倉田奨励金研究報告書 第 52 集
2020 年度（第 52 回）助成

自然科学・工学－エネルギー・環境：1 年助成奨励金№ 1440

マルチセンサー地理空間データを用いて森林の回復力を強化するコミュニティ林業プロジェクトの有効性の評価：
カンボジアから学んだ経験
ラム

アバタル

北海道大学地球環境科学研究院

准教授

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Community Forestry
Projects Using Multi-Sensor Geospatial Data toEnhance Forest Resilience:
Lessons Learned from Cambodia
Ram Avtar,
Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Associate Professor

開発途上国の 10 億人以上の地域住民が、コミュニティ林業プロジェクトに参加する機会が増えています。森林管理の実践を通じて、森林減少の削減、炭素排出量の相殺、地域住民の生活向上に重要な役割を担っています。
現在、コミュニティ林業が森林減少の抑制や生物多様性の保全に有効であることを裏付ける証拠は限られています。これまで、コミュニティ林業プロジェクトが、開発途上国の森林状況や地域住民の生活の改善にどのように役立つのか、国レベルで明確な知識ギャップがありました。本研究では、カンボジアにおいて、マルチセンサーリモートセンシング、参加型マッピング、地上調査の相乗的アプローチにより、コミュニティ林業プロジェクトの有効性を評価しました。本研究は、カンボジアにおけるコミュニティ林業プロジェクトの成否の評価に貢献するものである。カンボジアは REDD＋のもとでコミュニティ林業プロジェクトの拡大を計画しており、本研究が今後のコミュニティ林業プロジェクトの実施に役立つことが期待されます。
Over a billion local people in developing countries are increasingly participating in community forestry projects.
They play an important role in reducing deforestation, offsetting carbon emissions, and improving the livelihood oflocal people through local forest management practices. Currently, there is limited evidence supporting theeffectiveness of community forestry in reducing deforestation and conserving biodiversity. Hitherto, there is a clear
knowledge gap in how community forestry projects are useful in improving forest conditions and the livelihoods oflocal people in developing countries at the national level. In this study, the effectiveness of community forestr y
projects was evaluated using a synergistic approach of multi-sensor remote sensing, participator y mapping, andground-based sur vey in Cambodia. This research contributes to evaluating the success or failure of community
forestry projects in Cambodia. As Cambodia is planning to expand community forestry projects under REDD＋, it
is expected that this study will help in the implementation of future community forestry projects.

1．研究内容ownership in developing countries (Schusser,Community forestry is a progressively important

2013;). It is also one of the strategies for REDD＋

form of forest management and has developed inimplementation by reducing GHGs emissions

response to concerns towards centralized forest(Pelletiet et al., 2016). The underlying principle is倉田奨励金研究報告書 第 52 集
2020 年度（第 52 回）助成

自然科学・工学－エネルギー・環境：1 年助成

that communities are in the best position toresponsible for the success of the project (Nathanmanage and protect forest resources, provided they

et al., 2017). This study utilizes geospatial data as asee that it is in their best interests to do sovital role to monitor the efficiency of community(Robinson et al., 2014). Recent research hasforestr y by comparing the temporal variation in

supported the view that community-managed

forest biophysical parameters at a national scale.

forests have lower and less variable rates ofDifferent remote sensing and community-level data

deforestation than protected forests (Porter-Bolland

can help to monitor forest dynamics and improve

et al., 2012; Baynes et al., 2015). Small-scale andour understanding.

localized research has been done to evaluate theeffects of community forestry on biodiversity andResults and summary:forest biomass (Singh et al., 2018). However, large-Community forestry programs are essential for

scale and national-level research is still very limited

reducing deforestation, maintaining bio-diversity(Luintel et al., 2018).

and improving the livelihood of people throughEvaluating the impact of community forestry toforest management practices. We have done ourcounter forest cover change is important because

analysis of 337 community forestr y areas inprevious studies acknowledged the need ofCambodia. Out of these boundaries, 16 werecommunity forestr y to understand the factors

considered to have gone through major

Table 1. List of community forest areas facing high deforestation across Cambodia
NameForest
Lost ％

Forest Lost
average year

Areain hacommune

district

Orot Kikiri Prey Sabong

75

2016

6,344

Lumtong

Anlong Veng

Khum sochit

54

2016

4,572

SochitSandanSammakie Song Kros Prey Cheur67

2017

4,151

Anlong Veng

Anlong Veng

Stoeng Tror96

2012

2,392

Ta MauPrek Prasab

Phnom Krem Morodok

60

2013

2,313

Rotanak

Rovieng

Prey Kabl Ta Kong

75

2017

2,207

Dong KambetSandan

Kok Thlorkler

54

2013

2,086

Kouk Thlok Leu

Chi Kreng

Dong Beng

49

2018

1,843

Beng

Banteay Ampil

O meas

90

2013

1,356

Tomring

SandanPhnom Luk

77

2010

1,334

Preaek Prasab

Prek PrasabPrey Tralach

66

2012

1,332

Prey Tralach

Rukhak Kiri

Prey Nak Tala

83

2013

1,301

Tomring

SandanPrey O Phum

93

2013

1,120

Tomring

SandanPrey O thmor

94

2016

1,065

Tomring

SandanPrek Thnaot

49

2018

1,007

Preaek TnaotTuek Chhou

Sala Chpor722014

1,006

Sala Visai

Prasat Ballang

倉田奨励金研究報告書 第 52 集
2020 年度（第 52 回）助成

自然科学・工学－エネルギー・環境：1 年助成

deforestation (Table 1). The global Forest Change

33％.

map provided by UMD (University of Mar yland)Four of the 16 community forest areas, ʻO measʼ,was used to determine forest change area and year

ʻPrey Nak Talaʼ, ʻPrey O Phumʼ, and ʻPrey O thmorʼ

of loss (figure 1). Table 1 lists down 16 mostall belonging to ʻTomringʼ commune, show highaffected areas by deforestation by their total area

deforestation (Table 1). Figure 2(a) shows thecover. All mentioned community forest areas aretemporal variation of deforestation occurred inabove 1,000 ha. Their forest area loss ranges fromTomring commune from 2001 till 2021. Figure 2(b)49％ to 96％, which is quite high. Whereas, Table

illustrates ALOS PALSAR RGB composite image

2 shows 5 areas with the highest increase in forest(HH, HV, HH/HV) of the year 2020. PALSAR

cover. Most of them are small community forest

images have been helpful and used in the past forareas with gain percentages ranging from 14％ tomapping forest cover and estimation of biomass. In

Figure 1. Community forest areas with boundary and deforested areas highlighted in red.
Table 2. Forest gain in community forestry sites
NameForest Gain ％Area in hacommunedistrict

Sala Chpor

141,006

Sala Visai

Prasat Ballang

Prey O Ta Kros

20569

Tipor

SantukTropang Prey

28162

Chhok

Prasat Sambor

Prey Bos Srey Pouv

33

128

Tipor

SantukBos Yeay Nheb

24111

Sala Visai

Brasath Ballang

倉田奨励金研究報告書 第 52 集
2020 年度（第 52 回）助成

自然科学・工学－エネルギー・環境：1 年助成(a) Forest lost year(b) ALOS PALSAR false color composite

Figure 2. Tomring commune with (a) Hansen Global Forest Cover map showing temporal changes in forest
area, and (b) ALOS PALSAR RGB composite of HH, HV and HH/HV polarization band composite.

HV Back-scaterring

0-5-10-15-20-25

2007 2008 2009 2010
Orot Kikiri Prey Sabong
Sammakie Song Kros Prey Cheur
Phnom Krem Morodok
Kok Thlorkler
O measPrey Tralach
Prey O Phum
Prek Thnaot

20152016 2017 2018
Khum sochit
Stoeng Tror
Prey Kabl Ta Kong
Dong Beng
Phnom Luk
Prey Nak Tala
Prey O thmor
Sala Chpor2020

Figure 3. Temporal changes in average HV polarization band values of 16 affected deforested areas.

this study, we used yearly PALSAR HV polarization

deforestation in Cambodian forests.

data to detect any change in backscattering values.

We also retrieved 3 m spatial resolution

Figure 3 is the mean HV backscattering of 16

PlanetScope images of 2017 and 2022 to validate

community forest areas in this study. All show athe results (figure 4). From these images, thegradual drop in values since 2007. This supports

forest cover change is clearly noticeable and it

the Hansen Global Forest Cover data onmatches with Hansen GFC data and ALOS PALSAR

倉田奨励金研究報告書 第 52 集
2020 年度（第 52 回）助成

自然科学・工学－エネルギー・環境：1 年助成(a) TomRing in 2017(b) TomRing in 2022

Figure 4. High resolution (3 m) PlanetScope data of Tomring, captured on (a) 8th January 2017 and (b) 2ndJanuary 2022.

Figure 5. Community survey data collected during the field trip to Kach Pka commune.

RGB (HH, HV, HH/HV polarization) images.
From the above analysis, it is understood that
Cambodian community forests have likely gone

analyzed data. Stricter measures are expected to be
implemented for meeting the targets of the REDD＋program.

through continuous deforestation in the last 2decades. The mentioned 16 areas (Table 1 andCommunity survey

Figure 1) have shown the highest forest cover

We conducted a community survey in Kach Pkachange, while only a few (Table 2) have shown

community forestr y (Figure 5). It is located inpositive growth which was expected. The likely

Battambang province, Cambodia, covers Rung,

reason for deforestation is agricultural land

Chumnab Korki, Chumnab Sbov Plaing, andexpansion. Many areas were seen with agricultural

Prorlay-18 villages, Sdock Proveuk commune, andactivities taking over forest areas, eventually

Rukkiri district. Established in 2005 by an NGO, itcausing deforestation. Tomring communeʼsinvolves around 1000 households, protecting

southern part is one of the regions whichapproximately 1000 hectares out of a total area ofunderwent such changes and it is evident through1300 hectares. However, 300 hectares of forest倉田奨励金研究報告書 第 52 集
2020 年度（第 52 回）助成

自然科学・工学－エネルギー・環境：1 年助成

have been lost due to poor protection. Illegal

payments? Ar moring REDD＋readinessactivities like deforestation, land invasion, and rockin Bhutan, India, Myanmar, and Nepal.

excavation have been obser ved. A community

Sustainable Mountain Development Conference,committee of 16 members, including a chief,

Chandragiri Hills, Kathmandu, Nepal,

deputy chiefs, and a financier, manages the area

December 1-3, 2022.

and restricts access. Despite resource and budget

5. Ram Avtar, Chen Xinyu, Ankita Gupta, Fu

limitations, the committee receives support fromjinjin, Ali Kharrazi (2022) Using multi-seasonal

local government and NGOs through training andUAV data and machine learning algorithms toaid. The study highlights the benefits ofidentify tree species. Sustainable Mountaincommunity forestry, including forest conservation,

Development Conference, Chandragiri Hills,

climate change mitigation, and livelihood

Kathmandu, Nepal, December 1-3, 2022.

improvement. It contributes to understanding thesuccess of community forestry projects, enhancing
forest resilience, and achieving Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) and REDD＋.

2．発表（研究成果の発表）
1. Louw, A. S., Fu, J., Raut, A., Zulhilmi, A., Yao, S.,
McAlinn, M., ... & Avtar, R. (2022). The roleof remote sensing during a global disaster:
COVID-19 pandemic as case study. RemoteSensing Applications: Society and Environment,100789.
2. Avtar, R., Rinamalo, A. V., Umarhadi, D. A.,
Gupta, A., Khedher, K. M., Yunus, A. P., ... &Sakti, A. D. (2022). Land Use Change andPrediction for Valuating Carbon Sequestrationin Viti Levu Island, Fiji. Land, 11(8), 1274.
3. Islam, J., Sarkar, P. P., Rahman, A., & Avtar, R.
(2022). Forest Resource Scenario in Industrial
Town: A Study of Asansol-Durgapur Region.
In Conservation, Management and Monitoringof Forest Resources in India (pp. 163-190).
Springer, Cham.
4. Nabin Bhattarai, Bhaskar Karky, Saur va
Pradhananga, Rajesh Bahadur Thapa, Ranjit
Singh Rawat, Teiji Watanabe, Ram Avtar(2022) Are countries ready for REDD＋