耐震構造の設計
学びやすい構造設計

日本建築学会 関東支部

御案内
本書の著作権・出版権は日本建築学会にあります．本書より著書・論文等への引用・転載にあたっては必ず本会の許諾を得てください．
コピーも私的利用の範囲を超えることは法律で禁じられています．
一般社団法人

日本建築学会

改訂の序
日本建築学会関東支部では，1963 年以来，会員をはじめ建築構造の関心のある多くの方々のために，構造設計，計算の技術の普及を目指して「構造計算のすすめ方」シリーズを刊行し，講習会を開催してきました．構造計算シリーズの第 7 巻として「耐震構造の設計」が発行されたのは，耐震設計に関連して建築基準法・施行令の改正が施行された 1981 年 6 月の直前でした．その後 12 年が経過した 1993 年に，その改訂版が，さらに新技術，新知見を加筆して刊行されています．
1995 年阪神・淡路大震災の被害経験と様々な教訓，1998 年の建築基準法の改正，関連政令および告示の公布などは，これからの耐震構造のあり方，技術に大きな変容，進展をもたらしています．
以上を踏まえて，関東支部では，本テキストの改訂委員会を新しく編成し，全面改訂の方針および執筆内容の検討を開始しました．
その一環として，これまでのテキストを大幅に改訂し，新しく「学びやすい構造設計」シリーズの第 3 巻として，2003 年 6 月に「耐震構造の設計」が発行されました．そのテキストの内容は，過去の 1968 年十勝沖地震，1978 年宮城県沖地震から，1995 年兵庫県南部地震に至る地震被害の総合的分析，地盤と建物の震動，新しい耐震計算法等に関して，耐震技術の基礎知識として段階的に平易に解説し，さらに建築構造の各分野，鉄筋コンクリート構造，鋼構造，木構造等に加えて基礎構
造，非構造の２次部材，建築設備等の耐震技術，応用技術の実際について，具体的にわかりやすく述べています．
このテキストの特質とするところは，建築物の振動理論，構造理論から，耐震設計，診断の実務
設計の分野に至る広範な領域を一冊の教科書として，平易にまとめられている点にあります．
この前回の改訂から 10 年近く経ちいくつかの地震被害が発生したことや，耐震研究の進展があることに鑑み，今回改めて本テキストの改訂委員会を組織し，その内容を全面的に見直し，改訂版を発行することになりました．
このテキストが，構造設計者，技術者にとって，耐震技術の理解と進展に貢献することを願う次第です．この度の改訂にあたって，関東支部講習会用構造テキスト作成委員会および執筆者の方々のご努力に感謝いたします．

2012 年 10 月 15 日
日本建築学会関東支部
支部長

安達

俊夫

はじめに
日本建築学会関東支部の構造テキスト「耐震構造の設計」がはじめて刊行されたのは，1981 年の1 月でしたが，今から振返ってみると，なかなか意義深いタイミングであったといえます．すでに，1968 年十勝沖地震による地震被害等が契機となって新しい耐震設計法への機運が高まり，1972 年より開始された建設省を中心とする耐震技術，設計法に関する開発研究プロジェクトの成果が，さらに 1978 年宮城県沖地震とその被害をも踏まえて，いわゆる「新耐震設計法」として誕生し，1981
年 6 月に施行されました．関東支部の「耐震構造の設計」の刊行と，各支所において開催された講
習会は，時宜を得て大きな熱気をもって迎えられたことが思い出されます．その後，本書は構造技術，設計に関する手頃な教科書，参考書としてのみならず，大学などでの耐震構造の講義テキストとしても好評を得てまいりました．刊行後約 10 年を経過した 1993 年 2 月に，本書は，耐震技術の国内外における目覚しい発展，特に免震・制振構造の進展などに関して加筆，修正を加えた改訂版を出しています．
1995 年 1 月の兵庫県南部地震による阪神・淡路大震災は，余りにも過酷な地震災害，被害をもたらしました．専門研究者による記録地震動の分析，地震被害等の研究による新知見，新しい理念に基づく耐震設計法への動きなど，本会をはじめとして，様々な分野で根本的な見直し，再検討が進
み，頼もしい研究成果が蓄積されつつあります．1998 年の建築基準法の改正および関連政令，告示の示すところは，耐震安全性に対する性能評価を基本とした限界耐力計算法を具体的に提示し，これを柱とした設計体系となっています．耐震設計に，また新しい１つの時代が登場したことによります．そこで，2000 年に関東支部の中に，本書の改訂委員会を設け，本書の全面改訂を行い，2003
年に改訂版を出しました．それまでの構成を，基本的には変えませんでしたが，免震構造，制振構
造，木質構造，建築設備，等については，追加，補充を行いました．
今回の改訂にあたっては，2010 年に関東支部の中に本書の改訂委員会を設け，全面的な見直し作業を開始しました．全体の構成（章）は変えず，内容は 2011 年の東日本大震災にも言及するなど最新の内容を取込み，かつ，簡潔で重点的な記述を心掛けることにより，本が厚くなるのを避ける努
力をしました．また，執筆者に若い世代の人を加え，将来の改訂に備えました．
本書「耐震構造の設計」の編集，作成にあたって，多忙の中，ご協力下さった皆様方に心からお礼を申し上げます．

耐震構造の設計

作成関係委員

講習会用構造テキスト作成委員会
委員長

安達

俊夫

幹

事

塩原

等

竹内

徹

委

員

河合

直人

斎藤

公男

坂本

功

寺本

隆幸

成原

弘之

南

宏一

耐震構造の設計

實松

俊明

田村

和夫

改訂ワーキンググループ

主

査

坂本

功

幹

事

隈澤

文俊

委

員

井上

範夫

内田

明彦

梅野

岳

木内

俊明

北嶋

圭二

腰原

幹雄

曽田五月也

高木

政美

高山

峯夫

田才

晃

田嶋

和樹

玉松健一郎

對比地健一

土屋

富男

寺本

隆幸

蓮田

常雄

林

一宏

平山

昌宏

福山

洋

矢田

雅一

山下

哲郎

山田

眞

芳村

学

若松加寿江

脇山

善夫

對比地健一

執

筆

者

はじめに
坂本

功

１．地震と建築曽田五月也

２．地震被害
内田

明彦

木内

俊明

坂本

功

蓮田

常雄

平山

昌宏

若松加寿江

脇山

善夫

井上

範夫

曽田五月也

高木

政美

高山

峯夫

山田

眞

芳村

学

北嶋

圭二

田嶋

和樹

福山

洋

隈澤

文俊

田才

晃

３．地盤と建物の振動

４．耐震計算方法
５．鉄筋コンクリート構造

６．鋼構造
玉松健一郎

山下

哲郎

７．木質構造
腰原

幹雄

梅野

岳

土屋

富男

坂本

功

脇山

善夫

寺本

隆幸

林

一宏

８．基礎構造９．非構造部材
10．建築設備
矢田

雅一

耐

震

構

造

の

設

計

学びやすい構造設計

目次

1．地震と建築

1.1

はじめに ········································································· 1

1.2

耐震構造学の略史 ································································· 1

1.3

これからの耐震構造 ······························································· 31.3.1

性能設計と地震動 ····························································· 31.3.2

免震構造と制振構造 ··························································· 3

1.3.3

建物の耐震性能の評価方法 ····················································· 6

2．地震被害

2.1

地盤の被害 ······································································· 92.1.1

液状化による被害 ····························································· 9

2.1.2

造成地の被害 ································································· 112.2

下部構造の被害 ··································································· 15

2.2.1

基礎被害の調査方法と被害原因 ················································· 15

2.2.2

基礎の被害事例 ······························································· 162.2.3

改良地盤における基礎の挙動 ··················································· 23

2.3

上部構造の被害 ··································································· 27

2.3.1

兵庫県南部地震以前の震害 ····················································· 27

2.3.2

兵庫県南部地震と震害 ························································· 34

2.3.3

兵庫県南部地震以降の被害 ····················································· 61

2.3.4

震害とその教訓 ······························································· 652.4非構造部材の被害 ································································· 71

2.4.1

非構造部材の地震被害 ························································· 712.4.2

非構造部材の被害各論 ························································· 71

2.5

建築設備の被害 ··································································· 78

2.5.1

東北地方太平洋沖地震のアンケート調査による建築設備の被害状況 ················· 78

2.5.2

建築設備の要因別被害例とその対策 ············································· 80

3．地盤と建物の振動

3.1

地震動 ·········································································· 85

3.1.1

地震発生のメカニズムと断層および震源分布 ···································· 85

3.1.2

地震観測システムの発展とネットワーク展開 ···································· 91

3.1.3

震源域の地震動 ······························································ 92

3.1.4

地下構造と活断層の情報 ······················································ 94

3.1.5

地震動の性質 ································································ 96

3.1.6

地震動予測地図 ······························································ 102

3.2

地盤震動・相互作用 ······························································ 105

3.2.1

地震動 ······································································ 105

3.2.2

表層地盤の増幅特性 ·························································· 107

3.2.3

相互作用を考慮した建築物の周期と減衰定数 ···································· 111

3.3

建物の振動 ······································································ 117

3.3.1

１質点系の応答 ······························································ 1173.3.2

多質点系の応答 ······························································ 122

3.3.3

弾塑性応答の推定 ···························································· 139

3.4

実在建物の振動性状・強震応答 ···················································· 151

3.4.1

実在建物の振動実験・地震観測の概要 ·········································· 151

3.4.2

起振機による強制振動実験 ···················································· 152

3.4.3

自由振動実験 ································································ 156

3.4.4

常時微動測定 ································································ 158

3.4.5

地震観測 ···································································· 161

3.4.6

震動台実験 ·································································· 162

3.4.7

実施例 ······································································ 164

3.5

建物の復元力特性と地震応答 ······················································ 176

3.5.1

復元力特性について ·························································· 176

3.5.2

建物の復元力特性 ···························································· 176

3.5.3

復元力特性モデル ···························································· 181

3.5.4

建物の地震応答 ······························································ 186

3.5.5

まとめ ······································································ 189

3.6

免震構造 ········································································ 190

3.6.1

免震構造の概要 ······························································ 190

3.6.2

免震部材 ···································································· 192

3.6.3

免震構造の設計 ······························································ 196

3.6.4

免震建物の地震時挙動 ························································ 200

3.6.5

免震構造の留意点 ···························································· 2013.7制振構造と各種ダンパー ·························································· 203

3.7.1

建物の減衰性能 ······························································ 203

3.7.2

ダンパーと建築計画／構造計画 ················································ 205

3.7.3

各種制振ダンパー ···························································· 208

3.7.4

粘弾性ダンパーの履歴特性 ···················································· 211

4．耐震計算方法

4.1

はじめに ········································································ 227

4.1.1

耐震規定の改定と地震力の算定 ················································ 227

4.1.2

水平震度に基づく地震力の算定 ················································ 2284.1.3

固有周期と地震層せん断力係数を考慮した地震力の算定 ·························· 230

4.1.4

応答スペクトルによる耐震性能の検証 ·········································· 232

4.2

耐震計算規定 ···································································· 235

4.2.1

耐震計算法の方針 ···························································· 235

4.2.2

保有水平耐力計算および許容応力度等計算 ······································ 236

4.2.3

性能規定型耐震設計法 ························································ 247

4.3

構造物の応力計算 ································································ 261

4.3.1

せん断力の分布係数による方法 ················································ 261

4.3.2

剛性マトリクス法 ···························································· 265

4.3.3

Ｄ値法と剛性マトリクス法の例題 ·············································· 270

4.4

構造物の保有耐力 ································································ 274

4.4.1

弾塑性体の性質 ······························································ 274

4.4.2

部材断面の性質 ······························································ 274

4.4.3

崩壊機構と崩壊荷重（塑性解析） ·············································· 277

4.4.4

骨組の保有水平耐力 ·························································· 281

4.4.5

静的弾塑性解析 ······························································ 282

5．鉄筋コンクリート構造

5.1

はじめに ········································································ 287

5.2

鉄筋コンクリート構造の耐力特性 ·················································· 288

5.2.1

コンクリートと鉄筋の力学特性 ················································ 288

5.2.2

柱梁部材の弾塑性挙動 ························································ 291

5.2.3柱梁接合部の耐力特性 ························································ 311

5.2.4

耐震壁の弾塑性挙動 ·························································· 315

5.2.5

基礎 ········································································ 323

5.2.6

構造物としての耐力特性 ······················································ 326

5.3

鉄筋コンクリート構造の耐震設計 ·················································· 329

5.3.1

耐震設計の進め方 ···························································· 329

5.3.2

許容応力度計算 ······························································ 338

5.3.3

保有水平耐力と変形性能 ······················································ 340

5.4

鉄筋コンクリート構造の耐震診断 ·················································· 344

5.4.1

耐震診断の必要性と考え方 ···················································· 344

5.4.2

耐震診断の方法 ······························································ 347

5.4.3

診断結果と地震被害 ·························································· 350

5.5

鉄筋コンクリート構造の耐震改修 ·················································· 354

5.5.1

耐震改修の必要性と考え方 ···················································· 354

5.5.2

耐震改修の方法 ······························································ 355

5.5.3

耐震改修における留意点 ······················································ 357

5.6

鉄筋コンクリート構造の被災度判定 ················································ 360

5.6.1

被災度判定の必要性 ·························································· 360

5.6.2

応急危険度判定 ······························································ 361

5.6.3

被災度区分判定 ······························································ 363

6．鋼構造

6.1

はじめに ········································································ 3676.2

鋼構造の耐力特性 ································································ 370

6.2.1

鋼材の特性 ·································································· 370

6.2.2

部材の弾塑性挙動 ···························································· 376

6.2.3

接合部の耐力特性 ···························································· 4006.3鋼構造の耐震設計 ································································ 424

6.3.1

耐震設計のすすめ方 ·························································· 4246.3.2

許容応力度等計算（ルート２） ················································ 431

6.3.3

保有水平耐力計算 ···························································· 432

6.3.4

部材の変形性能 ······························································ 439

6.4鋼構造の耐震診断・耐震改修 ······················································ 4426.4.1

鋼構造の耐震診断 ···························································· 4426.4.2

鋼構造の耐震改修 ···························································· 449

7．木質構造

7.1

はじめに ········································································ 453

7.2

木質材料 ········································································ 453

7.2.1

木質材料の特性 ······························································ 453

7.2.2

木質材料の種類 ······························································ 4577.3

木質構造の耐震設計 ······························································ 458

7.3.1

構造計画 ···································································· 4587.3.2

構造形式 ···································································· 458

7.3.3

設計ルート ·································································· 459

7.3.4

接合部 ······································································ 464

7.3.5

壁量計算 ···································································· 466

7.4

耐震診断 ········································································ 470

7.5

耐震改修 ········································································ 471

8．基礎構造8.1

基礎に要求される耐震性能 ························································ 473

8.1.1

地震動時における力の流れ ···················································· 473

8.1.2

基礎に求められる要求性能 ···················································· 475

8.1.3

基礎の耐震設計法 ···························································· 477

8.2

基礎に作用する地震力 ···························································· 478

8.2.1

地震力の評価 ································································ 478

8.2.2

地下階の根入れ効果 ·························································· 479

8.3

地盤の液状化 ···································································· 4808.3.1

液状化危険度判定 ···························································· 4808.3.2

液状化に伴う地盤変形の予測と地盤定数の評価 ·································· 484

8.3.3

液状化対策 ·································································· 487

8.4

直接基礎の耐震設計 ······························································ 488

8.4.1

地震時の鉛直支持力 ·························································· 488

8.4.2

基礎の滑動 ·································································· 490

8.5

杭基礎の耐震設計 ································································ 491

8.5.1

杭基礎の支持性能 ···························································· 491

8.5.2

耐震設計法 ·································································· 499

9．非構造部材

9.1

耐震設計の考え方 ································································ 503

9.1.1

非構造部材と耐震安全性 ······················································ 503

9.1.2

非構造部材に作用する力と変位 ················································ 504

9.1.3

慣性力に対する検討 ·························································· 506

9.1.4

強制変形角に対する検討 ······················································ 509

9.1.5

建築計画上の留意点 ·························································· 511

9.2

各部の耐震設計 ·································································· 512

9.2.1

各部の耐震設計の要点 ························································ 512

9.2.2

鉄筋コンクリート非構造壁 ···················································· 512

9.2.3

カーテンウォール ···························································· 514

9.2.4

ＡＬＣパネル外壁 ···························································· 516

9.2.5

ラスモルタル塗り ···························································· 517

9.2.6

タイル張り・石張り ·························································· 518

9.2.7

窓ガラス ···································································· 519

9.2.8

間仕切り ···································································· 520

9.2.9

天

9.3

井 ······································································ 520

耐震診断と改修 ·································································· 522

9.3.1

耐震診断 ···································································· 522

9.3.2

耐震改修 ···································································· 524

10．建築設備

10.1

建築設備の耐震設計の現状 ······················································· 525

10.2

建築設備に作用する地震力 ······················································· 526

10.2.1

設計用水平震度 ····························································· 526

10.2.2

設備機器に作用する地震力の考え方 ··········································· 527

10.2.3

耐震設計指針に規定された地震力 ············································· 528

10.2.4

局部震度法による設備機器の地震力（その１） ································· 529

10.2.5

建築物の動的解析が行われている場合 ········································· 529

10.3

設備機器の耐震支持の検討 ······················································· 531

10.3.1

設計用水平震度の算定例 ····················································· 531

10.3.2

機器固定部の耐震計算例（アンカーボルトによる直接固定の例） ················· 531

10.3.3

基礎の設計 ································································· 532

10.4

配管・ダクト・電気配線類の耐震設計の考え方 ····································· 533

10.4.1

横引き配管類 ······························································· 533

10.4.2立て配管類 ································································· 534