SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Solar Heat Worldwide
Global Market Development and Trends in 2019
Detailed Market Data 20182020 EDITION

Werner Weiss, Monika Spörk-Dür
AEE INTEC
AEE - Institute for Sustainable Technologies
8200 Gleisdorf, Austria

IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme, May 2020

Supported by the Austrian Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology

Cover Photo: Ecotherm
Design, prepress and web version: STEINHUBER INFODESIGN, Graz, Austria
Printed by druck.at Druck- und Handelsgesellschaft mbH, Leobersdorf, Austria

Notice:The Solar Heating and Cooling Programme functions within a framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Views, findings and publications of
the Solar Heating and Cooling Programme do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or of all its individual member countries.

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

The authors would like to give special thanks to the following contributors to this editionof the Solar Heat Worldwide Report:
Chapter 4.1: Small-scale solar thermal heating systems
Dr. Vassiliki Drosou, CRES - Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving, Greece
Lucio Mesquita, Renewable Heat and Power, NRCAN, Canada
Ruicheng Zheng, China Academy of Building Research, China
Chapter 4.2: Large-scale solar thermal heating systems
Bärbel Epp, Solrico
Chapter 4.3: Solar Heat for Industrial Applications
Wolfgang Gruber-Glatzl, AEE INTEC
Bärbel Epp, Solrico
Chapter 4.4: Photovoltaic-Thermal Systems (PVT)
Thomas Ramschak, AEE INTEC
Chapter 4.5: Solar Air Conditioning and Cooling
Dr. Uli Jakob, Dr. Jakob energy research GmbH
Dr. Daniel Neyer, Brainworks GmbHWe also very much appreciate the long-term co-operation with all national delegates of the IEA SHC Executive Committee
and other national experts, who provide the updated solar thermal market data from 68 countries around the globe every
year. All these contributors are listed in the Appendix of this report.
Last but not least, the authors would like to thank Pamela Murphy for her feedback, ideas for improvement and proofreadingof the report.

2

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Table of Contents1······················································································································································································

4···························································································································································································

5

Background2

Summary

3

Worldwide solar thermal capacity in 2019·······························································································································

9

3.1

Solar thermal capacity in relation to the capacity of other renewable energy technologies·······································································································

12

4.1

Small-scale solar thermal heating systems·····························································································································

12

4.2

Large-scale solar thermal heating systems·····························································································································

17

4.3

Solar heat for industrial processes·············································································································································

20

4.4

PVT – Photovoltaic-Thermal Systems

4.5

Solar air conditioning and cooling4

Solar thermal market development and trends in 2019

4.6
5

Solar air heating systems·········································

9·········································································································································

27··············································································································································

32······························································································································································

34

Detailed global market data 2018 and country figures········································································································

5.1

General market overview of the total installed capacity in operation

5.2

Total capacity of glazed water collectors in operation

36··············································································

36············································································································

41

5.3

Total capacity of glazed water collectors in operation by economic region

5.4

Total capacity of unglazed water collectors in operation······································································

44······································································································

45

5.5

Newly installed capacity in 2018 and market development

5.6

Newly installed capacity of glazed water collectors

5.7

Market development of glazed water collectors between 2000 and 20185.8

Market development of unglazed water collectors between 2000 and 2018·························································································································································································································································································································································

46
51
53
56

···························································································

57

6.1

Annual collector yield by economic region·······························································································································

59

6.2

Annual energy savings by economic region······························································································································

59

6

Contribution to the energy supply and CO2 reduction in 2018

6.3
7
7.1

Annual contribution to CO2 reduction by economic region·································································································

60

Distribution of systems by type and application in 2018·····································································································

61························································································································

61····················································································································································

62

Distribution by type of solar thermal collector

7.2

Distribution by type of system

7.3

Distribution by type of application

8

Appendix
8.1············································································································································

63···························································································································································································

65

Methodological approach for the energy calculation············································································································

65

8.2

Reference collectors·······································································································································································

70

8.3

Reference climates·········································································································································································

73

8.4

Population data···············································································································································································

71

8.5

Methodological approach for the job calculation

8.6

Definition of SHIP systems

8.7

Market data of the previous years

8.8

References to reports and persons who have supplied the data

8.9

Additional literature and web sources used

8.10
8.11

···················································································································

72···························································································································································

73···············································································································································

74·························································································

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84

List of Figures···················································································································································································

85

List of Tables·····················································································································································································

863

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

1

Background
The Solar Heat Worldwide report has been published annually since 2005 within the framework of the Solar Heating andCooling Technology Collaboration Programme (SHC TCP) of the International Energy Agency (IEA).
The goal of the report is to: 1) give an over view of the general trends. 2) highlight special applications and outstanding projects, 3) document the solar thermal capacity installed in the impor tant markets worldwide, and 4) ascer tain the contribution of solar thermal systems to the supply of energy and the CO2 emissions avoided as a result of operating these systems.
The collector types detailed in the report are unglazed collectors, glazed flat-plate collectors (FPC) and evacuated tube collectors (ETC) with water as the energy carrier as well as glazed and unglazed air collectors.
In this edition of Solar Heat Worldwide for the second time also hybrid Photovoltaic-Thermal (PVT) collectors are included,
as PVT collectors got more market relevance in recent years. PVT collectors convert in a single device solar radiation in electricity and heat and could thus play an impor tant role in the energy supply of the future.
The report’s data was collected through a sur vey of the national delegates of the SHC TCP Executive Committee and other national experts active in the field of solar thermal energy. As some of the 68 countries included in this report have very detailed statistics and others have only estimates from experts, the data was checked for its plausibility on the basis of various
publications.
The collector area, also referenced as the installed capacity, served as the basis for estimating the contributions of solar
thermal systems to the energy supply and reductions of CO2 emissions.
The 68 countries included in this report represent 4.95 billion people, or about 67 % of the world’s population. The installedcapacity in these countries is estimated to represent 95 % of the solar thermal market worldwide.
The 2019 edition and all past issues of the report can be downloaded from the following website:
http://www.iea-shc.org/solar-heat-worldwide.

Figure 1:

Countries shown in color havedetailed market data. Countries
shown in grey have estimatedmarket data. (Source:
Natural Earth v.4.1.0, 2020 /AEE INTEC)

4

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Summary2

This report is split into two parts. The first part (Chapters 3 – 4) gives an overall over view of the global solar thermal market
development in 2019. In addition, general trends are described and detailed 2019 data on successful applications, such as
solar assisted district heating, solar heat for industrial processes and hybrid photovoltaic-thermal systems, are documented. Chapter 4.1 in this year’s edition deals with thermosiphon systems, which have found widespread use worldwide,
especially in social housing programs.
The second part (Chapters 5 – 8) presents detailed market figures for the year 2018 from the 68 sur veyed countries. In addition to the installed collector areas, this includes the distribution of the collectors across var ious systems and applications, as well as the solar yields and avoided emissions.

Global solar thermal market developments in 2019
The cumulated solar thermal capacity in operation at the end of 2019 was 479 GWth (684 million square meters). The corresponding annual solar thermal energy yield amounted to 389 TWh, which correlates to savings of 41.9 million tons of oil and
135.1 million tons of CO2. This corresponds to 3.5 times the annual CO22 emissions of Switzerland1.
The market for new installations once again var ied by country, with shrinking markets in large markets like China, USA, Germany and Australia, stable markets in Mexico and Turkey, and growing markets in Denmark, Cyprus, South Africa andGreece. Driven by the decline in new collector installations of about 8 % in China, the worldwide market shrank approximately 6 % in 2019 compared to 2018.
As the past few years have shown, the solar thermal market is experiencing challenging times. This is especially evident in
the large markets in China and Europe, where the traditional mass markets for small-scale solar water heating systems for
single-family houses and apartment buildings are under market pressure from heat pumps and photovoltaic systems. However, what is of ten overlooked is the fact that around 60 % of the solar ther mal systems installed worldwide are still
small-scale thermosiphon systems. Some countries such as Greece, South Africa and some countries in Latin Amer ica, havestrong markets in this area due to government support programs.
An area with consistent growth is in the number of megawatt-scale systems for district heating and industrial applications.
In Denmark, the market grew at about 170 % in 2019 because of the installation of a couple of large-scale plants this year.
By the end of 2019, about 400 large-scale solar thermal systems (> 350 kWth; 500 m2) connected to district heating networks
and in residential buildings were in operation. The total installed capacity of these systems equaled 1,615 MWth (2.3 millionm2), excluding concentrating sys tems that added 162,784 m2. Denmark remains the leading European country forlarge-scale district heating systems, adding 35 % of the newly installed collector area worldwide (excluding parabolic
trough collectors). And outside of Europe, China added 97 % of the installed collector area for large-scale systems in 2019.

1

Statista Research Department, 11.3.2020(https://de.statista.com/themen/5533/treibhausgasemissionen-in-der-schweiz/)5

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Twenty-three large-scale solar thermal systems with about 228,900 m2 (160 MWth) were installed in Europe in 2019. Of these
installations, 15 were in Denmark (191,300 m2) including five extensions of existing systems, six in Germany (14,700 m2),
one in Latvia (21,700 m2) and one in Austria (1,200 m2).
Outside Europe, 218 MWth (311,700 m2) were installed, excluding one concentrating system installed in Mexico and fourconcentrating systems in China that would add 5,300 m2 to the total above.
In China, 47 systems for district heating and large buildings were installed in 2019 (307,000 m2) including four systems withparabolic trough collectors (adding up to 3,876 m2). The largest district heating system installed in China in 2019 was in
Zhongba, with a collector area of 35,000 m2.
Worldwide interest in solar thermal systems for industrial processes has grown steadily over the past several years. A number of promising projects implemented a range from small-scale demonstration plants to very large systems in the 100 MWthsector. At least 800 solar process heat systems, totaling 1 million m2 collector area (700 MWth), were in operation at the endof 2019.
The world’s largest solar process heat plant Miraah in Oman was enlarged by roughly 200 MWth in 2019 and now has an installed capacity of 300 MWth. The solar produced steam is used for enhanced oil recovery.
In addition to the more traditional industrial sectors like the food, beverage and mining industry, in which solar thermal
systems are used, there are two new applications, in which a number of systems have been built. One application developed
in recent years is to supply solar heat to greenhouses for flower and vegetable cultivation. The second application relates tothe heating of gas pressure control systems, an interesting application implemented in several systems in Germany.
Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) collectors and systems are included for the second time in the Solar Heat Worldwide report. This
market developed very well in 2019 and saw signif icant global growth of +9 %. This trend was also seen in the European market with a growth rate of 14%, which corresponds to an increase of the yearly new installed capacity of 40.8 MWth and13,3 MWpeak2. By the end of 2019, the total installed PVT collector area was 1,166,888 m2 (606 MWth, 208 MWpeak), and 58 % ofthis collector area was in Europe.

Market status worldwide in 2018
By the end of 2018, an installed capacity of 483 GWth, corresponding to a total of 690 million m2 of collector area was in operation in the recorded 68 countries. These figures include unglazed water collectors, flat plate collectors, evacuated tube
collectors, and unglazed and glazed air collectors.
The vast major ity of the total capacity in operation was installed in China (337.6 GWth) and Europe (56.8 GWth), which together accounted for 81.7 % of the total. The remaining installed capacity was shared between the United States and Canada (18.6 GWth), Asia excluding China (14.7 GWth), Latin Amer ica (14.8 GWth), the MENA3 countries (7.1 GWth),6

2

Megawatt peak describes the maximum possible power of a photovoltaic generator under standard test conditions

3

Middle East and North Africa (Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, the Palestinian Territories and Tunisia)

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Australia and New Zealand (6.6 GWth), and Sub-Sahara African countries4 (1.7 GWth). The market volume in the 68 documented countries is estimated to represent 95 % of the solar thermal market worldwide.
With a global share of about 70%, evacuated tube collectors were the predominant solar thermal collector technology followed by flat plate collectors with about 23%, unglazed water collectors with about 6 % and glazed and unglazed air collectors with 0.2 %.
The top 10 markets in 2018 in terms of total installations were China, the United States, Turkey, Germany, Brazil, India, Australia, Austria, Israel and Italy.
The leading countries for cumulated glazed and unglazed water collector capacity in operation in 2018 per 1,000 inhabitants were Barbados (565 kWth / 1,000 inhabitants), Cyprus (446 kWth / 1,000 inhabitants), Austria (408 kWth / 1,000 inhabitants), Israel (398 kWth / 1,000 inhabit ants), Greece (309 kWth / 1,000 inhabit ants), the Pales tinian Ter ritories(271 kWth / 1,000 inhabit ants), Australia (261 kWth / 1,000 inhabit ants), China (244 kWth / 1,000 inhabit ants), Turkey(217 kWth / 1,000 inhabitants) and Denmark (202 kWth / 1,000 inhabitants).

Newly installed capacity worldwide in 2018
In 2018 a capacity of 33.5 GWth, corresponding to 47.9 million m2 of solar collectors, were installed worldwide. The mainmarkets in 2018 were China (24.8 GWth) and Europe (2.9 GWth), which together accounted for about 83 % of the overall newcollector installations. The rest of the market was shared between Latin Amer ica (1.2 GWth), Asia excluding China (1.4 GWth),the United States and Canada (0.6 GWth), the MENA countries (0.4 GWth), Australia (0.4 GWth), and the Sub-Sahara Africancountries (0.1 GWth). The market volume of “all other countries” is estimated to be 5 % of the new installations (1.7 GWth).
Remarkable market growth was reported from Denmark (170 %), Cyprus (24 %), South Africa (20 %), Greece (10 %), Tunisia(7 %) and Brazil (6 %).
With a share of 71.3 % of the newly installed capacity in 2018, evacuated tube collectors are still by far the most impor tantsolar thermal collector technology worldwide. In a global context, this breakdown is mainly driven by the dominance of theChinese market where around 83 % of all newly installed collectors in 2018 were evacuated tube collectors.
Never theless, it is notable that the share of evacuated tube collectors on the worldwide scale decreased from about 82 % in2011 to 71.3 % in 2018, and in the same time frame flat plate collectors increased their share from 14.7 % to 24.2 %.
In Europe, the situation is almost the opposite of that in China with 71.9 % of all solar thermal systems installed in 2018 being flat plate collectors. In the medium-term perspective, the share of flat plate collectors, however, has decreased in Europe from 81.5 % in 2011 to 71.9 % in 2018 due to growth of the evacuated tube collector markets in Turkey, Poland,
Switzerland and Germany. Overall, the share of evacuated tube collectors in Europe has increased between 2011 and 2018from 15.6 % to 26.6 %.

4

Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ghana, Lesotho, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa and Zimbabwe

7

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

In terms of newly installed solar thermal capacity per 1,000 inhabitants in 2018, the top 10 ranking of countries over the
past few years has remained the same, except for Austria slipping from eighth to ninth place. Israel is the leader followed by
Cyprus, Barbados, Greece, China, Australia, Turkey, Denmark, Austria and the Palestinian Territories.

Distribution by system type and application
The thermal use of the sun’s energy var ies greatly from region to region and can be roughly distinguished by the type of solar thermal collector used, the type of system operation (pumped solar thermal systems, thermosiphon systems) and themain type of application (swimming pool heating, domestic hot water preparation, space heating, other such as industrial
processes heat, solar district heating and solar thermal cooling).
Worldwide, 58 % of all solar thermal systems installed are thermosiphon systems, and the rest are pumped solar heating
systems.
In general, thermosiphon systems are more common in warm climates, such as in Africa, South Amer ica, southern Europe
and the MENA countries. In these regions thermosiphon systems are most of ten equipped with flat plate collectors, while in
China the typical thermosiphon system for domestic hot water preparation is equipped with evacuated tubes.
The calculated number of water-based solar thermal systems in operation was approximately 105 million by the end of 2018.
The breakdown is 53 % used for domestic hot water preparation in single-family houses and 37 % attached to larger domestic hot water systems for multifamily houses, hotels, hospitals, schools, etc., and 6 % used for swimming pool heating.
Around 2 % of the global installed capacity is used in solar combi-systems that supply heat for both domestic hot water andspace heating. The remaining systems accounted for around 2 % and delivered heat to other applications, including district
heating networks, industrial processes and thermally driven solar cooling applications.
Compared to the cumulated installed capacity, the share of swimming pool heating was less for new installations (6 % of thetotal capacity and 3 % of newly installed capacity). A similar trend can be seen for several years now for domestic hot water
systems in single-family homes – 53 % of total capacity in operation and 33 % of new installations in 2018 makes this type ofsystem still the most common application worldwide, but it is showing a decreasing trend.
By contrast, the share of large-scale domestic hot water applications shows an increasing trend – 37 % of total capacity and
60 % of newly installed capacity.

Employment and turnoverBased on a comprehensive literature sur vey and data collected from detailed country reports, the number of jobs in thefields of production, installation and maintenance of solar thermal systems is estimated to be 650,000 worldwide in 2018.5
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8Background information on the methodology used can be found in the Appendix, Chapter 8.5.

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDEWorldwide solar thermal capacity in 20193

As shown in the graph below, the global solar thermal capacity of unglazed and glazed water collectors in operation grewfrom 62 GWth (89 million m2) in 2000 to 479 GWth (684 million m2) in 2019. The corresponding annual solar thermal energy
yields amounted to 51 TWh in 2000 and 389 TWh in 2019 (Figure 2).
Capacity [GWth], Energy [TWh]600
Global solar thermal capacity in operation [GWth]

Global solar thermal energy yield [TWh]

500
400
300
200
100
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Global solar thermal capacity in operation and annual energy yields 2000 – 2019

Figure 2:

Environmental effects and contribution to climate goals
The global solar thermal energy yields of all installed solar thermal systems in 2019 corresponds to a savings of 41.9 million
tons of oil and 135.1 million tons of CO2. This shows the signif icant contribution of this technology in reducing global greenhouse gas emissions.

Solar thermal capacity in relation to the capacity of other renewableenergy technologies

3.1

The cumulated solar thermal capacity in operation by the end of 2019 was 479 GWth6, which trailed behind wind power’s installed capacity of 651 GWel and photovoltaics 627 GWel of installed capacity (Figure 3). Geothermal energy and concentrated solar power (CSP) lag behind these three technologies in terms of installed capacity. The total capacity of geothermal
power was 14 GWel. and solar thermal power, also referred to as CSP was 6.5 GWel.
In terms of energy, solar thermal systems supplied a total of 389 TWh of heat, whereas wind turbines supplied 1567 TWh andphotovoltaic systems 751 TWh of electricity.

6

The figures for 2019 are based on the latest market data from Australia, Austria, Brazil, China, Cyprus, Denmark, Germany, India, Mexico, Poland, Spain, South Africa, Turkey andthe United States, which represented about 89 % of the cumulated installed capacity in operation in the year 2018.

9

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Global capacity in operation [GWel ], [GWth], and energy supplied [TWhel], [Twhth], 2019
1600
1567
Total capacity in operation [GWth], [GWel ] 2019
1400
Energy supplied [TWh] 2019heat|power
1200
1000
751

800
651
600

672

479
389

400
200

94
14

0
Solar Thermal
Heat

Figure 3:

Wind Power

Photovoltaic

6

Geothermal
Power

16

Solar Thermal
Power

Global capacity in operation [GWel], [GWth] 2019 and annual energy yields [TWhel], [TWhth].
(Sources: AEE INTEC, Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), European PV Industry Association (EPIA Solar Power Europe),
REN21 - Global Status Report 2020, https://www.statista.com/statistics/476281/global-capacity-of-geothermal-energy/,
http://helioscsp.com/concentrated-solar-power-had-a-global-total-installed-capacity-of-6451-mw-in-2019/)

The development of global installed capacity of solar thermal heat, wind and photovoltaics between 2010 and 2019 is shownin Figure 4.
Total capacity in operation [GWth , GWel ]700

Growth rate [%]
100%

600

90%

500

Growth rate – ST
Growth rate – Wind
Growth rate – PV

Solar Thermal HeatWind Power
Photovoltaic

75%

80%
70%

400

60%
50%

300

43%

40%

38%
33%

33%

200
20%
18%

100

19%
16%

21%
13 12%

16%
9%

17%
13%
6%

5%

11%
4%

0
2010

Figure 4:

2011

30%

29%

29%

28%

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

10%
2%
2018

10%
-1%

(Sources: AEE INTEC, Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), European PV Industry Association (EPIA Solar Power Europe),

10

10%

0%
2019

Global capacity in operation and market growth rates between 2010 and 2019
REN21 - Global Status Reports 2011-2020)

20%

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Vacuum tube collector system with a capacity of 2.5 MWth (3.600 m2) on the exhibition hall in Wels, Austria

Photo: Paradigma and MEA Solar GmbH

Despite the downward trend in annual growth rates, photovoltaics continued to grow impressively by 25 % in 2019. The market development of wind energy has been fairly stable for three years, with annual growth of around 10 %. Unfor tunately,
heating technologies, especially solar thermal technology, could not keep up with this trend.
In addition to the low attention given by energy policies to the heating sector in general and the fact that solar thermal system prices have hardly fallen for years, the decline is certainly compounded by the global discussion on the electrificationof the heat sector (Figure 4).

11

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

4Solar thermal market development and trends in 2019
Except for a few countries, solar thermal has been going through very challenging times worldwide for several years. This isreflected in the annual shrinking of the collector capacity as shown above in Figure 5.
This is mainly due to declines in the Chinese market, which is by far the largest market worldwide. In 2019 the Chinese market declined by around 8 %. In addition to China, traditionally strong European markets such as in Germany, France and Poland also experienced market slumps in 2019.
Nonetheless, there was an opposite trend in some countries, but their increased market shares, could not compensate forthe losses in the larger markets. Positive market growth was recorded in Denmark (170 %), Cyprus (24 %), South Africa(20 %), Greece (10 %), Tunisia (7 %), Brazil (6 %) and India (2 %).

As in previous years, interest in solar-supported
district heating systems on a megawatt-scale and

Growth rate 2019
1000%

in applications for solar heating and cooling in the170%

commercial and indus trial sectors continues. A
number of new installations for these applications

100%

were installed all over the globe in 2019, and this24%

trend is expected to continue. As impressive as
these systems are, the capacity installed in these

20%
10%

10%

7%

large systems corresponds to only around 2 % of6%

the global market.

2%
1%

Denmark Cyprus

Figure 5:

Growth rates of the most successful countries 2019

4.1

Small-scale solar thermal heating systems

South
AfricaGreece Tunesia Brazil

India

Small-scale solar water heating systems and, to a cer tain extent, solar combi-systems for combined hot water preparationand space heating for single-family houses, apartment buildings, multifamily houses, hotels and public buildings represent
about 60 % of the worldwide annual installations.
In large parts of Europe, but also in China, these applications are coming under increasing pressure from photovoltaic systems and heat pumps and have lost market share in recent years. The systems are predominantly pumped systems that arecharacter ized by complex system technology.
Photo2sys
Pumpedtems andsolarheat
therpumps.
mal sysPhoto:tems forWernerwaterWeiss,heating
AEEand
INTEC
space heating like shown above are increasingly competing with PV
The picture is dif ferent for thermosiphon systems. As shown in Figure 5 above, apart from Denmark, in 2019 only thosecountries where markets were dominated by thermosiphon systems there was signif icant growth.

12

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Pumped solar thermal systems for water heating and space heating like shown above are increasingly competing with PV systems and heat pumps.
Photo: Werner Weiss, AEE INTEC

China, which traditionally has the most thermosiphon systems, has seen a decline in this market sector for several years. In
2019, however, small thermosiphon systems made a comeback with a total of 8.45 million m2 of collector area installed,
mainly in rural areas.
Notable success has been achieved par ticularly in those countries that have linked state social housing programs with the
installation of solar water heating systems. Also, Greece and some MENA countries are very successful with the installationof thermosyphon systems.
In the section below are examples of successful strategies for installing thermosiphon solar water heating systems.
4.1.1

Greece was able to record growth rates in times of economic crisis
Greece, with 309 kWth / 1,000 inhabitants, is one of the leading countries in installed capacity per capita and has had awell-established market for decades that was even able to record growth rates in times of economic crisis. A large number ofthe country’s solar thermal systems were installed in the early 1980s. That was the foundation for building a strong solar
industry in the country.
In 2019, a capacity of 253 MWth, corresponding to 361,500 m2 of solar collectors was installed in Greece. This means an increase in new collector installations by 10 % compared to the year 2018. The Greek solar thermal market mostly consists of13

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Greek thermosiphon systems

Photo: Vassiliki Drosou, CRSES

individual thermosiphon type solar water heaters. A typical system is composed of 150 – 300 liters hot water storage in combination with 2 – 4 m2 highly selective flat plate collectors with antifreeze protection.
The success in Greece can be attributed to several factors. First, the country has a favorable climate so that a system typically covers 80 – 90 % of the yearly hot water needs of a family. Second, and a major reason for the country’s long-term success, is local manufactur ing. The solar thermal industry began in the mid 1970s and expanded rapidly to where it is today,
Photo 3producing af fordable systems with a demonstrated 25-year lifespan for both the domestic and export markets.
Greek thermosiphon systemsPhoto: Vassiliki Drosou, CRSES
Last but not least, government support programs have signif icantly supported the installation of solar water heaters. For
example, the installation of a solar thermal system to cover at least 60 % of hot water demand is mandatory for every newbuilding according to the Energy Ef ficiency Building Regulation Code. And, the installation of a solar thermal system for hot
water production is funded up to 70 % by the „Saving Energy at Home I and II“ programs. Finally, the roof installation of aresidential photovoltaic system is only allowed if a solar thermal system for hot water production is already installed.

4.1.2

Market success in southern Africa
South Africa and Namibia are two countries that saw market growth in 2019. With a market growth of 20%, South Africaranked third among the most successful countries in the world af ter Denmark and Cyprus in 2019.
South Africa’s One-million solar water heaters program

The One-million solar water heaters program started in 2010 as a rebate scheme to replace existing electric water heaters
with solar water heaters to reduce power demand from the national grid. Through the rebate program 400,000 units were
installed up to now. In 2015 the Department of Energy (DOE) took over the program and changed the focus to providing solar water heaters to state-subsidized and unelectrified homes. The new program’s objective was to quickly install systems,
but this was hampered by a lack of qualified installers and resistance by the electricity industry and municipalities whofeared a negative impact on their revenue from decreased electricity sales. As a result, 87,000 solar water heaters are waiting to be installed, which should happen in 2020.

14

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

In addition to the One-million solar water heater program, there are numerous other projects and programs supporting the
installation of thermal solar systems, which ultimately lead to market growth.
In the South African context, it is also notewor thy that around 6,800 PV2heat systems for water heating were installed in2018 and 2019. A photovoltaic module directly supplies the DC heating element in the hot water tank without using a battery or grid connection with this type of system. This system concept probably will compete with thermosiphon systems infuture.

4.1.3

Solar urban development concept in Namibia
The Government of Namibia has been pursuing an ambitious housing program for several years, which will see the construction of a total of 185,000 new residential buildings by 2030.
Since electric power is in short supply in southern Africa, the low power plant capacity leads to power outages and pressure
on the electric grid increases with each newly built house. This growing demand can be countered by the installation ofthermal solar systems.
Comparative measurements from a number of pilot solar water heating plants in the capital city of Windhoek show that 40 –50 % of household electricity demand is for domestic hot water. Therefore, households with a thermal solar system can savearound 1,000 kWh of electricity per year. Motivated by these results, a solar urban development concept was launched in2019 in Okahandja, about 60 km north of Windhoek. The first construction phase will be a new settlement with around
10,000 apartments. In addition to other requirements, each of the residential buildings must be equipped with a solar water
heating system. Projects such as this one is key to the implementation of the Namibian National Energy Policy (NREP 2017).

Photo 4

Photo:
10,000Werner
apartments
Weiss,inAEE
Osona
INTEC
Village, Namibia are being equipped with thermosyphon systems.

10,000 apartments in Osona Village, Namibia are being equipped with thermosyphon systems.

Photo: Werner Weiss, AEE INTEC

15

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Around 400,000 thermosiphon systems were built in Brazil as part of the Minha Casa, Minha Vida social housing program.

4.1.4

Photo: TUMA

Solar water heaters for social housing programs in Brazil
Brazil has a long tradition of solar thermal systems in social housing. The development of solar domestic water heating(SDWH) for large housing programs in Brazil started in the mid-1990s. As in Namibia, extensive measurements were taken
in Brazil early in the 2000s that helped families save on average 44 % of their electricity consumption and 58 % of electricity
costs. Thus, demonstrating that SDWH can have impor tant social benefits beyond its role as an energy conservation tool.
In 2000, the federal government published a new law that required electricity distribution utilities to invest 0.5 % of their
net revenue in electricity conser vation programs. The law created new oppor tunities for solar water heating systems and in
2005, Light, a utility company in the state of Rio de Janeiro, implemented the first large project in the country, with a totalof 2,340 solar water heating units installed on low-income houses. Other projects followed, but the largest impulse camewith a national housing initiative called Minha Casa, Minha Vida (My House, My Life).
The My House, My Life (MHML) program was created in 2009 by the Brazilian federal government to increase housing accessfor low-income families and to support economic activity dur ing the international financial crisis. The program was managed by a State-owned bank. Starting in 2010, it supported, on an optional basis, the installation of solar water heating
systems for low income families in the south, south-east and center-west regions of the country. The decision to install thesystems was given to developers, which were paid an extra R$2,500 (€ 1,025) for each system in multi-story buildings and
R$1,800 (€ 738) for single-story buildings. This extra payment had to cover all costs incurred installing the system, including the plumbing inside the house. In 2011, solar water heating systems became a mandatory item for all single-family
houses within the program, independent of location, with costs included in the total value paid by the government for thehouses. The program shrank signif icantly in 2015 dur ing the country’s recession. A political crisis ensued and 2016 brought

16

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

an abrupt change in government, with a consequent policy change. In early 2017, SDWH was made optional for houses in thenorth and north-east regions but remained mandatory for other regions. Later in the same year, photovoltaic systems wereadded as an option, directly competing with SDWH. By the end of 2017, 384,232 SDWH systems were contracted within the
program.
Despite a slight market decline between 2015 and 2018, there was a 6 % growth in the market in 2019 placing Brazil in the
top 7 countries in terms of market growth.
Photo 5AroundPhoto: TUMA
400,000 thermosiphon systems were built in Brazil as part of the Minha Casa, Minha Vida social housing program.
The experience in Brazil shows that massive deployment can be achieved, and solar water heating systems of fer a cost-ef fective oppor tunity for sustainability and job creation. However, an essential question remains: How to make mass deployment programs, which are political by nature, more stable and less risky to the industry?

4.2

Large-scale solar thermal heating systems
In the Scandinavian countries Denmark and Sweden, as well as in Austria, Germany, Spain and Greece, large-scale solar
thermal plants connected to local or district heating grids, or installed on large residential, commercial and public buildings
have been in use since the early 1980s It should be noted here that from the early 1980s up to 2016, the large-scale plant
market was almost exclusively concentrated in Europe. In the past three years, the concentration of newly installed systems
has shifted outside of Europe, predominately to China.
By the end of 2019, about 400 large-scale solar thermal systems (>350 kWth, 500 m2) were in operation (Figure 6). The total
installed collector area of these systems equaled 2.3 million m2 (1,615 MWth), excluding concentrating solar thermal systems and PVT collectors that add up to 162,784 m2.
Collector area [m²]2,500,000

Cumulated collector area in operation in Europe [m²]Figure 6:2,000,000

Cumulated collector area in operation outside Europe [m²]
Number of systems in Europe [-]Number of systems outside Europe [-]

1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019

No. of systems [-]
80
76
72
68
64
60
56
52
48
44
40
36
32
28
24
20
16
12
8
4
0

1,500,000

1,000,000

500,000

0

Large-scale systems for solar district heating and large residential, commercial and public buildings worldwide – annual achievements and cumulated area in operation in 2019
(Data source: Daniel Trier - PlanEnergi, DK, Jan-Olof Dalenbäck - Chalmers University of Technology, SE, Sabine Putz - IEA SHC Task
55, AT, Bärbel Epp - solarthermalworld.org, DE)

17

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

The largest sub-sector of the systems described above is solar assisted district heating. Denmark is the leader by far not onlyin Europe but worldwide, in the number of systems and installed capacity.
The first solar assisted district heating system in Denmark was installed in the small town of Saltum in 1988. It has a collector area of 1,005 m2 (0.7 MWth). By the end of 2019 a total number of 123 systems with 1,554,973 m2 collector area with an
installed capacity of 1,089 MWth (including extensions of existing systems) was installed in Denmark7.
Most of the Danish installations are ground mounted flat plate collector fields hydraulically connected to load-balancing
storages in close distance to the district heating main distribution line.
In 2019, fif teen solar district heating systems with collector areas between 2,300 m2 (Lendemarke) and 25,300 m2 (Sæby,stage 2) were built in Denmark.
The largest plants in oper ation in Denmark were installed in 2016 in Silkeborg (110 MWth), 2011 in Vojens (50 MWth;
69,991 m2), 2009 in Gram (31.4 MWth; 44,836 m2) and 2014 in Dronninglund (26.3 MWth; 37,500 m2). These systems areequipped with seasonal pit heat storages for solar fractions of around 50 %.
Capacity [MWth]No. of systems [-]80

Collector
area [m²]400,000
Collector area [m²]

Number of systems [-]Capacity [MWth]

350,000

70
DK:
Collector area: 1,554,973 m²
Capacity:
1,089 MWthNo. of systems: 123

64
300,000
55.9

60

250,000

50

200,000

40

40

12

18
13.0 11.4
8

5

20
13

13

10.1 8.9

11
6.2

10
3
3.5

USA /
CAN

ES

CH

GR

NL

FR

Asia w/o
China

PL

SE

MENA
countries

AT

OTH
European

DE

CHN

DK

0

2
2.7

3
1.5

1
0.5

1
0.4 0
ZAF

16.3 14.4
13
15

AUS

100,000
50,000

30

26.5
25

IT

28.2

Latin
America

31.1 30.0
28150,000

Large-scale systems for solar district heating and residential buildings – capacities and collector area installed and number of sys-

Figure 7:tems in 2019 (concentrating systems and PVT collectors, which are excluded in the figure above, add up to 162,784 m2).
(Data source: Daniel Trier - PlanEnergi, DK, Jan-Olof Dalenbäck - Chalmers University of Technology, SE, Sabine Putz - IEA SHC
Task 45, AT, Bärbel Epp - Solrico, DE)

718

Daniel Trier, PlanEnergi, Arcon Sunmark Reference List http://arcon-sunmark.com/brochures, Jan-Olof Dalenbäck SDH – www.solar-district-heating.eu

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDEThe Zhongba solar district heating system in Tibet, China with 35,000 m2 collector area (24 MWth).

Photo: Sunrain

In addition to Denmark (123 systems) and China (64 systems), a number of other countries are showing an increasing interest in this type of plant, as they of fer an excellent oppor tunity for decarbonizing the heat sector in neighborhoods andentire cities.
Countries to note are Germany (40 large-scale systems, some of these with seasonal storage), Austria (28 systems), Sweden(25 systems) and France (18 systems). Regions outside Europe with large-scale installations for buildings and district heating are the MENA countries Jordan, Kuwait, Dubai and Saudi Arabia, Asia excluding China (Cambodia, India, Japan,
Kyrgyszistan, Russia, Thailand and Turkey), the USA and Canada, Latin Amer ica (Brazil, Mexico), Australia and South Africa.

Large-scale systems connected to district heating in 2019

4.2.1

In 2019, 22 large-scale solar thermal systems connected to district heating (>500 m2) were added in Europe. Of these installations, 15 in Denmark8 (66,800 m2), six in Germany (14,700 m2) and one in Latvia (21,700 m2). Out of Europe, three SDH
systems were installed in China (57,386 m2).
The largest system installed in 2019 was in Zhongba, Tibet with a collector area of about 35,000 m2 (24 MWth). In addition,
two other solar district heating systems were installed in Tibet. In all of China in 2019, the solar district heating systems installed totaled 57,386 m2 collector area (40 MWth).
The Zhongba solar district heating system in Tibet, China with 35,000 m2 collector area (24 MWth). Photo: Sunrain

Photo 6

In Europe, the large-scale systems for solar district heating installed in 2019 added 227,700 m2 collector area (159 MWth).
Denmark installed three systems ranking two to four (Ringe 31,224 m2, Sæby stage 2 25,313 m2 and Hadsten 24,517 m2).
The largest solar district installation in Europe, besides the Danish systems, was installed in Latvia. It marks the launch of amilestone project on solar district heating in Eastern Europe. The public utility that serves the Latvian town of Salaspils,
near Riga, installed 21,672 m2 of collector area (15 MWth) to provide heat for its district heating network. The solar field isconnected to an 8,000 m3 water storage tank, from which thermal energy is injected into the network. The project also includes a wood-chip boiler with 3 MWth of capacity.
8This includes five extensions of already existing systems in Grenaa, Jelling, Sæby, Karup and Nykøbing Sj.

19

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Germany’s largest solar district heating system in Ludwigsburg with a capacity of 10 MWth was put into operation in early 2020.
Photo: Arcon / Sunmark

In 2019, six large-scale sys tems for solar heating networks were brought online in Ger many, namely in Liggeringen,Photo 7

Gutleutmatten, Moosach, Potsdam, Halle / Saale and Erfurt.
2020.
Germany’s
Photo:
larg
Arcon
est so/ Sunmarklar district heating system in Ludwigsburg with a capacity of 10 MWth was put into operation in early

4.3

Solar heat for industrial processes
The worldwide interest in solar thermal systems for industrial processes has grown steadily the past years. A number ofpromising projects implemented in the last couple of years range from small-scale demonstration plants to very large systems in the 100 MWth sector.
A variety of industrial processes demand vast amounts of heat, which makes the industrial sector a promising market for solar thermal applications. Depending on the temperature level of the needed heat, dif ferent types of solar thermal collectors
are used from air collectors, flat plate and evacuated tube collectors for temperatures up to 100°C to concentrating solar
thermal collectors, such as Scheffler dishes, Fresnel collectors and parabolic troughs for temperatures up to 400°C.
According to a study published by SOLRICO in early 2020, system designers and collector manufacturers reported 800 plants
with an overall installed collector area of 1 million m2 for solar process heat worldwide9.
For 301 of these systems more detailed information on the collector area and installed capacity as well as type of applicationand type of collector can be found in the SHIP (Solar Heat for Industrial Processes) database, an online por tal operated by
AEE INTEC in Austria10.
9

https://www.solarthermalworld.org/news/industrial-sector-sees-record-breaking-capacity-additions-2019

10 http://ship-plants.info/

20

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

The world’s largest solar process heat plant Miraah in Oman was signif icantly enlarged in 2019 and now has an installed capacity of 300 MWth.
Photo: GlassPoint Solar, Inc.

Please note that in this year’s edition, only systems with a collector area larger than 50 m2 are included in the evaluation.
Subsequently, this excludes systems included in previous editions of the Solar Heat Worldwide report. A def inition of theSHIP systems considered in this report can be found in Appendix, chapter 8.6.
Figures 8 – 12 show the analysis of the systems where detailed information was available, thus the overall number of systems analyzed is smaller than 800. The total collector area of the 301 documented systems >50 m2 is 905,000 m2gross with athermal capacity of 441 MWth.
All the charts below are dominated by the world’s largest solar process heat application Miraah in Oman, which was firstcommissioned in late 2017 and continues to be expanded. Currently, the thermal capacity in operation is 300 MWth, which
accounts for 68 % of the total installed thermal capacity of all 301 documented solar process heat applications worldwide.
When completed, the Miraah plant should have a total capacity of 1 GWth and produce 6,000 tons of steam per day to be usedin oil production.
The second largest system is installed at a copper mine in Chile with a thermal capacity of 27.5 MWth and is used for the copper winning process.
Photo 8pac
Theityworld’sof 300larg
MWest
Photo:
lar proGlassPoint
cess heatSo
plantlar, Inc.
Miraah in Oman was signif icantly enlarged in 2019 and now has an installed cath. so21SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Linear concentrating Fresnel collector system in Austria.

Photo: Ecotherm

Figure 8 shows the distribution of the 301 systems in terms of size. The two systems mentioned above exceed 21 MWth ofthermal capacity (30,000 m2), 41 systems have installed capacities between 0.7 MWth and 21 MWth (1,000 – 29,999 m2) ofthermal capacity, 59 systems have installed capacities between 0.35 and 0.7 MWth (500 – 9,999 m2) and 199 systems are below 0.35 MWth (<500 m2).
Installed gross area [m²]400

800,000350

700,000
325

Gross area [m² gross]Number of systems [-]Thermal capacity [MWth]

600,000
500,000

300
250
200

400,000
300,000

150

149

200,000

100

80

100,000

41>30000

50

18

2

-

59

1000-29999

500-999
Size Categories (gross area)

16
100-4992
50-99

Figure 8:

Solar process heat applications in operation worldwide end of March 2020 by capacity and collector area.

Photo 9(Source:Linear con
IEA
cen
SHC
trat
Task49ing Fres/ IVnelSHIP
colda
lectatorbase)system in Austria. Photo: Ecotherm

22

50
0

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Solar thermal and biogas systems supply the Goess brewery in Austria.

Photo: Brauunion

Figure 9 shows the analyzed process heat systems by collector technology. The major ity of the systems use flat plate collectors to produce solar process heat followed by parabolic trough collectors and evacuated tube collectors. Parabolic troughcollectors have the highest installed gross area, however, without Miraah it would only be third in this category.
350

700,000307

600,000

Gross area [m² gross]Number of systems [-]Thermal capacity [MWth]

500,000

300
250
200

400,000
300,000
200,000

150

136
101

100
57

100,000

21-

Flat platecollector

50

46
25
1

Parabolic Evacuated tube Other or various
trough collector collector
collectors

33

16
5

Unglazedcollector

Fresnelcollector

18
4

Air collector

0Size Categories (gross area)

Figure 9:

Solar process heat applications in operation worldwide end of March 2020 by collector type.

Photo 10So
(Source:lar ther
IEA
mal
SHC
and
Task49biogas/ IVsys
SHIP
tems
data
sup
base)
ply the Goess brewery in Austria. Photo: Brauunion

23

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Figure 10 shows the industry sectors of the 301 detailed analyzed systems. The main sectors are mining, food and textile.
The combined food and beverage sector accounts for 46 % of all installed systems, however, they tend to be small to medium-sized so only represent 9 % of the installed thermal capacity. Another promising sector is the textile industry with
25 installations and 26 MWth (6 %) of installed thermal capacity. The mining industry, which includes the two largest systems, is the dominant sector in terms of installed thermal capacity. The 13 systems account for 75 % of the total installed
thermal capacity. Notewor thy is the combined metal processing, machinery and automotive industry sector, which uses
small systems (on average 329 m2 collector area), includes 29 plants and 1 % of the total installed thermal capacity.
Installed gross area [m²]

Number of systems [-], Installed capacity [MWth]400

800,000

Gross area [m² gross]Number of systems [-]Thermal capacity [MWth]

700,000
600,000

300

500,000

250

400,000

200

300,000

150
112

200,000
100,000

38

100

40
6

-

Food

Figure 10:

350
331

Other
sectors

26
25

27
6

Beverage

Textil

18
5

19
11

15
2

Other
Metal
producing processing
industries
Size Categories (gross area)
Chemical

14

13

14
18

MiningAgriculture

Machinery
and automotive

3

50
0

Solar process heat applications in operation worldwide end of March 2020 by industry sector.
(Source: IEA SHC Task49 / IV SHIP database)

Photo 11High
Photo:vac
TVP
uum
Solar
flat plat collectors at a rubber factory in Ras Al Kaimah, United Arab Emirates

High vacuum flat plat collectors at a rubber factory in Ras Al Kaimah, United Arab Emirates

24

Photo: TVP SolarSOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Figure 11 shows the global installed solar process heat systems by country. Mexico and India have the highest number of installed systems, followed by Germany, Austria, USA and Spain. China has 10+ systems with a high average system size. Omanis leading in terms of installed thermal capacity with its only installed system. Similar to that is Chile with two systems in themining sector accounting for the second-highest country-wise installed thermal capacity.
Installed gross area [m²]1,000,000

Number of systems [-], Installed capacity [MWth]
1000
Gross area [m² gross]Number of systems [-]Thermal capacity [MWth]

100,000

10,000

300

100

77
44

10

6

4

6
5

4

6

4
4

4

3

3
2

1

Figure 11:

2

2

2

2

2
1

Italy

CyprusThailandJordanViet Nam

Portugal

1
FranceSwitzerland

GreeceSouth Africa

China

Spain

United States

Austria

Germany

India

Mexico

1

2

1

1

1

Oman

5

4

10

10

9

Denmark

6

12
8

Egypt

13

11

Chile

16

Netherlands

14
100

25

24

19

Qatar

21

Canada

27

Kenya

1,000

Size Categories (gross area)

Solar process heat applications in operation worldwide end of March 2020 by country. (Only countries with at least 0.7 MWth(1,000 m2 gross area) are shown, which is 281 of 301 systems, accounting for >99 % of installed thermal capacity).
(Source: IEA SHC Task49 / IV SHIP database)Latitude (distance to equator) [°]
60.00
50.00

Looking at the specific use-

AfricaAsia

Americas

Europeful heat delivery in respect
to latitude, Figure 13 illustrates the range. Specific

40.00

heat delivery depends on
the solar radiation, ambi-

30.00

ent temper ature, processintegration and process

20.00

temper ature level. There10.00

fore, it has a wide range
between 0.2 and about 1.5--

Figure 12:

0.20

0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
Specific useful heat delivery [MWh/m²gross /year]

1.40

1.60

for all countries.

Specific useful heat delivery and latitude of selected installed systems (represents 50 of 301 systems)(Source: IEA SHC Task49 / IV SHIP database)25

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Collector system with 6.5 MWth for heating a greenhouse in Heerhugowaard, Netherlands. The application works as a drain-back system,
Photo: G2 Energy

which means that the collector fluid is water and not glycol.

4.3.1

Interesting new applications
In addition to the more traditional industrial sectors that use thermal solar systems highlighted above, there are two interesting niche sectors worth noting. The first is the recent development occurring in hor ticulture. Solar thermal plants arebeing used to heat greenhouses for flower or vegetable cultivation. The second is using solar thermal plants to heat natural
gas at gas pressure regulation stations dur ing pipeline transpor tation, an interesting niche application being used inseveral systems in Germany.

Solar heated greenhouses
Country

Site

Ethiopia
Guatemala
Netherlands
USA
Austria
UgandaSouth Africa
Denmark
Germany
Ethiopia
Namibia
Kenya
MoroccoArerti
Chimaltenango
Heerhugowaard
OregonViennaKampalaKrugersdorp
Østervang Varpelev
Bohlingen
Addis Ababa
Okahandja
NaivashaAït Melloul

Installed
Commissioned capacity [KWth]
2020
2020
2019
2019
2018
2017
2015
2015
2015
2014
2014
2013
2013

2,919
1,523
6,510
721
88
3,230
6,395
9,878
672
1,949
2,598
336
705

Collector
size [m²]Storagetank [m³]

4,170
2,175
9,300
1,030
126
4,614
9,135
14,112
960
2,784
3,712
480
1007

1,400
300
1300
n/a
20
900
2100
4,800
n/a
400
1,900
150
150

Table 1:

Solar thermal systems for flower and vegetable cultivation (Source: Bosman Van Zaal, G2 Energy, AEE INTEC)

Photo 12drain-backCol
Photo:
lector
G2 sys
Ensys
ergy
tem
tem,withwhich
6.5means
MWth forthatheattheingcolleca greentor fluidhouse
is wainterHeerhugowaard,
and not glycol. Netherlands. The application works as a

26

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Solar heated gas pressure
control systems
Natural gas is largely imported overlong distances with high pressure inorder to optimize the use of existing
pipelines. Along the way, the gas
needs to be decompressed in var ious
stages until it can be fed into local gas
grids situated close to final consumers. This central task of controlling
the gas pressure level is done by gaspressure regulation and meter ing stations. There, the gas flow needs to beheated up prior to the process of de-Solar thermal heating of gas pressure control systems in Großseelheim, Germany

compression to avoid the gas from

Photo: Kassel University

falling below the freezing point of water11. The heat demand is in most cases well balanced throughout the entire year and shows a favorable temperature level forthe efficient utilization of solar thermal systems.
Several systems with collector areas between 135 m2 and 440 m2 are installed in Germany. The worldwide potential for such
systems is relatively large. In Germany alone, there are 5,000 gas pressure regulation stations with suitable capacity.
Photo 13

So
Photo:
lar ther
KasselmalUniheat
veringsityof gas pressure control systems in Großseelheim, Germany

4.4

PVT – Photovoltaic-Thermal Systems
Photovoltaic-Thermal (PVT) collectors combine the production of both types of solar energy – solar heat and solar electricity– simultaneously in one collector, thus reaching higher yields per area. This is par ticularly impor tant if the available roof
area is limited, but integrated solar energy concepts are needed to achieve a climate-neutral energy supply for consumers,such as in residential and commercial buildings.
The PVT market is gaining momentum in several European countries. In recent years, a growing number of specialized PVT
technology suppliers have entered European markets.

4.4.1

General market overview
Photovoltaic-Thermal (PVT) collectors were included for the first time in the Solar Heat Worldwide report in 2019 and included data from a 2018 market sur vey carried out by IEA SHC Task 60 PVT Systems. By the end of 2018 more than 1 million
m2 of PVT collectors were installed in over 25 countries.
SHC Task 60 PVT Systems12 carried out this sur vey again in 2019 with responses from 31 PVT collector manufactures and PVT
system suppliers in 12 dif ferent countries. In 2019, the total installed PVT collector area was 1,166,888 m2 (606 MWth,

11 Wimmer, L. et.al. (2019): Monitoring of renewable process heat plants within the gas sector.
12 http://task60.iea-shc.org/

27

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

208 MWpeak). The vast major ity of this collector area was installed in Europe (675,427 m2) followed by Asia excluding China(281,104 m2) and China (133,942 m2), which together accounted for 567 MWth, 194 MWpeak of the total installed capacity. The
remaining installed collector area was shared between the MENA countries Egypt and Israel (57,509 m2), Sub-Sahara Africancountries (8,767 m2), USA (5,400 m2), Australia (547 m2) and Latin Amer ica (408 m2).
Other, 2%
MENA Region, 5%
China
11%
Asia w/o China
24%

France, 41%
Europe, 58%

Germany, 10%

Figure 13:

Netherlands, 3%
Italy, 1%
Spain, 1%
Switzerland, 1%
Other, 1%

Distribution of the total installed collector area by economic region in 2019. (Source: IEA SHC Task 60 sur vey, AEE INTEC)

In the European market, France is the leader with an installed collector area of 484,587 m2 followed by Ger many with
112,326 m2 and the Netherlands with 32,127 m2. In Italy, Spain and Switzerland, collector areas range between 10,000 m2
and 15,000 m2. In the remaining European countries, collector areas of less than 10,000 m2 were reported.
Table 2 shows the cumulated installed collector area by PVT collector type at the end of 2019.
Country
Australia
Austria
BelgiumBrazilChile
China
Denmark
Ecuador
Egypt
FranceGermany
Ghana
Hungary
India
Israel
Italy
Korea, South
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Maldives
Netherlands
Nor way
Pakistan
Paraguey
Por tugal
South Africa
Spain
SwedenSwitzerland
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Other
TOTAL

Table 2:28

uncovered
523
595
712
26
213
133,72185
0012,619110,6228,000
525
057,48813,331
280,814635
260
030,353
267
0
0
335
0
1,552
0
7,720
851
5,400
0
529
667,178

Water Collectors [m²]coveredevacuated tube
0
0
922
0
0
16
0
0
101
0
50
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
68
0
1,452
0
0
0
53
0
7
0
0
0
2,170
0
0
0
0
0
74
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
16
11,350
0
0
0
36
0
312
229
0
0
2
0
3,240
16
19,846277

Air Collectors
[m²]
24
0
290
0
0
0
0
0
0
471,900
87
0
0
0
0
0
0
145
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3,530
348
0
0
0
476,324

Concentators
[m²]
0
0
15
0
10
171
0
0
21
0
165
0
0
255
0
0
0
0
0
21
1,773
0
0
51
0
751
0
31
0
0
0
0
0
3,263

Total installed PVT collector area worldwide. (Source: IEA SHC Task 60 sur vey, AEE INTEC)TOTAL [m²]
547
1,517
1,033
26
325
133,942854
21484,587
112,326
8,000
578
262
57,48815,501
280,814780
334
21
32,127
267
7
51
335
767
12,902
31
11,286
1,740
5,400
2
3,785
1,166,888

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

4.4.2

Market development of PVT collectors between 2017 and 2019
Based on the market data from 31 PVT manufacturers, the market for PVT collectors was character ized by a signif icant global
growth of +9 % on average in 2018 and 2019. This trend was also observed in the European market with a slightly higher
growth rate of +14%, which corresponds to an increase of the yearly new installed capacity of 40.8 MWth and 13,3 MWpeak.
Installed capacity [MWth , MWpeak]

Installed gross area [m²]1,200,000

1,200

1,000,000

1,000

800,000

800

600,000

600

400,000

400

200,000

200

Other countries
USA / Canada
MENA region
EuropeChina
Latin America
Australia
Asia w/o China
Sub-Sahara Africa
Thermal capacity

0

0
2017

2018

2019

Electrical capacity

Figure 14:

Global market development of PVT collectors from 2017 to 2019 (Source: IEA SHC Task 60 sur vey, AEE INTEC)

Photo 14

Glass
würde
heatingcov
ichtoeredliebera hoPVT
tel
nicht
in
colAuslec
einbauen,
tortria[TR3][WW4].
systemdassupgeht
plies
Photo:
sich
elec
hier
tric
3FsehrSo
itylarandschlechtheat aus
for domestic hot water and space heating as well as pool
The following figure shows the total installed
collector area and the dis tribution by PVT
technologies by country in 2019 in Europe.

Technology
Air collectors [m²]Concentrators [m²]
Covered water collectors [m²]Evacuated tube collectors [m²]

By the end of 2019, the total cumulative thermal capacity of PVT collectors was 606 MWthUncovered water collectors [m²]
PVT area [m²]and the PV power was 208 MWpeak installedworldwide. With a global share of 55 % of installed thermal capacity, uncovered PVT watercollectors were the dominating PVT technology produced, followed by PVT air collectors
with 43 % and covered PVT water collectors
with 2 %. Evacuated tube collectors and concentrators play only a minor role in the total
numbers.

Figure 15:

Total installed collector area and PVT technology
in Europe at the end of 2019. (Source: IEA SHC
Task 60 sur vey, AEE INTEC)

29

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDECountry

Australia
Austria
BelgiumBrazilChile
China
Denmark
Ecuador
Egypt
FranceGermany
Ghana
Hungary
India
Israel
Italy
Korea, South
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Maldives
Netherlands
Nor way
Pakistan
Paraguey
Por tugal
South Africa
Spain
SwedenSwitzerland
UK
USA
Uruguay
Other
Total

uncovered[kWth][kWpeak]
262
97
298
110
357
132
13
5
107
39
66,96424,700
43
16
0
0
0
0
6,319
2,331
55,397
20,434
4,006
1,478
263
97
0
0
28,78910,6196,676
2,462
140,625
51,871
318
117
130
48
0
0
15,200
5,607
134
49
0
0
0
0
168
62
0
0
777
287
0
0
3,866
1,426
426
157
2,704
997
0
0
265
98
334,107123,238

Water Collectors
covered[kWth][kWpeak]
0
0
484
143
0
0
0
0
53
16
26
8
0
0
2
1
0
0
36
10
763
225
0
0
28
8
4
1
0
0
1,140
336
0
0
0
0
39
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
5,962
1,756
0
0
19
6
164
48
0
0
1
0
1,702
501
10,425
3,071

Air Collectors
evacuated tube
[kWth] [kWpeak]
0
0
0
0
7
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
97
25
0
0
0
0
7
2
118
30

[kWth]
13
0
158
0
0
0
0
0
0
257,159
47
0
0
0
0
0
0
79
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,924
190
0
0
0
259,570[kWpeak]
4
0
49
0
0
0
0
0
0
80,223
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
600
59
0
0
0
80,975

Concentrators[kWth]
0
0
8
0
5
88
0
0
11
0
85
0
0
132
0
0
0
0
0
11
919
0
0
27
0
389
0
16
0
0
0
0
0
1,691

[kWpeak]
0
0
2
0
1
18
0
0
2
0
17
0
0
27
0
0
0
0
0
2
185
0
0
5
0
78
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
341

TOTAL
[kWth]
275
782
529
13
165
67,079432
11263,51456,292
4,006
291
136
28,7897,816
140,625397
169
11
16,119
134
4
27
168
396
6,739
16
5,809
877
2,704
1
1,974
605,910

Table 3:

Total installed thermal and electrical PVT collector capacity in 2019. (Source: IEA SHC Task 60 sur vey, AEE INTEC)

4.4.3

Distribution by type of application[kWpeak]
101
253
184
5
56
24,72616
1
2
82,564
20,6901,478
105
28
10,6192,798
51,871
142
59
2
5,792
49
1
5
62
80
2,043
3
2,032
290
997
0
601
207,655

In 2019, suppliers of PVT technology commissioned at least 2,800 new PVT systems worldwide. The cumulated number of
PVT systems in operation at the end of 2019 was 25,823. The break down is 86 % for solar air(pre)heating and cooling ofbuildings followed by 7 % for domestic hot water preparation for single family houses and 4 % for solar combi-systems that
supply both domestic hot water and space heating. Around 1 % of the total installed capacity provided heat and electricity
to large domestic hot water systems for multifamily houses, hotels, hospitals, schools, etc. The remaining systems accountfor around 2 % and deliver heat and electricity to other applications, including swimming pool heating, district heating
applications and solar heat for industrial applications.
Table 4 shows PVT systems by application.
PVT Applications
Swimming pool heating
Domestic hot water systems SFH
Large domestic hot water systems
Solar combi systems for SFH
Large solar combi systems
Solar air sys tems
Solar district heating systems
Solar heat for industrial applications
Not classifiable
TOTAL

Number of installations [#]
102
1,767
214
1,087
265
22,31720
51

Total collector area [m²]9,449
60,588133,831
26,90357,024
485,510
11,082
21,624360,877
1,166,888

Table 4:

PVT systems by application. (Source: IEA SHC Task 60 sur vey, AEE INTEC)

Photo 15

Energy-positive of fice building in the UK with evacuated tube PVT collectors on the south facing façade. Photo: Naked Energy

30

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDEAs shown in Figure 16 below, solar air systems dominate the PVT market. In a global context, this distribution is mainly
driven by the dominance of the French market, where almost all of the manufactured PVT collectors are air collectors. Never theless, uncovered PVT collectors are the most common technology.
By the end of 2019, 3,296 sys tems with uncovered PVT collectors were in operation, corresponding to a gross area of
667,178 m2. Out of these systems, 54 % were used for domestic hot water preparation in single and multifamily houses, hotels, and hospitals. Around 33 % of the systems supplied heat and electricity to households and to electric heating elements
for domestic hot water and space heating (combi-systems).
Number of systems [-]Installed gross collector area [m²]600,000
500,000

Concentrators
Air Collectors
Evacuated Tube
Covered water collectors
Uncovered water collectors

100,000
22,317
10,000

Number of systems

400,000

1,767

300,000

1,087

1,000
265

214
102

100
51

200,000
20

10

Figure 16:

Not classifiable

Solar heat forindustrial
applications

Solar district
heatingsystems

Solar airsystems

1
Large solarcombi systems

Solar combi
systems for
SFH

Large domestic
hot water
systems

Swimming pool
heating0

Domestic hotwater systems
SFH

100,000

PVT systems in operation worldwide by application, collector type and collector area at the end of 2019. (Source: IEA SHC Task 60
sur vey, AEE INTEC)

Energy-positive office building in the UK with evacuated tube
PVT collectors on the south facing façade.
Photo: Naked Energy

31

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

4.5

Solar air conditioning and cooling

4.5.1

Small and medium size applications
The global market for cooling and refrigeration will keep growing, par ticularly in emerging countries, and by 2050 37 % of
the total electricity demand growth will be due to the electricity demand of air conditioning13. Thus, there is huge potential
for cooling systems that use solar energy, both solar thermal and PV driven solar cooling and air conditioning systems, aspresented, for example, in the GIZ 2017 feasibility study for social housing buildings in Mexico14. A major argument for using
solar thermally driven systems is that they consume less conventional energy (up to factor five15) and use natural refrigerants, such as water and ammonia. In Europe, their application is also pushed by the European F-gas regulation
No. 517 / 2014. Another driver for solar cooling technology is its potential to reduce peak electricity demand, par ticularly incountries with signif icant cooling needs with grid constraints. Nowadays, for example in India, 30 % of total energy consumption in buildings is used for space cooling, which reaches 60 % of the summer peak load and is already stretching thecapacity of the Indian national electricity supply16. In other countries, like the USA, the peak load through air conditioning
reaches >70 % in hot days.
These mature cooling technologies are grabbing the attention of the OECD and emerging countries because cooling demand
will continue to grow over the next decades and national electric grids need protection against overloads.
Solar sorption cooling applications are particularly adapted for medium to large size units (100 kW to several MWs). For several years now, China has been promoting a voluntary policy to develop such green sorption devices. And, Germany recently
changed its incentives scheme for both vapor compression and sorption-based technologies to only support chillers and air
conditioners that use natural refrigerants (sorption chillers 5 kW – 600 kW) in combination with minimum required per formance17.
Solar thermal cooling is still a small niche market with less than 2,000 systems deployed globally as of 2019. However, due
to changing distribution channels and B2B sales of the sorption chillers, the tracking of newly installed solar driven systems is dif ficult and can only be estimated. Small units with capacity lower than 20 kW are getting more compact (and thus
cheaper in upfront costs) and focused the mass markets. The sector of medium to large scale projects, 350 kW – 2,000 kW, isdominated by engineered systems. Still 70 % of the small and medium capacity (< 350 kW) solar cooling systems worldwide
are installed in Europe. According to a sur vey carried out in early 2019 by SOLRICO for REN2118 in 2018 just a small number of
new solar cooling systems in the small and medium range were installed, mainly in Italy and Germany. Awareness of small to
medium-scale solar thermal driven systems is rising and several international initiatives (e.g., MI IC7, K-CEP, IEA SHC
Programme, etc.), research projects (e.g., HyCool19, sol.e.h.220, Zeosol21, etc.) as well as commercial solar thermal coolingprojects are running, for example in China, Spain, USA, Egypt, Greece, Austria, Africa, and Thailand.

13 https://www.iea.org/futureofcooling/
14 http://task53.iea-shc.org/Data/Sites/53/media/events/meeting-09/workshop/09-jakob_results-from-feasibility-studies-of-solar-cooling-systems-in-mexico-and-thearab-region.pdf
15 http://task53.iea-shc.org/Data/Sites/1/publications/IEA-SHC-Task53-C3-Final-Report.pdf
16 Low energy cooling and ventilation in indian residences, https://doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2018.1522144
17 https://www.bafa.de/DE/Energie/Energieeffizienz/Klima_Kaeltetechnik/klima_kaeltetechnik_node.html
18 Not published internal communication
19 Jakob, Uli; Kiedaisch, Falko (2019) Analysis of a solar hybrid cooling system for industrial applications, SWC 2019-SHC 2019, paper ID 12143.
20 Neyer, Daniel; et al. (2019) Solar Heating and Cooling in hot and humid climates – sol.e.h.2 Project Introduction, SWC 2019-SHC 2019, paper ID 10400.
21 Roumpedakis, Tryfon; et al. (2019) Performance results of a solar adsorption cooling and heating unit, SWC 2019-SHC 2019, paper ID 11465

32

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

One megawatt of cooling capacity using solar thermal energy at a hospital in Managua, Nicaragua

4.5.2

Photo: SOLID Solar Energy Systems GmbH

Solar Cooling with a cooling capacity larger than 350 kW
Solar cooling using thermal absorption chillers with a cooling capacity larger than 350kW / 100RT has improved signif icantly
in per formance, and at the same time, decreased in costs. There have been signif icant improvements in the per formance oflarge flat plate collectors at temperatures up to 120°C. This increase in per formance combined with an economy of scale
make solar cooling applications for large of fice buildings, hotels, hospitals and commercial / industrial applications costcompetitive.
The advantage of solar energy for cooling is because the supply, solar radiation, is available when the demand, cooling, is at
its peak. In other words, cooling is needed when the sun is shining, which means that dur ing peak demand solar coolingsaves money by avoiding the need to purchase electricity at its highest cost. Solar thermal energy also is an easy way of stor ing the solar heat and shifting it for cooling demands in the evenings and nights, while keeping remaining energy formorning cooling.
The electricity needed by a solar cooling system, for example to run pumps and the cooling tower, is quite low. Depending on
the climate, it may give Energy Ef ficiency Ratios (kWth / kWel) of 20 to 40 in systems with optimized variable speed driven
auxiliaries. Thus, the electric demand for air conditioning in a building is cut down by more than 80 % compared to conventional HVAC equipment.
Even though the technical and economic conditions for solar cooling and air conditioning have improved signif icantly in recent years, this remains a challenging market, which is reflected in the comparatively low number of solar cooling systems
built in recent years.

33

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

The world’s largest solar cooling application is located in Ar izona, USA and was commissioned in May 2014. The installation
covers a roof-mounted solar thermal collector field with a capacity of 3.4 MWth (4,865 m2) that supplies heat to a single-ef fect lithium bromide absorption chiller with a cooling capacity of 1.75 MW.
Four other large solar cooling systems were installed in 2018; two systems in Italy and one in Singapore, all of which use
evacuated tube collectors, and one system in Jordan that uses Fresnel collectors to provide the heat for the chiller.
In 2020, the completion of several new plants is expected. Two solar thermal cooling and process heat systems will be commissioned for a chemical industry and a food production site both located in Barcelona, Spain. One more system with
650 kW for industrial cooling and heating will be commissioned in Graz, Austria, and in Singapore, the Land Transport Author ity has awarded the installation of an Environment Control System for 4-in 1 Rail & Bus Depot, which will include theworld’s largest solar thermal cooling system comprised of a 6,500 m2 solar collector field and a 1,794 kW absorption chiller.

Table 5:Country

Site

Singapore
Italy
Italy
JordanSingapore
Nicaragua
India
India
China
Ar izona, USA
Johannesburg, South Africa
China
United Arab Emirates
Jamaica
Singapore
Qatar, Doha
Istanbul, Turkey
Spain, Sevilla
Lisbon, Por tugal
Rome, It aly

Mandai Depot
Borgoricco
LaivesJapan Tobacco International factory
IKEA Alexandra
Hospital Militar Escuela, Dr. Alejandro Dávila Bolaños
Of fice, Gujarat State Electricity Corporation
Swiss Embassy, New Delhi
Tianjin Zhongbei
Desert Mountain High School Scottsdale
MTN Headquar ter
Dezhou Institute
Sheikh Zayed Desert Learning Center
Digicel, Kingston
United World College
Showcase football stadium
Metro shopping center
Sevilla University, Escuela Superior de Ingenieros
CGD Lisbon
Metro Cash&Carry

Commissioned
2018
2018
2018
2018
2017
2017
2017
2017
2015
2014
2014
2014
2012
2011
2010
2009
2009
2008
2008

Installed
capacity[kWth]
2,308
1,046
n.a.
700
1,730
3,115
1,102
630
n.a.
3,407
272
n.a.
794
687
2,710
700
840
1,105
2,100

Collector
size
[m²]
3,297
1,494
n.a.
1,254
2,472
4,450
1,575
441
n.a.
4,865
484
720
1,134
982
3,872
1,408
1,200
352
1,579
3,000

Collector typeEvacuated tube
Evacuated tube
Evacuated tube
FresnelFlat plate
Flat plate
Evacuated tube
Parabolic troughEvacuated tubes
Flat plate
FresnelParabolic troughFlat plate
Flat plate
Flat plate
FresnelEvacuated tube
FresnelFlat plate
Flat plate

Cooling
capacity[kWcold]
850
700
176
n.a.
880
1,023
528
210
698
1,750
330
n.a.
352
600
1,500
n.a
n.a.
n.a.
585
700

Large-scale solar cooling systems installed between 2008 and 2018
Sources: Blackdot Energy, Industrial Solar GmbH, Ritter XL Solar, SOLID GmbH, SOLRICO, Vicot Solar Energy

Photo 17

Photo:
One mega
SOLID
wattSooflarcool
Energying caSys
pac
tems
ity GmbH
using solar thermal energy at a hospital in Managua, Nicaragua

4.6

Solar air heating systems
Solar air heating systems have been used mainly in North Amer ica, Australia and Japan, and to a lesser extent in othercountries, in residential buildings, schools, municipalities, and military and commercial buildings.
Storage of the heat is possible, but most solar air systems do not include storage to minimize costs. Solar air heating systems in North Amer ica are typically designed to cover between 20 to 30 % of the annual space heating demand of a building.
The heating of large production halls using unglazed air collectors has also become more widespread, especially in NorthAmer ica. These unglazed air collectors are of ten per forated wall cladding systems that use fans to draw air through thousands of tiny holes of the air collector. The collector (absorber), when exposed to direct sunlight, transfers heat to the air as
it passes into the building.

34

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Medicinal herb drying with air collectors in Cuba.

Photo: CONA Solar, Austria

Working on similar principles, a glazed air collector heating system consists of a metal case in which dark air ducts, coveredby glass, absorb heat from sunlight. Fans draw fresh air into the ducts, which emerges heated and proceeds through the ventilation system or directly into the building.
Solar air heaters are also common in agricultural applications primar ily for drying agricultural goods, timber, cof fee andherbs as well as for wood chip drying.
The following table shows the Top 10 countries using solar air collectors.
Country
CanadaAustralia
Japan
United States
Denmark
India
FranceChina
MexicoHungary

Table 6:

Air Collectors [m²]unglazed
423,227
370,000
121,882
4,300
9,658
7,000
752
3,418

glazed50,114
12,800281,669
69,50018,00012,150
1,100
3,000
8,773
2,300

TOTAL [m²]473,341
382,800
281,669
191,382
22,30012,15010,75810,0009,525
5,718

Top 10 countries using air collectors22

By the end of 2018, a total of 1,084 MWth (1,548,143 m2) of glazed and unglazed air collectors were installed worldwide. The
annual worldwide market in 2018 was in the range of 30 MWth (43,280 m2).
Photo 18

Medicinal herb drying with air collectors in Cuba. Photo: CONA Solar, Austria

22 Total installed air collector area in operation in 201835

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

5

Detailed global market data and country statistics 2018
The following chapters of the report show detailed solar thermal market figures for the year 2018 and country figures for 68
countries.

Background of the presented data
The following chapters of the report show figures of the actual collector area in operation in 2018 and not the cumulated
collector area installed in a country, meaning that system lifetimes are considered. To determine the collector area and respective capacity in operation, either of ficial country reports on the lifetime were used or, if such reports were not available, a 25-year lifetime for a system was calculated. The collector area in operation was then calculated using a linear
equation. For China, the methodology of the Chinese Solar Thermal Industry Federation (CSTIF) was used. According to the
CSTIF approach, the operation lifetime is 10 years. For Germany, a lifetime of 20 years is used.
The analysis fur ther distinguishes between dif ferent types of solar thermal collectors: unglazed water collectors, glazed water collectors including flat plate collectors (FPC) and evacuated tube collectors (ETC), and unglazed and glazed air collectors. Concentrating collectors are not within the scope of this report.

5.1

General market overview of the total installed capacity in operation
By the end of 2018, an installed capacity of 483 GWth, corresponding to a total of 690 million m2 of collector area was in operation worldwide.
The vast major ity of the total capacity in operation was installed in China (337.6 GWth) and Europe (56.8 GWth), which together accounted for 81.7 % of the total installed capacity. The remaining installed capacity was shared between the UnitedStates and Canada (18.6 GWth), Latin Amer ica (14.8 GWth), Asia excluding China (14.7 GWth), the MENA countries Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, the Palestinian Territories and Tunisia (7.1 GWth), Australia and New Zealand (6.6 GWth), and
Sub-Sahara African countries Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ghana, Lesotho, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa and Zimbabwe (1.7 GWth). The market volume of “all other countries” is estimated to amount to 5 %of the total installations (24.1 GWth).

Europe
11.8%

China
69.9%

Sub-Sahara Africa:
Asia w / o China:
Latin America:
Europe:MENA countries:

Figure 17:

36

18.3%

3.9%

USA / Canada

3.1%

Latin America

3.1%

Asia w/o China

1.5%

MENA region

1.4%

Australia / NZ

0.4%

Sub-Sahara Africa

5.0%

Other countries

Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ghana, Lesotho, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe
India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand
Argentina, Barbados, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Uruguay
EU 28, Albania, Northern Macedonia, Norway, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey
Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestinian Territories, Tunisia

Share of the total installed capacity in operation (glazed and unglazed water and air collectors) by economic region in 2018

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDECountry
Albania
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Barbados
Belgium
Botswana
BrazilBulgaria
Burkina Faso
CanadaCape Verde
Chile
China
Croatia
CyprusCzech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
FinlandFrance (mainland)+Germany
Ghana
GreeceHungary
India
IrelandIsraelItaly
Japan
Jordan*Korea, South
LatviaLebanonLesotho
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Northern Macedonia
Malta
Mauritius**
MexicoMorocco*Mozambique
Namibia
Netherlands
New Zealand***Nigeria
Nor way
Pales tinian Territories
PolandPor tugal
Romania
RussiaSenegalSlovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
SwedenSwitzerland
TaiwanThailand****Tunisia
TurkeyUnited Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Zimbabwe
All other countries (5%)
TOTAL

unglazed
13.0
3,889.2
236.8
31.5
4,198.8

553.1
45.9

1.5
350.0
14.4
8.3
69.8
364.1

12.8
0.0
27.3
30.7
4.2

993.1
0.1
1.1
61.3
4.9
1.3

1.5
0.2
0.1
0.7
863.9
109.2
119.3
131.1
1.4

366.2
15,734.9

1,486.4
29,728Water Collectors [MWth]
FPC
175.0
14.6
2,414.3
3,286.0
165.6
382.3
7.9
6,968.5
96.4
2.2
49.4
1.5
164.2
32,165.0
152.3
533.2
331.0
1,154.4
6.8
25.6
1,749.8
12,044.2
1.7
3,283.7
163.6
3,060.0
148.3
3,323.9
2,829.7
2,523.6
687.7
1,194.3
8.5
247.0
1.1
5.5
39.5
42.2
40.8
93.0
1,129.7
315.7
0.4
30.4
366.0
100.1
0.8
26.6
1,248.2
1,447.4
748.5
75.6
14.9
1.2
101.1
87.2
452.1
2,751.2
204.4
958.6
1,125.5
110.3
674.7
12,499.3
426.2
2,079.9
53.2
15.3
5,612.0
112,241

ETC
5.6
34.6
147.7
60.2
69.5
1.6
91.0
3.4
0.5
34.9
38.0
305,452.0
8.4
16.5
100.0
6.4
5.5
14.0
131.4
1,468.3
0.6
15.4
52.6
6,397.5
85.1

Air Collectors [MWth]unglazedglazed

259.0

9.0
3.3

296.3

35.1

4.9

0.2
2.1

3.0

12.6

6.8

0.8
14.6

2.4
0.0

1.6
8.5

444.3
56.8
190.5
129.5
2.3
335.9
0.5
7.6
6.2
25.5
10.2
904.1

197.2

0.5

6.1

0.0
0.1

0.6
2.9

0.6
0.0
0.0

0.0
0.8

0.0
2.3

0.0
0.9

49.1
5,097.0
217.5
119.7

7.0
16.5
85.3

48.7

26.5
16,999.5
339,990

36.0
721

18.2
363

1.6
1.0
32.6
6.8
2.6
2.9
5.8
343.4
20.5
67.4
2.6
2.2
18.7
16.4
205.1
157.2
50.8
95.9
93.3

TOTAL [MWth]excl. concentrators
181
62
6,719
3,586
166
483
9
11,258
100
3
969
2
248
337,624
161
551
781
1,191
12
48
1,958
13,891
2
3,299
233
9,466
233
3,351
3,305
2,778
882
1,324
11
583
2
13
46
68
51
93
3,034
316
2
32
460
112
4.0
34
1,254
1,791
770
144
18
4.2
121
104
1,521
3,021
374
1,186
1,220
110
724
17,603
1,026
18,0695342
24,152
483,043

Note: If no data is given: no reliable database for this collector type is available* Total capacity in operation refers to the year 2014** Total capacity in operation refers to the year 2015*** Total capacity in operation refers to the year 2009**** Total capacity in operation refers to the year 2016
+ The figures for France relate to mainland France only, overseas territories of France (DOM) are not considered

Table 7:

Total capacity in operation in 2018 [MWth]37

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDECountry
Albania
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Barbados
Belgium
Botswana
BrazilBulgaria
Burkina Faso
CanadaCape Verde
Chile
China
Croatia
CyprusCzech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
FinlandFrance (mainland)+Germany
Ghana
GreeceHungary
India
IrelandIsraelItaly
Japan
Jordan*Korea, South
LatviaLebanonLesotho
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Northern Macedonia
Malta
Mauritius**
MexicoMorocco*Mozambique
Namibia
Netherlands
New Zealand***Nigeria
Nor way
Pales tinian Territories
PolandPor tugal
Romania
RussiaSenegalSlovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
SwedenSwitzerland
TaiwanThailand****Tunisia
TurkeyUnited Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Zimbabwe
All other countries (5%)
TOTAL

unglazed
18,636
5,556,000
338,255
45,0005,998,282

790,124
65,5502,213
500,000
20,50011,80099,671520,090

18,300039,00043,8005,940

1,418,653
144
1,560
87,600
7,025
1,849

2,130
340
137
1,000
1,234,149
156,038
170,410
187,290
1,937

523,11122,478,478

2,123,422
42,468,435

Water Collectors [m²]FPC
250,037
20,7863,449,000
4,694,348
236,544546,167
11,3089,954,957
137,680
3,082
70,617
2,163
234,528
45,950,000
217,500
761,682472,914
1,649,078
9,730
36,5902,499,656
17,206,000
2,494
4,691,000
233,700
4,371,402
211,821
4,748,434
4,042,411
3,605,145
982,482
1,706,196
12,192352,8211,514
7,900
56,46360,31958,287
132,793
1,613,922
451,000
641
43,457
522,800
142,975
1,080
38,041
1,783,189
2,067,700
1,069,222
108,000
21,2201,741
144,450
124,500
645,845
3,930,261
291,998
1,369,440
1,607,874
157,536
963,911
17,856,182
608,843
2,971,267
76,00021,8388,017,193
160,343,867

ETC
8,010
49,496211,000
86,022
99,3502,221
129,962
4,920
779
49,82354,305436,360,000
12,06723,567
142,798
9,197
7,790
19,933
187,720
2,097,500
887
22,00075,1009,139,299
121,58638

Total installed collector area in operation in 2018 [m2]370,000

12,8004,678

423,227

50,114

7,000

300
3,000

4,300

18,000

9,658

1,100
20,800

3,418
0

2,300
12,150634,70381,210272,084
184,9593,240
479,844738
10,8008,900
36,418
14,572
1,291,642

281,669

752

8,773

0
200

870
4,106

800
2
0

64
1,203

0
3,250

0
1,250

70,104
7,281,454
310,765
171,071

9,970
23,600121,882

69,50037,801
24,285,024
485,700,484

51,477
1,029,536

25,930518,608

2,351
1,377
46,600
9,644
3,752
4,203
8,225
490,600
29,33096,3503,687
3,083
26,75023,400293,065
224,524
72,578137,060
133,244

Note: If no data is given: no reliable database for this collector type is available* Total collector area in operation refers to the year 2014** Total collector area in operation refers to the year 2015*** Total collector area in operation refers to the year 2009**** Total collector area in operation refers to the year 2016
+ The figures for France relate to mainland France only, overseas territories of France (DOM) are not considered

Table 8:Air Collectors [m²]unglazedglazedTOTAL (excl.
concentrators)[m²]
258,047
88,9189,598,800
5,123,303
236,544690,517
13,52916,083,201
142,600
3,861
1,383,905
2,163
354,683
482,320,000
229,567
787,462
1,115,712
1,701,075
17,52068,323
2,797,805
19,844,390
3,381
4,713,000
332,818
13,522,851
333,4074,787,434
4,720,914
3,968,024
1,260,506
1,891,155
15,432
832,665
2,252
18,70065,36396,73772,858132,793
4,333,742
451,000
3,136
46,393657,000
159,645
5,702
48,4001,791,414
2,558,300
1,100,682
205,490
25,1106,027
172,200
147,900
2,173,059
4,315,323
534,986
1,693,790
1,743,055
157,536
1,034,015
25,147,606
1,466,319
25,812,198
76,00059,63934,503,046
690,060,930

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

The total installed capacity in operation in 2018 was divided into flat plate collectors (FPC): 112.2 GWth (160.3 million m2),
evacuated tube collectors (ETC): 340 GWth (485.7 million m2), unglazed water collectors: 29.7 GWth (42.5 million m2), andglazed and unglazed air collectors: 1.1 GWth (1.6 million m2).
With a global share of 70.4%, evacuated tube collectors were the predominant solar thermal collector technology, followedby flat plate collectors with 22.6 % and unglazed water collectors with 6.1 % (Figure 18). Air collectors play only a minor rolein the total numbers.
Air collector
0.2%

Evacuated tube
collector
70.4%

Figure 18:

Unglazed water collector
6.2%

Flat plate collector
23.2%

Distribution of the total installed capacity in operation by collector type in 2018 – WORLD

By contrast in Europe, the second largest market to China, flat plate collectors were the dominant collector type (Figure19). Compared to 2017, the share of evacuated tube collectors decreased in Europe by 0.6 % and the share of unglazed watercollectors increased by 3.4 %.

Evacuated tube collector
15.2%

Flat plate collector
81.3%

Air collector
0.1%
Unglazed water collector
3.4%

Figure 19:

Distribution of the total installed capacity in operation by collector type in 2018 – EUROPE

39

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Figure 20 shows the cumulated installed capacity of glazed and unglazed water collectors in operation for the 10 leading
markets in 2018 in total numbers.
Capacity[MWth ]
24,00022,00020,00018,00016,00014,00012,00010,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0

Figure 20:

337,816

17,935

Unglazed water collectors
Flat plate collectors
Evacuated tube collectors

17,596

13,877
11,258
9,457

6,451

China

USA

TurkeyGermany

BrazilIndia

Australia

3,583

3,351

3,305

Austria

IsraelItaly

Top 10 countries of cumulated water collector installations in 2018 (absolute figures in MWth)Compared to the year 2017, Italy replaced Greece in the top 10 country ranking. Turkey moved past Germany to the third position in 2015 and has held that position since and in 2015 India over took Australia for the number six position. Both countries show how the market is shifting from histor ically dominated OECD countries to non-OECD countries.
China remained the world leader in total capacity, and its market is dominated by evacuated tube collectors. The UnitedStates held its second position due to its high number of installed unglazed water collectors. Besides the United States, only
Australia, and to some extent Brazil, have large numbers of unglazed water collectors installed. In the large European markets, Germany, Austria and Italy, flat plate collectors were the most dominant collector technology. In Turkey, a strong
trend towards evacuated tube collector technology can be seen over the past few years.
The top 10 countries with the highest market penetration per capita are shown in Figure 21. The leading countries in cumulated glazed and unglazed water collector capacity in oper ation in 2018 per 1,000 inhabit ants were Barbados(565 kWth / 1,000 inhabit ants), Cyprus (446 kWth / 1,000 inhabit ants), Aus tria (408 kWth / 1,000 inhabit ants), Israel(398 kWth / 1,000 inhabitants), Greece (309 kWth / 1,000 inhabitants), the Palestinian territories (271 kWth / 1,000 inhabitants), Australia (261 kWth / 1,000 inhabitants), China (244 kWth / 1,000 inhabitants), Turkey (217 kWth / 1,000 inhabitants),
and Denmark (202 kWth / 1,000 inhabitants).
Capacity [kWth per 1,000 inh.]
600
564,9
550
500
445,6
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
CyprusBarbados

Figure 21:

40

407,5

Unglazed water collectors
Flat plate collectors
Evacuated tube collectors
397,8
309,2
270,5

Austria

IsraelGreecePalestinian
Territ.

260,7Australia

243,8

China

216,6

202,3

TurkeyDenmark

Top 10 countries of cumulated water collector installations per 1,000 inhabitants in 2018 (relative figures in kWth)0.02

1,000.00

100.00

10.00

1.00

0.10

0.01

Figure 23:

0.22
0.14
0.12
0.08
0.07

Figure 22:

Capacity [kWth /1,000 inh.]

564.87444.33394.53380.54309.21270.54243.82216.55199.81167.94127.16113.58103.52
95.55
83.97
75.53
74.26
68.13
62.85
59.08
58.96
52.60
51.76
49.25
46.61
46.05
40.33
39.05
37.63
33.80
31.96
27.93
25.75
25.42
23.24
22.35
22.01
22.00
20.45
16.15
15.79
14.14
12.39
11.87
11.28
9.89
9.86
9.05
7.29
7.15
6.72
6.67
5.62
5.50
4.69
4.21
2.98
2.66
2.27
1.61
1.10
0.80

2
2

3
3
3
2
2

1,000.0

100.0

10.0

1.0
17
13
12
11
9

10,000.0

17,596
13,512
9,457
7,059
3,346
3,324
3,299
3,274
2,908
2,580
2,562
2,200
2,034
1,881
1,791
1,324
1,254
1,219
1,161
1,055
878
769
724
657
644
583
550
452
431
399
316
255
233
216
202
181
166
161
143
120
110
107
104
100
93
84
68
53
51
49
46
42
40
31
30

100,000.0

China
TurkeyGermany
India
BrazilAustria
IsraelGreece
Italy
Spain
Japan
Australia
USA
MexicoFrance (mainl.)
PolandKorea, South
Palestinian
TaiwanDenmark
Switzerland
JordanPortugal
TunisiaSouth Africa
UK
Lebanon
CyprusBelgium
Czech Repc.
Netherlands
MoroccoSwedenIreland
Hungary
Chile
Albania
Barbados
Croatia
Romania
Slovakia
Thailand
New Zealand
Slovenia
Bulgaria
Mauritius
CanadaNorthern
Uruguay
Malta
Argentina
Luxembourg
Zimbabwe
Finland
Namibia
NorwayRussiaLithuania
Estonia
LatviaBotswana
Nigeria
SenegalBurkina Faso
Ghana
Mozambique
LesothoCape Verde

5.2

Barbados
CyprusIsraelAustria
GreecePalestin.Terr.
China
TurkeyDenmark
Germany
Switzerland
Malta
Australia
LebanonJordanLuxembourg
Portugal
Mauritius
Tunisia
Albania
Spain
Italy
TaiwanSlovenia
PolandIrelandCzech Rep.
Belgium
Croatia
Brazil
N. Macedonia
France (mainl.)
Korea, South
SwedenNetherlands
New Zealand
Slovakia
HungaryJapan
MexicoUruguay
Bulgaria
NamibiaSouth Africa
Chile
UK
Estonia
MoroccoIndia
FinlandUSA
Romania
LatviaNorwayLithuania
Botswana
Zimbabwe
Cape Verde
CanadaThailand
Argentina
LesothoSenegalBurkina Faso
RussiaGhana
Mozambique
Nigeria

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Total capacity of glazed water collectors in operation
With 337.6 GWth, China was once again by far the leader in terms of total installed capacity of glazed water collectors in
2018. With >10 GWth of installed capacity, Turkey and Germany were next. Several countries, namely India, Brazil, Austria,

Israel, Greece, Italy, Spain, Japan, Australia, the United States, Mexico, France, Poland, South Korea, the Palestinian Terri-

tories, Taiwan, Denmark and Switzerland had more than 1 GWth of water collectors installed by the end of 2018 (Figure 22).
Capacity [MWth]
1,000,000.0
337,617

Total capacity of glazed water collectors in operation by the end of 2018

In terms of total installed capacity of glazed water collectors in operation per 1,000 inhabitants, there was a continued
dominance by five countries: Barbados, Cyprus, Israel, Austria and Greece. China ranks seventh in terms of market penetra-tion. Never theless, it is remarkable that China with its 1.37 billion inhabitants exceeds solar thermal per capacity levels of

the large European markets in Germany, Turkey, Denmark and Spain (Figure 23).

Total Capacity of glazed water collectors in operation in kWth per 1,000 inhabitants in 201841

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Figure 24 shows the accumulated collector area of glazed water collectors in relation to the gross domestic product (GDP) of
the respective countries. This new graph highlights a dif ferent level of compar ison between countries. In this analysis, it isinteresting to see that the order of the leading countries has changed signif icantly. In the top 10 countries, there are atleast six countries with a relatively low GDP per 1,000 inhabitants, while the countries with medium or high relative GDP aremostly in the middle or in the last third of the ranking.
From this graph, it could be deduced that the spread of thermal solar systems depends not only on the income of the residents, but also on the energy policy framework.
Capacity [kWth]
100.0000

glazed water collectors (kWth)GDP (PPP) / 1000 inh.

GDP (PPP) / 1,000 inh. [current international $]120,000,000

0.10000.01000.00100.0001Figure 24:

China
India
TurkeyBrazilGermany
Palestinian T.
GreeceMexicoJordanItaly
IsraelSpain
Japan
Austria
PolandTunisia
Australia
South Africa
FranceLebanonUSA
MoroccoKorea, South
Portugal
Denmark
Cyprus
Switzerland
AlbaniaUK
Zimbabwe
Czech Rep.
Barbados
Belgium
Chile
Netherlands
Hungary
Croatia
ThailandRomania
SwedenBulgaria
Mauritius
N. Macedonia
Slowak Rep.
Ireland
Namibia
Slovenia
New ZealandArgentina
Uruguay
CanadaMozambique
Burkina Faso
Malta
SenegalFinland
RussiaNigeria
Botswana
Ghana
NorwayLesothoLuxembourg
Lithuania

1.00001.16805
0.618810.437270.247010.24665
0.11088
0.10230
0.097320.080620.078960.07732
0.060120.05998
0.057810.057650.049110.04603
0.04172
0.03969
0.03503
0.034930.03286
0.023180.020890.020290.015090.014420.01371
0.013390.010910.009130.008900.00767
0.00704
0.00699
0.006080.00572
0.00559
0.00473
0.00457
0.004220.004210.00355
0.002930.00292
0.00277
0.00255
0.002400.002200.001750.001390.001360.001110.000850.000820.000610.000590.000510.000470.000460.000460.000400.00037

18.40625

10.0000

Cumulated capacity of glazed water collectors per GDP / 1,000 inhabitants in 201823

23 Source of GDP: UN Data

42

100,000,000

80,000,000

60,000,000

40,000,000

20,000,000

0SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Figure 25 and Figure 26 show the solar thermal market penetration per capita worldwide and in Europe.

Figure 25:

Solar thermal market penetration per capita in kWth per 1,000 inhabitants – WORLD

Figure 26:

Solar thermal market penetration per capita in kWth per 1,000 inhabitants – EUROPE

43

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

5.3

Total capacity of glazed water collectors in operation by economic
regionCapacity [MWth]

400,000
350,000

337,617300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000

54,86750,00014,6910
China

Figure 27:

Europe9,563

Asia w/o China Latin America

7,078

2,669

2,284

850

MENA Region

Australia

USA / Canada

Sub-Sahara
AfricaTotal capacity of glazed flat plate and evacuated tube collectors in operation by economic region in 2018

In terms of market penetration per capita by economic region, China again takes the lead. It is remarkable that the MENA
countries and Australia are ahead of Europe, which only confirms the very unbalanced market distribution in Europe (Figure28). Whereas some European countries like Cyprus, Austria and Greece belong to the world market leaders in terms of highmarket penetration, others like the Baltic countries have negligible solar thermal market penetrations.
Capacity [kWth /1,000 inhabitants]
300
250

243.8

200
150
93.1

100

90.4
72.2

50

24.1

0

China
Sub-Sahara Africa:
Asia excluding China:
Latin America:
Europe:MENA countries:

Figure 28:

Australia

EuropeLatin
America

6.3

2.3

Asia w/o
China

USA /
CanadaSub-Sahara
AfricaBotswana, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ghana, Lesotho, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe
India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand
Argentina, Barbados, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Uruguay
EU 28, Albania, Northern Macedonia, Norway, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey
Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestinian Territories, Tunisia

Total capacity of glazed flat plate and evacuated tube collectors in operation by economic region and in kWth per 1,000 inhabitantsin 2018

44

MENA
region8.7

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

5.4

Total capacity of unglazed water collectors in operation
Unglazed water collectors are mainly used for swimming pool heating. This type of collector has lost a signif icant market
share over the past decade. The share of unglazed water collectors in the total installed collector capacity was reduced from
21%24 in 2005 to just 6 % in 2018. Figure 29 and Figure 30 show the total installed capacity of unglazed water collectors
and total installed capacity of unglazed water collectors per 1,000 inhabitants at the end of 2018.

0.1
0.1

0.2

0.7

0.2

Namibia

1.3

1.1

TaiwanNorway1.00

Slovakia

1.5

1.4

CyprusPortugal5
1.5
New Zealand

13
8Hungary

10.00

Finland14

13

Denmark

31

27

Italy

IsraelArgentina

46

31

Chile

Belgium

70

61
Netherlands

Spain

100.00France (mainl.)

119

109

Sweden

237

131

364

350
Czech Rep.

Switzerland

366
UK

Germany864

553

South Africa

3,889

1,000.00

993

10,000.00

Mexico100,000.00

15,735
4,199

Capacity [MWth]

0.10

RussiaRomania

Mozambique

JordanAustria

CanadaAustralia

USA

Figure 29:

Brazil0.01

Total capacity of unglazed water collectors in operation in 2018

100.00
10.00
1.00
0.10
0.01
0.001

157.2
48.1
32.8
26.9
20.1
15.8
15.6
14.9
11.9
7.9
5.6
4.5
3.6
3.2
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.2
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.06
0.011
0.00380.00350.0007

Capacity [kWth /yr/1,000 inhabitants]
1,000.00

Australia
USA
Czech Rep.
Austria
BrazilSwitzerland
South Africa
CanadaSwedenMexicoUK
Germany
Netherlands
IsraelBelgium
Chile
Denmark
Spain
Finland
Hungary
CyprusFrance (mainl.)
New Zealand
Italy
Namibia
JordanArgentina
NorwayPortugal
Slovakia
TaiwanRomania
Mozambique
Russia0.0001Figure 30:

Total capacity of unglazed water collectors in operation in kWth per 1,000 inhabitants in 2018

24 Solar Heat Worldwide (Ed.2008), Figure 3

45

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

5.5

Newly installed capacity in 2018 and market development
In 2018, a total capacity of 33.5 GWth, corresponding to 47.9 million m2 of new solar collectors was installed worldwide.
The main markets were in China (24.8 GWth) and Europe (2.9 GWth), which together accounted for 82.7 % of the overall newcollector installations in 2018. The rest of the market was shared between Latin Amer ica (1.2 GWth), Asia excluding China(1.4 GWth), the United States and Canada (0.6 GWth), MENA countries (0.4 GWth), Australia (0.4 GWth), and Sub-Sahara African countries (0.1 GWth). The market volume of “all other countries” is estimated to amount to 5 % of the new installations(1.7 GWth).
Europe
8.7%

China
74.0%

Sub-Sahara Africa:
Asia excluding China:
Latin America:
Europe:MENA countries:

Figure 31:

17.3%

3.6%

Latin America

4.0%

Asia w/o China

1.9%

USA / Canada

1.2%

MENA region

1.2%

Australia / NZ

0.3%

Sub-Sahara Africa

5.0%

Other countries

Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ghana, Lesotho, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe
India, Japan, Korea South, Taiwan, Thailand
Argentina, Barbados, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Uruguay
EU 28, Albania, Northern Macedonia, Norway, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey
Israel, Lebanon, Palestinian Territories, Tunisia

Share of newly installed capacity (glazed and unglazed water and air collectors) by economic regions in 2018

Of the top 10 markets in 2018, positive market development was reported from India (17 %) Mexico (4 %) and Greece (4 %).
Other countries with impressive market growth were Poland (179 %) and Denmark (128 %). Cyprus showed a 5 % increase
compared to 2017.

46

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDECountry
Albania
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Barbados*
Belgium
Botswana**
BrazilBulgaria
Burkina Faso**
CanadaCape Verde**
Chile
China
Croatia
CyprusCzech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
FinlandFrance (mainland)+Germany
Ghana**
GreeceHungary
India
IrelandIsraelItaly
Japan
Korea, South
LatviaLebanonLesotho
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Northern Macedonia
Malta
MexicoMozambique**Namibia
Netherlands
Nigeria
Nor way
Pales tinian Territories
PolandPor tugal
Romania
RussiaSenegal**Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
SwedenSwitzerland
TaiwanTunisia
TurkeyUnited Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Zimbabwe
Other (5%)
TOTAL

unglazed
6.5
280.0
0.4

439.1

0.7

21.0

0.8

0.4

0.7

83.6

1.8

0.0

0.0
45.7
2.7
0.0
3.9

9.1
511.1

74.1
1,481.6

Water Collectors [MWth]
FPC
16.1
7.3
115.5
68.0
8.6
17.5
0.6
416.1
3.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
14.9
4,186.0
13.2
39.6
11.6
50.3
0.6
1.9
40.0
353.5
0.5
230.0
7.7
149.1
5.3
290.5
110.5
52.2
6.3
0.9
10.8
0.0
0.5
2.4
3.6
0.3
106.1
0.2
2.8
22.0
0.3
0.9
31.4
210.0
32.2
5.0
0.4
1.2
5.6
1.0
28.7
134.4
1.2
37.4
25.2
44.7
663.6
4.6
106.8
4.6
0.0
405.6
8,111.7

ETC
1.9
17.3
12.7
0.8

Air Collectors [MWth]unglazedglazed

3.4
0.3
19.9
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
20,615.0
0.4
0.0
5.3

3.5

0.7
0.5

9.5

0.8

2.1

0.7

0.0
0.4
0.6
1.3
48.0
0.2
0.4
1.4
1,102.7
3.3
15.1
0.8
8.0
0.2
20.5
0.1
0.9
0.0
8.0
0.1
94.2
0.4
0.0
4.8
2.5
0.1
0.0
7.0
0.7
6.7
0.3
0.9
1.1
0.1
19.3
6.8
0.1
3.6

0.7

0.5

0.1
0.2

2.1

0.6

0.0

652.4
1.3
5.6

0.3
0.4
3.5

2.8

12.5
1,195.3
23,905.5

1.1
21.5

0.4
8.8

TOTAL [MWth]excl. concentrators
18.1
31.1
412.4
69.6
8.6
20.9
0.9
875.1
3.5
0.3
11.4
0.3
15.2
24,803.8
13.6
39.6
37.8
50.3
1.1
2.5
42.9
401.5
0.7
230.3
10.0
1,252.0
8.6
291.2
125.6
55.1
14.3
1.1
31.3
0.1
1.4
2.4
11.6
0.4
283.9
0.6
28.6
3.3
1.0
31.4
217.0
32.9
11.8
0.7
2.1
6.7
1.2
93.7
143.9
1.3
44.9
25.2
44.7
1,316.3
15.4
629.8
4.6
12.5
1,676.5
33,529.2

Note: If no data is given: no reliable database for this collector type is available.
*
Country market data for new installations in 2018 estimated by AEE INTEC+
The figures for France relate to mainland France only, overseas territories of France (DOM) are not considered

Table 9:

Newly installed capacity in 2018 [MWth / a]47

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDECountry
Albania
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Barbados*
Belgium
Botswana**
BrazilBulgaria
Burkina Faso**
CanadaCape Verde**
Chile
China
Croatia
CyprusCzech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
FinlandFrance (mainland)+Germany
Ghana**
GreeceHungary
India
IrelandIsraelItaly
Japan
Korea, South
LatviaLebanonLesotho
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Northern Macedonia
Malta
MexicoMozambique**Namibia
Netherlands
Nigeria
Nor way
Pales tinian Territories
PolandPor tugal
Romania
RussiaSenegal**Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
SwedenSwitzerland
TaiwanTunisia
TurkeyUnited Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Zimbabwe
Other (5%)
TOTAL

unglazed
9,318.0
400,000.0
510.0

627,321.0

980.0

30,000.0

1,200.0

500.0

1,000.0

119,400.0

2,620.0

0.0

0.0
65,231.0
3,866.0
0.0
5,640.0

13,022.0730,200.0

105,832.0
2,116,640.0

Water Collectors [m²]FPC
ETC
23,068.0
2,764.0
10,393.0
24,748.0
165,000.0
18,200.0
97,100.0
1,130.0
12,300.0
25,000.0
4,900.0
807.8
421.2
594,482.0
28,397.0
4,600.0
450.0
100.0
310.0
230.0
340.0
380.0
21,228.0
427.0
5,980,000.0
29,450,000.0
18,850.0592.0
56,552.0
0.0
16,500.0
7,500.0
71,879.0
900.0
600.0
2,700.0900.0
57,185.0
1,840.0
505,000.0
68,500.0
750.0
250.0
328,500.0
500.0
11,000.0
2,000.0
213,053.0
1,575,323.0
7,540.7
4,698.3
415,000.0
157,900.0
21,500.0
74,582.0
1,147.0
9,007.0
11,463.0
1,350.0
250.0
15,360.0
29,303.0
65.0
140.0
750.0
1,250.0
3,418.0
0.0
5,200.0
11,364.0
486.6
121.6
151,640.0
134,500.0
280.0
570.0
3,937.0
21.3
31,400.0
6,800.0392.6
3,515.2
1,350.0
73.0
44,820.0
0.0
300,000.0
10,000.0
46,000.0
1,000.0
7,200.09,600.0624.8
370.4
1,650.0
1,350.08,000.01,600.0
1,450.0
200.0
41,056.0
27,590.0
191,966.0
9,698.0
1,755.0
167.0
53,429.0
5,078.0
36,000.0
63,873.0
948,000.0
932,000.0
6,556.8
1,879.2
152,530.0
7,950.06,600.0
26.9
17,887.4
579,408.1
1,707,535.7
11,588,162.3
34,150,714.4

Air Collectors [m²]unglazedglazed5,000.0

1,000.0
650.0

13,630.0

1,120.0

3,000.0

1,000.0

0.0

1,005.0

668.0

100.0
250.0

2,996.0

800.0

0.0

400.0
500.0
5,000.0

4,000.0

1,537.030,740.0

627.2
12,543.2

TOTAL [m²]25,832.044,459.0
589,200.0
99,390.0
12,300.0
29,900.0
1,229.0
1,250,200.0
5,050.0410.0
16,300.0
380.0
21,655.0
35,434,000.0
19,442.0
56,552.0
54,000.0
71,879.0
1,500.03,600.0
61,230.0
573,500.0
1,000.0
329,000.0
14,268.0
1,788,626.0
12,239.0
416,000.0
179,400.0
78,725.0
20,470.0
1,600.0
44,663.0
205.0
2,000.0
3,418.0
16,564.0
608.2
405,540.0
850.0
40,820.0
4,707.8
1,423.0
44,820.0
310,000.0
47,000.0
16,800.0
995.2
3,000.09,600.0
1,650.0
133,877.0
205,530.0
1,922.0
64,147.0
36,000.0
63,873.0
1,880,400.0
21,958.0
899,680.0
6,600.0
17,914.3
2,394,940.0
47,898,799.9

Note: If no data is given: no reliable database for this collector type is available.
*
Country market data for new installations in 2018 estimated by AEE INTEC+
The figures for France relate to mainland France only, overseas territories of France (DOM) are not considered

Table 10:

Newly installed collector area in 2018 [m2 / a]

New installations in 2018 are divided into flat plate collectors: 8.1 GWth (11.6 million m2), evacuated tube collectors:
23.9 GWth (34.1 million square meters), unglazed water collectors: 1.4 GWth (2.1 million m2), and glazed and unglazed air collectors: 0.03 GWth (0.04 million m2).

48

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

With a share of 71.3%, evacuated tube collectors remain by far the most impor tant solar thermal collector technology
worldwide (Figure 32). In a global context, this breakdown is mainly driven by the dominance of the Chinese market wherearound 83 % of all newly installed collectors in 2018 were evacuated tube collectors. Never theless, it is notable that theshare of evacuated tube collectors decreased from about 82 % in 2011 to 71.3 % in 2018 while in the same time frame flat
plate collectors increased their share from 14.7 % to 24.2 %.
Air collector
0.1%

Unglazed water collector
4.4%

Evacuated tube collector
71.3%

Figure 32:

Flat plate collector
24.2%

Distribution of the newly installed capacity by collector type in 2018 – WORLDIn Europe, the situation is almost the opposite compared to China with 71.9 % of all solar thermal collectors installed in2018 being flat plate collectors (Figure 33). In the medium-term perspective, the share of flat plate collectors decreased inEurope from 81.5 % in 2011 to 71.9 % in 2018. While driven mainly by the markets in Turkey, Poland, Switzerland and Germany, evacuated tube collectors increased their share in Europe between 2011 and 2017 from 15.6 % to 26.6 %. In the year2018 the share of evacuated tube collectors decreased compared to the year 2017 from 28 % in 2017 to 26.6 % in 2018.
Flat plate collector
71.9%

Evacuated tube collector
26.6%

Unglazed water collector
1.4%
Europe:Figure 33:

Air collector
0.1%

EU 28, Albania, Northern Macedonia, Norway, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey

Distribution of the newly installed capacity by collector type in 2018 – EUROPE

Figure 34 shows the newly installed capacity of glazed and unglazed water collectors for the 10 leading markets in 2018 intotal numbers. China remained the market leader in absolute terms followed by Turkey and India. Australia over took Germany because Germany faced a market decline for the fifth year in a row.

49

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Capacity[MWth]
5,000

24,8014,500
Unglazed water collectors

4,000

Flat plate collectors
3,500

Evacuated tube collectors

3,000
2,500
2,000

1,316

1,252

1,500

875
623

1,000

408

500

401

291

284

230

IsraelMexicoGreece0
China

Figure 34:

TurkeyIndia

BrazilUSA

Australia

Germany

Top 10 markets for glazed and unglazed water collectors in 2018 (absolute figures in MWth)In terms of newly installed solar thermal capacity per 1,000 inhabitants in 2018, the top 10 countries are shown in Figure 35.
Compared to 2017, the ranking remained almost the same in 2018 with Israel, Cyprus and Barbados at the top three positions. Denmark is new to the top 10 in 8th place, putting Austria and the Palestinian Territories in 9th and 10th place. Switzerland fell out of the top 10 ranking.

Capacity [kWth per 1 ,000 inhabitants]
40
34.6
32.0
29.4
30

Unglazed water collectors
Flat plate collectors
21.6

Evacuated tube collectors
17.9

20

16.5

16.2
8.7

10

7.9

6.8

0
IsraelFigure 35:

50

CyprusBarbados

GreeceChina

Australia

TurkeyDenmark

Top 10 markets for glazed and unglazed water collectors in 2018 (in kWth per 1,000 inhabitants)

Austria Palestinian T.

ChinaTurkeyIndia
BrazilGermany
IsraelGreecePolandMexicoSpain
Australia
Italy
USA
AustriaJapan
DenmarkSouth Africa
Tunisia
France (mainl.)
Switzerland
CyprusPortugal
Palestinian Terr.
LebanonNetherlands
TaiwanArgentina
Belgium
Albania
Czech Rep.
Chile
Korea, South
Croatia
Zimbabwe
Romania
N. Macedonia
Hungary
Barbados
Ireland
Slovakia
UK
Uruguay
Bulgaria
Namibia
Nigeria
Finland
Luxembourg
SenegalLithuania
SwedenSlovenia
LatviaEstonia
NorwayRussiaGhana
Mozambique
Botswana
Malta
CanadaBurkina Faso
Cape Verde
Lesotho

1,000.0

100.0

10.0

1.0

Figure 36:

100.00

10.00

1.00

0.10

0.01

0.00

Figure 37:
1,316.00
1,251.86
436.02401.45290.50230.30217.00200.30141.16128.24125.58112.34
68.76
53.01
50.32
48.05
44.71
41.32
40.95
39.59
32.90
31.37
31.26
26.74
25.20
24.60
20.93
18.08
16.80
15.16
14.33
13.61
12.54
11.76
11.59
9.10
8.61
8.57
6.72
5.91
4.62
3.54
2.77
2.74
2.52
2.39
2.10
1.40
1.35
1.16
1.12
1.05
1.00
0.70
0.70
0.60
0.57
0.43
0.40
0.29
0.27
0.14

10,000.0

34.48132.00029.37321.58517.911
16.195
8.661
7.820
6.769
5.915
5.648
5.472
5.182
5.125
4.990
4.939
3.950
3.882
3.187
3.177
2.862
2.088
2.017
1.809
1.690
1.590
1.572
1.559
1.371
1.234
1.094
1.070
0.965
0.948
0.926
0.894
0.868
0.846
0.844
0.702
0.613
0.582
0.550
0.549
0.548
0.501
0.501
0.455
0.420
0.343
0.279
0.251
0.185
0.140
0.091
0.073
0.025
0.021
0.015
0.013
0.007
0.005

5.6

IsraelCyprusBarbados
GreeceChina
TurkeyDenmark
Austria
Palestinian Terr.
Albania
PolandN. Macedonia
Australia
LebanonGermany
Switzerland
Luxembourg
Tunisia
Croatia
Portugal
Spain
BrazilItaly
Belgium
Ireland
MexicoCzech Rep.
Netherlands
Uruguay
Slovakia
Namibia
TaiwanIndia
Malta
Hungary
Zimbabwe
South Africa
Chile
Estonia
CanadaFrance (mainl.)
LatviaArgentina
Slovenia
Romania
Lithuania
Bulgaria
FinlandJapan
USA
Korea, South
Botswana
NorwaySenegalUK
LesothoGhana
Mozambique
Burkina Faso
Nigeria
Cape Verde
RussiaSOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Newly installed capacity of glazed water collectors

In 2018, glazed water collectors accounted for 95.7 % of the total newly installed capacity. China was the most influential
market in the global context (Figure 36).

100,000.0

Capacity [MWth ]24,801.00

0.1

0.0

Newly installed capacity of glazed water collectors in 2018

In terms of newly installed glazed water collector capacity per 1,000 inhabitants, Israel is the leader ahead of Cyprus andBarbados. In this respect, China ranks in 5th place (Figure 37).

Capacity [kWth /yr/1,000 inhabitants]

Newly installed capacity of glazed water collectors in 2018 in kWth per 1,000 inhabitants

51

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

The following figures show the solar thermal market penetration per capita of the newly installed capacity in 2018 worldwide and in Europe.

Figure 38:

Newly installed capacity in 2018 in kWth per 1,000 inhabitants – WORLD (Source: Natural Earth v.4.1.0, 2020 / AEE INTEC)

Figure 39:

New Installed capacity in 2018 in kWth per 1,000 inhabitants – EUROPE (Source: Natural Earth v.4.1.0, 2020 / AEE INTEC)

52

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

5.7

Market development of glazed water collectors between 2000 and 2018
The worldwide market of glazed water collectors was character ized by a steady upwards trend between 2000 and 2011 andshowed a leveling trend in 2012 and 2013 at around 53 GWth. In 2014, a signif icant market decline of –15.6 % was reported
for the first time since the year 2000. This trend continued in 2015, 2016 and 2017, but in 2018 the markets seem to have recovered slightly as the decline slowed down and some of the top ten markets reported growth.
The newly installed glazed water collector capacity in 2018 amounted to 32 GWth (Figure 40).
Annual installed capacity of glazed water collectors
collectors 2000
2000--2018
2018

Capacity [GWth ]60

Growth rate [-]
40%

34
50
27

25

40

20

30

10

20

9

30%

28
22

20%

15

14

12

10%

7

China

Market growth [%]Europe

RoW*

2
-5
-9

10

0%

-3

-10%

-14

-16
0

-20%

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Figure 40:

Global market development of glazed water collectors from 2000 to 2018

In 2000, the Chinese market was about three times as large as the European market while in 2018, the Chinese market exceeded the European market more than eight-fold (Figure 41).
It can also be seen in Figure 41 that af ter years of very high growth rates in China, this trend has changed in the past years.
Compared to the years before, the Chinese market began to experience low growth rates in 2012 and 2013 and then shranksignif icantly in 2014 and 2015. The downwards trend, however, became less dramatic from 2016 on.
Capacity [GWth ]
50
43.4

45

China

40

36.7

34.3

Europe

35

44.5

40.3

30.5

29.4

27.7

30
25
20

5
0

Figure 41:

24.8

16.1

15
10

26.1

21.7

8.4

9.5

10.5

1.38 1.55 1.17 1.56

1.48

1.78

4.5

5.7

7.0

12.6

2.96 3.08

4.38

4.12

3.81 3.83

3.58

3.49 3.38

3.38

3.15

2.77

2.87

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Market development of glazed water collectors in China and Europe 2000 – 2018

53

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

The European market peaked at 4.4 GWth installed capacity in 2008 and has decreased steadily down to 2.8 GWth in 2017 andnow shows a slight recovery with 2.9 GWth in 2018. In the “remaining markets worldwide” (RoW), an upward trend could beobserved between 2002 and 2012 and a falling trend in the years from 2013 to 2016. Since 2016, a slight upward trend is noticeable (Figure 42).
Capacity [GWth ]
6
5

5.41

Europe

RoW*

4.4

4.1

4.39

3.76

3.8

3.8

4
3.0

3.1

3
2
1
0

4.93

4.69
4.19

3.6

3.5

3.4

3.4

4.26

4.34

2.8

2.9

3.1

3.15
1.4

1.62 1.60

1.73

1.80 1.95

1.6

1.6

1.5

1.17

1.2

2.62
2.26

1.8

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Europe:Rest of World (RoW):“All other countries”

Figure 42:

5.30

4.87

EU 28, Albania, Northern Macedonia, Norway, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey
Asia (India, Japan, Korea South, Taiwan, Thailand), Australia, Canada, United States
Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Uruguay)
MENA countries (Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestinian Territories, Tunisia)
Sub-Sahara Africa (Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ghana, Lesotho, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal,
South Africa, Zimbabwe),see figures for 2018 in Tables 4 and 5

Market development of glazed water collectors in Europe and the rest of the world (RoW, excluding China) from 2000 to 2018

RoW includes all economic regions other than China and Europe. Of these regions, besides “all other countries”, Asia (excluding China), Latin Amer ica and the MENA countries hold the largest market shares (see Figure 43).
“Asia excl. China” is mainly influenced by the large Indian market, which dropped in 2013 but recovered signif icantly in 2014
and 2015. Af ter a drop again in 2016, it has shown an increasing trend. Other markets covered within this economic region(Japan, South Korea) also reported market increases in 2018.
Latin Amer ica showed the most steady and dynamic upward trend of all the economic regions until 2014. The dominant Brazilian market, but also the large Mexican market as well as the evolving markets, for example in Chile, are responsible for the
positive growth rates that have lasted six years in a row. Since 2015 the market in the region is about stable with a slightdecrease.
Glazed water collector markets in the MENA countries were character ized by steady growth from 2000 to 2013. The market
decline since 2014, which is shown in Figure 43, is explained by the fact that from 2015 on no data were received from two
major markets – Morocco and Jordan. The sales numbers in the most impor tant market, Israel, slightly decreased in 2018.
The market volume for glazed water collectors in Australia was similar to the volume in Latin Amer ica and the MENA countries in 2009 and continued to shrink more or less through 2015. In 2018, the market showed a slight decrease by 2 %.
Sub-Sahara African markets showed a stable market in 2018. In the United States and Canada, the decreasing trend continued with about a –7 % decline in 2018.

54

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Capacity [GWth ]
3.0
2.5
2.0

Other

Asia excl. China

Latin America

MENA Region

United States / Canada

Australia

Sub-Sahara Africa

1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Asia excl. China:
Latin America
MENA countries
Sub-Sahara Africa:

Figure 43:

India, Japan, Korea South, Taiwan, Thailand
Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Uruguay
Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestinian Territories, Tunisia
Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ghana, Lesotho, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe

Market development of glazed water collectors in the Latin Amer ica, United States / Canada, Sub-Sahara Africa, Asia, the MENA Region and Australia (excluding China and Europe) from 2000 to 2018

In relative figures, the annual global market volume for glazed water collectors grew from 1.2 kWth per 1,000 inhabitants in2000 to 7.5 kWth per 1,000 inhabitants in 2013 and dropped down to 4.3 kWth per 1,000 inhabitants in 2018 (Figure 44).
Capacity [kWth per 1,000 inh.]
35
30
RoW*

EuropeChina

global trend*

25
20
15
10
5
1.2
0

Figure 44:

1.4

1.6

1.9

2.0

2.2

2.7

3.3

4.4

5.5

6.2

7.1

7.5

7.5

6.3

5.3

4.8

4.5

4.3

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Annual installed capacity of glazed water collectors in kWth per 1,000 inhabitants from 2000 to 2017

The fact that China suf fered major market declines from 2014 to 2016 is also reflected in the market penetration of glazed
water collector installations per capita. The annually installed capacity rose from 3.5 kWth per 1,000 inhabitants in 2000 andpeaked at 32.8 kWth per 1,000 inhabitants in 2013 and fell down to 17.9 kWth per 1,000 inhabitants in 2018.
In Europe, market penetration peaked in 2008 with 5.9 kWth per 1,000 inhabitants. The downward trend between 2009 and2013 seems to have stabilized from 2014 on and lies at 3.8 kWth per 1,000 inhabitants in 2018.

55

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Market development of unglazed water collectors between 2000 and 2018

5.8

With a newly installed capacity of 1.5 GWth in 2018, unglazed water collectors accounted for 4.4 % of the total installed solar
thermal capacity (Figure 32). Compared to 2017, the market decreased slightly by 2.5 %.
The most impor tant markets for unglazed water collectors in 2018 were the United States (512 MWth), Brazil (439 MWth),
Australia (280 MWth), Mexico (84 MWth) and South Africa (46 MWth), which accounted for 92 % of the recorded unglazed water collector installations worldwide. Another 3 % were installed in the Czech Republic (21 MWth), the United Kingdom(9 MWth), Switzerland (4 MWth), Spain (3 MWth) and Canada (1 MWth).
Installed capacity [MWth ]2,000
Australia
1,800
Latin America
1,600South Africa
1,400

USA / Canada
Europe
Other

1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Figure 45:

Global market development of unglazed water collectors from 2000 to 2018

The unglazed water collector market in the United States peaked in 2006 (1.01 GWth) and has almost halved since then
(0.51 GWth in 2018). Never theless, the annual global market volume for unglazed water collectors has remained at a nearly
constant level because of the Brazilian market, which entered in 2007 and peaked in 2014 with 0.45 GWth. Australia has
faced a market decline since 2010 and is now the third largest market for unglazed water collectors behind that of theUnited States and Brazil.

56

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

6

Contribution to the energy supply and CO2 reduction in2018
In this section, the contribution of the total installed glazed and unglazed water collectors in operation to the thermal energy supply and CO2 reduction is shown.
The annual collector yield of all water-based solar thermal systems for the simulated applications (swimming pool, DHW for
single family houses, DHW for multi-family houses and solar combi systems) in operation by the end of 2018 in the 68 recorded countries was 392 TWh (= 1,413 PJ). This corresponds to a final energy savings equivalent of 42.1 million tons of oiland 133.5 million tons of CO2. The calculated number of dif ferent types of solar thermal systems in operation was around
105 million (Table 11). The CO2 emissions saved by the thermal solar systems in operation in 2018 correspond to 3.5 times
the total CO2 emissions in Switzerland25.
The most dominant application for solar thermal systems is domestic hot water heating (see section 7.3), therefore, thistype of application accounted for the highest savings in terms of oil equivalent and CO2. In 2018, 94 % of the energy provided by solar thermal systems worldwide was mainly used for heating domestic hot water, mainly by small-scale systems insingle-family houses (59 %) and larger applications attached to multi-family houses, hotels, schools, etc. (36 %). Swimming
pool heating held a share of 4 % in the contribution to the energy supply and CO2 reduction and the remaining 2 % was met
by solar combi-systems.
Solar combi systems
1.5%
Swimming pool heating
4.2%

Large domestic hotwater systems
35.6%

Domestic hot water systems
for single family houses
58.7%

Figure 46:

Share of energy savings and CO2 reduction by type of application of glazed and unglazed water collectors in operation in 2018

The basis for these calculations is the total glazed and unglazed water collector area in operation in each country as shownin Table 8. The contribution of the total installed air collector capacity in operation in 2018 of 1.1 GWth was not taken into
consideration – with a share of around 0.2 % of the total installed collector capacity these collectors were omitted from thecalculation.
The results are based on calculations using the simulation tool, T-SOL expert 4.5, for each country. For the simulations, dif ferent types of collectors and applications as well as the character istic climatic conditions were considered for each country.
A more detailed description of the methodology can be found in the appendix (see Chapter 8).
25 Statista Research Department, 11.3.2020, https://de.statista.com/themen/5533/treibhausgasemissionen-in-der-schweiz/57

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Table 11 summarizes the calculated annual collector yields and the corresponding oil equivalents and CO2 reductions of all
water-based solar thermal systems by the end of 2018.

Country

Total
collector area[m²]

Albania
Australia
Austria
Barbados
Belgium
Botswana
BrazilBulgaria
Burkina Faso
CanadaChile
China
Croatia
CyprusCzech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
FinlandFrance (mainland)+Germany
Ghana
GreeceHungary
India
IrelandIsraelItaly
Japan
Jordan*Korea, South
LatviaLebanonLesotho
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Mauritius**
MexicoMorocco*Mozambique
Namibia
Netherlands
New Zealand***Nigeria
Nor way
Palestine
PolandPor tugal
Romania
RussiaSenegalSlovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
SwedenSwitzerland
TaiwanThailand****Tunisia
TurkeyUnited Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Zimbabwe
Other (5%)
TOTAL

258,047
9,216,000
5,118,625
236,544690,517
13,52916,083,201
142,600
3,861
910,564354,383
482,310,000
229,567
787,462
1,115,712
1,678,775
17,52068,323
2,787,047
19,823,590
3,381
4,713,000
327,100
13,510,701
333,4074,787,434
4,720,914
3,686,355
1,260,506
1,891,155
15,432
832,665
2,252
18,70065,36396,73772,858132,793
4,324,217
451,000
3,136
46,393657,000
159,645
4,832
44,093
1,791,414
2,558,300
1,100,682
204,690
25,044
4,824
172,200
147,900
2,173,059
4,310,823
534,986
1,693,790
1,743,055
157,536
1,034,015
25,137,636
1,442,719
25,620,816
76,00059,63934,424,296
688,420,362*
Total capacity in operation refers to the year 2014**** Total capacity in operation refers to the year 2016

Table 11:

Total
capacity[MWth]
181
6,451
3,583
166
483
9
11,258
100
3
637
248
337,617
161
551
781
1,175
12
48
1,951
13,877
2
3,299
229
9,457
233
3,351
3,305
2,580
882
1,324
11
583
2
13
46
68
51
93
3,027
316
2
32
460
112
3
31
1,254
1,791
770
143
18
3
121
104
1,521
3,018
374
1,186
1,220
110
724
17,596
1,010
17,93553
42
24,097
481,894**+Calculated
numberof systems

Collector yield[GWh/a]Collector yield[TJ/a]

55,857
1,158,715
509,573
54,800120,1692,210
4,815,750
24,816244
34,727
109,658
67,330,476
39,951
344,191
88,450100,366
3,049
11,887
609,591
2,328,050
177
1,258,229
44,7606,349,557
77,161
1,532,936
821,566
899,533
223,109433,2632,686
194,200
643
3,254
11,37522,172
29,14388,529510,875
60,900478
5,730
156,265
32,703
1,847
2,197
615,112321,919
199,526
35,622
1,386
1,202
21,07623,454509,474
507,168
40,619204,932
344,029
36,001
304,2365,806,794
232,372
430,430
19,00027,024
4,875,938
105,063,133

182
5,700
2,070
208
275
13
10,49470
4438
250
264,683
115
700
377
701
7
28
1,350
8,072
3
3,283
150
11,651
140
4,419
2,880
2,140
1,194
981
7
712
2
8
28
60
63
113
2,474
383
3
42
264
99
4
16
1,672
1,045
850
113
10
5
80
62
1,567
3,006
196
669
1,060
132
928
22,552514
11,39552
51
19,620392,433

656
20,519
7,450
749
988
46
37,780
253
13
1,578
901
952,859
415
2,520
1,356
2,522
25
100
4,862
29,058
11
11,818541
41,945503
15,90910,369
7,704
4,297
3,533
24
2,563
7
28
100
214
228
408
8,905
1,378
9
152
949
355
15
58
6,018
3,761
3,059
407
37
17
289
224
5,642
10,822
704
2,408
3,817
476
3,341
81,186
1,852
41,022
186
183
70,634
1,412,759

CO2 reduction[tCO2e /a]
61,9691,938,868
704,001
70,752
93,3804,314
3,569,935
23,8981,224
149,073
85,17090,038,940
39,252
238,100
128,086
238,3222,392
9,416
459,394
2,745,801
1,037
1,116,682
51,166
3,963,537
47,486
1,503,308
979,763
727,976
406,026
333,8402,226
242,218
675
2,662
9,407
20,25921,511
38,558
841,511130,257883
14,396
89,68633,526
1,441
5,521
568,616355,381
289,075
38,4533,539
1,600
27,34821,127533,174
1,022,627
66,515
227,537
360,71144,982
315,677
7,671,558
174,989
3,876,304
17,621
17,306
6,674,417
133,496,404

Total capacity in operation refers to the year 2015*** Total capacity in operation refers to the year 2009
The figures for France relate to mainland France only, overseas territories of France (DOM) are not considered

Calculated annual collector yield and corresponding oil equivalent and CO2 reduction of glazed andunglazed water collectors in operation by the end of 2018

58

Energysavings[toe /a]19,579612,597
222,433
22,35429,504
1,363
1,127,942
7,551
387
47,101
26,91028,448,322
12,40275,22940,46975,299756
2,975
145,148867,552328
352,822
16,166
1,252,302
15,004474,979
309,562230,008
128,286
105,479
703
76,530
213
841
2,972
6,401
6,796
12,183
265,880
41,156279
4,549
28,337
10,593455
1,744
179,658
112,285
91,335
12,150
1,118
506
8,641
6,675
168,459
323,105
21,016
71,892
113,969
14,212
99,7402,423,873
55,2891,224,740
5,568
5,468
2,108,821
42,178,959

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDEIn Chapters 6.1 to 6.3, the annual collector yield, energy savings and CO2 savings by economic regions and worldwide aregraphed.

6.1

Annual collector yield by economic region
In 2018, gross solar thermal collector yields amounted to 392 TWh worldwide (Table 11) and the major share, 59%, was contributed by domestic hot water applications for single-family houses (Figure 46).
China accounted for 67 % of the thermal energy gains (265 TWh), Europe for 12.5 % (50 TWh) and the Rest of the World for19.8 % (78 TWh) (Figure 47).
Collector yield [TWh/a]
425
400
375
350
325
300
264.7
275
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
49.9
50
25
0
China

Sub-Sahara Africa
Asia w / o China:
Latin America:
Europe:MENA countries:

Europe392.4

Solar combi systems
Swimming pool heating
Large domestic hot water systems
Domestic hot water systems for single family houses

19.6

16.0

11.8

13.5

9.3

Other

Asia w/o
China

USA /
CanadaLatin
America

MENA
region5.8

1.8

Australia/ Sub-Sahara
AfricaNZWORLD

Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ghana, Lesotho, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe
India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan Thailand
Argentina, Barbados, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Uruguay
EU 28, Albania, Northern Macedonia, Norway, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey
Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestine, Tunisia

Figure 47:

Annual collector yield of unglazed and glazed water collectors in operation in 2018

6.2

Annual energy savings by economic region
The annual final energy savings amounted to 491 TWh or 42.2 million tons of oil equivalent in 2018. This is calculated using
a utilization ratio of 0.8 for the reference oil boiler, which is assumed to be par tially replaced by a solar thermal system (seemethodology Chapter 8.1)26.
The breakdown shows that China accounted for 28.4 million tons oil equivalent, Europe for 5.4 million tons oil equivalent,
and the Rest of World for 8.4 million tons oil equivalent (Figure 48).

26 1 toe = 1.163 x 104 kWh (Source: IEA www.iea.org, 2020), for the simulated applications

59

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Energy savings [Mio. toil-eq /a]
45

42.2

40
35
30

28.4

Solar combi systems
Swimming pool heating25

Large domestic hot water systems

20

Domestic hot water systems for single family houses

15
10
5.4

5
0

China

EuropeSub-Sahara Africa:
Asia w / o China:
Latin America:
Europe:MENA countries:

2.1

1.7

1.3

1.4

1.0

Other

Asia w/o
China

USA /
CanadaLatin
America

MENA
region0.6

0.2

Australia/ Sub-Sahara
AfricaNZWORLD

Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ghana, Lesotho, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe
India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan Thailand
Argentina, Barbados, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Uruguay
EU 28, Albania, Northern Macedonia, Norway, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey
Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestine, Tunisia

Figure 48:

Annual energy savings in oil equivalent by unglazed and glazed water collectors in operation in 2018

6.3

Annual contribution to CO2 reduction by economic region
42.2 million tons of oil equivalent correspond to an annual CO2 emission reduction of 133.6 million tons27.
The breakdown shows that China accounted for 90 million tons of CO2 equivalent, Europe 17 million tons of CO2 equivalent,
and the Rest of World 26.6 million tons of CO2 equivalent (see Figure 49).
CO2 reduction [Mio. t CO2-eq /a]
160
133.6

140
120
100

Solar combi systems
90.0

Swimming pool heating
Large domestic hot water systems

80

Domestic hot water systems for single family houses

60
40
17.0

20

6.7

5.4

4.1

4.6

3.2

Other

Asia w/o
China

USA /
CanadaLatin
America

MENA
region

2.0

0.6

0
China

EuropeAustralia/ Sub-Sahara
AfricaNZ

See Fig. 48 for allocation data

Figure 49:

Contribution to CO2 reduction by unglazed and glazed water collectors in operation in 201827 1 toe (fuel oil) = 3,165 t CO2e (Source: Carbon trust updated conversion factors, 2016)

60

WORLD

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

7Distribution of systems by type and application in 2018
The use of solar thermal energy var ies greatly from region to region and can be roughly distinguished by the type of solar
thermal collector used (unglazed water collectors, evacuated tube collectors, flat plate collectors, glazed and unglazed aircollectors, concentrating collectors), the type of system operation (pumped solar thermal systems, thermosiphon systems), and the main type of application (swimming pool heating, domestic hot water preparation, space heating, otherssuch as heating of industrial processes, solar district heating or solar thermal cooling).
In Chapters 7.1 to 7.3, the distribution of these system types and applications are shown by dif ferent economic regions forboth the cumulated capacity in operation in 2018 and the newly installed capacity in 201828.

7.1

Distribution by type of solar thermal collector
In terms of the total water collector capacity worldwide in 2018, evacuated tube collectors dominated with a share of 70.5 %of the cumulated capacity in operation (Figure 50) and a share of 71.4 % of the newly installed capacity (Figure 51). Worldwide flat plate collectors accounted for about 23 % of the cumulated capacity in operation (Figure 50) and a 24 % share of
the newly installed capacity (Figure 51). Unglazed water collectors accounted for 6 % of the cumulated water collectors installed worldwide and for about 4 % of the newly installed capacity.
In China, evacuated tube collectors are dominant. In North Amer ica, Australia and Sub- Sahara-Africa (mainly driven by
South Africa) unglazed water collectors are the collector type with the largest share. In the other regions, flat plate collectors are dominant.
Evacuated tube collector

Flat plate collector

100%

Unglazed water collector

3%

10%

6%

90%

59%

70%
60%

23%

35%

80%
50%

55%

88%

81%

50%

91%
90%

40%
35%

30%

0%

71%
45%

38%

20%
10%

57%

14%
1%
2%
Australia/ Sub-SaharaUSA /AfricaNZ
Canada
11%

7%
Latin
America

15%
Europe8%
MENAregionAsia w/o
China

China

WORLD

Sub-Sahara Africa: Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ghana, Lesotho, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe
Asia w / o China:
India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan Thailand
Latin America:
Argentina, Barbados, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Uruguay
Europe:EU 28, Albania, Northern Macedonia, Norway, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey
MENA countries:
Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestine, Tunisia

Figure 50:

Distribution by type of solar thermal collector for the total installed water collector capacity in operation by the end of 2018

28 It is important to note that statistical information summarized in Chapters 7.1 to 7.3 is sometimes only based on rough expert estimations by country representatives, andtherefore, figures may deviate from those published in previous editions of this report, particularly in reference to the cumulated installed capacity in operation by system type andapplication.

61

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

With respect to newly installed collector area, the distribution is shown below. Evacuated tube collectors are dominant in
China and Asia excluding China (driven by the development in India), but also increasing their share in Sub-Sahara Africa.
Unglazed collectors are dominant in North Amer ica and Australia. Flat plate collectors are dominant in Latin Amer ica,
Europe and the MENA region.
Evacuated tube collector

Flat plate collector

100%

4%

1%
17%

90%
80%

43%

70%
60%

24%

69%

72%
95%
30%

83%

40%

83%
71%

46%

30%
20%

0%

17%

39%

82%

50%

10%

Unglazed water collector

28%
17%
1%

USA /
CanadaSub-Sahara Africa:
Asia w / o China:
Latin America:
Europe:MENA countries:

3%

Australia/
NZ

31%

27%

Sub-Sahara
AfricaEurope11%

Latin
America5%

MENA
regionAsia w/o
China

China

WORLD

Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Lesotho, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe
India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan Thailand
Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Uruguay
EU 28, Albania, Northern Macedonia, Norway, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey
Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestine, Tunisia

Figure 51:

Distribution by type of solar thermal collector for the newly installed water collector capacity in 2018

7.2

Distribution by type of system
Worldwide, about 60 % of all solar thermal systems installed are thermosiphon systems and the rest are pumped solar heating systems (Figure 52). Similar to the distribution by type of solar thermal collector in total numbers, the Chinese market
influenced the overall figures the most. By the end of 2018, 59 % of all newly installed systems in China were thermosiphon
systems while pumped systems accounted for 41 %. The number of thermosiphon systems has been decreasing for several
years, and in 2018, pumped systems accounted for 73 % of new installed systems in China (Figure 53).
In general, thermosiphon systems are more common in warm climates such as in Africa, South Amer ica, southern Europe
and the MENA countries. In these regions thermosiphon systems are more of ten equipped with flat plate collectors, while in
China the typical thermosiphon system for domestic hot water preparation is equipped with evacuated tubes.

62

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Thermosyphon Solar Heating Systems

Pumped Solar Heating Systems

100%
90%

19%
33%

80%

39%

41%

42%
59%

70%

60%

60%
94%

50%
40%

81%
67%

30%

61%

59%

20%

58%
41%

40%

EuropeAustralia/
NZ

10%
0%

6%

Latin
America
Sub-Sahara Africa:
Asia w / o China:
Latin America:
Europe:MENA countries:

Figure 52:

Sub-Sahara
AfricaMENA
region

China

USA /
CanadaWORLD

Botswana, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Lesotho, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe
India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan Thailand
Argentina, Barbados, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Uruguay
EU 28, Albania, Northern Macedonia, Norway, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey
Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestine, Tunisia

Distribution by type of system for the total installed glazed water collector capacity in operation by the end of 2018

Thermosyphon Solar Heating Systems

Pumped Solar Heating Systems

100%
90%

15%
28%

80%

46%
60%

70%

69%
60%

66%

73%
94%

50%
40%

85%
72%

30%

54%

20%

40%
31%

27%

MENA
region

China

10%
0%

34%
6%

Latin
America

Sub-Sahara
AfricaEuropeAustralia/
NZ

USA /
CanadaWORLD

See Fig. 52 for allocation data

Figure 53:

Distribution by type of system for the newly installed glazed water collector capacity in 2018

7.3

Distribution by type of application
By the end of 2018, 689 million m2 of water-based solar thermal collectors, corresponding to a thermal peak capacity of
482 GWth, were in operation worldwide (Table 7). Out of these, 6 % were used for swimming pool heating, 53 % were used fordomestic hot water preparation in single-family houses, and 37 % were attached to larger domestic hot water systems for
multifamily houses, hotels, hospitals, schools, etc.
Around 2 % of the worldwide installed capacity supplied heat for both domestic hot water and space heating (solarcombi-systems). The remaining systems accounted for around 2 % and delivered heat to other applications, such as district

63

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

heating networks, industrial processes or thermally driven solar cooling applications (Figure 54). Consider ing typical solar
thermal system sizes for the above mentioned applications in the dif ferent countries covered in this report, the number ofsystems in operation worldwide is calculated to be around 105 million.
100%

5%
3%

90%
32%

80%
58%

70%
60%

3%
9%

79%

3%

2%

6%

2%

2%

48%

12%

2%

46%

37%

Solar combi systems(DHW and spaceheating for single andmulti family houses)

94%

30%
20%

2%

10%

13%

39%

56%

46%

Large DHW systems(multi family houses,
tourism and public
sector)

63%
47%

52%

53%

6%

USA /
CanadaAus/ Sub-Sahara Latin Europe Asia w/o MENA
regionAfrica America
NZ
China

Sub-Sahara Africa:
Asia w / o China:
Latin America:
Europe:MENA countries:

Swimming pool
heating
Other (solar district
heating, solar process
heat, solar cooling)

17%

3%

40%

Figure 54:

3%

50%

50%

0%

2%

China

WORLD

Domestic hot water
systems for single
family houses

Botswana, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Lesotho, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe
India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand
Argentina, Barbados, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Uruguay
EU 28, Albania, Northern Macedonia, Norway, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey
Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestine, Tunisia

Distribution of solar thermal systems by application for the total installed water collector capacity by economic region in operationby the end of 2018

The newly installed water-based solar thermal collector area amounted to 47.9 million m2, which corresponds to 33.5 GW ofthermal peak capacity (Table 9).
Compared to the cumulated installed capacity, the share of swimming pool heating was less for new installations (6 % of total capacity and 3 % of newly installed capacity). Domestic hot water systems in single-family houses accounted for about
53 % of total capacity in operation and 33 % of new installations in 2018.
The share of applications such as solar district heating and solar process heat is at about 2 % globally (Figure 55).
100%
12%

90%

3%

3%
10%

2%

3%
1%

15%

4%
21%

70%

1%

80%

67%

29%

69%
2%

70%

60%

50%
88%

40%
30%

58%

20% 1%
13%
10%
0%

64

33%

Aus/ Sub-Sahara Latin Europe Asia w/o MENA
regionAfrica America
NZ
China

Allocations like above except Latin Amer ica:

Figure 55:

52%
27%

33%

6%

USA /
CanadaSolar combi sys tems
(DHW and spac eheating for single andmulti f amily houses)
Large DHW sys tems
(multi f amily houses,
tour ism and public
sector)63%

31%

Swimming pool
heating
Other (solar dis trict
heating, solar p rocess
heat, solar coo ling)

40%

80%

60%

2%

China

Domestic hot w atersys tems for single
f amily houses

WORLD

Barbados, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, UruguayDistribution of solar thermal systems by application for the newly installed water collector capacity by economic region in 2018

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

8

Appendix

8.1

Methodological approach for the energy calculation
In order to obtain the energy yield of solar thermal systems, the oil equivalent saved and the CO2 emissions avoided, the following procedure was used:• Only water collectors were used in the calculations (unglazed water collectors, flat-plate collectors and evacuated tube collectors). Air collectors were not included.

• For each country, the cumulated water collector area was allocated to the following applications (based on available country
market data):• Solar thermal systems for swimming pool heating• Solar domestic hot water systems for single-family houses,• Solar domestic hot water systems for multifamily houses including the tourism sector as well as the public sector (to simplify
the analysis solar district heating systems, solar process heat and solar cooling applications were also allocated here), and• Solar combi-systems for domestic hot water and space heating for single- and multi-family houses.
• Reference systems were defined for each country and for each type of application (pumped or thermosiphon solar thermal
system).

• The number of systems per country was determined from the share of collector area for each application and the collector area
defined for the reference system.

Apart from the reference applications and systems mentioned above, reference collectors and reference climates were determined. On the basis of these boundary conditions, simulations were per formed with the simulation program T-Sol [T-Sol,
Version 4.5 Expert, Valentin Energiesoftware, www.valentin-software.com] and gross solar yields for each country andeach system were obtained. The gross solar yields refer to the solar collector heat output and do not include heat losses
through transmission piping or storage heat losses29.
The amount of final energy saved is calculated from the gross solar yields consider ing a utilization rate of the auxiliary heating system of 0.8. Final energy savings are expressed in tons of oil equivalent (toe): 1 toe = 11,630 kWh.
Finally, the CO2 emissions avoided by the dif ferent solar thermal applications are quoted as kilograms carbon dioxide equivalent (kg CO2e) per tons of oil equivalent: 1 toe = 3.165 t CO2e30. The emission factor only account for direct emissions.
To obtain an exact statement about the CO2 emissions avoided, the substituted energy medium would have to be ascer tainedfor each country. Since this could only be done in a very detailed sur vey, which goes beyond the scope of this report, the energy savings and the CO2 emissions avoided therefore relate to fuel oil. It is obvious that not all solar thermal systems justreplace systems running on oil. This represents a simplification since gas, coal, biomass or electricity can be used as an energy source for the auxiliary heating system instead of oil.
The following tables describe the key data of the reference systems in the dif ferent countries, the location of the reference
climate used and the share of the total collector area in use for the respective application31. Fur thermore, a hydraulicscheme is shown for each reference system.
29 Using gross solar yields for the energy calculations is based on a definition for Renewable Heat by EUROSTAT and IEA SHC. In editions of this report prior to 2011 solar yields
calculated included heat losses through transmission piping and hence energy savings considered were about 5 to 15 % less depending on the system, the application and theclimate.
30 Source: Carbon trust, Conversion factors Energy and carbon conversion, updated 2016
31 For some countries no specific estimations are available concerning shares by type of application. In these cases shares given in previous reports were used for the calculation.

65

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

8.1.1

Reference systems for swimming pool heating
The information in Table 12 refers to the total capacity of water collectors in operation used for swimming pool heating asreported from each country by the end of 2018.
Country*
Australia
Austria
BelgiumBrazilBulgaria
CanadaChile
Croatia
CyprusCzech Republic
Estonia
FinlandFrance (mainland)
Germany
GreeceHungary
India
IsraelItaly
JordanKorea, South
LatviaLebanonLithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
MexicoMoroccoNetherlands
New Zealand
Nor way
Palestine
Por tugal
Romania
RussiaSlovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
SwedenSwitzerland
TaiwanThailand
United Kingdom
United States
Other (5%)

ReferenceclimateHor izontal
irradiation

Total collector area
(DHW-SFH)

Collector area
per system

SydneyGraz
Brussels
Brasília
Sofia
Montreal
Santiago de Chile
Zagreb
Nicosia
Praha
TallinHelsinki
Paris
Würzburg
Athens
Budapest
Neu-Delhi
Jerusalem
Bologna
Amman
Seoul
Riga
BeirutVilnius
Luxembourg
SkopjeMexico City
Rabat
Amsterdam
Wellington
Oslo
Jerusalem
LisbonBucharest
Moscow
Bratislava
Ljubjana
Johannesburg
MadridGothenburg
ZürichTaipeiBangkokLondonLA, Indianapolis[kWh/m²×a]
1674
1126
971.1
1792.51187.51351.41752.71212
1885.5
998.4
960.2
948
1112.41091.31584.61198.7
1960.52198
1419
2145.41161.1991.2
1934.51001.21037.41380.81706.3
2000
999
1401.2971.1
2198
1686.41324.3996
1213.81114.62075.11643.5933.91093.81372.21764.8942.6
1646.051407[m²]
5,400,576
580,239
32,2035,226,465
6,650
531,678
65,561
10,706
1,899
578,274
817
3,109
150,322607,737
219,796
32,448135,107
191,497
220,165
6,661
15,237
720
833
872
3,048
1,935
1,544,363
18,040101,835
11,175
1,843
71,657
5,503
9,546
258
8,031
1,479
1,232,124
215,541
153,190
283,135
14,816
1,269
523,707
20,496,653
2,038,108
40,756,826

[m²]
35
200
200
32
200
25
15
200
200
200
200
200
200
30
200
10
16
200
200
200
200
200
16.5
200
200
20
200
200
40
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
40
200
200
200
175
300
200
200
200

TOTAL
AVERAGE*

Table 12:1404

Countries not listed in this table did not report any share of collectors used for swimming pool heating.

Solar thermal systems for swimming pool heating in 2018

Figure 56 shows the hydraulic scheme of the swimming pool reference sys tem as used for the simulations of the solar energy
yields.
Figure 56:

Hydraulic scheme of theswimming pool reference system

66

159

Total number ofsystems
1543022901
161
163327
33
21267
4371
54
9
2891
4
16
752
20258
1099
3245
8444
957
1101
33
76
4
50
4
15
97
7722
90
2546
56
9
358
28
48
1
40
7
30803
1078
766
1416
85
4
2619
10248310191
545,821

Specific solar yield(DHW-SFH)[kWh/m²×a]
466
283
261
375
319
386
471
326
507
303
258
256
328
314
426
344
527
568
442
578
312
267
520
269
279
371
311
538
272
378
316
591
421
356
268
327
300
505
472
295
277
319
475
254
387
392
374

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

8.1.2

Reference systems for domestic hot water preparation in single-family houses
The information in Table 13 refers to the total capacity of water collectors in operation used for domestic hot water heatingin single-family houses at the end of 2018 as reported by each country.
Country

ReferenceclimateAlbania
Australia
Austria
Barbados
Belgium
Botswana
BrazilBulgaria
Burkina Faso
CanadaChile
China
Croatia
CyprusCzech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
FinlandFrance (mainl.)
Germany
Ghana
GreeceHungary
India
IrelandIsraelItaly
Japan
JordanKorea, South
LatviaLebanonLesotho
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Mauritius
MexicoMoroccoMozambique
Namibia
Netherlands
New ZealandNigeria
Nor way
Palestine
PolandPor tugal
Romania
RussiaSenegalSlovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
SwedenSwitzerland
TaiwanThailandTunisia
TurkeyUnited Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Zimbabwe
Other (5%)

TiranaSydneyGraz
Grantley Adams
Brussels
Gaborone
Brasília
Sofia
Ouagadougou
Montreal
Santiago de Chile
Shanghai
Zagreb
Nicosia
Praha
Copenhagen
TallinHelsinki
Paris
Würzburg
Accra
Athens
Budapest
Neu-Delhi
DublinJerusalem
Bologna
Tokyo
Amman
Seoul
Riga
Beirut
MaseruVilnius
Luxembourg
SkopjeLuqa
Port Louis
Mexico City
Rabat
MaputoWindhoek
Amsterdam
Wellington
Abuja
Oslo
Jerusalem
Warsaw
LisbonBucharest
Moscow
Dakar
Bratislava
Ljubjana
Johannesburg
MadridGothenburg
ZürichTaipeiBangkok
Tunis
AntalyaLondonLA, Indianapolis
Montevideo
HarareTOTAL
AVERAGEPS:

pumped system

Table 13:

Hor izontal
irradiation[kWh/m²×a]
1604.31674
1126
2016.3971.1
2161
1792.51187.52212
1351.41752.71281.91212
1885.5
998.4
989.4
960.2
948
1112.41091.32146
1584.61198.7
1960.5
948.7
2198
1419
1175.22145.41161.1991.2
1934.52050
1001.21037.41380.8
1901.91920
1706.3
2000
1910
2363
999
1401.2
2007
971.1
2198
1024.21686.41324.3996
2197.31213.81114.62075.11643.5933.91093.81372.21764.81808.21795.2942.6
1646.05
1534.22017.1
1407

Total coll. area
(DHW-SFH)[m²]
161,795
3,492,864
2,130,874
217,691
427,857
8,117
9,251,332
88,358534
40,065
207,314313,501,500
142,244682,655
275,804
263,568
10,85642,2581,817,155
8,662,258
298
2,920,265
170,092
11,821,863
300,066
861,738
2,925,169
3,556,964
1,003,076
1,714,652
9,562
769,382
1,044
11,58740,50087,06372,858132,793
1,945,898
225,500
1,807
20,877
407,012
127,7163,455
1,531
895,707
1,790,810
764,974
126,830
3,636
4,679
106,698
136,068
908,773
1,724,329
40,065945,139
1,636,205
142,833
1,001,857
23,126,625
919,0121,537,249
76,00053,675
21,397,670
427,896,705

1518

Coll. area
per system
[m²]
3
3.5
6
4
4
4
2
4
4
6
2
4
4
2
4.7
4
4
4
3.2
5.6
4
2.5
5
2
4
3
4
4
4.6
4
4
4
2
4
4
4
2.5
1.5
4
4
4
4
2.8
4
4
6
1.5
6
4
4
4
4
6
6
1.9
4
4
5.7
4.8
4
3.3
4
4
6
4
2
4
4

TS:

thermosiphon system

Total numberof systems
53,931.8
997,961.1
355,145.7
54,422.9
106,964.4
2,029.4
4,625,665.9
22,089.4
133.5
6,677.5
103,657.1
78,375,375.0
35,561.0
341,327.3
58,681.7
65,891.9
2,713.9
10,564.4
567,860.8
1,546,831.8
74.4
1,168,106.0
34,018.4
5,910,931.7
75,016.6
287,246.0
731,292.2
889,241.0
218,060.0
428,663.1
2,390.5
192,345.6
522.2
2,896.7
10,125.0
21,765.8
29,143.3
88,528.7
486,474.4
56,375.0
451.6
5,219.3
145,361.3
31,929.0
863.8
255.2
597,138.0
298,468.3
191,243.5
31,707.5
909.1
1,169.8
17,783.1
22,678.0
478,301.7
431,082.3
10,016.3
165,813.8
340,876.1
35,708.3
303,593.1
5,781,656.3
229,753.0
256,208.2
19,000.0
26,837.6
5,349,417.5
112,740,144.8

Specific solar
yield (DHW-SFH)[kWh/m² ×a]
713
844
451
882
423
961
809
524
983
556
771
592
539
912
385
454
432
441
496
424
954
772
473
882
423
1,024
661
586
986
525
462
860
911
450
450
627
868
854
718
889
849
1,032
433
647
892
430
977
397
804
594
443
977
481
424
1,009
766
383
426
616
854
902
910
415
646
682
854
628

Type ofsystemTS
PS
PS
TS
PDS / PS
TS
TS
PS
TS
PS
PS
TS
PS
TS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
TS
TS
PS
TS
PS
TS
PS
TS
TS
PS
PS
TS
TS
PS
PS
PS
PS
TS
PS
TS
TS
TS
PDS / PS
PS
TS
PS
TS
PS
PS
PS
PS
TS
PS
PS
TS
PS
PS
PS
TS
TS
TS
TS
PS
PS
TS
TS
TS/PS

678
PDS:

pumped drain back system

Solar thermal systems for domestic hot water heating in single-family houses by the end of 2018

67

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Figure 57 | 58: Hydraulic schemes of the domestic hot water pumped (left) and thermosiphon (right) reference system for single-family houses

Figure 57 shows the hydraulic scheme used for the energy calculation for all pumped solar thermal systems and Figure 58
refers to the thermosiphon systems.
For the Chinese thermosiphon systems, the reference system above was used, but instead of a flat plate collector as shownin Figure 58 a representative Chinese vacuum tube collector was used for the simulation.

8.1.3

Reference systems for domestic hot water preparation in multifamily houses
The information in Table 14 refers to the total capacity of water collectors in operation used for domestic hot water heatingin multifamily houses at the end of 2018 as reported by each country.

68

Country

ReferenceclimateAlbania
Australia
Austria
Barbados
Belgium
Botswana
BrazilBulgaria
Burkina Faso
CanadaChile
China
Croatia
CyprusCzech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
FinlandFrance (mainland)
Germany
Ghana
GreeceHungary
India
IrelandIsraelItaly
Japan
JordanKorea, South
LatviaLebanonLesotho
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
MexicoMoroccoMozambique

TiranaSydneyGraz
Grantley Adams
Brussels
Gaborone
Brasília
Sofia
Ouagadougou
Montreal
Santiago de Chile
Shanghai
Zagreb
Nicosia
Praha
Copenhagen
TallinHelsinki
Paris
Würzburg
Accra
Athens
Budapest
Neu-Delhi
DublinJerusalem
Bologna
Tokyo
Amman
Seoul
Riga
Beirut
MaseruVilnius
Luxembourg
SkopjeMexico City
Rabat
MaputoHor izontal
irradiation[kWh/m²×a]
1604.31674
1126
2016.3971.1
2161
1792.51187.52212
1351.41752.71281.91212
1885.5
998.4
989.4
960.2
948
1112.41091.32146
1584.61198.7
1960.5
948.7
2198
1419
1175.22145.41161.1991.2
1934.52050
1001.21037.41380.81706.3
2000
1910

Total collector area
(DHW-MFH)[m²]
96,252
322,560
397,435
18,853
97,287
5,412
1,605,404
20,091
3,327
338,730
81,508168,808,500
32,344
90,34041,504
1,356,450
2,468
9,565
819,570
2,340,979
3,083
664,015
61,985
1,553,731
10,002
3,734,199
665,130
7,741
250,769
140,760
2,174
58,287
1,200
2,635
9,209
5,804
833,956
202,950
1,330

Collector area persystem
[m²]
50
50
50
50
50
30
60
50
30
50
50
50
50
50
42.4
50
50
50
20
50
30
50
50
50
50
3
50
50
50
50
50
40
10
50
50
50
50
50
50

Total number ofsystems
1,925
6,451
7,949
377
1,946
180
26,757
402
111
6,775
1,630
3,376,170
647
1,807
979
27,12949
191
40,97946,820103
13,2801,240
31,075200
1,244,733
13,303
155
5,015
2,815
43
1,457
120
53
184
116
16,6794,059
27

Specific solar yield(DHW-MFH)[kWh/m²×a]
694
725
505
842
406
903
658
515
924
621
732
502
506
750
436
413
401
396
489
472
896
642
522
749
425
918
593
516
801
485
414
808
856
418
433
577
713
835
798

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDECountry

ReferenceclimateNamibia
Netherlands
New ZealandNigeria
Nor way
Palestine
PolandPor tugal
Romania
RussiaSenegalSlovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
SwedenSwitzerland
TaiwanThailandTunisia
TurkeyUnited States
Zimbabwe
Other (5%)

Windhoek
Amsterdam
Wellington
Abuja
Oslo
Jerusalem
Warsaw
LisbonBucharest
Moscow
Dakar
Bratislava
Ljubjana
Johannesburg
MadridGothenburg
ZürichTaipeiBangkok
Tunis
AntalyaLA, Indianapolis
HarareTOTAL
AVERAGE

Table 14:

Hor izontal
irradiation[kWh/m²×a]
2363
999
1401.2
2007
971.1
2198
1024.21686.41324.3996
2197.31213.81114.62075.11643.5933.91093.81372.21764.81808.21795.21646.052017.1
1407

Total collector area
(DHW-MFH)[m²]
25,516
115,304
15,965
1,377
16,751
806,136
639,575
330,205
28,83920,013
145
24,261
1,479
32,1612,026,087
54,206112,852
92,033
11,72632,1582,011,011
3,586,914
5,964
10,248,187
204,936,402

1515

Collector area persystem
[m²]
50
40
50
1.4
50
50
50
40
50
50
4.5
50
50
87
50
50
20
30
80
50
80
50
32
50
46

Total number ofsystems
510
2,883
319
984
335
16,123
12,792
8,255
577
400
32
485
30
370
40,522
1,084
5,643
3,068
147
643
25,13871,738186
204,964
5,281,155

Specific solar yield(DHW-MFH)[kWh/m²×a]
814
418
585
838
406
918
447
705
553
416
918
507
477
867
676
430
457
518
737
755
750
688
842
525
625

Solar thermal systems for domestic hot water heating in multifamily houses by the end of 2018

Figure 59 shows the hydraulic scheme of domestic hotwater reference system for multifamily houses as used forthe simulations of the solar energy yields. As opposed tosmall-scale domestic hot water systems, all large-scale
systems are assumed to be pumped solar thermal ones.
Figure 59:

Hydraulic scheme of the domestic hot water pumped reference system for multifamily houses

8.1.4

Reference systems for domestic hot water preparation and space heating in single andmultifamily houses (solar combi-systems)
The information in Table 15 (see page 70) refers to the total capacity of water collectors in operation used for domestic hotwater heating in multifamily houses at the end of 2018 as reported by each country.
Figure 60 shows the hydraulicscheme of domes tic hot waterreference system for multifamily houses as used for the simulations of the solar energy
yields.

Figure 60:

Hydraulic scheme of the solar-combi reference system forsingle and multifamily houses

69

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDECountry
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
CanadaCroatia
CyprusCzech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
FinlandGermany
GreeceHungary
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea, South
LatviaLebanonLesotho
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
MoroccoNetherlands
New Zealand
Nor way
Palestine
PolandRomania
RussiaSlovakia
Slovenia
Spain
SwedenSwitzerland
Thailand
Other (5%)

ReferenceclimateGraz
Brussels
Sofia
Montreal
Zagreb
Nicosia
Praha
Copenhagen
TallinHelsinki
Würzburg
Athens
Budapest
DublinBologna
Tokyo
Seoul
Riga
Beirut
MaseruVilnius
Luxembourg
SkopjeRabat
Amsterdam
Wellington
Oslo
Jerusalem
Warsaw
Bucharest
Moscow
Bratislava
Ljubjana
MadridGothenburg
ZürichBangkokTOTAL
AVERAGE

Combi-system:

Hor izontal
irradiation[kWh/m²×a]
1126
971.1
1187.51351.41212
1885.5
998.4
989.4
960.2
948
1091.31584.61198.7948.7
1419
1175.21161.1991.2
1934.52050
1001.21037.41380.82000
999
1401.2971.1
2198
1024.21324.3996
1213.81114.61643.5933.91093.81764.81407

Total collector
area (DHW-SFH)[m²]2,010,078
133,169
27,501
91
44,273
12,569220,130
58,757
3,379
13,391
8,212,616
908,924
62,57423,338910,451
121,650
20,505
2,976
4,163
7
3,606
12,606
1,935
4,510
32,850
4,789
23,96817,914
127,915
39,475
1,137
33,2108,874
344,866
287,526
352,664
1,708
741,682
14,831,780

1278Collector area
per system
[m²]
14
12
12
12
12
12
8.5
8
12
12
11.5
12
10
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
10
12
6
12
15
12
12
12
15
12
12
10
10
11
12
12

Total numberof systems
143,576.99
11,097.46
2,291.76
7.59
3,689.42
1,047.42
25,897.64
7,344.64
281.57
1,115.94
714,140.53
75,743.71
6,257.42
1,944.87
75,870.89
10,137.48
1,708.77
248.01346.940.62
300.53
1,050.46
193.47375.83
5,475.00
399.11
1,597.88
1,492.85
10,659.58
3,289.62
75.80
2,767.47
739.5034,486.58
28,752.55
32,060.34
142.3461,806.86
1,268,415.47

12

system for the supply of domestic hot water and space heating

Table 15:

Solar combi system reference for single and multifamily houses and the total collector area in operation in 2018

8.2

Reference collectors

8.2.1

Data of the reference unglazed water collector for swimming pool heatingh = 0.85

8.2.2

a1 = 20 [W / m2K]

a2 = 0.1 [W / m2 K2]

Data of the reference collector for all other applications except for Chinah = 0.8

a1 = 3.69 [W / m2K]

a2 = 0.007 [W / m2 K2]

Data of the Chinese reference vacuum tube collector

h = 0.74

70

a1 = 2.5 [W / m2K]

a2 = 0.013 [W / m2 K2]Spec. solar yield(DHW-SFH)[kWh/m²×a]
369
342
418
476
426
663
351
348
338
334
378
558
422
364
499
414
409
349
681
721
352
365
486
704
352
493
342
773
365
466
350
427
362
619
389
385
621
403
450

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

8.3

Table 16:

Reference climates
No.

Country

Reference climate

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68

Albania
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Barbados
Belgium
Botswana
BrazilBulgaria
Burkina Faso
CanadaCape Verde
Chile
China
Croatia
CyprusCzech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
FinlandFranceGermany
Ghana
GreeceHungary
India
IrelandIsraelItaly
Japan
JordanKorea, South
LatviaLebanonLesotho
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Mauritius
MexicoMoroccoMozambique
Namibia
Netherlands
New ZealandNigeria
Northern Macedonia
Nor way
Palestine
PolandPor tugal
Romania
RussiaSenegalSlovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
SwedenSwitzerland
TaiwanThailandTunisia
TurkeyUnited Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Zimbabwe

TiranaBuenos Aires
SydneyGraz
Grantley Adams
Brussels
Gaborone
Brasília
Sofia
Ouagadougou
Montreal
Praia
Santiago de Chile
Shanghai
Zagreb
Nicosia
Praha
Copenhagen
TallinHelsinki
Paris
Würzburg
Accra
Athens
Budapest
Neu-Delhi
DublinJerusalem
Bologna
Tokyo
Amman
Seoul
Riga
Beirut
MaseruVilnius
Luxembourg
Luqa
Port Louis
Mexico City
Rabat
MaputoWindhoek
Amsterdam
Wellington
Abuja
SkopjeOslo
Jerusalem
Warsaw
LisbonBucharest
Moscow
Dakar
Bratislava
Ljubjana
Johannesburg
MadridGothenburg
ZürichTaipeiBangkok
Tunis
AntalyaLondonLA, Indianapolis
Montevideo
HarareHorizontal irradiation[kWh/m²·a]
1,604
1,748
1,674
1,126
2,016
971
2,161
1,793
1,188
2,212
1,351
2,096
1,753
1,282
1,212
1,886
998
989
960
948
1,112
1,091
2,146
1,585
1,199
1,961
949
2,198
1,419
1,175
2,145
1,161
991
1,935
2,050
1,001
1,037
1,902
1,920
1,706
2,000
1,910
2,363
999
1,401
2,007
1,381
971
2,198
1,024
1,686
1,324
996
2,197
1,214
1,115
2,075
1,644
934
1,094
1,372
1,765
1,808
1,795
943
1,646
1,534
2,017

Inclined irradiation[kWh/m²·a]
1,835
1,971
1,841
1,280
2,048
1,095
2,365
1,838
1,304
2,270
1,568
2,168
1,850
1,343
1,352
2,098
1,111
1,164
1,126
1,134
1,246
1,225
2,161
1,744
1,346
2,275
1,091
2,400
1,592
1,287
2,341
1,280
1,187
2,132
2,290
1,161
1,158
2,115
2,010
1,759
2,250
2,100
2,499
1,131
1,542
2,051
1,521
1,208
2,400
1,156
1,875
1,473
1,181
2,259
1,374
1,231
2,232
1,844
1,105
1,218
1,398
1,898
2,038
1,958
1,062
1,816
1,647
2,087

Avg. Outside air temp.
[°C]
13.5
17.5
18.1
9.2
27.4
10.0
18.0
22.0
10.1
25.0
6.9
23.6
14.5
17.1
11.3
19.9
7.9
8.1
5.3
4.6
11.0
9.5
23.7
18.5
11.0
24.7
9.5
17.3
14.3
16.7
17.9
12.7
6.3
19.9
15.2
6.2
8.4
18.7
23.3
16.6
17.2
22.8
21.0
10.0
13.6
25.7
12.5
5.8
17.3
8.1
17.4
10.6
5.9
24.9
10.3
9.8
15.6
15.5
7.2
9.6
20.8
29.1
19.3
18.4
12.0
14.3
15.9
18.9

Reference climates for the 68 countries sur veyed.
Source: T-Sol expert version 4.5 and Meteonorm version 6.1 and Global Solar Atlas (The Worldbank Group 2016).

71

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

8.4

Table 17:

Population data

No

Country

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

Albania
Argentine
Australia
Austria
Barbados
Belgium
Botswana
BrazilBulgaria
Burkina Faso
CanadaCape Verde
Chile
China
Croatia
CyprusCzech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
FinlandFranceGermany
Ghana
GreeceHungary
India
IrelandIsraelItaly
Japan
JordanKorea, South
LatviaLebanonLesotho
Lithuania
Luxembourg

Reg.
code

2018
3,057,220
44,694,198
24,747,894
8,793,370
293,131
11,570,762
2,249,104
208,846,892
7,057,504
19,742,715
37,081,268
568,373
17,925,262
1,384,688,986
4,270,480
1,237,088
10,686,269
5,809,502
1,244,288
5,537,364
67,364,357
80,457,737
28,102,471
10,669,474
9,825,704
1,296,834,042
5,068,050
8,424,904
62,246,674
126,168,156
10,458,413
51,418,097
1,923,559
6,100,075
1,962,461
2,793,284
605,764

6
4
3
6
4
6
1
4
6
1
8
1
4
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
1
6
6
2
6
7
6
2
7
2
6
7
1
6
6

No

Country

39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
38
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68

Malta
Mauritius
MexicoMoroccoMozambique
Namibia
Netherlands
New ZealandNigeria
Northern Macedonia
Nor way
Palestine
PolandPor tugal
Romania
RussiaSenegalSlovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
SwedenSwitzerland
TaiwanThailandTunisia
TurkeyUnited Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Zimbabwe
All other countries (5%)

449,043
1,364,283
125,959,205
34,871,495
28,556,701
2,533,224
17,151,228
4,779,949
203,452,505
2,118,945
5,372,191
4,635,207
38,420,687
10,355,493
21,457,116
142,122,776
15,020,945
5,445,040
2,102,126
55,380,210
49,331,076
10,040,995
8,292,809
23,545,963
68,615,858
11,516,189
81,257,239
65,105,246
327,167,434
3,369,299
14,030,368
2,471,105,519

S Solar Thermal
World Statistics

4,954,345,737

S Inhabitants world

7,425,451,256

Region Code / Region
1 Sub-Sahara Africa
2 Asia w/o China
3 Australia / New Zealand
4 Latin Amer ica
5 China
6 Europe
7 MENA Region
8 United States / Canada
9 Other countries
TOTAL
Sub-Sahara Africa:
Asia excluding China:
Latin America:
Europe:MENA Region:

S Inhabitants
372,963,360
1,566,582,116
29,527,843
401,087,987
1,384,688,986
759,240,460
76,006,283
364,248,702
2,471,105,519
7,424,172,227

Share
5%
21%
0%
5%
19%
10%
1%
5%
33%
100%

Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde Ghana, Namibia, Nigeria, Mozambique, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe
India, Japan, Korea South, Taiwan, Thailand
Argentina, Barbados, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Uruguay
Albania, EU 28, Northern Macedonia, Norway, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey
Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestinian Territories, Tunisia

Inhabitants per economic region by the end of 2018Data source: International Data Base of the U.S. Census Bureau
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/country.php

72

6
1
4
7
1
1
6
3
1
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
1
6
6
1
6
6
6
2
2
7
6
6
8
4
1
9
67%

Inhabitants by the end of 2018 of the 68 sur veyed countries in alphabetical orderData source: International Data Base of the U.S.
Census Bureau, http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/informationGateway.php

Table 18:

Reg.
code

2018

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

8.5

Methodological approach for the job calculation
The job calculation is based on a comprehensive literature study, information provided by the China National Renewable Energy Centre and IRENA as well as data collected from dif ferent country market reports. Based on this information the following assumptions were taken to calculate the number of full-time jobs:
In countries with high labor cost, advanced automated production of flat plate or evacuated tube collectors and heatstorages – pumped systems with a total of 133 m2 solar collector area have to be installed on average per full time job. In
countries with low labor cost and advanced automated production of evacuated tube collectors and heat storages – thermosiphon systems with a total of 87 m2 solar collector area have to be installed per full time job on average. The same collector
area has to be installed per full time job in countries with mainly manual flat plate collector production and low labor cost.
For swimming pool systems with unglazed polymeric collectors or air collectors around 200 m2 solar collector area have to beinstalled per full time job.
The numbers presented are full time jobs and consider production, installation and maintenance of solar thermal systems.

8.6

Definition of SHIP systems
In November 2019, the IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme defined systems, providing solar heat for industrial processes (SHIP systems), as shown below.
This def inition only refers to the collection and documentation of SHIP systems as part of the Solar Heat Worldwide report.

Applications considered as SHIP Systems
Industrial Process Applications
All solar thermal systems direct or indirect (via heat storage) connected to an industrial process. Systems which, in addition
to the industrial process, also supply the space heating for the production halls or of fices or showers, are also taken into
account.
Agricultural applications like drying systems for wood chips, crops, fruits and solar heat used for animal breeding.
Greenhouses: Solar thermal systems supplying Greenhouses for commercial food and flower production, nurser ies and vegetable farming.
Service Sector: Solar thermal systems supplying commercial laundries, car / truck washing as well as sewage sludge drying
facilities with heat.
Solar cooling of industrial processes
Not considered in this definition are:

• Solar air conditioning of office buildings or industry halls• Tourism sector like hotels (including laundries of hotels)

73

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE• Health sector: hospitals, clinics• Boarding schools• Military barracks• Showers or canteens for workers
Minimum size of systems
For the worldwide sur vey only installations larger than 50 m2 are considered. The minimum size of the plants sur veyed wasdetermined, since small plants in many countries are not recorded separately. This does not mean that there are no SHIP
systems with smaller collector areas. In some countries (e.g. Germany), the number of SHIP plants with collector areas below 50 m2 is signif icantly higher than the realized plants above that limit.

8.7

Market data of the previous years
The data presented in Chapters 5 to 8 were originally collected in square meters. Through an agreement of international experts, the collector areas of these solar thermal applications have been converted and are shown in installed capacity as
well.
Making the installed capacity of solar thermal collectors comparable with that of other energy sources, solar thermal experts from seven countries agreed upon a methodology to convert installed collector area into solar thermal capacity.
The methodology was developed dur ing a meeting with IEA SHC Programme of ficials and major solar thermal trade associations in Gleisdorf, Austria in September 2004. The represented associations from Austria, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United States as well as the European Solar Thermal Industry Federation (ESTIF) and the IEA SHC
Programme agreed to use a factor of 0.7 kWth / m2 to derive the nominal capacity from the area of installed collectors.
In order to ensure consistency of the calculations within this report the following tables provide data from the previous
years. If necessary, the numbers have been revised compared to the data originally published in earlier editions of this report due to changes in methodology or the or igin of the data for each country.
In the following Table 19, Table 20 and Table 21 these countries are marked accordingly and in Chapter 8.8 (References)
the respective data source is cited.

74

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDECountry
Albania
Australia
Austria
Barbados*
Belgium
Botswana**
BrazilBulgaria
Burkina Faso
CanadaCape Verde**
Chile
China
Croatia
CyprusCzech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
FinlandFrance (mainland)+Germany
Ghana***
GreeceHungary
India++
IrelandIsraelItaly
Japan*
Korea, South
LatviaLebanonLesotho
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Northern Macedonia
Malta*
MexicoMozambique*
Namibia
Netherlands
Nigeria
Nor way
Pales tinian Territories**
PolandPor tugal
Romania
RussiaSenegal**Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
SwedenSwitzerland
TaiwanThailandTunisia
TurkeyUnited Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Zimbabwe
Other (5%)
TOTAL
*
**
+
++

Table 19:

unglazed
380,000.0
760.0

548,205.0

22,008.0
0.0

30,000.0

2,000.0
22,000.0

1,000.0

1,000.0

108,300.0
8.4
780.0
2,620.0
0.0

0.0
22.0
0.0
0.0
67,428.0
3,321.0
0.0
5,654.0

802,314.0

105,127.4
2,102,547.8

Water Collectors [m²]FPC
21,714.0
148,200.0
109,600.0
11,430.0
39,000.02,500.0734,240.0
5,100.0
1,000.0
1,303.0120.0
29,300.0
5,340,000.0
19,000.0
62,170.0
22,000.0
478,297.0
1,000.0
3,333.064,530.0
677,000.0
75.6
272,000.0
9,000.0
150,476.0
13,594.1
420,000.0
183,647.0
77,315.0
10,686.4
1,500.0
23,900.046.0
800.0
4,200.0
6,466.0
1,597.5
139,100.0
12.8
5,369.8
20,137.0
229.2
1,660.0
49,000.0
111,700.0
45,300.0
6,800.0
1,820.3
4.1
8,000.0
2,300.0
32,207.3
201,793.0
2,487.0
51,150.0
94,370.2
2,680.0
67,738.0
964,000.0
10,920.0
164,135.0
6,598.0
32.0
575,562.3
11,511,246.7

ETC
784.0
16,470.0
1,440.0

Air Collectors [m²]unglazedglazed30,000.0

1,000.0130.0

10,438.0

100.0

0.0
500.0

0.0

7,500.0
22,477.0
500.0
150.0
2,367.0
11,878.0
34,180,000.0
2,500.0
0.0
9,000.0

0.0
1,000.0
1,667.0
2,580.0
67,000.024.3
600.0
3,000.0
1,050,383.0
10,782.7
25,043.0
737.0
18,285.6
300.0
31,170.0
151.0
1,400.0700.0
5,993.0
399.4
118,800.0
6.6
30.0
5,179.0
78.9
110.0
225.0
3,700.0
800.0
11,000.0172.0
80.0
1,600.0
400.0
26,640.0
7,076.0336.0
9,895.0
5,783.8
0.0

800.0

100.0

100.0
1,200.0

7,046.0

0.0

35.0

2.0
0.0

14.0
54.5

1,250.0

1,250.0

0.0

887,000.0
3,010.8
8,528.0

3,000.0
500.0
12,000.0

9,000.0

8,954.0
1,925,036.2
38,500,723.3

3,083.7
61,673.7

1,048.9
20,978.4

TOTAL [m²]22,498.0
575,670.0
111,930.0
11,430.0
46,500.02,500.0
1,304,922.0
5,600.0
1,150.0
36,216.0
120.0
41,178.0
39,520,500.0
21,500.0
62,170.0
61,000.0
478,297.0
2,000.0
5,000.0
69,910.0
766,000.0
99.9
272,600.0
13,200.0
1,202,059.0
24,376.8
421,000.0
208,690.0
85,098.0
28,972.0
1,800.0
55,070.0
197.0
2,200.0
4,900.0
12,459.0
1,996.9
366,200.0
27.8
6,179.8
27,936.0
343.1
1,770.0
49,225.0
115,400.0
46,100.0
17,800.0
2,030.3
138.6
9,600.02,700.0
126,275.3
214,690.0
2,823.0
66,699.0
100,154.0
2,680.0
67,738.0
1,854,000.0
14,430.8
995,977.0
6,598.0
8,986.0
2,609,858.5
52,197,169.9

Revised due to new / adapted database 2020
0% growth assumed 2016
The figures for France refer to mainland France only, overseas territories are not considered
In 2016 change from fiscal year to calendar year. Data refer to April-Dec. 2016

Newly installed collector area in 2016 [m2]75

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDECountry
Albania
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Barbados***
Belgium
Botswana
BrazilBulgaria
Burkina Faso
CanadaCape Verde
Chile
China
Croatia
CyprusCzech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
FinlandFrance (mainland)+Germany
Ghana**
GreeceHungary
India
IrelandIsraelItaly
Japan
Korea, South
LatviaLebanonLesotho
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Northern Macedonia
Malta
MexicoMozambique
Namibia
Netherlands
Nigeria
Nor way
Pales tinian Territories
PolandPor tugal
Romania
RussiaSenegal**Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
SwedenSwitzerland
TaiwanTunisia
TurkeyUnited Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Zimbabwe
Other (5%)
TOTAL
*
**
***
+

Table 20:76

unglazed
9,318.0
425,000.0
630.0

632,451.0

16,478.00.0

0.0

5,500.0
20,000.0

500.0

1,000.0

114,900.0

2,620.0
0.0

0.0

0.0
59,825.0
3,652.0
0.0
4,931.0766,210.0

108,579.7
2,171,594.7

Water Collectors [m²]FPC
22,471.0
10,393.0
155,185.0
99,770.0
11,430.030,200.0
1,000.0602,803.0
4,600.0
1,050.0651.0
180.0
29,300.0
6,028,000.0
19,300.0
53,718.0
16,500.0
31,500.0900.0
2,900.045,740.0
559,000.0
80.9
316,000.0
12,000.0397,286.0
11,250.0
426,000.0
171,600.0
70,501.0
10,631.0
1,350.0
26,842.034.0
750.0
3,600.0
6,886.0
518.2
149,200.0
300.0
4,524.8
22,220.0400.0
2,241.0
44,052.0
107,200.0
45,250.0
7,200.0392.5
4.4
8,000.0
1,300.0
31,953.0
190,666.0
2,867.0
57,774.0
88,623.4
63,246.0
975,000.0
9,938.0
165,800.0
10,551.0
0.0587,927.5
11,758,550.7ETC
2,486.0
24,748.0
17,243.0
1,060.0
5,200.01,800.0
28,260.0
450.0
180.0
1,129.0
11,878.0
31,232,000.0
1,400.0
0.0
7,500.0

5,000.0

1,000.0
320.0

6,688.0

8.0

0.0
1,000.0

0.0

0.0
600.0
700.0
2,260.0
66,000.0
26.0
500.0
3,000.0
1,120,963.0
9,050.0

800.0

300.0

100.0
500.0

23,400.0
969.0
8,435.6
250.0
22,957.0
122.5
1,250.0
0.0
8,225.0
129.5
127,100.0
600.0
12.2
6,160.0
67.6
78.0
0.0
3,900.0850.0
9,600.066.0
85.6
1,600.0250.0
39,405.0
7,187.0341.0
6,626.0
5,544.3

0.0

0.0

58.3

950,000.0
0.0
8,596.0

1,000.0
500.0
6,000.0

4,000.0

4,665.0
1,777,731.9
35,554,637.2

1,120.4
22,408.4

539.8
10,795.1

Revised to new / adapted database in 2020
7 % growth assumed in 2017
0 % growth assumed in 2017
The figures for France refer to mainland France only, overseas territories are not considered

Newly installed collector area in 2017 [m2]

Air Collectors [m²]unglazedglazed4,269.0

TOTAL [m²]24,957.0
44,459.0
603,428.0
101,780.0
11,430.035,400.02,800.0
1,263,514.0
5,050.0
1,230.0
24,954.0
180.0
41,178.0
37,261,000.0
20,700.0
53,718.0
24,000.0
31,500.0
1,500.03,600.0
54,300.0
645,000.0
106.9
316,500.0
15,900.0
1,518,749.0
20,300.0
427,000.0
195,000.0
75,739.0
19,066.6
1,600.0
49,799.0
156.5
2,000.03,600.0
15,111.0
647.7
391,200.0
900.0
4,536.9
31,000.0467.6
2,319.0
44,052.0
111,100.0
46,100.0
16,800.0
458.5
148.3
9,600.01,550.0
131,183.0
201,505.0
3,208.0
69,331.0
94,167.7
63,246.0
1,926,000.0
10,438.0
950,606.0
10,551.0
4,665.0
2,475,899.3
49,517,986.1

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDECountry
Albania
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Barbados**
Belgium
Botswana
BrazilBulgaria
Burkina Faso
CanadaCape Verde
Chile
China
Croatia
CyprusCzech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
FinlandFrance (mainland)+Germany
Ghana
GreeceHungary
India
IrelandIsraelItaly
Japan
Jordan***Korea, South
LatviaLebanonLesotho
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Northern Macedonia
Malta
Mauritius****
MexicoMorocco***Mozambique
Namibia
Netherlands
New Zealand++Nigeria
Nor way
Pales tinian Territories
PolandPor tugal
Romania
RussiaSenegalSlovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
SwedenSwitzerland
TaiwanThailand+++Tunisia
TurkeyUnited Kingdom*
United States
Uruguay
Zimbabwe
All other countries (5%)
TOTAL
*
***
+
++

Table 21:

unglazed
9,318
5,427,000
378,291
45,0005,370,961

806,144
65,5502,213
598,000
20,50011,800125,780545,580

17,800038,00043,8005,940

1,299,253
144
1,560
95,370
7,025
0
1,849

2,130
340
137
1,000
1,168,918
152,172
170,410
192,580
1,937

510,089
22,308,019

2,074,980
41,499,590

Water Collectors [m²]FPC
226,969
10,3933,409,000
4,704,139
225,720522,883
10,5009,400,875
135,580
2,982
70,714
1,783
213,300
42,818,000
199,041
742,482444,305
1,610,870
8,830
34,6902,439,996
17,001,000
1,744
4,596,000
222,700
4,158,349
233,670
4,673,434
3,917,526
3,795,769
982,482
1,697,189
11,142
337,461
1,449
7,200
53,745
55,11957,799132,793
1,462,282
451,000
361
39,520515,090
142,975
688
38,2201,738,369
1,768,490
1,028,905
102,400
20,596
91
140,550
124,500
604,789
3,738,295
301,993
1,333,290
1,571,874
157,536
900,038
16,908,182
624,266
2,904,951
69,393
21,811
7,677,899
153,557,974

ETC
5,246
24,748
193,000
85,727
94,4501,800
101,565
4,470
469
49,51253,878435,062,000
11,47523,567
136,798
9,197
7,190
19,033
185,880
2,079,000
637
22,00073,1007,563,976
129,881

Air Collectors [m²]unglazedglazed365,000

11,8004,028

412,609

48,994

0
4,000

300
2,000

4,300

18,000

8,653

1,100
22,400

2,750
0

2,200
11,900613,203
110,510272,084
173,4962,740
450,541
598
9,550
8,900
25,054
14,4501,157,142

278,673

752

8,773

0
200

70
4,106

800
2
0

64
1,203

0
1,750

0
1,250

70,104
6,349,454
175,453
163,307

9,570
23,100116,975

65,50019,91424,057,269
481,145,375

50,0241,000,485

25,387507,749

1,781
1,355
39,810
9,644
237
4,130
8,225
480,600
28,33086,7503,317
1,733
25,15023,400265,475
214,826
72,411
132,590
133,244TOTAL (excl. concentrators) [m²]232,215
44,4599,405,800
5,172,185
225,720662,333
12,30014,873,401
140,0503,450
1,387,973
1,783
333,028
477,886,000
210,516
768,262
1,179,103
1,662,867
16,02065,5232,761,409
19,647,980
2,381
4,618,000
318,550
11,734,225
363,551
4,711,434
4,574,529
4,184,952
1,260,506
1,870,685
13,882
788,002
2,047
16,75062,64580,17372,249132,7933,928,202
451,000
2,286
42,435650,270
159,645994
48,505
1,746,594
2,249,090
1,059,365
190,290
24,115
3,027
166,700
147,900
2,039,182
4,108,293
544,814
1,658,460
1,707,055
157,536
970,142
23,267,206
1,332,908
25,558,752
69,393
41,72533,885,559
677,711,173

Revised due to new / adapted database in 2020 **Based on Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessment - Reports UNEP 2015, 0 % growth assumed in 2017
cumulated collector area by end of 2014**** cumulated collector area by end of 2015
The figures for France refer to mainland France only, overseas territories are not considered.
cumulated collector area by end of 2009+++ cumulated collector area by end of 2016

Total collector area in operation by the end of 2017 [m2]77SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

8.8

References to reports and persons who have supplied the data
The production of the report, Solar Heat Worldwide – Edition 2020 was kindly supported by national representatives of the recorded countries or other of ficial sources of information as cited below.

COUNTRYCONTACT

SOURCE
REMARKS

AlbaniaDr. Eng. Edmond M. HIDOEEC - Albania-EU Energy Ef ficiency Centre

EEC - Albania-EU Energy Ef ficiency Centre (EEC)

Argentina

Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial (INTI) Energías

Censo Nacional de Energía Solar Térmica (bajatemperatura) Instituto Nacional de Tecnología
Industrial (INTI)

Renovables / Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Energías

0 % growth assumed

Federico Pescio
ENERGÍA SOLAR TÉRMICA

Renovables

Australia

Dr. David Ferrari
Technical Super visor, Victorian Energy Upgrades Essential
Ser vices Commission, Victoria

Essential Ser vices Commission, with data fromthe Clean Energy Regulator and industry sur veys / inter views
Out of operation systems calculated by Essential Services Commission

Austria

Werner Weiss
AEE - Institute for Sustainable Technologies

Biermayr et al, 2019: Innovative
Energietechnologien in Österreich –Marktentwicklung 2018 (Report in German)
Out of operation systems calculated by AEE INTEC

Barbados

James Husbands
Solardynamics Ltd.

Timeline based on Solar Water Heating
Techscope Market Readiness Assessment –Reports, UNEP 20152018 data provided by James Husbands

Belgium

European Solar Thermal Industry Federation

Solar Thermal Markets in Europe - Trends andMarket Statistics 2018, ESTIF 2019

AEE INTEC

Unglazed water collectors: AEE INTEC recordings

Karen Gibson

Industry sur vey 2018

ESTIF

Glazed water collectors: ESTIF, 2019

Botswana

SIAB Solar Indus tries Association Botswana

BrazilDr. Danielle Johann

ABRASOL

Diretora Executiva, ABRASOL, Associção Brasileira de Energia

Out of operation systems calculated based on ABRASOL long time re-Solar Térmica

cordings (provided by Marcelo Mesquita)
2019 data for market estimation provided by Bärbel Epp

Bulgaria

European Solar Thermal Industry Federation

Solar Thermal Markets in Europe - Trends andMarket Statistics 2018, ESTIF 2019

AEE INTEC

Unglazed water collectors: AEE INTEC recordings

Dr. Kokouvi Edem N’Tsoukpoe

Rapport de l’étude de marché du solaire
thermique: production d’eau chaude et deséchage de produits agricoles, 2015

ESTIF

Glazed water collectors: ESTIF, 2019

Burkina Faso

International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineer ing,
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

CanadaReda Djebbar, Ph.D., P.Eng.
Natural Resources Canada

Clear Sky Advisors, April 2019 Report - „Sur veyof Active Solar Thermal Collectors, Industry andMarkets in Canada (2018)“
Out of operation systems considered by NRC

78

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Cape Verde

Antúnio Barbosa

Country Market Report on solar thermal heating
systems, solar drying and solar cooling, September 2015
Integrated 2019, new collector area 2018 estimation AEE INTEC

Chile

China

División Energías Renovables

Minvu Program, Law 20365 (Tax Benefit)
www.minenergia.cl/sst/

Ministerio de Energía / Gobierno de Chiledata provided by Andrés Véliz Araya

Hu Runqing
Center for Renewable Energy Development -CSTIF - Chinese Solar Thermal Industry Federation

Energy Research Institute (NDRC)

Out of operation systems calculated by CSTIF

Andrés Véliz Araya

Ruicheng Zheng
China Academy of Building Research

Croatia

ESTIF
European Solar Thermal Industry Federation

Solar Thermal Markets in Europe - Trends andMarket Statistics 2018, ESTIF 2019
Glazed water collectors: ESTIF, 2019

CyprusPanayiotis Kastanias
Cyprus Employers and Indus trialists Federation

EBHEK Solar Thermal Market Analysis
2017-2018
New installations 2018: EBHEK Solar Thermal Market Analysis
2017-2018
Cumulated calculated by AEE INTEC based on replacement figures provided by Panayiotis Kastanias

Czech Republicv

Ales Bufka
Minis try of Indus try and Trade

Denmark
Estonia

Unglazed water collectors: AEE INTEC recordings

Jan-Erik Nielsen, Daniel Trier
Planenergi

Unglazed water collectors: AEE INTEC recordings

ESTIF

Solar Thermal Markets in Europe - Trends andMarket Statistics 2018, ESTIF 2019

European Solar Thermal Industry Federation

Glazed water collectors: ESTIF, 2019 (estimation)

FinlandVille Maljanen
Solar Energy Statistics Finland

Solar Thermal Markets in Europe - Trends andMarket Statistics 2018, ESTIF 2019
Glazed water collectors: ESTIF, 2019 (estimation)

ESTIF
European Solar Thermal Industry Federation

France (mainland)Paul Kaaijk
ADEME - Agence de l’Environnement et de la Maîtrise

ObservER’ 2019
Air collectors: John Hollick

de l’ÉnergieJohn Hollick
SAHWIA - Solar Air Heating World Indus try Association

Germany

BSW - Bundesverband Solarwirtschaft e.V., data provided

BSW - Bundesverband Solarwirtschaft e.V.,
Air collectors: John Hollick

by Bärbel Epp Solrico – Solar market research

FPC / ETC: BSW solar long time recordings; unglazed water collectors &Marco Tepper

glazed air collectors: recordings AEE INTECJohn Hollick
SAHWIA - Solar Air Heating World Indus try Association

Ghana

Divine Atsu
Koforidua Polytechnic

2018 market estimation provided by Klaus Kucher

Department of Energy Systems Engineer ing

GreeceCostas Travasoras
EBHE – Greek Solar Indus try Association

Dr. Vassiliki Drosou
CRES – Center for Renewable Energy Sources

79

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

HungaryPál Varga
MÉGNAP- Hungar ian Solar Thermal Industry Federation

India

MÉGNAP- Hungar ian Solar Thermal Industry
Federation
Air collectors: John Hollick

John Hollick

New and cumulated installations: Hungarian Solar Thermal Industry

SAHWIA - Solar Air Heating World Industry Association

Federation (MÉGNAP); provided by Pál Varga (personal estimation)

Jaideep N. Malaviya

Malaviya Solar Energy Consultancy (based onmarket sur vey)

Malaviya Solar Energy Consultancy

New and cumulated installations based on survey from Malaviya Solar
Energy Consultancy; out of operation systems considered, in 2016 recorded data changed from fiscal to calendar year

Ireland

Mary Holland
Sustainable Energy Author ity of Ireland

Grant Scheme Data, BER database; Energy policy statistical support unit of Sustainable Energy Author ity of Ireland
cumulated calculated by AEE INTEC based on new installed collector areas

IsraelEli Shilton

ELSOL (Eli Shilton), data provided by Bärbel Epp

ELSOL

Cumulated collector area calculated by AEE INTEC based on new installation and replacement figures from Eli Shilton (ELSOL)

Bärbel Epp
Solrico – Solar market research

ItalyEuropean Solar Thermal Industry Federation

Solar Thermal Markets in Europe - Trends andMarket Statistics 2018, ESTIF 2019

AEE INTEC

ter collectors: AEE INTEC

Manami Mizutani
Japan Solar System Development Association

Japan Solar System Development Association
Long time series

AEE INTEC

AEE INTECESTIF

Cumulated area: ESTIF 2019 / share FPC-ETC: AEE INTEC / unglazed wa-

Japan

JordanNew installations: no new collectors for 2018 reported
Cumulated installations by end of 2014

Korea, South

Korea Energy Management Corporation (KEMCO)

2018 New & Renewable Energy Statistics by the
Korea New & Renewable Energy Center, 2019

Kyoung-ho Lee

2016 and 2017

Eunhee Jeong

Shares ETC / FPC 2018 calculated by AEE INTEC according to shares in
Solar Thermal and Geothermal Research Center New and Renewable
Energy Research Division Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER)

LatviaESTIF
European Solar Thermal Industry Federation

Solar Thermal Markets in Europe - Trends andMarket Statistics 2018, ESTIF 2019
Glazed water collectors: ESTIF, 2019 (estimation)

LebanonTony Gebrayel, Rani Al Achkar
Lebanese Center for Energy Conser vation (LCEC)

Lebanese Center for Energy Conser vation(LCEC)
Cumulated calculated by AEE INTEC

LesothoPuleng Mosothoane
Bethel Business and Community Development Center (BBCDC)

Lithuania

ESTIF
European Solar Thermal Industry Federation

SOLTRAIN Study, data provided by Puleng
Mosothoane
Solar Thermal Markets in Europe - Trends andMarket Statistics 2018, ESTIF 2019
Glazed water collectors: ESTIF, 2019 (estimation)

Luxembourg

ESTIF
European Solar Thermal Industry Federation

Solar Thermal Markets in Europe - Trends andMarket Statistics 2018, ESTIF 2019
Glazed water collectors: ESTIF, 2019 (estimation)

80

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Malta

Ing. Therese Galea
Sustainable Energy and Water Conser vation Unit (SEWCU)
Ministry for Energy and Health

Sustainable Energy and Water Conser vation
Unit (SEWCU) based on data provided by theRegulator for Energy and Water Ser vices (REWS)
Revised timeline provided by Therese Galea

Mauritius

Mrs Devika Balgobin

Statistics Mauritius

Statistician, Environment Statistics Unit

No new collector area 2018; cumulated collector area by end of 2015

Minis try of Environment and Sustainable Development

MexicoDavid Garcia
FAMERAC

Bärbel Epp
Solrico – Solar market research

Glazed and unglazed water collectors: FAMERAC- Renewable Energy Industry Associationdata
provided by Bärbel Epp
Air collectors: SAHWIA - Solar Air Heating World
Industry Association
Cumulated installations: calculated by AEE INTEC

MoroccoAshraf Kraidy
RECREEE - Regional Center for Renewable Energy andNo new collector area 2018; cumulated collector area by end of 2014

Energy Ef ficiency

MozambiqueFabião Cumbe

estimation AEE INTECENPCT, E.P.

Cumulated installations calculated by AEE INTEC based on new installation figures for 2018

AEE INTEC
Namibia

Fenni Shidhika
Namibia Energy InstituteNamibia Energy Institute-Solar Water Heaters-Sur vey 2018

Namibia University of Science and Technology

NetherlandsAndré Meurink, Dr. Reinoud Segers

Statistics Netherlands (CBS)

Statistics Netherlands (CBS)

Newly installed areas: Statistics Netherlands based on sur vey of sales.
Market Shares: Expert estimates Netherlands Enterprise Agency andHolland Solar.

New Zealand

No data available since 2010
Cumulated area in 2009

Nigeria

National Centre for Energy Research and Development,

National Centre for Energy Research and Development, University of Nigeria

University of Nigeria, Nsukka

2018 data provided by Okala Nwoke plus 30 % additional installed area

Dr. Okala Nwoke

assumed by AEE INTEC

Northern Macedonia

National University St. Kiril and Metodij, Faculty for Natural

Public custom administration and Macedonian
Solar Energy Association

Science, Institute of Physics, Solar Energy Department

Cumulated installations calculated by AEE INTEC based on new instal-Prof. Dr. Ilja Nasov

lation figures

Nor way

Michaela Meir
Aventasolar

Solvarmeanlegg i Norge 2018 commissioned by
The Nor wegian Solar Energy Cluster(Solenergiklyngen), provided by Michaela Meircalculated by AEE INTEC based on new installed 2018 (flat plate collectors: 4 % out of operation considered

Palestinian Territories Mohammed Mobayyed
EEU Director, Palestinian Energy Author ity

Palestinian Energy Author ity
Cumulated area calculated by AEE INTEC (replacements not considered)

Abdallah Azzam
Palestinian Central Bureau of Statics
Natural Resource Statistics

PolandJanusz Starosćik
President, Association of Heating Appliances manufacturers and Importers in Poland

Por tugal

ESTIF
European Solar Thermal Industry Federation

Solar Thermal Markets in Europe - Trends andMarket Statistics 2018, ESTIF 2019
Glazed water collectors: ESTIF, 2019 (estimation)

81

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Romania

ESTIF
European Solar Thermal Industry Federation

Solar Thermal Markets in Europe - Trends andMarket Statistics 2018, ESTIF 2019
Glazed water collectors: ESTIF, 2019 (estimation)

RussiaProf. Vitaly Butuzov
Energotechnologies Ser vice Ltd. Krasnodar

The source of information - Energotechnologies
Ser vice Ltd. (ETS)

Dr. Semen Frid
JIHT RAS - Joint Institute for High Temperatures of Russian Academy of Sciences

Dr. Sophia Kiseleva
Lomonosow Moscow State University

SenegalT. Ababacar
Université Cheikh Anta DIOP

Rapport de Marché du Solaire Thermique: Production d’ Eau Chaude et Séchage de Produits
Agricoles
2018 market estimation provided by Klaus Kucher

Slovakia

ESTIF
European Solar Thermal Industry Federation

Solar Thermal Markets in Europe - Trends andMarket Statistics 2018, ESTIF 2019
Glazed water collectors: ESTIF, 2019 (estimation)

Slovenia

Ciril Arkar

Eco Fund, Slovenian Environmental Public Fund

University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineer ing

South Africa

Karin Kritzinger
Centre of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies,
University of Stellenbosch

Spain

Pascual Polo
ASIT - Asociación Solar de la Industria Térmica

Department of Energy, SESSA, Stellenbosch
University, Solco, GIZ, Sanedi, City of Cape Town
Metro
ASIT (Solar Energy Industry Association of
Spain)Out of operation systems calculated by ASIT

SwedenSolar Thermal Markets in Europe
Trends and Market Statistics 2018, ESTIF 2019

Switzerland

http://www.swissolar.ch/

Solar Thermal Markets in Europe - Trends andMarket Statistics 2018, ESTIF 2019
SWISSOLAR - Markterhebung Sonnenenergie
2018, Bundesamt für Energie 2019
Out of operation systems calculated by SWISSOLAR

TaiwanThailand

K.M. Chung

Installers association

Energy Research Center - National Cheng Kung University

2018 new installations provided by K.M. Chung

Charuwan Phipatana-phuttapanta

GIZ study, Department of Alternative Energy
Development and Ef ficiency (DEDE), Ministry ofEnergy (Subsidized systems)

Department of Alternative Energy, Development andEf ficiency (DEDE), Ministry of Energy

Data for subsidized systems, provided by Charuwan
Phipatana-phuttapanta, single-family houses estimated by AEE INTEC
based on GIZ study, no new collector area in 2018;
Cumulated area by end of 2016

Tunisia

Abdelkader Baccouche

ANME (National Agency of Energy Conser vation)

Agence Nationale pour la Maîtrise de l’Energie (ANME)

TurkeyBural Heating Corporation Ltd.

Water collectors: A. Kutay Ulke, personal studies
Air collectors: SAHWIAJohn Hollick

New installations: A. Kutay Ulke

SAHWIA - Solar Air Heating World Indus try Association

cumulated installations: calculated by AEE INTEC

Prof. Bulent Yesilata

shares provided by Prof. Bulent Yesilata (2016)

A. Kutay Ulke

considering 15 years lifetime
GAP Renewable Energy and Energy Ef ficiency Center,
Harran University

82

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United Kingdom

Elizabeth Waters
Renewables, Heat and Consumption, BEIS - Department for
Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy

John Hollick

UK Solar Trade Association and ESTIF Reports
collated in BEIS annual sur vey Active Solar 2018
sur vey with ef ficiency and lifetime,
Air collectors provided by John Hollick
Timeline provided by Elizabeth Waters

SAHWIA - Solar Air Heating World Industry Association

United States

Les Nelson
IAPMO Solar Heating & Cooling Programs

Uruguay

John Hollick

New installations: DOE / SEIA / IAPMO; Totals: calculated by AEE INTEC

SAHWIA - Solar Air Heating World Indus try Associationconsidering 25 years lifetime

Martín Scarone

Ministry of Industry, Energy and Mining, data
provided by Martín Scarone

Ministry of Industry, Energy and Mining

Zimbabwe

Water Collectors and air collectors: IAPMO Solar
Heating & Cooling Programs;
Air collectors: SAHWIA

Samson Mhlanga
National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo

Dr. Anton Schwarzlmüller
Domestic Solar Heating unpublished statistics
SOLTRAIN sur vey (unpublished sources)
cumulated 2018 calculated by AEE INTEC

83

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8.9

Additional literature and web sources used
The following reports and statistics were used in this report.

• Bundesamt für Energie (BFE): Markterhebung Sonnenenergie 2018 - Teilstatistik der Schweizerischen Statistik dererneuerbaren Energien; prepared by SWISSOLAR, Thomas Hostettler, Bern, Switzerland July 2019

• Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie (BMVIT): Innovative Energy Technologies in Austria - Market Development 2018; prepared by Peter Biermayr et al, Vienna, Austria June 2019

• Bundesverband Solarwirtschaft e.V. (BSW-Solar): Statistische Zahlen der deutschen Solarwärmebranche (Solarthermie)
2018; accessed December 2019• ClearSky Advisors Inc.: Survey of Active Solar Thermal Collectors, Industry and Markets in Canada (2018); Prepared by ClearSky
Advisors Inc., Dr. Reda Djebbar, Natural Resources Canada, March 2019

• European Solar Thermal Industry Federation (ESTIF): Solar Thermal Markets in Europe, Trends and Market Statistics 2018; Belgium - Brussels; November 2019

• Global Market Outlook for Solar Power / 2019-2023, Solar Power Europe, 2019
• GWEC / Global Wind Report 2019, Global Wind Energy Council, March 2020
• IRENA: Renewable Energy and Jobs: Annual Review 2018
• Lehr, U. et.al (2015), Beschäftigung durch erneuerbare Energien in Deutschland: Ausbau und Betrieb, heute und morgen• Weiss, W. (2003) Wirtschaftsfaktor Solarenergie, Wien
• Weiss, W., Biermayr, P. (2006) Potential of Solar Thermal in Europe, published by ESTIF• Wimmer, L. et.al. (2019), Monitoring of renewable process heat plants within the gas sector.
The following online sources were used in this report:

http://www.aderee.ma/
https://www.amee.ma/
http://www.anes.org/anes/index.php
http://www.asit-solar.com/
http://helioscsp.com/concentrated-solar-power-had-a-global-total-installed-capacity-of-6451-mw-in-2019
http://www.solarpowereurope.org/home/
http://www.giz.de/
http://www.iea-shc.org/
http://www.irena.org/
http://www.olade.org/
http://www.ren21.net/
http://sahwia.org/
http://www.solar-district-heating.eu/
http://www.solarwirtschaft.de/
http://www.solrico.com/
http://www.solarthermalworld.org/
https://www.statista.com/statistics/476281/global-capacity-of-geothermal-energy
http://www.swissolar.ch/84

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

8.10

List of Figures

Figure 1:

Countries shown in color have detailed market data. Countries shown in grey have estimated market data.

Figure 2:

Global solar thermal capacity in operation and annual energy yields 2000 – 2019

Figure 3:

Global capacity in operation [GWel], [GWth] 2019 and annual energy yields [TWhel], [TWhth].

Figure 4:

Global capacity in operation and market growth rates between 2010 and 2019.................................................

...................................................................................

10.....................................................................................

10........................................................................................................................

12

Figure 5:

Growth rates of the most successful countries 2019

Large-scale systems for solar district heating and large residential, commercial and public buildings worldwide – annual achievements andFigure 7:

Large-scale systems for solar district heating and residential buildings – capacities and collector area installed and number of systems in 2019............................................................................................................................................

(concentrating systems and PVT collectors add up to 162,784 m2).
Figure 8:9...................................................................

Figure 6:

cumulated area in operation in 20194....................................................................................................

17
18

Global solar process heat applications in operation by end of March 2020, capacity and collector area
(Source: IEA SHC Task49 / IV SHIP database).................................................................................................................................

22

Figure 9:

Global solar process heat applications in operation by end March 2020, type of collector (Source: IEA SHC Task49 / IV SHIP database).............

Figure 10:

Global solar process heat applications in operation by end of March 2019, industry sector (Source: IEA SHC Task49 / IV SHIP database)...........

24

Figure 11:

Global solar process heat applications in operation by end of March 2020, countries.

............................................................................

25

Figure 12:

Specific useful heat delivery and latitude of selected installed systems (50 of 301) (Source: IEA SHC Task49 / IV SHIP database)

Figure 13:

Distribution of the total installed collector area by economic region in 2019 (Source: IEA SHC Task 60 sur vey, AEE INTEC)

Figure 14:

Global market development of PVT collectors from 2017 to 2019 (Source: IEA SHC Task 60 sur vey, AEE INTEC)

Figure 15:

Total installed collector area and PVT technology in Europe by the end of 2019 (Source: IEA SHC Task 60 survey, AEE INTEC)

Figure 16:

PVT system in operation worldwide by type of application, collector types and collector area at the end of 2019.

Figure 17:

Share of the total installed capacity in operation (glazed and unglazed water and air collectors) by economic region in 2018

Figure 18:
Figure 19:(Source: IEA SHC Task 60 survey, AEE INTEC)

23....................

25.............................

28.............................................
..........................

.................................................................................................................................

29
29
31

.........................

36

Distribution of the total installed capacity in operation by collector type in 2018 – WORLD......................................................................

39

Distribution of the total installed capacity in operation by collector type in 2018 – EUROPE.....................................................................

39

Figure 20:

Top 10 countries of cumulated water collector installations (absolute figures in MWth) 2017....................................................................

40

Figure 21:

Top 10 countries of cumulated water collector installations (relative figures in kWth per 1,000 inhabitants) 2018

Figure 22:

Total capacity of glazed water collectors in operation by the end of 2018........................................

40.............................................................................................

41

Figure 23:

Total Capacity of glazed water collectors in operation in kWth per 1,000 inhabitants in 2018

Figure 24:

Cumulated capacity of glazed water collectors per GDP / 1000 inh. in 2018.....................................................................

41...........................................................................................

42

Figure 25:

Solar thermal market penetration per capita worldwide in kWth per 1,000 inhabitants...........................................................................
.............................................................................

Figure 26:

Solar thermal market penetration per capita in Europe in kWth per 1,000 inhabitants

Figure 27:

Total capacity of glazed flat plate and evacuated tube collectors in operation by economic region in 2018..................................................

43
43
44

Figure 28:

Total capacity of glazed flat plate and evacuated tube collectors in operation by economic region and in kWth per 1,000 inhabitants in 2018

Figure 29:

Total capacity of unglazed water collectors in operation in 2018

Figure 30:

Total capacity of unglazed water collectors in operation in kWth per 1,000 inhabitants in 2018

Figure 31:

Share of newly installed capacity (glazed and unglazed water and air collectors) by economic regions in 2018............................................

46

Figure 32:

Distribution of the newly installed capacity by collector type in 2018 – WORLD.....................................................................................

49

Figure 33:

Distribution of the newly installed capacity by collector type in 2018 – EUROPE....................................................................................

49

Figure 34:

Top 10 markets for glazed and unglazed water collectors in 2018 (absolute figures in MWth)Figure 35:

Top 10 markets for glazed and unglazed water collectors in 2018 (in kWth per 1,000 inhabitants)

Figure 36:

Newly installed capacity of glazed water collectors in 2018

Figure 37:

Newly installed capacity of glazed water collectors in 2018 in kWth per 1,000 inhabitants.....

........................................................................................................
.................................................................

....................................................................
.............................................................

...............................................................................................................

44
45
45

50
50
51

........................................................................

51............................................................................................

52...............................................................................................

52

Figure 38:

Newly installed capacity worldwide in 2018 in kWth per 1,000 inhabitants

Figure 39:

New Installed capacity in Europe in 2018 in kWth per 1,000 inhabitants

Figure 40:

Global market development of glazed water collectors from 2000 to 2018

Figure 41:

Market development of glazed water collectors in China and Europe 2000 – 2018

Figure 42:

Market development of glazed water collectors in Europe and the rest of the world (RoW, excluding China) from 2000 to 2018............................................................................................
..................................................................................
........................

53
53
54

85

SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE

Figure 43:

Market development of glazed water collectors in the Latin America, United States / Canada, Sub-Sahara Africa, Asia, the MENA Region
and Australia (excluding China and Europe) from 2000 to 2018.........................................................................................................

Figure 44:

Annual installed capacity of glazed water collectors in kWth per 1,000 inhabitants from 2000 to 2017

Figure 45:

Global market development of unglazed water collectors from 2000 to 201855........................................................................................

56

Figure 46:

Share of energy savings and CO2 reduction by type of application of glazed and unglazed water collectors in operation in 2018

Figure 47:

Annual collector yield of unglazed and glazed water collectors in operation in 2018.......................

57...............................................................................

59

Figure 48:

Annual energy savings in oil equivalent by unglazed and glazed water collectors in operation in 2018

Figure 49:

Contribution to CO2 reduction by unglazed and glazed water collectors in operation in 2018

Figure 50:

Distribution by type of solar thermal collector for the total installed water collector capacity in operation by the end of 2018

Figure 51:

Distribution by type of solar thermal collector for the newly installed water collector capacity in 2018

Figure 52:

Distribution by type of system for the total installed glazed water collector capacity in operation by the end of 2018

Figure 53:

Distribution by type of system for the newly installed glazed water collector capacity in 2018

Figure 54:

Distribution of solar thermal systems by application for the total installed water collector capacity by economic region in operationby the end of 201855........................................................

.......................................................

60....................................................................

60.........................

61......................................................

62....................................

63..................................................................

63...................................................................................................................................................................

Figure 55:

Distribution of solar thermal systems by application for the newly installed water collector capacity by economic region in 2018

Figure 56:

Hydraulic scheme of the swimming pool reference system

Figure 57:

Hydraulic scheme of the domestic hot water pumped reference system for single-family houses

Figure 58:

Hydraulic scheme of the domestic hot water thermosiphon reference system for single-family houses

Figure 59:

Hydraulic scheme of the domestic hot water pumped reference system for multifamily houses

Figure 60:

Hydraulic scheme of the solar-combi reference system for single and multifamily houses

8.11

List of Tables

64....................

64................................................................................................................

66..............................................................

68......................................................

68.................................................................

69.......................................................................

69..............................................................................................................

26

Table 1:

Solar thermal systems for flower and vegetable cultivation

Table 2:

Total installed PVT collector area worldwide. (Source: IEA SHC Task 60 survey, AEE INTEC)......................................................................

Table 3:

Total installed thermal and electrical PVT collector capacity in 2019. (Source: IEA SHC Task 60 survey, AEE INTEC)

Table 4:

PVT systems by application. (Source: IEA SHC Task 60 survey, AEE INTEC)

28.......................................

30............................................................................................

30

Table 5:Large-scale solar cooling systems installed between 2008 and 2018..................................................................................................

34

Table 6:

Top 10 countries in the use of air collectors...................................................................................................................................

35

Table 7:

Total capacity in operation in 2018 [MWth]....................................................................................................................................

37

Table 8:

Total installed collector area in operation in 2018 [m2]Table 9:

Newly installed capacity in 2018 [MWth / a]Table 10:

Newly installed collector area in 2018 [m2 / a]Table 11:

Calculated annual collector yield and corresponding oil equivalent and CO2 reduction of glazed and unglazed water collectors in operationby the end of 2018....................................................................................................................

38...................................................................................................................................

47...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................

Table 12:

Solar thermal systems for swimming pool heating in 2018

Table 13:

Solar thermal systems for domestic hot water heating in single-family houses by the end of 2018................................................................................................................
............................................................

Table 14:

Solar thermal systems for domestic hot water heating in multifamily houses by the end of 2018

Table 15:

Solar combi system reference for single and multifamily houses and the total collector area in operation in 2018

Table 16:

Reference climates for the 68 countries sur veyed

Table 17:

Inhabitants by the end of 2018 of the 68 sur veyed countries in alphabetical order

Table 18:

Inhabitants per economic region by the end of 2018...............................................................

48
58
66
67
68

........................................

70...........................................................................................................................

71.................................................................................

72.......................................................................................................................

72

Table 19:

Newly installed collector area in 2016 [m2]...................................................................................................................................

75

Table 20:

Newly installed collector area in 2017 [m2]....................................................................................................................................

Table 21:

Total collector area in operation by the end of 2017 [m2]86..................................................................................................................

76
77

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