Modifying NOVA-annotated Myanmar Data
to Universal Part-of-Speech Tagset
Sann Su Su Yee†‡, Chenchen Ding†, Khin Mar Soe‡
Masao Utiyama†, Eiichiro Sumita††
Advanced Translation Technology Laboratory, ASTREC, NICT, Kyoto, Japan‡
Natural Language Processing Lab, University of Computer Studies, Yangon, Myanmar‡{sannsusuyee, khinmarsoe}@ucsy.edu.mm,†{chenchen.ding, mutiyama, eiichiro.sumita}@nict.go.jp

Abstract
We present our work for morphological annotation
on Myanmar part of the Asian Language Treebank
project. Former NOVA annotation is a feasible andflexible annotation system for joint tokenization and POS
tagging for under-resource languages to bridge
Universal part-of-speech tagsets. And this work relate totransform of NOVA to Universal part-of-speech tagset
which aims to develop cross-language consistentannotation for Myanmar, furthermore, syntax annotation
to construct Treebank. This annotation is more detailed
than previous one that adpositions, conjunctions, andparticles are further specified.

1. Introduction
Basic linguistically annotated corpora of natural
language data are required by state-of-the-art Natural
Language Processing (NLP) techniques. In order todevelop Asian languages in NLP techniques, Asian
Language Treebank (ALT) 1 project [1] provides word
segmentation, part-of-speech (POS) tagging andsyntactic annotation for eight official languages used in
ASEAN, including Indonesian, Khmer, Malay,
Myanmar, Vietnamese, Filipino, Laotian, and Thai.
In the ALT, there were 20000-sentences, which wererandomly selected news and 1888 articles from English
Wikinews (Wikinews, 2014), has been created for
Myanmar corpus that was manually translated from theEnglish corpus by using the ALT web-based softwaretool that created user-friendly working environment forusers to perform word segmentation, word alignment,
POS tagging and tree building on the target side.
Myanmar ALT with basic POS tags was published on2017 and will be available in website1. POS annotation,
which is the base of further syntactic annotation, is an
important part of the treebank construction. The
annotation is a significant challenge for low-resource
Asian languages as Myanmar.
1

http://www2.nict.go.jp/astrec-att/member/mutiyama/ALT/230

The Myanmar language, also known as Burmese, isoverwhelmingly monosyllabic where one or moremonosyllabic morphemes can be combined with different
levels of strength. Words combined with multiple
morphemes include a stem with zero or more affixes toform a meaningful unit. Affixes, which are mainly
suffixes play a prominent role in the grammar of
Myanmar, because they carry almost all the grammaticalinformation contained in a sentence [2].
In this paper, we describe the procedure that we
employed in mapping the original NOVA annotation to
the Universal POS [3] annotation which aims to develop
cross-language annotation for Myanmar. Table 1 gives anexample of modifying a NOVA-annotated Myanmar
sentence in ALT Treebank into the Universal POS. We
separated two steps for modifying process, 1) trivial
mapping, and 2) non-trivial classification where theannotation is updated into more specific sub-categories.
Some problematic cases on using the tags of adposition,
conjunction, and particles are also examined carefully.
Table 1. The meaning of the sentence is “The third
match will be played at Birmingham, on March.”
The original NOVA annotation and Universal POS
tags after modification are listed.
Myanmar

NOVA POS

Universal POS

တတိယ

a

adj

ပွဲ

n

noun

ကိို

o-

adp

မတ်

n

noun[noun

လnnoun]noun

တင်

o-

adp

ဘာမင်ဂန်

n

noun

မာ

o-

adp

ကစာား

v[v

verb[verb

လိမမ
် ယ်

o-]v

part]verb

။

.

punct

2. Universal POS Tags

3. Trivial Mapping

To develop cross-linguistically consistent Treebank
annotation with other languages, we require datasets thathave been annotation in multiple languages with such aconsistent schema. A Universal POS tagsets [3] issuitable for that and it has been used in the induction ofsyntactic structure of 25 different tagsets of 22 different
languages. These tagsets based-on the original Google
Universal POS 12 tags: noun (noun), adj (adjectives),
verb (verb), adv (adverbs), pron (pronouns), det(determiners and articles), adp (prepositions andpostpositions), num (numeral), conj (conjunctions), prt(particles), ‘.’(punctuation marks) and x (othercategories). In the extended version, UD v2, it only used
17 tagsets in the Universal Dependencies2 (UD) project[4]. When we updating from NOVA to Universal POS on
Myanmar ALT data, we used the original 12 tags withtwo creak-tone generative case-marker “noun-adp” and“pron-adp”.
The designation of the former NOVA tags is
simplified and modularized version of Universal POS
tagsets [5] and it can easily exchangeable to otherlanguage-specific tagsets. In the annotation, it provided
four basic tags: noun “n”, verb “v”, adjective “a”, and “o”
which tag for non-n, non-v and non-a tags for othermodifications or complements, to represent fundamental
word classes, with three auxiliary tags: “1”, “.” and “+”to represent numbers, punctuations marks, and tokens
with weak syntactic roles and after that modified fourtags by attaching “-” minus sign to represent functional
word classes: “n-”, “a-”, “o-”, and “/o-” which are aim toget detail information on confusing cases, as in [6] [7]. A
list of the Universal POS with NOVA is given in Table
2.
Table 2. Universal POS categories with NOVAIn this paper, the tags are attached to correspondent
tokens by an underline “_” and used the brackets “[ ]” forvarious linguistic phenomena in all of the example suchas compound words, agglutinative suffixes, etc.

NOVA
Tag
n
na
av
o
o/o-

2

n/on-/o1
.
+

Tag
noun
pron
adj
det
verb
adv
adp
conj
part
noun-adp
pron-adp
num
punct
x

Universal POS
Description
noun
pronounadjective
determinerverb
adverbadposition
conjunction
particle
creak tone genetive
case-marker
numeralpunctuationother𝑚[𝑚1 𝑚2 … 𝑚𝑛 ]𝑚(1)where, 𝑚 is an integrated tag and 𝑚𝑛 is the tags for eachmorpheme token. “𝑚[𝑚1 ” and “𝑚𝑛 ]𝑚” are single tag forfirst and last morpheme of the word.
When we mapping from NOVA [4] tagset to
Universal POS tags, the following tags have not any
significantly changes but we reveal with some example
to convey all of the Universal POS tagsets in this paper.

3.1. NOUN “noun”“noun” tag is applied for all the nominal tokens,
including common nouns, proper nouns, and collective
nouns. ရ တ
ွှေ ဂ
ိ _
ို noun (Shwedagon) ဘို ာား_noun (pagoda),
where the first token is proper noun and the last one is acommon noun. In Myanmar language, there are fourtypes of noun constructions: original noun, qualitative,
verb modification and combination noun. In ourannotation, we didn’t separate the original noun based on
the Myanmar grammar if it was done, words are notmeaningful, for example စပ ား _noun (puddy).
Qualitative noun and verb modification, those aremodified from adjective and verb by adding prefix andsuffix. “အ” is a very common prefix but neglectsegmentation to avoid over-segmenting, as in [4]. The
noun transform particles: မှု, ခြင်ား, ာ, ဖယ် are suffixes tochange the word classed in derivation. These derivational
affixes are mainly used to form nouns:အခမင်_noun (sight)ရကာင်ား_noun[adj မှု_part]noun (good deed)

3.2. PRONOUN “pron”
The “pron” tag includes personal pronouns,interrogative indefinites, called wh-words, anddemonstrative pronouns. ကျွနရ် တာ် (“I” for male), ကျွနမ
်
(“I’ for female), ကျွနပ်ို ် (“I” for not only male but also
female), သူ (“you” for male), သူမ (“you” for female) arepersonal pronouns and tagged as (pron).

http://universaldependencies.org/

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And then, some interrogative-indefinites are tagged
as pronouns: ဘယ် (where), ဘာ (what), မည်သူ (who).
မင်ား ဘာ_pron ကိို ကကိြိုက် သလွဲ ။(what do you like ?)But sometimes the annotation lead to confuse withadjective: "မင်ား ဘာ_adj မိုန_် noun ကိို ကကိြိုက် သလွဲ ။" (WhatInterrogative adjectives are words like interrogative
pronouns, but they can’t stand on their own that means,they serve to modify another term, specifically a noun.

ဤ_adj အဖွဲ_ွဲ့ noun (this group)

3.4. DETERMINER “det”

snack do you like ?). In this example "ဘာ" is adjective
which modify the word "မိုန"် .
Demonstrative pronouns, can be used in place ofnoun, that are identical, but demonstrative adjective
qualify nouns, whereas demonstrative pronouns standalone. ဤ, သည်, ထိို and ၎င်ား are common demonstrative

It is modify nominal token that comes before a noun,
it’s also demonstrative adjectives to modify a noun,
which specific person, place, or thing is mentioned.
Common determiners are “ဤ”, “သည်”, “ထိ”ို and “ယင်ား”.
သည်_det ရ ကာ်ခငာ_noun[noun ြျက်_part](this advertisement)

pronouns. For example,
သည်_pron မာ ထိငို ် ပ ။ (Sit this place)In the above example, “သည်” is demonstrative pronounthat referred the current place but if we translate “သည်ရန ာ”(here) instead of “သည်” , in this case, that “သည်”is demonstrative adjective modify the word “ရန ာ_noun”.

3.3. ADJECTIVE “adj”
The “adj” tag is annotated for adjective tokens
modifying or describing a noun. Qualitative adjective,
numeral adjective and interrogative adjective, those aretypes of adjective construction in Myanmar language.
Morphologically, the stem of “verb” and “adj” areidentical but “adj” always used to modify nominal tokens
by adding ရသာ, သည,် မည,် တွဲ, those are transformparticles of suffixed to become adjective, and describe
the quality of the noun are called qualitative adjective.
For example,ြျမ်ားသာ_adj[verb ရသာ_part]adj သူ_noun(rich man)
Numeral adjective expresses the ordinal number andamount of noun by affixing particles to modify noun andthen by affixing it to noun. Some of the numericalclassifier are: ရကာင်, ြို, ြန်ား, ရစာင်, ထည်, ပင် and ရယာက်.
The former annotation of NOVA annotated the countersby “n” tag as a[1 n]a which means a number and a nounderived classifier combine together as an adjective tomodify a noun, to annotate analytically and naturally [5].
But in this annotation, we annotated by “part” that is
generally according to the instruction of the Myanmar
grammar [8] and used several common dictionaries [9][10].
င ား_noun တစ်_adj[num ရကာင်_part]adj (a fish)

3.5. VERB “verb”
The “verb” tag is annotated in all the verbal tokens,such as dynamic verbs, static verbs and copula. Myanmar
is a subject-object-verb (SOV) language where the rootof the verb always come at the end of the sentence-final.
Generally, verb root composed of a main verb with otherverbal morphemes. For example,ရလလာ _verb[verb ရန _part သည်_part]verb(am studying)ရ ာက်_verb[verb လာ_part ြွဲ_part သည်_part]verb(arrived)
In the above examples, the verbal morpheme “သည်”which indicate the verb ending a sentence, is post
positional marker in Myanmar grammar but weannotated that token by “part” to form a consistency
scheme with other languages.

3.6. ADVERB “adv”:
It includes the word end with “စာ (-ly)”, also known
as adverbial affix, as well as degree words like “အလန်(very)”, reduplication word “ခမန်ခမန် (quick)” andnegative markers like “မ (not)”.
ရခမာက်ခမာား_adj[adj စာ_part ရသာ_part]adj(many)In this case, the word should be adverb if we look only
the token “စာ” but there is another adjective transformparticle “ရသာ” includes in the word and it becomes
adjective.

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3.7. Auxiliary Tags

4.1.1. Creak Tone Genitive Case-marker

The other three tags “num”, “punct” and “x” are usedtrivially to represent number, punctuations marks, andword that cannot be annotated part of speech category.
Common Myanmar punctuation marks annotated withIn Myanmar language, high creaky tone frequently
signals genitive case, which is otherwise realized as adiscrete morpheme “ ွဲ” pronounced with high creaky“punct” tag is “၊” and “။”. “num” tag annotated not only
Arabic numbers but also Myanmar common number andnumber scripts in this annotation. For example,
တစ်_num (one)၁_num (1)တစ်ဆယ်_num(ten)

၁၀_num(10)

တစ်ရာ_num(hundred)

၁၀၀_num(100)တစ်ထ ာင်_num(thousand)၁၀၀၀_num(1000)

tone. For example, “ကျွနရ် တာ်_pron-adp အိမ_် noun” (myhouse), in this phrase “ကျွနရ် တာ်” is already showing
possession

andinclusion“အမျာားခပည်သ_noun-adp
ူ

of

“ ွဲ”

is

redundant.

အသ_noun” (public’s voice),in this example, noun token with a contracted genitive
case-marker.

4.2. CONJUNCTION “conj”
This tag connects either other words or sentence or
meaning reciprocally. “နင”် (with/and) and “သိမဟို
ိုတ”်

4. Non-trivial Modification
Most of the Southeast Asian languages are highly
analytic in morphology and overwhelmingly use freemorphemes. Myanmar is one of them but, syntactically,
it is a strong head-final language. In NOVA annotation,
all functional morphemes were annotated “o-” and thissection will be discussed with non-trivial classification
where the annotation is updated into more specific subcategories from “o-” to adposition “adp”, particle “part”,
and conjunction “conj”, those are easily confused toannotate the token and they are depend on the context ofthe sentence.

(either or/else), where they are connected words andfollowed nouns and pronouns such as things, objects andpeople. Specific example is follow:
လူ_noun[noun မိကို _် adj]noun နင_် conj ရင_noun(A fool and his money)“၍” (and/because), “လျှင”် (if), “ရသာရ ကာင”် (because/asa result) and “ရသာ်လည်ား” (although) are conjunctions
token that connect sentences.
Table 4. List of the most common “conj”

4.1. ADPOSITION “adp”
Adp

Frequency Count

နင ်

2489

န်

1706

၍

1022

မမိြို ွဲ့_noun ၌_adp (in city)ရသာ်လည်ား

933

In this example, the token “သည်” indicate the nominativeသိမဟို
ိုတ်

703This tag should be used for word suffixed of noun andpronoun to designate the subject or object.
သူ_pron[pron တိ_part]pronိုသည်_adp (they)case and “၌” expresses the location of condition. The
most common “adp” in our corpus are listed in Table 3.
Table 3. Most common “adp” token. We selected
over 10k frequency count.
Adp

Frequency Count

ကိို

18397

၏

12498

က

12374

သည်

12191

တင်

10371

4.3. PARTICLE “part”
The “part” tag includes a number of mostly
monosyllabic words and that may be confused with “adp”
and “conj”. Some of them are: “ကိ”ို , “နင”် and “ န်”. The
numerical classifier are “part” which are used whencounting or measuring nouns.
For example,“ရလား_adj[num ရယာက်_part]adj” (four people)
where, “ရယာက်” is numeral classifier for counting
person.

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“မျာား” and “တိ”ို suffixes are also particles and used toexpress as the plural noun. We used brackets for anominal constituent with a plural suffix [5]. For specificexample are as follow:ကရလား_noun[noun မျာား_part]noun (children)

Table 5. Common “part” tag in ALT corpus
Frequency Count

ြွဲ

22890

သည်

21716

မျာား

18574

ရသာ

13236

မှု

11311

သူ ကိ_
ို adp သာား ရခပာ (Go and tell him)သူ က သိပ် ကိ_ို adp ရတာ် တာ ပွဲ (He’s incredibly skilled)

In this example, the first suffix “ကိ”ို indicate in front ofthat is the object. Another one in second example setencethat used to emphasize words meaning “very” andsimilar.

သူ_pron[pron တိ_part]pronို(they)

part

For example,

4.4.3. “နှင”While the word has been found in “adp”, “conj” and“part”, it is often very difficult to annotate. If the word
suffixed of a noun to indicate the instrumental case(equivalent “with” that is adverb in English usage), thatis annotated by “adp”.
For example,ကတ်ရ ကား_noun နင_် adp အပိငို ား် ရလား ရတ ခဖတ် ပ(please cut this small piece with scissors)
where, “နင”် is connective affix of noun.

4.4. Problematic Cases
In this section, we discusses some problematic caseson using the tags of adposition, particle, and conjunction
are also examined carefully. Those are easily confused
and gives guidelines on how to decide such case. It is also
shown the common usages of words with examples.

It is also suffixed to a verb and collocating withprohibitory, “မ” being prefixed to the verb to convey andimperative sense as:မ_adv သာား_verb နင_် part (not go)
Be aware that in case, “မ (not)” is the negative particle in

4.4.1. “ကတည်းက”Both adpositions and conjunctions occur with thisword “ကတည်ားက” and are often difficult to distinguishfrom one another. In our annotation, we annotated “conj”
if that word is suffixed of the verb and connective withother sentence, and also, when that word is suffixed ofnouns to indicate past occurrence (“since” and “from thetime of” are equivalent in English preposition), annotatedby “adp”. Specific examples are as follow:သရဘာရပ က်_verb မပား_part ကတည်ားက_conj(realize)
where, “မပား” that token indicate the completion of an act
and “ကတည်ားက” comes after verb, just like "conj".

Myanmar grammar, but it is annotated by “adv” in thisannotation scheme for the cross-language consistent.
Prior-past, or prior-future, according to theconnection as annotated as “part”. For example,
သာား_verb နင_် part မပ_part (he had gone)
စာား_verb နင_် part ပ _part (go ahead first and eat)

4.4.4. “မှှာ”That word, though usually equivalent to English
locative prepositions such as ‘at’, ‘on’, ‘in’, ‘under’, ‘by’,etc., is suffixed to a verb to denote genitive case.
သ ိလကကာ_noun မာ _adp ရ တက်_verb မာ_part(being counted in Sri Lanka)
where, the first token “မာ” indicate the locative and theThese are some of the usage of “ကတည်ားက _adp”:၂၀၁၈ ြိုနစ် ကတည်ားက_adp , since 2018

last one is affixed of verb.

ရစာရစာ ကတည်ားက_adp , since early

4.4.5. “သ”ိုမရန ကတည်ားက_adp , since yesterday

In this case, “သိ”ို is an objective affix, denoting the

4.4.2. “က”ို
Sometimes, it is unclear where “ကိ”ို is “adp” or“part”. In general, it should be tagged as an “adp” if it’sindicate objective case.

234

object towards which or unto which motion is directed.
For example,ရကျာင်ား_noun သိ_adpိုသာားရတာ ( go to the school!)But in colloquial style, it is used by “ကိ”ို instead of“သိ”ို or sometimes it may be dismissed, as above. The
other cases may seem to require the aid of various
locative prepositions in English to indicate direction, as:ရခမာက် မ ရတာင်_noun သိ_adpိုစားဆင်ား သည်(flows from North to South)အလိ_ို noun သိ_adp
ို
လိက
ို သ
် ည်

section 3 and 4. This section discuss with statisticalanalysis between two annotation systems.
Table 6 shows the overall percentage of the nontrivial mapping between NOVA and Universal POS
annotation. Most of the percentage in our data are “part”
because it is not only serve as boundary units identifying
the terminus of conceptual units within sentences but also
include as morpheme tokens in the compose of words.
Table 6. Count and percentage of non-trivial
mapping NOVA “o-” to Universal POS(to follow (his) will, or according to (his) will)အိမ_် noun သိို_adp ရ ာက်သည်

(to arrive at home)“သိို (such)”, it also follows pronominal adjectives, thatare determiner in this guideline, by suffixing with theusual connectives: ဤသိ,ို သည်သိို (this) and ထိသို ,ိို ယင်ားသိို
(that).
4.4.6. “သည”That word can be annotated “adp” for word indicating
nominative case and “part” for word indicating the verb
ending a sentence.
For example,
သူ_pron သည်_adp (he)ခဖစ်_verb[verb သည်_part]verb (to-be)

In the above example, the first token “သည်” shows thatthe pronoun is subject and the second one is sentence
marker.
Be aware that, “သည်” of the end of a sentence is post
positional marker in Myanmar grammar but thisguideline annotated that case to “part” and other sentence
marker: “၏”, “မပ”, “မည်”, “တယ်”, “စိ”,ို “လိမမ
် ည်” arealso annotated by “part”.

5. Statistical Analysis
The ability of former NOVA annotation system is afeasible and flexible annotation system, and it is also
designated as an interface annotation from raw data to a
relatively informative level, and it is easy to switch othersystem just, like Universal POS annotation system, forunder-resource languages. Most of the basic andmodified nova tags are covered by the identical tag in
Universal POS tags except in “adp”, “conj”, and “part”.
And we have already explained the modifying process by
two parts: trivial mapping and non-trivial mapping in

235

tag

Universal POS
count

%

part
adp
conj
Total

195,839
93,715
11,927
301,481

64.95
31.09
3.96
100.00Generally, compounds in Myanmar have various
patterns, in there, nominal and verbal morphemes can be
combined freely. There are four main classifier
morphemes: noun classifier, numeral classifier, verbal
classifier and genitive classifier, among them, most of themorpheme are particles which has been used the brackets
to emphasize the integration of a nominal and verbal
constituent in our annotation.
Figure 1 presented for the involvement percentage ofthe particle in compounds, which express by using
brackets “x[” and “]x” as root tag. Where, we listed thestatistic data for NOVA “o-” and Universal POS “part”
be contained in the root tag of “adj”, “noun”, “verb” andother tags in Figure 1 (a) and (b), respectively. More than
one time of particle may be comprised in one root tag. In
the figure, although the percentage of the “adj” and“noun” are slightly increased, the integration of particle
morphemes in “verb” decrease after modifying
annotation.
Table 7 indicates each tag’s relative frequency in thefull annotated data of Universal POS compare withformer NOVA tags, and our illustration statistic is listed
over 1.0% frequency. The percentage between “noun”
has significant change because we annotated some wordby using bracket. For example, ဇန်န၀ါရီ လ (January),
where the last token means (month) in English,
annotation in NOVA is “n” for both of them but in thismodification, we transformed such kind of case to“noun[noun noun]noun” because the second nominal
morpheme refer to first token is month. The mostcommon supportive nominal morpheme in our data areထန ေ့ (day), မမ ြို့ (city), ပြည်နယ် (state), နငို င် ံ (country) andလူမ ျိုး (nation).

45.0

50

percentage (%)

percentage (%)

50
40

27.6

30

26.4

20
10

1.0

0

40.2

40

30.3

30

27.7

20
10

1.8

0
v

n

a

other

verb

noun

x[ o- ]xx[ part ]x

(a)

(b)

adj

other

Figure 1. Illustration of “o-” and “part” involvement percentage in compound words, where “x[” and “]x”
represent root tag, and more than one time of “o-” and “part” may be involved in there3.
Table 7. Comparison of each tag’s relative frequency
over 1.0% between NOVA and Universal POS
NOVA tag%

Universal POS tag

%

n
o.
v
n[v o-]nn[n o-]na[1 n]av[v o- o-]vv[v o-]von1a[v o-]a

30.9
27.1
6.4
4.2
3.1
2.9
2.3
2.3
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5

noun
adp
part
punct
verb
noun[verb part]noun
noun[noun part]noun
conj
verb[verb part part]verb
adj[num part]adj
noun[noun noun]nounverb[verb part]verb
adv
pron
adj[verb part]adj
adj
num

24.4
18.5
7.2
9.7
3.4
3.0
2.9
2.5
2.5
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.2
1.0

Total

87.6

Table 8. Distribution of bigrams (percentage - %)2nd wordtag
1st word
tag

adp

conj

part

adj

0.7

1.3

2.5

adv

0.9

1.6

0.5

det

0.9

0.1

0

noun

32.3

19

num

82.9
1.8

1.6

9

pron

11.7

0.7

4.3

verb

0.7

61.9

64.5

6. Conclusion

87.3

The frequency of bigrams between 1st word tags:“adj”, “adv”, “det”, “noun”, “num”, “pron” and “verb”,
and 2nd word tags: non-trivial mapping tags in an ALT
corpus are presented in Table 8. It shown the affiliationof seven tags with “adp”, “conj”, and “part” in sentences.
Among them, 82.9% of “adp” followed on after “noun”,
that is reasonable, because adpositions is a suffix ofnominal morpheme to designate the subject or object.
Continuously, 61.9% of “conj” and 64.5% of “part”
comes after “verb”. In ALT data, almost two parts ofthree are long sentences and “conj” connected two
sentences after the first sentence of “verb”.

This morphological annotation paper is intended formodifying NOVA-annotated Myanmar data to Universal
POS tagset which aims to develop cross-language
consistent annotation for Myanmar with other languages.
And we used the original categories 12 tags of Google
Universal POS. This annotation is more detail than theformer annotation NOVA and we also illustrated someproblematic case with example and expressed how we
decided about that. And also, we presented statisticalanalysis between two annotation system. Our annotationis the base for further syntax annotation which isimportant for Asian Language Treebank (ALT) and it
conveys morpheme annotation for Myanmar Language.

Acknowledgements
We offer grateful thanks to the anonymous reviewers
for their valuable comments and writers who publishedthe “Myanmar Grammar” and “Myanmar-English
Dictionary".

3 For example: ကထလျိုး_n[n မ ာျိုး_o-]n in NOVA and ကစာျိုး_verb[verb ထန_part ကက_part သည်_part]verb in Universal POS.

(children)(are playing)236

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