CBRNE Terrorism Response
by Fire Services

Tomoya MATSUURA
Fire and Disaster Management Agency, Japan
11/29/2018

Self Introduction
 Name: Tomoya MATSUURA
 Position: Section Chief of Rescue,Civil Protection and Disaster Management Department
 Age: 43
 Career: 1999 Joined in Tokyo Fire Department
 2001 Water Rescue Unit (for 11 years)
 2013 Rescue Section, Fire Suppression Division 2016 Commander, Azabu Fire Station
 2017 Seconded to Rescue Section, FDMA2

Arrangement for Rescue Activities in Japan(As of April 2017)

 Fire Department across the nation: 732
 Fire Department with Rescue Unit: 715
 Rescue Unit: 1,420（full-time 563, concurrent 857）
 General Rescue Unit: 776
 Special Rescue Unit: 644 (including advanced rescueteams and special advanced rescue teams)
 Rescuers: 24,596(full-time 8,663, concurrent 15,933)

3

Fire Service’s Preparedness for NBC Disaster
Required Activity
 Advanced Detection,Zoning, Rescue, Large
Scale Decontamination

Fire Dept. Required21(3%)

Tokyo Fire Dept. and
Designated Cities’ Fire Depts.

Equipment of General Rescue Team,Special Rescue Team and Advanced
Rescue team + Special Disaster ResponseVehicle
 Hazmat Decontamination vehicle
 Chemical Agent Detector

88(12%)

Core Cities’ Fire Depts.

Equipment of General Rescue Teamand Special Rescue Team + Chemical Agent Detector
 Biological Agent Detector
 Radiation Survey Meter

214
(30%)

All of the Fire Department
with rescue unit, covering
100K people

General Rescue Team’s equipment +392
(55%)

All of the Fire Department
with rescue unit

 Positive Pressure Type Chemical
Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing Special Advanced RescueTeam> Detection, Zoning, Rescueand Decontamination
 Advanced Rescue Team Rescue andDecontamination
 Special Rescue Team Rescue General Rescue Team

Vehicle and Equipment for
NBC Disaster

No of FireDepartment

Radiation Protection Suit
Personal Dose Meter
Decontamination Shower
Decontaminant Sprayer
Gas Measuring Instruments
Radiation Meters

CBRNE Hazard•••••C … Chemical Hazard
B … Biological Hazard
R … Radiological Hazard
N … Nuclear Hazard
E … Explosive Hazard
Common character of the hazards above

Invisible for Responders
Quite difficult to identify the type of disaster among thesefive, which the responders should keep in mind during thedisaster response.
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Protection Outfit

Level A

Level B

Level C

Level D6

Protection against C Hazard
Level C

Level B

Level A

Ensemble Elements

Ensemble Elements

Ensemble Elements

Nerve
Agent

Skin exposure could happen.

Blister
Agent

Choking
Agent

Cyanide
Blood
Agent

Liquid or Gas
could comethrough.

Liquid ispossible topenetrate.

7

Protection to Respond to B Hazard
Level C Ensemble Elements
biological
agent

biologicalagent

Guard against
pathogenic
microorganism

biological
agent

8

Protection to Combat N Hazard
Level C Ensemble Elements

Protection to stop
Radioactive Material,
which exposes a-ray, fromcoming into the body

α-ray

β-ray
γ-ray
x-ray

Type of Activity

Max Radiation Dose

Personal Dose Meter
Setting

General Firefighting

10mSv or lessSame as the left

Type of Activity

Max Radiation Dosefor a Certain Period

Personal Dose Meter
SettingRescue

100mSv

30mSv - 50mSv

Rescue on and off

100mSv for fiveyears ( also, 50mSvfor a year)

Same as the left

neutron9Which Squad in Charge ofWhich Zone & Activity?
Type of Squad Involved
Zone

BeforeIdentification

Level A
SquadHot

After Identification
ChemicalLevel A
SquadBio
Level C
Squad

NuclearLevel C
Squad

Level B
Squad
Level B
Squad

Warm

Level C
SquadCold
Level D
Squad

Level C
Squad

Level D
Squad

Level D
Squad

Level D
Squad

Required Activities Basic detection
 Designation of hot zone Removal of Hazmat and its container likebottle Rescue Designation of warm zone
 Evacuate people exposed to hazardous
materials if ambulatory
 Collective Protection(only for Biohazard)
 1st triage
 Decontamination
 Information gathering Designation of cold zone and restrictedarea
 Setting of entry control line Public relations, evacuation instruction
 2nd triage
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 Ambulance and medical treatment

N, B and C Hazards Response Tool
Used by Fire Services
Measurement Instrument

Air Quality Meter（flammable gas, oxygen, carbonmonoxide, hydrogen sulfide）

Chemical Agent Detector（nerve agent, blister agent, blood
agent and choking agent）

INFRARED GAS ANALYSISAPPARATUS(for liquid, gas and solid material)

tovisualize

Portable Hazard Observation System- can detect the chemical agent from 5km distant place

Large Decontamination System Equipped Vehicle
Large Decontamination System Equipped Vehicle – which can cleanse 200
people an hour

contaminatedwater collection
box

decontamination
unit

hot water
supplyfan heater
generator

nonambulatory
victims lane

Special Hazmat Truck Equipped with a hazmat analyzing room composed of positive pressurefunction
 Toxic substance detection device and other NBC disaster response
tools loaded on

Rescue Procedure Flow
1 Report to Fire Dept.
2. Arrival at Incident Site
3. Info Gathering
4. Setting of Restricted Area

4. Setting of Entry Control Line

5. Simplified Detection
6. Designation of Three Zones
Hot Zone

Warm Zone

Rescue of Victims

1st Triage

Removal of Hazmat

Decontamination

Cold Zone

2nd Triage
Ambulance14

Zoning

Entry Control Line*

Entry fromwindward side

Wind Direction
Restricted Area(Cold Zone)*The entry control line varies
depending on such factors as smell,measurement with tool, information bystakeholders and location of victims.

Hazardous Area（Hot Zone）

Leve A Ensemble Elements
Decontamination Arearequired（Warm Zone）
Level B Ensemble Elements,
at least, requiredShort Pick-Up
When discovering a victim in the hot zone, rescuers aresupposed to carry them to a safer place, even if not possible
to reach the cold zone, so that the victim can get a better
condition for breathing.

Dry Decontamination
To remove cloths of rescuer/rescue for getting rid of toxic
substance on them

Cloths are cut by scissors, as following
the arrow illustrated.
Plastic
Sheet

Cloths

Toxic
Substance

Removing cloths withwrapping in plastic sheet
can minimize the secondary
contamination.

Wet Decontamination
When the victim gets the whole of body contaminated, thewet decontamination in the decontamination tent is needed.

Action Procedure(Arrival at Site - Setting Up Decontamination Station)
Cold zone

Emergency Decontamination Station
Level B Warm Zone Action TeamWarm zone

Wind direction

Polluted waterpool

Level D
Decontamination
Team, etc.

Hot zone

Decontamination
Station for firefighters Decontamination Team, Warm
Zone Action Team, etc.

ZoningLevel A
Rescue Detection
Team Team

Advanced triage

Level D

Changing
clothesLevel D

Undressing

Inspection

Pollutedwater pool

Level D
Ambulance
Team

Advance
TeamNew
entry control line
Entry control line

First triage

Decontamination
Team, WarmZone ActionTeamEntry Control Team

Detector
responded
Persons concerned

Survivor in needof help

120 m or more

Chemicalstoreroom

Action Procedure(Rescue of Survivors in Need of Help - Ambulance Transport)
Cold zone

Warm zone

Level B
Warm Zone Action
Team

Hot zone

Decontamination Station for
firefighters

Wind direction

Pollutedwater pool
Level D

Changing
clothes

Undressing

Inspection

Level D
Ambulance
TeamFirst triage

Advanced triage

Entry Control Team

Rescue Detection
Team Team
Decontamination Team,
Warm Zone Action TeamCommand Team
Level D

Level BNew entry control line

Chemical storeroom

Tokyo Subway Sarin Attack The incident occurred past 8:00 March 20 1995, at 16 stationsof the three subway lines - Hibiya Line, Marunouchi Line andChiyoda Line.
 Around 6,300 injured or died.
 340 units and 1,364 firefightersattended the incident sites.

Tokyo Subway Sarin Attack

Damages on Responders(zoning, physical protection and decontamination)

135 firefighters were injured while engaged in rescue.
Medical institutions have also seen their staff injured,
when receiving victims.

Firefighter Engagement in Explosion Terrorism

7 July 2005 London bombings

 The secondary attack should be most paid
attention to, through proper and prompt
information sharing with other responders,
especially the police, which is responsible
for safety evaluation at the scene.
 In bombing attacks, the procedures for
CBRN are also supposed to be followed –the explosion terrorism may happen using
toxic substance like chemical agent,biological agent and radiation agent.

Boston Marathon Bombing (2013)

Hemostasis with Tourniquet Victims with blast injury need to be treatedwith CAT(Combat Application Tourniquet),which works well for arterial breeding – thatcrucially impact on victims’ lives.
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Robust Response Collaboration- Rescue, Ambulance, Medical and Research Emergency Report
Police Department, Headquarters of Self Defense Force etc.
Capacity of Hospital, Incident Site
Situation, Necessity of Doctor
dispatchmentt etc

Close
Communication

Info Sharing

AdviceInfo Sharing
MedicalInstitution

Fire Department
Info Sharing

Research Organization
Advicesuspected substance andits detailed info, andtreatment method

Info Sharing
Instruction

ReportInfo Sharing

Firefighters

OnsiteCoordination
PostResponders (Police, Self
Defense Force etc.)

Ambulance

Rescue of Victims

Removing of Toxic
Substance

Information Gathering

Transportation to
Hospitals

Decontamination

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