2023

AmazonSustainability
Report

On the cover
The Baldy Mesa Solar and Storage Project (developed
and operated by AES), located in Adelanto, California.

Contents

Environment

Overview

Value Chain

People3

Introduction

9

Carbon45

Human Rights

75

Employee Experience

4

A Letter from Our Chief
Sustainability Officer

24

Carbon-Free Energy

50

Responsible Supply Chain

81

Health and Safety

29

Packaging

58

86

Inclusive Experiences

5

How We Work34

Waste and Circularity

Sustainable Products andMaterials

6

Goals Summary

40

Water

64

Supplier Diversity

72023 Year in Review

67

Community Impact

Appendix
94

Sustainability Reporting Topic
Assessment

95

Endnotes

96

Assurance Statements

97

Disclaimer and Forward-Looking
Statements

Overview
Introduction

Environment
CSO Letter

Value Chain
How We Work

PeopleAppendix

Goals Summary

Introduction

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
2023 Year in Review

About Amazon

About This Report

Amazon is a global company with approximately
1.5 million full- and part-time employees worldwide andoperations in Africa, Asia-Pacific, Europe, Latin America, theMiddle East, and North America.

This is our sixth annual report detailing progress against
our goals and environmental, social, and governancetopics. All financial figures are reported in U.S. dollars ($),
unless otherwise stated. The data within this report reflects
progress from January 1 through December 31, 2023, unlessotherwise indicated. This report includes information about
many business units and subsidiaries including AWS, Devices,
Fresh, Whole Foods Market, Amazon Private Brands, Twitch,
MGM Studios, and Ring.

At Amazon, we combine data and science with passion andinvention. We set big goals and work backward to achievethem, such as The Climate Pledge, our goal to reach netzero carbon emissions by 2040, 10 years ahead of theParis Agreement. We apply that same tenacity to how weaddress some of the world’s biggest environmental andsocietal challenges, striving to make every day better for ourcustomers, employees, communities, and planet.

How to Navigate This Report
Look for these symbols throughout the report:
A link that directs you to a website
A link within the report
A link to a download

Our 2023 Sustainability Report is structured into threemain categories: Environment, Value Chain, and People. In
the Environment section, we discuss scaling our work,
partnering with others, and inventing new solutions tominimize our emissions, waste, and water use; increasing
our use of carbon-free energy; and pioneering solutions toimprove packaging, products, and the materials we use. In
the Value Chain section, we discuss our commitment torespect the human rights of people connected to our global
business, managing a responsible supply chain, creating
sustainable products and using more sustainable materials,
advancing supplier diversity, and having a positive impact on
the communities where we operate. In the People section,
we discuss our ambition to be Earth’s best employer and thesafest place to work in our industries, including our focus on
creating positive employee experiences, prioritizing healthand safety, and building inclusive experiences.

Framework Disclosures
In addition to this report, we share on our website ourapproach to sustainability governance and disclose our2023 performance against reporting frameworks including
the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB), theUnited Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), theTask Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD),
and the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business andHuman Rights (UNGPs).
Learn more in our 2023 Sustainability Reporting
Framework Summary

Employees inside one of our newest office buildings in Bellevue,
Washington.

3Overview
Introduction

Environment
CSO Letter

Value Chain
How We Work

PeopleAppendix

Goals Summary

A Letter from
Our Chief
Sustainability
Officer

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report

42023 Year in Review

At Amazon, we are always looking for ways to move faster,deliver the best possible customer experience, and innovate.
We regularly hear from our customers, corporate partners,
and employees how much they care about sustainability andsocial responsibility. For a company as diverse as Amazon,
embedding these values into all of our businesses, products,
and services—as well as how we deliver for our customers—has been an incredible undertaking, with much of it taking
place behind-the-scenes.
Progress is likely easiest to spot in our Stores business.
Our customers let us know that their Amazon packages are
now arriving at their doorsteps faster, with less packaging,and delivered by more electric delivery vehicles than everbefore. By regionalizing our operations and transportation
networks in the U.S., we can now deliver items faster andat lower costs. This also allows us to minimize or avoid
extra packaging altogether, while reducing the distance a
package has to travel, cutting back on the carbon emissions
associated with deliveries.
We also know our customers look to Amazon to be a leader
among our peers. On renewable energy, we set an ambitious
goal to match 100% of the electricity consumed by our
global operations with renewable energy by 2030, andwe reached that goal in 2023—seven years early. As welook to the future, we are steadfast in our Climate Pledgecommitment to be net-zero carbon across our operations
by 2040. We will continue to lead and invest in creating
carbon-free energy around the world at scale, including
through solar, wind, nuclear, and other emerging energy
technologies. Our progress toward a net-zero carbon
business will not be linear, and each year as our various
businesses grow and evolve, we will produce different
results. These results will be influenced by significant
changes to our business, investments in growth, andmeeting the needs of our customers. Through it all, we willremain steadfast as we invent, adapt, and will our way tomeeting our commitment to The Climate Pledge.
We know that driving change means staying focused onbringing entire industries along with us. Over the past five
years, we’ve done this by encouraging companies to join
The Climate Pledge—and we’re proud that over 500 havejoined us and committed to be net-zero carbon 10 years
ahead of the Paris Agreement. But we wanted to do more.
Most recently, our sustainability team has been developing
resources to share our expertise and help our suppliers build,measure, and act on their sustainability commitments. That’s
why we’ve launched the Amazon Sustainability Exchange, afree sustainability resource center that contains a number of
Amazon’s previously proprietary playbooks, templates, casestudies, and science models, among other sustainability bestpractices.
Looking ahead, we know our customers look to us to beat the cutting edge of new and growing technologies andenable them for good. We’re already deploying artificial
intelligence (AI) in ways that benefit our customers directly,
such as using it to right-size packaging and avoid waste.
We’re exploring a growing number of AI applications—
whether it’s monitoring and optimizing our energy useor helping combat deforestation in Brazil. We also see anopportunity to use AI to address sustainability challenges at
an unprecedented scale, all while delivering new solutions
for our customers. Much work remains, and we’re excitedthat Amazon is uniquely positioned to figure out how AI
can help us address climate change in a more efficient andresponsible way.
Most importantly, we need to continue to invest in talent andhire employees who can lead on sustainability. We’re proudof the wide range of sustainability-focused career paths weoffer at Amazon, including engineers, scientists, content
creators, building architects, and more. And for those whosejobs aren’t directly within a sustainability field, we offer
upskilling programs and affinity groups where our employees
can learn more and get involved. It’s thanks to the thousandsof professionals working behind-the-scenes across Amazonthat we are able to bring all of this amazing work to life.
I’m proud of the work that’s underway, and truly excited
for what’s to come.
With gratitude,
Kara Hurst
Chief Sustainability Officer

Overview
Introduction

Environment
CSO Letter

Value Chain

PeopleHow We Work

Appendix

Goals Summary

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
2023 Year in Review

How
We
Work
How We Work
Our Mission

To make customers’ lives better and easier every day.

Our Business

Our Operations

Our Supply Chain

Our Employees

Our Communities

Our Customers

We oﬀer products and services—both
Amazon-branded and from many otherbrands and third-party sellers—in our
Amazon stores, leveraging advanced
transportation logistics to deliverglobally. We also create entertainment
content and, through AWS, provide theworld’s most widely adopted andcomprehensive cloud oﬀering.

We procure materials, commodities,
components, ﬁnished goods, andservices from a complex supplier
network. We engage suppliers
globally to align our expectations forrespecting human rights; maintaining
safe, inclusive workplaces; andpromoting sustainable practices.

The approximately 1.5 million people
in Amazon’s global workforce are
the key behind our successes—fromenabling global fulﬁllment todelivering on sustainability initiatives.
To support them in advancing
their own career goals, we oﬀer
competitive pay and beneﬁts,
upskilling and educational
programs, and a workplace that
promotes inclusion and diversity.
Additionally, we use independent
contractors and temporary personnel
to supplement our workforce.

Amazon has a presence in communities
around the world. We seek to be agood neighbor wherever we operate
and to support local people andcharitable organizations that meeton-the-ground needs. In particular,
we leverage our scale, resources,and expertise to address issues
where we can have the greatest
impact—namely aﬀordable housing,education, disaster relief, andfood security.

We continually seek new and better ways
to serve customers, oﬀering lower prices,more convenient services, and a larger
selection of more sustainable products.
We also help customers advancetheir businesses and enable digitaltransformation through AWS, content
development services, and advertising
options. In addition, we support small
businesses with access to Amazon’s
tools, resources, and network, helping
them reach customers around the world.

We are committed to addressing
sustainability at every stage ofour value chain.

Our Reporting
TopicsWe include a number of topics
in our reporting. We view these
topics as interconnected andrecognize that our progress in
one area can often help address
challenges in another.

CarbonCarbon-Free Energy

Sustainable Products and Materials

Packaging

Supplier Diversity

Waste and Circularity

Community Impact

Water

Employee Experience

Human Rights

Health and Safety

Responsible Supply Chain

Inclusive Experiences

5Overview
Introduction

Environment
CSO Letter

Value Chain

PeopleHow We Work

Appendix

Goals Summary

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
2023 Year in Review

Goals Summary
Goal

2022 Progress

Making progress
2023 Progress

70.74M metric tons CO2e*68.82M metric tons CO2e93.0 g CO2e/$GMS†

80.8 g CO2e/$GMS

Through The Climate Pledge, inspire and empowerothers to join us on a mission to reach net-zerocarbon emissions by 2040

396 signatories

473 signatories

At least 100,000 electric delivery vans on the roadby 2030, from Rivian and other manufacturers

2.6K+ electric delivery vans

19K+ electric delivery vans

Deploy 10,000 electric vehicles (EVs) in India by 2025

3.8K+ EVs deployed

7.2K+ EVs deployed

90% matched

100% matched

Carbon-Free Energy
Match 100% of the electricity consumed by our
global operations with renewable energy by 2025—
five years ahead of our original target of 2030

Invest in wind and solar capacity equal to the energy 100% capacity procured
used by all active Echo, Fire TV, and Ring devices
worldwide by 2025‡

Achieved in 2022

Waste and Circularity
Reduce food waste by 50% across U.S. and Europe
operations by 2030

82M meals donated globally

75% reduction in food waste
intensity in Europe operations
and 28% in U.S. operations
compared to a 2021 baseline§

Water
AWS will be water positive by 2030

StatusGoal

Achieved

2022 Progress

2023 Progress

110K employees upskilled**

358K+ employees upskilled

78.5K veterans andspouses hired † †100K+ veterans andspouses hired‡ ‡Goal set in 2022

41% progress toward meeting
its water positive goal#

Achieved for 79% of
product launches

Achieved for 90% of
product launches

Invest $1.2 billion to upskill over 300,000
U.S. Amazon employees by 2025
Inclusive Experiences

Hire 100,000 U.S. military veterans and military
spouses through 2024

Conduct a racial equity audit to evaluate the impacts Goal set in 2022
of our policies, programs, and practices on hourly
operations employees

On track to be completed
in 2024

Hire at least 5,000 refugees in the U.S. by the endof 2024

Goal set in 2022

~18K refugees hired in
the U.S.

Provide training for 10,000 Ukrainians globally
through the AWS program ITSkills4U by 2024

Goal set in 2022

~16.5K Ukrainians received
training

Invest $2 billion to create and preserve more than
20,000 affordable homes through 2025

$1.6B committed and 11K
homes created or preserved$1.8B committed and ~16K
homes created or preserved

Distribute up to $60 million in AWS cloud computing
credits to support organizations promoting healthequity globally by the end of 2024 § §$14M+ in cloud computing
credits distributed$32M+ in cloud computing
credits distributed

Help 29 million people globally grow their technicalskills by providing free cloud computing skills
training by 2025

13M people helped

21M people helped

Provide free artificial intelligence (AI) skills training
to 2 million people globally by 2025—

Goal set in 2023

Community Impact

Packaging

Make Amazon device packaging 100% recyclable
by 2023

Did not meet

Employee Experience

CarbonReach net-zero carbon emissions by 2040

6

* Carbon dioxide equivalent.
† Grams of carbon dioxide equivalent per dollar of gross merchandise sales.
‡
To understand what this goal should encompass, we model and measure the energy consumed by our devices in different types of use, thenproject their total average global annual electricity consumption.
§
Food waste intensity is a measure of food waste as a percentage of total food handled by weight.
# Water positive means AWS will return more water to communities than it uses in its direct operations. A number below 100% indicates AWS is stillworking to meet the water positive goal.

** In 2022, we reported progress for the Career Choice program in the U.S. In 2023, we expanded our reporting to include all in-scope
upskilling programs in the U.S.
† † Progress from July 2021 through December 2022.
‡‡
Goal achieved in January 2024. Progress from July 2021 through January 2024.
§§
In January 2024, AWS announced an additional $20 million in funding for the Health Equity Initiative, bringing the company’s totalcommitment to $60 million in cloud credits.

StatusOverviewEnvironment

Introduction

CSO Letter

Value Chain
How We Work

PeopleAppendix

Goals Summary

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
2023 Year in Review

2023 Year in Review
As we reflect on 2023, we are proud of the progress we made. We worked hard to reduce ourenvironmental footprint, drive progress throughout our value chain, and create a safer, more
inclusive place for people to work.

Environment

3%
Reduction in absolute carbon
emissions

Value Chain

100%
Of electricity consumed by
Amazon matched with renewableenergy sources, up from 90% in
2022

13%
Decrease in carbon intensity

680M
Packages delivered using morethan 24,000 electric delivery
vehicles globally

9%
Decrease in average single-use
plastic packaging weight per
shipment across Amazon’s global
operations network#1
Largest corporate purchaser ofrenewable energy in the world
for the fourth year in a row,according to BloombergNEF

77
New signatories of The Climate
Pledge, bringing the total to 473

75%
Reduction in food waste
intensity—a measure of foodwaste as a percentage of total
food handled by weight—in
Europe operations and 28%
reduction in U.S. operations
compared to a 2021 baseline

12%

41%

Of packages globally shippedwithout additional Amazon
packaging as part of our Ships in
Product Packaging program

Of the way toward meeting our
AWS water positive goal to return
more water to the communities
where AWS operates than is usedin direct operations

3K
Assessments of suppliers of
Amazon-branded products on
their social and environmental
performance

1.16B
Items sold that are recognizedby certifications in our Climate
Pledge Friendly program, a 42%
increase from 2022

$20M
Catalyzed by founding membersof U.S. Agency for International
Development (USAID)’s
Climate Gender Equity Fund,a public-private partnershipthat leverages funding to scale
climate finance that advances
gender-equitable climate action

People

$4.3B

358K+

Spent with more than 500
certified U.S. Tier 1 diverse
suppliers—certified diverse
businesses that provide goods
and services directly to Amazon
to operate our businesses

U.S. employees have participatedin upskilling programs since weannounced our Upskilling Pledge
in 2019

76K
Nearly16K
Affordable homes created orpreserved and nearly 35,000
residents supported through the
Housing Equity Fund$16.8M
In cloud computing credits
distributed to 125 organizations
globally to promote equal accessto health resources, totaling
more than $32 million distributed
to 229 organizations since 2021

Amazon employees from51 countries participated inour second Global Month ofVolunteering

20K
Military veterans and military
spouses hired in 2023, totalingover 100,000 hired throughJanuary 2024

$1.3B
Invested toward pay increases
for customer fulfillment andtransportation employees in the
U.S., bringing the average pay for
those roles to over $20.50 per hour

30%
Improvement in global Recordable
Incident Rate in 2023 versus
2019

60%
Improvement in global Lost Time
Incident Rate in 2023 versus 2019

Nearly16.5K
Ukrainians globally, including
refugees, received training
through the AWS program
ITSkills4U by the end of 2023

7

OverviewEnvironment

Value Chain

PeopleAppendix2023 Amazon Sustainability Report

Environment
At Amazon, we combine data and science with passion and invention
to drive everything we do. We are committed to and invested insustainability because it’s a win all around—it’s good for the planet, forbusiness, for our customers, and for our communities. We set big goals
and work backward to achieve them. We are working to innovate andscale solutions that minimize our emissions, waste, and water usage;increase our use of carbon-free energy; and pioneer new approaches for
packaging, materials, and products..

In This Section
9

Carbon24

Carbon-Free Energy

29

Packaging

34

Waste and Circularity

40

Water

Wind Wall, a wind farm located in California’s Tehachapi Mountains, generates carbon-free energy to AWS.

8Overview

CarbonEnvironment

Value Chain

Carbon-Free Energy

Packaging

PeopleAppendix2023 Amazon Sustainability Report

Waste and Circularity

Carbon

Water

Goal

Goal

Reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2040—
10 years ahead of the Paris Agreement

Deploy 10,000 electric vehicles (EVs) in India
by 2025

Actions

100%

7.2K+

Of electricity consumed by Amazon was matchedwith renewable energy sources, up from 90% in 2022

EVs deployed in India

3%

7.2K+
10K

Reduction in absolute carbon emissions since 2022

13%

Goal

Decrease in carbon intensity since 2022

The science is clear. Significant carbon emission
reductions are required to avoid the most severe
effects of climate change, restore biodiversity,
protect vulnerable communities, and ensure a
habitable planet for future generations. Climatechange also has the potential to disrupt global
supply chains and change the ways businesses
operate today. We have an opportunity—and
responsibility—to use our size, scale, and resources
to do our part to solve global challenges. In 2019,
we co-founded and committed to The Climate
Pledge—our goal to reach net-zero carbon
emissions by 2040, 10 years ahead of the Paris
Agreement. We are continually working to reduce
emissions throughout our business, as wellas partnering across our supply chain and theindustries in which we operate to share and scale
what we’ve learned.

Inspire and empower others to sign The Climate Pledge
and join us on a mission to reach net-zero carbon
emissions by 2040

473

Signatories, up from 396 in 2022

Goal

Up to

50%
More energy efficiency and up to 40% in costsavings with Inferentia2 chips over other comparable
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) chips

24K+
EVs globally, including over 11,800 in the U.S.,
over 7,200 in India, and over 3,000 in Europe

680M

At least 100,000 electric delivery vanson the road by 2030, from Rivian andother manufacturers

Packages delivered by EVs globally

200M

19K+
Electric vans deployed in the U.S., Europe, and India

19K+

100K

The Climate Pledge signatories Amazon, Oak View Group,
and National Hockey League (NHL) Seattle collaborated
to build Climate Pledge Arena, the first International
Living Future Institute zero-carbon certified sports andentertainment venue in the world.

Boxes and 226,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide
equivalent (CO2e) avoided with Amazon Day
delivery—a shipping option whereby Prime members
choose a specific day of the week to receive orders—
up from nearly 115 million boxes in 2022

9

Overview

CarbonEnvironment

Value Chain

Carbon-Free Energy

Packaging

PeopleAppendix

Waste and Circularity

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report

10

Water

Our Approach
At Amazon, we think long term, take on grand challenges,
and invent solutions to complex problems. These are someof the reasons we co-founded and committed to The Climate
Pledge in 2019—our goal to reach net-zero carbon emissions
by 2040, 10 years ahead of the Paris Agreement—and haveinvited hundreds of companies to join us.
Amazon has a variety of businesses touching many sectors,some of which rely on carbon-intensive industries to provide
critical goods and services to our customers. However, we
believe the complexity of our business puts us in a uniqueposition to be a leader in decarbonization strategies. We
have an opportunity to demonstrate how achieving netzero carbon emissions is possible across many sectors, while
creating solutions that benefit our business as well as theindustries in which we operate.
Foundationally, our strategy relies on embedding
decarbonization initiatives and efficiency improvements
across our business. Our comprehensive approach to
reducing and avoiding carbon emissions focuses on key
sectors of our business, including delivery and logistics;
building construction and operations; servers and hardware;
grocery, products, and devices; and packaging. Teams acrossAmazon are accountable for setting decarbonization plansthat map back to Amazon’s worldwide strategy because
ownership and accountability are critical to operational
success and managing complexity. We focus on fourcrosscutting initiatives to decarbonize our business:• We focus first on driving efficiency across ouroperations to reduce and avoid emissions at scale. This
includes improving transportation routing, increasing
pack and fill rates, improving cloud-computing chip
efficiency, adding Low Power Mode to devices, andinstalling energy-efficient lighting and HVAC solutions
in buildings.

• We select lower-carbon alternatives, such as lowercarbon concrete and steel in construction, and loweremission fuels and vehicles in transportation. We use
these alternatives where possible, based on a number offactors including cost, emissions reduction potential, andavailability.
• We’re transitioning toward carbon-free electricity,
investing in renewables—rooftop solar installations
on our buildings, and new, utility-scale wind and solar
projects—as well as other carbon-free electricity sources,
such as nuclear.

regulatory and policy issues. We seek to advance andincentivize decarbonization by supporting policies
that scale lower-emission fuels, drive lower-emission
vehicle deployment and infrastructure, advance thedeployment of carbon-free energy, modernize the grid,and accelerate investments in clean technologies.
• We catalyze industry action. Through The Climate
Pledge, Amazon brings together companies fromaround the world to drive collective action, cross-sector collaboration, and engagement in initiatives thatencourage industry action toward decarbonization.
In parallel to reducing and avoiding emissions throughout
our business, we are also investing in carbon neutralization
through additional, quantifiable, real, permanent, andsocially beneficial offsets. As part of this effort, we areengaging in science-led collaborations to build credible
neutralization initiatives that can be deployed at scale in
the future.

• We engage with suppliers to help reduce emissions from
activities beyond our direct operations. We encouragethem to set credible decarbonization goals, publicly share
progress, and implement carbon reduction strategies
throughout their operations and supply chains —and
we are providing support to help our supply chain
take action.1
In addition to decarbonizing our own business, we are helping
drive progress across industries. To do this, we focus on
three accelerators:• We invest in breakthrough technology by adopting
ready-to-scale solutions, as well as evaluating andinvesting in emerging technologies that can help address
emissions from hard-to-abate sectors including aviation,
shipping, and building construction. Through direct
funding, we aim to advance our own progress toward
net-zero carbon emissions and help accelerate thewidespread adoption of new technologies by making
them more affordable and accessible.
• We support policies that drive decarbonization.
Amazon works with policymakers, governments,
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), industry
associations, coalitions, and other partners on numerous

Watch

how we embed sustainability initiatives throughout all aspects of our business.

Overview

CarbonEnvironment

Value Chain

Carbon-Free Energy

PeoplePackaging

Appendix2023 Amazon Sustainability Report

Waste and Circularity

Our Progress

Water

2022 Carbon Footprint
recalculated in accordance with
updated Carbon Methodology.

Amazon’s Carbon Footprint
Carbon Intensity

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

YoY%

122.8

102.7

100.8

93.0

80.8

-13%

5.76

9.62

12.11

13.32

14.27

7%

Fossil fuels

5.57

9.37

11.89

12.96

14.00

8%

Refrigerants

0.19

0.25

0.22

0.36

0.27

-25%

Emissions from Purchased Electricity (Scope 2)*

5.50

5.27

4.07

3.14

2.79

-11%

Emissions from Indirect Sources (Scope 3)*

39.91

45.75

55.36

54.28

51.76

-5%

	Corporate purchases and Amazon-branded product emissions (e.g., operating expenses, business travel, andAmazon-branded product manufacturing, use phase, and end-of-life)

15.41

16.70

19.09

19.72

19.11

-3%

	Capital goods (e.g., building construction, servers and other hardware, equipment, vehicles)

8.01

10.52

15.37

10.25

8.95

-13%

Every year, we aim to serve our customers better, more
quickly, and with fewer emissions, but we know our progress
may not be linear as our business continues to grow. In 2023,
we invested in carbon abatement projects across Amazon.
We continue to invent, think long term, and place big bets
to accelerate decarbonization efforts year over year. In
addition to our direct investment and work to decarbonize
our business, we also worked with organizations throughout
our supply chain and broader industry to reduce and avoid
emissions and create solutions to help decarbonize ourvalue chain. Annually, we also improve our science anddata-driven approach to track and measure decarbonization
across Amazon.

	Other indirect emissions (e.g., third-party transportation, packaging, upstream energy-related)

12.44

15.77

18.00

20.90

20.07

-4%

	Lifecycle emissions from customer trips to Amazon’s physical stores

4.05

2.77

2.91

3.41

3.63

7%

Amazon’s Carbon Footprint

51.17

60.64

71.54

70.74

68.82

-3%

Greenhouse Gas Protocol Aligned Scope 3 Categories

2022

2023

Purchased Goods and Services (Amazon corporate purchases made for Amazon’s operations and services, Amazon-branded products)

20.60

19.86

Capital Goods

10.25

8.95

Fuel- and Energy-Related Activities

4.76

4.97

Upstream Transportation and Distribution

10.65

9.30

Business Travel

0.61

0.63

Scope 1: Direct Emissions and Operations

Employee Commuting

2.78

2.88

Downstream Transportation and Distribution

3.41

3.63

Use of Sold Products (Amazon Devices)

1.18

1.50

End-of-Life Treatment of Sold Products (Amazon Devices)

0.04

0.04

Amazon’s Carbon Footprint
In 2023, our absolute carbon emissions decreased by 3%.2
This overall decrease was driven by an 11% reduction inemissions from electricity (Scope 2) and a 5% decrease inindirect and supply chain emissions (Scope 3). We had a 7%
increase in emissions from our direct operations (Scope 1),
primarily from the use of transportation fuels. Our carbon
intensity decreased for the fifth consecutive year, down 13%
from 2022 to 2023.3 This metric demonstrates how we areworking to decouple emissions growth from business growth.

Amazon’s Scope 1 emissions are primarily generated fromthe fuel used by our transportation and logistics fleet todeliver packages to customers. In 2023, our Scope 1 emissions
increased 7% compared to 2022 and represented 21% of our
total carbon footprint. This change was due to an increasein the number of packages delivered by Amazon Logistics
versus third-party transportation providers, as well as overallbusiness growth.

Carbon Intensity (grams of CO2e per $ of gross merchandise sales)
Emissions Category (MMT CO2e)
Emissions from Direct Operations (Scope 1)

Learn more about what’s included in Amazon’s carbon footprint in our Carbon Methodology* Scope 2 and 3 carbon emissions are calculated using a market-based method.

11

Overview

CarbonEnvironment

Value Chain

Carbon-Free Energy

PeoplePackaging

Appendix

Waste and Circularity

In 2023, our net sales grew 12% and more than two-thirds ofAmazon packages were delivered via Amazon’s own logistics
network. We decreased emissions per package throughoperational efficiencies, such as improving truck fill rates(the percentage of truck volume that is utilized), shipping
products in their own packaging without additional Amazon
packaging, and using artificial intelligence (AI) to optimize
packaging types. For example, Amazon data scientists trained
an AI model to understand a variety of product attributes,
including an item’s shape and durability, and to analyze
customer feedback on how different packaging options have
performed. The model is constantly learning and has helped
reduce our use of packaging material since it launchedin 2019.
We strive to keep our packaging lightweight and minimal,
while ensuring products reach customers without damage.
Lighter, more flexible, and right-sized packaging helps reducedelivery emissions per package by using less material andtaking up less space in delivery vehicles. Since 2015, we have
reduced the average per-shipment packaging weight by 43%
and avoided more than 3 million metric tons of packaging,including more than 446,000 metric tons in 2023 alone.4
Globally, we shipped 12% of products in their own packaging
in 2023. This provides a better customer experience byminimizing the packaging materials used for delivery,
and avoids incremental carbon emissions associated withadditional materials and weight.
Learn more about how we’re improving packaging
As the number of products we deliver has continued toincrease, we aim to keep improving the efficiency of theroutes our trucks drive. For example, to get packages tocustomers faster and with fewer emissions, we reorganized

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
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our U.S. transportation network from one national networkto eight strategic regions in 2023. Regionalization helped
us avoid driving nearly 16 million miles last year. We alsoprioritized shipping products by lower-carbon train and sea
routes—instead of trucking—for middle mile deliveries in
Europe. We are excited to invest in technologies today thatwill help reduce our footprint in the future, such as scaling
up our use of electric vehicles (EVs) and other lower-carbon
vehicles to decrease our Scope 1 emissions.

Scope 2: Indirect Emissions fromPurchased Electricity
Our Scope 2 emissions are from electricity used to power
Amazon’s buildings, including data centers, office buildings,
fulfillment centers, and grocery stores, and to charge EVs
at our facilities. In 2023, our Scope 2 emissions decreasedby 11% compared to 2022 and represented 4% of our total
carbon footprint. This decrease resulted from our increased
use of electricity from renewable sources, such as windand onsite solar, as well as from purchasing additional
environmental attributes (such as renewable energy credits)
to signal our support for renewable energy in the grids where
we operate, in line with the expected generation of the
projects we have contracted.
In 2023, we are proud to have achieved our goal to match
100% of the electricity consumed by our global operations
with renewable energy—seven years ahead of our original2030 goal. This achievement was driven by scaling up our
portfolio of renewable energy projects. Our journey has
included enabling major solar, wind, and battery storage
projects around the world, including the first wind farmin Mississippi, and becoming the first corporate purchaser
to invest in renewable energy projects in countries such as

Indonesia, Poland, and South Africa. At the end of 2023,
Amazon had invested in 513 global renewable energy
projects, including 243 utility-scale wind and solar projects,
and 270 solar rooftops at our facilities and stores aroundthe world. In 2023 alone, 42 new utility-scale wind andsolar projects and 50 new on-site solar energy systems
became operational. Collectively, our portfolio represents
28 gigawatts (GW) of renewable energy capacity, an increase
from 20 GW in 2022. This portfolio provides carbon-freeelectricity to our operations, as well as delivers new carbonfree electricity to the grids in communities where we operate.
With this scale, we have been named the world’s largest
corporate purchaser of renewable energy for the fourth year
in a row.5
Two of the most important ways we lower electricityrelated carbon emissions are by improving energy efficiency
and transitioning to carbon-free energy. To date, we havefocused on scaling renewable energy; going forward, thenature of our business requires us to leverage additional
carbon-free energy options—such as nuclear—to support
our continued growth and enable us to develop and deploy
new technologies such as AI. We are also focused on creating
new chips that are increasingly energy-efficient, such as
AWS Graviton4, the most powerful and energy-efficient
chip AWS has built. Graviton4 is more energy efficient than
Graviton3 processors while providing up to 30% better
computing performance, 50% more cores, and 75% morememory bandwidth than Graviton3 processors. By scalingcarbon-free energy, we aim to make Amazon a more resilientand sustainable business, drive a global transition to cleaner
energy, and achieve our commitment to The Climate Pledge
to reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2040.
Learn more about our transition to carbon-free energy

Amazon’s Carbon Footprint(MMT CO2e*)
Scope 1

Scope 2†

Scope 3†

Carbon intensity (g CO₂e/$GMS‡)

122.8

71.54
102.7

60.64
9.62

70.74

100.8

12.11

93.0

13.32
4.07

3.14

80.8

14.27
2.79

51.17
5.76

68.82

5.27

5.50

55.36
54.28

51.76

2022§

2023§

45.75
39.91

2019

2020

2021

* Million metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent.
† Scope 2 and 3 carbon emissions are calculated using a market-based method.
‡ Grams of carbon dioxide equivalent per dollar of gross merchandise sales.
§ We updated our Carbon Methodology used for our 2022 and 2023 carbon footprint.

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Scope 3: Indirect Emissions from Other Sources
Scope 3 emissions include emissions from activities thattake place beyond our direct operations, including building
construction, third-party transportation, and the productionof Amazon-branded products and the materials andcomponents used in those products. In 2023, our Scope 3
emissions decreased by 5% from 2022 and represented 75%
of our total carbon footprint. This decrease resulted fromreductions related to building construction, leased buildings
and equipment, and third-party transportation, as moregoods were shipped by Amazon’s own logistics providers
versus third-party providers than in 2022.
Building construction is a significant driver of carbon
emissions in many supply chains due to the associatedembodied carbon that is emitted. Embodied carbon includes
any carbon emissions created during the manufacturingof building materials, the transport of those materials tothe job site, and the construction practices used. Embodied
carbon is counted in a company’s carbon footprint the year
the building is completed and operational. We aim to reduce
embodied carbon in building construction by using loweremission concrete, lower-emission steel, and mass timber. In
2023, 29 Amazon building projects were constructed withlower-carbon concrete and steel, and collectively reduced
embodied carbon by 79,500 metric tons of CO2e, equivalent
to the emissions generated by 17,200 cars driven for a year.
Because Scope 3 emissions are beyond our direct operational
control, the efforts our suppliers take to reduce theiremissions help us progress toward our ambition to achieve
net-zero carbon emissions by 2040. We will prioritize working
with suppliers who are also committed to decarbonization
and reaching net-zero carbon emissions. We have identified
a list of the highest-emitting suppliers directly supporting
our operations, and expect those suppliers, who collectively
contribute more than 50% of emissions globally to Amazon’s
Scope 3 footprint, to provide a plan for how they will
decarbonize their operations and demonstrate real progressover time. We will prioritize our business toward those2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
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who provide their plans and results on their path to netzero carbon emissions. We are already working with manyof these suppliers, and will continue our engagement andshare learnings. In addition, we also launched our “Amazon
Sustainability Exchange”—a free, publicly available websitethat democratizes our guidelines, playbooks, sciencemodels, and other resources to help other companies makemeaningful progress toward net-zero carbon emissions.

Key Milestones on Our Net-Zero Carbon Journey

100% of the electricity consumed byour global operations was matchedwith renewable energy—seven years
ahead of our original 2030 goal

Learn more about how we’re engaging suppliers todecarbonize our supply chain

Path to 2040
We know the path to net-zero carbon by 2040 will bechallenging, but we are making investments, creating new
ways of working, and inventing new solutions to help us
decarbonize now and in the future. At Amazon, we think longterm, and we’re committed to working collectively with our
supply chain and industry partners to create and scale new
decarbonization solutions.
We’re proud of the work we do, not just within our own
operations but across the many industries of which we are apart. At the end of 2023, The Climate Pledge included 473
signatories focused on achieving net-zero carbon emissions
by 2040. Signatories are working together more than everbefore, with five new joint action projects launched in
2023. We are also investing in companies that are building
breakthrough technologies and other solutions that could,
longer-term, lower the overall cost of decarbonization, evenin hard-to-abate sectors. One way we do this is through The
Climate Pledge Fund, Amazon’s $2 billion venture investment
program, which supports the advancement of sustainabilityfocused technologies and services that will enable us to meet
our net-zero carbon emissions goal.
We will continue to innovate, collaborate, and do the workneeded to deliver the best for our customers, progress
toward net-zero carbon emissions by 2040, and mostimportantly, contribute to a healthier planet.

Amazon co-founded
The Climate Pledge
with Global Optimism
and was the firstcompany to sign on

10,000 electric vehicles in our
India delivery fleet by 2025
Right Now Climate Fund
A $100 million fund fornature-based solutions to
restore and conserve forests,
wetlands, and grasslands
around the world

2019

2020

2022

Net-Zero
CarbonEmissions

2023

2024

2025

2040

2030

500+ signatories of The Climate Pledge

The Climate Pledge Fund
A $2 billion venture investment
program supporting theadvancement of sustainable
technologies and services thatenable Amazon to meet our
net-zero carbon emissions goal

In 2022, The Climate
Pledge Fund committed atleast $50 million to invest
in female-founded andfemale-led climate
technology companies

AWS committed to being
water positive by 2030,
returning more water tothe communities where
AWS operates than isused in direct operations

At least 100,000 electric delivery
vans on the road by 2030, from
Rivian and other manufacturers

Invest in wind and solar farm capacity equal
to the energy use of all active Echo, Fire TV,
and Ring devices worldwide by 2025

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Delivery and Logistics
We rely on a complex transportation network to get products
from manufacturers and sellers to customers aroundthe globe. Our logistics network uses different modes oftransportation, including ships, planes, freight trains, trucks,
vans, and bikes, across three transportation legs:• First mile is the first transportation leg, used fortransporting shipments from the manufacturer or
supplier to an Amazon facility. First mile includes
maritime and airfreight shipping, as well as movementby truck and rail.
• Middle mile is the intermediate transportation leg,
where we move shipments between Amazon facilities. It
is also called long-distance transportation. Middle mile
includes commercial trucking, aviation, maritime, andintermodal sea and rail.
• Last mile is the final transportation leg that delivers
packages from Amazon to customers. It includes vans,trucks, and micromobility solutions such as e-cargo bikes
and on-foot delivery.
We have adopted a multi-pronged strategy to transport
products safely, quickly, efficiently, and more sustainably.
We are decarbonizing first, middle, and last miletransportation by:• Increasing routing and fleet efficiency. In 2023,
we restructured our U.S. fulfillment operations byreorganizing our national network of fulfillment centers,intermediate sort centers, last mile delivery hubs, andtransportation fleet into eight regions. This shift ensures
we’re producing, packaging, and shipping from facilities
that are closer to the communities we serve, which
reduces the complexity of our shipping network and themiles traveled to get to our customers—helping drive
down both carbon emissions and shipping costs. Thisnew model optimizes delivery speed, reduces emissions,and provides the breadth of selection that customers
expect. In the fourth quarter of 2023 alone, we shipped
nearly 544 million more items from in-region fulfillment

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centers than we did during the same period of 2022.
Shipping from in-region fulfillment centers to ourdelivery stations also reduces the number of stops per
package—avoiding nearly 16 million miles driven in2023—and decreases our reliance on air transportation.
• Increasing packaging and packing efficiency. We focus
on increasing pack and fill rates—the percentage of
package volume that is utilized—and truck fill rates—
the percentage of truck volume that is utilized—to fit
more products into shipping vehicles. This reduces thenumber of trucks we need—and the carbon emissions
associated with them—to deliver our products.
• Scaling use of EVs and micromobility
solutions. Sending demand signals and scalingavailability of alternative transportation solutions is
critical to accelerating industry progress. This includes
charging infrastructure, electric trucks, electric delivery
vehicles, e-cargo bikes, e-mopeds, and on-foot deliveries
from micromobility hubs.
• Increasing use of alternative-fuel vehicles and lowcarbon fuels. The early adoption of lower-carbon fuels
is another way we are working to minimize the carbon
footprint of our transportation and logistics network,
as well as a critical component to building out thealternative fuels market. We are investing in lowercarbon fuels today to encourage industry development
and demand, with the goal of ultimately making themmore accessible and affordable for everyone.
• Partnering on initiatives to decarbonize
transportation. We participate in multi-stakeholder
initiatives to shift the industry toward lower-carbon
solutions at scale, such as EVs, charging infrastructure,and lower-carbon fuels.
• Creating lower-carbon shipping options forcustomers. We focus on consolidating shipments to
reduce deliveries, as well as reducing packaging by
shipping more items in each box and more items in their
original packaging.

First Mile

our imported transoceanic shipments via ocean freight and
2% via airfreight.

First mile transportation is the beginning of a product’s
shipment path from the manufacturer, wholesaler, or
distributor to an Amazon facility via ship, airplane, train, or
truck. In many cases, first mile shipments cross international
borders. We are focused on decarbonizing first miletransportation while maintaining efficiency and reliability
and reducing costs. For instance, we have discovered
innovative ways to prioritize ocean and rail transportation to
reduce our reliance on airfreight.

Ocean FreightZero-emission fuel: Along with opting for more efficientshipping routes, we also prioritize lower-carbon marine
biofuels. In 2021, we were a founding member of the First
Movers Coalition, a global coalition of companies leveraging
their purchasing power to decarbonize the world’s heavyemitting sectors, such as ocean transportation. Throughour active participation, we are supporting First Movers
Coalition’s goal to use maritime ships with zero-emission
fuels for at least 10% of cargo shipped internationally by2030. In 2021, we also helped launch Cargo Owners for

Ocean transportation has a lower carbon footprint than airtransportation does, so we prioritize shipping our products
on ships, whenever feasible. In 2023, we transported 90% of

Transportation Types by Delivery Stage
First Mile

Middle Mile

Air

Air

Last Mile

Conventional Van
Ocean

Intermodal Sea
Electric Delivery Van

RailIntermodal Rail

Truck

Truck or Electric Heavy Duty
Goods Vehicle

Micromobility Solution(e-bike, walker, etc.)

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Zero Emission Vessels (coZEV) with the Aspen Institute tosupport initiatives that increase the availability of zeroemission technologies and fuels while gaining support fromshipping lines, cargo owners, ports, and other organizations
that can help to enable the energy transition. Through ourmembership, we are supporting coZEV’s goal to use maritime
ships with zero-emission fuels for 100% of ocean cargo by
2040.
Biofuel: Our investment in maritime biofuel helps toaccelerate the shipping industry’s transition to zero-emission
fuels by demonstrating demand for lower-carbon fuelalternatives to bunker fuel. In 2023, we transported 10% of
our ocean cargo via maritime ships powered by low-emission
biofuels and finalized a 2023–2024 agreement with Maersk
through their “ECO Delivery” ocean product offering. As
part of this collaboration, Amazon piloted shipping cargoon the first methanol-powered vessel, from Singapore toRotterdam. As availability increases, we will continue toincrease the percentage of cargo we transport on these typesof ships and leverage additional lower-carbon fuels in 2024
and beyond.
Learn more about this landmark zero-emission voyage
In early 2023, we co-founded the Zero Emission Maritime
Buyers Alliance (ZEMBA) with the Aspen Institute, Patagonia,
and Tchibo. ZEMBA seeks to accelerate commercial
deployment of zero-emission shipping, enable economies
of scale, and reduce maritime emissions. Six months after
its launch, ZEMBA released a request for proposals for zeroemission shipping services to be delivered by 2025. This
was the first major buyer-led initiative for the transition to
zero-emission fuels in maritime shipping—one of the mostchallenging sectors to decarbonize.
Learn more about how we are improving the shorelines
and areas surrounding the ocean routes we utilize
Airfreight
While we prioritize ocean transportation, air transportation
is an important part of our first mile logistics network,
though it represents only 10% of our transoceanic imports.

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Aviation is also considered a hard-to-abate sector, which
is why we are sourcing lower-carbon aviation fuels suchas sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) and using SAF credits to
reduce our own airfreight emissions as well as working withpeers on innovative industry-wide solutions. Lower-carbon
aviation fuel, such as SAF, currently represents less than
0.1% of global aviation fuel and remains cost-prohibitive formost companies. To help address these challenges, Amazon
is a founding member of the Sustainable Aviation Buyers
Alliance (SABA) and played a critical role in launching the
Sustainable Aviation Fuel certificates (SAFc) Registry at the28th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP28).
The SAFc Registry aims to bring more transparency toemissions reduction claims and accelerate SAF deployment.

Journey of a Kindle through Our Transportation Network
Products travel through Amazon’s transportation network from manufacturers and sellers to customers around theglobe. An Amazon Kindle starts its journey at a manufacturing facility in China, traveling through various ports, acrossdock, a fulfillment center, and a delivery station before it is delivered to the customer in Valencia, Spain.

1

Port
Rotterdam,
NL
Port
Port

First MileThe first transportationleg, used for transporting
shipments acrossinternational borders.

Rotterdam,
Rotterdam,
NLNL

Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Facility
Manufacturing
FacilityCN
Facility
CN
CN
Start

Start

Start
Start

Shenzhen, CN
Shenzhen, CN

Middle Mile
Middle mile transportation starts when packages arrive at an
Amazon facility and covers the journey between fulfillment
centers and sort centers to delivery stations. In addition toenhancing routing efficiency through regionalization, we aredecarbonizing middle mile transportation by increasing thenumber of EVs on the road and at our facilities and adopting
lower-carbon fuels. We also partner with others to create
industry solutions that accelerate decarbonization of this legof the transportation network.

2

Port
Port
Rotterdam,
NL
Port
Rotterdam, NL

Middle Mile
The intermediatetransportation leg, where
shipments are moved
between Amazon facilities.

Rotterdam, NL

Fulﬁllment
CenterFulﬁllment
CenterMadrid,ES ESCenter
Fulﬁllment
Madrid,Madrid, ES

Middle Mile Efficiency
Moving products by rail or sea—instead of on the road,by conventional trucks—reduces carbon emissions by anaverage of nearly 50%. Europe’s geographic landscape andinfrastructure in particular often make rail and sea the fasterand more efficient routing options. In 2023, we increased ouruse of rail and ocean transportation in Europe by over 50%,
distributing products through more than 100 rail lanes andmore than 300 sea routes across the continent. This reduced
our demand for more carbon-intensive transportation
methods, such as trucks, in Europe. Additionally, weshortened the average distance each package traveled within
our middle mile network by 25 kilometers in 2023 compared
to 2022.

Port
Port
Shenzhen,
CN
Port

3

Last MileThe final transportation leg,
where packages are delivered
to customers. We prioritize
EVs and micromobility
solutions when possible.

Crossdock
CrossdockHelmstedt,
DE
CrossdockHelmstedt, DE
Helmstedt, DE

Delivery
StationDelivery
StationValencia,
ES
Delivery
StationValencia, ES
Valencia, ES

Delivery
StationDelivery
StationValencia,
ES
Delivery
StationValencia,
ES
Valencia, ES

End
End
End
End

Customer’s
Customer’sHome
Home
Valencia,
ES
Valencia,
ES
Customer’s Home
Valencia, ES

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In 2023, we increased our total rail load volume by
45% in Europe and 25% in the U.S. Our sustainable rail
freight solutions were recognized by BNSF Railway, which
selected Amazon as one of the recipients of its 2023
Sustainability Award.
Middle Mile Electric Vehicles
Scaling up middle mile EVs is another way we aim todecarbonize our logistics network, both on the road andat our logistics facilities. Amazon and delivery service
providers (DSPs) deployed more than 245 electric middle
mile vehicles in 2023. We also have nearly 18,000 hydrogenpowered forklifts operating at more than 81 fulfillment
centers, as well as 110 electric yard hostlers—vehicles
that move truck trailers around fulfillment centers—in
North America.

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Indian Railways are the backbone of India’s transportation
system thanks to the widespread network of trains thattransport millions of people and freight across the country
each day. In 2019, Amazon became the first e-commercecompany to leverage this vast train network by entering into
an operational engagement with Indian Railways to meet
our customer promise of fast and reliable deliveries. We havecontinued this collaboration, increasing our use of IndianRailways’ electric locomotives to ship packages in 2023.
We also partnered with eFast—India’s first national freight
electrification platform led by the government policy thinktank NITI Aayog—to engage policymakers on policies that
can help decarbonize rail freight.
Amazon recognizes that the infrastructure needed tosupport the charging of electric heavy goods vehicles(eHGVs) at delivery stations and on the road is one barrier
to scaling their use around the world. That is why we workwith eHGV manufacturers and other partners to improvecharging infrastructure and electricity grids. For instance,
we partner with third-party charge point operators to set
up charging yards at locations that best serve our Amazon
sites. In Europe, we published CHALET (Charging Locations
for Electric Trucks), a new, open-source tool to help private
industry, governments, electricity network operators, andlocal authorities determine where to build electric charging
points for eHGVs. Transportation and logistics operators
are encouraged to input data into the tool, which CHALET
then uses to generate a ranked list of recommended
charger locations.
Middle Mile Zero-Emission and Lower-Carbon Fuels
In addition to putting EVs on the road, we are exploring ways
to decarbonize our middle mile transportation operations byadopting lower-carbon fuels such as hydrogen, renewablediesel, and renewable natural gas (RNG).6

Jaya Varma Sinha, CEO of Indian Railways, spoke at the Smbhav Summit
in 2023. Indian Railways’ partnership with Amazon India enables moresustainable modes of transportation and faster and more reliable deliveryof customer packages in the region.

16

In 2023, we piloted the use of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles(FCVs) in Europe and Japan. These initiatives will provide us
with more information about the right FCV size to maximize
performance, determine optimal hydrogen storage andpower management, and understand the viability of thesevehicles for middle mile transportation. In 2024, we aim toincrease the number of FCVs deployed in our transportation
network.

to enable companies to better understand and track theirlogistics emissions on a granular operational level, fromsupplier to final customer.

Amazon began mobile fueling diesel-powered vehicles—
including trucks that operate short, local routes and vehicles
that operate within our facilities—with renewable diesel
at all California and Oregon fulfillment and sort centers in
2023. Renewable diesel is made from waste fats, greases,
and other oils. And in India, we are collaborating withlocal oil companies to develop renewable diesel and otheralternative fuels such as compressed biogas.

We also became the first logistics provider to join the
EVs2Scale2030 initiative with the Electric Power ResearchInstitute (EPRI). Bringing together industry and the U.S.
government, this initiative aims to increase the number of EVs
on U.S. roads—from cars to heavy-duty trucks. Members areworking to ready the electric grid in support of accelerated
development of EV charging infrastructure. In 2023, theorganization released eRoadMAP, a publicly available
interactive map of transportation load growth across the U.S.

To reduce our logistics-related emissions, Amazon is also
increasing the availability of compressed natural gas vehicles(CNGs). CNGs are trucks powered by natural gas instead ofgasoline or diesel fuel. They can reduce carbon emissions
by at least 75% compared to diesel when refueled with
RNG. Globally, Amazon had 4,400 CNGs on the road in 2023,
using 30 million gallons of RNG. This growth was driven
by the opening of seven permanent RNG fueling stations
across our North American logistics network in partnershipwith Clean Energy, the largest provider of RNG for thetransportation industry in North America.
Partnerships Accelerating Middle Mile Decarbonization
Trucking is a challenging area to decarbonize, particularly
considering the long-haul distances driven and therequirements for high-power EV charging infrastructure
across transportation routes. Identifying and scaling
solutions for this important method of transportation cannot
be done by one company alone—it requires the know-how,resources, and experience of collaborative partners acrossindustries and sectors.
In 2023, Amazon participated in the Smart Freight Centre(SFC) Exchange Network, a nonprofit organization whose
mission is to accelerate the reduction of logistics emissions
by fostering collaboration. As part of its work, SFC is
increasing transparency and accountability around logistics
emissions. In 2023, SFC and the World Business Council
for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) launched guidance

Additionally, in 2023, The Climate Pledge and C40 Cities (C40)developed Laneshift, a partnership to accelerate the transition
to zero-emission electric trucks and charging infrastructure
across major cities in India and Latin America.
Learn more about Laneshift

Last Mile
Last mile transportation refers to the final part of thedelivery journey. This is when products are transported fromsort centers and delivery stations to customers via delivery
vans, electric delivery vehicles (four-wheel, three-wheel, twowheel, and e-mopeds), and micromobility solutions, including
e-cargo bikes and on-foot deliveries. To help reduce deliveryrelated emissions, we are investing in EVs and working to
optimize our delivery van and package fill rates as products
embark on the final leg of their journey. Amazon deliveries
are made by DSPs, who are independent contractors that
operate their own delivery businesses.
Learn more about Amazon’s DSP program
Last Mile Electric Delivery Vehicles
Increasing the number of EVs in Amazon’s delivery fleet is an
important part of our approach to avoiding carbon emissions
across the last mile of our transportation network. We arecommitted to having at least 100,000 electric delivery vans—from Rivian and other manufacturers—­on the road by 2030.

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In 2023, we delivered more than 680 million packages
globally using more than 24,000 electric delivery vehicles,
including 19,000 electric delivery vans, around the world.
United States

Water

associates using personal two-wheel vehicles. To encourage
DSP associates to convert their personal vehicles toelectric, we offer exclusively sourced EV deals fromoriginal equipment manufacturers as well as access toaffordable financing.

Zero-Emission Deliveries in London• We delivered 150 million packages via EVs.
India
• We nearly doubled the number of EVs in our Indiandelivery fleet to more than 7,200, including 3,600
electric delivery vans, and more than 3,600 two-,
three-, and four-wheel vehicles.

In August 2023, we began transporting
packages in London using both zero-emission
middle mile vehicles (electric heavy-duty
trucks) and last mile vehicles (electric vans).
While our current volumes of these vehicles are
small, this pilot provides important learnings
as we continue our work to decarbonize ourtransportation network.

In India, 81% of last mile deliveries are made by delivery

Last Mile Electric Delivery Vehicles
by Region 7
Region

2022

2023

U.S.

2,600

11,800Europe1,220

3,000+

India

3,800

7,200+• As many as 222,000 packages were delivered daily by
1,460 on-foot delivery associates using pushcarts in
Manhattan and a small area of Queens, reducing theneed for hundreds of vehicles every day
In Japan, we delivered over 23 million packages using
e-cargo bikes and on-foot delivery. We also scaled the
Amazon Hub Delivery program—which partners with small
and medium-sized businesses to deliver packages in local
neighborhoods—to over 2,000 partners that delivered nearly
14 million shipments in 2023, around half of which weredelivered on foot or bike.
Customer Shipping Options to Avoid Carbon Emissions• We delivered 81 million packages via EVs.
• We installed charging infrastructure near more than
100 Amazon locations.

• 50 million Amazon packages via micromobility solutions,up from 9.1 million packages in 2022
• 259,643 packages in our first North American e-bikepackage delivery pilot in Brooklyn, New York• We delivered 431 million packages via EVs.

• We deployed more than 300 electric delivery vans from
Rivian on the road in Europe as part of our broader fleet
of more than 3,000 electric delivery vehicles.

density and pedestrian and cycling infrastructure. In 2023,
we delivered:• 1.6 million grocery orders with micromobility solutions• Our U.S. fleet included 11,800 electric delivery vansfrom Rivian, up from more than 2,600 in 2022.

Europe17

Reducing Emissions with Micromobility Delivery Solutions
Micromobility hubs are smaller, centrally located delivery
stations. In dense cities, these hubs enable us to utilize nontraditional delivery methods, such as e-cargo bikes and onfoot deliveries, to bring packages to customers in ways thatgenerate fewer carbon emissions.
In 2023, we delivered more than 125 million packages via
e-cargo bikes and on foot from micromobility hubs aroundthe world. In Europe, we doubled the number of cities inwhich we operate micromobility hubs from over 20 in 2022
to more than 40 in 2023. New cities including Glasgow,
Madrid, Rome, and Vienna joined existing hubs in London,
Paris, Milan, and Munich.
In the U.S., Manhattan, New York, is an ideal place to deploy
micromobility delivery operations due to its high population

We offer our customers shipping options that help reducethe carbon emissions associated with the delivery of theirproducts. We also have programs for sellers to reducedelivery emissions and decrease costs.
Amazon Day Delivery
Our Amazon Day shipping option allows Prime members tochoose a designated day of the week to receive their orders.
By consolidating orders into fewer packages and deliveries,
we are avoiding emissions by saving boxes and reducing
trips to individual addresses. In 2023, Amazon Day delivery
avoided the use of more than 200 million boxes (up fromnearly 115 million in 2022) and 226,000 metric tons of CO2e.
Ships in Product Packaging
Our Ships in Product Packaging program, formerly called
Ships in Own Container, tests and certifies products that canship safely in just their original manufacturers’ packaging—
without an additional Amazon box, envelope, or bag. This
minimizes the packaging materials used for delivery andallows packages to take up less space in delivery vehicles,
increasing our truck fill rate.
Amazon recently launched an initiative in the U.S. toincrease the number of items tested for qualification in
the Ships in Product Packaging program by extending the
program to Fulfillment by Amazon sellers . The program
benefits these sellers by enabling them to provide a better
customer experience while reducing the costs associated withfulfillment.
Learn more about how we are reducing our packaging
footprint

Building Construction andOperations
Our building portfolio comprises thousands of owned
and leased facilities in more than 60 countries, including
operations buildings, grocery stores, corporate offices,and data centers . The construction, operation, anddecommissioning of these buildings accounted for one
fifth of Amazon’s total carbon emissions in 2023, which
is why we’re committed to implementing and scaling
decarbonization solutions and processes to reduce thefootprint of this sector of our business.
Carbon emissions connected to our buildings fall into two
categories: embodied emissions and operational emissions.
Embodied emissions in the buildings sector are generated
from the manufacture, transportation, installation,
maintenance, and disposal of building materials. Operationalemissions refer to resources consumed by day-to-day
processes needed to run our business, including computing,lighting, heating, cooling, ventilation, refrigeration systems,
and operating other equipment.

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Globally, our work to reduce carbon emissions related to ourbuildings focuses on:• Implementing foundational efficiency initiatives: We
are instituting and improving data collection practices
to better track our performance and inform our efforts
to improve efficiency and reduce energy use and carbon
emissions across our buildings portfolio.
• Scaling renewable energy and lower-carbon
approaches to heating and cooling: We use on-site
renewables, such as rooftop solar installations onbuildings we operate, as well as renewable energy fromthe grid to power our buildings. We’re also scaling
up our use of refrigerants with low global warming
potential (GWP) and utilizing alternative fuels as backup
power sources and to cool data centers.
• Creating industry solutions to reduce embodied
carbon: We collaborate with suppliers, industry partners,
signatories of The Climate Pledge, and governing
bodies to develop and implement standards, alternative
materials, and solutions that address environmental
challenges specific to the buildings sector.

Implementing Foundational Efficiency Initiatives
We are working to make our buildings more energy-efficientand reduce their carbon emissions. This work starts withcollecting robust, accurate, timely, and meaningful data toidentify opportunities for improvement.
Our Enterprise Building Management System (EBMS) is oneof the tools we use to measure and track energy efficiency
at our existing sites. This standardized platform manages
facility energy use and controls various building systems tominimize associated carbon emissions. Many of our buildings
have thousands of sensors to monitor water use, air flow,
temperature, and other environmental variables, which help

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us further improve and optimize our designs. By the endof 2023, our EBMS was active in more than 1,200 facilities
globally, a 14% increase from 2022.

Sustainability at Our Second Headquarters

We increase energy efficiency across our building operations
through lighting and EBMS retrofits as well as rooftop
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning unit replacements.
Lighting retrofits alone have saved 1.23 billion megawatthours (MWh) of energy and avoided more than 873,000
metric tons of CO2e from 2017 to 2023. These upgrades haveincluded converting all non-LED lamps to high-efficiency LED
fixtures with dimming controls.

We want our corporate offices to be both inspiring
places to work and models of what is possible when it
comes to sustainable design and construction.
We built our second headquarters (HQ2) in Arlington,
Virginia, with sustainability in mind. Opened in May
2023, HQ2 runs on 100% renewable electricity
and achieves energy savings of 24% relative to acomparable Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design (LEED) baseline. In March 2024, it became thelargest project (by building square footage) in the U.S.
to receive LEED v4 Platinum certification.

Validating Our Progress
As teams across Amazon progress toward thedecarbonization of our buildings, we’ve begun tovalidate our efforts using the International Living Future
Institute’s Zero Carbon Certification (ZCC). This third-party
certification program validates improvements to our building
decarbonization efforts and provides clear accountability
for our internal teams and external building partners. Thisrigorous, carbon-centric program requires us to provide
actual measured—not predicted—performance over one
year of building occupancy to assess credible carbon emission
reductions. This means that we are just now receiving
certifications for the first pilot projects we submitted forevaluation.
Amazon achieved two full certifications for building projects
in 2023: an Amazon Fresh store in Seattle, Washington—
which was the world’s first building of its type to achieve
the certification—and a Same Day delivery station in
Sacramento, California—the first-ever North American
logistics building to be certified. We are working to scalealignment with this certification program throughout ourcompany, with dozens of projects across our global buildings
portfolio currently using ZCC standards to measure andvalidate our decarbonization efforts.

Using an advanced lower-carbon concrete mix design
developed by CarbonCure, which we invested inthrough The Climate Pledge Fund , we achieved a
20% reduction in HQ2’s concrete structure carbon
footprint compared to the industry baseline.8 Thisavoided 14,700 metric tons of CO2e, which is theequivalent of taking 3,500 cars off the road in the U.S.
for an entire year. More than 40 Amazon sites globally
now use this same CarbonCure technology.

Design elements at HQ2 incorporate native flora and fauna
and use earth tones and natural materials, such as wood andstone, to create a warm and inviting atmosphere.

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Scaling Renewable Energy and Lower-Carbon
Approaches to Heating and Cooling
We are working to reduce the emissions associated with
operating our buildings by using renewable energy and otherlower-carbon alternatives.
Scaling Renewable Energy
At the end of 2023, Amazon had 270 rooftop solar projects
at our facilities around the globe. We brought 50 new on-site
solar energy systems online in 2023, for a total capacity of
58 MW. These on-site solar energy systems are estimated togenerate 123,000 MWh annually—enough energy to powerover 33,600 European homes—and avoid the equivalent ofroughly 47,400 metric tons of CO2e each year compared tononrenewable electricity sources.
Learn more about how we are scaling carbon-free energy
Lower-Emission Refrigerants
Refrigerants are cooling agents used in air conditioners, heatpumps, refrigerators, and freezers. Refrigerants with high
GWP—such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)—contribute toclimate change by trapping more heat in the atmospherethan CO2. That’s why Amazon Fresh and Whole Foods Market
use low-GWP refrigerants, such as CO2 refrigerants, to help
grocery stores reduce emissions.
By the end of 2023, 46 Whole Foods Market stores wereusing low-GWP refrigeration systems. Whole Foods Market
has also committed to using only low-GWP refrigeration
systems in new stores in North America starting in 2025.
Together, Amazon and Whole Foods Market donated to theNorth American Sustainable Refrigeration Council in 2023 toaccelerate the council’s efforts to train the next generation ofskilled technicians needed to install and maintain sustainablerefrigeration systems.
Energy Efficiency and Alternative Fuels in AWS
Data Centers
AWS takes a holistic approach to minimizing energy andwater consumption in its operations, including in data

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centers. For example, AWS is increasing the use of freeair cooling systems that cool servers with outside air. Thisavoids the need for energy-intensive compressor-based
cooling systems throughout much of the year. Even during
peak summer temperatures, data centers can utilize direct
evaporative cooling, a process that uses water to cool the air
and remove heat from servers.
In 2023, AWS started transitioning to hydrotreated vegetableoil (HVO) to power backup generators at its data centersin the U.S. and Europe. HVO is a type of renewable diesel
made from waste cooking oil or vegetable, plant, and residueoils. AWS sites in Ireland, Sweden, and Oregon were among
the first to make the switch to HVO. Renewable diesel isreadily available in regions such as the U.S. West and partsof Europe, but sourcing in areas such as the U.S. East andMidwest remains a challenge due to the lack of distribution
terminals and established supply chains for this type offuel. In response, fuel distributors are beginning to invest in
renewable diesel terminals along the U.S. East Coast, andAWS plans to explore these sourcing opportunities once they
are available.

Creating Industry Solutions to Reduce
Embodied Carbon
Decarbonizing the buildings sector is a challenge no one
company or organization can solve alone. We can, however,accelerate progress by engaging with industry partners
to develop and scale innovations that reduce carbon
emissions associated with the construction, operation, anddecommissioning of buildings across sectors and markets.
Using Lower-Carbon Materials
We are working to reduce embodied carbon in our
infrastructure by increasing the use of lower-carbon
materials in Amazon buildings, such as lower-carbon steel,lower-carbon concrete, and mass timber, a lower-carbon
structural wood product that can replace concrete and steel
in building construction.

In 2023, 29 Amazon building projects were constructedwith lower-carbon concrete and steel, collectively reducing
embodied carbon by over 79,000 metric tons of CO2e.
Amazon used mass timber when building HQ2 and, in 2023,
progressed in the design and construction of three newbuildings that will use mass timber structural elements.
In 2023, AWS built 36 data centers with lower-carbon
concrete, up from 16 in 2022. AWS also tested a low-carbon,
performance-based ASTM C1157 Hydraulic Cement by
Ozinga, a concrete, bulk materials, and logistics solutions
supplier, which achieved a 64% reduction in embodied
carbon compared to the industry average. In January 2024,
AWS updated its design standards to require the use of
concrete with 35% less embodied carbon than the industry
average in new data centers around the world.
We can also mitigate a building’s carbon footprint by using
higher-strength structural steel, which is made by coolingthe metal quickly during manufacturing. The manufacturing
process of lower-carbon steel gives it a higher strengthto-weight ratio, which means that less material—and as aresult, less embodied carbon—is used to perform the samefunction. By incorporating higher-strength steel into its data
center structural designs, AWS has reduced steel content by
70 tons for each two-story data center and 137 tons for each
three-story data center, decreasing emissions by 63 and 124
metric tons of CO2e, respectively. In 2023, AWS built 31 data
centers with lower-carbon steel, up from 10 in 2022.
Using lower-carbon steel and concrete enabled AWS to avoid
over 46,700 metric tons of CO2e in 2023—equivalent to thecarbon emissions generated from driving over 11,100 cars in
the U.S. for one year. We will continue working with suppliers
to achieve even greater carbon savings in future Amazon
buildings by increasing the use of lower-carbon materials intheir construction.
Partnering to Develop Industry Standards for Measuring
Embodied Carbon
Embodied carbon is our largest source of building-related
carbon emissions and something we address in ourbuilding design and construction strategies. Since 2022, wehave been using the Embodied Carbon in Construction
Calculator to track and report the embodied carbon of ourbuilding construction materials. This open-access industry
tool allows us to benchmark, assess, and reduce embodied
carbon. It focuses on emissions from the construction
materials supply chain, using a database of digital, thirdparty-verified Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs).
EPDs are a way for manufacturers to take comprehensive,
third-party-verified life cycle assessments (LCAs) and turnthem into standardized labels for their products. We use thisdata to select lower-carbon construction materials.
Amazon asks our building contractors, includingarchitectural, design, and construction companies, touse this tool as part of our building delivery process.
In 2023, this requirement increased the use of the toolby 231 building contractors across 47 companies and 26
countries. This uptake has helped scale and deploy expertisein how to reduce embodied carbon across the broader
building industry.
In 2023, we worked with the UK Chartered Institution of
Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) and our supply chain
partners to create public-facing embodied carbon baselining
guidance for the logistics sector. This guidance, called
Technical Memorandum 65.3 , seeks to help professionals
across Europe assess and understand the embodied
carbon of material handling and mechanical, electrical,
and plumbing equipment. Using data that is new to theindustry, Technical Memorandum 65.3 will enable Amazon,
our supply chain partners, and our peers to establish abaseline understanding of carbon emissions from industrial
equipment, paving the way to ultimately identifying
additional carbon reduction opportunities.

Servers and Hardware
As the world’s most comprehensive and broadly adopted
cloud provider, AWS is committed to building a lower-carbon
business for its customers and the planet. AWS designs
its data centers—including servers and hardware—for
efficiency, resiliency, and a lower carbon footprint.

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AWS’s scale allows for higher resource utilization and energy
efficiency than the typical on-premises data center. From theinfrastructure that powers its servers to the techniques thatkeep them cool, efficiency is a primary goal for every part of
the AWS Global Cloud Infrastructure.
The AWS Global Cloud Infrastructure is built on AWS’s own
custom hardware and optimized for workloads run by AWS
customers. Research shows that in North America, AWS canlower its customers’ workload carbon footprints by up to
96% compared to on-premises computing workloads whenthe electricity AWS uses is matched with 100% renewableenergy—a goal that Amazon, including AWS, achieved in 2023.
AWS is reducing emissions related to server use andnetworking equipment by increasing server lifespan. This
includes refining software to run more efficiently, which
lowers stress on hardware and extends the amount of time
it can be used. In February 2024, AWS announced that the
average expected life of its servers had improved from fiveto six years. To support these efforts, AWS has a robust
maintenance and repair program in place that is designed
to increase component reuse and further reduce carbon
emissions and waste across its supply chain.
Learn more about how AWS is advancing circular
economy principles

Enhancing Chip Efficiency
One of the most visible ways AWS is innovating for power
efficiency is through its investment in purpose-built chips.
A chip is a tiny wafer of semiconducting material with
an embedded electronic circuit. It contains millions of
microscopic electronic components called transistors thattransmit data signals. Chips today are high-performance
processors that power all types of advanced analytics,
graphics, and machine learning applications.
In 2023, AWS launched Inferentia2, the second generationof its Inferentia chip, developed to deliver the highest

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performance at the lowest cost per watt. Inferentia2 is up
to 50% more energy-efficient and can reduce costs by up
to 40% against comparable Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud(EC2) instances.
Meanwhile, AWS Graviton4 is the latest generation of chips
designed by AWS and the most powerful and energyefficient chip AWS has built as of 2023. Graviton4 provides
up to 30% better computing performance, 50% morecores, and 75% more memory bandwidth than Graviton3
processors while being more energy efficient.

Partnering to Reduce Carbon Emissions in the
Semiconductor Industry
AWS knows that by collaborating across the entire
semiconductor industry, it can drive carbon emission
reductions at a scale greater than what is possible on its own.
To that end, AWS is partnering with its suppliers to decrease
their operational emissions and engage their own upstream
supply chains to do the same. In 2023, AWS joined the
Semiconductor Climate Consortium (SCC), an organization
focused on reducing carbon emissions across the global
semiconductor supply chain. The SCC collaboration
accelerates decarbonization for member company operations
and enables new solutions and approaches for adoption.

Products and Devices
Amazon Private Brands
Two of our private brands, Amazon Essentials andAmazon Basics, make products across many categories,
including clothing, bedroom furniture and mattresses,
kitchen appliances and cookware, toys, pet essentials, andworkout gear. Amazon works with suppliers around theworld to manufacture these products at a high quality andgreat value.

Reducing Emissions from theTransportation of Data Center Hardware

AWS is reducing emissions from transporting
hardware, including racks and their related
components, by using more sustainable fuels
and less carbon-intensive modes of shippingwhere possible.
• Increasing ocean freight: In 2023, AWS
transported approximately 6,600 metric tonsof hardware components on cargo ships,
avoiding approximately 65,000 metric tons ofCO2e by reducing airfreight in favor of ocean
freight where possible.
• Investing in lower-carbon fuels: AWS isencouraging its suppliers to decarbonize
long-haul transportation, including throughthe use of SAF. In 2023, AWS purchased
over 6 million liters of SAF, which avoided
approximately 15,600 metric tons of CO2e
compared to conventional aviation fuel.
• Making ground deliveries using EVs: AWS
is increasing the use of EVs for equipmentrelated ground deliveries. In Dublin andSingapore, for example, AWS worked withtransportation providers to transport racks,loose gear, and other components to data
center locations using electric trucks.

Carbon emissions from the materials and manufacturingof these products are part of our Scope 3 carbon footprint.
We know that supporting our suppliers’ understanding of
the factors that influence a product’s carbon footprint canenable future innovation and avoid carbon emissions acrossour supply chain.
In 2023, we worked with our top suppliers to develop carbon
footprints for the products responsible for over half thegreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of our private brands. These
insights informed the creation of joint abatement plans, which
help avoid future product emissions through actions including
moving to recycled materials, using renewable energy to
power manufacturing facilities, and reducing packaging.
For example, we began using recycled polyester certified
by Textile Exchange’s Global Recycled Standard, which now
represents 16% of the polyester we use for Amazon Essentials
apparel products. We also worked with Amazon Private
Brands battery suppliers to reduce product packaging weightby 13%. In 2024, we aim to expand our product carbon
measurement activities to a larger group of suppliers.
Learn more about how we focus on sustainability
throughout the lifecycle of our products

Amazon Grocery and Whole Foods Market
Amazon Grocery and Whole Foods Market teams are working
with HowGood—an independent research company and data
platform with the world’s largest database on food productsustainability—to measure and improve the impact of ourfood products across multiple categories, including carbon
emissions, soil health, and water usage. HowGood measuresthe carbon footprint of our products based on each product’s
ingredient breakdown, sourcing locations, and certifications,instead of using industry averages. This gives us a moreaccurate understanding of our carbon footprint, allowing
us to identify emissions hotspots and prioritize abatement
solutions with our suppliers.

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Whole Foods Market also actively supports and finances
projects that have the potential to strengthen ecosystemservices, promote biodiversity, and improve soil health within
our supply chain. These projects include manure managementwith dairy farmers, planting native grasses on farms incollaboration with grain and legume suppliers, and processelectrification and feed efficiency with seafood suppliers.

Devices
Amazon’s sustainability strategy considers the entire
lifecycle of our devices—from how we build them to how
our customers use and retire them. We strive to makeeach generation of new Amazon devices more carbon- andenergy-efficient and less resource-intensive than the last.
In 2023, we published the carbon footprint of newly
launched Echo, eero, Ring, Fire TV, and Fire tablet deviceson the product detail pages of our U.S. Amazon.com site,
along with product sustainability fact sheets for each device.
Fact sheets provide customers with a detailed breakdown ofemissions throughout the device’s lifecycle, including thoseresulting from the extraction, production, and transportationof raw materials and device parts; the energy associated with
device use; and end-of-life processing. We also published the
Amazon Devices Product Carbon Footprint Methodology
to give customers insight into how we calculate the carbon
footprint of our devices.
Many of our devices offer a Low Power Mode feature, which
reduces energy consumption when the device is idle. Ourlatest Echo and Fire TV devices, for example, feature Low
Power Mode, and we are delivering updates to introduce thisfeature in older devices already in use. By the end of 2023,
over 67% of Echo devices and Fire TVs had Low Power Mode,up from over 60% in 2022.
Amazon supports the development of new renewable energy
capacity to match the electricity used by our customers’
devices. This renewable energy comes from investments
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renewable energy certificates in the U.S. and Guarantees ofOrigin in the EU, to signal our support for renewable energy
in the grids where we operate, in line with the expectedenergy generation of the projects we’ve contracted. By theend of 2022, we had contracted enough renewable energy
capacity through new wind and solar farms to equal the
expected electricity used by all active Echo, Fire TV, andRing devices globally by 2025. Some of these wind and solar
projects are operational today; others are currently underconstruction and expected to begin operating in 2024.
Learn more about how we calculate the percentage of
renewable energy matched to the electricity used by
Amazon devices
In 2022, we announced a collaboration with the Carbon
Trust, which partners with businesses, governments, andorganizations around the world to accelerate the transition
to net-zero carbon emissions. We work with the Carbon
Trust on technical specifications for decarbonizing the usephase of internet-connected devices. As part of this work,throughout 2023, we partnered with Samsung, Meta,
Microsoft, and Comcast to develop standards that provide
practical, meaningful steps for mitigating emissions at thecustomer use stage of the device lifecycle.
Reducing embodied carbon in our hardware requires us
to decarbonize all parts of the device lifecycle, including
manufacturing. We encourage Amazon device suppliers to
reduce their manufacturing emissions, including by using
renewable energy. As of the end of 2023, we’ve received
commitments from 49 device suppliers to work with us
on decarbonization, up from 28 suppliers in 2022. We
also helped 21 suppliers develop renewable energy plans,
including final assembly suppliers that make up over 70% of
our direct manufacturing spend for Echo, Kindle, Fire tablet,
Fire TV, Ring, Blink, and eero devices and accessories.
Learn more about how we make our products withsustainability in mind

Engaging Suppliers
As we progress on our net-zero carbon emissions journey,
Amazon is continuing to engage suppliers in the critical workof reducing their operational emissions and working with
their own upstream supply chains to do the same. We haveidentified a list of the highest-emitting suppliers directly
supporting our operations, and expect those suppliers, whocollectively contribute more than 50% of emissions globallyto Amazon’s Scope 3 footprint, to provide a plan for how
they will decarbonize their operations and demonstrate real
progress over time. We will prioritize our business toward
those who provide their plans and results on their path tonet-zero carbon emissions. In addition, we also launched our“Amazon Sustainability Exchange”—a free, publicly available
website that democratizes our guidelines, playbooks, sciencemodels, and other resources to help other companies makemeaningful progress toward net-zero carbon emissions.
Learn more about how our new Amazon Sustainability
Exchange is helping our selling partners reach theirsustainability goals

Carbon Neutralization
Amazon’s first priority under The Climate Pledge is toeliminate emissions within the value chain of our businesses,
keeping pace with science-aligned pathways to thetemperature targets established by the Paris Agreement.
In parallel, we are investing in climate mitigation outsideof our value chain (“carbon neutralization”), and we plan toneutralize any emissions that cannot be eliminated by 2040.
We’re making targeted investments and developing scienceled partnerships that are making an impact today, while
also aiming to inspire global climate action and build thefoundation for credible neutralization initiatives at scale.

Our carbon neutralization approach focuses on threeactions outside of our value chain. Based on climate science,
we know that these areas have a significant unmet need forinvestment and can deliver critical mitigation benefits:
1. Reducing deforestation
2. Advancing the removal of carbon from the atmospherewith nature-based solutions
3. Scaling up carbon removal technologies
Today’s carbon credit market is fragmented, complex, andopaque. At Amazon, we use the best available science todesign and evaluate projects and measure, verify, andmonitor carbon credits.9 We also use robust methodologies
to verify that the projects we support do, in fact, neutralize
carbon. In doing so, we are paving the way for a future
where carbon credits are a quantifiable, real, permanent, andsocially beneficial method by which to reduce and remove
carbon from the atmosphere.
In recent years, we’ve focused on developing and improving
new methods to better evaluate the effectiveness of forest
restoration projects. As part of an independent working
group made up of leading carbon market experts, scientists,and conservation professionals, we helped develop ABACUS,
a rigorous set of principles and requirements for quantifying
the climate benefits of restoration projects.
ABACUS aims to quantify the complete set of climate impacts
associated with restoration projects. One example of this is“leakage:” when a project designed to restore forests displaces
production and leads to deforestation somewhere else.
ABACUS requires projects to maintain or enhance agricultural
production to avoid leakage. ABACUS also requires a datadriven dynamic baseline that compares carbon removal
progress over time to control areas that are not restored.

Reducing Deforestation
We have made an ambitious pledge to protect nature andmitigate climate change through the Lowering Emissions by

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Accelerating Forest finance (LEAF) Coalition—a public-private
initiative that is mobilizing more than $1 billion to protect
the world’s tropical forests and surrounding communities by
supporting government policies and programs that reduce
emissions from deforestation at national or large subnational scale.
Additionally, Amazon provided funding and technology tohelp the State of Pará, Brazil, institute traceability in the
cattle sector, advance alternative livelihoods for family
farmers, deter illegal land use by streamlining and digitizing
proper land titling, and reclaim illegally deforested statelands. AWS is supporting the government of the State of
Pará in designing and deploying SeloVerde (Green Seal), a
cutting-edge AI tool to address climate change challenges
and traceability in supply chains with a high risk of
deforestation. SeloVerde combines government databases,
innovative map services, and land-use data from high spatial
resolution satellite imagery. This allows industry stakeholders
access to information that helps them make environmentally
responsive, data-based purchasing decisions for commodities
such as cattle and soy.

Advancing the Removal of Carbon from theAtmosphere with Nature-Based Solutions
Nature-based carbon removal, when done well, harnesses
the power of photosynthesis to enhance the carbon stored
in natural and managed ecosystems, like forests andgrasslands. These projects have the additional benefit ofhelping preserve the natural world by creating wildlife
habitat, promoting biodiversity, improving water quality, andreducing flood risk.
In 2023, we expanded our investments in nature-basedcarbon removal with two new agroforestry projects in the
Amazon rainforest. Located in Peru and Brazil, these projects
aim to integrate trees into farming systems while improving
the livelihoods of surrounding farming communities.
Additionally, they demonstrate an innovative new quality
standard for measuring and verifying carbon removal inagroforestry and restoration projects.

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We also created the Agroforestry and Restoration
Accelerator, which aims to restore degraded lands in waysthat both remove carbon from the atmosphere and improve
the livelihoods of local communities. The Accelerator
experiments with scalable business models, landholder
engagement strategies, and measurement techniques tosupport agroforestry and native restoration on small-scalefamily farms in Brazil.
Learn more about how we are advancing nature-based
solutions

Scaling Up Carbon Removal Technologies
In 2023, we signed an agreement to support what is
expected to be the world’s largest deployment of direct air
capture (DAC). DAC is an emerging set of technologies thatchemically scrub CO2 from the air. The captured CO2 is thenstored deep underground or used in applications such asbuilding materials (including concrete, brick, and cement)
and low-carbon fuels. We committed to purchasing carbon
dioxide removal credits equaling 250,000 metric tons of CO2
from 1PointFive, which is currently constructing its first DAC
plant in Texas. When fully operational, the plant is expected
to be the largest in the world, with capacity to capture up to
500,000 metric tons of CO2 annually.
Amazon also supports CarbonCapture Inc., a climate
technology startup recognized for its pioneering modular
DAC systems. The company’s patented modular open
systems architecture allows the swapping of new sorbents—
materials used to absorb CO2 —as they become available.
Maximizing sorbent performance is one way to drive down
the cost of DAC over time to unlock scale. CarbonCapture Inc.
will make up to 100,000 carbon removal credits available
to Amazon. The Climate Pledge Fund also made an equity
investment in CarbonCapture Inc. to help accelerate its
growth and scale its operations.
Learn more about Amazon’s Right Now Climate Fund

The Climate Pledge
The Climate Pledge is a commitment to reach net-zero carbon
emissions by 2040. Amazon co-founded The Climate Pledge
with Global Optimism in 2019 and was the first company tosign on. The Climate Pledge brings the world’s top companies
together to drive joint action, cross-sector collaboration, andresponsible change. Companies signing up to The Climate
Pledge agree to the following three areas of action:• Regular reporting: Measure and report GHG emissions
on a regular basis.
• Carbon elimination: Implement decarbonization
strategies in line with the Paris Agreement throughbusiness change and innovations, including efficiency
improvements, renewable energy, materials reductions,and other carbon emissions elimination strategies.
• Credible offsets: Neutralize any remaining emissions
with additional, quantifiable, real, permanent, andsocially beneficial offsets to achieve net-zero annual
carbon emissions by 2040.
The Climate Pledge celebrates its fifth anniversary in
September 2024. While companies will chart their own paths
to net-zero carbon emissions, signing The Climate Pledge
reinforces their commitment to sustainability, holds themaccountable to their goals, and provides new opportunities
for collaboration and a collective knowledge base toaccelerate their progress. At the end of 2023, The Climate
Pledge represented 473 signatories in 42 countries and
59 industries.
In 2023, 77 additional companies signed The Climate
Pledge, including Mastercard, Sony, and T-Mobile. Amazon
encourages our suppliers to sign The Climate Pledge, andin 2023, nine Amazon transportation and logistics suppliers
became signatories, including CTT Portugal Post, Global Feed
Ecotrans, Poste Italiane, and Emirates Post.
Learn more about how global companies are working
together to address the climate crisis through
The Climate Pledge

The Climate Pledge by the Numbers
2021

2022

2023

YoY%

Signatories

300

396

473

19%

Countries

29

36

42

17%

Industries

51

55

59

7%

Partnering with Others to Scale Progress
With 473 signatories, The Climate Pledge focused more on
cross-industry collaboration in 2023 than ever before. In
2023, The Climate Pledge launched five joint action projects
involving its signatories to accelerate progress to net-zerocarbon emissions by 2040. Working together, signatories
addressed tough problems in hard-to-abate sectors topromote technological innovation, send demand signals,
address supply chain conundrums, and encourage theintegration of climate justice business practices. So far, 24
signatories have joined The Climate Pledge projects related
to low-emission supply chain transportation solutions,circularity, increasing urban charging infrastructure,electrifying middle mile freight, and data transparency.
Laneshift is one example of The Climate Pledge’s joint action
projects. In 2023, The Climate Pledge and C40, a global
network of nearly 100 mayors of the world’s leading cities,
developed Laneshift to accelerate the transition to zeroemission electric trucks and charging infrastructure acrossmajor cities in India and Latin America. Laneshift is creatinga roadmap for the freight industry to partner with rapidly
urbanizing cities to utilize cleaner transportation solutions.
This joint action project involves:• Catalyzing the deployment of electric freight vehicles
and corresponding infrastructure across cities in India(Bengaluru, Delhi, Mumbai, and Pune) and Latin America

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Waste and Circularity(Bogotá and Medellín, Colombia; Curitiba and Rio deJaneiro, Brazil; Quito, Ecuador; and Mexico City, Mexico)• Co-creating business incentives for long-term
investment• Developing a blueprint for cities that provides
insights on industry resources, demand, and supplyside investment and demonstrates the benefits ofsustainable e-mobility policies
This program is expected to reduce emissions, improve air
quality, create green jobs, and work toward a just transition
for workers. In 2023, Laneshift set up operations andinitiated groundwork, including hiring staff and establishing
global key performance indicators.
The Climate Pledge also launched Passport, an online
community for its signatories that provides practical tools
and industry expert connections to help them meet theiremission reduction goals. As part of this, The Climate Pledge
released its first training course on Passport Academy, aprofessional development online learning tool. Leaders from
Amazon, Brooks Running, CDP, and more teach the course,Your Practical Guide to Measurement and Reporting, which
informs participants about best practices in measurement
and reporting.
The Climate Pledge signatories also use Passport to stayconnected throughout the year and during events such as
COP and Climate Week.

The Climate Pledge Fund
The Climate Pledge Fund is a $2 billion venture investment
program supporting the advancement of sustainable
technologies and services that enable Amazon to meet our
net-zero carbon emissions goal. It specifically targets hardto-abate sectors for investment, with the goal of supporting
companies building breakthrough solutions that could
eventually lower the overall cost to decarbonize Amazon andthe broader industry.

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In 2023, The Climate Pledge Fund made nine investments—
including both new and follow-on investments for existing
portfolio companies—bringing its total investment
portfolio to 24 companies. The Climate Pledge Fund’s newinvestments covered a broad set of categories including
packaging (Genecis Bioindustries), grocery and agriculture(Windfall Bio), and transportation (Forum Mobility). The
Climate Pledge Fund also invested in a new category—carbon removal—through its support of CarbonCapture Inc.
Learn more about how we are using new technologies toremove carbon from the atmosphere

Accelerating Climate Solutions from
Female Founders
As part of The Climate Pledge Fund’s broader dedicationto accelerate female-led climate solutions, in 2022,
it committed at least $50 million to invest in femalefounded and female-led climate technology companies.
This investment includes the support of incubators andaccelerators focused on women entrepreneurs and isdesigned to help address the gender equity funding gap thatcurrently exists for women in climate technology.
In 2023, The Climate Pledge Fund invested in Genecis
Bioindustries, a women-led climate tech company in the
U.S. founded by scientist Luna Yu. Yu and her team areusing specialized bacteria to turn organic waste—suchas bread crusts and other food scraps—into bioplastic, abiodegradable and easily recyclable alternative to plastic
packaging. Amazon is evaluating ways to use Genecis’s
technology in our own business, such as to deliver grocery
and consumer goods.
Learn more about Genecis by watching this video
Together with the U.S. Agency for International Development(USAID) and its implementing partners Chemonics and 2X
Global, we’re helping address inequities women are facing in
the climate finance ecosystem and supporting their ability

to accelerate climate change innovations. We pledged $3
million to the USAID-led Climate Gender Equity Fund (CGEF),
a public-private partnership that leverages funding to scale
climate finance that advances gender-equitable climate
action. Since its launch in November 2022, CGEF’s founding
members have committed a combined $20 million to thefund. USAID announced an additional $5 million investment
during COP28 in November 2023. The funding will be usedover the next several years to make grants to businesses,
investment vehicles, accelerators, incubators, and grassroots
organizations supporting climate solutions that are led byand benefit women.
In 2023, CGEF selected the first cohort of women-led
organizations to receive grants, each of which is focused on
advancing gender-equitable climate action in Africa. The
organizations selected include:• ATG Samata, a women-led fund focused on early-stage,scalable businesses in emerging markets in sub-SaharanAfrica with an emphasis on Kenya, Uganda, Nigeria,
Ghana, Mozambique, and Zambia• M-Kyala Ventures, a gender lens incubator that
supports women entrepreneurs working in climate smart
enterprises• wCap, a woman-owned venture capital firm in Zambia
that is focused on bridging the funding gap for earlystage, high-growth women-led businesses offering
climate solutions for selected countries in Southern
Africa• WomHub, an ecosystem builder in South Africa that
supports female science, technology, engineering, andmining and manufacturing business founders
Amazon also continues to support the Resilience Fund for
Women in Global Value Chains (Resilience Fund), created tosupport women’s economic resilience, health, and well-being.
Learn more about our support of the Resilience Fund

Supporting Policies That Drive
Decarbonization
Achieving global decarbonization requires robust and clear
policies to reduce the cost gap between established andemerging lower-carbon technologies, as well as an enabling
environment to transition multiple sectors simultaneously.
At Amazon, we are contributing to policymaking
processes and informing public officials of our stanceson issues that matter to our customers, stakeholders,and businesses, such as carbon-free energy and climate
action. Our public policy team works with policymakers,
multilateral organizations, industry associations, coalitions,and other partners on numerous regulatory and policy
issues. Specifically, we seek to advance and incentivize
decarbonization, supporting policies that scale zero-emission
fuels, advance zero-emission vehicle deployment andassociated infrastructure, drive the deployment of carbonfree energy, modernize the grid, and accelerate investments
in clean technologies.
Learn more about how we advocate for strong climate
action and global renewable energy policies

Looking Forward
Reaching net-zero carbon emissions by 2040 will bechallenging. Achieving this ambitious goal will require a
multifaceted approach that spans Amazon’s delivery andlogistics networks; building construction and operations;servers and hardware; grocery, products, and devices; andpackaging operations. We will continue working to reducecarbon emissions, including by expanding our use of carbonfree energy and switching to lower-carbon materials andfuels where possible. We know that we can make evengreater progress when we collaborate with others, and wewill continue to engage external partners—from expert
coalitions to our diverse network of suppliers—to scale ourefforts to decarbonize worldwide in the service of building abetter future for all.

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Carbon-Free
EnergyActions#1

Largest corporate purchaser of renewable energy
in the world for the fourth year in a row, according
to BloombergNEF
Goal
Match 100% of the electricity consumed by our global
operations with renewable energy by 2025—five years
ahead of our original target of 203010

Transitioning to carbon-free energy sources—
which include renewable energy sources suchas wind and solar as well as other sources suchas nuclear power—is one of the most effective
ways to lower Scope 2 emissions. It can also
create real economic growth in communities
where energy projects are built and operate,
while helping advance the modernizationand management of energy infrastructure. As
our customers’ needs for computing power,
products, and services grow, so does our demandfor energy. That means we must diversify ourenergy portfolio with additional reliable carbonfree sources, so we remain on track to reachnet-zero carbon emissions by 2040. Our goal
to match 100% of the electricity consumed byour global operations with renewable energy
by 2025 is a milestone that is now part of ourbroader carbon-free energy strategy.

100%

Of electricity consumed by Amazon was matchedwith renewable energy sources, up from 90% in
2022

100%

2023

85%

2021

2019

1.3 GW

Energy storage capacity, up from 445 megawatts(MW) in 2022

$12B

39K+

65%

2020

Renewable energy projects announced across 27
countries, representing more than 28 gigawatts(GW) of carbon-free energy capacity, up from 401
projects in 2022 and 274 in 2021

Economic value that Amazon’s solar and windfarm investments helped generate in communities
around the world

90%

2022

500+

42%
100%

Full-time-equivalent jobs created in 2022 as aresult of Amazon’s global solar and wind farminvestments

Workers inspect a wind turbine in the Tehachapi Mountains
in California, home to some of the largest wind turbines in
the U.S.

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Our Approach
We use broad carbon-free energy options to support ourcontinued growth, enabling us to deploy and grow newtechnologies such as artificial intelligence (AI). By scalingcarbon-free energy, we aim to make Amazon a more resilientand more sustainable business, drive a global transition tocleaner energy, and achieve our commitment to The Climate
Pledge to reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2040.
Carbon-free energy includes existing renewable energy
technologies, such as wind and solar farms and on-site
rooftop solar systems, as well as nuclear reactors thatgenerate carbon-free energy and other sources such ashydroelectric and geothermal. It also includes site energy
contracts and green tariffs with local utilities that result in
new wind and solar projects being added to the grid. There is
not a one-size-fits-all solution when it comes to transitioning
to carbon-free energy, and we believe that all viable andscalable options should be considered.
Shifting to carbon-free energy requires a targeted,multifaceted approach. We are taking action to achieve ourgoals in the following ways:• Energy efficiency: We innovate to continuously improvethe energy efficiency of our operations and devices.
We’re also improving data collection and analysis tobetter understand our operational energy requirements.
This informs our carbon-free procurement decisions andenergy optimization initiatives.
Learn more about how we are increasingenergy efficiency• Scaling renewable energy projects: We invest in onsite renewables through rooftop solar installations onbuildings we operate, as well as in off-site renewables
through power purchase agreements (PPAs) that fund25

Our Progress
new utility-scale wind and solar projects. We also
participate in green tariff programs with utilities andpursue new renewable projects through competitive siteenergy contracts. Renewable energy certificates in the
U.S. and Guarantees of Origin in the EU help us bridge
the gap between project inception and operation—when
the project actually starts to power our buildings or feed
renewable energy into the grid.

Wind and solar will continue to be a critical piece of
our energy strategy as we expand our investments into
additional forms of carbon-free energy, including nuclear.
We’ll continue to evaluate our energy strategy to meet theneeds of our customers and achieve our commitment toreach net-zero carbon emissions by 2040.
Learn more about our approach in our Renewable
Energy Methodology• Energy storage solutions: We are expanding batteryenergy storage capacity to support the decarbonizationof electricity grids.
• Diversifying carbon-free energy sources: In addition towind and solar, we are exploring and investing in othercarbon-free energy sources, such as nuclear, that canhelp match the electricity consumed by our operations
for the long term as our business grows.

In 2014, Amazon made our first investment in a renewableenergy project at a time when corporate procurement forsolar and wind power was just beginning. In 2019, we set
an ambitious goal to match 100% of the electricity we usewith renewable energy by 2030. This goal includes all data
centers, logistics facilities, physical stores, and corporate
offices, as well as on-site charging points and our financiallyintegrated subsidiaries. We are proud to have achieved thisgoal in 2023, seven years early, with 100% of the electricity
consumed by Amazon matched with renewable energy
sources, up from 90% in 2022. This achievement is an
important step on our journey to achieve net-zero carbon
emissions by 2040, and we will continue to focus on reducing
emissions through carbon-free energy as part of ourcommitment to The Climate Pledge.
Our journey has included enabling major solar, wind, andbattery storage projects around the world, including the firstwind farm in Mississippi, and becoming the first corporate• Partnerships and advocacy for carbon-free energy
solutions: We engage in partnerships, industry
initiatives, and public policy advocacy to advance accessto and the expansion of carbon-free energy for Amazon,
our customers, and the communities where we operate.
As part of our commitment to The Climate Pledge, we set
two renewable energy goals that are central to our broader
carbon-free energy approach: to match all the electricity
consumed by our operations with 100% renewable energy
and to invest in wind and solar capacity equal to theelectricity used by all active Echo, Fire TV, and Ring devices
worldwide. Additionally, we’re asking our suppliers to use
more renewable energy, engaging product and device
suppliers to set goals to decarbonize their own operations,and working with suppliers on initiatives to reduce theirgreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

Scaling Renewable Energy

As of January 2024, Amazon had announced:

The Baldy Mesa Solar and Storage Project in Adelanto,
California (developed and operated by AES), represents one of
the solar projects that we added to our portfolio that includes
storage capacity.

513
243
270

Global renewable energy projects

Utility-scale wind and solar projects

Solar rooftops at our facilities and stores

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Projects announced as of January 2024.
Numberof Projects

Total MWCapacity†

Australia

7389

Austria1

0.03

Belgium

1

1Brazil2

172

Canada

4

875

China

4

450

Finland

9

439

France740Germany

6678

Greece

1

24

India

50

1,141

Indonesia

1

210

Ireland

3

205

Italy

27

148

Japan

13

114

Netherlands

1

380

New Zealand

151

Poland4

142

Saudi Arabia

1

2Singapore264South Africa

228South Korea

1

60

Spain

79

2,983

Sweden5787

United Arab Emirates

1

3

United Kingdom

36

901

United States

244

17,706

Total

513

27,993

Collectively, these projects represent 28 gigawatts (GW)of renewable energy capacity, making Amazon the world’s
largest corporate purchaser of renewable energy for the
fourth year in a row. Once operational, these projects are
expected to generate more than 77,000 gigawatt-hours(GWh) of renewable energy each year—enough energy to
power 7.3 million homes for a year and an increase of 35%
from 57,000 GWh in 2022.
In 2023, we announced investments in more than 100 new
solar and wind energy projects, expanded our renewables
portfolio into 27 countries, including adding projects
in Canada, Greece, and South Korea, and launched newrenewable energy projects in 17 U.S. states.11

Utility-Scale Wind and Solar Projects
Altogether, Amazon had 243 utility-scale wind and solar
projects, including 42 newly operational ones, in 2023. We
have also signed 274 PPAs as of January 2024 that willcollectively add 3.7 GW of clean energy to the grid, bringing
our total contracted clean energy generation to 27 GW.
Additionally, Amazon participated in two green tariff
agreements in 2023. These allow commercial and industrial
customers to buy bundled renewable electricity from a
specific project through a special utility tariff rate.
We expanded our renewable energy footprint across thesoutheastern U.S. in new ways in 2023, including by adding
five new solar and wind projects, bringing our total numberof renewable energy projects in the region to 30. Our latest
projects include Mississippi’s first utility-scale wind farmand multiple solar farms in states such as Arkansas andGeorgia. Once fully operational, these projects are expected
to generate more than 7,500 GWh of renewable energy. We
also started producing renewable energy from nearly 5,600
rooftop solar panels installed at the Amazon Air Hub at theCincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport. This

* This table includes both on-site solar and contracted off-site utility-scale wind and solar projects, which are in various stages ofdevelopment and construction. 29 of the projects included in the table were announced in January 2024.
Total annual expected MW capacity when operational.
‡
AWS aims to procure renewable electricity in the same grids where it consumes electricity. In certain cases (e.g., renewable energy inthe same grid is not available), AWS may procure renewable energy attributes in other locations.
†

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purchaser to invest in renewable energy projects in countries
such as Indonesia, Poland, and South Africa. This led us topurchase more renewable energy than any other corporationin the world.

Amazon Renewable Energy Projects*

Project Location

Appendix

system is expected to generate enough energy to powerroughly 400 average-sized homes per year.
In 2023, Amazon announced 39 new renewable energy
projects across Europe, adding more than 1 GW of renewableenergy capacity to grids in the region. Our total capacity of
renewable energy in Europe is now 7 GW, including 1.7 GWof renewable energy from offshore wind. Offshore windturbines are an important source of renewable energy due tothe volume they produce and their reliability, as winds tend
to be higher and more consistent at sea. In January 2024,
Amazon signed a corporate PPA with the low-carbon energy
and services company ENGIE to increase our share of output
from the Moray West offshore wind farm in Scotland to 473
megawatts (MW) once the site becomes operational in 2024.
Amazon also accelerated renewable energy investments
across the Asia-Pacific region in 2023, including by adding 24
new utility-scale solar and wind projects to our portfolio. We
unveiled three new utility-scale renewable energy projects in
India, including a 198 MW wind farm in Osmanabad. In China,
we announced two new wind farms in Daqing and Bobai. We
also invested in new solar projects in Japan, New Zealand,and Australia.
Along with bringing new renewable energy sources tomarket, these solar and wind farm projects generate
economic growth in local communities around the world. To
track the benefits that these projects deliver, Amazon
developed an industry-leading economic model that follows
guidance from the U.S. Department of Energy’s National
Renewable Energy Laboratory and was independently
validated by Oxford Economics. The model estimates theinvestment generated by the construction and operation ofutility-scale solar and wind farms, including direct economic
effects (hiring and spending by the developer) and indirect
effects (hiring and spending by suppliers and workers). The
model found that from 2014 through 2022, Amazon’s solar
and wind farms generated over $12 billion in community
investments around the world and supported 39,000 fulltime-equivalent jobs at direct suppliers and at businesses inAmazon’s downstream supply chain globally in 2022 alone.

Learn more about the model in the Economic Impact ofAmazon Investment in Renewables Methodology

On-Site Solar Projects
In 2023, 50 new on-site solar energy systems became
operational at our facilities and stores, adding 58 MW ofcapacity. Altogether, these solar energy projects generate an
estimated 123,000 MWh and avoid roughly 47,500 metrictons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂e) each year.
We launched our first on-site solar array with energy storage
projects in Bakersfield and San Bernardino, California, in
2023. Additionally, we reached our first on-site solar arraydeals in Ohio and in Belgium and Saudi Arabia. These
projects bring the total number of rooftop solar projects
across Amazon and Whole Foods Market facilities to 270,with a total capacity of 344 MW. Altogether, these projects
avoid roughly 17 million metric tons of CO2e each year.

Data Centers Powered with Renewable Energy
Amazon’s energy supply from utilities, combined with therenewable energy we procure globally, means that 100% of
the electricity consumed by 22 AWS data center regions ismatched with renewable energy sources—an increase from19 regions in 2022.‡
Across Amazon, we work with utilities and regulators
on green tariffs so that more companies can buy clean
energy directly from renewable energy projects. In eastern
Oregon, for instance, AWS partnered with Umatilla Electric
Cooperative—the utility serving AWS data centers in
the area—to create a first-of-its-kind deal structure in
the state that allows AWS to directly choose the energy
supply powering its data centers, including renewableenergy sources.
Also in Oregon, Amazon’s investment in the Gilliam County
wind farm is expected to add capacity by replacing older
wind turbine blades and equipment with modern technology,
allowing for more efficient production of wind energy. This
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will work with local utilities to power AWS data centers ineastern Oregon with renewable energy.

Brownfield Solar Projects
There is an emerging opportunity to repurpose previously
polluted, unused land to deliver economic and environmental
benefits for local communities. Brownfields are pieces of landthat have been abandoned due to pollution, such as mines,
factories, and landfills. The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency estimates that more than 450,000 brownfields could
be revitalized for solar energy projects across the country.
Brownfields are often located near power lines and publicroads, making it easier to connect these types of projects to
the grid.

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In 2023, we announced plans to support the repurposingof a previously polluted Maryland coal mine into a solar
farm. Amazon Solar Farm Maryland–CPV Backbone is underconstruction at the site of the recently closed Arch Coal Minein Garrett County, Maryland. More than 1,100 acres of coalrefuse once contaminated this 120-year-old mining site, andthis land has since been reclaimed.
The project is expected to employ more than 200 skilledworkers during peak construction activities and provide
millions of dollars in local tax revenue. Once completed, it isexpected to be the largest solar farm in Maryland. Featuring
more than 326,000 solar panels, Amazon Solar Farm
Maryland–CPV Backbone will avoid more than 64,000 metrictons of CO2e each year—the equivalent of taking more than
13,900 cars off the road.

Diversifying Carbon-Free Energy Sources
As the demand for energy increases around the world, we are
expanding our investments in carbon-free energy solutions,
including nuclear. For example, in early 2023, we purchased anuclear-powered data center in Pennsylvania that is directly
powered by the adjacent Susquehanna Steam Electric Station.
Nuclear energy is a strong option that already has a proventrack record of providing a constant source of reliable power
for communities around the world. Nuclear energy is themost reliable, abundant, and stable energy source on thegrid, and Amazon’s investment in nuclear power is part ofour broader efforts to decarbonize the energy sector, andour business.

Energy Storage Solutions

Brownfield solar projects repurpose previously polluted land into
solar farms.

27

We invest in energy storage to collect and save renewableenergy for use when other energy sources may be
unavailable—such as at night or during periods of highdemand—and to help improve grid stability. In 2023, weadded seven solar projects paired with battery energy
storage systems to our portfolio in the U.S. We now hold 1.3
GW of storage capacity, up from 445 MW in 2022.

Partnerships and Advocacy for
Carbon-Free Energy Solutions
Supporting a More Just, Equitable, andSustainable Clean Energy Transition
As the world’s largest corporate renewable energy purchaser,
we have a unique role to play in supporting a more just,equitable, and sustainable clean energy transition. As afounding member and active participant in Beyond the
Megawatt—an initiative from the Clean Energy Buyers
Association (CEBA)—we are helping scale results-oriented
clean energy procurement strategies that put energy grid
resiliency, social equity, and environmental protection
at the forefront of solar and wind transactions. Beyond
the Megawatt partners with energy customers, energy
and service providers, nongovernmental organizations,academia, researchers, community organizations, and otherbusinesses to help ensure a diversity of stakeholder voices
are represented as we shift toward carbon-free energy.
In 2023, we participated in CEBA’s equity and resilience
working groups, which produced industry-wide guidanceon incorporating biodiversity and social benefit standards
into PPAs.

Scaling Up Carbon-Free Energy
To advance the transition to carbon-free energy within
our supply chain, Amazon helped found the Clean Energy
Procurement Academy (CEPA) with other leading companies
in 2023. CEPA supports the adoption of clean energy bysuppliers through training and online educational resources.
The academy’s founding organizations pooled their expertiseand internal resources to design a shared training curriculumand delivery processes. Through our collaborative efforts
with fellow members and suppliers, this initiative aims torapidly advance clean energy procurement, address Scope 3
emissions, and decarbonize global supply chains.
We also co-founded the Emissions First Partnership (EFP),a coalition of companies committed to modernizing GHG

accounting standards for the power sector, as part of ourefforts to decarbonize power grids. Through our work with
EFP, we have continued to advocate for updated carbon
accounting guidelines for the Greenhouse Gas Protocol.
These revised standards are designed to make carbon
accounting more closely resemble the real-world carbon
effects of an organization’s actions. The standards will also
provide more opportunities for organizations to invest in
decarbonization initiatives such as clean energy projects—
especially in markets where there is the ability and resources
to decarbonize the power system faster.
Learn more about how we are working to decarbonize our
supply chain

Advocating for Improved Infrastructure
and Policies
We have made significant progress in procuring renewableenergy for our business, supply chain, and surrounding
communities. However, there are a number of challenges
to scaling up renewables, including project delays, longtimelines due to interconnection queues, and the lack of astrong policy framework.
Supporting Grid Improvements
The widespread transition to carbon-free power requires
an upgraded and expanded electricity grid. In the U.S.,
insufficient transmission capacity is gridlocking renewableenergy deployment. The demand for renewables isoverwhelming—projects waiting to get on the grid exceed
the system’s overall capacity to support them. With agrowing number of renewable projects in the pipeline,
advancing policies and incentives to enable and encourage
the much-needed build-out of the transmission system will
be vital.
We recommended to the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission (FERC) that it require transmission providers toconsider a broader array of transmission needs, including
corporate commitments for renewable energy procurement.
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planners to deploy grid-enhancing technologies. These
technologies can unlock capacity for and improve efficiencies
around renewable energy by reducing congestion on existing
grid infrastructure. We are also working with a number oforganizations, including PJM Interconnection, the regional
grid operator for the mid-Atlantic, and the Rocky Mountain
Institute, a nonprofit working to transform the global energy

Watersystem to secure a clean, prosperous, zero-carbon future,
to improve capacity on existing lines and bring renewableenergy to the grid at a much lower cost than that of
traditional solutions.
We continued our advocacy work with U.S. regulators in
2023 to improve transmission planning, permitting, andinterconnection processes, including calling for federaltransmission permitting reform in Congress. We alsojoined advocacy groups such as Western Freedom andRenewable Northwest in support of their efforts to create
an organized wholesale electricity market in the western
U.S. Amazon publicly supported and advocated for SB-410(Powering Up Californians Act), a new law to speed up utility
interconnection processes, which passed in the California
legislature with bipartisan support and was signed into law
by the governor.

Anticipating Future Energy DemandPowered by AWS

AWS is collaborating with Duke Energy, which
operates the largest electrical grid in the U.S., tobuild new smart grid software and services that
anticipate future energy demand and identify
where and how to update the power grid. By
running on AWS, Duke Energy’s Intelligent Grid
Services will provide more accurate forecastingof electricity needs in a matter of minutes, rather
than the weeks it would take with traditional
information technology hardware. This in turnenables Duke Energy to make smarter decisions,
including about where to replace equipment
or implement non-wire alternatives, which
are electrical grid investments intended todefer or eliminate the need to construct or
upgrade components.
Our Amazon Air Hub located at the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky
International Airport is home to Kentucky’s largest solar array,created in collaboration with Duke Energy.

28

Promoting Robust Renewable Energy Policies
We work with decision-makers around the world to advancepolicies that scale up renewable energy. In 2023, we backed
a new global renewable energy goal, urging world leaders at
COP28 to triple renewable energy capacity to at least 11,000
GW by 2030.
In the U.S., we are focusing on accelerating the additionof new renewable energy projects to the grid. In 2023, we
advocated for grid planners to be required to prioritize
projects that are “ready to be brought online,” insteadof projects that submitted queue applications first. FERC
adopted this shift to a “first-ready, first-served” modelin 2023. We also encouraged the Bonneville Power
Administration in the Pacific Northwest to adopt firstready, first-served queue reforms, which they did in 2024,
facilitating increased production of clean energy acrossthe region. In Ireland, we encouraged the Commission forRegulation of Utilities (CRU) to create a pathway for offshore
wind projects to be delivered through corporate purchasing.
CRU agreed and extended the timeline for offshore windprojects to be available for corporate buyers such as Amazon.
Because permitting for renewable energy projects is one key
factor delaying clean energy deployment, we are working
with legislators, advocacy organizations, and corporate
partners to drive permitting efficiencies across Europe andhelp reduce delays. In Poland, we called for policymakers
to loosen restrictions on permitting and locating windprojects as its government works to increase the amount of
renewable energy on its grid. As a result of our and others’
work, Poland’s government partially reduced its permitting
restrictions in 2023, allowing more renewable energy
projects to be developed there.
In addition, AWS is collaborating with WindEurope andAccenture to develop EasyPermits, a digital permitting
solution running on AWS that increased the efficiency of
the administrative permitting process, enabling shortened
permitting timelines to help the EU meet its 2030
renewable energy targets. EasyPermits is a secure webbased cloud solution that addresses key challenges facedby permitting agents and project developers to increase

the speed and amount of renewable energy on the grid.
This tool is currently available to support onshore windprojects, has been successfully tested in two municipalities
in Denmark, and will continue to scale to support carbonfree energy policy objectives. Through our Danish pilot,
EasyPermits reportedly enabled concurrent processing of
up to three times as many permit applications and delivered
a 50% reduction in administrative workload by improving
transparency and information management.
Our advocacy to scale renewable energy extends aroundthe globe. In Japan, Amazon worked with third-party
organizations to advocate for virtual PPAs, allowing
corporate buyers to increase the number of projects
that will be built through their own initiatives. In South
Africa, we partnered with the City of Cape Town to pilot a“power wheeling” project. Power wheeling uses the city’stransmission or distribution system to distribute energy
between different grids or service areas. As a result of thepilot, energy customers in the city can now invest in andaccess renewable energy projects.

Looking Forward
We remain focused on scaling carbon-free energy across ourcompany and the communities we operate in. In 2024 andbeyond, we will continue to add more carbon-free energy
generation and storage capacity to our portfolio as we scale
up new technologies such as AI and work toward our goal toachieve net-zero carbon by 2040. This will include investingin more solar and wind energy projects, such as our Moray
West offshore wind farm in Scotland , and nuclear projects.
As we progress toward decarbonizing our business, we will
also engage with our partners, industry associations, andregulators around the world to scale our work, share what
we’ve learned, and advocate for infrastructure and policies
that help create a carbon-free energy future. We’ve always
said that the path to net-zero carbon won’t be linear. As withany long-term goal, we’ll continue to evolve our strategy
over time to do what is right for our business and the planet,
to meet the needs of our customers, and to reach net-zerocarbon by 2040.

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Packaging2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
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Actions

Goal
Make Amazon device packaging 100% recyclable
by 202390%

Of device packaging for products launched in 2023
is recyclable in the U.S., up from 79% in 2022
2023
2022

90%
79%

100%
Of outbound plastic delivery packaging, including
plastic air pillows, was replaced with 100%household-recyclable paper filler at Amazon’s first
U.S. automated fulfillment center, in Euclid, Ohio,in October 2023

100%

9%
Decrease in average single-use plastic packaging
weight per shipment across Amazon’s global
operations network compared to 2022

Every day, we ship millions of orders around theglobe, working hard to make sure our products
reach customers safely and with the least amountof packaging necessary. Our customers want rightsized, recyclable packaging that minimizes waste
and ensures damage-free delivery, which is why
we aim to avoid unnecessary packaging wheneverpossible. When this is not an option, we optimize
the type, material, and weight of our packaging
to increase circularity, avoid waste, and reducecarbon emissions—without sacrificing safety
or functionality.

43%
Reduction in average per-shipment packaging
weight in the U.S., Canada, and the EU since 2015,
representing 3 million metric tons of packaging
material avoided1280K+
Metric tons of single-use plastic packaging avoided
globally since 2020
Stacks of our cardboard shipping boxes at a fulfillment center.

99.7%

Of mixed-material mailers, which contain both
plastic and paper, replaced with recyclable paper
alternatives in the U.S. and Canada

12%
Of packages globally shipped without additional
Amazon packaging as part of the Ships in ProductPackaging program13, 14

Nearly12M
Products qualified for the Ships in ProductPackaging program100%
Of packaging material in Europe and India ishousehold recyclable

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2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
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Our Approach

Our Progress

Amazon takes a science-based approach to packaging
that combines lab testing, machine learning, materials
science, and manufacturing partnerships to optimize our
packaging. We think locally, taking into consideration factors
such as location and geography, average delivery distanceto customers, vehicle type, and delivery method. As weregionalize our network, products travel shorter distances
to customers and need less protective packaging. We movequickly to invest in responsible shipping and packaging
innovations that can scale our program to ship products
without additional packaging.

Ships in Product Packaging

As we continue to learn and evolve our packaging strategy,
we focus on the following priorities:• We avoid unnecessary packaging whenever possible
through our Ships in Product Packaging program andwork with suppliers to re-engineer their packaging toqualify for the program.
• When supplemental Amazon packaging is required,
we select lighter, right-sized options to reduce our
packaging footprint while still protecting the item.
We use artificial intelligence (AI) to optimize packaging
types—from bags to boxes—and sizes, depending on
the level of protection needed.
• We prioritize materials that are household recyclable. We
are also working on innovations and solutions to avoid
single-use plastics, and we’re reporting on our progress.
• We work across the public and private sectors tocreate and scale recyclable and biodegradable
materials, find circular solutions, and improve recycling
infrastructure globally.

30

Many products can be shipped safely without protection
from additional Amazon delivery bags or boxes, which is themain idea behind our Ships in Product Packaging program.
Through this program, we deliver eligible items in the
manufacturers’ original packaging without supplemental
Amazon delivery packaging, allowing us to avoid unnecessary
material use and reduce the weight of deliveries. Our aim
is to continue to increase the number of products shipped
through the program so that we can further reduce our
packaging use and avoid incremental carbon emissions
associated with additional materials and weight.
As we focus on shipping more items without additionaldelivery bags or boxes, we’ve challenged ourselves to shipsome of the most complex products without additional
packaging—such as TVs, glassware, and toys. We are able
to then use those learnings and apply them to less complex
products that may need only small adjustments to qualify
for the Ships in Product Packaging program. As we set new
standards required to qualify for the program, we’re alsoable to identify and onboard products that do not need
any adjustments.
Amazon works with suppliers to re-engineer theirpackaging to qualify for the program and expand theeligibility of products. For example, we worked with Hasbro
to design a sturdier package for the Hasbro Galactic Heroes
BB-8 Adventure toy that is 81% smaller, contains 20
fewer components, and is eligible for the Ships in ProductPackaging program.
To make sure that our customers are aware of this program,
we let them know a product is shipping in its own packaging

at checkout on Amazon websites in the U.S., Canada, andEurope. We also give customers the option to add Amazon
packaging if desired.

2023 Delivery Packaging by Region

Learn more about the Ships in Product Packaging
programAround the WorldIn 2023, nearly 12 million products qualified for the Ships in
Product Packaging program, and 12% of Amazon packages
globally were shipped without additional packaging,including 13% in the U.S. and Canada, 9% in Europe, 3% inJapan, 19% in India, and 8% in Brazil, Mexico, and Singapore.
This progress is a result of continuing to identify productsthat qualify for the program, working with selling partners
to make packaging updates that allow their products
to ship in their original packaging, and implementing
regionalization. The last is Amazon’s new delivery approachthat utilizes shorter routes across the U.S., expanding
eligibility for products to ship in their own packaging without
risking damage.

RegionShips in
Product
Corrugated
Packaging Flexibles
Boxes

Europe

9%

47%

44%

U.S. and Canada

13%

51%

36%

India

19%

38%

43%

Learn more about regionalization

Inspiring Selling Partners to Reduce Packaging
Our Ships in Product Packaging program doesn’t just offer
environmental benefits. Less packaging also means lower
costs, and Amazon believes in sharing these cost savings with
our selling partners. In 2023, we tested decreasing the costof Fulfillment by Amazon (FBA) for sellers who adopt the
program. In early 2024, we expanded this fee reduction to all
FBA sellers with eligible products. The program is available tosellers in seven marketplaces: Canada, France, Germany, Italy,
Spain, the UK, and the U.S.

Amazon works with companies such as Windex to help re-engineer
their packaging to qualify for the Ships in Product Packaging program.

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Optimizing with Lighter, More
Flexible, and Right-Sized
Packaging
We strive to keep our packaging lightweight and minimal
while ensuring deliveries reach customers without damage.
Lighter, more flexible, and right-sized packaging helps reducedelivery emissions per package by using less material andtaking up less space in delivery vehicles. Since 2015, we havedecreased our average per-shipment packaging weight by
43%, which represents more than 3 million metric tons of
packaging materials avoided.

Water

Amazon Delivery Packaging by TypeWe aim to increase the number of products that ship in the manufacturers’ original packaging without
additional packaging, as well as select lighter, right-sized options to reduce our packaging footprint.

When possible, Amazon uses lightweight packaging byprioritizing flexible paper bags and envelopes. In the U.S.,
these flexible options are up to 89% lighter than similarsized rigid corrugated boxes. With millions of products andan infinite number of order combinations, identifying the
optimal packaging solution to keep each order safe duringtransit represents a significant challenge. That is why we use
machine learning algorithms to determine the most efficient
option for each order we fulfill.
Data scientists trained an AI model to understand a variety
of product features, including shape and durability, andto analyze customer feedback on how different packaging
options have performed. The model is constantly learningand has helped reduce our use of packaging material since it
launched in 2019.
Machine learning algorithms also help us determine the best
fit for orders with multiple items, so we can decrease empty
space in boxes. Optimized shipments require less space inthe vehicles that deliver packages to our customers, helping
reduce the number of vehicles on the road.
Another way Amazon uses machine learning is to optimize
the suite of cardboard box options at any one facility. Our
web-based tools help identify and select a facility’s suite ofshipping box types based on the order patterns unique tothat facility.

Ships in ProductPackaging

2023

12%

2022

11%

2021

Flexible Packaging
Padded8%

Data represents shipments from the Amazon fulfillment network fulfilled through Amazon-owned and -operated fulfillment
centers across Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, the UK, and the U.S.

Flexible Packaging
Unpadded

50%
49%
49%

Corrugated
Boxes

38%
40%
43%

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2023 Packaging Use by Region

RegionAverage
Packaging
Metric Tons
Weight of Packaging
per Shipment
Material(g/shipment)
EliminatedEurope96

34,817

U.S. and Canada

111

33,529

India

112

9,910

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Phasing Out Single-Use Plastics
and Using More Recyclable
PackagingAmazon is working to reduce our use of single-use plastic
packaging in favor of household-recyclable alternatives. Like
most retailers, Amazon has traditionally used a mix of plastic
and paper packaging to optimize for durability, weight, andsize. However, recycling plastic packaging generally requires
customers to visit a drop-off location. To make recycling
our packaging as easy as possible, our packaging engineers
have been researching and experimenting for years to ensure
we find the right solutions to deliver more products tocustomers with household-recyclable paper.
These packaging reduction initiatives have made a significant
impact, decreasing our average plastic packaging weight per
shipment by 9% across Amazon’s global operations network,building on a 17% reduction in 2022. Altogether, we haveavoided 80,500 metric tons of single-use plastic packaging
since 2020. Efforts so far include our Ships in ProductPackaging program, leveraging AI to identify where we canuse lighter, more flexible, right-sized packaging, replacing
single-use plastic delivery packaging with 100% householdrecyclable paper and cardboard packaging in our fulfillment
network in Europe, and eliminating single-use, thin-film
plastic packaging from our fulfillment network in India.15
While these reduction initiatives have slowed our plastic
packaging use, our total plastic packaging increased 3% from86,055 metric tons in 2022 to 88,698 metric tons in 2023
due to our business growth.16

We’re testing new packaging machines in Europe and the U.S. thatbuild made-to-fit paper bags around individual items on demand.

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Additionally, in October 2023, we announced our first
automated U.S. fulfillment center to eliminate plastic
delivery packaging as part of our multi-year effort toeliminate plastic delivery packaging from our North America
fulfillment centers. In June 2024, we announced a major
milestone for this effort, removing 95% of plastic air pillows

from delivery packaging in North America, working toward
full removal by end of year. This will avoid the use of nearly
15 billion plastic air pillows annually and will be our largest
plastic packaging reduction effort in North America to date.
We will continue to build and test new innovations andimprove on the systems we have in place in order to decrease
our use of single-use plastic packaging and share updates on
the progress we’re making.

Single-Use Plastic Packaging by Region

RegionWhile recycling infrastructure varies around the world,
we remain dedicated to designing packaging that is easierto recycle where such programs exist, while considering
localized, country-specific challenges and how to solve themas part of our ongoing approach.

EuropeEuropeIn 2023, we announced that 100% of delivery packaging
in Europe—the boxes, bags, and envelopes needed to get
products to customers—was household recyclable, including
for items sold by Amazon and third-party selling partners
that use FBA. In total, 87 European fulfillment centers havestopped using plastic packaging for deliveries.

United States and Canada
In 2023, we expanded our use of household-recyclable
paper-padded bags across the U.S. and Canada,replacing 99.7% of padded bags containing both plastic andpaper. This change has helped us avoid nearly 41,600 metrictons of single-use plastic since 2020. We also transitioned 13
fulfillment centers from plastic to paper for dunnage, thedurable packing material used to protect goods during
shipping. Furthermore, we are investing in research anddevelopment to identify better paper alternatives for the restof our packaging suite.

India, Japan, and Rest of World
Since Amazon replaced thin-film single-use plastic packaging

Single-Use
Single-Use
Plastic
Plastic
Packaging
Packaging
Used in Avoided since2023 (MT)2020 (MT)877

14,600U.S. and Canada

83,513

41,600

India

1,015

9,100

Japan

931

13,400Rest of World17

2,362

1,800

Total

88,69880,500material with paper- and cardboard-based packaging acrossour India fulfillment network in 2019, we have avoided
a total of 9,100 metric tons of plastic packaging in the
country. In addition, 100% of delivery packaging material ishousehold recyclable in India as of the end of 2023.
In Brazil, Egypt, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, and the United ArabEmirates, Amazon stopped using dunnage, including air
pillows, in most boxes. When we do still need to use dunnage
to secure products during shipping, we’re increasing ouruse of packaging made with recycled materials. For larger
shipments that require dunnage, we are working toward
replacing air pillows with paper alternatives.
In Japan, 99.5% of delivery packaging material is household
recyclable as of the end of 2023. We anticipate that all sites
in this country will participate in this program by the endof 2024. In 2023, Amazon removed plastic shrink-wrap film
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with paper-based dunnage in Japan, except when packaging
fragile items and gift packages. We are also in the process ofswitching from plastic packaging tape to paper tape.
Since 2021, Amazon has utilized automated paper-bag
packaging machines in Japan to optimize packaging size
and material use and increase household recyclability. We
expanded this practice to Australia in 2023.

Minimizing and Optimizing
Packaging in Grocery
To make sure groceries ordered from Amazon and Whole
Foods Market arrive in good condition, we look for ways toprotect products during delivery while still minimizing our
packaging footprint.
In 2023, Amazon Fresh reduced our use of insulation
packaging material, which avoided approximately 1,180
metric tons of packaging. Similarly, Whole Foods Market
avoided 1,300 metric tons of packaging by using daily
variable insulation, a practice that tracks and adjusts theamount of insulation packaging used in deliveries in North
America to ensure it is used only when temperatures exceed
a specific threshold.
Groceries are also being delivered in packaging that is easierto recycle. In 2023, the grocery delivery packaging used by
Amazon Fresh was 88% recyclable by weight.
Whole Foods Market published an updated version of
its Packaging Guidelines in 2023 to help merchants,
procurement teams, and suppliers understand how to makemore sustainable choices for product packaging. In alignment
with the Whole Foods Market Sustainability Strategy, theseguidelines are meant to reduce the amount of packaging it
uses, improve the source material, and design for end-oflife and lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Smarter
packaging choices can also help reduce food waste anddivert packaging waste from landfills. Whole Foods Market’s
Packaging Guidelines are grounded in four core concepts (or”Principles“) aimed at balancing safety, performance, and2023 Amazon Sustainability Report

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sustainability: material safety, material performance andefficiency, design for recovery, and source responsibly.

Increasing the Recyclability ofDevice Packaging
Amazon’s strategy to optimize and increase the recyclabilityof packaging extends to our devices. In 2020, we set
an ambitious goal to make our device packaging 100%
recyclable by 2023—a first for the consumer electronics
industry. To work toward this goal, we collaborated with
our suppliers to develop paper-based wraps and films that
protect devices and are compatible with paper recycling
streams. These paper-based wraps are recyclable in the U.S.
where recycling programs are available.
In 2023, 90% of our new devices and accessories launchedwith packaging that is 100% recyclable in the U.S., up from
79% in 2022. We have made significant progress, but wehave not yet created recyclable packaging for heavier items,
such as Fire TVs. The box for Fire TVs is recyclable, but westill include foam cushioning and bags to protect the device
when it is shipped, and these are not yet recyclable. Amazon
remains committed to using recyclable device packaging and
to inventing recyclable solutions for heavier items, such asFire TVs, that properly protect the device while maintaining
our high bar for quality.

scientists continue to collaborate with others to accelerate
the innovation, deployment, and scaling of new lower-carbon
and lower-waste materials.

United States
We partner with industry peers and expert organizations,such as the Sustainable Packaging Coalition, to improverecycling infrastructure. Amazon also works with The
Recycling Partnership (TRP) to help launch recycling
programs in communities across the U.S. Our 2023
investment helped TRP start recycling programs that reachedmore than 36,000 households and recycled 1 million poundsof materials.

GlobalTogether with Novamont, an Italy-based biomaterials
company, Amazon is testing new ways to collect and recycle
bio-based and biodegradable materials, such as nongenetically modified corn starch and vegetable oils. We
co-invented an innovative recycling technology with the
National Renewable Energy Laboratory through the U.S.
Department of Energy’s BOTTLE Consortium, creating anentirely circular loop for these materials.18 In 2023, we piloted
this solution in Italy and Spain and plan to use the learnings
to improve the technology for future use.

Partnerships to Improve
Packaging Materials, Circularity,
and Recycling

We also joined the Global Organization for PHA (GO!PHA)
in 2023. This coalition is working to drive the transition toa circular economy in which pollution-free alternatives toplastic are used in materials for packaging, single-use, anddurable applications. Amazon contributes to various GO!PHA
working groups, including Science & Technology and Policy,
and collaborates on policy advocacy efforts.

Amazon works hard to reduce plastic packaging across ourdeliveries. However, in some cases, the right technologies andmaterials do not yet exist to adequately protect orders fromphysical damage or in specific weather conditions. To findalternatives that are waterproof, flexible, and safe enoughfor e-commerce deliveries and product packaging, ourIn 2022, we became a member of the Australian Packaging
Covenant Organisation (APCO), a nonprofit group leading
the development of a circular economy for packaging inAustralia. Along with setting the country’s 2025 national
packaging targets, APCO works to foster a collaborative
packaging value chain in Australia.

We support the European Commission’s goal to tackle
excessive packaging via legislation such as the EU Packaging
and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR). In Europe, we
continue to improve our packaging using a science-based
approach and will further reduce our environmental impact
by investing in new materials, processes, and technologies
that drive void and materials reduction at scale.

Looking Forward
We remain committed to enhancing our packaging for both
performance and sustainability. We will continue working to
reduce our packaging footprint by increasing uptake of the
Ships in Product Packaging program, leveraging machinelearning and other innovative technologies to optimize
packaging size and shape, and transitioning to more circular
packaging materials instead of single-use plastics. In fact, inFebruary 2024, we announced that nearly 50% of customer
orders from our India fulfillment network now comewith reduced or no added packaging . We will also keepprioritizing our engagement with selling partners and largerscale coalitions to accelerate collective progress.

We use paper-based wraps and films where we can to avoid plastic in
our device packaging.

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Waste andCircularity

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
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Goal
Reduce food waste by 50% across U.S. and Europe
operations by 203020

75%

Reduction in food waste intensity—a measure offood waste as a percentage of total food handled
by weight—in Europe operations compared to a
2021 baseline

28%

Reduction in food waste intensity in U.S.
operations compared to a 2021 baseline

Around the world, natural resource extraction andwaste generation have grown significantly. In thelast six years alone, the global economy consumed
over half a trillion tons of materials—nearly as
much as the materials consumed throughout theentire 20th century.19 As resources continue tobe extracted, it is imperative for businesses to
do all they can to prevent and reduce waste. At
Amazon, we strive to be a responsible stewardof our planet’s finite resources. We know that
contributing to a circular economy will help
mitigate the effects of climate change, reduce
biodiversity loss, and alleviate other global
challenges by decoupling economic activity fromresource consumption. With this in mind, we areworking to increase what we resell, reuse, andrecycle across our business and to reduce what we
ultimately send to landfills.

Actions452
Whole Foods Market locations and 62 Amazon
Fresh stores have active organics diversion
programs to divert food waste

All final assembly sites worldwide for Echo, Kindle,
Fire tablet, Fire TV devices, cables, and adaptersachieved UL’s Zero Waste to Landfill certification
at Silver or better21

Where possible, we give inventory an extended life, including by
repairing or reselling items—and we help our sellers do the same.

82%
Of all construction waste from the building of oursecond headquarters in Arlington, Virginia, wasdiverted from landfills

24%More items were repaired worldwide in 2023 thanin 2022

14.6M
AWS hardware components were diverted
from landfills by being recycled or sold into thesecondary market for reuse

Nearly368M
All device packaging sites in China achieved
UL’s Zero Waste to Landfill certification at Silver
or better

Items were resold, liquidated, or donated in the
U.S. and Europe by sellers with Amazon’s help, a
42% increase compared to 2022

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Our Approach
Our waste hierarchy sets out our guiding principles forpreventing, managing, and reducing waste. Amazon has
programs in place to optimize our inventory, reduce foodsurplus, and source materials that help us prevent waste in
the first place. Where possible, we look for ways to reduce,reuse, recycle, or compost these materials.
We work hard to make it easy for customers to discoverproducts they love. They usually do, but just like with any
retailer, sometimes customers want to return somethingthat they purchased from us. If customers do need toreturn something, Amazon strives to give items a second
life through resale, donation, or recycling—in that order ofpriority. Returned items undergo inspection to determine
whether they can be resold. We aim to donate items thatcannot be sold, but when they are not suitable for sale,
resale, or donation, often due to damage or expiration, we
prioritize their recycling.
We amplify our efforts by considering how customers use
our products through end-of-life and by providing themwith opportunities to repair or resell products. Our circularapproach keeps valuable resources in use longer, avoiding
waste and reducing related effects such as carbon emissions
and pollution.
We know that avoiding waste is an ongoing process andthat we cannot do it on our own. We engage with suppliers
to reduce waste related to our products, partner with otherorganizations to scale our efforts to transition to a morecircular economy, and work with local municipalities toimprove recycling infrastructure where we can.

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Our Approach to Managing andPreventing Waste
This hierarchy is an industry framework that guides ourapproach to managing and preventing waste. It moves
from the most preferred option at the top to the least
preferred at the bottom. Materials in this hierarchy may
be recycled, reclaimed, or otherwise reused in some
way and thus may not end up as waste in landfills.
We use this framework to better manage our waste,pursuing opportunities that are more preferred before
moving down the hierarchy.

Prevent

We improve product and packaging design, inventory management, materials
sourcing, and resource use to prevent waste from the start.

ReduceWe pursue avenues such as increased product durability and resale to reduce waste.
We also work to prevent waste generation by helping customers make informed
decisions, which reduces product returns, and offer several ways for them tosupport product circularity.

Reuse

We repair, repurpose, and donate usable items where possible.

RecycleWe recycle and compost to recover raw materials where possible, including
food waste.

Incineration with Energy Recovery

Where prevention, reduction, reuse, or recycling are not possible, we target
energy recovery.

Landfill and Incineration without Energy Recovery

Both landfill and incineration without energy recovery are disposal methods
strictly used as a last resort for waste that is either ineligible for or cannot bediverted to better recovery pathways.22

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Our Progress
Preventing and Managing Waste
The waste we generate falls into two categories: internal andexternal. Internal waste is generated inside our operations,while external waste is generated both upstream anddownstream of our operations, such as by suppliers andcustomers. Some of these items are diverted from waste
streams by our prevention efforts, recycling programs, andother initiatives to reduce waste.
Our internal (direct) waste footprint includes:• Operations: Operational waste is the type of waste that
we can most directly control. We manage operational
waste generated across our business, including fromour grocery stores and other retail sites, customer
fulfillment operations, office buildings, and data centers.
Waste from our internal operations falls into two
categories:

Our external (indirect) waste footprint includes thefollowing areas:• Customer waste is generated during product use or in
the form of product and delivery packaging, including
when disposed of. Beyond the work we do to help
customers keep items in use longer, we also offer
several ways for them to support product circularityand prevent waste through our Amazon Second Chance
program.
• Construction waste comes from activities related
to building our facilities. This consists mainly ofcommingled construction and demolition waste such as
metals, masonry, asphalt, and drywall.
• Supply chain waste is generated by third-party suppliers
who manufacture products for, and provide goods andservices to, our company.

• Inventory waste includes heavily damaged andunsold items, customer returns that cannot be
resold, donated, or recycled, and food that is nolonger safe for consumption.
• Noninventory waste is made up of resources thatare used and discarded within our businesses. Thesematerials enable our operations but are not directly
part of the inventory of finished goods or materials
used to produce them. Noninventory waste includes
materials such as used cardboard boxes, shrink wrap,
electronic waste, break room waste, used officefurniture, and damaged storage equipment.
In November 2023, we opened a pop-up Second Chance Store in London,
where customers could shop second-hand products from Amazon.

In 2023, we improved our ability to gather accurate, timely,
and robust data. This allows us to enhance waste tracking
and management as our business changes and as we add
new sites and onboard waste vendors. One enabler of thisprogress was the creation of a central data collection toolthat provides a single, companywide repository for internal
waste data from our operations and activities. We also built a
prototype forecasting tool to help us predict and plan for the
future. We will continue to build these processes and tools
throughout 2024.

Food Waste
In the U.S., nearly 98% of Amazon’s food handled goesto human and animal consumption, and in Europe, morethan 99% does. While these figures are encouraging, weare always exploring new ways to reduce food loss andwaste as we work toward our goal to reduce our food waste
by 50% across our U.S. and Europe operations by 2030.
This commitment is reflective of our membership in the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Food Loss andWaste 2030 Champions , which we joined in 2020. We
then extended our commitment to reducing food waste toour Europe operations in 2021. We measure our progressagainst this commitment with a food waste intensity
metric that calculates the amount of food waste generated
as a percentage of total food handled by weight within
Amazon. As of December 2023, our food waste intensity
had decreased by 28% in the U.S. and by 75% in Europe
compared to a 2021 baseline.
To reduce food waste, we are improving our managementand distribution channels and buying practices to minimize
surplus food inventory. In 2023, we enhanced buying anddistribution channels for Amazon sites in the U.S. andEurope. We also work to reduce our surplus by offering
discounts on items at risk of becoming waste. In 2023, we
continued to improve our food-discounting technology somore food items are sold to customers. Amazon Fresh online
launched a program in the UK, Germany, Spain, and Italy tosell items with reduced shelf life at a discount. On average,
65% of that discounted inventory ends up in the hands ofcustomers. A similar program exists for Amazon Fresh storesin the U.S. Programs like these not only help our customers
find food items at a lower price, but also contribute to ourambition to reduce food waste. We also donate surplus fooditems to local food banks and food rescue organizations.
Learn more about how we are donating surplus food items
to those who need them mostWhere food waste is not preventable, we are working to keep
it out of landfills. As of the end of 2023, 62 Amazon Freshstores in the U.S. and Europe divert food waste to organic
recycling services, including those that support compostingor anaerobic digestion. In 2023, 452 Whole Foods Market
locations had active organics diversion programs, which
diverted over 87,000 tons of food waste from landfill.
We also advocate for policies that would help prevent
usable food from being wasted. In 2023, Amazon and Whole
Foods Market supported the U.S. Food Date Labeling Act
because confusion around food expiration date labelingcan result in usable food being unnecessarily thrown out.
Our engagement included advocating to Congress forstandardizing and clarifying expiration date labels on foodas part of a coalition led by the World Wildlife Fund and theZero Food Waste Coalition.

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Unlocking New Insights throughContinuous Learning

As we continue on our journey to reduce waste—
including our commitment to reduce food waste
by 50% in our U.S. and Europe operations by2030—we are exploring different ways to learn
and grow. As of the end of 2023, four Amazon
Fresh facilities had achieved UL’s Zero Waste toLandfill certification at Silver or Gold level.
We secured this certification by improving
operational waste sorting processes, standardizing
recycling practices at all sites, introducing new
associate trainings, and establishing new diversion
pathways, including for food waste. Through thecertification process, we learned new ways ofworking and identified potential opportunities for
Amazon. We are excited to leverage what we havelearned to improve our overall waste footprint.

Reducing and Managing Inventory
and Customer Waste
Prevent
When it comes to product inventory, our priority is toprevent waste, both by helping customers make more
informed shopping decisions—which helps reduce customer
returns—and by reducing the number of products damaged
in handling.
Reducing customer returns: We want our customers to beable to use the product they ordered with the quality level
they expect. Our Product Lifecycle Support (PLS) programprovides support options for customers to get the most out

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of their purchase for eligible products. As of the end of 2023,
Amazon’s PLS program offered three free post-purchasecare options: original equipment manufacturer (OEM)support and OEM repair, where customers can go straightto the manufacturer for support; Self Service, which helps
customers address issues themselves; and parts replacement,
where customers can request available components to
replace damaged or missing parts, free of charge. In 2023,
the PLS program helped avoid the return of more than 11
million items in the U.S. and Europe, up 50% from 2022.
Amazon Private Brands also launched a spare parts andrepair program in Europe in 2023.
We have learned that customers are more likely to keep anapparel item when a size is recommended for them. That
is why we developed a deep learning-based algorithm torecommend, in real time, the best-fitting size for a customer.
In 2023, our size recommendation system analyzed over
500 million data points every day and generated nearly
3 billion size recommendations each month for millions ofcustomers across 19 countries around the world, including
the U.S., India, and the UK.
Learn more about our artificial intelligence (AI)-driven
size recommendations
Reducing damage: We work hard to ensure our customers do
not receive products that have been damaged in handling or
during transportation. In 2023, we established a specialized
team to analyze instances of damage across our global
warehouse operations. Analyzing this data at a global level
identified opportunities to implement technology andprocess changes to reduce damages. The resulting global
warehouse damage-reduction plan led to a 21% decrease
in damage intensity (how many products are damaged forevery product we handle) worldwide in 2023.

Reduce and Reuse
Where possible, we give inventory a second life. We repair
or resell items whenever possible and help our sellers do
the same.

Reducing overstock: Before we remove overstock from
our inventory, we try to sell it at a deep discount on our
Amazon Outlet storefront. When we cannot sell these items,
inventory is returned to vendors or sold to wholesalers to beoffered on secondary markets.
Repair and resell: We carefully inspect and evaluate all
returned and undelivered items at our Amazon returncenters. If returned items meet Amazon’s high bar for sale asnew, we re-list them.
For items that are not eligible for re-listing as new but meet
Amazon’s standards to be sold as used, we (or our specialized
repair vendors) test, clean, repair, and repackage them prior
to re-listing the item for sale. We continue to expand ourrepair capabilities, repairing 24% more products worldwide
in 2023 than in 2022. Amazon customers viewing items listed
for sale as used will see a condition (e.g., Like New, Very
Good, Good, Acceptable) and reason(s) for the condition (e.g.,
missing a user manual, cosmetic damage), allowing them tomake the appropriate purchasing decision.
Learn more about how Amazon manages returns
Amazon Second Chance: Our Amazon Second Chance
program helps customers give their items a second life. For
example, Amazon Trade-In lets customers trade in thousandsof qualifying Amazon or non-Amazon devices in the U.S., theUK, and Germany for a gift card or promotional discount.
When customers buy a pre-owned device, it extends that
item’s life, reducing e-waste and raw material extraction. In
2023, customers traded in over 1 million devices. Amazon
devices that are traded in by customers are evaluated todetermine their condition. Some undergo refurbishment,
and those that meet our quality bar for resale may be sold as
Amazon Certified Refurbished devices or as used throughAmazon Warehouse .
Learn more about Amazon Trade-In

Amazon Second Chance StoreIn November 2023, Amazon opened a pop-up
Second Chance Store in central London, where
shoppers could buy quality returned, refurbished,
and open-box items in-person. More than 6,500
shoppers visited our store, browsing for kitchen
and household appliances, books, games and toys,electronics, and more. While the physical Second
Chance Store was temporary, customers canbenefit from our Second Chance program online
year-round.

ReCommerce for Amazon sellers: When returned items
are not eligible for resale as new or used, those items
are returned to sellers, liquidated, donated, or recycled.
ReCommerce is the selling of previously owned items
to buyers who reuse, recycle, or resell them. We provide
ReCommerce services to Amazon sellers by grading theirreturned items and enabling recovery through programs
such as grade and resell, liquidation, or donation. In
2023, we helped sellers resell, liquidate, or donate nearly
368 million of their items in the U.S. and Europe, a 42%
increase compared to 2022.
Donation: We donate items that are safe to use but remainin our inventory after we try to reuse, resell, or repair them.
In 2023, we donated or helped our sellers donate over
162 million items worldwide.

RecycleInventory that is not resold or donated may still be used,reused, or reclaimed through our inventory recycling
program. We leverage existing recycling streams where
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ways to recycle new types of materials. The result of
successfully using, reusing, or reclaiming inventory via ourrecycling program is diversion of these inventory items fromlandfills and incineration.
If a customer’s device is not eligible for our Amazon TradeIn program, the Amazon Recycling Program provides thecustomer with a shipping label to send their device to berecycled and safely disposed of at a licensed recycling facility.

Reducing and Managing
Noninventory Waste
Noninventory waste is made up of the materials we use
to run our businesses, including cardboard packaging,shipping pallets, plastic stretch film, and paper labels. Our
goal is to segregate these materials as much as possible sothey can be more easily recycled. Cardboard is one of ourlargest noninventory waste streams, so we work closelywith third-party recycling partners, including the companies
that we source our cardboard packaging from, to recycle
these materials.
In 2023, we:• Improved our ability to collect and consolidate
waste data from our vendors. This gives us a better
understanding of our footprint and has allowed us to
identify opportunities to increase waste diversion rates
across our complex business.
• Increased our rate of operational waste diverted from
disposal, placing emphasis on recycling and composting.
• Expanded our recycling efforts to include hard-torecycle materials such as adhesive label backing, bulk
cargo bags, and even personal protective equipment(such as masks and gloves).
• Replaced single-use cardboard shipping containers withreusable outbound carts to reduce cardboard waste atcertain sites.
Learn more about our partnerships to improve recycling

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AWS Circular Economy
AWS embraces circular economy principles for its server
racks by designing reusable and lower-carbon rack systems
from the outset. In addition, AWS works to keep equipment
operating efficiently and to recover value from securely
decommissioned equipment through reuse, repair, andrecycling. By working to maximize resource value for as longas possible, AWS reduces waste generation from its global
operations, decreases the use of raw materials, and reducescarbon emissions across its supply chain.

Design Better
For its server racks, AWS concentrates on avoiding excessmaterial such as steel or plastic, increasing recycled and biobased content, and planning for repair, reuse, and recyclingfrom the beginning. AWS has worked with suppliers torequire that plastic parts of server racks launched since July
2023 contain at least 30% recycled or bio-based plastic. In
2023, AWS began to transition to plastic containing recycled
and bio-based content in parts including air ducts, power
distribution board covers, card holders, solid state drive (SSD)
carriers/cages, riser brackets, latches, and trays. The carbon
footprint of these plastic parts is up to 14% lower than thatof older platforms with only virgin content. AWS is also
working to use steel from electric arc furnaces, which use
scrap steel in rack enclosures, increasing the recycled content
from 10% to 90%.

hard drive consolidation). This consolidation means AWS
moves from powering and cooling a greater number ofaging racks to fewer racks with optimized utility, saving
water and energy. Additionally, as a result of consolidation,
AWS sends only the broken drives for recycling, avoiding
early retirement of healthy and working hard drives on
the same rack. AWS sends the decommissioned rack to areverse logistics hub for reuse assessment. In 2023, thisprogram prevented the purchase of over 8,100 new hard
drives, avoiding associated carbon emissions and costs while
also increasing capacity efficiency. This program is now
operational and AWS expects it to grow, avoiding even morecarbon emissions in the future.

Recover More
When it is time for server racks to be decommissioned, AWS
removes all customer data through secure and thoroughsanitation processes. AWS then sends retired infrastructure
hardware from around the world to its regional reverse
logistics hubs. These hubs help AWS consolidate, assess,repair, and recirculate functional equipment back into its

inventory or to third parties to be sold for reuse. They alsoenable AWS to optimize component reuse across its data
centers, taking decommissioned equipment from one facility
and redeploying it to serve demand elsewhere. In 2023,
AWS expanded its reverse logistics global square footage
and capacity by making investments in three additionalsites located in the U.S., Europe, and Asia. The added
scale and enhanced capabilities provide global coveragefor AWS’s decommissioned server and network hardware
to be tested, repaired, reused, or recycled. As a result, in
2023, 14.6 million hardware components were diverted fromlandfills by being recycled or sold into the secondary market
for reuse.

Construction and Demolition
Waste
To reduce construction and demolition waste from building
projects, we leverage our design standards to optimize theamount of building materials we need. Where possible, we

AWS Hard Drive Consolidation

Operate Longer
When AWS uses equipment for as long as operationallyefficient, it reduces the carbon footprint associated with
manufacturing and using new hardware and avoids
unnecessary waste. In February 2024, AWS announced
that the average expected server lifetime had improved
from five to six years. AWS also successfully completed a
proof of concept that extends the lifespan of S3 hard disk
drives (HDDs) by up to two years. This program consolidates
individual functional drives from multiple aging racks
into fewer, fully functional racks (see the figure, right, on

1

Broken drives are identified and sent
to recycling.

2

Functioning drives are consolidated
into fewer racks, which prevents waste
generation and displaces energy andmaterials use with new drives.

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reuse items such as furniture to reduce our waste generation
at the decommissioning stage. We also leverage contractual
agreements to help ensure contractors manage constructionwaste in accordance with both Amazon’s high standards andexternal legal requirements.
The construction project to build our second headquarters
in Arlington, Virginia, which opened in 2023, diverted 82%
of all construction waste (over 17,000 tons) from landfills,
including concrete, drywall, metals, wood, cardboard,and plastic.
Learn more about how we are making our buildings
more sustainable

Supply Chain Waste
Amazon works with suppliers to reduce waste related to the
manufacture of our devices. For example, our devices teams
engage suppliers to decrease waste and material use as partof our work to encourage more efficient manufacturing. As
of 2023, 42 supplier sites of Amazon devices had achieved
UL’s Zero Waste to Landfill certification at Silver or better,an increase from 10 supplier sites when we first launched
the program in 2021. All final assembly sites worldwide andall China-based packaging sites for Echo, Kindle, Fire tablet,
Fire TV devices, cables, and adapters have also secured Zero
Waste to Landfill certification at Silver or better.
Learn more about our efforts to improve the sustainabilityof our devices

Partnering for Circularity
We cannot solve all the challenges that underpin the broader
shift to a circular economy alone, so we are working withmultiple industry partners to innovate and bring aboutchange at scale.
In 2023, we expanded our collaboration with the Ellen
MacArthur Foundation to drive scalable, industry-wide
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the Ellen MacArthur Foundation Network, which is dedicatedto creating a circular economy, we work to leverage ourreach, technology, and innovation capabilities and thefoundation’s subject-matter expertise to launch and scale
circular economy solutions. This collaboration focuses oncertifications for products with circular features, providing
customers with the information they need to make morecircular choices. These certifications will also encourage
brands, OEMs, suppliers, retailers, and e-commerce
platforms to create products that are designed in accordancewith circular economy principles.
Learn more about the certifications offered through our
Climate Pledge Friendly program for products with circularfeatures
We also collaborated with WRAP (Waste and Resources
Action Programme ) in the UK to support innovation andimprovement in the recycling industry. Our collaboration
strives to transform recycling into a system that emphasizes
recycled material quality and supports end markets forrecycled output. We also launched the second Amazon
Sustainability Accelerator in Europe. This programprovides workshops, mentorship, and training to startups
in the circularity space that are developing new recycling
technologies or more sustainable products.

resourced governments. In many countries, PIC documents
are mainly transmitted by post, fax, and email. We areworking with other industry stakeholders and international
nongovernmental organizations to develop an electronic PIC
pilot project in the Asia-Pacific region. An expedited, reliable
PIC process would allow controlled wastes to move more
efficiently to countries with capacity for environmentallysound management of waste and maximum resource
recovery potential.
Additionally, we supported industry efforts to maintain aclear framework for distinguishing between cross-border
shipments of waste electrical and electronic equipment(WEEE) and used electrical and electronic equipment(UEEE). This will protect flows of valuable UEEE to and fromcountries with the capacity to extend the life of products andpromote product reuse.

Looking Forward
Reducing waste across Amazon is an ongoing journey. We
will strive to advance our work across our waste hierarchy toprevent waste, and we’ll continue scaling waste reduction
and product circularity programs. Doing so in a manner thatcan keep up with the pace at which resource use is growing
will require adopting new technologies that enable us tomake progress more quickly and at a larger scale. In 2024,
The Climate Pledge Fund invested in Glacier , a company
using AI-powered robots to automate the sorting ofrecyclables and collect real-time data on recycling streams.
This technology helps recycling centers sort materials more
effectively so that recyclable items stay out of landfills. We
are also excited to collaborate with Glacier on a pilot project
to sort novel biomaterials, which would enable recycling formaterials that currently cannot be reused.

Advocating for Waste Shipment
Efficiency
In 2023, we co-led an industry effort to streamline andmodernize waste shipment procedures, so that wastematerials reach destinations with the best possible
sustainability outcomes, including increased and more
efficient recovery of critical raw materials. The Basel
Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movementsof Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal requires theorigin country, any transit countries, and the destination
country to approve certain shipments of waste. This
process, known as prior informed consent (PIC), can becomplex, time-consuming, and burdensome for under-

The Climate Pledge Fund invested in Glacier, a company using AI to divert recyclable materials, such as aluminum soda cans and cardboard
boxes, from landfills.

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Water

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
Water

Goal
AWS will be water positive by 2030, returning
more water to communities than it uses in its direct
operations24

690K

People provided with clean water and sanitation
through AWS and Amazon partnerships with
Water.org and WaterAid

41%

Of the way toward meeting its water positive goal

More than 2 billion people around the globe
do not have access to safe drinking water, androughly half the world’s population experiences
severe water scarcity for at least part of the year,
due to climate change, population growth, andeconomic development.23 Amazon knows that
responsible water management practices canmitigate water stress, which is a risk to not only
our employees, customers, and communities,
but also our business. We are committed todoing our part to help solve this rapidly growing
challenge in the communities where we operate,
as investment in local water resources is known to
improve health, empower women, enable accessto education, increase family income, and improveoverall quality of life. To foster a more sustainable
and resilient future, we are reducing our water
footprint by conserving and reusing water across
our on-site operations and throughout ourcommunities. We’re also working with nonprofit
and public partners to increase fresh water
availability in water-scarce regions.

Actions

41%
100%

15

Water replenishment projects around the globe
invested in by AWS as of the end of 2023

700K
Cubic meters of water loss avoided through a twoyear monitoring pilot at 53 sites in the UK in 2022
and 2023. In 2024, we are expanding this project
into the EU

0.18
Liters of water per kilowatt-hour (L/kWh) water use
effectiveness (WUE) for AWS data centers, a 5%
improvement from 2022 and a 28% improvementfrom 2021, demonstrating AWS’s leadership inwater use effectiveness among cloud providers

3.5B
Liters of water returned to communities from
replenishment projects in 2023, with additional
volume contracted and replenishment expected to
grow annually to reach the 2030 water positive goal

90%
In Northern Virginia, AWS collaborates with Stroud Water Research Center on stream-friendly projects that increase
groundwater recharge and deliver better-protected water resources to more people in the Chesapeake Bay area.

Of our North American fulfillment centers, sortcenters, and grocery logistics sites had faucet
aerators—screens that screw into faucets, adding
air to the water to reduce overall water flow—
installed40

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2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
Water

Our Approach
We take a proactive approach to water stewardship,
analyzing our footprint, driving operational resilience, andbuilding more efficient systems that reduce our impact on
local water sources. Our global water use includes water usedin both our direct operations and wider supply chain.
Within our direct operations, we use water in thefollowing ways:• AWS data centers: Water is an essential resource for
AWS. AWS primarily uses it to cool its global data
centers, which give customers continuous access to AWS
technologies. As a leader in water use effectiveness(WUE) among cloud providers, AWS aims to do its partto help solve water scarcity challenges. That is why
it has set a goal to become water positive by 2030,
meaning it will return more water to communities andthe environment than its direct operations use. Throughthis goal, AWS is focused on reducing overall water
withdrawal and replenishing water in basins facing water
scarcity located in communities around data centers.
• Water use and replenishment across Amazon: Forother water-intensive Amazon facilities, including
logistics, grocery, and corporate office sites, weconcentrate abatement efforts on regions with thehighest risk of water scarcity based on their climates
and watershed conditions. Our logistics buildings(fulfillment centers, sort centers, and delivery stations)and corporate offices use water in break rooms, kitchens,bathrooms, and for landscape irrigation. Our grocery
stores (Amazon Fresh and Whole Foods Market) also
use water for these purposes, as well as to cook, clean,and defrost food; in water refill stations; and as ice inproduct displays.

41

Our Progress
We track our progress by measuring and analyzing our direct
operational water footprint. Since our different businesses
use water in different ways, and water risk varies significantly
across geographies, the aim of our data insights is to design
a water program that we can tailor to specific needs across
our company. This enables us to better forecast futurewater demand, determine the best ways to conserve water,
and create more efficient systems that will benefit local
watersheds over time.

Water Risk Assessment
In 2023, Amazon conducted an in-depth, site-level global
water risk assessment of our retail, operations, and corporatebuildings to determine which regions to prioritize forintervention. We ranked regions by looking at their intrinsic
water scarcity based on hazards such as water stress,
groundwater table decline, and variability of water supply.
Additionally, we examined the exposure and vulnerability of
our operations and communities to those hazards, looking
at factors such as the density and occupancy of our sites,amount of fresh water we withdraw, social vulnerability of
local populations, and general ability of our operations toadapt to water shortage events. We used this assessment tobuild a water risk dashboard, which enables us to identify
priority regions and sites for water stewardship projects.

Water Positive in Data Centers
In 2022, AWS announced its commitment to being water
positive by 2030. To meet this goal, AWS is delivering onfour strategies:• Water use effectiveness: AWS is continually working to
optimize its water consumption and aims to improve its
overall WUE by reducing how much incoming water it
uses. AWS uses cloud technologies such as Internet ofThings (IoT) to analyze real-time water use and identify
leaks.
• Using more sustainable sources: AWS strives to use
sustainable water sources, such as recycled water andharvested rainwater, where possible. Using recycledwater for data center cooling preserves valuable drinking
water for communities.
• Reusing cooling water in communities: Data centers
use non-contact cooling water to keep our servers fromoverheating. AWS finds ways to return the water tothe community, including conveying the water to third
parties for use in irrigation.
• Delivering water replenishment: AWS invests in water
replenishment projects in the communities where it
operates. These projects expand community water
access, availability, and quality by restoring watersheds
and bringing clean water, sanitation, and hygiene
services to water-stressed communities.
At the end of 2023, AWS was 41% of the way towardachieving its water positive goal. AWS measures progressagainst this goal annually by adding together reusedwater and water from replenishment projects and dividingthat number by total water withdrawal minus water fromsustainable sources.

In addition to reporting overall progress, AWS measuresand tracks two other important water metrics: WUE for
its data centers and the number of projects contributing
to its water positive goal. At the end of 2023, AWS had 15
replenishment projects in 10 countries and 26 data centers
using more sustainable water sources.
In 2023, AWS used its water footprint analysis to inform
where and how it can use more sustainable water sources(including recycled water and harvested rainwater),
improve WUE, expand water reuse, and grow water
replenishment investments.
AWS works toward its water positive goal through crossteam collaboration, with input from civil and environmental
engineers, data center operations specialists, and water
stewardship experts.
Learn more about how AWS calculates its progress using its
Water Positive Methodology

Water Use Effectiveness
AWS minimizes water use by using real-time data to identify
leaks, piloting new treatment technologies, and exploring a
range of operational changes, such as installing sensors andalerts to track water use and detect anomalies.
Global teams deploy water monitoring technology in AWS
data centers to determine where they need to take action tomaintain or improve WUE. In 2023, AWS installed thousandsof sensors in its data centers to track water use. Automatic
alerts inform AWS of any anomalies so that operators caninvestigate in near-real time. AWS also invested in on-sitewater treatment systems that remove scale-forming minerals
and allow AWS to recycle more water on-site and minimize
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improve AWS’s industry-leading global data center WUE to
0.18 liters of water per kilowatt-hour (L/kWh) in 2023 from
0.19 L/kWh in 2022—a 5% improvement year over year anda 28% improvement since 2021.

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
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and fix leaks, and gain other efficiencies. AWS finds ways toreturn used non-contact cooling water to the community,
including conveying the water to third parties to use ingrowing crops such as alfalfa, soybeans, and wheat.

Delivering Water Replenishment
AWS Water Use Effectiveness

Water use
effectiveness(L/kWh)

2021

2022

2023

YoY%

0.25

0.19

0.18

-5%

Using More Sustainable Sources
Recycled water typically has limited uses, including irrigationand industrial use. AWS uses recycled water for cooling,which helps preserve drinking water for local communities.
In 2023, AWS increased the number of data centers using
recycled water for cooling from 20 to 24, including two data
centers in Virginia, one in California, and one in Singapore.
AWS has additionally begun harvesting rainwater as asustainable water source. Using rainwater minimizes
demands on community water resources and reduces
potential surface water pollution from stormwater runoff. In
Brazil, two of its data centers collect rainwater, reducing how
much potable water AWS needs for cooling.

Reusing Cooling Water in Communities
AWS data centers circulate water through their coolingsystems as many times as possible, but eventually it needs tobe replaced with new water. While spent water can no longer
be used for cooling, it may be used for other purposes, suchas irrigation. AWS is using advanced cloud services, such as
IoT technologies, to analyze real-time water use, identify

42

By the end of 2023, AWS had invested in 15 water
replenishment activities, returning water to the communities
where it operates across 12 of our global infrastructure
regions.25 These investments have expanded AWS
replenishment activities to three new countries, bringing thetotal to 10: Australia, Brazil, India, Indonesia, Ireland, South
Africa, Spain, Sweden, the UK, and the U.S. These activities
help recharge groundwater, build wetlands, improve water
quality, and reduce water loss in utility systems. In 2023,
AWS’s water replenishment portfolio returned 3.5 billion
liters to local communities.
Watershed Restoration in Australia
AWS is working with the Great Eastern Ranges (GER)—a
nongovernmental organization whose aim is to protect,connect, and regenerate wildlife habitats across eastern
Australia—to enhance the health and functioning of the
major watershed serving Sydney. Catastrophic bushfires
in late 2019 and early 2020 damaged large areas ofthis watershed. This joint project is restoring the local
environment in key locations to improve water yield andquality, boost biodiversity, and enhance the resilience of
local communities against the effects of climate change.
Together, AWS and GER have supported initiatives that are
reducing polluted stormwater runoff, increasing groundwater
recharge, enhancing local biodiversity, and supporting
wildlife, including 15 endangered species in the affected
area. Once complete, the project is expected to deliver
an additional 32 million liters of water each year to theSydney watershed.

FIDO Tech, a cloud-based water leak detection company thatuses AWS technology, to identify and reduce leakages in thewater system in Spain’s Villanueva de Gállego community.
This municipality is located in the province of Zaragoza,
Aragon, between Barcelona and Madrid, where AWS data
centers are located.
Acoustic sensors placed on water pipes and meters used
FIDO’s machine learning algorithm—built on AWS—toidentify the location and size of leaks so the community
could prioritize fixing the largest ones first.
In total, the sensors identified 21 leaks and other types ofwater loss. By repairing the largest, highest-priority leaks
first, the project is reducing water loss by an estimated 33
million liters per year.
Supplying Water to Farmers in India and Indonesia
To improve access to water across India and Indonesia,
AWS works with Water.org and WaterAid on a variety of
projects, such as microfinance loans, rainwater harvesting,groundwater recharge, and piped water supply projects. For
example, loans have helped communities finance water pipe
connections and toilet installations in homes. Altogether,
AWS’s investments in Water.org and WaterAid initiatives havebenefited 290,000 people.
In 2023, AWS announced new projects with SEARCH, anonprofit organization that enables marginalized groups
in rural India to enhance their socioeconomic status. These
projects will help provide a consistent water supply tofarmers in villages surrounding Hyderabad, where AWS has
operations, by rehabilitating existing water storage ponds
and constructing new ones. Once complete, the ponds are
expected to deliver 86 million liters of water back to thecommunity each year and help increase agricultural output.
The ponds will also help recharge groundwater in an area
designated as a semi-critical exploitation zone due tooverpumping of its underlying aquifer. In 2023, SEARCH
began a detailed community engagement process to ensure
projects are implemented to maximize benefits for villagers.

Tackling Water Leaks in Spain
Spain is considered one of the most water-stressedindustrialized countries in the world. It has experienced longterm drought since 2022, driven in part by water loss fromaging infrastructure. To help address this, AWS worked with

In collaboration with the Washington Water Trust, AWS supported a drought relief program that enhances stream flows to help ensure
healthy salmon runs in the Dungeness River in Washington state’s Olympic Peninsula.

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Water Use and Replenishment
across Amazon
In addition to moving toward our water positive goal for
AWS, Amazon is scaling best practices for water stewardship
across our business more broadly. We strive to reduce water
use in our operations, which include logistics sites such as
fulfillment centers, as well as in our corporate offices andgrocery stores.
Across our global logistics network, our teams actively lookfor ways to conserve and reuse water. In 2023, we gathered
robust data to analyze how much water our facilities use andcreated a baseline for our water footprint to track progress
going forward. We leveraged our water risk dashboard tomonitor water hazards and water-related business risks toprioritize improvements. To inform the investments we makein water infrastructure, we also performed cost-benefit
analyses for an array of water conservation, reuse, andharvesting projects.

Operations
In 2023, Amazon scaled water replenishment, harvesting,and reuse solutions across our operations in countries aroundthe world.
India ranks at the top of our list of water-stressed regions,and our water stewardship efforts there reflect the urgent
need to take action. In 2023, Amazon teams recharged local
aquifers with harvested rainwater, installed low-flow fixtures
and waterless urinals, and built in-house sewage treatment
plants to reuse wastewater for flushing and gardening.
In addition, these teams diverted runoff water from the2023 Amazon Sustainability Report

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rooftops of 53% of our fulfillment centers to return as muchstormwater to the watershed as possible.
Across the Middle East and Africa, we installed low-flow
fixtures at our facilities. Our operations there additionally
saved an estimated 3,700 cubic meters of water by installing
aerators in faucets, shifting from conventional to sensor
faucets, reducing toilet flush tank capacity, and recirculatingwater used in fire pump testing rather than draining it. In
North America, we added faucet aerators in 90% of ourfulfillment centers, sort centers, and grocery logistics sites.
In Japan, we added rainwater harvesting as a criterion forbuilt-to-standard fulfillment centers, which will become
standard for buildings opening after 2025. We expect
to finish building the first fulfillment center with thisinfrastructure in late 2024, with an official launch in July
2025. By harvesting rainwater, we estimate that this site will
reduce its water withdrawal by up to 40%.
Along with scaling water conservation, harvesting, and reuse
solutions, Amazon has seeded a global water metering andleak detection program, with pilots at logistics, grocery,and data center sites in the U.S. and Europe supportedby Amazon-developed software. Using machine learning,
the program automatically sends a repair ticket to ourengineering team when it detects abnormal water flows.
One pilot in the UK saved an estimated 700,000 cubic
meters of leaked water over two years (2022 and 2023)
at 53 monitored sites. This work is providing valuable
information about where failures occur within our water
pipelines. We aim to scale this project to additional sites
in 2024.

Corporate Offices

Looking Forward

Our corporate offices increased water recycling and the useof low-flow fixtures in 2023. This work is part of our efforts
to set new standards for design as we strive to reduce indoor
water use by more than 30% globally versus a Leadershipin Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) baseline. Our
offices in India and China, for example, replaced existingwater flow fixtures in bathrooms and utilities areas with
low-flow fixtures, reducing water use by 16%, or more than
15.6 million gallons, compared to a 2022 baseline.

To build on progress made in 2023, we will continue toanalyze our water footprint and water risk assessment
in both our direct operations and supply chain, as
well as develop a comprehensive water management
strategy tailored to unique geographic and business unit
needs. AWS will focus on making ongoing progress toward its
water positive goal, investing in efforts to restore watersheds
and increase access to water, sanitation, and hygiene forpeople who need it most. Amazon plans to leverage thelearnings from this work, applying them companywide tostrengthen our efforts to conserve and reuse water across
our operations, within our communities, and in water-scarceregions around the world.

Water.org Water & Climate Fund

In 2022, Amazon announced a partnership with
Water.org to help launch the Water.org Water &Climate Fund, which focuses on climate-resilient
water and sanitation solutions. Amazon’s $10 million
contribution will directly empower 1 million people
with access to clean water by 2025, providing 3
billion liters of water per year to areas facing water
scarcity.
As part of Amazon’s Water.org Water & Climate
Fund work, more than 400,000 people wereconnected to piped water supply and sanitation
systems across India. The volume of fresh water
saved by operational efficiencies, replenishedthrough groundwater recharge, and madeaccessible through our Water.org initiatives
together accounted for 93% of the direct water
footprint of our logistics sites in India in 2023.

OverviewEnvironment

Value Chain

PeopleAppendix2023 Amazon Sustainability Report

Value Chain
Millions of people work alongside Amazon to serve our customers,
including our employees, partners, suppliers, and people living in thecommunities where we operate. We respect the dignity, rights, and wellbeing of everyone connected to our global business. We aim to provide
products and services responsibly, work with more diverse suppliers,and deliver positive impact in our communities.

In This Section
45

Human Rights

50

Responsible Supply Chain

58

Sustainable Products and Materials

64

Supplier Diversity

67

Community Impact

Employees at BlueHenry, an Amazon selling partner that specializes in all-natural cocktail garnishes.

44

Overview
Human Rights

Environment

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Responsible Supply Chain

PeopleAppendix

Sustainable Products and Materials

Human
RightsOur activities affect millions of people aroundthe globe, including those far beyond our direct
operations. This means we have a critical roleto play in respecting and promoting humanrights. We believe everyone should be treatedwith fundamental dignity and respect andprovided an equal opportunity to thrive, which
is why at Amazon, respecting human rights iseveryone’s responsibility—one we are always
working to embed into the business decisions
we make every day. Our work is informed by theUnited Nations Guiding Principles on Businessand Human Rights (UNGPs), and we have highstandards in place that support our long-standing
commitment to advancing the human rights ofall people connected to our business—including
our employees, people who work in our supply
chain, customers, and people who live in thecommunities where we operate.

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
Supplier Diversity

Community Impact

Actions

Introduced a new responsible purchasing practices
training to help our sourcing and procurement
teams understand how their efforts can improve
supplier working conditions and environmental
performance

Launched a cross-functional initiative to help
employees identify and proactively addressforced labor and modern slavery risks, with afocus on ensuring the safety of potential humantrafficking survivors

Launched an online training available to all
Amazon employees intended to raise awarenessof the importance of the company’s commitment
to human rights, as well as courses on forcedlabor awarenessConducted a human rights saliency assessment
for Amazon Private Brands to improve ourunderstanding of human rights risks in the supply
chain and how to address them through strategic
actions and risk management plans

Completed a human rights due diligence
management systems assessment for Whole
Foods Market, which will inform a wider humanrights saliency assessment of Amazon’s global
grocery business in 2024

Employees at an Amazon supplier in Bengaluru, India.

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2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
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Community Impact

Our Approach
Respect for human rights is woven throughout our businessactivities and relationships, and we work to engage withpartners and suppliers that are also committed to respecting
human and labor rights. Just as we are committed topromoting the rights of our employees, we are committed
to working with our suppliers to embed respect for humanrights in their operations and supply chains and to help
us further our goal to support the fundamental dignity of
everyone we work with.
We take pride in our long-standing dedication andcommitment to human rights. While we continue to makeprogress, we know that this work is ongoing, and there
is always more to be done. We are constantly learningand making improvements to our policies, programs, andeducational resources to help ensure that our employees andworkers everywhere we operate are treated with respect,know their rights, and can safely speak up if they encounter
risks at work.
Our human rights strategy is informed by leadinginternational standards and frameworks developed by
the United Nations (UN) and the International Labour
Organization (ILO). Amazon is committed to respecting andsupporting the United Nations Guiding Principles on Businessand Human Rights (UNGPs) , the UN Universal Declarationof Human Rights , the Core Conventions of the ILO , andthe ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights
at Work .

46

Our Progress
Our strategy to deliver on these commitments is based on
the UNGPs and has five pillars:• Develop and maintain strong policies andstandards: Our policies and standards are the backboneof our human rights strategy, spanning a diverse array ofpeople-centric topics.
• Embed human rights into our business operations
and decision-making: We are committed to embedding
human rights considerations into decision-making
across our business and into our policy and governanceframework, including by raising awareness among our
employees on human rights issues through educationand trainings.
• Assess, prioritize, and address risk: We have robust
processes that allow us to effectively identify, prioritize,
and ultimately address human rights risks across ourbusiness and supply chain.
• Engage with stakeholders: We are committed todriving best practices in human rights due diligenceby expanding our stakeholder engagement. Throughcollaboration with stakeholders including supply chain
workers, employees and contractors, customers, andcommunities, we are creating effective, sustainable
solutions that put people first.
• Improve access to effective grievance mechanisms
and remediation: We offer multiple channels for our
employees to voice grievances and concerns. We work
hard to raise employee awareness of these grievancemechanisms and engage with suppliers to do the samefor their workers.

Respecting human rights is critical to Amazon’s broader
sustainability efforts and an area that requires ongoing,
active work across each of our strategic pillars. In 2023, we
maintained our focus on existing programs and embarked
on new work and partnerships to continue delivering on
our commitments.

Developing and Maintaining
Strong Policies and Standards
Amazon’s human rights strategy is anchored in policies that
apply across our business. We regularly review our strategy,
principles, and supporting policies to identify opportunities
for improvement. By engaging external stakeholders
and monitoring evolving international and human rights
standards, regulations, and industry best practices, weare able to effectively and continuously improve our own
policies and standards to better support our employees
and suppliers.
Our Global Human Rights Principles demonstrate ourcommitment to respecting fundamental human rights andthe dignity of people connected to our business around theworld. Our Supply Chain Standards detail our requirementsof and expectations for suppliers. They apply to all suppliersof goods and services for Amazon and are grounded inprinciples of inclusivity, continuous improvement, andsupply chain accountability. We review and update thesestandards at least every three years—working with external
stakeholders to align our requirements with current bestpractices and regulatory standards—and we make thempublicly available in 21 languages and dialects.

Embedding Human Rights into
Our BusinessAs a global company, we recognize the responsibility
and opportunity we have to raise awareness among our
employees on human rights issues. We have a central teamthat works across the company to conduct human rights
due diligence and integrate human rights considerations
into business decisions, and we strive to embed our humanrights principles in employees’ everyday work by offering
training curricula.
In 2023, we launched an online training, available to all
Amazon employees, intended to raise awareness on theimportance of the company’s commitment to human rights.
We also offer our employees training tailored to some of
Amazon’s salient human rights risks. For example, in 2023,
we updated our Forced Labor Awareness training, which isavailable to employees in seven languages and is customized
for regional risks. The training builds awareness of the signsof potential cases of forced labor in the workplace andhow to report concerns to appropriate authorities. Updates
enhance learners’ experience and direct them to our mostcurrent internal resources.
As another example, we introduced “The Five Principles
of Responsible Purchasing” in 2023 to strengthen oursourcing and procurement teams’ understanding of how
purchasing practices can drive respect for human rights
in our supply chain. This online training, developed by
the Better Buying Institute, explains how our daily business
operations can help suppliers improve factory working
conditions and environmental performance.

Overview
Human Rights

Environment

Value Chain

Responsible Supply Chain

PeopleAppendix

Sustainable Products and Materials

Mechanisms to Assess, Prioritize,and Address Risk
We are committed to assessing, prioritizing, and addressing
adverse human rights impacts connected to our business,
and we continuously work to improve our approach.
Within Amazon’s own operations, we deploy a variety
of mechanisms to assess and respond to risks specific to
Amazon businesses, including the sectors and the countries
where we operate. We have a centralized team of experts
who work across the company to conduct human rights
and environmental due diligence. With support from thisteam, Amazon businesses work toward integrating ourhuman rights principles into their operations and business
relationships by conducting human rights risk assessments
and remedying identified issues.
In our supply chains, we assess and respond to risk byleveraging internal and external data and guidance fromstakeholders, including industry experts, civil society groups,
and nongovernmental organizations. We also engage directlywith suppliers and their workers and conduct independent
audits to verify compliance with our Supply Chain Standards.
We work with suppliers on appropriate remediation measuresand offer partnerships and programs to help them addressrisks and invest in worker well-being. Our supply chain
efforts focus on six priority commitment areas: Safe and
Healthy Workplaces, Gender Equity, Fair Wages, Responsible
Recruitment and Freely Chosen Employment, Environmental
Protection, and Access to Effective Grievance Mechanisms.
Learn more about our supply chain due diligence work
We understand that as our supply chain evolves, expanding
into new geographies and areas of business, so too do therisks we face. We’re committed to growing and adapting ourwork to meet these challenges—and helping others do so
as well.

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Community Impact

Human Rights Assessments
Identifying and prioritizing the most salient risks connected
to Amazon operations and business relationships iscentral to our human rights due diligence practices.26 As
we continuously improve and expand these practices, we
use human rights assessment methodologies to identify
and mitigate human rights risks. These assessments help
us understand the causes of systemic issues, enhanceongoing engagement with critical stakeholders, implement
the correct risk-based mitigation measures, and refinestrategies for ongoing risk management across our
supply chain. Examples of human rights assessment
methodologies include:

Our Salient Human Rights Risks• Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion• Safe and Healthy Working Conditions• Modern Slavery and Forced Labor• Fair Wages and Hours• Freedom of Association• Future of Work• Right to Privacy

Identifying and Addressing Modern Slavery
Indicators across Amazon
Addressing modern slavery requires a holistic approach that
includes commitments, resources, and innovative solutions
from governments, international organizations, the private
sector, and civil society. At Amazon, we understand theimportant role we can play in eradicating this issue and arecommitted to expanding our work to understand and address
any modern slavery risks that may arise in our business.
We place a specific focus on vulnerable workers, including
foreign and domestic migrant workers; contract, agency,
and temporary workers; refugees; asylum seekers; ethnic/
religious minorities and displaced persons; Indigenous
peoples; and young or student workers.

• Human rights saliency assessments, which focus risk
management action and remediation on the most severerisks relevant to a company’s business activity.

• Product Safety and Security• Human rights impact assessments (HRIAs), which
examine a particular business segment or product, acountry of operation or sourcing, a potentially affectedgroup, or other human rights risk areas for a specificsubset of a business.

Learn more about our salient human rights risks
on our website

In 2023, we launched a new initiative to identify andproactively address forced labor and modern slavery risk
indicators across our business. The program brings together
teams across our company to identify and eliminate any
instances of exploitation—with a focus on victim safety.

• Human rights due diligence management assessments,
which analyze a business’s internal capacity to assess
and respond to human rights risks.

In 2022, following several other HRIAs, we published an
HRIA report with Twitch .27 In 2023, we conducted a humanrights saliency assessment for Amazon Private Brands tobetter understand priority human rights risks across our
products and how to best address them. We also identified
ways to facilitate stakeholder relationships at a more
localized level in the Private Brands supply chain.

Working with both internal and external experts in humantrafficking, the cross-functional team is establishing clear
protocols, mandatory training, and policies on identifying
potential victims of forced labor or modern slavery
within our business operations, as well as detailing what
employees should do if they observe any indicators ofhuman trafficking. These include guidance on ensuring victim
safety and providing immediate support and assistance tothem, as well as involving relevant authorities and support
organizations. More broadly, we are working to help ourbusinesses understand how to address the root causes ofany exploitation they identify within our supply chain andbusiness practices.

In 2020, we worked with Article One, a business and humanrights consulting firm, to complete an enterprise-wide
human rights saliency assessment. Through this assessment,
we identified nine salient human rights risks across ouroperations and business relationships. That same year, we
also initiated a business-level HRIA with Amazon Devices .
Each year, we expand on our commitment to conductbusiness-specific human rights assessments, ensuring weare always raising the bar on how we evaluate and respondto risks across our operations and supply chain. These
assessments allow us to identify salient risks, build capacityand business-level ownership aligned to those risks, andconduct targeted human rights and environmental due
diligence to monitor and manage compliance.

• Social, Economic, and Environmental Justice

Whole Foods Market, with support from Amazon’s central
human rights team, worked with third-party advisory firm
Human Level to conduct a human rights due diligence
management assessment in 2023. This assessment helped
Whole Foods Market better understand and improve thequality of its human rights due diligence governance. In
2024, we are building on the success of Whole Foods
Market’s 2023 human rights due diligence management
assessment by expanding it to all of Amazon’s global
grocery business.

Learn more about our policies and principles to assess
and address the risks of modern slavery within our supply
chain in our Responsible Supply Chain section and in our
Modern Slavery Statement

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Responsible Supply Chain

PeopleAppendix2023 Amazon Sustainability Report

Sustainable Products and Materials

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Community Impact

Meaningful Consultation with Stakeholders
Human rights risks are systemic and complex, and addressing them requires us to reach well outside of our own
operations. Engagement with external stakeholders is essential to identifying positive outcomes for people across ourbusiness and key to our human rights due diligence approach.
We collaborate with credible, knowledgeable, and innovative partner organizations around the world who share our vision.
Together, we examine assessment findings, help remediate our salient human rights risks, and advance effective solutions
that improve working conditions for people throughout our supply chain. We also rely on experts and affected rightsholders to inform our approach and validate our efforts. Examples of our partnerships include:

Polaris, a nonprofit AWS customer that leads
a survivor-centered, justice- and equity-driven
movement to end human trafficking in the U.S.
AWS provides financial and technical support toenhance Polaris’s data collection and operations
and improve trafficking identification andprevention. In 2023, AWS delivered hundreds ofthousands of dollars in AWS credits to help fund
Polaris’s work. Since 2007, Polaris has identified
over 82,300 situations of human trafficking.

Tech Against Trafficking (TAT), a coalition ofcompanies and global experts working to eradicate
human trafficking using technology. An Amazon
representative serves as a member of its steeringcommittee. In 2023, we worked with Polaris andthe Issara Institute—both participants of the TAT
Accelerator—to scale their technology solutions toaddress human trafficking.

Truckers Against Trafficking, an organization thatstands committed to educate, equip, empower, andmobilize members of the trucking, bus, and energy
industries to address human trafficking. In addition
to being a Truckers Against Trafficking corporate
sponsor, we include Truckers Against Trafficking
modules in our training for internal fleet drivers to
help them identify and respond to potential humantrafficking victims. In 2023, we trained 9,970 Amazon
transportation associates.

The Mekong Club, a nonprofit that works withthe private sector to address modern slavery.
Through the organization, we developed asupplier-facing remediation guideline and trained
vendors in Saudi Arabia and the United ArabEmirates on responsible recruitment practices.

Thorn, a nonprofit that builds technology to combat
child sexual abuse. Amazon provides millions ofdollars in AWS credits to power Thorn’s tools, andThorn leverages a variety of AWS solutions to
support Safer, a tool that uses advanced artificial
intelligence (AI) and machine learning models to
detect child sexual abuse material (CSAM) at scale.
Safer helps companies identify, review, and report
CSAM from content-hosting platforms, detecting
over 3.8 million CSAM files in 2023.

National Center for Missing and ExploitedChildren (NCMEC), a child protection
organization committed to aiding the search
for missing children, reducing child sexual
exploitation, and preventing child victimization.
NCMEC utilizes AWS solutions to support severalof its programs and an AWS representative
serves on NCMEC’s Board of Directors. In
2023, NCMEC received hundreds of thousandsof dollars in AWS credits to support criticalapplications that help make sure every childhas a safe childhood. Additionally, Amazon’s
subsidiary Ring works with NCMEC to distribute
geo-targeted missing child posters in its app andacross social media.

The Centre for Child Rights and Business brings
companies together to collaborate, share bestpractices, and access the latest information andinsights on child rights. In 2023, Amazon worked
with the center to deliver an online training onchild labor prevention and remediation, as well as
young worker management, to our central humanrights team and other key internal stakeholders.
The center also helped us conduct child labor risk
assessments of some of our strategic suppliersin the U.S., identifying management gaps andproviding risk mitigation recommendations.

YESS: Yarn Ethically and Sustainably Sourced,
an initiative of the Responsible Sourcing Network,
works to support fabric and spinning mills in
implementing a risk-based due diligence approachfor cotton sourcing, and promotes collaboration
with the goal of preventing, mitigating, andremediating forced labor in cotton production. In
2023, YESS launched its program to assess fabricand spinning mills in Pakistan and India. Amazon is
supporting YESS’s efforts to scale and expand theprogram to Vietnam and Bangladesh.

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Overview
Human Rights

Environment

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Responsible Supply Chain

PeopleSustainable Products and Materials

Access to Effective Grievance
Mechanisms and Remediation
By listening to the people connected to our business, we canbetter understand their experiences and concerns, addressrisks they face, remedy issues, and ultimately improve ourworkplace experience. Our grievance policies and practices
are designed to promote respect for the rights of freedomof association and collective bargaining and comply with thelegal requirements of the countries where we operate.
We empower and encourage all our employees to share theirconcerns and communicate openly and candidly with us
through various channels, including grievance mechanisms
and avenues for effective two-way dialogue with leadership.
We have processes in place to promptly review and address
employee suggestions, concerns, and grievances—making
improvements and providing remedies in response.
Learn more about our grievance mechanisms andremediation processes for employees
Beyond our own employees, we expect every supplier inour supply chain to provide their workers access to effective
grievance mechanisms. We work with our suppliers toincrease their capacity to develop these mechanisms, helping
them create channels to hear directly from workers about
their experiences and support the resolution of issues
they report.
Learn more about our grievance mechanisms andremediation processes for suppliers

Appendix2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
Supplier Diversity

Community Impact

Looking Forward
Our commitment to respecting human rights is unwavering.
In 2024, Amazon will work with internal and external humanrights experts to update our Global Human Rights Principles.
We will continue raising awareness among our employees,
suppliers, and partners about the importance we place on
advancing human rights throughout our business and supply
chain, as well as our expectation that respect for humanrights guide their everyday work and business decisions. We
will also uphold our engagement and collaboration withthese stakeholders to help us deliver on our priorities andraise the bar for human rights across our industries.
In 2024, Amazon will continue to scale our human rights andenvironmental due diligence programs using systems thatenable our businesses to get even more granular about their
human rights risks—identifying business-specific priority
issues and better targeting risk management actions most
relevant to their sectors and activities.

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Environment

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Sustainable Products and Materials

Responsible
Supply Chain

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
Supplier Diversity

Actions

458
Suppliers across 14 countries/regions attended
trainings on our Supply Chain Standards

Community Impact

Launched a new peer-learning workshop series,
convening factory management to hear fromindustry experts and share best practices to solvecommon challenges

100%
Of supplier employee grievances were
investigated and resolved at supplier sites acrossseven countries using effective Amazon-operated
worker grievance mechanisms

Launched i4Equality, a new Amazon-owned
capacity-building program that helps suppliers
achieve gender equity

In early 2024, joined Nirapon to create and sustain
a culture of workplace safety in Bangladesh
factories, as well as Life and Building Safety(LABS) Initiative to support safety monitoring andworkplace safety in our supply chain

Amazon works with thousands of suppliers aroundthe world. From the way our suppliers source
materials to the way they treat their employees,
we understand our opportunity and responsibility
to support safe working conditions, fair pay, andenvironmental protection—well beyond our direct
operations. To address supply chain challenges andenable safe, equitable, fair, and sustainable supply
chains, we are building long-term relationships
with suppliers that align with our values,
partnering with them to consistently improveconditions for workers. We also engage business
partners and industry peers to expand our efforts
and drive improvements on a wider scale.

A worker at an apparel factory in Vietnam cuts fabric.

Entered into a strategic collaboration with theInternational Organization for Migration (IOM) to
promote respect for the human and labor rights of
migrant workers in global supply chains

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Community Impact

Our Approach
At Amazon, we are laser focused on requiring safe andhealthy working conditions throughout our supply chain. We
have dedicated teams in key sourcing regions that engage
directly with suppliers to communicate our standards,
evaluate risks in our supply chain, and help suppliers build
their capacities to provide working environments thatare safe and respectful of human rights. We also work
closely with strategic partners across the globe to enhance
our influence.
We continue to focus our efforts on our six priority
commitment areas:• Safe and healthy workplaces• Gender equity• Fair wages• Responsible recruitment and freely chosen employment• Environmental protection• Access to effective grievance mechanisms
Our Supply Chain Standards are the backbone of ourefforts to enable a responsible supply chain.28 They apply
to all suppliers of goods and services for Amazon, including
service providers, vendors, selling partners, contractors, andsubcontractors (collectively, “suppliers”). Products sold in
Amazon stores, as well as products and services provided
to us, must be manufactured, produced, or provided inaccordance with these standards.
An important part of our efforts to improve conditions
across our supply chain is assessing human rights risks toaddress both site-specific challenges and broader, systemic
issues. We work with our suppliers—and other partners, as
described in this section and our Human Rights section —to proactively mitigate these risks. We encourage suppliers toestablish management systems to oversee their compliancewith applicable laws, compliance with our Supply Chain
Standards, and progress on addressing their most salient
human rights and environmental risks. We also continuously
monitor regulations in the countries where we operate andactively engage with our teams and suppliers to meet new
regulatory requirements.

Selling Partners and Our
Standards
Selling partners are third-party sellers and retail vendorsthat sell or provide products and services in Amazon
stores. Our Supply Chain Standards apply to all products
and services offered in our stores. We encourage selling
partners to perform due diligence to help ensure theirproducts and services are produced and supplied in ways that
respect human rights and the environment and protect thefundamental dignity of workers.
If we have reason to suspect that products from our selling
partners do not meet our standards, we may request
evidence of due diligence to demonstrate that products wereindeed manufactured in accordance with our Supply Chain
Standards. We reserve the right to remove products that do
not meet our standards from our stores.

Supply Chain Transparency
Supply chain transparency is a valuable tool to addressrisks in our supply chain and identify opportunities forcollaboration on systemic issues. That’s why we publish a
supplier list and interactive supply chain map with details
on finished-product suppliers of Amazon-branded apparel,

consumer electronics, food and beverage, and home goods
products. Our 2023 supplier list included nearly 2,230
finished-product suppliers. We update our supply chain map
annually to provide customers and external stakeholders
more current visibility into where we source. In 2024, we will
begin to expand our supplier list and supply chain map toinclude some apparel component suppliers.
We also contribute our supplier list to the Open Supply
Hub to foster brand collaboration and action in theindustry. Open Supply Hub is an accessible, collaborative
supply chain mapping platform, used and populated bystakeholders across sectors and supply chains. In 2023, we
utilized tools in Open Supply Hub’s map function to list
facilities that produce Amazon-branded products, allowing
users to clearly and easily view our supply chain and interact
with facility data.
Learn more about our ongoing engagement with criticalstakeholders to advance human rights in our supply chain

Supplier Assessments
We assess suppliers of Amazon-branded products globallyduring onboarding, and periodically thereafter, to evaluate
their compliance with our Supply Chain Standards in four
categories: Labor Rights, Ethics, Environment, and Healthand Safety. These categories include subcategories suchas nondiscrimination, emergency preparedness, hazardous
substances, and transparency. By assessing the performanceof our suppliers, we improve working conditions andstrengthen the resilience of our supply chain.
We accept audits completed by qualified independent
audit firms based on our own standards and those ofindustry associations, including the Sedex Members Ethical

Trade Audit (SMETA), amfori Business Social Compliance
Initiative (amfori BSCI), Responsible Business Alliance (RBA),
Social Accountability International (SA8000 standard andcertification system), and Better Work.
When we identify a gap between a supplier’s practices
and our Supply Chain Standards, we track remediationand conduct follow-up assessments as needed. Between
assessments, our central team directly engages with the
supplier to discuss open issues and remediation progress andprovides them with issue-specific remediation guidebooks.
Failure to implement the actions listed in the corrective
action plan may prevent the supplier from continuing
production or providing services or labor to us.
Learn more about our auditing and remediation
processes

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2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
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Community Impact

Our Supply Chain Standards
Our Supply Chain Standards are the backbone of our efforts to enable a more responsible supply chain. They apply to all suppliers of goods and services for Amazon, including service providers, vendors, selling partners, contractors, andsubcontractors (collectively, “suppliers”). Products sold in Amazon stores, as well as products and services provided to us, must be manufactured, produced, or provided in accordance with these standards.

Our Approach

Our Principles

Our Requirements

We are committed toproviding products andservices that are producedor supplied in a way that
respects human rights
and the environment.
Our commitment andapproach are informedby leading international
standards and frameworks
developed by the United
Nations (UN) and theInternational Labour
Organization (ILO). We
apply these standards
using three principles.

Supply Chain Accountability

Labor Rights

Health and Safety

We work with suppliers to help them understandour standards. Suppliers are required to hold theirown suppliers, subcontractors, recruitment agents,and labor agents accountable for abiding by
applicable laws and our standards and to work withthem to raise awareness of our standards.

Amazon does not tolerate the use of forced labor or child labor.
Additional provisions cover requirements related to wage and benefits,working hours, migrant workers, anti-discrimination, anti-harassment,
grievance mechanisms, and freedom of association.

Suppliers are required to provide workers with a safe and healthy work
environment, including complying with applicable laws regarding
occupational safety, working conditions, and health standards.

Inclusivity

Ethical Behavior

Environment

Suppliers must apply our standards to all workers
without discrimination and regardless of workers’
personal characteristics or legally protected status.

Amazon will not tolerate suppliers that engage in unethical behaviors,
including bribery, corruption, and whistleblower retaliation. Suppliersmust comply with applicable laws related to anti-corruption, data
privacy, trade, and the responsible use of artificial intelligence (AI).

Suppliers should respect the right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable
environment. Suppliers are required to comply with applicable
environmental laws and regulations.

Continuous Improvement

Responsible and Sustainable Material andCommodity Sourcing

Amazon operates on a policy of continuous
improvement, and we are committed to working
with suppliers to embed respect for human rights
and the environment in their operations and supply
chains, improve protections for their workers andworkplaces, and address nonconformance withthese standards.

Amazon is committed to avoiding the use ofminerals that have fueled conflict. Suppliers
should identify the origin of designatedminerals used in our products and sourcethese commodities in a way that respects
local communities and protects ecosystems.

Land and Natural Resource Rights

Management Systems

Suppliers must respect the legal land rights
of individuals, Indigenous people, and local
communities.

Suppliers should adopt a management
system to drive continuous improvement
against our standards and maintain a process
for timely remediation of nonconformance
identified by assessments, investigations,and reports.

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Human Rights

Environment

Value Chain

Responsible Supply Chain

PeopleAppendix

Sustainable Products and Materials

Our Progress

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
Supplier Diversity

Supplier Assessments

Community Impact

High-Level Findings

29

Percentage of High- and Medium-Level Assessment Findings by Subcategory

Type of Assessment
Enabling safe, equitable, fair, and sustainable supply chainsthrough our six priority commitment areas goes well beyond
setting supplier standards. We want to ensure they comply
with our Supply Chain Standards and continuously improve.
We assess the performance of our suppliers, take action
when we identify concerns, and offer capacity-building
programs to prevent identified issues from happening again.

Subcategory

Assessment findings are flagged as high, medium, or low
depending on severity. When high- and medium-level issues
are identified, we take steps to verify that suppliers havemade meaningful progress toward remediation.
A high-level finding is an issue that has caused or is likely
to cause immediate harm to workers or communities ordemonstrates egregious unethical behavior. A mediumlevel finding is an issue that poses significant risk ofharm to workers or communities or demonstrates
unethical or exploitative behavior. For low-level issues, wemonitor suppliers for continuous improvement throughmaintenance audits.

2021

2022

2023

Labor Rights
Initial Assessments
14.1%

Maintenance
Assessments
65.9%

Supplier Assessments
Our approach to enabling a more responsible supply chain isrooted in our commitment to workers and based on a modelof continuous improvement. We offer on-site and remotetraining to support supplier remediation, and we expect
suppliers to act within an agreed-upon timeline, remove
harm, act in the best interests of workers, and commit topreventing similar issues in the future. We know that change
does not happen overnight and are committed to supporting
our suppliers in remediating issues over time.

Medium-Level Findings

Verification
Assessments
20.0%

In 2023, we performed 3,011 assessments of suppliers of
Amazon-branded products across three categories:
Initial assessments: Suppliers must submit Amazonapproved assessments of their facilities before beginning
production of Amazon-branded products.
Maintenance assessments: Suppliers must submit ongoing
Amazon-approved assessments while producing Amazonbranded products every one or two years, based onwhether they are located in a high- or low-risk country andon previous audit performance.
Verification assessments: When high-level issues are
identified, suppliers must develop corrective action plansto address identified issues as well as long-term plans
to prevent recurrence. As necessary, suppliers must also
undergo follow-up assessments to confirm the sufficient
remediation of identified issues.

Freedom of Association

0.0%
0.1%

0.0%
0.2%

0.0%
0.2%

Freely Chosen Employment

0.5%
3.9%

0.4%
2.5%

1.3%
5.6%

Humane Treatment

0.1%
0.2%

0.0%
0.2%

0.0%
0.2%

Non-Discrimination

0.2%
0.2%

0.1%
0.1%

0.1%
0.1%

Subcontractor and Next-Tier Supplier Responsibility

0.0%
0.0%

0.0%
0.0%

0.0%
0.0%

Wages and Benefits

0.0%
40.6%

0.0%
40.8%

0.0%
27.1%

Worker Grievance/Complaint Mechanism

0.0%
0.0%

0.0%
0.0%

0.0%
0.0%

Working Hours

0.0%
5.0%

0.0%
3.8%

0.0%
6.6%

Young Workers

0.1%
0.2%

0.0%
0.1%

0.0%
1.0%

Business Integrity

0.1%
1.6%

0.1%
1.3%

0.0%
3.0%

Transparency

1.3%
1.4%

0.9%
0.4%

1.8%
0.5%

Hazardous Substances

0.0%
0.0%

0.0%
0.0%

0.0%
0.1%

Pollution Management and Prevention

0.0%
0.4%

0.0%
0.2%

0.0%
0.1%

Emergency Preparedness and Response

1.2%
7.1%

0.7%
6.7%

2.9%
11.7%

Industrial Hygiene

0.0%
13.6%

0.0%
15.3%

0.0%
8.1%

Machine Safeguarding

0.0%
0.1%

0.0%
0.2%

0.1%
0.3%

Sanitation, Dormitory, and Canteen

0.2%
1.1%

0.2%
1.0%

0.4%
1.1%

Occupational Safety

0.1%
1.5%

0.1%
11.9%

0.1%
10.5%

Ethical Behavior

Environment

Health and Safety53

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Human Rights

Environment

Value Chain

Responsible Supply Chain

PeopleAppendix

Sustainable Products and Materials

Supplier Training and AwarenessThroughout our relationship with our suppliers, we provide
resources and training to help them strengthen their ability
to respect human rights and the environment within theirown workplace and supply chain.
In 2023, we hosted in-person and online training eventson our Supply Chain Standards. These trainings reached
458 suppliers in 14 countries/regions.
We also launched a new in-person peer-learning workshop
series that convenes factory management to hear fromindustry experts and share best practices for addressing
common challenges. This workshop series reached 105
suppliers in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Mainland China, Malaysia,
Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and the United
Arab Emirates.
We also continued our work with the Indirect Spend
Alliance (ISA), an industry working group that aims toidentify operational areas of shared human rights risks
in procurement and to design a single industry approachto address hotspots. In 2023, in partnership with ISA,
we created a risk matrix outlining human rights risks forour indirect spend areas including construction, waste
management, and shipping. Companies we contract with toprovide goods and services directly to Amazon can use thismatrix to better understand key human rights risks.

Progress across Our Six Priority
Commitment Areas
In 2023, we continued making progress across each of our six
priority commitment areas through continuous commitment
and action.

Safe and Healthy Workplaces
Everyone has the right to a safe and healthy workplace withappropriate rules and practices for reporting and preventing

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
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54

Community Impact

accidents, injuries, and unsafe conditions. We work with
suppliers globally to support worker health and safety
through targeted programs and partnerships that increase
worker awareness of safety issues, support their well-being,
and promote a culture of shared safety responsibility.
We also partner with global organizations that are dedicatedto maintaining safe and healthy workplaces in the countries
where we operate. In February 2024, we joined Nirapon(safe place in Bangla), an industry-led nonprofit that works
with global brands, retailers, manufacturers, and othernongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to create and sustain
a culture of workplace safety in factories in Bangladesh.
Building, Electrical, and Fire Safety
Building, electrical, and fire safety is a critical part of ourcommitment to maintain safe and healthy workplaces. In
2023, we began the process to join Life and Building Safety(LABS) Initiative, officially becoming members in April 2024.
LABS is an industry-driven program working to mitigate
preventable fire, electrical, and structural building safety
risks in key apparel- and footwear-producing countries.
Through our Building, Electrical, and Fire Safety (BEFS)
program, we also conduct issue-specific assessments that
identify and remediate structural, electrical, and fire safetyissues, going beyond traditional social compliance audits incountries that are not covered by Nirapon or LABS. In 2023,
we completed BEFS assessments for Tier 1 supplier sites in
Cambodia and Pakistan.
Measuring Good Health
Examining the outcomes of our health and safety programs
and partnerships helps build evidence for continued
investment in worker health that can support ongoingand future efforts throughout our supply chain. In 2023,
an assessment we conducted found that every dollar weinvested in supplier health projects during COVID-19 in
Bangladesh and Vietnam generated approximately $3.02 ofsocioeconomic value, including reduced health expenditures
for our factory workforce and their families, health care
workers, suppliers, and implementing partners (e.g., PATH

and Catalyst Management Services). Across both countries,
we helped 26 suppliers plan and manage their responses
to the pandemic and provide health care services toapproximately 60,000 frontline workers between January2022 and March 2023.
Learn more about how we embed health and safety
considerations into our own workplace operations

Gender Equity
Amazon has a long-standing commitment to gender
equity, which is a fundamental human right and necessary
foundation of a sustainable supply chain. We strive to engage
with more women-owned businesses throughout our supply
chains and support women in making their own decisions on
health, finances, and career development.
In 2023, we joined the advisory board of the Resilience
Fund for Women in Global Value Chains, created to support
women’s economic resilience, health, and well-being.
Between April 2022 and March 2023, the fund committed
more than $1.7 million in flexible grant funding to womenled organizations in South and Southeast Asia that work on
sexual and reproductive health programs and services or
prevention of gender-based violence.
We also developed and launched i4Equality, a training
program covering gender equity and the prevention of sexual
harassment in the workplace, women’s health, workplacedialogue, and financial literacy for suppliers in China, India,
and Sri Lanka. By the end of 2023, nearly 1,750 workers,
including over 1,180 female workers, had completed thetraining in China and India. In China, 90% of participants
reported that they were aware of their workplace’s sexual
harassment prevention policies, compared to 48% before welaunched the program.
Learn more about our approach to promoting equity acrossour value chain and enhancing supplier diversity

Fair Wages
We believe everyone has a right to be paid fairly for the work
they perform, and ensuring workers receive fair pay remains
a global, cross-industry issue. That’s why fair wages is one of
our six priority commitment areas.
We monitor wage payments throughout our supply chainsto inform more meaningful supplier engagements, enhance
our human rights due diligence processes, and promote
continuous improvement in the fair and on-time payment ofwages. In accordance with our Supply Chain Standards, oursuppliers must pay legally required compensation, including
overtime and benefits, and we support them in evaluating
whether their workers earn enough to meet their basic
needs and those of their families. In 2023, we began working
with select suppliers to benchmark worker compensation
against regionally specific fair wages, focusing on electronics
manufacturing and packaging—two areas where there is alack of industry-wide data on worker wages. In 2024, we will
expand these efforts to apparel manufacturing.
Progress on wages and working hours requires us tocontinuously evaluate and strengthen our own processes,
including our purchasing practices. Based on anonymous
supplier feedback collected through the Better Buying
Institute , we implemented new programs to improve ourforecasting, communication, and payments systems, andmoving forward, we will use the Better Buying survey tomeasure whether these programs had a positive impact.

Responsible Recruitment and Freely Chosen
Employment
As outlined in our Global Human Rights Principles , we donot tolerate child labor, forced labor, or human trafficking
in any form in our operations or supply chain. We advanceholistic approaches to combat forced labor and ensure
vulnerable workers, especially foreign migrants, have accessto transparent information on working conditions including
pay, hiring practices, and contract terms.

Overview
Human Rights

Environment

Value Chain

Responsible Supply Chain

PeopleAppendix2023 Amazon Sustainability Report

Sustainable Products and Materials

Supplier Diversity

Community Impact

Partnering to Drive Workplace Healthand Safety
In 2023, we collaborated with organizations around theworld to support workers’ rights to safe and healthy
workplaces. Examples of our progress and impact include:

We’ve partnered with Catalyst Management
Services (CMS), a social investment specialist,
to support suppliers and workers in tacklingthe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in
Bangladesh. Through this collaboration,
we’re providing a telecare hotline for workers
and their families to drive access to primary
health care, strengthening health systems andcapacities to establish crisis response plans, andbuilding resilient supply chains that can tackle
future public health crises. From December
2021 to October 2023, we provided access tocritical primary health care services to over
40,000 workers.

We continued to partner with the international
nonprofit PATH to support healthy communities
in our supply chain. In 2023, we worked with
PATH to develop the Wellness4All program.
Available to Amazon suppliers and workers
in Vietnam, the new program includes moree-learnings and tools designed to improve larger
workplace health and safety systems, building
suppliers’ capacity to support workers on various
health issues and driving positive practices onboth the physical and mental health of workers.

We continued to work with the International
Labour Organization (ILO) Sustaining
Competitive and Responsible Enterprises(SCORE) program to support productive, healthy,
and safe working environments among small
and medium manufacturers. In 2023, 18 of our
suppliers participated in SCORE training across
China, India, and Indonesia, participating in over
8,500 hours of training. Third-party assessments
conducted before and after training identified
improvements in workplace health and safety,
productivity, and worker satisfaction, as well as a
reduction in accidents.

In Bangladesh, we joined an initiative incollaboration with the government to better
protect garment workers, led by the ILO andthe Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale
Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), an agency focusedon international cooperation for sustainable
development. The initiative seeks to strengthen
employment injury insurance in the Bangladesh
garment sector, so that workers have access to
immediate financial support in case of any workrelated injuries.

Through our ongoing collaboration with Swasti,
a global nonprofit dedicated to providing quality
health care for marginalized workers in India, we
provided access to primary health care, delivered
trainings on social protection, and raised
awareness of gender equity and the preventionof sexual harassment among our supply chain
employees in India. As of the end of 2023, we
had reached over 2,060 workers in India throughSwasti’s health care programs.

In partnership with Social Accountability
International (SAI), we launched SAI’s
TenSquared in 2023, a new worker engagement
program for suppliers in China, India, andMalaysia to solve health and safety issues. The
structured workplace engagement program
unites workers and managers to address theroot causes of workplace issues and includes agoal to measurably improve a specific workplace
challenge in 100 days. In this way, it helps
overcome institutional hurdles to foster aculture of continuous improvement. TenSquared
complements our existing safety program but
requires less time and covers more regions,allowing us to scale our efforts more efficiently.

55

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Environment

Value Chain

Responsible Supply Chain

PeopleAppendix2023 Amazon Sustainability Report

Sustainable Products and Materials

We engage with our suppliers to establish management
systems and responsible recruitment practices thatprevent forced labor risks. This includes ending workerpaid recruitment fees—a practice prohibited by our Supply
Chain Standards—and requiring suppliers to reimburse
any fees paid by workers at any phase of the recruitment
process. When we find evidence of recruitment fees, we workwith our suppliers to raise their understanding of responsible
recruitment practices, create and implement remediationplans to prevent recruitment fees from being charged at any
point in the hiring process moving forward, and reimburse
affected workers in full and in a manner that protects themand their families from harm and retaliation.
In 2023, we continued to introduce new ways to accelerateindustry-wide progress in this priority commitment area.
Amazon and the International Organization for Migration(IOM) partnered to collaborate on Promoting the Respectof Human and Labor Rights of Migrant Workers in Global
Supply Chains. Through this strategic collaboration, we
will work together to advance our suppliers’ and business
partners’ respect of migrant workers’ rights and improve
safe labor migration and socioeconomic inclusion. Amazon
and IOM will focus on human rights due diligence, mapping
labor migration processes across relevant corridors, capacity
building of supply chain partners in countries of origin anddestination, and engaging in multi-stakeholder initiatives todrive positive change across relevant industries.
We encourage suppliers to participate in external training
programs, such as industry association tutorials, to enable
them to better recognize and prevent modern slavery andimplement high-quality management systems. We also
provide suppliers with responsible recruitment training. In
2023, we extended our responsible recruitment training to
our logistics and services providers and expanded offeringsin additional countries that are common destinations forforeign migrant workers. Working with the Issara Institute,
MicroBenefits, the Mekong Club, and Verité, we offeredSupplier Diversity

56

Community Impact

Responding to Violations of Our Supply
Chain Standards in Saudi Arabia

In 2023, Amazon found violations of our Supply
Chain Standards at a third-party licensed temporary
labor agency (“third-party vendor”) in Saudi Arabia
through an independent audit. The violations ranged
from recruitment fees paid by migrant workers to
the absence of grievance mechanisms and issues withworker accommodations. External organizations raised
similar concerns and shared information with us about
these and other human rights risks collected during
interviews with former employees of this third-party
vendor.
In response, we conducted a deeper dive into practicesof our third-party vendors throughout Saudi Arabia
and developed a series of short- and long-term
measures to remedy immediate issues and prevent
future recurrence. We brought in two independent
third parties to assist with our investigation andengaged directly with contracted workers throughinterviews to help establish reimbursement amounts
and manage repayment. As of February 2024, we had
reimbursed more than 700 contracted workers acrossall our third-party vendors in Saudi Arabia, totaling
more than $1.9 million in reimbursed recruitment feesand related costs. Through audits, we also verified
that the third-party vendor remediated concerns

about worker housing. Additionally, we secured thevendor’s commitment that even after its employees
no longer work at Amazon, it will pay them in linewith their contracts and won’t move them to a newaccommodation site that fails to meet Amazon’s
standards. The vendor also established a more robust
system to enable workers to anonymously raisegrievances moving forward.
We also adopted enhanced controls to reduce therisk of recurrence, including strengthening contracts
to clarify expectations regarding compliance with
our Supply Chain Standards; reviewing wage policies,
including clarification that illegal wage deductions areprohibited; providing additional training to vendors
in the region on how to implement our Supply Chain
Standards, including responsible recruitment practices;
and improving our communication mechanism thatenables contracted workers to share concerns directlywith Amazon management. We continue to monitor
improvements and progress, including throughongoing site visits, and are committed to ongoing andcontinuous improvement region-wide.
Learn more about our response on About Amazon

supplier training sessions on modern slavery risks andresponsible recruitment practices in Malaysia, Saudi Arabia,
Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and the United Arab Emirates.
These sessions focused on topics including implementing
effective risk mitigation controls, identifying issues inrecruitment and hiring processes for migrant workers, andestablishing strong management systems to address andprevent these issues.
Learn more about our work to address human trafficking in
our supply chain in our Human Rights section and in our
Modern Slavery Statement

Environmental Protection
As one of our six priority commitment areas, we strive
to source products and services that avoid unnecessary
environmental harm. To do this, we work with industry
experts to increase our understanding of the environmental
challenges we face, our performance against them, andeffective solutions we can implement to address them.
For example, since 2020, we have worked with the Instituteof Public & Environmental Affairs, a nonprofit environmental
research organization in China that focuses on promoting
environmental information disclosure and improving
environmental governance. We leverage its public databaseto screen our supplier sites in China for environmental
violations. In 2023, we screened 100% of our productmanufacturing suppliers of Amazon Private Brands, AWS,
Amazon Devices, and Amazon Fresh Private Brands in China.
When we identified concerns, we worked with suppliers toremediate them. We also encouraged suppliers to publicly
disclose their corrective actions to drive transparency
and accountability.
Industry associations are another important part of our work
to help our suppliers reduce their emissions and resourceuse. As a part of Cascale , Amazon encourages suppliers toevaluate their practices using the Higg Facility Environmental

Overview
Human Rights

Environment

Value Chain

PeopleResponsible Supply Chain

Appendix

Sustainable Products and Materials

Module (FEM), a self-assessment owned and developed by
Cascale, exclusively licensed to the Worldly sustainability
data and insights platform. The assessment evaluates
performance and prioritizes opportunities for improvement
across seven areas: air emissions, carbon emissions, chemicals
management, environmental management systems, waste,
wastewater, and water. In 2023, 67% of Amazon’s Private
Brands Tier 1 apparel suppliers completed the Higg FEM,
helping them better understand their environmental
performance and practices.
Learn more about how we engage suppliers to help us
meet our goal to reach net-zero carbon emissions

Access to Effective Grievance Mechanisms
We want our supply chain workers to have the ability tovoice their concerns about the workplace in a safe andconfidential manner. To do this, we connect suppliers andservice providers with trusted tools, products, and systems
to hear directly from workers about their experiences andsupport the resolution of issues from workers’ perspectives.
We believe this is fundamental to supporting the safety andwell-being of the workers in our supply chain.
In 2023, we helped connect supplier sites across Bangladesh,
Cambodia, China, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, and Thailand
with independent grievance mechanisms. Of the nearly 800
worker grievances raised using these mechanisms, 100%
were investigated and resolved.
The Amader Kotha Helpline and Ulula are two examplesof effective grievance mechanisms that we introduced
to our suppliers. The Amader Kotha Helpline is anindependent helpline serving the ready-made garment
sector in Bangladesh, while Ulula uses a range of grievancemechanisms—including helplines to messaging platforms—

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Community Impact

to serve workers and communities in industries spanning
garment, agriculture, mining, and more. Using thesechannels, suppliers can gather feedback directly fromworkers to inform more effective issue resolution. In 2023,
through the Amader Kotha Helpline, workers in Bangladesh
reported nearly 760 grievances, of which over 560 related
to workplace concerns. The top five workplace concerns for
Amazon suppliers were wages, leave, verbal abuse, factory
welfare facilities, and termination, while the remaining
inquiries included more general topics such as domestic
issues or the government’s policy on worker benefits. Ulula,meanwhile, is available to workers in Cambodia, China, India,
and Pakistan. During 2023, workers with access to Ululamost frequently reported issues related to health and safety
and wages.
In 2023, we expanded our grievance mechanisms program
to include additional supplier segments across our supply
chain. In Japan, we partnered with the Japan Platform
for Migrant Workers Towards Responsible and Inclusive
Society (JP-MIRAI) so that certain suppliers in Japan could
provide their workers access to JP-MIRAI’s independent
grievance mechanism.
In the Middle East, North Africa, Mexico, the UK, and the U.S.,
we conducted focus groups with contract workers within
our global operations to understand their familiarity withgrievance mechanisms, whether they are able to access them,and what barriers they face in using them.
For all individuals, including members of the public,
employees, and workers in our supply chain, we introduced
a new way to notify us about potential human rights andenvironmental concerns—a web form where people
can anonymously report cases directly to Amazon. The
form is available in 19 languages and dialects and can beaccessed globally.

Looking Forward
Report to Resolution: The Amader Kotha
Process in Action

Whenever grievances are raised through theAmader Kotha Helpline, the organization works
with factory management to address and resolve
issues as quickly as possible and, ultimately,
improve working conditions for employees.
For example, in 2023, a worker called the helpline
to raise a concern about a supervisor using
abusive language with employees. The caller
wanted the behavior to stop but did not want toanger the supervisor or be singled out. To ensure
timely and effective remediation, Amader Kotha
quickly contacted our supplier’s management
without disclosing any personal information that
could identify the complainant. In response, thesupplier’s management counseled the supervisor
on appropriate behavior, after which the worker
noticed a marked improvement in the supervisor’s
language. We are proud to support Amader
Kotha’s efforts to bring about timely remediation
to worker concerns and improve working
conditions in manufacturing facilities.

Building responsible supply chains is an ongoing endeavor—
one that requires collective effort and continuous
improvement from Amazon, our suppliers, and our networkof expert partners. We are investing in identifying andaddressing the most severe human rights and environmental
risks throughout our supply chain. We will continue engaging
internal and external stakeholders in our efforts to makeprogress across our six priority commitment areas and, in
doing so, enable working conditions that respect supply chain
workers and the environments where we operate.

Overview
Human Rights

Environment

Value Chain

Responsible Supply Chain

PeopleAppendix

Sustainable Products and Materials

Sustainable
Products andMaterials
Customers want products that align with theirvalues, and this often includes products createdwith sustainability in mind. We believe it isimportant to offer more sustainable products
to our customers without compromising on
quality, safety, or cost. We are working to do
this within our own brands by incorporating
sourcing and design practices that support
responsible supply chains, circular economy
principles, decarbonization, and the use of safer
chemicals. At the same time, we’re working
closely with our selling partners to help themoffer more products that qualify for at least oneof the 55 certifications in our Climate Pledge
Friendly program. To help them get started with
Amazon’s sustainability programs, we launched theSustainability Solutions Hub. For our customers,
this means access to more products recognizedby certifications in the Climate Pledge Friendly
program that meet their needs, as well as new
ways to easily shop for and discover them.

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
Supplier Diversity

Actions
Launched the Sustainability Solutions Hub ,a new resource to help Amazon selling partners
accelerate progress on sustainability

Community Impact

1.4M+
Products recognized by certifications in our Climate
Pledge Friendly program available to customers forpurchase, a 157% increase from 2022

100%
Of Amazon private brands paper products in North
America and Europe are either recycled or certified
to Forest Stewardship Council, Sustainable Forestry
Initiative, or Programme for the Endorsement ofForest Certification standards

1.16B

Nearly37.6M

28

Items sold that are recognized by certifications
in our Climate Pledge Friendly program, a 42%
increase from 2022

Amazon customers switched to a productrecognized by certifications in our Climate Pledge
Friendly program30

Newly launched Echo, Fire TV, Fire tablet, Kindle
e-reader, Ring, Blink, and smart home devices andaccessories were recognized by certifications in our
Climate Pledge Friendly program

Our device design teams incorporate recycled materials into our devices whenever possible, with a focus on carbon reduction and responsibly sourced materials.

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Environment

Value Chain

Responsible Supply Chain

PeopleAppendix

Sustainable Products and Materials

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
Supplier Diversity

Community Impact

Our Approach
We seek to offer our customers more products that alignwith their preferences and our sustainability goals.
We are improving the materials and sourcing standards forour products, as well as building on our responsible sourcing
roadmap developed in 2022 to improve visibility across our
supply chains. This roadmap focuses on key materials used
for Amazon private brands products and Amazon devices.
We continue to work toward our sourcing goals, including
our commitment to reduce deforestation risks associatedwith raw materials and ingredients used in Amazon andWhole Foods Market private brands products. In addition tothese commitments, Amazon also complies with European
regulations to encourage responsible sourcing and reduce
deforestation. We also incorporate recycled materials into
many new products and product packaging, particularly inAmazon devices, where feasible.
While many of our sourcing commitments identify materials
we seek to include in our private brands products, we
also identify those we seek to avoid. Our Formulated
Products Restricted Substances List is an extensive
list of chemicals we seek to exclude in Amazon private
brands baby, household cleaning, personal care, and beauty
products in the U.S. and Europe. Our Restricted Substances
List for packaging outlines the chemicals of concern weseek to avoid in the packaging of Amazon private brands
food and beverage products sold in North America. Our
private brands apparel, accessory, footwear, and home
textile products in North America, Europe, and Japan seek
to comply with the Apparel and Footwear International RSL
Management (AFIRM) Group’s Restricted Substances List .
Our compliance teams are responsible for enforcing theserestricted substances lists with our suppliers.

Our sustainability efforts are not limited to our own
operations. We look for ways to encourage our selling
partners to develop products with sustainability in mind,
such as through our Climate Pledge Friendly program and theSustainability Solutions Hub. We also participate in industry
partnerships and working groups to drive greater adoption ofsustainable and responsible practices.
Additionally, we use our success and scale to engage withcertified diverse suppliers and small businesses and share
their products with our customers.31 Through our Supplier
Diversity Initiative, customers can shop at storefronts that
support women-owned businesses and Black-owned
businesses , as well as at the Amazon Saheli Store , whichdisplays products made and sold by women supported bynongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in India.
Learn more about how we create a more inclusive andequitable business environment for our suppliers andempower small businesses

All cotton for Amazon private brands apparel is sourced from recycled materials, from farms certified as producing organic cotton,or through the Better Cotton Initiative.

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Environment

Value Chain

Responsible Supply Chain

PeopleAppendix2023 Amazon Sustainability Report

Sustainable Products and Materials

Our Progress

Supplier Diversity

Community Impact

Materials and Agricultural Commodities Sourcing
Commodity or Material

Goal or Ambition

2023 Progress (% of in-scope products that meet our goal or ambition)

No Deforestation

Materials and Agricultural
Commodities Sourcing
In 2023, Amazon private brands and Whole Foods Market
private brands made significant progress toward ourdeforestation risk reduction and other sourcing goals,
achieving those set for paper products, eggs, cotton, andmanufactured cellulosic fibers.32 Amazon private brands also
received a brand-level certification from Textile Exchange
following a rigorous audit, demonstrating our ability to
manage certified goods according to Textile Exchange
standards, including its Organic Content Standard and Global
Recycled Standard.

To support the elimination of deforestation associated with raw materials and ingredients within our food and consumables Private Brands supply chains, Amazon has made commitments across theuse of palm oil, paper and paper packaging, beef, soy, cocoa, coffee, and tea.
Palm Oil

Source palm oil and derivatives in Amazon private brands food and consumableproducts and palm oil in 365 by Whole Foods Market food products from sources
certified to the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil supply chain standard.

Paper Products andPaper PackagingA

Source private brands paper products that are either recycled or certified
to Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI), or
Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) standards.
We strive to use sustainably sourced fiber in our grocery and consumable private
brands paper-based primary packaging.

Beef B

B
C

D
E
F
G

Whole Foods Market sells only recycled materials or FSC-certified products. Scope
includes Amazon private brands paper towel, toilet paper, facial tissue, baking paper,
coffee filter, paper dishware, and napkin products.
Scope covers Whole Foods Market private brands beef and meat sold in the meat
department; fresh or frozen beef in Amazon private brands in North America and Europe.
Scope covers Amazon and Whole Foods Market private brands and meat department
in North America, including Tiers 2 and 3 of the Consumer Goods Forum Soy Ladder
Framework. In Europe, the scope covers soy in Tiers 1–4. A cut-off date of 2020 meansthat the soy has not been sourced from land that has been subject to deforestation since
the end of 2020.
For Whole Foods Market, only Fair Trade USA is accepted.
Scope for Amazon North America and Europe excludes extracts and flavorings.
Scope excludes matcha, mixes, and “ready-to-drink” beverages.
Scope includes all products in Whole Foods Market’s seafood department, including
frozen and breaded options, appetizers, smoked seafood, and seafood dips. Whole Foods
Market sells only wild-caught seafood from fisheries that are certified sustainable by the
Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) or rated Green or Yellow by the Monterey Bay Aquarium
Seafood Watch program. All our farmed seafood is Responsibly Farmed seafood. Canned
tuna in grocery and in Whole Foods Market’s own kitchens is traceable to the boats andmust be sourced from fisheries that are using one-by-one catch methods and certified
sustainable by the MSC or rated Green or Yellow by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood
Watch program.

100%

100%

We are working with our private brands suppliers to increase the amount of fiber from responsibly managed
forests and/or recycled materials in our paper-based primary packaging.

Whole Foods Market
private brands

Soy C

Conduct a risk assessment of the soy in Amazon and Whole Foods Market private
brands supply chains with a third-party consultancy and share more informationby the end of 2023.

Within North America, we determined through this assessment thatthe majority of the soy in our private brands animal protein and meat
counter supply chains is domestically sourced and thus is unlikely topose a deforestation risk.

CocoaDBy 2025, source private brands chocolate bars, chocolate chips, and baking
chocolate/powder products that are certified by Rainforest Alliance, Fairtrade
International, Fair Trade USA, or other independently verified third-party
certifications, such as Cocoa Horizons.

TeaF

By 2025, source private brands packaged bean, ground, instant, and liquid coffee
products that are Rainforest Alliance, Fairtrade International, or Fair Trade USA
certified.
By 2025, source private brands bagged tea products based on the tea leaf
(camellia sinensis) certified by Rainforest Alliance, Fairtrade International, or Fair
Trade USA.

100%

Amazon private brands Europe

Amazon private brands
North America

365 by Whole Foods
Market-branded products

By 2025, source private brands beef from regions of low deforestation risk orwith full supply chain traceability, demonstrating the products did not contributeto deforestation.

CoffeeEA

In an effort to achieve this target, Amazon (including Whole Foods Market) became a member of theRoundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil in February 2024.

100%

92%

Amazon private brands Europe

Amazon private brands
North America

100%

Amazon private brands Europe

Amazon private brands
North America

Amazon private brands
North America

18%

100%

365 by Whole Foods
Market-branded products

100%

98%

100%

365 by Whole Foods
Market-branded and Whole Foods
Market-branded products

Within Europe, Amazon’s
goal is that the soy in private
brands supply chains will be
deforestation-free by the endof 2025, with a cut-off date of
2020.

53%

100%

365 by Whole Foods
Market-branded products

100%

Amazon private brands
North America

Amazon private brands Europe

Amazon private brands
in Europe does not currently
have tea products.

Sustainable Seafood and Animal Welfare Goals and Ambitions
Seafood

Source Responsibly Farmed or sustainable wild-caught fresh and frozen seafood
to Whole Foods Market’s Seafood Quality Standards . G

100%

Whole Foods Market

n/a

n/a

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Human Rights

Environment

Value Chain

Responsible Supply Chain

PeopleAppendix

Sustainable Products and Materials

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
Supplier Diversity

Community Impact

Materials and Agricultural Commodities Sourcing
Commodity or Material

Goal or Ambition

2023 Progress (% of in-scope products that meet our goal or ambition)

Sustainable Seafood and Animal Welfare Goals and Ambitions
Seafood (cont’d)

Eggs

Source Amazon private brands seafood products that have a third-party sustainability certification or are
actively working toward certification or engaged in a fishery improvement project (FIP).H

n/a

100%

Amazon private brands North America

Source shell and liquid egg products to a cage-free or higher animal welfare standard.

Pork

Source fresh pork sold in the Whole Foods Market meat department in the U.S. and Canada that is crate-freeand certified by the Global Animal Partnership.

100%

100%

Products sold in Whole Foods Market dairy cases,
own kitchens, and bakeries in the U.S. meet
Whole Foods Market’s Animal Welfare Standards
for Laying Hens .
100%

Data for Amazon private brands in Europe
is being verified. Updated figures due to be
published in 2025.
100%

Amazon private brands and national brands shelland liquid egg selections sold in North America
are cage-free.

Amazon private brands shell eggs sold in
Europe are free-range or barn-raised.

n/a

n/a

Whole Foods Market

By the end of 2025, source private brands pork and bacon products sold in North America gestation crate-free.

We have transitioned some private brands pork products to gestation crate-free sourcing and are evaluating the viability of the remainder.
More information to be shared in 2025.

Source private brands fresh pork products that are certified by Red Tractor in the UK.

n/a

n/a

100%

Amazon private brands Europe

Other Animal Proteins

Source all fresh beef, pork, chicken, turkey (excluding kosher turkey), and lamb sold in the meat department toWhole Foods Market’s Animal Welfare Standards .
Source animal protein products within Amazon private brands in North America and Europe to the following
requirements under our animal welfare policy: (1) Products or raw materials must be sourced from farms
assured to an approved animal welfare or quality program or standard audited regularly by an independent
third party, (2) suppliers must have a formal process for ensuring the welfare of animals in their supply chain,and (3) products or raw materials must be traceable from their origin.

100%

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

Whole Foods Market
We are working with key animal protein suppliers
to confirm they meet our existing animal welfare
policy. We are actively enhancing our commitment
to animal welfare for our private brands to build
upon our established supplier requirements andplan to share key updates in 2025.

Apparel Goals and Ambitions
CottonH

Source all cotton for Amazon private brands apparel products from more sustainable sources, which we
define as being sourced from recycled materials, from farms certified as producing organic cotton, or throughthe Better Cotton Initiative.

n/aLeather

Source leather apparel and shoe products from more sustainable sources, which we define as being sourced
from tanneries that meet the Leather Working Group’s Bronze level or higher.

n/aManufactured
Cellulosic Fibers

Source manufactured cellulosic fibers used in Amazon private brands apparel products—including rayon,
viscose, lyocell, and modal—from more sustainable sources. We use the nonprofit Canopy’s tools and reports to
help avoid fibers sourced from endangered forests, endangered species’ habitats, or other controversial sources.

n/a

Recycled Fabrics

Increase the use of recycled fabrics in Amazon private brands apparel products, including moving fromconventional to recycled polyester and launching products made from innovative recycled fibers.

n/a

100%

Amazon private brands apparel products
Amazon did not source any private brands apparel or shoes made from leather in 2023.

100%

Amazon private brands apparel products

16%

Polyester in Amazon private brands apparelproducts is recycled polyester.

Scope includes Amazon private brands products sold in North America and Europe in which seafood comprises more than 5% of the product or is in the top three ingredients. Excludes sauces, marinades, and pet food. The following certifications or programs are accepted for wild-caught seafood: Marine StewardshipCouncil; rated Green or Yellow by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch program; or rated A, B, or C in an FIP. The following are accepted for farmed seafood: Aquaculture Stewardship Council; European organic or Naturland organic; Best Aquaculture Practices ≥ 2-star; or GLOBALG.A.P.

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Human Rights

Environment

Value Chain

Responsible Supply Chain

PeopleAppendix

Sustainable Products and Materials

Amazon Private Brands
We consider sustainability from the beginning stagesof design for our private brands products. Through ourcommodities sourcing goals, we prioritize using recycledcontent, reducing material use, and improving recyclabilityof our products. We also consider the use phase of our
products and have programs in place to help customers keep
their products in use for longer. In 2023, we expanded these
efforts by launching a spare parts and repair program inEurope for our private brands products.
Amazon non-grocery private brands offers everything frombeauty and skin care to diapers and infant wipes. In 2023,
we published a Formulated Products Restricted Substances
List for cleaning, beauty, and personal care. We also
expanded our compliance with AFIRM’s Restricted
Substances List to home textile products, which we
actively enforce with our suppliers.

Amazon Devices
We believe products can and should be more sustainable
while maintaining high quality and affordability. In 2023, welaunched 28 new Echo, Fire TV, Fire tablet, Kindle e-reader,Ring, Blink, and smart home devices and accessories thatwere recognized by certifications in our Climate Pledge
Friendly program.
We design our devices with a focus on carbon reduction
and manufacture them with responsibly sourced materials.
Sustainability is considered throughout the lifecycle of a
product—from how we build it to how our customers use
and retire it. We want every new Amazon device to be
more energy-efficient and less resource-intensive than theprevious generation.
Learn more about how we are making our devices morecarbon- and resource-efficient , investing in carbon-freeenergy , and giving devices a second chance2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
Supplier Diversity

Community Impact

We incorporate recycled materials into our devices wheneverpossible. As of the end of 2023, among Echo, Fire TV, Fire
tablet, Kindle, and smart home products, we had various
products made from majority- or all-recycled content,
including those containing:• 75% recycled plastic• 100% recycled yarn
• 100% recycled aluminum• 90% recycled magnesium
In addition to using recycled materials in our devices, we
extend this practice to device packaging.
Learn more about our device packaging
device recycling

62

and

Responsible Mineral Sourcing
While Amazon does not engage in direct sourcing frommine sites and smelters, we are committed to avoiding theuse of minerals that have fueled conflict. We strive to have
100% of tin, tungsten, tantalum, and gold (3TG) smelters
and refiners in our supply chain conform with a recognizedminerals certification program. These certifications, suchas the Responsible Minerals Initiative (RMI)’s Responsible
Minerals Assurance Process (RMAP), are critical to enabling
responsible raw material sourcing and processing upstream
in the supply chain. We support suppliers in their efforts
to increase smelter audits through RMAP, and we expect
our suppliers to remove nonconformant smelters from our
supply chain.
Cobalt is a raw mineral used in batteries, including thosefor electric vehicles. In 2023, we built on our existing 3TG
due diligence processes and conducted cobalt due diligencewith additional suppliers using industry-standard reporting
templates. This improves our efforts to understand andmitigate risks in the cobalt supply chain while also signaling
to suppliers the importance of responsible mineral sourcing
beyond 3TG.

We engage suppliers on the importance of responsible
mineral sourcing mechanisms and industry collaboration.
We also maintain membership in RMI, the Copper Mark,and the Public-Private Alliance for Responsible Minerals
Trade. Through these, we collaborate with industry peers,
governments, and civil society actors on increasing supply
chain transparency and improving sourcing across mineralvalue chains.
In 2023, we partnered with the U.S. Agency for International
Development (USAID), BHP Foundation , and the Chandler
Foundation for the Powering a Just Energy Transition Green
Minerals Challenge (JET Minerals Challenge). Amazon
mentored finalists and participated in a pitch workshop
to catalyze the development, application, and scalingof innovations to strengthen transparency and counter
corruption in critical mineral supply chains. The JET Minerals
Challenge closed with 11 winners from 15 countries andtargeted more than 10 mineral supply chains critical to theenergy transition.

Climate Pledge Friendly
Certifications
Our Climate Pledge Friendly program helps customers
discover more sustainable products that are recognized tohave at least one sustainable feature. In 2023, our customers
continued to embrace this program, purchasing 1.16 billion
items recognized by certifications in the Climate Pledge
Friendly program—a 42% increase from 2022.
In order to provide this breadth of options for our customers,
we encourage our selling partners to develop and offer
products that meet the criteria for one or more of the 55
certifications in our Climate Pledge Friendly program. Thesecertifications recognize products that address at least one
aspect of sustainability, ranging from recycled content toenergy efficiency to safer chemicals.
We routinely assess the certification landscape, adding
and developing new certifications for the program andreviewing our existing ones against our high bar fortransparency, credibility, and customer trust. International
Sustainability and Carbon Certification (ISCC+) to help
customers easily identify products that are made withrecycled content and bio-based materials. We also added
the U.S. Cotton Trust Protocol, a product-traceable cotton
standard that drives continuous improvement across wateruse, energy efficiency, carbon emissions, soil conservation,soil carbon, and land use. When selling partners offer a
product with a sustainability feature not captured by anexisting certification in the program, we consider supporting
opportunities to fill the gap. For example, in 2023, Amazon
initiated the development of the Recycled Content Standard
for Electronics and Electrical Equipment in partnership withstandards development organization SCS Standards. This
involved a multi-stakeholder process with representatives
from industry and NGOs including the Center for the Circular
Economy at Closed Loop Partners, the Ellen MacArthur
Foundation, De’Longhi, Dell Technologies, HP, Microsoft,
Logitech, Philips, and The Recycling Partnership.
We expanded our collaboration with the Ellen MacArthur
Foundation to drive scalable, industry-wide solutions for acircular economy in 2023. As a Strategic Partner of the Ellen
MacArthur Foundation Network, we are working to leverage
our reach, technology, and innovation capabilities and thefoundation’s subject-matter expertise to launch and scale
circular economy solutions. Through this partnership, we areworking to develop certifications for products with circularfeatures, providing customers with the information theyneed to make a more circular choice. These certifications
encourage brands, original equipment manufacturers,
suppliers, retailers, and e-commerce platforms to create
products that are designed in accordance with circular
economy principles.
We collaborate with our selling partners to identify
opportunities for them to develop more sustainable products
and apply for certifications that recognize the strides they
are already making in sustainability. In 2023, we worked
with a variety of selling partners—such as L’Oréal, Levi’s,

Overview

Value Chain

Environment

Human Rights

Responsible Supply Chain

PeopleAppendix

Sustainable Products and Materials

Procter & Gamble (including its brands Pampers, Oral-B, andBraun), and Earth Rated—to qualify products that could berecognized by certifications in the Climate Pledge Friendly
program.

Number of Products Recognized by One
or More Certification in Our Climate
Pledge Friendly Program
1.4M

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
Supplier Diversity

Community Impact

The Sustainability Solutions Hub
We launched the Sustainability Solutions Hub in 2023 forAmazon selling partners in France, Germany, Italy, Spain,
the UK, and the U.S. The Hub helps them get started with
Amazon’s sustainability programs, including Climate Pledge
Friendly, Amazon Renewed, and Ships in Product Packaging.
It includes a curated set of third-party service providers to
support selling partners in designing and certifying moresustainable products and packaging, as well as personalized
reporting dashboards.

Discover Product Sustainability Features
Helping customers discover products with sustainability features
throughout the online shopping experience.

As part of the Hub, we launched new dashboards thatprovide selling partners with personalized, relevant data andinformation so they can:• Track their monthly sales in Amazon’s sustainability
programs over the past 12 months.
• Identify their other products that are eligible orcandidates for our sustainability programs.

550K• Highlight products that are currently enrolled in
Amazon’s sustainability programs.

250K
2021

2022

2023

In 2023, over 200,000 selling partners participated in
Amazon’s sustainability programs.

Looking Forward
Improving Customer Discovery
We have helped nearly 37.6 million Amazon customers switch
to products recognized by certifications in the Climate Pledge
Friendly program, in part by enabling new online shopping
features to guide their browsing.
For our Amazon Business customers, we are partnering withthem to create procurement policies that place a preference
on products recognized by certifications in the Climate
Pledge Friendly program. As of December 2023, more than
51,000 businesses had these buying policies in place, up from
18,000 in 2022.

We continue to evolve the customer shopping experienceand make the discovery of products with sustainability
features even easier. In March 2024, we launched a new
online shopping experience that highlights these features(see visual, right), such as recycled materials and organic
content, in products that are recognized by one or morecertification in the Climate Pledge Friendly program. We also
look forward to expanding and refining the Sustainability
Solutions Hub to support our efforts to welcome our selling
partners into our sustainability programs and give them theresources they need to succeed in sharing more sustainableproducts with our customers.

Badging in Search

Sustainability Feature Details

Product Pages

The new sustainability featuresbadge makes it easier for customers
to discover products from search.

With just a click, customers cansee more details about eachsustainability feature and the
product’s associated certifications.

While browsing the product page,customers have access to all of the
product’s sustainability features
and associated certifications.

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Human Rights

Environment

Value Chain

Responsible Supply Chain

PeopleAppendix

Sustainable Products and Materials

Supplier
Diversity

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
Supplier Diversity

Community Impact

Actions$4.3B
Spent with more than 500 certified U.S. Tier 1
diverse suppliers33, 34$1.5B

Kennedy Oates (right), Vice President of Amazon’s Global Procurement Organization,
accepts Amazon’s induction into the Billion Dollar Roundtable (BDR) alongside Jeff Ball (left),
Director of Finance at Amazon, and BDR co-founder Don McKneely (center).

Of Tier 2 certified diverse spend reported bymore than 200 of Amazon’s U.S. suppliers to drive
economic impact35, 36

Building diverse and inclusive supply chains drives
innovation, supports competitiveness, meets
customers’ expectations, and spurs local economic
growth through community investment and job
creation. For Amazon, a diverse and inclusive supply
chain not only strengthens the resilience of ourbusiness but also drives the ability to innovate
on behalf of our customers through the diverse
perspectives and knowledge of people from all
backgrounds. We are dedicated to advancing
supplier diversity and inclusion (SDI) throughout our
supply chain—engaging with diverse-owned andsmall businesses and driving long-term economic
sustainability in the communities we serve.

30K
Jobs supported by Amazon’s supplier
diversity spend$2.8B
In wages earned from Amazon’s certified
U.S. Tier 1 supplier diversity spend

1 of 7Companies inducted in 2023 into the Billion Dollar
Roundtable, an advocacy organization comprising
corporations committed to spending $1 billion
annually with certified U.S. Tier 1 diverse suppliers

63

SDI events attended globally

Nearly$900M
In personal, business, and sales taxes generated
from Amazon’s certified Tier 1 diverse supplier
spend

7Countries (Australia, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica,
India, South Africa, and the UK) added to Amazon’s
SDI initiative—marking its first expansion beyond
the U.S.

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Human Rights

Environment

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PeopleAppendix

Sustainable Products and Materials

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
Supplier Diversity

Our Approach

Our ProgressThrough Amazon’s global supplier diversity and inclusion(SDI) strategy, we strive to build a more inclusive andequitable supply chain that fully reflects the diversity of ourcustomers and employees. To achieve this, we are prioritizing
three actions:

Driving Economic Benefits with
Diverse Businesses• Driving economic benefits by scaling existingand onboarding new certified diverse suppliers,
which are businesses certified to be at least 51%
owned and operated by an individual or groupthat is part of a traditionally underrepresented orunderserved community• Expanding SDI initiatives across the globe• Partnering with advocacy organizations to further
engage with certified Tier 1 diverse suppliers worldwide
Within Amazon’s supply chain, we require that diverse
suppliers have a valid certification from one of ourrecognized certification agencies. Our SDI program drives
inclusion and economic benefits through multiple tiers of our
supply chain:• SDI Tier 1 suppliers, certified diverse businesses thatprovide goods and services directly to Amazon tooperate our businesses• SDI Tier 2 suppliers, certified diverse businesses
that provide goods and services to Amazon’s SDI
Tier 1 suppliers

Community Impact

Amazon believes that the intentional inclusion of diversity in
our supply chain is a powerful catalyst for economic growthin the communities where we operate—helping increase job
creation, wealth distribution, and local development.
Through our SDI strategy, Amazon seeks to make an impactthat is measured through jobs supported, wages earned, andeconomic output generated. By building and strengthening
our SDI processes, technologies, and partnerships, we wereable to increase our U.S. certified Tier 1 diversity spend by
30% to $4.3 billion in 2023. In 2023, Amazon’s SDI programis estimated to have supported over 30,000 U.S. jobs atcertified Tier 1 diverse suppliers, generating approximately$2.8 billion in wages.
Our efforts included expanding how we identify andintroduce underrepresented classifications into our
supply chain, improving validation of underrepresentedclassifications, developing existing suppliers for future
growth, and working with our teams to better understandprocurement categories where opportunities for greater
inclusion exist.
While spending directly with certified Tier 1 diverse suppliers
is at the foundation of Amazon’s SDI program, we arealso focused on expanding this work to underrepresented
companies deeper in our supply chain. We do this byencouraging our Tier 1 suppliers to consider diverse
businesses in their procurement processes, creating a ripple
effect. We refer to this as our Tier 2 SDI spend, an area webelieve can have an exponential influence on thousands ofdiverse businesses around the world. In 2023, more than 200
of our Tier 1 suppliers spent $1.5 billion with certified diverse

businesses. In 2023, we enhanced our Tier 2 reporting
system to enable our suppliers to report their diverse
supplier spend on a quarterly and, for some, monthly basis.

The Positive Effects of Supplier
Diversity in Amazon’s Supply Chain

Supplier Diversity by the Numbers
2023
Number of Diverse Suppliers

500+

Spend on Diverse Suppliers$4.3B

Jobs Supported for Diverse Suppliers

30,000Wages Earned for Diverse Suppliers$2.8B

Number of Countries with SDI Programs

We purchase goods and services directly from small,medium, and large global companies to support ourbusiness entities. We define these companies as Tier 1.

$

8

Certified Tier 1 Diverse Suppliers

Expanding SDI Globally
As a global company, we are able to drive economic
empowerment for more businesses around the world. While
Amazon's SDI initiative began in the U.S., we are focused on
expanding these efforts internationally, integrating morecertified diverse suppliers into our global supply chain. We
are committed to an inclusive global supply chain and insist
on the highest bar of equivalent certification standards andprocesses, as utilized in the U.S.
In 2023, Amazon expanded our SDI strategy outside the U.S.
for the first time, launching in seven new countries: Australia,
Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, India, South Africa, and the UK.
This work represents a meaningful step in our journey to

Our SDI program is dedicated to the inclusion ofbusinesses owned by an individual or group that is amember of a traditionally underrepresented orunderutilized group. Spending with certified Tier 1
diverse suppliers spurs economic growth andsupports jobs in our suppliers’ communities.

$

Certified Tier 2 Diverse Suppliers
We encourage our Tier 1 suppliers to also consider
purchasing goods and services from certified diverse
companies. This creates a ripple effect of investment
deeper in our supply chain.

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Sustainable Products and Materials

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
Supplier Diversity

Community Impact

serve more communities globally. Outside the U.S., we spentover $74 million with more than 100 certified Tier 1 global
diverse suppliers in 2023.

Partnering with Diversity
Advocacy Organizations

To support Amazon’s global expansion, we participated in
SDI events in Australia, Canada, the UK, and the Netherlands,
including conferences hosted by Supply Nation (Australia),
the Canadian Aboriginal and Minority Supplier Council, andMinority Supplier Development UK. We also participated in
the European Supplier Diversity Program (ESDP)’s inauguralprocurement conference in the Netherlands. We arecommitted to supporting ESDP as they work to empower
ethnic minority- and immigrant-owned businesses acrossEuropean markets.

Amazon’s commitment to supporting SDI is stronger thanever. In 2023, we were inducted into the Billion Dollar
Roundtable (BDR), a group of corporations dedicatedto spending $1 billion each annually with certified U.S.
Tier 1 diverse suppliers. As a BDR member, an Amazon
representative serves on the Governance, Global Strategy,
and Annual Summit committees, providing a platform toshare and learn new ideas and approaches to SDI.

Awards and Recognitions

In 2023, Amazon earned the following
recognitions for our SDI efforts:

Diversity advocacy organizations play a crucial role in our
SDI strategy. In 2023, we sponsored events and programs
to develop diverse suppliers as well as participated in panel
discussions and fireside chats to share information about SDI
at Amazon. Being recognized as a diverse supplier by Amazon
requires valid certification. That is why we annually confirm
that each of our diverse suppliers has been certified by oneof the following agencies:• Department of Transportation Disadvantaged BusinessEnterprise (DBE) Program• 2023 Class IV Corporation of the Year
Finalist: NMSDC• Disability:IN• Corporation of the Year Nomination: NMSDCNew York/New Jersey Minority Supplier
Development Council• Women’s Business Enterprise National Council (WBENC)
or a regional affiliate

Looking Forward• Women-Owned Small Business (WOSB) Federal Contract
ProgramAmazon’s supplier diversity program is guided by ourcommitment to scale and engage with certified diverseowned or small businesses and drive economic value in ourcommunities. In 2024, Amazon will focus on three priorities
across our SDI work: We will strengthen our SDI strategy
across the U.S. and the seven additional countries where
we’ve implemented it, while continuing to expand to new
countries around the world, such as Chile and Mexico. We
will advance SDI technology, such as improving our tracking
mechanisms for Tier 1 and Tier 2 spend, to create value
and efficiency. And we will invest in supplier onboarding,development, and sourcing strategies with the support andpartnership of global diversity advocacy organizations.

We will continue to actively engage in strategic partnerships
to support SDI initiatives globally.
Additionally, an Amazon representative was elected to the
NMSDC Board of Directors and appointed to NMSDC’s Global
Committee. Amazon is also proud to maintain our seat on
the WBENC Board of Directors.

Countries withSDI Initiatives

First Country with an
SDI Initiative

Countries That Launched
SDI Initiatives in 2023

• Canadian Aboriginal and Minority Supplier Council(CAMSC)• E-Mega Award: NMSDC Dallas-Fort WorthMinority Supplier Development Council• Buying Entity of the Year Nomination:
NMSDC Dallas-Fort Worth Minority Supplier
Development Council

India

Australia

CanadaUK• Minority Supplier Development UK (MSDUK)• National LGBT Chamber of Commerce (NGLCC)• National Minority Supplier Development Council(NMSDC) or a regional affiliate

U.S.

• National Veteran Business Development Council(NVBDC)• Outstanding Corporation Award
Nomination: WBENC New York• Small Business Administration (SBA) HUBZone or 8(a)Business Development Program

Costa Rica

• Leading Global Corporation for Diverse
Business Practices Award: The Maryland
Washington Minority Companies Association• South African Supplier Diversity Council (SASDC)

Brazil• Supply Nation (Australia)• WEConnect International

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Appendix

Sustainable Products and Materials

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
Supplier Diversity

Community Impact

Community
ImpactGoal
Distribute up to $60 million in AWS cloud computing
credits to support organizations promoting healthequity globally by the end of 2024

76K

$32M+

Goal
Invest $2 billion to create and preserve more than
20,000 affordable homes through 2025

In cloud computing credits has been distributed
to 229 global organizations since 2021 topromote equal access to health resources,
with $16.8 million in cloud computing credits
distributed to 125 organizations in 2023

$1.8B

Invested at the end of 2023, up from $1.6 billion
at the end of 2022

$32M+
$60M

$1.8B
$2B

Companies have an important opportunity
to create meaningful, tangible change in thecommunities where they operate. Locally driven
programs for communities benefit both residents
and businesses, spurring innovation and economic
growth. Amazon has a presence in thousandsof communities around the world, and with thisbroad scale comes broad responsibility. We strive
to leverage our size, reach, and ability to innovate
quickly to strengthen the communities where our
employees live and work. An important part ofthis is collaboration, which is why we work side
by side with local partners to find solutions to
our communities’ most pressing challenges andbuild long-term, innovative programs that have alasting, positive influence.

Nearly16K

Goal
Help 29 million people globally grow their technicalskills by providing free cloud computing training by 2025

Affordable homes created or preserved
~16K
20K+

Nearly35K
Residents supported through these efforts

Actions

21M

People supported since 2020, up from 13 million
in 2022
21M
29M

Amazon employees from 51 countries participatedin our second Global Month of Volunteering,supporting more than 1,200 nonprofit andcommunity organizations

3.9M

Students across seven countries completed
17.8 million learning hours through Amazon
Future Engineer programs

74K

Students provided access to science, technology,
engineering, and math (STEM) education through
72 AWS Think Big Spaces, physical spaces beyond
standard classrooms that allow for hands-on
exploration

26.6K

Microloans granted for the world’s mostvulnerable entrepreneurs by the Whole Planet
Foundation and donors

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Sustainable Products and Materials

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
Supplier Diversity

Community Impact

Our Approach
Amazon’s culture is built around finding effective solutions
to difficult problems, and we apply this thinking to support
the communities where our employees live and work. We
leverage our people, technology, and logistics networks
to build programs and products that help enable future
generations to thrive in our communities. We focus on
several priority areas across our business and respondto emergent needs where we are uniquely positioned tomake a positive difference. Our work especially emphasizes
historically underrepresented communities, because weenvision a world that embraces diverse perspectives andwhere all individuals have equitable opportunities.
Amazon’s community impact efforts are focused on sevenkey areas:• Supporting economic impact in communities: Amazon
adds economic vibrancy to the communities where we
operate through investments and job creation. Ourinvestments in economies across the globe expand
opportunities for local residents and small businesses
and catalyze local economic activity.
• Creating and preserving affordable housing: All people
should have access to housing they can afford, but many
communities in the U.S. are facing an affordable housing
shortage, with low-income and minority families
disproportionately affected. That is why we created the
Amazon Housing Equity Fund, a $2 billion commitment
to use our scale and reach to support innovative housing
solutions in the communities we call home.
• Addressing food insecurity and basic needs: Amazon
aims to improve access to healthy, affordable food forcustomers in underserved communities across the U.S.
Each year, we donate groceries to local food banks andleverage our logistics network to provide free deliveryof groceries to families in need. Additionally, the Whole
Foods Market Foundation seeks to enhance livelihoods
in its sourcing communities, bring more nutritious
foods into children’s schools and homes, and improve
local food systems and healthy food access. It is also
investing in producer loan and accelerator programs thatempower small-scale, local, and emerging producers togrow their businesses.

• Addressing health equity: We are focused on providing
equitable access to health resources. In 2021, AWS
launched the AWS Health Equity Initiative, a three-year
program with the goal of enhancing health outcomes forunderserved and historically marginalized communities.
We aim to distribute up to $60 million in cloudcomputing credits to support organizations promoting
health equity globally by the end of 2024.
Learn more about our community investments in the
U.S. and how we are supporting communities globally• Empowering students and adults through educationand skills training: We believe in the transformative
power of education, which is why we invest in programs
that help young learners, higher education students,
and adults unlock their full potential. Our goal is tohelp 29 million people globally grow their technical skills
with free cloud computing training by 2025 throughAWS-designed programs. Additionally, with the rapid
growth of artificial intelligence (AI) and the need for an
AI-savvy workforce, Amazon has pledged to provide freeAI skills training to 2 million people globally by 2025.
• Supporting disaster relief and response efforts:
Our global logistics capabilities, combined with AWS
technology, make us uniquely suited to help people
when natural disasters strike. Our disaster relief
and response efforts provide fast, effective aid for
affected communities.
• Funding nature in our communities: We support
the restoration and conservation of natural spaces
in communities across the globe. Through Amazon’s
Right Now Climate Fund, we invest in projects that
aim to mitigate the effects of climate change, add
green space to urban areas, improve biodiversity, andenhance livelihoods.

Through support from the Right Now Climate Fund, CIFAL Málaga-UNITAR and Amazon launched the Green Helmets educational initiative,
designed to teach young people in Spain how to develop and implement sustainability projects.

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2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
Supplier Diversity

Community Impact

Our Progress
Supporting Economic Impact inCommunities

Creating and Preserving
Affordable Housing

To continue serving and innovating for our customers, weinvest heavily in the communities where we operate. These
investments spur new economic activity that, in turn, resultsin expanded opportunities for local residents and small
businesses. Amazon has made significant investments in
the U.S. economy since 2010, which have contributed
more than $880 billion to national gross domestic product(GDP) . We have supported 4.5 million American jobs
through full- and part-time jobs created directly by Amazon,jobs indirectly supported by our investments in areas likeconstruction and logistics, and jobs created by small andmedium-sized businesses selling on Amazon.com. In fact,
Amazon has created more jobs in the past decade than any
other U.S. company. We understand the value of developing
opportunities for community members to climb the
economic ladder and believe in helping them every step of
the way.

In our hometown communities of Washington state’s
Puget Sound region and Arlington, Virginia, we are working
to address the nation’s housing affordability challenges
through low-rate loans, grants, and partnerships with local
governments and nonprofit agencies. Through the Amazon
Housing Equity Fund (HEF), we have committed $2 billion
to create and preserve more than 20,000 affordable homes
in three communities where we have a high concentrationof corporate employees: Washington state’s Puget Soundregion; Washington, D.C., and Arlington, Virginia; andNashville, Tennessee. We partner with organizations to makehousing available for low-to-moderate income households
where it is needed most, including near public transit, in
historically diverse, underserved communities. As of theend of 2023, Amazon has invested $1.8 billion to build andpreserve more than:With approximately 1.5 million full- and part-time global
employees as of the end of 2023, Amazon adds economic
vibrancy in the places where we invest: 47% of the people
we hired for operations roles in 2023 were unemployed
before joining Amazon, and two of every five U.S. jobs thatwe’ve created over the last five years have been in towns
with fewer than 50,000 residents. Since 2010, Amazon has
invested over €150 billion in our EU business and employs
more than 150,000 people in permanent roles across
20 EU member states .
Learn more about Amazon’s global economic impact andtax contributions and our global approach to tax

Learn more about the HEF and our 2023 work to create
affordable housing access in Puget Sound , the National
Capital Region , and other communities across the U.S.

Supporting Real Estate Developers of Color
Addressing the housing crisis requires collective action, andwe are focusing on creating equal access to development
opportunities. We’re assisting more minority-led real estatedevelopers in overcoming entry barriers to the affordable
housing development industry. As of the end of 2023,
developers of color were responsible for 43% of Amazon’s
HEF projects. And through our Housing Equity Accelerator
Fellowship, we supported 38 emerging and diverse realestate developers with in-person instruction on real estate
fundamentals, affordable housing trends, public policy,
and financing practices, as well as access to expert businessadvisors, professional networking opportunities, and capitalfor pre-development expenses.

• 5,300 rental homes in Washington state’s Puget Soundregion, supporting more than 11,600 residents• 8,400 rental homes in Washington, D.C., and Arlington,
Virginia, supporting more than 18,500 residents• 1,300 rental homes in Nashville, Tennessee, supporting
more than 2,900 residents• An additional 800 permanent homes across these three
regions, providing more than 1,700 residents with theopportunity to own a home as part of a pilot of ouraffordable homeownership program
Amazon’s HEF commitment has increased affordable
multifamily housing by 31% in Bellevue, Washington, and by
23% in Arlington.37

Mary’s Place

The Amazon Housing Equity Fund has created more affordable
homes for our neighbors in Washington state’s Puget Sound region.

Mary’s Place is a nonprofit operating inWashington state’s King County that provides
women and families with emergency shelter,
mobile outreach services, and rental assistanceand stability support. Since 2016, Amazon has
distributed over $100 million in cash and inkind donations to Mary’s Place to address family
homelessness in King County. In 2020, Amazon
and Mary’s Place united to open the Mary’s Place
Family Center in The Regrade—a first-of-its-kindpermanent family shelter that operates inside an
Amazon building on our Seattle campus.
In 2023, Amazon donated over $6 million to
Mary’s Place to support its ongoing operations
and provide funding toward a new project inBurien, Washington. This project would replace anexisting shelter and provide more than 200 bedsof emergency family shelter, housing, outreach,and prevention services for families. It would also
include 90 units of permanent, affordable housing
to be developed by Mercy Housing Northwest.

69

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PeopleSustainable Products and Materials

Addressing Food Insecurity andBasic Needs
We strive to bring healthy, affordable food to ourcommunities through our delivery service providers (DSPs),
donations, funding, and partnerships with organizations
helping individuals and families faced with food insecurity.
Our Community Delivery program leverages our networkof last mile fleet DSPs to provide free meal deliveries fromfood banks and other local organizations to households
in need. Through this program, in 2023, we delivered over
10 million meals to underserved families to help alleviate
food insecurity across the U.S.
In partnership with local food banks, we are scaling our foodredistribution efforts to contribute to food security in local
communities. As of the end of 2023, 100% of our grocery
facilities in North America and Europe partner with a local
food bank, over 40 of which are Feeding America affiliates.
As a proud partner of Feeding America, Amazon Fresh also
donated $250,000 to the organization’s efforts to increase
food security in the U.S.
Addressing the basic needs of students from underserved
communities is another critical component of this work. In
2023, Amazon supported the immediate needs of students
from Seattle and Bellevue, Washington, donating $1 million
to the Alliance for Education to support all 104 schools in
the Seattle Public School District and $700,000 to Bellevue
LifeSpring to support all 28 Bellevue School District schools. An
additional $1 million was donated to Communities In Schools–
NOVA to support 62 schools in Arlington and Alexandria City,
Virginia. These nonprofit organizations use the contributions
to help manage their respective Right Now Needs Funds—
programs designed to ensure students have their basic needs
covered, from food to clothes to school supplies.
Learn more about Right Now Needs

Appendix2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
Supplier Diversity

70

Community Impact

Whole Foods Market
The Whole Foods Market foundations (Whole Planet
Foundation, Whole Kids Foundation, and Whole Cities
Foundation) further fulfill the company’s higher purpose tonourish people and the planet by helping to advance healthy
food access, nutrition, and economic opportunities in local
and global communities.

nonprofits engaged with Whole Foods Market team members
in 49 U.S. and Canadian cities. These grants support longterm access to fresh, healthy food and nutrition education.
The Whole Cities Foundation also funded 10 Newark Fresh,
Healthy Food Access grants for community-led nonprofits
working to improve local food systems and healthy
food access in Newark, New Jersey. See the full list of2023 grantees .

Whole Planet

Local Producer Loan Program

One-third of the world’s adult population lacks access tofinancial services they could use to significantly improve theirlives. Whole Planet supports organizations around the worldthat increase access for financially excluded people, often
living near the poverty line, to generate income and meettheir basic needs. In 2023, the foundation developed a new
goal: to empower an additional 300,000 people to generate
income and meet their basic needs in countries where Whole
Foods Market sources products by 2030. The foundation anddonors provided over $7.6 million in grants and over 26,610
microloans across 37 countries toward this goal.

The Local Producer Loan Program lends money to smallscale, local, or emerging Whole Foods Market suppliers acrossthe U.S. and Canada to help them grow their businesses.
It serves to deepen Whole Foods Market’s commitment tolocal suppliers through investment in the people, businesses,

Whole Kids
The Whole Kids Foundation is dedicated to helping children
eat better by delivering education grants, supporting schools
to transform their food options, and inspiring families toimprove children’s nutrition and wellness. In 2023, thefoundation supported more than 1.4 million students and592 teachers at 636 schools. In addition, grants supported
509 edible gardens and 43 salad bars, enabling schools toprovide kids with daily access to fresh fruits and vegetables.
And to help students learn about the vital role pollinatorsplay in our food system and observe bees up close, thefoundation provided 108 beehive grants to schools andnonprofit organizations.
Whole Cities
Whole Cities’ programs aim to advance individual andcommunity health through local partnerships and expanded
access to fresh, healthy food and nutrition education. In
2023, the foundation awarded 64 Community First grants to

Supporting Local Communities throughOur Grocery Storesand economies of communities it serves—while offering awider assortment of local, differentiated products for its
customers. Since Whole Foods Market began the programin 2006, it has provided over 390 loans representing over
$29 million in capital for loan recipients. In 2023, Whole
Foods Market funded 11 loans totaling over $1.2 million.
Local and Emerging Accelerator Program
Whole Foods Market launched the Local and Emerging
Accelerator Program (LEAP) in 2022 to support local andemerging suppliers through mentorship opportunities andtailored educational programming. In 2023, 20 cohort
participants received a 10-week educational curriculum
taught by industry experts, a year-long mentorship witha Whole Foods Market local forager, and the potential
for financial support to promote business growth. Upon
successful completion of the program, participants have theopportunity to become Whole Foods Market suppliers intheir hometowns and potentially beyond.

We have a hyperlocal approach to engage and giveback to the communities where we operate ourgrocery stores that prioritizes causes that address
food insecurity and sustainability. We enable
stores to identify local causes that are importantto their communities, which allows our grocery
teams to drive meaningful benefits within eachstore’s region.
One hyperlocal activation supported in 2023 wasin Fullerton, California, where a store partneredwith their local Boys & Girls Club. Throughvarious Boys & Girls Club initiatives—including
participating in the annual Community Fair,filling backpacks with academic supplies for thestart of the school year, and providing meals for
Thanksgiving dinners—the store gave back to thespecific needs of its community.

In collaboration with the San Francisco-Marin Food Bank, Amazon
Flex drivers help deliver a monthly box of healthy, shelf-stable foodto seniors who are part of their Supplemental Food Program.

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Sustainable Products and Materials

Nourishing Our Neighborhoods Program
Nourishing Our Neighborhoods was created by Whole Foods
Market to expand capacity and capability for communitybased food rescue organizations to move food from where
it is available to where it is needed most. Marking its fourthyear in 2023, Nourishing Our Neighborhoods has donated
44 refrigerated vans to community-based food rescue andredistribution programs that transport food to low-income
communities across the U.S. and Canada.
In 2023, Whole Foods Market launched Nourishing Our
Neighborhoods Mobile Pantry, pop-up farmers-market-style
events at local schools. Each event provides fresh produce
and pantry staples to 700 families. In addition, Stuff the
Van events were introduced for each of the Nourishing Our
Neighborhoods food rescue partners. These events were
held at Whole Foods Market stores, where team members
filled each of the vans with a mix of fresh produce andpantry staples. Through these events, Whole Foods Market
donated over 57,585 pounds of food—enough for nearly
48,000 meals.

Empowering Students andAdults through Education and
Skills Training
Amazon invests in programs to increase youth and adultaccess to science, technology, engineering, and math
(STEM) opportunities. Our aim is to help young learners
and workforce professionals alike develop valuable skills
needed for careers in STEM fields through a broad range ofeducation and training programs.

Young Learner Education
For young learners, Amazon’s programs are designed
to excite curiosity about career opportunities in STEM,
computer science, and beyond.

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
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Community Impact

Through Amazon Future Engineer , we provide childhoodto-career computer science education, focusing on
students from underserved and historically marginalized
communities. The program includes free computer sciencecurricula, teacher training, and interactive virtual field trips
to inspire younger students to pursue careers of the future,
as well as financial support for secondary education and paidinternships at Amazon to gain hands-on experience withmentorship from technology leaders.
In 2023, Amazon Future Engineer reached 3.9 million
students from underrepresented communities globally. We
also announced a $1.5 million donation to the Computer
Science Teachers Association (CSTA) to launch career
exploration programming that will prepare U.S. students for
future workforce demands.
In 2023, AWS provided STEM education to young learners
through the following programs:• AWS Girls’ Tech Day, a learning event for women andgirls that focuses on each STEM area, with activities
designed to educate and inspire. The program’s aim
is to use the cloud to build a network of like-minded
girls and young women across the globe. To celebrate
the five-year anniversary of Girls’ Tech Day in 2023,
AWS expanded the program into a recurring Girls’
Tech Series that includes STEM clubs, a women-in-tech
speaker series, and student competitions. In 2023, AWS
supported nearly 5,700 students through the Girls’
Tech Series.
• AWS Think Big Spaces, educational STEM labs thatserve as a place beyond the typical classroom where
the technology, curriculum, and even furniture promote
hands-on learning. As of the end of 2023, AWS had
72 Think Big Spaces around the world.
• AWS CloudRoom, a global program created to help
students ages 9 to 14 gain a deeper understandingof the cloud and what it makes possible. In 2023,
nearly 1,940 students and 17 schools participated in
AWS CloudRoom.

• AWS GetIT, an educational program and competition
designed to inspire 12- to 14-year-old students,
especially girls and young people from underrepresented
communities, to consider a future in STEM.

Student Programs
AWS launched several new educational and skills training
programs in 2023 to complement its existing cloudcomputing offerings, including the AWS Skills to Jobs Tech
Alliance. Through a coalition of partners, this program aims
to address the skills gap in community college and university
technology curricula and better prepare students for entrylevel technology careers. Launched in June 2023, the Skills
to Jobs Tech Alliance supported 725 educational institutions
that collectively serve more than 73,000 students in the U.S.,
Egypt, and Spain, with plans to expand to more countries.
Other opportunities AWS provides include:• AWS Educate, an on-demand learning platform thatoffers hundreds of hours of free, self-paced training andresources for new-to-cloud learners—including handson labs, generative AI courses, and an exclusive job
board. The program is available to learners as young as
13 in over 200 countries and territories.
• AWS Academy, which provides higher education
institutions with a free, ready-to-teach cloud computing
curriculum that prepares students to pursue industryrecognized certifications and in-demand cloud jobs. In
2023, over 6,800 institutions used the curriculum.
• AWS AI ML Scholarships, a scholarship programproviding underserved or underrepresented highschool and higher education students globally with
opportunities to learn the AI and machine learning(ML) skills needed to prepare for careers in technology.
AWS awarded a total of 2,500 AWS AI ML Scholarships
in 2023.

AWS InCommunities

AWS InCommunities is a community outreachprogram that aims to positively influence thecommunities where AWS builds and operates its
global infrastructure. Four pillars anchor this work:
Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Math
(STEAM) Education; Local Skills Development;
Sustainability; and Hyperlocal Social Impact.
Through its programming, in 2023, AWS
InCommunities drove nearly 6 million positive
community interactions—defined as anengagement with a community member that
results in a benefit for the recipient. One of its
most notable initiatives is the AWS InCommunities
Fund, a microgrant program that supports local
individuals and organizations driving positivechange. AWS launched 10 of these microgrants in
2023, helping renovate schools and rural hospitals
in India, establish community health care facilities
in Indonesia, implement food access programs inAustralia, support sustainability programs such as
textile recycling in the U.S., and more.
Since its launch in 2021, AWS InCommunities
has allocated over $2.1 million in microgrants tobolster hyperlocal projects in communities aroundthe world. In 2023 alone, more than 5,800 AWS
employees volunteered nearly 22,000 hours to
support AWS InCommunities programs across its
four areas of focus.

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Skills Programs for Adults
For adults, Amazon offers a range of free courses forindividuals with technical and non-technical backgrounds
to help them learn new skills and accelerate their careers incloud computing and other cloud-enabled fields, including AI.
We are investing hundreds of millions of dollars to help 29
million people around the world grow their technology skills
with free cloud computing skills training through AWSdesigned programs by 2025. The trainings are designed tomeet a wide variety of schedules, learning preferences, andcareer goals, offering something for everyone. Since 2020,
Amazon and AWS have helped 21 million people globally gain
access to these training opportunities.

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
Supplier Diversity

Community Impact• AWS Skills Centers, in-person learning that offers
no-cost, on-site and virtual cloud computing classes,
physical learning spaces, and networking events. Skills
Centers are located in Seattle, Washington; Arlington,
Virginia; and Cape Town, South Africa.
Learn more about the launch of our first international AWS
Skills Center in South Africa

Amazon AI ReadyIn 2023, Amazon announced AI Ready , a new commitment
to provide free AI skills training to 2 million people globallyby 2025. As part of this initiative, we launched eight new,free AI and generative AI courses; an AWS Generative AI
Scholarship that provides high school and university students
with access to a new generative AI course on Udacity; and a
new collaboration with Code.org designed to help students
learn about generative AI.

Supporting Disaster Relief andResponse Efforts
We mobilize the full breadth of our infrastructure, cloudtechnology, and global logistics network to help communities
affected by natural disasters. Disaster Relief by Amazon
delivers speed in the form of logistics and inventory, while
AWS Disaster Response delivers information through accessto connectivity and data.

AWS supported upskilling initiatives through thefollowing programs:• AWS Cloud Institute, a new, structured, hands-on
training program that helps learners launch their cloud
careers in as little as one year—regardless of theirtechnical background. The first AWS Cloud Institutecohort began classes in January 2024.

Global disaster relief hubs within our fulfillment centers in
the U.S., Europe, Japan, and Australia form the backboneof our strategy. These hubs store ready-to-ship essential
items that are most needed following natural disasters
and other emergencies, including shelter and shelter-repair
materials, hygiene supplies, medical equipment, and basic
household items.

• AWS re/Start, a free-to-learner, cohort-based workforce
development training program that helps unemployedor underemployed individuals with little or no techexperience build the skills needed for entry-level cloud
careers. In 2023, AWS re/Start was delivered to morethan 200 cities in 60 countries. Through this program,
90% of participants have been connected to job
interview opportunities.
• AWS Skill Builder, an online learning center that offers
more than 600 free, on-demand cloud courses in up
to 17 languages. Skill Builder provides subscriptions
with access to game-based learning, labs, scenariobased challenges, and practice exams for selectAWS Certifications.

72

In 2023, Amazon donated more than 2 million items in
response to 44 disaster-related events around the globe.
These included the devastating earthquakes in Turkey and
Syria, where we donated tents, sleeping bags, blankets,heaters, and other much-needed supplies. A group of
Amazon employees from our Istanbul fulfillment center
also traveled to the affected region to help manage a relief
warehouse and support the logistics and delivery of items.
AWS opened its first international AWS Skills Center in Cape Town,
South Africa, continuing on a mission to remove the barriers ofaccess to cloud skills training.

In November 2023, our efforts continued as Amazon
and local charity partners announced the opening of the“Smiling Dreams Community House” in an area of Turkey
that sustained heavy damage from the earthquakes.
The Community House acts as a support center for local
residents affected by the disaster, providing therapy andpsychotherapy sessions for people of all ages, as well as
STEM education for children.
Amazon brings AWS cloud technology to areas hard-hit by
natural disasters to support mapping, establish connectivity,and quickly increase capacity for emergency call centers.
In 2023, AWS responded to 14 disasters and provided 103
affected business customers with $3.5 million worth ofcloud credit donations to facilitate emergency services.
AWS also provided its technology to assist responders in
Hawaii, helping coordinate support and make it possible forcommunity members to contact loved ones following thehistoric wildfires in Maui.
Amazon committed more than $105 million through 2023
to help the people of Ukraine address both immediate andlong-term needs. Since the beginning of the war in Ukraine
in 2022, we have continued to deliver timely and appropriate
relief.

Giving Back through Volunteering Efforts
Amazon encourages and enables our global teams tovolunteer in their communities and support the causes they
are passionate about. In 2023, over 170,000 volunteers from54 countries participated in more than 25,000 events withmore than 5,700 nonprofit and community organizations.
This included over 76,000 Amazon volunteers who joined
our second Global Month of Volunteering. During thisinitiative, team members volunteered for more than 4,500
events supporting over 1,200 nonprofit and community
organizations—cleaning up parks, donating school supplies
and clothing to students, building houses for families
experiencing homelessness, assembling wish boxes for kids,
and delivering meals to local food banks.

Overview
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Sustainable Products and Materials

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
Supplier Diversity

Community Impact

Addressing Health Equity
AWS is harnessing the power of the cloud to advance healthequity globally. Through the AWS Health Equity Initiative(HEI), AWS has pledged to provide up to $60 million incloud computing credits to organizations that are using
cloud computing technology to address health disparities
that impact underserved or underrepresented communities
around the world. AWS has already awarded over $32 million
and supported 229 global organizations to promote equal
access to health resources, up from 90 organizations in 2022.
In December 2023, AWS joined the Health Electrification andTelecommunications Alliance (HETA), Power Africa’s
initiative for health facility electrification and digitalconnectivity in sub-Saharan Africa. Power Africa is part of theUnited States Agency for International Development (USAID)
and harnesses the collective resources of public and private
sectors to expand electricity in sub-Saharan Africa. AWS
has pledged to support efforts across the initiative’s target
countries, contributing cash and AWS promotional credits
to help health facilities keep the lights on for nighttime
services, reliably provide patients with oxygen and otherlifesaving care, refrigerate vaccines and other temperaturesensitive medical commodities, and use the digital toolsthat modern medicine relies on. AWS is also collaboratingwith HETA to develop a cloud-based solution for real-timemonitoring, analytics, predictive maintenance of energy andconnectivity infrastructure.

Looking Forward
As we move forward, Amazon aims to continue supportingthe communities where we operate, focusing on the areas
where we can make the biggest change: education, foodsecurity, disaster response, affordable housing equity, andhealth equity. Our goal is to keep using our infrastructure,technology, and passion for invention—along with theuniquely-Amazon skills and know-how of our global
workforce—to unlock new opportunities for our communities
across the globe.

Funding Nature in Our Communities
We use nature-based solutions to mitigate carbon emissions outside of our value
chain and supplement the carbon reduction efforts we’re driving across our operations.
One critical aspect of this work is our commitment to investing in initiatives that protect
the natural world, improve wildlife habitats, and promote biodiversity.
To bring this to life, we established the Right Now Climate Fund in 2019 with the aim ofsupporting solutions to restore and conserve natural spaces globally. The fund finances
community-focused projects that mitigate the effects of climate change, improvebiodiversity, enhance livelihoods, and add green space to urban areas. In 2023, we
continued to fund nature projects in communities around the world.

Ireland: Amazon donated €2.5 million to The Nature
Trust to help rehabilitate up to 500 hectares of degraded
Atlantic blanket bog and restore it to a functioning
peatland habitat.
United States: Volunteers from Amazon helped restore
Olympia oyster populations in the Puget Sound region of
Washington. In 2022 and 2023, we committed $310,000
to the Puget Sound Restoration Fund to help plant morethan 3 million oyster seeds. In California, Amazon donated$100,000 to The Bay Foundation to restore approximately
2.5 acres of giant kelp forests off the state’s southern coast.
Spain: In partnership with CIFAL Málaga-UNITAR (the United
Nations Institute for Training and Research), we launched theGreen Helmets education initiative, designed to teach young
people how to develop and implement nature conservation
projects. Nearly 3,650 students from 60 schools in Andalusia
completed the training and submitted project ideas that
contribute to the recovery and protection of nature. Ten
projects were selected to be developed in 2024, with each
receiving €10,000 from the Right Now Climate Fund. The
initiative also planted 20,000 trees and distributed morethan 26,000 seed bombs, with drones distributing more than
400,000 seeds to 500 hectares of difficult-to-access areas in the
Sierra Bermeja region that was recently devastated by wildfires.

United Kingdom: We funded the planting of approximately
450,000 trees across the country through the Woodland
Trust’s Emergency Tree Fund. We also contributed fundingfor 22 nature restoration projects through the Mayor of
London’s Rewild London Fund, in partnership with London
Wildlife Trust and Groundwork London. These projects areprotecting water voles, improving habitats for reptiles, andreintroducing beavers to West London for the first time in
400 years. Watch them take their first dip in the wild .
The Netherlands: Amazon granted €1.5 million to a
consortium of partners headed by North Sea Farmers todevelop the world’s first commercial-scale seaweed farm
located between offshore wind turbines. The project will
test methods of seaweed farming while researching thepotential of seaweed to sequester carbon.
Asia-Pacific: We announced $15 million for nature-based
projects in the region, with the first $3 million allocated to
India. Amazon will allocate the remainder of this funding toother key biodiversity and climate adaptation hotspots in
the region.
India: Amazon has committed 83 million INR ($1 million) to
the Centre for Wildlife Studies to support communities andconservation efforts in the Western Ghats. This UNESCOWorld Heritage Site and critical wildlife conservation zone ishome to wild Asian elephants and tigers. Amazon’s funding
will expand the Wild Carbon project, which will enable
2,000 farmers and their households to plant up to 300,000
trees over three years.
Learn more about our large-scale, nature-based carbon
neutralization initiatives

73OverviewEnvironment

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PeopleAppendix2023 Amazon Sustainability Report

PeopleWe aim to be Earth’s best employer and the safest place to work in our
industries—a mindset that inspires us to take a people-first approach andprioritize making our workforce feel valued and supported, while building
a culture of inclusive experiences everywhere.

In This Section
75

Employee Experience81

Health and Safety86

Inclusive Experiences

Dynamo, Amazon’s newest office building in Bellevue, Washington, provides office and collaboration space for employees working acrossvarious teams at Amazon.

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OverviewEnvironment

Employee Experience

Value Chain

Health and Safety

PeopleAppendix2023 Amazon Sustainability Report

Inclusive Experiences

Employee
Experience

Goal
Invest $1.2 billion to provide access to skills training andeducation to over 300,000 U.S. employees by 2025

358K+

U.S. employees have participated in upskilling
programs since we announced our Upskilling
Pledge in 2019
358K+
300K

Passionate, engaged employees are an importantpart of what makes Amazon successful. We
strive to be Earth’s best employer, which is why
investing in the physical, mental, and emotional
well-being of our employees is a top priority. To
achieve this ambition and ensure our workforce
has the tools and support they need to succeed,
we invest in our employees and their futures
through comprehensive benefits, competitivecompensation, prepaid education, and upskilling
opportunities to help them build fulfilling careers.
We listen to and learn from our employees throughcontinuous engagement and communication
channels that aim to improve their day-to-day
experiences at work. We aim to ensure ourbenefits, compensation, and career development
programs are equitable, empowering all employees
to reach their full potential.

175K+

Built for employees, the Spheres provide a tranquil green workspace in the middle of Amazon’s Seattle, Washington, headquarters.

Global employees have participated in Career
Choice since it launched in 2012, up from 110,000
global employees in 2022
Nearly$1B
Actions54
New countries where we partner with Twill
Therapeutics to offer employees self-guided tools
for everyday mental healthIn supplementary retirement benefits provided by
Amazon to over 1 million U.S. employees in 2023

$1.3B
Invested toward pay increases for customer
fulfillment and transportation employees in the
U.S., bringing the average pay for those roles toover $20.50 per hour

Nearly1K
Apprentices from the Amazon TechnicalApprenticeship Program converted to full-timeroles since 201775

OverviewEnvironment

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PeopleAppendix2023 Amazon Sustainability Report

Inclusive Experiences

Our Approach
Amazon works hard to attract and recruit the best employees
and create a valuable experience for them every day. We
do this in part by listening to our employees to understand
how we can design benefits that work for them and theirfamilies and that are optimized for affordability, flexibility,
choice, and personalization. We strive to provide competitiveand equitable compensation that rewards our employees fortheir achievements.

Our Benefits
We offer a range of benefits that
support our employees and eligible
family members, including theirchildren and domestic partners. Thesecomprehensive benefits begin on day
one and include health care insurance
coverage, paid parental leave, ways
to save for the future, our upskilling
programs, and other resources toimprove health and well-being.

Medical,prescription,
dental, and vision
coverage

Expanded mental
health counselingcoverage from three
to five visits per issue
per year

Expanded everyday
self-guided mental
health tools fromseven to 61 countries

Access toconvenient care
options, including
Neighborhood
Health Centers*

Virtual and inperson accessto high-quality
primary andspecialty care
Benefits-related
customer support

Launched
charitable giving
benefit*

Launched emergency savingsand financial assistanceprograms for customer
fulfillment and transportation
employees*

Launched payroll-deductedemergency savings benefit in
the U.S. and Puerto Rico

Foundational Benefi ts

Up to 20 weeks
of paid leave forbirthing parents*

Expanded options forpharmacies able tofill 90-day supplies of
medication*

Expanded access toon-demand live chatwith counselors to five
more countries

Average hourly wage forcustomer fulfillment andtransportation employees
increased from $19 to over
$20.50*

Expanded access to a
virtual care family-building
program to more than 54
countries

Launched free
pediatric mental healthcounseling and coachingfor kids and families in
55 countries

We also want our employees to have the opportunity togrow and thrive with us. As the skills needed for jobs inour sector rapidly evolve, we are preparing our employees
by investing in training and development programs withreal-world applications. We do this by analyzing the labormarket to identify in-demand jobs and providing educationand training—including through career coaching and ourmentoring network—that reflect the skills needed to be
successful in these roles.
In everything we do, we aim to create a culture of mutual
respect and progress, underpinned by candid, constructive
communication. We offer multiple ways to ensure employees’
voices are heard and that they can share concerns andask questions, including our “open door” policy, whereby
employees can reach out to anyone in managementwith suggestions, concerns, or feedback. Input from ouremployees, collected from multiple channels, is used tocontinuously improve our workplace.

New Benefi ts Added in 2023

Family-building
resources andtreatment
coverage

Leave Share, up to
six weeks of paid
parental time off
for partners*

Ramp Back, a
reduced schedule forup to eight weeks
after the birth or
adoption of a child*

Adoption assistanceand reimbursement*Life and accidental
death anddismemberment
insurance*
Most corporate
employees are
given Amazon
shares as part oftheir compensation
package
Non-U.S.
supplementary
retirement benefits

Anytime Pay, afree wage accessprogram*Access to financial
counseling and estateplanning

Annual discounton products soldand shipped by
AmazonSubsidies to offset
costs related tocycling to work

Business travel
insurance
Employee shuttles
at select corporate
sites

Travel and lodging
reimbursement for
select medical issues*

Access to upskilling programs,
including prepaid education
benefits at hundreds ofcolleges, universities, andeducation partners globally$

Mental healthsupport, counseling,
and work/life services

Gender-affirmingcare coverage*

401(k) retirement
plan with company
match*

Added supplementary
retirement benefits in
Kenya and Belgium

FamilyHealth andWell-Being

Financial

Workplace andCommuter
Benefits

Public transportation
subsidies
Commuter benefits
available in 57 countries

Protected bikelanes in our
Seattle corporate
headquarters

Expanded public
transportation benefitsin Germany and France

Dog-friendly
workplaces at selectcorporate sites inNorth America

Approximately 50%
of parking costs
covered by commuter
benefit subsidy* Only available in the U.S.
The benefits and options available to employees are contingent upon the eligibility details of their respectiveroles and the associated domestic and international working arrangements.

76

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Our Progress
Compensation and Financial
SupportAmazon provides competitive compensation to reward
employees for their dedication and hard work. In 2023,
we announced pay increases for U.S. frontline employees,with average pay for those in customer fulfillment andtransportation increasing from $19 to $20.50 per hour—
an investment of $1.3 billion. Our investments have
had a positive influence on local communities acrossthe U.S., helping to grow household incomes and boost
local economies.
Amazon also invested $600 million in international wage
increases in 2023. In the UK, we committed to investing £170
million to increase the minimum starting hourly wage forour frontline operations employees between October 2023
and April 2024. By the end of 2023, we had increased thehourly wage in the UK to £12, representing a 14% increase instarting pay over two years and a 26% increase since 2018.
In Germany, we increased the entry hourly wage for logistics
employees to €14, representing a 17% increase in average
starting pay since 2022 and a 30% increase since 2019.
Hourly wages automatically increase in Germany after 12 and24 months, with full-time employees earning an average of€37,000 per year after two years.
We also introduced a new financial assistance program andan emergency savings program with Brightside in 2023 tofurther support our customer fulfillment and transportation
employees. Brightside is a financial care solution currently
being piloted for hourly employees in select states acrossthe U.S., providing free and confidential solutions to thoseexperiencing financial challenges or looking to improve theirfinancial health. Our Brightside Financial Care pilot program

connects Amazon associates with financial solutions andresources that enhance their control over their personal
finances. Personal coaches offer live support to participants
and use dynamic technology to recommend customizedplans to improve their financial health and maximize thebenefits available to them through Amazon. In 2023, nearly
28,900 associates engaged in this pilot program across
12 states. We plan to expand the program to all U.S. hourly
employees in 2024.
Meanwhile, Brightside’s emergency savings fundprogram enables employees to prepare for life’s unexpected
expenses by building an emergency financial reserve.
Participants can set aside a portion of their paycheckautomatically and access the funds when they are mostneeded. Employees who take advantage of this benefit
increase their financial resiliency and confidence each pay
period as they see their savings account balance grow.
Together, these programs have provided $13.9 million worthof financial resources to employees, helping them contribute$7.4 million to savings accounts that can be used for
unexpected expenses.

Pay Equity
We continue to prioritize pay equity among our employees.
A review of our 2023 compensation, including base pay, cash
bonuses, and stock, found that women in the U.S. earned
99.9 cents and women globally earned 99.8 cents for every
dollar men earned performing the same jobs. The review also
showed that racial/ethnic minorities in the U.S. earned one
dollar for every dollar white employees earned performing
the same jobs.

Robust and Inclusive Benefits
We offer a range of benefits that support our employees
and eligible family members, including their children
and domestic partners. For regular full-time and parttime employees, these benefits begin on the first day of
employment and include health care insurance coverage,
paid parental leave, ways to save for the future, ourupskilling programs, and other resources to improve healthand well-being.
In 2023, Amazon invested nearly $10 billion in total
employee benefits. To meet employees’ needs, no matter
their circumstances, we continued to expand our current
offerings and introduce new ones. For example:• We launched new cross-border health plan options
allowing employees who work in California to accesshealth care in the Baja California region of Mexico.
• In response to employee feedback indicating that they
prefer the certainty of cost under a copay-based healthplan over a more unpredictable coinsurance-based plan,
we converted our two most enrolled coinsurance plans
to copay versions.
• To make obtaining maintenance medication moreconvenient for employees and support regimen
adherence, Amazon increased the number of U.S.
pharmacies where employees can fill 90-day supplies.
Previously, 90-day supplies were restricted to a
designated mail order pharmacy, while other pharmacies
were limited to filling up to 30-day supplies.
• We provided access to mental health counselors
via live chat for employees in Australia, Costa Rica,
India, the United Arab Emirates, and the UK. We also
completed the global rollout of our partnership with

Twill Therapeutics, which provides self-guided tools foreveryday mental health to employees and their families.
• We launched Flexible Benefits in India and Canada,
offering diverse employee cohorts the freedom todesign their benefits packages to cater to their uniqueneeds and those of their families. In India, we designed a
Flexible Benefits program that effectively builds custom
solutions for our diverse, multigenerational workforce.
Recognizing that one size does not fit all, the program
empowers employees to tailor their health and wellness
benefits to align with their individual life stages andcircumstances. In Canada, we introduced a Flexible
Benefits program designed to increase employee choiceby offering a new flexible plan for extended health,vision, and dental coverage in addition to the current
plan, which includes a health care spending account(HSA) contribution to cover out-of-pocket expenses.
• Compassionate care services—our support for
employees and their dependents through difficult life
events—were expanded beyond the U.S. to 60 new
countries. These services include family bereavement
support and free, confidential support to employees
and their dependents who have been diagnosed with acritical or terminal illness.
Amazon solicits ongoing feedback from our workforce andinput from external partners to help ensure our health andwellness benefits meet the evolving needs of all employees.
For example, in 2023, we generally aligned our U.S. genderaffirming coverage with recommendations from the World
Professional Association for Transgender Health.

Global Employee Assistance Program
Alongside robust medical care, Amazon offers inclusive
mental health support, including through our Employee

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Inclusive Experiences

Assistance Program (EAP). The EAP—available throughour partnership with Resources for Living in the U.S., Telus
Health in Canada, Laya Healthcare in Ireland, and Workplace
Options in all other countries—is a global benefit for
employee health and wellness for mental health questions
or concerns. It is designed to be an essential resource for
employees and their families seeking day-to-day guidance or
support.
From day one of their employment, employees have access to
the EAP. It is available 24/7 in most major world languages,
100% confidential, and free of charge, with easily accessible
services including:• Counseling delivered by qualified mental healthprofessionals, either in-the-moment—when it isneeded most—or through bookable, short-term,solutions-focused counseling designed to help with aparticular issue• Dedicated pediatric program, delivering mental
health support for children from 18 months old andtheir caregivers• Financial and legal wellness consultations• Personalized mindfulness, life, and wellness
coaching program• Validated referrals for external work/life services• Manager consultation services, including criticalincident support• Range of self-serve assessment tools and access to a
topical webinar and information library via a customized
website or app• Access to behavioral health care, including five visits per
issue per year (expanded from three visits in 2022)
In 2023, Amazon’s Workplace Options EAP was offered in
59 countries, including four new ones: Estonia, Hungary,
India, and Kenya. Globally, our EAP was available to nearly
1.6 million employees in 62 countries.

Supporting the Health of Amazon Employees
and Their Families
Navigating health care for family planning and fertility
can be challenging, which is why Amazon proudly
provides our U.S. employees—regardless of their gender,
sexual orientation, or relationship status—with familybuilding benefits. This benefit offers support with invitro fertilization (IVF), egg freezing, genetic testing, andmore, and it supported nearly 30,400 full-time and hourly
Amazon employees in 2023. Through this offering, our
U.S. employees also receive access to approximately 1,070
fertility specialists. In 2023, Amazon received the National
Infertility Association’s Award for Access, which recognizes
companies whose work helps increase access to familybuilding options for people living with infertility.
When our employees are facing challenging times in termsof their health, we strive to be there to support them. In
2023, we signed the Working with Cancer Pledge tosignify our continued commitment to providing a supportive
workplace culture for employees with cancer. This pledge
signals Amazon’s dedication to providing leading health carebenefits and fostering compassion among managers andleaders across the company.
Learn more about how we support our employees and theirfamilies during cancer diagnosis, treatment, and recovery

Flexible Scheduling
Operations employees have provided us feedback that theywant more flexibility in when and how they work. That’s
why we offer various shift and schedule options, including
permanent full- or part-time positions and seasonal work.
Options for morning, day, night, and weekend shifts areprovided, so employees can work during the times that best
fit their circumstances.
Not everyone has the same routine week to week. In
addition to providing fixed schedules, we offer flexible

options that let employees choose when and how
much to work. Amazon’s Flexible Scheduling program lets
eligible employees choose their shift schedules using anapp, letting them plan their workweeks in a way that suits
them. In 2023, over 116,200 hourly fulfillment employees
used Flexible Scheduling (a 16% increase from 2022),
including nearly 28,400 internal fixed-schedule associates
who transferred into the program.

Workforce Changes
In January 2023, Amazon announced the difficult decision
to eliminate 18,000 roles, with an additional 9,000 roles
eliminated in April 2023. Several of our businesses wereaffected by these decisions. We did not make these decisions
lightly and were committed to providing support to ease
the transition out of Amazon. Employees whose roles were
eliminated received a separation payment, external job
placement support, and region-specific transitional healthinsurance benefits, where applicable.

Employee Engagement in
Sustainability
In 2023, Amazon launched the Sustainable Amazonian (SAM)
program to engage our corporate employees worldwide in
adopting more sustainable practices, both in their day-to-day
jobs and outside of work. Approximately 7,540 employees
signed the SAM Pledge, which included making acommitment to leave things better than they found themand completing a sustainability training.
Through Amazon’s Sustainability Ambassador
program, operational employees across our businesssupport sustainability projects—both on-site at Amazon
campuses and in their communities—as well as employee
engagement reporting and educational events to inspire
fellow employees and share best practices across teams,
business units, and locations. Nearly 9,300 employees

participated in our Sustainability Ambassador programin 2023, spanning 24 chapters throughout 1,345 of ourbuildings in our corporate, data center, and fulfillment
networks. Examples of 2023 employee-led projects include:• Sustainability Ambassadors established a waste
diversion program for our EU Logistics organization that
reduced waste by 1.4 grams per dispatched shipment,
for a total of 6 tons of waste avoided. The team’s waste
avoidance projects helped us divert 88% of waste fromlandfills in 2023.
• AWS Sustainability Ambassadors continued theirimplementation of the LED Everywhere Project, an
initiative started in 2021 that aims to replace fluorescentor less energy-efficient lighting with LED alternatives
in all AWS data centers. In 2023, 10,500 light bulbs
were replaced with LEDs, resulting in an energy use
reduction of over 3,100 megawatt-hours (MWh) annuallycompared to the old bulbs.
• In the U.S., Sustainability Ambassadors partnered with
the Indigenous at Amazon global affinity group andAmazon in the Community to host an in-person panel
discussion with internationally recognized Indigenous
leaders at our Seattle headquarters. Their discussion
linked Indigenous wisdom, knowledge, and learnings to
global sustainability efforts, with a focus on protecting
our water resources.
The education of our employees is an important pieceof our work to drive a culture that prioritizes
sustainability across Amazon. In 2023, nearly
51,300 employees engaged in sustainability education,
and approximately 31,680 voluntarily completed internalsustainability training modules.

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Upskilling Our Employees
We are empowering our employees to build the skills they need to remain competitive, grow their careers, and move into higher-paying
roles. In the process, we’re building a strong pipeline of talent to fill current and future in-demand jobs, both at Amazon and beyond.
Central to our upskilling efforts is our pledge to invest $1.2 billion to provide prepaid education and technical skills training to over
300,000 of our U.S. employees by 2025. We achieved this goal by the end of 2023—with approximately 358,180 U.S. employees
participating in our upskilling programs. Career Choice, our longest-standing program, has provided job training to more than 175,000
employees worldwide since it launched in 2012, a 62% increase from 110,000 in 2022. In 2023, Surge2IT, a program to help entry-level
IT employees across Amazon’s operations pursue careers in higher-paying technical roles, merged into Career Choice.
2023 Upskilling Programs
Amazon Technical
AcademyAmazon Technical Academy is a virtual, full-time, tuition-free training program designed to prepare
employees—many of whom previously worked in non-technical roles—with the skills needed to become
Amazon Software Development Engineers. In 2024, this program will integrate with other Amazon
upskilling programs to provide greater accessibility to Amazon employees.

Amazon TechnicalApprenticeship
Program

The Amazon Technical Apprenticeship Program helps employees transition into technology careers byoffering them paid opportunities to learn new skills and get on-the-job training. Since the program began
in 2017, we have hired nearly 1,590 apprentices; nearly 1,000 have converted to full-time employment.

AWS Grow Our
Own TalentAWS Grow Our Own Talent helps individuals with nontraditional experience and backgrounds develop
skills needed for AWS data center roles through on-the-job training and placement opportunities. In 2023,
we launched this program in new countries across Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia-Pacific.

AWS Intelligence
Initiative

The AWS Intelligence Initiative is a 12- to 14-month rotational onboarding and technical upskilling programfor engineers supporting Amazon Dedicated Cloud (ADC) regions. In 2023, there were 115 program
participants in the U.S. and 193 outside the U.S., with 60 promoted to ADC engineers after completing the
program. In the UK, 63% of our ADC workforce are graduates of this program.

AWS Tech U

AWS Tech U is an accelerated workforce development program that empowers people to establish andhone the technical and professional skills needed to thrive at AWS. This program provides training for
Amazon employees who want to pursue cloud-based technical careers and involves working on productsthat reflect real-world AWS solutions and interacting with customers. In 2023, approximately 1,670
employees enrolled as Tech U learners.

Career Choice

Career Choice offers prepaid tuition for associate and bachelor’s degrees, industry certifications inindustries such as tech and transportation, English language learning, high school completion and
GED programs, and career coaching. Receiving support from a global network of over 621 educational
partners, annual participation in Career Choice has grown from 50,000 in 2021 to over 90,300 globally in
2023. Over 62% of Career Choice participants identify as Black, Indigenous, or a Person of Color.
In 2023, Career Choice expanded its language learning program to 13 more countries in addition to the
U.S. Since we launched this offering in 2021, approximately 17,550 participants have completed English or
local language proficiency classes.

Machine Learning
University (MLU)

MLU trains Amazon employees in the theory and practical application of machine learning and artificial
intelligence (AI) through hands-on education. In 2023, MLU expanded its course portfolio, offering 11 newcourses, seven of which specifically focus on generative AI. In 2023, we delivered training through MLU toemployees in over 100 different roles across 58 countries.

Sustainability
Certification

Sustainability Certification is a Career Choice initiative to upskill and retain our customer fulfillment andtransportation employees through an education in sustainability. Through this initiative, participants
enroll in a two-year program to pursue a Sustainability Certificate from UCLA Extension. In 2023, wepiloted expanding this program in the UK, so that interested operations associates could pursue a UK
National Diploma in Environmental Management.

User Experienceand Design
Apprenticeship

The User Experience and Design Apprenticeship is a year-long program that helps employees build skills
in research, information architecture, visual and interaction design, and validation techniques. Since
the program’s launch in 2021, over 90% of graduates still work at Amazon. Participants get experience
working on projects that directly affect the customer experience, such as finding ways for customers to
discover new Alexa features or search for Amazon Prime Video content across devices.

Learn more about our community upskilling efforts

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Employee Communication
Channels
Many of our best ideas come from Amazon employees.
We value their feedback—both positive sentiments andconstructive comments that can help us improve theemployee and customer experiences.
Amazon uses various communication channels to maintainawareness of and responsiveness to changing dynamics,
questions, concerns, and ideas across our large global
workforce. This includes direct daily engagement, such as allhands meetings with general managers, stand-up meetings
with direct supervisors, and other one-on-one meetings.
Employees can also voice concerns, anonymously reportpotential violations of Amazon’s Code of Business Conduct
and Ethics, and ask questions about potentially unethicalconduct through Amazon’s Ethics Line. If needed, employees
can access several other escalation mechanisms, including
executive escalation and communication with their managers
or human resources business partners. We actively encourage
our employees to report any issues or concerns without fearof reprisal, intimidation, or harassment.

MyVoice
MyVoice, Amazon’s primary Voice of Associate platform,
provides a two-way communication channel between our
global associates and their site leadership. This online tool
allows employees to express concerns, offer suggestions, andask questions to leadership teams who will reply directly,
enabling quicker, more collaborative issue remediation.
Globally, employees provided over 600,000 comments
through MyVoice in 2023.
We also completed a foundational re-architecture of the
MyVoice tool and integrated it within our A to Z employee
app, creating a mobile experience for employees that is
simpler, is more user-friendly, and increases discoverability.
Our enhancements to MyVoice also simplify the experience
for leaders, centralizing feedback and associated follow-up

actions and making it easier for leaders to review comments
and track actions.
Using the MyVoice mechanism, we continuously improve ourpolicies and practices based on workers’ suggestions. For
example, direct suggestions relating to time-tracking led
to policy improvements that better served associate needs,
provided increased flexibility, and allowed for better work/
life balance.
At one fulfillment center in California, we received
MyVoice feedback regarding difficulty in commuting to
the location. Taking this feedback into account, Amazon
partnered with city and local officials to provide a betterbus route and stop that would help alleviate the issue.
Meanwhile, in India, leaders analyzed feedback fromassociates related to leave management, resulting in the
launch of a new, automatic, end-to-end leave management
system, improved standardization, and, as a result, a better
associate experience.

Connections
Connections is Amazon’s real-time, companywide feedback
mechanism designed to facilitate listening to and learningfrom employees at scale. Each day, employees can choose
to respond to Connections questions—delivered in
29 languages—via their computers, workstation devices,or hand scanners. Connections improves the employee
experience by identifying obstacles to meaningful work,
surfacing issues before they become acute problems,and highlighting strengths so they don’t become
missed opportunities.
Across Amazon, our employees generate more than
1.6 million Connections responses across 60 countries
each day. Connections analyzes and aggregates individual
response data, sharing it with managers at the teamlevel to maintain confidentiality. Managers can then takerelevant actions for improvement at the earliest opportunity
to build trust with their teams. For example, as a resultof Connections feedback that both career growth andperceptions of growth were important drivers of employee

satisfaction, Amazon introduced a new program allowing
employees and their managers to work together to drive
career growth more effectively.

Associate Roundtables, Forums, and Safety
Committees
Associate Roundtables provide employees and managers
with a meaningful opportunity to discuss issues, ask
questions, and get immediate feedback in person. Amazon
hosts these meetings around the globe, with their exact
cadence varying by business line and site.
Associate Forums create opportunities for employees
to connect with site leaders on decisions that affectthe site or employee experience. In 2023, we held
146 Associate Forums.
Associate Safety Committees allow employees at various
sites globally to offer input on relevant safety matters. In
2023, 185,000 employees participated in over 25,000 Safety
Committee meetings, collectively developing 13,000 actions
to increase on-site safety.

Appeals
Amazon maintains a defined appeals process for our
employees. Across the U.S. and Canada, eligible employees
can use an online, paperless appeals service to challenge
certain disciplinary actions. The applicable manager reviews
the claim to verify policies have been correctly applied.
Where this is not the case, appropriate remediation can thenbe taken.
Learn more about our approach to ethical business in our
Sustainability Reporting Framework Summary

Freedom of Association
We respect freedom of association and our employees’right to form, join, or not join labor unions or other lawfulorganizations of their choosing without fear of reprisal,

intimidation, or harassment. These rights should be exercisedin an informed and thoughtful manner.
Globally, Amazon applies or is party to dozens of collective
bargaining agreements at national, regional, sectoral,
and enterprise levels. In 2022, we established a European
Works Council, holding our first meeting in April 2023.
The European Works Council is composed of workers andemployer representatives and meets regularly to discusstransnational company issues.
Learn more about our respect for freedom of association in
our Human Rights Commitment

Looking Forward
Amazon is always exploring new ways to enhance theemployee experience. We will continue focusing on upward
mobility by offering technical and skills training for careeradvancement and encouraging participation in our Career
Choice program, which provides employees the opportunity
to get prepaid college, GED, or English as a second language(ESL) tuition. Finally, as we strive to be Earth’s best employer,
we’ll seek to further integrate flexibility into how and when
our employees work and will continue to offer competitivecompensation, financial support, and benefits. We’re eager tokeep improving our employee engagement efforts and build
even more robust feedback mechanisms to ensure that our
global workforce feels valued, heard, and appreciated.

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Health and
SafetyActions30%
Improvement in global operations Recordable
Incident Rate (RIR) over the past four years and
8% improvement from 2022. RIR includes any
work-related injury that requires more than basic
first aid treatment38, 39

Amazon’s people are the heart and soul of ouroperations and the reason that safety is integral
to everything we do. We strive to be the safest
place to work in the industries in which we
operate, and we’re committed to making sure our
employees’ health and well-being are prioritized.
We are continuously working to enhance oursafety processes, leveraging technology to reducerisk, investing in areas where we must improve,
partnering with others, and listening to ouremployees. The meaningful progress we’ve madeso far would not be possible without the combined
efforts of our more than 9,000 dedicated safety
professionals and every one of our employees
around the world.

200K+
Employee safety observations successfully
actioned to make our sites safer

Nearly60%

Site inspections conducted globally, a 152%
increase from the 2.5 million conducted in 2020

Improvement in global operations Lost Time
Incident Rate (LTIR) over the past four years and
16% improvement from 2022. LTIR includes any
work-related injury that requires someone to taketime away from work (the most serious injuries)

6.3M

At the Amazon European Operations Innovation Lab, employees test and develop future technologies to help enhance safety at our facilities in Europe.

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Our Approach

Our Progress

Our Leadership Principle “Strive to Be Earth’s Best Employer”
challenges us to create a safer, more productive, higherperforming, more diverse, and more just work environment.
It reinforces that nothing is more important than the safety
and well-being of our teams.

In 2023, we continued to invest in capital improvements, newsafety technology, vehicle safety controls, and engineered
ergonomic solutions. All of these actions aim to reduce risks
and hazards for our employees, partners, and communities.

We aim to be the safest workplace in the industries inwhich we operate. To drive continuous improvement, wemeasure progress against both lagging indicators, such as
incident rates, and leading indicators, such as employee
sentiment. We have safety audits, inspections, andfeedback mechanisms in place at every Amazon facility.
Together, these steps provide us with a full picture of ourworkplace safety.
A risk management approach guides our prioritization anddecision-making. It includes:• Engaging employees to continuously improve safety in
our operations.
• Assessing safety processes and adherence to standards
through audits and inspections.
• Measuring safety performance to assess program
effectiveness and identify and remove hazards.
• Working with our operations partners to enhance safety
across our network.
• Making targeted investments to enhance oursafety performance.
A management system aligned with International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) 45001:2018—a
voluntary international standard for health and safety
management—helps guide our efforts in these areas.

Supporting Our Operations andWorkforce Safety
Creating a culture where every employee feels engaged
and empowered is essential to providing and maintaining asafe environment. We have established a series of feedback
mechanisms to ensure we listen to our people on the front
lines and incorporate their feedback on ways to improvesafety across our operations.

Safety Leadership Index

Continuous Learning

Another tool that we use to measure and improve safety is
the Safety Leadership Index (SLI). SLI helps us get ahead ofsafety risks by receiving information from our employees
through a monthly rotation of questions that pop up on
employees’ scanners and computers when they log in forwork. Feedback is anonymous, confidential, and crucial todriving continuous improvement.

After orientation, training continues with routine reminders
delivered through daily stand-up meetings, notificationsin the A to Z employee app, messages on TV screens inour buildings, alerts when logging on to a workstation,e-learning modules, and wall posters in restrooms, breakrooms, and other common areas. We also coach small groupsof employees on body mechanics, proactive wellness, andsafety through our Huddles program. Managers cover arotating set of topics that includes proper body movement,
conditioning, and best practices for gripping, handling
objects, lifting, carrying, and bending. Employees also receive
other training based on their job duties, including training
modules specific to dock safety, powered industrial trucks,
and first aid.

Training Our Employees
Training is foundational to safety excellence. We areconstantly updating and enhancing our suite of trainings to

Safety Observations

ensure they are effective and helpful for employees.

One method we use to take employee feedback and turnit into measurable action is Dragonfly. This tool—available
on employees’ devices and at kiosks on-site—empowers
employees to find and fix unsafe conditions or behaviors,
escalate safety concerns, and suggest safety improvements
during the course of their work. Dragonfly informs sitemanagers so they can take appropriate action. In 2023, we
successfully actioned over 200,000 Dragonfly observations
to help make our sites safer.

Onboarding

Safety Committees
Throughout 2023, more than 185,000 employees
participated in over 25,000 safety meetings whose purpose
was to gather feedback, describe new safety initiatives, andlisten to employee needs. These meetings resulted in morethan 13,000 follow-up actions, including simple items likereadjusting site mirrors to better align with walking paths
and sharing reminders on how to safely move pallets.

All applicable new employees receive safety training on theirfirst day of employment. In 2023, all of our newly hired
operations employees took our safety onboarding training.
This covers ownership of safety, incident reporting andinvestigation, stop work authority, awareness for all safety
procedures, and an introduction to the safety management
system. We also review emergency response preparedness
training, which includes a site tour and a review of specificshelter-in-place and incident response procedures. To makesure that we are listening to employees’ feedback fromtheir first day on the job, we ask whether their training has
prepared them to perform their jobs safely. Nearly 89% of
those who responded to the survey told us that the training
prepared them to do their jobs safely.

Annual Training
Every employee and manager participates in annual safety
training, which reinforces concepts such as emergency
preparedness and response, hazards and controls of thespecific jobs they are doing, safety coaching, identifying
and reporting unsafe conditions and behaviors, and safety
engagement. This goes beyond merely teaching someone theskills they need to complete a specific task. We incorporate
real-world scenarios, with practical opportunities to practicewhat they have learned.

Mixed Reality Training
Beyond routine training, we invest in new technologies tocontinuously build safety skills and competencies. We arepiloting promising mixed reality training for some higherrisk jobs to simulate real-world scenarios in a controlled, safe
environment. For example, we are testing a semi-immersiveOverviewEnvironment

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Inclusive Experiences

training for our new forklift operators. Using 3D headsets tosimulate their jobs, operators learn how to pick orders in asafe and efficient way before starting their roles.

Our Partners
Our delivery network is powered by thousands of small
businesses and hundreds of thousands of drivers wholeverage Amazon’s technology to improve on-road safety
every day. While our partners each provide robust programsfor their drivers, we offer additional safety resources andtraining for any delivery partner who wants to participate.
For example, to help drivers practice how to navigate safely
in a variety of weather conditions, we created a commercial
driver simulator program that includes advanced simulationsof potential ice, snow, heavy rain, wind, mechanicalchallenges, and tire failures.

Examining Injuries at Amazon
Facilities
In addition to looking at overall injury rates, we believe it isimportant to examine the types and frequency of injuries
to help us prevent incidents from occurring in the firstplace. That is why we rigorously audit and inspect our sites
to make sure our resources and protocols are helping us
effectively identify, eliminate, or reduce safety hazards. In
2023, we conducted almost 6.3 million inspections within
our operations facilities globally, a 152% increase fromthe 2.5 million conducted in 2020. We audited 240 sites
across Amazon.
These inspections and audits help us determine how toaddress the various types of injury. One of the most common
types of injury at any warehousing or transportationcompany is a musculoskeletal disorder (MSD), morecommonly known as a strain or sprain. Over the past four
years, the rate of recordable MSD injuries at Amazon has

improved by 27%, but they still make up about 57% of
all recordable injuries at Amazon. The remaining 43% of
our recordable injuries were due to slips, trips, and falls, oroccasional objects that came loose and fell.
To continue reducing MSD injuries, we have devoted
considerable effort and resources to improve ergonomic
conditions. In 2023, we invested in technology andworkspace modifications that specifically target MSD risk
reduction. For example, we:• Introduced sophisticated computer algorithms in ourfulfillment centers that direct employees to pick andstow products in ergonomic power zones—the area
between the shoulder and mid-thigh. As a result, there
was an average 5% improvement in the cumulative
forces acting on the lower back and an average
7% improvement on shoulder movements.
• Implemented adjustable-height workstations at selectfulfillment centers.
• Deployed ergonomically redesigned packing stations atselect fulfillment centers.
• Introduced self-adjusting carts that enable employees tohandle totes (plastic bins used to move products) in an
ergonomically friendly way.
• Implemented job rotations, where employees aretrained in new roles and can rotate among jobs thatuse different muscle-tendon groups, in some facilities.
By doing this, we help decrease repetitive motion andprevent muscle fatigue.

Evaluating Our Safety
Performance
Our global operations network more than doubled in size
between 2019 and 2023 to more than 1.1 million employees
across thousands of sites.

While we still have work to do, we have made significant
progress on safety since 2019. From the beginning of2019 to the end of 2023, our global Recordable Incident
Rate (RIR) improved by 30% and our Lost Time Incident
Rate (LTIR) improved by 60%. These safety improvements
came in the face of particularly tumultuous world events,
including a pandemic that disrupted operations for almost
every employer. Amazon’s safety performance continues toimprove year over year—from 2022 to 2023, we improved
our RIR by 8% and our LTIR by 16%. We are pleased with ourprogress but know we can do more. Each incident that occurs
represents a person, and even one incident is too many.

In the Courier and Express Delivery Services industry, our RIR
improved by 41% over the past four years. Amazon’s 2023
rate is 6.3, which is better than the latest BLS average of
11.5 for employers our size (250–999 employees).41 Our LTIR
improved by 66% over the past four years. Amazon’s 2023
rate is 2.4, which is better than the latest BLS average of
4.7 for employers our size.

Learn more about how Amazon’s safety performancecontinues to improve year over year

Safety in the United States
In the U.S., we report our operations data to the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration under
two distinct industries: General Warehousing and Storage,
and Courier and Express Delivery Services. The Bureau ofLabor Statistics (BLS) determines industry averages foreach industry based on the employers’ size and categorizes
them accordingly. BLS publishes averages each November,meaning the 2022 averages published in November 2023 are
the most recent.
Similar to our global operations, we have made meaningful,measurable safety progress in the U.S. over the past four
years. In the General Warehousing and Storage industry, our
RIR improved by 24% over the past four years. Amazon’s
2023 rate is 6.5, which is better than the latest BLS averageof 6.8 for employers our size (>1,000 employees).40 Our LTIR
improved by 77% over the past four years. Amazon’s 2023
rate is 1.1, which is better than the latest BLS average of
2.6 for employers our size.

Employees work together to load packages.

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Investing in Safety Improvements
Comparative Safety Data
Worldwide RIR:
30% improvement from 2019 to 2023

Worldwide LTIR:
60% improvement from 2019 to 2023

U.S. RIR:
28% improvement from 2019 to 2023

Our progress is the result of investments of more than
$1 billion in safety initiatives, technologies, and programs
since 2019. We have also continued to invest in robotics that
help make our operations safer by reducing employees’
workloads. One example is Proteus, our first autonomous
mobile robot, which helps move heavy objects and carts.
Another is Cardinal, a robotic arm that can quickly select asingle package, read its label, and sort it. Both innovations
help reduce repetitive tasks that can cause injuries suchas MSDs and create a safer, more comfortable work
environment for our employees year-round. We also planfor factors that can impact our employees’ safety such as
extreme weather. Our policies and procedures for addressing
extreme heat and cold are robust and often exceed industry
standards and guidelines.

U.S. LTIR:
75% improvement from 2019 to 2023

8.7
7.6
6.7

6.7

6.5

6.3

5.7
5.1

5.1

5.1

4.7
4.0
2.3

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

U.S. RIR Comparison Data for
General Warehousing and Storage

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

U.S. RIR Comparison Data for
Courier and Express Delivery Services

2019

2020

2.2
2021

2.6
1.9
2022

2.3

1.6
2023

U.S. LTIR Comparison Data for
General Warehousing and Storage

1.3

1.6
2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

U.S. LTIR Comparison Data for
Courier and Express Delivery Services

11.5

6.8

6.9

7.0

6.5

6.3
4.7
3.6
2.6

1.1

1.1

2.4

2022

2022

2023

2022

2022

2023

2022

2022

2023

2022

2022

2023

BLS
AverageAmazonU.S. Only

AmazonU.S. Only

BLS
AverageAmazonU.S. Only

AmazonU.S. Only

BLS
AverageAmazonU.S. Only

AmazonU.S. Only

BLS
AverageAmazonU.S. Only

AmazonU.S. Only

We are proud of our advancements in automation, and we
supplement this sophisticated technology with well-known
forms of personal protection. For example, we require all
employees, partners, and visitors to wear safety shoes at ourfacilities, as well as hard hats and impact-resistant gloves in
specific jobs. Mandating composite-toe safety shoes at ourfacilities has helped reduce toe-related injuries by 85% since2022. We provide employees with a $110 voucher annuallyto acquire approved composite-toe shoes that fit their styleand needs.
In addition, we have developed cutting-edge protective
equipment for specific jobs. For example, we have developed
intelligent safety vests for employees who maintain our
robots. These vests use short-range radio frequencies to send
signals to robots in real time. Robots in range automaticallyslow down, alter their route, and, at even closer range, stop
entirely when they detect an employee is nearby. Oncethe employee is out of range, the robot resumes normal
operation. As another example, we use sensor technology
embedded in cold weather gear for employees who workin our freezers, allowing us to keep an eye on the amountof time they spend working in cooler temperatures. If an
employee exceeds a specified amount of time, site personnel

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receive a real-time alert to check on the employee andencourage them to take a break. Since introducing thistechnology in 2022, we have not had a single recordable
injury related to overexposure in freezers.

Working with Our Operations
Partners
Within our operations network, we work with partners
around the world to deliver packages to our customers
safely and efficiently. For example, we collaborate with small
business owners called delivery service providers (DSPs) andwith independent contractors called Amazon Flex delivery
partners to deliver packages to customers’ doorsteps. We
also work with independent long-haul trucking companies tomove products across our network.
Our transportation operations blend Amazon’s advanced
technology and safety initiatives to transport packages
across our network of fulfillment centers, sort centers,
and delivery stations, and to our customers. As ourtransportation operations have expanded, we have focusedon making our docks and roads safer through innovative
mobile and vehicle technology.

Freight Network
Our trucking fleet of company-owned and independent
long-haul vehicles has advanced safety technology including
front-collision warning, automatic emergency braking,stability control, side-object detection, adaptive cruise
control, and speed limiters. Drivers in North America andEurope receive enhanced and up-to-date route forecasts
to help them stay informed of inclement weather. The
information can be accessed at any time, and forecasts are
updated every 10 minutes to help them alter their route if
needed. Drivers in North America also receive automatedwarnings if the technology detects their vehicle is stopped ona major road. The technology urges them to move to a safer
location, if possible.

Delivery Network
While our partners report their own safety data toregulators, we are committed to helping them keep theiremployees safe. To that end, we offer them access tosafety resources, training, and technologies. One example
is third-party technology in delivery vans that measuresand monitors unsafe driving behaviors such as speeding,
distraction, and failure to wear a seat belt or obey a roadsign. If the technology consistently detects these behaviors,drivers receive a notification when they stop their vehicle
for their next delivery. The technology also sends related
notifications to the drivers’ employers—the DSPs—who areencouraged to coach the drivers. Since we have incorporated
this technology into our branded vehicles, DSP drivers’
collision rates have declined nearly 40%. From 2022 to 2023,
its use has reduced unsafe DSP driving behaviors by 62% in
the U.S.

and the animals when needed. Based on initial success, wehave expanded the test to deploy the devices to the drivers
who most frequently report encountering dogs during theirdeliveries.

Looking Forward
As we look to the future, we plan to continue investingheavily in employee health and safety across our operations.
In 2024 alone, we plan to invest over $750 million intechnologies, resources, training, and programs to further
our safety efforts. This includes more than $400 million

for process engineering and retrofit initiatives that improveergonomics, more than $150 million in additional forklift
safety controls, more than $100 million for on-the-roadsafety enhancements, and more than $80 million for truck
yard safety improvements.
We made meaningful, measurable progress in 2023, andwe are working hard to build on those achievements. While
we’re proud of the progress we have made, we know that
there is more work to do on our journey to become the safest
employer in the industries in which we operate, and thisdrives our commitment to continue improving safety for our
employees, partners, and communities every day.

As the weather gets warmer, preparedness and prevention
are paramount to the health and safety of our operations
teams and delivery partners. In advance of higher
temperatures, we use best-in-class technology, amenities,
and preventive measures to help keep drivers safe. For
example, all Amazon-branded vehicles are equipped with
air conditioning—a feature that is well above industry
standards. We are also on track to retrofit our full fleet ofcargo vans and electric delivery vehicles with insulation that
reduces the internal temperature of the back of our vehicles
by up to 15% by the end of 2024.
Increasingly, more package deliveries are made overnight,
when traffic is lighter and drivers can more safely navigate
across communities. In 2023, we created an in-app safety
feature that allows drivers to message customers andremind them to turn on porch lights, secure pets, and clear
the pathway of hazards. We have also piloted a safe andnon-intrusive Dog-Distancing Device—a hand-held unit
with ultrasonic sounds and strobe lights that drivers canuse when they come in contact with an animal at a delivery
location. The device is intended to distract aggressive dogs
and help delivery drivers create space between themselves

We offer our freight partners access to safety resources, training, and technologies to keep their employees safe.

OverviewEnvironment

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PeopleAppendix2023 Amazon Sustainability Report

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Inclusive
Experiences

Goal

Goal

Hire 100,000 U.S. military veterans and military spouses
by July 2024

Provide training for 10,000 Ukrainians globally throughthe AWS program ITSkills4U by 2024

100.4K+

NearlyU.S. military veterans and military spouses hiredby the end of January 2024

16.5K

Ukrainians received training by the end of 2023

100.4K+

Actions

Conduct a racial equity audit to evaluate the impactsof our policies, programs, and practices on hourly
operations employees

The audit is on track to be completed in 2024. We
will review the results to inform our approach tooperational policies and practices moving forward

Amazon creates inclusive technology andexperiences that connect our diverse world.
To guide our work, we set three companywidepriorities. The first is to accelerate inclusive
experiences globally, delivering initiatives for
employees, customers, and communities aroundthe world. The second is to build equity andinclusion into our talent strategies, with a greater
focus on professional development, promotion,and retention. And the third is to advance diversity,
equity, and inclusion (DEI) through technology.

Goal
Hire at least 5,000 refugees in the U.S. by the end of 2024

Nearly18K

Score on the Human Rights Campaign’s Corporate
Equality Index for the sixth year in a row

100/100

6

#1

16K+

On the LinkedIn Top Companies U.S. Edition for
the third year in a row

Funds supported by Amazon Catalytic Capital,
an initiative to invest in venture capital funds,
accelerators, incubators, and venture studiosthat support Black, Latino, and other historicallymarginalized entrepreneurs
For the first time, people with hearing loss canstream sound from their Amazon Fire TV directly
to their cochlear hearing implants via the opensource Audio Streaming for Hearing Aids protocol

3.5M+

Refugees hired in the U.S. in 2023
~18K
5K

100/100

Score on the Disability Equality Index for thesecond year in a row

100K

Goal

AwardsCandidates used our online assessment to help
identify the best position for them at Amazon, which
improves equity and fairness in the hiring process

Members of our Indigenous at Amazon employee affinity grouporganized a powwow for associates and their families as anopportunity to learn from diverse communities and celebrate
Native American Heritage Month.

86

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Inclusive Experiences

Our Approach

Our Progress

We believe the best way to enable enduring inclusive
experiences is through technology. We are evolving ourapproach to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) work byshifting to a more scalable, long-term view through three newmental models. This new strategy enables us to accelerate
progress on our priorities and create inclusive experiences atscale. The mental models that guide our work are:

As we deliver on our goals and make progress on ourpriority commitments, we continue reaching acrosscultures to connect our diverse world. We use our size,
speed, and innovation to unite us in new and exciting ways,
incorporating inclusion into everything we do.

• Bolted-on DEI programs, which drive inclusive andequitable outcomes within our business operations. An
example of a bolted-on program is diversity training,which teaches our employees to take more intentionally
inclusive actions at work.
• Built-in solutions, which are embedded into existingproducts to drive equitable experience and outcomes.
For example, the captions and dialogue boosts in
Prime Video are built-in solutions, which create a moreaccessible experience for customers who are hardof hearing.
• Born-inclusive solutions, which we define as building
equity and inclusion into the architecture of a productor technology from the start. Examples of this include
aspects of product design, such as accessibility.
More built-in and born-inclusive solutions will be required
to accelerate progress on our priorities and create inclusive
experiences at scale.
Learn more about Amazon’s approach to inclusion on our
global DEI website

Building Equity and Inclusion into
Our Talent Management
We continue to diversify our workforce, inspect outcomesof our talent strategies, and experiment with initiatives that
foster a diverse talent pipeline and improve the experiencefor employees—from being hired, to successful onboarding,to career development.

Building a Diverse Pipeline of Talent
Amazon’s ambition is for our employee population torepresent the diverse communities we serve. As part of ourefforts, we are building a strong pipeline of emerging diverse
talent through educational programs.
In 2023, more than 300 employees volunteered through the
Amazon Hardware, Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, andDevices (AHEAD) program, which gives primary and highschool science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM)
students hands-on learning through a custom curriculum
enhanced by Amazon innovation. AHEAD helps historicallyunderrepresented students and their families understandthe pathways to high-tech fields by connecting them with
Amazon employees who can share their own career journeys,
guidance, and lessons learned.
We also welcomed 89 youth apprentices in 2023 to Amazon
JumpStart, a program that employs emerging talent fromhigh schools in underserved communities. Seven different
Amazon organizations—Devices & Services, Amazon
Advertising, AWS, Worldwide Amazon Stores, Finance, Audio,
and Twitch & Games—provided apprentices with on-the-job
learning experiences.

Developing Diverse TalentThroughout 2023, Black, Latino/e, and women seniorleaders across Amazon partnered with our hiring teams to
support the continuous expansion of our external talent
networks by investing in conferences and organizations
such as Afro Tech, Association of Latino Professionals for
America (ALPFA), Black Men Xcel, Latinas in Tech, Societyof Hispanic Professional Engineers (SHPE), and Women in
Tech. Amazon senior leaders participated in roundtablediscussions and network-building and affinity-based events,
and they engaged in recruiting partnerships—all to increase
brand awareness, engage diverse talent, and drive expanded
interaction with prospective external employees and leaders.
As we build our talent communities, we aim to create
space for our leaders and employees to come together andshare experiences and learn about Amazon. For example,
the Líderes sponsorship program equips participants withthe skill to create a personalized career growth plan thatbuilds on the unique needs of Latino/e talent and creates
opportunities for participants to have sustained exposure to,and advocacy from, senior leaders.

Accelerating Inclusive Experiences
Globally
We are delivering inclusive experiences for our employees,
customers, and communities in over 60 countries aroundthe world.

Our Employees, Customers, and Communities
Together at Amazon
We want all Amazon employees to feel that they belong.
That is why we support programs that connect ouremployees globally through shared experiences. For
example, Connect@Amazon is an employee engagement
organization that hosts a variety of events for all full-time
employees, such as career summits, volunteer activities,
cultural gatherings, and professional networking. In 2023,
Connect@Amazon hosted events across 33 chapters with
80,000 participants worldwide.
Employees can also participate in networking programs thatorganize learning opportunities, lead service projects, andhost activities around cultural celebrations. In 2023, nearly
148,200 employees across more than 2,500 chapters in 60
countries participated in one or more of our affinity groups.
AWS employees can take part in the Inclusive Ambassador
program, which is dedicated to scaling an inclusive, fair, andrespectful culture at AWS. More than 19,000 AWS employees
across 52 chapters globally participated in the Inclusive
Ambassador program in 2023.
Learn more about Amazon’s affinity groups
LGBTQIA+ at Amazon
We are committed to supporting and creating inclusive
experiences for LGBTQIA+ employees and communities
around the globe. To advance development and recruitment
efforts, Amazon strengthened key external LGBTQIA+
partnerships and fostered new ones. New partners in
2023 include the Ali Forney Center, Coqual, myGwork, andRainbow Railroad.
We rolled out new, inclusive self-identification features for
employees in 2023, allowing them to easily change theirOverviewEnvironment

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Before coming to Amazon, veteran Sarah Rhoads (right), Vice President of Workplace Health and Safety, served as a U.S. Navy fighter pilot for 12 years.

name, marital status, sexual orientation, and gender identity
and to share pronouns with colleagues through our internal
human resources tool, A to Z.
People with Disabilities at Amazon
Amazon works to foster a workplace culture that is safe,
welcoming, and inclusive to people with disabilities. We
continue to provide resources to advance disability inclusion
globally, such as our AmazonPwD affinity group andleadership tools to support employees with disabilities.
We are proud of the awards and recognitions we received
in 2023 as an inclusive and accessible employer for people
with disabilities. For the second year in a row, we earned a
top score of 100 on the Disability Equality Index, which is a
joint initiative of the American Association of People with
Disabilities (AAPD), the nation’s largest disability rights

organization, and Disability:IN, the leading global businessdisability inclusion network, which collectively advances theinclusion of people with disabilities.
In 2023, the UK government’s Disability Confident employer
program recognized Amazon as a Level 3 Leader, thehighest level of accreditation. Developed by employers andorganizations that represent people living with disabilities,
this program encourages employers to think differently
about disability and improve how they recruit, retain, anddevelop talent within their organizations. In India, we
received the government’s National Award for Empowermentof Persons with Disabilities. We are proud to receive theserecognitions and continue to take measurable, concrete
actions to strengthen disability inclusion and equality
globally across our business.

Refugees and Humanitarian-Based Immigrants

Women at Amazon

As part of our efforts to be Earth’s best employer, wewelcome refugees and immigrants into our workforce andsupport their transition to their new communities. In 2022,
we announced a goal to hire at least 5,000 refugees in the
U.S. by the end of 2024—and we achieved this in 2023.

Amazon celebrates women around the world and aims toinspire the next generation of women in tech. We advocate
for gender diversity, equal opportunities, and inclusive
spaces for women to thrive and feel comfortable at workand beyond.

To support this hiring commitment, in 2023, we expanded
our Welcome Door program, which offers resources
and support for refugee and humanitarian-based
immigrant employees in the U.S., to Germany, Poland,and Australia. Benefits vary by country (based on need)but may include financial reimbursement for immigrationrelated processes, free legal resources to help navigate
immigration-related questions, the option to connect withimmigration experts, access to upskilling opportunities, andcustomized mentorship.

In 2023, our Women at Amazon affinity group hosted
development programs across Amazon, such as its
Sponsorship and Promotion Accelerating Readiness andKnow-How (SPARK) initiative. This program offers employees
access to formal training and development, influence andadvocacy, networking opportunities with senior leaders, andtargeted, actionable coaching. In 2023, SPARK onboarded
300 participants across eight countries.

Through the AWS program ITSkills4U, AWS provides virtualand in-person training to people who are interested in
expanding their job opportunities in non-IT roles, switching
to IT, or advancing their IT careers. By the end of 2023,
ITSkills4U had provided training to nearly 16,500 Ukrainians
globally, including refugees—exceeding AWS’s goal of
training 10,000 Ukrainians.
Veterans and Military Spouses at Amazon
We recognize the diverse backgrounds and experiences thatveterans and military spouses bring to Amazon, as well as
how they strengthen our workforce. Amazon partners acrossbusiness lines to host hiring events, such as Amazon Military
Hiring Days and virtual information sessions.
Amazon hired over 100,400 veterans and spouses throughJanuary 2024, achieving our goal to hire 100,000 veteransand spouses by July 2024. At the end of 2023, Amazon
employed 98,500 veterans and military spouses, basedon data from countries where employees can identify
themselves as such. In addition, our veteran retention andpromotion rates outpaced those of non-veterans.

We also focus on investing in women as community membersthat contribute to industry innovation through initiatives that
help close funding gaps. For example, in 2023, we held our
first-ever AWS Startups Women’s Demo Week , a global
event helping women-led startups connect with investors.
Additionally, we are committed to supporting women climate
tech entrepreneurs through The Climate Pledge Fund’s
Female Founder Initiative. In 2023, the Female Founder
Initiative invested in Genecis , a bioplastics company
founded by scientist Luna Yu.
Learn more about how we are accelerating climate
solutions from female founders through The Climate
Pledge Fund
Indigenous Communities
Amazon is committed to supporting Indigenous leaders andcreating solutions to help close educational and professional
gaps among members of Indigenous communities. Our firstever Amazon online storefront in support of Indigenous
communities in Canada was launched in 2023. The
storefront benefited 13 Indigenous artists/authors andthree nonprofits that lead important work for Indigenous
communities across Canada.

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PeopleAppendix2023 Amazon Sustainability Report

Inclusive Experiences

Amazon Representation by the Numbers* †
Men

Women

Other

Native American and NHOPI+ (2021 and 2022)

NHOPI+ (2023)

Other Gender

Gender—Global

Gender—U.S.

Latino/e+

Black+

Asian+

Multiracial

Native American and Alaskan+ (2023)

White+

U.S. Race/Ethnicity

Amazon Workforce (All Levels)
0.1 %

2021

55.6%

44.3%

2021

0.1 %

2022

52.9%

46.9%

43.1%

2022

0.2 %

45.5%

44.1%

2023

46.6%

28.6%

1.1%

13.5%

30.7%

16.6%

31.9%

1.8%
23.5%

0.9%
53.2%

1.8%

2022

0.2 %
55.7%

2.6%
23.6%

0.6%
54.3%

1.7%

2021

0.2 %
56.8%

2023

0.3%

0.2 %

1.5%		

26.1%

0.8%

2023

25.8%

31.3%

14.4%

29.1%

People Managers
0.1 %

0.1 %

0.1 %

2021

68.8%

31.1%

2021

0.0 %

69.2%

30.8%

2021

2022

68.3%

31.7%

2022

0.1 %

68.5%

31.4%

2022

2023

68.3%

31.6%

2023

68.4%

31.5%

1.0%

12.1%

2023

2.3%

53.3%

20.0%

2.6%

11.4%
0.4%

0.1 %

3.0%

11.1%
0.3%

0.1 %

1.0%

11.9%
0.7%		

22.8%

51.3%

23.0%

50.6%

0.4%

12.3%

12.3%

Board Diversity
GenderRace/Ethnicity
8

4

1

2

Learn more about our Board diversity data in our Sustainability Reporting Framework Summary* In late 2021, we began allowing employees to identify as multiple specific races or ethnicities and updated our race/ethnicity reporting to begin counting multiracial employees under each separate group withwhich they identify. As such, category data may not add up to 100% exactly. We also count employees as they currently identify, both for race and ethnicity and for gender. Therefore, when an employee updates theiridentification, Amazon counts that employee according to their new identification at all times in their career at Amazon, which may change historic data and reporting. Data in this report reflects employee identification
as of December 31, 2023.
† In 2023, Amazon updated reporting to include directly employed seasonal and temporary Field and Customer Support workers as well as all employees in the Audible, Twitch, and MGM subsidiaries. Additionally,
reporting has been updated to reflect the distinct Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander (NHOPI) category. Moving forward this group is reported separately from Native American/Alaskan.

989OverviewEnvironment

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Health and Safety

PeopleAppendix2023 Amazon Sustainability Report

Inclusive Experiences

Amazon Representation by the Numbers
Men

Women

Other

Native American and NHOPI+ (2021 and 2022)

NHOPI+ (2023)

Other Gender

Gender—Global

Gender—U.S.

Latino/e+

Black+

Asian+

Multiracial

Native American and Alaskan+ (2023)

White+

U.S. Race/Ethnicity

Field and Customer Support Employees (L1–L3)
0.2 %

0.2 %
47.5%

52.3%

2021

50.2%

46.9%

2022

50.0%

49.7%

52.7%

47.2%

2023

2.1%

28.5%

49.8%

0.9%

33.2%

8.8%

27.4%

32.1%

9.8%

27.8%

1.6%

2022
1.1%

49.9%

2.6%
26.9%

0.6%

0.2 %

0.2 %

1.9%

2021

0.2 %
52.9%

2023

49.6%

2021

0.2 %

2022

0.3 %

1.7%		

0.9%

2023

29.8%

36.8%

8.8%

25.6%

Corporate Employees (L4–L7)
0.1 %

0.1 %
67.0%

2021

32.9%

32.7%

33.5%

0.4%
66.6%

2022

33.3%

2022

0.2 %

0.1 %
66.2%

33.7%

2023

0.7%
8.8%

2021

0.1 %
66.4%

2023

67.2%

2021

0.1 %

2022

0.1%

33.3%

8.6%

0.9%

2.1%

9.2%

8.8%

1.8%

0.6%		

9.7%

8.9%

0.4%
66.5%

2.8%

2023

34.6%

36.8%

44.9%

43.6%

0.4%
37.4%

43.1%

Executives (L8+)

2021

76.8%

23.2%

2021

0.0 %

2022

75.9%

24.1%

2021

0.0 %
75.4%

24.5%

2022

0.0 %

2023

0.3%

0.0 %

0.0 %

0.3%
74.8%

25.2%

2022

26.0%

2023

5.1%
0.5%

0.0 %
74.0%

4.9%

73.3%

26.7%

2023

5.4%

0.5%

1.3%

5.6%
0.6%

21.7%
1.3%
23.8%

6.3%
1.1%
5.8%

66.4%

0.5%		

63.7%

0.2%
25.0%

63.3%

90

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People2023 Amazon Sustainability Report

Inclusive Experiences

Awards and Recognitions

A variety of organizations recognized Amazon
as a great place to work in 2023. Someof the recognitions we received as a top
employer include:• Human Rights Campaign’s Corporate
Equality Index: 100/100 for the sixth year ina row• Disability Equality Index: 100/100 in 2022
and 2023 and a Best Place to Work for
Disability Inclusion for the sixth year in a row• LinkedIn Top Companies U.S. Edition: No. 1
for the third year in a row• Business Disability Forum’s Disability Smart
Technology Award• The Bell Seal for Workplace Mental Health:Platinum• Purple Certification from the Purple
Method: Received top score of 100 on
our corporate approach to preventing
workplace harassment

Appendix

In the U.S., we signed our first memorandum of
understanding (MOU) with a tribal nation in 2023,
formalizing our collaboration with the Confederated Tribesof the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). Under the MOU,
Amazon will consult with the CTUIR, review their input, andimplement risk mitigation processes for projects that should
consider natural resources, areas of traditional or current use,and cultural or historic sites.
Supporting Black, Latino, and Diverse Businesses
Amazon is committed to supporting Black, Latino, anddiverse businesses and wants to see them succeed. We
deliver and invest in tools and resources that empowerbusiness owners to grow and, in turn, create positive impact
in their local communities.
In 2023, as part of our efforts to boost and support
early-stage, Black, Latino, and other underrepresented
entrepreneurs, Amazon Catalytic Capital invested in six new
venture capital funds. Catalytic Capital is a $150 million fundcommitted to investing in venture capital funds, accelerators,
incubators, and venture studios that support Black, Latino,and other historically underrepresented entrepreneurs. These
new investments helped us meet our goal to support 10
funds and accelerators and, in turn, fund 200 companies by
the end of 2023.
Learn more about Catalytic Capital
We are also creating opportunities for alignment withthe greater community through programs such as ourBlack Business Accelerator (BBA), which was launchedin 2021 as our first growth accelerator. Backed by a $150
million commitment from Amazon over four years, the BBA
is dedicated to assisting Black-owned businesses in building
sustainable growth on Amazon’s store. It provides a range ofcomprehensive educational, discoverability, and community
resources for certified Black-owned U.S. businesses withprofessional seller accounts at our store. In 2023, the BBA
provided 274 businesses with account management andfinancial assistance to accelerate their journey to launchand scale their businesses. Through the BBA, Amazon has

increased the unique selection of products we bring toour customers while creating a network with the Blackbusiness community to better understand and support theirentrepreneurial endeavors.
Another example is the AWS Impact Accelerator, a$30 million fund that provides Black, Latino/e, women, andLGBTQIA+ founders with equitable access to funds, training,
mentorship, tools, and resources. In 2023, 20 companies
participated in the AWS Impact Accelerator Latino Founders
Cohort, giving pre-seed Latino/e founders the support theyneed to accelerate their businesses.
Learn more about our efforts to support diverse
businesses

Advancing DEI throughTechnology
Amazon is creating inclusive technology that connects ourdiverse world, disrupting the status quo of how we learn,communicate, and live.

Innovating for Accessibility
In everything we do, we work backward from our customers.
This includes offering more devices and services with builtin accessibility solutions to better support our customers
with disabilities. Within Amazon’s devices and entertainment
businesses, we continue to build and expand accessibility
features in our products, from Alexa and Fire TV to Audible
and Prime Video. For example, we offer Alexa Voice Service(AVS) to commercial device makers such as original design
manufacturers and systems integrators, who use it to build
Alexa into smart speakers, headphones, PCs, TVs, vehicles,
and smart home products. We also launched Voice Access, a
new accessibility feature for our Fire HD 10, in October 2023.
Voice Access allows customers who can speak English, butcannot use their hands to touch the screen, to control theirFire tablet with their voice.

Accelerating Equitable Health Research

Many communities are currently underrepresented
in medical research. As a result, less is known
about their health and ways to provide themwith the best care. In September 2023, we begana partnership with the National Institutes of
Health (NIH) to raise awareness of their All of Us
Research Program, an effort to collect and study
data from people living in the U.S. to build oneof the most diverse health databases in history.
This initiative focuses on accelerating precision
medicine research, increasing health equity,and providing DNA results to participants. In
support of this work, All of Us works closely withorganizations with deep ties to communities
that have been historically underrepresented inbiomedical research.
We were NIH’s first corporate health equity
partner. In 2023, more than 1,300 Amazon
employees have either visited the All of Us
website or interacted directly with All of Us staff
to learn more about the program, and morethan 200 Amazon employees have participatedin this landmark study. Of the participants whojoined a kickoff event at our second corporate
headquarters in Arlington, Virginia, 79% arefrom communities that have been historicallyunderrepresented in biomedical research.

91

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PeopleAppendix2023 Amazon Sustainability Report

92

Inclusive Experiences

To further bridge the digital divide for people withdisabilities, in November 2023, we announced a partnershipwith The Arc, an organization serving people with intellectualand developmental disabilities. As part of this partnership,
we are donating 1,505 Echo Show and Fire tablet devices to
39 chapters of The Arc across the U.S.
Learn more about Amazon’s accessibility innovations

STEM Educational Opportunities
Amazon is working to build a pipeline of Indigenous STEM
talent. In 2023, we sponsored Indigenous in AI’s annual
Lakota AI Code Camp . This three-week camp introduces
Lakota youth to coding and combines Lakota culture with
AI to foster the preservation and reinvigoration of the
Lakota language.

In 2023, Amazon Fire TV expanded its audio streaming capabilities to include cochlear implants.

In 2023, Amazon Fire TV expanded its audio streaming
capabilities for hearing aids and devices to include cochlear
implants. For the first time, people with hearing loss canstream sound directly from their Amazon smart TVs totheir cochlear hearing implants via the open-source Audio
Streaming for Hearing Aids protocol. This latest innovation
was built in partnership with customers and membersof the AmazonPwD employee affinity group who use
cochlear implants.
We have the world’s largest catalog of movies with additional
spoken audio, which describes what is happening on screen,
making it easier for our customers who identify as blind orvisually impaired to enjoy their favorite Prime content. By the endof 2023, Prime users had access to over 5,750 audio-describedmovies and nearly 1,300 audio-described television series.
In 2023, Amazon Music and Amazon MGM Studios partneredto create more inclusive experiences for customers who

identify as deaf, disabled, or neurodiverse. For example, theteams introduced American Sign Language (ASL) interpretersfrom marginalized communities on Amazon Music Live
concerts after Thursday Night Football, creating a more
inclusive experience for performing artists, interpreters,
and customers.

We also awarded scholarships totaling $500,000 to
125 students through AmazonNext, a college partnershipprogram supporting undergraduate students in pursuing
STEM majors. Additionally, our Amazon Future Engineer
program continues to provide access to childhood-to-career
computer science education, focusing on students fromunderrepresented and historically disenfranchised people
and communities.
Learn more about our Amazon Future Engineer program

External Engagement and Partnerships

Innovating for Customer Fulfillment andTransportation Employees

Business Disability Forum, a UK-based disability inclusion
organization, honored Amazon with the Disability Smart
Technology Award in 2023. This award recognizes ourwork to develop technology that improves the lives andexperiences of people living with disabilities. The judges
noted the breadth of our innovation and global reach, as wellas our use of employee and customer feedback to informthe design, development, and delivery of our products
and services.

Amazon is developing new technologies that help ourcustomer fulfillment and transportation employees
connect, learn, and communicate at their place of work.
For example, in 2023, more than 450,000 employees in ourcustomer fulfillment centers used SayHi, a tool to facilitatecommunication among colleagues facing language barriers.
Through SayHi, employees can access 72 languages and
114 dialects to eliminate linguistic obstacles and engage in
multilingual conversations without the need for dedicatedtranslators. Additionally, more than 150,000 employees
across our fulfillment centers leveraged the Encompass tool,a DEI resource hub that provides employees with information
on affinity groups, upcoming cultural events, and more.

Looking Forward
The opportunity ahead of us to incorporate inclusion into
everything we do at Amazon is greater than ever. The
industry is at a unique inflection point where technology is
rapidly progressing and the landscape for how we work ischanging. In order to accelerate our DEI priorities, we are
implementing born-inclusive standards across everything we
do—equity and inclusion are being built into the architectureof our products, talent strategies, and initiatives for
employees, customers, and communities around the globe.
Amazon has changed the world through our innovations, andwe’re committed to delivering inclusive experiences throughtechnology in the same way: by disrupting the status quo
and uniting us in new and exciting ways.

OverviewEnvironment

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PeopleAppendix

Appendix

In This Section
94

Sustainability Reporting Topic Assessment

95

Endnotes

96

Assurance Statements

97

Disclaimer and Forward-Looking
Statements

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report93OverviewEnvironment

Value Chain

Sustainability Reporting Topic Assessment

PeopleEndnotes

Sustainability
Reporting
Topic
Assessment

Appendix
Assurance Statements

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
Disclaimer and Forward-Looking Statements

Amazon’s business spans many industries, including but notlimited to e-commerce, cloud computing, consumer goods,
food and beverage, and logistics. This broad scope means we
identify environmental, social, and governance topics andfocus our efforts by assessing our business holistically. In
2022, Amazon conducted a comprehensive analysis to informthe sustainability topics that are relevant to our reporting.
To guide our analysis, we leveraged Datamaran, a businessintelligence platform, referencing data-driven insights fromleading reporting frameworks, including the Sustainability
Accounting Standards Board (SASB), the Task Force on
Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD), and the
Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). The platform also
analyzed the regulatory landscape, media, and company
reports to inform the topics. We also consulted with key
stakeholders, including internal decision-makers, employees,
partner organizations, nongovernmental organizations,and academics, to capture their input and broad rangeof perspectives.

As a result, we have included a number of topics in ourreporting, listed below in alphabetical order. We view these
topics as interconnected and know our progress in one area
can often help solve for challenges in another.
• Business Ethics• Carbon• Community Impact• Customer Practices• Data Privacy and Cybersecurity• Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion• Governance• Health and Safety• Human Capital• Human Rights• Packaging• Public Policy and Lobbying• Renewable Energy• Responsible Supply Chain and Sourcing• Waste and Circularity• Water94

OverviewEnvironment

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Endnotes

PeopleEndnotes

Appendix
Assurance Statements

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report95

Disclaimer and Forward-Looking Statements

Environment
1 Supply chains focus on sourcing materials and delivering goods tocustomers. Value chains include upstream supply chain, as well as
downstream delivery to customers, customer use of products, andend-of-life of products.
2 Amazon’s carbon footprint is reported in metric tons of carbon dioxide
equivalent (MTCO2e), where each metric ton of CO2 emissions represents
the same global warming potential as one metric ton of anothergreenhouse gas. Learn more in our Carbon Methodology .
3 Carbon intensity at Amazon is measured as grams of CO2e per dollar ofgross merchandise sales (g CO₂e/$GMS).
4 In 2023, we included new programs in the scope for this metric. With
inclusion of the new programs, the amount of packaging we avoided
has increased. We previously reported saving more than 2 million metrictons from 2015 through 2022, but with the inclusion of the additional
programs, actual savings was more than 3 million metric tons in 2022
and more than 4 million in 2023.
5 BloombergNEF.
6 Renewable natural gas (RNG) is created by decomposing organic wastematerials anaerobically (without oxygen).
7 Electric vehicles include vans, four-wheel vehicles, three-wheel vehicles,
two-wheel e-bikes, and e-mopeds.
8 CarbonCure is a commercialized portfolio of carbon removal
technologies that consume carbon dioxide (CO2) in concrete during
production, permanently sequestering CO2 and enabling the reductionof cement content in mixes without impacting concrete performance.
9 Carbon credits are permits that are purchased to offset the emissions ofa certain amount of CO2 or other GHGs.
10 As detailed in our Renewable Energy Methodology , to calculate thepercentage of renewable energy powering Amazon’s operations, weevaluate both the amount of renewable energy from Amazon’s projects
and the renewable energy in the grid. This total renewable energy isthen compared to Amazon’s total energy use.
11 The 17 U.S. states in question are Arizona, Arkansas, California, Georgia,
Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri,
Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Virginia.
12 In 2023, we included new programs in the scope for this metric. With
inclusion of the new programs, the amount of packaging we avoided
has increased. We previously reported saving more than 2 million metrictons from 2015 through 2022, but with the inclusion of the additional
programs, actual savings was more than 3 million metric tons in 2022
and more than 4 million in 2023.
13 Global includes the following countries and regions: the U.S., Canada,
the UK, Europe, India, Japan, and emerging countries.
14 Ships in Product Packaging was formerly called Ships in Own Container.
15 Thin-film single-use plastic packaging are materials with a thickness ofless than 50 microns.
16 Amazon’s 2022 total plastic packaging use has been updated to 86,055
metric tons; 139 metric tons (or 0.2%) higher than last year’s report toalign with our 2023 footprint methodology.

17 Rest of World includes the following countries: Australia, Brazil, Egypt,
Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, and the United Arab Emirates.
18 BOTTLE: Bio-Optimized Technologies to keep Thermoplastics out of
Landfills and the Environment .
19 Circularity Gap Report 2024 .
20 Goal scope covers food that is considered inventory. It is measured witha food waste intensity metric that calculates the amount of food waste
generated as a percentage of total food handled within Amazon.
21 UL’s Zero Waste to Landfill methodology defines Silver level sites as
those diverting 90%–94% and Gold level sites as those diverting
95%–99% of waste.
22 For example, some regulated waste streams, like hazardous waste or
medical waste, may be ineligible for recovery pathways for health andsafety reasons.
23 UN Water .
24 Being water positive means AWS will return more water to communities
and the environment than its direct operations use. AWS measuresprogress annually against this goal by adding together reused water andwater from replenishment projects and dividing that number by total
water withdrawal minus water from sustainable sources. As we improvewater efficiency, we also reduce how much incoming water we use.
25 Amazon regions and availability zones .

Value Chain
26 The concept of salience uses the lens of risk to people, not to thebusiness, as the starting point, while recognizing that where risks topeople’s human rights are greatest, there is often strong convergencewith risks to the business. UN Guiding Principles Reporting
Framework .
27 Twitch is an Amazon subsidiary that provides interactive livestreaming
services for content spanning gaming and entertainment. To learn more
about the human rights assessment conducted, please refer to our 2022
Sustainability Report .
28 We update our Supply Chain Standards at least every three years,
working with external stakeholders to align our requirements withcurrent best practices and regulatory standards. Please refer to our mostrecent update as mentioned in our 2022 Sustainability Report .
29 Supplier assessments are conducted for businesses manufacturing
Amazon-branded products or products under Amazon’s patentor trademark.
30 A switch is defined as a customer who purchases a product recognizedby certifications in the Climate Pledge Friendly program and haspurchased only products not recognized by Climate Pledge Friendly
within the past two years in the same product category.
31 Diverse-owned businesses are those whose majority owners (51% ormore) are ethnic minorities, women, individuals living with disabilities,
veterans, or those who identify as LGBTQIA+.
32 Whole Foods Market refers to Whole Foods Market in the U.S., unlessstated otherwise.

33 A diverse supplier is a business at least 51% owned and operated by anindividual or group that is part of a traditionally underrepresented orunderserved group. Certified means the supplier holds a valid certificate
from one of five major U.S. supplier diversity agencies: National Minority
Supplier Development Council or regional affiliate, Women’s BusinessEnterprise National Council or regional affiliate, National LGBT Chamberof Commerce, National Veteran Business Development Council, orDisability:IN. Certified Tier 1 diverse suppliers are companies that
Amazon pays directly for goods and services and are certified by an
Amazon-recognized agency.
34 The total spend comprises the direct, indirect, and induced spend. Directspend denotes spend at small and diverse suppliers. Indirect impact
denotes spend to the businesses that suppliers (and their suppliers)
purchase goods and services from. Induced spend denotes spend
generated in communities of suppliers’ employees. This measures
the purchases through these employees and jobs supported throughthese purchases.
35 Certified Tier 2 diverse businesses are businesses that provide goods andservices to Amazon’s Tier 1 suppliers.
36 Amazon utilized a third-party provider to evaluate and report our 2023
economic impact, which included estimates of our engagement withdiverse-owned businesses.
37 Affordable multifamily housing data is calculated through March 2024,
as this analysis is not done on an annual basis.

People38 All these numbers and other comparisons are based on the rates
Amazon has reported to applicable regulators or are otherwise derived
from the same tracking systems used for that reporting.
39 Global operations in reference to health and safety rates means
fulfillment (Amazon Robotics sortable, traditional non-sort, in-boundcross dock), transportation (sort center, delivery station, and air), andAmazon Robotics operations facilities.
40 In the General Warehousing and Storage industry, Amazon benchmarks
itself against the industry average for employers with >1,000 employees
because the average number of employees at sites reporting into thatcode is more than 1,400.
41 In the Courier and Express Delivery Services industry, Amazon
benchmarks itself against the industry average for employers with
250–999 employees because the average number of employees at sites
reporting into that code is more than 290.

OverviewEnvironment

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Assurance
Statements

PeopleEndnotes

Appendix
Assurance Statements

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
Disclaimer and Forward-Looking Statements

Amazon assures carbon and renewable energy data. Pleasesee our 2023 assurance statements at the links below:• Amazon Renewable Energy Assurance• Devices Renewable Energy Assurance• Amazon Scopes 1 and 2 Assurance• Amazon Scope 3 Assurance96OverviewEnvironment

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Disclaimer
and ForwardLooking
Statements

Appendix
Assurance Statements

2023 Amazon Sustainability Report
Disclaimer and Forward-Looking Statements

The information and opinions contained in this report areprovided as of the date of this report and are subject tochange without notice. Amazon does not undertake toupdate or revise any such statements. This report represents
current Amazon policy and intent and is not intended tocreate legal rights or obligations. This report may contain, orincorporate by reference, public information not separately
reviewed, approved, or endorsed by Amazon, and no
representation, warranty, or undertaking is made by Amazon
as to the accuracy, reasonableness, or completeness ofsuch information. Inclusion of information in this report
may be based on a variety of standards, frameworks, andconsiderations and is not an indication that the subject
or information is material to Amazon’s business, strategy,
outlook, operating results, or financial condition or material
as it relates to Amazon’s impact on other parties orsustainability matters. This report was originally drafted in
English and then translated into other languages. The English
version is the authoritative version.

This report includes forward-looking statements within themeaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of1995. All statements other than statements of historicalor current facts, including statements regarding our plans,
initiatives, projections, goals, commitments, expectations,or prospects, are forward-looking. These forward-looking
statements are inherently uncertain and difficult to predict.
We use words such as aim, anticipate, believe, commit,
drive, estimate, ensure, expect, goal, intend, may, mission,plan, project, seek, strategy, strive, target, will, or similar
expressions to identify forward-looking statements.
Forward-looking statements reflect management’s current
expectations and inherently involve risks and uncertainties.
Actual results and outcomes could differ materially for avariety of reasons, including, among others, assumptions
not being realized, changing climate-related conditions andweather events, scientific or technological developments,
evolving sustainability strategies, changes in carbon markets,
evolving government regulations, our expansion into new
products, services, technologies, and geographic regions,or other changes in circumstances, as well as the factors set
forth in the “Risk Factors” section of Amazon’s most recent
Annual Report on Form 10-K and subsequent filings. The
standards of measurement and performance contained in
the report are developing and based on assumptions, and noassurance can be given that any plan, initiative, projection,goal, commitment, expectation, or prospect set forth in thisreport can or will be achieved.

97

Published July 2024 | sustainability.aboutamazon.com