RIHN 11th International Symposium

Asia’s Transformations to Sustainability:
Past, Present and Future of the Anthropocene

March 10-11, 2017
Kyoto, Japan

Organized by
The Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN)
National Institutes for the Humanities (NIHU)
Inter-University Research Institute Corporation

PREAMBLE

During the last fifty years Asia has gone through a remarkable transformation from a largely
rural, agricultural and protoindustrial region underpinned by Monsoon Asia’s resource andecosystem characteristics, to the global center of economic growth driven by massive
imports of fossil fuels and the policy directives of the developmental states. Beginning fromJapan, South Korea and Taiwan, and diffusing to Southeast Asia, China and to some extent
even to South Asia, a series of industrial clusters were created along the coasts of Pacificand Indian Oceans. Political and economic forces reorganized Asia’s resource base bycombining locally available endowments of labour, land, water and eco-system services with
imported capital, oil, natural gas and mineral resources. Manufacturing labour productivity
rapidly rose, and urbanization was accelerated. A 1983 World Bank Survey The Energy
Transition in Developing Countries spoke confidently of the transition from biosphere-based tofossil-fuel-based energy as a global trend.
Today the energy transition refers to a transition from fossil-fuels to cleaner and renewableenergy. The term Anthropocene is used to express deep concerns for human impact on theplanet. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a UN initiative, include a number ofindicators relating to sustainability and resilience to disasters, along with socio-economic
ones such as poverty reduction and inequality. Thus the entire ‘economic miracle’ projects,
which dominated Asia and were underpinned by growth ideology, are under serious scrutiny.
Yet how to absorb the legacy of such a history back into the more natural and sustainable
resource base of Monsoon Asia is not in sight.
In 2016 the Research Institute of Humanity and Nature (RIHN) started its third term
research program (2016-2023) with a new organizational design under three programs ofsocial transformations under climate change, resource management and the creation of the‘lifeworlds’ beyond the ‘economic miracle’ perspective. In this symposium, we present
frontier knowledge directing these programs, to discuss the future of Asia’s transformations
to sustainability.

iSESSION PROGRAM

Session 1 Impact of Climate Change, Water and Energy on Long-term Socioeconomic Changes
This session discusses the impact of environmental changes on socio-economic
development in comparative historical perspective. Data on temperature and otherindicators of climate change are now becoming available over a long period of time,and new findings are being communicated to socio-economic changes. In Monsoon
Asia temperature changes and the availability of water and local biomass energy were
important determinants of population growth, economic development andsustainability. They induced labour-intensive and energy-saving technology in East Asia
and water-intensive agriculture in South Asia. We report recent findings on these topics,
and suggest their relevance to the understanding of the present.

Session 2 Wise Governance of Diverse Resources
This session will discuss on research perspectives towards wise and fair resource
management systems considering inter-linkage of multiple resources by various
stakeholders in different special scales. Recently, nexus structure among energy, waterand food became a hot issue, though we need more comprehensive understandings
and governance including other issues such as ecological resources which provide
ecosystem services and local culture.

Session 3 Building Lifeworlds of Sustainability and Wellbeing
Our “lifeworlds” are composed of the physical spaces and socio-cultural spheres ofour everyday lives. They are continually reproduced, reimagined, and evolving throughan interactive and reflexive relationship with society, culture, and nature. Session 3
focuses on research aimed at illuminating reciprocal linkages between diverse rural andurban lifeworlds and contributing to the solution of sustainability problems by working
with various societal partners such as governments, companies, and citizen groups.
Special emphasis is placed on envisioning sustainable futures that improve wellbeing
and gauging their feasibility.

ii

PROGRAM
Friday March 10, 2017

Plenary Session
Chair: KUBOTA Jumpei (Deputy Director-General, RIHN)
09:30-09:35

Welcome and Introduction to Plenary Session
KUBOTA Jumpei

09:35-09:45

Opening Remarks
YASUNARI Tetsuzo (Director-General, RIHN)

09:45-10:50

Keynote Address 1
Anthropocene and Transhumanism– or the ecumene as an anthroposcene –Augustin BERQUE (École des hautes études en sciences sociales(EHESS), France)

10:50-12:00

Keynote Address 2
Does Chinese History Suggest a Sustainable Growth Trajectory?
Kenneth POMERANZ (University of Chicago, USA)

12:00-13:00

Lunch

iii

Session 1 Impact of Climate Change, Water and Energy on
Long-term Socio-economic Changes
Chair: NISHI Makoto (RIHN)

13:00-13:05

Introduction to Session 1
SUGIHARA Kaoru (RIHN)

13:05-13:35

Impact of Climate Change on Social Transformations in Japan and
BeyondNAKATSUKA Takeshi (RIHN)

13:35-14:00

On Climate, Demography and Social Change in the JapaneseArchipelago
SAITO Osamu (Hitotsubashi University)

14:00-14:35

Monsoon Asia, Industrialization and Urbanization: The Making andUnmaking of the Regional Nexus
SUGIHARA Kaoru (RIHN)

14:35-15:10

Carbon Forests and Rivers of Conflict: Writing South Asian
Environmental History in the Epoch of the Anthropocene
Rohan D’SOUZA (Kyoto University)

15:10-15:25

Coffee Break

15:25-16:00

Land Tenure and Degradation of Peatlands in Sumatra, Indonesia
MIZUNO Kosuke (RIHN and Kyoto University)

16:00-17:20

Roundtable Discussion
The above speakers, Mark METZLER (University of Texas at Austin,USA), SATO Takahiro (Kyoto University), WAKIMURA Kohei(Osaka City University), and Roy Bin WONG (University of California,
Los Angeles, USA)

18:30-

Receptioniv

Saturday March 11, 2017

Session 2 Wise Governance of Diverse Resources
Chair: NAKASHIZUKA Tohru (RIHN and Tohoku University)

09:00-09:05

Introduction to Session 2
NAKASHIZUKA Tohru

09:05-09:35

Concept of Wise Governance of Resources and Ecosystem Services in
Asian context
NAKASHIZUKA Tohru

09:35-10:05

Participatory Approaches for Co-design and Co-production on
Water-Energy-Food Nexus Issues
BABA Kenshi (Tokyo City University)

10:05-10:35

Considering Ecosystem Service Tradeoffs including Biodiversity andCulture in the Water-Energy-Food Nexus
Kimberly BURNETT (University of Hawaii, USA)

10:35-10:50

Coffee Break

10:50-11:20

The Adaptive Watershed Governance: Biodiversity, Nutrient Cycling andHuman Well-being
OKUDA Noboru (RIHN)

11:20-11:50

Valuing Forest Ecosystem Services and Disservices - Case Study of aProtected Area in India
Karachepone N. NINAN (Centre for Economics, Environment andSociety, India)

11:50-12:50

Roundtable Discussion
The above speakers

12:50-13:50

Lunch

v

Session 3 Building Lifeworlds of Sustainability and Wellbeing
Chair: KOBAYASHI Mai (RIHN)

13:50-13:55

Introduction to Session 3
SAIJO Tatsuyoshi (RIHN and Kochi University of Technology)

13:55-14:25

Future Design
SAIJO Tatsuyoshi

14:25-14:55

Seeking Sustainability and Well-being through Asian Cultures and Values
Rakesh KAPOOR (Alternative Futures, India)

14:55-15:25

Lifeworlds as Pedagogy for Socio-cultural Change: Sensuous Food
Futures, Practices, and Meaning in Everyday Experience
Steven R. MCGREEVY (RIHN)

15:25-15:40

Coffee Break

15:40-16:10

Sanitation Value Chain: Its Concept and Element Technologies
FUNAMIZU Naoyuki (RIHN and Hokkaido University)

16:10-17:20

Roundtable Discussion
The above speakers, TANAKA Ueru (RIHN) and ISHIKAWA
Satoshi (RIHN)

General Discussion
Chair: TANIGUCHI Makoto (Deputy Director-General, RIHN)
17:25-18:25

Session Summaries and Discussion across All Sessions

18:25-18:30

Closing Remarks
TANIGUCHI MakotoviKeynote Address

Anthropocene and Transhumanism– or the ecumene as an anthroposcene –Augustin BERQUE

École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS), Paris, France
Augustin BERQUE, born in 1942 in Morocco, is a French geographer, orientalist and philosopher. He
is a professor of mesology at the École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS, Paris). A memberof the Academia europaea, he was in 2009 the first Westerner to receive the Fukuoka Grand Prize for
Asian cultures, and admitted in 2017 in the Earth Hall of Fame, Kyoto. His numerous books have beentranslated into several languages, about ten of which into Japanese and three in English, including Thinking
through landscape (Routledge, 2013).

Abstract
Watsuji’s concept of fûdosei 風土性 may be rendered in two ways. As it is generally understood in Japan, it
could be translated with countryness: the fact of being proper to a given region or country. In that sense, it seems
to concern essentially premodern societies; but as Watsuji himself defined it (“the structural moment of humanexistence”, ningen sonzai no kôzô keiki 人間存在の構造契機), and as, accordingly, I translated it with mediance,in other words the dynamic coupling of Being and its milieu (fûdo 風土 or kansekai 間世界, not to be confusedwith the environment, kankyô 環境), this concept is not only homologous to the pairing (Gegengefüge) revealed
by Uexküll between the animal and its milieu (Umwelt), but its validity appears to be universal andtranshistorical. Now, this structural moment of human existence has been foreclosed (locked out) by themodern ontological paradigm in the process of abstraction and dualisation, negating any mediance at all, whichat the same time gave rise to the two antithetic poles of the modern subject and the modern object, andcorrelatively reduced the environment to an objectified mechanism. It is this process which entailed the
Anthropocene: altering the environment to a degree which, by now, attains a geological scale. This is not all.
Through the same process of objectification, the modern subject has begun to change profoundly its own
animal body; this is what we call nowadays trans- or posthumanism. I question here that strange logic, inwhich foreclosing abstractly mediance leads to illustrating it concretely, and the ontology of that which, anew,
manifests itself in the dynamic coupling of Anthropocene and transhumanism 1.

1 A former, shorter version of this paper was published under the title « Anthropocene and transhumanism » in 5 Designing

Media Ecology, vol. VI, Winter 2016, p. 56-63.

1

Keynote Address"Does Chinese History Suggest a Sustainable Growth
Trajectory?"
Kenneth POMERANZ

University of Chicago, USA
Kenneth POMERANZ is University Professor in History and the College and Professor of East Asian
Languages and Civilizations at the University of Chicago, and was President of the American Historical
Association in 2013-14. His publications include The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of theModern World Economy, The Making of a Hinterland: State, Society and Economy in Inland North China, 1853-1937,
and several co-authored, edited, and co-edited volumes. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences, and has received fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation, the American PhilosophicalSociety, American Council of Learned Societies, Institute for Advanced Studies, National Endowment for
the Humanities, and other sources.

Abstract
In 1993, Mark Elvin published an article on Chinese environmental history called “Three Thousand Years of
Unsustainable Growth.” Elvin was not suggesting that nothing had changed over three millennia, but he was
highlighting some basic recurring themes. These included a steady intensification of land use, driven both byresource-hungry states and by private households seeking increased income; a gradual expansion of markets,allowing people in China’s the most densely-populated regions to buffer local environmental pressuresthrough exchange with other regions; and (c) a resulting trend of overall environmental degradation, but one
sufficiently gradual that expanding trade and labor-absorbing technological change could avert catastrophe,and even allow for modest improvements in human welfare (i.e. “development). Other scholars, including
myself, have modified this picture, but also confirmed much of it, often suggesting that it retained somerelevance even amidst today’s much more rapid economic and environmental change. That 19th century China
witnessed spectacular failures of sustainability seems less a matter of inevitable environmental pressures –though those pressures were certainly worsening – than of political and administrative failure, which made itdifficult to act upon a growing awareness of environmental crises in anything but a limited, patchwork manner.
Causation was thus dialectical rather than following a uni-directional causal chain originating in demographic
and environmental pressure.
Today, of course, China again has an effective state: one which is determined to continue rapid (thoughdecelerating) growth until at least 2030, but also keenly aware of mounting environmental problems. The
further expansion of the division of labor – both within and beyond China’s borders – remains central to its
strategies for managing this contradiction, particularly in the crucial cases of water (and “virtual water) andenergy; the relevant transfers involve both market and command mechanisms (e.g. the South North Water
Diversion), and they extend well beyond China’s political borders. In some cases, they complement familiar
strategies for achieving other development goals: e.g. relocating particularly dirty industries towards western
China, and trying to hasten a transition to a service economy.
Yet at least two problems seem unlikely to be solved by continued movement along existing trajectories.
First, while the state is paying considerable attention to improving environmental governance, the challenges
of doing this through the existing political structure – which severely limits citizen groups and the press, aswell as judicial independence -- are enormous, and current trends (which emphasize top-down assaults onentrenched problems) are not encouraging. Second, even optimistic scenarios for improving the economic
efficiency of energy and water use seem inadequate to reconcile current Chinese growth targets withsustainable levels of water use and GHG emissions. Barring an acceptance of slower growth, hope forsustainability would seem to rest on very rapid transitions to green energy technologies and major
breakthroughs in water supply (e.g. far less energy intensive desalination techniques). Such institutional andtechnological breakthroughs are possible, but cannot be counted on: and they would represent a different way
of making growth sustainable after all from those that have been most relevant to China’s historicaldevelopment.

2

Impact of Climate Change on Social
Transformations in Japan and Beyond
NAKATSUKA Takeshi
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan
NAKATSUKA Takeshi is a professor in Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. Since his
early career as a graduate student, he has been using nitrogen isotopes to study long-term variationsof climate and its impacts on oceanic biogeochemical cycles. Recently, he changed his main
research area from oceans to land and focused on using tree-ring oxygen isotopes to examine therelationship between climate change and human history. Investigating periodicity of climate during
the last two millennia in Japan and the world, he now hypothesizes that past human societies were
often damaged by multi-decadal climate variations as they were caught in a cycle of overadaptation and subsequent failure of adaptation. nakatsuka[at]chikyu.ac.jp

Abstract
If abrupt degradation occurs for important environment or resource on which we have been
relying for a long time, how can we adapt to it? Recent rapid global changes on natural and social
environment urgently request us to seek new strategies for overcoming such difficulties and making
our society sustainable. In Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, I have been conducting
an inter-disciplinary research project among paleoclimatologists, climatologists, historians andarchaeologists to elucidate human adaptations to abrupt climate changes ever occurred in Japaneselong history. In pre-modern agricultural societies of Japan since introduction of rice paddy
cultivation about 3000 years ago, changes in summer temperature and precipitation have been
always influencing the rice yield and inevitably controlling the population and living standard forthe people. Because the human adaptation or failure of adaptation to the changing climate in thepast have structures similar to the human responses to on-going global environmental changes,
precise reconstruction of climate variations and human responses in the past and comparison of
the numerous examples beyond time and place must make us enable to find strategies of humanadaptation to abrupt global environmental changes.
So far, we have found a common relationship between multi-decadal large summer
temperature variation and occurrence of serious famine, based on paleotemperature proxies of treerings and historical documents from 9th to 19th centuries in Japan, suggesting that rice cultivating
people who are used to the warm productive climate for a long time, more than 10 years, could
not adapted easily to the subsequent cold climate. We have also found that multi-decadal large
summer precipitation variation, reconstructed by tree-ring oxygen isotope ratio, had often
underlain large societal upheavals, characterized by active migration of people and increase of local
conflicts probably induced by heterogeneous destructions of people’s livelihood due tounprecedented numbers of flood and drought occurrences.
The enhancements of multi-decadal summer precipitation variability happened at about 400
year intervals since Early Yayoi era, and it is surprising that they were all followed by the periodsof major societal regime shifts both in Japanese and Chinese history since 2500 years ago, possiblyreflecting changes in East Asia summer monsoon activity as the common driving factor. However,contents of resultant social transformation were completely different among many cases, such thatin some cases, the social transformation after the difficult climate period brought long lasting
prosperity, but in other cases, it resulted in further upheavals of the society. The many historicalexamples are telling us the importance of adequate adaptation strategies which we should select.

3

On Climate, Demography and Social Change in
the Japanese Archipelago
SAITO Osamu
Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, JapanSAITO Osamu, Professor Emeritus, Hitotsubashi University, is an economic and population
historian who has been writing on various subjects in the fields of economic history, historicaldemography and environmental history. His recent publications include ‘Forest history and theGreat Divergence’, Journal of Global History, vol. 4 (2009), ‘Growth and inequality in the great andlittle divergence debate’, Economic History Review, vol. 68 (2015), and ‘Climate, famine, andpopulation in Japanese history’, in B. L. Batten and P. C. Brown, eds., Environment and Society in theJapanese Islands (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2015).

Abstract
In the climate-famine-population paper I contributed for an environmental history book publishedin 2015, I discussed my findings about long-run changes in famine frequency in relation to climaticchange as well as agrarian and socio-political transformations that took place over several centuries
on the Japanese Archipelago. When I wrote that paper, however, I did not know anything about
what was going on at RIHN. By taking in the findings by Takeshi Nakatsuka and his associates onsummer temperatures, therefore, this short paper sets out a revised version of a table showing
phases of climate change and famine frequencies from the fourteenth to the nineteenth century,in order to re-assess the significance of a sudden decline in the frequency of famine in the middleof the so-called warring states (sengoku) period of the sixteenth century.

4Monsoon Asia, Industrialization and
Urbanization: The Making and Unmaking of theRegional Nexus
SUGIHARA Kaoru
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan
SUGIHARA Kaoru is Program Director and Professor at the Research Institute for Humanity
and Nature in Kyoto. Trained as an economic historian, he worked for Osaka City University(1978-1985), the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London (1985-1996), Osaka
University (1996-2006), Kyoto University (2006-2012), the University of Tokyo (2012-2013) andthe National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (2013-2016). He has written widely on Japanese,
Asian and global economic history, including Patterns and Development of Intra-Asian Trade (1996 in
Japanese), Local Agrarian Societies in Colonial India (co-ed., Curzon, 1996; Manohar, 1997), Japan,
China and the Growth of the Asian International Economy, 1850-1949 (ed., Oxford University Press, 2005)
and Labour-intensive Industrialization in Global History (co-ed., Routledge, 2013). From 2007 to 2012he acted as convener of a large-scale project on environmental sustainability in tropical Asia andAfrica at Kyoto University. Most recently he has been writing on environmental and economic
history, including ‘Monsoon Asia, Intra-regional Trade and Fossil-fuel-driven Industrialization’, inGareth Austin ed., Economic Development and Environmental History in the Anthropocene: Perspectives on
Asia and Africa (London: Bloomsbury Academic, forthcoming). He is a member of the Science
Council of Japan and is vice-chair of its Committee for Future Earth. sugihara[at]chikyu.ac.jp

Abstract
This paper explores the historical significance of resource endowments for Asia’s long-term
economic development. Asia’s capacity to hold a very large population over the last few centuries
has been associated with the socio-environmental characteristics of Monsoon Asia. Its unique air
and water circulation enabled its fertile lands, often at the month of the river, to become a site ofintensive rice farming, dense population and the development of labour-intensive technology andlabour-absorbing institutions. Availability of water, food and biomass energy there was essential tothe ‘carrying capacity’ of the population.
Rapid industrialization after World War II, beginning in Japan, shifted the gravity of Asia’s
economy from China and India to ‘maritime Monsoon Asia’ where the growth of trade eased
resource constraints, and imports of fossil fuels and raw materials were combined with local naturaland human resources to develop an industrial complex along the Pacific coast. Urban development
provided the growing population with water, food and energy, while the industrial complex
combined technology, capital and labour with fossil fuels. The concurrent growth of cities and theindustrial complex created a local nexus. Their networking formed a regional nexus.
Since c.1980 the entry of China, and later India, to the Asia-Pacific economy urged theregional nexus along the Pacific coast to embrace the environmentally less well-endowed parts of
Monsoon Asia and other inland areas. The economic gravity shifted back to China (and India), byfurther developing the network of maritime nexus. But attempts to expand it into the Eurasianlandmass, vividly expressed in China’s ‘One Belt, One Road’ policy, are proving difficult,reaffirming the significance of environmental conditions for economic growth.

5

Carbon Forests and Rivers of Conflict: Writing South
Asian Environmental History in the Epoch of the
Anthropocene
Rohan D’SOUZA

Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Rohan D’SOUZA is associate professor at the Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto
University and is also affiliated as Senior Research Associate with the Centre for World Environmental History(Sussex University). His major research interests are in environmental history, technology studies and sustainable
development. He is the author of Drowned and Dammed: Colonial Capitalism and Flood Control in Eastern India(Oxford University Press, 2006) and has published articles in peer reviewed journals and popular pieces innewspapers as well. His current research interests are aimed at exploring how environmental politics is being
framed by the twin contemporary challenges of climate change and the ‘epoch of the anthropocene’.

Abstract
South Asian environmental history has largely occupied itself with trying to explain the complicated andtroubled relationships between dramatic ecological change and British colonial rule. The first framework ─
widely referred to as the ‘colonial-watershed thesis ─ claimed that British colonialism profoundly undermined theprevious ecological harmony that characterized social organization in South Asia. In contrast, the ‘continuitieswith-change’ advocates argue that while the ‘pace of change’ was undoubtedly ‘rapid and epochal’, radical
environmental transitions were not entirely new to the Indian sub-continent. In effect, rather than treating
British colonial impacts as the only and most decisive ecological encounter, the ‘continuities-with-change’
view underlined the need for long term histories about human-nature relationships in the subcontinent. Whilst
these two frameworks have over the years dueled, debated and generated a rich and productive scholarship,
recent concerns about global warming and anxieties about climate change urge us to reconsider anew
environmental history scholarship on South Asia.
In particular, this presentation/paper will explore how ideas about the ‘Anthropocene’ have begun todefine and determine afresh direction for South Asian environmental history writings. Notably, with concepts
such as the ‘Great Acceleration’ and notions about the environment brought on by recent ideas generated in
the Earth Systems Sciences, the orientation and effort now has been to stretch periodization to thousand ofyears and to emphasize on the role of carbon production and global environmental change. One of the firstattempts, in fact, to foreground the significance of the above mentioned conceptual shifts is through the 2005
Dalem (Germany) meeting which inspired the formulation of the Integrated History and Future of People on
Earth (IHOPE) project. Put differently, what kinds of narratives will South Asian environmental histories
craft to debate the global push for carbon forests (through REDD and REDD+) and to negotiate theincreasing explosive possibilities for river conflict in South Asia?

6Land Tenure and Degradation of Peatlands in
Sumatra, Indonesia
MIZUNO Kosuke1 2
1. Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan
2. Center for Southeast Asian Studies (CSEAS), Kyoto University, JapanMIZUNO Kosuke is a professor of Research Institute for Humanity and Nature and also professor ofdevelopment studies at Center for Southeast Asian Studies (CSEAS), Kyoto University. He has done
studies on rural economy in Indonesia, especially in West Java from the analytical points of view on theinstitution, organization and collective action through the study focusing on land, capital and labor.
Since the start of democratization and decentralization in Indonesia, He has done research on the role ofpeople’s organizations/labor organizations (trade unions) on resource management, and institutionalchange in the economic development in Indonesia. Now he is a project leader of Research Project on
Toward the Regeneration of Tropical Peatland Societies: Building International Research Network on
Integrated Peatland Management at Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, especially focusing on
the peatland restoration in Riau Province. His publication includes Mizuno, Kosuke, et. al. ed, 2016,
Catastrophe and Regeneration in Indonesia’s Peatlands: Ecology, Economy and Society, Kyoto-CSEAS Series on AsianStudies 15, Singapore: National University of Singapore Press Kyoto; Kyoto University Press, 466p.,
Mizuno, Kosuke, et. al. ed. 2016, Sustainability and Crisis at the Village: Agroforestry in West Java, Indonesia. (theTalun-Huma system and rural social economy) Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 320p, and Mizuno
Kosuke, Pasuk Phongpaichit, ed., 2009, Populism in Asia, Kyoto CSEAS Series on Asian Studies Volume 2,
Singapore; National University of Singapore Press, Kyoto; Kyoto University Press, 2009, 228p. Direktori
Serikat Pekerja/ Serikat Buruh Indonesia. Bandung, Indonesia: (Directory of Trade Unions in Indonesia), (Akatiga Pusat
Analisis Sosial, Bandung), 2007, and Rural Industrialization in Indonesia, a Study on Community-based Weaving
Industry in West Java (Institute of Developing Economies) in 1996. mizuno[at]chikyu.ac.jp

Abstract
In developing countries, forest tenure conditions tend to be contested, overlapping, and insecure These
challenging conditions result from state appropriation of forests centuries ago. Lack of local control overforest use and management decisions is a lasting legacy of state appropriation. Peatland forests in Sumatra
may be no exception to these trends. Most of peatland in Sumatra is the state land (tanah negara) from theownership point of view, and the government controlled forest zone (kawasan hutan) from the forestry policy
point of view. The principle of the state forest formed in 19th century in Indonesia. The forest that does nothave special stipulation belonged to state. This principle was formed in Java first, and enlarged to all Indonesia
with the 1865 Forest Act, and 1870 domain declaration. Nowadays 70 % of Indonesian land is state forest.
Peatlands in Sumatra, Indonesia are one of Southeast Asia’s last resource frontiers and they are
currently being exploited on a large scale, leading to massive fires and carbon emissions. Despite the global
implications of this problem, few studies have investigated the social aspects of peatland degradation, limiting
our understanding of potential sustainable management regimes for peatland resources. This study focuses on
the factors causing land abandonment and fire, key precursors to peatland degradation. Village formation andland history in a village in Riau province were investigated by detailed household questionnaires, paying
particular attention to how land is acquired and the land titling process. It was made clear how peatlands havebeen abandoned, or not. In case of not-abandoned peatland, people have a customary land rights such as
inheritance and clearing, and also have land certificated with customary land right documents.
In case of abandoned peatland, peatland forests belong to the state forest area, and therefore people
tend not to have any documents certifying land rights, of which peatlands were vulnerable to peat fire, thenwas abandoned. Those peat forest belongs to the state forest were logged and distributed among villagers,
especially after 1995, have since been seriously burned and abandoned. State designated forest area weremaking large areas of peatlands vulnerable to abandonment and fire.

7

Concept of Wise Governance of Resources andEcosystem Services in Asian Context
NAKASHIZUKA Tohru1 2
1. Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan
2. Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
NAKASHIZUKA Tohru is program director, and professor of Research Institute for Humanity
and Nature, and professor of Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan. His
major interests are biodiversity and ecosystem services of forest ecosystems. He is (co)author ofnumerous papers in peer-reviewed journals, chapters in edited books, including “Diversity andInteraction in a Temperate Forest Community. Ogawa Forest Reserve of Japan” (Springer-Verlag),and “The Biodiversity Observation Network in the Asia-Pacific Region” (Springer-Verlag).
toron[at]chikyu.ac.jp

Abstract
Global environmental problems are related each other. Studies concentrating on single issue are
not effective, and those consideration on inter-linkage of multiple resources involving stakeholders
are essential to approach the problems. Recently, nexus structure among energy, water and foodbecame a hot issue, though we need more comprehensive understandings taking into account otherissues such as ecological resources which provide ecosystem services and cultural resources toattain sustainable society. In addition, there are also difference in beneficial spatial scales andlinkages among ecosystem services. Thus, production, circulation and consumption of resources
should be discussed in wide range of spatial scales with involvement of various stakeholders and/or
actors. Sustainable use of resources require fair and wise systems and proper indices to manage
these processes.
Asian systems are experiencing rapid change in economics, urbanization and populations,though partly keep traditions to manage resources in sustainable way, which associated withrelatively rich cultural background in this region. Thus, the studies on such Asian experience ofresource use may give important suggestions on future sustainability in the world.
We should try to explore wise and fair management system to cope with multiple-resource,
by multiple-stakeholders, in multi-spatial scales by encouraging to raise new projects including suchnew and lacking aspects with innovative ideas by young scientists. In particular we need to develop
the criteria for wise and fair resource use, and metrics to evaluate according to the criteria, such as
efficiency, sustainability and fairness. I would like to present a tentative idea how we can synthesize
the results of RIHN projects in the context of wise and fair resource use.

8Participatory Approaches for Co-design and Coproduction on Water-Energy-Food Nexus Issues
BABA Kenshi
Tokyo City University, Yokohama, Japan
BABA Kenshi is professor of the faculty of environmental studies at the Tokyo City University,
Yokohama, Japan. He has research interests include consensus building, risk communication, andpolicy process within energy and environmental issues in local community. He is now involved in
the human environmental security in water-food-energy NEXUS project of the RIHN (ResearchInstitute for Humanity and Nature), and also in the government-funded (the Ministry of Education,
Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) research project on climate change adaptation policy. He
has contributed to the IEA Wind Task 28 committee and served as a contributing author of IPCC
AR5 WGII. He has published numerous articles in the journal regarding environmental sciences,disaster research, civil engineering, and public policy. kbaba[at]tcu.ac.jp

Abstract
Building a consensus among relevant actors over trade-offs of NEXUS issues of water-energyfood is needed to realize sustainable and resilient society. To this end, Co-design and Co-productof science and society is required and formulating a system of social decision making at not only alocal scale but also multiple scales such as international and region are indispensable. This lecture
will introduce various participatory approaches for Co-design and Co-production on water-energyfood Nexus issues and other issues we have taken so far.
As one of the participatory approaches, the stakeholder analysis which collects local
knowledge will be introduced. In case of Beppu, which has the top resources of hot spring in Japan,
it identifies the stakeholders and their interests and clarifies the potential disputes and its
prevention measure to realize a harmonious coexistence of geothermal resource between small
power generation and hot spring utilization. Based on the above, a comprehensive arena of
dialogue on geothermal resource are required to examine sustainable use of the resource.
As an approach to collect expert knowledge, the narrative scenario development via Delphi
method will be also introduced. In this approach, quantitative expert knowledge which is especiallythe stakeholders are concerned about clarified with stakeholder analysis is transformed toqualitative stories via Delphi method in terms of confidence and significance. The tentative
scenarios developed in this way will be examined at the arena of dialogue with the experts, thestakeholders and the general public in a form of scenario workshop.
Through these participatory approaches, integration of local knowledge and expert
knowledge which can be called Co-design and Co-product will be accomplished, and it is also
expected to realize sustainable and resilient society when many actors recognize the scientificevidence based risks and benefits for the future with an understandable form.
Finally, the lecture will propose an approach to verify how the issues identified in the local
community scale are recognized in nationwide scale via online deliberation participated bynationwide stakeholders. With the verification, we can formulate a system of social decision making
at multiple scales which provides insights of diversified perspectives for solve NEXUS issues.

9Considering Ecosystem Tradeoffs Including
Biodiversity and Culture in the Water-EnergyFood Nexus
Kimberly BURNETT
University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA
Kimberly BURNETT is an Associate Specialist with the University of Hawaii Economic
Research Organization (UHERO) at the University of Hawaii and Director of UHERO’s Project
Environment. Her major research interests are environmental and natural resource economics,
invasive species management, and watershed management, particularly for Hawaii and the Pacific.
Her emphasis in bridging community and stakeholder interests with research-driven dialogue
around environmental policy is reflected in her role as principal investigator on numerous
extramural grants, co-author on over thirty interdisciplinary articles in peer reviewed journals,
and co-editor of several books. kburnett[at]hawaii.edu

Abstract
Resource managers and conservation professionals are increasingly faced with land use andrestoration choices that will result in various ecological, environmental, and cultural consequences.
Economics can help to identify these tradeoffs by quantifying the benefits and costs of water,energy, and food-related projects over long planning horizons, as well as by optimizing allocationsof these resources over multiple uses. In the following we illustrate frameworks for ecosystem
tradeoff analysis using examples from Hawaii and Japan: land use decisions in Kaupulehu, Hawaii;
forest restoration choices in Haena, Hawaii; water allocation over multiple uses in Obama, Japan;
and renewable energy production options in Beppu, Japan. Each of these case studies involves
choices that will affect inherent linkages between water, energy, and food in each system.
We begin with a case study from Kaupulehu, Hawaii as a model system to illustrate theimportance of including cultural values alongside other ecosystem services. We consider
landowner-informed future land-use (pasture, agroforestry, forest restoration, and coffee) andclimate scenarios in the context of the cultural, ecological, and economic values. In the Haena,
Hawaii case study we consider a number of current and proposed forest restoration scenarios andassess outcomes in terms of groundwater recharge, sediment, cultural value, and various ecologicalmeasures including native species’ ability to persist, number of native species, ability to support
wildlife, and functional diversity.
In the Obama, Japan case study, groundwater is an important resource for a variety of uses
including domestic use, melting snow, and fishery production (via submarine groundwater
discharge). Over-pumping groundwater has ecological implications on the important fisheryresource near shore. We present a management model for determining groundwater utilization
paths over time that maximizes net benefits across uses, including ecological and cultural benefits.
Finally, in the Beppu, Japan case we consider tradeoffs between onsen, an important economic
and cultural resource, and small-scale renewable energy production. Two primary types of onsen
hatsuden (energy production using hot water and steam from the onsen) are under consideration:
binary systems which are more productive but generate larger social and ecological damages, andsmaller scale yukemuri hatsuden which have a much lower production capacity but are less harmful
to the surrounding ecosystem and society. Failing to recognize these tradeoffs can result in suboptimal allocation of resources with respect to the economy, the ecology, society and culture.

10

The Adaptive Watershed Governance: Biodiversity,
Nutrient Cycling and Human Well-being
OKUDA Noboru
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, JapanOKUDA Noboru is Associate Professor of The Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. He
received D.Sc. in Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University (1998). He was Post-doctoral Fellow in
JSPS (1998-2001), Research Fellow in Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University (20022005) and Associate Professor in Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University (2005-2014). His major
field of interests is ecology. He recently published books, entitled “Biodiversity in aquatic systems andenvironments: Lake Biwa” (Co-edited by Watanabe, Fukumori, Nakano and Nakazawa, Springer
Japan)(2013) and “The Breathing Lake Biwa (in Japanese)” (Co-edited by Kumagai and Hamabata,
Kaimeisha)(2015). nokuda[at]chikyu.ac.jp

Abstract
Technological innovations in the use of nutrients for food production, in particular nitrogen and phosphorus,
have allowed the global increases in population growth and economic prosperity in the Anthropocene.
Overexploitation of nutrient resources, however, can lead to nutrient imbalances that result fromanthropogenic disturbance of natural biogeochemical cycles and result in cultural eutrophication andbiodiversity loss. It is now recognized that nutrient imbalances and biodiversity loss are prevalent in thewatersheds around the world, and pose a risk to sustainable human development.
In spite of such a risk, most citizens are not so interested in the global and regional environmental issues
but are rather concerned about local issues related to their life and livelihood. Considering this dissonance inenvironmental consciousness, the ongoing project research aims to develop a framework for the adaptive
watershed governance of sustainable watershed systems, leading to the solution of nutrient imbalances andbiodiversity loss.
Stakeholder engagement in multi-level and multi-scale governance is facilitated to enhance biodiversity,
nutrient cycling and human well-being, according to a working hypothesis that these are the three primary
components for sustainability of social-ecological system and, like gears, also interdependently linked incommunity activities. Action research is implemented to empower members of each community within awatershed for conservation of indigenous environmental icon, defined as indigenous nature with special
significance to local life and livelihood. This icon is essential to community-based well-being, which is not
simply a collective measure of subjective well-being for the community members but a qualitative measure of
how they alter their positive affect, happiness and life satisfaction with changing social and environmental
properties through practice of conservation activities. As the value of engaging in such conservation efforts isshared among community members, the community-based well-being is reinforced through bonding social
capitals in a positive feedback to biodiversity conservation and then biodiversity-driven nutrient cycling.
If such community activities enhance nutrient cycling at the watershed scale, they can stimulate strong
collective public interest in ecosystem services. In disseminating scientific knowledge on the community
dimensions of nutrient cycling in the watershed-based society, the ongoing project research will facilitate social
engagement in community activities as well as “green consumption” of local products by non-community
members who appreciate the public interests. Such links accumulate bridging social capital and increase
economic incentives. Owing to increased public interests in the conservation activities, local communities may
also gain institutional support from local governments. Such integration of local and scientific knowledge
further enhances community-based well-being, and leads to empowerment of community activities. Both ofsuch top-down and bottom-up approaches are adaptively taken to solve social as well as environmental issues
at multi-scale.
To test this hypothesis, the adaptive watershed governance is applied to two extreme systems in Asia,
the Lake Biwa Watershed in Japan and the Laguna de Bay Watershed in Philippines: the former is an
infrastructure-oriented developed society and the latter a high nutrient-loading society.

11Valuing Forest Ecosystem Services and DisservicesCase Study of a Protected Area in India
K.N. NINAN1 and Andreas KONTOLEON2

1. Centre for Economics, Environment and Society, Bangalore, India
2. University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
K.N. NINAN is Chairperson, Centre for Economics, Environment and Society, Bangalore, India and CoChair, Methodological Assessment of Scenarios and Models of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services,
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, United Nations, Bonn,
Germany. Prior to this he was Professor of Ecological Economics at the Institute for Social and Economic
Change, Bangalore, India. He has also been a Visiting Professor/Fellow at several international universities
and institutions such as University of Gothenburg, Sweden; University of Cambridge; University ofCalifornia, Santa Barbara; University of Tokyo, University of Versailles, Institute of Development Studies,
Sussex, Institute of Developing Economies, Tokyo; University of Tokushima, Japan, etc. His research areas
relate to environmental economics in general and more specifically the economics and valuation of
biodiversity and ecosystem services, and climate-related issues. His major books include: Building a Climate
Resilient Economy and Society-Challenges and Opportunities (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK andNorthampton, USA, 2017);Valuing Ecosystem Services-Methodological Issues and Case Studies (Edward
Elgar, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, USA, 2014); Conserving and Valuing Ecosystem Services andBiodiversity-Economic, Institutional and Social Challenges (Earthscan, London and Washington, 2009 and2011); and The Economics of Biodiversity Conservation-Valuation in Tropical Forest Ecosystems(Earthscan, London and Washington 2007, 2008; Routledge, London, 2016).

Abstract
This study estimates the value of forest ecosystem services provided by a protected area in a biodiversity
hotspot in India. It also addresses some of the shortcomings identified in existing literature by estimating thevalue of several intangible benefits, and disservices of forests ignored in most valuation studies, as well as theadded value from intact forests as compared to from alternative landscapes. Using primary and secondary data,and economic valuation techniques the study shows that the total net benefits provided by the Nagarhole
national park in Karnataka, India are considerable. The added value of benefits from the park is also higher
as compared to from alternative landscapes considering just three ecosystem services. If these are factored indecision making it could strengthen the economic case for conserving forests in tropical countries such as
India where there is immense pressure to divert forests for meeting development needs.

12Future Design
SAIJO Tatsuyoshi1 2
1. Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan
2. Research Center for Future Design, Kochitech, Kochi, JapanSAIJO Tatsuyoshi is professor of Research Center for Future Design at Kochitech. He received his
Ph.D. in economics at University of Minnesota (1985). He was lecturer at Ohio State University, assistantprofessor at University of California at Santa Barbara, associate professor at Tsukuba, and professor at
Tsukuba, Osaka, Hitotsubashi and Kochitech. His major field of interests is future design. His major
publications

include"Negotiating

with

the

future"inSustainability

Science (2017).

tatsuyoshisaijo[at]gmail.com

Abstract
One obvious, but important fact is that people to be born in the future are not present today.
Although this fact is clear to the point of being redundant, it is of critical importance when
considering its implications for the sustainability of communities, nations, and the world as a whole.
Individuals in future generations are excluded from those discussions. This is problematic whenagreements struck by individuals in the present are biased to present circumstances; this represents
one of the fundamental problems facing issues related to sustainability.
To make a path towards sustainability, it is important to understand the global, social, andhuman systems that support it, as well as the linkages between them. Experimental studies areuseful for gathering data on issues that influence the three systems across generations, as collectionof reliable data over a long period is difficult due to changes in the social, political, and economic
environments.
In the paper, we institute new mechanisms that allow members of the current generation to
virtually communicate and negotiate with members of future generations. In communicative
mechanisms, an individual from the present generation interacts and negotiates with others as if
he/she were doing so on behalf of a future generation. This approach has some practicalgrounding; it has gained traction for local policy-making processes in Japan (Hara 2016). In thispaper, we examine this framework through a laboratory setting to determine how well it reconciles
the conflict of interest between present and future generations. More specifically, we examine how
the forced salience of an imaginary future generation during negotiations improves benefits forthat generation through an intergenerational sustainability dilemma game (ISDG) that describes atension between one generation and those that follow it. In the ISDG, players adopt one of twosides. On one side, participants advocate positions that are beneficial to the present generation,
exclusively maximizing the benefits of the current generation. On the other side, players advocate
positions that are beneficial to future generations, supporting the principle of utilitarianism(providing the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people), the maximin principle(providing the greatest benefit of the least-advantaged members of society), and the notion ofsustainable development (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). Eachgeneration faces the tension between outcomes that maximize profits versus those that adhere tosound ethical standards.

13

Seeking Sustainability and Well-being through Asian
Cultures and Values
Rakesh KAPOOR
Alternative Futures, New Delhi, India
Rakesh KAPOOR is Founder and Managing Trustee of Alternative Futures – a New Delhi-based researchgroup working on social, policy and technological innovations and viable alternatives for development andsocial transformation (www.alternativefutures.org.in). Rakesh has an M.A. in Sociology from the Delhi
School of Economics, Delhi University. He is Associate Editor of Futures: the journal of policy, planningand futures studies (www.elsevier.com/locate/futures), since 2003 and Visiting Faculty at the School ofPlanning and Architecture, New Delhi since 2013. He is a fellow of the World Futures Studies Federation
and was its Director during 2008-14. He works on the interface of science, technology, society and thefuture and on issues of sustainable lifestyles and development. He co-authored “Charting a New course: A
Strategy for Sustainable Management of India’s Water Resources in the 21st Century” with G.N. Kathpalia.
He has edited some special issues of Futures including ‘India@2050’ (2014), ‘Global Mindset Change’(2010), ‘Transformative Initiatives’ (2007) and ‘Indian Futures’ (2004).

Abstract
Population, consumption and lifestyles are the three central elements leading to the crisis of sustainability
and the disruption resulting from climate change in the late 20th century and the 21st century.
The path of advanced industrialization, urbanization and consumption shown by western developed
nations (largely within a capitalist economic framework), and now rapidly being adopted in most parts of theworld, including Asia, has led to the crisis of sustainability and well-being. The western trajectory ofdevelopment has been demonstratively harmful to the environment.
Asia is not only nearly 60 per cent of the global population but also home to some of the largest andmost dynamic economies in the world today. Many of these are still at low to middle income levels, and are
expected to grow economically in a significant way in the next few decades. But the implications of thisgrowth on the environment, resources consumption, climate change and sustainability could be nightmarish.
In this context, Asian countries need to not only adopt modern energy-efficient and renewableenergy technologies, they also need to draw upon their cultural resources to see how traditional values andcultures can support the quest for sustainability and well-being. Asian cultures offer a possibility – a latent
and, in many instances, a vanishing possibility – of providing an alternative mode of organization and livingthat could be more benign to the environment. Thus the extent to which Asian cultures can show analternative path leading to greater sustainability is an open question.
This paper will examine and suggest values, ideas and practices drawn from Asian cultures, andparticularly from India, that can support the quest for ecological sustainability. The struggle for adopting
these values, ideas and practices will remain an ongoing effort, but it is extremely important to identify thoseideas and practices in each country in Asia which could contribute to a more ecologically sustainable future
for these countries, for Asia as a whole and for the world.

14

Lifeworlds as Pedagogy for Socio-cultural
Change: Sensuous Food Futures, Practices, andMeaning in Everyday Experience
Steven R. MCGREEVY
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan
Steven R. MCGREEVY is an associate professor at RIHN and has a background in agriculture
and rural sustainable development from Kyoto University (Ph.D. 2012). His research focuses onnovel approaches to rural revitalization that utilize local resources, sustainable agrifood and energy
transition, and the relinking of patterns of food consumption and production in local communities.
He leads the RIHN research project known as FEAST (Lifeworlds of Sustainable Food
Consumption and Production: Agrifood Systems in Transition). The FEAST project maps foodsystems, analyzes patterns of food consumption, food-related social practices and their sociocultural meanings, and takes a transdisciplinary approach to explore the realities and potential forsustainable agrifood transition at sites in Japan, Thailand, Bhutan, and China. Notable publications
include: “Lost in Translation: Incomer organic farmers, local knowledge, and the revitalization of
upland Japanese hamlets” (Agriculture and Human Values) and “Steering sustainable foodconsumption in Japan: Trust, relationships, and the ties that bind” (in Sustainable Consumption:
Perspectives, Design, and Practices, ed. Audley Genus, Springer). srmcgreevy[at]chikyu.ac.jp

Abstract
We are bombarded daily with messages of increasing socio-economic precarity, ecologicalcatastrophe, and diminishing quality of life for future generations. To the best of its ability, sciencehas offered a clear picture of what lays in store and how we might avert the looming Anthropocene
crises, but such knowledge is largely ignored. For most of us dealing with the particularities of oureveryday lives—raising families, working, relaxing, sleeping, eating—, detachment from theimplications of these higher-order phenomena is not intentional, but simply a product of being andoperating in the immediacy of our situations to meet our needs. We’re so immersed and entangled
in the soup of our everyday lives that breaking out of that attentiveness is very difficult. Yet, if we areto realize a sustainable society, we must not only question that which is “taken for granted,” but also
attune ourselves to ways of acting and being in the world that align with alternative sustainablecultural forms. At the same time, the material environments we inhabit need to be re-designed forminimal ecological impact. This paper invokes the concept of lifeworlds as a theoretical frame tomake sense of the richness of experience in daily life and explore ways in which deep socio-culturalelements can be made more tangible and available to experimentation toward sustainability. Building
on previous understandings of the term lifeworlds, I set out to delineate a conceptual space between
Bourdieu’s habitus, Habermas’s theory of communicative action, and Karen Barad’s intra-action. I
also argue for the potential of lifeworlds as a pedagogical medium for motivating socio-culturalchange able to reach a more intimate, more receptive channel that traditional environmental
education does not. Examples related to sustainable food consumption and future visioning areused to highlight the ways in which lifeworlds of sustainability and wellbeing might be designed inpractice.

15

Sanitation Value Chain: Its Concept andElement Technologies
FUNAMIZU Naoyuki1 2
1. Research Institute of Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan
2. Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
FUNAMIZU Naoyuki is professor in Graduate School of Global Food Resources, Hokkaido
University. He was professor in Graduate School of Engineering from April, 2002 to March, 2017.
He has B.S. in Sanitary Engineering, and an M.S. and a Ph.D. in Environmental Engineering bothfrom the Hokkaido University. His research topics are integrated water resources management
including wastewater reclamation and reuse, and resources oriented sanitation. He is also working
on international collaboration program on sustainability education. He is FELLOW of theinternational water association (IWA) and is management committee members of Specialist groupon wastewater reclamation and reuse, and Small Water and Wastewater System and is acommittee member of Japan Society on Water Environment. funamizu[at]chikyu.ac.jp

Abstract
The world’s population is estimated to be approximately 10 billion in 2050, and this population
growth will happen mostly in developing countries. UN Millennium Development Goals Report2015 reported that 2.4 billion people are still using unimproved sanitation facilities, including 946
million people who are still practicing open defecation in 2015. And the developing world has stillhigh under 5 mortality and poverty issues. On the other hand, depopulation and aging areprogressing especially in rural area of developed world, and the financial capability of local
government which is a management agency of sanitation system is becoming weaker and weaker.
Sanitation systems are essential for promoting public health, preventing environmental pollution,conserving ecosystem functions, and recycling resources. The question of how to handle the wasteof 10 billion people is therefore highly relevant to the global environment.
We are proposing new concept, Sanitation Value Chain, which has the following basic
policies: 1) Put values of people and community in the centre of discussion, and prepare sanitation
system to drive this value chain; 2) Design the sanitation system by focusing on direct incentive
for individual users and community; 3) Recognize a sanitation system as an integrated system withsocial and technical units; 4) Design the sanitation system by making a good matching betweensocial characteristics and prerequisites of technologies. We are also proposing the following new
policy for sanitation technology: 1) Recognize Human excreta, used water as personal property,
not waste; 2) Treat black and gray water to improve their value; Recognize the Sanitation Unit as
an “asset” which provides income to users.
The above new policy for technology has led the following two important key words: “Don’t
Mix” and “Don’t Collect” wastewater. And based on these key words, several new sanitation
technologies have been developed which includes composting toilet; urine concentration unit; graywater treatment and reclamation unit; and agricultural technologies for recovered resources fromsanitation.

16

CHAIRS & RAPPORTEURS*alphabetical order

ISHIKAWA Satoshi
ISHIKAWA Satoshi has researched population genetics of aquatic animals and conservation, and ruraldevelopment through fisheries improvements and human capacity building in Asia and Pacific areas. He
conducted surveys at Southeast Asian countries, PNG and Pacific Islands. He got bachelorship on Fisheries
Science from National Fisheries University Japan in 1993, Master of Arts and Science from
Hiroshima University in 1995, and Dr. of Agriculture from the University of Tokyo in 1998.
oounagi[at]chikyu.ac.jp

KOBAYASHI Mai
KOBAYASHI Mai is a project researcher at the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. She received
her PhD in Environmental Studies in 2016 and her MA in Environmental Management in 2012 from Kyoto
University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, in Kyoto Japan. Her field work, thus far, has
focused on new-entry farmer communities around Kyoto, and rural farming communities in Western Bhutan.
Her interests stem from her experience working with several NGOs, non-profits and farming communities
around the world that are dedicated to expanding the possibilities of small scale diversified food production
systems. Her interests are in processes and expressions of de- and re-peasantization in a postdevelopment context, particularly as it is reflected in food and seed sovereignty.
maikobash[at]chikyu.ac.jp

KUBOTA Jumpei
KUBOTA Jumpei is a professor and the director of the RIHN Center. He received his doctor’s degree
in forest hydrology from Kyoto University (1987). He was an assistant professor at Kyoto University(1987-1989), an assistant professor (1987-1996) and an associate professor (1997-2002) at Tokyo
University of Agriculture and Technology. His major publications include “Global Environmental
Issues; Our Responsibility toward Unseen People and Unborn Generations” (ed. 2009), “Water Issues
and Water Saving Policies in China” in Akimichi et. al. ed., Water and People -1, and“Environmental History in Central Eurasia” (ed. 2012). jkubota[at]chikyu.ac.jp

Mark METZLERMark Metzler is Professor of History at the University of Texas at Austin, where he has worked since2004. From Fall 2017, he will be Professor of History and International Studies at the University ofWashington in Seattle. He received his BA in International Studies at Stanford University and his PhD
in History at the University of California, Berkeley (1998). He has conducted research at the Osaka
City University Faculty of Economics (1995-97), the University of Tokyo Institute of Social Science(2003-04), and Kyoto University’s Institute for Research in Humanities (2010-12). His major research
fields are modern Japanese and global history from the standpoint of economic conjuncture. His
publications include Lever of Empire: The International Gold Standard and the Crisis of Liberalism in Prewar
Japan (California, 2006); Capital as Will and Imagination: Schumpeter’s Guide to the Postwar Japanese Miracle(Cornell, 2013); and Central Banks and Gold: How Tokyo, London, and New York Shaped the Modern World(co-authored with Simon Bytheway; Cornell, 2016). He is now completing a global history of thelate nineteenth century depression. mmetzler[at]austin.utexas.edu
17

NISHI Makoto
NISHI Makoto is a Senior Researcher at the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. His research
focuses on ethical and political aspects of care under certain public health conditions. Currently he is engaged
in researches concerning individuals with multiple health burdens in Ethiopia, as well as the intersection of
tuberculosis and social isolation among ex-day laborers in Japan. His recent works include “Risk, Knowledge,
and Ethics in the Era of Global Health: HIV Interventions and Local Responses among the Gurage.”
African Study Monographs Suppl. 48: 31–47. (2014) and “Woman Who Cares, Woman Who Speaks:
Narrative of an Ethiopian Woman with HIV.” In Ecologies of Care: Innovations through Technologies,
Collectives and the Senses, edited by Gergely Mohácsi, 119–31. (Osaka University,2014) nishi.makoto[at]chikyu.ac.jp

SATO Takahiro
SATO Takahiro is visiting associate professor at the Center for South Asian Studies, Graduate Schoolof Asian and African Area Studies (ASAFAS), Kyoto University, seconded from the Center forTransdisciplinary Innovation, National Institutes of the Humanities (NIHU). He received his PhD in
agriculture in 2006 and has research background in agriculture and rural development. He wasassistant professor/research fellow at the Center for Southeast Asian Studies of Kyoto University(2006-12) and project researcher/post-doctoral fellow at the International Rice Research Institute(2012-15). His major publication include "Humanosphere Potentiality Index: Appraising Existing
Indicators from a Long-term Perspective" (2016) in International Journal of Social Quality 6(1), "Beyond
water-intensive agriculture: Expansion of prosopis juliflora and its growing economic use in Tamil Nadu,
India" in Land Use Policy 35 and "The effects of expansion of private wells on rural livelihood in Tank
Intensive Watersheds: A case study in Upper Gundar River Basin, Tamil Nadu" in Southeast
Asian Studies 49(1). albida77[at]gmail.com

TANAKA Ueru
TANAKA Ueru is a project leader of "Desertification and Livelihood in semi-arid Afro-Eurasia" anda professor in the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN). tanaka.ueru[at]chikyu.ac.jp

TANIGUCHI Makoto
TANIGUCHI Makoto is a deputy director-general of RIHN. His back ground is hydrology and geography,
and he received Dr. Sci. from University of Tsukuba in 1987. He is serving a vice president of International
Association of Hydrogeologists and a president of Japanese Association of Groundwater Hydrology. He has
worked on several projects on groundwater around world in particular Asia, authoring or co-authoring over
170 peer-reviewed articles and 8 books including “Land and Marine Hydrogeology”, “Groundwater as a Key
for Adaptation to the Changing Climate and Society”, "Groundwater and Subsurface Environment inAsia" and "The Dilemma of Boundaries". makoto[at]chikyu.ac.jp

18

WAKIMURA Kohei
WAKIMURA Kohei is Professor of Economic History at the Osaka City University. He received his Ph. D
in Economics at the Osaka City University (2002). He was Research Associate at the Osaka City University(1990-1992) and Associate Professor at the Osaka City University (1992-1998). His major field of interests
is modern economic history of India. He is currently working on the global socio-economic history oftropical Asia. His main publications include Famines, Epidemics and Colonial Rule: British India, 1870s-1910s(2002), Diseases, Development and Imperial Medicine: East Asian Perspective (co-edited, 2001), both in Japanese, and“Malaria Control, Rural Health and Urban Health: ‘Social Determinants of Health’ from the Perspective ofSocio-economic History” in Sanjoy Bhattacharya et al. (eds.), Social Determinants of Health: Assessing Theory,
Policy and Practice (2010). wakimura[at]econ.osaka-cu.ac.jp

R. Bin WONG
R. Bin WONG is Distinguished Professor of History and from 2004 to 2016 he was founding Director of
the Asia Institute at UCLA. He is author, co-author, and editor of several books, including China Transformed:
Historical Change and the Limits of European Experience (Cornell University Press 1997) and (with Jean-Laurent
Rosenthal) Before and Beyond Divergence: The Politics of Economic Change in China and Europe (Harvard University
Press 2011), along with some one hundred articles published in North America, East Asia and Europe inEnglish, Chinese, Japanese, French and German. He has had visiting research and teaching appointments at
London School of Economics & Political Science, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, College
de France, Fudan University, East China Normal University, Academia Sinica, Kyoto University, Universityof Tokyo, and the Graduate Research Institute in Policy Studies (Tokyo).
Since 2009 he has been a
Distinguished Guest Professor at the Fudan University Institute for Advanced Study in Social Sciences. He
has recently been appointed to the Conseil Scientifique of the Paris School of Economics and serves on the
Academic Board of the Bergruen Center for Philosophy and Culture, as well as being on the Board of theConsortium of Humanities Centers and Institutes since spring 2015.

YASUNARI Tetsuzo
YASUNARI Tetsuzo is the Director-General of the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature.
He received his D.Sc. in Meteorology & Climatology from Kyoto University in 1981. He is adistinguished scientist in the ﬁelds of meteorology, climatology, and climate systems studies. He
served as a member of the Joint Scientiﬁc Committee of WCRP. He has been working as a SSC
member of the Future Earth/MAIRS (Monsoon Asia Integrated Research f o r Sustainability). He
was a council member of the Science Council of Japan (SCJ), and is now serving as Chairman of
the Future Earth National Committee under SCJ. Since June of 2013 he has also been a memberof the International Science Committee for Future Earth. He is a fellow of JpGU (Japan
Geoscience Union). He has published more than 300 scientiﬁc papers and books.
yasunari[at]chikyu.ac.jp

19Committee and Secretariat

Organizing Committee
Chair
YASUNARI Tetsuzo

Director-General

Members
KUBOTA Jumpei

Deputy Director-General

SUGIHARA Kaoru

Professor

NAKASHIZUKA Tohru

Professor

SAIJO Tatsuyoshi

Professor

SATO Tetsu

Professor

TANAKA Ueru

Professor

NAKATSUKA Takeshi

Professor

Hein MALLEE

Professor

ENDO Aiko

Assistant Professor

International Affairs Subsection
FUJIKAWA Takeshi
KAWABATA Nozomi
NAGATA Satoko
SHINKURA Haruka
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN)
457-4 Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8047, JAPAN
Tel.:+81-75-707-2152

Fax.:+81-75-707-2106

kokusai[at]chikyu.ac.jp http://www.chikyu.ac.jp20