Volume 8 • Issue 1

1

Research Article

A Woman aged 82 years with Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity since Almost
Four Decades Developed the Microwave Syndrome after Installation of 5G
Base Stations in her Living Vicinity – Ethical Principles in Medicine are
violated
Lennart Hardell1* and Mona Nilsson2

Abstract
Installation of the fifth generation (5G) for radiofrequency radiation
started in Sweden in 2019/2020. Since then there has been a rapid
development of this technology in the whole country. In previous casereports we have presented persons that developed the microwave syndromecaused by the radiation after installation of 5G in their neighborhood.
Mostly these former healthy persons have tolerated previous generations
such as 3G and 4G. After moving to another place without 5G themicrowave syndrome disappeared in short time. Thus 5G seems to be a
culprit for ill health, and these 5G exposure studies correspond to classic
provocation tests on effects on well-being. This article presents a woman
aged 82 years with electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) since almost
four decades. After deployment of 5G base stations close to her living
place she developed severe ill health including fatigue, dysesthesia,dizziness, balance disorder, and light sensitivity that all are included in
the microwave syndrome. Also her 83 years old husband was affected,
although to a minor extent. The ethical and moral principles in medicine
that can be adopted for RF radiation illness are respect for life, humandignity, self-determination, medical care, justice, and benefit. These
principles are central for ethics among physicists and other health carestaff. All these principles were violated and in fact microwave illness withthe variety of symptoms is not acknowledged as a disease by the medical
community. This is mostly based on lack of scientific knowledge on this
topic.

Affiliation:
The Environment and Cancer Research Foundation,Örebro, Sweden

1

Swedish Radiation Protection Foundation, Adelsö,
Sweden2

Keywords: Base station; 5G; Radiofrequency Radiation; Electromagnetic
Hypersensitivity; Microwave Syndrome; Health.

Introduction
The implementation of 5G for wireless communication has caused
increasing environmental exposure to radiofrequency (RF) radiation [1-4].
In four case reports we have presented persons that developed the microwave
syndrome after installation of 5G base stations close to their dwellings [5-8].
In spite of appeals asking for a moratorium on the deployment of 5G due torisks for human beings and the environment, the expansion of this technology
continues at its own pace [9-11], (www.5gappeal.eu, www.emfcall.org,
www.emfscientist.org).
As shown in our previous publications as well as in other scientificreports [12,13] the most common symptoms for the microwave syndrome

Corresponding author: Lennart Hardell. The
Environment and Cancer Research Foundation,Örebro, Sweden.
Email: lennart.hardell@environmentandcancer.com
Citation: Hardell L, Nilsson M. A woman aged 82
years with electromagnetic hypersensitivity sincealmost four decades developed the microwave
syndrome after installation of 5G base stations in
her living vicinity – ethical principles in medicine
are violated. Journal of Environmental Science andPublic Health. 8 (2024): 01-08.
Received: November 09, 2023
Accepted: November 16, 2023
Published: January 09, 2024

Hardell L and Nilsson M., J Environ Sci Public Health 2024
DOI:10.26502/jesph.96120200

are headache, fatigue, concentration difficulty, insomnia,
emotional distress, irritability, dysesthesia, skin lesions
including burning sensation, cardiac and lung symptoms.

This case study
We present in this article an 82-year-old woman withelectromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) since almost four
decades, who developed aggravated symptoms, beginningaround February/March 2023, inherent with the microwave
syndrome shortly after installation of two 5G base stationsin her neighborhood. These were provided by two different
telecom companies. Her 83-year-old husband with noprevious EHS also developed symptoms known to be caused
by RF radiation, although to a minor extent. The couple lives
in a one floor house with a cellar. The base stations are locatedat distances of 538 and 489 meters, respectively, Figures 1
and 2.

Methods
Measurement of RF radiation was made on June 9, 2023 bya professional company (Ama Konsult AB) on the initiative

Volume 8 • Issue 1

2of the couple. The GigaHerz Solution HF 59B was used forthe frequency range 0.7 to 3 GHz, and the GigaHerz Solution
HFW 59D for the frequency range 2.4-10 GHz. These meters
show the sum of all existing radiation for different frequencies
at the place of measurement. Measurements were performedon the ground floor in the library, office, bedroom, livingroom, and kitchen. In the cellar the recreational room and theoffice were measured.
Both persons were asked to assess different health issues
attributed to the microwave syndrome both before and after
the implementation of 5G. The list of symptoms is adapted
after Belpomme et al [14] and similar as the one we have usedin our previous studies on this topic.

Results
Measurement of RF radiation
Table 1 displays results for the measurements of RF
radiation. Clearly the 5G base stations yielded high values of
RF radiation in the frequency range used for 5G, highest in
the kitchen 166,700 µW/m2. The exposure was high also in
the living room, 147,100 µW/m2, library 20,000 µW/m2, andoffice 13,100 µW/m2. These results contrast to the results forthe cellar recreation room with 0.9 µW/m2, and cellar office
0.8 µW/m2.
As shown in the table exposure to previous generations
for wireless communication was also much lower. Thus,
highest levels were found for UMTS 3G = 178.1, GMS 900= 150.1, and GSM 1800 = 130.2 µW/m2, all in the bedroom.

Health symptoms

Figure 1: Base stations placed on a mast 538 meters from the house.

Figure 2: Base stations placed on a building 489 meters from thehouse.

As shown in Table 2 the 82-year-old woman had since
before symptoms that can be attributed to EHS. On the
10-grade scale she graded them at most as grade 3, thus
not unbearable to live with. However, exposure to 5G RF
radiation gave symptoms, grade 4 or more, typical forthe microwave syndrome. Thus, headache, dysesthesia(unusual skin sensations), myalgia/arthralgia, hyperacusis(reduced tolerance for sound), dizziness, balance disorder,
concentration difficulty, fatigue (extreme tiredness),waking nighttime, light sensitivity, global body dysthermia(temperature regulation disorder), dyspnea (shortness ofbreath), and skin disorders were prominent. Most serious
were dysesthesia grade 9, and fatigue, grade 8.
The woman’s 83-year-old husband was since before
rather healthy, only with some myalgia/arthralgia anddyspnea that were not attributed to RF radiation. These
symptoms increased to grade 8 and 9, respectively, see Table
3. He also developed new symptoms such as hyperacusis,
fatigue, waking nighttime, irritability, and burning skin –all grade 4 or more. Less prominent new symptoms weredysesthesia, dizziness, balance disorder, depression tendency,
emotional distress, chest squeeze, cough, nausea, and bruises/
hemorrhages on the skin.

Citation: Hardell L, Nilsson M. A woman aged 82 years with electromagnetic hypersensitivity since almost four decades developed the microwave
syndrome after installation of 5G base stations in her living vicinity – ethical principles in medicine are violated. Journal of Environmental
Science and Public Health. 8 (2024): 01-08.

Volume 8 • Issue 1

Hardell L and Nilsson M., J Environ Sci Public Health 2024
DOI:10.26502/jesph.96120200

3

Table 1: Measurement of RF radiation June 9, 2023
Frequency in MHz

380-400

480-800

925-960

1805 -1870

1880 - 1900

2110 - 2170

2400 - 2484

2400 - 10000

Device

Tetra

DVB-T

GSM 900

GSM 1800

DECT

UMTS 3G

WLAN

4G/5G

Library

0.2

8.1

40.5

5.0

0.1

13.3

0.1

20,000

Office

0.1

23.9

47.7

13.7

0.1

85.7

0.1

13,100Bedroom

0.2

10.1

150.1

130.2

0.1

178.1

0.1

19,600

Living room

0.2

10.9

10.2

1.7

0.1

7.2

0.1

147,100

Kitchen

0.2

8.5

15.5

2.0

0.1

12.4

0.1

166,700

Cellar, recreation room

0.2

0.9

5.9

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.9

Cellar, office

0.1

0.9

1.4

0.1

0.1

1.1

0.1

0.8

-        transitory high pulse00-        irregular pulse00-        slow pulse00Blood pressure high/low

00Results are given in µW/m2
Tetra = digital radiocommunication, e.g. Rakel for national communication in Sweden			
DVB-T = Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial, second generation
GSM = Global System for Mobile Communications
DECT = Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
WLAN = Wireless Local Area Network
4G = fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology
5G = fifth generation of cellular network

Table 2: Clinical symptoms grades 0-10. Grade 0 = no symptoms,
10 = unbearable pain and/or discomfort in a woman aged 82 years
assessed 28 August 2023.
Symptom

BeforeAugust 2023,
with 5G

Headache2

4Occular deficiency

00

Dysesthesia

3

9Light sensitivity

37

Myalgia, arthralgia

26

Anxiety/Panic

02

Ear heat/otalgia

00Emotional

1

3

Tinnitus

00

Irritability

13Hyperacousis

2

4

Global body dysthermia

3

6

Dizziness

3

7

Dyspnoea

14Balace disorder

3

7

Chest squeeze

02Concentration/Attention
deficiency

2

4

Chest pain

00

Loss of immediate memory

0

0

Cough

0

0

Confusion

02

Nausea1

3

Fatique

38

Diarrehea (involuntary)00Abdominal pain

00Urinary system, urgency

00Skin (face, arms, legs))

2

6

3

6

Sleeping difficulty-        insomnia

02-        waking night time05-        early wake-up

00-burning, lancinating skin on
hands and arms

Depression tendency

12-bruises, hemorrhages

3

6

Sucidal ideation

00Nose bleeding00Hair loss

00

Cardiovascular abnormalities

Citation: Hardell L, Nilsson M. A woman aged 82 years with electromagnetic hypersensitivity since almost four decades developed the microwave
syndrome after installation of 5G base stations in her living vicinity – ethical principles in medicine are violated. Journal of Environmental
Science and Public Health. 8 (2024): 01-08.

Hardell L and Nilsson M., J Environ Sci Public Health 2024
DOI:10.26502/jesph.96120200

Table 3: Clinical symptoms grades 0-10. Grade 0 = no symptoms,
10 = unbearable pain and/or discomfort in a man aged 83 years
assessed 28 August 2023.
Symptom

BeforeAugust 2023,
with 5G

Headache00Dysesthesia

02

Myalgia, arthralgia

58

Ear heat/otalgia

00Tinnitus

00Hyperacousis

05

Dizziness

03

Balace disorder

03Concentration/Attention
deficiency

00Loss of immediate memory00

Confusion

00

Fatique08-        insomnia

00-        waking night time05-        early wake-up

00

Depression tendency

02

Sucidal ideation

00-        transitory high pulse00-        irregular pulse00-        slow pulse00Blood pressure high/low

00

Occular deficiency

00Light sensitivity

00Anxiety/Panic

00

Emotional

02

Irritability

04Global body dysthermia

00

Dyspnoea

5

9

Chest squeeze

02

Chest pain

0

0

Cough

0

3

Nausea0

1

Diarrehea (involuntary)00Abdominal pain

00Urinary system -urgency

00Skin (face, arms, legs))

0

1-burning, lancinating skin on
hands and arms

04

-bruises, hemorrhages

03Nose bleeding00Hair loss

00Sleeping difficulty

Cardiovascular abnormalities

Volume 8 • Issue 1

4Discussion
There are no measurements of the RF radiation in thehome before the implementation of 5G. However, in previous
publications we have shown that 5G gives a substantial
increase in the radiation [5-8] which also seems to be the casein this report.
Most countries use thermal (heating) effects from RF
radiation as the single basis for safety limits. These arebased on short time exposure at very intense exposure where
immediate effects are observed (within an hour). Thereby
long-term exposure effects as well as effects not basedon heating (non-thermal) as for instance symptoms of the
microwave syndrome, are excluded [15-17]. The guidelines
are established by ICNIRP, a self-appointed privateorganization based in Germany [15,17]. This unscientific andclearly biased evaluation of available evidence on health risks
from ICNIRP is in the interest of industry, thereby facilitating
the deployment of 5G and the wireless society [9,10].
The levels of exposure from 5G in this study, as well as
in our previous case studies, causing ill health within a shorttime period, are well below the ICNIRP limits.
Therefore these case reports confirm that ICNIRP limits
are not adequate for health protection from exposures frombase stations.
A large number of organizations have called for arevision of the limits for better protection of humans andthe environment (www.5gappeal.eu; www.emfcall.org;
www.emfscientist.org). Also many groups of scientists havechallenged the ICNIRP ‘safety limits’ [18] and have asked
for considerably lower values for RF radiation, Table 4. Thus
lower guidelines were proposed in the Salzburg resolution[19], the EU Parliament STOA Report [20], and the Salzburg
precautionary exposure limit [21]. More than 10 years ago,
2012, the BioInitative Report [22] established a safety limitof 30-60 μW/m2, and yet lower for sensitive persons andchildren, 3-6 μW/m2. The EUROPAEM EMF guidelines
proposed in 2016 maximum exposure to be 10-1 000 μW/
m2, and lower at nighttime 1-100 μW/m2, and yet lower
for sensitive persons 0.1-10 μW/m2 [23]. The RF radiation
exposure in this case study is well above these recommended
maximum levels of exposure.

Ethical principles
The expansion of the wireless society is rapid with its
own pathway. Protests and critical comments by scientists
and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are unheard. Infact media debate, interest among politicians and unbiased
evaluation by governmental organizations are deficient
or non-existing. Since this is a technology with potential
for public health damage, some ethical principles used in
medicine may be applied. So far that aspect has not been
discussed.

Citation: Hardell L, Nilsson M. A woman aged 82 years with electromagnetic hypersensitivity since almost four decades developed the microwave
syndrome after installation of 5G base stations in her living vicinity – ethical principles in medicine are violated. Journal of Environmental
Science and Public Health. 8 (2024): 01-08.

Hardell L and Nilsson M., J Environ Sci Public Health 2024
DOI:10.26502/jesph.96120200

Volume 8 • Issue 1

5

Table 4: Guidelines on recommended limit exposure levels for the public by different organizations for microwave radiation in μW/m2, seealso [26].
YearPower Density (μW/m2)

Name

10,000,000

10,000,000 for 2–300 GHz

9,000,000
1998

Description

9,000,000 for 1800 MHz and
ICNIRP [18]4,500,000

4,500,000 for 900 MHz
Whole body exposure averaged over 6 min.

1,000
2001

Salzburg Resolution [19]100,000

1,000 for the sum total of all pulse modulated highfrequency exposures
100,000 for the total of all high-frequency irradiation

2001

100

EU Parliament STOA 2001 [20]For chronic exposure from pulsed microwaves. 1

2002

1

New Salzburg Precautionary Exposure
Limit Indoor [21]Indoor chronic exposure from GSM base stations.1

2012

3-6

Bioinitiative 2012 Recommendation [22]For chronic exposure to pulsed RF.1

0.1-100

EuropaEM EMF Guidelines [23]For extended exposure at least 4 hours a day tofrequencies between GSM 900 to WiFi 5.6 GHz
depending on sensitivity, night time or daytime
exposure. Peak maximum values.

10,000,000

ICNIRP 2020 [15]10,000,000 for >2–300 GHz

2016

9,000,000

9,000,000 for 1800 MHz and

4,500,000

4,500,000 for 900 MHz

2020

Whole body exposure averaged over 30 min.
10,000,000

10,000,000 for 400 MHz

18,200,000

18,200,000 for 800 MHz

36,600,000

36,600,000 for 1,800 MHz

40,000,000
2020

40,000,000 for 2 GHz
ICNIRP 2020 [15]40,000,000

40,000,000 for 6 GHz:

26,600,000

26,600,000 for 60 GHz:

20,000,000

20,000,000 for 300 GHz:
Local exposure averaged over 6 min.

Citation: Hardell L, Nilsson M. A woman aged 82 years with electromagnetic hypersensitivity since almost four decades developed the microwave
syndrome after installation of 5G base stations in her living vicinity – ethical principles in medicine are violated. Journal of Environmental
Science and Public Health. 8 (2024): 01-08.

Hardell L and Nilsson M., J Environ Sci Public Health 2024
DOI:10.26502/jesph.96120200

In the following ethical principles are discussed in relation
to the implementation of 5G base stations. In principle RFradiation must be of benefit to the exposed person, it shallnot hurt, it shall be fair, and respect self-determination andintegrity. Before exposure the subject must be fully informed,
approve the exposure, determine for how long time and underwhat conditions, and finally not to be under inappropriatepressure to participate to be exposed to RF radiation.
It may of course be problematic to fully adhere to all theseprinciples, e.g. many persons in a household or community
may use the wireless communication and see the benefit of
the technology but no disadvantage. The crucial question
if of course if disadvantage and ill health among the few
shall overrule the benefit among other persons as well as
if those who see only benefits and no problems are fully
informed about health risks? Historically for e.g. cancer
risks, regulations have been undertaken based on injury to
few persons [24]. Also history has shown that the bigger the
economic interests that are at stake, the more time it takes toimplement actions to protect public health [25].
A more thorough discussion of fundamental ethicalprinciples in medicine has been documented by Professor
Veikko Launis at Åbo University in Finland (https://www.
laakariliitto.fi/lakaretik/lakaretikens-filosofiska-grunder/
lakar-och-vardetikens-grundprinciper/). He presents six basic
principles as discussed briefly in the following. However,these may as well be used for the rollout of 5G and its
detrimental effects on human health. Also the environment isharmed so this discussion may be applied in general.
Respect for life: This is the basis for all activities thatconcern all living creatures. In general biological life should
be preserved. All life has a moral value.
Evaluation: The expansion of 5G does not respect human
life. This principle is not fulfilled.
Human dignity: The moral value for all people should be
the same. Human rights should be equal to all persons.
Evaluation: Human rights are not applied. People areuninformed about potential risks and forcibly exposed toharmful levels of RF radiation in their own homes. In somecases the harmful effects on health have been so severe thatthey could not continue to live in their own homes forcing
them to move and find another place for living.
Self-determination: The right for self-determination is an
essential part of moral. A person should have the possibility
to consider, make decisions, and act on the implementation ofbase stations for 5G in the neighborhood. For that informationand knowledge are required. As an ethical principle informed
consent is necessary.
Evaluation: Installation of 5G base stations and theradiation penetration into people’s private homes are mostly
performed without information and approval by concerned
parties. This principle is not fulfilled.

Volume 8 • Issue 1

6

Medical care: The society is obliged to take care of thedisabled. This is one of the elementary moral obligations. The
principle is to improve health, reduce suffering, and avoid
deterioration of health and increasing suffering.
Evaluation: Persons with EHS or suffering from themicrowave syndrome are mostly ignored or rejected in
the medical care. Most physicians do not recognize andunderstand that RF radiation can cause a range of healthproblems and the patient is often wrongly given a psychiatricdiagnosis or prescribed medications that only are intended
to treat the symptoms and not the cause of the problems.
Reduction of RF radiation exposure is the most effective
treatment but is ignored. This principle is not fulfilled.
Justice: All persons should be ensured equal possibility
for adequate care.
Evaluation: Persons with severe sensitivity to this kindof radiation may not tolerate levels of radiation prevalent at
hospitals and other medical care centres. Furthermore as longas this patient group is not recognized as being ill from thecause of their illness, adequate care is not given.
Benefit: The result of an action is the benchmark forthe moral value. The expected benefit should be as large as
possible in relation to the inconvenience. This is a centralprinciple in medical care. Thus, the measure that is mostbeneficial in relation to inconvenience should be applied. This
includes improved health in contrast to potential impairmentof the use of this technology for the society.
Evaluation: The benefits of the rollout of 5G base stations
for wireless communication leading to a massive increase in
RF exposure, have never been shown to be larger than thenegative effects on human health and the environment. The
benefit of the 5G goes unilaterally to the telecommunicationindustry while the public and the environment are forced tobear the cost. This principle is not fulfilled.
All these six fundamental ethical principles are violated.
It is about time for the medical community, including all
professional groups, to recognize EHS and the microwave
syndrome as multiple diseases. The patient must be treatedrespectfully and taken care of. It is not correct to give thepatient a psychiatric diagnosis, and furthermore hospitalize ina psychiatric ward while ignoring the most effective treatmentthat is reduction of exposure. A psychiatric diagnosis would
violate ethical principles. The medical profession needs tobe educated. That would give the possibility to give thesepatients correct treatment. As we have shown in our casereports, and recommended in the EuropaEM EMF guidelines,
reduction of RF exposure is necessary to be included in thetreatment plan [23].

Conclusion
In this case report we present a woman with EHS sincealmost four decades. After installation of 5G base stations in

Citation: Hardell L, Nilsson M. A woman aged 82 years with electromagnetic hypersensitivity since almost four decades developed the microwave
syndrome after installation of 5G base stations in her living vicinity – ethical principles in medicine are violated. Journal of Environmental
Science and Public Health. 8 (2024): 01-08.

Hardell L and Nilsson M., J Environ Sci Public Health 2024
DOI:10.26502/jesph.96120200

the neighborhood her health deteriorated. Also her husband
was somewhat affected. So far little is presented in thescientific literature on health consequences due to the highpulsed RF radiation from 5G. It is urgent for the medical
community to acknowledge the microwave syndrome, takeaction, investigate the disease, take professional care of thesick, and prescribe reduction of exposure to RF radiation as
the fundamental principle to regain health.

Acknowledgements
RF radiation measurements made by Ama Konsult AB
are acknowledged.

Funding
No funding was received.

Availability of data and materials
The information generated and analyzed during thecurrent study is available from the corresponding author on
reasonable request.

Authors' contributions
Both authors participated in the conception, design andwriting of the manuscript, and have read and approved thefinal version

Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.

Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Volume 8 • Issue 1

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Citation: Hardell L, Nilsson M. A woman aged 82 years with electromagnetic hypersensitivity since almost four decades developed the microwave
syndrome after installation of 5G base stations in her living vicinity – ethical principles in medicine are violated. Journal of Environmental
Science and Public Health. 8 (2024): 01-08.

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Citation: Hardell L, Nilsson M. A woman aged 82 years with electromagnetic hypersensitivity since almost four decades developed the microwave
syndrome after installation of 5G base stations in her living vicinity – ethical principles in medicine are violated. Journal of Environmental
Science and Public Health. 8 (2024): 01-08.