Japan-UK Higher Education Collaboration Programme Kyoto Forum 2006
日英高等教育に関する協力プログラム京都フォーラム 2006

京都フォーラム 2006
Kyoto Forum 2006
2 February 2006, Kyoto

報 告 書

主 催：日英合同推進委員会 Japan-UK Joint Steering Committee《日本側推進委員会》
文部科学省 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
社団法人 国立大学協会 The Japan Association for National Universities (JANU)
独立行政法人 国立大学財務・経営センター Center for National University Finance and Management (CUFM)
大学共同利用機関法人 人間文化研究機構 National Institutes for the Humanities (NIHU)
独立行政法人 日本学術振興会 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
独立行政法人 大学評価・学位授与機構 National Institution for Academic Degrees and University Evaluation(NIAD-UE)《英国側推進委員会》
イングランド高等教育財政カウンシル Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE)
英国大学協会 Universities UK (UUK)
教育技能省 Department for Education and Skills (DfES)
ブリティッシュ・カウンシル The British Council

Japan-UK Higher Education Collaboration Programme

Kyoto Forum 2006ᣣ⧷㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ㑐ߔࠆදജࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ
੩ㇺࡈࠜ࡯࡜ࡓ !
!


2 February 2006, 9:45㨪17:00
Kyoto University Clock Tower Centennial Hall
Japan-UK Joint Steering Committeeᐔᚑ  ᐕ  ᦬  ᣣ ᧁ  㨪
੩ㇺᄢቇ⊖๟ᐕᤨ⸘บ⸥ᔨ㙚 ⊖๟ᐕ⸥ᔨࡎ࡯࡞







ਥ௅㧦 ᣣ⧷วหផㅴᆔຬળ  ᣣᧄ஥ផㅴᆔຬળ    ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ ␠࿅ᴺੱ࿖┙ᄢቇදળ ⁛┙ⴕ᡽ᴺੱ࿖┙ᄢቇ⽷ോ࡮⚻༡࠮ࡦ࠲࡯     ᄢቇ౒ห೑↪ᯏ㑐ᴺੱੱ㑆ᢥൻ⎇ⓥᯏ᭴ ⁛┙ⴕ᡽ᴺੱᣣᧄቇⴚᝄ⥝ળ    ⁛┙ⴕ᡽ᴺੱᄢቇ⹏ଔ࡮ቇ૏᝼ਈᯏ᭴  ⧷࿖஥ផㅴᆔຬળ    ࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼㜞╬ᢎ⢒⽷᡽ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞ ⧷࿖ᄢቇදળ ᢎ⢒ᛛ⢻⋭    ࡉ࡝࠹ࠖ࠶ࠪࡘ࡮ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞
㪦㪩㪞㪘㪥㪠㪪㪜㪛㩷㪹㫐㪑㩷㪡㪸㫇㪸㫅㪄㪬㪢㩷㪡㫆㫀㫅㫋㩷㪪㫋㪼㪼㫉㫀㫅㪾㩷㪚㫆㫄㫄㫀㫋㫋㪼㪼㩷㩷 㩷 㪡㪸㫇㪸㫅㩷㪪㫋㪼㪼㫉㫀㫅㪾㩷㪚㫆㫄㫄㫀㫋㫋㪼㪼㩷㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㪤㪜㪯㪫㩷㩿㪤㫀㫅㫀㫊㫋㫉㫐㩷㫆㪽㩷㪜㪻㫌㪺㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪃㩷㪚㫌㫃㫋㫌㫉㪼㪃㩷㪪㫇㫆㫉㫋㫊㪃㩷㪪㪺㫀㪼㫅㪺㪼㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪫㪼㪺㪿㫅㫆㫃㫆㪾㫐㪀㩷㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㪡㪘㪥㪬㩷㩿㪫㪿㪼㩷㪡㪸㫇㪸㫅㩷㪘㫊㫊㫆㪺㫀㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㪽㫆㫉㩷㪥㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪸㫃㩷㪬㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㫀㪼㫊㪀㩷㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㪚㪬㪝㪤㩷㩿㪚㪼㫅㫋㪼㫉㩷㪽㫆㫉㩷㪥㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪸㫃㩷㪬㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㫐㩷㪝㫀㫅㪸㫅㪺㪼㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪤㪸㫅㪸㪾㪼㫄㪼㫅㫋㪀㩷㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㪥㪠㪟㪬㩷㩿㪥㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪸㫃㩷㪠㫅㫊㫋㫀㫋㫌㫋㪼㫊㩷㪽㫆㫉㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㪟㫌㫄㪸㫅㫀㫋㫀㪼㫊㪀㩷㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㪡㪪㪧㪪㩷㩿㪡㪸㫇㪸㫅㩷㪪㫆㪺㫀㪼㫋㫐㩷㪽㫆㫉㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㪧㫉㫆㫄㫆㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫆㪽㩷㪪㪺㫀㪼㫅㪺㪼㪀㩷㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㪥㪠㪘㪛㪄㪬㪜㩷㩿㪥㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪸㫃㩷㪠㫅㫊㫋㫀㫋㫌㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㪽㫆㫉㩷㪘㪺㪸㪻㪼㫄㫀㪺㩷㪛㪼㪾㫉㪼㪼㫊㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪬㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㫐㩷㪜㫍㪸㫃㫌㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪀㩷㩷 㩷 㪬㪢㩷㪪㫋㪼㪼㫉㫀㫅㪾㩷㪚㫆㫄㫄㫀㫋㫋㪼㪼㩷㪟㪜㪝㪚㪜㩷㩿㪟㫀㪾㪿㪼㫉㩷㪜㪻㫌㪺㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㪝㫌㫅㪻㫀㫅㪾㩷㪚㫆㫌㫅㪺㫀㫃㩷㪽㫆㫉㩷㪜㫅㪾㫃㪸㫅㪻㩷㪀㩷 㩷 㪬㪬㪢㩷㩿㪬㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㫀㪼㫊㩷㪬㪢㩷㪀㩷㪛㪽㪜㪪㩷㩿㪛㪼㫇㪸㫉㫋㫄㪼㫅㫋㩷㪽㫆㫉㩷㪜㪻㫌㪺㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪪㫂㫀㫃㫃㫊㩷㪀㩷 㪫㪿㪼㩷㪙㫉㫀㫋㫀㫊㪿㩷㪚㫆㫌㫅㪺㫀㫃㩷㧙⋡ ᰴ㧙ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮㧟㐿ળߩ᜿ᜦ࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮㧡╙㧝ㇱ࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮19╙㧞ㇱ㧨࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦ㧝㧪࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮43╙㧞ㇱ㧨࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦ㧞㧪࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮73㐽ળߩ᜿ᜦ࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮89ࠬ࡜ࠗ࠼࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮95⻠Ṷ⠪⇛ᱧ࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮131ᣣ⧷㜞╬ᢎ⢒䬺㑐䬨䭚දജ䮞䮴䭷䮰䮧䎃






੩ㇺࡈࠜ࡯࡜ࡓ 
䊒䊨䉫䊤䊛㩷 㩿ᐔᚑ  ᐕ  ᦬  ᣣ ᧁ  ੩ㇺᄢቇ⊖๟ᐕᤨ⸘บ⸥ᔨ㙚 ⊖๟ᐕ⸥ᔨࡎ࡯࡞㪀㪐㪑㪋㪌䌾㪈㪇㪑㪊㪇㩷 㐿ળ䈱᜿ᜦ࡮㐿ળߩ᜿ᜦᴰ⚩৻㇢ ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ᄢ⤿ቭᚱክ⼏ቭ㧔㜞╬ᢎ⢒ዪᜂᒰ㧕࡮᱑ㄫߩ᜿ᜦᮮጊବᄦ ੩ㇺᄢቇ೽ቇ㐳࡮ᣣ⧷㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ㑐ߔࠆදജࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߦߟ޿ߡ ,QCPPC$WTMG ࡉ࡝࠹ࠖ࠶ࠪࡘ࡮ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞㚢ᣣઍ⴫࡮⧷࿖㜞╬ᢎ⢒᡽╷ߩᦨᣂߩὶὐߦߟ޿ߡ
4WVJ6JQORUQP ᢎ⢒ᛛ⢻⋭ &H'5 㜞╬ᢎ⢒⸘↹ዪ㐳㩷╙㧝ㇱ㧦⍮⼂⚻ᷣߦ߅ߌࠆ࿖ኅ⊛⊒ዷߩߚ߼ߩᄢቇࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ߣ᡽╷ߣߩ㑐ଥࡕ࠺࡟࡯࠲࡯㧦ᧄ㑆᡽㓶 ᄢቇ⹏ଔ࡮ቇ૏᝼ਈᯏ᭴࿖㓙ㅪ៤࠮ࡦ࠲࡯㐳㩷㩷㩷㪈㪇㪑㪊㪇䌾㪈㪈㪑㪇㪇㩷 ၮ⺞⻠Ṷ 㪈  䇸ᣣᧄ䈱ᄢቇ䈱᜸ᚢ䇹⋧Ỉ⋉↵ ࿖┙ᄢቇදળળ㐳㧛᧲੩Ꮏᬺᄢቇ㐳䊶⾰⇼ᔕ╵㩷
㪈㪈㪑㪊㪇䌾㪈㪉㪑㪇㪇㩷 ၮ⺞⻠Ṷ 㪉㩷䇸㜞╬ᢎ⢒䈮䈍䈔䉎⎇ⓥ䋨฽䉃䌒䌁䌅䋩䈫⍮⼂⒖ォ᡽╷䈏᦭䈜䉎䉟䊮䊌䉪䊃䇹
4COC6JKTWPCOCEJCPFTCPࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼㜞╬ᢎ⢒⽷᡽ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞ *'(%' ⎇ⓥ࡮⍮⼂⒖ォᜂᒰㇱ㐳䊶⾰⇼ᔕ╵㩷䋭㩷 㪈㪉㪑㪊㪇䌾㪈㪊㪑㪊㪇㩷 ᤤ㘩㩷 䋭╙㧞ㇱ㧦ᣣ⧷ᄢቇ㑆ߩㅪ៤ߦߟ޿ߡ
࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦ㧝㧦ࠬ࠲࠺ࠖ࡮ࡆࠫ࠶࠻ߩ᭎ⷐႎ๔ ࡕ࠺࡟࡯࠲࡯㧦4QDGTV$QWEJGT ࠪࠚࡈࠖ࡯࡞࠼ᄢቇ㐳㩷㪈㪊㪑㪊㪇䌾㪈㪋㪑㪇㪇㩷 ႎ๔䋱㩷 㩷 㩷 ᣣᧄ஥ෳടᄢቇ䈱⧷࿖⸰໧䈮䈧䈇䈩䈱᭎ⷐႎ๔ᄢ⷏ ੳ ᧲ർᄢቇ೽✚㐳㧛ℂ੐㪈㪋㪑㪇㪇䌾㪈㪋㪑㪊㪇㩷 ႎ๔䋲㩷 㩷 㩷 ⧷࿖஥ෳടᄢቇ䈱ᣣᧄ⸰໧䈮䈧䈇䈩䈱᭎ⷐႎ๔&CXKF9CVUQP ࡠࡦ࠼ࡦᄢቇᢎ⢒⎇ⓥᚲ㧔+Q'㧕ᢎ᝼㪈㪋㪑㪊㪇䌾㪈㪌㪑㪊㪇㩷 䊂䉞䉴䉦䉾䉲䊢䊮㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 ᣣ⧷ਔ࿖ߩ㧢ࡍࠕᄢቇ㧔⸘  ᄢቇ㧕ߩઍ⴫䋭㩷 㪈㪌㪑㪊㪇䌾㪈㪌㪑㪌㪇㩷 ભᙑ㩷 䋭࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦ㧞㧦ࠤ࡯ࠬ࡮ࠬ࠲࠺ࠖ ࡕ࠺࡟࡯࠲࡯㧦ᄢ㦮 ੳ ੱ㑆ᢥൻ⎇ⓥᯏ᭴ℂ੐㩷㩷㪈㪌㪑㪌㪇䌾㪈㪍㪑㪉㪇㩷 䇸ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇ䈫䊨䊮䊄䊮ᄢቇᢎ⢒⎇ⓥᚲ䋨+Q'䋩䈱ㅪ៤䇹䊶⾰⇼ᔕ╵
㪈㪍㪑㪊㪇䌾㪈㪍㪑㪋㪌㩷 䉁䈫䉄㩷 㩷 &CXKF9CVUQP ࡠࡦ࠼ࡦᄢቇᢎ⢒⎇ⓥᚲ㧔+Q'㧕ᢎ᝼㩷㩷㪈㪍㪑㪋㪌䌾㪈㪎㪑㪇㪇㩷 㐽ળ䈱᜿ᜦ㩷 ᧁ᧛ ቃ ᄢቇ⹏ଔ࡮ቇ૏᝼ਈᯏ᭴㐳㧙㩷 㪈㪎㪑㪊㪇䌾㩷 䊧䉶䊒䉲䊢䊮㩷 ࿖㓙੤ᵹ䊖䊷䊦 䋭













㐿ળߩ᜿ᜦ㐿 ળ ߩ ᜿ ᜦ  ᴰ ⚩ ৻ ㇢  ᢥ ㇱ ⑼ ቇ ⋭ ᄢ ⤿ ቭ ᚱ ክ ⼏ ቭ 㧔 㜞 ╬ ᢎ ⢒ ዪ ᜂ ᒰ 㧕 ᱑ ㄫ ߩ ᜿ ᜦ  ᮮ ጊ ବ ᄦ  ੩ ㇺ ᄢ ቇ ೽ ቇ 㐳 ᣣ⧷㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ㑐ߔࠆදജࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߦߟ޿ߡ ,QCPPC$WTMGࡉ ࡝ ࠹ ࠖ ࠶ ࠪ ࡘ ࡮ ࠞ ࠙ ࡦ ࠪ ࡞ 㚢 ᣣ ઍ ⴫ ⧷࿖㜞╬ᢎ⢒᡽╷ߩᦨᣂߩὶὐߦߟ޿ߡ
4WVJ6JQORUQPᢎ ⢒ ᛛ ⢻ ⋭ &H'5 㜞 ╬ ᢎ ⢒ ⸘ ↹ ዪ 㐳  ̪ ࠬ ࡜ ࠗ ࠼ P97㨪 100㧔มળ㧦ട⮮ᢅ㓶 ᄢቇ⹏ଔ࡮ቇ૏᝼ਈᯏ᭴⹏ଔ੐ᬺㇱ㐳㧕








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ᣣ⧷㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ㑐ߔࠆදജࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ੩ㇺࡈࠜ࡯࡜ࡓ 2006 ߦߏ᧪႐ࠍ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߡ㧘⺈ߦ޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ቯೞߣߥࠅ߹ߒߚߩߢ㧘ߎࠇࠃࠅᣣ⧷㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ㑐ߔࠆදജࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ੩ㇺࡈࠜ࡯࡜ࡓࠍ㐿௅޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ᧄޕ‬ᣣㅴⴕࠍദ߼ߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߔ㧘ᄢቇ⹏ଔ࡮ቇ૏᝼ਈᯏ᭴ߩ⹏ଔ੐ᬺㇱ㐳ࠍߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔട⮮ߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫߅ߊߒࠈࠃߙ߁ߤޕ‬㗿޿↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߔ‫ߪߢࠇߘޕ‬㧘㐿ળߦవ┙ߜ㧘ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭㧘੩ㇺᄢቇ㧘⧷࿖ᢎ⢒ᛛ⢻⋭㧘ࡉ࡝࠹ࠖ࠶ࠪࡘ࡮ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞ߩߘࠇߙࠇߩઍ⴫ߩᣇ߆ࠄ㧘㐿ળߩߏ᜿ᜦࠍ⾦ࠅߚ޿ߣሽߓ
߹ߔ‫ߦ߼ߓߪߕ߹ޕ‬㧘ᴰ⚩৻㇢ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ᄢ⤿ቭᚱክ⼏ቭ㧔㜞╬ᢎ⢒ዪᜂᒰ㧕᭽ࠃࠅߏ᜿
ᜦࠍ޿ߚߛ߈ߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᴰᧄᣣ㧘ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ࠍઍ⴫ߒ߹ߒߡߎߎߢ㐿ળߩߏ᜿ᜦࠍ↳ߒ਄ߍࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈㧘ߚ޿߳ࠎశᩕߦᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬MEXT ߣߪ㧘Ministry of Education㧘Culture㧘Sports㧘Science andTechnology㧘ߟ߹ࠅᢎ⢒㧘ᢥൻ㧘ࠬࡐ࡯࠷㧘ቇⴚ㧘߅ࠃ߮⑼ቇᛛⴚࠍมࠆ⋭ߩ⇛ฬߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᦨೋߦ㧘⧷ᣣ෺ᣇߩฦᄢቇߩቇ㐳᭽㧘߅ࠃ߮ߐ߹ߑ߹ߥ⊝᭽ߩߏදജߩ߽ߣ㧘ᣣ⧷㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ㑐ߔࠆදജࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ੩ㇺࡈࠜ࡯࡜ࡓ 2006 ߇㐿௅ߐࠇࠆߦ⥋ࠅ߹ߒߚߎߣߦ߅␸
޿ࠍ↳ߒ਄ߍߚ޿ߣሽߓ߹ߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘Ruth Thompson ⧷࿖ᢎ⢒ᛛ⢻⋭㜞╬ᢎ⢒⸘↹ዪ㐳ࠍߪߓ߼ߣߔࠆࠗࠡ࡝ࠬઍ⴫࿅ߩ⊝᭽ߦ߅߆ࠇ߹ߒߡߪ㧘ᧄࡈࠜ࡯࡜ࡓߢၮ⺞⻠Ṷ߿ߘߩ߶߆ߚ޿߳ࠎ⾆㊀ߥࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍ޿ߚߛߊߴߊ㧘᧪ᣣߐࠇߚߎߣߦᷓߊᗵ⻢↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
ᣂߒ޿⍮⼂࡮ᖱႎ࡮ᛛⴚߣ޿߁߽ߩ߇␠ળߩ޽ࠄࠁࠆ㗔ၞߢᵴേߩၮ⋚ߣߒߡߚ޿߳ࠎ
㊀ⷐᕈࠍჇߒߡߊࠆ㧘޿ࠊࠁࠆ⍮⼂ၮ⋚␠ળߩᤨઍߢ޽ࠆ੹ᣣ㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߪ৻ੱ৻ੱߩ୘
ੱߩੱᩰᒻᚑ㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪ઀੐ࠍߒߡ޿ߊ਄ߢߩኾ㐷⊛ߥ⍮⼂࡮⢻ജߩ⢒ᚑߪ߽ߜࠈࠎߩߎ
ߣ㧘␠ળ࡮⚻ᷣ࡮ᢥൻߩ⊒ዷ㧘ߘߒߡ࿖㓙┹੎ജߩ⏕଻ߣ޿ߞߚ࿖ߩᚢ⇛⊛ߥ਄ߢ߽㧘ߚ
޿߳ࠎ㊀ⷐߥ߽ߩߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆߣߎࠈߢߏߑ޿߹ߒߡ㧘ߎߩߚ߼㧘਎⇇ฦ࿖ߦ߅߈߹ߒߡ㧘ߎߩ‫ޟ‬⍮⼂ၮ⋚␠ળ‫ࠍߣߎ߁޿ߣߚߞߥߦޠ‬ᔨ㗡ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩᡷ㕟߇ข⚵߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇޿߃ࠆ⁁ᴫߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫੹ޕ‬࿁ߩߎߩࡈࠜ࡯࡜ࡓߩࡄ࡯࠻࠽࡯ߢ޿ࠄߞ
ߒ߾޿߹ߔ⧷࿖ߩ஥ߦ߅߈߹ߒߡ߽㧘EU ⻉࿖ో૕ߣߒߡ‫ࡄ࠶ࡠ࡯࡛ޟ‬㜞╬ᢎ⢒࿤‫ߩޠ‬ᒻᚑ࡮ഃ⸳ࠍ߼ߑߒߚ㧘޿ࠊࠁࠆ‫߇ޠࠬ࠮ࡠࡊ࡮ࡖ࠾࡯ࡠࡏޟ‬ㅴⴕਛߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߪߏ᩺ౝ
ߩߣ߅ࠅߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߦ߅߈߹ߒߡ߽㧘ㄭᐕ㧘࿖┙ᄢቇߩᴺੱൻ㧘ᴺ⑼ᄢቇ㒮╬ߩኾ㐷⡯ᄢቇ㒮೙ᐲߩഃ⸳㧘ߘߒߡᄢቇߩቇㇱ࡮ቇ⑼╬ߩ⸳⟎⹺นߩᒢജൻ㧘ߐࠄߦߪ╙ਃ⠪ߦࠃࠆᄢቇ⹏ଔ೙ᐲ
ߩዉ౉㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪ 21 ਎♿ COE ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߥߤ┹੎ࠍㅢߓߡㆬቯߐࠇߚᄢቇߩఝࠇߚᢎ⢒⎇ⓥߩข⚵ߺߦኻߔࠆ㊀ὐ⊛ߥᡰេ㧘ߎ߁޿ߞߚ᭽‫ߥޘ‬ᡷ㕟ࠍ⋧ᰴ޿ߢታᣉߒߡ߈ߚߣߎ
ࠈߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᤓᐕ㧘2005 ᐕߦߪ㧘ߎ߁޿ߞߚ⁁ᴫࠍᔨ㗡ߦ⟎߈߹ߒߡ㧘੹ᓟߩᚒ߇࿖ߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠍᣇะઃߌࠆ㧞ߟߩ㊀ⷐߥ╵↳ࠍਛᄩᢎ⢒ክ⼏ળ߆ࠄ޿ߚߛ޿ߚߣߎࠈߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫߭ޕ‬ߣߟߪ㧘ᤓᐕߩ 1 ᦬ߦߥࠅ߹ߔߌࠇߤ߽㧘‫ޟ‬ᚒ߇࿖ߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩ዁᧪௝‫ߩ࡞࠻ࠗ࠲߁޿ߣޠ‬߽ߩߢߏߑ޿߹ߒߡ㧘ߎࠇߪ 10 ᐕߥ޿ߒ 15 ᐕ⒟ᐲߩਛ㐳ᦼ⊛ߥࠬࡄࡦࠍᗐቯ޿ߚߒ߹ߒ
ߡ㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩో૕௝㧘ߘߒߡߘߩ࿷ࠅᣇ㧘ߐࠄߦߘࠇߦะߌߡขࠅ⚵߻ߴ߈ᣉ╷ߩౝኈ߇␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ߏߢ↳╵ߩߎޕ‬ឭ⸒޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚߎߣࠍ〯߹߃߹ߒߡ㧘ᤓᐕߪᄢቇߩᢎຬ⚵❱ߩᡷ㕟ߩߚ߼ߩᴺᓞᡷᱜ㧘ቇᩞᢎ⢒ᴺߩᡷቯߢߏߑ޿߹ߔߌࠇߤ߽㧘ߎࠇࠍߔߢߦⴕߞߚߣߎࠈߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ࠇߘޕ‬㧘߽߁৻ߟߩ╵↳ߪ㧘㧥᦬ߦ޿ߚߛ޿
ߚ߽ߩߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ߇‫ޟ‬ᣂᤨઍߩᄢቇ㒮ᢎ⢒ߦߟ޿ߡ‫ߡߒ߹޿ߑߏߢ࡞࠻ࠗ࠲߁޿ߣޠ‬㧘ߎߩឭ⸒ߦ߅߈߹ߒߡߪ㧘࿖㓙⊛ߥ᳓Ḱߢߩᄢቇ㒮ߩᢎ⢒⎇ⓥᯏ⢻㧘ߣࠅࠊߌᢎ⢒ᯏ⢻ߣ޿߁߽ߩࠍߐࠄߦᒝൻߔࠆߎߣࠍ⋡ᜰߒߚឭ⸒ߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ฦᄢቇߦ߅߈߹ߒߡߪ㧘ߎࠇࠄߦၮߠ޿ߡ࿖㓙┹੎ജߩ޽ࠆ୘ᕈ⼾߆ߥᄢቇࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡ㧘ߐࠄߦᡷ㕟ߦขࠅ⚵ࠎߢ޿ߚߛߊߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇ᦼᓙߐࠇࠆࠊߌߢߏߑ޿߹ߔߒ㧘߽ߜࠈࠎᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ߣ޿ߚߒ߹ߒߡ߽㧘⽷᡽⊛޽ࠆ޿ߪ೙ᐲ⊛஥㕙ߢߘ߁޿ߞߚฦᄢቇߩߏദജߦ
ኻߒߡᡰេࠍⴕߞߡ޿ߊߣ޿߁ߎߣߪ޿߁߹ߢ߽ߥ޿ߣߎࠈߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬߹ߚ㧘ቇ↢޽ࠆ޿ߪᢎຬ㧘ߐࠄߦኾ㐷⊛ߥੱ᧚߇ฦ࿖ߩ㑆ߢ㕖Ᏹߦᵹേᕈ߇㜞߹ߞߡ޿ࠆ㧘േ߈߇ᄢ߈ߊߥߞߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁⁁ᴫߩਛߢ㧘ᄢቇ㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ⥄૕߇ᶏᄖߢࡉ
࡜ࡦ࠴ࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬࠍ⸳ߌࠆߣ߆㧘ᶏᄖߩᢎ⢒࡮⎇ⓥᯏ㑐ߣߩㅪ៤㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪ e ࡜࡯࠾ࡦࠣ
ࠍㅢߓߡ㧘࿖Ⴚࠍ⿧߃ߡ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠍឭଏࠍߔࠆ㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪ⎇ⓥࠍዷ㐿ߔࠆߣ޿ߞ
ߚࠃ߁ߥ㧘޿ࠊ߫㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩࠣࡠ࡯ࡃ࡞ൻߣ޿ߞߚ⁁ᴫ߇ㅴዷߒߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߏߑ޿߹ߒ
ߡ㧘ߎ߁޿ߞߚ⁁ᴫߩਛߢ㧘ฦ࿖ߩᄢቇ╬ߩ૏⟎ઃߌ޽ࠆ޿ߪߘߩቇ૏ߩ࿖㓙⊛ߥㅢ↪ᕈߩ⏕଻ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇㧘ߚ޿߳ࠎ㊀ⷐߥ⺖㗴ߣߥߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߚߞ޿߁ߘޕ‬ਛߢ㧘ᤓᐕ㧘࡙ࡀࠬࠦߣ OECD ߩ౒หࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߣ޿ߚߒ߹ߒߡ㧘‫ޟ‬࿖Ⴚࠍ⿧߃ߡឭଏߐࠇࠆ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩ⾰଻⸽ߦ㑐ߔࠆࠟࠗ࠼࡜ࠗࡦ‫╷߇ޠ‬ቯߐࠇߚߣߎࠈߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ࠎ߳޿ߚޕ‬ᗧ⟵ᷓ޿ߎߣߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߦ߅߈߹ߒߡ߽㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩ⾰ߩ଻⸽ߩ઀⚵ߺߩ৻Ⅳߣ޿ߚߒ߹ߒߡ㧘2004 ᐕߩ㧠᦬߆ࠄ㧘ߔߴߡߩᄢቇ࡮⍴ᦼᄢቇ߇㧘ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ߩ⹺ቯࠍฃߌ߹ߒߚ⹏ଔᯏ㑐ߦࠃࠆ⹏ଔ
ࠍቯᦼ⊛ߦฃߌࠆߎߣߣߔࠆᣂߒ޿ᄢቇ⹏ଔߩߒߊߺࠍዉ౉ߔࠆߥߤ㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩ⾰ߩ⏕଻ߣ޿߁ߎߣߦขࠅ⚵ࠎߢ޿ࠆߣߎࠈߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᒁ߈⛯߈㧘᡽ᐭ㧘ᄢቇ㧘⹏ଔᯏ㑐╬ߩ㑐ଥᯏ㑐߇ㅪ៤ࠍߒ߹ߒߡ㧘ᚒ߇࿖ߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ో૕ߩ⾰ߩะ਄㧘ߐࠄߦ࿖㓙┹੎ജߩะ਄ߦขࠅ⚵ࠎߢ޿ߊߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߎ߁޿ߞߚ࿖㓙⊛ߥᖱ൓߽⢛᥊ߦߒ߹ߒߡ㧘ᣣ⧷ਔ࿖ߩᄢቇߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ᄙ᭽ߢ․⦡ߩ޽
ࠆᢎ⢒⎇ⓥߩዷ㐿߇࿑ࠄࠇࠆਛߢ㧘ᄢቇ㑆ߩᢎ⢒੤ᵹ㧘⇐ቇ↢ߩ੤឵㧘ቇⴚ⎇ⓥߩ੤ᵹ╬ߩข⚵ߺ߽㧘৻ጀᵴ⊒ൻߔࠆߎߣ߇ᦼᓙߐࠇࠆࠊߌߢߏߑ޿߹ߒߡ㧘ߎ߁޿ߞߚⷰὐ߆ࠄ
߽㧘ߎߩࡈࠜ࡯࡜ࡓߥߤߩᣣ⧷౒หࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍࡌ࡯ࠬߦߒߚᣣ⧷㑆ߩᄢቇ੤ᵹߪ㧘੹ᓟ⋉‫ޘ‬㊀ⷐߦߥߞߡߊࠆߣ⠨߃ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬੹࿁ߩࡈࠜ࡯࡜ࡓߢߪ㧘ߎࠇ߹ߢߩᢙᐕߦࠊߚࠆᚑᨐࠍᬌ⸽ߔࠆߣߣ߽ߦ㧘‫ޟ‬ᄢቇߩࡑࡀ

ࠫࡔࡦ࠻ߣ᡽╷ߣߩ㑐ଥ‫ޠ‬㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪߎࠇ߆ࠄߩ⊒ዷࠍ⋡ᜰߒߚ‫ޟ‬ᣣ⧷ߩᄢቇ㑆ߩㅪ៤ߩ࿷
ࠅᣇ‫ߩߤߥޠ‬᏷ᐢ޿ⷰὐ߆ࠄ⼏⺰߇ⴕࠊࠇ㧘ߘߩਛߢߪ㧘ᤓᐕ᧪ߩᣣᧄߣ⧷࿖ߣߩ㑆ߩࡍࠕߩᄢቇ㑆ߢߩ⋧੕⸰໧ࠍⴕߞߚ㧢⚵㧘12 ߩᄢቇ߆ࠄߩߏႎ๔߽޽ࠆߣુߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߎ߁޿ߞߚਔ࿖ߩᄢቇ޽ࠆ޿ߪ⎇ⓥᯏ㑐㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪⴕ᡽ᯏ㑐ߩ޽޿ߛߩ੤ᵹࠍㅢߓߡ㧘߅੕޿ߩ⍮⼂࡮⚻㛎ࠍ౒᦭ߒว߁ߣ޿߁ߎߣߪ㧘ਔ࿖ߩߘࠇߙࠇߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩᡷ㕟ߦะߌߡߚ޿߳ࠎ᦭⋉ߥࠊߌߢߏߑ޿߹ߒߡ㧘߽ߜࠈࠎߎࠇ߇ਔ࿖ߩ੹ᓟߩ⊒ዷߩၮ⋚ࠍ৻ጀᒝ࿕ߥ߽ߩߦߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆߎߣߪ⸒߁߹ߢ߽ߥ޿ߎߣߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ߇㧘࡛࡯ࡠ࠶ࡄ޽ࠆ޿
ߪࠕࠫࠕߩߘࠇߙࠇߩ࿾ၞߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ߅޿ߡᨔⷐߥ┙႐ߦ޽ࠅ߹ߔਔ࿖ߩ✕ኒߥදജߣ
޿߁߽ߩߪ㧘ᐢߊࠣࡠ࡯ࡃ࡞ߥ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩ⊒ዷߦነਈߔࠆߎߣ߇ᦼᓙߐࠇࠆߣ⠨߃ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߎߎߦ㧘ᧄࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩᚑഞߣ㧘߹ߚ㧘ᧄࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ߇ਔ࿖ߩ੹ᓟߩ㑐ଥࠍᒝ߼㧘߆ߟ
⋧੕ℂ⸃ࠍᷓ߼ࠆ⦟޿ᯏળߣߥࠆߎߣࠍ߅␨ࠅ↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߔ‫ᦨߡߒߘޕ‬ᓟߦ㧘ᧄࡈࠜ࡯࡜
ࡓࠍ⚵❱ߊߛߐ޿߹ߒߚᄢቇ⹏ଔ࡮ቇ૏᝼ਈᯏ᭴ߣ੩ㇺᄢቇߩ⊝᭽ߦᩰ೎ߩᗵ⻢ߩᗧࠍዧߊߒߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߏޕ‬㕒⡬޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ട⮮ᰴߦ㧘ᮮጊବᄦ੩ㇺᄢቇ೽ቇ㐳ࠃࠅߏ᜿ᜦࠍ↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᮮጊ߅ߪࠃ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᣣ⧷㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ㑐ߔࠆදജࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ‫ޟ‬੩ㇺࡈࠜ࡯࡜ࡓ ‫߇ޠ‬㧘੩ㇺᄢቇߩ⊖๟ᐕ⸥ᔨࡎ㧙࡞ߢ㐿௅ߐࠇࠆㆇ߮ߣߥࠅ߹ߒߚߎߣߪ߹ߎߣߦ༑߫ߒߊ㧘ߎߎߦ㧘੩ㇺᄢቇ஥ࠍઍ⴫ߒߡ㧘ߺߥߐ߹ࠍ߅ㄫ߃ߢ߈߹ߔߎߣࠍ㧘ߚ޿߳ࠎశᩕߦሽߓ߹
ߔ‫ޟߩߎޕ‬੩ㇺࡈࠜ࡯࡜ࡓ ‫ߪޠ‬㧘⧷࿖஥ߩ㧠ߟߩ⚵❱㧘ߘߒߡᣣᧄ஥ߩ㧢ߟߩ⚵❱߇ജࠍ޽ࠊߖߡਥ௅ߐࠇࠆߣુߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߩࡓ࡜࡯ࠜࡈߩߎޕ‬Უ⢝ࠍߥߔᣣ⧷㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ㑐ߔࠆදജࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߪ㧘ㆊ෰㧠ᐕߦࠊߚࠅ㧘ዋߥ߆ࠄߑࠆᚑഞࠍ㊀ߨߡߎࠄࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬㑐ଥฦ૏߇㧘ਔ࿖ߩᢎ⢒ߦ㑐ߔࠆ㊀ⷐߥኻ⹤ࠍ⛮⛯ߒߡߎࠄࠇ߹ߒߚߎߣߦ㧘ᷓ޿ᢘᗧࠍ
⴫ߒߚߊሽߓ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ ߐߡ㧡ᐕ೨㧘੩ㇺᄢቇߪ⥄ࠄߩ‫ޟ‬ၮᧄℂᔨ‫ޠ‬㧘޿ࠊࠁࠆ‫ޟ‬੩ㇺᄢቇࡒ࠶࡚ࠪࡦ࡮ࠬ࠹࡯࠻
ࡔࡦ࠻‫ࠍޠ‬೙ቯ޿ߚߒ߹ߒߚ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘ᡷ㕟߫߿ࠅߩᤓ੹ߩ㘑ầߦ߽߆߆ࠊࠄߕ㧘ߘࠇߪ߹ߛ↢߈ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߩߘޕ‬೨ᢥߦߪ㧘ߥ߆ߥ߆࡙࠾࡯ࠢߥ⋡ᮡ߇ឝߍࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޟޕ‬࿾⃿␠ળߩ⺞๺޽ࠆ౒ሽߦ⽸₂ߔࠆ‫ޕߔߢߩ߽߁޿ߣޠ‬ၮᧄℂᔨࠍ⿠⨲ߒߚࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦࠃࠇ
߫㧘ߎߩ‫ޟ‬࿾⃿␠ળ‫ࠍޠ‬᭴ᚑߔࠆ߽ߩߪ㧘ੱ㑆ߛߌߢߪߥߊ㧘㠽₞߽⨲ᧁ߽㧘ጊᎹ߽ᶏ߽ⓨ߽฽߹ࠇࠆ㧘ߘߩ⺞๺޽ࠆ౒ሽߦ⽸₂ߔࠆߩߢ޽ࠆߣ̆̆߹ߎߣߦ㧘ℂᗐߣߒߡឝߍࠆ
ߴ߈߽ߩߪ㧘㆐ᚑ࿎㔍ߥ߽ߩߢߥߊߡߪߥࠄߥ޿㧘ߣߪࠃߊ⸒ߞߚ߽ߩߢߔ‫ߦ⺆⧷ޕ‬⠡⸶ߔࠆߩߦ߽㐳޿ᤨ㑆߇߆߆ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ࠇ޽߽ߣޕ‬㧘੩ㇺᄢቇߪ㧘ᣣᧄߩࡈࠖ࡯࡞࠼⑼ቇߦ߅
ߌࠆࡄࠗࠝ࠾ࠕߣߒߡ㧘ᢙᄙߊߩታ❣ࠍ޽ߍߡෳࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᵴേߩߥ߆ߦߪ㧘⧷࿖ߩ₺┙࿾ℂቇදળߩ੐❣߆ࠄ㔤ᗵࠍ߁ߌߚ߽ߩ߽ዋߥߊ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߘޕ‬ቇⴚߩᱠߺ
ࠍㅢߒߡᧄቇߦ⢒߹ࠇߚ⥄ὼⷰ㧘ੱ㑆ⷰ߇޽ࠇ߫ߎߘ㧘޽߃ߡߎߩࠃ߁ߥℂᔨࠍ߆߆ߍࠆ
ߦ⥋ߞߚߩߢߒࠂ߁‫ޕ‬ ⃻ઍߪ㧘ผ਄Ꮧ᦭ߩᄌേᦼߦ޽ࠆߣ↳ߖ߹ߔ‫⥄ޟߜࠊߥߔޕ‬ὼ‫ੱޟ߿ޠ‬㑆‫ⷰߚߞ޿ߣޠ‬ᔨߘߩ߽ߩ߇ᄢ߈ߊࠁࠄ޿ߢ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߋߩߒࠍᦼࠬࡦࠨ࠶ࡀ࡞ߩࡄ࠶ࡠ࡯࡛ޕ‬ᄢォ឵߇ᆎ߹ߞߡ޿ࠆߣ⷗ߡࠃ޿ߢߒࠂ߁‫ޕ‬ᣂߒ޿⍮⼂ߪ㧘ᾲᏪ㔎ᨋߩਛߢ㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪࡂࠗ࠹ࠢࠍ㚟૶ߔࠆታ㛎ቶߩਛߢ㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪ㧘ฎౖࠍ⺒ߺ⸃ߊ⎇ⓥቶߩਛߢ㧘ᣣ‫߇ߔ߹ࠅ߅ߡࠇ߹↢ޘ‬㧘ߤߩࠃ߁ߥ႐ߢ₪ᓧߐࠇߚ⍮⼂ߢ޽ࠇ㧘ߘࠇࠄ߇‫ޟ‬࿾⃿␠ળ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߤߡߞߣߦޠ‬㊀ߺࠍ߽ߟߩ߆ࠍ⠨߃ࠆߎߣߥߒߦߪߔ߹ߐࠇߥ޿ᤨઍߢߪߥ޿ߢߒࠂ߁߆‫ޕ‬ᄢቇߢߩ㧘࿖㓙⊛ߥ㧘ߘߒߡቇ㓙⊛ߥኻ⹤߇ߊࠅ߭ࠈߍࠄࠇࠆߎߣ㧘߹ߚߘߩㆊ⒟ߢ㧘ኾ㐷ಽ㊁ࠍߎ߃ߡㅢ
ߓ߁ࠆ⸒⺆߇⏴߆ࠇࠆߎߣ߇ᔅ㗇ߣߥߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ ੩ㇺᄢቇߢㅴࠎߢ޿ࠆ߭ߣߟߩዊߐߥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ࠍ⚫੺ߒ߹ߒࠂ߁‫ޕ‬ⅣႺߣ࿾⃿ⷙᮨߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࠍ࠹࡯ࡑߦߒߚᣂߒ޿⧷ᢥቇⴚ⹹ߩ✬㓸ߢߔ‫⹹ޕ‬ฬߪ SANSAI ߣ↳ߒ߹ߔ߇㧘ߘࠇߪ㧘ᄤߣ࿾ߣੱߩਃᚽ߇ᓀ㧔޽߿㧕ࠍ❱ࠅߥߒߡノߊߩ߇‫ޟ‬ᢥ᣿‫ߩߣࠆ޽ߢޠ‬㧘᧲ࠕࠫࠕฎ᧪ߩ⠨߃ࠍ⴫ߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬ቇⴚ⹹ߪ㧘ഃೀḰ஻ภ߇㧝ᐕ೨ߦ㧘ߘߒߡ߹߽ߥߊഃೀภ߇ೀⴕߐࠇ߹ߔ‫૶ߩߘޕ‬๮ߪ㧘ⅣႺᡷༀ߿࿾⃿␠ળߦ߆߆ࠊࠆ⃻ઍቇⴚߩ㊀ⷐߥഞ❣ࠍ㧘޿ࠊ߫‫⃻ޟ‬ઍߩࡃࡌ࡞ߩႡ‫ߦޠ‬ၒᴚߒߥ޿ࠃ߁ߦߔࠆߎߣ㧘ߔߥࠊߜ㧘ኾ㐷↪⺆ߩ㔍⸃ߐࠁ߃ߦ㧘ᷙᴋ߇ᷓ߹ࠆ⃻ઍቇⴚࠍcivilize㧔ᢥ᣿ൻ㧕ߔࠆߎߣߦ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㧞ᐕ೨߆ࠄ㧘✬㓸ߩਛᔃߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆߩ߇ࠤࡦࡉ࡝࠶ࠫᄢቇ಴りߩ⧯޿⎇ⓥ⠪ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᓐᅚߪ㧘㧟ߟߩ᧦ઙࠍḩߚߔ߆ߤ߁߆ߩ࿖㓙ㆬᛮ┹੎ࠍ⚻ߡ੩ㇺᄢቇߩኾછ⻠Ꮷߦ⌕છ⥌ߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ߘߩ᧦ઙߣߪ㧘⧷⺆ߣ޿߁⸒⺆ߩᱧผߦ㑐ߔࠆ⍮⼂㧘ᄙ᭽ߥቇ໧ಽ㊁߿ᢥൻ߳ߩ஍⷗ߩዋ
ߥߐ㧘ᣂߒ޿⸒⪲ࠍ㍌ㅧߒ߁ࠆ⢻ജ㧘ߩ㧟ὐߢߒߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ቇⴚ⹹ߩ✬㓸㒯ߣ⹶ࠅ㜞޿ነⓂ
⠪ߘߒߡᩏ⺒⠪ߣߩ⼏⺰ߪ㧘޿ߟ߽⊕ᾲߒ߹ߔ‫ߦߣߎ߹ޕ‬㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ㛽ߩ᛬ࠇࠆ㧘߹ߚᤨ㑆ߩ߆߆ࠆ૞ᬺߪ㧘⃻ઍ਎⇇ߩ߰ߟ߁ߩᄢቇ⚻༡ߩൊቯࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߦߪว޿߹ߖࠎ‫߼⹺ޕ‬ߡߊࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߪ㧘ࠃ߶ߤࠛࠠ࠮ࡦ࠻࡝࠶ࠢߥળ⸘ᜂᒰ⠪߇੩ㇺᄢቇߦ޿ࠆ߆ࠄߢߒࠂ߁‫ޕ‬ߎࠇߪ㧘޿ࠊ߫ᣣ⧷౒หߩࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬౝߩ㜞╬↢ᶦᢎ⢒ߩ੐଀ߣ↳ߖ߹ߒࠂ߁‫ޕ‬ ੩ㇺߪ㧘1,200 ᐕߩᱧผߣ㧘ⅣႺߣߩ⺞๺ࠍ᳞߼ࠆ⼾߆ߥᢥൻߩવ⛔ࠍᜬߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޟ‬੩ㇺࡈࠜ࡯࡜ࡓ 2006‫޿ߒࠄ߫ߔߩ߳ޠ‬಴Ꮸ⠪ߩᣇ‫߇ޘ‬㧘‫ߩޠࠬࡦࠨ࠶ࡀ࡞ߩߟߣ߭߁߽ޟ‬ℂᔨࠍߪߋߊ߹ࠇࠆ․೎ߥᤨⓨࠍ㧘ߎߩ↸߇ឭଏߔࠆ߆߽⍮ࠇ߹ߖࠎ‫ߏߩࡓ࡜࡯ࠜࡈޕ‬ᚑഞࠍ޽ࠄߚ߼ߡ␨ࠅ㧘᱑ㄫߩ᜿ᜦࠍ⚳߃ߚߊሽߓ߹ߔ‫ޕߚߒ߹޿ߑߏ߁ߣ߇ࠅ޽ޕ‬ട⮮⛯߈߹ߒߡ㧘Joanna Burke ࡉ࡝࠹ࠖ࠶ࠪࡘ࡮ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞㚢ᣣઍ⴫ࠃࠅߏ᜿ᜦࠍ↳ߒ਄ߍ
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Burke೽ቇ㐳㧘ߘߒߡߺߥߐ߹㧘߅ߪࠃ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ᧄޕ‬ᣣߩᣣ⧷㜞╬ᢎ⢒ࡐ࡝ࠪ࡯࡮ࡈࠜ࡯
࡜ࡓߦ಴Ꮸߒ㧘㐿ળߩ᜿ᜦࠍㅀߴࠆᯏળࠍᓧࠄࠇߚ޿߳ࠎ༑ࠎߢ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߩ࿖┙ᄢቇ߇⸳┙એ㒠⚻㛎ߒߡߎࠄࠇߚᄢ߈ߥᄌൻߪ㧘⧷࿖ߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒߇ㆊ෰ 15 ᐕ㑆ߦ⚻㛎ߒߡ߈ߚᄌൻߣᄙߊߩ㘃ૃὐ߇ߺࠄࠇ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫ ߪޘ‬2001 ᐕ߆ࠄࠬ࠲࡯࠻ߒߚߎߩ
౒ห࡮දജࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ࠍㅢߓߡ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚ⺖㗴߿ᯏળࠍᮨ⚝ߒߡ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬એᓟ㧘Ფᐕ㐿௅ߒߡ߈ߚᣣ⧷ࡐ࡝ࠪ࡯࡮ࡈࠜ࡯࡜ࡓ㧘࠮ࡒ࠽࡯㧘ࡢ࡯࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊ㧘⋧੕⸰໧ߦࠃߞߡ㧘ਔ࿖ߪ੤ᵹߒ㧘ࡌࠬ࠻࡮ࡊ࡜ࠢ࠹ࠖࠬࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈㧘ߘߩㆊ⒟ߢ㑐ଥ࿅૕߅ࠃ߮
ᯏ㑐㑆ߩ⋧੕ߩࡔ࡝࠶࠻ߦߥࠆ⛮⛯⊛ߥߟߥ߇ࠅࠍ▽ߊߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᧄᣣߩࠗࡌࡦ࠻ߪ㧘ᣣᧄߣ⧷࿖߇੕޿ߩឭ៤ᄢቇ㧔twinned universities㧕ࠍ⸰໧ᓟߩᗧ
⷗੤឵ߩᯏળߢ޽ࠅ㧘หᤨߦ⋧੕ߩ㑐ㅪᕈߦ㑐ߔࠆ࠻ࡇ࠶ࠢࠬࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆᯏળߢ߽޽ࠅ߹
ߔ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫߇ޘ‬ขࠅ਄ߍࠆ࠻ࡇ࠶ࠢߪ㧘⃻ઍ␠ળߦ߅ߌࠆᄢቇߩᓎഀ߇ᕆᄌൻߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍ
㐓ߺߚ߽ߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬21 ਎♿ߩೋ߼ߩ੹㧘ᄢቇߪ⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥߩਛᔃ⊛ᓎഀࠍᨐߚߒ⛯ߌߡ޿߹ߔ
߇㧘⍮⼂⚻ᷣࠍ‧ᒁߔࠆ߹ߔ߹ߔ㊀ⷐߥ࡝࠰࡯ࠬߣߥࠅߟߟ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ᄢቇߩᵴേ
ߦ㑐ᔃࠍᜬߟੱ‫ߪޘ‬㧘ᄢቇࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬߣ޿߁㗔ၞࠍ⿥߃ߡᐢ߇ࠅߟߟ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ᧄޕ‬ᣣߩࡐ࡝ࠪ࡯࡮ࡈࠜ࡯࡜ࡓߢߪ㧘⎇ⓥߩᓎഀᄌൻߣᄢቇ㧘↥ᬺ߅ࠃ߮ᐢ▸ߥࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㑆ߩ߆ߟߡߥߊ✕ኒߥ㑐ଥߩਔᣇߦߟ޿ߡߺߡ޿߈߹ߔ‫ޕ‬࿖ኅߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩᚢ⇛᡽╷ࠍផㅴߔࠆᜂᒰ⠪ߥࠄ߮ߦ㧘ᯏ㑐࡟ࡌ࡞ߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯ߪ㧘ߎࠇ߹ߢ㧘࿖㓙Ყセ㧘⍮⼂੤឵߿੤ᵹࠍㅢߓߡ⥄࿖ߩ⷗⸃ࠍવ߃ߡ߈߹ߒߚ‫ߡ޿ߟߦࠄࠇߎޕ‬ߩ࿖㓙⊛ߥኻ⹤߿දജߪ㧘㐳޿㑆㧘࿖ో૕ߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒೙ᐲߩஜోᕈߦਇนᰳߥⷐ⚛ߢߒߚ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩ㊀ⷐߥ㧞࿖㑆ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߪ㧘ਔ࿖ߦ߅޿ߡၮ⋚ᄌൻߣ᜸ᚢߩᤨᦼߦታᣉߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘ߎࠇߎߘ߇ࡉ࡝࠹ࠖ࠶ࠪࡘ࡮ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞߇㧘༑ࠎߢෳടߒߚℂ↱ߢ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߎࠇ߹ߢㅢࠅ㧘ᚒ‫ߚ߈ߡߞⴕ߇ޘ‬ᢙᐕ᧪ߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩᚑഞߩ㎛ࠍីࠆߩߪ㧘ലᨐ⊛ߥࡄ࡯࠻࠽࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߘࠇߦଥࠊࠆోຬ߇ᧄᣣ಴Ꮸߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߪ⑳ޕ‬એਅߩਥ௅⠪ోຬߦᔃ߆ࠄᗵ⻢ߩᗧࠍㅀߴߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
ᣣᧄ஥㧦
ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭
␠࿅ᴺੱ࿖┙ᄢቇදળ⁛┙ⴕ᡽ᴺੱ࿖┙ᄢቇ⽷ോ࡮⚻༡࠮ࡦ࠲࡯
ᄢቇ౒ห೑↪ᯏ㑐ᴺੱੱ㑆ᢥൻ⎇ⓥᯏ᭴
⁛┙ⴕ᡽ᴺੱᣣᧄቇⴚᝄ⥝ળ
⁛┙ⴕ᡽ᴺੱᄢቇ⹏ଔ࡮ቇ૏᝼ਈᯏ᭴
⧷࿖஥㧦⧷࿖ᢎ⢒ᛛ⢻⋭㧔Department for Education and Skills㧕ࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼㜞╬ᢎ⢒⽷᡽ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞㧔Higher Education Funding Council for England㧕⧷࿖ᄢቇදળ㧔Universities UK㧕߹ߚ㧘ᧄࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻㐿௅ߦోജࠍዧߊߐࠇ߹ߒߚ㧘ᣣ⧷ߩදജᄢቇߩઍ⴫⠪ߦᗵ⻢ߒߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᧄᣣߩࡈࠜ࡯࡜ࡓ߇ᚑഞߒ㧘߹ߚᭉߒ޿߽ߩߦߥࠅ߹ߔࠃ߁ᔃ߆ࠄ߅␨ࠅߒ㧘ᰴߩᲑ㓏
߹ߢ㊀ⷐߥදജ߇⛯ߊߎߣࠍᦼᓙߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕߚߒ߹޿ߑߏ߁ߣ߇ࠅ޽ޕ‬ട⮮ᦨᓟߦ Ruth Thompson ⧷࿖ᢎ⢒ᛛ⢻⋭㜞╬ᢎ⢒⸘↹ዪ㐳ࠃࠅߏ᜿ᜦࠍ↳ߒ਄ߍࠆߣߣ
߽ߦ㧘⧷࿖㜞╬ᢎ⢒᡽╷ߩᦨᣂߩὶὐࠍߏ⚫੺޿ߚߛ߈߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
Thompson‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧝‫ޤ‬੩ㇺᄢቇߩᣇ‫ޘ‬㧘ߘߒߡᧄࡈࠜ࡯࡜ࡓߩ㐿௅ࠍታ⃻ߐࠇߚᣇ‫ߚߒ߹ࠇߐ⴫߇ޘ‬ᗵ⻢ߩᗧࠍ➅ࠅ㄰ߒㅀߴߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ᧄޕ‬ᒰߦ޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘⧷࿖ᢎ⢒ᛛ⢻⋭ߩઍ⴫ߣߒߡߎߩ႐ߦ޿ࠆߎߣ㧘⧷࿖㜞╬ᢎ⢒᡽╷ߩᦨᣂߩὶὐߦߟ޿ߡ߅⹤ߒߢ߈ࠆߎ
ߣࠍߚ޿߳ࠎ༑ࠎߢ߅ࠅ߹ߔߒ㧘శᩕߦᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧞‫ޤ‬⧷࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆᦨㄭߩᚑᨐߣ⺖㗴ߩ৻ㇱߦߟ޿ߡዋߒ⸅ࠇ㧘ᢎ⢒ᛛ⢻⋭߇⛮⛯ਛ෶ߪ੹ᓟ
ߩ⺖㗴ߦኻߔࠆኻᔕߩⷐὐߣ㧘⃻ᤨὐߢߩ⷗ㅢߒߦߟ޿ߡዋߒ߅⹤ߒߒߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧟‫ޤ‬⧷࿖㜞╬ᢎ⢒೙ᐲߦߟ޿ߡߩၮᧄ⊛ߥ੐ታࠍ⑳ߩᣇ߆ࠄ⺑᣿ߔࠆߟ߽ࠅߪߏߑ޿߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ߘࠇߪߺߥߐ߹ߩᄙߊ߇ࠃߊߏሽߓߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄߢߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘⧷࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩ⥄ਥᕈࠍᎼࠆᱧผߩᧄ⾰ࠍᒝ⺞ߔࠆߎߣߦߪଔ୯߇޽ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫⧷ޕ‬࿖㜞╬ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ߪ㧘વ⛔⊛ߦ⁛┙ᕈࠍ଻ߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ᦨޕ‬ㄭ㧘⁛┙ᕈࠍ᦭ߔࠆᯏ㑐ߩᢙ߇ᄢ᏷ߦჇ߃߹ߒߚ‫⑳ޕ‬ߪ㧘ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐߇⥄ࠄ⡯ຬࠍណ↪ߔࠆߎߣ㧘᡽ᐭ߇ᄢቇߦኻߒߡᢎ⢒ౝኈࠍᜰ␜ߒߥ޿ߎߣ㧘ᄢቇߩ⛎ਈ₸ࠍ⸳ቯߒߥ޿ߎߣࠍ㊀ⷐⷞߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ല₸ߣ޿߁ⷰὐ߆ࠄ㧘ߟ߹ࠅળ⸘⊛ߥၮḰߦࠃࠅ೙ᐲࠍ⹏ଔߒߚ႐ว㧘⧷࿖ߪᲧセ⊛‫ޟ‬ല₸⊛‫ߥޠ‬೙ᐲࠍ᦭ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⸒߃߹ߔ‫ޕ‬Ყセ⊛ਛㅌ₸ߪૐߊ㧘᝼ᬺᤨ㑆߽Ყセ⊛⍴ߊ㧘තᬺ↢ߩዞ⡯₸߽ᅢᚑ❣ࠍ਄ߍߡ޿߹ߔ‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬㧘ᚑᨐߪᲧセ⊛ല₸⊛ߦ↢ߺ಴ߐࠇߡ޿
߹ߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘⾗㊄⁁ᴫߪ㕖Ᏹߦᄙ᭽ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ߩਛߦߪ㧘ઁࠃࠅ߽࿖߆ࠄߩ੤ઃ㊄ߦଐሽߒߡ޿ࠆᚲ߽޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬࿖߆ࠄߩ⾗㊄Ḯߪᄙᢙሽ࿷ߒ㧘ߘߩ߶߆ߩ⾗㊄⺞㆐ᣇᴺ߽޽
ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬Thirunamachandran ㇱ㐳߇ᓟ߶ߤ㧘ߘࠇߦߟ޿ߡߪ⹦ߒߊ⹤ߒߡߊࠇࠆߢߒࠂ
߁‫ޕ‬ᶏᄖ߆ࠄ⇐ቇ↢ࠍ㓸߼ࠆߣ޿߁ὐߢߪ㧘⧷࿖ߪᚑഞߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߪࠇߘޕ‬㧘ᚒ‫⺆⸒ߩޘ‬߇⧷⺆ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁೑ὐࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߿㧘ߘߩઁ㝯ജ⊛ߦᤋࠆ㕙߇޽ࠆ߆ࠄߩࠃ߁ߢ

ߔ߇㧘ߘࠇߢ߽⇐ቇ↢ߩභ߼ࠆഀวߪૐਅߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬࿖㓙⊛ߥ᷹ቯ୯߆ࠄ⷗ࠆߣ㧘⎇ⓥ
ߩಽ㊁ߢߪ⦟޿ᚑᨐࠍ਄ߍߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬᭽‫৻↹ߥޘ‬ൻ߳ߩ࿶ജ߇↢ߓߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁੐ታߪ޽
ࠅ߹ߔ߇㧘ᚒ‫ࠅߥ߆ߪޘ‬ᄌൻߦን߻೙ᐲࠍ᦭ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧠‫ޤ‬ᦨㄭߢߪ㧘2003 ᐕߦᢎ⢒⊕ᦠ߇ೀⴕߐࠇ㧘2004 ᐕߦߪ㧘㕖Ᏹߦ⼏⺰ࠍ๭ࠎߛ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ᴺ߇೙ቯߐࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬หᴺߢᦨ߽㊀ⷐߥ․ᓽߪ㧘ቇ↢ߩ᝼ᬺᢱࠍᒁ߈਄ߍࠆߣߣ߽ߦ㧘ૐᚲᓧߩቇ↢߳ߩ⵬ഥ㊄ߩ੤ઃߦࠃࠅ㧘㜞޿᝼ᬺᢱߩᡰᛄ޿ࠍታ⃻ߔࠆߚ߼ߩ଻⼔ⷙቯ㧔safe
guard㧕ߣ㧘ቇ↢߇තᬺᓟߦዞ⡯ߒߡ߆ࠄ᝼ᬺᢱࠍ㄰ᷣߢ߈ࠆ೙ᐲࠍዉ౉ߒߚߎߣߢߔ‫߅ޕ‬ߘࠄߊߏሽߓߣᕁ޿߹ߔ߇㧘ߎߩߎߣߪ㧘ࠊ߇࿖ߢߪ᡽╷⊛ߦ߆ߥࠅ‛⼏ࠍ㉯ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߘߩ߶߆ߦ㧘޿ߊߟ߆ߩᣂߚߥቇ૏ߩ⸳⟎߽ᬌ⸛ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘૗ࠍᄢቇߣ๭߱߆ߣ޿߁ᄢ
ቇߩቯ⟵ߦ㑐ߒߡ߽ᣂߒ޿ⷙೣࠍ޿ߊߟ߆⸳ቯߒ߹ߒߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘⎇ⓥ߅ࠃ߮⑼ቇ᡽╷ߩ᜛లߦ߽ข⚵ࠎߢ޿߹ߔ‫ߪߡ޿ߟߦࠇߎޕ‬㧘➅ࠅ㄰ߒߦߥࠅ߹ߩߢ⺑᣿޿ߚߒ߹ߖࠎ߇㧘2004ᐕߦዉ౉ߐࠇߚࠊ߇࿖ߩ⽷ോ⋭㧘ᢎ⢒ᛛ⢻⋭㧘⾏ᤃ↥ᬺ⋭ߩ౒ห╷ቯߦࠃࠆ⑼ቇ࡮ᛛⴚ㕟ᣂ߳ߩᛩ⾗ߩᨒ⚵ߺߢ޽ࠆ㧘10 ᐕ⸘↹ߦߟ޿ߡ⊝᭽ߦᵈ⋡ߒߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧡‫ޤ‬ᢎ⢒ᛛ⢻⋭ߪߤߩࠃ߁ߦ⚵❱ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ߪߺߥߐ߹ߪ޽߹ࠅ⥝๧߇ߥ޿߆߽ߒࠇ߹
ߖࠎ߇㧘⚵❱߇⋡ᜰߔᚑᨐࠍ␜ߔߎߣߪ㊀ⷐߢߔ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘ᚒ߇⋭ߩ⋡ᜰߔᚑᨐߪᰴߩߣ
߅ࠅߢߔ‫ޕ‬㜞╬ᢎ⢒߳ߩෳ↹ߩ᜛ᄢ㧘තᬺ₸ߩะ਄ߣ౏ᱜߥㅴቇߩଦㅴ㧘 㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩᜰዉߩ⾰ߣ⁁ᴫᡷༀ㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒⎇ⓥߩ⾰ߣ⁁ᴫߩ⛽ᜬ㧘ᚒ߇࿖ߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒߳ߩᄖ࿖ੱฃߌ౉ࠇߩଦㅴ㧘㧔ఝ
⑲ߥ㧕ቇ↢߳ߩᡰេࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩឭଏ㧘ណ▚ߩขࠇߚᄙ᭽ߥ೙ᐲߩ⛽ᜬ㧘⚻ᷣߣ␠ળߦኻߔ
ࠆ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩ⽸₂ᐲߩะ਄‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧢‫ޤ‬ߔߴߡߩ⋭ߦߪ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߘߩᤨ‫ߩޘ‬᡽ᴦ⊛㑐ᔃ੐߇޽ࠅ߹ߔࠃ߁ߦ㧘⃻࿷ߩᚒ‫ߩޘ‬㑐ᔃ੐ࠍ޿ߊߟ߆ઃߌട߃ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ᣂߒ޿ᡰេ೙ᐲࠍࠊ߇࿖ߩቇ↢ߦ⺑᣿ߒ㧘᧪ᄐዉ౉ߐࠇࠆᣂⲢ⾗೙ᐲ߇ℂ⸃ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ࠍ⏕⹺ߔࠆߎߣ㧘޽ࠄࠁࠆ㕙ߢߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒߳ߩ㓹↪ਥߩ㑐ਈߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘ᓟ߶ߤ߅⹤ߒߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬వ߶ߤ↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߒߚ߇㧘⇐ቇ↢ߩ໧㗴ߦ㑐ㅪߒߡ㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒߳ߩෳ↹ࠍ᜛ᄢߔࠆߎߣߥߤ߇᜼ߍࠄࠇ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧣‫ޤ‬ߢߪ߹ߕ৻ߟ߼ߦ㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒ෳ↹᜛ᄢ߳ߩข⚵ߦߟ޿ߡߢߔ߇㧘ᚒ‫╷߇ޘ‬ቯߒߚᢙ୯⋡ᮡߪ㧘2010 ᐕ߹ߢߦ 18㨪30 ᱦጀߩㅴቇ₸ࠍ 50%ߦᒁ߈਄ߍࠆߎߣߢߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ߘߩᐕ㦂ጀߩ⧯⠪ߪჇ߃ߡ޿߹ߔ߇㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒߳ߩㅴቇ₸ࠍჇടߐߖࠆߦߪ㧘ੱᢙࠍჇ߿ߔߛߌ
ߢߥߊ㧘ߘߩᐕ㦂ጀߩੱญߦභ߼ࠆഀวࠍჇ߿ߐߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬㧘ᚒ‫ߦޘ‬ߪቇ↢ࠍ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦᒁ߈ነߖࠆߚ߼ߩ㕖Ᏹߦᄢ߈ߥ⺖㗴߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫⺖ߩߘޕ‬㗴ߩ৻ߟߣߒ
ߡ㧘㜞ᚲᓧ⠪㓏⚖ߣૐᚲᓧ⠪㓏⚖ߩㅴቇ₸ߩᩰᏅ߇᜼ߍࠄࠇ߹ߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬ᩰᏅࠍ᷹ቯߔࠆߚ
߼ߦߪ㧘᭽‫ߥޘ‬ᚻᲑ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ߇㧘ߘߩ৻଀ߣߒߡ㧘਄ਅ૏ 20 ࡄ࡯࠮ࡦ࠻㧔top quintile㧕ߩᲧセࠍⴕ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ਔⷫ߇㜞ᚲᓧ⠪㓏⚖ߩ਄૏ 20%ߩሶଏ㧘ߘߩሶଏ߇㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦㅴߺቇ૏ࠍขᓧߔࠆน⢻ᕈߪ㧘ਅ૏ 20%ߦዻߔࠆሶଏߩ㧡୚ߦ㆐ߔࠆߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᩰᏅ߇ሽ࿷ߒ㧘᡽ᐭߪߘࠇߦኻᔕߒࠃ߁ߣ⠨߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ㅴቇ₸ߩᩰᏅ߳ߩኻᔕࠍᄢቇㅴቇᐕ㦂߆ࠄᆎ߼ࠆߎߣߪਇน⢻ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘᡽ᐭߢߪ᭽‫ߥޘ‬ᬌ⸛ࠍ㊀ߨߡ߈ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ૐᚲᓧ⠪㓏⚖ߩㅴቇᯏળะ਄ߦࠃࠅὶὐࠍᒰߡࠄࠇࠆ߆ߤ߁߆㧘ᢎ⢒ᛛ⢻߅ࠃ߮᡽╷ߩఽ┬⢒ᚑߦߟ޿ߡౣᬌ⸛ࠍⴕߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧤‫ޤ‬ᢎ⢒ߩᡷༀߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘⧷࿖ߢߪන૏ߩ⚥Ⓧ࡮੕឵೙ᐲߩ໧㗴߇ሽ࿷ߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘ᄢቇᯏ㑐߆ࠄઁߩᄢቇᯏ㑐߳ቇ↢߇⒖േߔࠆὐߢߔ߇㧘ࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼ߢߪࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼એᄖߩ࿾
ၞࠃࠅ໧㗴߇ᄙ޿߆߽⍮ࠇ߹ߖࠎ‫⽷ޕ‬᡽ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞߇ᬌ⸛ߒߡ޿ࠆᢎ⢒߳ߩ⾗㊄੤ઃ೙ᐲߦߟ޿ߡߪᡷᱜ᩺߇಴ߐࠇࠆ੍ቯߢ޽ࠅ㧘ᣂߒ޿ᛛⴚߦࠃࠅᢎ⢒ࡕ࠺࡞ࠍߤߩࠃ߁ߦᡷༀ
ߢ߈ࠆ߆ߦߟ޿ߡี๧ߔࠆᔅⷐ߽޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧥‫ޤ‬➅ࠅ㄰ߒߦߥࠅ߹ߔ߇㧘⎇ⓥߦ߅޿ߡ߽߹ߛ⸅ࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ข⚵ߺ߇޿ߊߟ߆޽ࠅ߹ߔ߇㧘ᓟߢ⊒⴫ߐࠇࠆࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩߚ߼ߦ⋭⇛ߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ᄖ࿖ੱฃߌ౉ࠇߦ㑐ߔࠆ໧㗴㧘ߎߎߢߪࠃࠅᄙߊߩ⇐ቇ↢ࠍ⧷࿖ߩᄢቇߦ㓸߼ࠆᣇᴺߦ
㑐ߔࠆ໧㗴ߩߎߣࠍ⹤ߒ߹ߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘⧷㚂⋧ߩࠗ࠾ࠪࠕ࠴ࡉߩ╙ੑᲑ㓏ߢߔ‫⧷ޕ‬㚂⋧ߩࠗ࠾ࠪࠕ࠴ࡉߩ⋡⊛ߪ㧘⧷࿖ߦቇ߮ߦ᧪ࠆᶏᄖ⇐ቇ↢ࠍᅑബߔࠆߎߣߢߔ‫ࠄߥߗߥޕ‬㧘⇐ቇ↢ߪ⧷࿖㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦߣߞߡ㕖Ᏹߦ᦭⋉ߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄߢߔ‫⇐ޕ‬ቇ↢߇౉ߞߡߊࠆߎߣߢ㧘⊝ߦ⦟޿੤ᵹ⚻㛎ࠍ߽ߚࠄߒ㧘ᚒ߇࿖ߩቇ↢ߩⷞ㊁ࠍᐢߍ㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ߦㅊട෼౉ࠍ߽ߚ
ࠄߒ߹ߔ‫৻ߡ޿ߟߦⴕ⊒ߩࠩࡆޕ‬ㇱߩ࿖ߢߪᄙዋ໧㗴߇↢ߓߡ޿߹ߔ߇㧘ࠊ߇࿖ߢߪߘߩ
໧㗴ߩస᦯ߦദജߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߪߣߎ߈ߴࠆ߿ޕ‬ᴛጊ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᴰክ⼏ቭ߿⚻ᷣߩࠣࡠ࡯ࡃ
࡞ൻߦߟ޿ߡળ⹤ߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ޿ߚᣇ‫ߥ߁ࠃߚߞ߾ߒߞ߅߇ޘ‬໧㗴ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘߆ߥࠅ⌀೶ߦ⠨ᘦߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬਎⇇ߢᕆᚑ㐳ਛߩ⻉࿖߳ߩኻᔕᣇᴺ㧘․ߦᚑ㐳₸߇㕖Ᏹߦ㜞ߊ㜞╬ᢎ⢒߳ߩㅴቇ߇ᕆ᜛ᄢߒߡ޿ࠆਛ࿖ߣࠗࡦ࠼߳ߩኻᔕߦߟ޿ߡ߽⠨߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ࠞ࡝ࡈࠕޕ‬߳ߩኻᔕߪዋ‫ⷺޘ‬ᐲ߇⇣ߥߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘G㧤߇⊒⴫ߒߚࠕࡈ࡝ࠞߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ౣ↢ࠍᡰេߔࠆჿ
᣿ࠍ⠨ᘦߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ߩߎޕ‬໧㗴ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ᣣᧄ஥ߩᣇ‫ߒ⹤ߣޘ‬ว߁ᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ
ߣᗵߓߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ቇ↢ᡰេߪ㧘ߣߡ߽㊀ⷐߥ࿖ౝߩ໧㗴ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ቇ↢ߦኻߔࠆ᝼ᬺᢱߩⲢ⾗᜛ᄢ㧘㐳ᦼૐ೑߅ࠃ߮ૐ೑Ⲣ⾗ߩ㄰ᷣࠍ᳞߼ࠆߥࠄ߫㧘೙ᐲ߇⏕ታߦᯏ⢻ߒߡ޿ࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬໧㗴ߪ㧘ᚒ‫ߡߞߣߦޘ‬᡽ᴦ⊛ߦ߽㊀ⷐߥᗧ๧߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘ᚒ‫⃻ߪޘ‬࿷㧘ࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓߣⷙೣࠍᄌᦝߔࠆߣหᤨߦ㧘ᡰេߩታᣉᣇᴺࠍᄌ߃ࠆߎߣ߽ᬌ⸛ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ਗⴕߒߡⴕ߁ߩߪෂ㒾ߥ⚵วߖߥߩ߆߽ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎ‫⧷ޕ‬࿖ߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒೙ᐲߩᒻߣ᭴ㅧߪ㧘వㅀߩࠃ߁ߦ⥄ਥᕈ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ߇㧘᡽ᐭ߇೑ᮭࠍᜬߟ㕙߽޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߪߟ৻ޕ‬㧘⛮⛯ᢎ⢒ࠞ࡟࠶ࠫ㧔further education colleges㧕ߢឭଏߐࠇࠆ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩᓎഀߦߟ޿ߡߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᣢߦ㧘ࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼ߦ߅ߌࠆ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩ 10% ⒟ᐲߪ㧘⛮⛯ᢎ⢒ࠞ࡟࠶ࠫߢឭଏߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫࡜࠻࠶ࠦࠬޕ‬ࡦ࠼ߢߪߘࠇࠃࠅ㜞޿ᢙ୯߇಴ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬໧㗴ߪ㧘ߎࠇࠍଦㅴߢ߈ࠆ߆ߤ߁߆㧘⛮⛯ᢎ⢒ࠍฃߌߡ޿ࠆቇ↢ߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒߳ߩㅴቇ₸ࠍะ਄ߔࠆߦߪ㧘ߤ߁ߔࠇ߫޿޿ߩ߆ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ቇ↢߇ߤߩ⑼⋡ࠍീᒝߒߚ޿ߩ߆㧘ߘࠇ߇੹ᓟᄌൻߔࠆ߆㧘ߤߩࠃ߁ߦᄌൻߒߡ޿ߊߩ߆㧘߹ߚవㅀߩᶏᄖ㔛ⷐ߇ߤ߁ߥࠆߩ߆ࠍᎼߞߡᵈⷞߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿⻉໧㗴߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㜞╬ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ߦኻߒߡߪ⽷᡽㕙ߢᄙᢙߩ࿶ജ߇߆߆ߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ ޕ‬㜞╬ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ߪ㕖Ᏹߦᄙ᭽ൻߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘࠾࡯߽࠭⇣ߥࠅ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚ⽷᡽㕙ߩ࿶ജߦ᭽‫ߥޘ‬ᣇᴺߢኻಣߔࠆߎߣߦ
ߥࠆߣᕁࠊࠇ߹ߔ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘ᦨᓟߦ㧘⃻࿷⸳┙ߐࠇߡ 14 ᐕ߇⚻ߞߚ⽷᡽ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞ߦߟ޿
ߡߩ໧㗴ߢߔ‫⽷ޕ‬᡽ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞ߩᓎഀߪ㧘੹ᓟ߆ߥࠅ㐳ᦼ⊛ߦ⷗ߡ㧘ᄌൻ߇ㆱߌࠄࠇߥ޿
ߢߒࠂ߁ߒ㧘໧㗴ߪᄌൻߦߟ޿ߡ⠨߃ࠆᤨᦼ㧘ฦᄢቇߩ⾗㊄⺞㆐ᣇᴺߩᄌൻߦߤߩࠃ߁ߦ
ኻᔕߔࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ᰴߦ㧘⑳ߪ⚻ᷣ࡮␠ળߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ߘߒߡ᡽ᐭ஥߆ࠄ⷗ߚ㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒߇⚻ᷣ࡮␠ળߦᨐߚ
ߔᓎഀߦߟ޿ߡ߅⹤ߒߒ߹ߔ‫⸒߇⑳ޕ‬෸ߒߚ⋡వߩ໧㗴ߪ㧘ᣂߚߥ᝼ᬺᢱ૕♽ߩዉ౉߇వ
ㅍࠅߐࠇߥ޿ߎߣ㧘ቇ↢߇޽ࠆ⡯ᬺߦ౉ࠆ਄ߢ㧘⾗ᩰขᓧߦᢙᐕ㑆ߩീቇᦼ㑆߇᳞߼ࠄࠇࠆߎߣࠍℂ↱ߦߘߩ⡯ᬺߩ㆏ࠍᢘ㆙ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߥ޿ࠃ߁⏕⹺ߔࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬ߘࠇߦ߽ขࠅ⚵ࠎߢ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㓹↪ਥߦࠃࠅᄙߊ㜞╬ᢎ⢒߳ᛩ⾗ߒߡ޿ߚߛߊᣇᴺߦߟ޿ߡ߽ᾲᔃߦขࠅ⚵ࠎߢ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬᝼ᬺᢱ㧔ߩេഥ㧕ߣ޿߁ቇ↢ᛩ⾗ߩ㗔ၞ߇޽ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘↢ᶦቇ⠌ߘߩઁߩᣇᴺߢᛩ⾗ߔࠆ૛࿾߇޽ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬㧘਄⸥ߩ໧㗴ࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆߚ
߼ߩࠣ࡝࡯ࡦࡍ࡯ࡄ࡯ࠍ૞ᚑߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫⚳ᦨޕ‬᳿ቯߪߥߐࠇߡ޿߹ߖࠎ߇㧘⃻࿷㧘㕖౏ᑼߦࠣ࡝࡯ࡦࡍ࡯ࡄ࡯ࠍ૞ᚑߒߡ޿ࠆߣߎࠈߢߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ߘࠇߢߪ㧘᡽ᐭ߇੹૗ࠍߔߴ߈߆㧘ઁߦ૗ࠍᬌ⸛ߒߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ߇㧘వ߶ߤㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘ࠃࠅഭ௛ࡌ࡯ࠬߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒߳ߩෳ↹ࠍ᜛ᄢߔࠆࠃ߁㧘ߤߩࠃ߁ߦᄙߊߩ
㓹↪ਥࠍ⺑ᓧߔࠆ߆ߦߟ޿ߡᬌ⸛ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫⧷߮ࠃ߅࠼ࡦ࡜ࠣࡦࠗޕ‬࿖ߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ߢߪ㧘ᣢߦᚑᨐࠍᓧߡ޿ࠆߣߎࠈߪᴛጊ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߚߒ߁ߘޕ‬ข⚵ߺߦߪ዁᧪ᕈ߇޽ࠅ㧘㓹↪
ਥߦࠃࠆቇ↢߳ߩᡰេ᜛ᄢ㧘㓹↪ਥߦᄢቇࠍᵴ↪ߒߚᓥᬺຬߩ♽⛔⊛ߥ⛮⛯⡯ᬺ⢒ᚑࠍᅑബߔࠆ㧘㧻㧶㨀ࠍታᣉߔࠆ㓹↪ਥߦߘࠇࠄ⸠✵ࠍᄢቇߦᏫዻߐߖࠆߎߣࠍᅑബߔࠆߎߣߥ
ߤ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬㧘ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬㧘ࡈࠔࡦ࠺࡯࡚ࠪࡦ࡮࠺ࠖࠣ࡝࡯㧔foundation degree㧕㧘ߎࠇߪ⡯ᬺቇ૏ߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߥߩߢߔ߇㧘ߘߒߡࡄ࡯࠻࠲ࠗࡓቇ⠌ߩ᜛ᄢߥߤߩᣇ㊎ࠍ⛮⛯⊛ߦᬌ⸛ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ߎࠇߪ㧘ᛛ⢻߇↢↥ᕈߣ਎⇇ฦ࿖ߩᚑ㐳ߦነਈߔࠆߣ޿߁㧘EU ߩ࡝ࠬࡏࡦ࡮ࠕࠫࠚࡦ࠳

ߣߒߡ⍮ࠄࠇࠆ⺖㗴ߦߟߥ߇ߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬᰷Ꮊౝߢߪ࡝ࠬࡏࡦ࡮ࠕࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߣ๭߫ࠇࠆߎ
ࠇߪ㧘ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐஥ߢ૗߇ឭଏߐࠇࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ଏ⛎ਥዉဳߢߪߥߊ㧘㔛ⷐਥዉဳߢᢎ⢒ឭଏࠍ⊒ዷߐߖࠆࠃ߁ߦോ߼ࠆߎߣࠍ൘߼ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᛛ⢻ߩ⊒ዷࠍଦㅴߒ଻⸽ߔࠆߚ߼㧘ࠃࠅᐢ▸ߦ㓹↪ਥࡌ࡯ࠬߩቇ⠌߿⸠✵ߦઃടଔ୯ࠍਈ߃ࠆߣหᤨߦ⹺⸽ߔࠆ⹜ߺ߽ⴕ߁ߎߣ߽
ᅑബߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ߎࠇࠄ৻ㅪߩᜰ៰ߦߪ㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒߳ߩ㑐ਈ߇ૐ޿࿾ၞߩ․ቯߣ޿߁ᦝߥࠆ஥㕙߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ోޕ‬࿖⊛ߦ߆ߥࠅ߫ࠄߟ߈߇ߺࠄࠇ߹ߔ߇㧘නߦߘߩ࿾ၞߢᄢቇ߇ਇ⿷ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇
ේ࿃ߩ႐ว߽޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫߽ߦઁޕ‬࿾ℂ⊛ߥ໧㗴㧘␠ળ㐿⊒㧘㓹↪㐿⊒ߩᐲว޿ߥߤ㧘࿾ၞᩰᏅ߇↢ߓࠆℂ↱ߪ᭽‫ߒ߆ߒޕߔߢޘ‬㧘⛮⛯ᢎ⢒ࠍㅢߒߡ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ࠍឭଏߔࠆᣇᴺࠍ⏕┙ߔࠆߎߣ㧘ࠪ࠶ࠢࠬࡈࠜ࡯ࡓ࡮ࠞ࡟࠶ࠫ㧔sixth form colleges㧕ߪߎߩߚ߼ߦ޽ࠆࠊߌߢߔ߇㧘ෳ↹₸߇ૐ޿࿾඙ߦଏ⛎૕೙ࠍ▽ߊߎߣ߇ᚒ‫ߩޘ‬⠨߃ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ૐᚲᓧߩࡄ࡯࠻࠲ࠗࡓቇ↢߇೑↪ߢ߈ࠆⲢ⾗೙ᐲߦᐞࠄ߆ᄌᦝࠍട߃㧘ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐߇೑↪น⢻ߥⲢ⾗೙ᐲߦ߽ᐞࠄ߆ߩᄌ
ᦝࠍട߃ࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘ࡄ࡯࠻࠲ࠗࡓߩቇ⠌ࠍᅑബߒ㧘ㇺᏒ෸߮࿾ၞߩ⊒ዷࠍᡰេߔࠆᒻ
ߢ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚᵴേࠍߔߴߡ⛔วߒࠃ߁ߣ⹜ߺߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ੱญᄌൻ߇ਇ೑ߦ૞↪ߒߡ޿ࠆ⁁ᴫߢㅴቇ₸ࠍะ਄ߐߖࠆߣ޿߁⍴ᦼ⊛ߥ⺖㗴߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬೨ㅀߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘ߘࠇࠍታ⃻ߔࠆߦߪ੍▚ߦ೙⚂߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㔛ⷐߪ޽ࠆ⒟ᐲ⛽ᜬߒߡ޿߹ߔ߇㧘⾗㊄ߦߪ㒢ࠅ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢቇߩ᝼ᬺᢱᒁ߈਄ߍߪ㧘᡽ᐭߩᅑቇ㊄߳ߩ᜚಴ࠍᷫࠄߔߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ߢߪߥ޿㧘ߣ᡽ᐭߪ⏕⚂ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬㧘ᢎ⢒߳ߩ౏⊛Ⲣ⾗ߣ޿߁໧㗴ߦ㑐ߒߡ㧘᡽ᐭ㧔ᚒ‫ޘ‬㧕߇ߎߩ౏⚂ࠍ቞ࠆߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߢߔ‫ޕ‬᡽ᐭߩઁߩㇱ㐷ߣߩදജߦࠃࠆข⚵ߺࠍ⛮⛯ߒߡ㧘⎇ⓥᵴേ߳ߩⲢ⾗ࠍჇ߿ߔߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߢߔ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘ቇ↢߇೑↪น⢻ߥ᝼ᬺᢱߩⲢ⾗೙ᐲߦචಽߥ⵬ഥ㊄߇ᡰ⛎ߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ߚ߼㧘ቇ↢ᡰេ᜛ᄢߩߚ߼ߩࠦࠬ࠻ࠍ߹߆ߥ߁ᣇᴺࠍᮨ⚝ߔࠆߎߣ߽ᔅⷐߢߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬߹ߚ㧘ᢎ⢒࡮ቇ⠌ߩᅑബࠍߤߩࠃ߁ߦ⛮⛯ߔࠆ߆ࠍ㧘⑳߇⸅ࠇߥ߆ߞߚᚢ⇛⊛໧㗴ࠍ฽߼ߡᬌ⸛ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘৻ㇱߩ⑼⋡ߪ㧘㑐ᔃ߽㔛ⷐ߽ૐਅߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇
ⷰኤߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫⊒ࠍ⋡⑼ߚߒ߁ߘޕ‬ዷߐߖࠆᣇᴺ㧘ଏ⛎ਥዉߦߥࠄߕߦଦㅴߔࠆᣇᴺ㧘ࠕࠢ࠮ࠬ߿ෳ↹ߩ᜛ᄢࠍ⛯ߌࠆᣇᴺ㧘⎇ⓥⲢ⾗ߩข⚵ߺࠍ೨ㅴߐߖࠆߎߣ㧘㚂⋧ߩᰴߩࠗ࠾ࠪࠕ࠴ࡉ㧘ߟ߹ࠅ⇐ቇ↢߅ࠃ߮ቇ↢ᡰេ⾌ߦ㑐ߔࠆ㚂⋧ߩࠗ࠾ࠪࠕ࠴ࡉߩ╙ੑᲑ㓏ࠍታ
⃻ߔࠆᣇᴺ㧘ߘߒߡᦨᓟߦᚒ‫ߡߞߣߦޘ‬㊀ⷐ߆ߟᣂߚߥข⚵ߺߣߥࠆ㧘2012 ᐕߦࡠࡦ࠼ࡦ
ߢ㐿௅ߐࠇࠆࠝ࡝ࡦࡇ࠶ࠢ߳ߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒⇇ߩነਈߩផㅴߣ޿ߞߚ໧㗴߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ߘߒߡ㧘ᦝߦዋߒవࠍ⷗ᝪ߃㧘2009 ᐕߦㆡ↪ߐࠇࠆ᝼ᬺᢱᒁ߈਄ߍߦኻߔࠆ᡽╷ߩ࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ࠍ૞ᚑߔࠆߩߢߔ߇㧘ߘߩᐕߦߪ㧘ᰴߦ૗߇⿠ߎࠆߩ߆㧘᡽╷߇ᚑഞߒߚ߆ߤ߁߆㧘ߘ߁ߢ޽ࠇ߫ߘߩᓟߪߤ߁ߥࠆߩ߆ࠍ⠨߃ࠆᆔຬળ߇⸳┙ߐࠇ㧘ᚑഞߒߡ޿ߥߌࠇ߫ߤ߁

ߥࠆߩ߆ߦߟ޿ߡߩ⺞ᩏ㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩ૶๮ߩᄙ᭽ൻߣ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩ⾗㊄േะߩಽᢔൻߩᅑബ㧘ᢎ⢒࠮ࠢ࠲࡯ߩ⥄ਥᕈ᜛ᄢ߳ߩข⚵ߺ㧘ࠣࡠ࡯ࡃ࡞ൻ߇㜞╬ᢎ⢒㧘ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐㧘ࠞ࡝ࠠࡘ࡜
ࡓ㧘ቇ↢㧘ࠊ߇࿖ߦᄢ޿ߦ᳞߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ↢↥ᕈะ਄ߥߤߦߟ޿ߡᬌ⸛ߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠅ߹
ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ᚒ߇࿖ߢߪዞᬺ₸ߪ㜞޿ߩߢߔ߇㧘↢↥ᕈߪૐ޿ߩ߇⃻⁁ߢߔ‫߇ࠇߘޕ‬వㅴ࿖ߩᜬ
⛯น⢻ߥ⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ၮ⋚ߣߒߡ߰ߐࠊߒ޿ߣߪᚒ‫ߪޘ‬⠨߃ߡ޿߹ߖࠎ‫ߘߎࠄ߆ߛޕ‬㧘↢↥ᕈะ਄ߦነਈߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߩߢߔ‫ੱޕ‬ญ⛔⸘਄㧘2011 ᐕࠍࡇ࡯ࠢߦᣣᧄߣหߓࠃ߁ߦ⧯⠪ߩੱญ߇ᷫዋߔࠆߩߢ㧘ߘࠇߦ߽ኻᔕߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬㧘ᣣᧄߣ౒᦭ߢ߈
ࠆ⚻㛎ߪߚߊߐࠎ޽ࠅ߹ߔߒ㧘ᣣᧄ߆ࠄቇ߱ߴ߈੐߽ߚߊߐࠎ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߏᷡ⡬޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⧷࿖᡽ᐭߩᦨᄢߩ㑐ᔃ੐ߦߟ޿ߡ߅߅߻ߨᓮℂ⸃޿ߚߛߌࠇ߫ᐘ޿ߢߔ‫ޕߚߒ߹޿ߑߏ߁ߣ߇ࠅ޽ޕ‬

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⍮⼂⚻ᷣߦ߅ߌࠆ࿖ኅ⊛⊒ዷߩߚ߼ߩᄢቇࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ߣ᡽╷ߣߩ㑐ଥၮ⺞⻠Ṷ㧝‫ޟ‬ᣣᧄߩᄢቇߩ᜸ᚢ‫ޠ‬⋧ Ỉ ⋉ ↵  ࿖ ┙ ᄢ ቇ ද ળ ળ 㐳 㧛 ᧲ ੩ Ꮏ ᬺ ᄢ ቇ 㐳  ̪ ࠬ ࡜ ࠗ ࠼ P101㨪 107ၮ⺞⻠Ṷ㧞‫ ޟ‬㜞 ╬ ᢎ ⢒ ߦ ߅ ߌ ࠆ ⎇ ⓥ 㧔 ฽ ߻ 㧾 㧭 㧱 2008㧕 ߣ ⍮ ⼂ ⒖ ォ ᡽ ╷ ߇ ᦭ ߔ ࠆ ࠗ ࡦ ࡄ ࠢ ࠻ ‫ޠ‬Rama Thirunamachandran㧘ࠗ ࡦ ࠣ ࡜ ࡦ ࠼ 㜞 ╬ ᢎ ⢒ ⽷ ᡽ ࠞ ࠙ ࡦ ࠪ ࡞ (HEFCE) ⎇ ⓥ ࡮ ⍮ ⼂ ⒖ ォ ᜂ ᒰ ㇱ 㐳̪ ࠬ ࡜ ࠗ ࠼ P109㨪 116

ࡕ࠺࡟࡯࠲࡯㧦ᧄ㑆᡽㓶 ᄢቇ⹏ଔ࡮ቇ૏᝼ਈᯏ᭴࿖㓙ㅪ៤࠮ࡦ࠲࡯㐳


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޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ߪߢࠇߘޕ‬㧘ᣧㅦࡈࠜ࡯࡜ࡓࠍߪߓ߼ߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈ߚ޿ߣሽ
ߓ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ඦ೨ਛߪ╙৻ㇱߣ޿ߚߒ߹ߒߡ㧘‫ޟ‬⍮⼂⚻ᷣߦ߅ߌࠆ࿖ኅ⊛⊒ዷߩߚ߼ߩᄢቇࡑࡀ
ࠫࡔࡦ࠻ߣ᡽╷ߣߩ㑐ଥ‫ޠ‬㧘ߎࠇࠍ࠹࡯ࡑߣ޿ߚߒ߹ߒߡ㧘߅ੑᣇࠃࠅၮ⺞⻠Ṷࠍ߅㗿޿ߔࠆߎߣߣߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫৻╙ޕ‬ㇱߢߪ㧘ᄢቇ⹏ଔ࡮ቇ૏᝼ਈᯏ᭴࿖㓙ㅪ៤࠮ࡦ࠲࡯㐳ߩᧄ㑆᡽㓶ᢎ᝼ߦࡕ࠺࡟࡯࠲࡯ࠍ߅㗿޿ߔࠆߎߣߣ޿ߚߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ᧄޕ‬㑆ᢎ᝼㧘ࠃࠈߒߊ߅㗿޿↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᧄ㑆ߏ⚫੺޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚᧄ㑆ߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ඦ೨ਛߩ࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦߩࡕ࠺࡟࡯࠲࡯ߣ޿߁ߎ
ߣߢ㧘ᓎഀࠍᨐߚߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈ߚ޿ߣሽߓ߹ߔ‫ߪߢࠇߘޕ‬ᣧㅦߢߔ߇㧘ᦨೋߦၮ⺞⻠Ṷߩ࠻࠶ࡊࡃ࠶࠲࡯ߣ޿ߚߒ߹ߒߡ㧘᧲੩Ꮏᬺᄢቇߩቇ㐳ߢ࿖┙ᄢቇදળળ㐳ࠍദ߼ࠄࠇߡ
߅ࠄࠇ߹ߔ⋧Ỉ⋉↵వ↢ߦ‫ޟ‬ᣣᧄߩᄢቇߩ᜸ᚢ‫ߣޠ‬㗴ߒ߹ߒߡ㧘30 ಽ⒟㧘ߏ⻠Ṷࠍ߅㗿޿ߒߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫⋧ޕ‬Ỉవ↢㧘ࠃࠈߒߊ߅㗿޿޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬⋧Ỉ‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧝‫ޤ‬ᐳ㐳ߩᧄ㑆వ↢㧘ߏ⚫੺޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᣣ⧷㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ㑐ߔࠆදജࡊࡠࠣ࡜
ࡓ੩ㇺࡈࠜ࡯࡜ࡓ 2006 ߩၮ⺞⻠Ṷࠍⴕ߃ࠆߎߣࠍ㧘ߚ޿߳ࠎሜߒߊశᩕߦሽߓ߹ߔ‫ߪ⑳ޕ‬ᣣᧄߩᄢቇߩ᜸ᚢߦߟ޿ߡ߅⹤ߒ޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧞‫ޤ‬
21 ਎♿ೋ㗡㧘␠ળߪ⍮⼂ൻߣࠣࡠ࡯ࡃ࡞ൻ߇ㅴዷߒ㧘ᄢ߈ߥᄌൻࠍㆀߍߡ޿ࠆߣ⹺⼂ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬⍮⼂␠ળߢߪ㧘⍮⼂ߩഃㅧ㧘ขᓧ㧘౒᦭߇ਇนᰳߢߔ‫⑼ޕ‬ቇᛛⴚߩᄢ߈ߥㅴ
ᱠߦࠃࠅ㧘⃻ઍ␠ળߪ⼾߆ߢଢ೑ߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫⚻ޕ‬ᷣᚑ㐳ߦᄢ߈ߊ⽸₂ߒ߹ߒߚ߇㧘ࡑࠗ࠽ࠬߩᓇ㗀߇ήⷞߢ߈ߥߊߥࠅ㧘ੱ㘃␠ળߣ࿾⃿ⅣႺ߳ߩ⢿ᆭ߇↢ߓߡ޿߹ߔ‫⃻ޕ‬ઍ␠ળ߇㧘᜸ᚢߣᜬ⛯น⢻ᕈߦ⋥㕙ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍ⹺⼂ߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘ᜬ⛯น⢻ߥ⊒ዷߦߪ㧘ࡂࠗ࡟ࡌ࡞ߩᛛ⢻ߣ⍮⼂߇ᔅⷐߥߩߢߔ‫ࠄ߇ߥߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬㧘㓸ਛ⊛ߦ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ࠍᕆ᜛ᄢߔࠆᯏળࠍᓧࠄࠇߡ޿߹ߖࠎ‫⃻ޕ‬ઍ␠ળߢߪ㧘వ┵ᖱႎㅢାᛛⴚߩ⊒㆐ߦࠃࠅࡏ࡯࠳࡟ࠬൻ߇ㅴߺ㧘߆ߟߡߥ޿߶ߤㅴᱠߒߚ⑼ቇᛛⴚ߇⋧੕ߦ㑐ㅪߒߚ਎⇇ߩ߅߆ߍߢ㧘ࠣࡠ࡯ࡃ࡞ൻ߽ᕆㅦߦㅴࠎߢ޿߹ߔ‫ߪࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯࠯࡝ࡃ࡯ࡠࠣޕ‬㧘⚻ᷣߛߌߢߪ
ߥߊᢥൻ߿ߘߩઁߩ஥㕙ߦ߽ᷓ޿ᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃߹ߒߚ‫⃻ޕ‬ઍ␠ળߢߪ㧘ⶄ㔀ߐߣᄙ᭽ൻ߇᜛
ᄢߐࠇ㧘࿖㓙┹੎ߩỗൻࠍ᜗޿ߚน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆߎߣߪ᣿ࠄ߆ߢߔ‫ࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯࠯࡝ࡃ࡯ࡠࠣޕ‬ߣ࠽࡚ࠪ࠽࡝࠭ࡓ㧘߹ߚߪࡠ࡯ࠞ࡝࠭ࡓࠍဋⴧߔࠆߎߣ㧘ߣߦ߆ߊ࿾ၞ␠ળߩဋⴧࠍ㆐ᚑ
ߔࠆߎߣߪ㧘㊀ⷐߥ໧㗴ߥߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧟‫ޤ‬਎⇇߇ᄢ߈ߊᄌൻߔࠆᤨઍߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬㜞╬ᢎ⢒߇࿖㓙┹੎ߦߣߞߡ⛘ኻਇนᰳߢ

޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⹺⼂ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ฦ࿖ߪ㧘਎⇇ᦨ㜞᳓Ḱߩᢎ⢒߅ࠃ߮⎇ⓥ᜚ὐߩᒻᚑߦ㑐ᔃ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫੹ޕ‬㧘ᄢቇ߇␠ળߣಾࠅ㔌ߐࠇߚሽ࿷ߢ޿ࠄࠇߥ޿ߎߣߪ㧘ℂ⸃ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬␠ળߣߩߟߥ߇ࠅߪ㧘ᄢቇߩၮᧄ⊛૶๮ߦ᣿⏕ߦଥࠊߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢቇ߇ⶄ㔀ൻߒ㧘ᄙ᭽ᕈ߅ࠃ߮ᜬ⛯น⢻ᕈߣ⸒ߞߚ໧㗴߆ࠄㅏࠇࠆߎߣߪ㧘޿߹߿ਇน⢻ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢቇߩ⎇ⓥ߅ࠃ߮ᢎ⢒᜚ὐߪ㧘ᄙߊߩ㊀ᄢߥ໧㗴ߦኻಣߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢቇߪ㧘੹ᓟߩ␠ળ
ߢടㅦߔࠆᄌൻ㧘ߘߒߡ㕟ᣂߦ߽ኻᔕߔߴ߈ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ቇ↢ࠍ฽߻ࠬ࠹࡯ࠢࡎ࡞࠳࡯㧔೑ኂ㑐ଥ⠪㧕㧘ߘߒߡ߽ߜࠈࠎડᬺ㧘౏౒ㇱ㐷㧘␠ળ߅ࠃ߮᡽ᐭߥߤߩ᜛ᄢߒߟߟ޽ࠆࠬ࠹࡯ࠢࡎ
࡞࠳࡯ߦኻߒ㧘⽿છࠍ⽶߁ߴ߈㊀ⷐߥ໧㗴ࠍ߽߁ 1 ߟขࠅ਄ߍߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧠‫ޤ‬࿖㓙┹੎ࠍᗐቯߒ㧘਎⇇ᦨ㜞᳓Ḱߩ⎇ⓥ߅ࠃ߮ᢎ⢒᜚ὐߩᒻᚑࠍ⋡ᜰߒߚᚢ⇛ࠍណ↪ߔࠆ࿖߇ᄙ޿ߎߣߪ㧘㆏ℂߦ߆ߥߞߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦᕁࠊࠇ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢቇᡷ㕟ߪ㧘ߘ߁ߒߚᚢ⇛ߢᦨ߽౒ㅢߦߺࠄࠇࠆߎߣߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߢᚢ⇛ߦᓥߞߡផㅴߐࠇߡ޿ࠆᄢቇᡷ㕟ߪ㧘㧠㗄⋡޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㧝ߟ⋡ߪ࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱൻߢߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬ᄢቇߩ⚻༡ᡷ㕟ߦ޽ߚࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㧞ߟ⋡ߪ㧘਎⇇ᦨ㜞᳓Ḱߩᢎ⢒߅ࠃ߮⎇ⓥ᜚ὐߩᒻᚑ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬ᄢቇߦߣߞߡᢙᄙߊߩ⺖㗴߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭߇ᡰេߔࠆࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩ৻ߟߦ㧘21 ਎♿ COE ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㧟ߟ⋡ߪ㧘⾰ߩะ਄ࠍ⋡ᜰߒߚᄢቇᡷ㕟ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ߪ㧘੐೨ⷙ೙߆ࠄ੐ᓟ⊛ߥࡕ࠾࠲࡝ࡦ
ࠣ߳ߩ᡽╷ォ឵ࠍⴕߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘޽ࠄࠁࠆⷙ೙✭๺ߩ஥㕙ߦၮߠ޿ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㧠ߟ⋡ߪ⍮⊛⽷↥ᚢ⇛ߣ↥ቇㅪ៤ߢߔ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ㅪ៤૞ᬺߪ㧘✚ว⑼ቇᛛⴚળ⼏㧔CSTP㧕㧘ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭߅ࠃ߮⚻ᷣ↥ᬺ⋭߇ࠗ࠾ࠪࠕ࠴ࡉࠍߣߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧡‫ޤ‬ߢߪ㧘࿖┙ᄢቇᡷ㕟ߩⷞὐ߆ࠄ⷗ߡ޿߈ߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱൻߩਥߥ⋡⊛ߪ㧘࿖㓙┹੎ജߩ޽ࠆ਎⇇ᦨ㜞᳓Ḱߩᢎ⢒⎇ⓥ᜚ὐߩᒻᚑߦ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫⃻ޕ‬࿷㧘࿖┙ᄢቇߪ㧘ᄢ
ቇᲤߦ․⦡ࠍឝߍ㧘߹ߐߦ࿖㓙┹੎ജߩ޽ࠆᄢቇߠߊࠅߦขࠅ⚵ࠎߢ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ฦ࿖┙ᄢቇ
ᴺੱߪ㧘ᚢ⇛⊛ߥㆇ༡૕೙ࠍታ⃻ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘࿖᳃ߣ␠ળߦ⺑᣿⽿છࠍᨐߐߨ߫ߥࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫ߪ࡯࠳࡞ࡎࠢ࡯࠹ࠬߩޘ‬㕖Ᏹߦᄙ᭽ߢ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘╙ਃ⠪⹏ଔߦ߽⋥㕙ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧢㧘㧣‫ޤ‬ߎࠇߪ࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱߩ Plan-Do-Check-Act㧔PDCA㧕ࠨࠗࠢ࡞೙ᐲߦ㑐ߔࠆ⚵❱࿑ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ฦᄢቇߪ㧘ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ߩ࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱ⹏ଔᆔຬળߣද⼏ߒߟߟਛᦼ⋡ᮡ࡮ਛᦼ⸘↹ࠍ╷ቯߒ߹ߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ᐕᐲ⸘↹ࠍ⸳ቯߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠅ㧘⹏ଔᆔຬળ߇ߘߩታ⃻ࠍ⹏ଔߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ߦࠃࠆ⹏ଔߦᔕߓߡ㧘ฦᄢቇߪኻᔕߒ㧘ታⴕߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߩߢߔ‫߇ࠇߎޕ‬࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱߩ᭴ㅧߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢቇߦߪቇ㐳ߣᓎຬળ㧘⚻༡ද⼏ળߣᢎ⢒⎇ⓥ⹏⼏ળ߇⸳ߌࠄ
ࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ቇౝߩቇㇱળวߪ㧘࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱߩᣇะᕈߦᓥߞߡ௅ߐࠇ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬㧘⥄↱ߥᄢቇߩㆇ༡૕೙ࠍ⏕┙ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠅ㧘ߎࠇߎߘ߇࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱ߇ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭߆ࠄ⥄ਥᕈ࡮⥄ᓞᕈࠍᓧߡ޿ࠆℂ↱ߥߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧤‫ޤ‬ߐࠄߦ㧘ᢎ⡯ຬోຬ߇࿖ኅ౏ോຬߩりಽߢߪߥߊߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱߩ೙ᐲߦ߅
޿ߡߪ㧘ቇ㐳ߦࠃࠆ࠻࠶ࡊ࠳࠙ࡦᑼߥㆇ༡߇ࡌ࡯ࠬߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ቇ㐳ߪ㧘ℂᔨ⴫᣿ࠍ᣿␜
ߒ㧘࡝࡯࠳࡯ߣߒߡᚢ⇛⊛ߥㆇ༡ࠍⴕࠊߨ߫ߥࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ᄢቇᡷ㕟ߦࠃࠅ㧘ᗧᕁ᳿ቯࡊࡠ
࠮ࠬߪ㧘߆ߥࠅടㅦൻߐࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬㧘࿖᳃߳ߩ⺑᣿⽿છ߇᣿⏕ߣߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ࠇߘޕ‬ߢߪ㧘ฦ࿖┙ᄢቇߩᚢ⇛⊛ߥㆇ༡ߩ⺖㗴ߣߪߤࠎߥߎߣߢߒࠂ߁߆‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧥‫ޤ‬ᄢቇᡷ㕟ߪ㧘᡽ᐭ߇ㅴ߼ࠆ᭴ㅧᡷ㕟ߣ߆ߥࠅߖ߼߉޽ߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬㧘ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭߆ࠄㆇ༡⾌੤ઃ㊄ࠍฃߌߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ㆇ༡⾌੤ઃ㊄ߪᲤᐕ೥ᷫߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߘޕ‬ߩߚ߼੍▚೥ᷫߪ㧘ฦ࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱߦᭂ߼ߡᷓೞߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫⁁ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ᴫߦ߅޿ߡ෰ᐕ㧘ౝ㑑ߪੱઙ⾌೥ᷫߩ㧡ᐕ⸘↹ࠍ╷ቯߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬㧘㧡ᐕ⸘↹ߦขࠅ⚵߹ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߩߢߔ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬㧘ߤߜࠄߦߒߡ߽਄⸥ߩᚢ⇛⊛ߥᄢቇ⚻༡૕೙ࠍ⏕┙ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߩߢߔ‫᧲ޕ‬੩Ꮏᬺᄢቇߢߪ㧘ᢎຬߣ੐ോ♽⡯ຬࠍ⛔วߒ㧘⎇ⓥᚢ⇛ቶ㧘ߘߩઁᄙߊߩᚢ⇛ቶࠍ⸳⟎ߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᄙߊߩ࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱߪ㧘⚻༡ߩᄖㇱኾ㐷ኅࠍណ↪ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫᧚ੱޕ‬⢒ᚑߦߟ޿ߡ߽ᄢ߈ߥ㑐ᔃࠍᜬߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱߩ⽷᡽ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ߽㕖Ᏹߦ㊀ⷐߢߔ‫ޕ‬వㅀߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ߩ⵬ഥ㊄㧘ㆇ༡⾌੤ઃ㊄߇޽ࠅ㧘ߎߩ੤ઃ㊄ߪ㧘߆ߥࠅ⥄↱ߦᡰ಴ߢ߈߹ߔ‫߽ߢࠇߘߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᄙዋߩ໧㗴ߪ޽ࠅ߹ߔ߇㧘ߎߩ੤ઃ㊄ߪᚒ‫ߦޘ‬ᨵエᐲࠍ߽ߚࠄߒߡߊࠇ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ฦ࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱߪ
ᄢቇߩ෼౉㧘ᄖㇱ߆ࠄߩ⾗㊄⺞㆐㧘ߘߩઁ෼౉ࠍჇ߿ߔᔅⷐߦㄼࠄࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱߩ Plan-Do-Check-Act ೙ᐲߩ⹤ߦ߹ߚᚯࠅ߹ߔ߇㧘ฦ࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱߪ㧘ℂᔨࠍ᣿␜ߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘৻ㅪߩ⋡ᮡࠍ⸳ቯߔࠆࠃ߁ㄼࠄࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ฦ࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱߩᬺ❣ߪ㧘ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ߩ⹏ଔᆔຬળߦࠃࠆ⹏ଔࠍฃߌ߹ߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘࿖᳃߳ߩ⺑᣿⽿છࠍ߈ߜࠎߣ଻⸽ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᴺੱߪߔߴߡ㧘ߢ߈ࠆ㒢ࠅᖱႎࠍ㐿␜ߔࠆࠃ߁᳞߼ࠄࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ᢎ⢒߅ࠃ߮⎇ⓥߩ᳓Ḱᡷༀࠍ⋡ᜰߒߚขࠅ⚵ߺߪߔߢߦ߅⹤ߒߒ߹ߒߚ߇㧘ߣߦ߆ߊฦ
࿖┙ᄢቇߪᄢቇᲤߦ․⦡޽ࠆఝࠇߚ߽ߩߦߟ޿ߡℂᔨ⴫᣿ࠍߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬㧘╙৻ߦᢎ⢒㕙ߩఝ⑲ᕈࠍะ਄ߐߖࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ߪ㧘․⦡޽ࠆᄢቇᢎ⢒ᡰេࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߢ޽ࠆ㧘․⦡ GP ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍᡰេߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬GP㧔good practice㧕ߪ㕖Ᏹߦࠃ޿೙ᐲߢߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ਛᄩᢎ⢒ክ⼏ળߢᢎ⢒ߦߟ޿ߡ⸒෸ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޟޕ‬㝯ജ޽ࠆᄢቇ㒮ᢎ⢒ࠗ࠾ࠪࠕ࠴ࡉ‫ߪޠ‬㧘੹ᐕ㧘ߘߒߡߎࠇ߆ࠄᢙᐕ㑆ߦ߅ߌࠆ㊀ⷐߥࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ
ߢߔ‫ࠎࠈߜ߽ޕ‬㧘࿖㓙ද⺞㧘ߥࠄ߮ߦᢎ⢒ߩ↥ቇㅪ៤ࠍᒝൻߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥ㕙
ߩㅪ៤ߢߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫↥ޕ‬ᬺߣᄢቇ㑆ߩㅪ៤ߪ㊀ⷐߢߔ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬㧘ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ߪ㧘↥ᬺ⇇ߣߩᄢቇ㒮↢ࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊࠍᡰេߔࠆᣂⷙࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍ㐿ᆎߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ߘߩ߶߆ߩ᜸ᚢߪ㧘ᢎ⢒߅ࠃ߮⎇ⓥ㕙ߢఝࠇߚ߽ߩࠍㆬቯߒᡷༀߔࠆߎߣߢߔ‫ߩ⦡․ޕ‬ᒝൻߣ࿾ၞ␠ળ߳ߩ⽸₂ߢߔ‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬㧘ฦ࿖┙ᄢቇߪ㧘ᢎ⢒㕙㧘ᢥൻ߅ࠃ߮↥ᬺߦ߅޿ߡ࿾ၞ␠ળߦ⽸₂ߔࠆ૶๮ࠍᜬߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬㧘߽ߜࠈࠎ਎⇇ᦨ㜞᳓Ḱߩᢎ⢒߅ࠃ߮⎇ⓥ᜚ὐߩᒻᚑࠍᒝߊផㅴߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ߪ㧘⚛᥍ࠄߒ޿ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ㧘ߟ
߹ࠅ 21 ਎♿ COE㧔center of excellence㧕ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍ⸳⟎ߒ߹ߒߚ‫⃻ޕ‬࿷㧘10 ⒳㘃ߩ⎇ⓥಽ㊁ࠍኻ⽎ߦ 246 ઙߩ COE ߇⸳ቯߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬COE ߪᄢቇౝߦ⚵❱ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬਄⸥ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߪ㧘ᄢቇߩ⎇ⓥߥࠄ߮ߦᢎ⢒ߩࠗࡦࡈ࡜ࠍ⽷᡽ᡰេߔࠆߣ޿߁㕖Ᏹߦ⥝๧ᷓ޿․ᓽࠍᜬߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߢᄢቇߩࠗࡦࡈ࡜ࠍᡰេߒ
ߚೋߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߛߣ⑳ߪℂ⸃ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘COE ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠃࠅ߽ⷙᮨ߇ᄙዋᄢ߈
޿㧘ࠬ࡯ࡄ࡯COE ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ߽ሽ࿷ߒ߹ߔ‫߽ࠇߎޕ‬ห᭽ߦᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭߇ᡰេߔࠆ੐ᬺߢߔ‫ޕ‬ߘߩߚ߼㧘ߎ߁ߒߚ᜸ᚢࠍㅢߓߡ㧘਎⇇࠻࠶ࡊࠢ࡜ࠬߩᄢቇߩᒻᚑࠍᒝൻߒߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢ
޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬↥ቇㅪ៤ߩផㅴߦ㑐ߒߡ㧘◲නߦ⸅ࠇߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ ޕ‬ౝ㑑ߪ㧘ࠊ߇࿖ߩ⍮⊛⽷↥ᚢ⇛ࠍ╷ቯߒ߹ߒߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ᚢ⇛ߦᓥ޿㧘ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ߣ⚻ᷣ↥ᬺ⋭ߪ㧘ᄢቇߩ IP ᚢ⇛ߩផㅴᚢ⇛ࠍቯ߼߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᄙߊߩᄢቇߪ㧘ቇౝߦ TLO ߿ IP ᧄㇱࠍ⸳ߌ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱൻߩ೨㧘
ฦᄢቇ߇․⸵ࠍ⋥ធᚲ᦭ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߖࠎߢߒߚ‫ޕ‬࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱᓟߪ㧘IP㧘․⸵࡜ࠗ
࠮ࡦࠬ㧘ߚߣ߃߫․⸵ታᣉᮭ⠪ߪ㧘ฦ࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱߦᏫዻߒ߹ߔ‫߇ࠇߎޕ‬ᄢቇᴺੱౝߦ IPᧄㇱࠍ⸳⟎ߒߚℂ↱ߢߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘ߎߩ⒳ߩ IP ᚢ⇛ߦኻᔕߔࠆㄭ㆏ߥߩߢߔ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬㧘ฦᄢቇߪ㧘↥ᬺߣㅪ៤ߔࠆࡊ࡜࠶࠻ࡈࠜ࡯ࡓᒻᚑߦ߹ߐߦขࠅ⚵ࠎߢ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ਥߥ໧㗴ὐߪ㧘⍮⼂ࠍᛛⴚ㕟ᣂߦߤߩࠃ߁ߦ⒖ォߔࠆ߆ߢߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬ᰴߩ╙㧟ᦼ⑼ቇᛛⴚၮᧄ⸘↹ߦߣߞߡ㧘✚ว⑼ቇᛛⴚળ⼏㧔CSTP㧕ߩ㊀ⷐߥ໧㗴ߢߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ᄙߊߩᄢቇߪ㧘↥ቇㅪ៤ߩᨒ⚵ߺࠍ⸳⟎ߒ㧘↥ቇㅪ៤ߩᣂߒ޿ࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ߹ߐߦផㅴߒߡ޿ࠆߣߎࠈߢߔ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬ᄙߊߩᄢቇߪ㧘ࡌࡦ࠴ࡖ࡯ડᬺࠍᡰេߔࠆ೙ᐲࠍ߹ߐߦ⸳ቯߒߚߣߎࠈߢߔ‫ߪ⑳ޕ‬㧘ߎ߁ߒߚㅪ៤
ߩᒻߦ㊀ⷐߥ㕙ࠍ޽ߣ߽߁৻ߟട߃ࠆߎߣߦߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᢎ⢒㕙ߩ↥ቇㅪ៤ߢߔ‫ߪߟߣ߭ޕ‬ኾ㐷⡯ᄢቇ㒮ߢߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬೙ᐲߪ㧞ᐕ೨߆ࠄᆎ߹ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ኾ㐷⡯ᄢቇ㒮⸳┙ߦࠃࠅ㧘ડᬺߣ↥ᬺߩߟߥ߇ࠅߪᒝߊߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬೨ㅀߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘↥ᬺౝߢߩ㐳ᦼࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߪ㧘ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭߇ᡰេߔࠆࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߢߜࠂ߁ߤᆎ߹ߞߚ߫߆ࠅߢߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ߘߒߡᦨᓟߦ㧘᳓Ḱะ਄ࠍ⋡ᜰߒߚᄢቇᡷ㕟ߦ⸅ࠇࠃ߁ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ߪ㧘੐೨࠴ࠚ࠶ࠢࠍ✭๺ߒߡ㧘੐ᓟࡕ࠾࠲࡝ࡦࠣࠍታᣉߔࠆᣇ㊎ࠍណᛯߒ߹ߒߚ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘ⷙ೙✭๺ߦࠃࠅᄢቇ⸳⟎߇⥄↱ൻߐࠇࠆߎߣߦၮߠ޿ߡ޿߹ߔ‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬㧘ⷙ೙✭๺߇߆ߥࠅ
ㅴ߻ߣ㧘⑳ߪℂ⸃ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߘߎࠄ߆ߛޕ‬㧘ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬੐೨࠴ࠚ࠶ࠢߣ੐ᓟࡕ࠾࠲࡝ࡦࠣߩࡃ
࡜ࡦࠬࠍ଻ߟᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢቇ⹺⸽⹏ଔߩ⟵ോൻߪ㧞ᐕ೨ߦࠬ࠲࡯࠻ߒ߹ߒߚ‫ߘޕ‬ߒߡ㧘㧟ߟߩ⹺⸽⹏ଔᯏ㑐߇⹺⸽ߐࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘ฦᄢቇ㧘ߟ߹ࠅ࿖┙ᄢቇߛߌߢߪ

ߥߊ⑳┙߅ࠃ߮౏┙ᄢቇߪ㧘㧣ᐕ㑆ߦ㧝ᐲ⹺⸽⹏ଔᯏ㑐ߦࠃࠆ⹏ଔࠍฃߌߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ
ߊߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱߟ߹ࠅ࿖┙ᄢቇߪ㧘ਛᦼ⊛㧘ߟ߹ࠅ㧢ᐕߦ㧝ᐲ⹏ଔࠍฃߌࠆߎߣߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘⹺⸽⹏ଔߣߪ೎ߩ⹏ଔߢߔ‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬㧘⃻࿷㧘࿖㓙⊛ߦߺߡ᦭ലᕈࠍ଻⸽ߔࠆ㊀ᄢߥዪ㕙ߦ⋥㕙ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬਎⇇ਛߢቇ↢ߩ⒖േ߇Ⴧ߃ߡ޿ࠆ
ߚ߼㧘࿖㓙ᢎ⢒ߩ㊀ⷐᕈߪ߆ߥࠅᒝߊߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ߎࠇߢ⻠Ṷౝኈࠍ✦߼ߊߊࠅߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߦ৻╙ޕ‬㧘ᄢ߈ߊᕆᄌൻߔࠆ␠ળߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ᄢቇߪ૶๮ࠍㆀⴕߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ᄢቇߪ㧘ቇ↢㧘␠ળ㧘↥ᬺ㧘ડᬺ㧘ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ߅ࠃ߮᡽ᐭߥߤ᜛ᄢߔࠆࠬ࠹࡯ࠢࡎ࡞࠳࡯ߩᄙ᭽ߥ࠾࡯࠭߳ߩኻᔕ߇᳞߼ࠄࠇߡ޿
߹ߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ᄢቇߩㆇ༡೙ᐲࠍㅴൻߐߖߥߌࠇ߫޿ߌ߹ߖࠎ‫߇✵⸠ࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޕ‬ᔅⷐߥߩߢߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘਎⇇ᦨ㜞᳓Ḱࠍ⋡ᜰߒᢎ⢒߅ࠃ߮⎇ⓥࠍᡷༀߔࠆߎߣ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬㧘↥ቇㅪ៤ࠍផㅴߒߡ㧘ᣂߒ޿ᛛⴚ㕟ᣂࠍᗐ௝ߔࠆࠃ߁ᒝߊ᳞߼ࠄࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߏᷡ⡬޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᧄ㑆⋧Ỉవ↢㧘ߤ߁߽޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ ߤ߁ࠂߜޕ‬30 ಽߢ⚳ࠊߞߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ߢߪ㧘ߎࠇ߆ࠄ࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦߦ⒖ࠅߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ߇㧘⧷⺆ߢ߽ᣣᧄ⺆ߢ߽⚿᭴ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ߏ⾰໧㧘ߏᗧ⷗㧘ࠦࡔࡦ࠻㧘૗ߢ߽⚿᭴ߢߔ߇㧘ᚻࠍ᜼ߍߡߏ⊒⸒ߊߛߐ޿‫ޕ‬⾰໧⠪੹ߩ⋧Ỉవ↢ߩ߅⹤ߢ㧘߿ߞ߬ࠅ࿖㓙⊛ߥቇ↢ߩᵹേᕈ㧔global student mobility㧕ߣ࿖Ⴚࠍ⿧߃ߚᢎ⢒㧔cross border education㧕ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇㧘㕖Ᏹߦ᣿⏕ߥᣇ㊎ߣߒߡ߅ߞߒ
߾ߞߡਅߐߞߡ㧘ߎࠇߪᔃᒝ޿ᰴ╙ߢߔ‫ߪߩߔ߹ߒ↳ߣޕ‬㧘ᚒ‫ߪ❱⚵ߩޘ‬㧘߿ߞ߬ࠅ࿖㓙⎇ⓥᯏ㑐㧘╳ᵄߦߏߑ޿߹ߔ‛ℂߩ⎇ⓥᯏ㑐ߢߔߩߢ㧘㕖Ᏹߦߚߊߐࠎߩᄖ࿖߆ࠄ⎇ⓥ⠪߇ᣣᧄߦ᧪ࠆߩߢߔߨ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥ⠪࡟ࡌ࡞ߢߩ࿖㓙ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߪߘࠎߥߦ໧㗴߇ߥ޿ߩߢߔ߇㧘ታߪ㧘੐ോቭ㧘ᛛቭߩ࡟ࡌ࡞ߢߩ࿖㓙⊛ߥࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ߇㕖Ᏹߦ㔍ߒ޿ߩߢߔ‫ࠄ߆ࠇߘޕ‬㧘ߎࠇߪ߅޿ߢߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢߟ޿ߢߥ߇ࠄ⸒ࠊߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߔ߇㧘߿ߪࠅᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ߩᣇ߽ߘߎ߹ߢኻᔕߒ߈ࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣᗵߓ߹ߔ‫ᧄޕ‬ᒰߦᣣᧄߩᄢቇߩᢎ⢒ߣ޿߁߽ߩࠍ਎⇇ߦㅢ↪ߔࠆ߽ߩߦߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪ㧘ߖ߼ߡ⧷⺆ߢߩࠦࡒࡘ
࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߪߚ޿ߒߡ໧㗴ߥߊߢ߈ࠆߣ޿߁ࠃ߁ߦߥࠄߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬⏕߆ߦᛛⴚߩ㕙ߢߩ⊒ዷߪߢ߈ߡ޿ߡ߽㧘ࠣࡠ࡯ࡃ࡝࠯࡯࡚ࠪࡦߣ޿߁ⷰὐ߆ࠄ⸒߃߫໧
㗴ߩ޽ࠆ⁁ᴫߦ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬㧘ߘ߁޿߁ߎߣߦߟ޿ߡ㧘߁ߜߩ⎇ⓥᚲ߽ߘࠇߥࠅߦ
ദജߪߒߡ޿߹ߔߌࠇߤ߽㧘⑳߽࿖㓙੤ᵹଦㅴቶߦ޿ࠆ㑐ଥߢᒝߊᗵߓࠆߩߢߔ߇㧘߽ߞߣᄢቇ߿ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭╬ࠍ฽߼㧘ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩ࿖㓙ൻ߇ߜ߾ࠎߣߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠄ
ߥ޿ߣ߹ߕ޿ߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ߹ߕ↳ߒ਄ߍߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ࠇߘޕ‬㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩ⛮⛯ᕈ㧔sustainability㧕ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޿޿߹ߔߣ㧘⑳߽⎇ⓥ⠪ߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ߇㧘⎇ⓥࠍߒߡ޿ࠆߣߤ߁ߒߡ߽‫⎇ޟ‬ⓥߛߌߦߒ߆⋡߇ะ߆ߥ޿ੱ㑆‫ޕߨߔߢߩ߁߹ߒߡߞߥߦޠ‬ߘࠇߢ㧘ࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻㧘ߟ߹ࠅߎߎߦ᧪ߡ߅ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߥ㧘ᄢቇߢ޽ߞߚࠅ⎇ⓥᯏ㑐ࠍ߈ߜࠎߣ࡝࡯࠼ߒߡ޿ߊߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ㧘ߣ⸒ߞߡߪᖡ޿ߌࠇߤ㧘␠ળ⊛ߥᏱ⼂߇ߚߞ߲ࠅ޽
ࠆੱߣ޿߁ߩ߇㧘ታߪ㕖Ᏹߦ⢒ߞߡ߈ߡ޿ߥ޿ࠃ߁ߦᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߪࠇߘޕ‬㧘ᱷᔨߥ߇ࠄ㧘ዋߥߊߣ߽߁ߜߩᯏ᭴ߢߪߘ߁޿߁ታᗵ߇޽ࠆߩߢߔߨ‫ߣࠆߔ߁ߘޕ‬㧘ᄢቇߥࠅ⎇ⓥᯏ㑐ߩ᭴ᚑຬోຬߣ⸒ࠊߥ޿߹ߢ߽㧘਎⇇ߦㅢ↪ߒ㧘਎⇇⊛ߥᏱ⼂ࠍᜬߞߡ޿ߡ㧘ࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻
࡟ࡌ࡞ߢ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊࠍ⊒ើߢ߈ࠆੱࠍ⢒ߡࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇㕖Ᏹߦ㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆߣᗵߓ߹
ߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬㧘⛮⛯ᕈߣ޿߁ὐߣవ⒟↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߒߚ࿖㓙ൻߣ޿߁ὐߢ㧘ᱷᔨߥ߇ࠄᣣᧄߩ⃻⁁ߪਇචಽߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ࠃ߁ߦ⑳ߦߪᕁ߃߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ታ㓙ߦ⑳߇੩ㇺᄢቇ߅ࠃ߮ฬฎደᄢቇߩ
ᄢቇ㒮ߢ㓸ਛ⻠⟵ࠍߒߚᤨߦ㧘⧷⺆ߢ⹤ߒߚߩߪ⑳߇ߪߓ߼ߡߛߘ߁ߢߒߚ‫⺆⧷ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ߢᄢቇ㒮ߢ᝼ᬺࠍߔࠆߩ߇㧘ߚ߆ߛ߆ 10 ᐕ೨ߢ⑳߇ߪߓ߼ߡߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ㧘ߜࠂߞߣᖱߌ
ߥߔ߉ࠆߣᗵߓߚ߽ߩߢߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬ὐߦߟ޿ߡࠦࡔࡦ࠻޿ߚߛߌࠇ߫ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬⋧Ỉߪ޿㧘ߏᜰ៰ߩὐߪ㧘ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ߩ࿖㓙ᚢ⇛ߦߟ޿ߡߩႎ๔ᦠ߽ߏߊᦨㄭ಴ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ
ࠃ߁ߦ㧘੐ോ♽ߩࠬ࠲࠶ࡈߩ૕೙㧘ߘࠇ߆ࠄฦᄢቇߦ߅ߌࠆ࿖㓙ቶ޽ࠆ޿ߪ࿖㓙ᚢ⇛ቶߣ߆ߣ޿߁઀⚵ߺࠍ੐ോࠨࠗ࠼߆ࠄࠨࡐ࡯࠻ߔࠆขࠅ⚵ߺ߇㊀ὐ⊛ߦߔߔ߼ࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߎࠇߪ੹ᐕᐲ㧘࿖㓙ᚢ⇛ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߣ޿߁߆ߚߜߢ౏൐ߐࠇ߹ߒߚ߇㧘ߘߩࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻
ࠍ₪ᓧߢ߈ߚߣߎࠈߪ㧘੹㧘࿖㓙ቶߥࠅ࿖㓙ᚢ⇛ቶߣ޿߁ฬ೨ߩਅߦࠬ࠲࠶ࡈࠍᄖㇱ߆ࠄੱ᧚⊓↪ࠍߒߡᒝജߦࠬ࠲࡯࠻ߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߩ߆ߟߊ޿ߦ․ޕ‬ᄢቇߢߪ⋧ᒰ⷗߃ࠆࠃ߁ߥ
߆ߚߜߢขࠅ⚵ߺ߇ㅴࠎߢ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߛ߹ޕ‬චಽߢߪߥ޿ࠊߌߢߔ߇㧘⌕ታߦㅴዷߒߡ޿߹
ߔ‫ࠄ߆ࠇߘޕ‬㧘੐ോ♽ߩ⡯ຬߦኻߔࠆ⎇ୃߩ೙ᐲ㧘ߎࠇ߽⋧ᒰㅴࠎߢ޿ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߘޕ‬߁޿߁ࠃ߁ߥ߆ߚߜߢ㧘ㆃࠇ߫ߖߥߩ߆߽ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎ߇㧘ᓢ‫ߦޘ‬േ޿ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ࠇߘޕ‬㧘⧷⺆ߢ⻠⟵ࠍߔࠆߎߣ߇㕖Ᏹߦ߹ࠇߛߞߚߣ޿߁ߘߩ߅⹤ߢߔ߇㧘ߎࠇ߽޿ࠈ޿ࠈߣേ޿
ߡ޿ࠆߣ⑳ߪᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߪߡ޿ߟߦࠬ࡯ࠦ߁ⴕࠍ⟵⻠ߢߌߛ⺆⧷ޕ‬㧘ᄢቇ㒮࡟ࡌ࡞ߢߪߢ߈
ߡ޿ࠆ߶߆㧘޿ࠈ޿ࠈߥ߆ߚߜߢฦᄢቇ߇㕖ᏱߦⓍᭂ⊛ߦขࠅ⚵ࠎߢ޿ࠆߩߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߘࠇ߆ࠄ㧘ቇ↢ߩᶏᄖᵷ㆜╬ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘ߎࠇߪࠃߊ޿ߞߡ޿ࠆߌࠇߤ߽㧘ߣ޿߁߅⹤ߢ
ߒߚ߇㧘ㅒߦ⑳ߪߘߎ߇໧㗴ߛߣᕁߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫੹ޕ‬㧘නߦ⇐ቇ↢ߣ޿߁ᛒ޿ߢߪߥߊ㧘ᧄᒰߦࠗࡦ࠲࡯࠽࡚ࠪ࠽࡞࡮ࠬ࠴ࡘ࡯࠺ࡦ࠻ߣ޿߁߰߁ߦ๭ࠎߛ߶߁߇޿޿࠲ࠗࡊߩ⧯޿
ጀߩੱ㆐߇ࠣࡠ࡯ࡃ࡞ߦേ޿ߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬૕೙ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘੹߹ߢߩࠃ߁ߦනߦ
࿖ౝߩᄢቇ߇ߘࠇࠍฃߌ౉ࠇࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߪߥߊ㧘ߘ߁޿߁ࠗࡦ࠲࡯࠽࡚ࠪ࠽࡞࡮ࠬ࠴
ࡘ࡯࠺ࡦ࠻ࠍ࿖㓙ㅪ៤ߢᢎ⢒ߔࠆߩߛߣ޿߁઀⚵ߺࠍ૞ࠆߴ߈ߛߣᕁߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫߹ߟޕ‬ࠅ㧘޽ࠆᄢቇߛߌߦ࿕ቯߐࠇߚ㧘േຬ㧔mobilize㧕ߐࠇߚᒻᑼࠃࠅ߽㧘ᄢቇ㑆ߩදജ߇࿖ౝ
ߦߣߤ߹ࠄߕ㧘߽ߞߣᵹേ⊛ߦ㧘࿖ᄖߩᄢቇߣ߅੕޿ߦㅪ៤ߒߡ߿ࠆߣ޿߁઀⚵ߺ㧘ߎࠇ߽޿ࠈ޿ࠈߣേ޿ߡ޿ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߢߜߚ߆߁޿߁ߘޕ‬࿖㓙ᚢ⇛ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ࠻࡯࠲࡞ߦㅴ
߼ߡ޿߆ߥߌࠇ߫޿ߌߥ޿ߣ⠨߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬

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޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕߙ߁ߤޕ‬ዊ㊁ℂ੐㐳‫ޕ‬
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⑳߇೨ߦᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ߦ޿ߚߣ߈ߩߎߣ߽〯߹߃ߡ߅╵߃ߒߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄੱߩ⧷
⺆⢻ജ߇ዋߒૐ޿ߣ޿߁ߩߪߚ޿߳ࠎᄢ߈ߥ⺖㗴ߢ޽ࠅ߹ߒߡ㧘⑳ߪߘߩߚ߼ߦ‫ߩ⺆⧷ޟ‬૶߃ࠆᣣᧄੱ‫ޠ‬ᚢ⇛ࠍᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ߢߚߡࠃ߁ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ㧘ߎࠇߪߟߊࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘ㆃ߹߈ߥ߇ࠄታ⃻ߒߚߎߣߩ߭ߣߟ߇㧘੹ᐕߩ౉⹜࠮ࡦ࠲࡯⹜㛎ߢታᣉߒߚ࡝ࠬ࠾ࡦࠣ࡮
࠹ࠬ࠻ߢߔ‫ߪߡ޿ߟߦࠇߎޕ‬ᯏ᪾߇߁߹ߊߪߚࠄ޿ߡ޿ߥ޿ߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ޿߁ᛕ್߽৻
ㇱߦߪ޽ࠅ߹ߔߌࠇߤ߽㧘ߎࠇࠍዉ౉ߒߚߎߣߢ㧘੹㧘㜞╬ቇᩞᢎ⢒߇ᄢ߈ߊ߆ࠊࠅߟߟ
޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߪߟ৻ߩ޿⁓ߩ߽ߤ⑳ޕ‬㧘㜞ᩞࠍතᬺߔࠇ߫᥉ㅢߦ⧷⺆ߩળ⹤߇ߢ߈ࠆ㧘ᄢቇࠍතᬺߔࠇ߫㧘⧷⺆ߢ઀੐߇ߢ߈ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߎࠇࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡ㧘߹ߕ㧘ೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒Ბ㓏߆ࠄ⧷⺆ജߩჇᒝߦദ߼ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߟ৻߁߽ࠄ߆ࠇߘޕ‬㧘వ⒟ߩᄢቇߩ੐ോዪ⡯ຬߩ⧷⺆ജߩ໧㗴ߢߔ߇㧘⑳ߤ߽ߩᣣᧄቇⴚᝄ⥝ળ㧔JSPS㧕ߢߪ⎇ୃ↢ߣ޿߁೙ᐲࠍ⸳ߌߡ㧘ฦᄢቇ╬߆ࠄ⎇ୃ↢ߣߒߡ⡯ຬࠍㅍߞߡ޿ߚߛ޿ߡ㧘1 ᐕ㑆 JSPS ߩ੐ോᚲߢ઀੐ߩ⎇ୃࠍߒߡ޿ߚߛ޿ߡ㧘ߘߩᓟ 1 ᐕ㑆㧘ᄖ࿖ߩ JSPS ߩࠝࡈࠖࠬߢ௛޿ߡ߽ࠄ߁ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߽ߒ
ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘߹ߛᢙ߇ዋߥ޿ߩߢߔߌࠇߤ߽㧘⧷⺆ߢࠗࡦ࠲࡯࠽࡚ࠪ࠽࡞ߥ઀੐
߇ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߥᄢቇߩ੐ോዪ⡯ຬߩ㙃ᚑߩߚ߼ߦ㧘ᚒ‫߽ޘ‬㗎ᒛࠄߥߌࠇ߫޿ߌߥ޿ߣᕁߞ
ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ࠇߘޕ‬㧘వ⒟⋧Ỉቇ㐳߆ࠄ߅⹤߇ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ߇㧘ᄢቇߩ࿖㓙ᚢ⇛ᧄㇱߩ
઀੐߽⑳ߤ߽߇ࠨࡐ࡯࠻ߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߒߡ㧘৻ᤓᣣߢߒߚ߆㧘᧲੩ߢળ⼏ࠍ߿ߞߚߩߢߔߌ
ࠇߤ߽㧘ᄢቇ㑐ଥ⠪߇ᧄᒰߦߚߊߐࠎ᧪ࠄࠇߡ㧘ᄢቇ߽㧘੹㧘ᴺੱൻߒߡ㧘⑳ቇ߽฽߼ߡ
ߢߔߌࠇߤ߽㧘Ⓧᭂ⊛ߦᶏᄖዷ㐿ࠍߒߥߌࠇ߫޿ߌߥ޿ߣ޿ߞߚ㔛ⷐ߇Ⴧ߃ߡ߈ߡ߅ࠅ߹
ߔߩߢ㧘ᚒ‫ߣ޿ߚ߈޿ߡߒ࠻࡯ࡐࠨࠅ߆ߞߒࠍࠇߎߪߡߒߣޘ‬ᕁߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᧄ㑆޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫⧷ޕ‬࿖஥ߩᣇ߆ࠄ㧘ࠦࡔࡦ࠻㧘⾰໧ߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ߆‫ޕ‬Boucherቇ㐳ߤ߁ߙ‫ޕ‬
Boucher޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ߕ߹ޕ‬㧘㕖Ᏹߦ⥝๧ᷓ޿⻠Ṷߢ㧘ߚ޿߳ࠎᭉߒ߹ߖߡ㗂߈߹ߒߚ‫ߪࠄ߆⑳ޕ‬㧘↥ቇㅪ៤ߩ߅⹤ߒߩਛߢኾ㐷⡯ᄢቇ㒮ߦߟ޿ߡ⸒෸ߐࠇ߹ߒߚ߇㧘ߘߩߎߣߢ⾰໧߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߦ߁ࠃߩߤߢ࠻ࡊ࠮ࡦࠦߥ߁ࠃߩߤߪࠄࠇߘޕ‬ᯏ⢻ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢߒࠂ
߁߆‫ޕ‬
⋧Ỉ
 ࠊ߇࿖ߩኾ㐷⡯ᄢቇ㒮ߪ㧞ᐕ೨ߦࠬ࠲࡯࠻ߒ߹ߒߚ‫⃻ޕ‬࿷㧘㧠㧘㧡⒳㘃ߩኾ㐷⡯ᄢቇ㒮߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߪߟ৻ޕ‬ᴺ⑼ᄢቇ㒮ߢߔ‫࡞࡯ࠢࠬࠬࡀࠫࡆ߽ߦઁޕ‬㧘MOT ᄢቇ㒮㧘ߟ߹ࠅᛛⴚ
⚻༡ᄢቇ㒮㧘޽ߣ޿ߊߟ߆ઁߩኾ㐷⡯ᄢቇ㒮߽޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߘޕ‬ᄢቇ㒮ߩ⸳┙ߦߪ㧘෩ߒ޿ⷙೣ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬㧘ታോኅᢎຬࠍ㈩⟎ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬㧘ታോኅᢎຬߪ㧘ታ㓙ߦࡆࠫࡀࠬಽ㊁ߢ⼾ንߥ⚻㛎ࠍ᦭ߒߡ޿ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߩߢߔ‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬㧘ታോኅᢎຬࠍඨಽએ਄⟎ߊࠃ߁ߦᴺⷙߢቯ߼ࠄࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ડᬺߣᄢቇ߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߦߟߥ
߇ߞߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ࠍ␜ߔ੐଀ߩ৻ߟߢߔ‫ޕ߆߁ࠂߒߢ޿ߒࠈࠃߢࠇߎޕ‬ᧄ㑆޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫࠻ࡦࡔࠦߦઁޕ‬㧘ߏ⾰໧ߪߏߑ޿߹ߔ߆‫ߌߛࠆ߈ߢޕ‬ᄙߊߩᣇߦߏ⾰໧㧘ߏᗧ⷗ࠍ޿ߚߛ޿ߚ߶߁߇޿޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔߩߢ㧘ઁߦߏߑ޿߹ߖࠎߢߒࠂ߁߆‫ޕ‬⾰໧⠪ౣ߮࿖㓙ൻߦߟ޿ߡߢߔ߇㧘ᣣᧄߩᢎ⢒೙ᐲ߇ࠣࡠ࡯ࡃ࡞ൻࠍᨐߚߖ߫㧘߅ߘࠄߊ⧷࿖
ߩ⧯⠪߽ߘߩਛߦ⚵ߺㄟ߹ࠇࠆߎߣ߇಴ߡߊࠆߢߒࠂ߁‫ߢߎߘޕ‬ᄢ߈ߥ໧㗴߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬৻ߟߪ㧘⛎ਈ೙ᐲߩߎߣߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߩᄢቇߩ⛎ਈ೙ᐲߪ㧘ዊቇᩞߦ૗ᐕ࿷☋ߒߚ߆㧘㜞ᩞߦ૗ᐕ࿷☋ߒߚ߆߆ࠄᆎ߹ࠆᣣᧄ⊛ߥࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ߦቢోߦଐሽߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬⒳ߩ⸘▚ᣇ
ᴺߦࠃߞߡ㧘ᣣᧄߢߪ⹏ଔ߇ቢోߦ᳿߹ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ߎߩࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ߪ࿖㓙⹏ଔߦߪࡑ
࠶࠴ߒ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬㕖Ᏹߦఝ⑲ߥ⎇ⓥ⠪ࠍᢎຬߣߒߡ᜗ߊ႐ว㧘⾰ߩ⹏ଔߩ㓚ኂߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ
ߩߪߎߩ⒳ߩߎߣߥߩߢߔ‫߽ߣߎߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬࿖㓙ൻࠍ࿑ࠆߦᒰߚߞߡߪ໧㗴ߦߥߞߡ߈
߹ߔ‫⛎ߒ߽ޕ‬ਈ⸘▚߇ቇᩞߩ࿷☋ᐕᢙ㧘ൕോᐕᢙߦၮߠߊߩߥࠄ߫㧘ߎߜࠄߢߪᧄᒰߦ⧯
޿ఝ⑲ߥੱ‛ࠍណ↪ߔࠆߎߣߪਇน⢻ߢߔ‫⃻ޕ‬࿷㧘ᣣᧄߢߪ㧘ᄢቇߣ᡽ᐭએᄖ߇⸳┙ߒߚ࿅૕߇දജߒวߞߡ޿ࠆߩߪ੐ታߢߔ‫ߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ‬㧘ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬㧘᡽ᐭᑼߩᛛ⢻⛎ਈ⸘▚ߦᓥ߁ᔅⷐߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫߅ߥ߽ߢࠇߘޕ‬㧘ᱷᔨߥ߇ࠄ᡽ᐭᑼߩᛛ⢻⛎ਈ⸘▚ࠍᱛ߼ࠆߎߣߦߪ
߆ߥࠅߚ߼ࠄ޿߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ఝ⑲ᕈߦ⷗วߞߚ⛎ਈࠍᡰᛄ޿㧘ఝ⑲ߥੱ‛ࠍ᜗ߊߚ߼ߦ⹜ⴕ㍲⺋ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߪ⑳ޕ‬㧘⧷࿖߇ߎࠇࠍߤߩࠃ߁ߦታⴕߒߡ޿ࠆߩ߆㧘ᢎ⢒⋭߇੺౉ߒ㧘⁁ᴫࠍᡷༀߔࠆ႐วߤߩࠃ߁ߦ⠨ᘦߔࠆߩ߆ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘⥝๧߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߣ߇ࠅ޽ޕ‬߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬⋧Ỉ
⑳ߪ߆ߥࠅᨵエᕈ߇㜞ߊߥߞߡ޿ࠆߣߺߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱߪ㧘ࠠࡖ࡝ࠕߩ⹏ଔᣇ
ᴺࠍ᳿ቯߢ߈߹ߔ‫߇ߔ߹ࠅ޽ߪߢࠅߊߞࠁ߼ߚߩߘޕ‬㧘ᨵエᕈ߇㜞ߊߥߞߡ޿ࠆߣᕁ޿߹
ߔ‫ߏ߽ߣߞ߽ޕ‬ሽߓߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍᄌ߃ࠆߦߪᤨ㑆߇߆߆ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᧄ㑆ߤ߁ߙ߅㗿޿ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬

Watson޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ࡦ࠼ࡦࡠޕ‬ᄢቇߩࠗࡦࠬ࠹ࠖ࠴ࡘ࡯࠻࡮ࠝࡉ࡮ࠛ࠺ࡘࠤ࡯࡚ࠪ
ࡦ㧔IoE㧕ߩ David Watson ߣ↳ߒ߹ߔ‫⛎ޕ‬ਈ໧㗴ߦ㑐ߒߡࠦࡔࡦ࠻ࠍㅊടߒߡ߽ࠃࠈߒ޿
ߢߒࠂ߁߆‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘࿖㓙Ყセߣ޿߁ⷰὐ߆ࠄߔࠆߣ㧘߽߁ዋߒ⸽᜚߇ᔅⷐߥಽ㊁ߩ৻ߟߛߣᕁࠊࠇ߹ߔ‫⋡ޕ‬ਅ㧘ߎߩಽ㊁ߢߪ⸽᜚ࠃࠅ߽ᗧ⷗ߩᣇ߇ᄙ޿ߣ⑳ߪᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߦ․ޕ‬㧘⺕㧘߹ߚߤߎߦኻߒߡࡌࡦ࠴ࡑ࡯ࠢߒߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ߦᵈᗧߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫࡯ࡑ࠴ࡦࡌޕ‬ࠢߪ㧘⧷࿖߿ᣣᧄ߿ઁߩ࿾ၞࠃࠅ߽㧘☨࿖ߦ⸳ቯߐࠇࠆߎߣ߇৻⥸⊛ߦᄙ޿ࠃ߁ߦᕁ޿߹
ߔ‫ߦ߆⏕ ޕ‬㧘వ߶ߤߏᗧ⷗߇޽ߞߚࠃ߁ߦᣣᧄߩ೙ᐲߩᣇ߇⧷࿖ߩ೙ᐲࠃࠅᨵエᕈ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫⹥ޕ‬ᒰಽ㊁ߩᄙߊߪ㧘․ቯߩᵴ↪น⢻ߥ㐿⊒ߩ⍮⊛ᚲ᦭ᮭߦ㑐ߒߡ㧘ࠃࠅᨵエᕈߩ㜞޿ᄾ⚂ࠍ⚿ߴࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄌേ߇ỗߒ޿ಽ㊁ߢ޽ࠆߚ߼㧘⧷࿖ߩ೙ᐲߢ޽ࠇᣣᧄ
ߩ೙ᐲߢ޽ࠇ㧘⸽᜚߽ߥߊ⥄࿖ߩ೙ᐲߪᄙߊߩ೙ᐲߩߥ߆ߢ߽ᦨਅ૏ߦ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ߚߊߥࠆⴣേߦ㚟ࠄࠇࠆ߽ߩߢߔ‫⌀߇ࠇߘߒ߆ߒޕ‬ታ߆ߤ߁߆ߪ㧘ߤߎ߆ߩᄢቇߢᐞࠄ߆⺞ᩏߔࠇ߫ಽ߆ࠆߎߣߢߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘੹ᓟ㧘ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ࠍㅴ߼ࠆߚ߼ߩዊߐߥ৻ᱠ߆߽ߒࠇ߹
ߖࠎ‫ߦ⊛⥸ోޕ‬㧘ߎ߁ߒߚಽ㊁ߩ⸽᜚߇߽ߞߣᔅⷐߛߣ޿߁ߩ߇㧘⑳ߩᚲᗵߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᧄ㑆⚛᥍ࠄߒ޿⷗ᣇࠍឭଏߒߡ޿ߚߛ߈㧘޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕߙ߁ߤ޿ߪޕ‬ᄢ⷏᧲ർᄢቇߩᄢ⷏ߣ↳ߒ߹ߔ‫੹ޕ‬㧘ߎߜࠄߢߏ⾰໧ߦߥߞߚὐߦߟ޿ߡ㧘⋧Ỉవ↢ߩᣇ߆ࠄߔߢߦ߅╵߃߇޽ࠅ߹ߒߚߌࠇߤ߽㧘ᣣᧄߩᄢቇߪ⛎ਈ೙ᐲߦߟ޿ߡ߽߆ߥࠅᄌࠊࠅߟ
ߟ޽ࠆߩߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬೙ᐲ਄ߪฦ࿖┙ᄢቇ߇ᢎ⡯ຬߩ୊⛎ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘߆ߥࠅ⥄┙⊛ߦ᳿߼ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇น⢻ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߛߚޕ‬㧘ታ㓙ߦߪ߹ߛߘࠇ߶ߤᨵエൻߣ޿߁߽ߩ߇ㅴࠎߢ޿ߥ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔߌࠇߤ߽㧘ߎࠇߪߚ߱ࠎੑߟਥߥේ࿃߇޽ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬৻ߟߪ㧘ේℂ⊛ߦߪࡈ࡟ࠠࠪࡉ࡞ߦ୊⛎ࠍ᳿߼ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇น⢻ߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚߌࠇߤ߽㧘ߘࠇࠍታ㓙ߦታᣉߔࠆߚ߼ߩ೙ᐲ߇ฦᄢቇߢචಽߦᢛߞߡ޿ߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ㧘ౕ૕⊛ߦߪ⹏ଔ೙ᐲ㧘ߟ߹ࠅᢎ⡯ຬߦኻߒߡ⎇ⓥᢎ⢒㧘␠ળ⽸₂ߥߤߩᬺ❣ࠍࡈࠚࠕߦ⹏ଔߒߡߘ
ࠇࠍ⛎ਈ೙ᐲߦ෻ᤋߐߖࠆߣ޿߁㧘⹏ଔߩ೙ᐲߣ޿߁ߩ߇߹ߛචಽᢛߞߡ޿ߥ޿‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ߎࠇ߽ᕆㅦߦᢛ޿ߟߟ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ࠇߘޕ‬㧘ઁߩ೙ᐲߣߒߡߪ㧘ᣂߒ޿ੱࠍ㓹߁ᤨߦ㧘଀߃߫ᐕ୊೙ߦߒߡᄾ⚂ࡌ࡯ࠬߢ޽ߥߚߛߞߚࠄ޿ߊࠄᛄ߁ߣ߆㧘ߘ߁޿߁ߎߣ߽น⢻ߦߥߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔߌࠇߤ߽㧘ߎࠇ߽߹ߛฦᄢቇߢ⦡‫ߥޘ‬೙ᐲࠍ⹜ߒߡ
޿ࠆߣ޿߁Ბ㓏ߥߩߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߊࠄߘ߅ޕ‬㧘ߎࠇߪ⦡‫ߥޘ‬೙ᐲ߇ᢛߞߡߊࠆߦߟࠇߡ㧘ߛࠎߛࠎ⛎ਈ೙ᐲ߇ᣣᧄߢ߽ᕆㅦߦᨵエߦߥࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇੍ᗐߢ߈߹ߔ‫ޕ‬߽߁৻ߟ㧘⛎ਈ೙ᐲࠍᨵエߦߔࠆߦߟ޿ߡߩ㓚ኂ߇޽ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߪࠇߘޕ‬㧘࿖┙ᄢቇ߇޿ߞߚ޿⺕ߩ߽ߩߥߩ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߟ޿ߡ㧘࿖┙ᄢቇᤨઍߩᗧ⼂ߣ޿߁߽ߩ߇޽߹ࠅ
ᄌࠊߞߡ޿ߥ޿ߣ޿߁໧㗴߇޽ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬వ⒟㧘⋧Ỉవ↢߇૗ᐲ߽ࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪ

ࡦߩਛߢࠬ࠹࡯ࠢࡎ࡞࠳࡯㧔stakeholder㧕ߣ޿߁⸒⪲ࠍ߅૶޿ߦߥߞߡ޿߹ߒߚߌࠇߤ߽㧘࿖┙ᄢቇߩᢎຬߩᄙߊߪ㧘ᄢቇߣ޿߁ߩߪ⥄ಽ㆐ߩᚲ᦭‛ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁߰߁ߦ⠨߃ߡ޿ࠆߣ㧘߹ߛߘ߁޿߁ߎߣ߇޽ߞߡ㧘ߥࠎߣߥߊ⒢㊄߆ࠄ੤ઃ㊄ߣ޿߁ߩ߽ᒰὼߦ᧪ࠆ߽ߩߢ
޽ߞߡ㧘࿖᳃߆ࠄ૗ࠄ߆ߩઃ⸤ࠍฃߌߡ㧘⥄ಽ㆐߇૗߆ߩઃ⸤ߦߎߚ߃ߡ⎇ⓥᢎ⢒ࠍߔࠆߩߛߣ޿߁ᗧ⼂߇޽߹ࠅߥ޿ߣ㧘⛎ਈ೙ᐲߣ޿߁ߩ߇㧘ᒰὼߦ޽ࠆ᳿߼ࠄࠇߚ⥄ಽߩ┙႐ߦᔕߓߡ৻ቯ㗵߇ᛄࠊࠇࠆߴ߈߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ᗧ⼂߇ߥ߆ߥ߆ߥߊߥࠄߥ޿ߩߢߪߥ޿
߆ߥߣ޿߁᳇߇޿ߚߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᧄ㑆޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫৻ޕ‬ᔕ 30 ಽ⒟࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦࠍߣᕁߞߚߩߢߔ߇㧘ታߪ㧘㧞᦬ߩ㧟ᣣ߇ᣣᧄߩ▵ಽߣ޿߁߅⑂ࠅߦ޽ߚߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߒߡ㧘⊝᭽ᣇ߅᳇ߠ߈ߦߥߞߚ߆߽
ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎ߇㧘ߎߩᱜ㐷ࠍᏀߦⴕ߈߹ߔߣศ↰␹␠ߣ޿߁ߩ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔߩߢ㧘ߎࠇࠍߗ߭
ᶏᄖ߆ࠄ᧪ࠄࠇߚᣇߦ⇣ᢥൻℂ⸃ߣߒߡ⷗ቇࠍߒߡ߽ࠄ߁ߣ޿߁߅⹤߇޽ࠅ㧘⋧Ỉቇ㐳ߦߪ↳ߒ⸶ߥ޿ߩߢߔ߇㧘ߎߩ޽ߚࠅߢ࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦࠍ⚳ࠊࠅߦߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ޿ߡ㧘ߎߩᰴߩࠬࡇ࡯ࠞ࡯ߦࡑࠗࠢࠍ߅ᷰߒߒߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ߇ࠃࠈߒ޿ߢߒࠂ߁߆‫ߪߢޕ‬㧘⋧Ỉቇ㐳㧘޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ߘࠇߢߪ㧘ᰴߩၮ⺞⻠Ṷߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ߇㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ஥ߩ HEFCE ߩ⎇ⓥ࡮⍮⼂⒖ォᜂᒰㇱ㐳ߩ Rama Thirunamachandran ㇱ㐳ߦ㧘‫⧷ޟ‬࿖㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦਈ߃ࠆ⎇ⓥ࡮⍮⼂⒖ォߩᓇ㗀‫ޠ‬ߣ޿߁࠲ࠗ࠻࡞ߢ㧘30 ಽߏ⻠Ṷࠍ߅㗿޿ߒߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߪߢࠇߘޕ‬㧘ࠃࠈߒߊ߅㗿޿ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬Thirunamachandran߅ߪࠃ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߔ㧘ߺߥߐ߹‫ᧄޕ‬ᣣ㧘㧞⇟⋡ߩၮ⺞⻠Ṷࠍⴕ߃ࠆᯏળߦᕺ߹ࠇ㕖Ᏹߦశᩕߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᤓ᥅ߩ࡟࠮ࡊ࡚ࠪࡦߩ႐ߢ߅⹤ߒߒ߹ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘ᣣᧄࠍ⸰໧ߒߚߩߪ੹࿁߇
ೋ߼ߡߢߔ‫ࠆ޿ߦߎߎޕ‬⍴޿㑆ߦታߦᄙߊߩߎߣࠍቇ߮߹ߒߚ‫߇⑳ޕ‬ᒝ޿ශ⽎ࠍฃߌߚ㊀ⷐߥὐߪ㧘⧷࿖ߣᣣᧄߩਔ࿖߇㕖Ᏹߦૃㅢߞߚ໧㗴ߦ⋥㕙ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ㧘੹࿁ߩࠞࡦࡈࠔ࡟ࡦࠬࠍㅢߒߡ㧘੕޿ߦតⓥߒ⛯ߌࠆߴ߈੐ᨩ߇޽ࠆߎߣߪ㑆㆑޿޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ߎࠇ߆ࠄ㧘⎇ⓥ࡮⍮⼂⒖ォࠍਛᔃߦࠊ߇࿖ߩ᡽╷ߩലᨐߩ৻ㇱࠍ߅વ߃ߒߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹
ߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧝‫ޤ‬⑳߇‫ޟ‬⍮⼂⒖ォ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬႐ว㧘ߎߩ⹤ߩਛߢߘࠇ߇૗ࠍᗧ๧ߒߡ޿ࠆ߆ࠍቯ⟵ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ߇㧘⑳߇޿߁ߣߎࠈߩ‫ޟ‬⍮⼂⒖ォ‫ߪߣޠ‬㧘ᄢቇ߇ડᬺߘߩઁߣߩㅪ៤ߦ
ࠃߞߡ㧘⚻ᷣ␠ળ㧘ߘߒߡ࿾ၞ␠ળో૕ߦ⽸₂ߔࠆߎߣࠍ޿޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᢎ⢒ߣ⎇ⓥࠍ╙৻߅ࠃ߮╙ੑߩ૶๮ߣߒߡ㧘⧷࿖ߦߪ╙ਃߩ૶๮㧔third stream㧕ߣ๭߫ࠇࠆሽ࿷߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߘࠇࠍ⍮⼂⒖ォߦ㑐ࠊࠆ੐ᨩߣߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬㧘⑳ߪ㧘‫ޟ‬⍮⼂⒖ォ‫ߎࠍ⪲⸒߁޿ߣޠ‬ࠇ߆ࠄ૶޿߹ߔ߇㧘╙㧟⇟⋡ߩ૶๮㧘ߔߥࠊߜ╙㧟⇟⋡ߩᵹࠇߣ޿߁߽ߩߩᐢ⟵ߦ↪޿ࠆߟ߽ࠅߢߔ‫ޕ‬ߎࠇ߆ࠄ 30 ಽ㑆㧘߅ᓎߦ┙ߡࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ⧷࿖ߦ㑐ߔࠆో૕⊛ߥᖱႎࠍឭଏߒߚ޿ߣᕁ
޿߹ߔ‫ߡ޿⛯ޕ‬㧘ᦨㄭߩ᡽╷േะߣߘߩᓇ㗀ߦߟ޿ߡ߽߅⹤ߒߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ਥ௅⠪߆ࠄ⧷࿖ߩ
⎇ⓥ⹏ଔ૞ᬺߩ⹦⚦ߦߟ޿ߡ⹤ߔࠃ߁ଐ㗬ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔߩߢ㧘༑ࠎߢ߅⹤ߒߒߚ޿ߣᕁ
޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
ߘࠇߢߪ㧘⧷࿖ߩ೙ᐲో૕߆ࠄࠬ࠲࡯࠻ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߦᲧߴߡ㧘ࠊ߇࿖ߪ߆ߥࠅዊߐ޿
ߣ޿߃߹ߔ‫߇ࠊޕ‬࿖ߩੱญߪࠊߕ߆ 6,000 ਁੱߢ޽ࠆߩߦኻߒ㧘ᣣᧄߪ 1 ం 2,700 ਁੱ⒟ᐲߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߪᄢቇ߇ 600 ᩞએ਄޽ࠅ㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ࠍว⸘ߔࠆߣ 1,250 ᩞએ਄ߦߩ߷ࠆ
ߩߦኻߒ㧘ࠊ߇࿖ߪ 164 ᩞߣ㧘ߪࠆ߆ߦዋᢙߢߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧞‫ޤ‬ߒ߆ߒ㧘ᄢ߈ߥ⋧㆑ὐ߇޽ࠅ㧘ߘࠇߪᚒ‫ߩޘ‬㜞╬ᢎ⢒೙ᐲ߇㧘ᄢ߈ߊಽߌࠆߣ౏⊛⾗㊄ߩ⵬ഥࠍฃߌߡߪ޿߹ߔ߇㧘⁛┙ߒߚ㗔ၞߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇᣣᧄ⁛․ߥߩߪ㧘⑳┙ߣ࿖౏┙ߣ޿߁㧞ߟߦߪߞ߈ࠅಽ߆ࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣߢߔ‫ޕ‬➅ࠅ㄰ߒߦߥࠅ߹ߔ߇㧘ߎߩ㧟㧘㧠ᣣߩ㑆㧘⑳ߪᣣᧄߦ߅ߌࠆ⑳┙ߣ࿖౏┙ߩਔᣇࠍߺ
ߡ߈߹ߒߚ߇㧘ߘߎߢ㛳޿ߚߎߣߪ㧘ᄢቇ↢߇᝼ᬺᢱࠍᛄ߁ߦ޽ߚࠅ㧘࿖౏┙ߣ⑳┙ߩ㑆ߦᄌൻ߇⿠߈ߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ޕ‬੐ታ਄ᣣ⧷ਔ࿖ߩߤߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ߢ߽㧘ቭߣ᳃߇ᷙߑࠅวߞߚ⾗㊄᜚಴߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬2003㨪2004 ᐕߩࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼ߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒࠮ࠢ࠲࡯ߩ✚෼౉ߪ㧘⚂ 140 ంࡐࡦ࠼ߢߒߚ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘ߎߩࠬ࡜ࠗ࠼ߩ਄ㇱࠍ⷗ࠆߣࠊ߆ࠆࠃ߁
ߦ㧘෼౉ߩ⚂ 60%ߪ㧘᭽‫⽷ߥޘ‬Ḯ߆ࠄᡰ⛎ߐࠇߚ౏⊛⾗㊄ߥߩߢߔ‫ߩ⑳ޕ‬ᚲዻ࿅૕㧘ࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼㜞╬ᢎ⢒⽷᡽ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞㧔HEFCE㧕ߪ㧘ࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼ᦨᄢߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ౏⊛⾗㊄
ࠍ㈩ಽߔࠆᯏ㑐ߢ޽ࠅ㧘੤ઃ㊄ߦ㑐ㅪߒߚ㊀ⷐߥⷙ೙⽿છࠍᜂߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫⧯ޕ‬ᐓ․⇣ߥ࿅૕ߢ㧘ઁ࿖߆ࠄ⸰ࠇߚੱߚߜߪ㧘ࠊ߇࿖ߦᢎ⢒ᛛ⢻⋭ߣ㜞╬ᢎ⢒⽷᡽ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞߇೎୘ߦ
ሽ࿷ߔࠆߎߣߦ޿ߟ߽⥝๧ࠍ߅ᜬߜߦߥࠆࠃ߁ߢߔ‫ߪ࡞ࠪࡦ࠙ࠞޕ‬ታ⾰ห⋭ߣ㜞╬ᢎ⢒೙ᐲߩߜࠂ߁ߤਛ㑆ߦ૏⟎ߒ߹ߔ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬㧘᡽ᐭ஥߆ࠄ߽㜞╬ᢎ⢒೙ᐲ஥߆ࠄ߽ㄭ〒㔌ߦ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߥߩߢߔ‫ߪߦ࡞ࠪࡦ࠙ࠞޕ‬㧘ㆇ༡ࠍⴕ߁⁛┙ߒߚℂ੐ળߣ㧘➅ࠅ㄰ߒ߹ߔ߇㧘᡽ᐭߩછ๮ߢߪߥߊ⁛⥄ߦછ๮ߒߚ੐ോ✚㐳㧔Chief Executive㧕߇ሽ࿷ߒ߹ߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ᚒ‫ߩޘ‬ㆇ༡⾗㊄ߩ߶߷ߔߴߡߪ㧘ᢎ⢒ᛛ⢻⋭߆ࠄᡰ⛎ߐࠇ߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬㧘ᚒ‫▤߇ޘ‬ℂߒ
ߡ޿ࠆߩߪߔߴߡ౏⊛⾗㊄ߥࠊߌߢߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘⧷࿖ߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒೙ᐲో૕ߩ೑⋉ߩߚ߼ߦ㧘ઁߩ⋭ᐡߣ߽ㅪ៤ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧟‫ޤ‬ߐߡ㧘ߎߩࠬ࡜ࠗ࠼ߪ㧘೙ᐲߩ⎇ⓥ෼౉ࠍ␜ߒߚ߽ߩߢ㧘2003㨪2004 ᐕߪ⚂ 32 ం 5,000ࡐࡦ࠼ߢߒߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ᄢቇߣ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ࠞ࡟࠶ࠫߦᡰ⛎ߐࠇߚ⎇ⓥ⾗㊄ߩᄙ᭽ᕈ߽␜ߒߡ޽
ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߩ⑳ޕ‬ᚲዻ࿅૕㧘HEFCE ߪ㧘✛ߢ␜ߒߡ޽ࠆࠃ߁ߦ⎇ⓥ⾗㊄ߣߒߡ 10 ంࡐࡦ࠼⿥
ࠍ੤ઃߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧠‫ޤ‬ߎࠇ߇㧘ࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼޽ࠆ޿ߪ⧷࿖ߢ࠺ࡘࠕ࡞࡮ࠨࡐ࡯࠻࡮ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ㧔dual supportsystem㧕ߣ๭߫ࠇࠆ೙ᐲߩ৻ㇱߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥ⾗㊄ߩ৻ㇱߪ㧘⽷᡽ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞߆ࠄᡰ⛎
ߐࠇ㧘ਥߦᱜⷙᢎຬ㧘ਥⷐ⡯ຬߩ⛎ਈ㧘࿑ᦠ㙚߿ᖱႎಣℂᣉ⸳ࠍ฽߻⎇ⓥߩᣉ⸳ᢛ஻ࠍᡰ
߃߹ߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻⵬ഥ㊄߇ᡰ⛎ߐࠇߥ޿⎇ⓥߩផㅴ㧘ߟ߹ࠅࡉ࡞࡯࡮ࠬࠞࠗ⎇ⓥ㧔blue skies research㧕㧙߹ߚߪ⎇ⓥ⠪ߩᅢᄸᔃߦࠃߞߡ↢ߺ಴ߐࠇࠆ⎇ⓥ㧙ߩߚ߼ߩ⾗㊄ࠍ੤ઃߒ㧘චಽߥ⎇ⓥᤨ㑆ࠍਈ߃ࠆߣ޿߁㊀ⷐߥ⋡⊛߽ᜂߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧡‫ޤ‬࠺ࡘࠕ࡞࡮ࠨࡐ࡯࠻࡮ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ߽߁৻ߟߩㇱಽߪ㧘⧷࿖ౝߦ⸳⟎ߐࠇߚ㧤ߟߩ࡝ࠨ࡯
࠴࡮ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞㧔Research Council㧕ߢߔ‫ߪ࡞ࠪࡦ࠙ࠞ࡮࠴࡯ࠨ࡝ޕ‬㧘⎇ⓥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻
ߣ⎇ⓥࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍਛᔃߦ⾗㊄ࠍ੤ઃߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧢‫ޤ‬਎⇇ߩਥⷐ࿖ߪߔߴߡ㧘᭽‫ߥޘ‬㔍㗴ߦ⋥㕙ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬᳇୥ᄌേߣ޿ߞߚ‛ℂ⊛ߥ㕙㧘਎⇇ߩ቟ో଻㓚ߣ޿ߞߚ᡽ᴦ㕙㧘ࠣࡠ࡯ࡃ࡞ൻߣ⾏ᤃߣ޿ߞߚ⚻ᷣ㕙ߣᐢ▸ߦ෸߮߹ߔ‫ޕ‬਎⇇⚻ᷣߩᄌേߣ਎⇇⾏ᤃߩ⥄↱ൻߩ⚿ᨐ㧘࿖ኅ㑆ߩ┹੎߇ᾜࠄࠇ㧘ᧄᣣߩඦ೨ਛߦ߅⹤
߇޽ߞߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘․ߦࠗࡦ࠼ߣਛ࿖ߥߤߩᣂ⥝⻉࿖ߣߩ┹੎߇ỗൻߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫߃޿ߪߣޕ‬㧘ߎࠇࠍ⢿ᆭߣߺߥߔᔅⷐߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬ᣂ⥝࿖ߣㅪ៤ߔࠆߎߣߪᄢ߈ߥ࠴ࡖࡦࠬ
ߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫৻ߚ߹ޕ‬ᣇߢߪ㧘Ἣᦐᣣߦ਻Ꮊᄢቇࠍ⸰໧ߒߡቇࠎߛߎߣߩ৻ߟߪ㧘਻Ꮊᄢቇ߇ਛ࿖ߩ਄ᶏߦ޽ࠆ਄ᶏ੤ㅢᄢቇߣߤߩࠃ߁ߦ✕ኒߦㅪ៤ߒߡ޿ࠆ߆㧘ߘߒߡߘࠇ߇↢ߺ಴ߒߡ޿ࠆߘߩ࿾ၞ߳ߩ⋧੕೑⋉ߢߔ‫ࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬㧘ㅪ៤ߩᯏળ߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆߩߢ޽ࠅ㧘᳿ߒߡ┹੎ߛߌߢߪߥ޿ߩߢߔ‫⃻ޕ‬࿷㧘⧷࿖᡽ᐭߪߎࠇࠄߩ⺖㗴ࠍ⹺⼂ߒ㧘⧷࿖ߩ┹੎ജ㧘↢↥ᕈߩ᜛ᄢ㧘ߘߩ⚿ᨐߣߒߡߩ⚻ᷣ࡮␠ળߩ❥ᩕࠍ⋡ᜰߒ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩข⚵ߺߦᄢဳᛩ⾗ࠍⴕߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧣‫ޤ‬
Thompson ዪ㐳߇ᣢߦㅀߴࠄࠇߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘ㆊ෰㧟㨪㧠ᐕߦ߅޿ߡ㧘⧷࿖ߢߪ㊀ⷐߥ࡟ࡆࡘ࡯߇ᐞߟ߆ⴕࠊࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ࠍࠄࠇߘߪ࠻ࠬ࡝ߩߎޕ‬೉᜼ߒߚ߽ߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧤‫ޤ‬ߘߩઙߪ⚦߆ߊ⹤ߔ੍ቯߢߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ߇㧘⎇ⓥ࡮⍮⼂⒖ォߩⷰὐ߆ࠄߺߡ㊀ⷐߥ᡽╷ᢥᦠߪ㧘⑼ቇ߅ࠃ߮ᛛⴚ㕟ᣂᛩ⾗ߦ㑐ߔࠆ 10 ᐕ⸘↹ߢߒࠂ߁‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘 ⧷࿖᡽ᐭ߇ߎߩ
ჿ᣿ߢ⸳ቯߒߚਥߥ⺖㗴߿⋡ᮡ୯ߪ㧙⧷࿖᡽ᐭ߇⎇ⓥ࡮⍮⼂⒖ォߩᚢ⇛⊛ߥ࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ࠍ␜
ߒߚߩߪೋ߼ߡߩߎߣߢߔ߇㧙ਥߥ⋡ᮡ୯ߪ⎇ⓥ㐿⊒ᛩ⾗ߩኻ GDP Ყ 2.5%ߩ㆐ᚑࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫߮ࠃ߅౒౏ߪࠇߎޕ‬᳃㑆ᛩ⾗ࠍวࠊߖߚᢙ୯ߢߔ߇㧘ߎࠇ߇⧷࿖ߦߣߞߡߤߩ
ࠃ߁ߥᗧ๧ࠍᜬߟ߆ዋߒ߅⹤ߒߒ߹ߔߣ㧘߅ࠊ߆ࠅߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘⃻ᤨὐߢ⚂ 1.9%ߩ߽ߩࠍ
2014 ᐕ߹ߢߦ 2.5㧑ߦᒁ߈਄ߍࠆ⋡ᮡߪ߆ߥࠅ෩ߒ޿ߩߢߔ߇㧘ᣣᧄࠍ฽߼ઁߩ࿖‫⧷ߪޘ‬࿖߇⸳ቯߒߚ⋡ᮡ୯ࠍ਄࿁ߞߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔ‫ޕ‬వ⒟⸒޿߹ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘᦬ᦐᣣߦ⋭ᐡࠍ⸰
໧ߒߡℂ⸃ߒߚߎߣߪ㧘ߎߎᣣᧄߢߩ⎇ⓥ㐿⊒ᛩ⾗ߪ㧘⃻࿷㧘ᐞߟ߆ߩࠬࠞࡦࠫ࠽ࡆࠕ⻉࿖ߣหߓࠃ߁ߦኻ GDP Ყ㧟%ࠍ⿥߃ߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧥‫ޤ‬ߎࠇ߹ߢߏ⺑᣿ߒߡ߈ߚ⢛᥊ߦ߅ߌࠆ᡽╷ߩ㊀ⷐߥಽ㊁ߦ⒖ࠅ߹ߒࠂ߁‫ޕ‬1902 ᐕߦࠦࡠࡦࡆࠕᄢቇߩቇ㐳ߛߞߚ Nicholas Butler ᳁ߪᰴߩࠃ߁ߦ⺆ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬‫⃻ޟ‬ઍߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ᄢቇߪ਎⇇ߩᵴേߣ೎୘ߩ߽ߩߢߪߥ޿‫ߩߘࠈߒ߻ޕ‬ᵴേߩਛߦ޽ࠅ㧘ᵴേߩ৻ㇱߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕޠ‬ᚒ‫ߩޘ‬᡽╷ߩᄙߊߪ㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒ో⥸㧘ߘߒߡ․ߦ⎇ⓥ࡮⍮⼂⒖ォߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ߎߩὐࠍᒝ⺞ߒ⛯ߌߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߎߩ࿑⴫ߪ㧘ᚒ‫ߩޘ‬᡽╷㧘⎇ⓥ࡮⍮⼂⒖ォߩ㎛ߣߥࠆ㕙ߩ৻ㇱߦὶὐࠍᒰߡߚ߽ߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ߎࠇࠄߩಽ㊁ࠍ৻ߟߕߟ⹤ߒߡ޿ߊߦߪ᣿ࠄ߆ߦᤨ㑆߇⿷ࠅߥ޿ߩߢ㧘ᰴߩ 3 ߟߩ㗄⋡ߦὶὐࠍ޽ߡߡ߅⹤ߒ޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥߩ⾰ࠍᏀฝߔࠆ⎇ⓥߩఝ⑲ᕈ㧘ߘߒߡ RAE㧔Research
Assessment Exercise㧕ߦߟ޿ߡዋ‫ߡߒߒ⹤߅ޘ‬㧘⽷᡽ߩⷰὐ߆ࠄ⷗ߚᄢቇ⎇ⓥߩᜬ⛯น⢻ᕈ㧘ߘߩᓟ㧘ડᬺ㧘↥ᬺ߅ࠃ߮ᐢ▸ߥ࿾ၞ␠ળߣㅪ៤ߒߚᄢቇߩ⍮⼂⒖ォߦߟ޿ߡዋߒ⸅
ࠇߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ᣢߦ⎇ⓥ⾗㊄ߩ࠺ࡘࠕ࡞࡮ࠨࡐ࡯࠻࡮ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߣ㧘ᚒ‫ޘ‬HEFCE ߩ⎇ⓥ⾗㊄੤ઃߦ㑐ߔࠆᓎഀߦߟ޿ߡ߅⹤ߒߒ߹ߒߚ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬੤ઃ㊄ߩኻ⽎ߪ㧘߆ߥࠅ෩ߒߊㆬᛯߐࠇ߹ߔ‫ߟޕ‬߹ࠅ㧘ᦨ㜞ߩ⾰ߩ⎇ⓥߦᦨᄢߩ⾗㊄߇㈩ಽߐࠇࠆߩߢߔ‫⾗ޕ‬㊄ࠍㆬᛯ⊛ߦ੤ઃߔࠆߚ߼ߦ
ߪ㧘ᒝ࿕߆ߟቇ⇇ߦ৻⥸ߦฃߌ౉ࠇࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߥ⹏ଔ೙ᐲ߇ਇนᰳߢߔ‫⁁ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ᴫࠍฃߌߡ㧘⧷࿖ߢߪ⎇ⓥ⹏ଔ੐ᬺ㧔Research Assessment Exercise㧕㧘ߟ߹ࠅ RAE ߇ 1986ᐕߦ⺀↢ߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬એ᧪㧘1989 ᐕ㧘1992 ᐕ㧘1996 ᐕ߅ࠃ߮ 2001 ᐕߩ㧡࿁ߦᷰࠅ⹏ଔ߇
ታᣉߐࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ᰴ࿁ߪ 2008 ᐕߦ੍ቯߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫߅ޕ‬ᚻరߩ⾗ᢱ৻ᑼߦ 2008 ᐕᐲ RAE ߩ⹦⚦߇฽߹ࠇߡ޿߹ߔߩߢ㧘⹦⚦ߦߟ޿ߡ߅⹤ߒ޿ߚߒ߹ߖࠎ‫ࠇߘޕ‬એᄖࠍขࠅᕆ߉߅⹤ߒߒ߹ߔߣ㧘
RAE ߪቇ⑼ߩឭ಴‛ࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆ 67 ୘ߩኾ㐷ᆔຬળ߇ၮᧄߣߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢቇߩቇ⑼߇
ឭ಴ߔࠆ⾗ᢱߪ৻⥸ߦ⡯ຬ㧘ೀⴕ‛㧘⵬ഥ㊄㧘⎇ⓥߩᖱႎ㧘ቇ↢ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘߹ߚቇ⑼ߩ⎇ⓥᚢ⇛ߣ⸘↹ߦ㑐ߔࠆᖱႎ߇ⷙቯߩᒻᑼߣߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬2001 ᐕᐲ RAE ߢߪ㧘ฦቇ⑼ߪ
㧡* ߇ᦨ㜞ߩ㧝߆ࠄ㧡*ߩ㧣Ბ㓏ߢ⹏ଔߐࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬߅ᚻరߩ⾗ᢱࠍߏⷩߦߥࠆߣ߅ࠊ߆ࠅߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘2008 ᐕᐲ RAE ߪߘࠇ߹ߢߣߪ⧯ᐓ⇣ߥߞߡ޿߹ߔߩߢ㧘ᓟ߶ߤߘߩౝኈࠍߏ⚫੺ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬⑳ߪ㧘RAE ߩㆇ༡ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߦߟ޿ߡ⹤ߔࠃࠅ߽㧘ㆊ෰ 20 ᐕߩ RAE ߩⴕേታ❣߆ࠄᢎ⸠ࠍቇ߱ᣇ߇ᑪ⸳⊛ߛߣᕁ޿߹ߒߚ‫⸃⷗ߩ⑳ޕ‬㧘⑳߇ᒝߊᗵߓߡ޿ࠆߎߣߢ㧘ߔߴߡߢߪߥ
޿ߦߒߡ߽ᄙߊߩᣇ‫ࠆ޿ߡߒ᦭౒ߣޘ‬ᗧ⷗ߢߔ߇㧘RAE ߪㆊ෰ 20 ᐕ㑆㧘⧷࿖ߩ⎇ⓥߩ⾰ࠍ㘧べ⊛ߦะ਄ߐߖߡ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬⑳ߩਥᒛࠍⵣઃߌࠆ⸽᜚߽⏕߆ߦ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘ᄖㇱࠦࡦࠨ࡞࠲ࡦ࠻߇૞ᚑߒߚࠬ

࡜ࠗ࠼ߢ㧘HEFCE ߩࠬ࡜ࠗ࠼ߢߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ߇㧘ߎࠇߪ㧘਎⇇ో૕ߦභ߼ࠆ⧷࿖ߩ⺰ᢥᒁ↪ߩᲧ₸߇ᦨૐ᳓Ḱߦ޽ߞߚ 1986 ᐕ㗃߆ࠄߤߩࠃ߁ߦ਄᣹ߒߚߩ߆ࠍ␜ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ߢߔ߆ࠄ㧘ߎࠇߪ╙ਃ⠪ߩ┙႐߆ࠄ⷗ߡ RAE ߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߥᓎഀࠍᨐߚߒߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ࠍ
ᚒ‫ߦޘ‬ᢎ߃ߡߊࠇࠆ㧘⦟޿ㅪ៤ᣇᴺߩ৻ߟ߆߽⍮ࠇ߹ߖࠎ‫ߛߚޕ‬㧘ᒁ↪ಽᨆߦ៤ࠊߞߡ޿
ࠆᣇ‫ߪޘ‬㧘ߎߩᢙ୯߇ߘࠇ߶ߤන⚐ߥ߽ߩߢߪߥߊ㧘ታ㓙ߪਥߦ⑼ቇ♽ߩ⑼⋡ߦᒰߡߪ߹
ࠆ߽ߩߢ⧓ⴚ࡮ੱᢥ♽ߦߪᄢߒߡ᦭ലߢߥ޿ߎߣࠍߏሽߓߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫߇⾰ޕ‬ะ਄ߒߚߎ
ߣࠍ␜ߔ೎ߩ⸽᜚ߪ㧘ㆊ෰ 3 ࿁ߩ⎇ⓥ⹏ଔ૞ᬺߢߩ⹏ቯ⚿ᨐ߇⇣ߥࠆቇ⑼߇ߤࠇߛߌᄙ޿
߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘⾰߇ะ਄ߒߚߛߌߢߪߥ޿ߎߣ߇ߏⷩ޿ߚߛߌࠆߢߒࠂ߁‫৻ޕ‬⇟਄ߩ೉ࠍߏⷩߦߥࠇ߫㧘ᦨ߽⹏ଔ߇ૐ޿㧝ࠍฃߌߚቇ⑼ߪ 1992 ᐕߦ 423 ޽ߞߚ߽ߩ߇㧘
2001 ᐕߪࠊߕ߆ 18 ቇ⑼ߦߣߤ߹ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ ࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬RAE ߪ⎇ⓥߩ⾰ࠍะ਄ߐߖߚߛߌߢ
ߪߥߊ㧘หᤨߦૐ޿⾰ߩ⎇ⓥࠍᷫࠄߒߚߎߣ߇߅ࠊ߆ࠅߦߥࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ߘߒߡ㧘ඦ೨ਛߦᣢߦ߅⹤ߒ߇޽ߞߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬㧘ᄢߒߡ⾰ߩ⦟ߊߥ޿⎇ⓥߦ࿖߆ࠄߩᏂ㗵ߩ੤ઃ㊄ࠍ㈩ಽߔࠆߎߣߦଔ୯߇⷗޿ߛߐࠇߥ޿ࠃ߁ߥ┹੎ߩᤨઍߦ↢߈ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬RAE ߩᄢ߈ߥⷐ⚛㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪ RAE ߩᚑᨐߣߪ㧘ᯏ㑐߇ᚢ⇛⊛ߦ⎇ⓥࠍ▤ℂߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚߎߣߢߔ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥߩᚢ⇛⊛▤ℂߣ޿߁ᣂߚߥ᭎ᔨߪ㧘25 ᐕ೨ߢߒߚࠄ߶߷⠨߃ߟ߆ߥ޿ߎߣߢߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘⑳߇⺰ᢥߦ⸥タߒߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘25 ᐕ೨ߛߞߚࠄ߅ߘࠄߊᜎ⛘ߐࠇߡ޿ߚߎߣߢߒࠂ߁‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬ᢥൻ㕙ߢߩᄢ߈ߥᄌൻߢ޽ࠅ㧘ࠊ߇࿖ߩ⎇ⓥߩ⾰ࠍะ਄ߐߖ㧘⎇ⓥߦ߅ߌࠆ࿖㓙┹੎ജࠍ⛽ᜬߒะ਄ߐߖࠃ߁ߣߔࠆߥࠄ߫㧘ਇนᰳߥߎߣߛߣ⑳ߪᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬߹ߚ㧘․ߦ⥄ὼ⑼ቇߦᵈ⋡ߔࠆߥࠄ߫㧘⸳஻ߪએ೨ࠃࠅߪࠆ߆ߦ᦭ല೑↪ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦ
ߥߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘ࠦࠬ࠻ߩ߆߆ࠆ⎇ⓥ⺖㗴ߪ㧘ᔅⷐ੍▚ࠍ⏕଻ߔࠆߚ߼ⷙᮨࠍᄢ߈ߊߒߡᚻ߇
ߌߑࠆࠍᓧߥ޿ߣߩᗧ⼂߇޽ࠅ㧘ᄙ㗵ߩ⾌↪ࠍⷐߔࠆߎࠇࠄ⑼ቇ♽ߩಽ㊁ߢ਎⇇࠻࠶ࡊࠢ࡜ࠬߩ⎇ⓥࠍㅊ᳞ߔࠆߩߪ߆ߥࠅ࿎㔍ߥߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬⧷࿖ RAE ߩᚑഞߪ㧘ࠝ࡯ࠬ࠻࡜࡝ࠕ㧘࠾ࡘ࡯ࠫ࡯࡜ࡦ࠼㧘࠼ࠗ࠷㧘ࠝ࡜ࡦ࠳㧘ࠬࠞࡦࠫ࠽ࡆࠕ⻉࿖ߥߤ߇⧷࿖ߦ㘃ૃߒߚࡕ࠺࡞㧘߹ߚߪዋߥߊߣ߽⎇ⓥߩᬺ❣▤ℂ߅ࠃ߮⹏ଔߩ
ಽ㊁ߢૃߚࡕ࠺࡞ࠍផߒㅴ߼ߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ߽ಽ߆ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬৻ᣇߢ㧘ࡑࠗ࠽ࠬߩᓇ㗀߇ᄙߊ޽ߞߚߎߣ߽⹺߼ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫⧷ޕ‬࿖߇⃻࿷ᛴ߃ࠆߩߪ㧘ߎߩ 20 ᐕ㑆㧘⃻࿷ߩᒻᘒߢߩ RAE ߇㆐ᚑߢ߈ࠆߛߌߩߎߣࠍᚑߒㆀߍߡ߈ߚߩ
߆ุ߆㧘೑⋉ㅛᷫࠍ␜ߒᆎ߼ߡ޿ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ޿߁໧㗴ߢߔ‫ᦨޕ‬ᄢߩ ᔨ᧚ᢱߪ㧘ᄢቇߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ⎇ⓥߦᵈജߒߔ߉ߚߚ߼ߦ㧘ઁߩᵴേ㧘․ߦᜰዉߩಽ㊁ߦᑷኂࠍ߽ߚࠄߒ
ߡ߈ߚߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ࠅ➅ޕ‬㄰ߒߦߥࠅ߹ߔ߇㧘᦬ᦐᣣߦᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ߣ⚻ᷣ↥ᬺ⋭ߢⴕߞߚࡒ࡯࠹ࠖࡦࠣߩ႐ߢ㧘⎇ⓥߩఝవߦࠃߞߡᜰዉߩ⾰߇シⷞߐࠇࠆߣ޿߁࡝
ࠬࠢߪ㧘ᣣᧄߢ߽㗡ࠍᖠ߹ߒߡ޿ࠆ੐ታߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⍮ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ߢߌࠊ߁޿߁ߘޕ‬㧘ߎࠇ߇⧷࿖ߦ࿕᦭ߦߺࠄࠇࠆ⁁ᴫߢߪߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ޕ‬⡯ຬߩណ↪㧘ೀⴕ‛߳ߩኻᔕߣ޿ߞߚ

ቇౝߩ⁁ᴫߦኻߒߡ㧘㐳ᦼ⊛ߥⷰὐߢߪᔅߕߒ߽ᦸ߹ߒ޿ߣߪ޿߃ߥ޿⁁ᴫ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬߹ߚ㧘ᦨ߽ࠃߊᛕ್ߐࠇࠆὐߪ㧘RAE ߇․ቯߩ⎇ⓥߩ⒳㘃㧘․ߦቇ㓙⊛ߥ⎇ⓥ߹ߚߪᔕ↪
⎇ⓥ߿ታ㓙⊛ߥ⎇ⓥߦ᳓ࠍᏅߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬໧㗴ߣߥࠆߩߪ㧘ቇ⑼ో૕
ߦኻߔࠆᩰઃߌ߇㧘ߘߩቇ⑼ౝߦථ⿧ߒߚ⎇ⓥࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆน⢻ᕈࠍ⷗⪭ߐߖߡߒ߹߁ߎߣ߇޽ࠆ㧘ߣ޿߁ὐߢߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ੱ㑆ᧄ᧪ߩ௑ะߣߒߡ㧘ߤࠎߥ⹏ଔ೙ᐲ߇⸳⟎ߐࠇࠆߣߒߡ߽㧘ੱ‫ᦨߩߘߪޘ‬ᄢߩ೑⋉ࠍᓧࠆߚ߼ߦోജࠍዧߊߒ㧘ᔅⷐߥߎߣࠍ૗ߢ߽ታⴕߔࠆ߽ߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫ ߇ޘ‬2008 ᐕᐲ RAE
ߩߚ߼ߦ⹜ⴕߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߪ㧘੹ㅀߴߚਥߥࡑࠗ࠽ࠬߩᓇ㗀ߩ৻ㇱߦኻಣߔࠆᡷ㕟ࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘3 ߟߩਥߥᡷ㕟㗄⋡ߪᰴߩߣ߅ࠅߢߔ‫ߩ⾰ޕ‬ะ਄㧔quality profile㧕ࠍ⋡ᜰߔߎߣ‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬㧘2008 ᐕᐲ RAE ߢߪ㧘ቇ⑼ࠍ㧡 ߿ 㧡*ߩࠃ߁ߥ৻ߟߩណὐߢ⹏ଔ
ߔࠆߎߣߪߒ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ቇ⑼ߩഀวߦኻߒߡ᭽‫⹏ߥޘ‬ቯࠍ⸳ቯߔࠆ੍ቯߢߔ‫ࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬㧘ᒝߊߡ߽ᒙߊߡ߽㧘ᧄ‛ߩථ⿧ߒߚࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ߇ߤߎߦ޽ࠆ߆ࠍ⼂೎ߔࠆߎߣ߇ኈᤃߦߥࠅ߹
ߔ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫ ߪޘ‬68 ߩኾ㐷⎇ⓥࡄࡀ࡞ߩ਄ߦᶏᄖߩઍ⴫⠪ࠍട߃ߚ 15 ߩ൮᜝ࡄࡀ࡞ࠍ⸳⟎ߔࠆߎߣߢ㧘࿖㓙ၮḰߦද⺞ߒ㧘㑐ㅪߔࠆቇ⑼㑆ߩ৻⽾ᕈࠍ߆ߥࠅ㜞߼ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ࠆ߈ߢޕ‬㒢ࠅ⚿ᨐߦ৻⽾ᕈ߇޽ࠆߴ߈ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߪ㧘ታ㓙ߦ⺞ᩏࠍⴕ߁⎇ⓥಽ㊁ߣ᭎ߨ৻⥌ߒߡ޿ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ߘߒߡᦨᓟߦ㧘ᤓᣣ㧘ࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼ߦ߅޿ߡ 2008 RAE ↪ߩ RAE ၮḰ߇౏⴫ߐࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬⑳ߪࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼ߦ޿ߥߊߡࡎ࠶ߣߒߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔ߇㧘 ㊀ⷐߥὐߩ৻ߟߪ㧘ฦ⎇ⓥಽ㊁ࡄࡀ࡞߇ᔕ↪⎇ⓥߣቇ㓙⊛⎇ⓥࠍߤ߁⹺ቯ࡮⹏ଔߒߚࠄࠃ޿߆ࠍឭ␜ߔࠆߎߣߢߔ‫ࠇߎޕ‬ߪ㧘RAE ߇⎇ⓥ⠪ߩ⎇ⓥ⒳㘃ࠍࠁ߇߼ߥ޿ߚ߼ߦߪ⛘ኻ⊛ߦਇนᰳߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄߢߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬వ߶ߤ⹤ߒ߹ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘⧷࿖߇⃻࿷ᛴ߃ࠆ໧㗴ߪ㧘⃻ⴕࡕ࠺࡞ߩ೑⋉ㅛᷫ߇⷗߃ᆎ߼
ߡ޿ࠆߚ߼㧘2008 ᐕએᓟ㧘⇣ߥࠆ⎇ⓥ⹏ଔࡕ࠺࡞ߦ⒖ⴕߔࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ߢߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘੹ᓟ㧘⼏⺰ߩ૛࿾߇޽ࠆ໧㗴ߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘RAE ߦ㑐ߒߡᦨᓟߦㅀߴߡ߅߈ߚ޿ߩߪ㧘ߎߩઙߩ࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ࠍᚻ߇ߌߚవヘቇ⠪ߩᣇ‫߇ޘ‬૞ᚑߒߚ࡟ࡐ࡯࠻ߩᒁ↪ߢߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޟ‬RAE ߪ໧㗴߿ᰳὐ߇ߥ޿ࠊߌߢߪߥ޿߇㧘⠴ਭᕈ㧘㗅ᔕᕈ߇޽ࠅ㧘⸵ኈߢ߈ࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ┙⸽ߒߡ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬RAE ߪ㧘ᄢቇߣ⧷࿖⚻ᷣో⥸ߦᰳ߆ߖߥ޿࡝࠰࡯ࠬߩㆬ೎⊛㈩ಽߦᚑഞߒߚ‫ޕ‬ઁߩઍᦧᚻᲑࠍᮨ⚝ߔࠆߎߣߪ㧘RAE ߩ⋡ⷡ߹ߒ޿ታ❣ߦ඘ᢜߔࠆᚑᨐࠍ਄ߍࠆน⢻ᕈࠍߪߞ߈ࠅߣ⸽᣿ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ߞߚߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕޠ‬⧷࿖ߩ೙ᐲߦߣߞߡ⺖㗴ߪ޿ߊߟ߽ሽ࿷ߒ߹ߔ‫ߢߎߎޕ‬㧘⎇ⓥ⽷᡽ߩ⛽ᜬജߩ໧㗴ߦߟ޿ߡ◲නߦ⸅ࠇߐߖߡߊߛߐ޿‫ޕ‬1997 ᐕએ᧪᡽ᐭߪ㧘⎇ⓥߦᭂ߼ߡᏂ㗵ߩᛩ⾗ࠍⴕߞߡ߈
߹ߒߚ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬੐ታߦ߽ଥࠊࠄߕ㧘ᄢቇߩ⎇ⓥ෼౉߆ࠄ⎇ⓥ⾌ࠍᏅߒᒁ߈߹ߔߣ㧘ᄢ߈ߥ⿒ሼߦߥࠆߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬㕖Ᏹߦᄢ᏷ߥ⿒ሼߢߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ߎ߁ߒߚ⁁ᴫ߇⛯ߊߎߣߪਇน⢻ߢ޽ࠆߎߣߦߪ⺕߽߇หᗧߔࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔߒ㧘⎇ⓥၮ␆ࠍ⛽ᜬน⢻ߥ⽷᡽ၮ⋚ߦ⒖ⴕߔࠆᔅ
ⷐ߇޽ࠆߢߒࠂ߁‫ޕ‬ᜬ⛯น⢻ᕈ߳⒖ⴕߔࠆߚ߼ߩ㊀ⷐߥⷐ⚛ߪ㧘⥄ಽߚߜ߇ㆀⴕߔࠆ⎇ⓥߦ߆߆ࠆ✚⾌↪㧘ߘߒߡታ㓙㧘ᜰዉࠍ฽߼㧘ⴕ߁ᵴേ߇૗ߢ޽ࠇ㧘✚⾌↪ࠍᒰ੐⠪߇߈ߜࠎߣᛠីߔࠆߎߣߥߩߢߔ‫߫ࠇߔ߁ߘޕ‬㧘ߤߩ⒟ᐲߩᄢ߈ߐߩ⎇ⓥࠍ⺧ߌ⽶߁߆ࠍ್ᢿߢ
߈߹ߔ‫ߡߐޕ‬㧘⧷࿖᡽ᐭߪ㧘࠺ࡘࠕ࡞ࠨࡐ࡯࠻ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩਔࠨࠗ࠼ߦㅊട⾗㊄ࠍᡰ⛎ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ߪࡈ࡞࡮ࠛࠦࡁࡒ࠶ࠢ࡮ࠦࠬ࠻࡮ࡕ࠺࡞㧔full economic cost model㧕ߦ⒖ⴕߔࠆߎߣߦᄢ߈ߥ㑐ᔃࠍᜬߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘࠺ࡘࠕ࡞࡮ࠨࡐ࡯࠻࡮ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ

஥ߢ޽ࠆ࡝ࠨ࡯࠴ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞ߪ㧘৻ቯᦼ㑆㧘੤ઃኻ⽎ߩ⎇ⓥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩ⾌↪ో㗵ࠍ⾗㊄੤ઃߔࠆߎߣࠍ⋡ᜰߔߢߒࠂ߁‫ޕ‬᡽ᐭߪ߹ߚ㧘ઁߩ⾗㊄ଏ⛎⠪߇㧘ᄢቇ߇ᓐࠄߩߚ߼ߦⴕ߁⎇ⓥߦઃ㓐ߔࠆో⾌↪ࠍឭଏߔࠆߎߣࠍᦼᓙߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬ᆎ߹ߞߚ߫߆ࠅߢߔߒ㧘ߘ߁◲නߦߪ޿߆ߥ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬࿖ౝߩડᬺ߆ࠄߔߢߦ㧘✚⾌↪ࠍߥߗឭଏߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ
޿ߩ߆⇼໧ⷞߔࠆჿ߇਄߇ߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᴺੱ⒢ࠍᎼࠆ⼏⺰߽޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ડᬺ߇ᄢቇߣឭ៤
ߒ㧘ડᬺ߇⋥ធᡰᛄ߁ࠦࠬ࠻ߦ⷗วߞߚ໡ຠ߿ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠍᓧࠆߎߣߩߢ߈ࠆ⎇ⓥၮ⋚ࠍឭଏߔࠆߩߪ᡽ᐭߩᓎഀߢ޽ࠆ㧘ߣ޿߁ߩ߇ᓐࠄߩਥᒛߢߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘᣿ࠄ߆ߦડᬺ߿↥ᬺ⇇ߣ⹤ߒวࠊߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿㧘㕖Ᏹߦ❫⚦ߢᛒ޿ߦߊ޿໧㗴ߢߔ‫ޕ‬᣿ࠄ߆ߦ㧘ᄢቇߪ㧘
⾗㊄੤ઃర߇᳃㑆ߢ޽ࠇ࿖ߢ޽ࠇ㧘⎇ⓥ⾌ࠍో㗵⾔߁ᔅⷐ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ห᭽ߦડᬺ߳ߩᓇ㗀߽ℂ⸃ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫⧷ߢߎߎޕ‬࿖ߦߣߞߡෂ㒾ߥߩߪ㧘࿖ౝ↥ᬺ߿໡ᬺ߇㧘⎇ⓥࠍ቟ଔߢⴕ߁ߚ߼㧘ࡈ࡞࡮ࠛࠦࡁࡒ࠶ࠢ࡮ࠦࠬ࠻࡮ࡕ࠺࡞ࠍታᣉߒߡ޿ߥ޿ᄖ࿖
ߦ⋡ࠍะߌࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡߒ߹߁߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘ᚒ‫ߡߞߣߦޘ‬ขࠅ⚵߻ߴ߈⺖㗴ߢ޽ࠆߎߣߪ᣿⊕ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᦨᓟߦ㧘⍮⼂⒖ォߣ⍮⼂⒖ォ᡽╷ߦߟ޿ߡዋߒ⹤ߐߖߡߊߛߐ޿‫౒࠼ࡦ࡜࡞ࠗࠕޕ‬๺࿖ߩ Mary Robinson రᄢ⛔㗔ߩ⸒⪲ࠍᒁ↪ߒ߹ߔ߇㧘‫ޟ‬ᣂ਎♿ߩ᐀㐿ߌߦ㓙ߒߡ㧘⍮⼂ࠍߤߩࠃ߁ߦᐢ߼ࠆ߆㧘⺕߇⺕ߩߚ߼ߦ೑↪ߔࠆߩ߆ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘․ߦᦨ߽ᖱႎ߆ࠄ㐽߼಴ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆੱ‫ࠍޘ‬⠨ᘦߖߕߦ㧘ᱧผ਄ߩߤߩᤨઍࠃࠅ߽ᄙ޿⍮⼂ࠍ⫾Ⓧߔࠆߛߌߢචಽߢߒࠂ
߁߆㧫‫ޠ‬⚿ዪߩᚲ㧘⍮⼂⒖ォߪੱ߇ߔߴߡߢߔ‫ޕ‬⍮⼂⒖ォߩ㎛ߣߥࠆ࡞࡯࠻ߪੱߥߩߢߔ‫ߒߘޕ‬ߡ㧘ߘߩὐࠍ⠨߃ࠆߣ㧘ᄢቇߣߒߡવ߃ߡ޿ߊߴ߈ᦨ߽㊀ⷐߥ⍮⼂ߪ㧘ᚒ‫ߩޘ‬තᬺ↢㧘ߎࠇ߆ࠄዞ⡯ߒߡ਎⇇ߦ⠀߫ߚߊቇ↢㆐ࠍㅢߒߡવ߃ࠆ⍮⼂ߥߩߢߔ‫⧷ޕ‬࿖߇⋥㕙ߔࠆ໧㗴ߩ৻ㇱߦߟ޿ߡ㧘Thompson ዪ㐳߆ࠄ߅⹤ߐࠇ߹ߒߚߩߢ㧘㓹↪ਥߩ㑐ਈߦߟ޿ߡߩ⹤㗴ߪ㊀ⶄࠍㆱߌߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߪ⑳ޕ‬㧘↥ቇㅪ៤ߦขࠅ⚵߻ᄢቇߦ㑐ߔࠆ໧㗴㧘⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ߣߩ㑐ଥ㧘┹੎ജߥߤ㧘ߎߩ࿑⴫ߩฝ਄ߩ྾ಽ౞ߦ␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍਛᔃߦ߅⹤ߒߐߖߡ
޿ߚߛ߈߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ㆊ෰ 20 ᐕߦ߅޿ߡ㧘⧷࿖ߩᄢቇߪ㧘ડᬺ㧘↥ᬺ߅ࠃ߮ᐢ▸ߥ࿾ၞ␠ળߥߤߩ᏷ᐢ޿࡙࡯
ࠩ࡯ߣߩᵴേࠍᵴ⊒ൻߒߡ߈߹ߒߚ‫ߦ߆⏕ޕ‬㧘ㆊ෰ 5 ᐕ㑆㧘ࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼ߢߪ㧘ᚒ‫⾏ߪޘ‬ᤃ↥ᬺ⋭߅ࠃ߮ᢎ⢒ᛛ⢻⋭ߣㅪ៤ߒ㧘‫╙ޟ‬㧟⇟⋡ߩᵹࠇ‫ࠅ߹ߟޠ‬⍮⼂⒖ォᵴേࠍᡰ߃ࠆౕ૕
⊛ߥ⾗㊄ឭଏࠍⴕߞߡ߈߹ߒߚ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘ߎࠇߪ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ᛛⴚ㕟ᣂၮ㊄ߣ๭߫ࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߏⷩߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘ߎߩၮ㊄ߪ㧘ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐߳ߩ੤ઃ㊄ߩᡰ⛎ߦ߅޿ߡਛᩭ⊛ߥᓎഀࠍᨐߚߒߡ

߅ࠅ㧘ߘߩ⚿ᨐ㧘ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ߪ࡜ࠗ࠮ࡦࠬଏਈ㧘⎇ⓥᄾ⚂㧘․⸵㧘ࠦࡦࠨ࡞࠲ࡦ࠻㧘ડᬺᢎ⢒㧘⛮⛯⊛ኾ㐷ᢎ⢒ࠍㅢߓߡ㧘⍮⊛⽷↥ߩᵴ↪ߦᓥ੐ߢ߈ࠆߩߢߔ‫ߩߎࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬ၮ㊄ߪ㧘ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐߇ߘࠇߙࠇℂᔨߦᓥߞߡ⍮⼂⒖ォߔࠆ⢻ജࠍ⢒ᚑߔࠆߚ߼ߩ㧘ਛᩭ⊛ߥ⾗㊄ߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬1999 ᐕ㧘⚂ 2,000 ਁࡐࡦ࠼ߩᡰ⛎߆ࠄᆎ߼㧘੹ᐕᐲߪᐕ㑆 1 ం 2,000 ਁࡐࡦ࠼߹ߢᚑ㐳ߒ߹ߒߚ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬ᄢ᏷ߥჇടߢߔ߇㧘ᧂߛ੤ઃߐࠇࠆ⎇ⓥ⾗㊄ࠃࠅ߽߆ߥࠅዋߥ޿ߩߪ᣿
⊕ߢߔ‫ޕ‬
ߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬㧘ߎߩࠕࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߦ㑐ߒߡߔߢߦⶄᢙߩ⺖㗴ߦ⋥㕙ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ਥߥ⺖㗴ߩ৻ㇱߪᰴߩߣ߅ࠅߢߔ‫ޕ‬⍮⼂⒖ォᵴേߩലᨐࠍታ㓙ߦߤߩࠃ߁ߦߒߡ᷹ቯߔࠆ
ߩ߆‫⸵․ޕ‬ઙᢙ㧘ࠬࡇࡦࠕ࠙࠻㧔spin-out㧕ડᬺᢙ㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪࠬࡇࡦࠕ࠙࠻ߒߚળ␠ߩଔ୯
߿ᄢቇ߆ࠄ↢ߓߚ࡜ࠗ࠮ࡦࠬ෼౉ߪ᷹ቯ߇ᭂ߼ߡ◲නߢߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘࿖߿ࠃࠅᐢ޿▸࿐ߦਈ߃ߡ޿ࠆ⚻ᷣ⊛㧘␠ળ⊛ߥታᓇ㗀ࠍ᷹ቯߔࠆߩߪߘࠇࠃࠅߕߞߣ㔍ߒ޿ߩߢߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ᄢቇߦ᦭⋉ߢ޽ߞߡ߽⧷࿖⚻ᷣో૕ߦߣߞߡߪචಽߢߥ޿߆㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪή⋉ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁
ߎߣ߽޽ࠅᓧࠆ㧘ߣ޿߁✕ᒛ߇ሽ࿷ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢቇߦൕോߒߚ⑳ߩ⚻㛎߆ࠄ଀ࠍ᜼ߍ߹ߔߣ㧘ᦨᄢ೑⋉ㆶరࠍฃߌߚ޿ᄢቇߦ޽ࠅ߇ߜߥߎߣߣߒߡ㧘․ቯߩᣇᴺߢ⍮⊛⽷↥ࠍᵴ↪ߒߚ޿㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪ․ቯߩ․⸵ࠍ଻ᜬߔࠆߎߣߦ࿕ၫߔࠆߎߣ߇⿠߈߹ߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ᄢቇߪታ㓙ߦߘߩ⍮⊛⽷↥ࠍᦨᄢ㒢ߦᵴ↪ߢ߈ࠆߛߌߩචಽߥ⾗㊄េഥࠍฃߌߡ߅ࠄߕ㧘ኾ㐷ᛛⴚ߽ᜬߞߡ޿ߥ޿߆߽ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎߒ㧘ታ㓙ߦ೎ߩᚻᲑߢ⧷࿖⚻ᷣߦᦨᄢߩଢ⋉߇߽ߚࠄߐࠇࠆ
߆߽ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎ‫ߢࠇߘޕ‬㧘ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ߩࡔ࡝࠶࠻ߣ㧘ࠃࠅᐢ▸ߥ೑⋉ࠍᓧߡ෼౉ᦨᄢൻࠍ⹜
ߺࠆ⧷࿖ᩣᑼળ␠ߣߩ㑆ߢ߆ߥࠅ࠺࡝ࠤ࡯࠻ߥ✕ᒛ߇↢ߓߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬⍮⼂⒖ォಽ㊁ߦ߅޿ߡᄢቇߦߣߞߡ߽߁৻ߟߩᄢ߈ߥ⺖㗴ߪ㧘ߎࠇࠄߦขࠅ⚵߻ᢎຬߦߤߩࠃ߁ߦࠗࡦ࠮ࡦ࠹ࠖࡉߣႎ㈽ࠍਈ߃ࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘⎇ⓥߣᜰዉߦࠊߕ
߆ߢߔ߇㑐ଥߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘⑳߇ᄢቇ೙ᐲߦߟ޿ߡᏱߦห௥ߦ⹤ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߩ৻
ߟߪ㧘⡯ຬߩ᣹ㅴ㧘⛎ਈ᭴ㅧ㧘㊄㌛⊛ႎ㈽ߩ᭴ㅧߥߤߦߟ޿ߡᬌ⸛ߔࠆߎߣߪ㧘ߤߩࠃ߁ߦฦ୘ੱߦേᯏઃߌࠍਈ߃㧘⍮⼂⒖ォࠍਛᔃ⊛ߥ௛߈߹ߚߪ૶๮ߣߒߡᒁ߈ฃߌߡ߽ࠄ߁
߆ࠍᏀฝߔࠆ㧘ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬⍮⼂⒖ォߩࠕࠫࠚࡦ࠳ో૕ߪ㧘ߘߩઁߦ߽ᭂ߼ߡ㊀ⷐߥᗧ๧ߢㅴᱠߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬20 ᐕ೨㧘ਥߦ⑼ቇ♽ߩಽ㊁ߢߪᛛⴚ⒖ォ߇ὶὐߢߒߚ‫ߪߢ੹ޕ‬㧘ᢎ㙃⑼⋡ో૕ߩਛߢ⍮⼂⒖ォߦߟ޿ߡߩ⼏⺰߇ߥߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬㧘ഃㅧ⊛⧓ⴚߩᓎഀߣ⧷࿖⚻ᷣ߳ߩ⽸₂ߪታߦᄢ߈
޿ߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬20 ᐕ೨ߩὶὐߪ㧘߅ߘࠄߊንߩഃㅧߛߞߚߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫⃻ޕ‬࿷㧘ὶὐߪᐢ߇ߞߡ
߅ࠅ㧘ᛛⴚ㕟ᣂ㧘↢ᵴߩ⾰㧘ᢥൻ⊛ะ਄ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘࿾ၞ␠ળౣ↢ߥߤ߇฽߹ࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥ
ߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬㧘Ᏹߦㅴൻߒ⛯ߌࠆࠕࠫࠚࡦ࠳߇ሽ࿷ߒߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ㆊ෰ߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘৻ᣇㅢⴕߩ⍮⼂⒖ォߦߟ޿ߡߢߒߚ߇㧘⃻࿷ߢߪ⍮⼂੤឵ߣ޿߁ⷰὐ

߆ࠄ⠨߃ߚേቇࡕ࠺࡞ߣߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬࿑⴫߇␜ߔࠃ߁ߦ㧘⍮⼂⒖ォߩ▸࿐ߪ㧘⍮⼂
⒖ォ߇↥ቇㅪ៤ߦߣߤ߹ࠄߕߤࠇ߶ߤᐢ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆ߆ࠍ␜ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ߎߩࠕࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߪ㧘㊀ⷐᕈߣ⍮ฬᐲ߇Ⴧߒߡ޿ࠆቇ⇇ߦ߅޿ߡᢥൻ⊛ᄌൻߦ⚿߮ߟ޿ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬ᵴേࠍᡰេߔࠆ౏⊛⾗㊄߇Ⴧ߃ࠆߦߟࠇ㧘ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ߪ㧘ᯏ⢻߿⢻ജ㐿⊒߆ࠄ↢↥㧘ᚑᨐ߅ࠃ߮ലᨐߦὶὐࠍ⒖ߒߡ޿ߊᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ᦨ⚳⊛ߦߪ㧘⧷࿖᡽ᐭ߇ߎࠇࠄߩᛩ⾗߇ਈ߃ࠆ⚻ᷣ߅ࠃ߮␠ળ߳ߩലᨐࠍ⺞ᩏߔࠆߎߣ
ߦߥࠆߢߒࠂ߁‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬⑳ߪἫᦐᣣߦ㧘⑔ጟᏒඳ‛㙚ࠍ⸰ࠇ߹ߒߚ߇㧘㕖Ᏹߦ⥝๧ᷓ޿ዷ␜‛ࠍ⷗ߟߌ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ߘࠇߪ࿖↥ᦨฎߩ⥄േゞߢ㧘޿߹ߛߦ⿛ࠇࠆߩߛߘ߁ߢߔ‫⥄ޕ‬േゞߪ 1916 ᐕ⵾ߢ㧘⥄േゞߩⵣ஥ߩࡊ࡟࡯࠻ࠍ⷗߹ߔߣ㧘ᢧ⮮㋕Ꮏᚲߣ਻ᎺᏢ࿖ᄢቇᎿቇ⑼ߣ⑔ጟᎿᬺቇᩞߩදหߢ
⵾૞ߐࠇߚߣ⸥タߐࠇߡ޿߹ߒߚ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘ᣣᧄ߇⚻ᷣ⊛┹੎ജߣ↢↥ᕈࠍᒝൻߔࠆߚ߼
ߦ⎇ⓥߣ⍮⼂ࠍᔕ↪ߒߚ⦟޿଀ߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ ޕ‬ᚒ‫ޘ‬㧘⧷࿖ߢߪ㧘ߎߩࠕࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߦߟ޿ߡ
ᣣᧄ߆ࠄᄙߊࠍቇߴࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕߚߒ߹޿ߑߏ߁ߣ߇ࠅ޽߽߁ߤޕ‬ᧄ㑆
Thirunamachandran ㇱ㐳޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫੹ޕ‬㧘ߜࠂ߁ߤ 12 ᤨߢߔ‫ޕ‬10 ಽ⒟࠺
ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦߩᤨ㑆ࠍߣࠅߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ߇㧘ߤߥߚ߆ࠄߢ߽ߤ߁ߙ‫ޕ‬⾰໧⠪⎇ⓥ⾌ߦኻߔࠆࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߣᣣᧄߩᲧセ߇޽ࠅ߹ߒߚߌࠇߤ߽㧘GDP ߦኻߔࠆᲧߢᣣᧄ߇
㧟.૗ࡄ࡯࠮ࡦ࠻ߣ߆ߢ㕖Ᏹߦᄙ޿ߣ߆޿߁⹤ߢߔߌࠇߤ߽㧘੹࿁ߩળ⼏ߪ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦኻߔࠆ⹤ߥߩߢ㧘ᣣᧄߩ႐วᄙ޿ߩߪ᳃㑆ડᬺߩ⎇ⓥ⾌߇㕖Ᏹߦᄙߊߡ㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⾌↪ߣ޿߁ߩߢᲧセߔࠆߣ㧘ᣣᧄߪࠗࠡ࡝ࠬࠃࠅߪࠆ߆ߦ GDP ߦኻߔࠆᲧߪૐ޿ߩߢߔ‫ߥޕ‬߅߆ߟ㧘ᣣᧄߩૐߐߣ޿߁ߩߪ㧘OECD ోㇱߩ࿖ߩਛߢᦨૐߩߣߎࠈࠍ޿ߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄ߇ᄙߊߡࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ߇ዋߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߩߪ㧘࿖ౝߢߘ߁޿߁߰߁ߦ૶ߞߡ޿ߡ㧘࡝ࠨ࡯࠴࡮
ࡈࠔࡦ࠼ࠍჇ߿ߔߩߦ૶ࠊࠇࠆߩߪߏ⥄↱ߢߔߌࠇߤ߽㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ㑐ߔࠆ㒢ࠅߢ⸒߁ߣ㧘ᱷᔨߥ߇ࠄᣣᧄߪ㕖Ᏹߦૐ޿ࡃࠫࠚ࠶࠻ߢ޽߃߉ߥ߇ࠄᢎ⢒ࠍ߿ߞߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߩ߇⃻⁁ߢߔ‫ޕ‬એ਄ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᧄ㑆ߎߩὐߦ㑐ߒ߹ߒߡ㧘૗߆ Thirunamachandran ㇱ㐳ߩᣇ߆ࠄࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߪ޽ࠅ߹ߔ߆‫ޕ‬Thirunamachandranࠊ߆ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫߆ߟߊ޿ޕ‬ᗧ⷗ࠍㅀߴߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߔ‫ߕ߹ޕ‬㧘OECD ⻉࿖ߪߔߴߡ㧘౏౒ㇱ㐷ࠃࠅ߽᳃㑆ㇱ㐷ߩᛩ⾗ߩᣇ߇ GDP ߦභ߼ࠆᲧ₸ߪ߆ߥࠅ㜞޿ߢߔ‫߫߃ߣߚޕ‬㧘⧷
࿖ߩ 1.9%ࠍ⷗ߡߺ߹ߔߣ㧘ታ㓙ߪ 1.2㧑߇᳃㑆ㇱ㐷ߩᛩ⾗ߢ㧘౏౒ㇱ㐷ߪࠊߕ߆ 0.7%ߦߔ
߉߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ᣣ⧷㑆ߢߩᄢ߈ߥ㆑޿ߣ޿߃߫㧘ᣣᧄߢߪ㧘⵾ㅧᬺߪᏂ㗵ߩ⾗㊄ࠍᜬߞߡ޿߹
ߔ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬㧘⵾ㅧળ␠ߪ⎇ⓥ㐿⊒ㇱ㐷ߦᏂ㗵ߩ⾗㊄ࠍᛩ⾗ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫⧷ ޕ‬࿖ߢߪ㧘⵾ㅧᬺߦߪ޽߹ࠅᄙߊߩ⾗㊄ឭଏߩ૛࿾߇޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ࠊ߇࿖ߩ⵾ㅧᬺߪ㧘㧞ߟ߆㧟ߟߩ࠮ࠢ࠲࡯ߦታ⾰⊛ߦ㓸ਛߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘ਥߦක⮎ຠ࠮ࠢ࠲࡯㧘ࠛ࡟ࠢ࠻ࡠ࠾ࠢࠬ
ߣࠛࡦࠫ࠾ࠕ࡝ࡦࠣ㧘ߘߒߡ⥶ⓨቝቮߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬㧘⵾ㅧᬺߩၮ⋚ߪታ⾰⊛ߦ㕖Ᏹߦዊߐߊ㧘ᓥߞߡ㧘ᚒ‫ߩߡߞߣߦޘ‬ᛩ⾗㧘ߟ߹ࠅ᳃㑆ㇱ㐷߇⎇ⓥ㐿⊒߳Ꮒ㗵ߩᛩ⾗ࠍߔࠆߎߣߪ㕖Ᏹߦ㔍ߒ޿ߩߢߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘౏౒ࠨࠗ࠼ࠍᲧセߒߡߺࠆߣ㧘ᣣᧄ߽⧷࿖߽ᄢᏅ
ߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘Ᏹߦ⥄໧ߖߑࠆࠍᓧߥ޿ߎߣߩ৻ߟߦ㧘⚿ዪߪ౏⊛⾗㊄ߪ㧘࿖᳃߇
ᡰᛄ߁⒢㊄ࡌ࡯ࠬߢ޽ࠆߩߢ㧘⚊⒢⠪ߪ࿖ߩ⎇ⓥ㐿⊒⾗㊄ߩߚ߼ߦߤࠇߛߌᛄ߁ߟ߽ࠅ߇
޽ࠆߩ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ߩߤࠎߣ߶ޕ‬࿖ߢߪ㧘౏⊛⾗㊄߇Ᏹߦ㒢ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇
߅ࠊ߆ࠅ޿ߚߛߌࠆߢߒࠂ߁‫ޕ‬ᧄ㑆޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ᦨޕ‬ೋߦ↳ߒᔓࠇ߹ߒߚ߇㧘౨㗡 Thompson ዪ㐳߆ࠄࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ
ߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒᡽╷ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ࡂࠗ࡜ࠗ࠻ࠍ߅⹤ߒߒߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚߩߢ㧘Thompson ዪ㐳ߦߟ޿ߡߩ⾰໧߽࠙ࠚ࡞ࠞࡓߢߔߩߢ㧘ࠃࠈߒߊ߅㗿޿ߒߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߢࠈߎߣޕ‬㧘᡽ᐭ஥߆ࠄ Thompson ዪ㐳㧘ᄢቇ࠮ࠢ࠲࡯ߩᢎ⢒ᵴേ߳ߩ౏⊛⾗㊄ߩ੤ઃᲧ₸ߦߟ޿ߡ૗߆
ࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߪ޽ࠅ߹ߔ߆‫ޕ‬
Thompson޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬Thirunamachandran ㇱ㐳߇ᣢߦ߅⹤ߦߥߞߚߩߢ㧘޽߹ࠅᄙߊ
ߪઃߌട߃߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ኻ GDP ᲧߣߒߡㅢᏱᡰ಴ߐࠇࠆᢎ⢒⾌ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘ࠊ߇࿖߇ਛ㑆ߦ૏⟎ߔࠆߎߣࠍ᳇ઃ޿ߚὐߩߺࠍ߅⹤ߒߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬᡽ᐭߪჇ㗵ߒࠃ߁ߣߒߡ޿߹ߔ߇㧘౏⊛⾗
㊄ߦߪߎࠇ߹ߢߣหߓࠃ߁ߦ᣿ࠄ߆ߦ೙⚂߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬㧘౏⊛⾗㊄߳ߩ೙⚂ߪ㧘୘ੱ߳ߩ࡝࠲࡯ࡦ߇߆ߥࠅ㜞޿ᢎ⢒ಽ㊁㧘ߟ߹ࠅ⟵ോᢎ⢒એᓟߦኻߒߡࠃࠅ෩ߒߊߥࠆ௑ะ
ߦ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬᳃㑆ኻ౏౒ᛩ⾗ߩ⎇ⓥ㐿⊒ߦߟ޿ߡߩ․ቯߩὐߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘ߎࠇߣ޿ߞߡઃ
ߌട߃ࠆߎߣߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ᧄ㑆޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫⾰ߏߦઁߪߢࠇߘޕ‬໧߿ࠦࡔࡦ࠻ࠍߤ߁ߙ‫ޕ‬

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⾰໧⠪
ᣣᧄߢ߽㧘ࡀࠟ࠹ࠖࡉߥ૞↪߇↢ߓߡ޿ࠆ߆߽ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎ‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬㧘߅⹤ߦߥߞߚࠥ
࡯ࡓ࡮ࡊ࡟ࠗࡦࠣ㧔⸘⇛⊛ߥⴕേ㧕ߦߟ޿ߡ⍮ࠅߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬ὐࠍ⹦ߒߊㅀߴߡ
㗂ߌ߹ߔ߆‫ޕ‬
Thirunamachandranࠊ߆ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬㧘⧷࿖ߢᚒ‫ߪ⪲⸒߁޿ߣࠣࡦࠗ࡟ࡊ࡮ࡓ࡯ࠥࠆ޿↪߇ޘ‬㧘వㅀߩࠃ߁ߦᒰ⹥೙ᐲࠍวᴺ⊛ߦᦨᄢ㒢ߦᵴ↪ߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ㧘ߟ߹ࠅᒰ⹥೙ᐲ߆ࠄᦨᄢߩ೑⋉ࠍᓧࠃ߁ߣߔࠆੱ‫ⴕߩޘ‬ὑࠍ⴫⃻ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ࠍߣߎߥࠈ޿ࠈ޿ߪࠇߎޕ‬ᗧ๧ߔࠆ႐ว߇޽ࠅ
߹ߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘ቇ⑼߇ RAE ߦ᦭೑ߦߥࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘․ቯߩᐕ㦂߿․ቯߩ⚻ᱧࠍᜬߟ⡯ຬߛߌࠍណ↪ߔࠆⴕὑࠍᗧ๧ߔࠆ႐ว߽޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬⡯ຬ᭴ᚑߦ஍ࠅ߇↢ߓࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᐕ㦂ߦ㑐ߒߡဋ╬ߢߪߥߊߥࠆ⸶ߢߔ‫ޕ‬㜞㦂ጀ߫߆ࠅߦߥߞߚࠅ㧘⎇ⓥᵴേߩ╙৻ੱ⠪ߦ஍ߞߚࠅߔࠆน⢻ᕈ߽޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬㧘ߎࠇߪ㆑ᴺߢߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ߇㧘ቇ⑼޽ࠆ޿ߪᄢ
ቇߩ㐳ᦼ⊛ᧂ᧪ߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆਇ቟᧚ᢱߣߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬RAE ߪ㧡㧘㧢ᐕߩࠨࠗࠢ࡞ߢታᣉߐ
ࠇ㧘৻ㇱߩ⎇ⓥಽ㊁㧘․ߦੱᢥ⑼ቇߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘⎇ⓥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻߿⎇ⓥ૞ᬺߩ৻ㇱߪᚑᨐࠍᓧࠆ߹ߢઁࠃࠅ㐳޿ᦼ㑆߇߆߆ࠅ߹ߔ‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬㧘ᄢቇߪ㧘ߚߣ߃߫ᧄ᧪߆ߌࠆߴ߈
ᦼ㑆ࠃࠅ߽⍴ᦼߢೀⴕ‛ࠍ⊒⴫ߒߚࠅ㧘⍴ᦼ⊛ߥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߦขࠅ⚵ࠎߛࠅ㧘น⢻ᕈߩ㜞޿ቇ⑼ࠍᓟ᛼ߒߔࠆ߆߽ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎ‫ߪࠄࠇߎޕ‬㧘ታ㓙ߦ⷗ࠄࠇࠆⴕേ࠲ࠗࡊߩ㧞ߟߩ੐଀ߢߔ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬㧘⹏ଔࠍⴕ߁ࡄࡀ࡞߇㧘ᓇ㗀ജߩᒝ޿࿖㓙⊛ߦ㜞ฬߥቇⴚ⹹ߦࠃࠅ㜞޿⹏ଔࠍઃߌࠆߛࠈ߁ߣ޿߁㑆㆑ߞߚାᔨ߇޽ࠆ㧘ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߽޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߦ߃ࠁޕ‬㧘ᢎຬߦೀ
ⴕࠍ․ቯߩቇⴚ⹹ߦ⛉ࠆࠃ߁࿶ജࠍ߆ߌࠆቇㇱ߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆߩߪ⏕߆ߢߔ‫࡯ࠥߪࠄࠇߎޕ‬ࡓ࡮ࡊ࡟ࠗࡦࠣߦߟ޿ߡߩ⑳ߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߩኻ⽎ߦߥࠆ㘃ߩ໧㗴ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᧄ㑆޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ߆߁ࠂߒߢ޿ߒࠈࠃޕ‬⾰໧⠪ߎߩ႐ว㧘⑼ቇߦ߅ߌࠆਇᱜⴕὑߪ฽߹ࠇࠆߩߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬฽߹ࠇߥ޿ߩߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬
Thirunamachandran฽߹ࠇ߹ߖࠎ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘⑼ቇߦ߅ߌࠆਇᱜⴕὑߩ໧㗴ߪ㧘ߔߴߡߩ࿖ߦߣߞߡఝవ⊛ߥࠕࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߢ㧘ߎߎ߆ࠄ㆙ߊߥ޿࿖ߢᦨㄭ੐ઙ߇⊒↢ߒߚ޽ߣߪ㧘․ߦ㊀ⷞߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ໧
㗴ߢ޽ࠆߣ㧘⑳ߪᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬㧘㖧࿖ߩ੐ઙߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬㧘⧷࿖ߩᄢቇߩห௥ߣ
✕ኒߦㅪ៤ߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘㜞ຠ⾰ߢᱜ⌀ᱜ㌏ߩ⎇ⓥࠍⴕ߁ߚ߼ߦ㧘ᚒ‫߇ޘ‬㧘߽ߒߊߪᓐࠄ߇㧘ߘߒߡฦᄢቇ߇ઁߩߤࠎߥኻ╷ࠍߣࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ߆ߦߟ޿ߡ⺞ߴߡ޿߹ߔ‫߽ߤࠇߌޕ‬㧘ߘࠇߪቇ⑼ో૕ߩ⎇ⓥࠕ࠙࠻ࡊ࠶࠻ߩ⾰ࠍᧄ⾰⊛ߦ⺞ߴࠆ⎇ⓥ⹏ଔࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߣߪ㑐ଥ߇޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ᧄ㑆޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ߹ߒߚ‫ߪߢޕ‬㧘߽߁৻໧㧘ߤ߁ߙ‫ޕ‬⾰໧⠪੹ߩὐߦ㑐ࠊࠅ߹ߔߌࠇߤ߽㧘RAE ߇ਥߣߒߡࠨࠗࠛࡦࠬಽ㊁ߦᲧセ⊛․ൻߒߡ޿ࠆߣ
ᕁ߁ߩߢߔ߇㧘ᣣᧄߩ␠ળ⑼ቇಽ㊁ߩ႐ว㧘ࠗࡦࡄࠢ࠻࡮ࡈࠔࠢ࠲࡯ߣ߆㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪࠛࡆ
࠺ࡦࠬߛߣ߆ࡄࡉ࡝ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩ໧㗴ߩਛߢ⹏ଔ߇߿߿㔍ߒ޿ߣ޿߁ὐ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߒߘޕ‬ߡ㧘Ყセ⊛಴ߔ⾗㊄Ḯ߇ዊߐ޿ߩߢ޽߹ࠅ໧㗴ߦߥࠄߥ޿ߣᕁ߁ߩߢߔߌࠇߤ߽㧘ಽ㊁⊛ߦߪ߆ߥࠅᄢ߈ߥ㗔ၞߢߘߩㄝߦߟ޿ߡ߿ߪࠅࡇࠕ࡮࡟ࡆࡘ࡯߇㊀ⷐߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔߌࠇߤ
߽㧘ߘࠇࠍ߿ߪࠅࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬൻߔࠆߩ߇㔍ߒ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔߩߢ㧘㕖Ᏹߦኾ㐷⊛ߥ⼏⺰ߦߥࠆߎߣ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߩߘޕ‬ὐ㧘ࠗࡦࡄࠢ࠻࡮ࡈࠔࠢ࠲࡯ߣ޿߁ߩߪ⚛ੱ߿޽ࠆ޿ߪ߅㊄ࠍ಴ߔ᡽╷ᒰ੐⠪ߦߣߞߡࠊ߆ࠅ߿ߔ޿߿ࠅᣇߢߪ޽ࠆ߽ߩߩ㧘ㅒߦߘߩㄝߦ⪭ߣߒⓣ߇޽ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣᕁ߁ߩߢߔ߇㧘ߘ߁޿߁ὐߪ޿߆߇ߢߒࠂ߁߆‫ޕ‬
Thirunamachandranࠊ߆ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬㗔ၞߦߟ޿ߡ߅⹤ߒߐߖߡߊߛߐ޿‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬㧘⧷࿖ߩ RAE ߪ㧘ቇⴚ⹹߳ߩࠗࡦࡄࠢ࠻ߩⷐ࿃ࠍ⠨ᘦߒ߹ߖࠎ‫߇⑳ߪࠇߎޕ‬ᜰ៰ߒߚὐߢߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ߏᜰ៰ߦߥߞߚὐߪᱜߒߊ㧘ੱᢥ⑼ቇ߿⧓ⴚߩቇ⑼ߣ⑼ቇߩ㑆ߦߪᄢ߈ߥ㆑޿߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘
వ⒟ߩ⹤ߩਛߢ㧘⑼ቇߦኻߒߡߪ᷹ቯᜰᮡࠍᲧセ⊛ኈᤃߦࡇࠕ࡮࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ߦᵴ↪ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߔ߇㧘⧓ⴚߩಽ㊁ߢߪߘ߁ߪ޿߆ߥ޿㧘ߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ߅ߞߒ߾ߞߡ޿ࠆߩߛߣᕁ
޿߹ߔ߇㧘⑳߽ోߊหߓ⠨߃ߢߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘⑳߇ 2008 ᐕᐲએᓟߦߟ޿ߡ૗ࠍߔߴ߈߆ࠍ⹤ߒ
ߚߣ߈ߦ㧘⧷࿖߇ᛴ߃ࠆ໧㗴ߣߒߡ᜼ߍߚ㧝ߟߪ㧘⧓ⴚಽ㊁ะߌߣ⑼ቇಽ㊁ะߌߦಽߌߚ㧘೎୘ߩ㧞ߟߩ⎇ⓥ⹏ଔࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ૞ᚑߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ߆ࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆߎߣߢߒߚ‫ޕ‬ㆊ෰ 20 ᐕ㑆㧘න৻ߩၮḰ೙ᐲߢߔߴߡߩቇ⑼ࠍࠞࡃ࡯ߒߡ߈ߚߚ߼㧘ಽ㊁ࡌ࡯ࠬߩၮḰߦߔࠇ߫㧘ታ㓙ߣ㆑߁⚿ᨐࠍ␜ߒߡߒ߹޿߹ߔ‫⚿ߪࠄࠇߎޕ‬ዪ㧘ੱᢥቇߩኾ㐷ኅߦࠃࠆੱᢥቇ⑼ߩߚ߼ߩ
⹏ଔߥߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫ߡߞߣߦޘ‬㧘㧞ߟߩࡕ࠺࡞ߦ⒖ⴕߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ߪ⏕߆ߦ໧㗴ߢߔ‫⃻ޕ‬࿷ࠃࠅ߽㓸⚂ᐲࠍᷫࠄߒߚ⑼ቇะߌߩࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ৻ߟ㧘ࡇࠕ࡮࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ߦ޽߹ࠅ㗬ࠄߥ޿߆㧘ዋߥߊߣ߽᷹ቯᜰᮡࠍࠃࠅ㊀ⷞߒߚࡕ࠺࡞ߢߔ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘⧓ⴚቇ⑼♽ߩࡕ࠺࡞ߪ㧘વ⛔⊛ߥࡇࠕ࡮࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ࠍࠃࠅ㊀ⷞߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆߢߒࠂ߁‫ޕ‬ᧄ㑆޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ߪߢࠇߘޕ‬㧘ᦨᓟߩߏ⾰໧߽ߒߊߪࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬Coombs
Rod Coombs ߣ↳ߒ߹ߔ‫⧷ޕ‬࿖ߩࡑࡦ࠴ࠚࠬ࠲࡯ᄢቇ೽ቇ㐳ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢቇߩ⎇ⓥࠍᎼࠆ᳃㑆ㇱ㐷ߣ౏౒ㇱ㐷ߩ⾗㊄ߩ㑐ଥߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ߐ߈߶ߤ੤ࠊߐࠇ߹ߒߚ⹤ࠍߜࠂߞߣขࠅ਄ߍߚ
޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫⧷ޕ‬࿖ߢߪ⎇ⓥߩ↥ᬺ⊛ၮ⋚߇㕖Ᏹߦ⁜޿ߩߢ㧘ᄢቇߩ⎇ⓥߦኻߔࠆ↥ᬺߩ⾗
㊄੤ઃ߽㒢ቯ⊛ߦߥߞߡߒ߹߁ߣ޿߁ Thirunamachandran ㇱ㐳ߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߦోߊหᗧߒ
߹ߔ‫᧲ޕ‬ർᄢቇࠍ⸰໧ߒߚ 2 ᣣ㑆ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ߎߩὐߦߪ․ߦᵈᗧࠍ༐⿠ߐߖࠄࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬᧲ർᄢቇߩ੍▚㗵ߪ⚂ 5 ంࡐࡦ࠼ߣ⑳ߩᄢቇߣ߶߷ห㗵ߥߩߢߔ߇㧘ߘߩ੍▚ߩਛߦ฽߹
ࠇߚ↥ᬺ⾗㊄ߪ㧘⑳ߩᄢቇߩ੍▚ߦභ߼ࠆ㗵ߩ 10 ୚ߢߒߚ‫ޕ‬න⚐⸘▚ࠍߒߡߺߚߣߎࠈ㧘↥ᬺߩ⎇ⓥ㐿⊒⾌ߩ✚㗵㧘ߟ߹ࠅታ㓙ߦኻಣߔࠆᔅⷐߩ޽ࠆᏒ႐ߪ⧷࿖ߩ 4 ୚એ਄ߢ޽ࠆ
ߣ޿߁੐ታ߇್᣿ߒ㧘ߎߩኻᾖ⊛ߥᲧ₸ߦዋߒ቟႑ߒ߹ߒߚ‫ߩ⑳ߢࠇߎޕ‬ᄢቇߩࠕࡦ࠳࡯
ࡄࡈࠜ࡯ࡑࡦࠬߩඨಽ߇⺑᣿ߐࠇ߹ߔ߇㧘ᱷࠅߩඨಽߪᄢቇో૕ߩࠕࡦ࠳࡯ࡄࡈࠜ࡯ࡑࡦ
ࠬߥߩߢߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘⑳ߪᰴߩὐ߇㊀ⷐߥࡐࠗࡦ࠻ߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃߹ߔ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬㧘ߘࠇߪ߽߁ฎ޿┹੎ߥߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫ᧄ߇ޘ‬ᒰߦ⋡ࠍะߌࠆߴ߈ߣߎࠈߪ㧘࿖ౝߩ⎇ⓥ㐿⊒දജ⠪ߢߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥ㐿⊒ߦᛩ⾗ߒߡ޿ࠆ਎⇇ߩ࠻࠶ࡊ 500 ␠ߩⴕേࠍ⺞ᩏߒߡߺࠆߣ㧘2 ߟߩߎߣߦ㛳߆ߐࠇ߹ߔ‫ߦ৻╙ޕ‬㧘ߎߎᢙᐕ㧘⎇ⓥ㐿⊒⾌ࠍ⥄␠ߩ⎇ⓥᚲᄖ߳᜚಴ߔࠆഀวߩ
ᣇ߇ᄙߊߥߞߡ޿ࠆ㧘ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫╙ޕ‬ੑߦ㧘⥄␠ߩ⎇ⓥ㐿⊒᜚ὐࠍ਎⇇ਛߩ࿖‫ߦޘ‬ᐢߍߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ‬㧘᭎ߨᄢቇߣㅪ៤ߔࠆߚ߼ߩ⎇ⓥ㐿⊒Ꮢ႐ߪ㧘ߤࠎߤࠎᄢ߈ߊߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ߇㧘ߘࠇߪࠣࡠ࡯ࡃ࡞ൻߩ⚿ᨐߘߒߡ⋥ធ⊛ߥലᨐߦࠃࠅᄢ߈ߊ
ߥߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢߔ‫ߦ߃ࠁޕ‬㧘ᣣ⧷ਔ࿖ߪ㧘࿖ౝࠃࠅ߽਎⇇ࠍኻ⽎ߦߒߚ↥ቇㅪ៤ߩ⎇ⓥ㐿
⊒ߩදജ૕೙ߦߟ޿ߡ⠨߃ࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠅߘ߁ߢߔ‫ߪߢޕ‬㧘↥ቇㅪ៤┹੎ߢൎ೑ߔࠆߚ߼ߩ
ⷐ⚛ߣߪ૗ߢߒࠂ߁߆‫ࠎࠈߜ߽ޕ‬㧘╵߃ߪߘߩ࿖ߩ౏౒࠮ࠢ࠲࡯ߩ⎇ⓥᛩ⾗ߩ⾰ߦ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ࠄߥߗߥޕ‬㧘ࡔ࡯ࠞ࡯දജ⠪߇㑐ᔃࠍᜬߟߩߪ㧘᡽ᐭ߇੤ઃߒߚ⾗㊄ࠍࡌ࡯ࠬߦߒߚߘ
ߩ࿖࿕᦭ߩ⎇ⓥߩ⾰ߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄߢߔ‫ޕ‬ታ㓙㧘᳃㑆߆ࠄߩ⎇ⓥ⾌ߪ࿖ߩᡰ⛎ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ⾗㊄ߩઍࠊࠅߦߪߥࠅ߹ߖࠎߒ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇ߇੕޿ࠍน⢻ߦߔࠆߩߦᔅⷐߦߥࠆߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᧄ㑆ࠦࡔࡦ࠻޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ߪߢࠇߘޕ‬㧘Thirunamachandran ㇱ㐳㧘 Thompsonዪ㐳㧘޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ඦ೨ਛߩ࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦߪߎࠇߢ⚳ࠊࠅߦߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹
ߒߡ㧘㧝ᤨඨ߆ࠄඦᓟߩ࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦࠍߪߓ߼ߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߏ߽߁ߤޕ‬දജ޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏ
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ᣣ⧷ᄢቇ㑆ߩㅪ៤ߦߟ޿ߡ<࠮ ࠶ ࠪ ࡚ ࡦ 㧝 㧦 ࠬ ࠲ ࠺ ࠖ ࡮ ࡆ ࠫ ࠶ ࠻ ߩ ᭎ ⷐ ႎ ๔ >ႎ๔㧝 ᣣᧄ஥ෳടᄢቇߩ⧷࿖⸰໧ߦߟ޿ߡߩ᭎ⷐႎ๔ᄢ ⷏  ੳ  ᧲ ർ ᄢ ቇ ೽ ✚ 㐳 㧛 ℂ ੐  ̪ ࠬ ࡜ ࠗ ࠼ P117㨪 119ႎ๔㧞 ⧷࿖஥ෳടᄢቇߩᣣᧄ⸰໧ߦߟ޿ߡߩ᭎ⷐႎ๔David Watson ࡠ ࡦ ࠼ ࡦ ᄢ ቇ ᢎ ⢒ ⎇ ⓥ ᚲ 㧔 IoE㧕 ᢎ ᝼̪ ࠬ ࡜ ࠗ ࠼ P121,122
   ࠺ ࠖ ࠬ ࠞ ࠶ ࠪ ࡚ ࡦ  ᣣ ⧷ ਔ ࿖ ߩ 㧢 ࡍ ࠕ ᄢ ቇ 㧔 ⸘ 12 ᄢ ቇ 㧕 ߩ ઍ ⴫ࡕ ࠺ ࡟ ࡯ ࠲ ࡯ 㧦 Robert Boucher ࠪ ࠚ ࡈ ࠖ ࡯ ࡞ ࠼ ᄢ ቇ 㐳













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ඦᓟߩㇱࠍ㐿ᆎ޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ඦᓟߩㇱߢߪ㧘ᣣ⧷ᄢቇ㑆ߩㅪ៤ࠍ࠹࡯ࡑߣ޿ߚߒ߹ߒߡ㧘ᣣ⧷ਔ࿖ߩᄢቇ⋧੕ߩ⁁ᴫߦߟ޿ߡ㧘⋧੕⸰໧޿ߚߒ߹ߒߚౝኈߩႎ๔ߣ੐଀⚫੺ࠍⴕ߁੍ቯߦߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫߅ߥޕ‬㧘ඦ೨ߩᦨᓟߦ߽↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘ળ႐ߩ౉ࠅญߩฃઃ
ߢ㈩Ꮣߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ⧷࿖⸰໧ᤨߩႎ๔ᦠߪ㧘ߎߩඦᓟߩ࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦߢߩ᧲ർᄢቇᄢ⷏೽ቇ
㐳ߩ⊒⴫ߩෳ⠨⾗ᢱߢߏߑ޿߹ߔߩߢ㧘߹ߛ߅ᚻరߦ߅ᜬߜߢߥ޿ᣇߪߗ߭ߏ೑↪޿ߚߛߌࠇ߫ߣ޿߁߰߁ߦᕁߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߪߢࠇߘޕ‬㧘ඦᓟߩ╙৻࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦߢߪ㧘Robert
Boucher ࠪࠚࡈࠖ࡯࡞࠼ᄢቇ㐳ߦࡕ࠺࡟࡯࠲࡯ࠍ߅㗿޿ߔࠆߎߣߣ޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬Robert
Boucher ቇ㐳㧘ߤ߁ߙࠃࠈߒߊ߅㗿޿↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
Boucher޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ߢࡦ࡚ࠪ࠶࠮ߩߎޕ‬ᐳ㐳ߩᓎഀࠍᨐߚߖࠆߎߣࠍߚ޿߳ࠎሜߒߊ
ᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫⧷ޕ‬࿖஥ߩ㧞ฬߩࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦᓟߦ⸛⺰ࠍⴕ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬಴Ꮸ⠪߇⧯ᐓዋߥ޿ߢߔ߇㧘ฬᱷᗂߒߊ߽ศ↰␹␠߆ࠄᚯߞߡ߈ߡߊߛߐߞߚᣇ‫ߒ↳ࠍ␞߅ߦޘ‬਄ߍ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬੹߹ߢ⚻㛎ߒߚߎߣߩߥ޿▵ಽߩ߅⑂ࠅࠍ⷗ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚߩߪߔ߫ࠄߒ޿૕㛎ߢߒߚ‫ޕ‬ߢߪ㧘੹߆ࠄᣣᧄ஥ᄢቇߩ⧷࿖⸰໧ߣ⧷࿖஥ᄢቇߩᣣᧄ⸰໧ࠍ߹ߣ߼ߚ㧝⇟⋡ߩࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ
࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍⴕ޿ߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߦࠅࠊ⚳ߩࡦ࠯࡟ࡊߩߘޕ‬㧘12 ᄢቇߩઍ⴫⠪ߩᣇ‫ߦޘ‬㧘⊒⴫ౝኈߦ૗߆ઃߌട߃ߚ޿ߎߣ߇޽ࠆ߆ߤ߁߆߅ߚߕߨߔࠆ੍ቯߢߔ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᓟ㧘ࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩ⚿ᨐߣߒߡ㧘⾰⇼ᔕ╵߿૗߆ቇߴࠆᢎ⸠߇޽ࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ߩ⹤ߒว޿ࠍⴕ޿
ߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߪߢࠇߘޕ‬㧘᧲ർᄢቇ೽ቇ㐳㧘ᄢ⷏ੳᢎ᝼ߦ㧝⇟⋡ߩࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦ
ࠍ߅㗿޿ߔࠆߎߣߣ޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢ⷏‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧝‫ޤ‬Boucher ቇ㐳㧘޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ᧄޕ‬ᣣߎߩ႐ߢࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍⴕ߃ߡశᩕ
ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߚ޿߳ࠎሜߒߊᕁߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߪੱࠬ࡝ࠡࠗޕ‬ㅢᏱࠬࡇ࡯࠴ࠍ࡚ࠫ࡯ࠢ߆ࠄᆎ߼
ࠆߎߣ߇ᄙߊ㧘ߘࠇߦኻߒߡᣣᧄੱߪࠛࠢࠬࠠࡘ࡯࠭߆ࠄᆎ߼ࠆߎߣ߇ᄙ޿᳇߇ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬⑳ߪᣣᧄੱߥߩߢ㧘㧞ߟߩࠛࠢࠬࠠࡘ࡯࠭߆ࠄᆎ߼ߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߔ‫ߦ৻╙ޕ‬㧘ࡄࡢ࡯ࡐࠗࡦ࠻ߪ㧘߅ᚻరߦ߽޽ࠅ߹ߔࠃ߁ߦ⧷⺆ߢᦠ߈߹ߒߚ߇㧘ࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߪᣣᧄ
⺆ߢⴕ߁ߎߣࠍ߅⸵ߒߊߛߐ޿‫ޕ‬㧞⇟⋡ߩࠛࠢࠬࠠࡘ࡯࠭ߪ㧘ᓟߢ⹦ߒߊ߅⹤޿ߚߒ߹ߔ
ࠃ߁ߦ㧘ᤓᐕ㧘⑳౒㧘ᣣᧄߩ㧢ߟߩᄢቇ߇㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩ೎‫ߩޘ‬㧢ߟߩᄢቇࠍ⸰໧޿ߚߒ߹
ߒߚ‫੹ޕ‬ᣣߩ⑳ߩႎ๔ߢߪ㧘⑳߇⸰ߨߡ޿ߥ޿㧡ߟߩᄢቇߩ⸰໧ߩႎ๔߽฽߹ࠇߡ߅ࠅ߹
ߔ‫ߊࠄߘ߅ߪߢߎߘޕ‬ਇᱜ⏕ߥߣߎࠈ߿⿷ࠅߥ޿ߣߎࠈ߇޽ࠈ߁߆ߣᕁ޿߹ߔߩߢ㧘ᣣᧄߩઁߩᄢቇߩవ↢ᣇ߆ࠄߏ⸓ᱜ޽ࠆ޿ߪ⵬⿷ࠍ߅㗿޿ߢ߈ࠇ߫ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᣢߦߏ⚫੺߇޽ࠅ߹ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘╳ᵄᄢቇ㧘᧲੩ㄘᎿᄢቇ㧘ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇ㧘਻Ꮊᄢቇ㧘ᾢᧄᄢቇ㧘ߘࠇ߆ࠄ㧘⑳౒㧘᧲ർᄢቇ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩᄢቇ߇ᧄදജࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩᣣᧄ஥ߩផㅴ

ᆔຬળߩᣇ‫⸰ࠍࠬ࡝ࠡࠗߡߒ✜৻ߏߣޘ‬໧޿ߚߒ߹ߒߚ‫ߤ߁ࠂߜߪࠇߘޕ‬㧝ᐕ೨㧘2005 ᐕߩ㧝᦬ᧃ߆ࠄ㧞᦬ߩᆎ߼ߩߎߣߢߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫⸰ߩ౒⑳ߡ߼ߚࠄ޽ޕ‬໧ࠍฃߌ౉ࠇߡਅߐ
޿߹ߒߚ㧘ࡑࡦ࠴ࠚࠬ࠲࡯ᄢቇ㧘ࠪࠚࡈࠖ࡯࡞࠼ᄢቇ㧘ࡠࡦ࠼ࡦᄢቇࠗࡦࠬ࠹ࠖ࠴ࡘ࡯࠻࡮
ࠝࡉ࡮ࠛ࠺ࡘࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ㧘ࠣ࡜ࠬࠧ࡯ᄢቇ㧘ࡁ࠶࠹ࠖࡦࠟࡓᄢቇ㧘ߘࠇ߆ࠄࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ஥ߩ
ផㅴᆔຬળߩ⊝᭽ߦᣣᧄ஥⸰໧࿅ࠍઍ⴫ߒߡ㧘ෘߊᓮ␞ࠍ↳ߒ਄ߍߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧞‫ޤ‬ߘࠇߢߪ㧘ᧄ㗴ߦ౉ࠅߚ޿ߣሽߓ߹ߔ‫⸰ߩ౒⑳ޕ‬໧ߪ㧘㧟ߟߩㇱಽ߆ࠄߢ߈ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߒ
ߚ‫ޕ‬㧝ߟ⋡ߪ㧝᦬ 31 ᣣߦ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ࡮ࡈࠔࡦ࠺࡯࡚ࠪࡦߢⴕࠊࠇ߹ߒߚࡢࡦ࡮࠺࡯࡮
ࡑࠬ࠲࡯࡮ࠢ࡜ࠬ㧘㧞ߟ⋡߇ࡐ࡝ࠪ࡯࡮ࡈࠜ࡯࡜ࡓ㧘ߎࠇ߇㧞᦬㧝ᣣ㧘ߘࠇ߆ࠄ㧟ߟ⋡ߣߒߡ㧞᦬㧞ᣣએ㒠㧘వ⒟↳ߒ߹ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ㧢ߟߩᄢቇ߇㧢ߟߦಽ߆ࠇߡ㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩ㧢ߟߩᄢቇࠍ⸰໧ߒߚࠊߌߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ߡ޿ߟߦࠇߙࠇߘޕ‬㧘ߎࠇ߆ࠄ◲නߦߏႎ๔ࠍ↳ߒ਄ߍߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧟‫ޤ‬߹ߕ㧘㧝᦬ 31 ᣣߦⴕࠊࠇ߹ߒߚࡑࠬ࠲࡯࡮ࠢ࡜ࠬߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫࡮ࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ߪࠇߎޕ‬ࡈࠔࡦ࠺࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦ㧘․೎ߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍታᣉߒߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬᥉Ბߪ㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߦ
߅ߌࠆቇ㐳ߥߤࠍኻ⽎ߦߒߡ㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߌࠆ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ㙃ᚑߩߚ߼ߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ
ࠍታᣉߒߡ޿ࠄߞߒ߾ࠆߘ߁ߢߔ߇㧘੹࿁㧘⑳౒ߩߚ߼ߦ․೎ߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍ⚵ࠎߢ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚ‫ࠅ߹޽ߪߩ߁޿ߣࠬ࡜ࠢ࡮࡯࠲ࠬࡑޕ‬ᣣᧄߢߪ⡊ᘠࠇߥ޿⸒⪲ߢߔߩߢ㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩᣇߦߎࠇߪ૗ߥߩ߆ુߞߚߣߎࠈ㧘ߎࠇߪࠃߊ㖸ᭉኅߩᏂඅ߇⧯޿ੱߩߚ߼ߦ࡟࠶
ࠬࡦࠍ߿ࠆࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߛߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߒߚ‫߫߃޿߁ߘޕ‬ᤄ㧘࠹࡟ࡆߢ࠰ࡊ࡜ࡁߩࠛ࡝ࠩࡌ
࠻࡮ࠪࡘࡧࠔ࡞࠷ࠦ࠶ࡊࡈ߇⧯޿᱌ᚻߦ߿ߞߡ޿ࠆࡑࠬ࠲࡯࡮ࠢ࡜ࠬߣ߆㧘ߘࠇ߆ࠄ⦼ዬ
ߢ߽ࠨ࡯࡮࡚ࠫ࡯ࡦ࡮ࠡ࡯࡞ࠧ࠶࠻߇⧯޿ᓎ⠪ߚߜߦᜰዉߒߡ޿ࠆࡑࠬ࠲࡯࡮ࠢ࡜ࠬߣ޿
߁߽ߩࠍ࠹࡟ࡆߢⷰߚߎߣ߇޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍᕁ޿಴ߒ߹ߒߚ‫੹ޕ‬࿁ߪ㧘߽ߜࠈࠎ㧘⑳౒ߪ㖸ᭉኅߢ߽ᓎ⠪ߢ߽޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ߇㧘ᣣᧄߩ࿖┙ᄢቇߩቇ㐳㧘೽ቇ㐳㧘ߘࠇ߆ࠄߘߩࠃ߁
ߥ▤ℂ⡯ߦ޽ࠆ⠪ߚߜ߇㧘․೎ߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍฃߌߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧠‫ޤ‬ߎߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩౝኈߪ㧘ߎߩࡄࡢ࡯ࡐࠗࡦ࠻ߦ␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߢߏߑ޿߹ߒ
ߚ‫ోޕ‬ㇱ߅⹤ߒߡ޿ࠆᤨ㑆߽޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ߇㧘ߎߩਛߢ․ߦ⑳ߩශ⽎ߦᱷࠅ߹ߒߚߩߪ㧘ߎߩਅߩ㧞ߟߩ࠻ࡇ࠶ࠢߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ߪߟ৻ޕ‬㧘ࡆࠫࡀࠬ࡮࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ࡮ࡕ࠺࡞ߣ޿߁
߽ߩ߇࡙࠾ࡃ࡯ࠪ࠹ࠖ࡮ࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ߦᔕ↪߇น⢻ߥߩ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ㧘ߎࠇߪ੹㧘ᣣᧄߩ࿖┙ᄢቇߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ᄖㇱߩ㧘․ߦࡆࠫࡀࠬ⇇ߦ޿ࠄߒߚᣇ߇଀߃߫ᓎຬߢ߅౉ࠅߦߥࠆ
ࠃ߁ߥߎߣ߇ࠃߊ޽ߞߡ㧘ߘߎߢߤࠇߋࠄ޿ࡆࠫࡀࠬߩ⚻㛎ߣ޿߁߽ߩ߇ᄢቇߩࡑࡀࠫࡔ
ࡦ࠻ߦᵴ߆ߖࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇㧘ᣣ‫ޘ‬㧘߅ߘࠄߊ⋥㕙ߒߡ޿ࠆ໧㗴ߢߪߥ޿߆ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߘߩᗧ๧ߢ㧘ߎࠇߪ㕖Ᏹߦ㕙⊕޿࠻ࡇ࠶ࠢߢߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ࠄ߆ࠇߘޕ‬㧘߽߁৻ߟߪ㧘ᄢቇߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯ߦ᳞߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆੱ‛௝ߩ໧㗴ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ࠣ࠶࠼࡮ࡄ࡯࠰࠽࡝࠹ࠖࠍᜬߞߡ޿
ࠆߣ޿޿߹ߔ߆㧘޿޿ੱ㧘ੱᩰ⠪߇᳞߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߩ߆㧘ߘࠇߣ߽᣿⏕ߥࡧ࡚ࠖࠫࡦߩᜬ

ߜਥ߇᳞߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߩ߆㧘ߎࠇ߽㕖Ᏹߦ㕙⊕޿໧㗴ߢߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ߪߡ޿ߟߦࠇߎޕ‬ᒰᣣ㧘߆ߥࠅ⊕ᾲߒߚ⼏⺰߇ⴕࠊࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ᓟ⠪ߩ࠻ࡇ࠶ࠢߦߟ޿ߡ⑳⷗ࠍ㧘ዋߒઃߌട߹ߔߣ㧘ᣣᧄߩᄢቇߢߪવ⛔⊛ߦቇㇱ߿⎇ⓥ⑼ߣ޿ߞߚ㧘ฦㇱዪߩ⁛┙ᕈ߇ᒝ߆ߞߚߚ
߼ߦ㧘ᄢቇߩࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ߣ޿߁ߩߪቇౝߩᗧ⷗㧘㆑ߞߚᗧ⷗߿㧘೑ኂࠍ⺞ᢛߔࠆߣ޿߁
ߎߣ߇㊀ⷐߢߒߚ‫ߣߔ߹ࠅߥ߁ߘޕ‬ቇౝߩ᭴ᚑຬ߆ࠄᢘᗲߐࠇࠆ㧘ዅᢘߐࠇߡᗲߐࠇࠆࠃ
߁ߥࠣ࠶࠼࡮ࡄ࡯࠰࠽࡝࠹ࠖࠍᜬߞߚ࡝࡯࠳࡯ߣ޿߁ߩ߇ㆡછߢ޽ߞߚߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇⸒߃
ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫޿⸒ޕ‬឵߃߹ߔߣ㧘ߘࠇߢ߽㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߩㇱዪ߇ߒߞ߆ࠅ߿ߞߡ޿ࠇ߫ᄢቇ
ో૕ߣߒߡ⊒ዷߒߡ޿ߊߎߣ߇น⢻ߢ޽ߞߚᤨઍߛߞߚߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ᦨ߇ࠈߎߣޕ‬ㄭ㧘․ߦ
ᴺੱൻᓟߪ⁁ᴫ߇ᄢಽᄌൻߒߡ߈ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߒߡ㧘ᣣᧄߢ߽ᄢቇ㑆ߩ┹੎㧘৻ߟ৻ߟߩᄢቇ
ࠍන૏ߣߔࠆ┹੎߇ỗߒߊߥߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߣߔ߹ࠅߥ߁ߘޕ‬㧘ᄢቇో૕ߢ⛔৻ߐࠇߚ㧘ࠗࡦ࠹ࠣ࡟ࠗ࠹࠶࠼㧔integrated㧕ߥ㧘᣿⍎ߥ⋡ᮡ࡮ᚢ⇛ࠍߚߡࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߦߥߞߡ
޿ߡ㧘ߘࠇߦ઻ߞߡࡧ࡚ࠖࠫࡦࠍឭ␜ߔࠆ⢻ജ߇޽ࠆ㧘ߘ߁޿߁ੱ߇ᣣᧄߩᄢቇߢ߽࡝࡯
࠳࡯ߣߒߡ᳞߼ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ޿߁᳇߇޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧡‫ޤ‬⠉ᣣߩ㧞᦬㧝ᣣߦߪ㧘ࡠࡦ࠼ࡦߩࡉ࡝࠹ࠖ࠶ࠪࡘ࡮ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞ߢ㧘ᣣ⧷ਔ࿖ߩᄢቇߩઍ
⴫㧘߅ࠃ߮ᣣᧄ࡮ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬਔ࿖ߩផㅴᆔຬળߩࡔࡦࡃ࡯߇ෳടߒߡ㧘ࡐ࡝ࠪ࡯࡮ࡈࠜ࡯࡜
ࡓ߇㐿߆ࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ߪߢߎߎޕ‬㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ㑐ߒߡᐢ޿▸࿐ߩ࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦࠍⴕ޿߹ߒ
ߚ߇㧘․ߦ࿖┙ᄢቇߩࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߣࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ߣ޿߁࠹࡯ࡑ߇৻⇟ਛᔃߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ߎߩඦ೨ਛߦߪ㧘੹ᣣ߽߅޿ߢߩᄢ㦮ੳੱ㑆ᢥൻ⎇ⓥᯏ᭴ℂ੐ߦࠃࠆ‫ޟ‬࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱߦ߅
ߌࠆ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߣࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩਥ໧㗴‫ߣޠ‬㗴ߔࠆၮ⺞⻠Ṷ߇ⴕࠊࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ߦࠇߎޕ‬ኻߒߡ㧘ਥߣߒߡࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ஥ߩᄢቇ߆ࠄ⾰໧߇ነߖࠄࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ඦᓟߦߪ㧘HEFCE ߩ Sir
Howard Newby ℂ੐㐳߇‫ޟ‬21 ਎♿ߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߌࠆ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߣࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬ㧘ࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻‫ߣޠ‬㗴ߔࠆၮ⺞⻠Ṷࠍⴕ޿㧘੹ᐲߪᣣᧄߩ㧢ᄢቇ߆ࠄߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻߇ⴕࠊࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ߎߩ⹦ߒ޿ౝኈߦߟ߈߹ߒߡߪ㧘వ⒟ߏ⚫੺߇޽ࠅ߹ߒߚႎ๔ᦠ㧘ߎࠇߪᣣᧄ⺆ߒ߆ߏߑ޿߹ߖࠎ߇㧘ᣣᧄ⺆ߩ⊕޿ᣇߩႎ๔ᦠࠍ߅⺒ߺ޿ߚߛߌࠇ߫ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬ᣣߩ࠺ࠖࠬ
ࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦߩ࠹࡯ࡑߪవ⒟߽↳ߒ߹ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߌࠆ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ㧘ࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬ㧘ࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ߢߒߚ߇㧘ో૕ߣߒߡ㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩෳട⠪ߩᣇ߽ᣣᧄߩෳട⠪ߩᣇ߽⊝ߐࠎ⊒⸒߇㕖Ᏹߦ᣿ᔟߢ㧘⼏⺰ߩౝኈ߇㕖Ᏹߦౕ૕ᕈߦንࠎߢ޿ߡ㧘߽ߞߣ⸒߃߫㧘࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦ߇㕖Ᏹߦࠬ࡝࡝ࡦࠣߢࠛࠠࠨࠗ࠹ࠖࡦࠣߢ޽ߞߚߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇⸒߃ࠆߩ
ߢߪߥ޿߆ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߟ৻߁߽ޕ‬㧘ߐࠄߦᗵᗐࠍઃߌട߃߹ߔߣ㧘ߘߩࠃ߁ߥࠬ࡝࡝ࡦࠣ
ߥ࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦ߇ߎ߁ߒߚ࠹࡯ࡑߢᣣᧄߣࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩ㑆ߢߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚߣ޿߁
ߎߣߦ㧘⑳ߪ޽ࠆ⒳ߩᗵᘣࠍᛴ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߢ࿖┙ᄢቇ߇ᴺੱൻߔࠆ೨ߩ 2003 ᐕ޽ࠆ޿
ߪ 2004 ᐕߩᦨೋߩ㗃ߢ߽㧘ᣣᧄߣࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߢ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦߟ޿ߡ࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦߔࠆᯏળ
ߣ޿߁ߩߪ޽ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ߘߩ㗃ߪᣣᧄߩᄢቇ஥ߩੱ㑆߇ኾࠄࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ஥߆ࠄቇ߱
ߣ޿߁ߎߣߦ⚳ᆎߒߡ޿ߡ㧘ߣߡ߽ࠬ࡝࡝ࡦࠣߥ࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦ߇ߢ߈ࠆߣ޿߁Ბ㓏ߦߪ⥋ߞߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚ߆ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬㧘ᒰᤨ㧘଀߃߫㧘ᣣᧄߩ࿖┙ᄢቇߩੱ㑆ߢ㧘࡙࠾ࡃ࡯ࠪ࠹ࠖ࡮ࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻㧔university management㧕ߣ߆ࠬ࠹࡯ࠢࡎ࡞࠳࡯࠭
㧔stakeholders㧕ߣ޿߁ࠃ߁ߥ⸒⪲ࠍ⡞޿ߡ߽޽߹ࠅࡇࡦߣ᧪ߥ߆ߞߚߣ޿߁ߩ߇ᄢᄙᢙߢ
ߪߥ߆ߞߚ߆ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫߇ࠈߎߣޕ‬㧘⃻࿷ߪߘࠇ߆ࠄ㧝㧘㧞ᐕߒ߆⚻ߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߖࠎߩߦ㧘ᣣᧄߩ࿖┙ᄢቇߩੱ㑆߽Ფᣣ࡙࠾ࡃ࡯ࠪ࠹ࠖ࡮ࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ߣ߆ࠬ࠹࡯ࠢࡎ࡞࠳࡯࠭ߣ޿
߁໧㗴ߦ⋥㕙ߒߡ㧘ᒝߊᗧ⼂ߖߑࠆࠍᓧߥߊߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬㧘ߪߓ߼ߡ㧘ᣣᧄߣࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩᄢቇߩੱ㑆߇㧘߆ߥࠅ౒ㅢߩ┙႐ߢ㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪኻ╬ߩ┙႐ߢ࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦ
ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߥᲑ㓏ߦߥߞߚߣ㧘ߘ߁޿߁ᗵᘣࠍᛴ߈߹ߒߚ‫ߘߎࠄ߆ߛࠇߘޕ‬㧘ࠬ࡝࡝ࡦࠣ
ߢࠛࠠࠨࠗ࠹ࠖࡦࠣߥ࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦ߇ߢ߈ߚߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ޿߁߰߁ߦᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧢‫ޤ‬ߘߩᓟ㧘వ⒟↳ߒ߹ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘㧞᦬㧞ᣣ߆ࠄฦᄢቇ߇ߘࠇߙࠇࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩ㧢ߟߩᄢቇࠍ⸰໧޿ߚߒ߹ߒߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ਛߢ߽․ߦᵈ⋡ߔߴ߈ߥߩߪ㧘਻Ꮊᄢቇ߇ࠬࠦ࠶࠻࡜ࡦ࠼ߩࠣ
࡜ࠬࠧ࡯ᄢቇࠍ⸰໧ߐࠇߚߎߣ㧘ߎࠇߪࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼ߛߌߢߪߥߊߡ㧘ࠬࠦ࠶࠻࡜ࡦ࠼ߩ
ᄢቇߣ߽੤ᵹ߇ᷓ߹ߞߡ߈ߚߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫࡞࡯ࠜ࠙࡮ࡦࠕ࡝࠼ࠗࡋޕ‬ࠍ⿧߃ߚߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ㧘ࡠ࡯ࡑᏢ࿖߽ߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚߎߣࠍ߿ߞߚߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧣‫ޤ‬ߘࠇߢ㧘㧢ߟߩᄢቇ߇ߎࠇࠄߩࡔࠗࡦ࡮࠹࡯ࡑࠍᜬߞߡߘࠇߙࠇߩᄢቇࠍ⸰໧ߒߚߣ޿
߁ߎߣߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ࠇߎޕ‬ฦᄢቇߩ⸰໧ߩႎ๔ߩ᭎ⷐࠍߏ⚫੺޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧤‫ޤ‬߹ߕ㧘⑳౒㧘᧲ർᄢቇ߇㧘࡙࠾ࡃ࡯ࠪ࠹ࠖ࡮ࠝࡉ࡮ࡑࡦ࠴ࠚࠬ࠲࡯ࠍ⸰໧ߒߚߏႎ๔ࠍ
ߒߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫߇౒⑳ޕ‬ਈ߃ࠄࠇ߹ߒߚ࠹࡯ࡑߪࡆࠫࡀࠬ࡮ࠕࡦ࠼࡮ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ࡮࡝
ࡦࠢࠬߣ޿߁㧘ࡆࠫࡀࠬ޽ࠆ޿ߪߘߩ࿾ర␠ળߣߩㅪ៤ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬࠹࡯ࡑߦ߅޿ߡߎߩࡑࡦ࠴ࠚࠬ࠲࡯ᄢቇߣ޿߁ߩߪ㧘㕖Ᏹߦ⥝๧ᷓ޿⸰໧వߢߏߑ޿߹ߒ
ߚ‫ߪߩߔ߹ߒ↳ߣޕ‬㧘㧞ߟߩᄢቇߦߪ⦡‫౒ߥޘ‬ㅢὐ߇޽ࠆߣᕁ߁߆ࠄߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ߕ߹ޕ‬㧘ਔᄢቇ౒㧘ߎࠇ߆ࠄ 10 ᐕߋࠄ޿ߩ߁ߜߦࡢ࡯࡞࠼࡮ࠢ࡜ࠬ࡮࡙࠾ࡃ࡯ࠪ࠹ࠖߦߥࠆߣ޿߁
ߎߣࠍት⸒޿ߚߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬੐ታ㧘ߎࠇ߹ߢߦ߽޿ߊߟ߆ߩ⎇ⓥಽ㊁ߢ㧘਎⇇⊛ߦ⷗ߡ߽߆ߥࠅ㜞޿ᬺ❣ࠍ޽ߍߡ޿ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔߒ㧘ਔᄢቇߣ߽߆ߥࠅ㜞޿ᢎ⢒ታ❣߽޽ࠆߣ⥄⽶޿ߚߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬㧘ਔᄢቇߣ߽㧘↥ቇㅪ៤㧘ߘࠇ߆ࠄࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߣߩㅪ៤ࠍ
ᄢ߈ߥ࠹ࠦߦߒߡࡢ࡯࡞࠼࡮ࠢ࡜ࠬᄢቇ߳ߩ㘧べࠍታ⃻ߒࠃ߁ߣ࿑ߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬ὐߢ߽㧘㧞ߟߩᄢቇ߇౒ㅢߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁᳇߇޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫߇ࠈߎߣޕ‬㧘ߎߩ㧞ߟߩᄢቇ౒㧘ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ߿↥ቇㅪ៤ࠍⴕ߁㓙ߦస᦯ߔߴ߈㓚ኂߦߟ޿ߡ߽߆ߥࠅ౒ㅢߔࠆ߽ߩ߇޽ࠆߩ
ߢߪߥ޿߆ߣᗵߓ߹ߒߚ‫᧲ޕ‬ർᄢቇߦߟ޿ߡ↳ߒ߹ߔߣ㧘᧲ർᄢቇߪߏሽ⍮ߩࠃ߁ߦ઄บ
ߦߏߑ޿߹ߔ߇㧘઄บ࿤ߣ޿߁ߩߪ᧲੩߿㑐⷏ߦᲧߴ߹ߔߣ⚻ᷣⷙᮨ߇ߪࠆ߆ߦዊߐߊߡ㧘߹ߚ㧘వ┵↥ᬺߣ޿߁߽ߩ߽߶ߣࠎߤߥ޿ߣ޿ߞߡ޿޿⁁ᘒߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫᧲ޕ‬ർ࿾ᣇߣ޿
߁ߩߪ㧘ᣣᧄߩਛߢߪ⽺ߒ޿࿾ၞߦዻߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᓥ޿߹ߒߡ㧘᧲ർᄢቇ߇ࡆࠫࡀࠬ߿ࠗ
ࡦ࠳ࠬ࠻࡝࡯ߣߩㅪ៤ࠍ࿑ࠆ႐วߦ㧘࿾రߛߌࠍ㗬ࠆߣ޿߁ࠊߌߦߪ޿߆ߕ㧘࿾రએᄖߦ
߽ᵴ〝ࠍ⷗಴ߐߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ߐࠄߦ⸒޿߹ߔߣ㧘߻ߒࠈ࿾రߩ࠺ࠖࡌࡠ࠶ࡊࡔࡦ࠻ࠍ࡝࡯࠼ߒߡ޿ߊߣ޿߁ᓎഀ߇ᦼᓙߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧘ߘ߁޿߁ߎ
ߣ߇ߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫࡯࠲ࠬࠚ࠴ࡦࡑޕ‬ᄢቇߩ႐วߪ㧘ࡑࡦ࠴ࠚࠬ࠲࡯ߪ߽ߜࠈࠎ⑳౒߽਎⇇ผߢ⠌޿߹ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘߆ߟߡߪ↥ᬺ㕟๮ߩਛᔃ࿾ߢ޽ߞߚࠊߌߢ㧘਎⇇ߩ↥ᬺߩਛᔃߢ޽
ߞߚߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇⸒߃ࠆ߆ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ࠎࠈߜ߽ޕ‬㧘੹ߢ߽޿ߊߟ߆ߩࡂࠗ࠹ࠢ↥ᬺ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ߇㧘ᦨ⋓ᦼߦᲧߴࠇ߫ࡑࡦ࠴ࠚࠬ࠲࡯ߩㄝࠅߩ↥ᬺߪㆃࠇ᳇๧ߢ޽ߞߡ㧘ߐࠄߦᐢߊ
⸒߃߫㧘ࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼ߩർ⷏ㇱߪ㧘ࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼ߩධ᧲ㇱ╬ߦᲧߴࠇ߫㧘⽺ߒ޿ߣ޿޿߹
ߔ߆㧘࠺ࠖࡌࡠ࠶ࡊࡔࡦ࠻߇ㆃࠇߡ޿ࠆ࿾ၞߢ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߘޕ‬ᗧ๧ߢߪ㧘ࡑࡦ࠴ࠚࠬ࠲࡯ᄢቇ߽᧲ർᄢቇߣห᭽ߦࡠ࡯ࠞ࡞࡮ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ࠺ࠖࡌࡠ࠶ࡊࡔࡦ࠻ࠍ߻ߒࠈ࡝
࡯࠼ߒߥߌࠇ߫޿ߌߥ޿㧘ߣ޿߁ࠃ߁ߥ┙႐ߦ߅߆ࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ޿߁᳇߇޿ߚ
ߒ߹ߒߚ‫ࠄ߆ࠇߘޕ‬㧘߽߁৻ߟ㧘ਔᣇߩᄢቇ߇౒ㅢߦ⽶ߞߡ޿ࠆ㓚ኂߣ޿ߚߒ߹ߒߡ㧘ਔᄢቇߣ߽㜞޿ᢎ⢒⎇ⓥታ❣ߩഀߦߪ㧘਎⇇⊛ߥ⍮ฬᐲ߇ૐ޿ߣ޿߁㧘ߘߩࠃ߁ߥ໧㗴߇޽ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫᧲ޕ‬ർᄢቇߦߟ޿ߡ↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߔߣ㧘⑳ߪ㧘ࠃߊᶏᄖߦ಴ߚᤨ
ߦ Tohoku University ߆ࠄ᧪߹ߒߚߣ⸒޿߹ߔߣ㧘ᶏᄖߩᣇ߇ࠃߊ㧘߅߅㧘Tokyo Universityߢߔ߆㧘⦟ߊሽߓߡ޿߹ߔߣ޿߁ࠃ߁ߥ෻ᔕ߇㄰ߞߡ᧪ߡ߇ߞ߆ࠅߔࠆࠃ߁ߥߎߣ߇޽ࠅ
߹ߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘᧲ർᄢቇߩฬ೨⥄૕ߪ⍮ߞߡ޿ߡ߽㧘ߤ߁޿߁ᄢቇ߆޽߹ࠅߪߞ߈ࠅߣߒߚ
ࠗࡔ࡯ࠫ߇ߥ޿ߣ޿߁ᖠߺ߽޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫⽿ߩࠄߜߎࠎࠈߜ߽ߪࠇߘޕ‬છߢ޽ࠆࠊߌߢ㧘᧲ർᄢቇߩ᣿⏕ߥࡉ࡜ࡦ࠼࡮ࠗࡔ࡯ࠫࠍᛂߜ┙ߡࠆᔅⷐࠍᗵߓߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫࡯࠲ࠬࠚ࠴ࡦࡑޕ‬ᄢቇߩ႐ว߽㧘߿ߪࠅࡉ࡜ࡦ࠼ᚢ⇛㧘ࡉ࡜ࡦ࠺ࠖࡦࠣߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇㕖Ᏹߦ㊀ⷐߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ
ߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ޿߁᳇߇ߒ߹ߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬ὐߦ߅߈߹ߒߡ㧘ࡑࡦ࠴ࠚࠬ࠲࡯ᄢቇߪ㧘వ⒟߽↳ߒ߹ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ 10 ᐕએౝߦࡢ࡯࡞࠼࡮ࠢ࡜ࠬߩᄢቇߦߥࠆߣ޿߁⋡ᮡࠍታ⃻ߔࠆߚ߼ߦ㧘ᭂ߼ߡ᣿⏕ߥࠬ࠻࡜࠹ࠫ࠶ࠢ࡮ࡊ࡜ࡦࠍߚߡߡ޿ࠄߞߒ߾޿߹ߔ‫࠲ࠬࠚ࠴ࡦࡑޟࠍࠇߎޕ‬࡯2015 ᐕߦะߌߡ㧦ࡑࡦ࠴ࠚࠬ࠲࡯ᄢቇᚢ⇛⸘↹‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ౠሶߦ߹ߣ߼ߡ޿ࠄߞߒ߾޿߹
ߔ‫੹ޕ‬ᣣ㧘೽ቇ㐳ߩ Coombs వ↢߇޿ࠄߞߒ߾ߞߡ޿߹ߔߩߢ㧘⹦ߒߊߪߘߜࠄߩᣇߦ߅
⡞߈޿ߚߛߌࠇ߫ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߩߎߪ౒⑳ޕ‬ᚢ⇛⸘↹ࠍ᜙⷗ߒߡ㧘߹ߚ⦡‫⺑ߏߥޘ‬᣿ࠍฃߌߡ㕖Ᏹߦᗵ㌏ࠍฃߌ߹ߒߚ‫࡯࠲ࠬࠚ࠴ࡦࡑޕ‬ᄢቇ߇ߎߩ㕖Ᏹߦ┙ᵷߢ᣿ᔟߥᚢ⇛⸘↹ࠍ߅૞ࠅߦߥߞߚ⢛᥊ߣߒߡߪ㧘⧷࿖ߩᣇߪ⊝ߐࠎࠃߊߏሽ⍮ߩㅢࠅ㧘ࡑࡦ࠴ࠚࠬ࠲࡯ᄢቇߪ
2004 ᐕ 10 ᦬ߦ㧞ߟߩᄢቇ߇޿ߞߒࠂߦߥߞߡᣂߒ޿㧝ߟߩᄢቇߦߥߞߚߣ޿߁੐ᖱ߇ߏ
ߑ޿߹ߔ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬㧘⑳౒߇ુߞߚߩߪ㧘㧞ߟߩᄢቇ߇ว૬ߒߡ߹ߛ㧠ࡩ᦬ߒ߆⚻ߞߡ޿ߥ޿㧘ߘ߁޿߁ᤨᦼߢߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ࠎࠈߜ߽ޕ‬㧘㧞ߟߩ⇣ߥߞߚવ⛔ࠍᜬߟᄢቇ߇޿ߞߒࠂ
ߦߥߞߡᣂߒ޿ᄢቇࠍߟߊࠆߚ߼ߦߪ㧘᣿ᔟߥ⋡ᮡ㧘᣿ᔟߥࠬ࠻࡜࠹ࠫ࡯㧘߹ߚᣂߒ޿ࡉ
࡜ࡦ࠺ࠖࡦࠣᚢ⇛ߣ޿߁߽ߩ߽ᔅⷐߢ޽ߞߚࠊߌߢߔ‫ߪࠇߎࠎࠈߜ߽ޕ‬㧘࿎㔍ߥ઀੐ߢ޽
ߞߚ߆ߣផ᷹޿ߚߒ߹ߔ߇㧘࠾ࡘ࡯ࠫ࡯࡜ࡦ࠼߆ࠄᣂߒߊ޿ࠄߞߒ߾ߞߚ Alan Gilbert ቇ㐳㧘ߘࠇ߆ࠄ੹ᣣ߽ߎߎߦ޿ࠄߞߒ߾ߞߡ޿߹ߔ Rod Coombs ೽ቇ㐳ࠍਛᔃߣߔࠆᣇߚߜ
߇࿎㔍ߥ⺖㗴ߦขࠅ⚵߹ࠇߡ㧘ߘࠇߦᚑഞߐࠇߚߣ޿߁ߎߣߦ㧘⑳౒ߪ㧘㕖Ᏹߦᗵ㌏ࠍฃߌ߹ߒߚ‫ߪߢࠇߘޕ‬㧘ߎߩᓟ㧘⑳߇⸰໧ߒߡߥ޿㧡ߟߩᄢቇߦߟ޿ߡߏႎ๔↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬వ߶ߤ߅㗿޿↳ߒߚߣ߅ࠅ㧘૗߆⿷ࠅߥ޿ߣߎࠈ߇޽ࠅ߹ߒߚࠄ㧘ᣣᧄߩઁߩ㧡ᄢቇߩᣇ߆ࠄ⵬⿷ߒߡ޿ߚߛߌࠇ߫ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧥‫ޤ‬╳ᵄᄢቇߪࠪࠚࡈࠖ࡯࡞࠼ᄢቇࠍߏ⸰໧ߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫߁޿ߣ࠻ࡦࡔࠫࡀࡑߦ․ߪࠇߎޕ‬ߎߣ߇⺖㗴ߣߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫⾗ޕ‬Ḯ㈩ಽߩ㑐ଥ㧘ࠬ࠲࠶ࡈߩᬺ❣⹏ଔ㧘߹ߚ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ
㙃ᚑߩ޽ࠅᣇߣ޿߁ࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߦὶὐࠍ޽ߡߡ⺞ᩏࠍⴕߞߚߣુߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߩߘߦ․ޕ‬ਛߢශ⽎ߦᱷߞߚߎߣߣ޿ߚߒ߹ߒߡ㧘HEFCE ߿ QAA ߇ᄖㇱߦሽ࿷ߔࠆਛߢߩᢎ⢒ߩ⾰଻⸽߳ߩขࠅ⚵ߺߩታ㓙߿㧘ᄢቇߩౝㇱߢߩ⾗Ḯ㈩ಽߩ޽ࠅᣇߦߟ޿ߡࠃࠅ⓭ߞㄟࠎߛ⺞ᩏࠍߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ශ⽎ࠍᛴ޿ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫╳ޕ‬ᵄᄢቇߩ⸰໧࿅ߩ߅ᦠ߈ߦߥߞߚႎ๔ߦ
ࠃࠅ߹ߔߣ㧘⧷࿖ߩᄢቇ㧘․ߦࠪࠚࡈࠖ࡯࡞࠼ߩࠃ߁ߥᄢቇߢߪ㧘ᄖㇱ⹏ଔߣ޿߁߽ߩࠍ
㕖Ᏹߦ㊀ⷞߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘߹ߚᄢቇ߇ⴕ߁ౝㇱ⹏ଔߦ߅޿ߡ߽㧘ᄖㇱߩᣇ߽฽߼ߡ⦡‫ޘ‬ขࠅ⚵ࠎߢ޿ࠄߞߒ߾ࠆߣ޿߁ශ⽎ࠍฃߌߚߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ․╩ߐࠇߡ޿ࠄߞߒ߾޿߹ߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘
ᴺੱൻ㧝ᐕߣ޿߁ᤨὐߢߩᣣ⧷ߩ㆑޿߇㓙┙ߟὐߣߒߡ㧘⧷࿖ߢߪ㧘ቇ㐳߿ቇ⑼㐳ߥߤࠪ࠾ࠕ࡮ࡐ࡚ࠫࠪࡦߦዞߊ⠪ߦኻߒߡ㧘࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߣߪ૗߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍീᒝߐߖࠆߣ
޿߁ߎߣ㧘߹ߚߘࠇࠍߤߩࠃ߁ߦⴕ૶ߒߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ⹏ଔߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ
ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘․ߦႎ๔ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆὐ߇ශ⽎⊛ߢߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ᰴߦ㧘᧲੩ㄘᎿᄢቇߪ㧘ࡉ࡜ࠗ࠻ࡦᄢቇࠍ⸰໧ߒߡ㧘․ߦࡆࠫࡀࠬߣ␠ળㅪ៤ߦὶὐࠍ
޽ߡߡ⺞ᩏࠍⴕߞߚߣુߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ࡦ࠻ࠗ࡜ࡉޕ‬ᄢቇߪࡐ࡝࠹ࠢ࠾࡯ࠢ㧔polytechnic㧕ߣߒߡߩᱧผࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߽޽ࠅ߹ߒߡ㧘ታ↪⊛ߥ⎇ⓥ߇⋓ࠎߢ㧘․ߦ࿾రߩ
ਛዊડᬺߣߩㅪ៤ࠍㅢߒߡᛛⴚ⒖ォࠍ࿑ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ㧘ߘࠇ߽฽߼ߚ࿾ၞߩ࠾࡯࠭ߩขࠅ
⚵ߺࠍⓍᭂ⊛ߦߔߔ߼ߡ޿ࠄߞߒ߾ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫᧲ߦ․ޕ‬੩ㄘᎿᄢቇߩߏႎ
๔ߦࠃࠅ߹ߔߣ㧘ࡉ࡜ࠗ࠻ࡦᄢቇߢߪ㧘␠ળߩㅪ៤ߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘ᄢቇߣߒߡ⋡ᮡࠍ᣿⏕ߦ⸳ቯߒߡߘߩ਄ߢ㑐ਈߔࠆߎߣ߇ᄢ੐ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍᦠ޿ߡ޿ࠄߞߒ߾޿߹ߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬ὐߪ㧘߅ߘࠄߊᣣᧄߩᄢቇ߇㧘␠ળߣߩㅪ៤ࠍ⠨߃ࠆ႐วߦ㧘ߒ߫ߒ߫⋡ᮡࠍ᣿⏕ߦߒߥ޿߹߹ߪߓ߼ߡߒ߹߁ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇ᄙ޿ߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߆ࠄ߽㧘ᄢ߈ߥ␜ໂ߇฽
߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ᕁ޿߇޿ߚߒ߹ߒߚ‫ߢࠇߘޕ‬㧘వ⒟↳ߒ߹ߒߚႎ๔ᦠߦߪ㧘ߎߩࡉ࡜ࠗ
࠻ࡦᄢቇߩ↥ቇㅪ៤㧘࿾ၞㅪ៤ࠍߔߔ߼ࠆ⚵❱ߣߒߡ㧘ࡆࠫࡀࠬ࡮ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ࡮ࠗࡦࡈࠜࡔ
࡯࡚ࠪࡦ࡮࠺ࠬࠢ㧔BSID㧕㧘ߘࠇ߆ࠄࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ࡮࡙࠾ࡃ࡯ࠪ࠹ࠖ࡮ࡄ࡯࠻࠽࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ࡮
ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߣ޿߁߽ߩ߇⸳⟎ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ㧘߹ߚߘߩ᭎ⷐߦߟ޿ߡ߽ႎ๔ߐࠇߡ
޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㕖Ᏹߦ㕙⊕޿ౝኈߢߔߩߢ㧘ߗ߭߅⋡ㅢߒ޿ߚߛ߈ߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ᰴߦ㧘ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇ߇ࡠࡦ࠼ࡦᄢቇߩࠗࡦࠬ࠹ࠖ࠴ࡘ࡯࠻࡮ࠝࡉ࡮ࠛ࠺ࡘࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍ
⸰໧ߒߚὐߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࠤࡘ࠺ࠛ࡮ࡉࠝ࡮࠻࡯ࡘ࠴ࠖ࠹ࠬࡦࠗߩߎޕ‬㧔IoE㧕ߪࡠࡦ࠼ࡦᄢቇߩࠞ࡟࠶ࠫߩ৻ߟߢ㧘ቇ↢ᢙ߇ࡈ࡞࠲ࠗࡓ឵▚ߢ⚂ 400 ੱᒙߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߏߑ
޿߹ߔߩߢ㧘ᣣᧄߩᲧセ⊛ⷙᮨߩᄢ߈޿ᢎຬ㙃ᚑᄢቇ࡮ቇㇱߣ߶߷หߓ⒟ᐲߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߘߩὐߪ㕖Ᏹߦ౒ㅢᕈ߇޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ߇㧘෻㕙㧘ᣣᧄߣߩ㆑޿ߣ޿ߚߒ߹ߒߡ㧘ቇ↢߇߶߷ 100㧑ᄢቇ㒮↢ߢ㧘෼౉ߩ 40㧑߇⎇ⓥ⵬ഥ㊄ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ࠃ߁ߥ㧘㕖Ᏹߦ㜞޿⎇ⓥᯏ⢻ࠍ߽ߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣ㧘ߎߩㄝߪᣣᧄߩᢎຬ㙃ᚑᄢቇ࡮ቇㇱߣ߆ߥࠅ㆑߁ὐߢߪߥ޿߆
ߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߒߡ޿ࠄߞߒ߾޿߹ߔ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬㧘ߎߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߦ߅޿ߡᢎຬ㙃ᚑᯏ⢻ߣ⎇ⓥᯏ⢻߇౒ߦቇ૏ߣ⚿߮ߟߊ߆ߚߜߢ↪ᗧߐࠇߡ޿ࠆὐ㧘MBA ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍᠩߔࠆὐ
߽ᵈ⋡ߔߴ߈ὐߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘ᣣᧄߢߪ⃻࿷㧘ᢎ⡯ኾ㐷⡯ᄢቇ㒮㧘ᢎ⡯ߩߚ߼ߩࡊࡠࡈࠚ࠶࡚ࠪ࠽࡞࡮ࠬࠢ࡯࡞߇ㄭ‫ࠆߔ࠻࡯࠲ࠬޘ‬㧘ߘߩḰ஻ࠍߔߔ߼ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ߇㧘ߘ߁޿߁ߎߣࠍߎࠇ߆ࠄߔߔ߼ࠆ਄ߢ㕖Ᏹߦෳ⠨ߦߥࠆߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ޿߁᳇߇޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ᰴߦ㧘਻Ꮊᄢቇߪ㧘ࠣ࡜ࠬࠧ࡯ᄢቇࠍ⸰໧ߐࠇߡ㧘ࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬ㧘ࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ࠍߪߓ߼
ߣߔࠆᄙ᭽ߥಽ㊁ࠍࠞࡃ࡯ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘․ߦᄢቇߩ⎇ⓥ⚵❱ߩ޽ࠅᣇߦߟ޿ߡ㕖Ᏹߦ♖ജ⊛ߥ⺞ᩏࠍዷ㐿ߐࠇߚߣႎ๔ߒߡ޿ࠄߞߒ߾޿߹ߔ‫࡯ࠧࠬ࡜ࠣޕ‬ᄢቇߪߏሽ⍮ߩㅢࠅ㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩਛߢ߽㕖Ᏹߦฎ޿ᱧผࠍᜬߟᄢቇߢߏߑ޿߹ߔߌࠇߤ߽㧘ߎߩᢎ⢒㧘⎇ⓥ㧘⍮⼂⒖ォߩ߁ߜ㧘⎇ⓥᵴേ߇ᦨ㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍࠣ࡜ࠬࠧ࡯ᄢቇߪࡒ࠶࡚ࠪࡦߩਛߢ⻭ߞߡ޿ࠄߞߒ߾޿߹ߔ‫ౕߢߎߘޕ‬૕⊛ߦࠣ࡜ࠬࠧ࡯ᄢቇߢߪ᭽‫ߥޘ‬Ꮏᄦࠍߐࠇߡ㧘⎇ⓥᵴേ
ࠍᡰ߃ࠆ⚵❱ߩ޽ࠅᣇߦߟ޿ߡ㕖Ᏹߦ⁛⥄ߩᎿᄦࠍߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ὐ㧘ߎߩὐࠍ਻Ꮊᄢ
ቇߢߪ․ߦ⹦⚦ߦႎ๔ࠍߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ᰴߦ㧘ᾢᧄᄢቇߪ㧘ᢎ⢒㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆ࿖㓙ㅪ៤ࠍ࠹࡯ࡑߦߒߡ㧘ࡁ࠶࠹ࠖࡦࠟࡓᄢቇࠍ⸰
໧ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ࡓࠟࡦࠖ࠹࠶ࡁޕ‬ᄢቇߪ㧘ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ߿ਛ࿖╬ߦࡉ࡜ࡦ࠴ࠍ⸳┙ߒߡ޿ࠄߞߒ߾޿߹ߔ‫੹ޕ‬ᣣ߽ࡁ࠶࠹ࠖࡦࠟࡓᄢቇߩਛ࿖ࡉ࡜ࡦ࠴ߩࡋ࠶࠼ߢ޿ࠄߞߒ߾޿߹ߔ
Gow వ↢߇޿ࠄߒߡ޿߹ߔߌࠇߤ߽㧘․ߦᢎ⢒㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆ࿖㓙ㅪ៤㧘ߘ߁޿߁ታ〣ߦၮߠ޿ߚ⚻㛎ߦߟ޿ߡ⦡‫⺞ޘ‬ᩏࠍߐࠇߚߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ㧘ᾢᧄᄢቇߩᣇ߆ࠄႎ๔߇ߥߐࠇߡ޿߹
ߔ‫ߦ․ޕ‬࿖㓙ዷ㐿߽฽߼ߚࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ߣ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩߚ߼ߦ㧘ߤߩࠃ߁ߥㆇ༡ࠍᣣ‫ޘ‬ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ߣ޿߁ὐߦߟ޿ߡ㧘⦡‫ߞ⓭ޘ‬ㄟࠎߛ⹦⚦ߥႎ๔߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ ࠄ߆ࠇߘޕ‬e ࡜࡯࠾ࡦࠣߦߟ޿ߡ߽⸅ࠇߡ޿ࠄߞߒ߾޿߹ߔߩߢ㧘ߎࠇ߽⹦ߒߊߪႎ๔ᦠߩᣇࠍߏⷩ޿ߚ
ߛߌࠇ߫ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬એ਄㧘㕖Ᏹߦ◲නߦ㧢ߟߩᄢቇߩ⧷࿖ᄢቇߩ⸰໧ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ႎ๔ࠍߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒ
ߚ‫ᦨޕ‬ᓟߦ㧘⚿⺰ߣߒߡ㧘㧟ߟߩߎߣࠍᚻ⍴ߦㅀߴߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߦ৻╙ޕ‬㧘వ⒟↳ߒ߹ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘੹࿁ߩ⸰໧ߢߪ㧘ᣣ⧷㑆ߢߚ޿߳ࠎࠬ࡝࡝ࡦࠣߢࠛࠠࠨࠗ࠹ࠖࡦࠣߥ⼏⺰߇ߢ߈ߚߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ࠅ➅ޕ‬㄰ߒߡ↳ߖ߫㧘߶ࠎߩᢙᐕ೨߹ߢߪᣣᧄ஥߇⧷࿖஥߆ࠄቇ߱߫߆
ࠅߢ޽ߞߚߣ޿߁⁁ᘒߛߞߚߣᕁ޿߹ߔ߇㧘੹߿ߞߣ㧘౒ㅢߩၮ⋚ߢ⼏⺰ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥ
ߞߚߥߣ޿߁᳇߇ߒ߹ߔ‫ߢߎߘޕ‬㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥᯏળࠍߗ߭⛯ߌߡ޿ߚߛ޿ߡ㧘ᣣ⧷㑆ߢቯᦼ⊛ߦ⼏⺰ࠍ⛯ߌߡ޿ߊߣ޿߁ߩߪߚ޿߳ࠎ᦭ᗧ⟵ߢ޽ࠆߛࠈ߁ߣ޿߁᳇߇޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᰴߦੑ⇟⋡ߩߎߣߣ޿ߚߒ߹ߒߡ㧘ᣣᧄߦ߅޿ߡ߽ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߦ߅޿ߡ߽㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒ࠍᎼࠆ⁁ᴫߣ޿߁ߩߪ߽ߩߔߏ޿ㅦߐߢᄌൻߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁᳇߇޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ ߽ᦺ੹ޕ‬Thompsonዪ㐳߆ࠄ㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߌࠆᦨㄭߩᚑᨐߦߟ޿ߡ㧘㕖Ᏹߦ᣿ᔟߥߏ⚫੺߇޽ࠅ߹ߒߚߌࠇߤ߽㧘޽ߩࠃ߁ߥ߅⹤ࠍુߞߚߛߌߢ߽㧘੹ᣣ㧘ߎߎߦ಴Ꮸߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ޿ߡ
ࠃ߆ߞߚߥߣ޿߁᳇߇޿ߚߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᣣ⧷౒㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒ࠍᎼࠆ⁁ᴫߣ޿߁ߩߪ㧘ㅦ޿ㅦᐲߢᄌൻߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔߩߢ㧘ᣣ⧷㑆ߢቯᦼ⊛ߦ⼏⺰ߒ޽ߞߡ㧘ᖱႎࠍ੤឵ߒว߁ߣ޿߁ߩߪ
ᗧ๧ߩ޽ࠆߎߣߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ࠇߘޕ‬ਃ⇟⋡ߣ޿ߚߒ߹ߒߡ㧘ߘߩ৻ᣇߢ㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ
ߎߎߢ㓸߹ࠆߎߣ߇ߤߩߊࠄ޿ᗧ๧߇޽ࠆߩ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ⠨߃߹ߔߣ㧘ታߪ㧘⑳౒㧘ߎߎߦ಴Ꮸߒߡ޿ࠆ⠪ߪ⦡‫ޘ‬㧘⍮⼂࡮ᖱႎ߇Ⴧ߃ߡീᒝߦߥࠅ߹ߔ߇㧘ߘߩ৻ᣇߢฦᄢቇߩ
ᢎ⡯ຬߩ㑆ߢ㧘ฦᄢቇߩౝㇱߢߩᖱႎߩࠡࡖ࠶ࡊ㧘ߘࠇ߆ࠄᗧ⼂ߩᏅߣ޿߁߽ߩߪ߹ߔ߹
ߔᷓೞߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁᳇߽޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬㧘⑳౒ߪߎߎߢ੹㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩᄢቇ߇
⋥㕙ߒߡ޿ࠆ⁁ᴫߣ޿ߞߚߎߣࠍⷫߒߊ߅⡞߆ߖ޿ߚߛ޿ߡ㧘⡼ߢᗵߓࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߔ
ߌࠇߤ߽㧘ߎࠇࠍߎߎߦ಴ߡ޿ߥ޿㧘⑳ߢ⸒߃߫㧘᧲ർᄢቇߩઁߩᢎ⡯ຬߦߤ߁߿ߞߡવ
߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߩߛࠈ߁߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ⠨߃߹ߔߣ㧘ߥ߆ߥ߆㔍ߒ޿ߣ޿߁᳇߇޿ߚߒ
ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ࠎࠈߜ߽ޕ‬㧘ႎ๔ᦠ߇ߢ߈ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔߩߢ㧘ߘࠇࠍ⺒ࠎߢߊࠇߣ⸒߃߫ᷣ߻ߎ
ߣߢߔ߇㧘߿ߪࠅߘ߁ߢߪߥߊߡ㧘ߘߩࠃ߁ߥઁߩฦᄢቇߩ৻⥸ߩᢎ⡯ຬ߽ߎ߁޿ߞߚᄌ
ൻࠍߒߡ޿ࠆࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߛߌߢߪߥ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔߌࠇߤ߽㧘ᄢቇߩ⁁ᴫߦߟ޿ߡ
⋥ធ⼏⺰ߒߡ⸅ࠇࠆᯏળߣ޿߁߽ߩࠍ⸳ߌߥߌࠇ߫޿ߌߥ޿ߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߽∩ᗵ޿ߚߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
એ਄ߢ⑳ߩႎ๔ࠍ⚳ࠊࠄߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈ߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ᦨޕ‬ᓟߦ㧘ߚߛ޿߹ߩ⑳ߩࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߣ㧘ࡄࡢ࡯ࡐࠗࡦ࠻ߩේ᩺ࠍ૞ᚑߒߡਅߐ޿߹ߒߚᄢቇ⹏ଔ࡮ቇ૏᝼ਈᯏ᭴
ߩ☨Ỉᓆ⚐ഥᢎ᝼ߦᷓߊᗵ⻢↳ߒ਄ߍߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕߚߒ߹޿ߑߏ߁ߣ߇ࠅ޽߽߁ߤޕ‬Boucherᄢ⷏వ↢㧘޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫⧷ޕ‬࿖஥ᄢቇߩᣣᧄ⸰໧ߦߟ޿ߡߩ㧞⇟⋡ߩࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩᓟߦ㧘⾰⇼ᔕ╵ߩᤨ㑆ࠍ⸳ߌࠆ੍ቯߢߔ‫ߪߢࠇߘޕ‬㧘೨ࡉ࡜ࠗ࠻ࡦᄢቇ೽
✚㐳ߢ㧘ࠗࡦࠬ࠹ࠖ࠴ࡘ࡯࠻࡮ࠝࡉ࡮ࠛ࠺ࡘࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩ David Watson ᢎ᝼߇㧘ઍ⴫ߒߡࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍⴕ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
Watson‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧝‫ޤ‬ߎࠎߦߜߪ‫ߦ⑳ޕ‬ഀࠅᒰߡࠄࠇߚછോߪ㧘ㆊ෰㧟ᣣ㑆ߩ⧷࿖஥ᄢቇߩᣣᧄ⸰໧ߦߟ޿ߡ
ߩ᭎ⷐႎ๔ߢߔ‫ޕ‬⧷࿖࠴࡯ࡓోຬߦઍࠊߞߡ㧘ᚒ‫߇ޘ‬ฃߌߚ⚛᥍ࠄߒ޿ᥦ߆ߥ߅߽ߡߥߒ߳ߩᗵ⻢ߩ⸒⪲߆ࠄᆎ߼ߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߩ࿖┙ᄢቇߩ⁁ᴫߦ㑐ߔࠆࠝ࡯ࡊࡦߢ₸⋥ߥળ⹤ߣ⁁ᴫ⺑᣿ߛߌߢߪߥߊ㧘෹ᅢ⊛߆ߟ߁ߜߣߌߚળ⹤ߣ⽕⪇ߥ߅㘩੐ߦߟ޿ߡ߽㧘ᗵ⻢ߩᗧࠍ␜ߒ
ߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᰴ࿁㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍ⸘↹ߔࠆ㓙ߪ㧘ᬺ❣ᜰᮡߣߒߡ⸰໧೨ߣ
ᓟߦ⧷࿖ߩઍ⴫࿅ߩ૕㊀᷹ቯࠍⴕ߁ߎߣࠍឭ᩺ߔࠆߟ߽ࠅߢߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧞‫ޤ‬᣿ࠄ߆ߦߐࠇߡ߈ߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘ᣣ⧷ߩදജࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻߇㧘㧞ߟߩ㗔ၞߢᵴ⊒ߦㅴ߼ࠄࠇ
ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߪߢ࡞ࡌ࡟ࠆ޽ޕ‬㧘ਔ࿖ߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ⋧੕ℂ⸃߇ะ਄ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬หᤨߦ㧘੹߅⡞߈ߦߥߞߚߣ߅ࠅ㧘㘃ૃߒߚ૶๮ߣ㘃ૃߒߚ⋡ᮡࠍᜬߟᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ห჻ߢᭂ߼ߡᒝ޿ㅪ៤
߇ߢ߈ߟߟ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ޕ‬੹߆ࠄᢙಽ㑆㧘ߎ߁ߒߚ㧞ߟߩ‫ޟ‬㆏╭‫ߩޠ‬㧞⇟⋡ߦὶὐࠍᒰߡ߹ߔ߇㧘ᧄᣣߩ⚳ࠊࠅߦ৻ߟ߼ߦᚯࠅߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߎߩ஥㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆᚒ‫⸰ߩޘ‬໧ߩὶὐߪ㧘ᄢቇߣડᬺ㧘↥ᬺ߅ࠃ߮ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩࡄ࡯࠻
࠽࡯߿㑐ᔃߣߩߟߥ߇ࠅߢߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬㧘޿ߊߟ߆ߩ⾆㊀ߥᢎ⸠ࠍቇ߮㧘੹ᓟߩ⎇ⓥߣኻ⹤߇᦭⋉ߦߥࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁ಽ㊁ࠍ⷗ߟߌ߹ߒߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ਛߩ৻ㇱࠍߣࠅ޽ߍ߹ߔ߇㧘ᤓᄛ㧘ߔ߫ࠄߒ޿߅㘩੐ࠍ޿ߚߛ޿ߚ޽ߣߦ૞ࠄࠇߚᕆߏߒࠄ߃ߩࡈࠖ࡯࠼ࡃ࠶ࠢᢥᦠߢߪ㧘✚ว⊛ߦ㧘߽ߒߊߪචಽߦ߅⹤ߒߢ߈ࠆ⥄ା߇޽ࠆߣߪ޿߃߹ߖࠎ‫ߪ⑳ޕ‬㧘ᰴߩ 10 ಽ㑆ߢ㧘ᄢ⷏೽ቇ㐳ߩ⚛᥍ࠄߒ޿᭎ⷐႎ๔ߩ⹦⚦ߦ඘ᢜߢ߈ࠆౝኈࠍ⹤ߖߥ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ߇㧘⹦⚦ႎ๔ߦߟ޿ߡߪ੹ᓟ߹ߣ߼ߡ㧘ᓟᣣචಽߥ⺑᣿ࠍⴕ޿ߚ޿ߣᕁߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧟‫ޤ‬⑳ߪ㧘ߎࠇ߹ߢߦᓧࠄࠇߚ㊀ⷐߥ⚿⺰ߣߒߡߪ㧘ᰴߩಽ㊁ߦ㓸ਛߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⸒߃߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߔߥࠊߜ૏⟎ઃߌ㧘ࡄ࡯࠻࠽࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ㧘ᬺ❣ߢߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧠‫ޤ‬਎⇇ਛߤߎߢ߽㧘ᄢቇߪᱧผߢ޽ࠅ㧘ᣣ‫ߩߘޘ‬ᱧผ߇▽߆ࠇ㧘૞ࠅᄌ߃ࠄࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬⧷࿖ߩᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ߣห᭽ߦ㧘ᚒ‫⸰߇ޘ‬໧ߒߚᣣᧄߩᄢቇ߽㧘᭽‫ߥޘ‬೙ᐲ਄ߩ૏⟎ߠߌ߇޽ࠅ㧘⋡ᮡ߽ᄙ᭽ߢߔ‫߇ߔߢ߆ߕࠊߩࠎ߶ޕ‬੐଀ࠍ߅⹤ߒߐߖߡߊߛߐ޿‫ޕ‬╳ᵄᄢቇߪ㧘╳ᵄ⎇ⓥቇ࿦ㇺᏒߣ޿߁ 29 ߩ࿖ߩ᡽ᐭ♽⎇ⓥᚲࠍᠩߒߚ࿾ߩ೑ࠍචੑಽߦ
೑↪ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ਛߩ 26 ᯏ㑐ߥࠄ߮ߦઁߩ޿ߊߟ߆ߩડᬺ⎇ⓥᚲߣᱜᑼᄾ⚂߇⚿߫ࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫৻ߩߘޕ‬ᣇߢ㧘ቇౝߢஜᐽ࡮ⅣႺߦ㑐ㅪߔࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ࡮ࡊ
ࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩㆇ༡ߦࠃࠅ㧘ߘߒߡ⑼ቇᝄ⥝ߦࠃࠅ㧘ᢎ⢒ኾ㐷ኅߩవ㚟ߌߣߒߡߩ⍮⊛⾗ᧄࠍᵴ߆ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬᧲੩ㄘᎿᄢቇ߽߹ߚ㧘ᜬ⛯น⢻ߥ዁᧪ߦะߌߡ㧘ㄘᎿᛛⴚߦ㑐ㅪߔࠆࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ㐿⊒ߦ㧘ࠬࡍࠪࡖ࡝ࠬ࠻ߣߒߡߩ⍮⊛⾗ᧄࠍᵴ↪ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߪ㧘ᰴ਎ઍߩᢎຬߩߺߥࠄߕ㧘ߔߢߦቇౝߦ࿷☋ߔࠆᢎຬߩ✬ᚑߩㄭઍൻ
ࠍ࿑ࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘ᢎຬ㙃ᚑᢎ⢒ߦኻߔࠆᄢ߈ߥ⽿છࠍࠃࠅᐢ▸ߥ␠ળ࡮㐿⊒ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ
࠻ߣߒߡᒝൻߒࠃ߁ߣߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᓟ߶ߤⴕࠊࠇࠆวหࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߢౝኈࠍ߅⡞߈ߢ߈ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ඦ೨ਛߦ⹤㗴ߦ਄ࠅ߹ߒߚ᧲ർᄢቇߪ㧘↥ቇㅪ៤ߦࠃࠆ෼౉ߩో૕ߦභ߼ࠆഀว߇ 16㧑ߣ㕖Ᏹߦ㜞ߊ㧘ߘߩ⚿ᨐ㧘⍮⊛⽷↥ߩ࡜ࠗ࠮ࡦࠬଏਈߣ౒᦭ߦ㑐ߔࠆಽ㊁ࠍᒝൻߔࠆ㧘ߣ޿߁ᣇะߦㅴߺ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬਻Ꮊᄢቇߪ㧘ઁߩࠕࠫࠕߣߩᚢ⇛⊛ឭ៤ࠍ⚿߱㆏ࠍㆬ߮㧘ߎߩ⋡ᮡߩ㆐ᚑߦะߌߡ౒ห

ߢᢎ⢒ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߣ⎇ⓥ࡮ᛛⴚ⒖ォࠍ⸘↹ߔࠆߎߣߢ⋧ਸ਼ലᨐߩะ਄ߦദ߼ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߐࠄߦ㧘ᾢᧄᄢቇߪ㧘᡽╷ഃㅧ⎇ⓥ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߩᣂ⸳ࠍㅢߓߡࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ࿅૕ߣදജߒ㧘ᜰዉߣ⎇ⓥߩਔ⠪ࠍ⚵ߺวࠊߖࠃ߁ߣߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬࿾ర߅ࠃ߮࿾ၞ⊛ߦ㧘ߎߩ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߪ㧘ࡄ࡞ࠬ㔚ሶቇ࡮⊒↢කቇߩ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯࡮ࠝࡉ࡮ࠛࠢ࠮࡟ࡦࠬ㧔ථ⿧ߒߚ⎇ⓥ᜚ὐ㧕ߩലᨐࠍ⵬߁ᓎ⋡ࠍᨐߚߔߢߒࠂ߁‫ޕ‬਄⸥ߩ᣿⏕ߥ૶๮ߩߔߴߡߩ㆐ᚑ߇ኈᤃߣ޿߁ࠊߌߢߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫߫߃ߣߚޕ‬㧘࿾ၞ⚻ᷣߣ␠ળ⁁ᴫߪ㧘ᅢᯏߦ߽⢿ᆭߦ߽ߥࠅᓧ߹ߔ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ㧘ᵴേߩฃߌ⋁ࠍ࿖߆ࠄ᳃㑆߳⒖ⴕߔࠆᡷ㕟ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬో૕ߪ㧘ᚑ㐳ᦼࠃࠅ߽߻ߒࠈ஗ṛ߹ߚߪૐㅅᦼߦ޽ࠅ㧘࿎㔍ࠍ઻޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߐࠄߦ㧘ᯏ㑐ߩ㐳ᚲࠍᦨᄢ㒢ᵴ↪ߔࠆߚ߼ߩᴺ⊛ᨒ⚵ߺߦߟ޿ߡߪ߹ߛᦨ⚳⊛ߥᬌ⸛߇ᔅ
ⷐߛߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘੹࿁ߩ⸰໧ߦࠃࠅᣣᧄ஥ߩᣇ‫߇ޘ‬ᓧࠄࠇߚో૕⊛ߥශ⽎ߣߒߡߪ㧘ߎߩ೙ᐲ߇੹ᓟᄢ߈ߥᄾᯏߦߥࠆߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣߩࠃ߁ߢߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧡‫ޤ‬ߎ߁ߒߚ೨ㅴࡊࡠ࠮ࠬࠍᒁ߈ฃߌࠆߦߪ㧘㕖Ᏹߦᅏᷓ޿߆ߟᐢ▸ߥࡄ࡯࠻࠽࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ߇
ᔅⷐߢߔ‫ߪߦࠇߎޕ‬㧘᡽ᐭᯏ㑐߅ࠃ߮⋭ᐡ㧘ઁߩ౏⊛ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ㧘୘‫ߩޘ‬ડᬺ߹ߚߪડᬺࠣ
࡞࡯ࡊ߇฽߹ࠇ߹ߔߒ㧘೨┹੎⊛⎇ⓥߣᓟ┹੎⊛⎇ⓥਔᣇߦ㑐ߒߡ㧘⥝๧ࠍߘߘࠆ㓸࿅߿ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ߿࿖㓙⊛ឭ៤ߩߚ߼ߩᭂ߼ߡ㕟ᣂ⊛ߥࡕ࠺࡞߽ᐞߟ߆ሽ࿷ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫৻ޕ‬ㇱࠍ଀ߦ᜼ߍ߹ߔߣ㧘ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߩ࿖ߩవ㚟ߌߣߒߡㆬ߫ࠇߚ⧷࿖ߩࠦ࡯ࠬ⹏ଔߦ㑐ߔࠆ⸘↹㧘ၮ␆⎇ⓥߩ⚻㛎߇㒢ࠄࠇߡ޿ߚ࿾ၞࡌ࡯ࠬߩዊડᬺߣߩ㑐ଥࠍ▽ߊ⋡⊛߆ࠄ㧘਻Ꮊᄢቇ߇
࠼ࠗ࠷ߩࠦࡦࠨ࡞࠲ࡦ࠻ળ␠ߣឭ៤ߒߚߎߣߥߤ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ࠄ߇ߥߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘⧷࿖ߩ଀ࠍ
⷗ߡಽ߆ࠅ߹ߔࠃ߁ߦ㧘ㄭ㓞ࠃࠅ߽㧘㆙ߊ㔌ࠇߚઁߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ߣߩㅪ៤ߔࠆᣇ߇◲නߥ႐ว߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫┹ߚ߹ޕ‬੎ⅣႺߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘ㅊ㓐ߔࠆࠃࠅ߽࡝࡯࠼ߔࠆᣇ߇ኈᤃߢ߽޽
ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇ߇㧘ೋ╬ᢎ⢒ᢎຬ㙃ᚑߩ࿾ၞឭଏ⠪ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ
ࠍขߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣߪ㧘࿾ᣇߣ࿾రߩㅪ៤ߢ૗ࠍ㆐ᚑߢ߈ࠆ߆ࠍ␜ߒߚ଀ߥߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧢‫ޤ‬⧷࿖஥ߩⷞὐ߆ࠄో૕⊛ߦᗵߓߚߩߪ㧘ߎߩಽ㊁߆ࠄߩᬺ❣ߦߟ޿ߡߢߔ‫ⷞޕ‬ኤߒߚ㑐ଥߩᄙߊߦ⹺߼ࠄࠇߚߘߩ↢↥ᕈߣߘߩ㐳๮ߦߟ޿ߡᚒ‫ߪޘ‬ᄙߊࠍቇ߱ᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߣ޿߁
ߎߣߢߔ‫ߦ․ޕ‬㧘ᄢቇߣ↥ᬺ߇㐳ᐕߦࠊߚߞߡ▽߈਄ߍߡ߈ߚ⎇ⓥᚲ߿ᣉ⸳ߩ౒᦭ߩ੐଀
ߦ㧘㕖Ᏹߦᗵ㌏ࠍฃߌ߹ߒߚ‫੹ޕ‬ᓟߩ⺖㗴ߣߒߡߪ㧘ᚒ‫੹߇ޘ‬ᓟ⺞ᩏࠍㅴ߼ߚ޿⍮⊛⽷↥ߦ㑐ߔࠆ․ቯߩࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ࡯࡞߇޽ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬㧘৻⇟ਅߩⴕߦ޽ࠆࠃ߁ߦᯏ㑐ߣ࿾ၞ␠ળ㑆ߩ⋧੕㐿⊒ߦὶὐࠍ޽ߡߚᶏᄖࡌࡦ࠴ࡖ࡯ߦኻߔࠆഃᗧᎿᄦ޽߰ࠇࠆข⚵ߺߦߟ޿ߡ㧘߽ߞߣ⦟ߊℂ⸃ߒߚ޿ߣᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߢߣߎߩߎޕ‬㧘ඦ೨ਛߩ࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦߩ⚳ࠊࠅߦ
Coombs ᢎ᝼߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇ߹ߒߚὐߦ⵬⿷ߒߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬੐଀ߣߒߡ਻Ꮊᄢቇߣ਄ᶏ੤ㅢ
ᄢቇߣߩㅪ៤㧘ߎࠇߪ㧘߅⡞߈ߩࠃ߁ߦ࿖Ⴚࠍ⿧߃ߚ࿾ᣇડᬺ߿ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢࠍ❬ߋ߽ߩߢߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘╳ᵄᄢߩ࿖㓙੤ᵹߦኻߔࠆࠃࠅ৻⥸⊛ߥᚢ⇛ߩ߶߆ߦ࠴ࡘ࠾ࠫࠕߩ╳ᵄ࠹ࠢࡁࡄ࡯ࠢߥߤߦߟ޿ߡ߽ቇ߮߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧣‫ޤ‬ߒ߆ߒหᤨߦ㧘ᄙዋߩ✕ᒛ⁁ᘒ߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆߎߣ߽₸⋥ߦુ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫߽ࠆߔ᦭౒߇ޘ‬ߩ߽޽ࠅ߹ߔߒ㧘ࠃࠅᣣᧄ⊛ߥ߽ߩ߽޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ࠍࠄࠇߘޕ‬᜼ߍߡ޿ߊ߁߃ߢ㧘ߘࠇࠄ߇ᣣ
ᧄߣ⧷࿖ߩߤߜࠄߦዻߔࠆ߆㧘ߤࠇ߇ߤߩࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪਔᣇߦዻߔࠆߩ߆ߥߤߣ
⸒߁ߟ߽ࠅߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫߫߃ߣߚޕ‬㧘ᚲዻᯏ㑐ࠃࠅ߽⥄ಽ୘ੱߩߚ߼ߦᚻᨩࠍ᜼ߍࠆ⪺ฬߥᢎ᝼ߚߜߩᑷኂߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘ߜࠂߞߣ⹦ߒߊߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ฬ೨ࠍ಴ߔߟ߽ࠅߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖ
ࠎ߇㧘޿߆ߦߎߩ⒳ߩࠬࡇࡦࠕ࠙࠻߿㐿⊒߇⹏್ࠍ៊ߥ߁࡝ࠬࠢࠍ઻߁߆㧘߹ߚᚑᨐ⏕ቯ೨ߦㆊ೾⽼ᄁࠍߒߡߒ߹߁ߎߣߩෂ㒾ᕈࠍ⌒ߦߒ߹ߒߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ᄢቇ߇␠ળ࡮⚻ᷣ໧㗴ߩਔᣇࠍస᦯ߔࠆߚ߼ߦઁߩᯏ㑐ߣㅪ៤ߔࠆ႐ว㧘ᣣᧄߩᯏ㑐߇⧷࿖ߣหߓࠃ߁ߥ໧㗴ࠍ߆߆߃㧘⸃᳿╷ࠍ࿑ߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬໧㗴ߩᄙߊߪ㧘␠ળ᡽╷ߩኾ㐷ኅ߇㧘᣿ᔟߥ⸃᳿╷߇ߥ޿‫ޟ‬ා੺ߥ‫ޠ‬໧㗴ߣ๭߽߱ߩߢߔ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘ᄢቇ㒮ߦ߅޿ߡߪᛛ
ⴚ߿ߘߩઁߩኾ㐷ࠬࠠ࡞ߦട߃ߡ㧘ࡆࠫࡀࠬࠬࠠ࡞ߦജࠍ౉ࠇࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߎߣ߽ಽ߆ࠅ㧘ߘࠇࠍᡰᜬߒߚᄢቇ㒮ࠍᣂ⸳ߔࠆേ߈ࠍ㧘⥝๧ࠍᜬߞߡⷰኤߒߡ޿ࠆߣߎࠈߢߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧣㧘㧤‫ޤ‬߽ߜࠈࠎ㧘ߎࠇࠄߪ㔍ߒ޿໧㗴ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ᤨߦߪᛒ޿ߦߊ޿໧㗴ߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ዋߥߊߣ߽
ߘࠇࠄࠍ⹺⍮ߔࠆߎߣߪ㧘ᚑഞߩ᧦ઙߢ޽ࠅ੹߹ߢߩᅢᬺ❣ߩ਄ߦ▽߈਄ߍࠆ߽ߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬
෺ᣇߩ㎛ߦߥࠆߩߪ㧘࠮ࠢ࠲࡯࡟ࡌ࡞ߛߌߢߥߊᯏ㑐࡟ࡌ࡞ߢߩⷙᓞ޽ࠆ⥄Ꮖಽᨆߦၮߠ
޿ߚᚢ⇛ᗧ⼂ࠍᜬߟߎߣߥߩߢߔ‫ߏޕ‬ሽߓߩࠃ߁ߦࠕࡔ࡝ࠞੱߪߎࠇࠍ‫ޟ‬ᯏ㑐⎇ⓥ
㧔institutional research㧕‫ߣޠ‬๭ࠎߢ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬㧘⃻⁁ࠍℂ⸃ߒ㧘ߘࠇߦᔕߓߡኻᔕߔ
ࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߩߢߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬ᗧ๧ߢߪ㧘ᚒ‫ߩޘ‬දജࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߢ޽ࠆᣣ⧷දജࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߪ
೨ㅴࠍ⛯ߌߡ޿߹ߔߒ㧘ߘߒߡߘࠇ߇ᚑഞߔࠆߣ޽߃ߡ⸒ࠊߖߡ޿ࠊߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߏᷡ⡬޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
Boucher޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᄢ⷏೽ቇ㐳ߣ Watson ᢎ᝼ߩ㧞ฬߩ⊒⴫⠪ߦᗵ⻢ߩᗧࠍㅀߴߚ
޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㕖Ᏹߦ⚛᥍ࠄߒ޿ႎ๔ߢߒߚ‫⸰ޕ‬໧ᯏ㑐߿ቇࠎߛᢎ⸠߇ߎࠇߛߌᄙ޿ߣⷐ
⚂ߔࠆߩ߇㔍ߒ޿߽ߩߢߔ߇㧘⷗੐ߦ߹ߣ߹ߞߡ޿߹ߒߚ‫ߡߐޕ‬㧘ߎߎߢ㧘⡬ⴐᏨߦ߅ࠄ
ࠇࠆ 12 ᄢቇߩෳട⠪ߩᣇ‫ߦޘ‬㧘ࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦ߳ߩ⵬⿷㧘⸰໧߆ࠄቇࠎߛᢎ⸠߿ᗧ⷗
ߥߤ㧘⊒⸒ߒߡ޿ߚߛߎ߁ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ᦨޕ‬ೋߦ㧘ߤߥߚ߆ᣣᧄ஥ߩᣇ‫ߢޘ‬㧘వ⒟⊒⴫ߐࠇߚ㧞ฬߩᣇߩࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦኻߒߡࠦࡔࡦ࠻ࠍ޿ߚߛߌࠇ߫ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᴤ↰ᤓᐕᐲ㧘⑳౒㧘ߜࠂ߁ߤ੹ߎߎߦมળࠍߒߡ߅ࠄࠇ߹ߔ Boucher ቇ㐳ߩࠪࠚࡈࠖ࡯࡞࠼
ᄢቇߦⴕߞߡ߹޿ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬వ⒟㧘ᄢ⷏వ↢߆ࠄ㧘ߚ޿߳ࠎ⊛ࠍ኿ߚ࡟ࡐ࡯࠻ࠍߒߡ޿ߚ
ߛ߈߹ߒߚߩߢ㧘ߘࠇߦㅊടߔࠆߎߣ߽․ߦߥ޿ߩߢߔ߇㧘૗ߪߣ߽޽ࠇ㧘࿖┙ᄢቇ߇ᴺੱൻࠍߒߡ㧘⑳౒߇⦡‫ࠄ߇ߥߒࠍߺ⹜ߣޘ‬ᚻតࠅߢ߿ߞߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ࡈࠚ࡯࠭ߩਛߢ㧘ᤓᐕᐲ㧘ࠪࠚࡈࠖ࡯࡞࠼ᄢቇߦુ޿߹ߒߡ㧘ߚ޿߳ࠎౕ૕⊛ߦ㧘⦡‫ߛߚ޿ߡߖ߆߈ࠍ⹤ߥޘ‬޿ߚߣ޿߁ߎߣߪ㧘ߚ޿߳ࠎෳ⠨ߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ߡߒߣ⺰⥸৻ޕ‬㧘ࠗࡦ࠲࡯࠽࡚ࠪ࠽࡞ߥ࠺
ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦ߿ࠗࡦࡌࠬ࠹ࠖࠥ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ㧔investigation㧕ߪ㧘ᄢ૕ᒻᑼ⊛ߥߎߣߦߥߞ
ߡ㧘ߘࠇࠍᜬߜᏫߞߡ⥄ಽߩㇺวߩ⦟޿ࠃ߁ߦ૶߁ߣ޿ߞߚߎߣ߇ഀߦᄙ޿ࠃ߁ߥ᳇߇ߒ
ߡ޿ࠆߩߢߔ߇㧘ᤓᐕ㧘⡞߆ߖߡ޿ߚߛ޿ߚ⹤ߪ㧘ߔߋ⋥ធᓎߦ┙ߟ߆ߤ߁߆ߣ޿߁ߩߪ
೎ߦߒߡ߽㧘ߚ޿߳ࠎౕ૕⊛ߢ㧘ߎߩࡆࠫ࠶࠻ߪ⦟޿ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߢ޽ߞߚߣᗵߓߡ߅ࠅ߹
ߔ‫╳ޕ‬ᵄᄢቇߩ․ᱶᕈ߽޽ࠅ㧘⑳౒߇ᴺੱൻߒߚᤨὐߢᜬߞߡ޿ߚ໧㗴ᗧ⼂ߣߒߡ㧘ᄢቇߩࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ᄢቇᧄㇱ޽ࠆ޿ߪቇ㐳߿ࡋ࠶࠼ࠢࠜ࡯࠲࡯ߩࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ߣ㧘ฦㇱዪߩࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ࠍߤߩࠃ߁ߦਔ┙ߐߖࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇ഀߦ㊀ⷐߛߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߟ
޿ߡ⠨߃ߡ޿ߚߩߢߔ߇㧘ߘࠇߦߟ޿ߡ߽㧘ࠪࠚࡈࠖ࡯࡞࠼ᄢቇߢߩ Boucher ቇ㐳ߩߏ⺑᣿ߪ㧘૗ߩ⍦⋫߽޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎߢߒߚ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬㧘ߒߞ߆ࠅߒߡ޿ࠆ࠺ࡄ࡯࠻ࡔࡦ࠻ߦߪ⥄ᴦᮭ㧔autonomy㧕ࠍਈ߃ߡછߖࠆߒ㧘ߘ߁ߢߥ޿ߣߎࠈߪᄢቇᧄㇱ߇߿ࠆߣ޿߁ࠃ߁ߥߎߣ
ߢ㧘ߚ޿߳ࠎࠢ࡝ࠕߢߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ࠎ߳޿ߚ߇ࠇߘޕ‬ශ⽎⊛ߢ޽ߞߚߎߣࠍ㧘ㅊടߐߖߡ
޿ߚߛߎ߁ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
Boucher޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫੹ޕ‬ᓟߩ࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦࠍᵴ᳇ߠߌࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ߆ߤ߁߆
ࠍ⷗ࠆߚ߼ߦ㧘ߎߩὐߦ㑐ㅪߔࠆ⼏⺰ࠍ⛯ߌ߹ߒࠂ߁‫ޕ‬ᩉේ਻Ꮊᄢቇߩ೽ቇ㐳ߩᩉේߢߔ‫਻ޕ‬Ꮊᄢቇߪࠬࠦ࠶࠻࡜ࡦ࠼ߩࠣ࡜ࠬࠧ࡯ᄢቇࠍ⸰໧޿ߚ
ߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬వ⒟ߩᄢ⷏వ↢ߩ߅⹤ߦࠃࠅ߹ߔߣ㧘ࡠ࡯ࡑᏢ࿖߽ᚑߒᓧߥ߆ߞߚߎߣࠍ਻Ꮊ
ᄢቇ߇ᚑߒߚߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ߇㧘ࠣ࡜ࠬࠧ࡯ᄢቇߢߪߚ޿߳ࠎ⦡‫ߥޘ‬஥㕙ߢ߅⹤ࠍુ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ਥߚࠆ⋡⊛ߪ⎇ⓥߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ㧘ႎ๔ᦠ߽⎇ⓥߣ޿߁஥㕙ߦ㊀ὐࠍ⟎޿ߡᦠ޿ߡ޿߹ߔ߇㧘ߘࠇએᄖߩᄢቇߩ߶ߣࠎߤోߡߩᵴേߦ㑐ࠊࠆߎߣߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ࠣ࡜ࠬࠧ࡯ᄢቇߩ᭽‫ߥޘ‬ขࠅ⚵ߺࠍુ޿߹ߒߚ‫ߪࠇߘޕ‬㧘ᚒ‫⾆ߡߞߣߦޘ‬㊀ߥ૕㛎ߢߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ߘߩਛߢ߽㧘వ⒟ߩᄢ⷏వ↢ߩ⺑᣿ߩਛߢ߽޽ߞߚߩߢߔ߇㧘ࠣ࡜ࠬࠧ࡯ᄢቇ߽⹜ߺߡ߅
ࠄࠇࠆߎߣߢ㧘ࡉ࡜ࡦ࠼ൻߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫࠼ࡦ࡜ࡉޕ‬ᚢ⇛ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔߨ‫࡜ࡉߪࠇߎޕ‬ࡦ࠼ൻࠍታ㓙ߦᜂᒰߒߡ߅ࠄࠇࠆ೽ቇ㐳ߩᣇ߇߅ࠄࠇߡ㧘ߎߩࡉ࡜ࡦ࠼ᚢ⇛ࠍ⦡‫ߚ߆ߥޘ‬ߜߢ૞ᚑߒߡ޿ࠆߣ߁߆߇޿߹ߒߚ‫ߢࠇߘޕ‬㧘ᜬߜᏫࠅ߹ߒߡ㧘਻Ꮊᄢቇߢ߽ߚߛߜߦߎ
ߩࡉ࡜ࡦ࠼ᚢ⇛ࠍߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ㧘ࡉ࡜ࡦ࠼ᚢ⇛ࡑ࠶ࡊߣ޿߁߽ߩࠍ૞ࠅ߹ߒߡ㧘਻Ꮊᄢቇߩࡉ࡜ࡦ࠼ൻࠍ޿߆ߦ࿑ߞߚࠄ޿޿ߩ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍⓍᭂ⊛ߦㅴ߼ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫߁޿߁ߘޕ‬ᗧ๧ߢ㧘ౕ૕⊛ߥᚑᨐߣ޿߁ߎߣ߽㧘ࠬ࠲࠺ࠖ࡮ࡆࠫ࠶࠻ߩਛߢ↢߹ࠇߚߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߏߑ ޿ ߹ ߔ ‫ ߚ ߹ ޕ‬㧘 ੹ ࿁ 㧘 ࠣ ࡜ ࠬ ࠧ ࡯ ᄢ ቇ ߩ Beaumont ೽ ቇ 㐳 ߣ HEFCE ߩ
Thirunamachandran ㇱ㐳ߦ⑔ጟ߳߅⿧ߒ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߡ㧘․ߦ↥ቇㅪ៤ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢᗧ⷗
੤឵߇ߢ߈ߚߎߣ߽․ߦ⦟߆ߞߚߣ޿߁߰߁ߦᕁߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ߎߩ㑆ߦࠣ࡜ࠬࠧ࡯

ᄢቇߣ਻Ꮊᄢቇߣߩ㑆ߢౕ૕⊛ߥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ࠍㅴ߼ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ޿߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ
Beaumont ೽ቇ㐳ߣ߅⹤ࠍߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߒߡ㧘․ߦᴺቇᢎ⢒ߩߣߎࠈߢ౒หࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ࠍ
ㅴ߼ࠄࠇߥ޿߆ߣ޿߁ౕ૕⊛ߥឭ᩺߇ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫੹ޕ‬ᣣ㧘߹ߐߦ੹ᣣߥߩߢߔ߇㧘
Beaumont ೽ቇ㐳ߣ߅⹤ࠍߒߡ㧘ౕ૕⊛ߦߎߩ⹤ࠍㅴ߼ࠃ߁ߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ⠨߃ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߎ߁޿߁ᯏળߦߎߩࠃ߁ߥวᗧ߇ߢ߈ߚߎߣ߽㧘ߎߩࠬ࠲࠺ࠖ࡮ࡆࠫ࠶࠻߇ߢ߈ߚ߅߆ߍ
ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁߰߁ߦᗵ⻢ࠍ޿ߚߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
Boucher޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ߦઁޕ‬૗߆ࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߪ޽ࠅ߹ߔ߆㧫㦮రᾢᧄᄢቇߩ㦮రߣ↳ߒ߹ߔ߇㧘ᚒ‫ࡓࠟࡦࠖ࠹࠶ࡁߪޘ‬ᄢቇࠍ⸰໧ߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ߘߎߢ㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩᄢቇߩ⊝ߐࠎ߽ߏሽ⍮ߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘ࡁ࠶࠹ࠖࡦࠟࡓᄢቇߪᶏᄖᚢ⇛ߦ㕖Ᏹߦ㐳ߌߡ߅ࠄࠇࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ㧘ߎߩὐߦ㕖Ᏹߦᗵ㌏ࠍฃߌ߹ߒߚ‫ߦࠆߔⷐޕ‬㧘ᶏᄖߢ੐ᬺࠍ᜛ᄢߒߡ߅ࠄࠇࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇㕖Ᏹߦශ⽎⊛ߢߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ߦࠇߘޕ‬㑐ߒߡ㧘㧟ὐᣣᧄߣ㆑߁㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪᚒ‫߇ޘ‬಴᧪ߥ޿ߣ޿߁ㇱಽ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㧝ὐ⋡ߪ㧘ᶏᄖ߆ࠄߩቇ↢ߩ᝼ᬺᢱ߇㜞ߊߣࠇࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬EU ޽ࠆ޿ߪ UK ߩਛߩቇ↢ߦኻߒߡߪ 3,000 ࡐࡦ࠼㧘60 ਁ౞⒟ᐲ߇ᦨᄢߛߘ߁ߢߔ߇㧘ᶏᄖ߆ࠄߩ⇐ቇ↢ߦኻߒߡߪ㧘ߘߩ㧟୚ߩ 9,000ࡐࡦ࠼㧘180 ਁ౞ߋࠄ޿ߪߣߞߡ߅ࠄࠇࠆ‫ߊߏߔ߇ࠇߎޕ‬ᣣᧄߣ㆑޿߹ߒߡ㧘ᣣᧄߢߪ࿖ౝ
ߩቇ↢ߦኻߒߡ߽ᶏᄖ߆ࠄߩ⇐ቇ↢ߦኻߒߡ߽㧘หߓ 60 ᢙਁ౞ߩ᝼ᬺᢱߢ߿ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘੹㧘ቯ߼ࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬10㧑਄ߍࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߩߢߔ߇㧘ߤߩᄢቇ߽੹㧘߹ߛⴕߞߡ߅ࠅ
߹ߖࠎ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߘޕ‬㧘⥄↱ᐲ߇޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇㧝ὐ‫ޕ‬㧞ὐ⋡ߪ㧘߿ߪࠅ⧷⺆ߣ޿߁⸒⪲߇࿖㓙⺆ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ㧘ߘࠇࠍᲣ࿖⺆ߣߒߡ UK ߩᄢቇ߇ዷ㐿ߢ߈ࠆߣ޿߁ࠕ࠼ࡃࡦ
࠹࡯ࠫ㧘ߎࠇߦߪ߿ߪࠅ߆ߥࠊߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫߇ࠇߘޕ‬㧘߿ߪࠅ⊒ዷㅜ਄ߘߩ
ઁߩᶏᄖߩ⇐ቇ↢߆ࠄߩ㝯ജࠍ߭߈ߟߌᓧࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇㧞ὐ⋡‫ޕ‬㧟ὐ⋡ߪ㧘߿ߪࠅ㧘ߘ߁޿߁⥄↱ᐲ߇޽ߞߡ߽ᢎ⢒ౝኈߦ㜞޿ࡐ࠹ࡦࠪࡖ࡞ࠍᜬߞߡ߅ࠄࠇࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇㧘ߘ߁޿߁ᚢ⇛ࠍน⢻ߦߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫੹ޕ‬࿁㧘Gow ೽ቇ㐳ߦ㧘ᾢᧄᄢቇߦ᧪
ߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚߌࠇߤ߽㧘ᾢᧄᄢቇߦ MBA ࠍߟߊࠅߥߐ޿ߣ޿߁ߏឭ᩺ࠍ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚ‫ ߫߃଀ޕ‬MBA ߢ᝼ᬺߪ 1 ਁ 5,000 ࡐࡦ࠼㧘300 ਁ౞㧘ᓐࠄߪߣࠈ߁ߣ⸒ࠊࠇࠆߩߢߔ߇㧘ߘࠇߢ޽ࠇ߫㧘චಽߥ⚻༡߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠈ߁ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߢߎߘޕ‬㧘৻ߟߛߌߘ߁޿߁ߎߣߦ
㑐ଥߒߡ㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩᄢቇߩవ↢ᣇ㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ஥ߩᣇ߆ࠄ㧘ᣣᧄߢߪ߿ߪࠅ቟޿
⾌↪ߢ⚻ᷣ⊛ߦᕺ߹ࠇߥ޿ੱߦ߽ᐔ╬ߦ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ࠍਈ߃ࠃ߁ߣ޿߁૶๮ࠍ߹ߛ㊀ࠎߓߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔ߇㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪ⇐ቇ↢ߦኻߒߡ߽ߘ߁޿߁ⷰὐ߇޽ࠆ߆ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ߇㧘ߘߩㄝߣߩࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߦ߅ߌࠆࡃ࡜ࡦࠬߣ޿޿߹ߔ߆㧘⠨߃ᣇߣ޿߁ߩ߇޽ࠇ߫㧘ࠦࡔࡦ࠻ࠍ޿ߚߛ
߈ߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕߚߒ߹޿ߑߏ߁ߣ߇ࠅ޽߽߁ߤޕ‬

Boucher޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫⧷ޕ‬࿖஥ߢߎߩ⾰໧ߦ╵߃ߡ޿ߚߛߌࠆᣇ߇޿ࠄߞߒ߾ࠆ߆ߤ
߁߆ಽ߆ࠅ߹ߖࠎ߇㧘⑳ߩℂ⸃߇ᱜߒߌࠇ߫㧘⾰໧ߪ㧘ᶏᄖ߆ࠄߩቇ↢ࠍᏅ೎ߒߥ޿ߢ㧘ߔߴߡߩቇ↢ߦหߓ᝼ᬺᢱߢ⦟⾰ߩᢎ⢒ߩᯏળࠍਈ߃ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߦ㑐ߒߡߢߔߨ‫⧷ޕ‬࿖ߢߪ㧘⏕߆ߦ⇐ቇ↢ߩ൐㓸ࠍᄢቇߩࡊ࡜ࠗࡌ࡯࠻ࡆࠫࡀࠬߣߒߡߺߥߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬౏⊛⾗㊄ߩኻ⽎ߢߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬㧘࿖ߩ㊀ⷐߥ㑐ᔃߪ㧘⇐ቇ↢ߩ᝼ᬺᢱࠍ⧷࿖ੱ⚊⒢⠪ߦ⽶ᜂߐߖࠆߴ߈ߢߪߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ࠎࠈ߻ޕ‬㧘⧷࿖ੱ⚊⒢⠪ߪ㧘⧷࿖ߢ᥵ࠄߔ
⇐ቇ↢ߦࠃߞߡઁ࿖ߣߩ㐳ᦼ⊛ߥ㑐ଥࠍㅢߓߡ㧘ࡔ࡝࠶࠻ࠍᓧߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁⼏⺰߽޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߦ߃ࠁࠇߘޕ‬㧘⧷࿖ੱ⚊⒢⠪ߪ⇐ቇ↢ߩᢎ⢒⾌ߦ᜚಴ߔࠆߴ߈ߛߣ޿߁ᱜ⺰߇ᚑࠅ┙ߟ߆߽ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎ‫ࠄ߇ߥߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ࠨ࠶࠴ࡖ࡯㚂⋧ᤨઍ߆ࠄᜬ⛯ߒߡ߈ߚ⧷࿖ߩ᡽ᴦ⊛ᣇ㊎ߪ㧘⇐ቇ↢ߩ⾗㊄ߪ⥄Ꮖ⽶ᜂ㧘ᢎ⢒⾌ߪో㗵⥄ಽߢ⾔߁㧘ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘⇐ቇ↢ߛߌߢߪߥߊ࿖߆ࠄߩ⾗㊄េഥࠍฃߌߡߥ޿⧷࿖ੱቇ↢ࠍᛴ߃ߡ޿ࠆᄢቇߪ㧘Ꮢ႐ߩ⁁ᴫߦᓥߞߡ᝼ᬺᢱࠍ⺞ᢛߒߡ޿ࠆߩ߇⃻⁁ߢߔ‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬㧘ᒰ㕙㧘ᶏᄖᏒ႐ߪ෩ߒߊ㧘ᅑ
ቇ㊄ߩᒻߢㅢᏱ⴫㕙ߦ⃻ࠇߥ޿ଔᩰ⺞ᢛ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢቇ㒮⺖⒟ߩ㔛ⷐ߇㜞޿႐ᚲߢߪ㧘᝼ᬺᢱ߽ߘࠇߦᔕߓߡ୯਄߇ࠅߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬㧘⧷࿖ߩᄢቇ㒮⺖⒟ߢߪ㧘⇐ቇ↢߇㧞㨪㧟୚ߩ⾌↪ࠍᛄࠊߨ߫ߥࠄߥ޿߽ߩ߽޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߡߞࠃޕ‬㧘㧞ߟߩὐߦ߹ߣ߼߹ߔ
ߣ㧘㧝ߟ⋡ߣߒߡ⇐ቇ↢ߪ⧷࿖ੱ⚊⒢⠪ߩ⽶ᜂࠍฃߌࠆߴ߈ߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬㧞ߟ⋡ߪ㧘⥄ಽߚߜߩࠦࠬ࠻ࠍ࿁෼ߔࠆߚ߼ߢߪߥߊ㧘⽶ᜂน⢻ߥࠦࠬ࠻ࠍ⺖ߔߴ߈Ꮢ႐߇޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⹺⼂ߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿㧘ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ޕ‬Gow ೽ቇ㐳߇૗߆ઃߌട߃ߚ޿ὐ߇޽ࠆࠃ߁ߢߔ‫ޕ‬Gowࡁ࠶࠹ࠖࡦࠟࡓᄢቇߩࠕࠫࠕ೽ቇ㐳ߩ Ian Gow ߢߔ‫ߩ⑳ޕ‬ᣇ߆ࠄዋߒ⵬⿷ߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ
ߌࠇ߫ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫⥄ޕ‬ಽ߇ᄬᢌߒߚὐߢߔ߇㧘⧷࿖ߩᄢቇߣ⇐ቇ↢ߣߩ㑐ଥߦߪ޿ߊߟ߆
ߩᲑ㓏߇޽ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ߕ߹ޕ‬㧘ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬ᢥൻ੤ᵹࠍᦸࠎߢ޿߹ߒߚ‫߽ߢ੹ߪࠇߘޕ‬ᄌࠊࠅ߹ߖ
ࠎ‫ޕ‬ᰴߦ㧘᝼ᬺᢱߦ㑐ߒߡ㧘⇐ቇ↢߆ࠄߩ෼౉ߪ㧘ᄢቇߦߣߞߡㅊട෼౉ߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ߒ߆ߒ㧘࿖߆ࠄߩ੤ઃ㊄߇ᷫߞߡߊࠆߦㅪࠇ㧘⇐ቇ↢ߦࠃࠅ↢ߓࠆ෼౉ߪ㧘ਥⷐߥ෼౉ߦ
ߥࠅߟߟ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᓥߞߡ㧘᡽ᐭߩ੤ઃ㊄ᷫ㗵ߣࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻೎ߩ੤ઃ㊄ߩᄌേ㧘⇐ቇ↢ߦࠃࠆ෼౉߳ߩଐሽᐲߩ਄᣹ߣߪ㧘ᔅὼ⊛ߦ㑐ࠊࠅ޽ߞߡߊࠆߩߢߔ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘ᣣᧄߣਛ࿖ߩਔ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ⑳ߩ޽ࠆ⒟ᐲߩ⚻㛎ߢ⍮ࠆ㒢ࠅ㧘ᣣᧄߦߣߞߡߩ໧㗴ߪ㧘࿖ౝቇ↢ߣหߓ᝼ᬺᢱߢ㧘ߒ߆߽ᄙߊߩ႐วᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ᅑቇ㊄ࠍឭଏߔࠆᒻߢ㧘⇐ቇ↢ߩ⺃⥌ߦ㕖Ᏹߦᚑഞߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ၮᧄ⊛ߦ㧘⇐ቇ↢ᢎ⢒ߪᣣᧄ⺆ߢⴕࠊࠇ߹ߔ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬࿖㓙ൻߩ৻Ⅳߣߒߡ⺃⥌ߩߚ߼ߦ⧷⺆ߥߤߩ࿖㓙⸒⺆ߢࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍ↪ᗧߔࠆࠦࠬ࠻ߪ㧘ߘࠇߦኻߔࠆᏂ㗵ߩ⵬ഥ㊄߇ߥ޿㒢ࠅ㧘୘‫ߩޘ‬ᯏ㑐߇⽶ᜂߖߑࠆࠍᓧߥ޿ߢߒࠂ߁‫ߣߎ߁޿߁ߘޕ‬߆ࠄ㧘⃻ታߦᣣᧄߦᔅⷐߥߎߣࠍ⠨߃ߚ႐ว㧘ᄢ߈ߥ⺖㗴ߦ⋥㕙ߒߡ޿ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫ޘ‬
߇ 25 ᐕ㑆߆ߌߡታⴕߒߡ߈ߚߎߣࠍ㧘ᣣᧄߪ੹㧘ߪࠆ߆ߦ⍴ᦼ㑆ߢⴕ߁ࠃ߁᳞߼ࠄࠇߡ޿
ࠆߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ቇ↢߆ࠄߩ෼౉ߪ዁᧪ᕟࠄߊ߇ᷫዋߔࠆߢߒࠂ߁ߒ㧘੤ઃ㊄߽ࠞ࠶࠻ߐࠇߡ޿

߹ߔ‫⇐ޕ‬ቇ↢ࠍ⺃⥌ߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪ㧘ࠃࠅᄙߊ಴⾌߇߆߆ࠆߩߢ㧘⇐ቇ↢߆ࠄขࠆ᝼ᬺᢱߪ㧘ઁߩቇ↢ࠃࠅ߽㜞ߊ⸳ቯߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߩߢߔ‫ߩ৻╙߇ࠇߎޕ‬ὐߢߔ‫ޕ‬߽߁৻ߟߩὐߢߔ߇㧘⑳߇ឭ᩺ߒߚߩߪ MBA ߩ㧝ਁ 5,000 ࡐࡦ࠼ߢ㧡ਁࡐࡦ࠼ߢߪ޽ࠅ
߹ߖࠎ‫ߪ⟎⸳ߩ࡞࡯ࠢࠬࠬࡀࠫࡆޕߔߢ⹤ߩ࠼࡯ࡃ࡯ࡂߪࠇߘޕ‬෼౉ߩ⵬ቢߣߥࠅ㧘࿖㓙ൻߣ෼౉ᝳ಴ߩਔᣇߦᓎ┙ߞߚߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘ߎࠇߪᣣᧄ߇዁᧪⊛ߦታⴕߔࠆߎߣ
ߦߥࠆߎߣߥߩߢߔ‫ߪߢ߹ࠇߎޕ‬ᔅߕߒ߽ᔅⷐߢߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎߢߒߚ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘➅ࠅ㄰ߒߦߥࠅ߹ߔ߇㧘ࡆࠫࡀࠬࠬࠢ࡯࡞ߩᢛ஻ߪ㧘ᄢቇߦߣߞߡ෼౉ߩේേജߦߥࠅ߹ߔߒ㧘ᄢቇߦ⾗㊄ࠍ㈩ಽߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠅ߹ߔߩߢ㧘ᣣᧄߩᄢቇߦ߹ߔ߹ߔਇนᰳߦߥࠆߣᕁࠊࠇ
߹ߔ‫߽ߤࠇߌޕ‬㧘ᚒ‫ ߕࠊ઻߽ߺ∩ߤ߶ߐ߇ޘ‬25 ᐕ㑆߆ߌߡ㆐ᚑߒߚࡕ࠺࡞߳ᣣᧄ߇⒖ⴕߔ
ࠆߩߦᦼᓙߐࠇࠆࠬࡇ࡯࠼ߦ㧘⑳ߪᦨ߽หᖱࠍⷡ߃߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
Boucher޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫⇐ޕ‬ቇ↢ߣߩ᝼ᬺᢱߦᏅࠍઃߌࠆߎߣ߇น⢻߆㧘߹ߚ㧘ᣣᧄߩᄢቇ߇⧷⺆ߢ᝼ᬺࠍⴕ߁ࠦ࡯ࠬࠍჇ߿ߔߎߣߪน⢻߆㧘⧷⺆ߩ⑼⋡ᢙࠍჇ߿ߖࠆ߆ߣ޿ߞ
ߚ㧘࿖߳ᜬߜᏫࠅߚ޿ߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ⹤㗴߇಴ߐࠇ߹ߒߚߨ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄ஥ߩᣇ‫ߩޘ‬೑⋉ߩߚ߼ߦ↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߔߣ㧘ቇ↢㧘⇐ቇ↢߇㧘࠼ࠗ࠷㧘ࡈ࡜ࡦࠬ㧘ߐࠄߦࠬ࠙ࠚ࡯࠺ࡦ㧘࠺ࡦࡑ࡯ࠢ㧘ࡁ࡞࠙ࠚ࡯㧘࠴ࠚࠦ౒๺࿖ߦⴕ߈㧘ࠛࡦࠫ࠾ࠕ㧘කቇߩቇ૏ࠍᓧࠆߎߣߪน⢻ߦߥߞߡ޿
߹ߔ‫ࠄࠇߘޕ‬㕖⧷⺆࿤ߩ⻉࿖ߪ੹㧘࿖㓙⊛ߥ⧷⺆࿤ᄢቇᏒ႐ߢ޽ࠆ⧷࿖㧘☨࿖㧘ࠞ࠽࠳㧘ࠝ࡯ࠬ࠻࡜࡝ࠕߣ┹วߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ࡦ࡚ࠪ࠶ࠞࠬࠖ࠺ߣࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯࠹ࡦ࠯࡟ࡊߩ੹ޕ‬ᶋ߈ᓂࠅߦߥߞߚὐ߇߽߁৻ߟ޽ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߩࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࠤ࠾ࡘࡒࠦޕ‬㧘ߘࠇ߽ࡑ࡯ࠤ࠹ࠖࡦ
ࠣߣࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩಽ㊁ߦ౉ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ߇㧘ߘࠇ߇㧞ߟߩᣇᴺߢ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߐࠇ߹
ߒߚ‫ޕ‬㧝ߟߪ㧘ᄢቇߩ⍮ฬᐲࠍ㜞߼㧘ࠗࡔ࡯ࠫߣ⹏್ࠍᛂߜ┙ߡࠆߣ޿߁ࡉ࡜ࡦ࠼ߩ⏕┙ߩ໧㗴ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ࠃࠅലᨐ⊛ߦᄖ⇇ߣߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍߣࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍㅀߴߚࡊ
࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦ߇ⶄᢙ޽ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬㧞ߟ⋡ߩ໧㗴ߪ㧘ᄢቇߩᬺോ▤ℂ߿⟎߆ࠇߡ޿ࠆ⁁ᴫߩᷓೞߐߦߟ޿ߡቇㇱ߳ߩ๟⍮ࠍ޿߆ߦᔀᐩߐߖࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠅ㧘ᴤ↰ᢎ᝼ߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߦ޽ࠅ߹ߒߚ㧘⚻༡▤ℂ߿ߘࠇߙࠇߩ⽿છߣᮭ㒢ࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆὐߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ᧄㇱߣቇ⑼ߩ㑐ଥߩᕈ⾰ߦ㑐ߒߡߢߔ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘․ߦ⚵❱ౝߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩ໧㗴ߪ㧘ߔߴߡߩᄢቇ㧘ታ㓙⚵❱ߣ๭߫ࠇࠆ߽ߩߔߴߡ߇Ᏹߦᡷༀߦ⧰ᘦߔࠆߣߎࠈߢߔ‫߇ࠇߘޕ‬චಽߦߥߐࠇࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇᳿ߒߡߥ޿ಽ㊁ߩࠃ߁ߦᕁࠊࠇ߹ߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘⏕߆ߦ⧷࿖ߢߪᄢ
߈ߥേ߈߇ߺࠄࠇ㧘⃻࿷߶ߣࠎߤߩᄢቇ߇ഃ⸳ߒߡ޿ࠆࡑ࡯ࠤ࠹ࠖࡦࠣ࡮ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯ࠪ
࡚ࡦቇ⑼ࠍㅢߓߡࠗࡦ࠲࡯࠽࡞࡮ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ߇ኾ㐷ಽ㊁ߣߒߡ⏕┙ߐࠇࠆᣇะߦ
ะ޿ߡ޿߹ߔ‫⧷ޕ‬࿖஥ߩ৻ੱߦ㧘ࠗࡦ࠲࡯࠽࡞࡮ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩ໧㗴ߦߟ޿ߡ߅⹤
ߒ޿ߚߛ߈ߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
Coombs⑳ߪ㧘Boucher ቇ㐳߇⊒⸒ߐࠇߚ᭎ⷐߦోߊหᗵߢߔ‫ࠪ࡯ࠤ࠾ࡘࡒࠦ࡮࡞࠽࡯࠲ࡦࠗޕ‬࡚ࡦߦߟ޿ߡ⑳߇ᕁߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣߪᰴߩߣ߅ࠅߢߔ‫ࠎࠈߜ߽ޕ‬㧘ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࠲࡯߇⺕ߢ߽ߤߎߩ⚵❱ߢ߽૶ߞߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߥᓥ᧪ߩ࠷࡯࡞ࠍ૶ߞߡᭂ߼ߡኾ㐷⊛ߦⴕ߁ߎߣ߽น⢻ߢߔ‫ࡈ࠶࠲ࠬޕ‬ะߌߩ㔚ሶ࠾ࡘ࡯ࠬ࡟࠲࡯㧘ࠗࡦ࠻࡜ࡀ࠶࠻㧘ㇱ㐷⽿છ⠪߿࡙࠾࠶࠻⽿છ⠪߆ࠄࠬ࠲࠶ࡈߦኻߔࠆቯᦼ⊛ߥႎ๔㧘Ფ᦬߽ߒߊߪᲤㅳߦ㈩Ꮣߐࠇࠆႎ๔ᢥᦠߥߤߢߔ
ߨ‫ߪࠄࠇߎޕ‬㧘ߚߞߚ㧞㧘㧟ᐕ೨ߢߐ߃߽ቇౝߢߪ㕖Ᏹߦ߹ࠇߢ޽ߞߚߣᕁ޿߹ߔ߇㧘੹ߢߪ߆ߥࠅ৻⥸ൻߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߪߣߎࠆ߃⸒ߟ৻߁߽ޕ‬㧘ᢎ⡯ຬߩ⎇ୃ߿ኾ㐷⢻ജ⢒ᚑߩߚ߼ߩ᳿ቯ⊛߆ߟኾ㐷⊛ߥࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ߢߔ‫ࠄߥߗߥޕ‬ᚒ‫ߩޘ‬਎ઍ߇ᄢቇߦ౉ߞߚ㗃ߪ㧘ࠝ࡯ࡃ࡯ࡋ࠶࠼࡮ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠲࡯ࠍୟߐߥ޿ߢ૶߃ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆߣ߆㧘㗼ᓸ㏜ߩഥߌ߇ߥߊߡ
߽⺒߼ࠆ㈩Ꮣ‛ߩ૞ᚑᣇᴺߣ߆㧘ߘߩ⒟ᐲߩᣂ⡯ຬะߌߩ⻠⠌߇৻࿁޽ߞߚ߆ߤ߁߆ߋࠄ
޿ߩ߽ߩߢߒߚ‫⥄⑳ޕ‬りߩੱ↢ߩਛߢ㧘ߘߎߢᆄߦ಴ળߞߚߣ޿߁㕖Ᏹߦ㊀ⷐߥ੐ታࠍ೎
ߦߔࠇ߫㧘ߘߩࠦ࡯ࠬ߇ోߊᓎߦ┙ߚߥ߆ߞߚߎߣࠍⷡ߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᆄߪߘߩᤨߪ⍮ࠅ߹ߖࠎߢߒߚ߇㧘ᓟߦ⑳ߩᆄߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ዋߥߊߣ߽ߘߩὐߢߪଔ୯߇޽ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ߡߐޕ‬㧘
⑳ߩᄢቇߢߪ㧘⧷࿖ߩઁߩᄢቇߢ߽ⴕߞߡ޿ࠆߩߪ⏕߆ߢߔ߇㧘ᢎ⡯ຬะߌߦ⛮⛯ኾ㐷⎇ୃߣ޿߁ᣇ㊎߇޽ࠅ㧘ߚߣ߃߫㧘↥ᬺ⇇ߦࠃߊ޽ࠆข⚵ߺߢߔ߇㧘․ቯߩᚽ⢻ࠍᜬߟᢎ⡯ຬ㧘ቇ⑼㐳߿ቇ㐳ߩㆡಾߥ୥⵬ߦߥࠅߘ߁ߥᢎ⡯ຬࠍㆬ಴ߒߡ㧘ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩ⎇ୃߥߤቇ⑼ㆇ༡ߦ㑐ଥߔࠆ⺖㗴ࠍ⎇ୃߐߖࠆߣ޿߁߽ߩߢߔ‫ߪߡߒߣ⁁⃻ࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬㧘᭽‫ޘ‬ߥዪ㕙߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ߇㧘ᄢቇߪ੹㧘ㅢᏱߩડᬺ߇ⴕߞߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߥળ⸘߿ㆇ༡▤ℂߩᣇᴺࠍណ↪ߒߚࠅ㧘ੱ੐▤ℂᬺോ߽㧘⹏ଔߣႎ㈽ߩߺߥࠄߕ㧘⎇ୃ߅ࠃ߮ኾ㐷⢻ജ⢒ᚑߩ㕙ߦ߅޿ߡ߽㧘ઁߩ⚵❱ߩᚻᴺߦ୮ߞߡ޿߆ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥߊߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ࠎࠈ߻ޕ‬㧘ᄢቇߩ૶๮ߪᄙ᭽ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚ⎇ୃ⺖⒟ߩኻ⽎ߣߥࠆੱ‫ߪޘ‬㧘⍮⼂ߩഃㅧࠍ⡯ോߣߒ㧘ᄙ᭽ߢ৻⥸ߣߪ⇣ߥࠆ઀੐ࠍߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘ߘࠇࠍታⴕߔࠆ⥄↱ࠍਈ߃ࠄࠇࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ㧘ߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍዅ㊀ߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ߩߘߡߒߘޕ‬⍮⼂߿ታᣉߔࠆᜰዉߦኻߔࠆ⋥ធ⊛߆ߟ୘ੱ⊛⽿છࠍᜬߟߎߣ߽ᔅⷐߢߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ߎࠇࠄߩࠃ߁ߥ⃻ઍ⊛ߥᣇᴺߣቇ໧࡮⎇ⓥߩਛᩭ
⊛ߥଔ୯ࠍ⚵ߺวࠊߖࠆߎߣߪน⢻ߛߣᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
Boucherߏ⊒⸒޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ߩ౒⑳ޕ‬ౝㇱߩข⚵ߺߦ㑐ߒߡ㧘ߏ⚫੺ߢ߈ࠇ߫ߣᕁ޿߹
ߔ‫ߩ⑳ޕ‬ᄢቇߢߪ㧘ࡑ࡯ࠤ࠹ࠖࡦࠣ࡮ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦቇ⑼߇ᐕߦ৻ᐲ㧘ᢎ⡯ຬߩᗧ⷗⺞ᩏࠍⴕߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘ᄢቇߦኻߔࠆ⷗ᣇ㧘ℂ⸃ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ㧘ℂ⸃ߢ߈ߥ޿ߎߣ㧘ᅢࠎߢ޿ࠆߎߣ㧘ᅢ߹ߥ޿ߎߣࠍ⺞ߴࠆࡈࠜ࡯ࠞࠬࠣ࡞࡯ࡊࠍ⸳⟎ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬ᢎ⡯ຬߣߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦᣇᴺࠍ߆ߥࠅᒻߦߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘ߘࠇ߇ᰴᐕᐲߦ෻ᤋߐࠇ߹ߔ‫╙ޕ‬㧞ߦ㧘ᄢቇߩᣇ㊎߿ᚢ⇛ࠍ⋓ࠅㄟࠎߛಽෘ޿ශ೚‛߇ࠃߊ㈩ࠄࠇ߹ߔ߇㧘਄ጀㇱߦߣߞߡߪᄢ੐
ߢ߽㧘ᢎຬߦߪ⺒߹ࠇߡ޿߹ߖࠎ‫ߦࠅ߹޽ޕߔߢߩ޿ߥ޿ߢࠎ⺒ࠍࠇߘޕ‬ㅌዮߢ㐳ߔ߉߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᓥߞߡ㧘ᢎຬߦቇㇱߩ⋡ᮡߣଔ୯ࠍ◲ẖߢ᣿ᔟߦવ߃ࠆᣇᴺࠍ⷗ߟߌࠆߎߣ߇ਇนᰳ
ߢߔ‫⥝ޕ‬๧ࠍߘߘࠆᣇᴺߢ㧘ᢎ⡯ຬߩ⎇ୃ࡮⢒ᚑࠍㅢߓߡ㧘ߎߩಽ㊁ߩኾ㐷ኅߣߩ㑐ࠊࠅࠍㅢߓߡ㧘ᄢቇߪᄢ޿ߦㅴᱠߢ߈߹ߔߒ㧘ᄢ޿ߦቇߴࠆߢߒࠂ߁‫ޕ‬Tomlinson ᢎ᝼㧘૗߆ઃߌട߃ࠆߎߣߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ߆‫ޕ‬Tomlinson޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ߪ⑳ ޕ‬㧘ࠪࠚࡈࠖ࡯࡞࠼ᄢቇߩ႐วߦߟ޿ߡઃߌട߃ߚ޿ߣᕁ޿
߹ߔ‫ޕ‬Boucher ቇ㐳߇ᢎ⡯ຬ⎇ୃ࡮⢒ᚑ߇ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩᄌൻߔࠆ⁁ᴫߦ߅޿ߡߣ
ߡ߽㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⹤ߒߡߊߛߐ޿߹ߒߚߒ㧘Coombs ᢎ᝼ߪ㧘ߘߩ੐଀ࠍ޿ߊߟ߆ขࠅ
਄ߍߡߊߛߐ޿߹ߒߚ‫ߪ⑳ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦߪ೎ߩዪ㕙߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆߣᕁߞ
ߡ޿߹ߔ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥ⹏ଔ૞ᬺߣ㧘ේଔ⸘▚೙ᐲࠍᄌᦝߔࠆ߁߃ߢߩߘߩⶄ㔀ᕈߦߟ޿ߡ⡞޿ߚߣߎࠈߢߔ߇㧘ዷᦸ߇ᄌൻߒߡ޿ࠆᤨߣ޿߁ߩߪ㧘ᢎ⡯ຬ߇ߘࠇࠄࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪᄢ
ᛶ㧘ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩઍᦧߩ઀⚵ߺ߇ᔅⷐߦߥࠆߢߒࠂ߁‫߫߃ߣߚޕ‬㧘ࠪࠚࡈࠖ࡯࡞
࠼ᄢቇߢߪ㧘ቯᦼ⊛ߦࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߢߩ࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦߛߌߢߥߊ 1 ኻ 1 ߩᒻߢ㧘ቯᦼ⊛ߦᖱႎࠍឭଏߔࠆኾ㐷ߩ⺞ᩏቶࠍ⸳ߌߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫ߣࡦ࡚ࠪ࠶࠮ޠ≮⸻ޟࠍࠇߘߪޘ‬๭ࠎߢ޿ߡ㧘૕⺞߇⦟ߊߥ޿ᤨߦක⠪ߦ߆߆ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘ᢎ⡯ຬ߿⎇ⓥ⠪߇૗߆ࠊ߆ࠄߥ޿ߎߣ߇
޽ࠆ႐ว㧘ߘߩ⺞ᩏቶߦ┙ߜነࠅ㧘ㅴ᝞ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⺑᣿ࠍ⡞ߊߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߩߢߔ‫߆ߔߢޕ‬ࠄ㧘ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦߪ㧞ߟߩㇱಽ߇޽ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᢎ⡯ຬ⎇ୃ࡮⢒ᚑࠍㅢߒߡવ
߃ࠄࠇࠆ⚻༡஥߆ࠄߩᖱႎߣ㧘ߘࠇߣᐔⴕߒߡ㧘ᄢቇ߇ⴕ߁ࠃ߁ᦼᓙߐࠇࠆ㧘ኻᄖ⊛ߥㇱಽߢߩᵴേߢߔ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬㧘⑳ߪߘࠇߦ⍮⼂⒖ォࠍട߃߹ߔ‫߇ࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࠤ࠾ࡘࡒࠦޕ‬ਇนᰳߥ߽߁㧝ߟߩಽ㊁ߢߔ‫ޕ‬
Boucher޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ߪߢޕ‬㧘ࠃࠈߒߌࠇ߫ᰴߩ⹤㗴߳ߣ⒖ࠅߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ᤨޕ‬㑆߇޽ࠇ߫ᚯࠆ߆߽ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎ߇㧘ઁߩಽ㊁ߦ㑐ߔࠆࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߣᢎ⸠ߦ㑐ߒߡઁߦ⊒⸒߇޽ࠆߢߒࠂ߁߆‫޿ߚߒ⸒⊒ߡ޿ߟߦࠢ࠶ࡇ࠻ߩઁߩߘߚ߹ޕ‬ᣇ޿ࠄߞߒ߾޿߹ߔ
߆‫ޕ‬
ዊ㊁᧲੩ㄘᎿᄢቇߩዊ㊁ߣ↳ߒ߹ߔ‫ߪ⑳ޕ‬㧘෰ᐕࡉ࡜ࠗ࠻ࡦᄢቇߦߪ߅㇎㝷޿ߚߒߡ߅ࠅ߹
ߖࠎߩߢ㧘੹࿁㧘Crampton ቇ㐳߇ᧄቇࠍ⸰໧ߥߐߞߚᤨߩ࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ߜࠂߞߣ߅⹤ߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈ߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߪࡑ࡯࠹ޕ‬㧘↥ቇㅪ៤ߩઙߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫࡜ࡉޕ‬ࠗ࠻ࡦᄢቇߢߪ㧘ᣣ♽ߩડᬺߣߩ↥ቇㅪ៤ࠍ߆ߥࠅߚߊߐࠎ߿ߞߡࠄߞߒ߾ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ
ࠍ߁ߌߚ߹ࠊࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ߢࠇߘޕ‬㧘⑳౒ߣ޿ߚߒ߹ߒߡ߽㧘ࡉ࡜ࠗ࠻ࡦᄢቇ߇⃻࿷㧘↥ቇㅪ៤ࠍߒߡ޿ࠄߞߒ߾ࠆળ␠ߩ࡝ࠬ࠻ࠍ⷗ߖߡ޿ߚߛ޿ߡ㧘ߘߩਛߢ㧘ᔅߕ⑳౒߇ߔߢߦ↥ቇㅪ៤ࠍߒߡ޿ࠆળ␠߇޽ࠈ߁߆ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߡߞࠃߦࠇߘޕ‬ᄙⷺ⊛ߥ↥ቇㅪ៤ࠍߐࠄߦᒝ
ജߦදജߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘ታᣉߒߡ޿ߊߎߣ߇น⢻߆ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߪߟ৻߁߽ޕ‬㧘↥ቇㅪ៤ߢ․ߦ
ශ⽎ᷓ޿߅⹤ߣߒ߹ߒߡߪ㧘ᄢ߈ߥળ␠ߛߌߢߪߥߊߡ㧘ዊߐߥળ␠ߣߩ↥ቇㅪ៤ࠍ㊀ⷞߒߡ޿߈ߚ޿ߣ޿߁߅⠨߃ߢߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᚻ೨౒߽㧘ห᭽ߩ⠨߃ᣇࠍᜬߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߎߩὐߢ߽㧘዁᧪ߩࠦ࡜ࡏ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍߚ޿߳ࠎᭉߒߺߦ޿ߚߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ᦨޕ‬ᓟߢߔ߇㧘৻ߟࠕࠗ࠺ࠖࠕࠍ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚߩ߇㧘⑳౒߇⇐ቇ↢࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߢ㧤ੱ⒟㧘ኾછᢎຬߣ޿߁
߆ߚߜߢ߽ߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ⇐ቇ↢ߦኻߔࠆᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ࠍኾ㐷ߦߒߡ޿ࠆᢎຬࠍ㧘ࡉ࡜ࠗ࠻ࡦ
ᄢቇߩᣇߦᵷ㆜㧔dispatch㧕ߔࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ߦࠆߔⷐޕ‬㧘ࡉ࡜ࠗ࠻ࡦᄢቇ
ߩᣇߢ㧘⑳౒ߩᣣᧄ⺆ኾ㐷ᢎ⢒ࠍߔࠆᢎຬ߇㧘⎇ୃࠍߔࠆ࠴ࡖࡦࠬ߇޽ࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ߣ
޿߁ߎߣߢߔߨ‫⥝ࠎ߳޿ߚ߽ߣߎ߁޿߁ߎޕ‬๧ߩ޽ࠆߣߎࠈߢߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬એ਄ߢߏߑ
޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
Boucher޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ߦઁޕ‬૗߆⊒⸒ߪ޽ࠅ߹ߔ߆‫ޕ‬㦮రᾢᧄᄢቇ㐳ߩ㦮రߢߔ߇㧘వ߶ߤߩ Watson ᢎ᝼ߩࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦዋߒ㑐ଥߒߡ㧘ో૕ߩ⸛⼏߇᜛ᢔߔࠆߩ߇ߜࠂߞߣᔃ㈩ߥߩߢߔ߇㧘ࡐ࡚ࠫࠪ࠾ࡦࠣߣ޿߁߅⹤߇ߏߑ޿
߹ߒߚ‫⹏ߣߣߎ߁޿ߣࠣࡦ࠾࡚ࠪࠫࡐޕ‬ଔߩ㑐ଥ߇ߤ߁ߥߞߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍࠗࠡ
࡝ࠬߩᣇߦ߅ુ޿޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ߕ߹ޕ‬㧘ᣣᧄߢߪ㧘଀߃߫㧘᧲੩ᄢቇߪ਎⇇⊛ߥᄢቇࠍ⋡ᜰߔߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޿޿߆ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ߇㧘଀߃߫ᾢᧄᄢቇ㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪᣣᧄߩ࿖┙ᄢቇߩࠪࠬ࠹
ࡓߪ߿ߪࠅ࿾ၞߩࡃ࡜ࡦࠬࠍ⠨߃ߡ㧘97 ߩᄢቇࠍో࿖ߩ 47 ߩㇺ㆏ᐭ⋵ߦಽᏓߐߖߡ޿ࠆࠊ
ߌߢߔ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᗧ๧ߪ㧘వ߶ߤ↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߒߚ㧘᧲੩ᄢቇߪ㧘਎⇇৻ᵹߩᄢቇߦߥࠇ߫޿޿‫ޕ‬଀߃߫㧘ᾢᧄᄢቇ߽਎⇇ߩ৻ᵹߩᄢቇߦߥࠅߚ޿ࠊߌߢߔ߇㧘৻ᣇߢߪ࿾ၞߦኻߔࠆ⽸₂㧘ᾢᧄ޽ࠆ޿ߪ਻Ꮊߩᢥൻ㧘ᢎ⢒㧘ක≮╬ࠍ߿ߪࠅᄢቇ߇ᡰ߃ߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁⽸₂
㧔contribution㧕߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߢߣߎ߁޿߁ߘޕ‬㧘଀߃߫㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩਛߢ⊝ߐࠎ਎⇇⊛ߥᄢቇ߇ᄙ޿ߩߢߔ߇㧘࿾ၞߦኻߔࠆ⽸₂ࠍ޿ߟ߽਎⇇⊛ߥ࡙࠾ࡃ࡯ࠨ࡞࡮ࠬ࠲ࡦ࠳࡯࠼ߢ⹏
ଔߐࠇࠆߩߢߪߥߊߡ㧘ߘ߁޿߁࿾ၞ߳ߩ⽸₂ߣ޿߁ߩ߇㧘ࠛࡃ࡝ࡘࠛ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩߣߎࠈ
ߢߤߩࠃ߁ߦᛒࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆߩ߆‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߢߪߗ߭ߘࠇࠍߒߡ޿ߚߛ߈ߚ޿ߣ⑳ߪᕁߞߡ޿ࠆ
ߩߢߔ߇㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߢߪߤ߁ߥߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢߒࠂ߁߆‫ޕ‬
Boucher޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫⥝ࠎ߳޿ߚޕ‬๧ᷓ޿⾰໧ߥߩߢ㧘Watson ᢎ᝼߇⹤ߔ೨ߦ୘ੱ⊛ߦ߅⹤ߒߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߔ߇㧘ᓐߪ⹤ߔߣ⸒ߞߚࠊߌߢߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ߇㧘ߘ߁ߔࠆߢߒ
ࠂ߁‫ޕ‬਎⇇ߦ⹺⍮ߐࠇࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߣ਎⇇⊛ߦ᦭ฬߥᯏ㑐ߦߥࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߪ೎ߢ޽ࠆߣ
⸒޿ߚ޿ߩߢߔ‫৻߇ࠇߘޕ‬ὐߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
Watson㧞ߟߩὐߦߟ޿ߡ⹤ࠍߔࠆߟ߽ࠅߢߔ߇㧘ߘߩ߁ߜߩ㧝ὐߪ㧘ᣢߦ Boucher ቇ㐳߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ࠎࠈߜ߽ޕ‬㧘૗ࠍߤߎߢⴕ߅߁ߣ߽਎⇇⊛ߦ⹺߼ࠄࠇࠆᄢቇߦߥࠆߎߣߪน⢻ߢߔ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘࿾రߣ࿾ၞߣߩߟߥ߇ࠅߣ޿߁ὐߢ㕖Ᏹߦᚑഞߒߚᯏ㑐߆ࠄቇߴࠆᢎ⸠߇
޿ߊߟ߆޽ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫৻ߩߘޕ‬ㇱߪઁߩ⁁ᴫߦ߽ォ↪ߢ߈߹ߔ‫ࠄ߇ߥߒ߆ߒޕ‬නߦੱ᧚൐㓸ߣ޿߁ὐߛߌߩߎߣߢߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ቇ⑼ಽ㊁ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ᜰዉߣ⎇ⓥߩਔᣇߩኾ᡹ಽ
㊁ߦ㑐ଥߒ߹ߔ‫߫߃ߣߚޕ‬㧘ᢎ⢒㧘කቇ㧘଻ஜኾ㐷⡯ߥߤߩ␠ળ⽸₂ߦ㑐ㅪߒߚಽ㊁ߢߔ‫ޕ‬㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩઁߩࡄ࡯࠻࠽࡯ߣߩㅪ៤ᣇᴺߦߟ޿ߡߪߘߩ࿾ၞߏߣߩ੐ᖱ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߣߚޕ‬߃߫⋴⼔߿଻ஜኾ㐷⡯ߩࠞ࡝ࠠࡘ࡜ࡓߪઁߩಽ㊁ߦߔߋߦォ↪ߢ߈ࠆ߽ߩߢߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ᢎ⢒ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ߿଻ஜࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ߿ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߢ਎⇇⊛ߥᄢቇߦߥࠆߎߣߪߢ
߈߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬㧘⥄࿖ߢ਎⇇⊛ߥᄢቇߦߥࠆߣ޿߁᭎ᔨߪ㧘㕖Ᏹߦ㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠅ㧘Boucherቇ㐳ߪᣢߦߘߩὐࠍᜰ៰ߐࠇ߹ߒߚ‫߇⑳ޕ‬ᜰ៰ߒߚ޿ߘߩ߶߆ߩὐߪ㧘ߎࠇߪ㧘⥄Ꮖಽᨆߩࡐࠗࡦ࠻ߦߟ޿ߡ➅ࠅ㄰ߔߎߣߢߔ߇㧘૗߇ߢ߈ࠆߩ߆ߦߟ޿ߡߩᬌ⸽ߦၮߠ߈㧘⃻ታ⊛ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ㧘߆ߟᚢ⇛᳿ቯߦၮ␆ࠍ⟎ߊߎߣߩ㊀ⷐᕈߢߔ‫߽ᦨޕ‬ᚑഞߒߚᯏ㑐ߣ޿߁ߩߪ㧘ߤߎ߆ࠄੱ᧚൐㓸ߒߡ޿ࠆߩ߆㧘⾗㊄ߘߩઁߩ࡝࠰࡯ࠬߣᡰេ߇ߤߎ߆ࠄଏ⛎ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ࠍ಄㕒ߦ್ᢿߢ߈㧘ᔅⷐߥ⾗㊄ࠍ⏕଻ߢ߈ߡ޿ߥ޿ᣂⷙಽ㊁ߦ᜸߻ࠃࠅ߽㧘੹޽ࠆਛߢ೨ㅴߢ߈ࠆ㗔ၞࠍតߒ಴ߒߚᯏ㑐ߢߔ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘Ꮢ႐ࠍࠃߊℂ⸃ߒ㧘೨ㅴߢ߈ࠆࠃ
߁ߦᯏ㑐⎇ⓥࠍ೑↪ߔࠆ੐଀߇਎⇇ਛߦ㧘☨࿖߿㧘߹ߚ೨ߦ⹤ߒวߞߚ⧷࿖߿ᣣᧄߦ޽ࠅ
߹ߔ‫ࠎࠈߜ߽ޕ‬㧘ᄙߊߩ႐ว㧘ߘࠇࠄߪߘߩ࿾ၞߣ⃻࿾ߩ⁁ᴫߢߩ⹤ߢߔ߇‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ઁ
ߩಽ㊁ߢߪ㧘࿖㓙⊛ߥᗧ๧ࠍᜬߟߎߣ߽น⢻ߥߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬
Boucher޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㑆㆑ߞߡ޿ࠆ߆߽⍮ࠇ߹ߖࠎ߇㧘⑳ߪ⾰໧ߩᗧ๧ว޿ߣߒߡ㧘߅ߘࠄߊ㧘ᄢቇ⹏ଔ೙ᐲߪ㧘ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬ታ〣ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߢ਎⇇࡟ࡌ࡞ߦߥࠆߌࠇߤ߽࿾రᯏ
㑐ߣㅪ៤ߒߥ߇ࠄ৻ᵹࠍ⋡ᜰߔߚ߼㧘޽߹ࠅ⹺⍮ߪߐࠇߥ޿߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ߣ޿߁↳⺧ࠍ㧘਎⇇⊛ߦ᦭ฬߥᄢቇ߆ࠄ਎⇇৻ᵹߩ⎇ⓥࠍⴕ߁ߣ޿߁↳⺧ߣᐔ╬ߦ⹏ଔߒߡ߽ࠄ߃ࠆߩ߆㧘ߣ޿߁ࠃ߁ߦฃߌขࠅ߹ߒߚ‫⧷ޕ‬࿖߇౒㡆ߔࠆ㕖Ᏹߦ⥝๧ᷓ޿⾰໧ߢߒߚ‫࡯࠹ࡦ࠯࡟ࡊޕ‬࡚ࠪࡦߦ㑐ߒߡߘߩ߶߆ߦ⊒⸒ߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ߆‫ޕ‬ᄢ㦮ᾢᧄᄢቇߩ㦮రቇ㐳߇ឭ⿠ߐࠇߚ໧㗴ߦᚯࠅ߹ߔߌࠇߤ߽㧘ࠬ࠴ࡘ࡯࠺ࡦ࠻࡮ࡈࠖ࡯ߩ
໧㗴ߢߔߨ‫ߣ࠻ࡦ࠺࡯ࡘ࠴ࠬ࡮࠭࡯ࠪ࡯ࡃ࡯ࠝޕ‬࿖ౝ࡮EU ቇ↢ߩࠬ࠴ࡘ࡯࠺ࡦ࠻࡮ࡈࠖ࡯
ߩᏅߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘వ⒟ߩ Boucher ቇ㐳߿ߘߩઁࡉ࡝࠹ࠖ࠶ࠪࡘ࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߩߏ⺑᣿ߢ㧘࠲࠶ࠢࠬࡍࠗࡗ࡯ߣߩ㑐ଥߣ޿߁ߎߣߢℂ⸃ߢ߈߹ߔ߇㧘߽߁৻ߟߩ໧㗴ߪ㧘ࡐࠬ࠻ࠣ࡜ࠫࡘ
ࠛ࡯࠻࡮ࠦ࡯ࠬߩࠬ࠴ࡘ࡯࠺ࡦ࠻࡮ࡈࠖ࡯ࠍࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߢߪࡈ࡝࡯ߦߒߡ޿ࠄߞߒ߾ࠆߣ޿
߁ὐߢߔ‫ߥߪߦ࡞ࡉࠪࠠ࡟ࡈࠅߥ߆ߪ࡯ࠖࡈ࠻ࡦ࠺࡯ࡘ࠴ࠬߩ࠻࡯ࠛࡘࠫ࡜ࠣ࡯࠳ࡦࠕޕ‬ࠅ߹ߒߚ߇㧘ߘࠇߢ߽޽ࠆ࡟ࡌ࡞ࠍ⿧߃ߥ޿ࠃ߁ߦߔࠆߣหᤨߦ㧘ࠬ࠴ࡘ࡯࠺ࡦ࠻ߩࡈࠚ
ࠕ࡮ࠕࠢ࠮ࠬߦ㊀ὐࠍ⟎޿ߡ޿ࠄߞߒ߾޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢቇ㒮࡟ࡌ࡞ߩࠬ࠴ࡘ࡯࠺ࡦ࠻࡮ࡈࠖ࡯
ࠍ᳿߼ࠆ㓙ߦࡈࠚࠕ࡮ࠕࠢ࠮ࠬߣ޿߁ⷰὐ߆ࠄ໧㗴߇޽ࠆߩ߆ߤ߁߆ߣ޿߁ߣߎࠈࠍᢎ߃

ߡ޿ߚߛߌࠇ߫޽ࠅ߇ߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
Boucher޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ߥࠈ޿ࠈ޿ޕ‬ᗧ๧ߢ㧘ߎࠇߪᢎ⢒ᛛ⢻⋭ߩ᡽╷㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪᒰ⹥ಽ
㊁ߦ⾗㊄᜚಴ߔࠆ HEFCE ߩᣇ㊎ߦ㑐ࠊࠆ໧㗴߆߽ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎ‫⽷ޕ‬᡽ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞ߪ㧘ᄢቇ
㒮⺖⒟ߦኻߒߡ޿ߊࠄ߆⾗㊄᜚಴ߪߒ߹ߔ߇㧘ᄢቇ㒮↢ోຬߩ࠾࡯࠭ࠍḩߚߔߦߪ߶ߤ㆙
ߊ㧘ታ㓙ߦ㧘߶ߣࠎߤߩࠦ࡯ࠬߪ৻ㇱ᜚಴ߦߣߤ߹ߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬㧘Ყセ⊛ߐߐ߿߆ߥᡰ಴ߢߔ‫ߪ⑳ޕ‬㧘ߎߎߪห௥߇⑳ߩ⸒⪲ࠍ⸓ᱜߒߡߊࠇࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ߇㧘ቇ↢ߪᄢቇࠍතᬺߒߚᤨὐߢ⥄┙ߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘⥄ਥ⊛ߦቇ⠌ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆߴ߈ߢ޽ࠅ㧘୘ੱߩ⋉ߣᚑ㐳ߩߚ߼ߦቇ⠌ߒ㧘ߘࠇߦኻߒߡ⥄Ꮖᛩ⾗ࠍⴕ߁Ḱ஻߇ߢ߈ߡ޿ࠆߴ߈ߛߣ⠨߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘⎇ⓥߥߤ․ቯߩቇ໧㗔ၞ߹ߚߪቇ໧ߦኻߒߡᄢቇ㒮ᢎ⢒ࠍᅑബߔࠆߎߣ
߇࿖ߩ೑⋉ߦߥࠆ႐ว㧘ᒰ⹥ಽ㊁ߦ⾗㊄߇ឭଏߐࠇࠆࠃ߁࿖ߪ࿖ኅ੍▚ߩᒻߢ⾗㊄ࠍ᜚಴ߔࠆ૕೙ߦ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬ᄢቇ㒮ߢߩ⎇ⓥߦߪߘߩࠃ߁ߥࠤ࡯ࠬ߇ᄙߊ㧘ߘ߁޿ߞߚ
⎇ⓥ↢ߦኻߔࠆ౏⊛⾗㊄ߦࠃࠆᡰេߪ㧘৻⥸⊛ߥ⹤ߢߔ߇㧘ୃ჻⺖⒟ߥߤߩୃቇࠦ࡯ࠬ߳
ߩᡰេࠃࠅᄙ޿ߩߢߔ‫ߩࠬ࡯ࠦߚߒ߁ߘޕ‬ㆬᛯߪਥߦ୘ੱߩ໧㗴ߛ߆ࠄߢߔ‫ߪߢޕ‬㧘⑳ߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ࠃࠅ⏕ታߦ✚ว⊛ߥ࿁╵ࠍ㧘ᢎ⢒ᛛ⢻⋭ߩ Thompson ዪ㐳߆ࠄߒߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒ
ࠂ߁‫ޕ‬Thompson޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ࠅࠃޕ‬൮᜝⊛ߦ⹤ߖࠆ߆ߤ߁߆⥄ାߪᜬߡ߹ߖࠎ߇㧘ߎࠇߦߟ޿ߡዋߒ⹤ߘ߁ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬Boucher ቇ㐳߇߅⹤ߦߥߞߚߎߣߪ߹ߞߚߊᱜ⏕ߛߣᕁ޿߹
ߔ‫ޕ‬ቇㇱ࡟ࡌ࡞ߩ᝼ᬺᢱࠍᒁ߈਄ߍࠆߣ㧘ቇ↢ߦ⽶ᜂ߇↢ߓ㧘ᄢቇ㒮ߦㅴ߽߁ߣߔࠆቇ↢ߩᗧ᰼ࠍߘߋ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ߣ޿߁໧㗴ߪ㧘ᚒ‫ޘ‬㧘⻉ᄢ⤿߅ࠃ߮ᒰ⹥⋭ᐡߩ᡽╷┙᩺⠪߇᳇ߦ߆ߌߡ޿ࠆߎߣߥߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬Boucher ቇ㐳߇߅ߞߒ߾ߞߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘․ߦක≮ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߿ᢎ
⢒ߥߤߩࠃ߁ߦ࿖ߦߣߞߡ㊀ⷐ߆ߟ⋉ߦߥࠆቇ⑼ಽ㊁ߢ޽ࠆߥࠄ߫㧘ᒰ⹥ቇ↢ࠍኻ⽎ߦߒߚᄢቇ㒮࡟ࡌ࡞ߩ⵬ഥ㊄߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ߚߣ߃߫ୃ჻⺖⒟ߥߤߩቇ↢ࠍኻ⽎ߦߒߚ
⵬ഥ㊄ߪ᭎ߒߡ㕖Ᏹߦዋߥ޿ߩߢߔ‫ࠈߎߣߩ੹ޕ‬㧘⧷࿖ߣ EU ߩቇ↢ߦߣߞߡ㧘Ꮢ႐ߪᅢ⺞߆ߟᵴᴫߢ޽ࠆߚ߼㧘੺౉ߔࠆᔅⷐߪߥ޿ߣᕁࠊࠇ߹ߔ߇㧘ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬㧘ᄙዋ᳇ࠍ㈩ࠅߥ߇
ࠄ⁁ᴫࠍ⷗቞ߞߡ޿߹ߔߒ㧘߹ߚ㧘ߚߣ߃߫ᑪ▽ኅ㧘ᴺᓞኾ㐷ኅߥߤߩ޿ߊߟ߆ߩኾ㐷࿅૕ߣㅪ៤ߒߡ㧘᝼ᬺᢱࠍᎼࠆᣂߒ޿᡽╷߇ᖡᓇ㗀ࠍ߽ߚࠄߐߥ޿߆㧘․ߦૐᚲᓧጀߦ޿ࠆ
ቇ↢ߦᖡᓇ㗀߇ߥ޿߆ߤ߁߆ࠍ⏕⹺ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
Boucher޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬Tomlinsonࡋࠗ࠼࡝ࠕࡦ࠭࠙ࠜ࡯࡞㧔Hadrian’s Wall㧕ߪ޿߹ߛߦሽ࿷ߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘ታ㓙ߦ⷗ߡߺࠆ
ߣ㧘ᕁߞߚࠃࠅ㜞޿ߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬᝼ᬺᢱߩ⺰ὐߦ㑐ㅪߒߡ㧘ࠬࠦ࠶࠻࡜ࡦ࠼ߩ೙ᐲ
ߢߪ㧘ቇ↢ߦ୯਄ߍಽࠍ⽶ᜂߐߖࠆߟ߽ࠅߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬㧘Thompson ዪ㐳߇ ᔨߐࠇߡ޿ߚ⹤㗴ߦ㑐ㅪߒߡ㧘ߎࠇߪᄢቇ㒮߳ߩㅴቇߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔߒ㧘ࠬࠦ࠶࠻࡜ࡦ࠼ߦ߅޿ߡ࿖ࠍ᜼ߍߡߩ⹜ߺࠍⴕ߁੍ቯߢߔ‫ࠅࠃߦࠇߘޕ‬㧘㧞ߟߩ೙ᐲߩ޿
ߕࠇ߇ᄢቇ㒮ᢎ⢒ߩᅑബߦᚑഞߔࠆ߆ࠍ㧘ᄖ߆ࠄⷰኤߢ߈ࠆߢߒࠂ߁‫ߪ⑳ޕ‬㧘਎⇇ߩ⿥৻ᵹᄢቇ߇࿖㓙⊛ߥ⹏್ࠍ㊀ⷞߔࠆ޽߹ࠅ㧘࿾ర߳ߩലᨐࠍ޽߹ࠅ⠨߃ߡ޿ߥ޿ߩߢߪߥ޿
߆ߣ޿߁࿾ၞ໧㗴ߦߟ޿ߡขࠅ਄ߍࠃ߁ߣᕁ޿߹ߒߚ‫⧷ޕ‬࿖ߩ࿖Ⴚർㇱ࿾ၞߩ⚻㛎߆ࠄ޿ߊߟ߆ࡔ࠶࠮࡯ࠫࠍવ߃ߚ޿ߩߢߔ߇㧘ࠬࠦ࠶࠻࡜ࡦ࠼ߩᄢቇߪ㧘⥄ಽߚߜߩ⎇ⓥߩ⾰㧘߹ߚ㧘㜞ᩞතᬺ⠪ߩ߁ߜ 50㧑߇㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦㅴ߻ߣ޿߁㧘ࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼߇ಾᦸߒ㧘޿߹ߛ㆐ᚑߦะߌߡᅗ㑵ߒߡ޿ࠆᢙ୯⋡ᮡࠍᣢߦᚑߒㆀߍߡ޿ࠆߎߣߦ⹶ࠅࠍᜬߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ࠇߘޕ‬ߢ߽ࠬࠦ࠶࠻࡜ࡦ࠼ߪᄢ㊂ߩ㗡⣖ᵹ಴ߦ⧰ߒࠎߢ߅ࠅ㧘․ߦᎿᬺ⎇ⓥ࡮㐿⊒ߦ߅ߌࠆࠬࠦ
࠶࠻࡜ࡦ࠼ߩ⚻ᷣ⁁ᴫߪ੹ߩߣߎࠈ㧘⧷࿖ߩઁߩ࿾ᣇ㧘․ߦࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼ߦ߆ߥࠅㆃࠇࠍ
ߣߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬㧘⚻ᷣ⊒ዷߩࠕࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߩㅴዷߦ⽸₂ߔࠆߦߪ㧘਎⇇ߩ⿥৻ᵹᄢ
ቇ߇޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߛߌߢߪචಽߢߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ᄢቇߦߣߞߡ㧘޿߆ߦ࿾ၞ␠ળߣലᨐ⊛ߦㅪ៤ߢ߈ࠆ߆ࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆߎߣ߇㧘ᭂ߼ߡ㊀ⷐߥߩߢߔ‫ߪߢ࠼ࡦ࡜࠻࠶ࠦࠬޕ‬㧘ㆊ෰ߦ⼾ንߥ⎇ⓥ㐿⊒⾌߿ᄢቇߣㅪ៤ߢ߈ࠆఝ⑲ߥ⎇ⓥࠣ࡞࡯ࡊࠍឭଏߒߡߊࠇߚߢ޽ࠈ߁ᄙߊߩᄢ
ડᬺࠍᄬ޿㧘ߘࠇߦઍࠊࠅ⍮⼂⒖ォߣᛛⴚ㕟ᣂߣ޿߁ὐߢ㧘තᬺ↢ࠍ␠ຬߣߒߡㄫ߃ࠆߎ
ߣߢᄢቇߣㅪ៤ߔࠆ㆏ࠍᮨ⚝ߒߡ޿ࠆࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᬺ⇇߇ᄢඨࠍභ߼ࠆߣ޿߁⁁ᴫߦߥࠅ߹ߒ
ߚ‫ޕ‬ᢙᄙߊߩዊડᬺ㧘ᣂ⥝ડᬺ㧘ࠬࡇࡦࠕ࠙࠻ડᬺߪ೎ߣߒߡ㧘ࠬࠦ࠶࠻࡜ࡦ࠼ߩઁߩࡂ
ࠗ࠹ࠢડᬺߩᄢඨߪ㧘ᄙ࿖☋ડᬺߢ޽ࠅ☨࿖߿ᣣᧄߩᡰ㈩ਅߦ޽ࠅ߹ߔ߆ࠄ㧘ᓐࠄߩ⎇ⓥ⺖㗴ߪ㧘ᧄ⾰⊛ߦᧄ␠ߩ࿖ߩ⎇ⓥᚲ߇⸳ቯ㧘ឭଏߔࠆ߽ߩߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬㧘ࠬࠦ࠶࠻࡜ࡦ࠼ߩᄢቇߦߣߞߡߩ⺖㗴ߪ㧘ᄢቇߩ⎇ⓥ㐿⊒ߦᛩߓࠆᏂ㗵ߩ⾗㊄ߥߤߥ޿㧘ജᒝ޿⎇ⓥਅ࿾ࠍᜬߚߥ޿ዊડᬺߩࠢ࡜ࠬ࠲࡯ߣ޿߆ߦㅪ៤ߔࠆ߆ߢߔ‫਻߇ࠇߎޕ‬Ꮊᄢቇ߇㧘ዊડᬺߣㅪ៤ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߦ․ߦ㑐ᔃࠍᜬߟℂ↱ߢߔ‫ޕ‬Watson ቇ㐳߇ࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩ
ߥ߆ߢขࠅ਄ߍߚ㧘⚻㛎⼾߆ߥᛛⴚ⒖ォ⚵❱㧘ߟ߹ࠅ໡ຠ㐿⊒ࠍⴕ߁⚵❱㧘ቇⴚ⎇ⓥߣᛛⴚ㕟ᣂߩᯅᷰߒࠍߔࠆߚ߼ߦ㧘ᛛⴚࠦࡦࠨ࡞࠲ࡦ࠻ࠍᵴ↪ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢߔ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘਄ᶏ੤ㅢᄢቇߣ਻Ꮊᄢቇߩㅪ៤ߪ㧘਻Ꮊߩዊડᬺ߇㧘㧞ᄢቇ㑆ࠍㅢߓߡ਄ᶏ࿾ᣇߩ↥ᬺዊડᬺ
߳ߩᛛⴚ⒖ォࠍഥߌߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬⒳ߩㅪ៤ߪ‫࡜ࡃࡦࠖ࠺ࠛޕ‬ᄢቇߣࠬ࠲ࡦ
ࡈࠜ࡯࠼ᄢቇ㑆ߢ߽㕖Ᏹߦᚑᨐࠍ਄ߍߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬႐ว㧘ࠛ࠺ࠖࡦࡃ࡜ߩዊડᬺ߇㧘ࠪ࡝ࠦࡦࡃ࡟࡯ߩડᬺߣߩឭ៤ߔࠆᚻᲑߣߒߡ㧘ᄢቇߣߩߟߥ߇ࠅࠍ೑↪ߒ߹ߒߚ‫ߪࠇߘޕ‬㧘࿖㓙⊛⹏್ߩ㜞޿ᄢቇ߇ઁᩞߣ࿖㓙⊛㧘ᄙ࿖㑆ߩㅪ៤ࠍ⏕┙ߒߡ㧘࿾రߩዊડᬺߣ⚻ᷣ㐿⊒ࠕࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߦታ㓙ߦ೑⋉ࠍ߽ߚࠄߒᓧࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒߚ㕖Ᏹߦ⦟޿଀ߢߔ‫ޕ‬Boucher޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬Tomlinson਎⇇࠻࠶ࡊ࡟ࡌ࡞㧘߹ߚߪ࿖㓙⊛ߦ৻ᵹߣ޿߁ὐߢ㧘PGR㧔Post Graduate Research㧕ߣ੤ઃ㊄ߩ໧㗴ߦߟ޿ߡ৻⸒⹤ߐߖߡߊߛߐ޿‫৻ ޕ‬ᵹᄢቇ㧘਎⇇ߩ⿥৻ᵹᄢቇ㧘࿾ၞߢߩࠬ࠹࡯࠲ࠬߣߢ߽⸒޿߹ߒࠂ߁߆㧘ࠬ࠹࡯࠲ࠬߪ㧘⎇ⓥߣ޿߁ߩ߇㕖Ᏹߦലᨐ⊛ߦ㧘߹ߚ࿖㓙⊛ߦ⸘ࠅ߿ߔ޿ߚ߼㧘⁁ᴫ߇ⶄ㔀ߢ޽ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫⋡ޕ‬ਅ㧘࿾ၞ㐿⊒ߪ㧘㕖Ᏹߦࡠ࡯ࠞ࡞ߢ㧘Ყセߒߚࠅഃㅧ⊛ߥࡌࡦ࠴ࡑ࡯ࠢࠍߣࠅ޽ߍߡ㧘૗߇৻ᵹߢ޽ࠆߣ߆㧘ᧄᒰߩࡌࠬ࠻ࡊ࡜ࠢ࠹ࠖࠬߢ޽ࠆߣ⸒߁ߦߪߣߡ߽㔍ߒ޿⁁ᴫߢߔ‫ࠄߥߗߥޕ‬㧘࿾ၞᵴേߪ৻ߟߩ
଀߇ߔߴߡߦᒰߡߪ߹ࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ޿߆ࠄߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬㧘࿾ၞߦࠃࠆߩߢߔ‫ߢޕ‬ߔ߆ࠄ㧘࿖㓙⥰บߦ߅޿ߡ࿾ၞᵴേࠍಽ㘃ߔࠆ໧㗴ߪ㧘නߦ߹ߛ⿠ߎߞߡߥ޿ߛߌߛߣᕁ
޿߹ߔ߇㧘⑳ߪߘࠇࠍ⼊ᚓߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬㧘਎⇇⿥৻ᵹ߿৻ᵹߥߤߣ๭߱ߩߪ㧘ኻ⽎߇⎇ⓥߢߪߥ޿႐ว㧘ߘࠇ߇໧㗴ߩ৻ߟߢ޽ࠆߣ⑳ߪᕁ޿߹ߔ‫߇⑳ޕ‬ขࠅ਄ߍߚ޿㧝ߟߩߎߣߪ㧘⧷࿖߳ߩᶏᄖ⎇ⓥ↢ߦኻߔࠆ⎇ⓥ⾗㊄ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘੹㧘↢ߓߡ޿ࠆ㊀ⷐߥᄌൻߦ
ߟ޿ߡߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫ߪߦޘ‬ᶏᄖ⎇ⓥ↢ࠕࡢ࡯࠼㧔Overseas Research Studentships Awards㧕ߣࠃ߱ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߪߢ߹ࠇߎޕ‬㧘޽ࠆᄢቇ߇㧘⥄ಽߩߣߎࠈߩ޽ࠆቇ⑼ߦᔕ൐ߒߡ
߈ߚᶏᄖ⎇ⓥ↢ߩࠕࡢ࡯࠼ࠍ 20 ઙߋࠄ޿↳⺧ߒߚ߆߽ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬એ೨ߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߢߪ㧘ᶏᄖ⎇ⓥ↢ᅑቇ㊄㧔award㧕ߩᄖㇱᆔຬળߦ↳⺧ߒߡ㧘ክᩏߩ⚿ᨐ㧘ᶏᄖ⎇ⓥ↢ᅑቇ㊄ࠍᓧࠄࠇࠆ߆ߤ߁߆߇᳿ቯߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬㕖Ᏹߦ┹੎ߪ෩ߒ޿߽ߩߢߒߚ‫੹ޕ‬ᐕ㧘㕖Ᏹߦ㊀ⷐߥᄌൻ߇⿠߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬᡽ᐭ߇㧘ㆊ෰㧟ᐕ㑆ߩᅑቇ㊄ߩ᝼ਈੱᢙߣ޿߁ὐߢᚑഞߒߡ޿ࠆ㧘ߚߣ߃߫ᐔဋߒߡᐕ㑆 20 ઙߩᅑቇ㊄ࠍ₪ᓧߒߡ߈ߚฦᄢቇߦ⵬ഥ㊄ࠍ಴ߔߎߣࠍ᳿ቯߒߚߎߣ
߇․╩ߔߴ߈ߎߣߥߩߢߔ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᓟ㧟㨪㧠ᐕ㑆㧘ᅑቇ㊄ߩ✚㗵⋧ᒰߩ⵬ഥ㊄ࠍᓧࠄࠇࠆߎ
ߣߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬㧘ᄢቇߪ㧘ᅑቇ㊄ߩኻ⽎ߦߥࠆቇ↢ࠍᚢ⇛⊛ߦㆬ߱ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆࠃ
߁ߦߥࠆߩߢߔ‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬㧘߽ߪ߿ᄖㇱ߆ࠄ▤ℂߐࠇߥߊߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬㧘ߚߣ߃߫޽
ࠆ࿖ߩ․ቯߩᄢቇߣᚢ⇛⊛㑐ଥࠍ⚿߮ߚ޿ߣ⠨߃㧘ߘߎߦఝ⑲ߥቇ↢߇޿ࠆ႐ว㧘ᄢቇߪߘߩ⾗㊄ࠍߘߎߦ㊀ὐ㈩ಽߢ߈ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘⧷࿖ߩᚢ⇛ߩ⠨߃ᣇߦ↹ᦼ⊛ߥᄌൻࠍ߽ߚࠄߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
Boucher޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬Gow ᢎ᝼㧘૗߆ઃߌട߃߹ߔ߆‫ޕ‬Gowᣣᧄ஥ߩᣇ‫⇐ߦޘ‬ቇ↢ߩ᝼ᬺᢱ෼౉ߩઙߢ㧘⺋ߞߚශ⽎ࠍਈ߃ߚߊ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘ਛᩭ⊛ߥ⾗㊄ߦలߡࠄࠇ߹ߔ߇㧘ࠃࠅ㊀ⷐߥߎߣߣߒߡ㧘ᦨ㜞ߣߐࠇࠆᄢቇߩ߶ߣࠎߤߪ㧘ߘࠇߩ߆ߥࠅᄢ߈ߥഀวࠍ᭽‫ߥޘ‬࿖߆ࠄ᧪ߚఝ⑲ߥቇ↢ߩߚ߼ߦ㧘㕖Ᏹߦ⁛ഃ⊛ߦ૶↪ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘ߘࠇࠍᚒ‫߇ߣߎࠆߔ⼂⹺߇ޘ‬㕖Ᏹߦ㊀ⷐߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬㧘᡽ᐭ஥߆ࠄߩᶏᄖ⎇ⓥ⾗㊄ߪ㧘ੱ‫ޘ‬㧘ળ⸘⽿છ⠪ߥߤ߇ㇺวࠃߊ㈩ಽߒߡߒ߹ࠊߕߦ㧘⇐ቇ↢߆ࠄߩ෼౉ࠍᶏᄖᢎ⢒ߩ⾌↪ࠍᛄ߁૛⵨ߩߥ޿ᦨ♖㍈㆐ߦኻߒߡ᝼ᬺᢱ߿⛽ᜬ⾌ࠍឭଏߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬
Boucher㊀ⷐߥὐࠍ⺑᣿ߒߡߊߛߐߞߡ㧘޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬㕖Ᏹߦ㊀ⷐߥὐߢߔ߇㧘⑳ߦߪᲧ₸߇ࠊ߆ࠅ߹ߖࠎ߇㧘⧷࿖ߦ߿ߞߡߊࠆ⇐ቇ↢ߩ߁ߜ᝼ᬺᢱߩో㗵఺㒰㧘߽ߒߊߪዋ㗵ߒ߆ᡰᛄߞߡ޿ߥ޿ഀวߪ㕖Ᏹߦᄢ߈ߊ㧘৻ᣇߢ㧘ᄢቇ㒮ߢ⎇ⓥࠍⴕࠊߖࠆߚ߼ߩᦨ
♖㍈ࠍᒁ߈ߟߌࠆ⾗㊄೙ᐲ߇޽ࠆߩߢ㧘ߘߩេഥࠍฃߌߡ߿ߞߡ᧪ࠆ৻⟲߇ሽ࿷ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㒢⇇߇޽ࠆߩߪ᣿ࠄ߆ߢߔ߇㧘ᄢ߈ߥࠬࠤ࡯࡞ߢߪታ㓙ߦ⿠ߎࠆߎߣߢߔ‫ޕ‬࿾ၞ໧㗴ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ᣣᧄ஥߇ᄢቇߩ࿾ၞߣߩㅪ៤໧㗴ߦ㑐ߒߡઃߌട߃ࠆὐ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔߢߒࠂ߁߆‫ޕ‬Cheong࿾ၞߩขࠅ⚵ߺߦߟ޿ߡઃߌട߃ߚ޿ߎߣ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬࿾ၞߣ࿾ၞࠍᲧセߔࠆߩߪ㔍ߒ޿߆߽ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬࿾ၞ߇ታ㓙ߦߤߩࠃ߁ߦታⴕߒߡ޿ࠆߩ߆㧘ᯏ㑐߇࿾ၞߣߤߩࠃ߁ߦ
ㅪ៤ߒߡ޿ࠆ߆㧘Ꮕ೎ൻߒߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ࠍ⍮ࠆߣ㧘ߣߡ߽⥝๧ᷓ޿߽ߩ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫੹ޕ‬㧘ᢎ⸠ࠍቇࠎߢ޿ࠆߣߎࠈߢߔ‫⃻ޕ‬࿷ OECD ߪ㧘߹ߐߦ࿾ၞߩข⚵ߺߩਛߦ޽ࠅ㧘᭽‫ߥޘ‬࿖ߩࠤ࡯ࠬ࡮ࠬ࠲࠺ࠖࠍ⺞ᩏߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ࠆ޽ޕ‬࿖ߩ޽ࠆ࿾ၞࠍ⺞ߴ㧘ᰴߦ೎ߩ࿖ߩ೎ߩ࿾ၞࠍ
⷗ߡ߽㧘᭴ㅧ߇ోߊ⇣ߥࠆ߆߽⍮ࠇ߹ߖࠎ߇㧘ߘࠇߪ੕޿ߦ⎇ⓥߒวߞߡ߽૗߽ቇߴߥ޿
ߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ߢߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ⷞߥ߁ࠃߩߤޕ‬ὐߢ⷗ࠆ߆ߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
Boucher޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᣢߦ߆ߥࠅ⹤㗴ߦ਄߇ߞߡ޿ߚߎߣߥߩߢ㧘⹤ߒว߁ߎߣ߽
ߥ޿ߣᕁࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆߩ߆޽߹ࠅ⸒෸߇ߥ޿ߢߔ߇㧘࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߣ࡝࡯࠳࡯ߩᕈ⾰ߦߟ޿ߡߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢ⷏೽ቇ㐳߇ࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩߥ߆ߢᜰ៰ߒߚᦨೋߩὐߩ৻ߟߛߞߚߣᕁ
޿߹ߔ‫߇⑳ޕ‬㛳޿ߚὐߪ㧘࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ࡮ࡈࠔࡦ࠺࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍ⸰໧ߒߚᤨ㧘ᄢቇߩߚ߼
ߩࡆࠫࡀࠬ࡮ࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ⷗ߦⴕߞߚߩߛߣ޿߁ᓐߩᗧ⷗ߢߒߚ‫੹ޕ‬ᕁ޿಴ߒߚߎߣߪ㧘ࠨ࠶࠴ࡖ࡯㚂⋧ߩᤨઍ㧘⊝␹⚻߇ㅒ┙ߞߡ޿ߚߩߢߔ߇㧘ᄢቇߪ㧘▤ℂ߅ࠃ߮ㆇ༡ߩ⾰ࠍ㜞߼ࠆߚ߼ߦᄢ߈ߥᡷ㕟ࠍߔࠆࠃ߁ߦ᳞߼ࠄࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᗧ๧ߔࠆߎߣߪ㧘↥ᬺࡕ࠺࡞ࠍዉ
౉ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߣ޿߁ߎߣߛߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇߡ߈߹ߒߚ߇㧘ታ㓙ߪ㧘ࡆࠫࡀࠬ࡮ࡕ࠺࡞ߢߪߥߊ㧘ࡆࠫࡀࠬߩᚻᴺߩዉ౉㧘ߣ޿߁ߎߣߛߞߚߩߢߔ‫⥸৻ޕ‬ડᬺߢ૞↪ߔࠆࡕ࠺࡞ߪ㧘ᄢቇߩ೙ᐲߦᔅߕߒ߽ㆡ↪ߢ߈ࠆߣߪ㒢ࠄߥ޿߆ࠄߢߔ‫ޕ‬ቇ㐳ߪ㧘ߚߣ߃߫⡯ຬߩណ↪߿⸃㓹ߩὐߢᮭ㒢߇ోߊ⇣ߥࠅ߹ߔ‫⛎ޕ‬ਈ೙ᐲߦ⢻ജਥ⟵ࠍណ↪ߔࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ߦߟ޿ߡ߽⁁ᴫ߇⇣ߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢቇߩᣇ㊎߽᭽‫ޕߔߢޘ‬ᄢቇߦߪ೑⋉ࠍ㈩ಽߔࠆᩣਥ߇޿߹ߖࠎ‫ߦ߃ࠁࠇߘޕ‬㧘⚵❱ᒻᘒ߇ోߊ㆑߁ߩߢߔ‫ࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬㧘୘ੱ⊛ߥ⷗ᣇࠍㅀߴ߹ߔߣ㧘⚵❱᭴ㅧߪᯏ㑐ߩ⋡⊛ߦㆡวߔߴ߈ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߘࠇ߇↥ᬺ᭴ㅧ߿੐ᬺ᭴ㅧߩࠃ߁ߢ޽ࠆߎߣߪ߹ߕ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ߒ߆ߒ㧘ੱ੐▤ℂ㧘⽷ോ▤ℂ㧘ᚲ᦭࿾ߩ▤ℂ㧘ౝᄖߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦડᬺ߇ណ↪ߔ
ࠆᚻᴺߪ㧘ࡆࠫࡀࠬߩ਎⇇߇೑↪ߔࠆࠊ߆ࠅ߿ߔ޿߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ㧘ᚒ‫ߩߎߪޘ‬వߒ߫ࠄߊ㧘ቇߴࠆߎߣ߇ߚߊߐࠎ޽ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߪ⑳ޕ‬㧘ઁߩᣇ‫ࠄ߆ޘ‬㧘࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߣࡑࡀࠫࡔ
ࡦ࠻ߩ໧㗴ߦ㑐ߔࠆࠦࡔࡦ࠻ࠍ޿ߚߛߌߚࠄߣᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬Cheong㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ㆇ༡⚵❱ߩᓎ⡯⠪߳ߩᅚᕈ⊓↪ࠍᅑബߔࠆߎߣߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ડᬺߣ↥ᬺ߆ࠄ૗߆ᓧࠄࠇ߹ߒߚ߆‫ޕ‬
Boucherߎߩ⾰໧ߦߟ޿ߡ૗߆⹦ߒ޿ᣇߪ޿ࠄߞߒ߾޿߹ߔ߆㧫ᄢ⷏੹㧘Boucher వ↢߇ᄢቇߣࡆࠫࡀࠬߣߪ㆑߁ὐ߇޽ࠆߣ㧘ߘߩ߹߹ࡆࠫࡀࠬ࡮ࡕ࠺࡞߇
૶߃ߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߩߢᕁ޿ᒰߚߞߚߎߣ߇޽ߞߚߩߢ㧘߭ߣߟߏ⚫੺ߒ߹ߔ‫౒⑳ޕ‬㧘ᴺੱൻ
ߒߡߔߋᐢႎ㧘ᄖߦኻߔࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ߇ᄢ੐ߛߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ࠈߎߣޕ‬߇ᄢቇߩਛߦߪ PR ߩኾ㐷ኅߣ޿߁ߩ߇޿ߥ޿ߩߢ㧘ᐢ๔ઍℂᐫߣࠦࡦࠨ࡞࠲ࡦ࠻ᄾ⚂ࠍ޿ߚߒ߹ߒߡ㧘᧲ർᄢቇߩࡉ࡜ࡦ࠺ࠖࡦࠣࠍ߿ߞߡߊࠇߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍᆔ⸤޿ߚߒ߹ߒߚ‫ߘޕ‬ߩᤨߦ㕖Ᏹߦ㕙⊕߆ߞߚߩߪ㧘ᐢ๔ળ␠ߩੱ߇৻૕ᄢቇ߇ᐢႎࠍߔࠆ⋡⊛ߣ޿߁ߩߪ૗ߥ
ߩߢߔ߆ߣ㧘⸙߆ࠇߚὐߢߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘଀߃߫⥄േゞળ␠ߢ޽ࠇ߫㧘⥄േゞߩ⽼ᄁߩᄁ਄ߍࠍિ߫ߔߚ߼ߦᐢႎ߿ትવࠍ߿ࠆߣ޿߁ߩߪࠊ߆ࠅ߿ߔ޿ߩߢߔ߇㧘ߢߪ৻૕ᄢቇߪᐢ
ႎ߿ትવࠍߒߡ૗ࠍ߿ࠅߚ޿ߩߢߔ߆ߣ⸙߆ࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ߢߎߘޕ‬㧘ᡷ߼ߡ㧘ᄢቇߪ㧘৻૕⺕ࠍ࠲࡯ࠥ࠶࠻ߦߒߡ૗ࠍ⁓ߞߡᐢႎࠍⴕ߁ߩ߆ࠍ࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦߒ߹ߒߚ‫ߦᤨߩߘޕ‬⦡‫߇⺰⼏ߥޘ‬಴߹ߒߚ߇㧘⚿⺰ߛߌ↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߔߣ㧘ᄢቇߪ㧘ࠞࡀ㧔⎇ⓥ⾌࡮ᢎ⢒⾌㧕ߣࡅ࠻㧔ቇ↢࡮⎇ⓥ⠪㧕ࠍࠗࡦࡊ࠶࠻ߒߡ㧘ߘߩࠕ࠙࠻ࡊ࠶࠻ߣߒߡ㧘⎇ⓥࠍ߿ߞߡ㧘ᣂߒ޿⍮⼂࡮ᖱႎࠍ␠ળߦㅍࠅㄟߺ㧘ᢎ⢒ࠍߒߡઃടଔ୯ߩߟ޿ߚੱ᧚ࠍ␠ળߦㅍࠅ಴ߔߣ޿
߁ᯏ㑐ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ‬㧘ᐢႎࠍ߿ࠆ⋡⊛ߣ޿߁ߩߪ㧘ߎ߁޿߁⎇ⓥᚑᨐࠍ޽ߍߡ޿ࠆ㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪߎ߁޿߁ᢎ⢒ᚑᨐࠍ޽ߍߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ␠ળߦᐢߊ⍮ࠄߖࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ㧘ࠃࠅᄙߊߩ߅㊄㧘ߘࠇ߆ࠄࠃࠅᄙߊߩఝ⑲ߢࠕࡦࡆࠪࡖࠬߥੱ᧚ߣ޿߁߽ߩࠍᄢቇߦᗖ߈
ߟߌࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇⋡⊛ߦߥࠆߛࠈ߁ߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ߣߞ߿ߡߒ߁ߘޕ‬㧘ᐢ๔ળ␠ߩੱ߽⚊ᓧߒߡ㧘ߎ߁޿߁࠲࡯ࠥ࠶࠻ߦߎ߁޿߁ߎߣࠍ߿ࠅ߹ߒࠂ߁ߣ޿߁ࠃ߁ߥߎߣ
ࠍឭ᩺ߒߡߊࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ߣࠇߘޕ‬หߓࠃ߁ߦ㧘߅ߘࠄߊࡆࠫࡀࠬ࡮ࡕ࠺࡞ࠍߘߩ߹߹ᄢቇߦ
ᜬߞߡߊࠆߣ޿߁ߩߪ㧘⋧ᒰ㧘ࡆࠫࡀࠬߩੱߣᄢቇߩੱ㑆ߢ࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦࠍߒߥ޿ߣ
ߚ߱ࠎ߁߹ߊേ߆ߥ޿ߛࠈ߁ߥߣ㧘ߘࠇ߇ߘߩᤨߩᗵᗐߢߔ‫ޕ‬Boucher޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ࠍ⸒⊒߆ߒ޿ࠄߋߟ৻߁߽ߣ޽ޕ‬ฃߌઃߌࠆᤨ㑆߇ߥߐߘ߁ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᧁ᧛㦮రቇ㐳߇಴ߐࠇߚ໧㗴ὐߦᚯߞߡ߽⦟޿ߢߒࠂ߁߆㧫࿾ၞߩ⽸₂ߣࡢ࡯࡞࠼࡮ࠛࠢ࠮
࡟ࡦࠬߦߟ޿ߡߢߔ߇㧘⏕߆ߦ㦮రవ↢߇߅ߞߒ߾ߞߚࠃ߁ߦ࿾ၞ⽸₂ߣࡢ࡯࡞࠼࡮ࠛࠢ
࠮࡟ࡦࠬࠍ⹏ଔߢߤ߁ᛒ߁߆ߣ޿߁ߩߪ㕖Ᏹߦ㔍ߒ޿໧㗴ߢ㧘⹏ଔᯏ㑐ߩ㐳ߣߒߡ߽㕖Ᏹߦᖠࠎߢ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᐘ޿⑳ߩᯏ㑐ߪࡈࠔࡦ࠺ࠖࡦࠣࠍ߿ࠅ߹ߖࠎߩߢ㧘ߘ߁޿߁ὐߢ⸒߁
ߣᗧ⷗ࠍㅀߴ߿ߔ޿ߩߢ৻⸒↳ߒ਄ߍߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߪ⑳ޕ‬㧘⹏ଔ߇ᚑᾫߒߡߊࠇ߫೎ߢ
ߔ߇㧘ᒰ㕙㧘࡝࡯࡚ࠫ࠽࡞࡮ࠦࡦ࠻࡝ࡆࡘ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߣࠛࠢ࠮࡟ࡦࠬߣ޿߁ߩߪ㧘೎ߩ⹏ଔゲߢ⠨߃ࠆߴ߈ߛߣᕁߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᐘ޿㧘⹺⸽⹏ଔߪ೎ߣߒߡ㧘⁛┙ⴕ᡽ᴺੱߣߒߡߩ
⹏ଔߢߪ㧘ᄢቇߩߟߊߞߚਛᦼ⸘↹㧘ਛᦼ⋡ᮡߦᔕߓߡߘߩ㆐ᚑᐲࠍ᷹ࠆߣ޿߁઀⚵ߺߦߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ߆ࠄ㧘଀߃߫㧘ᾢᧄᄢቇ߇࡝࡯࡚ࠫ࠽࡞࡮ࠦࡦ࠻࡝ࡆࡘ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߣ޿߁ߎߣ
ߦ㕖Ᏹߦ㊀߈ࠍ⟎߆ࠇߡࡒ࠶࡚ࠪࡦࠍ߅૞ࠅߦߥࠅ㧘ࡇࠕ࡯߇ߘࠇߦߟ޿ߡ㧘㕖Ᏹߦᬺ❣
߇਄߇ߞߡ޿ࠆߣ⹏ଔߔࠇ߫㧘ᒰὼᄢቇߩ⹏ଔߪ㜞ߊߥࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߪߥࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߢߔ߆ࠄ㧘ࡢ࡯࡞࠼࡮ࠢ࡜ࠬߩᄢቇࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡ޿ߥ޿߆ࠄߣ޿ߞߡ㧘ో૕ߩ⹏ଔ߇ਅ߇ࠆ
ߎߣߪߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ߛߚޕ‬໧㗴߇৻ߟ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߩߘࠅ߹ߟޕ‬႐วࡈࠔࡦ࠺ࠖࡦࠣ߇
ߤ߁ߥࠆߩ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ߇㧘ࡈࠔࡦ࠺ࠖࡦࠣ࡮ࠛ࡯ࠫࠚࡦࠪ࡯ߣߒߡߩ MEXT ߇ߘࠇࠍߤ߁ᛒ߁ߩ߆ߣ޿߁ߩߪ㧘߹ߛਇㅘ᣿ߢߔߨ‫⹏ޕ‬ଔߣߒߡߪ㧘࡝࡯࡚ࠫ࠽࡞࡮ࠦࡦ࠻࡝
ࡆࡘ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩᣇ߇ࡢ࡯࡞࠼࡮ࠛࠢ࠮࡟ࡦࠬࠃࠅ㧘ૐ޿ࠬ࠹࡯࠲ࠬߦߥࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߪ⑳ߪߥ޿ߣ⠨߃ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕߚߒ߹޿ߑߏ߁ߣ߇ࠅ޽ޕ‬Boucher޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᴰᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ߩᴰߢߔ‫੹ޕ‬㧘ᧁ᧛ᯏ᭴㐳߆ࠄ㧘࿾ၞ⽸₂ߣ࿖㓙᳓Ḱߩᢎ⢒⎇ⓥߣ޿߁߅⹤
߇޽ߞߚߩߢߔ߇㧘⹏ଔゲߪ೎ߩ໧㗴ߣߒߡ⠨߃ࠆߴ߈ߛߌࠇߤ߽㧘ᦨᓟ㧘ࡈࠔࡦ࠺ࠖࡦ
ࠣߦߤ߁ߟߥߍࠆ߆ߪ㧘ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ߩ໧㗴ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁߰߁ߥߏᜰ៰߽ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚߩߢ㧘ߘߩ㑐ㅪߢ߅╵߃ߒߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߦ․ޕ‬࿾ၞ⽸₂ߩࡈࠔࡦ࠺ࠖࡦࠣߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ߢߪ㧘߹
ߛ㊄㗵⊛ߦߪᔅߕߒ߽චಽߢߥ޿ߩߢߔ߇㧘੹ᣣߩඦ೨ਛߩ᧲Ꮏᄢߩ⋧Ỉቇ㐳ߩ߅⹤ߩਛ
ߦ߽ߜࠂߞߣ಴߹ߒߚߌࠇߤ߽㧘ࠣ࠶࠼࡮ࡊ࡜ࠢ࠹ࠖࠬߣ޿߁ࡈࠔࡦ࠺ࠖࡦࠣߩ߭ߣߟߩ
ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ߇ߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘․ቯߩ࿖┙ᄢቇߦ㒢ࠄߕ㧘࿖┙ᄢቇ㧘౏┙ᄢቇ㧘⑳┙ᄢ
ቇࠍㅢߓߡ㧘․ቯߩᄢቇߩᢎ⢒ࠕࠢ࠹ࠖࡆࠖ࠹ࠖߦኻߒߡ㧘޿޿߽ߩࠍㆬቯߒߡ⽷᡽ᡰេࠍⴕ߁ߣ޿߁઀⚵ߺߢߔ‫ߩߘޕ‬ਛߢ㧘․ߦ࿾ၞ⽸₂ߢߎ߁޿߁ขࠅ⚵ߺࠍߔࠆߩߛߣ޿߁

߽ߩߦߟ޿ߡ㧘౏൐ߢㆬቯߒߡ⽷᡽ᡰេࠍߔࠆߣ޿߁઀⚵ߺ߽޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘⑳ߩᦺߩᦨೋߩ᜿ᜦߢ⸅ࠇ߹ߒߚ㧘┹੎⊛ߥࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓߦࠃߞߡࡈࠔࡦ࠺ࠖࡦࠣࠍⴕ߁߽ߩߩ৻
Ⅳߣ޿߁߰߁ߦ⸒߃ࠆ߆ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫⽷ޕ‬᡽੐ᖱߪ෩ߒ޿ߩߢߪ޽ࠅ߹ߔ߇㧘ߘ߁޿ߞߚߣ
ߎࠈࠍ੹ᓟ߽ᒁ߈⛯߈᜛లࠍߒߡ޿߆ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ࠇߘޕ‬㧘߽߁৻ߟࡈࠔࡦ࠺ࠖࡦࠣߩਛߢ㧘࿖┙ᄢቇ߳ߩㆇ༡⾌੤ઃ㊄ߩ㈩ಽߣ޿߁໧㗴߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬࿖┙ᄢቇߩㆇ༡⾌੤ઃ㊄ߪ߿߿ੂ᥸ߥ⸒޿ᣇࠍߔࠇ߫㧘߆ߥࠅߩㇱಽߪࠝ࡯࠻ࡑ࠴࠶ࠢߦ
᳿߹ࠆࠃ߁ߥ߆ߚߜߦߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫޿ߥߪߢ߁ߘޕ‬ㇱಽߣߒߡ㧘․೎ᢎ⢒⎇ⓥ⚻⾌ߣ޿߁߽ߩ߇޽ࠅ߹ߒߡ㧘࿖┙ᄢቇߦኻߔࠆㆇ༡⾌੤ઃ㊄ߪో૕ߢ㧝ళ㧞ජంߊࠄ޿޽ࠅ߹ߔ߇㧘ߘߩਛߩ 800 ంߊࠄ޿ߩ㊄㗵߇ߘࠇߦ޽ߚࠅ߹ߔ‫ߩߘޕ‬ਛߢߪ․ߦฦ࿖┙ᄢቇߢᢎ⢒⎇ⓥ
ߩขࠅ⚵ߺߣߒߡ㧘ߎࠇߪᔅߕߒ߽࿾ၞ⽸₂ߣ޿߁ࠊߌߢߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ߇㧘․⦡ߩ޽ࠆ߽
ߩࠍ಴ߒߡ޿ߚߛ޿ߡ㧘ߎࠇߪ᭎▚ⷐ᳞ߩᲑ㓏ߢ޽ࠆ⒟ᐲ࠮࡟࡚ࠢࠪࡦࠍߒߡⷐ᳞ߒߡ޿
ߊߣ޿߁઀⚵ߺ߽޽ࠅ߹ߔߩߢ㧘ߎࠇ߆ࠄ࿾ၞ⽸₂ߺߚ޿ߥߎߣࠍ࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱ⹏ଔࠍㅢ
ߓߡ㧘⹏ଔᯏ᭴ߩ⹺⸽⹏ଔߢߪߥߊߡ㧘࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱ⹏ଔᆔຬળ߇ⴕ߁⹏ଔ㧘ᦨ⚳⊛ߦߪߎߩ⹏ଔߦ߽⹏ଔᯏ᭴ߩ⹏ଔ߽߆ࠄ߻ߎߣߦߪߥࠆߩߢߔ߇㧘ߤߩࠃ߁ߦߘࠇࠍࡈࠔࡦ࠺
ࠖࡦࠣߐࠇࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ߩߪ㧘߹ߛ╙㧝ᦼߩਛᦼ⋡ᮡᦼ㑆ߩ⚳ࠊࠅ㗃ߦะߌߡߩ⼏⺰ߩਛߩ⺖㗴ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠈ߁߆ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
Boucher޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫߇ࠇߎޕ‬᣿⏕ߦߥࠆߣ޿޿ߢߔߨ‫ߩߎޕ‬ಽ㊁ߦ㑐ߔࠆ㕖Ᏹߦ◲ẖߥࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߢߒߚ‫ޕ‬Gow
࿾ၞ⽸₂ߪ㧘࿖ౝߦߣߤ߹ࠆᔅⷐߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫߫߃ߣߚޕ‬ᚒ‫ߒ⹤߇ޘ‬วߞߡ߈ߚ㘃ߩㅪ៤ߢߪ㧘ᄢቇߣㇺᏒߣ࿾ၞߩ࿖㓙ㅪ៤ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߽ߢ߈ࠆߢߒࠂ߁‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘⥄ಽߚߜߪ࿖㓙࡟ࡌ࡞ߦߥࠇߡ޿ߥ޿㧘ߣ޿߁໧㗴ࠍᛄ᜞ߔࠆ৻ߟߩᣇᴺߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢቇ㧘ㇺᏒ߅ࠃ߮࿾
ၞߩ㐿⊒ᯏ㑐ߣᣣᧄ஥ࠍㆡวߐߖࠆߎߣࠍⴕ߁߆ࠄߢߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬ઙߦߟ޿ߡ㧘੹ᓟߩ࠺ࠖࠬ
ࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ዷ㐿ߢ߈ࠆ߆߽ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬
Boucher޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫߽ᦨޕ‬㊀ⷐߥߎߣߪ㧘ᄢቇߩ૶๮㧘ߟ߹ࠅ‫ޟ‬ᚒ‫ߗߥߪޘ‬ᄢቇߣߒߡ޽ࠆߩ߆‫߇ߔߢ⊛⋡߁޿ߣޠ‬㧘ߘࠇ߇ᚢ⇛ࠍ⹏ଔߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆੱ‫ࠆࠇࠄ߼⹺ࠄ߆ޘ‬૶๮ߢ޽ࠆ㧘ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ࠄߥߗߥޕ‬㧘ᚢ⇛ߪ૶๮ࠍᨐߚߔߚ߼ߦሽ࿷ߔࠆߩߢ޽ࠅ㧘
ߤߩ⒟ᐲߘߩᯏ㑐ߩ૶๮ࠍㆀⴕߐߖߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ߦ߆߆ߞߡߊࠆ߆ࠄߢߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ᯏ㑐ߩ⋡ᮡ㧘ߘߩሽ࿷ᗧ⟵߇૗ߢ޽ࠆ߆ߦᗧ⷗ߩ৻⥌߇ߺࠄࠇߥߌࠇ߫㧘৻⥸ߦฃߌ౉ࠇࠄࠇࠆ
ᚢ⇛ࠍߤ߁૞ᚑ૞ᚑߒߚࠄࠃ޿ߩ߆⍮ࠆߎߣߪᭂ߼ߡ࿎㔍ߢߔ‫ࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬㧘୘‫ߩޘ‬ᯏ㑐ߩ⋡⊛ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘߹ߚ㧘޽ࠆᄢቇߪ⎇ⓥಽ㊁ߢ਎⇇ߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯⊛ሽ࿷ߦߥࠆߚ߼ߦ޽ࠆߩߢ

ߪߥ޿ߣߩ᣿⏕ߥ⹺⼂ࠍᜬߟߚ߼ߩᦝߥࠆද⼏߇ᔅⷐߥࠃ߁ߦᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߪࠄࠇߘޕ‬ታ㓙㧘೎ߩ⋡⊛ߢ⸳⟎ߐࠇߚߩߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߘߩ⋡⊛ߦว߁ࠃ߁ߦᚢ⇛߇✵ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᯏ㑐ߩᜰዉߩ⹏ଔߣᜰዉߦ㑐ߒߡߘࠇߙࠇߩᯏ㑐߇⸳ቯߒߚ⋡ᮡߦߟ޿ߡ߽㧘⧷࿖ߢ߽ห᭽ߩ
⼏⺰߇޽ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ᦨޕ‬ᓟߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ߇㧘㧞ฬߩႎ๔⠪߇⊒⴫ߐࠇ߹ߒߚ᭎ⷐႎ๔ࠍ߽ߣ
ߦ㧘ᄙᢙߩ⚛᥍ࠄߒ޿⾰໧ߦߟ޿ߡ⹤ߒวߞߚ⾆㊀ߥ࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦߛߞߚߣᕁߞߡ޿ߚߛߌ
ࠇ߫ᐘ޿ߢߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ߎߎߢขࠅ਄ߍࠄࠇ߹ߒߚ․ᓽ⊛ߥ⺰ὐߩ৻ㇱ߇㧘߹ߚᰴ࿁એ㒠㧘ขࠅ਄ߍࠄࠇࠆߎߣࠍᦼᓙߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢ⷏೽ቇ㐳㧘Watson ᢎ᝼㧘ߔ߫ࠄߒ޿ࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯ࠪ
࡚ࡦࠍ޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ട⮮ߎߎߢ৻ᣤ㧘ભᙑߣߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߔ‫ޕ‬

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ᣣ⧷ᄢቇ㑆ߩㅪ៤ߦߟ޿ߡ<࠮ ࠶ ࠪ ࡚ ࡦ 㧞 㧦 ࠤ ࡯ ࠬ ࡮ ࠬ ࠲ ࠺ ࠖ >‫ ޟ‬ᄢ 㒋 ᢎ ⢒ ᄢ ቇ ߣ ࡠ ࡦ ࠼ ࡦ ᄢ ቇ ᢎ ⢒ ⎇ ⓥ ᚲ 㧔 IoE㧕 ߩ ㅪ ៤ ‫ޠ‬        Ⓑ၂ ථ ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇ㐳        David Gough ࡠ ࡦ ࠼ ࡦ ᄢ ቇ ᢎ ⢒ ⎇ ⓥ ᚲ 㧔 IoE㧕 ᢎ ᝼                       ̪ ࠬ ࡜ ࠗ ࠼ P123㨪 127߹ ߣ ߼  David Watson ࡠ ࡦ ࠼ ࡦ ᄢ ቇ ᢎ ⢒ ⎇ ⓥ ᚲ 㧔 IoE㧕 ᢎ ᝼ࡕ࠺࡟࡯࠲࡯㧦ᄢ㦮 ੳ ੱ㑆ᢥൻ⎇ⓥᯏ᭴ℂ੐


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ߚߛ޿߹߆ࠄౣ㐿ߒߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ඦᓟߩ╙㧞࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦߢߪ㧘ᄢቇ౒ห೑↪ᯏ㑐ᴺੱੱ㑆ᢥൻ⎇ⓥᯏ᭴ߩᄢ㦮ੳℂ੐ߦมળࠍ߅㗿޿ߔࠆߎߣߣ޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢ㦮ℂ੐㧘ߤ߁ߙࠃࠈߒߊ߅㗿޿↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢ㦮ߏ⚫੺޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚᄢ㦮ߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ߇㧘ߎߩ࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦߩㅴⴕᓎࠍോ߼ߐߖߡ޿ߚ
ߛ߈߹ߔ‫ޕ‬೨ߩ࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦߢ㧘Watson ᢎ᝼߇߅⹤ߦߥࠄࠇߚࠃ߁ߦߎߩᣣ⧷㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ㑐ߔࠆදജࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߪ㧘㧞ߟߩⷐ⚛߆ࠄᚑࠅ┙ߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫޽࡞ࡌ࡟࡮࡯ࠪ࡝ࡐߪߟ৻ޕ‬ࠆ޿ߪ࠽࡚ࠪ࠽࡞࡮ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ࡮࡟ࡌ࡞ߦߟ޿ߡߩ⍮⼂ߣ⚻㛎ࠍ੤ᵹߔࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߏߑ
޿߹ߔ߇㧘߽߁㧝ߟߩ㊀ⷐߥⷐ⚛ߣ޿ߚߒ߹ߒߡߪ㧘ᄢቇ࡟ࡌ࡞㧘ࠗࡦࠬ࠹ࠖ࠹ࡘ࡯࡚ࠪ
ࡦ࡮࡟ࡌ࡞ߢ㧘⋧੕ߦ⍮⼂࡮⚻㛎ࠍ੤ᵹߒ㧘ߐࠄߦߘࠇ߇ࡄ࡯࠻࠽࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߦ⊒ዷߔࠆߎߣࠍᦼᓙߔࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬೨ߩ࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦߢߔߢߦ੹࿁ߩ㧢ᄢቇ㑆ߩࠬ࠲࠺ࠖ࡮ࡆࠫ࠶࠻ࠍㅢߓߡߩ੤ᵹߦߟ޿ߡߏ⚫੺߇޽ߞߚࠊߌߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ߇㧘ߘߩ߁ߜ․ߦ㧘ࡠࡦ࠼ࡦᄢቇߩࠗࡦࠬ࠹ࠖ࠹ࡘ࡯࠻࡮ࠝࡉ࡮ࠛ࠺ࡘࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ㧔IoE㧕ߣᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߣߩ੤ᵹ߇㗅⺞ߦ⊒ዷࠍߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߒߡ㧘ߔߢߦ 11 ᦬ߦ IoE ߩ Whitty ቇ㐳߇ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇࠍ⸰໧ߐࠇ߹ߒߡ㧘੹ᓟߩ੤ᵹ࡮දቯߦߟ޿ߡߩࠕࠣ࡝࡯ࡔࡦ࠻ߦࠨࠗࡦࠍߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߎߩ࠮ࠞࡦ࠼࡮࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦߪ㧘ߎߩਔᄢቇߩ੤ᵹ㧘දജߩࠤ࡯ࠬߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ࠤ࡯ࠬ࡮ࠬ࠲
࠺ࠖߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ߢߏ⚫੺޿ߚߛ߈㧘ߘࠇߦߟ޿ߡߩ⾰⇼࡮ࠦࡔࡦ࠻ࠍ޿ߚߛߌࠇ߫ߣᕁߞ
ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᦨೋߦਔᄢቇߩ੤ᵹߥࠄ߮ߦදജ㑐ଥߦߟ߈߹ߒߡ㧘ߏ⺑᣿޿ߚߛߊࠊߌߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ
߇㧘ߎࠇߪ޿߆ߦදജ߇߁߹ߊ޿ߞߡ޿ࠆ߆ߩ⸽ߢ߽ߏߑ޿߹ߔߌࠇߤ߽㧘ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇ
ߩⒷ၂ቇ㐳ߣ IoE ߩ David Gough ᢎ᝼㧘߅ੑᣇ߇౒หߢࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍߒߡਅߐࠆ
ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ߪߢޕ‬㧘ࠃࠈߒߊ߅㗿޿޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬Ⓑ၂ᄢ㦮ℂ੐㧘޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧝‫ޤ‬ߎߩ࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦߢߪ㧘IoE ߩ David Gough ᢎ᝼ߣ⑳߇㧘ᢎ⢒ಽ㊁ߦ߅ߌࠆᣣ⧷ᄢቇ㑆ߩ․⦡޽ࠆㅪ៤ߦߟ޿ߡวห⊒⴫ࠍⴕ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߩ࿖┙ᄢቇߩቇ↢ᢙࠍ⷗ߡߺ߹ߔߣ㧘ᢎ⢒ಽ㊁ߪ㧘࿖┙ᄢቇ߇ࠞࡃ࡯ߔࠆ㧞⇟⋡ߦᄢ߈޿ಽ㊁ߢߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ᢎ⢒ಽ㊁ࠍ૶๮ߣߔ
ࠆᄢቇߪ㧘᳿ߒߡᣣᧄߢߪ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩਛᔃ⊛ሽ࿷ߢߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ࠄ߆ࠇߎޕ‬㧘IoE ߣᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߩ㑆ߢዷ㐿ߒߟߟ޽ࠆᄢቇ㑆ㅪ៤ߩᣂߒ޿ᒻߦߟ޿ߡႎ๔ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬IoE ߣᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߩ૶๮ߪࠃߊૃߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ਔᄢቇߣ߽㧘ᢎ⢒ߣᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠍኾ㐷ߣߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫߇ޘ‬දജ㑐ଥࠍ⚿߱㎛ߦߥߞߚߩߪߎߩਔᄢቇߩၮᧄ⊛ߥ૶๮ߩㆡวᕈߢߔ‫ߕ߹ޕ‬㧘ߤߩࠃ߁ߦߒߡߎߩ㧞ߟߩᯏ㑐߇੤ᵹߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚߩ߆ࠍ߅⹤ߒߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧞‫ޤ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧟‫ޤ‬ቇ㐳ߢ޽ࠆ⑳ࠍ฽߼㧘ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߩㆇ༡㒯ߪ㧘ᤓᐕ㧞᦬ߦᣣ⧷㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ㑐ߔࠆදജࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩ৻Ⅳߣߒߡ㧘IoE ࠍ⸰໧ߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧠‫ޤ‬ߘߩ᛬ࠅߦ 20 ฬએ਄ߩ IoE ߩ⡯ຬ߇㧘IoE ߩᱧผ㧘ౣ✬㧘ᚢ⇛㧘ੱ੐ᚢ⇛߅ࠃ߮⡯ຬ⢒ᚑߥߤ㧘IoE ߩㆇ༡ߦ㑐ࠊࠆ᭽‫ߥޘ‬஥㕙ߦߟ޿ߡৼካߥࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍⴕߞߡਅߐ޿
߹ߒߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘IoE ߦ߅ߌࠆℂᔨߣ⋡ᮡߩ౒᦭㧘ቇౝߩᗧᕁ᳿ቯߣ᡽╷᳿ቯ㧘ߐࠄߦߪᢎຬ
ᢎ⢒ߩຠ⾰▤ℂߣ࿾ᣇᢎ⢒ᒰዪߣߩදജ㧘ߐࠄߦߪ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩ⷗࿾߆ࠄ߽ࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯ࠪ
࡚ࡦࠍⴕߞߡਅߐ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧡‫ޤ‬㧞ᣣ㑆ߦࠊߚࠆࡉ࡝࡯ࡈࠖࡦࠣߩ޽ߣ㧘IoE ߩ Whitty ቇ㐳ߣᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߩቇ㐳ߢ޽ࠆ
⑳ߪ㧘ㅪ៤ߩน⢻ᕈߦߟ޿ߡ⹤ߒว޿߹ߒߚ‫ߦߢߔߪߦ߈ߣߩߘޕ‬㧘ਔᯏ㑐ߩ࠻࠶ࡊߪ㧘߅੕޿ߦࡄ࡯࠻࠽࡯ߦߥࠇࠆߎߣߦ᳇ߠ޿ߡ޿߹ߒߚ‫߇ࠇߎޕ‬ᚒ‫߇ޘ‬ㅪ៤㑐ଥࠍࠬ࠲࡯࠻
ߐߖߚ߈ߞ߆ߌߢߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬ᓟߩ⹤ߪ㧘ᓟ߶ߤ߅⹤ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧢‫ޤ‬
IoE ߣᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇ߇㧘੕޿ߦૃ߆ࠃߞߚ૶๮ࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆߣᣢߦ߅⹤ߒߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧣‫ޤ‬ߎࠇߦട߃ߡ㧘ਔᯏ㑐ߣ߽หߓࠃ߁ߥᱧผ߇޽ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬IoE ߩᱧผߪ㧘100 ᐕ೨ࡠࡦ࠼
ࡦ࡮࠺ࠗ࡮࠻࡟࡯࠾ࡦࠣ࡮ࠞ࡟࠶ࠫ㧔London Day Training College㧕ߦߐ߆ߩ߷ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߘߩᓟ㧘70 ᐕ೨ߦࡠࡦ࠼ࡦᄢቇߩࠗࡦࠬ࠹ࠖ࠴ࡘ࡯࠻࡮ࠝࡉ࡮ࠛ࠺ࡘࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߣߥࠅ㧘ߐࠄߦ 20 ᐕ೨ߦ⃻࿷ߩ IoE ߣߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ၮᧄ⊛ߦߪ㧘ቇㇱࠍᜬߚߥ޿ᣣᧄ⺆ߢ⸒߁ߣߎ
ࠈߩᄢቇ㒮ᄢቇߢߔ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ㧘ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߪ㧘130 ᐕ೨ߦᄢ㒋Ꮷ▸ቇᩞ㧔Osaka Normal
School㧕ߣߒߡࠬ࠲࡯࠻ߒ߹ߒߚ‫ ޕ‬75 ᐕᓟߩ 1949 ᐕ㧘ઁߩ 69 ᄢቇߣߣ߽ߦᄢቇߦߥࠅ
߹ߒߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᒰᤨߩᄢቇߩฬ೨ߪ㧘ᄢ㒋ቇ⧓ᄢቇߢߒߚ‫ޕ‬ቇ⧓ߣߪ㧘࡝ࡌ࡜࡞ࠕ࡯࠷ࠍᗧ
๧ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬1967 ᐕߦฬ⒓ᄌᦝߒߡ㧘ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᢎ⢒ߪ㧘ࠛ࠺ࡘࠤ࡯࡚ࠪ
ࡦࠍᗧ๧ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧤‫ޤ‬ߎߎߦ␜ߒ߹ߒߚߩߪ㧘IoE ߣᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߩೋᦼߩᑪ‛ߩ౮⌀ߢ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇ 100 ᐕ೨㧘
130 ᐕ೨ߩ߽ߩߢߔ‫ߩࠫ࠶࡟ࠞ࡮ࠣࡦ࠾࡯࡟࠻࡮ࠗ࠺࡮ࡦ࠼ࡦࡠޕ‬ᑪ‛ߪ⍹ㅧࠅ㧘ઁᣇ㧘ᄢ㒋Ꮷ▸ቇᩞߩᑪ‛ߪᧁㅧߩࠃ߁ߦ⷗߃߹ߔ߇㧘ߎߩ㧞ߟߩᑪ‛ߩ㔓࿐᳇ߪ߆ߥࠅૃㅢߞߡ
޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧥‫ޤ‬ߎࠇࠄߪ㧘100 ᐕ೨ߩࡠࡦ࠼ࡦߣᄢ㒋ߩቇᩞߩ᝼ᬺ㘑᥊ߢߔ‫ޕ‬Ꮐ஥ߩ౮⌀ߦߪ㧘ࡠࡦ࠼ࡦߢᅚሶቇ↢߇⑼ቇߩ᝼ᬺࠍฃߌߡ޿ࠆᆫ߇㧘ฝ஥ߩ౮⌀ߦߪ㧘ᄢ㒋ߢᅚሶቇ↢߇࿾ℂߩ᝼ᬺࠍฃߌߡ޿ࠆᆫ߇౮ߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ߎࠇࠄߩ౮⌀ࠍߺࠆߣ㧘㔓࿐᳇߇㕖Ᏹߦૃߡ޿

߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ߎߩࡄࡀ࡞ߪ㧘ࡠࡦ࠼ࡦ࡮࠺ࠗ࡮࠻࡟࡯࠾ࡦࠣ࡮ࠞ࡟࠶ࠫߩೋઍᩞ㐳ߩ౮⌀ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ฬ೨ߪ㧘John Adams㧘100 ᐕ೨ߩ౮⌀ߢߔ‫ޕ‬Ꮐ஥ߩ౮⌀ߪ㧘ᄢ㒋ᅚሶᏧ▸ቇᩞ㧔Osaka Women
Normal School㧕ߩೋઍᩞ㐳ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ฬ೨ߪᄢ᧛⧐᮸㧘100 ᐕ೨ߩ౮⌀ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ੑੱߣ߽ఱᒉߩ
ࠃ߁ߦૃߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߢߌࠊ߁޿߁ߘޕ‬㧘ߎࠇࠄ߇ਔ࿖ߩᢎ⢒ߩવ⛔ߢ޽ࠅ㧘IoE ߣᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߩ㑆ߦߺࠄࠇࠆㆡวᕈߩၮ⋚ߢ޽ࠆߣ⸒߃߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ਔᯏ㑐ߩ㘃ૃᕈߦߟ޿ߡᣢߦ߅⹤ߒߒ߹ߒߚ‫ࠄ߆ࠇߎޕ‬㧘ਔᯏ㑐ߩᢎຬᢎ⢒ࠍᎼࠆขࠅ
⚵ߺߦߟ޿ߡ߅⹤޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ߪߡߒ߹߈ߟߦࠇߎޕ‬㧘IoE ߩ David Gough ᢎ᝼ߦ߅⹤ߒ޿
ߚߛ߈߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
Gough‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫(ࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࠤࡘ࠺ࠛ࡮ࡉࠝ࡮࠻࡯ࡘ࠴ࠖ࠹ࠬࡦࠗޕߪߜߦࠎߎޕ‬IoE)
ߩ Gough ߢߔ‫ޕ‬Watson ᢎ᝼߇⹤㗴ߦ᜼ߍߚ૏⟎ߠߌ㧔positioning㧕ߩ໧㗴ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ዋߒ߅⹤޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ᣢߦ߅⡞߈ߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘ᣣᧄߢߪᢎຬᢎ⢒ߪ㧘౉ቇ⠪ᢙ߆ࠄ޿ߌ߫Ꮏቇߦᰴ޿ߢ㧞⇟⋡ߦੱ᳇ߩ㜞޿⑼⋡ߢ޽ࠅ㧘㧔⧷࿖ߩ㧕࿖┙ᄢቇ߽⑳߽㛳޿ߚᢙሼߥߩߢߔ߇㧘ࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼ߢ
߽㧟⇟⋡ߩੱ᳇ቇ⑼ߢ޽ࠆߩߢ㧘ߘࠇ߶ߤੱ᳇ߩߥ޿ಽ㊁ߢߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ᢎ⢒ߪ㊀ⷐߥ
ಽ㊁ߣߐࠇⷙᮨ߽㕖Ᏹߦᄢ߈޿ߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬IoE ߣᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߩ૏⟎ߠߌߩ࠲ࠗࡊࠍᲧセߒߚ႐ว㧘㧞ᩞߪ߶߷หߓⷙᮨߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ၮᧄ⊛ߦ৻ߟߩቇㇱߒ߆ߥ޿ዊߐߥᄢቇߢߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇ߇⟤ⴚ߿⑼ቇߥߤߦ
ߟ޿ߡ㧘㕖ᢎ⢒⺖⒟㧔non-educational㧕ࠍ฽߼㧘ቇㇱ↢ะߌߩቇ໧ࠍⴕߞߡ޿ࠆὐ߇⧯ᐓ
⋧㆑ߔࠆὐߢ㧘৻ᣇࠗࡦࠬ࠹ࠖ࠴ࡘ࡯࠻࡮ࠝࡉ࡮ࠛ࠺ࡘࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߪ㧘ᄢቇ㒮߇ਛᔃߢ޽
ࠅ㧘ᓥߞߡ㧘ኾ㐷ߩୃ჻⺖⒟ߦട߃ߡ㧘PhD㧘EdD ߩ⺖⒟߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬߹ߚ㧘ᢎ⡯ຬᢙߦߟ޿ߡ߽㧘㕖Ᏹߦૃߡ޿߹ߔ߇㧘ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߩᣇ߇ᢎ᝼ߩੱᢙ߇ᄙ
޿ߢߔ‫ߪߢࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࠤࡘ࠺ࠛ࡮ࡉࠝ࡮࠻࡯ࡘ࠴ࠖ࠹ࠬࡦࠗޕ‬㧘ᄖㇱ⎇ⓥᄾ⚂ߦࠃߞߡណ↪
ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆੱᢙ߇ 120 ฬߣᄙ޿ߩߢ㧘ߎࠇߢࡃ࡜ࡦࠬ߇ߣࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘ߎߩߎߣ߇ਔᯏ㑐ߩ㧘ߘߒߡਔ࿖ߩᄢ߈ߥ㆑޿ߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᄾ⚂⎇ⓥߩߚ߼ߩᄖㇱ⾗㊄ߩ೑↪ߦ㑐ߒߡᄢ߈ߥ㆑޿߇޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ᢎ⢒ߩ⒳㘃ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘੍ᗐㅢࠅ㧘ਔᯏ㑐ߣ߽߶ߣࠎߤߩಽ㊁ࠍ฽ࠎߢ޿߹ߔ߇㧘ࠗࡦࠬ࠹ࠖ࠴ࡘ࡯࠻࡮ࠝࡉ࡮ࠛ࠺ࡘࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߪ㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߘߩ߽ߩࠍ⺞ᩏಽ㊁ߣߒߡᛒߞߡ
߅ࠅ㧘Watson ᢎ᝼ߪߘߩಽ㊁ߩᜂᒰߢߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬⃻࿷㧘ኾ㐷ኅ⚵❱ߣߒߡߩࠗࡦࠬ࠹ࠖ࠴ࡘ࡯࠻࡮ࠝࡉ࡮ࠛ࠺ࡘࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘ߘߎߦൕോߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ㧘߶ߣࠎߤㇱಽߦߟ޿ߡ⺆ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬ኾ㐷ಽ㊁ߦ㓸
ਛߢ߈ࠆߩߢ㧘࿖㓙⥰บߢ߆ߥࠅᚑഞߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔߒ㧘ᜰዉ࡮⎇ⓥߦኻߒߡ㜞޿⹏ଔࠍᓧ
ࠄࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫↥ޕ‬ᬺߣߪ޽߹ࠅ㑐ࠊߞߡ޿ߥ޿ߩߢ㧘㑐ࠊࠆߴ߈ߥߩ߆߽ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎ߇㧘ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇ߽ IoE ߽㧘ᧄᣣ⡞߆ࠇߚࠃ߁ߥઁߩᄢቇߣߪ⇣ߥࠅ㧘↥ᬺ߆ࠄ޽߹ࠅ⾗㊄ߩឭଏߪฃߌߡ޿ߥ޿⁁ᘒߢߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘IoE ߪ⍮⼂⒖ォߦ㑐ߒߡ㕖Ᏹߦ ᔨࠍᛴ޿ߡ޿߹
ߔ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬㧘వ߶ߤ߅⹤ߒߚࠃ߁ߥࠃࠅേ⊛ߥℂ↱߆ࠄ㧘⍮⼂੤឵ࠍએ೨ߪߤߜࠄ߆ߣ޿
߁ߣ⍮⼂ᵹേ㧔knowledge mobilisation㧕ߣ๭ࠎߢ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ታ⸽⊛ⵣઃߌ߇㧘ᢎ⢒᡽╷ߣ⸠✵㐿⊒ߣߩേ⊛㑐ଥࠍᵴ᳇ߠߌࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆߚ߼ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫ߚ߹ߪޘ‬ኾ㐷ᕈߩࠁ߃ߦ㧘ࡊࡠߩᢎຬߩ⢒ᚑߦ㑐ߔࠆ ᔨߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ᦨೋߩኾ㐷ᢎ⢒߆ࠄࠛࠬࠞ࡟࡯࠲࡯ᣇᑼߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘ᢎຬ㙃ᚑᢎ⢒߆ࠄୃ჻⺖⒟߳㧘ኾ㐷ඳ჻⺖⒟߳ߣㅴ߹ߖࠆ㧘⚥ㅴ⊛ߥ⚻〝ࠍ૞ࠅߚ޿ߣᕁߞ
ߡ޿߹ߔ‫᧪ޕ‬ᐕએ㒠ᢎຬ⾗ᩰࠍᓧࠆቇ↢ߪ㧘ߘߩ⾗ᩰࠍୃ჻⺖⒟ߦᔅⷐߥන૏ߩඨಽߣߒ
ߡ૶߃ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ࠄߥߗߥޕ‬㧘ᒰᩞߩᢎຬ⾗ᩰߪ㧘ࡂࠗ࡟ࡌ࡞ߩ ITE㧔initial teacher
education㧕⾗ᩰߢ޽ࠅ㧘න૏ߪ MA ߩඨಽࠍ⹺߼ࠄࠇࠆߦචಽߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄߢߔ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘ߎߩ૞ᬺߦࠃࠅ㧘ᢎ⢒࠺ࠖࡌ࡯࠻ߦ㑐ߒߡᵈ⋡ࠍᶎ߮ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠅ㧘ᢎ⢒ࡑࡀ࡯ࠫࡔࡦ࠻
ࠍ⎇ⓥߔࠆߥߤ㧘⥄ࠄࠍ⎇ⓥߔࠆࠦ࡯ࠬࠍ⸳ቯߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ߘߒߡ㧘ߘߩ࿖ౝ߅ࠃ߮࿖㓙⥰บߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ᚒ߇ᩞߪ㧘࿾రߢ޽ࠆࡠࡦ࠼ࡦߣኒߦ㑐ࠊࠆࠃ߁㧘߆ߥࠅᄙߊߩขࠅ⚵ߺࠍⴕߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ࠍࠇߘޕ‬ฃߌߡ㧘᭽‫ߥޘ‬ㅴዷ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬৻ߟߪ㧘ࡠࡦ࠼ࡦ࡮࠴ࡖ࡟ࡦࠫ㧔London Challenge㧕ߢ㧘ߎࠇߪࡠࡦ࠼ࡦౝߩឭ៤ᩞߣቇ
ᩞߩㆇ༡㒯ࠍኻ⽎ߦߒߚ࠽࡚ࠪ࠽࡞࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߣㅪ៤ߒߡ㧘ࡠࡦ࠼ࡦࠍਛᔃߦዷ㐿ߒߡ޿ࠆࡠࡦ࠼ࡦ࡮࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ࡮࠮ࡦ࠲࡯㧔London Leadership Centre㧕ࠍ฽ࠎߛ㧘ࡠࡦ࠼ࡦߩ ᜰ ዉ ߩ ਛ ᩭ ߣ ߥ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߦ 㑐 ߔ ࠆ ߽ ߩ ߢ ߔ ‫ ࡯ ࡝ ࠻ ࡜ ࡏ ࡜ ࡮ ࠫ ࠶ ࡟ ࠽ ޕ‬㧔 Knowledge
Laboratory㧕ߪ㧘ᛛⴚ㐿⊒ߣㇺᏒᢎ⢒ߣ޿ߞߚಽ㊁ߦขࠅ⚵ࠎߢ޿߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬㧘ࡠࡦ࠼ࡦ޽ࠆ޿ߪㇺᏒߦ߅ߌࠆᢎ⢒ߦ․᦭ߥߩߪ㧘਎⇇ਛߢߪઁߩㇺᏒߣߩㅪ៤ߩ଀ࠍ 40 ઙ߶ߤ⡊ߦߒߡ޿߹ߔ߇㧘࿖㓙⊛ߥㅪ៤㧘࿖㓙੤ᵹ✂ࠍឭଏߒ㧘⥄࿖ߢ਎⇇৻ᵹߦߥࠈ߁ߣߔ
ࠆߎߣߢߔ‫ߪߢࠇߘޕ‬㧘ᚒ‫߇ޘ‬ኾ㐷⊛⚵❱ߣߒߡߤߩࠃ߁ߦ૏⟎ߠߌߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ߏ⺑᣿ߢ߈߹ߒߚߩߢ㧘Ⓑ၂వ↢ߦ߅㄰ߒߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬Ⓑ၂‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬㧞ᯏ㑐ߩㅪ៤ߦߟ޿ߡ߅⹤ߒ߹ߒࠂ߁‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬දജߪᆎ߹ࠅߢߔ‫ޕ‬දജࠍ⛯ߌࠆߎߣ߇ㅴዷߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬දജߒߡ઀੐ࠍᚑߒㆀߍࠇ߫
ᚑഞߣ޿߃߹ߔ‫ ޕ‬ᤓᐕ㧘IoE ߆ࠄ޿ߚߛ޿ߚᢥᦠߩਛߦ਄⸥ߩࡈ࡟࡯࠭ࠍ⷗ߟߌ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ㆊ෰㧟ᣣ㑆㧘IoE ߩ⡯ຬ㧟ฬ߇ᄢ㒋ߦ޽ࠆᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇࠍ⸰໧ߒ߹ߒߚ‫⸰ޕ‬໧⠪ߪ㧘Watson
ᢎ᝼ߣ Gough ᢎ᝼㧘࿖㓙㐿⊒ㇱ㐷ߩ Chris Price ߐࠎߢߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߩࠬ࠲࠶ࡈ߇㧘ᣣᧄߩᄢቇ߿ᢎຬ㙃ᚑߩ⃻⁁㧘ߐࠄߦߪ㧘ᄢቇ⹏ଔ߿࿖㓙ൻᚢ⇛ߥߤߦߟ޿ߡࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹
࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍⴕ޿߹ߒߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ߎߩࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦߟ޿ߡᴛጊߩߎߣࠍ⹤ߒว޿㧘ߘߒߡᤤ㘩߿ᄕ㘩ߩ႐ߢ߽⼏⺰ߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ᚒ‫ࠍࡦ࡚ࠪ࠶ࠞࠬࠖ࠺ߩࠄࠇߎߪޘ‬ㅢߓߡ㧘ਔᄢቇߩㅪ៤ߩ⋡ᮡࠍ⸳ቯߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ㅪ៤ߩ⋡ᮡߪ㧡ߟ‫ޕ‬㧝ߟ⋡ߪ㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒ࡐ࡝ࠪ࡯ߩᄌൻߩᢥ⣂ߦኻᔕߒߚᚢ⇛ߣ⸘↹ࠍᛂߜ┙ߡࠆߎߣ‫ޕ‬㧞ߟ⋡ߪ㧘ᢎ⢒ߣߘߩ⡯ᬺ⊛ᢎ⢒߳ߩℂ⸃ࠍ࿖㓙ൻߔࠆߎߣ‫ޕ‬㧟ߟ⋡ߪ㧘ᜰዉߣቇ⠌ߣ⎇ⓥߩജ㊂ࠍ㜞߼ࠆߎߣ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘㧠ߟ⋡ߪ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩ㐿⊒ㆊ⒟ߦ⡯ຬ㧘ቇ↢㧘࿾ၞ␠ળߩࡄ࡯࠻࠽࡯ߦ㑐ਈߒߡ߽ࠄ߁ߎߣ‫ᦨߡߒߘޕ‬ᓟߪ㧘਄⸥ߩ⋡ᮡ㆐ᚑߦะߌߡౕ
૕⊛ߦ౒ห૞ᬺࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ‫ߩߎޕ‬㧡ߟߩ⋡ᮡߪ㧘ㅪ៤ߩ⋡ᮡߦߟ޿ߡ⹤ߒวߞߚ⚿ᨐߢ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ߎߎߦ㧘ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߩ⡯ຬ߇ᤓᐕ㧞᦬ߦ IoE ࠍ⸰໧ߒߚᓟߩਔᄢቇߩㅪ៤ߩ⚻ㆊࠍ߹ߣ߼߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߢߪ㧘ᤓᐕ߆ࠄ੹ᐕߦ߆ߌߡ㧟࿁ߦࠊߚࠅ㧘Whitty ቇ㐳ࠍ฽߻
IoE ⡯ຬ㧡ฬߩ⸰໧ࠍฃߌ߹ߒߚ‫ߦࠇߘޕ‬ኻߒߡ㧘ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߩ⡯ຬߣᄢ㒋ߩ࿾ᣇᢎ⢒ᒰዪ㧘ߟ߹ࠅᄢ㒋ᐭᢎ⢒ᆔຬળߪ㧘੹ᐕߦ㧞࿁ߩ IoE ⸰໧ࠍ੍ቯߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߣ IoE ߪ㧘ᣢߦᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߦ߅޿ߡᢎᏧᢎ⢒ߩࠗࡁࡌ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦ㑐ߔࠆ౒หࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ
࠻ߦ⌕ᚻߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢ㒋ߩ࿾ᣇᢎ⢒ᒰዪ㧘ߟ߹ࠅᄢ㒋ᐭᢎ⢒ᆔຬળߪ㧘੹ᐕ㧘ቇᩞᢎᏧߩᣂណ↪ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍࠬ࠲࡯࠻ߒ߹ߒߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ᣂࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߦࠃࠅ㧘ቇᩞᢎᏧߣߒߡ઀੐ߦዞ
ߊ೨ߦ㧘ᢎຬណ↪⹜㛎ߦวᩰߒߚᢎᏧᔒᦸ⠪ߪ㧘ቇᩞߢߩᢎ⡯ᵴേߦ౉ࠆ೨ߦᄢቇ㒮ߦⴕߊߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߪ㧘ᄢ㒋ᐭᢎ⢒ᆔຬળߣㅪ៤ߒߡ㧘ណ↪೨ᢎຬᢎ⢒㧔PJT㧕ߣ޿߁ᣂߒ޿ࡊ
ࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍ㐿⊒ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬IoE ߪ㧘ᣂⷙࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߣ⚿ᨐࠍ⹏ଔߔࠆ੍ቯߢߔ‫ߎޕ‬ߩ౒หࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߪ㧘੹ᐕߣ᧪ᐕ㧘ᢎຬᢎ⢒ߩࠗࡁࡌ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩࠣ࠶࠼࡮ࡊ࡜ࠢ࠹ࠖࠬ
ߩ৻ߟߣߒߡ㧘ᣣᧄ᡽ᐭ߆ࠄᡰេࠍฃߌߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߦ߅ߌࠆᢎຬᢎ⢒ߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߦߪ㧘㧞ߟߩࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬1 ߟߪ㧘ᄢቇ࡟ࡌ࡞ߢߩᢎຬ㙃ᚑᢎ⢒‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘㧞ߟ⋡ߪ㧘ᄢቇ㒮࡟ࡌ࡞ߢߩቇᩞᢎᏧะߌߩ⃻⡯ᢎ⢒ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫ߩޘ‬ᣂߒ޿ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߪ㧘ᄢቇ㒮ߢߩណ↪೨ᢎຬᢎ⢒ߣ޿߁ᢎຬᢎ⢒ߩ╙ਃߩࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ࠍഃㅧߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ߽ߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ߎߎߦ㧘IoE ߣᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߩㅪ៤੐ᬺߩో૕௝ߦߟ޿ߡ߹ߣ߼߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬㧠ߟߩㅪ៤ࡊࡠ

ࠫࠚࠢ࠻߇ᣢߦ㐿ᆎߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔߩߢ㧘ਔࠨࠗ࠼ߢㄭ޿߁ߜߦน⢻ߥ㒢ࠅᱷࠅߩㅪ៤㗄⋡ࠍ⊒ዷߐߖࠆߟ߽ࠅߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᢎຬᢎ⢒ߪ㧘ࡠ࡯ࠞ࡞ߥ⹜ߺߦߣߤ߹ࠄߕ㧘ࠣࡠ࡯ࡃ࡞ߥ⹜ߺ
ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߣ IoE ߪ㧘ਔᯏ㑐߇ࠣࡠ࡯ࡃ࡞ࡄ࡯࠻࠽࡯ߣߒߡㅪ៤ߒߡ޿ߊߦ޽ߚߞ
ߡ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚ⠨߃ࠍ౒᦭ߒߡ޿ߊߟ߽ࠅߢߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬⠨߃ᣇߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘Gough ᢎ᝼߇⹦ߒ
ߊ⺑᣿ߒߡߊࠇ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬Gough‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ߘࠇߢߪ㧘ᢎຬᢎ⢒ࠍ਎⇇⊛ߥⷞὐߢ⠨߃ࠆߥࠄ߫㧘ߘࠇ߇૗ߥߩ߆᣿⊕ߦߒߥߌࠇ߫
ߥࠅ߹ߖࠎ߇㧘ታ㓙ߪ㧘ᄙዋㄟߺ౉ߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߦ৻╙ޕ‬㧘ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬㧘‛੐ࠍ⎇ⓥਛߩᢎ⡯ຬࠍᛴ߃ߡ߅ࠅ㧘ᓐࠄߪᏱߦ‛੐ࠍቇ߮㧘਎⇇ߩᣂߒ޿‛੐ߦߟ޿ߡቇࠎߢ޿߹ߔ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬㧘ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬ቇ↢ߩ㑐ᔃࠍߘߩቇ⠌ߦᒁ߈ߟߌ㧘ቇ↢߇⥄ಽߢቇ⠌ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦቇ⠌ᣇᴺࠍᢎ߃
ࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬ᢎຬ㙃ᚑᢎ⢒ߢߪ㧘ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬㧘ᢎᏧߦᜰዉᣇᴺ㧘ቇ⠌ᣇᴺࠍᢎ߃
ࠃ߁ߣߒ߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬㧘ᚒ‫ߩߟ৻ߢߌߛޘ‬ᯏ㑐ౝߢߎࠇࠄࠍ⹜ⴕߒߡ♽⛔ൻߔࠆߣ޿߁
ߩߪ㧘㕖Ᏹߦ㔍ߒ޿ⶄวࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߢߔ‫ޟޕ‬਎⇇⊛ߥⷞὐߢ⠨߃ߡߺ߹ߒࠂ߁‫ޟޠ‬ᚒ‫ࠇߘߪޘ‬ࠍߤߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘ߤߩߋࠄ޿⎇ⓥߔࠇ߫޿ߩߢߒࠂ߁߆‫ޕޠ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ߟ߹ࠅ㧘ㅢᏱ㧘ߤࠎߥ࠲ࠗࡊߩ⚵❱ࠍߺߡ߽㧘޽ࠆᗧ๧ߢታⴕߔߴ߈‛੐߇ᦨૐ㒢ߒ߆ߢ߈ߡ޿ߥ޿௑ะߦ޽ࠅ㧘ᄢቇߪ⎇ⓥࠍߔࠆ႐ߢߔ߇㧘㧔ᄢቇ߇㧕⥄ಽ⥄りࠍ⎇ⓥߔࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߪචಽߦⴕࠊࠇߡ޿߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫⎇߇ޘ‬ⓥߩኻ⽎ߦㆡ↪ߒߡ޿ࠆ࡞࡯࡞ࠍᚒ‫⥄ޘ‬りࠍ⎇ⓥߔࠆߚ߼ߦㆡ↪ߒߡ޿߹ߖࠎ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߘޕ‬ℂ↱߆ࠄ㧘ᢎຬ㙃ᚑᢎ⢒㧘ᄢቇ࠮ࠢ࠲࡯ߢ
ߪᧃ┵ಽ㊁ߣߺߥߐࠇࠆ႐ว߇ᄙ޿ߢߔ߇㧘ߘࠇߪ㆑߁ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬వㅀߩࠃ߁ߦቇ↢ᢙߛߌߢߪߥߊ㧘ቇ⠌ߣᜰዉߩ᭎ᔨߦ߅޿ߡߚ޿߳ࠎ㊀ⷐߥߩߢߔ‫߇ࠇߙࠇߘޕ‬ኾ㐷ᢎ⢒ߦ㑐ࠊࠆ႐ว㧘ߎࠇߪ߹ߚ㙃ᚑ㧘ᕁᘦᷓ޿⎇ⓥᖱႎဳߩኾ㐷ታ⠌ߦ㑐ㅪߒߡ߈߹ߔ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬߹ߚ㧘ᕁᘦᷓ޿⎇ⓥᖱႎဳᯏ㑐ߢ޽ࠆ㧘ᚒ‫ߦ❱⚵ߩޘ‬㑐ㅪߒߡߊࠆߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ߦ߽ߥࠅ߹
ߔ‫ޕ‬਎⇇⊛ߥ⠨߃ᣇߪ㧘ߘߩࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߩᓎߦ┙ߜ߹ߔ‫⥄ޕ‬࿖ߦߟ޿ߡቇ߱ߚ߼ߦᶏᄖߦⴕ
ߊߣ޿߁ߩߪ㆏ℂߢ㧘ᣣᧄߦṛ࿷ߒߚߎߎᢙᣣ㑆߆ࠄ㧘ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߩᣇ‫ߣޘ‬਄⸥ߩขࠅ
⚵ߺ߳ߩኻಣᣇᴺߦߟ޿ߡ࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦߒߚߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘ࡠࡦ࠼ࡦᄢቇߩࠗࡦࠬ࠹ࠖ
࠴ࡘ࡯࠻࡮ࠝࡉ࡮ࠛ࠺ࡘࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦߟ޿ߡᄙߊࠍቇࠎߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬IoE ߪ OKU ߣ૗ᐕߦ߽ᷰࠅදജߒว߃ߚߎߣࠍ⹶ࠅߦᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬‫ޤ ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޣ‬ߘߒߡ㧘ࡠࡦ࠼ࡦᄢቇߩࠗࡦࠬ࠹ࠖ࠴ࡘ࡯࠻࡮ࠝࡉ࡮ࠛ࠺ࡘࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߪ㧘੹ᓟ㧘ᢙᐕ㑆㧘౒ߦㅪ៤ߔࠆᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߩࡄ࡯࠻࠽࡯ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⹶ࠅߦᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߏ߁ߣ߇ࠅ޽ޕ‬ߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᄢ㦮Ⓑ၂ቇ㐳ߣ Gough ᢎ᝼㧘᣿ᔟߢ㕖Ᏹߦ⥝๧ᷓ޿ࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍߒߡߊߛߐߞߡ㧘޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ߪߢࠇߘޕ‬㧘ߎࠇ߆ࠄળ႐߆ࠄᗧ⷗߿⾰໧ࠍ߅ฃߌߒߚ޿ߣᕁ޿
߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߩ☨Ꮉᢎ᝼ߦ߽ടࠊߞߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ਔᄢቇߩߎߩㅪ៤ࠍᒝജߦផ
ㅴߐࠇߚᣇߢߔ‫ߪߢࠇߘޕ‬㧘ࠦࡔࡦ࠻߿⾰໧߇޽ࠅ߹ߒߚࠄߤ߁ߙ‫ޕ‬
Stockwellࡁ࠶࠹ࠖࡦࠟࡓᄢቇߩ Peter Stockwell ߢߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬ㅪ៤ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߦߪ㧘␠ળ⑼ቇߣᢎ⢒ߩಽ㊁ߢߪ․ߦ㧘౒ห⎇ⓥߦߐࠄߥࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫․ߪࠇߎޕ‬೎ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ᄢቇᵴേߩ
ߘߩઁߩࠛ࡝ࠕߦߟ޿ߡߊࠆᕁ޿߇ߌߥ޿೽↥‛ߢ޽ࠆߣ㧘⑳ߦߪߘ߁ᕁ߃߹ߔ‫ࠄߜߤޕ‬ߩ႐วߢ߽⾆ᩞ㧔IoE㧕ߣࡄ࡯࠻࠽࡯㧔OKU㧕ߪ߅੕޿ߦ㧘ᯏ㑐⥄૕߇⚛᥍ࠄߒ޿⎇ⓥ࡝
࠰࡯ࠬߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬႐ว㧘ᢎ⢒೙ᐲߣᱧผో⥸ߦ㑐ߔࠆᲧセ⎇ⓥߩᯏળߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ౕ૕⊛ߦ⸒޿߹ߔߣ㧘ߘࠇࠍ੹ᓟ᭽‫⥝ߥޘ‬๧ᷓ޿ᣇᴺߢ⎇ⓥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߣߒߡ⊒ዷߐߖࠆߎߣࠍ⠨߃ߡ߅ࠄࠇࠆߩߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬Gough߃߃㧘⠨߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߪߦ࠻ࠬ࡝ߩ࠼ࠗ࡜ࠬޕ‬㧘ᣢߦታⴕਛߩߎߣ߇㕍⦡ߢ㧘੹ᓟታⴕߒ
ߚ޿ߣ⠨߃ࠆߎߣࠍ㤥⦡ߢ⸥ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߩߚߥ޽ޕ‬ᗧ⷗ߦోߊหᗧߒ߹ߔ‫ࠅ⸘ߪࠇߎޕ‬⍮ࠇߥ޿߶ߤߩ⦟޿ᯏળߢߔ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥߦߪ⾗㊄߇ᔅⷐߢߔ߆ࠄ㧘ᚒ‫߇ޘ‬ᮨ⚝ߔࠆᔅⷐߩ޽ࠆߎ
ߣߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫ߪ࡞ࠠࠬߩޘ‬ਥߦ⎇ⓥഥᚑ㧘⧷࿖ౝߩ⾗㊄ឭଏࠍਛᔃߦฃߌߡ޿ࠆߩߢ㧘ߘࠇ߇᜸ᚢߣߥࠆߩ߆ุ߆ߪ߹ߛࠊ߆ࠅ߹ߖࠎ߇㧘࿖㓙౒หࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߦ㑐ᔃࠍᜬߟ⾗㊄ଏ
⛎⠪߿ၮ㊄㧘ᣣᧄቇⴚᝄ⥝ળ߆߽ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎ߇㧘ࠍ⷗ߟߌࠆദജࠍߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬᣿ࠄ߆ߦ㕖Ᏹߦ⦟޿⠨߃ߢߔ‫ޕ‬☨Ꮉ࡚ࠫࠗࡦ࠻࡮࡝ࠨ࡯࠴ࠍߤߩࠃ߁ߦߒߡ૞ߞߡ޿ߊ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ㧘ߣߡ߽㊀ⷐߥߎߣߢߔ‫ᦨޕ‬ೋߩ╙৻ᱠߣߒ߹ߒߡ㧘ᚒ‫߇ޘ‬ᢎຬ㙃ᚑ GP ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭߆ࠄ޿ߚߛ޿
ߚ߽ߩߢߔ߆ࠄ㧘߹ߕᚒ‫ߩޘ‬ᣇ߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߦࡊ࡟࡚ࠫࡉ࡮࠹ࠖ࡯࠴ࡦࠣࠍᄢቇ㒮↢ߦⴕ߁߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ࠍߟߊࠅ㧘ߘߩߎߣߦߟ޿ߡ IoE ߇⹏ଔߔࠆߣ޿߁
ࠃ߁ߥߎߣࠍ⠨߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߩߎޕ߆߁ߤ߆ࠆ߃޿ߣ࠴࡯ࠨ࡝ߪࠇߎޕ‬੐ᬺߪࠛ࠺ࡘࠤ࡯ࠪ
࡚ࡦߢ߽޽ࠅ߹ߔߒ㧘߹ߚ߭ߣߟߩᣂߒ޿⹜ߺߢ߽޽ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ࠆߔߣߞࠂ߭ߪࠇߎޕ‬ߣᣣᧄߩ⎇ⓥⅣႺࠍᄌ߃ߡ޿ߊ㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪᢎ⢒ⅣႺࠍᄌ߃ߡ޿ߊน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿
߆ߣ⑳୘ੱߪᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߕ߹ޕ‬㕖Ᏹߦౕ૕⊛ߥߣߎࠈ߆ࠄ಴⊒ߒߚߣ޿߁ߩ߇੐ታߢ㧘╙৻ᱠߢߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ߡߒߦࠬ࡯ࡌࠍࠇߘޕ‬㧘଀߃߫㧘੹ߩߣߎࠈ੹ᐕߩ㧥᦬ߦᄢቇ㒮ߩቇ↢ࠍ IoE ߩᣇߦㅍࠅ߹ߒߡ㧘ߘߎߢᢎ⢒ታ⠌ࠍⴕ߁ߣ‫ޕ‬ታ㓙ߩࠬ࠴ࡘ࡯࠺ࡦ࠻࡮࠹ࠖ࡯࠴
ࡦࠣߣ޿޿߹ߔ߆㧘ਥߦⷰኤ㧔observation㧕߇ਛᔃߦߥࠆ߆ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ߇㧘㧝ㅳ㑆߆ࠄ㧞ㅳ㑆ߩ㑆㧘ߘߎߦㅍࠅㄟࠎߢ㧘ᓐࠄ߇ᶏᄖ૕㛎ࠍⓍߺ㧘ߘߩߎߣߦࠃߞߡ㧘࿖㓙⊛ߥቴⷰᕈ㧔perspective㧕ࠍᜬߞߚᢎᏧࠍ⢒ߡࠆ㧘߭ߣߟߩ␆ߦߥࠆߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߎߩߎߣ⥄૕ߪ㧘⑳߽␠ળቇ⠪ߢߔ߇㧘㕖Ᏹߦ㕙⊕޿⹜ߺߢ㧘ࠤ࡯ࠬ࡮ࠬ࠲࠺ࠖߣߒߡ߽
ߣߡ߽㕙⊕޿ߣᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߪ࠻࡞ࠩ࡝ߩߎߡߒߘޕ‬ᓟߢߘ߁޿߁ߎߣࠍᬌ⸽ߔࠆߎߣߦ
ࠃߞߡ಴ߡߊࠆߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘╙৻ᱠߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᄙಽ㧘߽ߞߣᓟߦ⦡‫ߥޘ‬߽ߩ߇಴ߡߊࠆ߆ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ߇㧘੹ߪ߹ߛߘߩࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߩᲑ㓏ߦ޽ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬Pollack㕖Ᏹߦ⥝๧ᷓ޿ࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍ޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ߏޕ‬ឭ᩺ߩㅪ៤ߩ೨ඨߦ
⊒⷗ߒߚߣ߅ߞߒ߾ࠄࠇߚᢎቶᢥൻߦߟ޿ߡ㧘᳿ቯ⊛ߥᢥൻߩ㆑޿ߩ߁ߜߩ޿ߊߟ߆ࠍ
ᚒ‫ߦޘ‬ᢎ߃ߡ޿ߚߛߌࠇ߫ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬☨Ꮉࠢ࡜ࠬ࡞࡯ࡓߩࠞ࡞࠴ࡖ࡯㧘⑳߽૗࿁߆ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩᄢቇߦߪⴕߞߚߎߣ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ߇㧘ቇᩞ࡟ࡌ࡞ߢ޿߁ߣ㧘ߤߩ࡟ࡌ࡞ߢ߅ߞߒ߾ߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢߒࠂ߁߆‫ޕ‬ೋ╬ਛ╬ቇᩞ߆㜞╬ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐߆ߦࠃߞߡᄢಽ㆑޿߹ߔߨ‫ߪߩ߁޿ߣࠬ࡜ࠢߩࠬ࡝ࠡࠗߦ⊛⥸৻ޕ‬㧘㕖Ᏹߦ୘೎ൻ㧔individualize㧕ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ࠇߘޕ‬㧘଀߃߫⑳߇߮ߞߊࠅߒߚߩߪ㧘▚ᢙߩᤨ㑆ߦ㧘↢ᓤ߇ᄢ૕ 20 ੱߋࠄ޿ߩࠢ࡜ࠬߢ㧘ߘߎߢ㧠⒳㘃ߩ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ࠍ૶ߞߡ޿߹ߒ
ߚ‫ߪߣߎߥ߁ࠃ߁޿߁ߘޕ‬ᣣᧄߢߪ⛘ኻ⿠ߎࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬వ↢ߪߤ߁޿߁ᓎഀࠍᨐߚߒߡ޿ࠆ
߆ߣ޿ߞߚࠄ㧘ⷐߔࠆߦࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࠲ߩᓎഀࠍᨐߚߒߡ޿߹ߒߚ‫ߢࠇߘޕ‬㧘૗ࡍ࡯ࠫ߆
ࠄ૗ࡍ࡯ࠫ߹ߢ߿ࠅߥߐ޿ߣ޿߁ࠃ߁ߥߎߣࠍ߿ߞߡ޿ߚߩߢߔ‫ߪߣߎߥ߁ࠃ߁޿߁ߘޕ‬ᣣᧄߢߪ᳿ߒߡ⿠ߎࠄߥ޿ߎߣߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔߨ‫ߩࠬ࡝ࠡࠗޕ‬వ↢߽㕖Ᏹߦᣣᧄߩవ↢ߣૃߚవ↢߇޿ࠄߞߒ߾޿߹ߒߡ㧘㧝ߟߩࠢ࡜ࠬࠍ㧝ߟߩ߽ߩߣߒߡᛒ߁‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߩᢎຬ୥⵬↢޽ࠆ޿ߪࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩᢎຬ୥⵬↢߇߅੕޿ߩ࿖ߩࠢ࡜ࠬࠍ⷗ࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ㧘⥄ಽ㆐ߩᢎ߃
ᣇࠍᄌ߃ߡ޿ߊน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߩవ↢ߪ㧘ߣ߽ߔࠇ߫㕖Ᏹߦ㓸࿅ਥ⟵⊛ߥ߽ߩߩ⠨߃ᣇࠍߔࠆ‫ޕ‬หߓࠃ߁ߥߎߣࠍ↢ᓤߦ᳞߼ࠆߩߛߌࠇߤ߽㧘߿ߞ߬ࠅ↢ᓤߪߘࠇߙࠇ㆑߁ߎߣࠍቇ߱ߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߩࠬ࡝ࠡࠗࠄ߆ࠇߘޕ‬వ↢ߪ㧘߽ߒᣣᧄߦ᧪ࠄࠇߚࠄ㧘ࠢ࡜ࠬߣ޿߁ߩߪࡃ࡜ࡃ࡜ߥሽ࿷ߢߪߥ޿ߩߛ㧘㧝ߟߩ߽ߩߦߥࠅᓧࠆ
ߩߛߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍㅒߦቇ߱น⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆ‫⥄ߣߎߩߘޕ‬૕߇㕖Ᏹߦ㕙⊕޿ᢥൻ੤ᵹߦߥࠆ߆
ߥߣ޿߁߰߁ߦᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫߁޿߁ߘߪ߃╵ߩ⑳ޕ‬ᒻߢࠃࠈߒ޿ߢߒࠂ߁߆‫ޕ‬ᄢ㦮 ߤ߁ߙ‫ޕ‬⼱ญᢎ⢒⇌ߥ߽ߩߢߔ߆ࠄ㧘࡚ࠫࠗࡦ࠻࡮࡝ࠨ࡯࠴ߩ㔍ߒߐߣ޿߁ߩߪ㧘ᢎ⢒ߣ޿޿߹ߔߣ

ᱧผ⊛㧘વ⛔⊛㧘ߘࠇ߆ࠄ᡽ᴦ೙ᐲ㧘ߘ߁޿ߞߚ߽ߩߦ㕖Ᏹߦᷓߊᩮߑߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߒߡ㧘࿖ࠍ⿥߃ߡߩ࡚ࠫࠗࡦ࠻࡮࡝ࠨ࡯࠴ࠍߔࠆߣ޿߁ߣᲧセߪߢ߈ࠆߩߢߔߌࠇߤ߽㧘หߓࠃ߁ߥ⋡⊛ߦะ߆ߞߡ޽ࠆ⎇ⓥࠍߔߔ߼ࠆߎߣߩ㔍ߒߐߣ޿߁ߩߪ㕖Ᏹߦᗵߓߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬․ߦߘࠇߪᢎ⢒ߛߌߢߪߥߊߡੱᢥ⑼ቇߩ޽ࠄࠁࠆಽ㊁ߦ౒ㅢߩᖠߺߛߣᕁ߁ߩߢߔ߇㧘
ੱᢥ⑼ቇ♽ߩ࿖㓙᳓Ḱൻߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ⠨߃ߚᤨߦ㧘ߤߩࠃ߁ߦ࡚ࠫࠗࡦ࠻࡮࡝ࠨ࡯࠴ࠍߒ
ߡ޿ߎ߁߆㧘ߘߒߡ࿖ࠍ⿥߃ߡߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ㧘ߘߒߡ߹ߚ࿖㓙⊛ߥ᳓Ḱߦ߅޿ߡ⎇ⓥࠍㅴ߼ࠆߣ޿ߞߚߎߣߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ߤ߁޿ߞߚࠕࠗ࠺ࠖࠕ߇޽ࠆߩ߆㧘ᢎ߃ߡ޿ߚߛߌࠇ߫
ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
Goughᜰ៰ߐࠇ߹ߒߚ໧㗴ὐߪ㧘㕖Ᏹߦ㔍ߒߊⶄ㔀ߥ໧㗴ߢߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘৻⥸⊛ߥ໧㗴ࠍߤߩࠃ߁ߦߒߡౝኈ೎ߩ໧㗴ߦ㑐ㅪߠߌߡ޿ߊ߆ߣ޿߁㧘␠ળ⎇ⓥߩᄙᢙߩ࠲ࠗࡊߦㅢߓࠆߣ
⑳ߪ⠨߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘ࠬ࡜ࠗ࠼ߩ৻ߟߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ታ⸽⊛ⵣઃߌߩ޽ࠆࡐ࡝ࠪ࡯ߣࡊ
࡜ࠢ࠹ࠖࠬߦߟ޿ߡㅀߴ߹ߒߚ‫ߪࠇߘޕ‬㧘⍮ߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍߟߥ߉วࠊߖࠆߚ߼ߩ㕖Ᏹߦ᣿ᔟߢ♽⛔┙ߞߚᚻᴺߢ޽ࠅ㧘ㆊ෰ 10㨪15 ᐕ㑆ߦ⊒ዷߒߡ߈ߚᚻᴺߢߔ‫ߛߚޕ‬㧘⃻ᤨὐߢᦨᣂߩ໧㗴ߪ㧘ߘߩ਎⇇⊛ߥ⎇ⓥ⍮⼂ࠍߤߩࠃ߁ߦ⇣ߥࠆ⢛᥊ߢߩ⇣ߥࠆ⸃㉼ߦ㧘ߘߩ⸃㉼߆ࠄ᭽‫ߥޘ‬⒳㘃ߩታⴕߦ⒖ߒߡ޿ߊߩ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔߨ‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬㧘ᚒ‫ߦޘ‬㑐ߔࠆ㒢ࠅ㧘࿖㓙⊛㧘ో࿖⊛߅ࠃ߮ࡠ࡯ࠞ࡞ߥⷰὐ߫߆ࠅߢߪߥߊ㧘൮᜝⊛߆ߟ⢛᥊೎ߩ⎇ⓥࡔ࠶
࠮࡯ࠫߦ㑐ㅪߒߡ⦟޿࠲ࠗࡒࡦࠣߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢ᫪੹㧘ߜࠂ߁ߤ↹㕙ߩᣇߦᤋߒ಴ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠬ࡜ࠗ࠼ߦ㕖Ᏹߦ㊀ⷐߥߎߣࠍឭ⿠ߐࠇߡ޿
ࠆߣᕁ߁ߩߢߔ߇㧘ߘߩ how to teach㧘how to learn㧘ߘࠇ߆ࠄ how to teach how to teachand how to learn㧘ߎߩߎߣߦߟ޿ߡߥߩߢߔ߇㧘ೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒ߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘੹ߩవ↢ᣇߩ
IoE ߘࠇ߆ࠄᄢᢎᄢߦ߅޿ߡ߽㧘ೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒ࠍਥߚࠆ㗔ၞߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔ߇㧘ೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒ߦ߅޿ߡߪ߹ߛߒ߽㧘ᢎ⢒ߩਛり㧘ࠦࡦ࠹ࡦ࠷ߢߔߨ㧘ౝኈߦ⹦ߒ޿వ↢ߢ޽ࠇ߫޿޿ᢎ⢒߇ߢ߈ࠆߣߪ㒢ࠄߥ޿ߣ‫ޕ‬ౝኈߛߌߢߪᢎ⢒߇ᚑࠅ┙ߚߥ޿ߣ‫ࠬ࡜ࡊޕ‬ㆡಾߥቇ⠌ࠍଦߔࠃ߁ߥᢎ᝼ᴺߣ޿߁ߩ߇ᔅⷐߛߣ޿߁ߩߪⴕ߈ᷰߞߡ޿ࠆ߆ߣᕁࠊࠇࠆߩߢߔ
߇㧘ߘࠇߦᲧߴࠆߣ㜞╬ᢎ⢒㧘ᄢቇᢎ⢒ߦ߅޿ߡߪߘߩὐ߇ೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒એ਄ߦᒙ޿‫ߟޕ‬߹ࠅ㧘⑳ߪ‛ℂߩኾ㐷ኅߢ޽ࠆߣ߆㧘⑳ߪ⚻ᷣቇߩኾ㐷ኅߢ޽ࠆߣ߆޿߁ߎߣߢ⦟޿ᢎ⢒߇ᚑࠅ┙ߟߣ޿߁߰߁ߦᕁ޿߇ߜߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁໧㗴߇㧘ೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒એ਄ߦᄢ߈޿ࠃ߁ߥ
᳇߇ߔࠆߩߢߔ߇㧘߅ߚߕߨߒߚ߆ߞߚߩߪ㧘ߘߎߦࠣࡠ࡯ࡃ࡞࡮ࡄ࡯ࠬࡍࠢ࠹ࠖࡉߣ޿
߁ߎߣߢ㧘߅ߘࠄߊਔᄢቇߩ㑆ߢ੹ᓟߩදജߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ߎ߁޿ߞߚ஥㕙߇ㅊ᳞ߐࠇࠆߩ߆
ߥߣ߅ુ޿ߒߡ޿ߚߩߢߔ߇㧘ߘߩㄝ㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ߽㧘ᄢቇߦ߅ߌࠆᢎ⢒ߦ߽ᔕ↪น⢻ߥࠃ߁ߥ⍮⷗ߣ޿߁߽ߩ߇಴ߡߊࠆߩ߆ߤ߁߆㧘ߘߩᢎ⢒ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ߿ࠞ࡝ࠠࡘ࡜ࡓߦኻߒ
ߡ㧘ߤ߁޿߁ᓇ㗀ࠍ෸߷ߔࠃ߁ߥ㊁ᔃ⊛ߥߎߣࠍ߅⠨߃ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆߩ߆㧘߅ુ޿ߢ߈ࠇ

߫ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫߅ߊߒࠈࠃޕ‬㗿޿޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
Watson଀ߦࠃߞߡ㧘⑳ߩ෹ੱߢ޽ࠆᄢ᫪ߐࠎߪ㧘৻ߟߩ⾰໧ߦ㧟ߟએ਄ߩ⾰໧ࠍ฽߼ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬⑳߇ᕁ޿߹ߔߩߪ㧘৻ߟߪ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߣቇᩞࠞ࡝ࠠࡘ࡜ࡓߣߩ㑐ଥߩ໧㗴ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߟ߹ࠅᓐ߇ࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩ߹ߐߦᦨೋߩㇱಽߢขࠅ਄ߍߚ৻ߟߢ޽ࠅ㧘ᚒ‫߇ޘ‬ታᣉߔࠆ⺞ᩏߩਛᔃߦߥࠆߎߣߢߔ‫ޕ‬㜞╬ᢎ⢒࡟ࡌ࡞ߢߪ㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߌࠆᜰዉߣቇ⠌ߩ⊒ዷߦߟ޿ߡ㧘᥉ㆉ⊛ߢ࿖㓙⊛ߥ໧㗴ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆㆡಾߥᢎ᝼ᴺߦ㑐ߔࠆ໧㗴߇ሽ࿷ߒ߹ߔ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬㧘߅⹤ߒߐࠇߚࡕ࠺࡞ߪ㧘⃻࿷ᦨ߽⾥หࠍᓧߡ޿ࠆࡕ࠺࡞ߢߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ߪ࡞࠺ࡕߩߘޕ‬㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩᢎᏧߪනߦታ⠌↢ࠍᢎ߃ࠆኾ㐷ኅߢ޽ࠆߣߩ᭎ᔨ߆ࠄ㔌ࠇߟߟ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩࠬࡍࠪࡖ࡝ࠬ࠻ߣ⚻㛎⼾ንߥ㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪዋߥ޿ቇ⠌⠪ߣߩኻ⹤ࠍࠕ࡟ࡦࠫߔࠆᣇะ
߳ߣ㧘21 ਎♿㜞╬ᢎ⢒ࠞ࡝ࠠࡘ࡜ࡓߩኾ㐷᭴ᚑߪ⒖ⴕߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫߃޿ߪߣޕ‬㧘ା㗬ߢ߈ࠆ␠ળ⑼ቇ⊛ߥᣇᴺߢ㧘૗߇߁߹ߊ޿ߞߡ૗߇߁߹ߊ޿߆ߥ޿ߩ߆ࠍㆡಾߦ࠹ࠬ
࠻ߢ߈ࠆ૕♽⊛ߥ࿖㓙⊛ⷞ㊁ࠍᚑ㐳ߐߖࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߦหᗧߒ߹ߔ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘
ߎߩ․ቯߩ࿖㓙੤ᵹߦࠃߞߡ㧘߽߁ዋߒታ⸽⊛ⵣઃߌࠍ⏕┙ߢ߈ࠆߢߒࠂ߁‫ޕ‬ᄢ㦮ߘࠈߘࠈᤨ㑆߇ㄼߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ߇㧘ߤ߁ߙ‫ޕ‬⾰໧⠪⥝๧ᷓ޿ㅪ៤ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ขࠅ⚵߻࠲ࠬࠢࠍ߽߁ 1 ߟჇ߿ߔߎߣߦߥࠆ߆߽ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎ߇㧘ߘߩน⢻ᕈߦߟ޿ߡ߅ુ޿ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߩ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥߩ࿖㓙ൻߩᡰᜬ⠪ߣߒߡ㧘Ᏹ‫ޘ‬᳇ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫߫߃ߣߚޕ‬㧘ᣣᧄߦ᧪ߚ޿ߣ⠨߃ࠆઁߩ࿖ߩᄢቇ㒮↢߇㧘ᚒ‫৻ߣޘ‬✜ߦታ㛎ࠍⴕ߁ߣߒ߹ߔ‫ߣࠆߔޕ‬㧘⇐ቇ↢߇․ቯߩ࿖ߢߤߩࠃ߁ߥᢎ⢒ࠍฃߌߡ޿ߚߩ߆
ߣ޽ࠇߎࠇᕁ޿ࠍᎼࠄߒߡߒ߹޿߹ߔ‫ޕ߆ߩࠆߌ޿ߡߞ߿ߊ߹߁ޕ‬ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬㧘ઁߦ․೎ᜰዉ
ࠍḰ஻ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߩ߆㧘߹ߚߪᚒ‫ߦޘ‬૗߆ࠍᢎ߃ߡߊࠇࠆߩߛࠈ߁߆‫ߪߢ੹ޕ‬㧘ߎߩ⒳ߩㅪ៤એᓟ㧘ᣣ⧷߇߆ߥࠅ㘃ૃߒߚὐ߇ᄙ޿ߣ⑳߇⠨߃ߡ޿ࠆߣߒߡ߽㧘ᣣᧄߣਛ࿖㧘ᣣᧄߣࠕࡔ࡝ࠞࠍᲧセߒߡߺࠆߣ㧘ߎࠇߪ㧞࿖㑆ߩᲧセߢ޽ࠅ㧘߁߹ߊ޿ߞߚߣߒߡ߽㧘ኅᣖ߿ሶଏࠍ઻ߞߡ੤ᵹߔࠆߎߣࠍᗐቯߔࠇ߫㧘৻ቯᐕ㦂ߦ߅ߌࠆᢎ⢒ߩ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄ↢ߓࠆ㆑޿ߪࠊߕ߆ߦ޽ࠆ߆߽ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎ‫ߚߒ߁ߘޕ‬㆑޿ࠍᲧセߢ߈ࠇ߫㧘ߘߩઁᄙߊߩ࿖‫ߦޘ‬੹ᓟߘࠇࠍዷ㐿ߢ߈ࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ߒ㧘ߎࠇߦࠃߞߡੱߩ੤ᵹᣇᴺߩ࿖㓙⊛ߥᨒ⚵ߺߦߥࠆน⢻ᕈ߽޽ࠆߢߒࠂ߁‫⥝ߏޕ‬๧߇޽ࠆᣇ㧘⑳ߪ⚿ᨐࠍ⍮ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚࠄߚ޿߳ࠎሜߒ
޿ߢߔ‫ޕߚߒ߹޿ߑߏ߁ߣ߇ࠅ޽ޕ‬ᄢ㦮 ߅ߘࠄߊ㧘޽ߥߚߩ⾰໧ߩ࡟ࡌ࡞ߪ㧘㧞ᯏ㑐ߩㅪ៤ߩ▸࿐ࠍ⿥߃ߚౝኈߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ࠃࠅᄢ߈ߥ⚵❱⊛ߥ⹜ߺ߇ᔅⷐߦߥࠆߢߒࠂ߁‫ޕ‬૗߆ࠦࡔࡦ࠻߿࿁╵ߪ޽ࠅ߹ߔ߆‫ޕ‬☨Ꮉߣߡ߽╵߃ߦߊ޿ߏ⾰໧ߢ㧘ߤ߁޿߁ࠃ߁ߥ࡝ࠩ࡞࠻߇↢߹ࠇࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᦨ⚳⊛ߦߪᢎຬ㙃ᚑߩ਎⇇ߢߔ߆ࠄሶଏࠍߤ߁޿߁߰߁ߦࠗࡦ࠲࡯࠽࡚ࠪ࠽࡜ࠗ࠭ߒߡ޿
ߊ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇㧘ᦨ⚳⊛ߥ⋡⊛ߛࠈ߁ߣᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߢࠇߘޕ‬㧘ᢎᏧ޽ࠆ޿ߪߘߩᢎᏧ
୥⵬ߢ޽ࠆቇ↢ߚߜࠍߤ߁ࠗࡦ࠲࡯࠽࡚ࠪ࠽࡜ࠗ࠭ߒߡ޿ߊ߆ߣ޿߁ߩ߽ߘ߁޿߁ߎߣߢ
ߔ߇㧘ᦨ⚳⊛ߥࠧ࡯࡞ߣ޿߁ߩߪ㧘ᄢቇ߇ᢎᏧᢎ⢒ࠍㅢߓߡ࿖㓙⊛ߥ㧘ࠣࡠ࡯ࡃ࡞ߥ࠰ࠨ
ࠛ࠹ࠖࠍߤ߁ߟߊߞߡ޿ߊߩ߆㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪߤ߁޿߁߰߁ߦߟߊࠇࠆߩ߆ߣ޿ߞߚߎߣߥߩ
ߢߪߥ޿߆ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫߁޿߁ߘޕ‬ᗧ๧ߢߪ㧘଀߃߫ࠞ࡝ࠠࡘ࡜ࡓߩ㕙ߦ߅߈߹ߒߡߪ㧘ᚒ‫ޘ‬ߩᣣᧄߩࠞ࡝ࠠࡘ࡜ࡓߣ޿߁ߩߪߤ߁޿߁߰߁ߥ᭴ㅧߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ߆ߣ޿޿߹ߔߣ㧘଀߃߫㧘ᦨೋߪ㧘߹ߕりㄭߥߣߎࠈ߆ࠄ⍮ࠈ߁ߣ޿߁ࠃ߁ߥߎߣ㧘߹ߕ⥄ಽߩኅߛߣ߆㧘ቇᩞߛߣ߆㧘࿾ၞ␠ળߛߣ߆‫߁߽ޕ‬ዋߒቇᐕ߇⚻ߜ߹ߔߣߎࠇ߇ߛࠎߛࠎ㧘౞๟⁁ߦ᜛߇ߞߡ
ߊࠆߩߢߔߨ‫ߢࠇߘޕ‬㧘࿖㓙⊛ߥ࠮ࡦࠬߪ޿ߟ㙃߁ߩ߆ߣ޿߁ࠃ߁ߥߎߣࠍ⠨߃ߚࠄ㧘㧠ᐕ↢㧘㧡ᐕ↢ߋࠄ޿ߦߥࠆߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᝄࠅ㄰ߞߡ⷗ߡ㧘ᣣᧄߩ᣿ᴦᤨઍߩᢎ⑼ᦠߥߤࠍ⷗
߹ߔߣ㧘ዊቇᩞ㧝ᐕ↢ߩᢎ⑼ᦠߢߔߢߦ਎⇇ߦߪ㧡ߟߩ࿾ၞ߇޽ࠆߣ㧘ᄖ߆ࠄ᡹߼ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᄖ߆ࠄᢎ߃ߡ޿ߊߩ߆㧘ౝ߆ࠄ౉ࠆߩ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߪ㧘ᦨㄭߩᢎ⑼ᦠ࡮ࠞ࡝ࠠࡘ࡜ࡓߪ
ౝ߆ࠄ౉ߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢߔߨ‫⋧ࠍߣߎ߁޿߁ߘޕ‬Ვ㧔compensate㧕ߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪ㧘ᢎᏧ߇޿߆ߦ࿖㓙⊛ߥ࠮ࡦࠬࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߪ࡞࡯ࠧߥ⊛⚳ᦨޕ‬㧘ߥ߆ߥ߆⷗ߟߌߦߊ޿ߩߢߔ߇㧘଀߃߫ࠞ࡝ࠠࡘ࡜ࡓࠍߤ߁޿߁߰߁ߦߟߊߞߡ޿ߊ߆ߣ޿߁ᤨ
ߦ㧘ߎ߁޿߁߰߁ߦਛᔃ⊛ߥߣߎࠈ߆ࠄᄖߦⴕߊߩ߆㧘ᄖ߆ࠄਛߦ౉ߞߡߊࠆߩ߆㧘ߚ߱ࠎਔᣇߩ࡞࡯࠻߇ᔅⷐߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ߇㧘ߘ߁޿ߞߚߎߣߦኻߒߡᚒ‫ߪߩ߁޿ߣߺ⹜ߩޘ‬㧘዁᧪⊛ߦ㕖Ᏹߦലᨐ߇޽ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ޿߁߰߁ߦ⠨߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߣߟߣ߭ߕ߹߇ࠇߘޕ‬޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢ㦮
⑳߽ IoE ߩࡆࠫ࠶࠻ߦหⴕߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚ߇㧘㕖Ᏹߦⴕ߈ዯ޿ߚࡉ࡝࡯ࡈࠖࡦࠣ
ࠍ޿ߚߛ޿ߡ㧘ᭂ߼ߡలታߒߚࠬ࠲࠺ࠖ࡮ࡆࠫ࠶࠻ߦߥߞߚߣᗵߓߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬IoE ߪ߹ߐߦ⧷࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆᢎ⢒⎇ⓥߣᢎຬ㙃ᚑߩਛᔃߣߥࠆᄢቇ㒮ᄢቇߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߘߎߣᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇ߇੤ᵹදቯࠍ⚿ࠎߛߎߣߪ㧘ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߩߚ߼ߦ༑߱ߴ߈ߎߣߢ޽ࠆߩߪ߽ߜࠈࠎߢ޽
ࠅ߹ߔ߇㧘੹ᓟ㧘ᚒ߇࿖ߩᢎຬ㙃ᚑߩ޽ࠅᣇࠍ⠨߃ࠆ਄ߢ㧘ᄢ߈ߥᗧ๧ࠍᜬߟߩߢߪߥ޿
߆ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߏޕ‬ᛚ⍮ߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘ᚒ߇࿖ߢߪ㧘ᄢቇ㒮࡟ࡌ࡞ߢߤߩࠃ߁ߥ߆ߚߜߢᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠍዷ㐿ߔࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇㧘ߕߞߣ ᩺ߦߥߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫੹ޕ‬㧘ᣂߒ޿േ߈߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ
ߌࠇߤ߽㧘ߘࠇࠍ⠨߃ࠆ㓙ߦ㧘IoE ߩ⚻㛎࡮⍮⼂ߣ޿߁߽ߩߪ㧘ߚ޿߳ࠎෳ⠨ߦߥࠆ‫ࠇߘޕ‬߆ࠄ㧘߽߁৻ߟߪߜࠂߞߣਥ㗴ࠍߪߕࠇ߹ߔ߇㧘IoE ߪ㧘⎇ⓥࠍࡃ࠶ࠢߦߒߚࠦࡦࠨ࡞࠹࡯
࡚ࠪࡦߣ޿߁߽ߩࠍ㕖Ᏹߦ㊀ⷞߒߡ߅ࠄࠇ߹ߒߡ㧘෼౉ߩ 18㧑ࠍ⃻ߦࠦࡦࠨ࡞࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦ

߆ࠄᓧߡ޿ࠆ‫␠ޕ‬ળߣߩ㑐ଥࠍ⊒ዷߐߖࠆߣหᤨߦࠗࡦࠞࡓ࡮ࠫࠚࡀ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍⴕߞߡ
޿ࠆߣ޿߁㧘ߚ޿߳ࠎ⥝๧ᷓ޿ᵴേࠍߒߡ޿ࠄߞߒ߾޿߹ߔߩߢ㧘ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߦ߅߆ࠇ
߹ߒߡ߽㧘දജߩᚑᨐࠍ㧘੹ᓟ㧘ઁᄢቇߦ᜛ߍߡ޿ߚߛ߈㧘߹ߚ IoE ߽ߘࠇߦജࠍ߅⾉ߒ޿ߚߛߌࠇ߫ߚ޿߳ࠎ᦭㔍޿ߣ㧘୘ੱ⊛ߦߪ㗿ߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫߅ޕ‬ᚻ߇㧞ߟ᜼߇ࠅ߹ߒߚ߇㧘Cheong ㇱ㐳ߤ߁ߙ‫ޕ‬Cheong޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢ㦮ℂ੐߇੹߅⹤ߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚᦨᓟߩ৻ᢥߢࡐࠗࡦ࠻ࠍ⺰ߓࠄࠇߚࠃ߁ߦᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ข⚵ߺߩ⊒ዷㆊ⒟ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ߎߩ࿖㓙ද⺞ߩ⹏ଔᣇᴺࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆߥ
ࠄ㧘ઁߩᣇ‫⥝ߡߞߣߦޘ‬๧ᷓ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫੹ޕ‬ᓟߩ⚻㛎ࠍㅢߒߡ㧘․ߦ࿖㓙ද⺞ߩࡑࡀ࡯ࠫࡔࡦ࠻߿ߘߩ㔍ߒߐ㧘㓚ო߿໧㗴ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ቇ߱ߎߣ߇޿ߊߟ߽޽ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔߒ㧘ߘࠇࠃࠅᄙߊߩᣇ‫ߦޘ‬ᐢ߼ࠆߩߦᓎ┙ߜߘ߁ߥࡊࡠ࠮ࠬࠍᣧᦼ߆ࠄㆡᱜߦᬌ⸛ߔࠆߥࠄߚ޿
߳ࠎ߅߽ߒࠈ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢ㦮ߘࠇߢߪ㧘ߎߩ࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦߪߎࠇߢ㐽ߓߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㧠ੱߩవ↢ߩࠦࡦ࠻࡝ࡆ
ࡘ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦኻߒߡ㧘ᜉᚻࠍㅍߞߡᗵ⻢ࠍߒߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߎߩ੩ㇺࡈࠜ࡯࡜ࡓ߽⚳ࠊࠅߦㄭߠ߈߹ߒߚ߇㧘✦߼ߊߊࠅߣ޿ߚߒ߹ߒߡ㧘Watson ᢎ᝼ߦࠨࡑ࡝࡯ࠍ߅㗿޿ߒߚ޿ߣሽߓ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬Watson ᢎ᝼㧘ࠃࠈߒߊ߅㗿޿޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
Watson޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫੹ ޕ‬㧘ࠗࡦࠬ࠹ࠖ࠴ࡘ࡯࠻࡮ࠝࡉ࡮ࠛ࠺ࡘࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩ⡯ຬߣߒߡߢߪߥߊ㧘ᒰࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩផㅴᆔຬߩ┙႐߆ࠄዋߒ߅⹤ߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߔ‫ߡߣޕ‬߽ೝỗߦ޽߰ࠇߚ৻ᣣߢ㧘ߎߎߢߔߴߡߩ߹ߣ߼ࠍㅀߴࠆߩߪήℂߢߒࠂ߁‫ޕ‬ౝኈࠍ߹ߣ
߼ࠆߟ߽ࠅߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎߩߢߏ቟ᔃਅߐ޿‫ޕ‬ฦੱ߇⚛᥍ࠄߒ޿ၮ⺞Ṷ⺑߿㧘ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ࠺ࠖ
ࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦ߆ࠄᣂߒ޿ߎߣࠍቇࠎߢᏫࠄࠇࠆߣ㧘⑳ߪ⏕ାߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫࠺࠲ࠬ࡮ࠬ࡯ࠤޕ‬ࠖ߆ࠄ߽૗߆ࠍቇߴߚߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣᦼᓙߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߩࠎ߶ޕ‬ᢙಽ㑆ߛߌ㧘ඦᓟߩᣧ޿ᤨ
㑆ߦឭ␜ߒ߹ߒߚ㧘ੑ㊀ߩࠦࡦ࠮ࡊ࠻ߦᚯࠅߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫ో࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊߩޘ‬૕㧘ᣣ⧷㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ㑐ߔࠆදജࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩᩮᐩߦ޽ࠆߩߪ㧘㕖Ᏹߦዅ޿⋡ᮡߢ޽ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫⋡߇ޘ‬ᜰߔߩߪ‫ޟ‬਎⇇⿥৻ᵹ‫ޠ‬ᄢቇߛߌߢߪߥߊ㧘‫ޟ‬਎⇇⿥৻ᵹ‫ࠅ޽ߢࡓ࠹ࠬࠪߩޠ‬㧘࠮ࠢ࠲࡯ߩ᮸┙ߥߩߢߔ‫࠼ࡦ࡜ࠣࡦࠗߣ࠼ࡦ࡜࠻࠶ࠦࠬޕ‬ߩ࠮ࠢ࠲࡯ߦಽ߆ࠇߡ޿ࠆ߆ุ߆ߦ߆߆ࠊࠄߕ㧘ᧄᣣߩᦨೋߦ Beaumont ᢎ᝼߇߅ߞߒ
߾ߞߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘޽ࠆ⒳ߩ⥄ὼታ㛎ߦଐሽߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆߣᕁࠊࠇ߹ߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬㧘਎⇇⿥৻ᵹߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍ⏕┙ߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪ૗ࠍߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߢߒࠂ߁߆‫ࡑ࡯࠹ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬ߩ৻ㇱߪ㧘ᧄᣣขࠅ਄ߍࠄࠇߚߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߪߦ߼ߚߩߘޕ‬㧘࿖㓙┹੎ജߛߌߢߥߊ࿖㓙⊛⽿છ߇ਇนᰳߢߒࠂ߁‫⚻ޕ‬ᷣߛߌߢߥߊ࿾ၞ␠ળߦ⽸₂ߔࠆࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߽ਇนᰳ

ߢߔ‫ߊࠄߘ߅ޕ‬㧘૏⟎ߠߌߦ㑐ߒߚ࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦ߆ࠄߔࠆߣ㧘ᦨ߽㊀ⷐߥߎߣߪ㧘ᯏ㑐ߩ࠲ࠗࡊߪ᭽‫ߢޘ‬ᓎഀ߽⇣ߥࠆߎߣࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߒߚ߇ߞߡ㧘ജߩ޽ࠆᯏ㑐ߛߌߢߪߥߊߔߴߡߩᯏ㑐ߩ⥄ਥᕈࠍ⚐☴ߦදหᡰេߒ㧘⋧੕ℂ⸃ߔࠆߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߢߔ‫ޕ‬㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩᜬ⛯⊛ଔ୯ߩߚ߼ߩᱠߺߦోജࠍዧߊߒߡ޿ߊߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߢߔ‫ޕ‬⍴ᦼ⊛ߥ┹੎ߩߚ߼ߦߘࠇࠍవᑧ߫ߒߔࠆߎߣߪߢ߈߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬೨ߩ࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦߩ⚳ࠊࠅߦ⹤ߒวߞߚࠃ
߁ߦ㧘ᄢቇߩ਄ጀㇱߛߌߢߪߥߊో૕ߢ㧘ℂᔨ㧘ലᨐ⊛ߥᜰዉജߣㆇ༡▤ℂߦోജࠍᵈߋᔅⷐ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᣣ⧷ߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩ⊒ዷࠍᲧߴࠆߣ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩࡐࠗࡦ࠻ࠍࠃࠅᷓߊℂ⸃ߔࠆߩߦᓎ┙ߟߣ
⑳ߪᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߩ⑳ޕ‬୘ੱ⊛ߥ⷗⸃ߢߔ߇㧘ᧄᣣߩ࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦߦࠃߞߡ㧘ᚒ‫ߦᦝߪޘ‬ㅴൻߒߚߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬᡽╷⎇ⓥߩቇ໧ಽ㊁ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘᡽╷ቇ⠌ߦ㑐ߔࠆᒝജߥ᭴ᗐ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬ᮨᡆቇ⠌ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫┙ޕ‬᩺ߩ⢛᥊ߣߘࠇߦኻߔࠆ෻ᔕߦߟ޿ߡᔀᐩ⊛ߦℂ⸃ߔࠆߎߣߢߔ‫ࠅࠃߦࠇߎޕ‬㧘࿎㔍ߥ⁁ᴫࠍㆱߌࠄࠇ߹ߔߒ㧘ࡕ࠺࡞ߩലᨐࠍ޽ߍࠆߎߣߦ߽ᓎ
┙ߜ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ඦ೨ਛߩ࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦߦ಴ߚ RAE ࠍ੐଀ߣߒߡ޽ߍࠄࠇࠆ߆߽ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ߐࠄߦ㧘࿾ၞ㐿⊒ߪߘߩߎߣߦኻߒߡㅊട⊛ߥ੐଀ߥߩߢߔ‫ߩߎߩ࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊޕ‬Ბ㓏ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘୘‫ߩޘ‬ឭ៤㑐ଥࠍ⥄↱ߦ⊒ዷߐߖࠆߚ߼ߦ㧘㧔ߎߩදജ㑐ଥߣߪ㧕ಽ㔌ߒߚ޿ߣᦸ
߹ࠇࠆ߆߽ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎߒ㧘੹ᣣߎߎߢ⚫੺ߐࠇߚ߽ߩࠃࠅߪࠆ߆ߦᄙߊߩ଀߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬⑳ߪ㧘ㅴዷਛߩ⁁ᴫߦߟ޿ߡ޿ߊߟ߆⦟޿଀߇޽ߞߚߣᕁ޿߹ߔߒ㧘ᦨᓟߩ 30 ಽߦ⹤ߒวߞ
ߚߎߣߛߌߢߪߥߊ㧘ߘߩ߶߆ߦ߽ᄙߊߩߎߣ߇޽ߞߚߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫੹ߪ⑳ޕ‬ᓟ㧘ࡉ࡜ࠗ࠻ࡦ࡮ࠨ࠮࠶ࠢࠬ࿾ᣇߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ᣣᧄડᬺߣㅪ៤ߔࠆࡉ࡜ࠗ࠻ࡦᄢቇߩ TUAT㧔᧲੩ㄘᎿᄢ
ቇ㧕ߩ଀ࠍᕁ޿಴ߒߡߊߛߐ޿‫ߪࠅ߇ߥߟߚߒ߁ߘޕ‬㧘੹ᓟ߽ᜬ⛯ߐࠇࠆߢߒࠂ߁ߒ㧘᣿ࠆ޿ᚑᨐࠍ߽ߚࠄߒߡߊࠇࠆߎߣࠍᦼᓙߒ߹ߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬หᤨߦ㧘ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬㧘࿖ౝ࡟ࡌ࡞ߢ߽
ኻ⹤ࠍ⛽ᜬߒߡ⊒ዷߐߖࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬࿖㓙ൻߦߟ޿ߡ㧘⾰ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ᜰዉജߣㆇ༡
ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘਎⇇⿥৻ᵹߩ೙ᐲߦ߅ߌࠆᯏ㑐ߩᚢ⇛⊛૏⟎ߠߌߦߟ޿ߡߩផㅴᆔຬળ߇⊝᭽ߦઍࠊߞߡᬌ⸛ߔࠆᣂߚߥࠕࠫࠚࡦ࠳߇ᶋ਄ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߦㆡߒߚ႐ᚲࠍ⸳ቯߒߡߊߛߐߞߚ㧘੹࿁ߩડ↹ߩਥ௅ߘߒߡࡄ࡯࠻࠽࡯
ోຬߦᗵ⻢ߩᗧࠍㅀߴߡ㧘⹤ࠍ⚳߃ߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕߚߒ߹޿ߑߏ߁ߣ߇ࠅ޽ޕ‬

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ߤ߁߽޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ᦨޕ‬ᓟߦ⁛┙ⴕ᡽ᴺੱᄢቇ⹏ଔ࡮ቇ૏᝼ਈᯏ᭴㐳ߢ޽ࠅ߹ߔᧁ᧛ቃࠃࠅ㧘㐽ળߩߏ᜿ᜦࠍ↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߔ‫߅ߊߒࠈࠃߪߢࠇߘޕ‬㗿޿ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᧁ᧛⊝᭽㧘ߚ޿߳ࠎ߅∋ࠇ᭽ߢߒߚ‫ࠅߥ߆ߣ߆ߣߎࠆߥ߁ߤޕ‬ᔃ㈩ߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߒߚ߇㧘ߎߩળ⼏ߪᔃ㈩ߔࠆࠊࠅߦߪ㧘޿ߟ߽ߚ޿߳ࠎ߁߹ߊ޿߈߹ߔ‫੹ޕ‬࿁߽߶ߞߣߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߚߛ޿߹ Watson ᢎ᝼߆ࠄࠝ࡯ࡃ࡯ࠝ࡯࡞ߥࠨࡑ࡝࡯߇ߐࠇ߹ߒߚߩߢ㧘⑳ߩශ⽎ߦᱷߞߚߣߎࠈߛߌࠍዋߒ↳ߒ਄ߍߡ㧘ࠢࡠ࡯ࠫࡦࠣ࡮࡝ࡑ࡯ࠢߣߒߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬߅ੑੱ߆ࠄࠝ࡯ࡊ࠾ࡦࠣ࡮ࠕ࠼࡟ࠬࠍ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚᓟߦ Thompson ቇ㐳߆ࠄ㕖Ᏹߦࠢ࡝ࠕ࡮ࠞ࠶࠻ߥ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ࡐ࡝ࠪ࡯ߦߟ޿ߡߩ⺑᣿߇ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫౒⑳ޕ‬㧘ߎߎ㧟ᐕ߶ߤ‫ࡢޟ‬ࠗ࠼࠾ࡦࠣ࡮ࡄ࡯࠹ࠖࠪࡍ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ㧔widening participation㧕‫ࠍ⪲⸒߁޿ߣޠ‬㗫❥ߦ⡞޿ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߢߪߎࠇ߹ߢࠢ࡜ࠬߩ໧㗴ߪߘࠇ߶ߤߥ޿ߣ޿ࠊࠇߡ߅ࠅ߹ߒߚ߇㧘ߎߎߩߣߎࠈߦ᧪ߡ㧘ࠢ࡜ࠬ㑆ᩰᏅ߇߆ߥࠅ಴ߡ߈ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔߩߢ㧘⧷࿖ߢ⠨߃ߡ߅ࠄࠇࠆ
ࠃ߁ߥ㧘ㅴቇߔࠆሶଏ㆐ߩࡈࠖ࠽ࡦࠪࡖ࡞࡮ࡃ࠶ࠢࠣ࡜࠙ࡦ࠼ࠍ⠨߃ߚࡐ࡝ࠪ࡯ࠍขࠅ౉
ࠇࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣᕁߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬1996 ᐕߦ࿖ᄢදߩࡒ࠶࡚ࠪࡦߢ⧷࿖߳ෳ
ࠅ߹ߒߚᤨߦ㧘HEFCE ߽߳ુ޿߹ߒߚ‫ᦨߦᤨߩߘޕ‬ೋߦ⷗ߖࠄࠇߚ⛔⸘㊂㧔statistics㧕
߇੹ߢ߽ߪߞ߈ࠅߣ⸥ᙘߦᱷߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޟߪࠇߘޕ‬ቇ↢߳ߩࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ‫ߦޠ‬㑐ߔࠆ࠺࡯࠲
ߢ޽ࠅ߹ߒߡ㧘⧷࿖ߢ‫ޟ‬ቇ↢߳ߩࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ‫ ߎߎ߇ޠ‬10 ᐕߊࠄ޿㕖Ᏹߦਅ߇ߞߚߎߣࠍ␜ߔ
߽ߩߢߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߦߪ㧘ᒰᤨ㧘ቇ↢ߦኻߔࠆࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߣ޿߁⠨߃ᣇߪ߶ߣࠎߤ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ
ߢߒߚߩߢ㧘ߘߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ⷗ߡᣣᧄߢ߽ቇ↢ࠍਛᔃߦᝪ߃ߡ㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒ࡐ࡝ࠪ࡯ࠍዷ㐿ߔࠆᤨઍ߇᧪ࠆߥߣᒝߊᗵߓߚߩࠍⷡ߃ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ࠇߘޕ‬㧘Thompson ዪ㐳ߩࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ
࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎߢߒߚ߇㧘ᓟߢ Thirunamachandran ㇱ㐳ߣ⹤ࠍߒߡ㧘⑳߇㕖
Ᏹߦ᳇ߦߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍߘߩᰴߦᦠ߆ߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚ‫⧷ޕ‬࿖ߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ࡐ࡝ࠪ࡯ߪ㧘ࡑ࡯ࠤ࠶࠻࡮ࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓࠍఝవߔࠆᣇะߦⴕߞߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߢߔ߇㧘Thirunamachandran ㇱ㐳߽⸅ࠇࠄࠇ߹ߒߚ߇㧘ߘߩࠃ߁ߥ᡽╷ߩ⚿ᨐ㧘଀߃߫ࠢ࡝ࠛࠗ࠹ࠖࡉ࡮ࠕ࡯࠷ߩࠃ߁ߥ
࠺ࠖࠪࡊ࡝ࡦߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘㕖Ᏹߦ⧯⠪ߦੱ᳇߇಴ߡ㧘ߘߩ⚻ᷣലᨐ߽㕖Ᏹߦ㜞ߊߥߞߡ޿
߹ߔ‫ߩߘߒ߆ߒޕ‬෻㕙㧘⧷࿖߇વ⛔⊛ߦᒝ߆ߞߚࡂ࡯࠼࡮ࠨࠗࠛࡦࠬ㧘ࡈࠖࠫ࠶ࠢࠬߣ߆
ࡑࠬߣ߆ࠤࡒࠬ࠻࡝࡯ߢߔߨ㧘ߘ߁޿߁ߣߎࠈߦ᧪ࠆቇ↢ߩ⾰߇ਅ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆߣ⸒߁௑ะ
߇಴ߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߢߔ‫߁޿߁ߘޕ‬ಽ㊁߇㕖Ᏹߦఝࠇߚቇ↢㆐ࠍขࠇߥߊߥߞߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁⹤
߽㧘⧷࿖ߩ෹ੱ߆ࠄ߽㓐ಽ⡞޿ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ࠎ߱ߚޕ‬ᣣᧄߢ߽ߎߩ߹߹޿ߊߣ㧘หߓࠃ߁ߥ
⃻⽎߇⿠߈ߡߊࠆߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ⠨߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߩߘޕ‬ㄝ߽ᣣᧄߣߒߡ⠨߃ࠆߴ߈ߣߎࠈߢ
ߪߥ޿߆ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߘࠇ߆ࠄ⋧Ỉవ↢߆ࠄ಴߹ߒߚ㧘࿖┙ᄢቇߩ⁛┙ⴕ᡽ᴺੱൻߦ㑐ߒߡߩ໧㗴ὐߦߟ޿ߡ
ߢߔ‫߽ᦨޕ‬ᄢ߈ߥ໧㗴ߪ৻⇟਄ߦᦠ޿ߡ߅߈߹ߒߚࡃࠫࠚ࠶࠻࡮ࠞ࠶࠻ߣੱຬ೥ᷫߩ໧㗴ߢߔ‫⋧ޕ‬Ỉవ↢߇߅⸅ࠇߦߥࠄߥ߆ߞߚὐߢᄢ㦮వ↢߿⑳߇ᔃ㈩ߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔߩߪ㧘ࠗࡦࡈ࡜ࠬ࠻࡜ࠢ࠴ࡖ࡯ߦኻߔࠆࡈࠔࡦ࠺ࠖࡦࠣߩ໧㗴ߢߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘ࠝࡍ࡟࡯࡚ࠪ࠽࡞࡮ࡈ
ࠔࡦ࠼ߣߪಾࠅ㔌ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ߹ߒߡ㧘੹ߩߣߎࠈ㧘ቮߦᶋ޿ߚᒻߦߥߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬వ┵
ಽ㊁ߩ⎇ⓥࠍⴕ߁ᑪ‛ߦߟ޿ߡߪ߆ߥࠅߩភ⟎߇ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ߇㧘ၮᧄ⊛ߥㇱಽහߜ㧘ᢎቶ߿ቇ↢ߩෘ↢ᣉ⸳ߣ޿߁ࠃ߁ߥߣߎࠈߪ㕖Ᏹߦ߭ߤ޿⁁ᘒߦߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ࠍࠇߎޕ‬࿖┙ᄢቇߣߒߡߤ߁ߔࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣߪ㧘ߚ޿߳ࠎߦᄢ߈ߥ໧㗴ߢ޽ࠅ߹ߔߩߢ㧘ߎߎߢᜰ៰ߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ߘࠇ߆ࠄ㧘Thirunamachandran ㇱ㐳ߩࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߢߪ㧘㕖Ᏹߦᱜ⋥ߦࡀࠟ࠹ࠖ
ࡉ࡮ࡈࠔࠢ࠲࡯࠭ߦߟ޿ߡ߅⸅ࠇ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚ‫߇ࠣࡦࠗ࡟ࡊ࡮ࡓ࡯ࠥޕ‬ሽ࿷ߔࠆߣ޿߁
ߎߣߪ㧘⑳߽㓐ಽ⧷࿖ߩ෹ੱ߆ࠄ⡞޿ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ේߐࠎߣ޿߁৻ᯅࠍ಴ߚᣇߢ㧘ࠤࡦࡉ࡝࠶ࠫᄢቇߩ࠴ࡖ࡯࠴࡞࡮ࠞ࡟࠶ࠫߢ⚻ᷣቇࠍᢎ߃ߡ޿ߚᣇ߇޿ࠄߞߒ߾޿߹ߔ‫ᤨࠆ޽ޕ‬㧘ᓐ߆ࠄ㔚⹤߇߆߆ߞߡ߈߹ߒߡ㧘ߎ߁޿߁႐ว㧘ᣣᧄߢߪߤ߁ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢߔ߆㧘ߣ⡞߆ࠇߚߎߣ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫⚻ߩࠫ࠶࡝ࡉࡦࠤޕ‬ᷣቇㇱߦ⎇ⓥߢߪ㕖Ᏹߦఝࠇߚᬺ❣ࠍ᜼ߍࠄࠇߡ
߅ࠄࠇࠆߩߦ㧘࠹ࠖ࡯࠴ࡦࠣߪోߊ࠳ࡔߥᣇ߇޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬૗ߣ߆ߎߩᣇࠍᢎ⢒⹏ଔߩᤨߦ㒰ߌ
ࠆᣇᴺߪߥ޿߆ߣ޿߁⋧⺣ߢߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߢߪߤ߁ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢߔ߆ߣ޿߁ߏ⾰໧ߢߒߚ߇㧘ߘߩᤨߪౕ૕⊛ߦ⹏ଔࠍ߿ߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߖࠎߢߒߚߩߢ㧘‫ࠅ޽߇ߣߎߚ߃╵ߣޠ޿ߥࠄ߆ࠊޟ‬߹ߔ‫߽ߡߒߦࠇߕ޿ޕ‬㧘޿ࠈ޿ࠈߥࠥ࡯ࡓ࡮ࡊ࡟ࠗࡦࠣߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇⧷࿖ߢ⿠ߎߞߡ޿ࠆ
ࠃ߁ߢ㧘ᣣᧄߢ߽ᧄᩰ⊛ߦ⹏ଔࠍ߿ࠅߪߓ߼ࠆߣߘ߁޿߁ߎߣ߇⿠߈ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣᕁ
޿߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ࠇߘޕ‬㧘Thirunamachandran ㇱ㐳߇ߏᜰ៰ߐࠇߚᦨᓟߩߣߎࠈߢߔ߇㧘ᣣᧄߩR&D ߩᄢඨߪ᳃㑆ߛߣ޿߁ߩߪ੐ታߢߔ߇㧘ߘࠇߢ߽߿ߪࠅᄢቇߣߩ㑐ଥߢߘࠇ߇ⴕࠊࠇ
ߡ޿ࠆ႐ว߇ᄙ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣߪ੐ታߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߜࠂߞߣ㐳ߊߥࠅ߹ߒߚߩߢߣ߫ߒ߹ߔ‫ᦨޕ‬ᓟߩᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߣ IoE ߩߣߎࠈߦ⒖ࠅ߹ߔ߇㧘ᤓᣣ߽࡟࠮ࡊ࡚ࠪࡦߩᤨߩࠬࡇ࡯࠴ߢ↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߒߚ߇㧘㧠ᐕ೨ߦߎߩᣣ⧷㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ㑐ߔࠆදജࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍࠨࠗࡦߒߚᤨߦߪ㧘ߎߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ߇ߎߎ߹ߢ⊒ዷߔࠆߣߪ
ᕁߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߖࠎߢߒߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ਛߢ߽ᦨ߽㛳޿ߚߩߪ㧘ߎߩᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇߣ IoE ߩࠕ࡜ࠗࠕࡦࠬߢ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬෰ᐕߩ㧞᦬ߦߎߩ⹤߇ᜬߜ਄߇ࠅ߹ߒߡ㧘ᄢ㦮ℂ੐ߦⴕߞߡ޿ߚߛ޿
ߚߎߣ߽޽ࠆߩߢߒࠂ߁߇㧘੍ᗐ߽ߒߥ޿ዷ㐿ߣߥࠅ㧘㕖Ᏹߦ༑ࠎߢ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㛳޿ߚߣ޿߁ߩ߇ᱜ⋥ߥߣߎࠈߢ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ᣣᧄ࿖ౝߢߎߩࠕ࡜ࠗࠕࡦࠬ߇ࠣ࠶࠼࡮ࡊ࡜ࠢ
࠹ࠖࠬߦㆬ߫ࠇߚߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠅ߹ߔ߇㧘ߘࠇߪනߦណ↪೨ᢎ⢒ߣ޿߁ࡊࡠࡐ࡯ࠩ࡞ߢ
޽ߞߚߚ߼ߢߪߥߊ㧘߿ߪࠅࠗࡦ࠲࡯࠽࡚ࠪ࠽࡞࡮ࠛࡃ࡝ࡘࠛ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍ IoE ߣߩ㑐ଥߢታᣉߒߚߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ㧘ㆬ߫ࠇߚߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ⠨߃ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬એ਄◲නߢ޽ࠅ߹ߔ߇ࠦࡦࠢ࡞࡯࠺ࠖࡦࠣ࡮࡝ࡑ࡯ࠢߣ޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᤓᣣ߽↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘᣿ᣣߩඦᓟ㧘ᣣ⧷දቯࡀࠢࠬ࠻࡮ࠬ࠹࠶ࡊߦߟ޿ߡ⼏⺰ࠍ޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄙಽ㧘ߎࠇߢ߿߼ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠄߕߦ㧘ߐࠄߦ㧞㨪㧟ᐕᑧ㐳ߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫⑳ޕ‬
40 ᐕߊࠄ޿೨ߦᦨೋߦ⧷࿖ߦⴕ߈߹ߒߡ㧘⧷࿖ߣߩ㑐ଥ߇ᭂ߼ߡᷓߊߥࠅ㧘෰ᐕ㧘CBE㧔ᄢ⧷ൟ┨㧕ߣ޿߁ൟ┨ࠍ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚ‫ߣ⑳ޕ‬ห᭽㧘ߎߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍㅢߓߡᣣᧄߣ⧷࿖ߣ
ߩࡈ࡟ࡦ࠼ࠪ࠶ࡊ߇Ⴧߖ߫޿޿ߣᕁߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ᦨޕ‬ᓟߦߥࠅ߹ߔ߇㧘ߎߩળ႐ࠍឭଏߒ

ߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚ੩ㇺᄢቇ㧘ߘࠇ߆ࠄߚ޿߳ࠎᾲᔃߦ⼏⺰ߦടࠊߞߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚෳട
⠪ߩ⊝᭽ߦᓮ␞ࠍ↳ߒ਄ߍ㧘⚳ࠊࠅߦߒߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕߚߒ߹޿ߑߏ߁ߣ߇ࠅ޽߽߁ߤޕ‬ട⮮޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬એ਄ࠍ߽ߜ߹ߒߡ㧘ᧄᣣߩࡈࠜ࡯࡜ࡓࠍ⚳ੌ޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ᧄޕ‬ᣣߪߏෳട޿ߚߛ߈⺈ߦ޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬

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ࠬ࡜ࠗ࠼

P97㨪 P100  ‘Highlights of current UK HE Policy’
Ruth Thompson, Director HE Strategy, DfES
P101㨪 P103 ‘Challenges for Universities in Japan’
AIZAWA Masuo, President, JANU㧛
President , Tokyo Institute of Technology
P105㨪 P107

‫ޟ‬ᣣᧄߩᄢቇߩ᜸ᚢ‫ޠ‬⋧Ỉ⋉↵ ࿖┙ᄢቇදળળ㐳㧛᧲੩Ꮏᬺᄢቇ㐳

P109㨪 P112

‘The impact of research (including RAE2008) and knowledge transfer
policy on higher education
Rama Thirunamachandran,Director for Research and Knowledge Transfer, HEFCE

P113㨪 P116 ‫ ޟ‬㜞 ╬ ᢎ ⢒ ߦ ߅ ߌ ࠆ ⎇ ⓥ 㧔 ฽ ߻ 㧾 㧭 㧱 2008㧕 ߣ ⍮ ⼂ ⒖ ォ ᡽ ╷ ߇ ᦭ ߔ ࠆࠗࡦࡄࠢ࠻‫ޠ‬
Rama Thirunamachandran㧘ࠗ ࡦ ࠣ ࡜ ࡦ ࠼ 㜞 ╬ ᢎ ⢒ ⽷ ᡽ ࠞ ࠙ ࡦ ࠪ ࡞ (HEFCE) ⎇ ⓥ ࡮ ⍮ ⼂ ⒖ ォ ᜂ ᒰ ㇱ 㐳
P117㨪 P119ႎ๔㧝 ᣣᧄ஥ෳടᄢቇߩ⧷࿖⸰໧ߦߟ޿ߡߩ᭎ⷐႎ๔ᄢ⷏ ੳ ᧲ർᄢቇ೽✚㐳㧛ℂ੐

P121㨪 P122

ႎ๔㧞  ⧷࿖஥ෳടᄢቇߩᣣᧄ⸰໧ߦߟ޿ߡߩ᭎ⷐႎ๔David Watson ࡠ ࡦ ࠼ ࡦ ᄢ ቇ ᢎ ⢒ ⎇ ⓥ ᚲ 㧔 IoE㧕 ᢎ ᝼

P123㨪 P127

ᄢ 㒋 ᢎ ⢒ ᄢ ቇ ߣ ࡠ ࡦ ࠼ ࡦ ᄢ ቇ ᢎ ⢒ ⎇ ⓥ ᚲ 㧔 IoE㧕 ߩ ㅪ ៤ ‫ޠ‬Ⓑ၂ ථ ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇ㐳David Gough ࡠ ࡦ ࠼ ࡦ ᄢ ቇ ᢎ ⢒ ⎇ ⓥ ᚲ 㧔 IoE㧕 ᢎ ᝼    

P129    Closing Remarks
KIMURA Tsutomu, President, NIAD-UE

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㪟㫀㪾㪿㫃㫀㪾㪿㫋㫊㩷㫆㪽㩷㪺㫌㫉㫉㪼㫅㫋㩷㪬㪢㩷㪟㪜㩷㪧㫆㫃㫀㪺㫐㪩㫌㫋㪿㩷㪫㪿㫆㫄㫇㫊㫆㫅㪃㩷㪛㫀㫉㪼㪺㫋㫆㫉㩷㪟㪜㩷㪪㫋㫉㪸㫋㪼㪾㫐㪃㩷㪛㪽㪜㪪

What I’ll cover• Brief overview of top level recent past achievements

Highlights of current UK HE Policy

and challenges• How we’re organised in the Department for Educationand Skills to address continuing challenges

Dr Ruth Thompson, Director of Higher Education Strategy and Implementation
Department for Education and Skills• Comments on challenges• A glimpse of the future

Kyoto, Japan
2 February 2006

1

2

Some basics

A little history…
• 2003 White Paper: The future of Higher Education• 2004 Higher Education Act• Variable fees from 2006 (and the Office for Fair Access, bursaries)• Novel forms of degrees (Foundation Degrees)• New rules on University title and Degree awarding powers• Research, science policy (Science and Innovation Investment• Historic autonomy• “Efficient” system• Hybrid funding – diverse levels of dependence on state,
multiple state and other sources• Successful in attracting overseas students• Punch above our weight on research• Stratified system – quite varied, despite some

Framework, 2004-2014), Higher Education Innovation Fund andLambert (Review of Business/University Collaboration)pressures towards uniformity

34(…and then add current politicalpreoccupations…)

DfES’s HE Programme 2006
Five themes:• Increasing and widening participation, improving completion
rates and promoting fair access; improving the status and qualityof teaching in HE• Maintaining the quality and status of HE research; and promoting
the international status of HE• Delivering an excellent student support service• Sustaining an economically viable and diverse HE system• Enhancing the contribution of HE to the economy and society• Explaining the new student support system• Employer engagement• Increasing and widening participation, including
demography• International students issues

5

6



Better teaching

Increasing and widening participation
Challenges

Challenges• Moving towards the 50% participation target for 18-30 year olds
by 2010 when there is a significant demographic bulge• Credit accumulation and transfer: proposals available• Improving the stubborn participation gap between higher andby the spring

lower socio-economic classes• Cross-cutting DfES review of all policies affecting widening
participation now under way; links to social mobility theme• Possible changes to teaching funding regime underconsideration by HEFCE• Exploring the impact of new technologies: new models
for teaching?

7

8

Research

International status

Challenges

Challenges• Implementing funding the full-economic costs of• Need to promote (with the British Council) the second phase of

research and maintaining “dual support” system• User-led research: HEFCE ideas for a new funding
stream• Need to work out how to deliver the Research
Assessment Exercise post 2008 – using metrics?

the Prime Minister’s Initiative• Some concerns over the processing of overseas student visas
remain, especially over the loss of right of appeal• Positioning UK HE in the globalisation agenda: China, India andAfrica – collective G8 commitment

910

Excellent student support

Shape and structure

Challenges

Challenges• Make sure the 2006/07 student finance delivery• Promote role of HE in FE• Patterns of student demand; and international demand

operations are all in place• Taking any remedial action necessary if applications
are appreciably down
• Implementing decisions on a review of student financedeliverylong-term• Financial pressures: effective business models for adiverse sector• Clarifying role of HEFCE in the longer run (andappointment of new CEO)

11

12

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Economy and society 1…

…economy and society 2…

Challenges• Drive towards employer engagement and work-based
HE learning:• Maintain access to professions under new fee regime• Need to generate more employer investment in HE• A Green Paper articulating a policy framework, jointly• promote more student places supported by
employers: continuous professional
development and accredited workplacelearning• more foundation degrees and part-time places

with colleagues dealing with adult skills?

• All in conjunction with existing links and initiatives

13

14…economy and society 3…

…economy and society 4…
• identify HE low participation areas not currently served• Build policy on the Lisbon agenda and• seek to ensure that the HE provision developed
is demand-led rather than supply-led• seek to accredit, and add value to, a muchwider range of employer-based learning andtraining – both FE and HE - to ensure
seamless progression

by universities and build HE delivery through FE (andpossibly Sixth Form) Colleges• promote – using our new funding package – part-time
study which can go alongside work
• do this in an integrated way to support thedevelopment of regional and city-region economies

15

16

The short term future

But also…

• The challenge:• increasing the participation rate when the
demographics are against us• maintaining political pledge on unit of publicfunding for teaching• sustaining the increases in funding for research• meeting the higher cost of making fee loans tostudents• still need to:• Promote teaching and learning, including strategic
subjects, widening access• Move on meeting the full economic costs of research• Deliver the Prime Minister’s next initiative oninternational students• Manage increasing student support costs• Develop HE’s contribution to the 2012 Olympics

17

18



And then…
• Prepare for review of variable fees policy (2009 Commission)• Encourage more autonomy, diversification (of mission, funding
streams etc)

• Respond to (and shape) impact of globalisation on HE –institutions, curriculum, students• Contribute to productivity improvements sought across the
economy• Adapt to falling numbers of younger students

19

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Our
Our Society
Society inin thethe 21
21stst Century
Century

Challenges
Challenges forfor Universities
Universities inin Japan
Japan
Masuo
MasuoAizawa
AizawaPresident,
Japan
Association
President, Japan Associationof
ofNational
NationalUniversities
Universities
President,
TokyoInstitute
Instituteof
ofTechnology
Technology
President,Tokyo
1 Intensified Demand for Higher Education
2 University Reforms Promoted in Japan
3 National University Reform in Japan
4 University Challenges for Enhancing Excellence-Education and Research-Contribution to Society
1Knowledge-based Society- Based on Creating, Acquiring, Sharing Knowledge- Benefited with Enormously Progressed S&T- Confronted with Challenging Sustainability- High-level Skills and Knowledge for Development- Escalating Demand for Higher Education
Increasingly Globalized- Intensified Global Competition- Diversity and Complexity- Globalization and Nation
2

Intensified
Intensified Demand
Demand forfor Higher
Higher Education
Education

University
University Reforms
Reforms Promoted
Promoted inin JapanJapan

Indispensable for Internationally Competitive
Knowledge-based Society-Enhancing Excellence in Education and Research
Required to Respond the Accelerated Change ofSociety and even Innovate ahead of it- Enhancing Contribution to Economy and Society
Responsible for Intensively Expanding Range of
Stakeholders-Students, Businesses, Public Sector, Society, andGovernment

Reforms in University Management- National University Corporations
Enhancing Excellence in Education and Research- Challenges for Universities- 21st Century COE Program
Institutional Reforms for Quality Assurance- From Prior Checking to Ex Post Facto Monitoring
IP Strategy and University/Industry Collaboration- Initiatives by CSTP, MEXT and METI

3

4

Perspectives
Perspectives ofof National
National University
University Reform
ReformEnhancing International Competence in Education
and Research-Universities with Competitive DistinctivenessRealizing Strategic Management in Individual
National Universities-National University Corporations
Stressing Accountability to the Public and Society-Open to the Stakeholders-Third Party Evaluation
5

6

National
National University
University Corporation
Corporation
President Selection
Committee

Management
CouncilPresident

Establishing
Establishing University
University Management
Management Systems
Systems
䊶 Independent and Autonomous from MEXT
- President and Board of Directors- Non-governmental Employees䊶 Top-down Management by the President- Mission Statement- Strategic Management with Leadership䊶 Accelerated Decision-making- Management Council and Academic Council
䊶 Accountability to the Public- Auditors, Annual Report

Auditors

Board of
Executive
Directors

Academic
Council

University (School, Graduate School, others)7

8

Financial
Financial Systems
Systems inin National
National University
University Corporations
Corporations

Challenges
Challengesfor
for Strategic
Strategic Management
Management

䊶 Allocation of Operational Grant by MEXT
-Flexible Execution at Each Nat.Univ.Corporation
䊶 Enhancing University Revenues-Student Payment with Standard Amount-Hospital Revenues with Increasing Efficiency
䊶 External Funding-Competitive Funding and Donation
䊶 Financial Resources for Facility Development-Allocated Revenue and Long-term Borrowings
䊶 Accomplishing Accountability-Audit System and Disclosure to the Public䊶 Promoting University Reform Constrained by Government
Administrative Reforms-Budget Cut in Operational Grant-Five-year Plan for Reducing Total Personnel
䊶 Establishing Strategic Managing System-Integrated System of Teaching and Administrative Staffs-Management Strategy Office, Research Strategy Office, et al-External Experts for Management-Human Resource Development
910Plan-Do-Check-Act
Plan-Do-Check-Act System
System for
for
Nat.Univ.Corporations
Nat.Univ.Corporations

Challenges
Challenges forfor Enhancing
Enhancing Excellence
Excellence inin
Education
Education andand Research
Research (1)(1)

䊶 Mission Statement and Goals-Stating Mission by Each Nat.Univ.Corporation-Fixing the Mid-term Goals and Plans
䊶 Evaluation-Evaluation Committee for Nat.Univ.Corporations-Promoting Quality Improvements of Universities-Fulfilling Accountability to the Public䊶 Ensuring Accountability to the Public-Disclosure of Information

䊶 Mission Statement with Competitive Distinctivenessof Individual University
䊶 Enhancing Excellence in Education-Distinctive GP Program for Undergraduate-Internationally Attractive Educational Initiatives
for Postgraduate-International Collaboration-University/Industry Collaboration

11

12



Promoting
Promoting University/Industry
University/IndustryCollaboration
Collaboration

Challenges
Challenges forfor Enhancing
Enhancing Excellence
Excellence inin
EducationandResearch
Education and Research (2)(2)

䊶 Strategy for Intellectual Property-TLO and IP Office in University-Nat.Univ.Corp.-belonging IP
䊶 University/Industry Platform- Transforming Knowledge to Innovation- Frame Work Contract- Pursuing New Models for Collaboration- Supporting System for Start-up Companies
䊶 University/Industry Collaboration on Education- Professional Graduate Schools- Long-term Internship䊶 Enhancing Distinctiveness on Contribution to
Regional Society-Regional Education, Culture and Industry
䊶 Establishing World-class Excellences in Researchand Education-21st Century COE Program by MEXT
* 246 COE’s in Ten Research Fields* Granted for Strengthening Infrastructure* Strong Support for Postgraduate Students-Super-COE Program by MEXT䊶 Establishing World-class Universities
13

14

Institutional
InstitutionalReforms
Reforms forforQuality
Quality Assurance
Assurance䊶 From Prior Checking to Ex Post Facto Monitoring- De-regulation in Establishing Universities䊶 Mandatory University Accreditation- Approved Accreditation Agencies
䊶 Evaluation of National University Corporations- Evaluation Committee for Nat.Univ. Corporation
䊶 Enhanced Need to Ensure the International Validity-Global-scale Student Mobility-Cross Border Education
15

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

21
21

1
2
3
4

-

-

1

-

2

-

-

- 21

-

IP
-

-

COE

MEXT

CSTP
METI

3

4

5

6

-

-

7

8

-

-

5

-

-

9

10

11

PDCA
PDCA
-

-

11

12

↥ቇㅪ៤䈱ଦㅴ↥ቇㅪ៤䈱ଦㅴ

ᢎ⢒䈫⎇ⓥ䈱ථ⿧ᕈ䈱ᒝൻ䈱⺖㗴䋨2䋩ᢎ⢒䈫⎇ⓥ䈱ථ⿧ᕈ䈱ᒝൻ䈱⺖㗴䋨2䋩䊶 ⍮⊛⽷↥ᚢ⇛- ᄢቇ䈱TLO䈫IPᧄㇱ- ࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱ䈮ዻ䈜䉎IP䊶 ↥ቇ䈱䊒䊤䉾䊃䊐䉤䊷䊛- ⍮⼂䈎䉌ᛛⴚ㕟ᣂ䈻䈱ᄌ឵- 䊐䊧䊷䊛䊪䊷䉪ᄾ⚂- ᣂ䈢䈭ㅪ៤䊝䊂䊦䉕ㅊ᳞- ᣂ⥝ડᬺᡰេ䉲䉴䊁䊛䊶 ᢎ⢒㕙䈪䈱↥ቇㅪ៤- ␠ળੱᄢቇ㒮↢- 㐳ᦼ䉟䊮䉺䊷䊮䉲䉾䊒䊶 ࿾ၞ␠ળ䈻䈱⽸₂䈮㑐䈜䉎⁛⥄ᕈ䉕ᒝൻ- ࿾ၞ䈱ᢎ⢒䇮ᢥൻ䇮↥ᬺ䊶 ⎇ⓥ䈫ᢎ⢒䈪਎⇇䉪䊤䉴䈱ථ⿧ᕈ䉕᭴▽- ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭䈱21਎♿COE䊒䊨䉫䊤䊛* 10䈱⎇ⓥಽ㊁䈪246䈱COE* 䉟䊮䊐䊤ᒝൻ䈱䈢䉄䈮ઃਈ* ᄢቇ㒮↢䈻䈱ᒝജ䈭ᡰេ- ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭䈱䉴䊷䊌䊷COE䊒䊨䉫䊤䊛䊶 ਎⇇䉪䊤䉴䈱ᄢቇ䉕᭴▽
13

14

ຠ⾰଻⸽䈱䈢䉄䈱೙ᐲᡷ㕟ຠ⾰଻⸽䈱䈢䉄䈱೙ᐲᡷ㕟䊶 ੐೨䉼䉢䉾䉪 䈎䉌੐ᓟ䊝䊆䉺䊥䊮䉫䉁䈪- ᄢቇ⸳┙䈮㑐䈜䉎ⷙ೙✭๺䊶 ᔅ㗇䈱ᄢቇ⹺⸽⹏ଔ
- ⹺⸽⹏ଔᯏ㑐䊶 ࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱ䈱⹏ଔ- ࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱ⹏ଔᆔຬળ䊶 ࿖㓙⊛䈭ㅢ↪ᕈ䉕⏕଻䈜䉎ᔅⷐ䈱Ⴧᄢ- 䉫䊨䊷䊋䊦ⷙᮨ䈱ቇ↢⒖േ
- ࿖Ⴚ䉕⿧䈋䈢ᢎ⢒

15

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㪫㪿㪼㩷㪠㫄㫇㪸㪺㫋㩷㫆㪽㩷㫉㪼㫊㪼㪸㫉㪺㪿㩷㩿㫀㫅㪺㫃㫌㪻㫀㫅㪾㩷㪩㪘㪜㪉㪇㪇㪏㪀㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㫂㫅㫆㫎㫃㪼㪻㪾㪼㩷㫋㫉㪸㫅㫊㪽㪼㫉㩷㫇㫆㫃㫀㪺㫐㩷㫆㫅㩷㪿㫀㪾㪿㪼㫉㩷㪼㪻㫌㪺㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪩㪸㫄㪸㩷㪫㪿㫀㫉㫌㫅㪸㫄㪸㪺㪿㪸㫅㪻㫉㪸㫅㪃㩷㪛㫀㫉㪼㪺㫋㫆㫉㩷㪽㫆㫉㩷㪩㪼㫊㪼㪸㫉㪺㪿㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪢㫅㫆㫎㫃㪼㪻㪾㪼㩷㪫㫉㪸㫅㫊㪽㪼㫉㪃㩷㪟㪜㪝㪚㪜The impact of research (including RAE 2008)
and knowledge transfer policy on UK HE

UK - Facts and figures• UK nations – England, Scotland, Wales andNorthern Ireland• Population – 60 million• Higher Education institutions – 164• Income of the HE sector – about £14 billion(2003-04)

Rama Thirunamachandran
Director for Research and Knowledge
Transfer
Higher Education Funding Council for
England
Kyoto, Japan – 2 February 2006

㪈㪉

Sources of finance for universities and colleges, 2003-04
Office of Science andTechnology

Department for Education and
Skills

SLC/LEA
fees
£425M
(3%)

HEFCE, TTA &LSC funding£5,242M (38%)

Research grants &contracts£692M (5%)

Sources of research income forEnglish HEIs 2003-04

Othergovernment

Postgraduate
fees£295M (2%)

Research
£550M
(4%)

Total=£3,248 million

Non-research£1,055M(8%)

Other grants and contracts £335M
UK industry £204M

Universities andcolleges
Total income £13,881M
Other research
income£393M (3%)

UK charities
£576M
(4%)

Overseas student
fees£1,121M (8%)

Residences andcatering£882M (6%)

Other income£2,650M(19%)

UK charities £577M
Source: HESA finance record
2003-04, HEFCE-funded HEIs

HE funding bodies£1,037M

UK government, local,
health & hospitalauthorities £403M

Other fee income £1,108M
Income for non-research services £483M
Endowments £197M
Other operating income £861M

㪊

OST Research Councils£692M

Source: HESA Finance Statistics Return 2003-04

Dual Support (1)Dual Support (2)HEFCE funding is one arm of dual support:• the ‘well found laboratory’, infrastructure andstaff to support project funding from othersources• continuity, dynamism and the freedom toundertake ‘blue skies’ research and torespond quickly to new ideas• Funding from 8 Research Councils plus one

㪋– Economic and Social– Engineering and Physical Sciences– Biotechnology and Biological Sciences– Particle Physics and Astronomy– Medical– Natural Environment– Arts and Humanities– Central Laboratories
㪌

㪍



The new global challenges:
competition v collaboration

Major recent policy announcements• Economic competition from China, India etc –low price but rapidly developing theirknowledge bases• Opportunities for global partnerships• Global and domestic tensions from diversity,
multi-culturalism etc• Weakening democratic and civic participation• Environmental etc challenges• Investing in Innovation – 2002
• Higher Education White Paper• Lambert Review – 2003
• Innovation Review – 2003
• 10 year framework – Science and Innovation
Investment Framework: 2004 – 2014
• Target - 2.5% of GDP invested in Research &Development (EU target – 3%)㪎㪏

UK R&D ambition – sustained growthin public and private investment

Collaboration

R&D as share of GDP
2.9

United Kingdom
UK future scenario
2.7

2.3

Excellence

2.1

1.9

1.7

Infrastructure

Sustainability

1.5
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14

Percentage

2.5

PeopleCapability

FranceGermany
United States

Knowledge Transfer㪐㪈㪇Assessing excellence: Research
Assessment Exercise (RAE)

How RAE worked until 2001
• Peer review – 68 subjects• HEIs submit under subjects they choose• Submissions in standard format – staff;
publications; grants; research student data;
strategy• Peer review panel make judgements on a 7
point scale – 1 – 5*

• RAE: a system for assessing research that bothinforms funding and demonstrates the power of thenational research base
• Periodic UK-wide assessment exercises covering
the whole HE research base (1986, 1989, 1992,
1996, 2001)• Reviewed in 2003
㪈㪈

㪈㪉



RAE – positive benefits
13“Research assessment has led to an increase in UK
share of world citations”
Arrows indicate RAE years• Driven up quality of research
UK share (%) of world citations

12• Strategic management of research• Critical mass - particularly in hard sciences

1110• Better utilisation of infrastructure
Smoking gun?
91981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

㪈㪊㪈㪋

Improvement over time: submissions
Rating

1992

1996

2001

1

423

236

18

2

613

464

140

3

837

3b

422

278

3a

528

499
664

4

560

671

5

350

403

715

170

284

2894

2598

5*
Total Submissions

2783

Possible negative behaviours• Distortion of institutional mission• Effects on sustainability of research• Games playing – behaviour on publications; staff
recruitment etc• Administrative burden• The need to recognise all aspects of excellence• Disciplinary structure of the RAE• Identifying pockets of excellence㪈㪌㪈㪍

33rdrdstream‘space’streammission
mission‘space’Annex B – slide 1
user

Key reforms in RAE 2008 to addressconcerns

2ndaryspace
Widening Participation
Sector Skills
Graduate Employability
Higher Education Targets
Professional
Qualifications
Life Long Learning
Workforce Development• Quality profiles instead of single summary
grades• Two tier panels to increase consistency• Clearer subject based criteria on applied,
practice-based and interdisciplinary research

Economic GrowthBusiness
Competitiveness
Healthy & Safe Society
Social Inclusion
Regeneration

Main
space for3rd stream
missionResearch

Teaching
Internationally recognised
Graduates
academic research base
Post Graduates
Higher Education Targets㪈㪎

Academic㪈㪏Time of transition
Where we have come from…

Where we are going to…

STEM focus

All disciplines

Simple ‘transmission’ model of knowledge

Dynamic exchange model

Wealth creation

Innovation, productivity, quality oflife, cultural enrichment, civic dev,
community regeneration etc.

Large, multi-national businesses

Spectrum from global to local/
regional and all users

The HE Innovation Fund(HEIF)• Contributes to UK competitiveness• Improves HE economic and social impact• Supports infrastructure in HE for KE:
including capability, seed funding andenterprise education• Licensing, CPD, consultancy, contract
research, staff exchanges, testing, facilities
and skills, new enterprises..

Selected data from HE business andcommunity interaction survey (HE-BCI)
Number of disclosures

Major issues for the knowledge transfer
agenda2000-01

01-02

02-03

03-04

2,159

2,478

2,710

3,040

Consultancy income £000s(real terms)

103,451 122,155 168,151 207,831

Collaborative research income£000s (real terms)

412,380 469,354 478,573 541,660• Measuring success and impact of investment• Tension between individual HEI’s success vsnational success• Incentives for staff to pursue knowledgetransfer as a core activity

A required contracting system
for all staff-businessconsulting activities (% of UK
HEIs)

60.0%

65.2%

66.5%

68.3%

An enquiry point for SMEs (%of UK HEIs)

83.1%

84.8%

89.0%

89.6%

䇸㜞╬ᢎ⢒䈮䈍䈔䉎⎇ⓥ䋨฽䉃䌒䌁䌅㪉㪇㪇㪏䋩䈫⍮⼂⒖ォ᡽╷䈏᦭䈜䉎䉟䊮䊌䉪䊃䇹㪩㪸㫄㪸㩷㪫㪿㫀㫉㫌㫅㪸㫄㪸㪺㪿㪸㫅㪻㫉㪸㫅䋬䍐䍻䍖䍼䍵䍻䍢䍼㜞╬ᢎ⢒⽷᡽䍔䍑䍻䍚䍷㩷⎇ⓥ䊶⍮⼂⒖ォᜂᒰㇱ㐳㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߌࠆ⎇ⓥ(฽߻RAE2008)ߣ⍮⼂⒖ォ᡽╷߇⧷࿖䈱᭎ⷐ᦭ߔࠆࠗࡦࡄࠢ࠻

• ⧷࿖ߩ᭴ᚑ – ࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼‫ޔ࠼ࡦ࡜࠻࠶ࠦࠬޔ‬࠙ࠚ࡯࡞࠭‫ޔ‬ർࠕࠗ࡞࡜ࡦ࠼

࡜ࡑ࡮࠹ࠖ࡞࠽ࡑ࠴ࡖࡦ࠼࡜ࡦ
ࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼㜞╬ᢎ⢒⽷᡽ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞㧔HEFCE㧕⎇ⓥ࡮⍮⼂⒖ォᜂᒰㇱ㐳• ੱญ – 6,000ਁੱ• 㜞╬ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ߩᢙ – 1642006ᐕ2᦬2ᣣ ੩ㇺ• 㜞╬ᢎ⢒ㇱ㐷ߩ෼౉ – ⚂140ంࡐࡦ࠼ (2003-04ᐕ)㪈㪉ᄢቇ䈱⽷᡽Ḯ 2003䌾2004ᐕ

2003~2004ᐕࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼ߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ߩ⎇ⓥᵴേ⾗㊄Ḯ䋨න૏䋺⧷䊘䊮䊄䋩
⑼ቇᛛⴚᐡ

ᢎ⢒ᛛ⢻⋭

SLC/LEA⾌↪
4ం2,500ਁ
(3%)

HEFCE, TTA &LSC ഥᚑ㊄52ం4,200ਁ(38%)⎇ⓥഥᚑ㊄䈍䉋䈶ᄾ⚂㊄6ం9,200ਁ(5%)

䈠䈱ઁ䈱᡽ᐭᯏ㑐ᄢቇ㒮᝼ᬺᢱ
2ం9,500ਁ
(2%)⎇ⓥ⾌
5ం5,000ਁ
(4%)

ว⸘=32ం4,800ਁ⧷䊘䊮䊄㕖⎇ⓥ⾌
10ం5,500ਁ(8%)

䈠䈱ઁ䈱ഥᚑ㊄䈍䉋䈶ᄾ⚂㊄ 3ం3,500ਁ䊘䊮䊄⧷࿖ડᬺ 2ం400ਁ䊘䊮䊄ᄢቇ䈱✚෼౉
138ం8,100ਁ䊘䊮䊄㜞╬ᢎ⢒ഥᚑᯏ㑐
10ం3,700ਁ䊘䊮䊄⧷࿖᡽ᐭ䇮࿾ᣇ⥄ᴦ૕䇮଻ஜᯏ㑐䇮∛㒮 4ం300ਁ䊘䊮䊄
䈠䈱ઁ䈱
⎇ⓥ෼౉
3ం9,300ਁ(3%)⧷࿖䈪䈱ᘏༀ੐ᬺ

5ం7,600ਁ(4%)⇐ቇ↢䈱᝼ᬺᢱ
11ం2,100ਁ
(8%)಴ౖ䋺 㜞╬ᢎ⢒⛔⸘ዪ ⽷ോ⸥㍳ 2003-04ᐕ䉟䊮䉫䊤䊮䊄㜞╬ᢎ⢒⽷᡽䉦䉡䊮䉲䊦಴⾗䈱㜞╬ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ኋᴱᣉ⸳
䈍䉋䈶㘶㘩⾌
8ం8,200ਁ(6%)

䈠䈱ઁ䈱෼౉
26ం5,000ਁ(19%)

䈠䈱ઁ䈱ᢱ㊄෼౉ 11ం800ਁ
㕖⎇ⓥ䉰䊷䊎䉴䈱෼౉ 4ం8,300ਁ
ነઃ 1ం9,700ਁ䈠䈱ઁ䈱༡ᬺ෼౉ 8ం6,100ਁ⧷࿖䈪䈱ᘏༀ੐ᬺ
5ం7,700ਁ䊘䊮䊄

OST⎇ⓥክ⼏ળ6ం9,200ਁ䊘䊮䊄಴ౖ䋺 㜞╬ᢎ⢒⛔⸘ዪ ⽷᡽⛔⸘ ෼౉ 2003-04ᐕ㪊ੑర⊛䈭ᡰេ (1)㪋ੑర⊛䈭ᡰេ (2)• 8䈧䈱⎇ⓥክ⼏ળ䈮䉋䉎ഥᚑ䈫䉅䈉䈵䈫䈧䈱⾗㊄Ḯ

HEFCE 䈮䉋䉎ഥᚑ䈲䇮ੑర⊛䈭ᡰេ䈱䈵䈫䈧䈪䈅䉎䇯– ⚻ᷣ࡮␠ળ⎇ⓥክ⼏ળ• ᄖㇱ⾗㊄Ḯ䈎䉌䊒䊨䉳䉢䉪䊃䈱ഥᚑ䉕ⴕ䈇䇸⏕┙䈘䉏䈢⎇ⓥᯏ㑐䇹䇮䉟䊮䊐䊤䇮䉴䉺䉾䊐䉕ᡰេ– Ꮏቇ࡮‛ℂቇ⎇ⓥክ⼏ળ– ࡃࠗࠝ࠹ࠢࡁࡠࠫ࡯࡮↢‛⑼ቇ⎇ⓥክ⼏ળ– ⚛☸ሶ‛ℂቇ࡮ᄤᢥቇ⎇ⓥክ⼏ળ• ⛮⛯ᕈ䇮ᵴജ䇮䈠䈚䈩䈇䉒䉉䉎䇸䊑䊦䊷䉴䉦䉟䇹䋨ౕ૕ൻ– කቇ⎇ⓥክ⼏ળ䈚䈩䈇䈭䈇䋩⎇ⓥ䉕ᡰេ䈚䇮ᣂ䈚䈇䉝䉟䊂䉝䈮ㄦㅦ䈮ኻ– ⥄ὼⅣႺ⎇ⓥክ⼏ળᔕ䈜䉎⥄↱– ੱᢥ⑼ቇ♽⎇ⓥክ⼏ળ– ਛᄩ⎇ⓥᯏ㑐

㪌

㪍



ᣂ䈢䈭䉎਎⇇ⷙᮨ䈱᜸ᚢ䊷 ┹੎䈫දജ

ᦨㄭ䈱ਥ䈭᡽╷⊒⴫• 䉟䊉䊔䊷䉲䊢䊮䈻䈱⾗㊄ᛩ౉ 䋨2002ᐕ䋩• ਛ࿖䉇䉟䊮䊄䈭䈬䈱ෳ౉䈮䉋䉎⚻ᷣ┹੎ 䊷 ૐଔᩰ䈣䈏䇮䈖䉏䉌䈱࿖䇱䈪䈲⍮⼂ၮ⋚䈏ᕆㅦ䈮⊒ዷ• 㜞╬ᢎ⢒⊕ᦠ• ਎⇇ⷙᮨ䈱ㅪ៤䈱ᯏળ• 䊤䊮䊋䊷䊃䊶䊧䊎䊠䊷 䋨2003ᐕ䋩• ᄙ᭽ᕈ䇮ᄙᢥൻਥ⟵䈭䈬䈮䉋䉎࿖ౝᄖ䈱✕ᒛ• 䉟䊉䊔䊷䉲䊢䊮䊶䊧䊎䊠䊷 䋨2003ᐕ䋩• ᳃ਥ⊛䈭Ꮢ᳃ෳട䈱ᶖᭂൻ• 10䊰ᐕ᭴ᗐ 䋭⑼ቇ䊶䉟䊉䊔䊷䉲䊢䊮ᛩ⾗ၮᧄ᭴ᗐ 䋨2004䌾2014 ᐕ䋩• ⅣႺ໧㗴䈭䈬• ⋡ᮡ 䋭 GDP䈱2.5%䉕⎇ⓥ㐿⊒䈮ᛩ౉ 䋨EU 䈱⋡ᮡ 䈲 3%䋩㪎㪏⧷࿖䈱⎇ⓥ㐿⊒䈻䈱ᒝ䈇ᗧ᰼දജቭ᳃䈮䉋䉎ᛩ⾗䈱ᜬ⛯⊛䈭Ⴧട㪞㪛㪧䈮䈍䈔䉎⎇ⓥ㐿⊒⾌䈱ഀว
2.9⧷࿖⧷࿖䈱੹ᓟ䈱⸘↹
䊐䊤䊮䉴
䊄䉟䉿
☨࿖

2.7

2.5

ੱ

⢻ജ

ఝ䉏䈢⎇ⓥ

2.1

1.9

1.7

䉟䊮䊐䊤

ᜬ⛯ᕈ
87

86

88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14

19

19

19

85

1.5
19

ഀว义䋦乊

2.3

⍮⼂⒖ォ
㪐

㪈㪇

ఝ䉏䈢⎇ⓥ䈱⹏ଔ: ⎇ⓥ⹏ଔ૞ᬺ (RAE)

RAE䈲2001ᐕ䉁䈪䈬䈱䉋䈉䈮ታᣉ䈘䉏䈩䈇䈢䈎• RAE: ഥᚑ䈮䈧䈇䈩䈱ᖱႎឭଏ䉕ⴕ䈉䈫䈫䉅䈮䇮࿖䈱• ห৻ಽ㊁ౝ䈪䈱⹏ଔ 䊷 68ಽ㊁⎇ⓥၮ⋚䈱ታജ䉕ᬌ⸽䈜䉎⎇ⓥ⹏ଔ೙ᐲ• 㜞╬ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐䈏⥄䉌ㆬᛯ䈚䈢㗄⋡䈮ၮ䈨䈐ឭ᩺• ో㜞╬ᢎ⢒⎇ⓥၮ⋚䉕ኻ⽎䈮䇮⧷࿖ో࿯䈪ⴕ䉒䉏䉎ቯᦼ⊛⹏ଔ (1986䇮1989䇮1992䇮1996䇮2001ᐕ)• ౒ㅢ䈱ᒻᑼ䈮ᓥ䈦䈢⎇ⓥឭ᩺䊷 䉴䉺䉾䊐; ಴ ‛; ⾗㊄; ⎇ⓥ↢䈱䊂䊷䉺; ᣇ㊎• 2003ᐕ䈮䊧䊎䊠䊷• ห৻ಽ㊁ౝ䈱ᬌ⸛ᆔຬળ䈏7Ბ㓏䋨 1 䌾 5*䋩⹏ଔ䉕ታᣉ

㪈㪈

㪈㪉



⎇ⓥ⹏ଔ䈱ታᣉ䈮䉋䉍⧷࿖䈱⺰ᢥ䈱࿖㓙⊛䈭ⵍᒁ↪ᐲ䈏Ⴧട

RAE – ೑ὐ13

⍫ශ䈲RAEᐕᐲ䉕␜䈜⧷࿖ߩ⺰ᢥߩ࿖㓙⊛ߥⵍᒁ↪ᐲ䴿㧑䵀• ⎇ⓥ䈱⾰䈱ะ਄• ⎇ⓥ䈱ᚢ⇛⊛ㆇ༡▤ℂ• ․ቯ䈱ᚑᨐ䉕ᓧ䉎䈢䉄䈮චಽ䈭㊂䈱ᛠី
– ․䈮⥄ὼ⑼ቇ䈱ಽ㊁䈮䈍䈇䈩• 䉋䉍ലᨐ⊛䈭䉟䊮䊐䊤ᵴ↪

12

11

10

Smoking gun?
91981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003㪈㪊㪈㪋ᤨ㑆䈱⚻ㆊ䈫䈫䉅䈮ᡷༀ䈘䉏䈢⎇ⓥឭ᩺䈱⁁ᴫ
⹏ଔ

1992ᐕ

1996ᐕ

1

423

236

18

2

613

464

140

3

837

⠨䈋䉌䉏䉎ᰳὐ

2001ᐕ

• ⚵❱䈱૶๮䈱ᱡᦛ• ⎇ⓥ䈱ᜬ⛯ᕈ䈻䈱ᓇ㗀• ਇᱜᎿ૞䊷 ಴ 䇮䉴䉺䉾䊐䈱㓹↪╬

3b

422

278

3a

528

499

• ੐ോಣℂ਄䈱⽶ᜂ

671

664

• ఝ䉏䈢⎇ⓥ䈱䈅䉌䉉䉎㕙䉕⹺⼂䈜䉎ᔅⷐᕈ• RAE䈱ኾ㐷ಽ㊁૕೙

4

560

5

350

5*
⎇ⓥឭ᩺ᢙ䈱ว⸘

2783

403

715

170

284

2894

2598

• 㓝䉏䈩䈇䉎ఝ䉏䈢⎇ⓥ䈱․ቯ
㪈㪌㪈㪍╙䋳䈱ᵹ䉏䈱૶๮‘䉴䊕䊷䉴
’
3rd stream mission‘space’Annex B – slide 1䊡䊷䉱䊷2008ᐕRAE䈱ਥ䈭ᡷ㕟

╙2䈱
䉴䊕䊷䉴

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㪡㪸㫇㪸㫅㪼㫊㪼㩷㫉㪼㫇㫆㫉㫋㩷㫆㫅㩷㫍㫀㫊㫀㫋㫊㩷㫋㫆㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㪬㪢㩷㫌㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㫀㪼㫊㪦㪟㪥㪠㪪㪟㪠㩷㪟㫀㫋㫆㫊㪿㫀㪃㩷㪜㫏㪼㪺㫌㫋㫀㫍㪼㩷㪭㫀㪺㪼㩷㪧㫉㪼㫊㫀㪻㪼㫅㫋㪃㩷㪫㫆㪿㫆㫂㫌㩷㪬㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㫐Japan-UK Higher Education Programme of Collaboration

Events• One day Master Class of LeadershipFoundation• Policy Forum• Study Visit to universities in UK

Leadership and Governancein Higher Education
Study Visit to UK in Feb 2005
Tohoku, Tsukuba, TUAT, Osaka
Kyoiku, Kyushu, Kumamoto1

2

One day Master Class by
Leadership Foundation for Higher Education• Participants: Representatives from Six
Universities, Steering Committee Members fromJapanese side
• Custom made approach for targeted customers• Based on Discussion among Participants• Application of Business Leadership Model to
University Management• Required characteristics of HE Leaders: Good
personality and/or clear vision?
3

4

Policy Forum

Visit to UK universities(1 Feb 2005 at British Council London)• Participants: Representatives from Japan& UK universities and members of joint
steering committee.
• Discussion on the HE• Osaki: Main Issues of Leadership &Governance in ‘National University
Corporation’• Sir Newby: Leadership, Governance &Management in HE for the 21st Century
5

6



㪡㪧㪥㩷㪟㪜㪠

㪬㪢㩷㪟㪜㪠

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㪬㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㫐㪬㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㫐㩷㫆㪽㩷㪤㪸㫅㪺㪿㪼㫊㫋㪼㫉㪫㫆㫂㫐㫆㩷
㪬㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㫐㩷㫇㪽㩷㪘㪾㫉㫀㪺㫌㫃㫋㫌㫉㪼㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪫㪼㪺㪿㫅㫆㫃㫆㪾㫐㪬㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㫐㩷㫆㪽㩷㪙㫉㫀㪾㪿㫋㫆㫅

㪬㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㫐㩷㫆㪽㩷㪫㫊㫌㫂㫌㪹㪸

㪬㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㫐㩷㫆㪽㩷㪪㪿㪼㪽㪽㫀㪼㫃㪻㪦㫊㪸㫂㪸㩷㪢㫐㫆㫀㫂㫌㪬㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㫐㪠㫅㫊㫋㫀㫋㫌㫋㪼㩷㫆㪽㩷㪜㪻㫌㪺㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪃㩷㪬㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㫐㩷㫆㪽㩷㪣㫆㫅㪻㫆㫅

㪢㫐㫌㫊㪿㫌㩷
㪬㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㫐㪬㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㫐㩷㫆㪽㩷㪞㫃㪸㫊㪾㫆㫎

㪢㫌㫄㪸㫄㫆㫋㫆㩷㪬㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㫐㪬㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㫐㩷㫆㪽㩷㪥㫆㫋㫋㫀㫅㪾㪿㪸㫄㪤㪸㫀㫅㩷㫋㪿㪼㫄㪼㪪㫇㪼㪺㫀㪽㫀㪺㩷㫋㪿㪼㫄㪼

Manchester/Tohoku㪟㫆㫎㩷㫋㫆㩷㫀㫅㫋㪼㪾㫉㪸㫋㪼㩷㫋㫉㪸㪻㫀㫋㫀㫆㫅㪸㫃㩷㪸㪺㪸㪻㪼㫄㫀㪺㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㫅㪼㫎㩷㪽㫉㫆㫅㫋㫀㪼㫉㩷㪙㫌㫊㫀㫅㪼㫊㫊㩷㩽㩷㪚㫆㫄㫄㫌㫅㫀㫋㫐㩷㫃㫀㫅㫂㫊㩷㪆㩷 㪸㫉㪼㪸㫊㪢㫅㫆㫎㫃㪼㪻㪾㪼㩷㪫㫉㪸㫅㫊㪽㪼㫉㪑㩷㩾㪫㪿㫀㫉㪻㩷㪪㫋㫉㪼㪸㫄㩾㩷㪸㪺㫋㫀㫍㫀㫋㫐㪙㫌㫊㫀㫅㪼㫊㫊㩷㩽㩷㪚㫆㫄㫄㫌㫅㫀㫋㫐㩷㫃㫀㫅㫂㫊㪣㪼㪸㪻㪼㫉㫊㪿㫀㫇㩷㪾㫆㫍㪼㫉㫅㪸㫅㪺㪼㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㫄㪸㫅㪸㪾㪼㫄㪼㫅㫋• Creating a new research university bymerging Victoria & UMIST• Process of merger:㪣㪼㪸㪻㪼㫉㫊㪿㫀㫇㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㫄㪸㫅㪸㪾㪼㫄㪼㫅㫋㪑㩷㪸㫊㫊㪼㫊㫊㫀㫅㪾㩷㫊㫋㪸㪽㪽㩷㫇㪼㫉㪽㫆㫉㫄㪸㫅㪺㪼㪒㩷㫃㫀㫅㫂㩷㫎㫀㫋㪿㩷㪽㫀㫅㪸㫅㪺㫀㪸㫃㩷㪸㫃㫃㫆㪺㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪒㩷㪽㫆㫊㫋㪼㫉㫀㫅㪾㩷㫃㪼㪸㪻㪼㫉㫊㪿㫀㫇– Research strategy/Agenda by 2015/Branding
strategy㪛㪼㫍㪼㫃㫆㫇㫄㪼㫅㫋㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㫅㪸㫍㫀㪾㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫆㪽㩷㪿㫌㫄㪸㫅㩷㫉㪼㫊㫆㫌㫉㪺㪼㫊㪆㫊㫋㪸㪽㪽㩷㪻㪼㫍㪼㫃㫆㫇㫄㪼㫅㫋㪆㫊㪿㪸㫉㫀㫅㪾㩷㪺㫆㫄㫄㫆㫅㩷㫋㪸㫉㪾㪼㫋㫊• University-Industry Link
– Strategy/Development of educational
curriculum㪠㫅㫋㪼㫉㫅㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪸㫃㩷㪺㫆㫃㫃㪸㪹㫆㫉㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫀㫅㩷㫉㪼㫊㪼㪸㫉㪺㪿㪠㫅㫋㪼㫉㫅㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪸㫃㩷㪺㫆㫃㫃㪸㪹㫆㫉㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪠㫅㫋㪼㫉㫅㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪸㫃㩷㪺㫆㫃㫃㪸㪹㫆㫉㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫀㫅㩷㪼㪻㫌㪺㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅

7

8

Sheffield/Tsukuba

Brighton/TUAT• System for promoting educational quality• Evaluation of faculty and institutions for education &research, and corresponding incentive system• Resource allocation of university• Functional sharing between president and directors• Effective staff structure for leadership of president of
directors> Importance of External Assessment & Training of
Leadership• Business & community links– Institutional strategy for business &community links– Role of Business Service Information Desk
(BSID)– Community University Partnership
Programme (CUPP)

910IOE/Osaka Kyoiku

Glasgow/Kyushu• Development and navigation of humanresources/staff development/ sharing
common targets• International collaboration in research– organisation of research• Governance/Management/Funding• Mission & Practice• Collaboration• Knowledge transfer– The role of senior academics and senioradministrators in administration/research– HR strategy and ownership of the mission andgoals– Academic and administrative staff
development– Future Directions

11

12



Nottingham/Kumamoto• International collaboration in education– Strategic management & leadership for
education and research with better quality– Role of vice-chancellors and other HE leaders
for international activities such as overseas
branches– Seeking collaboration in e-learning andEnglish learning programmes

Conclusion

13

14





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UK report on visits toJapanese Universities

The national systems| The institutional partnerships|

Professor Sir David Watson
Institute of Education
University of London
1

2

Three Perspectives

Positioning| “Positioning”| History and mission

Partnerships| Performance| Local, regional, national and|international perspectives

3

4

Partnerships

Performance| Range and type

| In for the long haul

| Public and private| International development| Leading and following| Intellectual property

5

6

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Strains
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|

7

8

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㪚㫃㫆㫊㫀㫅㪾㩷㪩㪼㫄㪸㫉㫂㫊㩷㩷㪢㪠㪤㪬㪩㪘㩷㪫㫊㫌㫋㫆㫄㫌㪃㩷㪧㫉㪼㫊㫀㪻㪼㫅㫋㪃㩷㪥㪠㪘㪛㪄㪬㪜

Morning Discussion• Ruth Thompson (DfES)– widening participation, student support– Market mechanism sometimes works
negatively, ex. hard science are losing
popularity in UK.. How would be the future ofJapanese HE?

At the end of the day…
Closing Remarks
Tsutomu Kimura
President, NIAD-UE
1

2

Afternoon Discussion• Masuo Aizawa (JANU/Tokyo Tech)– Budget cut.. So as human resources..
– British HE once experienced the shortage ofinfrastructure fund, how would be Japanesecase in future?

• Hitoshi Ohnishi (Tohoku U)– Topics of leadership and management in Japanese
HE is now realistic and could share the experienceswith UK partners• Ramma Thirunamachandran (HEFCE)• Sir David Watson (IOE)– RAE reflecting positive and negative factors– Apply different approach between Natural
Science, and Humanities & Arts
– Strong R&D in Japanese industry.. but both
universities and industry could act globally– Institutional partnership is becoming a strong
characteristics of Japanese HE• Discussion– Marketing & communication: UK HEIs organise
training courses of internal communication
3

4• Case Study: Osaka Kyoiku & IOE– Taking a global context is needed inprofessional education including teacher
training– ‘Good Practice’ as one of the outcomes

For continuous friendship..!

5

6

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⻠Ṷ⠪⇛ᱧ㩷㩷̪ ߎߎߦឝタߒߚ⇛ᱧߪ㧘ࡈࠜ࡯࡜ࡓ㐿௅ᤨߩࡄࡦࡈ࡟࠶࠻߆ࠄߩォタߢߔ‫ޕ‬


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Curriculum vitae㩷ᴰ ⚩৻㇢㩷 IZUMI Shin-ichiroᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ᄢ⤿ቭᚱክ⼏ቭ㧔㜞╬ᢎ⢒ዪᜂᒰ㧕
Deputy Director-General, Higher Education Bureau, Ministry of
Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)ቇᱧ㩷᧲੩ᄢቇᎿቇㇱේሶജᎿቇ⑼ත㩷ਥ 䈭⡯ ᱧ 㩷⑼ቇᛛⴚᐡ౉ᐡ㧔ේሶജዪ᡽╷⺖㧕ේሶജ቟ోዪේሶജ቟ో⺖ේሶജ቟ో⺞ᩏቶ቟ో⺞ᩏቭ㧔࿖㓙ේሶജᯏ㑐੐ോዪ⎇ୃຬ㧕ේሶജዪേജἹ㐿⊒⺖⺖㐳⵬૒⑼ቇᛛⴚ᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ‫ޣ‬਄Ꮸ⎇ⓥቭ‫ޤ‬࿷ࡈ࡜ࡦࠬᣣᧄ࿖ᄢ૶㙚৻╬ᦠ⸥ቭቭᚱ⒁ᦠ⺖ડ↹⺞ᩏቭ ᄢ⤿⒁ᦠቭ
ේሶജዪ᡽╷⺖ේሶജ⺞ᩏቶ㐳ේሶജዪᩭΆᢱ⺖㐳⑼ቇᛛⴚᝄ⥝ዪ⎇ⓥၮ⋚⺖㐳ᢥㇱ⋭ᢎ⢒ഥᚑዪᶏᄖሶᅚᢎ⢒⺖㐳⎇ⓥ㐿⊒ዪ⥶ⓨቝቮ㐿⊒⺖㐳ᶏᵗ⑼ቇᛛⴚ⎇ⓥ࠮ࡦ࠲㧙‫ޣ‬㩖㩥㩧㩍㨲㨻⎇ⓥផㅴቶ㐳‫ޤ‬ᢥ⑼⋭⎇ⓥᝄ⥝ዪᝄ⥝ડ↹⺖㐳ቭᚱળ⸘⺖㐳ᄢ⤿ቭᚱክ⼏ቭ‫ޣ‬㜞╬ᢎ⢒ዪᜂᒰ‫ޤ‬㩷
Education
Bachelor of Engineering, University of Tokyo in 1977
Wo r k E x p e r i e n c e
Apr.1977
Apr.1985
Apr.1986
Jul.1988
Mar.1989
Mar.1992
Dec.1992
Jul.1993
Mar.1995
Jul.1997
Apr.1998
Jul.1999
Jul.2000
Jan.2001
Jan.2003
Jul.2004

Policy Division, Atomic Energy Bureau, Science and Technology Agency(STA)
Expert, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Deputy Director, Power Reactor Development Division, Atomic Energy Bureau, STA
Senior Researcher, National Institute of Science and Technology Policy(NISTEP)First Secretary, Embassy of Japan in France
Director for Planning, Personnel Division, Minister’s Secretariat, STA
Secretary to the Minister of STA
Director, Office of Atomic Energy Policy Research, Policy Division, Atomic Energy
Bureau, STA
Director, Nuclear Fuel Division, Atomic Energy Bureau, STA
Director, Research and Development Infrastructure Division, Science andTechnology Promotion Bureau, STA
Director, Overseas Japanese Children Education Division, Local Education Support
Bureau, Ministry of Education㧘Science㧘Sports and Culture(MONBUSHO)
Director, Aeronautics and Space Development Division, Research andDevelopment Bureau, STA
Director, Office of Frontier Research, Japan Marine Science and Technology
Center(JAMSTEC)
Director, Promotion Policy Division, Research Promotion Bureau, Ministry of
Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
Director, Budget and Accounts Division, Minister’s Secretariat, MEXT
Deputy Director-General, Higher Education Bureau, MEXT (Present Position)㩷ᮮጊ ବᄦ YOKOYAMA Toshio੩ㇺᄢቇ೽ቇ㐳䋯࿖㓙੤ᵹផㅴᯏ᭴㐳Vice-President, Kyoto University㩷ቇᱧ㩷 ੩ㇺᄢቇᴺቇㇱ තᬺ੩ㇺᄢቇᴺቇୃ჻ ࠝ࠶ࠢࠬࡈࠜ࡯࠼ᄢቇືቇඳ჻㩷ਥ 䈭⡯ ᱧ 㩷 ੩ㇺᄢቇ ഥ ᚻ ੱᢥ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ  ੩ㇺᄢቇഥᢎ᝼ੱᢥ⑼⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ
  ࠹ࡘ࡯ࡆࡦࠥࡦᄢቇࡌ࡞࠷⸥ᔨቴຬᢎ᝼
੩ㇺᄢቇ ᢎ ᝼ ੱᢥ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ ⃻⡯   ࠝ࠶ࠢࠬࡈࠜ࡯࠼ᄢቇࡍࡦࡉࡠ࡯ࠢቇኰቴຬ⻠Ꮷ ੩ㇺᄢቇ ᢎ ᝼ᄢቇ㒮࿾⃿ⅣႺቇၴ ⃻⡯ ੩ㇺᄢቇᄢቇ㒮࿾⃿ⅣႺቇၴਃᚽቇᨋ㐳㧔* ߹ߢ㧕 ⃻⡯  ੩ㇺᄢቇ ೽ቇ㐳㧔* ߹ߢ㧕 ⃻⡯  ੩ㇺᄢቇ ࿖㓙੤ᵹផㅴᯏ᭴㐳㧔*߹ߢ㧕 ⃻⡯ 㩷㩷Education1970
1972
1976-79
1983

B.LL., Kyoto U. Faculty of Jurisprudence (summa cum laude)
M.LL., Kyoto U. Graduate School of Jurisprudence
B.Litt.-(by '77), D.Phil.- Student in Modern History(1800 onwards)/
JCR Member, St. Antony's College, U. of Oxford
D. Phil.(Oxford)

Wo r k E x p e r i e n c e
1972-1981
Research Fellow, Jinbun, Kyoto U.
1981-1998
Associate Professor of Premodern Japanese Culture, Jinbun, Kyoto U.
1993
Elwin von Baeltz Guest Professor, U. of Tübingen
1998-1999
Professor of Japanese Culture, Jinbun, Kyoto U.
1999
Visiting Lecturer/ SCR Member of Pembroke College, U. of Oxford
2000- present Professor of Cultural Research Methodologies, Jinbun, Kyoto U.
2002- present Warden of Sansai Gakurin/ Professor of Global Civilisation Theories,
GS-GES, Kyoto U.
2005- present Vice-President for International Relations, Kyoto U.
2005- present Director-General of the Organization for the Promotion of International
Relations, Kyoto U.
Joanna Burke
Director, The British Council Japan䊑䊥䊁䉞䉾䉲䊠䊶䉦䉡䊮䉲䊦㚢ᣣઍ⴫㩷

Education

1982

BA Hons Chinese and German, Leeds University

1979-1980

Beijing Languages Institute, China

1981

Tuebingen University Germany

2002

Chartered Institute of Marketing Postgraduate Certificate in Strategic
Marketing Management

Work Experience
1982 -1984
English teacher, Centro Ingles, Burgos, Spain
1984-1985

English teacher, English Department Beijing Agricultural University, China(British Council)
1985-1987

Exchanges Officer,Beijing, China

1987-1989

Technical Co-operation Department, London,

1989-1995

Assistant Director, Beijing, China and Second Secretary (Cultural) British
Embassy

1995-1999

Deputy Director, Argentina

1999-2003

Director, Shanghai, China and Consul (Cultural) British Consulate-General,
Shanghai

2003

Regional Director, Americas and Australasia, London

2003- 2005

Manager, Overseas Restructuring Programme, London

2005 – Present

Director, Japan, and Cultural Counsellor, British Embassy

Ruth Thompson
Director, Higher Education Strategy & Implementation Group,
Department for Education and Skills (DfES)ᢎ⢒ᛛ⢻⋭㜞╬ᢎ⢒⸘↹ዪ㐳㩷
Director, Higher Education Strategy & Implementation Group, Department
for Education and Skills since January 2004, responsible for a programmebudget of £6.5 billion (largely delegated to Higher Education Funding
Council for England - HEFCE). She works with universities and colleges, their representative
bodies, HEFCE, the Office of Fair Access and others to implement Government policy derived
from 2003 White Paper and 2004 Higher Education Act. Responsible for: Government targetof moving towards 50% of 18-30 year olds participating in HE by 2010; fair access and wider
participation from lower socioeconomic groups; HE interest in pre-19 curriculum reform; deeper
engagement by HE with employers; blue-skies thinking on future shape of higher education in
England and respective roles of Government, employers and students; maintaining
international competitive position and working to secure UK interests in developing EU higher
education policy.
Ruth joined the Civil Service in 1978 with a degree in Modern History from Somerville College,
Oxford and a D.Phil in early twentieth century Argentine labour history from St Antony’s College,
Oxford. She speaks Spanish and French. At the Department of Trade and Industry she wasPrivate Secretary to three ministers; worked on European Community issues and was briefly
seconded to the Cabinet Office. She moved to the Treasury in 1992 working on international
and EU financial services regulation and trade in financial services. In 1993 she led theTreasury team covering education, science and culture budgets and from 1997 worked with thethen Department for Education and Employment to develop the New Deals for Young and Long
Term Unemployed People and other welfare to work programmes. In 1999 Ruth joined theDepartment of Social Security working first on the future structure of the benefit system forpeople of working age and then Housing Benefit Management. In 2000 she became Directorof Finance at the Department for Education and Employment (later DfES) and was acting
Director General for Finance and Analytical Services for 6 months in 2003.
 ᐕ  ᦬ࠃࠅᢎ⢒ᛛ⢻⋭ߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒⸘↹ዪ㐳‫⽿ޕ‬છ⠪ߣߒߡ▤ℂߔࠆࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ੍▚ߪ ంࡐࡦ࠼㧔ᄢㇱಽߪࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼㜞╬ᢎ⢒⽷᡽ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞㧩*'(%' ߦᆔછ㧕‫ޕ‬ᄢቇ߅ࠃ߮㜞╬ᢎ⢒ኾ㐷ቇᩞ㧘ߘߩઍ⴫⚵❱㧘*'(%'㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒ᯏળဋ╬ዪߥߤߣදജߒߡ㧘 ᐕ⊕ᦠ߅ࠃ߮ ᐕ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ᴺߦၮߠߊ᡽ᐭߩ᡽╷ߩታᣉߦᒰߚࠆ‫ޕ‬ᜂᒰ੐㗄ߪ㧘㨪 ᱦߩ࿖᳃ߩ߁ߜ
㜞╬ᢎ⢒ࠍฃߌࠆੱߩഀวࠍ  ᐕ߹ߢߦ ߦᒁ߈਄ߍࠆߣ޿߁᡽ᐭ⋡ᮡߩ㆐ᚑ㧘ਅ૏ߩ␠ળ⚻ᷣࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦዻߔࠆੱ‫ߩޘ‬㜞╬ᢎ⢒߳ߩᯏળဋ╬ߩ⏕଻߅ࠃ߮ෳട㧘 ᱦ೨ᢎ⢒ࠞ࡝ࠠࡘ࡜ࡓ߳ߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩ߆߆ࠊࠅ㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ߣ㓹↪⠪ߣߩㅪ៤ᒝൻ㧘ࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼ߦ߅ߌࠆ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩ዁᧪௝ߣ᡽ᐭ࡮㓹↪⠪࡮ቇ↢ߘࠇߙࠇߩᓎഀߦ㑐ߔࠆℂ⺰⊛ߥ⠨ኤ㧘࿖㓙┹੎ജߩ⛽ᜬߣ '7 ߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒᡽╷ߦ߅ߌࠆ⧷࿖ߩ೑⋉ߩ⏕଻‫ޕ‬ࠝ࠶ࠢࠬࡈࠜ࡯࠼ᄢቇߩࠨࡑ࡯ࡆ࡞࡮ࠞ࡟࠶ࠫ߆ࠄㄭઍผߩቇ૏㧘หᄢቇ࠮ࡦ࠻࡮ࠕࡦ࠻࠾࡯࡮
ࠞ࡟࠶ࠫ߆ࠄ  ਎♿ೋᦼࠕ࡞࠯ࡦ࠴ࡦഭ௛ผߢඳ჻ภࠍߘࠇߙࠇขᓧߒ㧘 ᐕߦ࿖ኅ౏ോ
ຬߦ‫⾏ޕߔ⹤ࠍ⺆ࠬࡦ࡜ࡈߣ⺆ࡦࠗࡍࠬޕ‬ᤃ↥ᬺ⋭ߢ  ੱߩ㑑௥ߩ୘ੱ⒁ᦠ㧘ߘߩᓟ㧘᰷Ꮊ౒ห૕㑐ଥ੐㗄ࠍᜂᒰ㧘৻ᤨౝ㑑ᐭߦ಴ะ‫ ޕ‬ᐕߦ⽷ോ⋭ߦ⒖േߒ㧘࿖㓙࡮'7 ㊄Ⲣࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ
ⷙೣ߅ࠃ߮㊄Ⲣࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ⾏ᤃࠍᜂᒰ‫ ޕ‬ᐕ㧘⽷ോ⋭ߩᢎ⢒࡮⑼ቇ࡮ᢥൻ੍▚ᜂᒰ࠴࡯ࡓߩ࡝
࡯࠳࡯ࠍോ߼ࠆ‫ ޕ‬ᐕએ㒠㧘ᢎ⢒㓹↪⋭㧔ᒰᤨ㧕ߣㅪ៤ߒߡ㧘‫⧯ޟ‬ᐕ㐳ᦼᄬᬺ⠪ߩߚ߼ߩ࠾
ࡘ࡯࡮࠺ࠖ࡯࡞᡽╷‫઀ࠄ߆␩⑔ޟ߿ޠ‬੐߳‫╷ߩࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊޠ‬ቯߦᒰߚࠆ‫ ޕ‬ᐕ㧘␠ળ଻㓚⋭ߦ౉ࠅ㧘߹ߕഭ௛ᐕ㦂ߦ޽ࠆੱ‫ߦޘ‬ኻߔࠆ⛎ઃ೙ᐲߩ዁᧪᭴ㅧߩᬌ⸛㧘ᰴ޿ߢ૑ቛ⛎ઃ㊄೙ᐲߩ▤ℂ࡮ㆇ༡ߦขࠅ⚵߻‫ ޕ‬ᐕ㧘ᢎ⢒㓹↪⋭㧔⃻ᢎ⢒ᛛ⢻⋭㧕ߩ⽷᡽ᜂᒰㇱ㐳ߦዞછ㧘ᐕߦߪ⽷᡽࡮ಽᨆዪߩዪ㐳ઍⴕࠍ  ࡩ᦬㑆ോ߼ࠆ‫ޕ‬

㩷

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㩷
⋧ Ỉ  ⋉ ↵  A I Z AWA 㩷 M a s u o 㩷࿖┙ᄢቇදળળ㐳㧛᧲੩Ꮏᬺᄢቇ㐳
President, The Japan Association of National
U n i ve r s i t i e s ( J A N U ) 㩷 䋯
P r e s i d e n t , T o k yo I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o l o g y㩷ቇᱧ㩷᧲੩Ꮏᬺᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ℂᎿቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ୃ჻⺖⒟ୃੌ
᧲੩Ꮏᬺᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ℂᎿቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ඳ჻⺖⒟ୃੌ
Ꮏቇඳ჻㧔᧲੩Ꮏᬺᄢቇ㧕㩷ਥ 䈭⡯ ᱧ 㩷ᤘ ๺ ᐕ 㧠 ᦬ ᤘ ๺ ᐕ 㧠 ᦬ ᤘ ๺ ᐕ 㧠 ᦬ ᤘ ๺   ᐕ  ᦬ ᐔᚑ㧞ᐕ㧢᦬
ᐔᚑ㧢ᐕ㧠᦬ᐔ ᚑ ᐕ 㧠 ᦬ ᐔ ᚑ ᐕ 㧠 ᦬ ᐔ ᚑ   ᐕ  ᦬ ᐔ ᚑ ᐕ 㧠 ᦬ ᧲੩Ꮏᬺᄢቇ⾗Ḯൻቇ⎇ⓥᚲഥᚻ ╳ᵄᄢቇ‛⾰Ꮏቇ♽ ഥᢎ᝼ ᧲੩ᎿᬺᄢቇᎿቇㇱ ഥᢎ᝼᧲੩ᎿᬺᄢቇᎿቇㇱ ᢎ᝼᧲੩Ꮏᬺᄢቇ↢๮ℂᎿቇㇱᢎ᝼  ᧲ ੩ Ꮏ ᬺ ᄢ ቇ  ↢ ๮ ℂ Ꮏ ቇ ㇱ 㐳 㧔 ૬ છ 㨪 ᐔ ᚑ  ᐕ ᦬ 㧕 ᧲ ੩ Ꮏ ᬺ ᄢ ቇ  ↢ ๮ ℂ Ꮏ ቇ ㇱ 㐳 㧔 ૬ છ 㨪 ᐔ ᚑ   ᐕ ᦬ 㧕 ᧲ ੩ Ꮏ ᬺ ᄢ ቇ  ೽ ቇ 㐳 㧔 ૬ છ 㨪 ᐔ ᚑ  ᐕ   ᦬ 㧕 ᧲੩Ꮏᬺᄢቇ㐳࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱ᧲੩Ꮏᬺᄢቇ㐳㧔⃻⡯㧕㩷ฃ⾨ᱧ㩷㔚᳇ൻቇળ⾨㧘ᣣᧄൻቇળ⾨㧘࿖㓙ൻቇ࠮ࡦࠨ⾨㧘㔚᳇ൻቇળቇⴚ⾨㧘
' N G E V T Q EJ GO K E C N  5Q EK G V [  # YC TF  H Q T  1 WV U V C P F K PI # E J K G X G OG PV 㧘 ⚡⛼ⶋ┨
㩷
Education
B a c h e l o r o f E n g i n e e r i n g 䋨 Yo k o h a m a N a t i o n a l U n i v e r s i t y 䋩
D o c t o r o f E n g i n e e r i n g 䋨 To k yo I n s t i t u t e o f Te c h n o l o g y 䋩
Wo r k E x p e r i e n c e
1 9 7 1 - 1 9 8 0 A s s i s ta n t P r o f e s s o r, To k yo I n s t i t u t e o f Te c h n o l o g y
1 9 8 0 - 1 9 8 6 A s s o c i a t e P r o f e s s o r, Ts u k u b a U n i v e r s i t y
1 9 8 6 - 2 0 0 4 P r o f e s s o r, To k yo I n s t i t u t e o f Te c h n o l o g y
1 9 9 4 - 1 9 9 6 D e a n , S c h o o l o f B i o s c i e n c e a n d B i o t e c h n o l o g y,
To k yo I n s t i t u t e o f Te c h n o l o g y
1 9 9 8 - 2 0 0 0 D e a n , S c h o o l o f B i o s c i e n c e a n d B i o t e c h n o l o g y,
To k yo I n s t i t u t e o f Te c h n o l o g y
2 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 1 Vi c e - P r e s i d e n t 䋬 To k y o I n s t i t u t e o f Te c h n o l o g y
2001-㩷
P r e s i d e n t 䋬 To k yo I n s t i t u t e o f Te c h n o l o g yRama Thirunamachandran
Director(ResearchandKnowledge

Transfer),

Higher

Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE)
ࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼㜞╬ᢎ⢒⽷᡽ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞㩷 ⎇ⓥ࡮⍮⼂⒖ォᜂᒰㇱ㐳
Rama Thirunamachandran is currently Director (Research andKnowledge Transfer) at the Higher Education Funding Council for
England (HEFCE). In this capacity he has overall responsibility for the
strategic direction of HEFCE’s research and knowledge transfer
policies with budgetary responsibility for some £1.5 billion per annum. He also has oversightof the higher education institutions in the London and Eastern regions. He has Council-wide
responsibility for corporate planning in the sector and also for strategic issues affecting thesector. Most recently he was Chairman of the Steering Group which published a good practiceguide on ‘Strategic Planning in Higher Education’.
Between 1999 and June 2002 he was Regional Consultant for the South East region also at
HEFCE. In this capacity he headed the South East Regional Office at HEFCE and had
responsibility for managing the relationships with 16 higher education and 36 further education
institutions.
Rama was educated at the University of Cambridge. Before joining HEFCE he has was Headof Research and Enterprise at Royal Holloway (University of London) and Director of Royal
Holloway Enterprise Ltd.
He has also held posts at the University of Bristol and King’s
College London.
⃻࿷㧘ࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼㜞╬ᢎ⢒⽷᡽ࠞ࠙ࡦࠪ࡞㧔*'(%'㧕ߩ⎇ⓥ࡮⍮⼂⒖ォᜂᒰㇱ㐳‫ޕ‬*'(%' ߩ⎇ⓥ࡮⍮⼂⒖ォ᡽╷ߩᚢ⇛⊛ᣇะᕈߦ㑐ߔࠆ⛔᜝⽿છ⠪ߢ㧘⡯ോ਄⽿છࠍ⽶߁੍▚ߪᐕ㗵ߦߒߡ⚂  ంࡐࡦ࠼‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ࡠࡦ࠼ࡦ߅ࠃ߮ࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼᧲ㇱ࿾ၞߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ߩ⋙〈ߦᒰߚࠆ‫ޕ‬㜞╬ᢎ⢒ㇱ㐷ߦ߅ߌࠆ⚻༡⸘↹߅ࠃ߮หㇱ㐷ߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆᚢ⇛⊛੐㗄ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘*'(%' ߩ⚵❱ో૕ࠍㅢߓߡ⽿છࠍ⽶߁‫ᦨߊߏޕ‬ㄭ㧘‫ޟ‬㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߌࠆᚢ⇛⊛⸘↹‫ߦޠ‬㑐ߔࠆఝ⦟੐଀ࠟࠗ࠼ࠍ⊒⴫ߒߚㆇ༡ᆔຬળߩᆔຬ㐳ࠍോ߼ࠆ‫ޕ‬ ᐕ߆ࠄ  ᐕ  ᦬߹ߢ *'(%' ߢࠗࡦࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼ධ᧲ㇱߩ࿾ၞࠦࡦࠨ࡞࠲ࡦ࠻‫ޕ‬วࠊߖߡ㧘*'(%' ߩධ᧲ㇱ࿾ၞ੐ോᚲ㐳ࠍോ߼㧘 ߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐߅ࠃ߮⛮⛯ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ߣߩ㑐ଥ⺞ᢛߦᒰߚࠆ‫ޕ‬
ࠤࡦࡉ࡝࠶ࠫᄢቇߢᢎ⢒ࠍฃߌࠆ‫('*ޕ‬%'ߦടࠊࠆ೨ߦ㧘ࡠࡦ࠼ࡦᄢቇࡠࠗࡗ࡞࡮ࡎࡠ࠙ࠚࠗᩞ
ߢ⎇ⓥ࡮੐ᬺㇱ㐷ߩ⽿છ⠪ߣࡠࠗࡗ࡞࡮ࡎࡠ࠙ࠚࠗ࡮ࠛࡦ࠲࡯ࡊ࡜ࠗ࠭ߩข✦ᓎࠍോ߼ࠆ‫ߎޕ‬ߩ߶߆㧘ࡉ࡝ࠬ࠻࡞ᄢቇ߿ࡠࡦ࠼ࡦᄢቇࠠࡦࠣ࠭࡮ࠞ࡟࠶ࠫߢ᭽‫ࠍ࠻ࠬࡐߥޘ‬ᱧછ‫ޕ‬ᄢ⷏ ੳ OHNISHI Hitoshi᧲ർᄢቇ ೽✚㐳㧛ℂ੐
Executive Vice President, Tohoku University㩷ਥ䈭⚻ᱧ㩷 ᐕ᧲੩ᄢቇᴺቇㇱතᬺ‫ޕ‬
᧲੩ᄢቇᴺቇㇱഥᚻ㧘ࠞ࡝ࡈࠜ࡞࠾ࠕᄢቇࡃ࡯ࠢ࡟࡯ᩞ᡽ᴦቇ♽ᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻⺖⒟㧘᧲ർᄢቇᴺቇㇱഥᢎ᝼ࠍ⚻ߡ㧘 ᐕࠃࠅ᧲ർᄢቇ
ᴺቇㇱᢎ᝼㧔࿖㓙᡽ᴦቇ㧕‫ ޕ‬ᐕࠃࠅ᧲ർᄢቇᴺቇㇱ㐳㧘 ᐕ ᦬ࠃࠅ᧲ർᄢቇ೽✚㐳㧘 ᐕ  ᦬߆ࠄ⃻⡯‫ޕ‬ߘߩ㑆㧘ࠝ࠶ࠢࠬࡈࠜ࡯࠼ᄢቇ࠮ࡦ࠻࡮ࠕࡦ࠻࠾࡯࠭࡮ࠞ࡟࠶ࠫቴຬ⎇ⓥຬ㧘ᣣᧄᐔ๺ቇ
ળળ㐳㧘ᣣᧄ᡽ᴦቇળℂ੐╬ࠍᱧછ‫ޕ‬⃻࿷㧘ࡄࠣ࠙ࠜ࠶ࠪࡘળ⼏⹏⼏ຬ࡮ᣣᧄࡄࠣ࠙ࠜ࠶ࠪࡘળ⼏ઍ⴫‫ޕ‬㩷ኾ㐷ಽ㊁㩷࿖㓙᡽ᴦቇ㧘․ߦァ❗࡮቟ో଻㓚㧘࿖㓙⛔ว㩷ਥ⪺㩷 ‫ࡓ࠭ࠠ࡯࠽ࠕߣࡓ࠭࡝࠽࡚ࠪ࠽ޟ‬㧙࠙ࠛࠬ࠻ࡈࠔ࡝ࠕ࡮ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߦ߅ߌࠆ࿖㓙ⷙ▸ߩ৻⠨ኤ‫ޠ‬㧔1981㧕㧘‫ޟ‬࿖㓙᡽ᴦ‫ޠ‬㧔౒⪺㧘1984㧕㧘‫⃻ޟ‬ઍ᡽ᴦቇ࡮ᣂ ‫ޠ‬㧔౒⪺㧘2003㧕

Graduated from Faculty of Law, University of Tokyo, and completed Ph.D course work at the
Department of Political Science, University of California in Berkeley.
He was a research fellow of International Politics at University of Tokyo, an associate
professor of International Politics at Tohoku University in Sendai, and a full professor ofInternational Politics there since 1989. He was also a Senior Associate Member of St
Antony’s College, Oxford University from 1992 to 1994. He has served as Vice President of
Tohoku University and Director of Tohoku University Library since November, 2002.
His research field is international relations, particularly the transformation of the nation-statesystem and disarmament. He used to be a Council Member of the Political Science
Association of Japan, President of the Peace Studies Association of Japan, and is currently
acting as a Council Member of the Pugwash Conferences of Science and World Affairs andChair of Pugwash Japan.

Sir David Watson
Professor of Higher Education Management,
Institute of Education, University of London (IoE)䊨䊮䊄䊮ᄢ ቇ ᢎ ⢒ ⎇ ⓥ ᚲ 䋨㪠㫆㪜䋩ᢎ ᝼ 㩷Professor Sir David Watson is the Institute of Education’s first Chair ofHigher Education Management, joining the Institute in October 2005.
Sir David recently retired as Vice Chancellor of Brighton University. In
his work at the Institute, Sir David heads the Institute's MBA
programme in higher education management - the first of its kind in the UK - as well as
conducting research and consultancy on higher education policy in the Institute's Centre forHigher Education Studies.
A specialist in the history of ideas and in higher education policy, Sir David has contributed
widely to developments in UK higher education, including as a member of the Dearing
Committee of Inquiry. He was a founder member of both the Polytechnics and Colleges Funding
Council and Higher Education Funding Council for England. He has chaired Universities UK's
longer term strategy group since 1998. His most recent books are Managing Institutional
Self-Study (2005) and Higher Education and the Lifecourse (2003).

Ⓑ၂ ථ INAGAKI Takashiᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇ ቇ㐳 
President, Osaka Kyoiku Universityቇᱧ㩷੩ㇺᄢቇℂቇㇱ‛ℂቇ⑼තᬺ
੩ㇺᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ℂቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ୃ჻⺖⒟ୃੌ
ℂቇඳ჻
ਥ䈭⡯ᱧ
ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇᢎ⢒ቇㇱഥᚻᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇᢎ⢒ቇㇱഥᢎ᝼ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇᢎ⢒ቇㇱᢎ᝼ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇ࡮ᢎ㙃ቇ⑼㐳ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇ࡮೽ቇ㐳ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇ㐳

Education
Kyoto University B.S.(Physics)
Kyoto University M.S.(Physics)
Ph.D
Work Experience
Research Associate, Osaka Kyoiku University (OKU)
Associate Professor, OKU
Professor, OKU
Dean, Department of Arts and Sciences, OKU
Vice-President, OKU
President, OKUDavid Gough
Professor of Evidence-informed Policy and Practice,
Institute of Education, University of London (IoE)䊨䊮䊄䊮ᄢ ቇ ᢎ ⢒ ⎇ ⓥ ᚲ 䋨㪠㫆㪜䋩ᢎ ᝼ 㩷David Gough is Professor of Evidence Informed Policy and Practice andDirector of the Social Science Research Unit (SSRU) and its Evidence
for Policy and Practice Information and Coordinating (EPPI) Centre,
Institute of Education, University of London. SSRU is a research unit ofover forty staff undertaking applied research concerned with education and social issues. The
EPPI-Centre is a specialist centre concerned with the synthesis and use of research evidence
for policy and practice.
Prior to moving to the Institute of Education, Dr Gough undertook research for ten years in the
University of Glasgow and taught for six years at Japan Women’s University. His undergraduate(University of Liverpool) and Masters degrees (Institute of Education, London) were in
psychology and child development and his PhD (University of Glasgow) was on child abuse andchild protection. His current areas of research interest are in systematic mapping and research
synthesis to inform professional and public decision making in policy and practice of social
interventions in education and other social sciences.
He directs a number of research projects on research synthesis for the Department of
Education and Skills, the Teacher Training and Development Agency, the Social Care Instituteof Excellence, and the Methods for Research Synthesis node of the ESRC National Centre for
Research Methods Node. He is Editor of the journal Child Abuse Review and Associate Editorof the journal Evidence and Policy.

☨Ꮉ⧷᮸ YONEKAWA㩷 Hideki㩷ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇ⇐ቇ↢䉶䊮䉺䊷㐳䋯ᢎ⢒␠ળቇᢎ᝼㩷Director, International Student Center
Professor, Sociology of Education㩷ቇᱧ ᐕ ᄢ㒋ᄢቇᢥቇㇱත ᐕ ᄢ㒋ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ୃ჻⺖⒟ୃੌਥ䈭⡯ᱧ ᐕ ᄢ㒋ᄢቇੱ㑆⑼ቇㇱഥᚻ ᐕ ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇ⻠Ꮷ ᐕ ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇ ഥᢎ᝼
 ᐕ ᄢ㒋ᢎ⢒ᄢቇ ᢎ᝼Education
1974 Graduated from Faculty of Literature, Osaka University 
1976 M.A. at Osaka University
Work Experience1977 Research Assistant at Faculty of Human Sciences of Osaka University
1980 Lecturer at Osaka Kyoiku University(OKU)
1985 Associate Professor at OKU
1998 Professor at OKUᧄ 㑆  ᡽ 㓶  *1//#㩷 Masao㩷⁛┙ⴕ᡽ᴺੱᄢቇ⹏ଔ䊶ቇ૏᝼ਈᯏ᭴࿖㓙ㅪ៤䉶䊮䉺䊷㐳
Executive Director, Center for International Relations,
National Institution for Academic Degrees and University
Evaluation (NIAD-UE)㩷ቇᱧ㩷ᴺቇ჻㧔ฬฎደᄢቇ㧕/5E㧔ࡠࡦ࠼ࡦ࡮ࠬࠢ࡯࡞࡮ࠝࡉ࡮ࠛࠦࡁࡒࠢࠬ㧔.5'㧕㧘࿖㓙㑐ଥ⺰㧕㩷ਥ 䈭⡯ ᱧ 㩷㧔ᤘ๺㧕ᐕᢥㇱ⋭౉⋭
㧔ᤘ๺㧕ᐕ࿷੽ᄢ૶㙚৻╬ᦠ⸥ቭ㧔ᤘ๺㧕ᐕᢥㇱ⋭ቇⴚ࿖㓙ዪ⎇ⓥᯏ㑐⺖⎇ⓥ⺞ᢛቭ㧔ᐔᚑర㧕ᐕ ห ૕⢒ዪ↢ᶦࠬࡐ࡯࠷⺖㐳㧔ᐔᚑ㧕ᐕ ห 㜞╬ᢎ⢒ዪኾ㐷ᢎ⢒⺖㐳㧔ᐔᚑ㧕ᐕ    ห ቇⴚ࿖㓙ዪ࿖㓙ડ↹⺖㐳㧔ᐔᚑ㧕ᐕ     ห ೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒ዪ㜞╬ቇᩞ⺖㐳㧔ᐔᚑ㧕ᐕ     ห ቭᚱክ⼏ቭ㧔↢ᶦቇ⠌ዪᜂᒰ㧕㧔ᐔᚑ㧕ᐕᮮᵿ࿖┙ᄢቇ੐ോዪ㐳㧔ᐔᚑ㧕ᐕᢥㇱ⋭ᄢ⤿ቭᚱ✚ോክ⼏ቭ㧔᡽╷⺞ᢛᜂᒰ㧕㧔ᐔᚑ㧕ᐕ੩ㇺᄢቇ੐ോዪ㐳㧔ᐔᚑ㧕ᐕ᦬੩ㇺᄢቇℂ੐࡮೽ቇ㐳㧔✚ോ࡮ੱ੐࡮ഭോ࡮ᐢႎ࡮੐ോ✚ว⺞ᢛ࡮࡝ࠬࠢ▤ℂ࡮㔚ሶ੐ോዪ࡮ోቇห⓹ળ࡮੩ᄢၮ㊄࡮␠ળㅪ៤ᜂᒰ㧕㧔ᐔᚑ㧕ᐕ᦬ ᄢቇ⹏ଔ࡮ቇ૏᝼ਈᯏ᭴ᢎ᝼㧘࿖㓙ㅪ៤࠮ࡦ࠲࡯㐳㧔ᐔᚑ㧕ᐕ᦬
੩ㇺᄢቇℂ੐࡮೽ቇ㐳㧔㕖Ᏹൕ㧘੐ോᡷ㕟࡮␠ળㅪ៤࡮ᷤᄖ㧔᧲
੩㧕ᜂᒰ

㩷
Education
Bachelor of Law, Faculty of Law, Nagoya University
M.Sc.in International Relations, London University
Wo r k E x p e r i e n c e1971 Joined the Ministry of Education Science, Sports and Culture, MONBUSHO1983 Appointed the 1st Secretary and Deputy Permanent Delegate, Japanese
Delegation to UNESCO, Paris, France
1988 Coordinator of Scientific Research, Science and International Affairs Bureau,
MONBUSHO
1989 Director, Sports for All Division, Sports and Physical Education Bureau,
MONBUSHO
1992 Technical Education Division, Higher Education Bureau, MONBUSHO1995 Director, International Affairs Division, Science and International Affairs Bureau,
MONBUSHO
1996 Director, High School Division, Primary and Secondary Education Division,
MONBUSHO
1996 Deputy Director-General, Life-long Education Bureau, MONBUSHO1997 Director-General, Administration Bureau, Yokohama National University
1999 Director-General responsible for Education Reform and Policy Coordination,
MONBUSHO
2001 Director-General, Administration Bureau, Kyoto University
4/2004 Executive Vice-President in charge of General Administration, Personnel
Affairs and Public Relations, Kyoto University
10/2005 Professor and Executive Director for International Relations, National Institute for
Academic Degrees and University Evaluation
10/2005 Executive Vice-President in charge of Administrative Reform, Kyoto UniversityRobert Boucher
Vice-Chancellor, University of Sheffield䉲䉢䊐䉞䊷䊦䊄ᄢቇ㐳

Professor Bob Boucher has been Vice-Chancellor of the University of
Sheffield since 2001. He was previously Principal and Vice-Chancellor of
the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology(UMIST), a post he held from 1995 to 2000. Prior to his appointment at
UMIST, he was Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering and
Pro-Vice-Chancellor for Research at the University of Sheffield.
He is a member of the Board of Universities UK, which represents the interests of all universities
in the UK. On the international stage, Professor Boucher is chairman of the International Sector
Group of Universities UK and Treasurer of the Association of Commonwealth Universities.
Quality assurance is an area of particular interest to Professor Boucher, who is a former directorof the Higher Education Quality Council (now the Quality Assurance Agency), serving aschairman of its Quality Enhancement Division and its Graduate Standards Programme. He wasalso a member of the Higher Education Funding Council’s Quality Assessment Committee,
which had responsibility for overseeing Subject Review assessments conducted in all theuniversities in England.
In his own speciality of engineering, Professor Boucher has served as a member of the Councilof the Royal Academy of Engineering, as a Privy Council nominated Senator on the Engineering
Council, and as chairman of the Engineering Professors’ Conference. He is a former member of
the User Panel of the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, which co-ordinates
input from industrial users of university research.Born in Wembley, Professor Boucher is a
graduate of the University of Nottingham, where he worked as a postdoctoral fellow before
moving to Queen’s University Belfast, first as a University Research Fellow and then as
Lecturer in Mechanical Engineering.
He joined the Mechanical Engineering Department at Sheffield in 1970, specializing in fluid
mechanics and fluid technology. His research interests, published in over 130 papers andinvolving extensive industrial collaboration, include flow measurement, fluid transients andnetwork stimulation, transmission line modeling of mixed-media systems, magnetic separation,industrial ventilation and oil drilling technology.
Awarded a CBE in the 2000 for his services to higher education and the engineering profession,
Professor Boucher is also a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering. He is Chairman of
the White Rose University Consortium, a Board Member of Yorkshire Forward (Regional
Development Agency), and a Trustee of the National Portrait Gallery. International recognitionof his work has come in the form of an honorary doctorate from the State University of New Yorkand the Silver Felber Medal of the Czech Technical University in Prague.

ᄢ㦮㩷 ੳ㩷 OSAKI Hitoshiᄢቇ౒ห೑↪ᯏ㑐ᴺੱੱ㑆ᢥൻ⎇ⓥᯏ᭴㩷 ℂ੐
Director, Inter-University Research Institute Corporation,
National Institutes for the Humanities (NIHU)ቇᱧ㩷ᤘ๺  ᐕ㧠᦬ ੩ㇺᄢቇ ᴺቇㇱතᬺᐔᚑ  ᐕ㧣᦬ ੩ㇺᄢቇඳ჻㧔ᢎ⢒ቇ㧕ਥ䈭⡯ᱧ㩷ᤘ๺  ᐕ㧟᦬ ᢥㇱ⋭౉⋭ᤘ๺  ᐕ㧢᦬ ᢥㇱ⋭ ᄢቇቇⴚዪᄢቇ⺖㐳ᤘ๺  ᐕ㧢᦬ ᢥㇱ⋭ ᄢ⤿ቭᚱ✚ോ⺖㐳ᤘ๺  ᐕ㧣᦬ ᢥㇱ⋭ ቇⴚ࿖㓙ዪ㐳ᤘ๺  ᐕ㧣᦬ ᢥㇱ⋭ 㜞╬ᢎ⢒ዪ㐳ᤘ๺  ᐕ㧥᦬ ᢥൻᐡ㐳ቭᤘ๺  ᐕ㧤᦬ ᧲੩࿖┙ㄭઍ⟤ⴚ㙚㐳ᐔᚑ㧞ᐕ㧣᦬ ᣣᧄቇⴚᝄ⥝ળℂ੐㐳ᐔᚑ  ᐕ㧤᦬ ⽷ ᡼ㅍᄢቇᢎ⢒ᝄ⥝ળℂ੐㐳ᐔᚑ  ᐕ㧠᦬ ࿖┙ቇᩞ⽷ോ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ᚲ㐳ᐔᚑ  ᐕ㧠᦬ ᄢቇ౒ห೑↪ᯏ㑐ᴺੱੱ㑆ᢥൻ⎇ⓥᯏ᭴ℂ੐ฃ⾨ᱧᐔᚑ㧥ᐕ㧥᦬ ࡐ࡯࡜ࡦ࠼౒๺࿖㤛㊄ഞഭ┨ᐔᚑ  ᐕ㧢᦬ ࡈ࡜ࡦࠬ࿖ኅഞഭ⾨ࠝࡈࠖࠪࠚᐔᚑ  ᐕ  ᦬ฬ⹷ᄢ⧷ൟ┨㧔%$'㧕Dr Hitoshi Osaki has been Director of the National Institute for the Humanities since 2004. He
has an his LL.B.(1955) and a Dr. (Higher Education Studies) (2001) from Kyoto University.
During his career at the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture(MESSC), now
known as MEXT, he served as Director General, Science and International Affairs
Bureau(1982-85), and Director General, Higher Education Bureau (1985-86). He wasCommissioner of the Agency for Cultural Affairs (1986-88) and Director of Tokyo National
Museum of Modern Art(1988-90). From 1990-98 he was Director General of the Japan
Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) and from 1998-99 he was Director General of
The Society for the Promotion of the University of the Air. He was previously Director Generalof the Center for National University Finance (1999-2003).
He was awarded a "Golden Badge of the Order of Merit of the Public of Poland(1997)" and"Officier dans I'Ordre National du Mérite, the French Republic(1998)" and a "Honorary
Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire(CBE) in 1999".

㩷ᧁ᧛㩷 ቃ㩷 KIMURA Tsutomu⁛┙ⴕ᡽ᴺੱᄢቇ⹏ଔ䊶ቇ૏᝼ਈᯏ᭴㐳
President, National Institution for Academic Degrees andUniversity Evaluation (NIAD-UE)ቇᱧ᧲੩ᄢቇ ᄢቇ㒮ᢙ‛♽⎇ⓥ⑼ୃ჻⺖⒟ୃੌ
Ꮏቇඳ჻ (᧲੩Ꮏᬺᄢቇ)ਥ䈭⡯ᱧᤘ๺  ᐕ㧟᦬ ᧲੩Ꮏᬺᄢቇ ᢎ᝼ᐔᚑ㧠ᐕ㧠᦬ ᧲੩Ꮏᬺᄢቇ Ꮏቇㇱ㐳ᐔᚑ㧡ᐕ  ᦬ ᧲੩Ꮏᬺᄢቇ㐳ᐔᚑ  ᐕ㧠᦬ ቇ૏᝼ਈᯏ᭴㐳ᐔᚑ  ᐕ㧠᦬ ᄢቇ⹏ଔ㨯ቇ૏᝼ਈᯏ᭴㐳ᐔᚑ  ᐕ㧠᦬ ⁛┙ⴕ᡽ᴺੱᄢቇ⹏ଔ࡮ቇ૏᝼ਈᯏ᭴㐳㧔⃻⡯㧕ฃ⾨ᱧᐔᚑ  ᐕ ᦬ ฬ⹷ᄢ⧷ൟ┨㧔%$'㧕
Education
MA Engeering (The University of Tokyo)
Dr. of Engeering (Tokyo Institute of Technology)
Wo r k E x p e r i e n c e
3 /1981  Professor of Tokyo Institute of Technology
4 /1992  Dean of the Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
10 /1993   President, Tokyo Institute of Technology
4 /1998  President, NIAD-UE
Award
The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (C.B.E)

日英高等教育に関する協力プログラム 京都フォーラム 2006

２００６年９月

編集・発行 日英高等教育に関する協力プログラム日本側推進委員会事務局（独立行政法人 大学評価・学位授与機構内）〒187-8587 東京都小平市学園西町１－２９－１
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