倉田奨励金研究報告書 第 50 集｜2018 年度（第 50 回）助成■受領№1359（中間報告）

Before and After 手法による東南アジアにおける非電化地区への再生可能エネルギー導入の住民生活に与える影響に関する研究“Before and After” Study on the impactsof the electrification by renewable energy onvillagers' QOL in rural areas in ASEAN
代表研究者

大垣 英明

京都大学エネルギー理工学研究所教授

1．研究目的indicators, such as infant mortality, life expectancy,

In 2020, around 850 million people worldwide aremean years of schooling, gross domestic product,

still facing insufficient access to electricity, mostgross national income, water access, and so on. In

living in rural areas of developing countries.

contrast, less research exists using measures

Althoughreflectinggridextension

isconsideredatheeveryday

experiencesfromconventional way of improving access to electricity,electrification and its subjective appraisal.

it is often excessively costly. In contrast, renewable

We commissioned the present project with theenergy (RE), in particular, solar technologies, ismain objective of investigating the effects on QoL

more accessible and has opened new possibilities

before and after electrification in underserved

to supply power via off-grid systems in ruralcommunities

electrification projects. On a techno-economic

Malaysia. First, different rural electrificationbasis, the impact of rural electrification can beschemes (grid extension, SHS, mini-grid system)

associatedare locally implemented in four villages in thesewith

theschemeadopted.

Grid

extension is usually considered the best option asinMyanmar,Cambodia,andcountries.

it guarantees a continuous supply with high power
capability,

but

numerous

studies

have

also

2．研究内容demonstrated the feasibility of rural electrification

Four villages typical of rural Southeast Asia wereusing individual solar home systems (SHSs) orselected for the study. The selection was based on

centralised (mini-grid) systems. On the otherthe premise of no official electrification at the time

hand, the impact of electrification on humanof selection (in some cases, there were plans towell-being and quality of life (QoL) remains vastly

expand the grid or to power with off-grid systems)

unexplored.

isand the willingness of the community to take partconsidered to bring positive changes to ruralin the project. The sites are Kampung Sungai

communities with improved health, income,Merah and Menangkin in Malaysia, Oak Pho ineducation opportunities, and so on, all assumed toMyanmar, and Thmor Keo in Cambodia. All ofimproveexisting

them have income levels below the national

investigations tend to concentrate on the QoL

average, and have similar economic activities,

impact of rural electrification through indirect

largely based on farming and fishing. Finally, withIn

QoL.

general,However,electrification

the倉田奨励金研究報告書 第 50 集｜2018 年度（第 50 回）助成
the exception of Oak Pho (Myanmar), the firstsatisfaction, occupational activities, psychologicalvisits to villages were carried out prior towell-being,

electrification, while the second visit was done at

economics, daily living activities, symptoms, andleast one year after electrification.

goals, from which we selected items with a rational

physicalhealth,socialrelations,hypothetical connection with electricity. In this2.1 Methodology

process, we have examined previous literature

The QoL measurement is comprised of several

reporting on relationships between the elements

domains through field work, providing two sets ofand electricity use.

data. The first survey captures the condition prior
to electrification, and then the second survey was

2.2 Results

conducted around one year after electrification so

The interview data was analysed by SPSS

as to allow some time for the villagers to adapt tostatistical package and the demographics ofthe new lifestyle. Each of these measures are taken

sample data were balanced number of genders andas baselines and endpoints, and with furtherages.

analysis based on statistical methods, differences

education, were married and lived together withbetween

The

their family, declared farming as their mainquestionnaire was applied in the form of an

occupation, and their incomes were lower thaninterview. It was structured to cover QoL with its

each national average.

dimensions, occupation, and time of activities, as

Overall, there was an increase in the levels ofshown in Table 1. The measures are based on aself-reported QoL. Figure 1 shows, as an example,

well-known measure of quality of life known as thehow the median score in the 10-point scale item

Wisconsin Quality of Life Index (WQoLI). Therose

original

electrification

bothstages

elements

inweretherevealed.

WQoLINo.

Category

Dimensions

I

Demographics

Quality of life
(Self-reported andsatisfaction subdomains)

II

Quality of Life

Psychological wellbeing
Physical healthwell-being
Social well-being
Economic wellbeing

arelife

Most

after

respondents

completedelectrification

in

all

systems.

Given

primarytypes
thatofQoL

Domains(1) Gender, (2) age, (3) education, (4) family
type, (5) occupation

Items

Type of Variable5

NominalSelf-reported quality of life

1Ordinal(10p scale)

Satisfaction sub-domains:(1) Time use, (2) time alone, (3) housing, (4)cooking, (5) personal safety

5Ordinal(5p-likert scale)

Self-reported mental health1

Self-reported physical health1

Perception on social support from family
and friends(1) Feelings about personal wealth, (2)regularity of lack of money preventing
activities, (3) income

1
3

III

Occupations-

Satisfaction with (1) main activity, (2)hours of work

2

IV

Time of activities-

Total active time

1

Table 1. Questionnaire items and structure

Ordinal(5p-likert scale)
Ordinal(5p-likert scale)
Ordinal(5p-likert scale)
Ordinal(5/4p scale)/Scale
Ordinal(5p-likertscale)/Scale
Time scale倉田奨励金研究報告書 第 50 集｜2018 年度（第 50 回）助成
distributions were found to be left-skewed, amedian test confirmed that the increase observedin the mini-grid system, the greatest among thesystems, was significant (X2 = 13.1, p < 0.05).
Nevertheless, the QoL median levels for the gridand SHS systems clearly demonstrate an increase,providing further support to the overall hypothesisthat higher QoL levels were brought about byelectrification. One of the main drivers for theadvancement in QoL is the power and energy
capacities

offeredtothedifferent

ruralcommunities. Concerning this, the grid should
offer the highest QoL advancement owing to its
ability to deliver the highest power and energy

productive activities and a decline in available

capacities, and thus offering the highest flexibility

household budget. For the more detail, satisfactionin the choice of appliances and simultaneouslevels with time use, time spent alone, housing,operation of appliances, followed by the mini-gridand personal safety were no changes aftersystem and the SHS. However, the results showed

electrification, and a positive effect on satisfactionthat the hybrid system recorded the highest

levels with cooking. Moreover, in terms ofself-reported QoL advancement, surpassing theoccupation, no changes in the total hours

grid and SHS. We conclude that the significant

dedicated to work and no prolonged active time onincrease in self-reported QoL in the hybrid system

usual activities in the household were observed.

in Oak Pho, Myanmar can be attributed to theOverall, the findings provide support to thesevere state of deprivation of electricity before

hypothesis of a positive effect on QoL frombeing formally electrified in comparison withelectrification, but they also detail a more precise

Kampung Sungai Merah and Menangkin runningdescription

on SHS and grid, where villagers in the two sites

dimensions, which clarifies facts presumed bywere already running diesel generators prior toindirect economic or aggregated measures.

electrification. With these results, it can be said

From a technological systems viewpoint, the ruralthat electrification had positive effects on human

electrification scheme did not show important

well-being, as seen through the use of this moredifferences between systems beyond the prices

direct measure.

paid for electricity, which were in general higher

In addition to the self-reported QoL, psychological,

for the grid and mini-grid systems over the SHS.

physical, and social well-being levels increased

Problems arising from system management andafter

certainmaintenance, as well as post-operation waste

reduction in economic well-being levels was also

management, might later become an issue because

observed. This would be correlated with thethis result is based on the one-year perspective

analysis data that indicated no increase on

and longer-span observation should be needed toelectrification.

In

contrast,

aof

theeffecton

specificQoL

倉田奨励金研究報告書 第 50 集｜2018 年度（第 50 回）助成
complement them.

３．発表（研究成果の発表）
1) J. Cravioto, H. Ohgaki, H.S. Che, C. Tan, S.
Kobayashi, H. Toe, B. Long, E. Oudaya, N.A.
Rahim, H. Farzeneh, “The Effects of Rural
Electrification on Quality of Life: A Southeast
Asian Perspective”, Energies, Vol. 13, No.10,2410(2020).
2) H. Ohgaki, H.S. Che, J. Cravioto, S. Kobayashi,
H. Toe, B. Long, E.O. Daya, V. Vannak, C.
Kwang T., Nasrudin A. Rahim, H. Farzeneh,“Rural electrification and QoL: Lessons fromSoutheastAsia”,

The

3rdInternational

Conference on Smart City Innovation (ICSCI)
and The 13th AUN/SEED-Net Regional
Conference on Energy Engineering (RCEneE) ,on-line conference (plenary talk, 2020).
3) Hideaki Ohgaki, Hang Seng Che, Jordi Cravioto,
Satoru Kobayashi, Hla Toe, Bun Long, Etu
Ou Daya, Vai Vannak, Chia Kwang Tan,
Nasrudin Abd Rahim, Hooman Farzeneh,“Effect of Different Electrification Schemes onQuality of Life in ASEAN Rural Villages”, 8thInternational Symposium on Fusion of Scienceand Technology, (invited talk, J.C. BOSE
UNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEAND

TECHNOLOGY, YMCA, India, 2020)4) H. Ohgaki, “Impact of Different Electrification
Schemes on Villagers' QOL in Rural ASEAN”,
AUN/SEED-net RCEnEE, (plenary talk, El
Royal Hotel, Banyuwangi, Indonesia, 2019).
5) H. Ohgaki, “Case Studies for the OECD-GSFProject on Addressing Social Challenges using
Transdisciplinary Research ” , 2nd Workshop
for Transdisciplinary Research (plenary talk,
文部科学省, 2019).