No.16
ISSN 0289 - 8721

ヽruInformation Bulletin of

The Union of National
Economic Associationsin Japan

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日本経済学会連合

1996

Correspondence to be addressed:
Secretariat of the Union of National Economic Association in Japan,
c/o School of Commerce,
Waseda University,
Nishiwaseda 1-6-1 ,Shinjuku-ku,
Tokyo 169-50, JapanCOPYRIGHT 1996 BY THE UNION OF NATIONAL ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONS
Printed in Japan. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS INSTITUTE, INC. Tel. (03) 5273-0473
ISSN 0289-8721

Editorial Committee
Rinya SHIBAKAWA, Hitotsubashi University
Masato MAKINO, Fuji College
Akira MORI, Meiji University
Hiroshi ISHIZUKA, Waseda University
Katsuaki ONISHI, Senshu University
Yutaka KARASAWA, Kanagawa University
Koji OHIRA, Meiji Gakuin Univreisty
Tomonori NISHIKAWA, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Technology
Kazuhiro KANAI, Kobe University
Takehiko MUSASHI, Chiba University
Hisahiko SAITO, Chiba University of Commerce
Terushi HARA, Waseda University
Directors of the Union
President

Masao UNO, Josai Kokusai University
Yasuo OKAMOTO, Aoyama Gakuin University
Kyoichi FUTAGAMI, Waseda University
Satoru TAKAYANAGI, Chuo University
Yujiro HAYAMI, Aoyama Gakuin University
Toshiya HANAWA, Chuo University
Takashi NEGISHI, Aoyama Gakuin University
Tokusaburo YOSHIDA, Nihon University
Rinya SHIBAKAWA, Hitotsuashi University
Kiyoshi OGAWA, Waseda University
Toshinosuke KASHIWAZAKI, Waseda University

Secretary General
Ken-ichi ENATSU, Waseda University
AuditorOsamu NISHIZAWA, Waseda University
Masu UEKUSA, University of Tokyo
Emeritus
Shigeto TSURU, Hitotsubasi University
Yoichi ITAGAKI, Yachiyo Intertational University
Takashi SHIRAISHI, Kyorin University

THE UNION OF NATIONAL ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONSIN JAPAN
日本経済学会連合
The Union of National Economic Associations in Japan, established in 1950. celebrated
its 40th anniversary in 1990, as the sole nationwide federation of administration. In orderto obtain membership an association is subject to an examination of its academic work.
As of 1996, the Union had a membership of 49 associations, as listed on pp. 71-87.
The aims and objectives of the Union are to support the scholarly activities of its
member associations and to promote academic exchanges both among members themselves,and between Japanese and academic societies overseas. The main activities of the Union
are: (1) the publication and distribution of academic material concerning Japanese economics
and papers presented by member scholars, (2) the sending of members to overseas
conferences, (3) the holding and supporting of international conferences in Japan, (4)providing financial assistance to member associations who invite foreign scholars to Japan,and (5) collecting information on activities of member associations and the issuing of anews bulletin.
The Union published in 1974 Keizaigaku No Doko (The Trend in Japanese Economics),
based on a survey of economic studies undertaken in postwar Japan.

A supplementaryvolume covering Japanese economic studies after 1974 was published in 1982.
The Union and the International Economic Association (IBA) jointly held the Fifth
World Congress of the IBA in Tokyo from August 29 to September 3, 1978. The Union
joined the International Institute of Public Finance in holding the Institute's 37th Congress
at Tokyo in September 1981.

The Union dispatched 20 member scholars to the Eighth

World Congress of IBA held in India in 1986.

Most recently the Union successfullysponsored the IBA Tokyo Round Table Conference on "Institutions in a New DynamicSociety" held between 15 and 17 September 1987, and is due to host the 1996 IBA Round
Table Conference between 16 and 19 December, on the theme "The Institutional Foundationof Economic Development in East Asia"
The Union celebrated in 1980 the 30th anniversary of its founding by launching avariety of activities, including the publication of The Information Bulletin.

Prof. Paul

Snowden of Waseda University acts as editorial adviser.

Address: Secretariat of the Union, c/o School of Commerce, Waseda University,
Nishiwaseda 1-6-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-50, Japan.

CONTENTS
Page
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION JAPAN SOCIETY OF ・ ・ ・ ・ ・1

BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BEHAVIOR · · · ·THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR RESEARCH ON
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF MANAGEMENT,· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 12
JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE(Formerly: SOCIALIST ENTERPRISE, ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF)
FINANCE ASSOCIATION THE JAPANESE···························· 18
INDUSTRIAL STUDIES THE SOCIETY FOR · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 21
LOGISTICS SOCIETY JAPAN · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 25
MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY THE ACADEMY OF· · · ·33

MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR (JAMS)· · · · · · · · • · 35
ORGANIZATIONAL SCIENCE, THE ACADEMIC ASSOCIATION FOR ・ ・ ・ ・ · · 41
PLANNING ADMINISTRATION, JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR· · · • · · · · · • · · 49
SECURITIES, THE SOCIETY FOR THE ECONOMIC STUDIES OF · · · · · • · · · 58
SOCIO-ECONOMIC HISTORY SOCIETY ・ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 65

LIST OF MEMBER ASSOCIATIONS· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 71

JAPAN SOCIETY OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (JSBA)
1. Brief History
The Japan Society of Business Administration (JSBA) was founded in 1926,
and its total membership is 2,049 people as of March 31, 1996. In fall 1996 thisSociety will celebrate its seventieth anniversary with an annual convention at
Hitotsubashi University on the theme of the Problems of Modern Business
Management. JSBA is the oldest and largest association of business administrationin Japan.
2. Membership and Administration
Membership in JSBA is based on the following criteria: members must havebeen conducting research in management or commerce for at least two years after
they graduated from college or university; admittance is subject to the approval of
the Council. JSBA is composed of six divisions: Kanto, Kansai, Hokkaido, Tohoku,
Chubu, and Kyushu. JSBA holds an annual convention on a central theme, while
each division also organizes its own research meetings several times a year.
JSBA's activities are managed by the following officers:(1) President(2) 8 executive committee members(3) 26 councilors(4) 2 auditors
The executive committee members share five duties: (1) general affairs, (2) chairmanof the program committee for the annual convention, (3) treasurer, (4) international
relations, (5) chief editor
3. Annual Conferences
The society's primary activity is to hold an annual conference. For eachconference, a theme is selected by the program committee on the basis of the
proposals issued by each division's council, from amongst currently prominent topics.
1) The 1994 Conference
The central theme of the 1994 conference was Modem Business and Society(Yamanashi Gakuin University).
Sub-theme A: Regional Development and Business Management
1. "Business Development and Business Management - Structural Changes inRegional Industries and Investment Behavior of Small Business," Yasuhiko MIURA(Yamanashi Gakuin University)
2. "Entrepreneur Activity and Regional Development," Takeshi YOSHIDA (Nagoya
University)
3. "Regional Development and Business Management - An Opinion about
Hokkaido Development," Isamu MANO (Hokkaido University)We have recently seen increasing interest in regional development from theperspective of business management. Y. Miura and I. Mano detailed some problems
specific to their region and advocate the necessity for increased managerial
consciousness. T. Yoshida emphasized the nexus between knowledge accumulationand innovation.
Sub-theme B: Business Ethics and Management Behavior
1. "Business Behavior and Ethics - Response to Environmental Problems,"
Nobuhisa 0BU (Wako University)
2. "Empirical Analysis of Business Ethics." Hideki YOSHIHARA (Kobe University)
3. "Environmental Ethics and Maintenance of Business Activity," Yonosuke
MAFUNE (Nihon University)
4. "Business Management Approach to Business Ethics," Mizuho NAKAMURA (Meiji
umvers1ty)·
The second topic of the conference was business ethics, which is considered an
important business issue in a developed society. N. Obu emphasized the change inethics and responsiveness towards environmental ethics and problems. H. Yoshihara
provided an analysis of Japanese companies'attitudes towards business ethics basedon a questionnaire used to survey 323 listed and unlisted companies. He pointed
out that managers should have their own ethical sense, and that the level of ethicalstandards in Japanese firms was lower than in U.S. or European firms. Y. Mafune's
idea of business ethics was that firms should set their own environmental ethicalrules, and establish a structure that would tackle envirorunental problems. According
to M. Nakamura, research and education in the field of business ethics had achieved
tremendous progress in the last ten years, especially in the U.S., but in Japan interestin business ethics was remarkably low. In business management academics, this
topic is called either "business and society," or "social issues in management." M.
Nakamura attempted to classify social issues into eight groups, and stressed theimportance of actively putting business ethics into practice.
In addition to this main session, the conference held several special sessions:(1) a "free" session, dealing with various subjects (34 papers), (2) three workshops,
whose themes were the following:
Ownership and control of Modern Corporations, in relation to Corporate
Governance(Chair: Nobuyuki KATAOKA, Ryukoku University)
International Division of Labor in Asia and Current Situations of Women's Labor(Chair: Mitsuo Furn, Nihon University)
Business Administration and Image Information Technology (Hiroaki WAKUTA,
Toyo University)
All of these topics were timely themes, and were discussed enthusiasticallyunder the supervision of each chairman.
2) The 1995 Conference
2

The central theme of the 1995 session was Basic Problems of BusinessRestructuring in Japanese Firms.
Sub-theme A: Reconsidering Main Business Principles: "Reforming Japanese­style Business Practices - New Relationships between Business and Society - ,"Kanji TANIMOTO (Wakayama University), "Revitalization of Business and Top
Management," Hiroyuki SoGAWA (Keio University), "Horizon of BusinessResearch," Kiyoaki SHIOTSUGU (Kyushu University)
The business world should be reconsidered in connection with the social context:
it should not be thought of only in terms of efficiency and profitability, but shouldhave a civic behavior in areas such as corporate social involvement, and new social
movements etc. (K. Tanimoto). Revitalization of business depends upon theutilization of efficient and creative resources, which include visible and invisible
assets, especially strong leadership by top management (H. Sogawa). Regarding
the research in business strategy in Japan, there are few tests of hypothesis. In
Japan, research is more oriented towards fact-tiding in business strategy than towards
theory (K. Shiotsugu).
Sub-theme B: Restructuring of Business Systems: ℃hanges of Human Relations
in Factory and Information Systematization - Development of Management
Information and its Theory," Naotoshi SHIGEMOTO (Osaka College of Economics),"Restructuring of Organizational Ability in Japanese Business - Capability of
Leadership in the Management of Small Business," Seiichi OTAKI (Tohoku
University). "Restructuring of Governance systems of Business," Teruhisa UETAKE(Keio University)
The progress of information systematization as changed human relations within
the factory, and recent reengineering in Japan has progressed through this information
system. However, modernization, mechanization and information development
brought about by rationalization can coexist with care for individual employees'
sentiments (N. Shigemoto).
There are three sources of competitive advantage, which are: Efficient resource
management, core competence, and learning models in business, whose implications
S. Otaki analyzed in the case of medium-sized enterprises in the Tohoku District.
There are two main style of corporate governance system: the first is the Anglo­
American style; the second is the German style. The former style is characterized
by heavy reliance on the market for control, whereas the latter style is more oriented
towards bank or institution regulation. The Japanese governance system is mixed:
there are both main bank or govemant agency monitoring and leadership, andmonitoring and self-regulations by several industrial sectors (T. Uetake).
Sub-theme C: Reconsidering International Business Strategies: "Reconsidering
International Business Strategy in the Information Technology Enterprises in Japanand the U.S.," Keiji NATSUME (Ryukoku University), "Restructuring of JapaneseCompanies and Business Strategy in Asia," Keiya MARUYAMA (Rikkyo University),3

"Meta-digital in Analogue Management - New Ways of Thinking International
Business Strategy," Kichiro HAYASHI (Aoyama Gakuin University).
K. Natsume analyzed global business strategy in Japan as compared to thestrategy of US information technology enterprises, and investigated the differences
between IBM, Microsoft and NEC. For example, NEC changed from an export­oriented global strategy to a policy of local production in the US or in Asian countries
associated with the reexport of finished products to Japan. Microsoft countries
about 80% of the market for OS and PC (K. Natsume).
Presently, the strategic issue in the Japanese automobile industry is to implement
a drastic restructuring of domestic business. On the other hand, Japanese car
manufacturers coordinate production in their Asian plants and in their Japanese
factories, and set up a division of labor for the supply of spare parts and accessories.
It is important to take into account the recipient country's needs when transferring
the Japanese production system to Asian countries, taking into account Asian needs(K. Maruyama).
The third topic in this sub-theme was the function of "communication between
different cultures." K Hayashi distinguished three phases in the overseas production
process of Japanese enterprises. The third phase features organizations in which
local managers and Japanese managers consult each other, draft plans and solve
problems together. However, many subsidiaries of foreign companies in Japan do
not reach the third phase, because they cannot develop communication among
different cultures. The traditional Japanese way of thinking is analogue, not digital.
Analogue thinking resulted in Kaizen ("improvement" in Japanese), while digital
thinking regards discontinuous vision as important, which results in several kindsof mechanistic type organizations. Today, given the international management ofJapanese companies, they need to train their human resources so that they haveboth analogue and digital thinking.
In addition to this central theme, the conference held several sessions: (1) a"free" session, dealing with various subjects (35 papers), (2) two workshops, whose
themes were the following:Transfer of Paradigms of Business Administration(Chair: Tsuneo SHINOZUKA, Otaru College of Commerce)
The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and Risk Management(Chair: Koji OKUBAYASHI, Kobe University)
Since these workshops were created, they have been debating current academic
issues, but how these workshops are to be managed is a matter to be discussed andimprovement for the future development of the convention.
4. Publications
Besides holding conferences, the Japan Society of Business Administration
publishes the outcome of its research. The three major publications available to the4public are:
-The Annals of Business Administration (Keieigaku Ronshu)-The Review of Business Management-The Newsletter of the Society
The Annals of Business Administration consist in a volume gathering all thepapers presented at the conference each year. The Review of Business Management
has just begun publication as the journal of the Association; its columns are open to
all members of the Association. It contains contributed papers and study note,
which are subject to screening by anonymous referees. The Newsletter of theSociety is the medium of business correspondence of the Society. It contains
information about the forthcoming conference, along with international informationsuch as news about the IFSAM (International Federation of Scholarly Associationsof Management). It is published biannually.
(Rinya SHIBAKAWA, Hitotsubashi University)5THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR RESEARCH ON
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATIVE BEHAVIOR
1. Foundation and Historical BackgroundIn 1974, Toshio KIKUCHI (Nihon University) organized a study group for businessand environment (Kankyo to Keiei no Kai). This group became the parent body of
the Japan Association for Research on Business Administrative Behavior (Keiei Koudo
Kenkyu Gakkai). Seventeen years later, in July 1991, a general meeting forestablishing the Association was arranged at the College of Economics, Nihon
University and Toshio Kikuchi was elected as the first president.
The objectives of the Association are to promote research on businessadministrative behavior. At the same time, the Association stimulates aninterdisciplinary approach toward business administrative behavior including
Management, Economics, Accounting, Marketing, Law and other related social
sciences, breaking down the closeness of segmented academic fields. The Association
also promotes international academic exchange.
2. Organization
The Association is managed by the General Meeting, Board of Directors consistingof 25 members, and six committees. The Administrative Committee has the
responsibility for general affairs. The Organizational Committee is in charge of
expansion of membership. The Research Committee is responsible for arranging the
program of regional conferences. The Bulletin Committee has the task of publishing
the News Letter quarterly. The Annals Committee is responsible for publishing The
Annals of The Japan Association for Research on Business Administrative Behavior.
The International Committee has the responsibility for promoting international
academic exchange. The President is Toshio KIKUCHI, and two Vice-Presidents are
Kyoichi FUTAGAMI (Waseda University) and Mitsuo MORIMOTO (Aoyama Gakuin
University).
As of July 1996, there are 279 individual members and 4 corporate members.
Most of the individual members are professors in universities and colleges. The
Association, however, supports the collaboration of academics and businesspersons.
The Association has two regional conferences: quarterly in the Kanto district
and annually in the Chubu district. These conferences usually include two or threereports.
The Association is preparing to create a prize for the best-recognized papers
and/or books.

63. Reports on Annual National Meeting (1991-1996)(1) First Annual National Meeting
In 1991, on July 27, the first national meeting was held at the College of
Economics, Nihon University. Toshio Kikuchi organized the meeting. Five speakers
reported as follows:l)"Recent Problems of Business Ethics in Japan", Nobuhisa OBU (Wako University).
2)"Management Creed Underlying Corporate Behavior - Its Strategic, Ethical andSocial Implications", Satoshi KONUMA (Chubu University).
3)"Regulation of Fraudulent Financial Reporting in Terms of SEC", Aishi IMAFUKU(Nihon University).
4)℃orporate Social Performance and Profitability", Mitsuo Morimoto.
5)"Social Responsiveness of Corporate Behavior", Toshio Kikuchi.
(2) Second Annual National Meeting
In 1992, the second national meeting was held at Obirin University on July 25.
Kiyoharu IWAI (Obirin University) organized the meeting. Its unified theme for a
symposium was Current Problems of Business Administrative Behavior and withthis theme three speakers reported as follows:
A)"Environmental Protection as a Subject of Business Administration", Younosuke
MAFUNE (Nihon University).
B)"Business Social Responsibility: Its Contemporary Trends and Issues", Katsuhiko
SAKURAI (Nagoya University).
C)"On the Accompanied Results: The New Aspect of Management Theory", Tadashi
MITO (Chukyo University) .
Four speakers reported with free themes as follows:
1) "Basic Concept and Strategic Subjects of a Network-Oriented Company", Koichi
MIYASHITA (Obirin University).
2) "Overseas Expansion by the Japanese Distribution Industry", Yoshihiro OKAMOTO(Wako University) .
3) "Market Order and Business Behavior", Shingo SHINOZUKA (Chiba University ofCommerce).
4) "International Harmonization of Accounting Standards and Its Impact on
Multinational Corporations", Keiko YAMAGUCHI (Yachiyo International University).
(3) Third Annual National Meeting
In 1993, the third national meeting was held at Hakuo University on July 26-27.
Takashi KATO (Niigata University of Management) organized the meeting. Its unified
theme for a symposium was New Management Philosophy and Business
Administrative Behavior and with this theme four speakers reported as follows:
7A)"A Japanese Way to Industrial Democracy: A Search for a New Industrial Society",
Shuji ISHII (Komazawa University).
B)℃orporate Strategy in the Present Changing Period: A 'Peak-out'of Japanese­style Management and Building New Creative Strategy", Shoichi SUITA (Mitsubishi
Research Institute).
C)℃orporate Governance in Comparative Perspective: A Guideline for JapaneseCorporations", Masaru YOSHIMORI (Yokohama National University).
D)"Evolution of the Toyota Production System: From Internal Control to Global
Management", Eiji OGAWA (Chubu University).
Eight speakers reported with free themes as follows:l)"A Study of Organizational Sub-Cultures", Takashi SAKIKAWA (Niigata University).
2)"Reform of Local Industry, and Firm Restructuring", Yasuhiko MIURA (Yamanashi
Gakuin University).
3)"The Current Trend of Japanese Ownership Strategy in Southeast Asian Countries",
Yukio TAKAGAKI (Okinawa International University).
4)"Transferability of a Main Bank System and the Japanese Accounting System toEastern European Countries", Ellie OKADA (Yokohama National University).
5)"Decision Theory and Business Behavior Valuation", Kazuhiko HIGUCHI (Hakuo
University).
6)"0n C. Hodgkinson's Administration Concept", Takahide TSUIKI (Seikei University).
7)"The Income Reporting Practices of U.S. Steel in the Early Twentieth Century",
Nobuhiko SATO (Nihon University).
8)"The Effect of Information Technology on Firm, Competition and Industry",
Mikihiro OHNISHI (Meijo University).
(4) Fourth Annual National Meeting
In 1994, the fourth national meeting was held at Seikei University on July 30-31.
Takahide Tsuiki organized the meeting. Its unified theme for a symposium was
Changing Environment and Reconsideration of Management Responsibility and withthis theme four speakers reported as follows:
A)"Risk Management and The Responsibility of Top Management in Business", Masao
TOKUTANI (Seikei University).
B)"Economic Results and Human Results of Business Firms", Isao AKAOKA (Kyoto
University).
C)"Environment, Associated Consequences and Responsibility", Tadashi Mito.
D)"On the Management Responsibility of Disclosure in the Changing Environment",
Aishi Imafuku.
With free themes, eight speakers reported as follows:
1)℃urrent Problems on Transfer Pricing Taxation in America", Shigemasa KANAI(Kokugakuin University Tochigi Junior College).
82)"Restructuring of Companies & Disclosure", Atsushi SAITO (Certified Public
Accountant).
3)"Recent Study on MSS and SIS", Kazuaki TAKAMATSU (Seikei University).
4)"Reengineering and Information Sharing", Tetsuro UENO (Wako University).
5)"Reconsideration of commitment for an enterprise in Japan: Thought of the Japanesepattern of commitment, Seoikomi", Yoshitaka OHHIRA (Shinshu College).
6)"0rganization Leaming and Unlearning", Shi SHIMIN (Aichi Gakusen University).
?)"Price Flexibility under Deflationary Economy: On the basis of Oskar Lange's'Monetary Effect"', Takao AKAIKE (Chiba Keizai College).
8)"A Study on Reform of Chinese State-owned Enterprises: Chance of Transformation
to Rural Industries Model", Ken KANEYAMA (Obirin University).
(5) Fifth Annual National Meeting
In 1995, the fifth national meeting was held at the College of Commerce, Nihon
University on July 25-26. Younosuke Mafune organized the meeting. Its unified
theme for a symposium was "Principles of Corporate Behavior in an Era of"Symbiosis" and with this theme four speakers reported as follows:A)"On the Principles of Management: symbiosis and partnership", Katsuhiko Sakurai.
B)"Genealogy of 'Symbiosis' in American Business History: A Review of Business
Behavior", Kesaji KOBAYASHI (Kyushu Sangyo University).
C) "Sustainable Development and Environmental Management", Younosuke Mafune.
D)"Ecological Conscious Corporate Management: toward a symbiosis with society
and nature", Masao YUDA (Dokkyo University).
Ten speakers reported with free theme as follows:l)"Socio-Environmental Performance of Distribution: An Empirical Survey of
Retailing in Japan", Ou Won Seok (Graduate Student, Nihon University).
2)"The Framework for a Distribution Company System", Shigeru SASAKI (Takasaki
City University of Economics).
3)"Market Order and Entrepreneurial Alertness: The Evolutionary Approach ofAustrian School", Shuichi NAKAMURA (Chiba Keizai College).
4)"A Study on Environment Related Taxes and their Impact on Industries in Japan",
Yoshiaki NAKAMURA and Tsuneyuki UEKI (both Nihon University).
5)"The Over-the-Counter Stock Market to Promote the Growth of Smaller Companies",
Atsushi NAKAGAWA (Small and Medium Enterprise Management Consultant).
6)"Potentiality of Strategic Management Accounting", Keiichi HASEGAWA (Waseda
University).
7)"The Performance Awareness of Various Management Levels at Nonprofit
Organizations - Analysis of Questionnaires Regarding AHP and AID", Toshiro
TAKAHASHI (International University of Health and Welfare).
8)"The Characteristics of Human Resource Management in Japan and its，

Tqransferability - Through preceding research papers", Atsuhiro YACHI (Bunk.yo
Women's University).
9)"0rganization Design Strategies in the Network Era", Yoshio MATSUMOTO (Nihon
University).
lO)"lndustrial Society in Japan and Japanese Management Systems: The Implicationsof Mito's le Theory", Yoshimori SAIGO (Chukyo University).
(6) Sixth Annual National Meeting
In 1996, the sixth national meeting was held at Fuji College in Tokyo on July 2728. Yoshiaki YAMAGUCHI (Fuji College) organized the meeting. Its unified theme
for a symposium was Development of the Information Revolution and Business
Administrative Behavior and with this theme four speakers reported as follows:
A)"Japanese Management Responding to the Information Society", Shoichi Suita.
B)"A Study on Telecommunication Infrastructure as Social Overhead Capital",
Masahiro BABA (Fuji College).
C)"Information-driven Organizations are Poly-agent Systems", Haruo TAKAGI (Keio
University).
D)"Development of Information Technology and Its Implication for Accounting
Information Systems", Yoshikazu HASHIMOTO (Surugadai University).
Twelve speakers reported with free themes as follows:l)"A Study on Business Management with the Theories of'Play"', Ayako SENDO(Graduate Student, Waseda University).
2)"The Dynamics of Socio-dialogical Corporate Strategy", Nobutaro NAGASHIMA(Tokai University).
3)"Japanese Firms' Environmental Investment", Yukio Takagaki.
4)"The Network of Rating Agency on Company: Its Role toward Dialogue between
Business and Society", Nobuyuki TAKAOKA (Graduate Student, Nagoya University).
5)"Network Innovation Strategy", Tetsuro YAMAGUCHI (Fuji College).
6)"Ethics and Responsibility in Corporate Behavior", Kazuaki SASAKI (Graduate
Student, Nihon University).
7)"An Aspect of Employment Adjustment in Japanese Firms", Hiroo HIGUCHI (Wako
University).
8)"Balance-Sheet Adjustment by Corporation under the Financial Crisis", Takao
Akaike.
9)"The Characteristics of Information and Their Implications on Decision Making",
Shinichi SANO (Aichi Gakusen University).
lO)"The Harmonization of EU Financial Reporting Practices: Comparability ofConsolidated Financial Information", lchiro MUKAI (Aichi Gakuin University).
11)"International Marketing Strategies of Japanese Firms", Satoshi NUMANO (Tokai
University Junior College).
1012)"The Organizational Factors of Transfer Pricing Process", Yuji MORI (Graduate
Student, Yokohama City University).
4. Publications
The Association has published five volumes of The Annals of The Japan
Association for Research on Business Administrative Behavior since 1992. The
Annals is published on an annual basis, and contains all of the papers on the unified
theme, those on free theme and two book reviews. The Association is about to starta new era by publishing new annals using a commercial publisher.
The Association issues a News Letter quarterly for internal information on the
Association's ongoing activities. Thirteen News Letters have been issued up to
September 1996.
5. Recent Research Trends on Business Administrative Behavior
One of the aims of the Association is to study the theory, policy and practices ofbusiness administrative behavior. In the decade of the 1990s, revolutionary changes
are accelerating in business administrative behaviors. To respond to the dynamic
environment of the 1990s, research programs on business administrative behavior
will have to be innovative and developsnew concepts. Fortunately, over the five
years there have been several significant developments in research on businessadministrative behavior. These have spanned a diverse range of topics. The major
topics are as follows:
1) Business Ethics
2) Corporate Governance3) Environmental Issues.
Members of the Association are concerned with developing those topics. By
doing these research programs, we hope to be able to vitalize our academic activities
so that the Association may recover its identity.
(Masato MAKINO, Fuji College)

11THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR
THE COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF MANAGEMENT
I . Brief History and Outline of the Association(1) Brief History
The Association for the Comparative Studies of Management came into being
when the Association for the Study of Socialist Enterprise changed its name at thenational meeting for the academic year 1994 (the 20th national meeting of the
Association, March 29, 1995). The Association for the Study of Socialist Enterprise
had been established in 1976 with 78 Japanese members as the only national
academic organization for researching socialist enterprises, which were developing
vigorously in those days, and research into which was indispensable for Japanese
researchers of management too. In 1991 the Association had 265 Japanese members
and 9 foreign guest members: one from the USSR, one from Poland, two from East
Germany, two from China, five from Yugoslavia and one from Australia. But thenthe Association changed its name, mainly because the socialistic system in the USSR
and east Europe had collapsed. It is the policy of the Association to acknowledge
these facts as such, in order to develop further the research activities of the
Association on the base of these historical facts, giving continuity to the research
results and tradition of the Association as the only organization for the study ofsocialist enterprises till then.
The Association expresses this attitude to research activities in the term℃omparative" in the new name, although any approach to comparative studies ofmanagement, for example the approach of so-called comparative study to
management hitherto followed in Japanese business administration, is welcomed by
the Association. Also, the Association expresses its policy of studying not only
enterprises but also non-profit-organizations in the term "Management" instead of
the previous "Enterprise". Indeed, socialist enterprises were properly to be viewed
as non-profit-organizations.
(2) Administration
To run the activities of the Association there are a President, 19 Directors, two
Auditors and a few Secretaries. Half of the Directors are elected from members in
the eastern part of Japan, and half from members in the western part. The President
is elected by the Directors from among themselves. Recently, the President has beenalternately elected from the eastern part and from the western part. A term of officefor the Director is two years, with a limit of two consecutive terms. Since thefoundation of the Association 20 years ago, the following members have held theoffice of President:
Susumu KAIDO (Kobe University, 1976�78)
12

Kunio OSHIMA (Aoyarna Gakuin University, 1978 -80)
Jisaburo SASAKAWA (Osaka City University, 1980 -82)
Masatsugu MIYOKAWA (Yokohama City University, 1982 -84)
Soichiro GIGA (Senshu University, 1984 -86)
Akira HAYASHI (Ryukoku University, 1986 -88)
Minoru NAGASUNA (Kansai University, 1988 -90)
Akira MORI (Meiji University, 1990 -92)
Kyoichi FUTAGAMI (Waseda University, 1992 -94)
Shoichi OHASHi (Kansai University, 1994 -96)
Shigeo AYUZAWA (Chuo University, 1996 -)IL Outline of Research Activities
The national meeting of the Association is held annually, alternating every two
years between the eastern part of Japan and the western part. Regional meetings
are held respectively in both parts of Japan. A summary of the reports at the national
meeting with other documents and materials, The Annals of the Japan Association
for the Comparative Studies of Management (formerly The Annals of the
Association for the Study of Socialist Enterprise) is published annually .
The unified themes and the locations of annual national meetings since 1991
have been as follows;
1991: Socialism and its Form of Ownership and Management (Kochi
University)
1992: Socialism·Capitalism· Privatization (Shiga University)
1993: Ownership and Decision in Enterprise - from a Viewpoint ofComparison of Economy (Sapporo University)
1994: Deregulation and Business Management (Rikkyo University)
1995: Transformation and Business Administration (Kansai University)
1996: Viewpoints of Comparative Research into Business Management (Osaka
City University)
It is a feature of this Association that research is usually carried out from two
approaches, that is, from a macro or national economic viewpoint, which is mainly
oriented to research on circumstances in former/present socialistic countries, andfrom a micro or administrative/management viewpoint, which is actually oriented
to research on management problems in general, but predominantly with somecritical intention towards the capitalistic system. These two approaches are very
successfully mixed in this Association, and research is effectively developed on this
base.

13

III. Recent Research Activities(1) The 19th national meeting (March 18�20, 1994, Rikkyo University)

Under the unified theme "Deregulation and Business Management" , nine
papers were presented in three sessions:
1) "Privatization of Labor-Managed Firms in Croatia" by Hiroyuki FUJIMURA(Kyoto University);2) "On the Present Agrarian Reform in Russia - Land Reform and thePrivatization of Agrarian Enterprises" by Shozo OKADA (Kochi University);
3) "The Partially Open Rice Market as a Line in the Chain of Deregulation andits Distribution Countermeasures" by Misao HISAMOTO (Aomori University);4) "On the Third Sector or Mixed Enterprises in Japan" by Akira ANDO (Saita�a
University);5) "Japanese Business System and Deregulation" by Yasuo KAKURAI (Hosei
University);
6) "A Study on Market Mechanisms" by Katsuaki ONISHI (Senshu University);
7) "Privatization and Managers in Russian Enterprises" by Shizuko KATO (Meiji
University);8) "Socio-Economic Envirornnents and Accounting System in China" by Kenjiro
IDE (Waseda University);9) "Historical Evaluation of Yugoslav Self-Management Socialism" by Yoji
KOYAMA (Niigata University).
Commentators nominated in advance were Kiyoshi KASAHARA (Rikkyo
University), Tsutomu MIKAMO (Meiji University Graduate School), Keiji IDE(Ritsumeikan University), Toshisato NISHIOKA (Hannan University), Toru SAKURAI(Nihon University) and Nobuyuki KADOWAKI (Shiga University).
In addition, the following report was given during the meeting:"Voucher Privatization and Tradition of Liberalism in Czechoslovakia" by
Toshiaki IKEDA (Kanazawa University Graduate School)(2) The 20th national meeting (March 25�27, 1995, Kansai University)
At this meeting there was an exceptional session for the vicennial meeting, a
symposium entitled "My Study of Business Administration and Socialism", which
was chaired by Kyoichi Futagami (Waseda University). Four pioneer/leaders instudies of socialist enterprises in Japan gave special lectures:
1) "My Study of Socialistic Management" by Kunio OSHIMA (Surugadai
University);
2) "The Development of Management Sciences on Socialist Enterprise" by
Susumu Kaido (Nara University of Industry);3) "My Socialistic View for Japanese Corporate Society" by Fumiharu
KAWASAKI (Emeritus Prof., Kitakyushu University);144) "On Research Problems and Management" by Soichiro Giga (Tokoha Gakuen
Hamamatsu University)
They lectured on how many hardships and difficulties there had been in the
study of socialist enterprise and management, and how they as pioneers in Japan had
striven for it. Their lectures were all the more impressive, because the socialistic
system had by then lost practical validity in the major socialist countries.
Under the unified theme "Transformation and Business Administration", two
sub-themes were set: "Business Management in the Period of Transformation" and"Potencial for Japanese Management".
Four papers were presented in the session on the first sub-theme:
1) "Privatization of Enterprises and Managerial Staff Changes in Russia" by
Shizuko Kato (Meiji University);
2) "Privatization and Reorganization of Enterprises in Russia" by Satoshi
MIZABATA (Kyoto University);3)℃hanges of Economic System and Enterprises in Hungary" by Nobuyuki
KADOWAKI (Shiga University);4) "Systematic Changes from State Enterprises to Corporations" by Shinichi
KAWAI (Aichi University).
Commentators nominated m advance were Shozaburo SAKAI (Chuo University)and Kazuyoshi UEHARA (Kyoto University).
Four reports were delivered in the session on the second sub-theme:
1) "The Effectiveness and Limits of the Japanese Management System - a Study
from the Management Viewpoint" by Masaki HAYASHI (Chuo University);
2) "Reorganization of the Japanese System in the Iron and Steel Industry" by
Naoki TONA (Nagoya Gakuin University);
3) "The Problems of the Japanese Production System" by Yoshinari MARUYAMA(Rikkyo University);4) "Some Implications of the Debates about 'the Japanese-Style Production Sys
tem'" by Masayuki MUNAKATA (Kobe University).
Commentators nominated in advance were Kunihiko AOKI (Tohoku University)and Sumiaki FURUKAWA (Yamaguchi University).
To be sure, it has become a central point of controversy in many parts of theworld these days, how Japanese Management should be evaluated. Some
researchers with a critical view against the capitalistic system in western countries
also have evaluated Japanese management as a system, which has somewhat
emerged from the mechanistic Ford-system to a kind of humanistic and effective
system, and they do not necessarily view it as a pure capitalistic system in the usual
meaning, although there are many Japanese researchers with the same critical view,who have an entirely negative opinion about Japanese management.
Disappointingly, there was little discussion about such points of difference in viewsof Japanese management in this session.
15

In addition, the following two reports were given during the meeting:1) "Monopoly and Transformation - the Former USSR and Russia" by Yutaka
KONISHI (Kansai University Graduate School);
2) "A Case Analysis of Township and Village Enterprise in Jiangsu Province,
China" by Sachio YASUDA (Doshisha University Graduate School).
(3) The 21st national meeting (March 28�30, 1996, Osaka City University)
This meeting was the first one since the change of the name of the Association.
Therefore, some emphasis was put on developing a unique approach to comparative
studies of management for this Association at this meeting. Under the unified
themes "Viewpoints of Comparative Research into Business Management" and"International Comparison of Privatization and Deregulation", two researcherspresented papers in the session on the first sub-theme;
1) "The Way to Comparative Research into Japanese and German Enterprises"
by Kyoichi MAEKAWA (Doshisha University);
2) "Viewpoints of Comparative Research into Business Management" by Toshio
TAKAHASHI (Meiji University).
Commentators nominated in advance were Shinshi KATAOKA (Ryukoku
University) and Kyoichi Futagami (Waseda University).
Makawa's report consisted of the following parts: 1) the theory on comparative
research into Japanese and German capitalism and the theory on comparative
research into Japanese and German enterprises; 2) the approach to comparative
research into Japanese and German enterprises; 3) developing comparative research
into Japanese and German small enterprises; 4) economic policies of main capitalist
countries in structural crises; 5) globalization and regionalization; 6) developing
comparative research into Japanese and German enterprises; 7) background and ways
to the collapse of socialism in East Germany. It was characteristic that Maekawa
discussed this issue from a viewpoint of economy of enterprise, which is a kind of
typical traditional approach in this Association.
Takahashi's report consisted of the following parts: 1) introduction; 2) situationof research in business administration; 2.1) present situation of research in businessadministration; 2.2) development of research oriented to environmental facts; 2.3)
concern for social system; 3) proposition of a viewpoint for comparative research.
Takahashi urged a humanistic approach to business administration. It was a sortof representative of the administrative/management approach.
Also two papers were delivered in the session on the second sub-theme:
1)℃omparison of Reforms in National Railways between Japan and Germany"by Toru SAKURAI (Nihon University);
2) "Comparison between Japan and France - Limits of Privatization and
Deregulation, Financial Combines and Enterprise-Groups" by Hiromi
TAMAMURA (Ritsumeikan University)
Commentators nominated in advance were Seiji ABE (Kansai University) and16

Akira ANDO (Saitama University).
Sakurai's report consisted of the following parts: 1) object and problems of theresearch; 2) viewpoints of the report; 2.1) incompleteness of privatization; 2.2)
dividing and privatization of the Japanese National Railways; 3) outbreak of thereforms of the National Railways in Germany and its features; 3.1) background tothe outbreak of the reforms; 3.2) details and features of the reforms. Incompletenessof privatization was a central keyword in the paper by Sakurai. He reported thatthe reforms and privatization in the German National Railways had been oriented
to reinforce the competitiveness of the National Railways, not to diminish thefinancial burdens of the German Government.
Tamamura's report consisted of the following parts: 1) restrictions of the report;
2) characteristics of privatization and deregulation in Japan; 3) characteristics ofprivatization in France; 3.1) privatization on a large scale after nationalization on alarge scale; 3.2) from successful privatization to the stagnation of privatization; 4)limits of privatization and deregulation; 4.1) limits of privatization; 4.2) limits ofderegulation; 5) financial combines and enterprise-groups - comparison andcommon features between Japan and France; 5.1) cases in Japan; 5.2) cases inFrance. Tamamura focused on the variety of privatization and deregulation.
In addition, the following three reports were given during the meeting;1) "Parent Factory and Quality Certification System in the Former USSR" by
Norio IGARASHI (Aomori University)
2) "Democratic Regulation of Drug Manufacturers" by Soichiro Giga (Tokoha
Gakuen Hamamatsu University)
3) "Economic Liberalization and Reforms of Public Enterprises in India" bySomahiko TATEYAMA (Nagasaki University)(3) The next national meeting
It is scheduled to be held in late March 1997 at Chuo University. The unified
theme is to be conventionally fixed in September this year.
(Shoichi OHASHI, Kansai University)

17

THE JAPANESE FINANCE ASSOCIATIONThe Japanese Finance Association was founded in 1977 to promote academic
research in the field of corporate finance and financial management. The initiative
for the creation of the Association came partly from academic researchers in businessadministration and partly from those in financial economics. Since its foundation,
providing a focal point for intellectual interactions between researchers in academic
institutions and those in business and governmental institutions has been one of the
primary objectives of the Association. The Association has currently 458 individual
members and 9 institutional members.
The Main activities of the Association consist of holding annual meetings andpublishing an annual selection of articles under the title Corporate Finance Studies
Series. Sixteen volumes have already been published in the series. The seventeenthvolume (1996), titled New Frontiers of Corporate Finance Studies, is going to be
published in November 1996. The twelfth volume (1991) was titled Frontiers of
the Modem Theory of Finance, the thirteenth (1992) titled The Structure ofContemporary Finance, the fourteenth (1993) titled New Developments in Financial
Policy, the fifteenth (1994) titled Capital markets and Corporate Finance and thesixteenth (1995) titled The Changes of Financial Environments and Corporate
Finance. Articles published in this series are subject to refereeing by members of
the Association. A lot of articles in the series are presented at annual meetings.
Here are brief outlines of recent annual meetings. The 15th annual meeting
took the form of a panel discussion on Accounting Disclosure Policy and Corporate
Finance-The Relation between Accounting System and Finance Issues at Kyushu
University in 1991, while a panel discussion at the 16th annual meeting discussed
the theme Innovation in Financial Markets and Issues of Finance at Rikkyo University
in October 1992.
The 17th annual meeting was held at Aichi University in 1993. There were 9
sessions, and 27 papers were presented. The 18th annual meeting took the form of
a panel discussion on Firm Value and Financial Strategy at Hitotsubashi University
in 1994.
The 19th annual meeting considered the theme Corporate Governance andCorporate Finance inOctober 1995. The 20th annual meeting will be held at Sophia
University in the autumn of 1996, and the 21st annual meeting is scheduled for
Nagoya Gakuin University in the following year. Their themes have not been
decided yet.
The 19th annual meeting was co-held byOutemon Gakuin University and Kobe
University ofCommerce onOctober 21 and 22 in 1995, with 160 participants. There
were six sessions, at which 18 papers were presented. In addition there was a panel
discussion consisting of three panelists and three commentators. Abstracts of thepapers presented to the regular sessions and the panel discussions were printed in18Summary of the 19th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Finance Association.
The first session, chaired by Masaru USHIYAMA (Kyushu University), focusedon Deregulation. Reporters and commentators were as follows: Ichiro SATO
(Takasaki College of Commerce), "Deregulation for Holding Companies and theStock-Sharing Plan for Employees," with comments by Kimiharu KOGA (Saga
University); Kimiyoshi MIURA (Bunkyo Women's University), "Bond Issue andTrading Markets in Japan and Deregulation," with comments by Katsuhiko YAMADA(Aichi Gakuin University); Hidetoshi YAMAJI (Kobe University), "Historical
Analysis and Game Theory ー for a Consideration of Accounting and Deregulation,"with comments by Katsuhiro MATSUMURA (Ritsumeikan University).
The second session, chaired by Junjiro MIYAMOTO (Tezukayama University),
focused on Corporate Valuation. Reporters and commentators were as follows:
Yukio SAKAGUCHI and Rinya SHIBAKAWA (Hitotsubashi University), "Financial
Distress and Corporate Valuation," with comments by Saburo OTA (Chiba Universityof Commerce); Toshiro KUBO (Asia University), "Fundamentals and Market
Psychology," with comments by Hideki lWAKI (Nanzan University); Ryozo
SHIRAGANE (Kokushikan University), "The Development of Corporate Valuation
Theory," with comments by Tsuneo ONOZAKI (San Diego State University).
The third session, chaired by Tsuneo SAKAMOTO (Meiji University), wascentered on Japanese Style Financial Management. Reporters and commentators
were as follows: Nobuyuki DEMISE (Asia University), ℃orporate Governance inJapan," with comments by Yoshiro UEDA (University of Marketing and Distribution
Sciences); Hiroshi MIZUNO (Fukuoka University), ℃orporate Dividends Policy inJapan and its Characteristics," with comments by Masao HIROTA (Tokyo Stock
Exchange); Mitsutake YOSHIMURA (The Japan Bond Research Institute), "BondRatings and Corporate Financing: Efficient Debt Restriction Clauses," withcomments by Hiromu TAKAHASHI (Kinki University).
At the fourth session, chaired by Yoshio lIHARA (Nanzan University), papers
on Capital Asset Pricing were presented. Reporters and commentators were as
follows: Katsushige SAWAKI and Tatsuei RIN (Nanzan University), "Portfolio
Selection Model under Semi-Martingale and Intertemporal Asset Pricing Model",with comments by Hiroshi MORITA (Yokohama National University); Yoshio
TABATA (Osaka University), "Index Fund and Its Characteristics," with comments
by Munetaka NAKAZATO (Aoyama Gakuin University); Keiichi KUBOTA (Musashi
University) and Hitoshi TAKEHARA (Tsukuba University), ℃ommon Factors ofCompanies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange: Multiple Risk Model," withcomments by Yasuhiro YONEZAWA (Tsukuba University).
The fifth session, chaired by Shinobu MURAMATSU (Soka University), focusedon Merger & Acquisition and Corporate Finance. Reporters and commentators
were as follows: Tsuneo WATANABE (Ryutsu Keizai University), "The Characterof a Good Business Condition and M&A in the United States in 1980's," with
19

comments by Tadahiko TAKAURA (Rikkyo University); Torn NAKAI (Okayama
University of Commerce), "The Influence of Reagan's Reformation of the Taxation
System upon M&A," with comments by Kyoko IKEGAMI (Kumamoto Gakuen
University); Kazuaki TAKAMATSU (Seikei University), "The Comparative Investment
Valuation Model in M&A-a Case Study", with comments by Ryozo SHIRAGANE(Kokushikan University).
The sixth session, chaired by Masahiko SUGIE (Doshisha University), wascentered on Asian Capital Markets. Reporters and Commentators were as follows:
Yasuo OTA (Tsukuba International University) and Toshihisa AOKI (Yamaichi
International Capital Management), "The Verification of Anomalies in the Asian
Stock Markets," with comments by Junko MARU (Musashi University); Yukio EJIRI(Tohoku Fukushi University), "Financing Activities of Japanese Descent Companies
in Southeast Asia: Mainly Raising Capital by Going Public,"with comments by
Shinichi ITO (Nara University of Commerce); Chang Hee KANG (Daewoo Security
Corporation Ltd.), "On the Equity Finance of Listing Companies in Korea," withcomments by Junsuke MATSUO (Japan Security Research Institute).
The theme of the panel discussion, chaired by Takaaki WAKASUGI (Universityof Tokyo), centered on Corporate Governance and Corporate Finance. The panelists
were as follows: Akira KOMATSU (Hitotsubashi University), ℃orporate Governanceand Some Aspects of Stock Financing"; Hidetaka KAWAKITA (NLI ResearchInstitute), "Corporate Governance in Japan"; Kanji TANIMOTO (Wakayama
University), "Governance Structure in Corporate Society." The commentators wereas follows: Susumu TABUCHI (Osaka University of Economics); Akira HAMAMURA(University of Marketing and Distribution Sciences); and Yoshiaki TAKAHASHI(Chuo University).
The Chairmen of the 19th annual meeting of the Association were Yukio GOTO
(Outemon Gakuin University) and Shinji TORIBE (Kobe University of Commerce).
(Shinji TORIBE, Kobe University of Commerce)

20

THE SOCIETY FOR INDUSTRIAL STUDIES
1. Foundation and Organization
The Society for Industrial Studies (Sangyo Gakkai; SIS) was founded in 1975.
The predecessor of the Society was a nationwide study group for industrial studies(Sangyo Kenkyuka1). This group held meetings twice a year from 1972 to 1975 anddiscussed the development of individual industries alongside industrial structure at aturning point.
The first meeting of the Society was held at the Institute for Economic Research,
Osaka City University on November 8, 1975. From 1976 to 1987, the Society was
relatively loosely organized and held meetings twice a year as the study group had
done, although one of two meetings of the Society included the common theme session
each year. Since 1988, the Society has held an annual national meeting and three
regional meetings. It has been the tradition of the Society since it was a study groupto have a fellowship gathering as part of the meeting.
The activities of the Society are managed by the executive committee under theleadership of the president, Minoru NISHIDA (Kwansei Gakuin University). The
total number of members exceeded 300 in 1994.
2. The Changing Structure of Japanese Industry and Industrial Studies
The academic activities of the Society consist chiefly of its national meetings
and regional meetings.
Theoretical Issues in Industrial Studies
Looking back on the themes of papers presented at meetings until the beginningof the 1980s, the greater part of them were concerned with the problems of individual
industries in materials manufacturing. The last stage in this trend was the 1982
spring meeting, where three papers on the petrochemical industry, steel industry andaluminum industry were presented for the common theme session.
Around the mid-1980s, the theoretical point of view in industrial studies attracted
members' attention. In the 1983 spring meeting, Yutaka HARA (Aoyama Gakuin
University) and Kazunori ECHIGO (past president of SIS, Meijo University) presented
papers under the common theme of Issues on the Theory of Industrial Organization.
In the 1985 fall meeting, Kazuhisa MINAGUCHI (Ehime University), Minoru Nishida
and Ken'ichi MIYAZAWA (Hitotsubashi University) presented papers under thecommon theme of the Method and the Problems of Industrial Studies. Besides these
two meetings, the theoretical issues of interfirm relations were discussed under thecommon theme of Interfirm Relations and Internationalization in the 1990 annual
national meeting. The main presenters were Hiroshi OKUMURA (Chuo University)and the late Banri Asanuma.
21

Globalization of Industries
From the mid-1980s, the points at issue in the meetings have taken three
dimensions. One of them is the internationalization or globalization of industries.
The common themes of the 1986 spring meeting, the 1989 annual national meetingand the 1991 annual national meeting were Internationalization and the Changing
Industries in Japan, Development of Japanese Multinationals, and the World Economy
in 1990s and the Adjustment of Japanese Industries.
In the meetings of 1993 and 1995, we looked at the problems of globalizationfrom the viewpoint of international division of labor. The 1993 annual national
meeting was held at Rissho University on June 5 and 6. The main papers under thecommon theme of the Development of Production Systems and International Divisionof Labor Toward the 21st Century were as follows:"On the Trend of the Production System under Restructuring in Japan's Shipbuilding
Industry", by Yoshihiro KOGA (Nihon University).
"Vertical Division of the Labor System in the Chinese Automobile Industry", by
Taku OHSHIMA (Josai University).
"The Supplier System in the Japanese Automobile Industry", Hirofumi UEDA (Osaka
City University).
The common theme of the 1995 annual national meeting held at the Faculty of
Science and Engineering, Nihon University on June 10 and 11 was the New
International Division of Labor and Industrial Trends. The presentations were as
follows:"A Comparison of the Industrial Structure of Japan and the U.S.", by Teruhiko ISHIZAKI(Kanagawa University).
"East Asia's Petrochemical Industries in the Current Stage: A Study on Dynamism of
Their Evolutions of Economic Interdependence", by Yoichi YOKOI (JGC Corp.).
"A Thesis on the Steel Production System in Japan", by Naoki TONA (Nagoya Gakuin
University).
The common theme of the coming annual meeting to be held at Hosei University
on June 7 and 8, 1997 is the Globalization of Japanese Industries and Asian Economic
Development.
Regional Economy and Industries
The second topic is the regional economy under the influence of the globalizationof industries. In the 1988 annual national meeting, four papers were presented under
the common theme of the Changing Structure of Industry and Regional Economy.
The 1992 annual national meeting was held at Ehime University on June 13 and14. The main presentations under the common theme of Regional Economy andIndustries in the 1990s were as follows:"Regional Cities under Industrial Structure Change", by Shigeru SUZUKI (Matsuyama
22University).
"The Development of the Textile and Apparel Industry in Italy and Its Problems in
the Future", by Heizaburo TANNO (Kanazawa Institute of Technology).
The common theme of the annual national meeting held at Kyushu University on
June 8 and 9, 1996 was the Hollowing Out of the Industrial Structure and the Regional
Economy. The presentations were as follows:"The Hollowing Out of the Industrial Structure and the Tertiary Industry", by Daiju
TAMURA (Kitakyushu University).
"The Possibility of Automobile Industries in the Region of the Japan-Korea Channel",by Hiroshi Krno (Kyushu Economic Research Center).
"Hollowing out in the Apparel Sewing Industry and Regional Economies in Japan",by Konomi TOMISAWA (LTCB Research Institute, Inc.).
"Paradigm Shift and the Hollowing Out of Technologies", by Takabumi HAYASHI(Rikkyo University).
The Analyses of Individual Industries
Thirdly, the variety of industries to be studied is remarkable. A lot of younger
generation researchers have presented papers on the automobile industry, the electronicequipment industry, the semiconductor industry, the opto-electronic industry, theinformation industry, the software industry and so on. These have been presentations
for free theme sessions and regional meetings as well as the common theme session.
The results of recent research in industrial studies prepared the field for publishing
the book named below about the postwar history of individual industries. At the1993 annual national meeting, Sekio SUGIOKA (Past President of SIS, Hyogo
University) gave a special lecture on the basic point of view of this book.
The common theme of the 1994 annual national meeting held at Osaka City
University on June 11 and 12 was the 50 Postwar Years of Japanese Industry. The
presentations were as follows:"The Past and Present of the Software Industry", by Katsuaki OHNISHI (Senshu
University).
"The Electrical/Electronics Industry Will Continue to Take the Lead in Globalization
and Technological Innovation", by Yasunori OMICHI (LTCB Research Institute, Inc.).
"Industrial Adjustment and Regional Policy in the Case of Japan's Coal Industry", by
Toshifumi Y ADA (Kyushu University).
"Giant Retailing in Japan and the United States Compared", by Yasushi NAKANO(Osaka City University).
Special Lectures for the 20th Anniversary
In the 1995 annual nat10nal meetmg, two special lectures were given tocommemorate the 20th anniversary of the Society. An invited speaker, Keizo YAMAJI
23

(former Senior Adviser of Canon Inc.) gave a lecture on "the Business Management
Toward the 21st Century: New Globalization and the Creation of New Industries".
Another lecture on "Second Thought on Industrial Villages: the Meaning of Utopian
Experiments by 19th Century British Industrialists" was given by Tetsuo TAKAHASHI(past President of SIS, the Osaka University of Commerce).
3. Publication
A皿als of the Society for Industrial Studies, JapanThe Society has published 11 volumes of the Annals ofthe Society for Industrial
Studies, Japan since 1986. The Annals contains all of the papers on the common
theme session, some of the papers on free theme sessions and the regional meetings,
English abstracts of these papers, and book reviews. Mitsuo Furn (former Presidentof SIS, Nihon University) contributed a survey of academic activities in the Society
to No.11 of the Annals.
The Postwar History of Japanese Industry
The Society has edited a book entitled Sengo Nihon Sangyoshi (The Postwar
History of Japanese Industry). This book was published in October 1995 as one of
the commemorative activities for the 100th anniversary of an influential publisher,
Toyo Keizai Inc. The editorial committee was organized in 1992. Fifty-five writers
including non-members of the Society contributed to this book, which amounts to
1,255 pages in length. The book consists of an introduction to sketch out a full
portrait of Japanese industries, details to elucidate the past, present and future of 41
industries, and chronological and statistical tables on individual industries.
4. Recent Research Tasks
The head office of the Society sent questionnaires about the problems of researchand education in industrial studies to its members in 1995. Members singled out thefollowing themes as research topics to be discussed in the meetings: the hollowing
out of the industrial structure, the international division of labor, the international
comparison of industries, the interfirm relation including supplier system andoutsourcing, and the creation of new industries by frontier technology.
(Hirohiko YASUKI, Kansai University)

24

JAPAN LOGISTICS SOCIETY
1. General Description(1) Foundation and purpose
The Japan Logistics Society was established in May, 1983 with the aim ofstudying and promoting both academic and practical research on logistics and related
matters based on an interdisciplinary approach. The society is also responsible fordisseminating research results as well as addressing conceptual models and technicalexchange to the researchers concerned.

(2) Organization and research fields
The structural organization of the society is composed of the General Assembly,
the Board Meeting, six Chapters throughout Japan and ten committees including theeditorial committee, international program committee, planning committee, etc. Inline with social, academic, educational, political, economic changes in theenvironment, the lineup of committees or chapters has been changed and enhanced.
The research fields of the society cu汀ently cover all the fields of logistics
including logistics management such as logistics strategy, logistics planning, logistics
control and logistics operation, logistics organization, logistics cost management,
logistics psychology, logistics law and regulation, logistics information, logistics
science and technology, logistics human management and so on from theoretical andpractical viewpoints.
(3) Activities
The activities of the Society can be summarized as follows:① Conferences, Chapter workshops and seminars② Publications of research results③ Communication and exchange of the Society activities with other related
domestic and foreign organizations④ Other related activities(4) Membership
There are three membership categories: full member, associate member andsupporting member. Full membership numbers have gradually been increasing since
foundation (See Table 1). This tendency of only slight increases in number is dueto the comparatively severe qualification for full membership; this qualification itself
needs to be discussed and reevaluated in the near future.

25

Table 1. Number of Members by Year
No

Year

No of Members

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995

135
146
174
185
180
184
206
219
227
258
274
267
273

，

10
11
12

13

2. Activity summary
2.1 Annual Conference
Since foundation Annual Conferences have been held once a year, and the 13th
Annual Conference is to be held in this coming September. The unified theme andthe host universities and institution where annual conferences have been held are as
follows:(1) The 1st Annual Conference
The 1st Annual Conference was held under the unified theme of Current Status
of Logistics Education and its Problems at Waseda University, July 20 and 21, 1984
with 17 sessions, 18 speakers and five panelists. The Chairman of the Steering
Committee was Shuji HAYASHI, Professor of the University of Tokyo.
(2) The 2nd Annual Conference
The 2nd Annual Conference was held under the unified theme of What weshould learn from Logistics Abroad at Waseda University, June 28 and 29, 1985 withnine sessions, one symposium, 12 speakers and four panelists. The Chairman of
the Steering Committee was Shuji Hayashi, Professor of The University of Tokyo.
(3) The 3rd Annual Conference
The 3rd Annual Conference was under the unified theme of "Logistics
Problematiques in Urban Area at the Head Office of Nippon Express Co., July 4 and
5, 1986 with 13 sessions, one symposium, 16 speakers and two panelists. The
Chairman of the Steering Committee was Minoru MORITA, Managing Director of
the General Institute of Nippon Express Company.
(4) The 4th Annual Conference
The 4th Annual Conference was held under the unified theme of Overview ofArea Logistics at Osaka Sangyo University, July 17 and 18, 1987 with nine sessions,26

one symposium, nine speakers and three panelists. The Chairman of the Steering
Committee was Taniichi TANIMOTO, Professor of the Department of Economics,
Osaka Sangyo University.
(5) The 5th Annual Conference
The 5th Annual Conference was held under the unified theme of Enviromnental
Changes and Logistics at Aichi Gakuin University, October 14 and 15, 1988 witheight sessions, one symposium, 10 speakers and three panelists. The Chairman of
the Steering Committee was Kohichi IMAMITSU, Professor of the Department ofManagement, Aichi Gakuin University(6) The 6th Annual Conference
The 6th Annual Conference was held under the unified theme of Definition ofStrategy and Strategy Development in Logistics at Seijo University, September 21
and 22, 1989 with nine sessions, one symposium, nine speakers and six panelists.
The Chairman of the Steering Committee was Kiyoshi OKADA, Professor of the
Department of Economics, Seijo University.
(7) The 7th Annual Conference
The 7th Annual Conference was held under the unified theme of the Role ofInformation Management Science in Logistics at Kanagawa University, July 25
through 27, 1990 with 20 sessions, one symposium, 20 speakers and four panelists.
The Chairman of the Steering Committee was Yutaka KARASAwA, Professor of the
Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Faculty of Engineering,
Kanagawa University. In parallel with academic sessions Industrial Sessions were
held with more than one hundred participants from industriy. The first official
proceedings for the Annual Conference were published at this Conference. Since
then the proceedings have been constantly published at the Annual Conference.
(8) The 8th Annual Conference
The 8th Annual Conference was held under the unified theme of Civilian Lifeand Logistics Innovation at Kobe Marine Museum, October 30 through November
1, 1991 with 16 sessions, one symposium, 16 speakers and five panelists. The
Chairman of the Steering Committee was Tatehiko MIKI, Professor of Kobe
University of Mercantile Marine.
(9) The 9th Annual Conference
The 9th Annual Conference was held under the unified theme of Current Issues
in International Logistics at Ryutsu Keizai University, November 13 and 14, 1992
with 16 sessions, one symposium, 16 speakers and four panelists. The Chairmanof the Steering Committee was Kiyoya ICHIKI, Professor of Ryutsu Keizai University.
(10) The 10th Annual Conference
The 10th Annual Conference was held under the unified theme of Logistics andits Network Production at Senshu University, July 28 and 29, 1993 with 13 sessions,
one symposium, 13 speakers, four panelists and 104 participants. The Chairmanof the Steering Committee was Yukio ASHIZAWA, Assistant Professor, Department
27

of Commerce, Senshu University.
(11) The 11th Annual Conference
The 11th Annual Conference was held under the unified theme of Economy and
Logistics in a Changing Period at Ha皿an University, October 4 through 6, 1994
with 18 sessions,18 speakers and 136 participants. The Chairman of the Steering
Committee was Akio NUMATA,Professor of Hannan University.
(12)The 12th Annual Conference
The 12th Annual Conference was held under the unified theme of Logistics andAlliance at Chukyo University, October 2 through 4, 1995 with 13 sessions, one
symposium,13 speakers and 134 participants. There were also 54 participants from
non-member groups.
(13)The 13th Annual Conference
The 13th Annual Conference is scheduled to be held at Meiji University on
September 18 and 19, 1996.
2.2 Publication(1) Journal of the Japan Logistics Society
The Society decided to issue the Journal of the Japan Logistics Society in 1992,
and the first Journal was issued. Since then,four volumes have been published andare roughly summarized in Table 2.
Table 2. Summary of Journals issued
No

VolumeDate of Issue

1

No. l

Nov.,'92

2

No.2

Dec.,'93

3

No. 3

Dec.,'94

4

No.4

Dec.,'95

Contents·Academic Papers,5·Research Report, 1·Academic Papers,3·Research Report, 1·Academic Papers,2·Research Report,2·Academic Papers,2·Academic Papers, 1·Research Report, 10Note: Academic Paper: Referred
Academic Report: Non-Referred
Research Report: Non-Referred
As of Dec., 1995

28

Pages
95
81
63
157

(2) Annals
The Society has been publishing its Annals once a year since establishment and
up to now 12 Annals have been issued as shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Annals by Year
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

，

10
11

12

VolumeVol. 1Vol. 2Vol. 3Vol. 4Vol. 5Vol. 6Vol. 7Vol. 8Vol. 9Vol. 10Vol. 11Vol. 12

Fiscal Year
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995

Issued Date
Mar. 20,'85
Nov. 1 ,'85
Apr. 1 ,'87
Nov. 1 ,'87
Jan. 25,'89
Apr. 25,'90
May 30,'91
May 30,'92
Jul. 20,'93
May 31,'94
May 31,'95
May 31,'96

Pages
25
21
29
30
37
42
82
40
38
52
41
58

Note:
Annals covered one aspect of the Journal functions until thetime when the 1st Journal was issued in November, 1992.

(3) Survey Reports
The Society has been promoting fact-finding surveys including interview
surveys and questionnaire surveys and as a result, there have been several survey
reports.
The International Program Committee, with Yutaka KARASAwA in charge as
director made a questionnaire survey sent directly to 458 academic at 80 universities
scattered all over the world. This questionnaire surveys were made twice, in July
1987 and in November 1987.
The title of the report is "Survey Report on the Logistics Curriculum of
Universities both in Japan and U.S.A"; it is composed of eight chapters with 636
pages. Its main purposes of this report are to make clear the current situation of
curriculum and education for Logistics at both graduate and undergraduate schools,
to understand and collect syllabuses for student guidance and to make an analysisof the differences between Japanese and foreign universities.

29

3. Recent Trends
Logistics in industrial sectors has been gaining a much more important role inbusiness management, especially in the sense of coping with international businesscompetition as well as business competition in the domestic market. Furthermore,
the twenty-first century is a century for multimedia and information networks. In
this sense, international logistics and information network systems for logistics
including multimedia will be key fields for the Society.
In addition, logistics in an environmental aspect has been more and more
important, and so waste management, recycling or reusing in logistics is regarded
as most important.
In short, what the society should pay great attention to will the information
networks, multimedia environment management, ergonomics, cooperative systems,
etc. Also, in academic fields, it should do its best for the realization of establishinglogistics departments at universities, since there is no logistics department at any
university in Japan.
4. The Regulations of the Japan Logistics Society (as of September 30, 1996)(1) This Society is to be called the Japan Logistics Society.

(2) The purpose of the Society is to promote research on Logistics through thepresentation and exchange of the research results on Logistics(3) The activities of the Society can be summarized as follows:① Conferences② Chapter workshops and lecture meetings③ Publications of research results by members④ Communications and exchange of the Society's activities with other domestic
and foreign related organizations⑤ Other related activities.
(4) Three membership categones are assigned as follows:① Full member② Associate member③ Supporting member.
(5) Full membership is assigned to anyone who ① is engaged in an academic
institution, ② has a doctoral degree, ③ has published two or more articles inacademic journals, and ④ is recognized as qualified by the Board of the Society.
Associate membership is assigned to graduate students, and anyone who is30

recognized by the Board of the Society. Supporting membership is assigned toanyone who supports the objectives and policy of the Society.
(6) All Society functions are open to every member. The members receive every
publication released by the Society.
(7) Every member has the obligation to pay an annual membership due. If any
member has not paid membership dues for two years, membership is forfeit. To
restore membership, reapplication is required.
(8) Any member who dishonors the Society by misconduct may lose the membership.
(9) The general assembly is usually held once a year, but the chairman* of the Society
may call a special meeting based on agreement among the board of derectors.
*See item 13.
(10) A simple majority of the full members attending the general assembly is required
to pass motions. A two-thirds majority is required to change the constitution of theSociety.
(11) The officers of the organization consist of a Chairman, three Vice-Chairman,
several Directors and two Auditors.
(12) Directors are elected during the annual general assembly. They constitute theBoard and are responsible for the management of the Society.
(13) The Chairman is selected by the Board members, and must be approved at thegeneral assembly held once a year. The Chairman serves as the President and general
representative of the Society.
(14) Vice-Chairmen are selected by the Board members, and must be approved at
the general assemblies. Their responsibility is to assist the Chairman. In case the
Chairman can not fulfill the responsibilities of the office, the Vice-Chairmen are tocomplete those responsibilities.
(15) Auditors are selected at the general assemblies. They are responsible for thefinancial auditing of the Society and are requested annually to report the financial
situation to the members of the Society.
(16) Steering committee members can be appointed by the Board. The responsibilityof the steering committee is to assist the Board.
31

(17) Initiation of any change to the Regulations may be instigated by a simple
majority of the Board members or one-fifth of full members.

Additional Rules
1. The office of the Society is located in Tokyo.
2. Application and withdrawal process and membership fees are described in thedetailed rules.
3. The Society was established in June, 1983.
4. The members of the Society at the time of foundation are shown in the attachedmember list instead of Code 5.
5. The Rules were issued on November 1, 1991.
(Yutaka KARASAWA, Kanagawa University)

32

THE ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY
1. History and Aims of the Academy
The Academy of Management Philosophy (AMP) was founded on 27, April,
1984. The Academy elected Dr. Yoshiaki SHIMABUKURO(then at Toyo University)
as the first president. At that time the number of individual founding members was
about 150; today the number of academic members is 255.
The main aim of the Academy is to establish leading principles for enterprises
based on the dignity of life and humanity. The Academy also searches for new
management philosophies, and from this view, supports the collaboration ofacademics and businessmen.
The activities of the Academy are as follows:
1. an annual meeting
2. sectional meetings and research projects
3. editing and publishing bulletins and the annual Management Philosophy
4. dispatch of representatives to other academies.
The academy has a head office and eight regional divisions. The head officeand the Kanto Division are located in Tokyo. The Hokkaido Division is located in
Sapporo, the Tohoku Division in Niigata, the Chubu Division in Nagoya, the Kansai
Division in Kyoto, the Kyushu Division in Fukuoka, the Okinawa Division in Nahaand the North America Division in Washington D.C.
2. National Conferences
From the First Conference, 1984, to the Thirteenth Conference, 1996
National Conferences have been held every summer or fall once a year. The
common theme and the host universities where national conferences have been
held are as follows:
1st Conference, 8. September, 1984, Fundamental Problems of Management
Philosophy, Toyo University, Tokyo.
2nd Conference, 1-2. October, 1985, Management Ideas Today, Ryukyu
University, Okinawa.
3rd Conference, 7-8. September, 1986, Modem Enterprises and Management
Philosophy, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto.
4th Conference, 31. August-1. September, 1987, Creation of Management
Philosophy - Tasks of Its Theory and Practice, Meiji University, Tokyo.
5th Conference, 21-22. September, 1988, Creation of Management Philosophy- Management Innovation in Globalisation, Meiji Gakuin University, Tokyo.
6th Conference, 29-30. September, 1989, Behavioral Principles and Management
Innovation Today, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya.
7th Conference, 14-15. September, 1990, Changing Japanese Management andManagement Philosophy, Waseda University, Tokyo.
33

8th Conference, 20-21. September, 1991, A View of Enterprises and Management
Philosophy in Internationalization, Kyushu Sangyo University, Fukuoka.
9th Conference, 1-2. September, 1992, Creation and Practice of New
Management Philosophy, Senshu University, Tokyo.
10thConference, 4-5. December, 1993, The Search for Management Philosophy
at a Turning Point, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya.
llthConference, 21-22. September, 1994, Management Philosophy andManagement Strategy - from the Viewpoint of Corporate Governance, Meiji
Gakuin University, Tokyo.
12thConference, 19-20. September, 1995, Management Philosophy in Today's
Japan ー for Reconstruction of the Management System, Aoyama Gakuin University,
Tokyo.
13thConference, 7-8. September, 1996, The Search for New Management
Philosophy - on Information, Employment, Environment, Rikkyo University,
Tokyo.
3. Publications
The Academy has published ten volumes of its annals, Management Philosophy,
since 1984. The publication of No. 9 (1992) and No. 10 (1993) was delayed, andthey were finally published in September 1996.
4. Perspectives of the Academy
In September 1996, Prof. Dr. Tadashi MITO (Chukyo University) was elected
as the new president.
The Academy faces now a kind of stagnation in activities and membership. In
this respect, we expect to renew or re-construct the Academy based on the strong
leadership of our new president.
(Koji OHIRA, Meiji Gakuin University)

34

JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
1. Establishment and Activities of the Association
The Japan Association for Management Systems was established in 1985 as an
association organized by researchers in universities and firms. The purpose of the
Association has been to activate research on management systems in the processesof activites of firms and to develop the research and application of various numericalmethods in various disciplines including engineering, environmental, social,
behavioral and other sciences regarding management systems.
Also, the Association has continuously considered various problems ofcorporatative management with conciliatory attitudes for the future and has actively
made progress in its research in the fields of management systems from the point ofview of various disciplines considering systems engineering,management, and soon, which has conributed many effective idea to the development of methods in theactivities of firms.
The aims and the scope of research are to provide a medium of exchange forthe diverse disciplines utilizing mathematical and computer modelling as either atheoretical or working tool for researchers in all fields.
2. Organization and Current Activities
The Japan Association for Management Systems (JAMS) consists of an Easternsection (head office: c/o Ohkura Bld., 6F, 3-1-2 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo,
160, Japan) and a Western section (office: Dept. of Management Engineering, Osaka
Institute of Technology). The former manages the main functional activities suchas the board of directors, the editorial board for publishing the JAMS journal,
meetings for presenting and reading papers at conferences, and others, while thelatter manages regional activities including bimonthly meetings for presenting papers.
Furthermore, in order to motivate members, four research meetings are held at
the head office: management models, human resources, management information,and management systems science research meetings have been established and havebecome active. The management model research meetings have been particularly
active, taking bimonthly place to delveop methods of modelling in management
systems.
Through the activities of the public relations committee, The Association'membership has increased steadily. As of June 1996, this Association has about
400 individual menbers and three corporate members in eight districts: Hokkaido,
Tohoku, Kanto, Koushinetsu, Tokai, Kinki, Chugoku, and Kyushu. Most of theindividual menbers are residents of the Kanto district.
3. National Conference
One of the most important activities of JAMS is its national conference. A
35

national conference has been scheduled in May and October twice a year since
JAMS was established. Two or three sessions are set up in each conference, inwhich research topics in various disciplines, including engineering, are presented
and discussed by researchers in all management fields.
A special theme of management systems that is considered to be a topic ofcurrent intense dicussion is given at each conference. Many presentations anddiscussions are offered to the audience in the respective sessions; each presentation,
including discussion and questions, takes 25 minutes. The proceedings of thenational conference are edited by the program committee and the organizationcommittee.
4. Publications
Researches which are considered to be worth publishing by the editorial boardof the Association as well as reviews or educational articles are published throughreview in the Journal of the Japan Association for Management Systems twice ayear. Both theoretical and applied works will be considered for publication. Articles
and papers that are presented at meetings, and conferences by members arecontributed to this journal. As mentioned later, their research results are publishedafter review by the editorial committee.
"JAMS NEWS" is published for the information of members by the public
information board of the Association four times a year. These newletters are anecessary and useful means of effective communication among the head office andmembers .
5. Recent Activities and Research Trends
The organization and the activities of the JAMS in the last five years havediffered from hitherto, in that the specialties and special skills of members havediversified in their activities in Association.
The integration of management resources in firms has come to be regarded asvery important as a new study field for firms in recent years; and pursuit of humanity,
innovations in management systems, and systemization of business administration
have become strategically essential subjects for that. The present situation showsthat management activities themselves are required to deal with high information
processing procedures such as construction of CIM in the production process with
its high utilization of computers, automatization for management by DSS, which isgetting more and more elaborate and ingenious.
As mentioned above, the papers read and presentations made at meetings andconferences have suceeded in meeting the requirements of ways of thinking thatchange along with the times, and have applied theory and the application ofengineering to solve social, economic and management problems. That is, somescholars and researchers investigate and explore the posibilities of applying a neural36network system, fuzzy theory, chaos theory and the concepts of self-organization
etc. to new study fields regarding firms'activities. This present stuation in studies
emphasizes the fusion of application with methodologies in both natural scienceand social science. Many researchers and scholars in JAMS have actively challenged
new changes and simultaneously have strongly felt the great difficulty of applying
mutual understanding of their studies.
Recently, the Japan Asociation for Management Systems has taken long strides
from the conventional way of thinking and its approach.
6. National conferences
The locations and unified themes of the national conferences held from theyear 1992 to 1995 are as follows:
The 8th at Yamanashi Gakuin University in June 1992, with the unified theme:
Subjects of New Management Systems; seven papers were presented in three
sessions.
The 9th at Waseda University in October 1992, with the unified theme:
Employment Progress for Handicaped People and Job Enlargement; nine papers
were presented in three sessions.
The 10th at Hakodate University in June 1993, with the unified theme: New
Idea in Management Systems; 18 papers were presented in three sessions.
The 11th at Waseda University in October 1993, with the unified theme:
Management Systems in Changeable Age; seven papers were presented in two
sessions.
The 12th at Setsunan University in June 1994, with the unified theme: Innovationof Management Systems; 15 papers were presented in three sessions.
The 13th at Takushoku University in Bunk.yo Campus in October 1994, withthe unified theme: Management Systems and Reengineering; 16 papers were
presented in two sessions.
The 14th at Hotel Sun Hills Mikawa in May 1995, with the unified theme: Law
and Regulationand Management Systems; 28 papers were presented in two sessions.
The 15th conference at Nhon University in October 1995, with the unified
theme: The Up-to-Date Subject in Management Systems; 18 papers were presented
in three sessions.
The 16th conference, the latest one, took place at Tokyo Metropolitan Instituteof Technology in May 1996, under the unified theme of Progress of Information
Technology and Management Systems, where we invited two guest speakers fromthe fields of Japanese information technology to discuss information innovation.
One paper was entitled "Mutimedia and Firm Innovation", while the other was"Progress of Methodology of Soft Systems." Other themes, from members thatwere included in the proceedings of the 16th conference were as follows:(1) Shouichi KANEKO (Seiko Precision Ltd.) and Hiroshi y AMASHITA
37

(Yamanashi Gakuin Univ.), "On Evaluation oflnformation Networks Using Fuzzy
Entropy". (2) Shouichi Kaneko and Hiroshi Yarnashita, "A Study on Multi-Domestic
Information Networks". (3) Hiroshi Yamashita, "A Study on Job Displacement ofInaptitude". (4) Juro URAYAMA (Reitaku Univ.), "The Limits of the Internet andInformation Industry in the Future". (5) Masatsugu SHIIHARA (Osaka Institute ofTech.), Sennosuke KURIYAMA (Setsunan Univ), and Toyokazu NOSE (Osaka Instituteof Tech.), "An Analysis on the Effect which Dividing Lots Gives Scheduling". (6)Susumu TAKAHASHI (Tokai Univ.), Mamoru OZ EKI (Waseda Univ.), "TheComparison Between Different Sets in DEA". (7) Akira TAKADA (Tsukuba Univ.),
Minoru TOKITA (Waseda Univ.), "A Trash Model Considering Time Condition".
(8) Akiyuki ANDO (Tokyo Keizai Univ.), "A Basis in Commputer Literacy
Education". (9) Tetsuo ICHIMORI (Osaka Institute of Tech.), "Minimizing Problemson the Expected Exploration efforts". (10) Fumitaka NISHIHARA (Chiba Commerce
Univ.), Tomonori NISHIKAWA (Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Tech.), "A Studyon the Flow Rate of Transportation". (11) Shigeyoshi NISHIYAMA (Nishiyama
Reasearch Center), "Distribution Innovation and Logistics by Information
Technology". (12) Tong KE, Masafumi IMAI, and Tomonori Nishikawa (Tokyo
Metropolitan Institute of Tech.), "A Study on the Estimation of Nonlinear
Characteristics as Regards Time Series Data". (13) Gou ENDO, Shizue SHIMIZU,
and Tomonori Nishikawa (Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Tech.), "Researches on
Non-Gaussian Characteristics of the Time Series Data". (14) Masafumi Imai, Shizue
Shimizu, and Tomonori Nishikawa, "The Level of the Self-Organization Model inan Organization". (15) Masaki TOMIYA, Toyokazu Nose, and Tetsuo Ichimori (Osaka
Institute of Tech.),"Study on the Demand Forecasting of Airconditioning byMarketing Circumstances Factors". (16) Kazuhiko KOMURA, Takao HADA (Tokai
Univ.), "A Solution of Grouping Problem with Restriction by Resources Based on
the Method of Lagrangian Relaxation Methods." (17) Katsuhiko KOSHIISHI,
Hiromitsu NOMURA, and Takao Hada (Tokai Univ.), "Aanalysis for Queueing
Network Systems of Flexible Manufacturing Systems with Limited Local Buffer
and Dynamic Priority". (18) Shu Sugino (Aoyama Gakuin Univ.), "Information
Systems and Metaphor".
7. Papers as the Results of Members'Research
JAMS has its own the journal called Journal of the Japan Association forManagement Systems, which is issued in spring and fall, twice a year. Many
excellent papers have been published. These papers are generally those presented
at JAMS conferences. Papers contributed to the journal by members are strictly
refereed by more than two anonymous expert members appointed by the editorialcommittee.
The titles of papers published in journals in the latest two years are as follows:*Contents of Journal Vol.11, No. l
38

(1) Hideo MIYAMOTO, "The Basic Studies for Management Systems". (2) Shizue
Shimizu, Tomonori Nishikawa, and Masafumi Imai, "The Effectiveness of
Unbiasedness Criterion for the Fuzzy Adaptive GMDH". (3) Masanobu
MATSUMARU, Hiroshi YAMASHITA," Appraisal Similarity on Mergers". (4) Yuichi
KIJIMA, Tomonori Nishikawa, Shizue Shimizu, "A Study on the Timewise-Structuresof Management Systems - An Analysis of the Formative Processes on the Self­
Organization". (5) Hiroshi Yamashita, "A Study on the Contrasts of JIT Systemwith MRP System from the Viewpoints of Organizational Characteristics". (6)Masafumi Imai, Tomonori Nishikawa, and Shizue Shimizu, "Entropy of the Elements
and Decision Problems in Fuzzy States". (7) Kazuyuki TAKAMATSU, "A Study on
the Decision Process of Organizations". (8) Toyokazu Nose, Sennosuke Kuriyama,and Masatsugu Shiihara, "A Design for a Management Information System by
Work-Design Technique".
*Contents of Journal Vol. 11, No. 2(1) Masatsugu Shiihara, Sennosuke Kuriyama, Toyokazu Nose, "Distribution System
Based on Parts-Oriented Production Concepts - Studies for a Parts-Oriented
Distribution System (Part l)". (2) Masataka Hayashi, "A Study on Manufacturing
Lead Time Considering High Priority Jobs". (3) Masakazu Mizutani, "Necessity ofBusiness Ethics Study & a New Business System by the Four Principles". (4)Munehiro OTA, One Consideration on Company Change Centering around Company
Culture in Revolution Time". (5) Kenichi HASHIUCHI, "Management System during
a Period of Change - Conceptual Stance Toward the New Era". (6) Shigeyoshi
Nishiyama, "The Alleviation of Legal Controls and Restructure of Logistics". (7)Hiroshi Yamashita, "On the Relationship between Leaming and Activation in
Organizations".
*Contents of Journal Vol. 12, No.1:(1) Yasuhiro TAKEMURA, Takio SHIMOSAKON, "Technical Training and Dispatchingof Computer Engineers". (2) Satoshi NIIZUMA, Shizue Shimizu, and Tomonori
Nishikawa, "On the Method of System Identification by Using Fuzzy Information".
(3) Kunihiro SHIRAHAMA, Tomonori Nishikawa, and Shizue Shimizu, "A Study on
the Structure with Time of Human Behavior in Organizations". (4) Tetsuhisa ODA,"
Fundamental Characteristics of Fuzzy-set Concurrent Rating Method". (5) Kazuyuki
Takamatsu, "A Note on the Fundamental Decision Problems". (6) Hao ZENG, "TheAccumulation Process of Core Capabilities and the Activities of Organizational
Leaming in Venture Business". (7) Masanobu Matsumaru, Hiroshi Yamashita,"Tranquility for Comparision of M&A Appraising Models". (8) Yoshikazu
HASHIMOTO, "An Inquiry into the Algorithm of Exchange Valuation". (9) Takayuki
NAKAMURA, Tomonori Nishikawa, and Shizue Shimizu, "A Study on Deciding the
Smoothing Constant of the Exponential Smoothing Method". (10) Tatsuo ISHIHARA,
39

"On the Geometric Structure of Linear Integration of Information". (11) Hajime
FURUKAWA, Shizue Shimizu, "System Identification and its Forecasting of SARI
Models by applying Yull-Walker Equations". (12) Shigeyoshi NISHIYAMA, "The
Renovation of Management and Logistics Systems".
*Contents of Journal Vol.12,No.2:(1) Kunihiro SHIRAMAHA, Masafumi Imai, and Tomonori Nishikawa, "A Study of
the Effect of Personal Interaction on Organization". (2) M. WAKASUGI, Y.
KATSURAYAMA, and T. ONO, "Portfolio Selection with Investors'Forecast of
Economy (in English)". (3) Yasuo ADACHI, Sennosuke, Kuriyama, and Toyokazu
Nose, "Inventory Policy in Consideration of Two Types of Suppliers". (4) Masatsugu
Shiihara,Fumio HASHIMOTO, and YasushiFunsuE, "Studies on Economical Cutting
Speeds for a Muti-stage Machining System". (5) Kunie YANAGISAWA, "A Study on
the Employment of Aged Persons". (6) Satoshi NnzuyAMA, Masafumi Imai, Shizue
Shimizu, and Masaki MASHIMA, "A Solution of Project Network Problem on
Scheduling by Using Fuzzy Theory. (7) Hiroshi Yamashita "Randomness andFuzziness of Fuzzy Events". (8) Masanobu Matsumaru, Hiroshi Yamashita, "An
Analytical Model of Enterprise Behavior on M&A". (9) Fumitaka Nishimura,Tomonori Nishikawa, "A Study on Models of Distribution Structure - byCommunication Functions."(Tomonori NISHIKAWA, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Technology)

40

THE ACADEMIC ASSOCIATION FOR ORGANIZATIONAL SCIENCE
1. Brief history and recent development
The Academic Association for Organizational Science has been around fornearly forty years. From the inception back in 1959, it has been multidisciplinary
in its basic stance and membership body. It was founded by Professor Keiji BABAof the University of Tokyo, bearing upon the growing awareness of the importanceof establishing a micro-foundation for various (and somewhat fragmented) social
sciences, focusing on the level of a focal organization and the human behavior in it.
Professor Susumu TAKAMIYA became the second president after the demise ofProfessor Baba in 1963. Professor Takamiya successfully expanded its activities
and emphasized the multidisciplinary nature of the association. After he passed
away, Professor Yasuo OKAMOTO took the reins as the third president in June 1987
and had witnessed the growth in membership and the experimentation with newformats in the meetings as described below; he was later succeeded by Professor
Kouichi SHIMOKAWA in October 1993. Professor Shimokawa, based on thefoundations built by his predecessors, has assumed the role of leadership to further
develop our activitities in quality and quantity. The association has grown throughout
these years. Now the number of members is 1,434 as of June 1996.
Throughout its history, "multidisciplinary," if not fully "interdisciplinary," hasbeen no lip-service description of the association. As meaningful studies inorganizational science are believed to require various approaches, the membershipbody of the association has been intended to be diverse, comprising management
and organization theorists, psychologists, sociologists, and political scientists(including those who major in public administration). They mostly identify as
behavioral scientists in a broader sense; but beyond them, some members fromengineering backgrounds are another constituency. Board members (both elected
and nominated) are intended to be representative of multiple disciplines. As such,
the Academic Association for Organizational Science has salient characteristics ascompared with those other associations which rely on single (or a few) discipline(s)in existent social sciences.
2. Major activities
The association has a journal called Organizational Science ($oshikikagaku),
publishing premier articles written by members and some invited non-members
depending on the special issue; the most recent issue (published in June, 1996) isalready volume 29, number 4. Submitted papers, in principle, have to beanonymously reviewed for possible publication. Historically, the position of editor­
in-chief is assumed by the president of the association.
Unlike other associations, two types of annual meetings are held: one featuring
a specific topic, and another giving broader opportunities for members to present
41their most recent studies. We have recently experimented with new forms ofpresentations such as panel discussion, sessions for doctoral candidates, sessions to
discuss "discovered" classics in organizational science, and poster sessions. These
are newer forms to facilitate interaction among members with different disciplinary
backgrounds (and often also invited non-members both from academia andpractitioner's world with distinctive achievement in their fields) and stimulate
members from the younger generation. As one prominent example of an unusually
innovative panel discussion, in order to discuss the role of international standards inthe age of globalization, the association invited a political scientist who was anexpert on BIS in the financial world, an anthropologist who had delved into various
conflicting interests of stakeholders in whaling businesses all over the world, and asport expert who was knowledgeable in international rule-making in Judo. In
addition to annual and monthly (one day) meetings for all members, regional meetingsin such areas as Kansai (the Osaka, Kyoto, Kobe and adjacent area), Chubu (Nagoya
and its vicinity), and Kyushu are also active. Occasionally, we have guest speakers
from overseas to share thier recent thinking and researches in organizational science
with our members. One such recent example was the presentation by Professor
Michael CUSUMANO on his intensive studies in the organizational dynamics ofMicrosoft.
As the recent decade has witnessed growing concern over the impact of
globalization upon organizational behavior, the first Korea-Japan Joint Symposium
on .Organization Studies was held in Japan in April 1996 under the rubric of"Organizational Strategies of Japanese and Korean Firms in the Age of
Globalization," and a subsequent one is planned to be held in Korea next year.
The association financially supports several collaborative studies by members,
selected through the submission of research proposals.
In October 1984, the Academic Association for Organizational Science launched
an annual project for rewarding the best books and papers in the field of organizational
science, to support and encourage quality works. The awards were renamed the
Takamiya Prizes in 1986 in memory of the contribution of the second president,
Professor Takamiya. Each year a committee is organized to review books andpapers nominated for the award.
3. Current research concerns
To describe fully the exact distribution of types of different studies in andaround our association, a separate paper with systematic content analysis of thepapers in Organizational Science (Soshikikagaku) and those presented at various
meetings in the association would be required. A cursory observation of current
activities will reveal some of the salient concerns and their changes in this decade,however.
First, there has been a growing number of studies that are empirical, albeit the42emphasis still remains at theoretical level. We have begun to realize that the membersof the association have to fill the gap between the mostly Western-made theories
and our empirical reality in Japan, by launching on empirical endeavors.
Second, in addition to filling the gap in the first sense, we have begun to focus
more on discovery of Japanese-made concepts that are empirically viable andtheoretically robust. One such example is the notion of "knowledge creation" byProfessor lkujiro NONAKA of Hitsubashi University, who will take over from
Professor Shimokawa as president.
Third, there seems to be a developing interest in various research methods,
probably because of the awareness of the importance of empirical studies especiallyamong the younger generation.
Overall, the association has benefited from its multidisciplinary tradition. The
members can gain insight from sociological, psychological, economic and businessstudies with a full variety of research ideas and methods.
Another way to delineate the current research concerns of the association would
be to review (1) special topics chosen for annual meetings, (2) special issues ofOrganizational Science, and (3) types of books and papers awarded Takamiya prizes
in recent years. Below are brief descriptions of these with some necessary comments.
3.1 Special topics chosen for annual meetings
As described above, there are two types of annual meetings. One of these two
is to present the special topics most commonly conceived as relevant and salient bymembers of the association (at least it should reflect the common interests conceived
by the board members). The topics covered in the past ten years are as follows:- Shifts in power relations in modem industrial society, Keio University, 1986
- Organizing in contemporary society: Various phases and new directions fortheorization, Kyushu University, 1987
- Entrepreneurship, Hitotsubashi University, 1988
- Information technology and organizations, University of Tokyo, 1989
- Values and organizations in a transformational period, Kyoto University, 1990
- Globalization and organizations, Waseda University, 1991
- Reexamination of organizations and institutions, Kobe University 1992
- Processes of organizational changes, Nagoya University, 1993
- Relationship between organizations and individuals, Nihon University,1994- In search of new paradigms in organizational integration, Hosei University, 1995
- Asian networking, Kyushu University, 1996 (forthcoming)
To take the most recent annual meeting (held in October 1995 at Hosei
University) as a case in point, let us describe in detail the specific research issues
presented in the meeting.
Three papers on "Newer forms of integration of business activities" were43

presented and the session was chaired by Professor Shimokawa, president of theassociation. The papers were (1)℃oordinating and integrating manufacturing andsales activities" presented by Professor Toshiyuki YAHAGI of Hosei University, (2)"On tests of℃onsumption-oriented'production: Tests of the conversion from 'cutting
across the division of labor' to 'going through cooperation' by NPS group companies"
by Professor Hiroaki SATAKE of Fukui Prefecture University, and (3) "A change inmarket needs and strategy for fish reserves" by Michio SAKAMOTO, CEO of Nihon
Automation.
The second session, which focused on "Mechanisms of organizational
integration," was chaired by Professor Junjiro SHINTAKU, then of Gakushuin
University (currently affiliated with the University of Tokyo). Three papers were
presented in this session: (4) "Market and firms: An economic perspective" byProfessor Motoshige ITO of the University of Tokyo, (5) "Beyond the value­
integration model: A sociological study in organizational integration" by Professor
Ma�oru YAMADA of Tokyo Foreign Language University, and (6) "A post-modern
management theory: Why Weick now?" by Professor Yushi ENTA of Hosei
University. These two sessions of the first day was followed by (7) a special
address by Professor (Shi Cheon KOH of College of Business Administration, Kon­
Kok University), a former president of the Korean Association of Organizational
Science and Human Resource Development, upon "The recent developments oforganization studies in Korea."
The third session, having Professor Yasuo Okamoto, former president of theassociation as chairperson, and held on the second day, was organized around thenotion of "Diverse reality of organizational integration," and comprised threedifferentiated papers: (8) "Voluntary networks for non-profit organizations: Lessons
from InterVnet experiences" by Professor lkuyo KANEKO of Keio University, (9)"Organizational challenges of Japanese politics (and the legislative body)" byProfessor Takayoshi IGARASHI of Hosei University, and (10) "Diffused religion
and network-type organization" by Professor Eisho OMURA of Osaka University.
The final session was made of three formal presentations coupled with asuccessive panel discussion by the three presenters. It was chaired by Professor
Hiroyuki ITAMI and the presented papers were (11) "Autopoietic perspectives onorganizational integration" by Professor Y oshikazu NIWAMOTO of Ryutsu-kagaku
University, (12)℃ross-level developmental issues: Differentation and integration
at individual, group and organizational levels" by Professor Toshihiro KANAI ofKobe University, and (13) "The present and future of a theory of organizational
knowledge creation" by Professor Ikujiro Nonaka of Hitotsubashi Univeristy.
3.2 Special issues of Organizational Science
Organizational Science (Soshikikagaku) intends to be an integrating vehicle
for various branches of social sciences to discuss theoretical and empirical analyses
44

of organizational phenomenon. Reflecting the very nature of the Academic
Association for Organizational Science, the journal publishes pieces ofmultidisciplinary studies on a quarterly basis. Normally, it features special issues
in each volume. Below are the issues specially covered by the journal in the last
three years, which will demonstrate some of the association's current researchconcerns on a more specific level:- Contemporary perspectives on "organizations and individuals." Vol. 27, No. 1,
1994.
- Reexamining the Japanese style of management. Vol. 27, No. 2, 1994.
- International comparisons of organizations. Vol. 27, No. 3, 1994.
- Processes of organizational changes. Vol. 27, No. 4, 1994.
- Reconsidering organizational implications of reengineering. Vol. 28, No. 1, 1995.
- Reexamining self-organizing models. Vol. 28, No. 2, 1995.
- Governance capability of Japanese bureaucratic organizations: Their changes andfuture challenges. Vol. 28, No. 3, 1995.
- Relationship between organizations and individuals. Vol. 28, No. 4, 1995.
- Information technology and organizational changes. Vol. 29, No. 1, 1996.
- Regional development and the role of organizations. Vol. 29, No. 2, 1996.
- New development of Japanese human resource management. Vol. 29, No. 3, 1996.
- The new paradigm of organizational integration. Vol. 29, No. 4, 1996.
The most recent issue (vol. 29, no. 4) reproduces revised, final versions of thepapers presented in the October 1995 meeting described above. As such, the next
recent issue is chosen for illustrating the contents of the volume.
In Vol. 29, No. 3 of Organizational Science, there are five papers for special
issues on Japanese HRM, two other submitted and refereed papers, and one bookreview. The papers discussing special issues are as follows:(l)'"Elegant"' personnel management" by Professor Isao AKAOKA of Kyoto
University; (2) "Organic systems or bureaucracy: Which is more humane?" byProfessor Hajime OTA of Shiga University; (3) "Organizational revolution andpersonnel management" by Professor Goichi SHIBATA of Yokohama City University;(4) "New paradigms of personnel management under the new forms of organizational
structure" by Professor Norio KAMBA YASHI of Kobe University; and (5) "Explorationof measurement bias in cross-cultural personnel research: Through the detection ofdifferential item functioning by item response theory" by Professor Naotaka
WATANABE of Keio University. Two other accepted papers are (6) "Perspective
and organizational equilibrium" by Professor Nobuo TAKAHASHI of University ofTokyo and (7)'"Integrative social contract theory' and business ethics: Possibilityof a transparency test" by Professor Iwao TAKA of Reitaku University; and a book,William G. Scott's work entitled Chester I. Barnard and the Guardians of theManagerial State is reviewed by Professor Fumio FUKUNAGA of Kurume University.
45

3.3 Takamiya prize winners
The third way to trace the currently salient research concerns of members of
the association (that are highly evaluated by their representative reviewers) is to list
some of the works awarded Takamiya prizes. They are divided into two divisions:books and journal articles.
The award-winning books in thes last eight years are as follows:
1989 Book Award-N obuo Takahashi, Design of Adaptive Organizations, Models
and Empirical Research, Springer-Verlag, 1987, London
1990 Book Award - Tamio HATTORI, Kankoku no keizaihatten (Economic
development of Korea), Bunshindo, Tokyo.
1991 Book Award-Masao TAO, Gyosei sabisu no soshiki to kanri: Chihoujichitai
ni okeru riron to jissai (Organization and management of public service
operations: Theory and practices of local governments), Mokutakusha, Tokyo.
1992 Book Award - Toshio KOBAYASHI, Seitosei no joken (Requisites for
legitimacy), Yuhikaku, Kyoto.
1993 Book Award - Toshihiro Kanai, Henkakugata midoru no tankyu: Senryaku
kakushin shiko no kanrisha kodo (In search of the transformational middles:
A strategy and innovation driven managerial behavior), Hakutoshobo, Tokyo.
1994 Book Award - Hajime Ota, Purofeshonaru to soshiki: soshiki to kojin nokansetsuteki togo (Professionals and organizations: Indirect integration oforganization and individual, Dobunkan, Tokyo.
1995 Book Award - Toshiki SATO, Kindai, soshiki, shihonshugi (Modernity,organizations, and capitalism), Mineruba shobo, Tokyo.
-Junjiro Shintaku, Nihon kigyo no kyoso senryaku (Competitive strategies ofJapanese fi血s), Yuhikaku, Tokyo.
- Toyoharu TANAKA, Chihogyosei kanryosei ni okeru soshiki henkaku nosyakaigakuteki kenkyu (Sociological studies in organizational change of local
governments in Japan), Jichosha, Tokyo.
1996 Book Award - Shigeru ASABA, Kyoso to kyoryoku no senryaku (Strategies
of competition and cooperation), Bunshindo, Tokyo.
- I wao TAKA, H.A. Saimon kenkyu - Ninchikagakuteki ishiketteiron no
kouchiku (Studies in H.A. Simon's works: Building cognitive theory ofdecision-making) Bunshindo, Tokyo.
The journal papers recieving awards as the best in the year in the same period
are as follows:
1989 Article Award-Toshihiro Kanai, "Kigyosha komyuniti ni okeru nettwakingu
soshiki no seisei to kino" (Development and functions of networking
organizations in the entrepreneurial community), Kenkyunenpo (Annals of
School of Business Administration, Kobe University), Vol. 33, 1987.
- Masamitsu TANAKA, "Soshikika sareta muchitsujo to gijutsukakushin"46

(Organized anarchy and technological development), Tohokugakuinronshu(Keizagaku), No. 107, 1987.
- Mitsuyo HANADA, "Jinji seido niokeru kyoso genri no jittai - shoshin,shokaku no shisutemu karamita Nihon kigyo no jinji senryaku" (Practices oftournament principles in Japanese human resource management systems: HRM
strategy of Japanese firms from the perspective of a promotion and advancement
system), Soshikikagaku (Organizational Science), Vol. 21, No. 2, 1987.
No awards for article section from 1990 to 1992.
1993 Article Award -Kotaro KuwATA, Sutoratejiku raningu to soshiki no chokiteki
tekiou (Strategic learning and long-term adaptation of organizations),
Soshikikagaku (Organizational Science), Vol. 25, No. 1, 1991.
No awards for article section in year 1994 and 1995
1996 Article Award -Tsuyoshi NUMAGAMI, Makuro gensho hosoku kakuritsu no
kanosei -Kobetsu jirei kenkyu no kagaku to shiteno keieigaku ni mukatte (Acritical note on the possibility of establishing invariant laws in management
studies, Soshikikagaku (Organizational Science), Vol. 28, No. 3, 1995.
4. Future challenges
There are some foreseeable problems that we have to tackle in the future. A
major one·is to a shift from a multidisciplinary to a truly interdisciplinary approach.
A sociological study and a psychological one may be presented in a single session
at the association; but rarely seen are collaborative efforts among different disciplines.
To further promote interdisciplinary endeavors is one future challenge to be tackled.
One such device to promote this is the financially supported annual researchworkshop.
The second challenge is to further globalize our efforts. Given the growing
concern over the advantages and some of the pitfalls in the Japanese style ofmanagement among Western and Asian scholars for a couple of decades, theassociation will have to become a more full-fledged international arena. One
direction is to organize international symposia. A joint symposium with Koreancounterpart is one such step but we have to go much beyond this. For this purpose,
the association has to support the members'collaborative works with Westen, Asianand other scholars from all over the world, and presentation of some of their salient
results at the annual meetings will encouraged.
Third, still another future challenge (which is seemingly a housekeeping issue)
is to raise more financial support from the business community. This is not just afinancial matter, however. Due to the practical nature of organization science,creating collaborative ties with the business community in such a way that joint
efforts are made to find the right problems to be tackled seems to have become
more important. For this purpose, the association introduced corporate membershipto support its activities; the number of supporting companies is currently 23 (down47from a maximum of 38). The association has to beef up its ties with thosepractitioners who are responsible for running various organizations in Japan andother countries.
(Toshihiro KANAI, Kobe University)

48

JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR PLANNING ADMINISTRATION
1. General Description
This Association, which was established in 1977 as a multidisciplinary forum
consisting of academic researchers, government planning experts and administratorsand corporate planners, aims at development of knowledge systems of planningscience based on interchange of observations and outcomes of studies related toprocesses in planning, implementation, and assessment and theory of planning aswell as analyses of natural and social fundamentals. Planning administration covers
not only aspects in the public sector, but also managerial planning in the private
sector, involving international coordination. On the occasion of organizing thisAssociation, it was stated that planning originated in thought and science is to beachieved through administration based on organizations and technologies. The
Association was established in order to integrate planning and administration throughwide participation by those who are interested in tackling inconsistencies existing
between real planning and administration.
It is natural that policy management or planning management should be basedon fact-finding as an observation science, because it aims at managing the socio­
economy. Observation science has made progress not only from quantitative studies
to theoretical studies but also from prescriptive analyses to assessment science ordecision-making science. Corresponding to holistically intensified objectives, means
have been developed toward policy planning in policy actions. Implementation
science has developed from organization, budgeting and assessment toward
institutional systems or public services infrastructure. The development of policy
science or policy planning is to be considered as progress in the ecologically sounddevelopment of human society.
The Association was started by about 300 members at the beginning, but has
expanded to involve about 1,400 at present. The Association is managed by aGeneral Meeting, Board of Directors and Standing Executive Committee. The
President is nominated by the Board. The present President is Takashi Furn
(Professor Emeritus of Nagoya University, Member of the Science Council of Japan)
who was nominated in 1995 succeeding Hiroshi KATO (Keio University), Chairmanof the Tax Commission, who had served since 1989. The first president was lchiro
NAKAyAMA, the second Hiromi ARISAwA and the third Saburo OKITA. The
Association consists of eight regional branches. Each branch carries out studies
based on its respective perspective. The Association holds an annual conference incooperation with each regional branch in tum. The Science Committee consists ofan Editorial and Publication Committee, which is responsible for editing the quarterly
organ Planning Administration and publication of the Planning Administration Study
Series and a Review Committee for Research Papers. The Association issues theNewsletter for internal information on the ongoing association's activities. There49

are eight study committees working inside the Association.
Four types of awards are given by the Association. A Superior Article Award,
Outstanding
Research Paper Award and an Award for Promotion are selected byan
the Association's Award Review Committee. In addition, an Award for Planningto be given to effectively eminent planning that is widely recommended and selectedbeyond the constituents of the Association was established in 1995. This award isselected by the Judging Committee which includes eminent leaders independent
from the Association's membership.
2. Annual Conference
The Annual Conference is oriented to the major conference theme, which
continues for three years. The annual conference is organized centering on the
responsibility of each Regional Branch in tum.
The major conference theme continuous for 1993-1995 is Planning Management
for Sustainable Development. The 16th Annual Conference was held at Tokyo
Institute of Technology, Tokyo, in 1993 on the theme: Consciousness, Policy andTechnology to Support Sustainable Development .
The 17th annual conference was held at Umeda Stellar Hall, Osaka on October
29, 1994, under Conference Chairman Masakazu OKUBO (Osaka University),
involving wide-ranging participation on the theme of Environment, Culture and
Urban Functions in a Bay Area Toward Global Society - What Actions the City
Should Take. The Conference aimed to discuss development of functions andenvironmental measures of a bay city, requirements for a bay city connected to theworld, strategies to create urban environment and culture, orientation in public
administration for large cities toward decentralization to multi-poles, new urban
trends in global perspectives and present action themes for urban sustainable
development toward the 21st century.
Keynote addresses were made by M. Okubo on "Big Projects and Environmental
Creation", Tetsuro KAWAKAMI (Chairman, Kansai Economic Federation) on "The
Issues and Prospects of Bay Area Development" and Hiroshi KATO (Chairman of
the Association) on "the Airport and Community".
Three panels were held: ℃onditions for Formation of Bay Area Agglomerationsin the World Dimension", "Global Impact and New Urban Trends" and "WhatActions the City Should Take Towards the 21st Century". Paper presentations
were made through six sessions: "Development of Urban Functions in Bay Area","Environmental Creation in Bay Area Cities", "Environmental Creation andDevelopment Strategies for the City", ℃ultural Creation in Cities", "Orientation of
Public Administration in Metropolitan Areas"; and Free Topics.
The 18th annual conference was held at Ishinomaki Senshu University, under
Conference Chairman Kiyoshi TAKEUCHI (lshinomaki Senshu University), on thetheme: Resources Management Policy for Creative and Sustainable Development50

on September 22-23, 1995. Two special speeches were given: "Integration of
Health, Medical Care and Social Welfare in Care Management" by Shiro ASANO(Governor of Miyagi Prefecture) and "Agenda for Balancing Economic Development
and Environmental Conservation" by Junichi NISHIZAWA (President of Tohoku
University). Two symposiums were held: "System Approach for Integration of
Health, Medical Care and Social Welfare"; and "Food and Agriculture forTomorrow".
Paper presentations were made through four sessions: "Updated City Planningfor Disaster Prevention and Planning Administration"; "System and Planning of
Health, Medical Care and Social Welfare"; "Planning Management for Sustainable
Development"; and Free Topics.
The major conference theme for 1996-1998 is Paradigm Shift in PlanningManagement. The 19th annual conference is to be held under the Conference
Chairman Shuntaro SHISHIDO (Head of Kanto Branch) at the University of Tokyoon the theme of Globalization and Localization on October 4-5, 1996. This
Conference is to aim at discussing contemporary and future issues related to
globalization and localization centering on theoretical development in planning
management, decentralization and integration, diversification and standardizationand new trend in trade and international cooperation in axis of global and local
sustainability. Two symposiums are planned: "Globalization and Localization in
Planning Management" and "Attaining 20th Anniversary of the Japan Association
for Planning Administration". In addition, two special sessions will be held forpresentation of the current activities of each regional branch and study committee.
3. Publications
The Science Committee chaired by M. Okubo consists of the Editorial andPublication Committee chaired by Kazuo Gm (Chuo University) and Research Paper
Review Committee chaired by Sachihiki HARASHINA (Tokyo Institute ofTechnology). The Association's quarterly organ Planning Administration is entirely
managed by this Editorial and Publication Committee. The research papers to be
published in Planning Administration are examined by the Research Paper Review
Committee through a review and refinement process by plural referees nominatedby the committee. The publication of Association's Planning Administration Study
Series, which is available for sale to the public, is also discussed and decided throughthe Editorial and Publication Committee.
Each issue of Planning Administration is edited according to a specific theme
and is generally composed of an editorial, articles centering on the issue theme,refereed research papers, current trends in university education for policy
management, introduction of the cases of local and regional planning, book reviews,
donated books, a forum for members to present their interests or opinions, andsecretariat information within a total of 100-130 pages.
51Vol. 17, No. 4, December 1994, with the theme of Vision of National Land
Use Toward the 21st Century begins with an editorial by Shigeru ITO (Keio
University) to stress national development vision, not public works project planning.
It is followed by six articles: Toshio SANUKI (Teikyo University), "Formation ofMulti-Axes in National Land Use Planning"; Hiroo FuJITA (Keio University), "Social
Development and National Land Use Planning in Japan Toward the 21st Century";
Yoshinori MORINO (Nihon Keizai Shimbun), "History of National Development
Planning and Perspective to the Next National Comprehensive Development Plan";
Yukio NOGUCHI (Hitotsubashi University), "Financing Public Works"; Koichi BABA
(Meikai University), "No More National Comprehensive Development Plan"; andYuji TANAHASHI, "Review and Prospects of Industrial Location Policy in Japan".
Vol. 18, No. 1, March 1995: Environment, Culture and Urban Functions in
Bay Area Toward Global Society - What Actions the City Should Take, was aspecial issue on the 17th annual conference.
Vol. 18, No. 2, June 1995, on the theme of Planning Philosophy and Evaluation,
begins with an editorial by T. Fujii, which is followed by 5 articles: Tadao
MIYAKAWA (Reitaku University), "Foundations of Policy Evaluation"; Yasuo
HIBATA (the University of Tokyo), "Urban Planning Concept and its Evaluation
Issues"; Akira KINOSHITA (EPDC Engineering Research), "Holistic PlanningManagement"; Miwako KUROSAKA (World Resources Institute), "Global
Environment Security and Sustainable Human Development in Japan"; andYoshinobu KUMATA (Tokyo Institute of Technology), "Utilization of Award forPlanning for Evolving Planning Method". In addition, it contains messages ofJudging Committee Members to encourage entry into review of planning for theAward for Planning.
Vol. 18, No. 3, September 1995 was specially edited on the theme of Risk
Management of Large-Scale Disasters to respond to the Great Hanshin Awaji
Earthquake of January 17, 1995. It begins with an editorial by Toshiyuki MASUJIMA(Chuo University) on questions of public administration in observation of themeasures for large disasters. It contains six articles: Kojiro NIINO (Kobe University),"Large-Scale Disasters and Risk Management"; Hideki KAJI (UN Center for Regional
Development), "Risk Management of Earthquake Disaster- Lessons Learned fromthe Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake"; Yasutaka ABE (Kobe University),"Administrative Organizations and Emergency Management System Responding
to Natural Disasters"; Osamu KOIDE (the University of Tokyo), "Review on theProcess of Earthquake Damage Assumption"; Mamoru SAITO (Housing and Urban
Development Corporation), "What Emergency Management Should be Done forCity Disasters"; and Yasuyoshi HAYASHI (Research Center for Planning
Technology), "Crisis Management by Citizens'Initiatives for Natural Disasters".
Vol. 18, No. 4, December 1995 focused on Planning Management and Policy
Science, including an introduction of outlines of the newly-established Association's
52

Award for Planning. T. Fujii wrote his editorial on the science of policy and planning
management as well as the development and perspectives of the Association on theoccasion of the establishment of the Award for Planning. It contains three articles:
Naomi MARUO (Keio University), "Policy Management and Policy Science";
Hidenori KOBAYASHI (Chuo University), ℃ontemporary Development Constructs
in Policy Science"; and Yasunori SONE (Keio University), "Policy, Management
and Governance".
Vol. 19, No. 1, March 1996, is the special issue for the 18th annual conference
on the theme of Resources Management Policy for Creative and Sustainable
Development.
Vol. 19, No. 2, June 1996, on the theme of Network Society and PlanningManagement, begins with an editorial by Yoshinobu KUMATA (Executive Directorof the Association). It contains five articles on this issue: Toshizumi OHTA (The
University of Electro-Communications), "Planning Management and New Social
Information Technology"; lwao KANEYASU (Keio University), "Information
Technology Innovation and Spatial Formation"; Teiichi AOYAMA (Environmental
Research Institute), "Grass-Roots Democracy and Network Society - Gateway toComputer Democracy"; Yukio OGURI (Urban Plan'Net International), "Network
Society and Relocation of Capital Functions"; Katsuhiro MORITA (Tokyo Instituteof Technology), "Background and Issues of Electronic Money".
A new series titled Paradigm Shift in Universities was established to introducechanges in universities centering on the trends of policy management courses. The
first one is "A Changing University and Academic Studies" by H. Kato (Professor
Emeritus of Keio University) to introduce Fujisawa Campus of Keio University,
which played as a front runner in developing policy management.
Research papers examined through a review and refinement processes by pluralreferees, which have been presented from Vol. 17, No. 4 up to Vol. 19, No. 2,amount to 17 papers: Hiroo ICHIKAWA (Fuji Research Institute), "Thoughts on the
Planning Process of Hainan Island Integrated Regional Development Plan in China";
Seisuke WATANABE (Nagaoka Institute of Design), "A Study on the Evolution of
an Urban Education System in Europe"; Shinobu KITANI (Tohoku University),"Towards Formalization of Rational Voting Models on Large Electorates"; Midori
MIYAZAKI (Tokyo Institute of Technology), "Verification of the Working Processof the Information Power of the Media"; Masashi SHIRABE (the University of Tokyo),"A Study on Subjective Well-Being Indicators"; Youichi TANAKA (the Universityof Tokyo), "Structure of Information Recognition and Transfer in the Science
Technology Policy-Making Process"; Kazufumi UENO (21st Century Hyogo Project
Association), "A Study on Modeling of a Mobile Lifestyle"; Yasuhisa HAYASHIYAMA(Tokyo Institute of Technology), "The Efficiency and Neutrality of Tax Policies to
Recover Development Gains by Large Infrastructure Improvement Projects";
Hirotomo OHUCHI (Nihon University), "A Study on Optimal Location Planning of53

Medical Facilities and Emergency Facilities"; Y ohei HARASHIMA (Nagoya
University)/ Tsuneyuki MORITA (National Institute of Environmental Studies),"Comparative Analysis of Environmental Policy Development Processes in East
Asian Countries"; Hiroyuki KOSAKA (Keio University), "Making a Monthly
Econometric Model and Its Simulation Analysis"; Keisei RYU (Tokyo Institute ofTechnology)/Yoshinobu KUMATA (Tokyo Institute ofTechnology)(fatsuro SAKANO(Nippon Welfare University), "An Empirical Study on a Vision ofa Region's Futureand Its Enactment Process Through Planning"; Hirokuni IMAIZUMI (Fukuoka
University)/Masahiro YABUTA (Fukuoka University)(fakashi IDA (Kumamoto
Prefectural University), ℃ommon-Pool Resources and Environmental Policies";
Sang-Bong KIM/Hideo FuKUI/Yoshinobu KUMATA (Tokyo Institute ofTechnology),"Analysis of Social Marginal Cost and Exchange of Urban Management System ina Large Scale Housing Land Development"; Sadatsugu NISHIURA (Nagaoka InstituteofDesign)(fakashi ONISHI (the University ofTokyo), "A Study on Statewide GrowthManagement Policy in the US"; Lin Yan PING (the University of Tokyo), "Income
Differentials among Regions in China"; and Motooka NOZAWA (Govenor's Officeof Hyogo Prefecture)/Masaaki KATAOKA (Keio University), "Implications of a
Theater Arts Support Policy of Metropolitan Municipalities".
The Association has published eight volumes in the Planning Administration
Study Series since its establishment. They are: A Scenario Towards Advanced
Information Society edited by Y. Kumata (Tokyo Institute of Technology), 1985;
Environmental Indicators edited by Masaaki NAITO, Shuzo NISHIOKA and S.
HARASHINA (National Institute for Environmental Studies), 1986; Environmental
Planning for Locating Urban Industries edited by Hitoshi SASAO (Nihon University),
1987; Social Overhead Capital Consolidation and Planning Administration editedby Kozo AMANO (Kyoto University), 1987; Interdisciplinary Considerations on
Land Issues for Urban Building edited by Shunpei KUMON (the University ofTokyo),
1988; Urban Building for Tomorrow - Creation of Human Innovation City editedby Taku KAnwARA (Governor ofGifu Prefecture), 1989; Public and Private Concepts
in Urban Development edited by Tetsuya KISHIMOTO (Kyoto University), 1992;
and Development of Environmental Indicators edited by Masaaki Naitoパsuneyuki
MORITA (National Institute of Environmental Studies), 1995.
4. Regional Branch Activities
Various studies are undertaken based on the respective perspectives of theregional branches. The following summarizes major study workshops by Branch
in 1994 and 1995.
The Hokkaido Branch held workshops on the Development ofHokkaido Region
in an Era of Decentralization in 1995 and Administrative Reform and Regional
Policy in New Era in 1994. The Tohoku Branch held workshops on Yen
Appreciation and the Local Economy in 1995 and on Long-Term Comprehensive
54

Planning and Issues on Planning Management in 1994. The Kanto Branch held
workshops on Policy Science on Social Overhead Capital and Paradigm Shift in
Planning Management in 1995 and Holistic Planning inSymbiosis with Nature andIdeas and Theory for Assessment of Policy and Planning in 1994. The Chubu
Branch held a symposium on the Chubu Region in 21st Century in 1995 and theFifth National Land Use Plan and Chubu Regional Planning in 1994. The Kansai
Branch held a study conference on Citizens'Spontaneity and Public Administrationin 1995. The Chugoku Branch held a workshop on Building Core Cities andIntegration of Municipalities in 1994. The Kyushu Branch held workshops on
National Conservation and Planning Administration in 1995 and Decentralization
and Planning Management in 1994.
5. Study Committees
There are eight study committees operated at present in the Association. The
Advanced Information City Group headed by Y. Kumata continues studies on risk
management, replacement of high-rise housing, transformation from the factory
city to the sound city, and urban management for advanced sustainability. The
Global Environment Management Group headed by H. Kato specializes in planning
management to build a total energy system involving institutional consolidation
integrated with urban planning. The Ecology and Development Group headed by
T. Fujii has made a report centering on management of an eco-society and market
creation to ecologically sound system assets involving basic studies on policies forresources, environment and human settlements. The Long Life Society Group
headed by T. Fujii aims at studying socio-economy to meet the long life society
following a high-growth, high-welfare society. The Municipal Health and Welfare
Planning Group headed bySaburo NISHI (Aichi Mizuho University) made the firststage report on a field survey of the planning process for programs of health andwelfare for the aged. The Policy Science Study Group headed by Hidenori
Kobayashi (Chuo University) has continued a seminar relating to past trend in policy
formation, policy decisions in a matured society, policy formation process, social
overhead capital management, integration between policy and culture and approaches
to theoretical models to analyze decision-making process of public policies. The
Evaluation System for Planning Management Group headed Takeshi HIROMATSU(the University of Tokyo) has been newly established to study to assist decision
process for appraisal of the Association's Award for Planning. The Policy Planningfor theSea and Air Group headed by T. Fujii aims at opening a new study arena toshift from conventional regional study to global communications including sea
transport, aviation, communication and their integration.

55

6. Awards
The Outstanding Research Paper Award, and the Award for Promotion were
established in 1989. The Superior Article Award was established in 1991. In
1993, the Superior Article Award was made to Akira Kinoshita (EPDC Engineering
Research) for "Integration of Energy and Global Environmental Strategies", Planning
Administration, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1993 and Tsuneyuki MORITA (National Institute ofEnvironmental Studies) for "New Development in Policy Studies for Conserving
Global Environment", Planning Administration, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1993. The 1995
Award was given to Fukashi UTSUNOMIYA (Tokai University) for "Ombudsmen
and Sound Evaluation of Public Administration", Planning Administration, Vol.
17, No. 2 and Sachihiko HARASHINA (Tokyo Institute of Technology) for "Urban
Environmental Planning", Planning Administration, Vol. 17, No. 3. The Outstanding
Research Paper Award, 1995, was presented to Takashi ONISHI (the University ofTokyo) for "Structural Change of Job-Residence Patterns in the Center of the Tokyo
Metropolis and a Consideration on Population Recovery", Planning Administration,
Vol. 16, No. 3. The Award for Promotion, 1994, was given to Yasuko KAWASHIMA(National Institute of Environmental Studies) for "Possibilities of International
Cooperation Towards Stabilizing Global Climate", Planning Administration, Vol.
16, No. 2. The Award for Promotion, 1995, was presented to Masaichi ITO (Mayor's
Office, Tsu) for "Analysis of Social Conflict and Conciliation Procedures throughRegional Development", Planning Administration, Vol. 17, No. 2 and Yoshiki KAGO(IBJ System Development) for "A Study on the Attitude Shift of Local Residents ina Golf Course Location Dispute", Planning Administration, Vol. 17, No. 2.
The Award for Planning was newly established in 1995 after discussion by theSpecial Working Committee. It is recognized that there is scarcely existing any
framework to assess and publish the outcomes of planning. The establishment of
the Award for Planning aims at contributing to progress in social planning capacity
through exploring and commending superior planning. This award attaches
importance to software rather than conventional hardware planning; planning
activities, planning institution and organization and planning technology including
process of planning, implementation and assessment; and involvement of diversified
planning entities including the third sector, private sector and NGO or NPO. Of
course, planning overseas is included for consideration.
In the specific evaluation process, the following factors are focused upon:
innovativeness to meet new social needs and foresightedness to adapt to socialchanges in the future; model creativeness to contribute to progress in new planningand viability to explore new orientation in planning; prudent consideration for
implementation and social effectiveness; innovative devices for participation, process
for public consensus and planning organizations and institutions; smoothness in
implementation backed up by institutional and organizational devices; and learning
process including utilization of failures and flexibility in planning. The Judging
56

Committee headed by H. Kato (former President of the Association) is organizedby eminent leaders from wide-ranging sectors including top managers in the mass
media.
The Award for Most Distinguished Planning, 1995, was given to International
Cooperation for Environmental Improvement by Kitakyushu City, which was basedon actual struggles against public nuisance in an industrial area. The Award forDistinguished Planning was given to Planning for a Large-Scale Complex Projectin a Small Provincial City by Kushikino City; Development of an Interchange
Program by the Town of Yabe; and Process Planning for a Basic Plan on Waste
Disposal in Komae City. The Association published general features of the planning
activities which won the Award.
(Akira KINOSHITA, EPDC Engineering Research)57

THE SOCIETY FOR THE ECONOMIC STUDIES OF SECURITIESThe Society for the Economic Studies of Securities was founded in 1966 withthe aim of promoting study and research by its members into securities and theirmarkets. Most members are academics, but others are economists, accountants,
lawyers, securities analysts and practitioners working in the financial markets. The
Society celebrated its 30th anniversary and published A Short History of the Society
in 1996. In this book, the Society surveyed their research activities from the recordsof reports that were presented at their official meetings and then printed in its Annual
Report.
This survey classifies those records of reports into the following 15 areas,according to their subjects or areas for study and research: method of economic
studies of securities, joint stock companies, primary (new issue) market, secondary
market, securities markets in the financial system, derivatives, foreign securities
markets, international capital markets, management of securities companies(brokers), company finance, securities (investments) analysis, investors, securities
transaction law, regulation and administration for securities markets, and history of
securities markets in Japan. These reports in each area include not only theoreticaland empirical studies on economics and finance but also descriptions of the market
structure, legal or institutional framework of the market and their developments.
The activity of the Society is further classified into four periods, which broadlyco汀espond to the development of the securities markets in Japan. The first period
is from 1966 (the year of the establishment of the society) to 1973. Government
stocks were issued after the long standstill from the postwar era. After the 1965
securities crisis, a new legal framework for the securities industry started. Securities
companies were required to get a license from the authorities and new regulations
for investors'protection were enacted.
The second period is from 1974�1980. The Japanese economy moved intoa lower growth path after the first oil shock. Securities markets expanded as large
amounts of government stocks were supplied, and big companies tended to raisemoney by issues of securities rather than by bank borrowing. A changing structureof company finance and the expansion of the government bond market caused afundamental change in the Japanese financial system that was based on separationof the banking business and the securities business. Liberalization of the international
capital movement and internationalization of the markets steadily advanced.
The third period is from 1981 to 1989. The Japanese economy showed thebest performance among the developed economies, securities markets expanded
strongly, and the bubble emerged. Japan accepted financial innovation such as
futures, option and securitisation. Liberalization and globalization of Japanesemarkets also accelerated.
58

The fourth period is from 1990 to 1996 (the present). The bubble has collapsed,
and the depressed Japanese economy stayed on a path of zero growth. The activities
of securities markets have declined. Scandals in financial markets have been
revealed, and new regulations have been introduced. The collapse of stock prices
has caused fear for the capital adequacy of banks, and many financial institutions
have been exposed to bad debt. The financial system has been reformed in orderfor banks to establish subsidiary securities companies, which means the end of the
traditional separation of the banking business and securities business in Japan.
Through these four periods of thirty years, securities markets in Japan havedeveloped from a so-called undeveloped one into one of the biggest markets in theworld. Corresponding to these developments, most members'interests in andconcerns for markets have changed, though each member keeps his own interests inthemes of studies and research. The national conference that is held twice a year
has a common theme, in which the development of the markets and major interestsof members are reflected. Following the common themes of national conferences
will give an idea of what has interested members and throw light on the fundamental
aspects of our activities. We show below how our interests and discussion havedeveloped in selected topics.
1. GOVERNMENT BOND MARKET
When the Government started issues of long-term bonds in 1965, main concerns
were who would purchase them, how to sell them and how the Bank of Japan would
manage and operate the market. It was argued that the buying operation by the
Bank of Japan was a kind of underwriting government bonds (which is legallyprohibited) and might cause inflation. Dr. T. YOSHINO argued that in so far as it
remained within the scope of demand for money supply it would not cause inflation.
In related issues, there was some discussion on membership of the underwriting
group, how to determine the condition of issues, how to allot new issues, etc. After
1975, when the Government began to supply large amounts of bonds, debt
management policy became a main concern. Prof. NAKAJIMA and others pointed
out the danger of the current policy that gave priority to cheap cost for the Government
and forced bonds to be allotted to syndicate members at fixed prices that were notalways adjusted to the current market price. They argued for a more market-oriented
debt management policy.
However, the large amount of government bonds naturally brought forth thedevelopment of a secondary market. Methods of new issues tended to be subject tocurrent market conditions, and caused some change in the Japanese financial market,
which had been rigidly controlled by the authorities and big banks. Mr. T. GOTO,
Dr. S. GOTO and others explained the changing structure of the markets. Some
focused on the behavior of big banks and other financial institutions which had
become investors in bonds and whose portfolio strategy was increasingly more59

important for their profitability and their financial health. Prof. FuKAMACHI pointed
out the effects and limitations of the debt management policy on the economy andwarned that when short-term bonds accumulated, there would be a danger of inflation.
As big new issues of government stocks continued, their prices collapsed in1979�80. After this collapse, reform of the secondary market progressed andtrading government stocks expanded enormously. There were still warnings of thedanger of return to a rigidly controlled market and debt management policy.
However, liberalization of interest rates was progressing and money flow hadchanged. Money supply became an important target for monetary policy. In thischanging environment, members' interests and concerns shifted towards money
markets and the company bond market that were still rigidly regulated and left
underdeveloped. In addition, the entry of banks into public sector bond dealing
and selling was deemed to cause a fundamental change in the Japanese financial
system. Mr. N. SAIJO and others warned of bankers' expansion into the securities
business from the viewpoint of conflict of interest, protection of depositors anddominance of Japanese markets by big banks.
2. COMPANY FINANCE AND OWNERSHIP OF STOCKSIn earlier days before the first oil shock, many reporters pointed out that inJapan indirect finance (bank loans) dominated company finance because of an
undeveloped capital market which was distorted by regulation, and favoured a trend
towards equity issues at current prices (previously be rights issues at face value)and convertible issues, that allowed for companies to raise money at cheap cost andto increase their capital.
However, the progress for equity issues at current prices after the 1970's was
accompanied by higher prices of stocks and a decrease in the share of private
investors' stock holdings. In this connection, Prof. H. TASAKA argued that private
investors who used to stick to dividend yields as investment criteria were forced toleave stock markets because of too low dividends. Prof. K. MATSUMURA insisted
that equity issues at cu汀ent prices strengthen the power of the management against
stockholders. Prof. Y. FUTATSUGI offered his model that corporate cross-stock
holdings caused exploitation of dividends by corporations. Prof. S. KATAYAMA
argued that despite the dearth of capital, companies increased cross-stock holdings,
which meant a change in the rulers of companies from former zaibatsu, who owned
stocks, to the management, who did not own stocks by themselves but did own
them as a collective reciprocal group. Prof. H. OKUMURA analyzed empiricallycross-stock holdings by corporate interest groups and offered the concept of corporate
capitalism, where the management control was based on corporate stock holdings.
After 1990, some showed a trend towards a decline in cross-stock holdings, but
most discussions were related to corporate governance and insisted on the necessity
for investors'greater influence over the management.
60

As to the level of stock prices, many reporters used to point out that it was kept
at a higher level because of corporate cross-stock holdings, the 'buy and hold' strategy
of big financial institutions, sales tactics of securities companies and so on. However,these arguments seem to be qualitative and not to be based on quantitative analysis,
although some attempts were made to adjust such indicators as PER to the situation
without cross-stock holdings. We did not yet have any common criteria for thelevel. In the bubble era, Prof. K. WAKASUGI and Miss F. KONYA showed therationality of the current level from recalculation of the book value of companies'
assets into market value. Mr. K. MATSUMOTO showed the trend of cyclical stock
price fluctuation based on his observance of business cycles and his technical chart
analysis.
3. SECURITIES ANALYSIS AND PORTFOLIO SELECTION
Since the 1960's in the USA, modem portfolio theory has been developed andthen introduced into Japan. Prof. M. KIMURA, M. SUGIE and others continued themethod of traditional valuation of stocks based on fundamental analysis and on
new techniques of financial statements analysis. Prof. H. TSUMURA tried to combine
a CAPM model with some indicators based on traditional investment analysis.
Empirical tests for CAPM theory, in particular an efficient market hypothesis were
presented by Prof. J. ONO, Mrs. K. KOMINE and others with the result of somereservations on the effectiveness of that theory on Japanese market data. In addition,
anomaly tests and new attempts for the effectiveness of CAPM using f3 -variables
were tried by Mr. M. YAMADA and others. Prof. INAGAKI introduced a theory ofterm structure of interest rates and Mrs. K. Komine tried empirical tests for it. Prof.
T. TSUCHIDA presented a duration analysis.
In earlier times, the importance of portfolio management was insisted upon by
Prof. M. SUGIE, M. KIMURA and others, but recently Prof. H. TSUMURA presented
the development of risk management with growth of institutional investors. Also,
sophistication of portfolio selection using fuzzy theory or generic algorithm wastried by Prof. Y. OTA and K. KAMa and others.
4. FINANCIAL INNOVATION AND FINANCIAL SYSTEM REFORM
In the 1980's, globalization, liberalization and securitization of financial markets
in developed countries advanced greatly, and most countries experienced some kindof reform of their financial system. Japanese financial markets and institutions
were not open to foreigners, rigidly regulated and controlled by the authorities;
activities of financial institutions were segmented into legally or administratively
controlled areas. However, Japan gradually began to accept the worldwide trend
for deregulation, internationalization and financial innovation.
Members of the Society are not able to claim to be original advocators offinancial innovation, but many of them introduced newer techniques and trends in61

financial reform in advanced markets and compared them with the Japanese systemand practices.
One of the topics that many members were interested in was the separation of
the banking business and securities business. This separation was forced into Japanafter the Second World War by the USA, who had introduced such system in 1933
banking law, called the Glass-Steagall Act. Prof. SAGA and others reported on the
movements for abolition of that law in the USA and told of the current state of
securities business done by US big banks. Prof. MA TSUI and others reported on the
background of the enactment of that Act and the effect of the separation on the US
financial system. Prof. AIZAwA reported on the German banking system andbusiness activities of German big banks, and pointed out the merit of a universalbank system. Prof. J. KOBAYASHI and N. INATOMI reported on the British reformof securities markets called the'big bang'in 1986, which stopped the divorcementof stock exchange business from banks. Prof. TAJIRI and others surveyed the main
European markets and pointed out that although reform of their markets was initiatedby governments and the authorities, and competition among markets was intensified,they were tending to be similar to USA markets and had the same international
standard for investors'protection and bank surveillance. However, Mr. N. SAIJO
and others pointed out that there were national interests under the trends for
globalization. Prof. K. IwAT A reported the movements towards the integration ofEuropean capital markets.
Securitization started in the United States and was originally meant to securitizemortgage loans. Then it expanded into other loans such as cars and cards. It wasnecessary for loaner institutions to keep or increase the liquidity of their loan portfolio,
or to match their debt positions with loan positions. Mr. Y. KAWAMURA and others
reported on the development of securitization in the USA and explained the techniqueof securitization. Prof. S. IMURA and others reported on the movements of Saving
and Loan Associations in USA and pointed out that the S&L crises of the 1980's
was the main cause of the progress of securitization.
The term'securitization'began to penetrate into other areas and to include FRN,RUF and NIF in the Euro-markets. This trend was interpreted as a shift of financial
instruments for raising money from bank loans to negotiable securities. In otherwords, the shift from bank borrowing to new issues of securities is also securitizationin Japan.
The Euro-market had grown at very high speed since its birth mainly because
it offered flexible and efficient financial instruments, as it had no or less regulationcompared with domestic markets. In the 1980's, Japanese financial intermediaries,
investors and borrowers rushed into the market and became big players. Prof. M.
NUNOME, K. IRIE and others reported on the development of that market andcompared its market structure and practices with those of Japan. Some warned ofthe possibility of hollowing the Japanese market because of its rigidly regulated62

and less efficient market practices.
After the Second World War, the Japanese stock market was organized on thebasis of spot transaction. Future transaction was restricted as the pre-war stock
exchange based on future transaction was regarded too speculative. From the late1970's, futures and option markets began to develop in the USA and other markets,and fmancial innovation gave birth to sophisticated products such as swap transaction.
Mr. H. TAKAHASHI and others reported on the developments of future markets in
the USA. Prof. M. SUGIE and others argued the role of speculation and hedges in
the markets. Since Japanese markets accepted futures and option markets in thelate 1980's, Prof. M. KUNIMURA and others investigated pricing on the spot market
and futures market. Prof. K. OMURA found that volatility of stock prices increased
after the introduction of the stock index futures market and argued that it was caused
not by futures but by differences in transaction cost and an inadequate index. Mr.
M. YOSHIKAwA argued that the depressed state of the spot market after the collapseof the bubble was not caused by a shift of transactions into the futures market, andthat therefore new regulation of the futures market would not contribute toreactivation of the spot market.
5. RECONSTRUCTION OF MARKETS AFTER THE BUBBLE
Stock market prices peaked at the end of 1989 and then precipitated down.
Since then, the Japanese economy has been depressed and the stock market also has
been inactive. These depressed states have been reflected in the common themesof national conferences. In the spring of 1990 the common theme was Securities
Transaction in Globalized Markets, which was still the product of the bubble era.
In the autumn of 1991 the common theme was the Securities Industry and the Reformof the Financial System. That conference was held after revelation of the securities
scandal (compensation for investors'loss through unfair transactions with securities
companies). Prof. M. SUTOH argued that negotiable commission and deregulationof business areas are required in order to stop the incentives that brought forth
unfair trading. Mr. K. NIKAMI pointed out the homogeneous character of securities
companies in Japan compared with the US industry.
Since the spring of 1992, most common themes have been related to thedepressed state of the stock market. In spring 1992, the theme was Competition in
the Securities Market. Mr. M. SATO argued that abolition of fixed commission had
to take into account the depressed state of the industry and warned that it mightbring still greater concentration in the industry. Mr. M. HASEGAwA argued that weneeded a clear vision for the future. Prof. Y. SUZUKI pointed out that abolition of
fixed commission had to take into account the present regulation that required
concentration of orders into the stock exchange and that securities companies should
be brokers and not dealers.
The themes of the next four conferences were similar ones. They were63

Regeneration of the Securities Market, Reconsideration on the Emergence andCollapse of the Bubble, Reconstruction of the Japanese Securities Market, and Macro­
Economic Analysis of the Japanese Securities Market. And in spring 1995, thetheme was Hollowing the Japanese Capital Market. These themes suggest that theSociety is deeply concerned with the actual state of the securities market. However,
we have to remember that the Society is not a policy-making institution. Mr. K.
NIKAMI argued that we had to reconsider the integrated securities company as adesirable model. Prof. Y. KUMANO argued that the era of big securities companies
who controlled stock prices through their strong sales forces had ended and that
securities companies had to be flexible according to the market environment. Mr.
M. TAKEUCHI pointed out investors had to be cleverer for valuation of stock. Mr.
H. MINAGUCHI argued that as we already had many reform plans for a market­
oriented system, the matter was how to realize them.
When we examine the records of the Society in retrospect, we have to admitthat we are engaged in tracing or following the actual development of the markets
both domestic and international. It is true that since the establishment of the Society
securities markets have developed at too high a speed and changed too much for us
to understand them properly. Therefore, most members are forced to keep theireyes on the movements of actual developments. However, it seems to be the time
for us to combine theoretical study with historical and empirical study. Moreover,
we require more discussion on subjects than just information.
(Joji KOBAYASHI, Aoyama Gakuin University)

64

SOCIO-ECONOMIC HISTORY SOCIETY
The Socio-Economic History Society, founded in 1930, held its 65th Annual
Conference at Kyushu University in June 1996. The Society has a current
membership of approximately 1,200, and is one of the leading economic history
societies in Japan. The current president of the Society is Yoshiyuki SEKIGUCHI of
Yokohama National University.
Prominent among the Society's recent research activities has been its attempt
to reassess the role of economic history in the light of the dramatic breakup of thesocialist economic sphere, and the reunification of East and West Germany in October
1990.
One example of this attempt was the 60th Annual Conference of the Society,held at Keio University in October 1991. The theme of the conference, moderated
by Yasuo OKADA, was Economic History and Our Time. Since then, the Society
has continued its reassessment of economic history from a modern perspective by
devoting two Annual Conferences to this theme.
The 62nd Annual Conference, held at Aoyama Gakuin University in 1993,
took as its theme Business and Labor during World War II. According to conference
moderator Ryoichi MIWA, any attempt to study the Second World War from theviewpoint of economic history must first tackle the question of whether the effectsof such an extraordinary event as the War should be linked to the general trend of
economic history. Viewed from this perspective, we can say that the Second World
War brought about four major changes. First, the center of the global economy
moved from England to America, and the Pax Britannica gave way to the Pax
Americana. Second, dramatic changes occurred in the structure of capitalism itself.
The War stimulated the independence movements of many colonies, and brought toan end the system of colonial rule by developed capitalist countries. Third, thestructure of world trade changed. There was a move away from the prewar system
of autarchy and block economics towards the postwar GATT system of free trade.
Fourth, it is important to view the War within the framework of overall trends in theworld economy. The Great Crisis of 1929 divided nations into two camps: thosethat sought to deal with the Crisis by increasing defense spending, and those that
opted for increased public spending programs such as the New Deal.
Professor Miwa called for a comparative study of Japan, America, France, andGermany based on a linking of these four changes to the Second World War.
The first report, entitled 'The Japanese War Economy: a Comparative
Institutional Analysis', examined the case of Japan. Tetsuji OKAZAKI (the Universityof Tokyo) summed up as follows:This report offers an institutional analysis of the Japanese war economy from1937 to 1945. I focus on how a basic task common to every economic system, thatis to coordinate the activities of a large number of agents, was achieved in the Japanese65war economy. How was information communicated, and what incentive systems
were introduced to motivate people?
Tetsuji KAWAMURA (Teikyo University) examined the case of America in thesecond report of the Conference,'War Economy of World War II and Its Effects on
the Postwar Corporate System in the United States.' He summed up his report in
the following manner:
This report investigates the effects of World War II on the postwar U.S. corporate
system and labor relations. World War II was the crucial bridge between the Great
Depression of the 1930s and the postwar era of sustained growth.
The structuraltransformations which occurred in response to the exigencies of the war became themajor pillars of the postwar economy. This paper examines the characteristics of
the U.S. war-time mobilization scheme and the central features of the changes.
The third report,'The French War Economy and Economic Dirigisme during
the Occupation'was given by Terushi HARA (Waseda University) and wassummarized as follows:
The French war economy is characterized by the fact that the country was notindependent but occupied by Germany. In this report, the author tries to identify
some characteristics of the occupation economy during the war.
In the fourth and final report,Hisashi YANO (Keio University) examined 'Forced
Labor and the War-time Economy of Nazi Germany.' He made the following five
points:First,the war—time German economy was forced to mass-produce war munitions
without being fully prepared for such large-scale production.
Second,the war—time German labor pool was characterized by a preponderanceof foreign nationals, especially from the Soviet Union.
Third, the economic effects upon this majority of foreign workers differedaccording to the industry in which they were employed.
Those working in themunitions industry with its rationalized production plants received rational economic
treatment. In contrast, those employed in less rationalized industries received lessrational economic treatment.
Fourth,the productivity of foreign workers was not uniform, and should not betreated as such.
Finally, the Nazi labor system clearly discriminated between German andforeign laborers.
(Terushi HARA, Waseda University)

The 64th Annual Conference of the Society was held at the University of Tokyoin 1995. The theme of the conference was The Japanese Enterprise System since1945. It was the first time that the Socio-Economic History Society had adopted
the postwar Japanese economy as a conference theme.
66

There exists a general consensus among scholars of the Japanese economy inJapan, and to a wider extent among scholars of the Japanese economy in the West,
concerning the characteristic features of the Japanese economic and enterprisesystems. This consensus includes a shared recognition of a number of 'stylized
facts.' Among these 'stylized facts'can be numbered long-term employment, awage system based on seniority and experience, company-based labor unions, internal
promotion of middle managers, safe and stable stockholders, the main bank system,
and face-to-face transactions with long-term relationships and so on. All of these
may be considered parts, or sub-systems, of the Japanese enterprise system.
There is also at present an increased academic interest in the question of how
and when the Japanese enterprise system was created. Until the 1970s, a numberof influential theories ascribed the origins and unique features of this system toJapanese cultural characteristics. Such theories are no longer convincing. There isbroad agreement among scholars in the field that the parts or sub-systems of thepresent Japanese enterprise system began to emerge at the time of the First World
War, and that these sub-systems were first brought together in the present enterprisesystem during the period of high economic growth that began in the late 50s andearly 60s. Opinions on the reasons for the formation of this system are, however,divided.
One approach emphasizes the decisive impact of the introduction, at the timeof the Second World War, of a planned economy to further the war effort. This
switch to a planned economy created an irreversible change in Japan's hitherto Anglo­
Saxon-based system and, through path dependence, defined the characteristic featuresof Japan's postwar enterprise system. As mentioned above, this approach, basedon the CIA theory, was proposed by Tetsuji Okazalci in the first report of the 62nd
Annual Conference of the Society.
The other approach identifies the impact of the economic reforms instituted by
the Allied Forces in the postwar period of occupation as one of the leading factors
in the finalization of the Japanese enterprise system. This approach was proposed
in 1991, in a keynote presentation given by Juro Hashimoto at the 60th Annual
Conference. According to this approach, postwar reform of the Japanese economy
was an attempt, by both the government and GHQ, to rebuild the Japanese economy
along the lines of its American counterpart. This Americanization of the Japanese
economic system was carried out under the absolute authority of GHQ, and included
the introduction of the Anti-monopoly Law and the Fair Trade Commission, theintroduction of labor legislation based on the Wagner Act, the revision of commercial
law to bring it in line with American company legislation, the translation andenactment of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Law with an accompanying separationof banking and securities trading, and the introduction of a national public service
and the National Personnel Authority.
This approach also identifies one other important factor. At the same time as67

the Japanese economy was being converted to the American economic system, many
Japanese enterprise managers were making a determined effort to assimilate thebest of American management know-how and organization, and American
production methods. The theme of this conference was the dual Americanizationthat took place in the postwar period of economic reform, and the degree of impact
it had on the Japanese enterprise system.
The six conference theme reports made clear that the process of reorganizing
the subsystems of the newly-introduced American-style economic and enterprisesystem to accommodate them to the situation existing in Japan immediately after
the War - in other words, the Japanization of the American-style system - wasalso the process that gave rise to the Japanese enterprise system itself.
Each of the six conference theme reports took up a clearly defined theme andpresented the results of factual analysis. The conclusions reached may besummarized as follows:(1) Although the economic reforms aimed at a corporate governance structure basedon supervision of management by stockholders, they were hampered by a low levelof savings and resulted in the creation of stable stockholders and a system of internal
promotion of enterprise managers.
(2) Japan studied the American system of personnel evaluation in great depth, but
the Japanese system that developed proved to be far different from its job-related
American counterpart.
(3) Although Japanese companies learned American techniques of television design
and production, there was a strong incentive to develop a low-cost, small-size
television set to meet the requirements of Japanese consumers with limited housing
space and limited income.
(4) Limitations imposed by lack of specialization in the machine industry gave rise
to face-to-face transactions and long-term relationships between assemblers and asmall number of suppliers of parts and materials for durable consumer goods.
(5) Although the reform of the securities business assumed that the capital for plantinvestment would come from direct finance, most capital was raised by indirect
funding, and the preponderance of investments over savings gave rise to the mainbank system.
The above conference theme reports covered only a few of the topics that need
to be investigated, and the analyses contained in them may be incomplete. It is tobe hoped, therefore, that an increasing number of scholars will bring fresh approaches
and new analytical tools to an investigation of the theme of the Japanese Enterprise
System since 1945.
(Juro HASHIMOTO, University of Tokyo)

68List of Member Associations

1996

THE JAPAN ACCOUNTING ASSOCIATION
日本会計研究学会·Established: 1937
·Number of Members: 1,634·President: Kiyomitsu ARAI (Waseda University)·Publication: Monthly bulletin, Kaikei (Accounting)·Liaison Office of the Japan Accounting Association
c/o Moriyama Co., Hayashi Building,
1-10, Nishiki-cho, Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Doshisha University in September, 1997 with thesymposium "The Enlargement of the Accounting Recognation Areas."

THE AGRARIAN HISTORY SOCIETY
土地制度史学会·Established: 1948
·Number of Members: 929·Representative Director: Kanji ISHII (University of Tokyo)·Publication: Tochi Seido Shigaku (The Journal ofPolitical Economy and Economic History)- quarterly·The Political Economy and Economic History Society
c/o Faculty of Economics, University of Tokyo,
7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Yokohama National University on October 18-19, 1997
with some topics on Foreign Economic History as the main theme.

THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS SOCIETY OF JAPAN(Formerly: THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIC SOCIETY OF JAPAN)
日本農業経済学会·Established: 1924
·Number of Members: honorary 28, regular 1,156, associate (students) 145, cooperative 25·Chairman: Osamu SODA (University of Kyoto)·Publication: Bulletin of the Society, Nogyokeizai Kenkyu (Journal of Rural Economics)- quarterly·The Agricultural Economics Society of Japan
c/o Business Center for Academic Societies of Japan,
5-16-9, Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Tohoku University on April 2-3, 1997 with thesymposium "Rice Issues under the'New Staple Food Act': Production, Region and Marketing."

71

＇'I，!’11:J!.11『11:11',,:,:,::州I1」:,"'"'l' i,!',',11,1:,:i!叶,:ii'閃' i1iii1叫、,11J

瓢JAPAN SOCIETY FOR APPLIED MANAGEMENT (JSAM)

実践経営学会·Established: 1967
·Number of Members: 696·President: Takatsugu NATO (Emeritus, Nihon University)·Publication: The Practice of Management ぶ o. l-30)
News Letter - twice a year
·Japan Society for Applied Management (JSAM)
c/o Assistant Professor Takashi HIROI
College of Economics, Nihon University,
1-3-2, Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held in Yokohama in May 1997.

THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR ASIAN POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC STUDIES

アジア政経学会·Established: 1953
·Number of Members: 988·President: Katsuji NAKAGANE (University of Tokyo)·Publication: Asian Studies - quarterly·Japan Association for Asian Political and Economic Studies
c/oProfessor Akira ISHII
Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo,
3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held in October, 1997.

JAPAN AU団TING ASSOCIATION

日本監査研究学会·Established: 1978
·Number of Members: 421·President: Nobuo HIDA (Chuo University)·Publication: Monograph, Research Series - once a year
Modem Auditing - semi-annual journal·Japan Auditng Association
c/o Faculty of Business Administration, Kobe University,
2-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held in November, 1997.

72

JAPAN SOCIETY OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
日本経営学会·Established: 1926
·Number of Members: 2,049·President: Akio MORI (Kanazawa Gakuin University)·Publication: Keieigaku Ronshu - once a year
·Japan Society of Business Administration
c/oThe Office for Management Research, Faculty of Commerce, Hitotsubashi University,
2-1, Naka, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kansai University in the fall of 1997 with thesymposium "Environmental Change and Business Management."

THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR RESEARCH ON
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATIVE BEHAVIOR
経営行動研究学会·Established: 1991
·Number of Members: individual 281, corporate 4·Representative: Toshio KIKUCHI (Nihon University)·Publication: The Annals of The Japan Association for Research on Business Administrative
Behavior·The Japan Association for Research on Business Administrative Behavior
c/oThe Institute of Business Administrative Behavior,Tokyo Chuo Building, 401, 448, lidabashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Aoyama Gakuin University in July, 1997.

JAPAN BUSINESS ENGLISH ASSOCIATION (JBEA)
日本商業英語学会·Established: 1934
·Number of Members: honorary 2, regular 231, supporting 5: total 238·President: Katsumi ITO (Waseda University)·Publication: Nihon Shogyo Eigo Gakkai Kenkyu Nempo (JBEA Annual Sturies) - annually·Japan Business English Association
c/oProfessor Katsumi ITO
School of Commerce, Waseda University,
1-6-1, Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-50, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Chuo University on October 4-5, 1997.

73

BUSINESS HISTORY SOCIETY OF JAPAN

経営史学会·Established: 1964
·Number of Members: personal 800, institutioal 40·President: Hiroaki YAMAZAKI (Saitama University)·Publication: Japan Business History Review - quarterly
Japan Yearbook for Business History- annually·Business History Society of Japan
c/o Institute of Social Science, The University of Tokyo,
7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Fukuoka University on October 25-26, 1997.

JAPAN SOCIETY OF BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

日本経営数学会·Established: 1959
·Number of Members: 135·President: Setsuo OHNARI (Hitotsubashi University)·Publication: Annual Report of Japan Society of Business Matehmatics·Japan Society of Business Mathematics
c/o Professor Masatoshi KITAOKA,
School of Engineering, Kanagawa University,
3-27-1, Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama City 211, Japan

CIRIEC Japanese Section(International Center of Research and Information on Public and Co-operative Economy)

国際公共経済学会（公共•協同経済国際研究情報センタ ー 日本支部）·Established: 1985
·Number of Members: individual 318, cooperative 16·Representative: Hisao ONOE (Shiga University)·Publication: International Public Economy Study·CIRIEC Japanese Section
c/o Professor Shunzo NITTA
Faculty of Economics, Toyo University,
5-28-20, Hakusan, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at University of Tokyo in December, 1997 with thesymposium "Public Economy."74

JAPAN SOCIETY FOR COMMODITY SCIENCE
日本商品学会·Established: 1935
·Number of Members: Regular 255 including 9 foreigners, supporting 2·President: Masao UNO (Josai Kokusai University)·Publication: Quarterly bulletin, Shahin Kenkyu (Studies on Commodities)·Japan Society for Commodity Sciencec/o Hitotsubashi University,
2-1, Naka, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Seishu Junior College on May 24-25, 1997 with thesymposium "Problem of the Commodity with the Environmental Change on the Business."

THE ASSOCIATION FOR COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC STUDIES(Formerly: THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY IN SOICALIST ECONOMIES)
比較経済体制学会·Established: 1967
·Number of Members: 216·Chief Representative: Hiroyuki OKADA (Hosei University)·Publication: Bulletin of the Association for Comparative Economic Studies - annually·The Association for Comaparative Economic Studies
c/o Professor Manabu SUHARA
Nihon University,
1-3-2, Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, Japan.

JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF MANAGEMENT(Formerly: ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF SOCIALIST ENTERPRISE)
比較経営学会·Established: 1976
·Number of Members: 243·President: Shigeo AYUSAWA (Chuo University)·Publication: Annual Report of Japan Association for the Comparative Studies of Management·Japan Association for the Comparative Studies of Management
c/o Professor Shigeo AYUSAwA
Faculty of Commerce, Chuo University,
742-1, Higashinakano, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-03, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Chuo University on March 27-29, 1997 with theunified theme "Business Administration and Corporate Governance in Transitional Period."75

JAPAN ACADEMY FOR CONSUMPTION ECONOMY
日本消費経済学会·Established: 1974
·Number of Members: 503·Chief Representative: Shigeru NISHIMURA (Takushoku University)·Publication: Annals of the Japan Academy for Consumption Economy·Japan Academy for Consumption Economy
c/o Faculty of Commerce, Takushoku University,
3-4-14, Kohinata-cho, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112, JapanThe next annual meeting will be at Chuo Gakuin University on June 6-7, 1997.

THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY
経済社会学会·Established: 1966
·Number of Members: 378·President: Taketoshi NOJIRI (Osaka Gakuin University)·Publication: The Annals of the Society of Economic Sociology·The Society of Economic Sociology
c/o Professor Hisako INOUE
Department of Economics, Kobe University,
2-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Mukogawa Women's University on September 14-15,
1997 with the symposium "In Seach of the New Community."

THE SOCIETY FOR THE HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT
経済学史学会·Established: 1950
·Number of Members: 824·President: Hiroji NAKAMURA (Kumamoto Gakuen University)·Publication: The Annual Bulletin of the Society for the History of Economic Thought
The Society for the History of Economic Thought Newsletter
The Proceedings of Annual Meeting·The Society for the History of Economic Thought
c/o Professor Shigemi MURAMATSU
Kumamoto Gakuen University,
2-5-1, Oe, Kumamoto 862, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Fukui Prefectural University on November 8-9, 1997.

76

THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMICS AND ECONOMETRICS

理論・計量経済学会·Established: 1947
·Number of Members: 2,333· President: Keimei KAIZUKA (Chuo University)·Publication: The Japanese Economic Review·The Japan Association ofEconomics and Econometries
c/o The Institute of Statistical Research,
1-18-16, Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Waseda University on September 13-14, 1997.

THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHERS

経済地理学会·Established: 1954
·Number of Members: 757, patronage members: 7·President: Keiichi TAKEUCHI (Komazawa University)·Publication: Keizai Chirigaku Nempo (Annals ofthe Japan Association ofEconomic Geographers)- quarterly·The Japan Association ofEconomic Geographers
c/o Faculty of Economics, Hitotsubashi University, East Bldg.,
2-1, Naka, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held atNihon University on May 24-26, 1997 with the symposium"Restructuring and Revitalisation of Agriculture and Rural Settlements in Japan."JAPAN ECONOMIC POLICY ASSOCIATION

日本経済政策学会· Established: 1940
·Number of Members: individuals 1,285, institutional 6·President: Masu UEKUSA (University of Tokyo)·Publication: Nippon Keizai Seisaku Gakkai Nempo (The Annals of the Japan Economic Policy
Association) - annually·Japan Economic Policy Association
c/o Faculty of Economics, University of Tokyo,
7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Chuo Univeristy on May 24-25, 1997 with the symposium"Effectiveness ofEconomic Policy in Contemporary Japan."

77

JAPAN FINANCE ASSOCIATION

日本経営財務研究学会·Established: 1977
·Number of Members: 451·President: Michihiro IKOMA (Kinki University)·Publication: The Annual Report of the Japan Finance Association - annually·Japan Finance Association
c/o Faculty of Business Administration, Kobe University,
2-1, Rokkodai-cho, Naka-ku, Kobe 657, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Nagoya Gakuin University in October, 1997.

JAPAN ACADEMY FOR FOREIGN TRADE (JAFT)

日本貿易学会·Established: 1960
·Number of Members: 386·President: Hirokazu IINUMA (Wako University)·Publication: The Annual Bulletin of the Japan Academy for Foreign Trade
AFT News - twice yearly·Japan Academy for Foreign Trade
c/oProfessor Koji TSUBAKI
School of Commerce, Waseda University,
1-6-1, Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-50, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Hiroshima Shudo University on May 24-25, 1997 withthe symposium "International Trade and Overseas Investment in Asia in the 21st Century."

THE SOCIETY FOR INDUSTRIAL STUDIES

産業学会·Established: 1975
·Number of Members: 312·Representative: Minoru NISHIDA (Kwansei Gakuin University)·Publication: Annals of The Society for Industrial Studies Japan·The Society for Industrial Studies
c/oInstitute for Economic Research, Osaka City University,
3-3-138, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka-shi 558, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Hosei University at lchigaya, Tokyo on June 14-15,
1997 with the symposium "Economic Activities of Japanese Firms in East Asia."78THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INSURANCE SCIENCE

日本保険学会·Established: 1940
·Number of Members: honorary 8 including two foreigners, ordinary 1,331 including 37 foreigners,
supporting organizations 71·Chairman: Yutaka MAEKAWA (Keio University)·Publication: Journal of Insurance Science (Hoken-gaku Zasshり 一 quarterly·The Japanese Society of Insurance Science
c/o The Non-Life Insurance Institute of Japan,
Toa-Sangyo Bldg., 3-6, Kanda-Surugadai,Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Tohoku Gakuin University on October 24-25, 1997.

JAPANESE ASSOCIATION FOR INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STUDIES

国際会計研究学会·Established: 1984
· Number of Members: 471·President: Kiyoshi OGAWA (Waseda University)·Publication: Kokusai Kaikei Kenkyu Gakkai Nempo (Annual Report of Japanese Association
for International Accounting Studies)·Japanese Association for international Accounting Studies
c/o Professor Kiyoshi OGAWA
School of Commerce, Waseda University,
1-6-1, Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-50, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Aoyama Gakuin University, 1997.

THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS

国際経済学会·Established: 1950
· Number of Members: individuals 1,156, corporate 15·President: Masaru SAITO (Chuo University)·Publication: Kokusai-Keizai (International Economy) - two issues a year
·The Japan Society of International Economics
c/o Professor Takekazu IwAMOTO
Department of Economics, Kyoto University,
Yoshidahonmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Seinan Gakuin University in November, 1997. Definite
theme to be discussed is not yet decided.

79

JAPAN LOGISTICS SOCIETY

日本物流学会·Established: 1983
·Number of Members: individual 301, corporate 19·President: Masao UNO (Josai Kokusai University)·Publication: Journal of the Japan Logistics Society·Japan Logistics Society
c/o Professor Osamu NISHIZAwA
School of Commerce, Waseda University
1-6-1, Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-50, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Ryutsu Kagaku GijitsuUniversity undecided in September,
1997.

NIPPON ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT EDUCATION

日本経営教育学会·Established: 1979
·Number of Members: individual 844, corporate 16·Representative Manager: Seiichi FUJIYOSHI (University of East Asia)·Publication: Annals of the Nippon Academy of Management Education, published by theadministrative office of the academy·Nippon Academy of Management Education
c/o Yamashiro Keiei Kenkyujo,
4-8-4, Iidabashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Rissho University in June, 1997.

THE ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY

経営哲学学会·Established: 1984
·Number of Members: 285·Representative Manager: Kou MITO (Chukyo University)·Publication: Keiei Tetsugaku Ronshu (The Annual Report of the Academy of Management
Philosophy)·The Academy of Management Philosophy
c/o Professor Koji OHIRA, Meiji Gakuin University,
1-2-37, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Tezukayama University in September, 1997.

80

JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

日本経営システム学会·Established: 1981
·Number of Members: regular 380, advisory 3, corporate 3·President: Tomonori NISHKAWA (Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Technology)·Publication: Journal ofJapan Association for Management Systems, biannually and JAMS NEWS,quarterly·Japan Association for Management Systems
c/o Ohkura Bldg, 6F, 3-1-2, Nishhinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, JapanThe 18th national conference is supposed to be held at Nagoya University on May 10-11, 1997
with some topic of the Progress of Information Technology and Management Systems.

THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF MONETARY ECONOMICS

金融学会·Established: 1943
·Number of Members: 1,044·President: Ryoichi MIKITANI (Kobe Gakuin University)·Publication: Review of Monetary and Financial Studies - biannually·The Japan Society of Monetary Economics
c/o Toyo Keizai Shinpo-sha,
1-2-1, Hongoku-cho, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku Tokyo 103, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Chiba University of Commerce in Spring, 1997.

JAPAN SOCIETY OF MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION(FORMERLY: JAPAN SOCIETY OF COMMERCIAL SCIENCES)

日本商業学会·Established: 1951
·Number of Members: honorary 7, ordinary 824, supporting companies 15·President: Masanori TAMURA (Kobe University)·Publication: Journal of Japan Society of Marketing and Distribution - annually·Japan Society of Marketing and Distribution
c/o The Distribution Economics Institute of Japan,
The 3rd T.O.C. Bldg., 7-23-1, Nishigotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141, JapanThe 1997 Annual Conference will be held at Osaka City University on May 23-25, under thetheme "THE RECONSTRUCTION OF MARKETING THEORY: Its implication on Marketing
Concepts, Marketing Research Methodology and Marketing Management."81

THE ACADEMIC ASSOCIATION FOR ORGANIZATIONAL SCIENCE

組織学会·Established: 1959
·Number of Members: individual 1,463, company 26·President: Ikujiro NONAKA (Hitotsubashi University)·Publication: Organizational Science - quarterly·The Academic Association for Organizational Science
c/o Keiei Kenkyujo,
1-36, Kandajinbo-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Osaka University on October 24-25, 1997 with thesympsium "The Invisible in a System - toward a new paradigm for an information - andKnowledge-oriented Society."

JAPAN SOCIETY FOR PERSONNEL AND LABOR RESEARCH

日本労務学会·Established: 1970
·Number of Members: 752·Representative Director: Minoru HARADA (Kyushu International University)·Publication: Annual Report of Japan Society for Personnel and Labor Research·Japan Society for Personnel and Labor Researchc/oProfessor Minoru HARADA
Faculty of Economics, Kyushu Kokusai University,
5-9-1, Edamitsu, Yahatahigashi-ku, Kitakyushu 805, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Aichi GakuinUniversity in June, 1997 with the unified
theme "Emerging Employment System and Human Resturce Development."

JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR PLANNING ADMINISTRATION

日本計画行政学会·Established: 1977
·Number of Members: 1,308·President: Takashi Furn (Keio University)·Publication: Planning Administration - quarterly·Japan Association for Planning Administration
c/o The Institute of Statistical Research,
1-8-16, Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Asahi University on September 19-21, 1997 with thesymposium "Global Network Society and Planning Administration."82

JAPAN SOCIETY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY

経済理論学会·Established: 1959
·Number of Members: 1,041· ChiefRepresentative: Mitsuhiko TSURUTA (Chuo University)·Publication: The Annual Bulletin of the Society of Political Economy - annually·Japan Society of Political Economy
c/o Professor Mitsuhiko TSURUTA
Chuo University,742, Higashinakano, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-03,JapanThe next annual meeting will be held atNihon University on October 25-26, 1997.

THE POPULATION ASSOCIATION OF JAPAN

日本人口学会·Established: 1948
·Number of Members: 367, honorary 8, students 19, special corporate 4, corporate 4· President: Kiichi YAMAGUCHI (Tokyo Kasei Gakuin University)·Publication: Jinkogaku Kenkyu (The Journal of Population Studies)·Population Association ofJapan
c/o Institute of Population Problems, Ministry of Health and Welfare,
1-2-2, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100,JapanThe next annual meeting will be held atReitaku University onJune 13-14, 1997 with thesymposium "The Future and Destiny of Population and Civilization."JAPAN PORT ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION

日本港湾経済学会·Established: 1962
·Number of Members: 350·Representative Manager: Toshiro KITANI (Shizuoka Sangyo University)·Publication: Ko wan Keizai Kenkyu (The Annual Report ofthe Japan Port Economics Association)·Japan Port Economics Association
c/o Yokohama Yamashita-Futo Kowan Keizai Center,279-1, Yamashita-cho,Naka-ku, Yokohama, 231,JapanThe next annual meeting will be held inNagoya on October 29-31, 1997 with the symposium"Problems inRegionalization of Port Functions."

83THE JAPAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC FINANCE(Formerly: JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF FISCAL SCIENCE)

日本財政学会·Established: 1940
·Number of Members: 665·Chairman: Hidehiro ICHIKAWA (Chuo University)·Publication: Annual Report of the Japan Institute of Public Finance·The Japan Institute of Public Financec/o The Institute of Statistical Research,
1-18-16, Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held a Toyo University, 1997.

THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF PUBLIC UTILITY ECONOMICS

公益事業学会·Established: 1949
·Number of Members: regular members 410, corporation members 75·Chairman: Hiroshi SASAKI (Kobe University)·Publication: Journal of Public Utility Economics·Koeki Jigyo Gakkai (The Japan Society of Public Utility Economics)
c/o 1-12-31, Minamiaoyama, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at University of Tokyo on June 7-8, 1997 under the theme"Structural Change in Regulated Industries."

THE JAPAN SECTION OF THE REGIONAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONAL

日本地域学会·Established: 1962
·Number of Members: 598·President: Yoshio KIMURA (Chukyo University)·Publication: Studies in Regional Science (Chiikigaku Kenkyu)-the Journal of the Japan Sectionof RSAIVol.23. No. I (in Japanese) & No.2 (in English) - annually·The Japan Section of the Regional Science Association International
c/o Professor Hirotada KOHNO
The Research Institute for Regional Advancement,
Yoshinuma 1459-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-26, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Keiai University on September 27-28, 1997 with thesymposium "Development of Information Infrastructure and its Impact on Regional Economy."84

JAPAN RISK MANAGEMENT SOCIETY
日本リクスマネジメント学会·Established: 1978
·Number of Members: individual 565, supporting 44·Representative Management: Toshiaki KAMEi (Kansai University)·Publication: ]ARMS Report (Report and Insurance Management)·Society for the Study of Risk Management
c/o Professor Toshiaki KAMEi
School of Commerce, Kansai University,
35-3-3, Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Waseda University in September, 1997.

THE SOCIETY FOR THE ECONOMIC STUDIES OF SECU印TIES
証券経済学会·Established: 1966
·Number of Members: 534·Representative: Hiroo HAMADA (St. Andrew's University Momoyama Gakuin Daigaku)·Publication: Annals of the Society for the Economic Studies of Securities - annually·Society for the Economic Studies of Securities
c/o Japan Securities Research Institute,Tokyo Shoken Kaikan,
1-5-8, Nihonbashi-Kayaba-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Aoyama Gakuin University in Spring 1997.

THE SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF SOCIAL POLICY
社会政策学会·Established: 1950
·Number of Members: 882·Representative: Kazuo TAKADA (Hitotsubashi University)·Publication: SHAKAISEISAKU GAKKAI NEMPO (Annual of the Society for the Study ofSocial Policy)·Society for the Study of Social Policy
c/o Faculty of Social Sciences, Hitotsubashi University,
2-1, Naka, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186, JapanThe next annual meetings will be held in Spring 1997 with the symposium "Life and Labor in
Asia," and in autumn 1997 "100 Years of Social Policy in Japan."85

SOCIO-ECONOMIC HISTORY SOCIETY
社会経済史学会·Established: 1930
·Number of Members: 1,208·Representative Director: Yoshiyuki SEKIGUCHI (Yokohama National University)·Publication: Shakai Keizai Shigaku (Socio-Economic History) - bimonthly·Shakai Keizaishi Gakkai (Socio-Economic History Society)c/o Professor N. NAMBU
School of Political Science and Economics, Waseda University,
1-6-1, Nishiwaseda, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 169-50, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Tohoku University on 31 May and 1 June, 1997 with thesymposium "Regional Industrialization and Its Institutional Contexts."

JAPAN STATISTICAL SOCIETY
日本統計学会·Established: 1931
·Number of Members: 1,358·President: Kei TAKEUCHI (Meiji Gakuin University)·Publication: Journal of the Japan Statistical Society - biannually·Japan Statistical Society
c/o The Institute of Statistical Mathematics,
4-6-7, Minami-Azabu, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106, JapanThe next annual meeting will be hosted by Osaka University, Osaka, and held on July 22-25,
1997.

JAPAN SOCIETY OF TRANSPORTATION ECONOMICS
日本交通学会·Established: 1941
·Number of Members: 366 regular members including 8 advisory individuals and 43 special
corporations·President: Yukihide OKANO (Soka University)·Publication: Kotsugaku Kenkyu (Annual Report of Transportation Economics)·Japan Society of Transportation Economics (Nihon Kotsu Gakkai)
c/o Unyu-Chosa-Kyoku,
7-1-1, Ueno, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110, JapanThe next annual Meeting will be held at Daito Bunka University in October, 1997.

86

NIPPON URBAN MANAGEMENT AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH ASSOCIATION

日本地方自治研究学会·Established: 1984
·Number of Members: individual 260, group 7·Representative Manager: REI SHIRATORI (Tokai University)·Publication: Journal of Urban Management and Local Government Research (Annals ofNippon
Urban Management and Local Government Research Association)·Nippon Urban Management Research Association
c/o Seibunsha Pub. Co.,
7-2, Minami-Ogimachi, Kita-ku, Osaka 530, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kansai University on October 9-10, 1997 under thecommon theme "Decentralization."

87This Information Bulletin is designed to serve as an introduction of the academic activities ofmember associations of the Union to economic societies throughout the world. Copies will be
distributed by the secretariat of the Union to libraries and institutions in other countries whosenames have been given by member associations of the Union.