simüle

church, the thermal properties (thermal diffusivity, thermal

etmek için taşın termal özellikleri (ısıl dağılım, ısı geçirgenliği

conductivity, and heat capacity) of the rock must be known.

ve ısı sığası) bilinmelidir. Isıl dağılma bazı varsayımlar

Although the thermal diffusivity could be analyticallyyapılarak ve toprak gözlemleme verileri kullanarak analitik

estimated though use of soil monitoring data with someolarak hesaplanabilir, ancak gerçekçi bir simülasyon içinassumptions, a realistic simulation requires verification.

doğrulama gereklidir. Bu nedenle Üzümlü Kilisesi’nin

Therefore, we measured the thermal diffusivity, thermal

etrafındaki taş yapısının ısıl dağılımı, ısı geçirgenliği ve ısı

conductivity, and heat capacity of the rock around Üzümlüsığası hesaplanmıştır.

church.

107

Figure 8. Cumulative evaporation from 24 to 28 Sep.
Görsel 8. 24-28 Eylül arasındaki toplam buharlaşma.

Figure 7. Observation site
Görsel 7. Gözlem alanı

Figure 9. Metrological data for calculating Ep by Eq. (1)Görsel 9. (1) denklemini kullanılarak Ep’yi hesaplamak için gerekli meteoroloji verileri

Duration: 24-27 September, 2015

Süreç: 24-27 Eylül, 2015

Location and procedure:

Konum ve yöntem:

Samples were taken from weathered rock (R) beside theKilise zemininden (F), toprak gözlem sensörlerinin gömülü

church, the church floor (F), and the west (W) and northolduğu kilisenin batı (W) ve kuzey-doğu (E) temelinden ve

east (E) bases of the church where soil monitoring sensors

kilisenin yanındaki aşınmış kayadan (R) örnekler alınmıştır.

are buried. The thermal diffusivity, κ; thermal conductivity,

k ile gösterilen ısıl dağılım, l ile gösterilen ısı geçirgenliği

λ and heat capacity, C were measured according to the dualve C ile gösterilen ısı sığası, bir KD2-pro(dekagon cihazı)

heat probe method using a KD2-pro (Decagon device). The

kullanılarak çifte ısı sondası yöntemi kullanarak ölçülmüştür.

thermal conductivity λ was fitted to the Campbell equation (2),Isı geçirgenliği (l), ısı geçirgenliğini hesaplamada kullanılan

which is useful for solving thermal conduction.

Campbell denklemine (2) eşitlenmiştir.

λ =A + Bθ + ( A − D) exp  − ( Cθ ) 


4

(2)

where θ is water content, and A, B, C, and D are fitting

Bu denklemde q su miktarı; A,B,C ve D ise kil ve kuvarsın

parameters that relate to porosity, and the fraction of clay andgözenekliliğine ve fraksiyonuna denk gelen değişkenlerdir.
108

quartz.

Taş yapısının ısıl dağılımı (k) da toprak gözlemleme

Thermal diffusivity κ of the rock was also estimated using

alanındaki sıcaklık değişiklikleri kullanılarak hesaplanmış

fluctuations in temperature at the soil monitoring site, andve gözlemlenen k karşılaştırılmıştır. Topraktaki sıcaklık

Thermaldiffusivity
 of the rock
was also estimatedfluctuationsin temperaturecompared to the observed κ. Whenthe soiltemperaturedeğişimlerinin
topraktaki using
su akışının
ihmal edildiği
bir sinüs at the soil
monitoring
comparedthe observed
. Whenthe soil temperature
can be assumed tofluctuation can be assumed
to be asite,sineandcurvewith notosoileğrisi olduğu
varsayılırsaısıl dağılım fluctuationaşağıdaki denkleme
be a sine
curve canwithbenosoil water
thenhesaplanabilir.
the thermal diffusivity can be estimated aswater flow, then the thermal
diffusivity
estimated
as flow, göredz1  z2 T  Tmin z 1 
ln  max Tmax  Tmin z  2 




(3)

(3)

where d is damping depth, z is depth, Tmax and Tmin are maximum and minimum temperatures at z,  is thewhere d is damping depth, z is depth, Tmax and Tmin are

Bu denklemde d ıslanma derinliğine, z derinliğe, Tmax ve

maximum and minimum temperatures at z, τ is the rotation

Tmin değerleri z derinliğindeki maksimum ve minimum

period, and π is circular constant.

sıcaklıklara, τ ise devir süresine karşılık gelmektedir.

rotation period, and  is circular constant.

Table 1. Thermal properties of rocks measured by KD2-pro.

Veriler:
Sample name
R
F
W
E
Moisture
WettedDried
WettedDriedolarak
WettedFirst, the thermal propertiesof condition
the rocks were measured inDriedTaşlarınısıl özellikleri
ilk önce doğal
kuru birDried
halde Wetted
0.149
0.243
0.181
0.278
0.194
0.324
0.193
0.362
Thermal diffusivity
mm3/s
a naturally dried state.Thermal
Then, therock was saturated with0.246ölçülmüştür.
su ile ıslatılıpölçülmüştür.
0.488 Daha
0.263sonra0.535
0.197 tekrar
0.509
0.139
0.55
conductivity W/m.K
0.721
1.561
water and the thermalHeat
properties
measured again.
Table 11.647Tablo2.008
1 her bir1.455
kayanın1.927
KD2-pro1.013
ölçülmüş1.57
ısıl değerlerini
Capacity
MJ/m3.K
Data:

lists each rock’s thermal properties as measured by KD2-

göstermektedir. Normal kayalarla kıyaslandığında Üzümlü

pro. Comparing to common rocks, the rocks around Üzümlü

Kilisesi’nin etrafındaki kayaların ısıl dağılım, ısı geçirgenliği

church had relatively low thermal diffusivity, thermalve ısı sığası daha düşük olarak ölçülmüştür. W ve E’nin

conductivity and heat capacity. The low heat capacity for Wdüşük ısı sığası, kilise yüzeyindeki kayanın gözeneklilik

Data:First, the thermal properties of the rocks were measured in a naturally dried state. Then, the rockwas saturated
water
andoftheproperties
Table 1 Görseldelists each10.’darock’s thermaland E indicates low porosity
in rockswith
on thesurfacethethermaldeğerinindüşükmeasuredolduğunu again.
göstermektedir.
properties as
to common
the rocks
around Üzümlü
church had
church. The thermal conductivity
wasmeasured
well fittedbytoKD2-pro.
equation Comparing
görülebileceği
gibi ısı rocks,
geçirgenliği
(2) denklemine
uygun
low thermal diffusivity, thermal
conductivity
and heat capacity. The low heat capacity for W and(2) as shown in Figure relatively
10.
olarakbelirlenmiştir.
E indicates low porosity in rocks on the surface of the church. The thermal conductivity was well fitted to
Figure 11 shows the soil
temperaturechangeinmonitoredatequation(2) as shown
Figure 10.

Görsel 11 (E) noktasında 12 ile 14 Eylül, 2014 aralığında

(E) from September 12 to 14, 2014. This temperature change

gözlemlenen sıcaklık değişimini göstermektedir. Bu

was analyzed using equation (4) producing an estimatedsıcaklık değişimi (4) denklemi kullanılarak incelenmiş

Figure 11 shows the soil temperature change monitored at (E) from September 12 to 14, 2014.

This temperature change
was analyzed using equation (4) producing an estimated thermal
diffusivity for
diffusivity
themeasured
rock was alsousingısıl
fluctuationsin temperature
at2/s
theolaraksoil
thermal diffusivity for Thermal
wet rock of
0.43 mm2/s.ofTheve estimatedıslak kayanındağılımı yaklaşık
0.43 mmwet rock of 0.43 mm2/s. The measured  slightly underestimated the analyzed . This may stem from poor
monitoring site,
comparedtomay
the observed
the soil temperature
can be assumedtoκ slightly underestimatedtheandanalyzed
κ. Thisstem from . When
hesaplanmıştır.
Ölçülen kfluctuationdeğeri, hesaplanandeğerdencontact
betweentheKD2-prosensorrod
andthesamplerocks.
The
analyzed
seems
sufficientforbebetweena sine curvewith nosensor
soil waterflow,
the thermal
canfark
be estimatedas ölçüm çubuğunun
poor contact
the KD2-pro
rod andthe thensampledüşük diffusivityçıkmıştır. Bu
KD2-pro’nun
calculating
theforheat
flow of thechurch wall.
rocks. The analyzed κ seems
sufficient
calculatingz  z the heat  örnek kayalarla olan temasının yeterince iyi olmamasından
dflow of the church wall.

12
 Tmax  Tmin z 1 ln  Tmax  Tmin z  2  kaynaklanmış olabilir. Hesaplanan k değeri kilise duvarındaki
ısı akışını hesaplamak için yeterli görünmektedir.

(3)

where d is damping depth, z is depth, Tmax and Tmin are maximum and minimum temperatures at z,  is therotation period, and  is circular constant.
Table 1. Thermal properties of rocks measured by KD2-pro.
Tablo
KayalarınKD2-proile ölçülmüş
termalözellikleri by KD2-pro.
Table1. 1.
Thermalpropertiesof rocks
measured

Sample name
Moisture condition
Thermal diffusivity
mm3/s
Thermal conductivity W/m.K
Heat Capacity
MJ/m3.K

R
Dried
0.149
0.246
1.647

F
Wetted
0.243
0.488
2.008

Dried
0.181
0.263
1.455

W
Wetted
0.278
0.535
1.927

Dried
0.194
0.197
1.013

E
Wetted
0.324
0.509
1.57

Dried
0.193
0.139
0.721

Wetted
0.362
0.55
1.561

9
Data:

109

First, the thermal properties of the rocks were measured in a naturally dried state. Then, the rockwas saturated with water and the thermal properties measured again. Table 1 lists each rock’s thermalFigure 10. Thermal conductivity of rocks around Üzümlü
churchGörsel 10. Thermal conductivity of rocks around Üzümlü
Kilisesi etrafındaki kayaların ısı geçirgenliği

Figure 11. Temperature change at 5, 10 and 30 cm depth
at site (E).
Görsel 11. (E) bölgesinde 5, 10ve 30(cm) derinliklerindeki
sıcaklık değişimleri

4. LAB TESTING AND CONSERVATION OF

4. LABORATUVAR TESTLERİ VE ÜZÜMLÜ

THE ÜZÜMLÜ WALL PAINTINGSDUVAR RESİMLERİNİN KONSERVASYONUOne of the main causes of ongoing serious damage to the wallÜzümlü kilisesine verilen en büyük zarar, çoğunluğu yerel

paintings at Üzümlü church is extensive graffiti by tourists,

turistler olmak üzere turistler tarafından duvarlara yapılan

most likely local tourists. Figure 13 clearly shows largeçizimler olmuştur. 13. Görselin açıkça gösterdiği gibi duvarda

incisions in the wall presenting the Turkish mobile number

Türkiye’ye ait bir telefon numarası “0532445033” ayrıca“0532445033”, and the words “guide” and “Paul”, which“guide” ve “Paul” kelimeleri 2010 ve 2013 yılları arasında

appeared between 2010 and 2013. These are not related togörülmüş olan vandalizmlerdir. Bunların son zamanlarda

acts of cultural genocide, which have increased recently

Batı Asya bölgelerinde artmakta olan Musul Müzesi ve

in West Asian regions such as in the Mosul museum andPalmyra’ya yapılan saldırılar gibi kültürel soykırımlarla bir

Palmyra attacks.

ilgisi yoktur.

Some other graffiti containing personal names includes datesKişisel isimler içeren diğer duvar yazıları 2014 ve 2015

such as 2014 and 2015, which indicates that these actions

yıllarında yapılmış, yani yakın zamanda meydana gelmiştir.

took place recently. Therefore, measures to prevent further

Bu nedenle, gelecek zararları engelleyecek önlemler en kısadamage should be taken as soon as possible; these may

zamanda alınmalıdır. Bu önlemler uyarı tabelaları asmak,

include posting signs at the site, setting up a proper platformkilise zeminine uygun bir platform yerleştirmek ve yerel

along the church floor, or educating local tourist guides.

turist rehberlerini eğitmek şeklinde olabilir.

The Üzümlü wall paintings are an important site for historicalÜzümlü duvar resimleri tarihi duvar yazıları için önemli bir

graffiti. There are several types of Greek inscriptions thatkonumdadır. Üzümlü’de Sekizinci ve dokuzuncu (8. ve 9.)seem to date back to the 8th or 9th century AD, as well asyüzyıldan kaldığı düşünülen birkaç farklı Yunan yazıtı, bunun

figures of horses and saints, and some Arabic graffiti. Also,

yanı sıra at ve aziz tasvirleri ve bir takım Arap duvar yazıları

some evidence of religious vandalism on the hands and facesbulunmaktadır. Ayrıca, aziz tasvirlerinin ellerine ve yüzlerineof saints could be historical; therefore, criteria for which

yapılmış dini Vandalizm örnekleri tarihi değer taşıyabilir;

graffiti shall and shall not be remedied has been established.

bu nedenle, hangi duvar çizimlerinin onarılıp hangilerinin

Only recent touristic graffiti and lines shall be toned down;

onarılmayacağına dair bir kriter oluşturulmuştur. Sadece
110Figure 12a. Wall painting in chamber 2, June 2010
Görsel 12b. Kilisenin nef kısmında bulunan duvar resmi, kuzey duvar, 1968 veya 1970

Figure 12b. Wall painting in the nave, north wall, 1968 or 1970.
Görsel 12b. Kilisenin nef kısmında bulunan duvar resmi, kuzey duvar, 1968 veya 1970

111

Figure 13. Modern incised graffiti by local visitors.
Görsel 13. Yerel ziyaretçiler tarafından yakın zamanda oyularak yapılmış duvar yazıları

others must remain as they are.

yakın zamanda yapılmış duvar çizimleri onarılmalıdır, geri
kalanlar olduğu gibi bırakılmalıdır.

In order to provide a optically uniform effect, graffiti ofapparently recent origin was partially toned using mineral-

Görsel bütünlük sağlayabilmek adına yakın zamanda

based pigments (red ochre, yellow ochre, green earth, ivory

yapıldığı düşünülen duvar yazılarının üzeri mineral bazlı

black, local earth) without any organic binder. The pigment

pigmentler (kırmızı toprakboya, sarı toprakboya, yeşil

particles were applied using only water since prior analysis

toprak, fildişi siyahı, yerel toprak) ile organik bağlayıcı

indicated that the original wall paintings had no organic

madde kullanılmadan boyanarak kısmen kapatılmıştır.

binding media. Some pencil based graffiti and crayons were

Pigment tanecikleri, önceden yapılan incelemelerin gösterdiği

removed using PVAC free eraser and hexane.

üzere orijinal duvar resimleri organik bağlayıcı maddeiçermediğinden dolayı sadece su kullanarak uygulanmıştır.

A series of material testing for grouting and edging mortar

Bazı kurşun kalem tabanlı duvar çizimleri ve pastel boyalar

was carried out in the labs and on-site parallel to the toning

PVAC içermeyen silgi ve heksan kullanılarak silinmiştir.

trials. The main composition of the original plaster in the wall
painting is gypsum, without any plant fibres, sand particles,

Derzleme, kenar düzeltme ve alçılama için laboratuvarda

etc. Some areas are cracked and detached due to long-term

yapılan tonlama araştırmalarına paralel olarak birtakım

rock movement. Therefore, grouting and edging mortar wasmalzeme test deneyleri yapılmıştır. Duvar boyasında bulunan

chosen based on gypsum. However, it should be modified

orijinal alçıdaki ana karışım, içinde kum tanecikleri ve bitki

to become weaker and lighter than the original plaster. Also,

lifleri vb. malzemeler bulunmayan jipstir. Bazı kısımlar uzun

an excess amount of liquid water may damage the originalsüreli kaya hareketleri nedeniyle çatlamış veya yerlerinden

plaster. Thus, a reduction of water would be ideal. For theçıkmıştır. Bu nedenle, derzleme ve düzeltme sıvası jips temelsake of convenience in application, retarder additives werealınarak seçilmiştir. Fakat bu karışım, orijinal sıvadan daha112

also tested to prolong the workability and setting time ofaz yoğun ve hafif olacak şekilde değiştirilmelidir. Ayrıca,

gypsum binders to at least 30 minutes. In order to achievekarışımda fazla miktarda su bulunması orijinal sıvaya zarar

such material properties, xanthan gums, volcanic glass-based

verebilir. Bu nedenle, su miktarını azaltmak ideal olacaktır.

microbaloon, and sodium citrate were used. Some scientific

Uygulama kolaylığı adına, kimyasal tepkime önleyici olarak

evaluation shall be carried out this year, and an actual

kullanılan katkı maddeleri jipsin kuruma süresini en az 30

intervention will be executed in 2016.

dakika arttırmak ve böylece işlenebilirliğini artırmak içindenenmiştir. Bu özelliklere sahip bir materyal elde edebilmek
için ksantan sakızı, volkanik cam bazlı mikro balon ve
sodyum sitrat kullanıldı. Bu yıl içinde bir takım bilimselaraştırmalar gerçekleştirilecek ve asıl müdahale 2016 yılında
hayata geçirilecektir.

5. PRELIMINARY TESTING FOR PROTECTIVE

5. KAYAÇLARIN KORUYUCU KAPLAMARI İÇİNCOATING OF ROCKSÖN TESTLER

Two small rock masses with similar rock and weatheringAşınma ve yapısal özellikleri benzer olan iki küçük kaya

characteristics were chosen for testing (Figure 14). One

kütlesi test edilmek üzere seçilmiştir. (Görsel 14). Bir kayayarock was sprayed with an alkoxysilane based consolidate

alkoxysilane tabanlı sağlamlaştırıcı ve su geçirmez bir madde

and water repellent agent (Permeate HS-360, 150g/m2),(Permeate HS-360, 150g/ m2) püskürtülmüş, diğer kaya

and the other was left as untreated as a control specimen. In

kütlesi ise kontrol grubu olarak kullanılmak için herhangiorder to compare the degree of weathering, 9 SUS anchors

bir işlem yapılmamıştır. Aşınma miktarını ölçmek adına 9(nails) were set in each rock mass (North, East, South, West:SUS sabitleyici (çivi) kaya kütlelerine sabitlenmiştir. (Kuzey,

lower and higher positions, and the top). The exposed length

Güney, Doğu, Batı: alçak ve yüksek noktalar ve tepe). Herof each anchor was measured periodically using a digital

sabitleyicinin açıkta kalan kısmı düzenli olarak dijital kalınlık

caliper. Since the surface of the rocks is extremely friable, theölçerlerle ölçülmüştür. Kaya yüzeyleri ufalanmaya oldukça

measurement was not accurate enough (Figure 15). However,müsait olduğundan hesaplamalar yeterli derecede doğru

the number of remaining anchors demonstrated that surfacedeğildir (Görsel 15). Fakat, geriye kalan sabitleyici sayısı

treatment had a clear effect of (Table 2): after less than 8şunu gösteriyor ki yüzey koruması bariz bir etkiye sahiptir

months of exposure, 6 anchors of 9 were lost due to heavy(Tablo 2 ): 8 aydan kısa bir süre boyunca açıkta bırakıldıktan

weathering.

sonra 9 sabitleyiciden 6’sı hava etkisiyle yoğun aşınma
sonucu kaybolmuştur.

In-situ trials to stabilise wall paintings and further
environmental studies shall be carried out in 2016. A

Duvar resimlerini konservasyonu içinse yerinde bakımlar ve

comprehensive approach is required to achieve success inbaşka çevresel çalışmalar 2016 yılında gerçekleştirilecektir.

conservation of the whole site, especially as it must involve

Tüm alanın korunabilmesi için bütünsel bir yaklaşım

tourist management to reduce intentional vandalism togerekmektedir. Bu çalışma özellikler bilinçli vandalismin

cultural materials.

kültürel mirasa verdiği zararı azaltmak için turist yönetiminide kapsamalıdır.

113

Figure 14. Locations of testing rock masses and Üzümlü church
Görsel 14. Üzümlü Kilisesi’ndeki kaya kütlelerinin test alanı

Table 2. Comparison of numbers of remained SUS anchors
Tablo 2. SUS sabitleyicilerinin açıkta kalan kısmının uzunluklarının düzenli ölçümü

Figure 15. Periodical measurement of exposed length of SUS anchors
Görsel 15. SUS sabitleyicilerinin açıkta kalan kısmının uzunluklarının düzenli ölçümü

114

References
Erguler, Z.A., 2009, Field-based experimental determination of the weathering rates of the Cappadocian
tuffs, Engineering Geology, 105, pp.186-199.
Fukakusa, S., Kawahara, K., Nakazawa, T., 2015, III-4 Nano liquid chromatography-electrosprayionization tandem mass spectrometry (Nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS) analysis of the Üzümlü wall paintings,
In Taniguchi, ed., Scientific Studies on Conservation for Üzümlü Church and Its Wall Paintings in
Cappadocia, Turkey., vol. 1. Annual report on the activities in 2014, p.103-106.University of Tsukuba.
Higuchi, R., Suzuki, T., Shibata, M., Taniguchi, Y., Murat Gülyaz, M., 2016, Digital Non-Metric ImageBased Documentation for the Preservation and Restoration of Mural Paintings: the Case of the Üzümlü
Rock-Hewn Church, Turkey, Virtual Archaeology Review, 7, pp.31-42.
Pelosi, C., Agresti, G., Andaloro, M., Pogliani, P., Santamaria, U., 2013, ‘The rock hewn wall paintingsin Cappadocia (Turkey). Characterization of the constituent materials and a chronological overview’,e-Preservation Science, 10, pp.99-108.
Rovella, N., Andaloro, M., Crisci, G.M., La Russa, M.F., Pelosi, C., Pogliani, P., Ruffolo, S.A., 2014,
Cappadocian rupestrian churches and conservative strategies: from the lab to the archeological site, VIII
Congresso Nazionale di Archeometria Scienze e Beni Culturali: stato dell’arte e prospettive, Bologna,
Italy, 5-7 February 2014.
Sano, K., Mizukoshi, S., 2015, II-5 Preliminary aging tests (outdoor environment) of consolidants fortuff rock samples, In Taniguchi, ed., Scientific Studies on Conservation for Üzümlü Church and Its Wall
Paintings in Cappadocia, Turkey, vol. 1. Annual report on the activities in 2014, p.37-41.University ofTsukuba.
Taniguchi, Y., Koizumi, K., Iba, C., Porter, J., Açıkgöz, F., Gülyaz, M., 2016, Scientific Research forConservation of the Rock Hewn Church of Üzümlü, Cappadocia, 37. International Symposium of
Excavations, Surveys and Archaeometry, Erzurum 11-15 May 2015, pp.361-378.
UNESCO, 1985, Structural conservation of Göreme. Göreme, land of fairy chimneys. Ministry of Culture
and Tourism, Turkey. General Directorate of Antiquities and Museums.

Acknowledgements:
The authors would like to express their appreciation to MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (24101014) and theKajima Foundation for their financial support on this project. The Üzümlü project has been supported
by numerous individuals in both Turkey and Japan, especially the Turkish government and staff at theNevşehir Restoration and Conservation Regional Laboratory Directorate. Special appreciation is extended
to: the director of the Nevşehir Museum, Murat Ertuğrul Gülyaz; the director of the Niğde Museum, Fazıl
Açıkgöz; Ibrahim Sakınan and family; and Tolga Uyar, Zuhal Coçyğit, Shunsuke Fukasawa, Ryo Higuchi,
Kazuki Kawahara, Shigekazu Mizukoshi, Takeshi Nakazawa, Jennifer Porter, Juni Sasaki, Mina Shibata,
Tamaki Suzuki and Mizuho Yoshioka.
Note: this paper is a modified (some figures were added) version of forthcoming proceedings of 38th
International Symposium of Excavations, Surveys and Archaeometry (38. Uluslararası Kazı, Araştırma ve
Arkeometri Sempozyumu) in Trakya University, Edirne, 23-27 May 2016.

115

Yoko Taniguchi, Keigo Koizumi, Chiemi Iba, Jennifer Porter, Fazıl Açıkgöz, Murat Ertuğrul Gülyaz,
37. International Symposium of Excavations, Surveys and Archaeometry, Erzurum 11-15
May 2015, 361-378, Published in 2016

Ⅱ -10 Scientific Research for Conservation of The Rock Hewn Church ofÜZÜMLÜ, CappadociaÜzümlü(Kapadokya)’da Bulunan Kaya Oyma Kilisenin Korunmasi İcin2015’de Yürütülen Bilimsel ÇaliŞmasi* Yoko Taniguchi
Keigo Koizumi
Chiemi Iba
Jennifer Porter
Fazıl Açıkgöz
Murat Ertuğrul Gülyaz

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Outline and objectives of the projectA project at Üzümlü Church in the Red Valley in Cappadocia, Turkey, has recently been launched withtwo primary objectives: the conservation of the soft, fragile tuff structure of the church through geo- andenvironmental-engineering methods, and the conservation of the interior wall paintings, including a scientificstudy of their technology. The structure and wall paintings have not been treated in the past, presenting aunique opportunity for this type of study. The project aims to find a suitable method for prolonging the life of
Cappadocia’s fragile tuff structures and the paintings they shelter, through the use of ‘retreatable’ conservationmaterials. Often, intense intervention does not allow for future treatments, and fails to allow for continuouspreservation. Due similarities in original technique and deterioration with other sites in Cappadocia, this study
will have relevance for the greater region.

During an initial investigative campaign (September 2014), the structure and wall paintings were inspected
to understand their technology and deterioration, and samples were taken as necessary. Documentation and acondition survey of the paintings on the interior of the church were carried out, and environmental monitoringof the church interior and surroundings was initiated in order to identify the primary agents of deterioration
to the tuff rock structure, and to test the hypothesis that dew/frost cycles have the most significant impact
during the early spring season, as has been noted in earlier studies (Erguler 2009). Micro-organisms such as
lichens and algae have also often been observed on tuff rocks in Cappadocia, and therefore visible colonies
of biological growth on the church’s exterior surface were studied to determine whether they had positive(protective) or negative (deterioration accelerating) impacts on the tuff rock.

1.2 The church
Cappadocia’s unique landscape results from the natural erosion of a soft and fragile tuff rock formed byvolcanic accumulation. Hundreds of churches and dwellings were excavated within the tuff rock structuresin valleys of the region, and many of them contain important historical and religious reliefs and paintings.
The Üzümlü, meaning Grape, Church is located at the beginning of the Red Valley, to the west of the townof Ortahisar. A tuff formation or “fairy chimney” was hollowed out for use as a monastic complex and likely
housed the church’s monks. The church is cut into the lower level of the tuff formation, while the upper levelcontains a chamber that can be seen only from the outside due to the partial collapse of the walls. There is across relief on the ceiling. The church has a square plan with one apse and one nave and at the far end of thenave is a grave niche (Figure 1). This church is also called The Church of St. Nichitas due to the presence of a117

Figure 1. Structure of the Üzümlü Church

dedication inscription to St Nichitas inside the church. The nave ceiling is decorated with rich embellishments:
its surface is orange in colour and adorned with a cross composed of circles and rectangles with bunchesof grapes and geometrical motifs surrounding it. The border is embellished using medallions with Maltese
crosses. Although not definite, it is common belief that the earliest structure of the church dates back to the
8th or 9th century AD, though the paintings are thought to be from a later date, probably related with theperiod of Komnenos dynasty (1081-1185), based on stylistic evaluation, such as similarities with the motifs inPantokrator Monastery (Zeyrek Kilise Camii), Istanbul (1120-1185) (Suzuki et.al 2015: 107).

The Üzümlü church was selected for study because of the typical structural issues it presents, and due to its
wall paintings, for their conservation and also due to significant scientific research interest in wall paintings inEurasia, especially those from the medieval period.

2. ASSESSMENT OF UZUMLU TUFF STRUCTURE AND WALL PAINTINGS
The tuff structure of the Üzümlü church suffers from deterioration common to other rock-cut churches in the
Cappadocia region: stone powdering and spalling, as well as structural cracking. While structural cracking
originates from seismic activity, cracking and other types of deterioration are originated or exacerbated by windand rain erosion, and insolation stresses. Environmental monitoring was therefore undertaken to understand themechanisms of deterioration at Üzümlü, and seek to address them.

2.1 Environmental monitoring
A set of environmental monitoring stations (Onset HOBO U30‐NRC) for monitoring RH, T, rainfall, windspeed/direction, and solar radiation were installed near the Üzümlü Church (photo 1). Loggers with sensors thatmeasure water potential and water content were situated in the lower level of the church along the exterior wall
(5TE, MPS2 and Em50: Decagon Device). Also 2 sets of datalogger, HOBO U23 for RH/T were placed in the
church.

118

Photo 1. Installation of a weather station and Üzümlü church (centre)

Figure 2. Wind direction near the Üzümlü Church (September 2014- March 2015)

119Members of Nevşehir Restoration and Conservation Regional Laboratory Directorate (Nevşehir Restorasyon
ve Konservasyon Bölge Laboratuvarı Müdürlüğü) have collected data periodically. The data shows that after
October 2014 day temperatures dropped below 0 C. However, critical temperature fluctuations at around -4 C,
as associated with the dew-frost phenomena, were only counted 4 times in this season. Such occurrence wassignificantly less than assumed. Precipitation such as rainfall increased from November to December, and again
from February to March.

Interestingly, the weather station, since its installation, has consistently shown the prevailing wind direction
to flow North-South around the Üzümlü church (September 2014 to March 2015) probably owing to thegeological setting of the Red Valley. This may also affect erosion of the rock surface on the NS side (Figure 2).
Further details on environmental factors shall be examined after a year of data has been obtained.

2.2 Conservation context
Erosion and deterioration in Cappadocia’s tuff rocks have been studied and Erguler [2009] reported in a casestudy that erosion (0.4-2.5mm /yr) occurred due to frequent dew-frosts (37/yr). Tuff erosion remains the mostcritical and urgent conservation issue in Cappadocia.

In the past, the problems of acute cracking and erosion were commonly addressed by applying a lime-cement
based render over the tuff surface, as is done in Göreme National Park.
Although trials were conducted with iron mesh at the interface between capping and tuff rock, detachment
between the two always occurs due to possible water infiltration and thermal impact by intense solar radiation.
Most of the surface treatment and capping has not been effective at reducing the rate of the tuff erosion, and insome cases has exacerbated its deterioration. Therefore, in this project, a different treatment approach is being
explored: slower the speed of erosion with chemically compatible material with the original tuff, not to coverwith a foreign material, and it will be retreatable in 10 years intervals.

2.3 Sampling for laboratory testing
Tuff rock pieces were sampled from the Red Valley near the Üzümlü Church for lab testing. Basic mechanicaltests carried out included porosity measurement and chemical analysis such as mineralogical/XRD studies.
The same pieces were also used for some surface treatment tests in cooperation with D&D Co. Since frostdew was initially assumed to be the main cause of deterioration. Some consolidants were chosen which
is impermeable to liquid water but permeable to water vapour as testing materials first (i.e. 150g/m2 ofPermeate® HS-360, Permeate® Prototypes 1401, 1402, 1403 and 1404). Exposure tests of these treatedsamples are still under way, and some select products shall be tested in Cappadocia after lab tests are complete(Sano and Mizukoshi, 2015).

3. STRUCTURE AND CONSTIUTENT MATERIALS OF ÜZÜMLÜ WALL PAINTINGS
Similar to other wall paintings in Cappadocia, the Üzümlü wall paintings are executed on a white plaster layer,
which was directly applied onto the tuff rock substrate. The plaster layer is extremely thin (approx. 2-5 mm),and covered in a fine white ground (approx. 1-2 mm thick), both apparently composed of similar materials. The
plaster and ground both appear to have been applied quite wet, since brush strokes and bubbles can be observed120

in both layers. They contain little aggregate, unlike some other paintings in the region, which often containplant or animal fibres (Pelosi et al. 2013).
The painting palette initially appears to consist mainly of strong red, yellow and greyish colours. However,closer inspection reveals that a much wider range of tonal effects had originally been achieved, through themixing of pigments, and the variations in the opacity with which paint layers were applied, as has also been
noted in other paintings in the region (Pelosi et al. 2013): in some areas, paint appears to have been applied asthin washes in order to obtain different effects of tonality. Despite the presence of plant patterns such as vinesand grapes, very little green pigment was observed, except for in certain sections of painting in the altar room.

Detailed examination of the paint layers was undertaken using a digital camera-attached microscope(®Microadvance), and micrographs were recorded. Infra-red and ultra-violet photographs (365nm excitement
wavelength) were also taken to assess specific types of painting materials.

Following visual inspection, 13 small samples were taken from discreet but representative areas of the groundand paint layers, prepared as cross-sections, and/or analyzed for organic and inorganic constituents.
The cross-sections revealed that most of the plaster and ground layers were quite fine and homogeneous incomposition without any particular inclusions. No visible varnish or glaze layers had been applied on top andpainting layers were extremely thin.
Table 1 provides a summary of the results of analysis of the 13 samples taken from the wall painting. A sampleof the lower white plaster layer (UZM_002) was identified as gypsum [JCPDS: (00-033-0311): CaSO4.2H2O]
with the XRD (Figure 3) without any other inclusions. This technology has been used in other paintings (Pelosi
et al. 2013, Schwartzbaum 1986). Red lead (minium) was used extensively, and its alteration products werealso detected (ex. PbO) (Figure 4). Lead-based pigments were manmade, and of the kind commonly traded andused in the medieval world.

Figure 3. X-ray diffractogram of the white ground (UZM_002).

121

Figure 4. Analytic results of one cross section (UZM_004) using: (a) PLM, (b) PLM-UV, (c) SEM-BSE and (d) elemental analysis with EDS

Table 1. Summery of examinations

122

As for the organic binder, surface observation leads one to exclude the likelihood that Üzümlü paintings weredepicted using drying oils or wax. Major possible candidates include water-soluble binders (animal proteins,casein: milk/cheese, plant gums). Two different biochemical techniques were employed in order to detect very
low concentrations of organic media. First, ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) was applied for theprotein including to materials such as animal glues, caseins and plant gums (Takashima 2015). There was no
positive reaction from any of the tests. Secondly, a nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS was employed in order to accurately
detect and identify collagen (Fukakusa et.al 2015). Again, no positive results were obtained. Such findings leadto the possibility that the Üzümlü wall paintings were depicted without any organic binder. Rather, it appears tohave been set on the surface with gypsum, which worked naturally as a weak binder.

4. CONDITION SURVEY OF THE ÜZÜMLÜ WALL PAINTINGS
While the tuff structure of the Üzümlü church suffers from extensive environmental deterioration, the wall
paintings are in relatively stable condition, and continue to be well-protected by the fabric. The paintings were
therefore considered in parallel to the structure, but the investigative approach varied, as will any eventual
treatment needs.

4.1 Documentation of the Üzümlü Church
In the 1970s, Prof. Masaru Maeno and a research team from the Tokyo National University of Fine Art andMusic (Tokyo University of the Art) undertook the first architectural documentation of church structures in
Cappadocia and Ihlara valley, inclusive of the Üzümlü Church (Figure 5). For the current project, a digital

Figure 5. A plan of Üzümlü Church depicted by Prof. Maeno in 1970

123

Figure 6. A merged image of the dome of the altar

photographic technique was applied in order to create a base map of the Üzümlü wall paintings. In the Üzümlü
Church, some wall paintings are applied on curved surfaces such as those in domes or vaults. Therefore,
photographs produce representations that appear distorted and are not of sufficient quality for use. During thesurvey, images were processed using a specific method to create base photographs for mapping as well as for
accurate assessment of conditions.
As some wall painting were captured in a sectional series of more than two photographs, it was necessary
to later merge these images together using image processing software, Photoshop CS6 in this case. After
combining the photographs through the add-in Photomerge tool, the edges of each section were checked.
Distorted areas within combined photographs were revised by the add-in warp tool. Finally, all photographs
were adjusted to fit to the exact scale (Figure 6).

4.2 Condition survey
Deterioration of the interior rock surfaces and wall painting was identified and mapped on transparent polyether
sheets in order to record deterioration phenomenon and their distribution. Sheets were then transferred into a
digital format in Japan using Illustrator files (Figure 7).

Structural cracking and external erosion, though indirect, can be considered the most significant ongoing124

threats to the wall paintings. Currently, cracking has not resulted in water infiltration to the interior, but thiswill inevitably become a problem if the structural issues are not addressed. In some areas, cracking does seemto have resulted in the detachment of the wall painting plaster from the tuff substrate, in which case somedetachment can also be considered ongoing.

The most extensive direct damage to the wall paintings has been caused by humans and animals. Most wasperpetrated mechanically through the use of sharp tools for creating graffiti, leaving scratches, and removing
faces and hands from Saints. There is also significant impact damage, which has been another cause of cracking
and detachment of the plaster layer.

Mechanical damage has often revealed the bright white gypsum ground and plaster beneath the paint layers.
White areas are quite distinguishable and optically overshadow darker tones in paintings. Such vandalism
may be classified and defined by period and purpose. First, there is iconographic vandalism during what could
be characterized as an iconoclastic period. Second, there was graffiti applied as part of worshipping practices
depicting saints, horses, and prayers in Greek letters both pre- and post-dating the iconoclastic period. Third,
there is graffiti by tourists or locals with names and dates (Figures 8, 9). The second case in particular shouldbe the subject of more careful study before any conservation intervention is initiated. This is necessary toachieve a balance between preserving the cultural importance of the work as a historical witness and upholding
its original visual aesthetic toning.

Despite the extensive mechanical damage, much of the original paint layer appears to survive intact. However,detailed observation revealed that many pigments were actually discoloured, darkened, and lost. The vault of

Figure 7. A complete example of condition assessment

125Figure 8. Graffiti, possibly by tourists

Figure 9. Graffiti, possibly from the Christian period

Figure 10. A scene of vines without grapes

126the Narthex in particular has inexplicably lost important grape motifs in the centre of its vine decorations (Figure10). A similar motif of grapes and vines is visible in the vault of the Nave endured better. Particular metalbased pigment alterations, likely caused by exposure to the outdoor environment, were observed, including thealteration of lead-based pigments to PbO.

While the paint appears to have been applied as thin washes in many areas, paint loss seems to have occurred insome specific instances. The cause of this loss in not yet understood, however it could be due to water-related
loss of paint materials. It may also be related to missing images by probably paint thinning and disappearing,such as the grapes in the first vault. Microscopic observation did also reveal microlosses from paint layers, inthe form of small white spots, the cause of which also remains unclear for the moment.

Preferential loss of paint layers has also been observed in other sites, with particular note having been madeof the loss of green pigment (Andaloro 2008), and this phenomenon will require further study and perhaps
treatment.
Deterioration very similar to those affecting the church and paintings at Üzümlü have long been recognized
as the main threats to sites throughout the Cappadocia region (UNESCO 1985), and many subsequent studies
have confirmed and reiterated this finding (Schwartzbaum 1986; Andaloro 2008 & 2014; Rovella 2014). The
study and treatment of these phenomena and their causes at Üzümlü will therefore be of great relevance to sites
throughout the area.

5. TOWARDS ON-SITE CONSERVATION TRIALS
Environmental data and results from material analysis have provided information useful for planning a rangeof conservation tests and trials for the Üzümlü wall paintings and tuff rock substrate. In this regard, in-situ
tests shall be indispensable for selecting suitable conservation materials and application methods, as well as
for managing better indoor conditions. In 2015, further testing shall be carried out for identifying possible
consolidants and protective materials for the tuff substrates, in addition to testing materials for the readhesionof the detached gypsum ground and friable paint layers. Measures will also be taken to better protect the sitefrom future vandalism and animal inhabitation, thus reducing the risk of renewed mechanical damage to thepaintings.

In each case, both method and materials must be compatible with the original materials, and implemented on aminimal scale, to avoid excess and unnecessary treatments. The case in Üzümlü is certainly a most technicallydifficult challenge, and could serve as a model case for new approaches to integrating, presenting, andadvancing ethical conservation in the Cappadocia region.

References
Andaloro, M., 2008, Rock paintings of Cappadocia: images, materials and state of preservation, 25. Araştırma
Sonuçları Toplantısı, 2. Cİlt, 28 Mayıs-01 Hazİran 2007 Kocaelİ, pp.163-178.
Andaloro, M., Pignatale, T. and Verdiani, G., 2014, ‘The Church of Meryem Ana in Göreme, Cappadocia:
Correct documentation for a meaningful heritage at risk’, Conference on Cultural Heritage and New
Technologies, Vienna, Austria, November 11­13, 2013.
Aydan, Ö., Ulusay, R. 2003, Geotechnical and geoenvironmental characteristics of man-made underground127structures in Cappadocia, Turkey, Engineering Geology, 69, pp.245-272.
Doğan, U., 2011, Climate-controlled river terrace formation in the Kizilimak Valley, Cappadocia section,
Turkey: Inferred from Ar-Ar dating of Quatenary basalts and terraces stratigraphy, Geomorphology, 126, pp.6681.
Erguler, Z.A., 2009, Field-based experimental determination of the weathering rates of the Cappadocian tuffs,
Engineering Geology, 105, pp.186-199.
Fukakusa, S., Kawahara, K., Nakazawa, T., 2015, III-4 Nano liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization
tandem mass spectrometry (Nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS) analysis of the Üzümlü wall paintings, In Taniguchi, ed.,Scientific Studies on Conservation for Üzümlü Church and Its Wall Paintings in Cappadocia, Turkey., vol. 1.
Annual report on the activities in 2014, p.103-106.University of Tsukuba.
McCrone, W. C. et al., 1979, The Particle Atlas V, 2nd ed., Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc., Ann Arbor,
Michigan.
Plesters J., 1956, Cross-sections and chemical analysis of paint samples, Studies in Conservation, 2, pp.110157.
Pelosi, C., Agresti, G., Andaloro, M., Pogliani, P., Santamaria, U., 2013, ‘The rock hewn wall paintingsin Cappadocia (Turkey). Characterization of the constituent materials and a chronological overview’,e-Preservation Science, 10, pp.99-108.
Pelosi, C., Agresti, G., Andaloro, M., Baraldi, P., Pogliani, P., Santamaria, U., Russa, M.F., Ruffolo, S.A.,
Rovella, N., 2015, Micro-Raman and micro-stratigraphic analysis of the painting materials in the rock-hewn
church of the Forty Martyrs in Şahinefendi, Cappadocia (Turkey), Archaeometry, forthcoming.
Rovella, N., Andaloro, M., Crisci, G.M., La Russa, M.F., Pelosi, C., Pogliani, P., Ruffolo, S.A., 2014,
Cappadocian rupestrian churches and conservative strategies: from the lab to the archeological site, VIII
Congresso Nazionale di Archeometria Scienze e Beni Culturali: stato dell’arte e prospettive, Bologna, Italy, 5-7 February
2014.
Sano, K., Mizukoshi, S., 2015, II-5 Preliminary aging tests (outdoor environment) of consolidants for tuff rock samples, In
Taniguchi, ed., Scientific Studies on Conservation for Üzümlü Church and Its Wall Paintings in Cappadocia, Turkey, vol. 1.
Annual report on the activities in 2014, p.37-41.University of Tsukuba.
Schwartzbaum, P., 1986, Conservation of the mural paintings in the rock cut churches of Göreme, In Tokalı Kilise: 10th
Century Metropolitan Art in Byzantine Cappadocia, A. J. Wharton ed., Dumbarton Oaks, Appendix I.
Suzuki, T., Higuchi, R., Shibata, M., 2015, III-6 Documentation of Üzümlü Church: High-resolution database of thecondition of paintings, In Scientific Studies on Conservation for Üzümlü Church and Its Wall Paintings in Cappadocia,
Turkey., vol. 1. Annual report on the activities in 2014, Y. Taniguchi, ed., pp.107-117.University of Tsukuba.
Takashima, M., 2015, III-4 ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) testing for organic binding media of Üzümlü
wall paintings, In Scientific Studies on Conservation for Üzümlü Church and Its Wall Paintings in Cappadocia, Turkey.,
vol. 1. Annual report on the activities in 2014, Y. Taniguchi, ed., p.96-102.University of Tsukuba.
UNESCO, 1985, Structural conservation of Göreme. Göreme, land of fairy chimneys. Ministry of Culture and Tourism,
Turkey. General Directorate of Antiquities and Museums.

Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their appreciation to MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (24101014) and the Kajima Foundation
for their financial support on this project. The Üzümlü project has been supported by numerous individuals in both Turkey
and Japan, especially staff members of the Nevşehir Restoration and Conservation Regional Laboratory Directorate:
Hatice Temur, Ayça Baştürkmen, Uğur Yalçınkaya, Alev Elçin Cankur, Merve Aziz Işın, Mustafa Toptepe, Tuğba Eryaşar.
And Ibrahim Sakınan and family, Zuhal Coçyğit, Katsuhiko Sano, Shigekazu Mizukoshi, Piao Chunzu, Kunio Watanabe,128

Tamaki Suzuki, Ryo Higuchi, Mina Shibata, Natsuko Kuguya, Ayako Ogawa, Yoshiko Shimadzu, Miho Takashima,
Takeshi Nakazawa, Kazuki Kawahara, Shunsuke Fukasawa, Mizuho Yoshioka, Satsuki Shobo, Juni Sasaki and Kazuya
Yamauchi.

129

III. Appendices131

III-1 ÜZÜMLÜ CHURCH, CAPPADOCIA
Condition glossary
September 2014
ROCK DETERIORATIONKAYADA BOZULMABIYOLOJIC BOZULMABIOLOGIC ACTIVITY

Evidence of animal inhabitation (insects, spiders). Often,
they appear to have inhabited pre-existing fractures in therock, possibly exacerbating deterioration

SIYAHLAŞMADEPOSITION OF DARK MATERIAL
Deposits of dark brown or blackish material on the surface of the rock. Its
origin is unclear, but it may be caused by biologic activity (ex. insects, bats).
It appears to have been deposited on the stone after a loss of plaster, but this is
uncertain – similar deposits do not appear on the surface of the plaster or paintlayers. Could it have formed under the plaster and contributed to detachment?
If of insect or animal origin, what caused the depopulation?

YAPISAL ÇATLAH

STRUCTURAL CRACKS
Large cracks which run through the body of therock, caused by faulting133YÜZEYDE KÜÇÜK ÇATLAKSPALLING
Detachment of the rock on a small scale, in parallel to the surface of the rock, probably
more due to internal failure of the rock itself than macro-failure of the structure, though thetwo factors may be inter-related

PLASTER DETERIORATIONSIVADA BOZULMAYAPISAL ÇATLAH

STRUCTURAL CRACKS
Large cracks which run through the body of the rock, caused by faultingYÜZEYDE KÜÇÜK ÇATLAKSPALLING

Detachment of the rock on a small scale, in parallel to the surface of the rock, probably
more due to internal failure of the rock itself than macro-failure of the structure, though thetwo factors may be inter-relatedBÜTÜN ÇATLAKLARCRACKING

Cracking of the plaster layer most often
resulting from cracking of the rock structure
and mechanical damage, though there may
be other causes

134

DELIKLER (5mm ø)

OLES

Very circular, small holes of approximately 5 mm Ø, which enter into theplaster layer and generally do not reach the substrate. Cause is unknown as ofyet.

GRAFİTİ

INCISED GRAFFITI
Inscriptions and drawings incised into the surface of the painting, affecting thepaint layer, ground and plaster layer. Some graffiti appears to be ancient (written
in Greek; imagery of horses, monks etc), but a significant proportion is modern(based on writing, dates, phone numbers …).

PAINT LAYER DETERIORATIONBOYA TABABASINDA BOZULMALEKELENMELER

SMEARING

Displacement of the paint layer by mechanical action
beyond its original location, seen as a spreading of thepaint across the surface of the plaster. Generally appears
to have been caused by contact with the paint layer,
perhaps in combination with the presence of water

135

MIKRO KAYIPLARMICRO LOSSES

Extremely small, rounded losses of the paint layer generally on the order of 0.5-1 mm Ø.
Not always confined to specific paint layers, but does appears to be somewhat locationspecificBİYOLOJIKPAINT LAYER LOSS DUE TO BIOLOGIC

NEDENLERLE

ACTIVITY

BOYA TABAKASINDA
KAYIP

Loss of the paint layer due to the former
presence of birds’ nests (primarily) which,when separated from the painting surface,removed part of the paint layer

KOYU GRIDARK GREY VEIL

LEKELENMELER
Veil extending over the surface of thepainting, dark grey in color, somewhat
patchy, and of unclear origin. Does notappear to be soot.

136GRİ LEKELENMELERREY SPOTTING

Faint, circular grey spots, 0.5-3 mm Ø, on the surface of the painting. Origin
unclear, but often generally occurs in the same vicinity as the grey veilYÜZEY BİRİKİNTİLERİSURFACE DEPOSITION

Deposition of material on the surface of the painting, such as mud from birds’ nests
or from later construction in the church (ex. mud plaster)BİYOLOJİK BOZULMABIOLOGIC DETERIORATION

Discoloration (generally dark grey) of certain areas of painting due to animal
inhabitation. Has also resulted in the peeling and detachment of the plaster layer incertain areasYÜZEYSEL GRAFİTİ

SUPERFICIAL GRAFFITI
Graffiti applied to the surface of the painting using a medium
such as paint, ink, or graphite. At times the original paintlayer used as a medium by taking advantage of its friability/
water sensitivity

137

III-2 Documentation of Wall Painting (2014) : Condition Survey
No

Scale

Location

Category

UZM-001

1/100

UZM-C1-001

1/15

Ceiling

Photograph

UZM-C1-002

1/15

CeilingRock Deterioration

UZM-C1-003

1/15

Ceiling

Plaster Deterioration

UZM-C1-004

1/15

Ceiling

Paint Deterioration

UZM-C1-005

1/25

Intrados of Entrance Arch

Photograph

UZM-C1-006

1/25

Intrados of Entrance ArchRock Deterioration

UZM-C1-007

1/25

Intrados of Entrance Arch

Plaster Deterioration

UZM-C1-008

1/25

Intrados of Entrance Arch

Paint Deterioration

UZM-C1-009

1/15

North Arch

Photograph

UZM-C1-010

1/15

North ArchRock Deterioration

UZM-C1-011

1/15

North Arch

Plaster Deterioration

Mural condition map of

UZM-C1-012

1/15

North Arch

Paint Deterioration

Chamber 1

UZM-C1-013

1/10South Wall

Photograph

UZM-C1-014

1/10South Wall

Rock Deterioration

UZM-C1-015

1/10South Wall

Plaster Deterioration

UZM-C1-016

1/10South Wall

Paint Deterioration

UZM-C1-017

1/10West Wall

Photograph

UZM-C1-018

1/10West Wall

Rock Deterioration

UZM-C1-019

1/10West Wall

Plaster Deterioration

UZM-C1-020

1/10West Wall

Paint Deterioration

UZM-C1-021

1/10

East Wall

Photograph

Index

Plan and Section

UZM-C1-022

1/10

East Wall

Rock Deterioration

UZM-C1-023

1/10

East Wall

Plaster Deterioration

UZM-C1-024

1/10

East Wall

Paint Deterioration

UZM-C2-001

1/20

Ceiling

Photograph

UZM-C2-002

1/20

CeilingRock Deterioration

UZM-C2-003

1/20

Ceiling

Plaster Deterioration

UZM-C2-004

1/20

Ceiling

Paint Deterioration

UZM-C2-005

1/15South Wall

Photograph

UZM-C2-006

1/15South Wall

Rock Deterioration

UZM-C2-007

1/15

South Wall

Plaster Deterioration

Mural condition map of

UZM-C2-008

1/15South Wall

Paint Deterioration

Chamber 2

UZM-C2-009

1/10West Wall

Photograph

UZM-C2-010

1/10West Wall

Rock Deterioration

UZM-C2-011

1/10West Wall

Plaster Deterioration

UZM-C2-012

1/10West Wall

Paint Deterioration

UZM-C2-013

1/10

East Wall

Photograph

UZM-C2-014

1/10

East Wall

Rock Deterioration

UZM-C2-015

1/10

East Wall

Plaster Deterioration

UZM-C2-016

1/10

East Wall

Paint Deterioration

UZM-C2-3-001

1/10

Intrados of Transversal Arch

Photograph

Mural condition map of

UZM-C2-3-002

1/10

Intrados of Transversal ArchRock Deterioration

Transversal ArchUZM-C2-3-003

1/10

Intrados of Transversal Arch

Plaster Deterioration

UZM-C2-3-004

1/10

Intrados of Transversal Arch

Paint Deterioration

UZM-C3-001

1/20

Ceiling

Photograph

UZM-C3-002

1/20

CeilingRock Deterioration

UZM-C3-003

1/20

Ceiling

Plaster Deterioration

Mural condition map of

UZM-C3-004

1/20

Ceiling

Paint Deterioration

Chamber 3

UZM-C3-005

1/10South-eastern Wall

Photograph

UZM-C3-006

1/10South-eastern Wall

Rock Deterioration

UZM-C3-007

1/10

South-eastern Wall

Plaster Deterioration

UZM-C3-008

1/10

South-eastern Wall

Paint Deterioration

139

140

C

B

141
Location

Ceiling of Chamber 1

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite

Church Name (Turkish)Üzümlü Kilise

Church Name (Turkish)

0

1/15

PhotographCategory

Mural condition map

1.0 (m)Plate002 UZM-C1-001

Plate No.

Scale

Subject

B

B

A

D

A

A

Ceiling

C
'A

D

C'

B'

C

B

142

A: Rock Deterioration

Biologic Activity

Deposition of Dark Material

LEGEND

Structural Cracks

Location

Ceiling of Chamber 1

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite

Church Name (Turkish)Üzümlü Kilise

Church Name (Turkish)

0

1/15

CategoryA

Mural condition map

1.0 (m)Plate003 UZM-C1-002

Plate No.

Scale

Subject

B

B

A

D

A

A

Ceiling

C
'A

D

C'

B'

C

B

143
Mechanical Damege
Cracking
Holes

Detachment of Lower Layer

Old Greek Graﬃti

B: Plaster Deterioration

Incised Graﬃti

LEGEND

Location

Ceiling of Chamber 1

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite

Church Name (Turkish)Üzümlü Kilise

Church Name (Turkish)

0

1/15

Category

B

Mural condition map

1.0 (m)Plate004 UZM-C1-003

Plate No.

Scale

Subject

B

B

A

D

A

A

Ceiling

C
'A

D

C'

B'

C

B

144
Micro Losses

Biological Deposition

Paint Loss due to Biological Activity

Surface Deposition

C: Paint Deterioration

Smearing

LEGEND

Superﬁcial Graﬃti

Location

Ceiling of Chamber 1

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite

Church Name (Turkish)Üzümlü Kilise

Church Name (Turkish)

0

1/15

CategoryC

Mural condition map

1.0 (m)Plate005 UZM-C1-004

Plate No.

Scale

Subject

B

B

A

D

A

A

Ceiling

C
'A

D

C'

B'

A

B

C

Ceiling

C

D

D

145

F

E

B

E

Intrados of Entrance Arch

Location

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite

Church Name (Turkish)Üzümlü Kilise

Church Name (Turkish)

0

1/20

PhotographCategory

Mural condition map

1.0 (m)Plate006 UZM-R1-005

Plate No.

Scale

Subject

A

F

A

B

C

Ceiling

C

D

D

146

F

E

LEGEND

Spalling

Biologic Activity

A: Rock Deterioration

Structural Cracks

B

E

Intrados of Entrance Arch

Location

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite

Church Name (Turkish)Üzümlü Kilise

Church Name (Turkish)

0

1/20

CategoryA

Mural condition map

1.0 (m)Plate007 UZM-C1-006

Plate No.

Scale

Subject

A

F

A

B

C

Ceiling

C

D

D

147

F

E

LEGEND

Mechanical Damege
Cracking

Incised Graﬃti

Detachment of Lower Layer

B: Plaster Deterioration

B

E

Intrados of Entrance Arch

Location

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite

Church Name (Turkish)Üzümlü Kilise

Church Name (Turkish)

0

1/20

Category

B

Mural condition map

1.0 (m)Plate008 UZM-C1-007

Plate No.

Scale

Subject

A

F

A

B

C

Ceiling

C

D

D

148

F

E

LEGEND

C: Paint Deterioration

B

E

Intrados of Entrance Arch

Location

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite

Church Name (Turkish)Üzümlü Kilise

Church Name (Turkish)

0

1/20

CategoryC

Mural condition map

1.0 (m)Plate009 UZM-C1-008

Plate No.

Scale

Subject

A

F

'A

D
C

I A

B

A

II
0
Church Name (Turkish)'B'C

Ceiling

1.0 (m)Üzümlü Kilise
Church Name (English)

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite
Location

North Arch of Chamber 1
Subject

Mural condition map
Scale

C
D

Plate No.

II
A

Category

1/15

I

B

PhotographA

Plate 010 UZM-C1-009

149

'A

D
C

I A

B

A

II
0
Church Name (Turkish)'B

Ceiling

1.0 (m)'C

LEGEND A: Rock DeteriorationÜzümlü Kilise

Deposition of Dark Material
Spalling

Location

North Arch of Chamber 1
Subject

Mural condition map
Scale

C

Category

1/15

I

Plate No.

II
A

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite
Biologic Activity

Structural Cracks

D

Church Name (English)

B

A

A

Plate 011 UZM-C1-010

150

'A

D
C

I A

B

A

II
0

I
II

A

Church Name (Turkish)

Incised Graﬃti

Church Name (English)

Detachment of Lower Layer

Location

Mechanical Damege

Subject

Cracking

Scale

Holes

Plate No.

'B

C
D

LEGEND B: Plaster Deterioration'C

Ceiling

1.0 (m)Üzümlü Kilise
Chapel of Niketas the Stylite
North Arch of Chamber 1
Mural condition map
Category

1/15

B

B

A

Plate 012 UZM-C1-011

151

'A

D
C

I A

B

A

II
0
Church Name (Turkish)'B

Ceiling

1.0 (m)'C

LEGEND C: Paint Deterioration
Dark Grey VeilÜzümlü Kilise
Superﬁcial Graﬃti

Church Name (English)

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite
Location

North Arch of Chamber 1
Subject

Mural condition map
Scale

C
D

Plate No.

II
A

Category

1/15

I

B

A

C

Plate 013 UZM-C1-012

152

0

Section A-A’

0.5 (m)Church Name (Turkish)Üzümlü Kilise
Church Name (English)

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite
Location

South Wall of Chamber 1
Subject

Mural condition map
Scale

Category

1/10

A'

Photograph

Plate No.

Plate014 UZM-C1-013

153

0

Section A-A’LEGEND

A: Rock Deterioration

0.5 (m)Church Name (Turkish)Üzümlü Kilise

Deposition of Dark Material

Church Name (English)

Biologic Activity

Location

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite
South Wall of Chamber 1
Subject

Mural condition map
Scale

Category

1/10

A'

A

Plate No.

Plate015 UZM-C1-014

154

0

Section A-A’LEGEND B: Plaster Deterioration

0.5 (m)Church Name (Turkish)Üzümlü Kilise

Detachment of Lower Layer

Church Name (English)

Mechanical Damege

Location

Cracking

Subject

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite
South Wall of Chamber 1
Mural condition map

Holes

Scale

Category

1/10

A'

B

Plate No.

Plate016 UZM-C1-015

155

0

Section A-A’LEGEND

C: Paint Deterioration

0.5 (m)Church Name (Turkish)Üzümlü Kilise

Smearing

Church Name (English)

Surface Deposition

Location

Superﬁcial Graﬃti

Subject

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite
South Wall of Chamber 1
Mural condition map
Scale

Category

1/10

A'

C

Plate No.

Plate017 UZM-C1-016

156

0

0.5 (m)Church Name (Turkish)

Section G-G’Üzümlü Kilise
Church Name (English)

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite
LocationWest Wall of Chamber 1
Subject

Mural condition map
Scale

G

Category

1/10

G'

Photograph

Plate No.

Plate018 UZM-C1-017

157

0

0.5 (m)Section G-G’

LEGEND A: Rock DeteriorationÜzümlü Kilise

Deposition of Dark Material

Church Name (English)

Biologic Activity

Location

Chapel of Niketas the StyliteWest Wall of Chamber 1

Spalling

Subject

Mural condition map

Structural Cracks
G

Church Name (Turkish)

Scale

Category

1/10

G'

A

Plate No.

Plate019 UZM-C1-018

158

0

0.5 (m)Section G-G’

LEGEND B: Plaster DeteriorationG'Üzümlü Kilise

Incised Graﬃti

Church Name (English)

Detachment of Lower Layer

Location

Mechanical Damege

Subject

Cracking
G

Church Name (Turkish)

Chapel of Niketas the StyliteWest Wall of Chamber 1
Mural condition map
Scale

Category

Holes

1/10

B

Plate No.

Plate020 UZM-C1-019

159

0

0.5 (m)Section G-G’

Church Name (Turkish)

LEGEND C: Paint DeteriorationÜzümlü Kilise

Smearing

Micro Losses

Church Name (English)

Surface Deposition

Grey Spotting

Location

Superﬁcial Graﬃti

Dark Grey Veil

Subject

Biological Deposition
G

G'

Chapel of Niketas the StyliteWest Wall of Chamber 1
Mural condition map
Scale

Category

Paint Loss due to Biological Activity

1/10

C

Plate No.

Plate021 UZM-C1-020

160

Section F-F’

Church Name (Turkish)Üzümlü Kilise
Church Name (English)

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite
Location

East Wall of Chamber 1
Subject

Mural condition map
Scale

F

Category

1/10

F’

Photograph

Plate No.

Plate022 UZM-C1-021

161

Section F-F’

LEGEND A: Rock DeteriorationÜzümlü Kilise

Deposition of Dark Material

Church Name (English)

Biologic Activity

Location

Spalling

Subject

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite
East Wall of Chamber 1
Mural condition map

Structural Cracks
F

Church Name (Turkish)

Scale

Category

1/10

F’

A

Plate No.

Plate023 UZM-C1-022

162

Section F-F’

LEGEND B: Plaster Deterioration

Church Name (Turkish)Üzümlü Kilise
Church Name (English)

Location

Mechanical Damege

Subject

East Wall of Chamber 1
Mural condition map

Holes
F

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite

Detachment of Lower Layer

Scale

Category

1/10

F’

B

Plate No.

Plate024 UZM-C1-023

163

Section F-F’

LEGEND C: Paint Deterioration

Church Name (Turkish)

Smearing

Church Name (English)

Micro Losses

Location

Dark Grey Veil

Subject

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite
East Wall of Chamber 1

Biological Deposition
FÜzümlü Kilise

Mural condition map
Scale

Category

1/10

F’

C

Plate No.

Plate025 UZM-C1-024

164

C

D

E

C

B

F

A

0

1 (m)
Church Name (Turkish)

CeilingÜzümlü Kilise
Church Name (English)
D

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite

C

Location
E

B

Ceiling of Chamber 2A'

Subject

Mural condition map
Scale

Category

F

1/20

A

Photograph

Plate026 UZM-C2-001'C'B

Plate No.

165

C

D

E

F

A

B

C

B

0

Ceiling

Church Name (Turkish)

LEGEND A: Rock DeteriorationDÜzümlü Kilise

Deposition of Dark Material

Church Name (English)

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite

C

Spalling
E

B

Biologic Activity

A'

Structural Cracks

1 (m)Location

Ceiling of Chamber 2
Subject

Mural condition map
Scale

Category

F

1/20

A

A

Plate027 UZM-C2-002'C'B

Plate No.

166

C

D

E

F

A

B

C

B

0

Ceiling

LEGEND B: Plaster Deterioration
D

Incised GraﬃtiEFÜzümlü Kilise
Chapel of Niketas the Stylite

Detachment of Lower Layer

LocationA'
MechanicalDamegeSubject

Cracking

Scale

Ceiling of Chamber 2
Mural condition map
Category

1/20

Holes

B

Plate No.

Plate028 UZM-C2-003

'C

'B

A

Church Name (Turkish)

Church Name (English)

C

B

1 (m)

167

C

D

E

F

A

B

C

B

0

Ceiling

Church Name (Turkish)

LEGEND C: Paint DeteriorationDÜzümlü Kilise

Smearing

Surface Deposition

Dark Grey Veil

Micro Losses

Location

Original Fixing

Subject

C

E

B

A'

Grey Spotting
F

A

1 (m)

Biological Deposition

Superﬁcial Graﬃti

Church Name (English)

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite
Ceiling of Chamber 2
Mural condition map
Scale

Category

1/20

C

'C

'B

Plate No.

Nail

Paint Loss due to Biological Activity

168

Plate029 UZM-C2-004

169

Section A-A’

A'South Wall of Chamber 2

Location

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite

Church Name (Turkish)Üzümlü Kilise

Church Name (Turkish)

0

1/15

PhotographCategory

Mural condition map

Plate030 UZM-C2-005

Plate No.

Scale

Subject

1.0 (m)170

Section A-A’

Spalling

A'

Deposition of Dark Material

LEGEND A: Rock Deterioration

Structural Cracks

Biologic Activity

South Wall of Chamber 2

Location

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite

Church Name (Turkish)Üzümlü Kilise

Church Name (Turkish)

0

1/15

CategoryA

Mural condition map

Plate031 UZM-C2-006

Plate No.

Scale

Subject

1.0 (m)171

Section A-A’

CrackingA'

Incised Graﬃti

LEGEND B: Plaster Deterioration

Holes

Mechanical Damege

Detachment of Lower Layer

South Wall of Chamber 2

Location

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite

Church Name (Turkish)Üzümlü Kilise

Church Name (Turkish)

0

1/15

Category

B

Mural condition map

Plate032 UZM-C2-007

Plate No.

Scale

Subject

1.0 (m)172

Section A-A’

Micro Losses

A'

Smearing
Grey Spotting

Surface Deposition

LEGEND C: Paint Deterioration

Superﬁcial Graﬃti

Dark Grey Veil

South Wall of Chamber 2

Location

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite

Church Name (Turkish)Üzümlü Kilise

Church Name (Turkish)

0

1/15

CategoryC

Mural condition map

Plate033 UZM-C2-008

Plate No.

Scale

Subject

1.0 (m)173

Section D-D’

West Wall of Chamber 2

Location

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite

Church Name (English)Üzümlü Kilise

Church Name (Turkish)

0

1/10

PhotographCategory

Mural condition map

Plate034 UZM-C2-009

Plate No.

Scale

Subject

0.5 (m)174

Section D-D’

A: Rock Deterioration

Spalling

Deposition of Dark Material

LEGEND

Structural Cracks

Biologic Activity

West Wall of Chamber 2

Location

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite

Church Name (English)Üzümlü Kilise

Church Name (Turkish)

0

1/10

CategoryA

Mural condition map

Plate035 UZM-C2-010

Plate No.

Scale

Subject

0.5 (m)175

Section D-D’

B: Plaster Deterioration

Mechanical Damege

Detachment of Lower Layer

Incised Graﬃti

LEGEND

Holes

Cracking

West Wall of Chamber 2

Location

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite

Church Name (English)Üzümlü Kilise

Church Name (Turkish)

0

1/10

Category

B

Mural condition map

Plate036 UZM-C2-011

Plate No.

Scale

Subject

0.5 (m)176

Section D-D’

Paint Loss due to Biological Activity

Grey Spotting

Dark Grey Veil

Biological Deposition

C: Paint Deterioration

Micro Losses

LEGENDWest Wall of Chamber 2

Location

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite

Church Name (English)Üzümlü Kilise

Church Name (Turkish)

0

1/10

CategoryC

Mural condition map

Plate037 UZM-C2-012

Plate No.

Scale

Subject

0.5 (m)177

Section C-C’

0

0.5 (m)East Wall of Chamber 2

Location

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite

Church Name (English)Üzümlü Kilise

Church Name (Turkish)

1/10

PhotographCategory

Mural condition map

Plate038 UZM-C2-013

Plate No.

Scale

Subject178

Section C-C’
0.5 (m)Spalling

Deposition of Dark Material

LEGEND A: Rock Deterioration0

Structural Cracks

Biologic Activity

East Wall of Chamber 2

Location

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite

Church Name (English)Üzümlü Kilise

Church Name (Turkish)

1/10

CategoryA

Mural condition map

Plate039 UZM-C2-014

Plate No.

Scale

Subject

179

Section C-C’

B: Plaster Deterioration

0.5 (m)Mechanical Damege

Detachment of Lower Layer

Incised Graﬃti

LEGEND0

Holes

Cracking

East Wall of Chamber 2

Location

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite

Church Name (English)Üzümlü Kilise

Church Name (Turkish)

1/10

Category

B

Mural condition map

Plate040 UZM-C2-015

Plate No.

Scale

Subject180

Section C-C’

Paint Loss due to Biological Activity

Grey Spotting

Dark Grey Veil

Biological Deposition

C: Paint Deterioration

0.5 (m)Micro Losses

LEGEND0

East Wall of Chamber 2

Location

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite

Church Name (English)Üzümlü Kilise

Church Name (Turkish)

1/10

CategoryC

Mural condition map

Plate041 UZM-C2-016

Plate No.

Scale

Subject

D

A

B

C

E

B

F
C

0

0.5
(m)
Church Name (Turkish)

CeilingÜzümlü Kilise
Church Name (English)
D

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite

A

Location

B

A'

E

Transverse Arch between 2-3
Subject

Mural condition map

C

Scale

F

Category

1/10

Photograph'C'B

Plate No.

Plate042 UZM-C2･3-001

181

D

A

B

C

E

B

F
C

0

0.5
(m)

Ceiling

LEGEND A: Rock Deterioration
Deposition of Dark Material

D

Spalling

A

B

Structural Cracks

E

Church Name (Turkish)Üzümlü Kilise
Church Name (English)

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite
LocationA'

Transverse Arch between 2-3
Subject

Mural condition map

C

Scale

F

Category

1/10

A

'C

'B

Plate No.

Plate043 UZM-C2･3-002

182

D

A

B

C

E

B

F
C

0

0.5
(m)

Ceiling

LEGEND B: Plaster Deterioration
Incised Graﬃti

DB

Mechanical DamegeA'

E

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite
LocationTransverse Arch between 2-3
Subject

Mural condition map

CrackingCÜzümlü Kilise
Church Name (English)

Detachment of Lower Layer

A

Church Name (Turkish)

Scale

F

Category

1/10

B

'C

'B

Plate No.

Plate044 UZM-C2･3-003

183

D

A

B

C

E

B

F
C

0

0.5
(m)

Ceiling

LEGEND C: Paint Deterioration
D

A

B

C
F

Üzümlü Kilise

Micro Losses

Church Name (English)

Dark Grey Veil

Location

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite

Grey SpottingE

Church Name (Turkish)

A'

Superﬁcial Graﬃti

Transverse Arch between 2-3
Subject

Mural condition map
Scale

Category

1/10

C

'C

'B

Plate No.

Plate045 UZM-C2･3-004

184

D

E

C

F

B

C

B

A
0

1 (m)
Church Name (Turkish)

CeilingÜzümlü Kilise
Church Name (English)

B

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite
C

LocationD

Ceiling of Chamber 3AA'

Subject

Mural condition map
Scale

E

Category

1/20

F

Photograph

Plate046 UZM-C3-001'C'B

Plate No.

185

D

E

C

F

B

C

B

A
0

Ceiling

Church Name (Turkish)

LEGEND A: Rock DeteriorationÜzümlü Kilise

Deposition of Dark Material

B

CD

Biologic Activity

Church Name (English)

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite
Location

Ceiling of Chamber 3

Spalling

A

1 (m)

A'

Subject

Mural condition map

Structural Cracks

Scale

E

Category

1/20

F

A

Plate047 UZM-C3-002'C'B

Plate No.

186

D

E

C

F

B

C

B

A
0

Ceiling

Church Name (Turkish)

LEGEND B: Plaster Deterioration

B

C
D
A

Üzümlü Kilise

Incised Graﬃti

Church Name (English)

Detachment of Lower Layer

Location

Mechanical Damege

Subject

Cracking
E

1 (m)Chapel of Niketas the Stylite
Ceiling of Chamber 3A'

Mural condition map
Scale

Category

Holes

F

1/20

B

Plate048 UZM-C3-003'C'B

Plate No.

187

D

E

C

F

B

C

B

A
0

Ceiling

LEGEND

B

C
D

Church Name (Turkish)

C: Paint DeteriorationÜzümlü Kilise

Smearing

Micro Losses

Church Name (English)

Biological Deposition

Grey Spotting

Location

Dark Grey Veil

Subject

Superﬁcial Graﬃti

A

1 (m)

A'

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite
Ceiling of Chamber 3
Mural condition map
Scale

E

Category

1/20

F

C

Plate049 UZM-C3-004'C'B

Plate No.

188

00.5 (m)Church Name (Turkish)

Section A-A’Üzümlü Kilise
Church Name (English)

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite
Location

South East Wall of Chamber 3
Subject

Mural condition map
ScaleA

Category

1/10

A‘

Photograph

Plate No.

Plate050 UZM-C3-005

189

0

Section A-A’LEGEND A: Rock Deterioration
Deposition of Dark Material
Biologic Activity

Church Name (Turkish)Üzümlü Kilise
Church Name (English)

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite
Location

South East Wall of Chamber 3

Spalling

Subject

Mural condition map

Structural CracksA

0.5 (m)Scale

Category

1/10

A‘

A

Plate No.

Plate051 UZM-C3-006

190

0

Section A-A’LEGEND B: Plaster Deterioration

0.5 (m)Church Name (Turkish)Üzümlü Kilise

Incised Graﬃti

Church Name (English)

Detachment of Lower Layer

Location

Mechanical Damege

Subject

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite
South East Wall of Chamber 3
Mural condition map
Scale

A

Category

1/10

A‘

B

Plate No.

Plate052 UZM-C3-007

191

0

Section A-A’LEGEND C: Paint Deterioration

0.5 (m)Church Name (Turkish)Üzümlü Kilise

Micro Losses

Church Name (English)

Grey Spotting

Location

Superﬁcial Graﬃti

Subject

Chapel of Niketas the Stylite
South East Wall of Chamber 3
Mural condition map
Scale

A

Category

1/10

A‘

C

Plate No.

Plate053 UZM-C3-008

192

III-3 Documentation of Wall Painting (2016) : Conservation Intervation

No

Location

Scale

Category

Mural condition map of Chamber 1
UZM-I1-01

1/15

Ceiling

Coservation

UZM-I1-02

1/25

Intrados of Entrance Arch

Coservation

UZM-I1-03

1/15

North Arch

Coservation

UZM-I1-04

1/10

South Wall

Coservation

UZM-I1-05

1/10West Wall

Coservation

UZM-I1-06

1/10

East wall

Coservation

Mural condition map of Chamber 2
UZM-I2-07

1/20

Ceiling

Coservation

UZM-I2-08

1/15

South Wall

Coservation

UZM-I2-09

1/10West Wall

Coservation

UZM-I2-10

1/10

East Wall

Coservation

Mural condition map of Transversal ArchUZM-I2-3-11

1/10

Intrados of Transversal Arch Coservation

Mural condition map of Chamber 3
UZM-I3-12

1/20

Ceiling

Coservation

UZM-I3-13

1/10

South-eastern Wall

Coservation

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

This project has been conducted under the agreement between University of Tsukuba, Nevşehir Museum, and Nevşehir
Restoration and Conservation and Regional Laboratory as Üzümlü Kilise Restorasyon-Konservasyon” Bilimsel Çalışmalarınaİlişkin Protokol (Protocol on Restoration-Conservation Scientific Studies at Uzumlu Church) since September 2014.

EditorYoko Taniguchi (University of Tsukuba)

Translation and Editorial assistance
Hatice Temur
Rayna Rusenko

Contributors for this volume
Fazıl Açıkgöz (Niğde Museum)
Giulia Caneva (University Roma Tre)
Piao Chunzu (Hytec co.)Murat Ertuğrul Gülyaz (Nevşehir Museum)Ryo Higuchi (Tokyo Institute of Technology)
Chiemi Iba (Kyoto University)
Keigo Koizumi (Osaka University)
Annalaura Casanova Municchia (University Roma Tre)
Jennifer Porter (University of Malta)
Katsuhiko Sano (D&D co.)Mina Shibata (Assistant, National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Tokyo)
Yoko Taniguchi (University of Tsukuba)
Kunio Watanabe (Mie University)
Mizuho Yoshioka (Kyoto University)

Front and back cover design
Mina Shibata

Scientific Studies on Conservation for Üzümlü Church andits wall paintings in Cappadocia, Turkey
Vol. 2 (Report on the activities in 2015 and 2016)
University of Tsukuba

This project was supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Scientific studies on
constituent materials and state of conservation for Cultural Heritage in West Asia [24101014] by Yoko Taniguchi and Kajima Foundation (2015-2016)