Ì Ì VX¬²<ĤĸĢĠĲÌ

Yd{µłĄđ\č´ÉÌê®lÌ ñĩĵĲħĢļđ¬²µòĽÔÒÓÛľÌ ğºĔöċêÌgjÌ ÜÌ Ì ÔÒÓÛGÛnÔÚgĽ2ľÍÌÔÛgĽgľÌ ÓÕÜÒÒÓÚÜÕÒÌ
5Ì łÌ VX6;<ĢĳĺĭħÌ #ËįļķÌ

¶EĽ7ÇľłÌ ¼IĻ9xĻDFĻ©B(Ì(łÌ ©B(ÌłVX6;<¬²d"ZÌ
http://www.icl.keio.ac.jp
mail: genbu@icl.keio.ac.jphÌÌYd{µđ±øĚØÒGđvnù|ĝíþđµė÷÷úû8"íYÀĀąîþđÂíþđµĐÃĂĜt³lĘĩĵĲħĢļµđÊôėb:ûÿĝąùí
ĄđďøČėíNeil Smith and Nick Allott, CHOMSKY: Ideas and Ideals (third edition,
C.U.P. 2016)ĒíĩĵĲħĢļµđp¸ğ}úJěĐĀíLđ:CĐĜRğĞô@Āą+¥čôöĜîÔÒÓÛGÔní*lđÎ`yµđğÄûÏ®lñĩĵĲħĢļ
đ¬²µļĄđøĚmeµĔČòÌ Ľ

¼Ií9xíDFí©

B(®íekľù¦ÿĝąîþĝğuĐí®Ł+Ēíplđ¿ªď½÷ęēícontroversialÌ ď½ğ'ěóýíĄĝĚĐĉôċí%!č·µğĖċôúąôčöĜî)¶EĒíplđHğºĔöďùĚ0Éğ_¹ĂĜþčĐęĈċíþ
đØÒGÂđĩĵĲħĢļµğ\ĂĜččėĐíMđAo÷ęē´ÉğµāĜîÌÌÝÓÞÌ 

¼IÌ Ľq¾;<+°a^ľÌÌ Ì Ì ï¬²ĒÈ¢đ9½ĐóĜđø½ĐóĜđøð
ë¬²ìčûč:ûđĒï£đÈđ9ĐóĜUĻĀúąěðč]öùćĆîþĝĐ>ĂĜĩĵĲħ

Ģļđï¬²3³ðđ¸ğiĚøĐĀíßéæáßçÌâèÌâäßàåãÌ čĀċYd{[ğ¯ĕĜîÌÝÔÞÌ 9xÌ ĽĬĹġ;<=..ľÌÌ Ì Ì ïtQPSĒĎþĔČ»YÿĝąøðĩĵĲħĢļđ¬²µĒÔÒÒÚGČĿĉđ»Đ»ĀąùíĄđMÔÒÓÕGÐÌÔÒÓ×GČĶĮķµčôõeąďAÁùóĈąîþĝĚđYrğcĀíMđ´ÉğtQPSđ«øĚs­ĂĜîÌÝÕÞÌ DFÌ Îq¾;<+°a^ÏÌÌïĩĵĲħĢļµčO<łNííÿĚĐa
¬²NĘ¬²íðÌwďzĐ÷üĜu¡ÅďĎđO<Īļİč¬²µčđ&f,đÃĘKÆğs­ĀíÿĚĐĩĵĲħĢļµĐ4ĊûaµĐĉôċėöĜîÌÌÝÖÞÌ ©B(Ì ĽVX6;<+°a^Ļi~;<+°a^ľÌÌ Ì ïĩĵĲħĢļµč/<łf{µ£č3ðÌďă/<ĒĩĵĲħĢļµĐNĀďôđøí¬¤čđÃĘĤıĴīģļĥĵĺđ0ÉĒďăµ¬²<đ?ĐĚďôđøíĩĵĲħĢļđöĜï¬¤đT-ðčĒøíčôĈą
0Éğs­ĂĜîÌ

1ĨġĲħģĦĴļķÌ
Ń½ńÌ Ì ÔÒÓÛGÛnÔÚgĽ2ľÌ ÓÕÜÒÒÓÚÜÕÒÌÌ ÓÕÜÒÒÑÓÕÜÓÒÌ óôÿĉÌ #$1ÌÌ Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì h³iÌ ©B(ÌÌ ÓÕÜÓÒÑÓÖÜÓÒÌ ï¬²ĒÈ¢đ9½ĐóĜđø½ĐóĜđøðÌ ĄđÓÌÌ ÌÌ Ì Ì Ì Ì ÌÌÌÌÌ Ì ¼IÌ

Ì ÓÖÜÓÒÑÓÖÜÔÒÌ Ì Ì WÌÌ ÓÖÜÔÒÑÓ×ÜÔÒÌ Ì ïtQPSĒĎþĔČ»YÿĝąøðÌ ĄđÓÌÌ Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì 9xÌÌ Ó×ÜÔÒÑÓ×ÜÕÒÌ Ì Ì WÌÌ Ó×ÜÕÒÑÓØÜÕÒÌ ÌïĩĵĲħĢļµčO<łNííÿĚĐaðÌ ĄđÓÌÌ Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì DFÌ ÌÌ ÓØÜÕÒÑÓØÜÖÒÌ Ì Ì WÌÌ ÓØÜÖÒÑÓÙÜÖÒÌ Ì ïĩĵĲħĢļµč/<łf{µ£č3ðÌ Ąđ ÓÌÌ Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì ©B(ÌÌ ÓÙÜÖÒÑÓÚÜÕÒÌ Ì ­µÌ Ľ(Ì ©B(ľÌÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÌŃ

½ńÌ Ì ÔÒÓÛGÛnÔÛgĽgľÌ ÓÕÜÒÒÓÚÜÕÒÌÌ ÓÕÜÒÒÑÓÕÜÓÒÌ óôÿĉÌ #$1ÌÌ Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì ĒāĖĐÌ ©B(ÌÌ ÓÕÜÓÒÑÓÖÜÓÒÌ ï¬²ĒÈ¢đ9½ĐóĜđø½ĐóĜđøðÌ ĄđŀÌÌ ÌÌ Ì Ì Ì Ì ÌÌÌÌÌ Ì ¼IÌ

Ì ÓÖÜÓÒÑÓÖÜÔÒÌ Ì Ì WÌÌ ÓÖÜÔÒÑÓ×ÜÔÒÌ Ì ïtQPSĒĎþĔČ»YÿĝąøðÌ ĄđŀÌÌ Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì 9xÌÌ Ó×ÜÔÒÑÓ×ÜÕÒÌ Ì Ì WÌÌ Ó×ÜÕÒÑÓØÜÕÒÌ ÌïĩĵĲħĢļµčO<łNííÿĚĐaðÌ ĄđŀÌÌ Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì DFÌ ÌÌ ÓØÜÕÒÑÓØÜÖÒÌ Ì Ì WÌÌ ÓØÜÖÒÑÓÙÜÖÒÌ Ì ïĩĵĲħĢļµč/<łf{µ£č3ðÌ ĄđŀÌÌ Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì ©B(ÌÌ ÓÙÜÖÒÑÓÚÜÕÒÌ Ì ­µÌ Ľ(Ì ©B(ľÌ2໪ ࣏

༃ंΉ͓͗͘
୊̑൝΃͹঄ช
࠸൝΃͹঄ช
ॵ൝΃͹঄ช

঄࿨ ᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹ οϥϞηΫʖ͹‫੹ۂ‬ ຽ૟ͳӪ‫ڻ‬༃஭୊̏হ ৼ͹‫ ں‬ᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹ ঄  ઈ Ռָͳ͢ͱ͹‫ָޢݶ‬ ཀྵ૟Կ͹ຌ࣯ αϠϱιϱη Ϡζϣʖϩ੓ ‫ؽ‬೵෾཯͹್๏޴੓
 Ϡζϣʖϩͳ६Ϡζϣʖϩ எ೵ͳָस ‫ޢݶ‬೵ྙͳ‫ޢݶ‬ӣ༽ ‫ޢݶ‬೵ྙͳช๑
 ‫  و‬ଉ , ‫ޢݶ ( ͳޢݶ‬ ‫ޢݶ‬ӣ༽ɼ౹‫ޢ‬մੵɼͨ͢ͱ‫༽ޢ‬࿨ ౹‫ޢ‬մੵదߡࡱ
 ‫༽ޢ‬࿨దߡࡱ
 ‫ޢݶ‬೵ྙͳ‫ޢݶ‬ӣ༽ ଲ , ‫ޢݶ ( ͳޢݶ‬ ਒Կͳਫ਼ಚ੓
 ‫֭ޢݶ‬ಚ ࢙ܻ͹සࠖ

3 ‫ޢ‬͹қັ ෕ษ੓ ࣙષ‫ߡࢧͳޢݶ‬͹‫ޢݶ‬ གྷ ༁༃஭୊̐হ ‫ޢݶ‬͹‫خ‬൭ ᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹ ঄ ઈ Ձ͗ୣ੔͠Η͖ͪʃ ᴹ ͯ͹ଧ౲੓ ϝωϜϨηφʀϕϫήϧϞ ‫ޢݶ‬͹எࣟ ϪΫεαϱ ߑଆ͹எࣟ ߑଆ‫ܐؖ‬͹எࣟ ‫ى‬फ़దଧ౲੓
 ‫ࣞܙ‬దഐ‫ܢ‬ නࣖϪϗϩ ߑ੔ોͳ‫و‬ଉ ਄૜ߑଆ
 ‫ى‬फ़ ଲ ઈ໎ ઈ໎దଧ౲੓Ν໪ࢨ͢ͱ
 ‫و‬ଉ͖Δ‫ݬ‬ཀྵ΃ ۡߑଆ‫و‬ଉ͹ഉࢯ  ; ώʖཀྵ࿨ ౹ིʀ଍ളཀྵ࿨
 ร‫ܙ‬͹ஏҒ ‫ݬ‬ཀྵͳϏϧϝν ‫ޢ‬ኰ൥ᙟͳ‫ؽ‬೵൥ᙟ ઈ໎దଧ౲੓Νӿ͓ͱ ϝωϜϨθϞʤ‫ۅ‬ঘकٝʥ
 ηϏϩνࣞ‫ָޢݶ‬ʤ6SDUWDQOLQJXLVWLFVʥᴹ ϝωϜϨθϞ͹੔෾ ‫ࡃܨ‬੓ ʤࣰ࣯৏͹ʥ֕೨దචષ੓
 ୊ࢀགྷҾ͹ߡྂ ࣰ ૹ

4 ‫׮‬ᘵ͵౹‫ޢ‬࿨̔ ୪Թ͢ ᴹ ྼ࢛ద‫ܨ‬գ ਒ Կ ୊ࢀགྷҾ༃஭୊̑হ ͞ͳͻͳৼཀྵָ ᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹ ঄ ઈ  ҾՎ‫ͳܐؖ‬ઈ໎ ཀྵ࿨ͳυʖν ߨಊकٝ̑ ৼཀྵదࣰࡑ੓ͳৄ‫ڎ‬͹੓࣯ ʰৼཀྵָదʱΉͪͺʰ‫ָޢݶ‬దʱৄ‫ڎ‬ʃ ௜ ؏̒ ‫ॴޢݶ‬ཀྵ ෵ࡸ੓͹ഁਫ਼ཀྵ࿨
 ช๑ͳ౹‫ޢ‬մੵ‫ح‬ մੵ໲ୌ
 ‫ࡃܨ‬੓̓ ‫֭ޢݶ‬ಚʤϕϧφϱ͹໲ୌʥ ‫͓گ‬Ζ͹͖ɼͨΗͳ΍‫͓گ‬ΔΗΖ͞ͳ͵͢Ͷָ΁͹͖ ָस͖੔ௗ͖
 Ϗϧϝν͹અఈ ྡֆ‫غ‬Հઈ ੔ ज़̔ ‫ޢݶ‬බཀྵ ೶ྌ൅ୣ෈સ
 ଡ‫༽࢘ޢݶ‬͹ళ࠿ ಝҡ‫্֒ޢݶ‬̕ ߨಊकٝं͹ൕܺ αϋέεϥωθϞ ߑ੔कٝͳ౹‫ܯ‬దָस ૓൅कٝ̖ ݃ ࿨༃஭

5୊̒হ ఫָదࣰࡑ࿨ʗʗ οϥϞηΫʖ͗༫ͤΖཱི৖ͳͨΗΝΌ͛Ζ࿨૬ ᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹᴹ ঄ ઈ οϥϞηΫʖ͗༫ͤΖཱི৖ ৼͶͯ͏ͱ͹ࣰࡑ࿨ ਫ਼ಚదߑଆ
 ๏๑࿨దࣙષकٝ
 ࠸; , ‫ޢݶ‬Ͷͯ͏ͱ නࣖͳԍࢋ ৼཀྵकٝ
 ߻ཀྵकٝͳ‫ޢݶ‬͹எࣟ οϥϞηΫʖΝΌ͛Ζ࿨૬ ‫ޢݶ‬Ͷͯ͏ͱ͹಼ࡑकٝ
 ‫ޢݶ‬Ͷͯ͏ͱ͹֐Ԉकٝద‫ݡ‬մ ‫ͳޢݶ‬αϝϣωίʖεϥϱ қັͶͯ͏ͱ͹಼ࡑकٝ
 ਫ਼ಚ੓
 ৼਐ໲ୌ
 ౹ҲԿͳؒ‫ݫ‬ ݃ ࿨༃஭‫ ݬ‬஭ช ‫ݛ‬
ਕ໌ࡩӀ
ࣆߴࡩӀ

6



 

7



 



ゝㄒࡣ㢌⬻ࡢእ㒊࡟࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ෆ㒊࡟࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ 㸦ࡑࡢ㸯㸧         ௒஭㑥ᙪ➨㸯❶ ᚰࡢ㙾 㸯㸬ᗎㄝ ࠕゝㄒࡢ◊✲ࡣே㛫ࡢᚰࢆ◊✲ࡍࡿධࡾཱྀ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ
 ේ ࠕື≀ࡢゝㄒࠖࡣ࡝࠺ࡍࡿࡢ࠿㸽 ত  ゝㄒࢆᣢࡘࡢࡣᡃࠎே㛫ࡔࡅࠋ࡝࠺࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ᡃࠎࡀ၏୍↓஧࡞Ꮡᅾ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࢆ
⌮ゎࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊᡃࠎࡀᣢࡘゝㄒ⬟ຊࡀ୰ᚰⓗ࡞せ⣲࡜࡞ࡿࠋ 㸨⬻ࡢ୰࡟࠶ࡿゝㄒ⬟ຊࢆ✲ࡵࡿ э ゝㄒෆᅾㄽࠋ  㸨ࢥࣔࣥࢭࣥࢫⓗゝㄒほࡣእᅾㄽ 㹙ᚋ㏙㹛 㸨࢚ࣥࢪࢽ࢔࣭ᩘᏛ⪅࣭ㄽ⌮Ꮫ⪅࣭ᚰ⌮Ꮫ⪅ࡢ㛫࡛ࡣࠊᩥ࡞࠸ࡋⓎヰࡢ㞟ྜࡣࡑࡢゝㄒ࠿ࡽ⊂❧ࡋࡓ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢ⤯ᑐⓗᆅ఩ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡓ࠸ᙉ࠸ḧᮃࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
㸰㸬⛉Ꮫ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢゝㄒᏛࠕゝㄒᏛࡣゝㄒ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡀ࡞ࡐࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᛶ᱁ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ୍⯡ⓗㄝ᫂ཎ⌮ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡶࡢࠖ
㸨⤫୍⛉Ꮫ㸦XQLILHGVFLHQFH(LQKHLWVZLVVHQVFKDIW㸧э %ORRPILHOGේ ⛉Ꮫ࡜ࡣᐈほⓗ࡛ṇ☜࡞グ㏙࡛࠶ࡿࠋত ┿ࡢ⛉Ꮫࡣࠊ᫂♧ⓗグ㏙ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ᫂♧ⓗ࡞ㄝ᫂ཎ⌮ࢆᥦ౪ࡋᚓࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡭ࡁࡔࠋ       ේ ࠿ࡢ೧኱࡞ࡿ࢖࢙࣒ࣝࢫࣞ࢘㸦/RXLV+MHOPVOHY㸧ࡣ +MHOPVOHY

࡛ࠕゝㄒ⌮ㄽࡣ⥙⨶ⓗグ㏙ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡭ࡁࡔࠖ࡜ゝࡗࡓࡋࠊ⌧௦ࡢᵓᩥᩥἲ㸭ㄆ▱ゝㄒᏛࡶྠᵝࠋḟࡢᘬ⏝ࢆぢࡼࠋ㸦㸯㸧ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢゝㄒࡣࠊ஫࠸࡟ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢグ㏙ࣞ࣋ࣝ㸦㡢ኌࠊᩥἲࠊ㎡᭩ࠊព࿡㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚ᇶᮏⓗ࡟␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢゝㄒ࡟ඹ㏻ࡍࡿᵓ㐀ⓗᒓᛶࢆࡓࡗࡓ୍ࡘ࡛ࡶぢฟࡍࡢࡣᴟࡵ࡚㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋ㸦㹙㹊㹛DQJXDJHVGLIIHUVRIXQGDPHQWDOO\IURPRQHDQRWKHU

8DWHYHU\OHYHORIGHVFULSWLRQ VRXQGJUDPPDUOH[LFRQPHDQLQJ WKDWLWLVYHU\KDUGWRILQGDQ\VLQJOHVWUXFWXUDOSURSHUW\WKH\VKDUH㸧 (YDQVDQG/HYLQVRQ㸧ࢹ࣮ࢱ࠿ࡽࡢᖐ⣡㸟㸦㸰㸧ゝㄒ㸻ᮏ⬟ㄝࡣࠊࣄࢺࡢ㉥ࢇᆓࡣゝㄒࢆᏛࡪࡓࡵ࡟࠶ࡽ࠿ࡌࡵഛ࠼௜ࡅࡽࢀࡓ⿦
⨨ࢆᣢࡗ࡚ࡇࡢୡ࡟⏕ࡲࢀ࡚ࡃࡿࡢࡔ࡜୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡔ࠿ࡽゝㄒࡣᏛ⩦⪅ᮏேࡀఱࡢດຊࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊ⮬ືⓗ࡟ฟ⌧ࡍࡿࡢࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡔࠋࡑࡢཎᅉࡣᡃࠎே㛫࡟ࡣᬑ㐢ᩥἲࢆഛ࠼࡚⏕ࡲࢀ࡚ࡃࡿ࠿ࡽࡔࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡔ㸬㸬㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸬㸬㸬ゝㄒⓗᬑ㐢ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺⚄ヰࡣ㸬㸬㸬ㅖゝㄒ㛫ࡢከᵝᛶ࣭୙ྠᛶࡢ◊✲㹙࠿ࡽࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿ㹛㸬㸬㸬ドᣐ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚཯ドࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 7KHODQJXDJHDVLQVWLQFWWKHVLVFODLPVWKHKXPDQEDELHV HQWHU WKH ZRUOG SUHHTXLSSHG WR OHDUQ ODQJXDJH /DQJXDJH HPHUJHVHIIRUWOHVVO\DQGDXWRPDWLFDOO\$QGWKLVLVEHFDXVHZHDUHDOOERUQZLWKD
8QLYHUVDO*UDPPDU㸬㸬㸬%XW㸬㸬㸬WKHP\WKRIODQJXDJHXQLYHUVDOVLVFRQWUDGLFWHGE\WKHHYLGHQFH͐㹙SURYLGHGE\㹛WKHVWXG\RIFURVVOLQJXLVWLFGLYHUVLW\  (YDQVE  ┿ ࡢ ⛉ Ꮫ ࡟ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ࠊ ₇ ⧢ ἲ ๎ ⓗ ㄝ ᫂ GHGXFWLYHQRPRORJLFDO

H[SODQDWLRQ ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡡࡤ࡞ࡽࡠ㸸ㄝ᫂㡯࡟ࡣᚲࡎ㸦㠀␲ఝ㸧඲⛠࿨㢟࡟ࡼࡿ୍⯡ἲ๎ࡀྵࡲࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋFI௒஭ D SS
㸦㸱㸧ࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝ㸦㸻ㄆ▱ゝㄒᏛ㸧ࡢ๓ᥦⓗ⪃࠼ࡣࠊゝㄒ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣ⮬ᕫ඘㊊ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊࡲࡓࠊㄆ▱ⓗ㐣⛬࡬ࡢᮏ㉁ⓗ࡞㛵㐃࣭ཧ↷࡞ࡋ࡟グ㏙࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ ࡞ ࠸ ࠊ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ࡇ ࡜ ࡔ ࠋ 㸦 >7@KLV PRGHO DVVXPHV WKDW ODQJXDJH LV QHLWKHUVHOIFRQWDLQHG QRU GHVFULEDEOH ZLWKRXW HVVHQWLDO UHIHUHQFH WR FRJQLWLYH
SURFHVVLQJ͐㸧 㸦/DQJDFNHU㸧㸦㸲㸧㹙⏕ᡂᩥἲᐙࡣࠊே㛫ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ゝㄒࢆ౑࠼ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ࠸࡟ࡣࠊ㹛ே㛫ࡣ⏕≀Ꮫⓗ࡟⏕ᚓⓗ࡞ゝㄒ≉᭷ࡢᬑ㐢ཎ⌮ࢆഛ࠼࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᬑ㐢ཎ⌮ࡣලయⓗᐇ౛࡟㐼㐝ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ᭱ᑠࡢᚤㄪᩚࡋ࠿ᚲせ࡜ࡋ࡞࠸ࠊ࡜࠸࠺⟅࠼ࢆฟࡍ㸬㸬㸬ゝㄒࡣఱࡢࡓࡵ࡟࠶ࡿࡢ࠿㸽㹙⏕ᡂᩥἲᐙ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㹛ࡇࡢタၥࡣ⛉Ꮫ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢඃඛ஦㡯࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋゝㄒࡢᶵ⬟࡜࠿ࠊゝㄒ࡟ࡼࡿఏ㐩࡜࠿ࠊព࿡୍⯡࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⛉Ꮫࡀ⤊ࢃࡗ࡚࠿ࡽ⪃࠼ࢀࡤ࠸࠸ࡇ࡜ࡔ㸬㸬㸬ࡇࡢࠊᴟ➃࡟⮬ᚊⓗ࡞ゝㄒほ࡜ࡣᑐ↷ⓗ࡟ࠊㄆ▱ゝㄒᏛࡣ᫇࡞ࡀࡽࡢఏ⤫ࢆ᚟άࡉࡏࡓࠋࡇࡢఏ⤫࡟ᚑ࠼ࡤࠊゝㄒࡣព࿡ࢆ⦅ࡳฟࡋࠊࡑ
ࢀࢆఏ㐩ࡍࡿᙺ๭ࢆᢸࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊゝㄒᏛ⪅࡜ㄆ▱⛉Ꮫ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊゝㄒ࡜ࡣ⢭⚄࣭㢌⬻ࢆ▱ࡿࡓࡵࡢなࡁ❆ࡢᙺࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ㸦>7@KH\FRPHHTXLSSHG
ELRORJLFDOO\ ZLWK LQQDWH ODQJXDJHVSHFLILF XQLYHUVDOV WKDW UHTXLUH RQO\PLQLPDOILQHWXQLQJZKHQH[SRVHGWRDSDUWLFXODUVSHFLPHQ㸬㸬㸬:KDWLVODQJXDJH
IRU"7KHVWRU\KHUHLVWKDWWKLVTXHVWLRQLVQRWDSULRULW\IRUWKHVFLHQWLVW

9

:HFDQZRUU\ODWHUDERXWIXQFWLRQFRPPXQLFDWLRQDQGPHDQLQJJHQHUDOO\㸬㸬㸬,QFRQWUDVWWRWKLVVKDUSO\DXWRQRPRXVYLHZRIODQJXDJHVWUXFWXUHFRJQLWLYH
OLQJXLVWLFVKDVUHVXUUHFWHGDQROGHUWUDGLWLRQ,QWKDWWUDGLWLRQODQJXDJHLV
LQWKHVHUYLFHRIFRQVWUXFWLQJDQGFRPPXQLFDWLQJPHDQLQJDQGLWLVIRUWKH
OLQJXLVWDQGFRJQLWLYHVFLHQWLVWZLQGRZLQWRWKHPLQG㸧ࠖ )DXFRQQLHU  㸨㹙㛵㐃ᛶ⌮ㄽࡣ㛵㐃ᛶཎ⌮ࢆⓎぢࡋࠊㄒ⏝ㄽⓗ㐣⛬ࡀளே᱁ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿
࡟ࡋࡓࡀ㹛ㄆ▱ゝㄒᏛࡣࠊࣇ࢛࣮ࢥࢽ࢚ࡢࠕなࡁ❆ࠖࡢᏑᅾࡢ᫂ゝ࡟ࡶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎఱࡢⓎぢࡶࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣㄆ▱ゝㄒᏛࡀ͆ほᐹྍ⬟࡞ࡶࡢ௨እࡣ◊✲ࡢᮦᩱ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ
࡞ࡽ࡞࠸͇࡜ࡍࡿྂ࠸⛉Ꮫほ࡟❧⬮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ㸦௒஭㸧 ত ኳᩥᏛࡣ⥙⨶ⓗ࠿㸽 ࠕゝㄒ࡜ࡣಶே࡟ᒓࡍࡿ≉ᛶ㸸ඹྠయ࣭ᅜᐙ࣭㡿ᇦ࡟ᒓࡍࡿ≉ᛶ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࢳ࣒ࣙࢫ࢟
࣮ࡢ◊✲ᑐ㇟ࡓࡿゝㄒࡣ, ゝㄒ ,ODQJXDJH ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ LQGLYLGXDO   㹙ᚋ㏙㹛㸰㸬㸯 ⌮᝿໬ࡢᮏ㉁
 ේ ࢳ࣒ࣙࢫ࣮࢟ࡣࠊ
ࠕゝㄒ⌮ㄽࡢᑐ㇟ࡣ᏶඲࡟ᆒ୍࡞ゝㄒඹྠయ࡟ఫࡴ⌮᝿ⓗ࡞ゝㄒ౑⏝⪅࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜࠿ࠕ➨୍ゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡣ▐᫬࡟⾜ࢃࢀࡿࠖ࡞࡝࡜࠸࠺኱࢘ࢯࢆࡘ࠸
࡚࠸࡚ࠊ᛹ࡋ࠿ࡽࢇࠋ ত  ⌮᝿໬ࢆ⾜࠺࡜ࠊ㏻ᖖࡣ኱㔞ࡢ⣽┠࡟㞃ࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ┿ᐇࡀぢ࠼࡚ࡃࡿࠋ 㸨࢞ࣜࣞ࢜ࡣⴠୗ≀ࡢ➼ຍ㏿ᗘἲ๎ࢆᡴࡕ❧࡚ࡓ࡜ࡁࠊ㢼ࡢ᢬ᢠࡸᦶ᧿ࡢస⏝ࢆ↓どࡋࡓ ⌮᝿໬ ࠋ㸦ᙼࡢ᫬௦࡟ࡣ┿✵ࡢᐇ㦂ሙࢆసࡿᢏ⾡ࡀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ㸧㸰㸬㸰 ࢥࣔࣥࢭࣥࢫ   
 ේ ᵓ㐀ゝㄒᏛࡢᶒጾࣈ࣮࣒ࣝࣇ࢕࣮ࣝࢻ䠄/HRQDUG%ORRPIHOG䠅ࡣゝㄒࢆࠕ㸯ࡘࡢゝㄒඹྠయ࡛⏕ࡲࢀࡿⓎヰࡢ⥲య䠄WKHWRWDOLW\RIXWWHUDQFHVWKDWFDQEHPDGH
LQDVSHHFKFRPPXQLW\䠅䛃㸦%ORRPILHOG㸧࡜ᤊ࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡒࠋ๓࡟ゐࢀࡓ࢖࢙࣒ࣝ
ࢫࣞ࢘ࡸ࢚ࣦ࢓ࣥࢬ㸭ࣦࣞ࢕ࣥࢫࣥࡢ୺ᙇࡶࡸࡣࡾࠕ⥲య୺⩏ࠖࡔࠋࢥࣔࣥࢭࣥࢫࡔࠋ ত  ࢥࣔࣥࢭࣥࢫⓗ⠊␪ศࡅࡀࡑࡢࡲࡲ⛉Ꮫ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿ࡜ࡣᮇᚅ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࠕᮏࡣ
ࢸ࣮ࣈࣝ࠿ࡽⴠࡕࡓࠖࡣ≀⌮ⓗୡ⏺࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㝞㏙ࡔࡀࠊ≀⌮Ꮫࡢゝⴥ࡛⾲⌧ࡉࢀࡓ㏙
࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡇࡢᩥ࡜ࠕᮏࡣᗋࡢୖ࡟ⴠࡕࡓࠖࢆ༊ู࡛ࡁࡿ≀⌮Ꮫⓗ⌮ㄽࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ   ࡶ࠺୍ᗘゝ࠺ࠋኳᩥᏛࡣ⥙⨶ⓗ࠿㸽 10ේ ゝㄒ࡜ࡣ⩦័࣭ࡋࡁࡓࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛⏕ࡲࢀࠊ᪥ᮏேᐙᗞ࡛⏕⫱ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡣࠊ࿘ࡾࡢ኱ேࡀ౑ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ᪥ᮏㄒࢆࠊ⩦័࣭ࡋࡁࡓࡾ࡜ࡋ࡚㌟࡟ࡘࡅࡿࡢࡔࠋত  ࣭࡞ࡐᏊ౪ࡣᩥἲⓗᩥ㸭㠀ᩥἲⓗᩥࢆ༊ูࡍࡿ⬟ຊࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ࠿㸽 ࣭࡞ࡐẕㄒ⋓ᚓࡣ㎿㏿࡞ࡢ࠿㸽   ࣭࡞ࡐᏊ౪࡜୍⥴࡟⫱࡚ࡽࢀࡿ≟ࡣゝㄒࢆ⋓ᚓࡋ࡞࠸ࡢ࠿㸽㸱㸬ࣔࢪ࣮ࣗࣝᛶ   ࠕᚰࡣෆ㒊࡛༊⏬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡚ࠊ␗࡞ࡗࡓసᴗ࡟ࡣ␗࡞ࡗࡓ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒㸦ࣔࢪ࣮ࣗࣝ㸧ࡀస⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ     どぬ࣭⫈ぬ࣭ゐぬ࣭࿡ぬ͐ේ ゝㄒࡣࣔࢪ࣮ࣗࣝ࡞ࢇ࠿࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡶࡗ࡜⥲ྜⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡔࠋত ࢳ࣒ࣙࢫ࣮࢟ࡣࠊゝㄒᶵ⬟ࡀࣔࢪ࣮࡛ࣗࣝ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿ㇏ᐩ࡞ドᣐࢆ⠏࠸࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
㸨ࣔࢪ࣮ࣗࣝࡣ⏕ᚓⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ␗࡞ࡿࣔࢪ࣮ࣗࣝ㛫࡟ࡣࠕ㡿ᇦ≉ᐃᛶ
GRPDLQVSHFLILFLW\ ࣭ࠖࠕ᝟ሗ㐽ⶸᛶ LQIRUPDWLRQDOHQFDSVXODWLRQ ࠖ➼ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ  㸨ࠕᚰࡢ⌮ㄽࠖ㸦WKHRU\RIPLQG௚ேࡢᚰࢆㄞࡳྲྀࡿຊ㸧ࡶࣔࢪ࣮ࣗࣝࠋ㸦⮬㛢⑕⪅ࡣࠊᚰࡢ⌮ㄽ࡟Ḟ㝗ࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿ࠊࡑࢀࡀḞዴࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸㸸ㄗಙᛕࠊ࣓ࢱࣇ࢓
࣮ࠊბࠊ➼ࡢ⌮ゎࡀᅔ㞴ࠋ㸧㸱㸬㸯 ᶵ⬟ศ㞳ࡢ஧᪉ྥᛶ 㸦஋㞳࣭ゎ㞳㸧 ේࣆ࢔ࢪ࢙㸦-HDQ3LDJHW㸧ࡢࡼ࠺࡟೧࠸ᚰ⌮Ꮫ⪅࡛ࡶࠊゝㄒࡣ▱⬟ࡢከᐻ࡟ᕥྑࡉࢀࡿ࡜ゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡒࠋ

তࠕ▱⬟࡜ゝㄒࡢ஋㞳ࠖ ࣭࢘࢕ࣜ࢔࣒ࢬ⑕ೃ⩌㸸 㹇㹏㸱㸮㸫㸵㸮࡛ࡶ」㞧࡞ゝⴥࡢࣃࢱࣥࢆὶᬸ࡟౑࠸ࡇ
࡞ࡍࠋ࣭ࢡࣜࢫࢺࣇ࢓࣮㸸ప࠸▱⬟㸭 ௨ୖࡢゝㄒࢆ౑࠸ࡇ࡞ࡍࠋ
࣭≉␗ゝㄒ㞀ᐖ 6SHFLILF/DQJXDJH,PSDLUPHQW 㸸▱⬟ࡣṇᖖ㸭᫬ไయ⣔ࡢฎ⌮࡟Ḟ㝗㸦,ZDWFKWHOHYLVLRQ\HVWHUGD\㸭カ⦎ࡢࡢࡕ㸸<HVWHUGD\, ZDNHXS JHWGUHVVDQGZDWFKHGWHOHYLVLRQ㸧
ࠋ



11



㸱㸬㸰 ࣔࢪ࣮ࣗࣝ࡜‽ࣔࢪ࣮ࣗࣝ
㸨ᚰࡢ⌮ㄽࡣ‽ࣔࢪ࣮࡛ࣗࣝ࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
㸱㸬㸱 ▱⬟࡜Ꮫ⩦ේ㻌 ゝㄒ࡜ࡣᏛ⩦ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢࡔࠋ

ত ᡃࠎࡀ๓⌮ㄽⓗ࡟ࠕᏛ⩦ࠖ࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢከࡃࡣࠊ⏕ᚓⓗ࣭≉ᐃⓗ࡞ᵓ㐀ࡀᡂ⇍ࡋࠊㄏⓎࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡟⏤᮶ࡋࠊゝㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟ࡶࡇࢀࡀᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿࠋ
  ḟඖࡢどぬࠊṌ⾜YVࢳ࢙ࢫࠊ㧗➼ᩘᏛࠋ   㸲㸬ゝㄒ⬟ຊ࡜ゝㄒ㐠⏝  ࠕゝㄒ⬟ຊ㸸 ゝㄒࢆ౑⏝㸦㐠⏝㸧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ๓ᥦ᮲௳㸹 ಶࠎே   ࡢ㢌ࡢ୰࡟࠶ࡿㄒᙡ࣭ᩥἲ㸦つ๎㸧ࠖ  ࠕᩥἲ㸦つ๎㸧э㹇ゝㄒ㸦,ODQJXDJHLQGLYLGXDOLQWHUQDOLQWHQVLRQDO㸧      㸺㹃ゝㄒ㸦(ODQJXDJHH[WHUQDOL]HG㸸 ᡃࠎࡢ㢌ࡢእഃ࡟࠶ࡿ㸼       㸨ෆໟᛶ㸸ヂᮏ Sࠋ
  㸦㸳㸧
ࠕ㹃ゝㄒࠖࡣ⚾ࡀ౑࠸ጞࡵࡓ⏝ㄒ࡛ࡍࡀࠊ⚾ࡀᐃ⩏ࡋࡓព࿡࡛౑ࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡜   ࡣ඲ࡃ࡞࠸࡜ゝ࠼ࡲࡍࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ⋡┤࡟ゝ࠸ࡲࡍࡀࠊ࠾ᑜࡡࡢព࿡ࡀศ࠿ࡾࡲ
ࡏࢇࠋ㸦,DPUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHWHUP͆(ODQJXDJH͆ EXWLWLVDOPRVWQHYHUXVHGLQWKHVHQVHLQZKLFK,GHILQHGLWDQG,GRQ̓WNQRZZKDWLW
LVVXSSRVHGWRPHDQIUDQNO\㸧 &KRPVN\SF 㸲㸬㸯 ゝㄒ⬟ຊ࡜ᩥἲ    ේ ゝㄒࡣ౑ࢃࢀ࡚ࡇࡑゝㄒ࡞ࡢࡔࠋࠕ⬟ຊࠖ࡜ࠕ㐠⏝ࠖࢆ༊ูࡍࡿࡢࡣហࡔࠋ࡝
࠺ࡋ࡚ࠕࡇࢀࡀゝㄒ⬟ຊࡔࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࠿㸽ত ゝㄒ⬟ຊࡣゝㄒ㐠⏝࠿ࡽ⊂❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᡃࠎࡢゝㄒ▱㆑ࡣ」㞧࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࡯࡜
ࢇ࡝ព㆑࡟ୖࡽ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊゝㄒ⬟ຊࡢ◊✲ࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࠋᖾ࠸ゝㄒ▱㆑ࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓࡶࡢࡣࠊ௚ே࡟ࡼࡿほᐹ࡜▱㆑ࡢᣢࡕ୺ࡢෆ┬ࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋ┤ほ࣭Ὕᐹ㸦㸻ุ᩿㸧㸸 ḟࡢࢳ࣒ࣙࢫ࣮࢟ࡢࡇ࡜ࡤ࡟⪥ࢆഴࡅ࡞ࡉ࠸ࠋ
㸦㸴㸧᭱㧗ࡢ⛉Ꮫ◊✲ࡢከࡃࡣࠊὝᐹ࡜⌮ゎ࡜ࢆ┠ᣦࡋࡲࡍࠋ☜ㄆࡔࡅࢆồࡵࡿࡢ࡛

12ࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇࠋ࠶ࡿ⌮ㄽࢆᡃࠎࡀ┿๢࡟ཷࡅṆࡵࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࡑࡢ⌮ㄽࡀఱࡽ࠿ࡢ
ᙧ࡛͆⌮࡟㐺࠺͇ࡶࡢ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡾࡲࡏࢇࠋ࠶ࡿ㡿ᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚⌮࡟㐺࠺⌮ㄽࡣࠊࡓ࡜࠼௚ࡢ㡿ᇦ࡛⤒㦂ⓗ࡞ᅔ㞴࡟㐼㐝ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼࡚ࡶࠊᨭᣢࡉࢀࡿࡢࡀᙜ↛࡛ࡍࠋࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࠶ࡿ㡿ᇦ࡛༑ศ࡞☜ドࢆᚓ࡚࠸࡚ࡶ⌮࡟㐺࠺ࡇ࡜ࡢ࡞࠸⌮ㄽࡣࠊࡶࡋ௚ࡢ㡿ᇦ࡛⤒㦂ⓗᅔ㞴࡟㐼㐝ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡽࠊ᠜␲ࡢ┠࡛ぢࡽࢀࡿࡢࡀṇᙜ࡛ࡍࠋ͆⌮࡟㐺࠺͇ࡢᐃ⩏ࡣᅔ㞴࡛ࡍࡀࠊఱࡀ⌮࡟㐺ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡣ┤ほⓗ࡟ุ᩿ࡢࡘࡃࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜඲యࡢ⫼ᬒ࡟࠶ࡿࡢࡣࠊ⛉Ꮫࡢᵓ⠏࡜ࡣᡃࠎ
ே㛫ࡀᴫᛕ࡜࠸࠺ᯟ⤌ࡳࡢ୰࡛⾜࠺⾜Ⅽ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ✲ᴟⓗ࡟ࡣ⚾ࡓࡕෆ㒊ࡢᚰⓗᛶ㉁࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡞ࡢ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠋ 0XFKRIWKHEHVWVFLHQWLILFZRUNDLPVDWLQVLJKWDQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJQRWVLPSO\FRQILUPDWLRQ$WKHRU\PXVW͆PDNHVHQVH͇VRPHKRZIRUXVWRWDNHLWVHULRXVO\$QGDWKHRU\WKDWPDNHVVHQVHLQFHUWDLQDUHDVZLOOSURSHUO\EHVXVWDLQHGHYHQLIHOVHZKHUH
LWVHHPVWRUXQLQWRHPSLULFDOGLIILFXOWLHVZKHUHDVDQRWKHUWKHRU\WKDWPDNHVQRVHQVHEXWLVZHOOFRQILUPHGLQFHUWDLQDUHDVZLOOEHUHJDUGHGZLWKMXVWLILDEOHVNHSWLFLVPLILWUXQVLQWRHPSLULFDOGLIILFXOWLHV
HOVHZKHUH([DFWO\ZKDW͆PDNHVVHQVH͇PHDQVLWLVKDUGWRVD\EXWZH
RIWHQUHFRJQL]HLWZKHQZHVHHLW7KHEDFNJURXQGIRUDOOWKLVOLHVLQ
WKHIDFWWKDWVFLHQFHFRQVWUXFWLRQLVDKXPDQDFWLYLW\XQGHUWDNHQZLWKLQDFRQFHSWXDOIUDPHZRUNGHWHUPLQHGXOWLPDWHO\E\RXULQQHUS\VFKLF VLF QDWXUH  &KRPVN\SF 㸦㸵㸧㹙ࢳ࣒ࣙࢫ࣮࢟ࡢୖグ⚾ಙ㹛ࡣࠊࠕᛶྥࡀ◊✲ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿࠖࡇ࡜ࡢドࡋ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜

ྠ᫬࡟ࠊ⮬ࡽᜄࡴฎࡢ࠶ࡿே࡟⮬ಙࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
㸦௒஭ 㹠㸧         㸲㸬㸰 つ๎  ේ ᩥἲࡢつ๎ࡗ࡚ࡢࡣࠊࠕ͆ぢࢀࡿ͇࡞ࢇ࡚ゝ࠺࡞㸹͆ぢࡽࢀࡿ͇࡜ゝ࠼ࠖ࡞ࢇ࡚
࠸࠺࠶ࢀ࠿㸽ত ᩥἲつ๎࡜ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿಶูゝㄒࢆ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣఱࢆ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸
࠺ࡇ࡜࡞ࡢ࠿ࢆグ㏙ࡍࡿ୍⯡໬ࡢ㞟ྜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࣭,VSHDN(QJOLVKIOXHQWO\ࠐ
࣭,VSHDNIOXHQWO\(QJOLVK
࣭,VSHDNTXLWHIOXHQWO\DOOWKHODQJXDJHVRI:HVWHUQ(XURSH PRVWRI
7KRVHRI1RUWK$VLDࠐ       ࠕ⤒῭ᛶࡢཎ⌮ࠖ


13



㸲㸬㸱 㹇ゝㄒ࡜㹃ゝㄒ㸦㸶㸧㹇ゝㄒ࡜ࡣ㸬㸬㸬ࡑࡢゝㄒࢆ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿಶேࡢ⢭⚄࣭㢌⬻ࡢ୰࡟࠶ࡿせ⣲࡛࠶ࡾࠊᏛ⩦⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⋓ᚓࡉࢀࠊヰࡋᡭ㸭⪺ࡁᡭ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ゝㄒ࡜ࡣ㹇ゝㄒ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⌮ゎࡍࢀࡤࠊᩥἲ࡜ࡣ㹇ゝㄒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࡜࠸
࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ 7KH,ODQJXDJH͐LVVRPHHOHPHQWRIWKHPLQGRIWKHSHUVRQZKRNQRZVWKHODQJXDJHDFTXLUHGE\WKHOHDQHUDQGXVHGE\WKHVSHDNHUKHDUHU
7DNLQJODQJXDJHWREH,ODQJXDJHWKHJUDPPDUWKHQZRXOGEHDWKHRU\RI
WKH,ODQJXDJH &KRPVN\S 㸦㸷㸧ᵓ㐀ゝㄒᏛࠊグ㏙ゝㄒᏛࠊ⾜ື୺⩏ᚰ⌮Ꮫࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࡑࡢ௚ࡢ᫖௒ࡢᏛㄝ࡟ࡣࠊ
ゝㄒ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࢆࠊព࿡࡜⤌ࡳྜࢃࡉࢀࡓ⾜ື࡞࠸ࡋⓎヰࠊ࡞࠸ࡋゝㄒᙧᘧ㸦༢ㄒࡸᩥ㸧ࡢ㞟ྜయ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣゝㄒᙧᘧࡸゝㄒⓗ࡛ࡁࡈ࡜ࡢయ⣔࡜ࡋ࡚ࡳ࡞
ࡍഴྥࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ㸬㸬㸬ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓேⅭⓗᴫᛕࢆ͆እᅾ໬ࡉࢀࡓゝㄒ͇㸦㹃ゝㄒ㸧ࡢㅖ౛࡜࿧ࡰ࠺ࠋࡑࡢ
ព࿡ࡍࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡣࠊ㹃ゝㄒ࡞ࡿᵓᡂᴫᛕࡣᚰ㸭㢌⬻ࡢᒓᛶ࡜ࡣ↓㛵ಀࡢࡶࡢ࡜ゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡔࠋ㹃ゝㄒ࡜࠸࠺ྡ⛠࡛ᡃࠎࡣ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢᡤసࡸ⾜ືࡢ㞟ྜయࢆࠊゝㄒ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕ࡟ྵࡵ࡚ࡶࡼ࠸࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ 6WUXFWXUDODQGGHVFULSWLYH
OLQJXLVWLFV EHKDYLRUDO SV\FKRORJ\ DQG RWKHU FRQWHPSRUDU\ DSSURDFKHVWHQGHGWRYLHZDODQJXDJHDVDFROOHFWLRQRIDFWLRQVRUXWWHUDQFHVRU
OLQJXLVWLFIRUPV ZRUGVVHQWHQFHV SDLUHGZLWKPHDQLQJVRUDVDV\VWHPRIOLQJXLVWLFIRUPVRUHYHQWV㸬㸬㸬/HWXVUHIHUWRVXFKWHFKQLFDOFRQFHSWVDVLQVWDQFHVRI͆H[WHUQDOL]HG  ODQJXDJH͇ (ODQJXDJH LQWKHVHQVHWKDWWKHFRQVWUXFWLVXQGHUVWRRG
LQGHSHQGHQWO\RIWKHSURSHUWLHVRIPLQGEUDLQ8QGHUWKHVDPHUXEULFZH
PD\LQFOXGHWKHQRWLRQRIODQJXDJHDVDFROOHFWLRQ RUV\VWHP RIDFWLRQV
RUEHKDYLRUVRIVRPHVRUW  &KRPVN\SS 㸦㸯㸮㸧ࠕ㹃ゝㄒ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡣ㸬㸬㸬ゝㄒ⌮ㄽࡢ୰࡛ఱࡢ㈨᱁ࡶᣢࡓ࡞࠸ࠋ >7@KHQRWLRQRI(ODQJXDJH͐KDVQRVWDWXVLQOLQJXLVWLFWKHRU\͇ &KRPVN\S ‫ۼ‬-HVSHUVHQࡢ͆ඛぢᛶ͇㸦㸯㸯㸧ゝㄒࡢᮏ㉁ࡣே㛫ࡢάື࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㸬㸬ヰࡋᡭ࡜⪺ࡁᡭࠊࡑࡋ࡚୧⪅ࡢ┦஫㛵ಀࡣࠊᡃࠎࡀゝㄒ࠾ࡼࡧᩥἲෆ࡛ᢅࢃࢀࡿ࡭ࡁゝㄒࡢഃ㠃ࢆ⌮ゎࡋࡼ࠺࡜ḧࡍࡿ࡞14ࡽ ࠊ Ỵ ࡋ ࡚ ぢ ኻ ࢃ ࢀ ࡚ ࡣ ࡞ ࡽ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ 7KH HVVHQFH RI ODQJXDJH LV KXPDQDFWLYLW\͐>7@KHVSHDNHUDQGKHDUHUDQGWKHLUUHODWLRQVWRRQHDQRWKHUVKRXOGQHYHUEHORVWVLJKWRILIZHZDQWWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHQDWXUHRIODQJXDJHDQGRIWKDWSDUWRIODQJXDJHZKLFKLVGHDOWZLWKLQJUDPPDU -HVSHUVHQ

7KH3KLORVRSK\RI*UDPPDUS 㸨௒஭ࡣࡇࢀࢆ࠶ࡿ᭩࡞࠸ࡋㄽᩥ࡛ࠕఏ⤫ᩥἲࠖࡢྂࡉࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ᘬ⏝ࡋࡓ㸹 ࡔࡀࢳ࣒ࣙࢫ࣮࢟ࡣ࢖࢙ࢫ࣌ࣝࢭࣥ࡟ࠕ᪂ࡋࡉࠖࢆぢฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㸦㸯㸰㸧ࠕ࢜ࢵࢺ࣮࣭࢖࢙ࢫ࣌ࣝࢭࣥࡣ㸬㸬㸬ヰࡋᡭࡢ㢌⬻ࡢ୰࡟ࡣ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢ͆ᵓ㐀ࡢᴫᛕ͇ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢᴫᛕࡣࡑࡢヰࡋᡭࡀ͆⮬ศ⮬㌟ࡢᩥ͇ࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅヰࡋᡭ࡟࡜
ࡗ࡚ࡶ௚ࡢே࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡶ᪂ࡋ࠸͆⮬⏤⾲⌧͇ࢆసࡾฟࡍࡢ࡟༑ศ࡞ࡔࡅࡢ☜ᐃᛶࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢ͆ᵓ㐀ࡢᴫᛕ͇ࢆ͆ෆᅾ໬ࡉࢀࡓゝㄒ͇㸦㹇ゝㄒ㸧

࡜࿧ࡰ࠺ࠋ
㸦2WWR-HVSHUVHQ͐KHOGWKDWWKHUHLVVRPH͆QRWLRQRIVWUXFWXUH͇LQWKHPLQGRIWKHVSHDNHU͆ZKLFKLVGHILQLWHHQRXJKWRJXLGHKLPLQIUDPLQJVHQWHQFHVRIKLVRZQ͇LQSDUWLFXODU͆IUHH
H[SUHVVLRQV͇WKDWPD\EHQHZWRWKHVSHDNHUDQGWRRWKHUV/HWXVUHIHUWRWKLV͆QRWLRQRIVWUXFWXUH͇DVDQ͆LQWHUQDOL]HGODQJXDJH͇,ODQJXDJH  &KRPVN\SS  
㸦㸯㸱㸧ᩥἲࡢᩍ♧ࢆཷࡅࡿࡲ࡛ࡶ࡞ࡃ㸬㸬㸬㹙ヰࡋᡭࡣ㹛ᩥᵓ㐀࡟㛵ࡍࡿఱࡽ࠿ࡢᴫ
ᛕࢆᢳฟࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢᴫᛕࡣヰࡋᡭ࡟ᙼ⮬㌟ࡢᩥࢆసࡾฟࡉࡏࡿࡢ࡟ ༑ ศ ࡞ ࡔ ࡅ ࡢ ☜ ᐃ ᛶ ࢆ ᣢ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ㸦 >:@LWKRXW DQ\ JUDPPDWLFDOLQVWUXFWLRQ͐>WKHVSHDNHU@ZLOODEVWUDFWVRPHQRWLRQRIWKHLUVWUXFWXUHZKLFKLVGHILQLWHHQRXJKWRJXLGHKLPLQIUDPLQJVHQWHQFHVRIKLVRZQ㸧-HVSHUVHQS 㸦㸯㸲㸧ࠕヰࡋᡭࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⩦័ࢆࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸≧ἣ࡟㐺ᛂࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡲ࡛⾲⌧ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡢ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆᴟᗘࡢヲ⣽࡟ரࡗ࡚⾲⌧ࡍࡿᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡼ࠺࡟௙ྥࡅࡿᚲ
せࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊヰࡋᡭࡣ⩦័ࡢ༢࡞ࡿያ፩࡛ࡣ࠶ࡾ࠼࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㸦>7@KHVSHDNHUKDVWRWXUQWKHVHKDELWVWRDFFRXQWWRPHHWDQHZVLWXDWLRQWR
H[SUHVVZKDWKDVQRWEHHQH[SUHVVHGSUHYLRXVO\LQHYHU\PLQXWHGHWDLOWKHUHIRUHKHFDQQRWEHDPHUHVODYHWRKDELWV㸧ࠖ LELGS 㸨࢖࢙ࢫ࣌ࣝࢭࣥࡣࠊヰࡋᡭࡀ⤒㦂࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⋓ᚓࡋࡓㄒᙧ࣭ᩥయ➼ࢆDVHWRI
KDELWV࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ

15㸨ᙼࡣࡲࡓ ZKDWKDVQRWEHHQH[SUHVVHGSUHYLRXVO\ ࢆྐⓗኚ໬࡟⤖ࡧ௜ࡅ࡚ぢ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮ࠼ࡿࠋ
㸳㸬ゝㄒ㐠⏝ࠊ⤫ㄒゎᯒࠊࡑࡋ࡚ㄒ⏝ㄽ   Ⓨヰ▱ぬ࡟ࡣ㹇ゝㄒࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ୙㊊ࠋ⤫ㄒゎᯒჾ㸦SDUVHU㸧ࡀᚲせࠋ㸳㸬㸯 ⤫ㄒゎᯒⓗ⪃ᐹ 㹇ゝㄒࡢつ๎࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿ⾲♧࡜ࡣ㐪࠺⾲♧ࢆ⤫ㄒゎᯒࡣ⏘ࡳฟࡍᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ䐟 ⿄ᑠ㊰ᩥ JDUGHQSDWKVHQWHQFHV 
7KHFRWWRQFORWKLQJLVPDGHRIJURZVLQ0LVVLVVLSSL      7KHFRWWRQ> WKDW FORWKLQJLVPDGHRI@JURZVLQ0LVVLVVLSSLղ ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢ୰ኸᇙࡵ㎸ࡳᩥ'RJVGRJVELWHELWH'RJV> WKDW GRJVELWH@ELWH
2\VWHUVR\VWHUVR\VWHUVVSOLWVSOLWVSOLW
2\VWHUV>> WKDW R\VWHUV> WKDW R\VWHUVVSOLW@VSOLW@VSOLW
䐡 ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢࠕ㠀ᩥἲⓗࠖᩥ䠖7KLVLVWKHPDQ-RKQKLUHGZLWKRXWVSHDNLQJWR    ᪂ㄒἲ㸸͆EDUNLQJXSWKHULJKWWUHH͇
       ࠕ⭊࡟ⴠࡕࡿࠖ Ѝ ࠕ⭡࡟ⴠࡕࡿࠖ       ࠕ⭊࡟ⴠࡕ࡞࠸ࠖ Ѝ ࠕ⭊࡟ⴠࡕࡿࠖ 㸦㸯㸳㸧⤫ㄒゎᯒࡣ㸬㸬㸬ࡴࡋࢁ㎡᭩ⓗ≉ᛶ࡜ࠊࡑࢀ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ᵓ㐀ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡢཎ๎࡟ᇶ♏ࢆ⨨ࡃࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡿ࡭ࡁࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ㸦>3@DUVHUV͐VKRXOGUDWKHUEHEDVHG
RQ OH[LFDO SURSHUWLHV DQG SULQFLSOHV RI 8* WKDW GHWHUPLQH VWUXFWXUHV IURP
WKHP͇ &KRPVN\S 㸨⤫ㄒゎᯒ࡜㹇ゝㄒ㛫ࡢ཰ᩡ㸦FRQYHUJHQFH㸧 э ⤫ㄒゎᯒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿඛㄞࡳ㸦ORRNDKHDG㸧ࡢᡭワࡲࡾࠋ16ේ㸭ত ఩⨨࡙ࡅࡀ᫂☜࡛࡞࠸ SDUVHU ࢆྲྀࡾධࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣチࡉࢀࡿ㸸 ࡛ࡣ㹐㹒ࡀࠕᚰࡢ⌮ㄽࠖࢆྲྀࡾධࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࢳ࣒ࣙࢫ࣮࢟ࡣ࡞ࡐ᎘ᝏࢆឤࡎࡿࡢ࠿㸽㸳㸬㸰 ㄒ⏝ㄽⓗ⪃ᐹ㸦㸯㸴㸧㛵㐃ᛶ⌮ㄽࡣ㸬㸬㸬ゝㄒࡶᑐ㇟࡟ྵࡳࡲࡍࡀࠊࡑࢀ௨እࡢࡁࢃࡵ࡚ከࡃࡢࡇ࡜
ࡶᑐ㇟࡟ྵࡵ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡑࢀࡀㄆ▱య⣔ࡢ୍⯡ⓗᵓᡂࡢ࡝ࡇ࡟㐺ྜࡍࡿࡢ࠿⌧᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡣ୙࡛᫂ࡍࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ᫂☜࡟ࢃ࠿ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᑡ࡞ࡍࡂࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ
㸦5HOHYDQFHWKHRU\͐LQYROYHVODQJXDJHEXWPXFKPRUH:KHUHLWILWVLQ
WKH JHQHUDO DUFKLWHFWXUH RI FRJQLWLYH V\VWHPV LV KDUG WR VD\ DW WKLVSRLQW7RROLWWOHLVNQRZQ㸧ࠖ &KRPVN\ SF  
㸦㸯㸵㸧ࢹ࢕࢔ࢻ࣭ࣜ࢘࢕ࣝࢫࣥࡢᴗ⦼ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟㔜せ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㛵㐃ᛶ⌮ㄽࡢ㐍ᒎࡣゝㄒ౑⏝ࡢ㐺ṇࡉ࡞࡝ࢆᢅ࠺ୖ࡛࠿࡞ࡾᶆ‽ⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ᪂ࢢࣛ࢖ࢫㅖὴ࡜ࡣ␗࡞
ࡿ᪉ྥ࡛ࠊࡑࢀࢆ㉸࠼ࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿヨࡳ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ㠀ᖖ࡟㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠺ 㸬㸬㸬ࠋ㸦 'HLUGUH :LOVRQ̓V ZRUN ZKLFK , WKLQN LV YHU\ LPSRUWDQW WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIUHOHYDQFHWKHRU\ZDVDQHIIRUWWRJREH\RQGLQGLIIHUHQWGLUHFWLRQVIRUPWKHQHR*ULFHDQWKHRULHVWKDWDUHSUHWW\VWDQGDUGLQGHDOLQJZLWKWKHDSSURSULDWHQHVVRIXVDJHDQGVRRQ,WKLQNLW̓VTXLWHLPSRUWDQW͐͐ $QGRUSS 㸦㸯㸶㸧ࠕゝㄒ࡜ࡣព࿡ㄽⓗ࡟ゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡓᩚᘧࡢ㞟ྜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㸦>$@ODQJXDJHLVDVHW
RIVHPDQWLFDOO\LQWHUSUHWHGZHOOIRUPHGIRUPXODV :LOVRQS 㸦㸯㸷㸧௒ࠊ㈗᪉ࡢᡤぢ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚⪃࠼ࡿ࡜㹙ࢫ࣌ࣝ࣋ࣝ࡜࢘࢕ࣝࢫࣥࡢゝㄒほ㹛㸬㸬㸬ࡣ࠿࡞ࡾወጁࡔ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡲࡍ㸬㸬㸬⚾ࡢ᥎ ࡛ࡣᙼࡽࡣ㹃ゝㄒ㸭㹇ゝㄒㄽ㆟ࢆ஌ࡾ㉺࠼ࡼ࠺࡜ヨࡳ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡲࡍ㸬㸬㸬⚾ࡣ࡜ゝ࠼ࡤࠊࢳ࣒ࣙࢫ࣮࢟ࡢゝ࠺㹄㹊㹌ࠊࡘࡲࡾே㛫ࡢಶே࡟㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡓ⊃࠸ព࿡࡛ࡢゝㄒほ࡜ࠊゝㄒဴᏛ⪅ࡢ㛫࡛ࡶࡗ࡜ᬑ㏻࡟ᨭᣢࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿゝㄒほ࡜ࡢ㛫ࡢ┦⿵ᛶࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࡓࡃᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋᚋ⪅࡟ᚑ࠼ࡤࠊಶูゝㄒࡣබ࡟ศࡅᣢࡓࢀ࡚࠸ࡿఏ㐩ไᗘ࡛ࡍ㸬㸬㸬ࣁ࢘ࢨ࣮ࠊࢳ࣒ࣙࢫ࣮࢟ࠊࣇ࢕ࢵࢳࡢゝ࠺㹄㹊㹀ࠊࡘࡲࡾᗈ࠸ព࿡࡛ࡢゝㄒ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
㸦>1@RZ,VHHIURP\RXUREVHUYDWLRQVWKDW>6SHUEHU :LOVRQ̓VYLHZRI͂ODQJXDJH̓@㸬㸬
㸬LVUDWKHUFXULRXV㸬㸬㸬0\JXHVVLVWKDWWKH\ZDQWWRWU\WRWUDQVFHQGWKH(,ODQJXDJHGHEDWH,DPWU\LQJWRDUJXHIRU
WKHFRPSOHPHQWDULW\RIWKHQDUURZLQGLYLGXDOLVW&KRPVN\DQYLHZRIODQJXDJH

17

)/1 DQGWKHYLHZWKDWLVPRUHFRPPRQDPRQJSKLORVRSKHUVRIODQJXDJHDFFRUGLQJWRZKLFKODQJXDJHVDUHSXEOLFVKDUHGFRPPXQLFDWLRQV\VWHPV͐DYHUVLRQRIZKDW+DXVHU&KRPVN\ )LWFKFDOOODQJXDJHEURDGO\FRQVWUXHG
)/%  &DUVWRQSF 㸨ㄒ⏝ㄽⓗ㸦ゎ㔘㸧㐣⛬ࡣࠊ㹇ゝㄒ࡜ᚰࡢ⌮ㄽ࡜࠸࠺㸰ࡘࡢPRGXOHVࡢ┦஫స⏝࠿ࡽ⏕ࡲࢀࡿࠊ࡜⪃࠼࡚ࡣ㸽ේ㸭ত ࢳ࣒ࣙࢫ࣮࢟ࡣࠊ㹄㹊㹌࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㞟୰ᗘࡀ࠶ࡲࡾ࡟ࡶᙉ࠸㸦ࡑࢀࡀᙼࡢᡂຌࡢ⛎ジ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢࡔࡀ㸧ࡓࡵ࠿ࠊ㹄㹊㹌௨እࡢࡇ࡜࡟ࡣᣄྰ཯ᛂࢆ♧ࡍ࠿࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊᙼࡣ࢔ࢫ࣮࣌ࣝ࢞⑕ೃ⩌ᝈ⪅ࡔࠊ࡜෕ㄯࢆゝ࠺ேࡉ࠼࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣㄆ▱ゝㄒᏛ18⪅ࡀࠕゝㄒࡣࠊゝㄒ⬟ຊࢆ㝖ࡃㄆ▱ⓗ㐣⛬࡬ࡢᮏ㉁ⓗ࡞㛵㐃࣭ཧ↷࡞ࡋ࡟✲ࡵࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛
࠶ࡿࠖ࡜⪺ࡃ࡜ᣄྰ཯ᛂࢆ♧ࡍࡢ࡟ᑐᛂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸽㸽㸽19ȟȲȮțȔȺóŇɁǮǻġ¨ǷŅŹɁÍĀçǼǸǧȁǶŞǨȋǯǟž ƂƩƵǅǇžƋȼžždÙãöžǆƼƽƻƹǂǇǂǁǂƽƾƹƙƻǀƵƽƿƈƷǂǀž
žƩƵǅǇžƋžƬǀƽǇƼžƵǁƸžƚƿƿǂǇǇ ĒȿđǘľŃǻ\āǙȎǷǩǵžƋƈžɁž ǘľŃnǻĀÍǻȻǷǡǺÕHĀǹȼÍļǶǚȊǖǙƂǃƈƐƒƃž
ƋƈƋƈžǠŞǨȋǯǟɃƇƇƇɀǳǻkƂǃƈƐƒƃžžž ž ļtĀkɁƂ(ǵǻ´ÛĀǹȼĿI0ǷǩǵǻĳòȻǮǩǵǮȋǻȂȎȼžž ž ĿŕĀkɁȻ(ǵǻ´ÛĀǹȼÎŘȎȅǲǯĳòȻǮǩǵǮȋǻȂȎȼžž ž ń¸ĀkɁľŃĨȎń¸ǫȊȻ»ŜǷȥȳȯȝȼžžƋƈƌƈžȭȢȬȴțȡȹȩȷȕȳȮžž ž ǘqĲGīǹŬȉŪȎǩȏǶń¸ǫȊǙƂǃƈƑƊƃžƇƇƇƗÍĀçƂƩƈƋƌƑƃž
žƌƈžľŃǻĆŊž
ƌƈƋƈžȶȔșȗȸɁŃǻĆŊɁÿųǷRȻǻöëǷ)¿ɁȫȺȞȺȗȴȺǻ ƜƼƵǆƹǅȼžƌƈƌƈžÎŘǻĆŊɁÎŘmž ƢǆžǇƼƹžǀƵǁžǊƼǂžƽǆžǇƵƿƿžƽǁžǇƼƹžǅǂǂǀƘžƂǃƈƑƍƃž
ƌƈƍƈžÎŘū ǻĆŊɁž žžžžžžžž ƟƿǌƽǁƻžǃƿƵǁƹǆžƷƵǁžƶƹžƸƵǁƻƹǅǂǈǆƈžƂǃƈƑƍƃžÎŘĀeħǻĆŊžžžžžžžž ƣǂƼǁžƽǆžƹƵǆǌžǇǂžǃƿƹƵǆƹƈžžžƣǂƼǁžƽǆžƹƵƻƹǅžǇǂžǃƿƹƵǆƹƈžƂǃƈƑƍƃžÎŘū ǻăşǻĆŊž ƹǇƷƈžžžžžžž
ž
ƍƈžĿŕĀkžƍƈƋƈžĀĪ¼Ɂ+~ū³óŇǹǸǻ³nĀÍȎ÷ǛȊž
ƍƈƌƈžĳĉȶȪȵɁžƥƟ Ƿ ƩƟǕÍƇNȒȸȝȺȨȓȒțǕĻƇś;ȒȸȝȺȨȓȒțžž ž ž 1ÀóŇɁß{ÎŘǷĳ{ÎŘž ȻRĳĉǕųbȽųŴĳĉȼžƍƈƍƈžÎęǷĹ4ɁÎęÎŘȻFÎŘǕÑWȼǕFÎŘĹ4žž ž ž æŬǻ[ȄœȂǻGīžž ž ž ž+~Ɂ1ÀóŇǶǼİ=cȻǉǆƈž?cȼžž ž ž ž ÐâóŇƂƜƼǂǀǆƾǌžƋƓƐƏƃǶǼǕFÎŘĹ4ǻ+~žž ž ž ž ÎŘĀeħɁǇƼƹžƻƽǅƿžƽǁžƵžƷƵǅžǊƽǇƼžƵžƶƿǈƹžƶǂǁǁƹǇžƂǃƈƒƌƃž
ƍƈƎƈžß{ÎŘɁFÎŘ´ÛǻŠ/ɁƭƼƹžǀƵǁžƽǆžǇƵƿƿžǉǆƈžƢǆžǇƼƹžǀƵǁžǇƵƿƿƘžƂǃƈƑƎƃžž žžưƼƵǇžƸƽƸžơƵǅǅǌžǆǇƽǅƘžƂǃƈƒƍƃž
žžžžž ž ưƼƵǇžƸƽƸžƦƵǅǌžǊƵǁǇžơƵǅǅǌžǇǂžǆǇƽǅƘžƂǃƈƒƍƃž
žžžžžžžžưƼƵǇžƸƽƸžǌǂǈžǇƼƽǁƾžƦƵǅǌžǊƵǁǇƹƸžơƵǅǅǌžǇǂžǆǇƽǅƘžƂǃƈƒƍƃž
ƍƈƏƈžĿŕž už ń¸žž ž ž cĹ4ǻ`fǕĹ4ǻŷǴǥƇƇƗľŃðǻń¸ǻVŰžžƎƈžń¸ĀkȎĂªǩǵɁóŇǻėę=žƎƈƋƈžĹ4ǟȈAóǿɁž ƚ ǻǻ ƚ ǻÃž žžžžžžžƄưƼƵǇžƸƽƸžơƵǅǅǌžǆǇƽǅžǇƼƹžǆǇƹǊžƵǁƸžžžžžƘžƂǃƈƒƒƃž



20


žžžžžžƄưƼƵǇžƸƽƸžơƵǅǅǌžǆǇƽǅžǇƼƹžǆǇƹǊžǇƼƵǇžǇƵǆǇƹƸžǂƺžžžƘžƂǃƈƒƒƃž
žžžž ž SŹå ưƼƵǇžƸƽƸžơƵǅǅǌžǆǇƽǅžžžžžǇƼƵǇžǇƵǆǇƹƸžǂƺžǇǈǅǁƽǃǆƘžƂǃƈƒƒƃƇƇƗž
žžžžžžžžžž ƫǂǆǆ ǻ|ǻ3ĘƇƇƗ¯ǻÃƂươ č;ȻřĠõĀč;ȼƇƇƗŮaóŇƇƇƗăž ž žžžžžžžžžžž ƚ č;Ƿ ƚ ȤȺč;ƇƇƗǐč;ž Î´ǻOpž ž ž ž ž ž ž žƎƈƌƈžFÎŘĹ4ǻÓɁBsĖü]ȻȶȔșȗȸȼǷǻ6ƇƇƇƗKǻw'žƎƈƍƈžƱ ȤȺóŇɁȰȚȱȺȵóŇǻõǶǕFÎŘǻŠÊȎ!ŀžƎƈƎƈžĝñȹÂĥóŇɁÂĥóŇǕyǕǑóŇǕÊóŇǷĝñǕďĖüAóž
ƎƈƎƈƋƈžÂĥóŇɁÂĥÃ ƚƆžƛƆžƜ Ƿ Ɯ ĝžž ÖȊSŹɁĞùMŁž ȻªĉªÐǻ÷ǕÝö ħ ǉǆƈĳĉ ħǕqōĀĽŦĹ4ȼžžžžžžžž ƣǂƼǁƁǆžƷƵǀǃƵƽƻǁžǅƹǄǈƽǅƹƸžǇƼƵǇžǃƽƷǇǈǅƹǆžǂƺžƼƽǀǆƹƿƺžƶƹžǃƿƵƷƹƸžƵƿƿžǂǉƹǅžǇǂǊǁƈžƂǃƈƋƊƊƃž
žžžžžžžžƭƼƹžƾǁǂǊƿƹƸƻƹƉƄǃǂǆǆƽƶƽƿƽǇǌƉǅƹƵƿƽǍƵǇƽǂǁžǇƼƵǇžƣǂƼǁžǀƽƻƼǇžƺƵƽƿžƶǂǇƼƹǅƹƸžƼƽǀƈžƂǃƈƋƊƊƃž
ƎƈƎƈƌƈžyɁƄƳƚžǅƽǆƹžƽǁžƳǃǅƽƷƹžžžžƴƴžǊƵǆžƵǁǁǂǈǁƷƹƸžǂƺžǂƽƿƈžƂǃƈžƋƊƌƃžžƂƝƩɂăɃȼžƎƈƎƈƍƈžǑóŇȻǷ3óŇȼǑ\âžžžžž JǗǻŶǼȾǳǻǮǩǵȾǳǰǥǻǑ7Ȏ¥ǛǕJǗǻǑ7ǼȾǳǻǕǮǩǵȾǳǰǥǻŶǺ
ǨȋȊǖǙžƂǃǃƈƋƊƍƇƋƊƎƃžžȻŶɂřŧƂƷƼƵƽǁƃƃž
ƎƈƎƈƎžÊóŇǷĝñɁÊȨȑȵȝȺɁƄƂƺǂǅƃžƼƹǅžǇǂžƻǂžǇƼƹǅƹžǆƹƹǀǆžǈǁǇƼƽǁƾƵƶƿƹƈžƂǃƈƋƊƐƃžž ÊǼÊlǺȇȉĝñǻȅǷǶǝȈȋȊǖƂÊęǻ¿æȼžƎƈƎƈƏžďĖüɁƞƜƩɁďĖüǼŠÔĝñǨȋȊȻĝĀń¸Ȏ×ȄȊǧǷǻSŹǕĳĉ ħȼžž ž ȿǳǻšľSŹžž ž ž ž ǇƼƵǇ þő:ÅǷ8ŤÃȻšľSŹȼžžžžžžžžƂ&ĲŁĝñ ƵǁƸƉǂǅž ķŤĝñž ž ƇƇƇƗƞƜƩ ǻÓƇƇƗƂÜƘƃȼžƎƈƏƈžcǻZɁȻcȎłȄȊȼƜƼǂǀǆƾǌ ǻÝö ħžžȻƜƺƈžKƇƇƗŒčȼžž ž ž ž ž ž ž žžžžžžžžȻcȎłȄǹǛȼƛǅǂƸǌ ēǻĳĉ ħǕơƩƬƠž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƂcɂŒčǼo(ǟǸǜǟƇƇƗĽŦīęǷǻū ƇƇƗ*ŤKȼȼžƎƈƐƈžAóǷȥȳȭȝɁƜƺƈžƱ ȤȺóŇǻ ķŤȥȳȭȝž ľŃĨǻń¸Ȏr¹ǺǫȊǖž
žžžžžƇƇƗ¾Ŕž ƞǃǆǇƹƽǁƆžƨƶƵǇƵžƀžƬƹƹƿǌžƂƌƊƋƒƃƆžƜƼǂǀǆƾǌƔžȥȳȭȝǼmYǫȊǟɃžƎƈƑƈžŃĖüǷÒīĖüɁÒīĖüɁÚpŁǕ9;ŁǕĵ´ÐŊǕº3Ǖz£ķęžž ž ž ƣǂƼǁžƹƵǇǆžƶƵǁƵǁƵǆƈžƇƇƄƞƵǇǆžƣǂƼǁžƶƵǁƵǁƵǆƘžžƂǃƈƋƌƊƃžžƢ ǠǣǕ;ŁȎíǶǡǹǛž
žžžžžžžžžž ơƵǁǆžƽǆǆǇžƛƵǁǁƵǁƹǁžƇƇƢǆǆǇžơƵǁǆžƛƵǁǁƵǁƹǁƘžžƂǃƈƋƌƊƃžžƢ Ǡ ǣǕ;ŁȎíǫȊžž ž ȥȳȭȝȎȶȔșȗȸǻÒīĖüǺŬpǫȊGīžžžžžžžžžžžƂăǷǻū ǼǸǜǟǕǧǻ>2Ǡąǻ>2ǷǩǵmYǫȊǟƃžž ž ž ž ƂČ ńɁ¶ÁŃǺÒīĖüǼǹǛƇƇƗǸǜǟɃƃžžƏƈžń¸ĀkȎŏǝǵž
ƏƈƋƈžȭȢȬȴȜȮɁFÎŘĹ4žǉǆƈcĹ4žƇƇƗKžǉǆƈžč;žƇƇƗdŤKžǉǆƈž*ŤKžž ž ęǻéKǠÝöȎż;ǫȊƇƇƗ®ÇlǷĂÐlž
ƏƈƌƈžțȥȵȝľŃnɁƂÍĀçƃžƏƈƍƈžěàɁžžžžžž ųŴĀěàƇƇƗL=žžȻǩǟǩäĔșțȠȮǺǞǥȊěàǶǼǹǛȼžž ž ž Ń÷ŇĀěàƇƇƗƵƺǇƹǅžƵƿƿžžǉǆƈžǆǂžľŃ,óȎr¹ǺǫȊžžƂǃƈžƋƌƎƃžȻǧȋȅLǪȼžž ž ž ĝŃĀěàƇƇƗɁươ č;ǺĸȈȋȊǘ¾ćč;Ǚž



21


ž ž ž ĳĉǻěàƇƇƗo(ĽŦǻAóž ž ƄƢžǊƵǆžƽǁžƞǁƻƿƵǁƸžƿƵǆǇžǌƹƵǅžƳǇƼƹžǀƵǁƴžƂǃƈƋƌƐƃž
žž ǘ¾ŠǻäĔǙǷĊěöënĀȹëóĀ3ĘƇƇƗĒķUžƏƈƎƈžȻqōǻȼÍĀçɁăĀõǻȂǠmYǩǕƩƟ ȅ ƥƟ ȅdĀșțȠȮǷǻȒȸȝȺȨȓȒțǺŝǢǹǛǖƂǃƈƋƌƒƃžȻȒȸȝȺȨȓȒțǼ*#Ƕȅǚȉd#ǶǚȊGīȼžƏƈƏƈžĒķUǻĩžž ž ľŃǻɀǳǻ-ɁŢĀŌōǕľŃěŽǕłĆǻİĀ#Ųžž +~ƕƇƇĩǻľŃǻ+~žž žžž yƕƇƇłĆäĔǻİĀìž žƏƈƐƈžqĴɁžž ž ž KȻdŤKǷ*ŤKȼǷįǕ®ÇlǕĂÐlǕăžƏƈƐƈƋƈžKǷįɁžžž
ŃǷ;ŁǻŪǻįǕÊǻįēžž ž ž ƳƢƩžơƵǁǁžƳƢƁžƷƵǁžƳƯƩžƹƵǇžǊƼƵǇƴƴƴžƂǃƈƋƍƍƃžž ƳƜƩžǊƼƵǇžƷƵǁžƳƭƩžơƵǁžƷƵǁžƳƯƩžƹƵǇžǊƼƵǇƴƴžžƂǃƈƋƍƊƃžž ž ž ·dŤKȎłȄȋǽǕ*ŤKȎ­ŭǫȊǧǷǼĹpĀƂǆǇƽǃǈƿƵǇƽǉƹƃǶǚȊǖžž ž ž ŒčƂƸƽǆǃƿƵƷƹǀƹǁǇƃǼľŃǻo(ǶǼǹǣǕľŃǻÁōǶǚȊǖž žƏƈƐƈƌƈž®ÇlǷĂÐlƔž
žž ŨŐůįɁƭƼƹǅƹžƵǅƹžǇƼǂǈƻƼǇžƿƽƾƹƿǌžǇǂžƶƹžƵǊƵǅƸƹƸžǆƹǉƹǅƵƿžǃǅƽǍƹǆƈžƂǃƈƋƍƎƃžžž ž ž ®ĚlǠĽŦīęȎ©ǲǵǛǵǕŨŐů®ĚǺȇȉǕĂÐlȎ®ǫǖžž ž ž Ƃ®ĚlǷĂÐlǻșțȠȮǠąǺķǟǸǜǟǼSŹƇƇƗž ƜƼǂǀǆƾǌžƂƌƊƋƏƃžĭøKƃžƏƈƐƈƍƈžăǷõžž ž ž ĝŃÝöǼxǨǹXȁȉǕăǷǛǜ?ǶŎǧȊǖƂǃƈƋƍƐƃžž ž ž ǮǜpǫȋǽyǼĭ;ĀǺ~ĜǫȊǖžž ž ž ƜƩ Ƿ ƯƩȻÔĈǺǼ ǉƄƩȼǠăžžƂƝƩ ǠăǟǸǜǟǕǉƩ ǠăǟǸǜǟȼžƏƈƐƈƎƈžQĤƂƹƸƻƹƃɁĝŃŇǷųŴŇǻĲū ž
ž ž ž ǘǫȀǵǻKǼQĤǺuǫȊȅǻǶǚȊǙƂǃƈƋƍƒƃžž
ƏƈƐƈƏƈž»ŜÃɁŒŖǻ&ǼľŃǻdȻɃȼǕƂƥƟ ŤũǻÓǕƭǂǁǂƽƾƹžƋƓƓƓȼžžlfhgm
                     p                  P
                     p                                   qp 3$1dmjnkedi  ,$/ dmjnkediƏƈƐƈƐƈž<PÃǷȗȧȺóŇɁžž ž <PÃɁȒȸȝȺȨȓȒțĳĉǼǘŃĀęǻť0ǰǥǟȈǹȊǙƂǃƈƋƍƓƃžž ž ž ǘÝöǻŝĎǺǞǛǵȅ«'ǶǡǹǛǙƂǃƈƋƍƓƃžž ž č;ǻȗȧȺóŇž č;ǻǺǼȗȧȺǠÖȉǕþőǼmYǩǹǛǖžž ž ž ƣǂƼǁžǊǂǁƸƹǅƹƸžǊƼƽƷƼžǃƽƷǇǈǅƹžǂƺžƼƽǀžƛƽƿƿžƿƽƾƹƸƘžžƂǃƈƋƎƊƃžžžžžžžžƼƽǀƖƣǂƼǁƆžƄƛƽƿƿžž
žžžžžžžžž ƣǂƼǁžǊǂǁƸƹǅƹƸžǊƼƽƷƼžǃƽƷǇǈǅƹžǂƺžƼƽǀǆƹƿƺžƛƽƿƿžƿƽƾƹƸƘžžƂǃƈƋƍƓƃžžžƼƽǀǆƹƿƺƖƣǂƼǁžǂǅžƛƽƿƿžžžž žžž ƣǂƼǁžǊǂǁƸƹǅƹƸžǊƼƽƷƼžǃƽƷǇǈǅƹžǂƺžƼƽǀžƛƽƿƿžƿƽƾƹƸžǊƼƽƷƼžǃƽƷǇǈǅƹžǂƺžƼƽǀƈžžžžž



22


žžžžžžžžž ƣǂƼǁžǊǂǁƸƹǅƹƸžǊƼƽƷƼžǃƽƷǇǈǅƹžǂƺžƼƽǀǆƹƿƺžƛƽƿƿžƿƽƾƹƸžǊƼƽƷƼžǃƽƷǇǈǅƹžǂƺžƼƽǀǆƹƿƺžž ž ȤȺǼŃĀęǶǼǹǛǯȄ<PÃǼ Ʊ ȤȺóŇȅ­ŭǫȊǖžƂÂĥÃȅȼžƏƈƐƈƑƈž§fÃɁǘKǻŠ÷ǼÉ%ǻĝŃǰǥȎuŋǺǶǡȊǙƂǃƈƋƎƋƃžž ž ƂqōǻÍĀçǻiƃžƏƈƐƈƒƈž±cċÓǷĝŃŇǻ_úɁž±cċÓÃɁǘƱ Ƿ Ʋ ǠKǨȋȊǷǡǕǘæc=ǶæŷǻîǺǚȊǙǎƱƆžƲǏǙžžžžƂǃƈƋƎƋƃž
ȰȦȺȵǻǝžƂǃƈƋƎƌƃžƂĢ=ɂdY=ǺǞǛǵǕƱƇƽǁƽǇƽƵƿƉƺƽǁƵƿ ǠÚȁȊȼžƏƈƐƈƓƈžău=¾xƔžžžžžžž ưƼƹǁžƸǂžǌǂǈžǇƼƽǁƾžƳƣǂƼǁžƿƹƺǇžžžžƴƘžƂǃƈƋƎƌƃžž ƄưƼƹǁžƸǂžǌǂǈžǊǂǁƸƹǅžƳǊƼǂžƿƹƺǇžžžžƴƘžƂǃƈƋƎƌƃžž ƜƺƈžƄưƼƹǁžƸǂžǌǂǈžǊǂǁƸƹǅžƳǊƼƵǇžƣǂƼǁžƶǂǈƻƼǇžžžžƴƘžž ƜƺƈžưƼǂžǊǂǁƸƹǅǆžǊƼƵǇžǊƼǂžƶǂǈƻƼǇƘžžž
ƏƈƑƈžoôǹĝŃŇɁǘųǷRȎū ǥȊƈƈ¾ŠǹĽǙž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž
ƐƈžË@ǩƇƇÕHĀěŝɁǘŠ/ǹÎŘȎǚǯǝȊǙȻĿŕĀkȼƇƇƗ»ŜĀÃȻ|ǻÃƇȺƗ¯ǻÃȼƇƇƗȥȳȭȝƇƇƗěàǻAóƇƇƇƗăGÃžƐƈƋƈžŚ=Ɂǘ ŪǻľŃÒīǠēǟǻǶŚ=Ǻȇȉ-òǩǯǙƂǃƈƋƎƐƃžž ž ž Ɵƥƛ Ƿ ƟƥƧƔžžžž
ŉ}¶Ăǻ ƼƵǁƸǂǈǇ ǻWžžžž ž ž žǘƟƥƛ ǻeǣǻ#ŲǼǻĬÌ;ëǷǻŪǶ)¿ǨȋǵǛȊǙƂǃƈƋƎƑƃžž ž ž ž ǘƟƥƧ ǻÈĀ+~Ā#ŲǼòYǻǷǧȌǕ;ëǻȗȭȱȢȖȺșȲȸǺǛǟǹȊŻëȅǹǛǙƂǃƈƋƎƑƃžž ž ž ž ǘľŃÒīȎöȃǺĮǲǯǻǼǧȋȈƂĻȹś;ǕÍȹNȒȸȝȺȨȓȒțȼȎǳǹǤäĔș
țȠȮǠŚ=Ǻȇȉ-òǩǯǧǷǶǚȊǖǙƂǃƈƋƎƒƃžž ž ž žľŃǻeÏǷöëǻeÏɁȥȳȭȝǷņĕŢlžƐƈƌƈžĒķUɁǘ ŪǻľŃÒīǷ ŪǻĩǻìǻeǣǠłĆșțȠȮǷĭçǻÛ4İǻȇȉİĀǹìǺȇȉÚpǨȋǵǛȊǙƂǃƈƋƏƊƃžž
ž
ž
ž



23


ƩƵǅǇžƌžÍĀçǼǸǧȁǶŞǨȋǯǟž
ǮǻȾž ășțȠȮž žƂƜƼǂǀǆƾǌžƌƊƊƒƃž
žžƂƋƃžž ƵƈžžžžžžžžǉƄƩžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƶƈžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžǉƄƩž
3
3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžǉƄƁžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƩƩžžžžžžžžžžǉƄƁž
2ǂƺžǊƼƽƷƼžƷƵǅ 2žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƝžžžžžžžžǉƄƁžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƝžžžžžžžžǉƄƁžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž
ƭơƞƲ 2ƭơƞƲ 2ǉƄžžžžžžžžƯƩžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžǉƄƇƺƽǁƸžžžƯƩƇƇƇƗŒŖž
žžƳƞƟƴžžžžž22ƝƩžžžžžžžžƯǓžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƝƩžžžžžžžƯƁž
2
H>;E?9HIF;D<K>?9>97F 2žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƯžžžžžžžžƝƩžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƸǅƽǉƹǅžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƯžǇƼƹžǃƽƷǇǈǅƹžǂƺžǊƼƽƷƼžƷƵǅž žžžžžžžžžƺƽǁƸžžǇƼƹžǃƽƷǇǈǅƹžƳǂƺžǊƼƽƷƼžƷƵǅƴžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƺƽǁƸž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƳƚƷƷƴžžžžžžƸǅƽǉƹǅžžž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƳƞƟƴžžžžžƳƍƇƬƻƴž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž*ŤKžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž*ŤKžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž*ŤKžƷƈž žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƜƩžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƸƈžžžžžžžžžžžžžƜƩž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƜǓžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƩƩžžžžžžžžžžžƜƁž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž3žžžžžžžžžžžžžǂƺžǊƼƽƷƼžƷƵǅžžž3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƜžžžžžžžžžžžƭƩžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƜƇƸƽƸžžžžžžžžžžƭƩž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƳƞƟƴžžžž3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƳƍƇƩƿƴžžž3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžǊƼžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƭƁžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƝžžžžžžžžžžžžƭƁž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƭơƞƲžžž3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƭžžžžžžžžžžžǉƄƩžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƳƧǂǀƴžƭžžžžžžžžžžžǉƄƩž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƸƽƸžžžžžžž3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƸƽƸžžžžž3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƳƞƟƴžžžžžƩƩžžžžžžžžžžžžžǉƄƁžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžǂƺžǊƼƽƷƼžƷƵǅžžžžžžžǉƄƁž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƳƧǂǀƴžžžǂƺžǊƼƽƷƼžƷƵǅž2žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƝžžžžžžžžǉƄƁžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƭơƞƲžžžžžžžžžǉƄƁž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƭơƞƲžžžǉƄƇžƺƽǁƸžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžǉƄƇƺƽǁƸžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƳƍƇƩƿƴžž ,>DBG@L ('')!o   R+ _X^ ]UTacb[P&][YZT\V\bQSƂƌƃž Ƶƈž ưƼƵǇžƸƽƸžǌǂǈžƶǈǌƘž
žƶƈž ƳǉƄƩžǌǂǈžǉƄžƳƯƩžƶǈǌžžǊƼƵǇƴƴžžžž
žǉƄǼ®ĚlǷǩǵ ǊƼƵǇ ȎìpǩǕǧȋȎ ǉƄƩ ªpŤǺǡǦȊǖžžǉƄǟȈǻğ¡Ǻȇȉ 8IL ` [WZ ǊƼƵǇ Ȏ ƯƩ ªpŤǺǡǦǕǮǻĽŦīęǼ"ȎǝȈȋǕÜǷǹȊǖǩǟǩǕǉƄǠ®ĚlǷǩǵ$ǣǷǡǺǼÜĀǶǚǲǯǖž
ž
9% 5J"2K>7H5J"2LDI5J"J"ƳƯƩžǊƼƵǇžƳƯƁžƶǈǌžǊƼƵǇ6ƴƴƴƴžžž


ž



24


ƋƈƋƈžSŹåɁ§fÃşEȻğ¡ǕĂĀŃǷ Ńǻ ƚ č;ǕƯƇǉƄƆžƭƇƜ ķŤč;ƃžžžžžžž ǮǻTţǻǯȄǻdĹpȻă*ǶǼ§fÃǼŠ÷ǩǹǛȼžžžž ƜƺƈžƞǃǆǇƹƽǁƆžƤƽǇƵƼƵǅƵžƵǁƸžƬƹƹƿǌžƂƌƊƋƌƃž
žƋƈƌƈžĽÚɁdÙƂƌƊƊƓƃƆžØŸȹdÙƂƌƊƋƊƃƆžƭǂǁǂƽƾƹžƂƌƊƋƍƃƆždÙƂƌƊƋƓƃžĒȾǔȿđžƋƈƌƈƋƈžğ¡ǻÓžƂƍƃž Ƶƈž ǒęȻǷÊęȼǼ;Ł Ư Ƿpº3 ƭ ǺÿǩǕǉƄǷpĕĵ´ÐŊ Ɯ Ǻȇȉš¤ǨȋȊȻQĤęȼǖžžƶƈž ęǻįǼę"ǷęÆǠLǪ¢v*ǺǚȊǷöǪȊƂęE ƟƹƵǇǈǅƵƿž
ƫƹƵƷǇƽǂǁƃǖęǼȻɂųȼÚpǻǯȄǺķǶǕųǷ'ȋ½ȍȉǺÞgž
žƂƎƃž ž ƵƈžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƯƁžžžžžžžžžžžžęEƇƇƗž ž ž ž ž ž ƯƁž3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƯžžžžžžžžžžžžƝƩžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƯžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƝƩž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƚƷƷƜƵǆƹžžžžžžžžžƳƜƵǆƹžžžƴžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƳƴžžžžžžžžžžžžƳƚƷƷƴž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƳ ]žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƶƈžžƶƹƿƽƹǉƹžžƳƭƩžƣǂƼǁžǇǂžƶƹžƵžƻƹǁƽǈǆƴžƇƇƗžƳƯƩžƣǂƼǁžƶƹƿƽƹǉƹžƳƣǂƼǁžǇǂžƶƹžƵžƻƹǁƽǈǆƴƴƇƇƗžž ž žžž ǉƄžƳƯƩžƣǂƼǁžƶƹƿƽƹǉƹžƳƭƩžƣǂƼǁžǇǂžƶƹžƵžƻƹǁƽǈǆƴƴžžƇƇƗžžž ž žžž ǉƄƇƶƹƿƽƹǉƹžƳƯƩžƣǂƼǁžƶƹƿƽƹǉƹžƳƭƩžƣǂƼǁžǇǂžƶƹžƵžƻƹǁƽǈǆƴƴž
žƂƏƃž ž Ƶƈž žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƭƩžžžžžžžžęEƂƟƹƵǇǈǅƵƿžƫƹƵƷǇƽǂǁžƃžžžžƭƩžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƇƇƇƗƞƩƩ ŭCžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž3 žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž3 žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƝƂƩƃžžžžžžžžžƭƁžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƝƂƩƃžžžžžžžžƭƁž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƳƜƵǆƹžžžƴžžž3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƳƧǂǀƴžž3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƭžžžžžžžžžžžžžǉƄƩžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƭžžžžžžžžžžǉƄƩž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƧǂǀƜƵǆƹžžž3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƳƴžžžž 3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƳ ]žžžžžžžžžƝƂƩƃžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžǉƄƁžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƝƂƩƃžžžžžžžǉƄƁžžžžžžž
žƂƐƃž =nEƂƜƼƹǀƽƷƵƿžƫƹƵƷǇƽǂǁƃžžȯȝȣȺȵǻêèž
Ƶƈž ƌƜơƍƨơžƅžƍƨƌžƇƇƇƗžƌƜƨƌžƅžƎơƌƨžž
žƶƈžžžžžž žƝžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƭžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƝžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƭžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƝžžžžžžžžžƭžžžžžž

žžžžžƳƜƵǆƹžžžƴ+ ƧǂǀƜƵǆƹƅƳ 6> ƳƜƵǆƹžƧǂǀƜƵǆƹƴƳ ž>žƳƧǂǀƴ

ƳƴžƋƈƌƈƌƈžžƚ č;ǻ§fÃşEǻŭCɁžžž ž ž ĂĀŃǻ ƚ č;ǼȻŗȼķǕ Ńǻ ƚ č;ǼķƂƕƇƇęEȼžž ž ž ƇƇƗ§fÃşEŭCž
žƋƈƌƈƍƈž ķŤč;ǻ§fÃşEǻŭCɁžģ-ƂƞǋƷǂǅǃǂǅƵǇƽǂǁƃ.Äž
dÙƂƌƊƊƓƃƆžØŸȹdÙƂƌƊƋƊƃƆžƭǂǁǂƽƾƹžƂƌƊƋƍƃƆždÙƂƌƊƋƓƃƆžƬƼƽǀƵƸƵžƂƌƊƊƑƃž
žǉƄǷ ƯǕ ĕýS´ǻ Ɯ Ƿ ƭ ǼŃĶKƂƿƹǋƽƷƵƿžƷǂǀǃƿƹǋƃǷǩǵ ƧǈǀƹǅƵǇƽǂǁ Ǻ'Ȋž
ž



25



ƂƑƃž žžƵƈž žžžžžžžžžžžžǉƄƇƯžžžžģ-ƇƇƗžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžǉƄƁžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžǉƄǼ ƯƩ ȎĵŤǷǩǵǷȊž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž3 žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž3 žžžžžžžžžžžQĤęȎ©ǳžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžǉƄƇƯžžžžžžžƝƩžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžǉƄžžžžžžžžžžƯƩžž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƯžžžžžžžžžžžžƝƩž
žƂƒƃžžžźYĀĝŃŇÃɁƨǉƹǅǇžƬǌǁǇƵǋžƜǂǁƸƽǇƽǂǁƔžžž ž žž*ŤKƂƢƦƃǼųȎȍǹǥȋǽǹȈǹǛƂƢƦžǀǈǆǇžƷƵǅǅǌžƵžǃƼǂǁƹǇƽƷžǆƼƵǃƹƈƃžž
žžžžžžžžǎƱǏƖƱ ǻRǕƉƱƉƖƱ ǻųž ž ƱɂƉǎƱǏƉž
žƂƓƃž Ƶƈž žžžžžžžǉƄƇƺƽǁƸžžžžģ-ƇƇƗž žžžžƛƵǅƹžƩƼǅƵǆƹžƬǇǅǈƷǇǈǅƹžž
žžžžžžžžžžžžž 3 žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž
žžžžžžžžžžžžǉƄƇƺƽǁƸžžžžžžžžžžƝƩžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžǇƼƹžǃƽƷǇǈǅƹžƂǂƺžǊƼƽƷƼžƷƵǅƃžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž
žƶƈž žžžžžžžžžžžžǉƄž
3žžžžžžžžžžžžžǉƄƇƉƺƽǁƸƉžžžžǎƺƽǁƸǏƖƯƩž
3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžǎƺƽǁƸǏžžžžžžžžžžƝƩžž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžǇƼƹžǃƽƷǇǈǅƹžƂǂƺžǊƼƽƷƼžƷƵǅƃž
žƂƋƊƃž Ƶƈž žžžžžƪƇƸƽƸžžžžžžƪƖƜžžžžžžžƚ č;ƇƇƗž ž ž žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžž3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž
žžžžžžžžžžžžƪƇƸƽƸžžžžžžžǉƄƩžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƝžžžžžžžžǉƄƇƉƺƽǁƸƉžžžžžžžžžž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƭơƞƲžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž
žžžžžžžžƶƈžžžžžžžžžƪƇƸƽƸžƖƭƩžžžžžžžžžžžģ-ƇƇƗž
3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƝžžžžžžžžžžžžƪƇƸƽƸž
žžžžžžžžžžžƉƭơƞƲƉžžžž3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƪƇƸƽƸžžžžžžǉƄƇƉƺƽǁƸƉƖǉƄƩžžžžžžžžž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžž3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƝžžžžžžǉƄƇƉƺƽǁƸƉž
žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžǎƭơƞƲǏžžžƷƈž žžžžžžžžžžƪƇƉƸƽƸƉžžƖƜƩž
3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƪƇƉƸƽƸƉžžžžžžžžǎƸƽƸǏžžɂƭƩž
3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžƉƭơƞƲƉžžžžǎƸƽƸǏž
3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžǎƸƽƸǏžžžžžžǉƄƇƉƺƽǁƸƉž
3žžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžžǎƭơƞƲǏžžžǉƄƇƉƺƽǁƸƉžžžƸƈž ķŤč;ǻAóĀń¸ȻźYĀĝŃŇÃȼžž ž žžžžƹƈž ķŤč;ǻhjǹȿǳǻōƔžƜƼǂǀǆƾǌžƂƌƊƋƏƃž
žžžžžžžžžžžžƋƃžRĀŵǠǹǛǕƌƃõĀȻƇƇƗĝŃĀȼž



26


ž
ÜÃSŹɁžƂƋƋƃž Ƶƈž ǘŶǞȇǾǮǻ*ŤǼÊǠǝȈȋǯǚǷǶǼ®ĚlǟȈĸǝǹǣǹȊǙž
žƶƈž ÜÃǼ²mYǫȊǻǟɃȻƇƇƗ ¶ĂȼžžƋƈƍƈžășțȠȮdǻSŹåž
ƋƈƍƈƋƈžč;ǻȗȧȺóŇƇƇƗ5ŭ°ǠķžƂƋƌƃžž Ƶƈž ƉǎƱƂƩƃǏƉžǻč;žž ž ƶƈž ƉǎƱƂƩƃǏƉžƈƈƈžƉǎƱƂƩƃǏƉžžž5ŭƇƇƗžž ž Ʒƈž ƉƱƂƩƃƉžžƈƈƈžǎƱƂƩƃǏž
ĽÚµÛɁč;ǻűȗȧȺóŇɁč;Ȼ*ŤKȼǼ\ÁĀǺųǰǥǻč;žƂƋƍƃžž Ƶƈž ƉǎƱƂƩƃǏƉžǻč;žž ž ƶƈž ƉƱƂƩƃƉžƈƈƈžǎƱƂƩƃǏžž ž Ʒƈž Ūþőȅķžž ž Ƹƈž Ōá3ŬƂƫƹǆǂǈǅƷƹžƫƹǆǇǅƽƷǇƽǂǁƃžƜƼǂǀǆƾǌžƌƊƋƓžƥƹƷǇǈǅƹƃž
žƋƈƍƈƌƈžÂĥÃƇƇƗȒȸȝȺȨȓȒțǺǞǥȊqōĀĽŦƂǆǈƶǆǇƵǁǇƽǉƹžƽǁǇƹǅǃǅƹǇƵǇƽǂǁƃƇƇƗžž ž ž SŹǼLªĉȎªĉªÐȎ÷ǛǬǺǸǜȆǲǵ¬ǝȊǟžž ơǂǅǁǆǇƹƽǁžžƤƵǌǁƹƆžƧǈǁƹǆž#µč;ƂƬƽƸƹǊƵǅƸžƦǂǉƹǀƹǁǇƃž
ƂƋƎƃžž Ƶƈž ƭƼƹžǆǇǈƸƹǁǇžǇƼƽǁƾǆžǇƼƵǇžǆƼƹžƽǆžǆǀƵǅǇžž ž ƶƈž ǇƼƽǁƾǆžǇƼƵǇžƳǇƼƹƌžǆǇǈƸƹǁǇƴžƽǆžǆǀƵǅǇžžƇƇƗ#µč;ž
ž ž Ʒƈž ǇƼƹžǆǇǈƸƹǁǇžǇƼƽǁƾǆžǇƼƵǇžǇƼƹžƽǆžǆǀƵǅǇžžžƂƥƟƃžž ž Ƹƈž ǇƼƹžǆǇǈƸƹǁǇžǇƼƽǁƾǆžǇƼƵǇžǆƼƹžƽǆžǆǀƵǅǇžžžƂƩƟƃžžžžžǇƼƹžƽǆžǆǃƹƿƿƹƸžǂǈǇžžƵǆžǆƼƹž
LªĉǼ Ɲ ǻLǺȇȉ¬ǝȈȋȊǖȻƝ ǻȂǠªĉÒīȎ©ǱǕªĉªÐǻ$ǡȎǫȊȼž
Ąûȅ\ÁĀǺǼLǪ ǛžžƂƋƏƃžž ƢžƷƵǁžƉǎƸǂžǇƼƵǇǏƉžƽƺžǌǂǈžǊƵǁǇžǀƹžǇǂžǎƸǂžǇƼƵǇǏžžžžžRǻȗȧȺǎƸǂžǇƼƵǇǏƌž
žžǮǻ ƌžž¢vSŹɁƜƼǂǀǆƾǌžƂƌƊƋƍƃž
ƂƋƃž Ƶƈž KǻSŹƕƇƇdŤKžžƶƈž ŒčǻSŹƕƇƇ*ŤKžžƷƈž ¢vSŹƇƇƗȳȪȵǥóŇžƂƌƃž Ƶƈž ĝŃ Ƭƨ ǠȒȸȝȺȨȓȒțǶĽŦǨȋȊǯȄǺǼǕǮȋǠǶǚȊǟǻ]Ǡķǖžžƶƈž ƮƠžǺǼȳȪȵǥȐȵȘȴȜȮƂƥƚƃǠǚȉǕȳȪȵȎǝȊǖžžƷƈž ƥƚžǼ¾x®ĚǰǥǶǕĝŃǻǶȾǳǻķęȎìpǫȊǖž
žƸƈž ơžǠ ķŤǶǕƱƩžǠű ķŤǶǚȊǎơƆžƱƩǏǻ^KǼǕơžǠȳȪȵǺǹȊǖž
žƹƈž ǎƱƩƆžƲƩǏǻ^KǺǼȳȪȵǻÚpǺȿǳǻµÛǠǚȊƔžƂƚƃžȾǳǰǥǠĸǝȊȇǜǺĝŃǺc=Ȏ8ǝȊǟǕƂƛƃžLǪȳȪȵȎǝȊȇǜǺūřǫȊǶ Ʊ Ƿ Ʋ ǠLǺǹȊǖž
žƺƈž ƱƩžǠĦȉǠȊǷǻȗȧȺǼǘřĠķęǻŤǷǹȊǯȄǙƥƚ ǺĸǝǹǣǹȊǖž
Ƃƍƃž Ƶƈž ƶƹžǎ ƿƽƻƼǇƹǁƽǁƻžǎ ǇƼƹžƷƵǈǆƹžǂƺžǇƼƹžƺƽǅƹǏǏžžž
žƶƈž ž ǎƿƽƻƼǇƹǁƽǁƻžǎƶƹžǎ ƿƽƻƼǇƹǁƽǁƻžǎ ǇƼƹžƷƵǈǆƹžǂƺžǇƼƹžƺƽǅƹǏǏǏžžž
ƂƎƃž Ƶƈž ž ǇƼƹžǆǈǁžƼƵǆžƸǅƽƹƸžǇƼƹžƷƿǂǇƼƹǆƈžžž



27


ž
ž
ƂƏƃž
ž

ƶƈž ž ǎơƚƯƞžǎ ǇƼƹžǆǈǁžǎžǉƄƩžǉƄžǎƯƩžƸǅƽƹƸžǇƼƹžƷƿǂǇƼƹǆǏǏǏǏžƷƈž ž ǎ ǇƼƹžǆǈǁ žǎơƚƯƞžǎžǉƄƩžǇƼƹžǆǈǁžǎžǉƄƩžǉƄžǎƯƩžƸǅƽƹƸžǇƼƹžƷƿǂǇƼƹǆǏǏǏǏǏžžƵƈž ž ǎǇƼƹǌžǇƼǂǈƻƼǇžǎ ƽǁžǊƼƽƷƼžƭƹǋƵǆžƷƽǇǌžǎƜƩžƜžǎƣƟƤžǊƵǆžƵǆǆƵǆǆƽǁƵǇƹƸǏǏǏǏžžƂƌƷƃžžƶƈž ž ǎƽǁž ǊƼƽƷƼž ƭƹǋƵǆž ƷƽǇǌž ǎǇƼƹǌž ǇƼǂǈƻƼǇž ǎƜƩ ƽǁž ǊƼƽƷƼž ƭƹǋƵǆž ƷƽǇǌž ǎƜƩžƜžǎƣƟƤž ǊƵǆžƵǆǆƵǆǆƽǁƵǇƹƸǏǏǏǏǏžž
ƂƐƃž Ƶƈž ž ǎǇƼƹǌžǊǂǁƸƹǅƹƸžǎ ƽǁžǊƼƽƷƼžƭƹǋƵǆžƷƽǇǌƪžǎ ƜƪžǎƣƟƤžǊƵǆžƵǆǆƵǆǆƽǁƵǇƹƸǏǏǏǏžžž
žƶƈž ž ǎǇƼƹǌžǊǂǁƸƹǅƹƸžǎƪžƽǁžǊƼƽƷƼžƭƹǋƵǆžƷƽǇǌžǎƪžƜžǎƣƟƤžǊƵǆžƵǆǆƵǆǆƽǁƵǇƹƸǏǏǏǏžžžž
žƌƈƋƈžňSŹž
ƌƈƋƈƋžžÍĀSŹžƂƌƸƃǼĹpĀƂǆǇƽǃǈƿƵǇƽǉƹƃǶǚȊǖž
ƂƑƃžžžžƵƈž ǎƼƹžǎžǉƄƩžǉƄžǎžƯƩžƸǅǌžǎƝƩžǇƼƹžƷƿǂǇƼƹǆǏǏǏǏžƖžǎƱƆžǎƲƩǏǏžžƼƹƖƝƖơƹƵƸžž
žƶƈž ƄǎƝƩžƼƹžǎžǉƄƩžǉƄžǎžƯƩžƸǅǌžǎƝƩžǇƼƹžƷƿǂǇƼƹǆǏǏǏǏž
ƂƑƶƃȎ­ŭǫȊǯȄǺǼǕƼƹ ǼǎƼƹƆžǂǁƹǏǶǚȊǷǫȊĹpǠķǺǹȊǖž
ȻƌƹƇƺƃǻSŹž
Ƃƒƃž Ƶž šľSŹƂƥƚƂƚƃžǂǅžƥƚƂƛƃž žžƶƈž ²)¿ǨȋȊęǠȳȪȵǺǹȊǻǟɃžžžƷƈž ƩǅǂǀƽǁƹǁǇ ǻpħǼɃžžƸƈž ²ǻȗȧȺǰǥǠĸǝǹǣǹȊǻǟɃžžƌƈƋƈƌ ĿŕĀSŹž
ƥƚƂƚƃǻSŹåž
ĂĀŃǻ ƯƩ ªpŤǿǻč;ɁȻǯǰǩ ƜƼǂǀǆƾǌžƌƊƋƏƃž
ƂƓƃžž Ƶƈž ž ǎǉƄžǎƯƩžƸǅƽƹƸžǇƼƹžƷƿǂǇƼƹǆǏǏžž
žƶƈž ž ǎǉƄƩžǉƄžǎǇƼƹžƷƿǂǇƼƹǆžǎƯƩžƸǅƽƹƸžǇƼƹžƷƿǂǇƼƹǆǏǏǏǏžžǧǻč;Ǽ ƥƚ ǻǯȄǺǼķžžƶƈž ž ǎ ǇƼƹžǆǈǁžǎǉƄƩžǉƄžǎƯƩžžǇƼƹžƷƿǂǇƼƹǆžǎƯƩžƸǅƽƹƸžǇƼƹžƷƿǂǇƼƹǆǏǏǏǏžž
űuÊ;ŁǺǞǥȊ Ńǻč;ɁȻǯǰǩ ƜƼǂǀǆƾǌžƌƊƋƏƃž
ƂƋƊƃž Ƶƈž ž ǎ ơƚƯƞ žǎ ǉžǎƯƩžƸǅƽƹƸžǇƼƹžƷƿǂǇƼƹǆǏǏǏžžžơƚƯƞ Ǡ ķŤǶǚȋǽƖƭƂƩƃžƶƈž ž ǎžǇƼƹžƷƿǂǇƼƹǆžǎ ơƚƯƞžǎ ǉžǎƯƩžƸǅƽƹƸžǇƼƹžƷƿǂǇƼƹǆǏǏǏǏžǧǻč;ȅ ƥƚ ǺǼķžžƥƚƂƛƃžǻSŹåƔȳȪȵǷĽŦGīžƂƋƋƃžžžƵƈž ž ĝŃǼȳȪȵǠǝȈȋǵ1ȄǵĽŦGīǷǹȊǖžž
žƶƈž ǎƱƩƆžƲƩǏǼ)¿ǫȊźıǹę Ɵ ǠȳȪȵǷǹȉǕǎƟžƱƩƆžƲƩǏžǷǹȊǖžž
ƕ,*
ƂƋƌƃž Ƶƈž ž ǎžǇƼƹžǆǈǁžǎ ơƚƯƞžǎžǉƄƩžǇƼƹžǆǈǁžǉƄžǎƸǅƽƹƸžǇƼƹžƷƿǂǇƼƹǆǏǏǏǏžž
žƶƈž ž ǎžǇƼƹžǆǈǁžǎ ơƚƯƞžǎžǉƄƩžǇƼƹžǆǈǁžǉƄžǎƸǅƽƹƸžǇƼƹžƷƿǂǇƼƹǆǏǏǏǏžžȁǯǼƕƆƗžƂƋƍƃž Ƶƈž ž ƂƢžǁǂǇƽƷƹƸƃžǎǇƼƵǇžǎžǇƼƹžǆǈǁžǎ ơƚƯƞžǎǉƄƩžǇƼƹžǆǈǁžǉƄžǎƸǅƽƹƸžǇƼƹžƷƿǂǇƼƹǆǏǏǏǏǏžžž
žƶƈž ž ƜƖǇƼƵǇžǼȁǯǼƕƆƗǷKǶǡȊǖž
žƷƈž ž ǎǇƼƹƆžǆǈǁǏƖžƕƆƗžžǹǭǹȈǕǇƼƹ Ƿ ǆǈǁ ǼįƈžƜƺƈžƹƿžǆǂƿƆžžƸƽƹžƬǂǁǁƹžƸƈž ž ƄƂƢžǁǂǇƽƷƹƸƃžǎǇƼƵǇžǎžǇƼƹƆžǆǈǁǏǏžžž



28


ƂƋƎƃž ÔǩǛİ=Ǽ ǇƼƹžǆǈǁžƼƵǆžƸǅƽƹƸžǇƼƹžƷƿǂǇƼƹǆ Ǽ ƭƩ ǶǕǇƼƹžǆǈǁ Ǽ ƝƩ ǶǕǇƼƵǇ Ǽ ƭƩ Ȏš¤ǫȊǠǕƝƩ Ǽš¤ǩǹǛǖǳȁȉǕžȁǯǼƕ, ƗǷǛǜȳȪȵǺǼRǠǹǛǖž
ƕƪƆƪƗž
ƂƋƏƃž Ƶƈž ǎǇƼƹǌžǊǂǁƸƹǅƹƸžǎ ƽǁžǊƼƽƷƼžƭƹǋƵǆžƷƽǇǌžǎƜžǎƣƟƤžǊƵǆžƵǆǆƵǆǆƽǁƵǇƹƸǏǏǏǏžž
žƶƈž ǎƪ ƽǁžǊƼƽƷƼžƭƹǋƵǆžƷƽǇǌžǎƪžƜžǎƣƟƤžǊƵǆžƵǆǆƵǆǆƽǁƵǇƹƸǏǏǏžž
žƷƈž ƯƖǊǂǁƸƹǅžƷƵǁžǇƵƾƹžƪžǂǅžƕƪƆžƪƗž
žƸƈž ƽǁžǊƼƽƷƼžƭƹǋƵǆžƷƽǇǌƖƪžƂƕƪƆžƪƗƃžƹƈž ƄƢžǊǂǁƸƹǅžǎƪžƽǁžǊƼƽƷƼžƭƹǋƵǆžƷƽǇǌǏžž ƂƬƿǈƽƷƹ ǷǩǵǼ´ÛĀȼžžƂƋƐƃž Ƶƈž ǧǧǶȅÔǩǛİ=Ǽ ǊǂǁƸƹǅ ǼýSǻ ƜƩ Ȏš¤ǫȊǠǕýSǶǚǲǵȅ ƩƩ Ǽš¤ǩǹǛǷǛǜǧǷǶǚȊǖǳȁȉǕƪ ȁǯǼƕƪƆžƪƗǷǛǜȳȪȵǺǼRǠǹǛǖž
žƶƈž Ɯ Ƿ ươ ǠįǩǵǛȊǷǛǜïĐǩǯŀ¦ǼǹǛǖžž
ơƹǁǅǌžƂƋƓƓƏƃžž
ƂƋƑƃž ƵƈžƭƼƹǌžƵǆƾƹƸžǊƼƽƷƼžƶǂǂƾžǇƼƵǇžƢžƼƵƸžƷƼǂǆƹǁžƂƛƹƿƺƵǆǇžƞǁƻƿƽǆƼƃžžž
žƶƈž ƢžǊǂƵNžǁƹƸžǊƵǁǁžƸƵNžƱƵǉƹƵžƾǈǀǀǇžž
žž ſƢžƸǂǁƁǇžƾǁǂǊžǊƼƹǁžƱƵǉƹƵžƷƵǀƹſžƂƛƵǉƵǅƽƵǁƃžž
 9% />7$C$?B=G;H#K?;:7GG;F:7GGGOIB79>;  /HDA:>?B>DK>;G>DIA::DH>?G 397C:?C7J?7C!
:% /@K;;HC?;K?;:7H07C=;M?;C>;;<H /:DCH@CDKK>D07CG7K .A;B?G>!
 ;% /J?:;7A:F?C77F7H<F;BB;:<?;C:;FD<<I;F<7A:;DGG
  4DIC;J;F@CDKK>;C<DF;?=C;C;B?;G7HH79@IG 17?CA7C:-7C?G>!
žȒȸȝȺȨȓȒțǺǼmYǩǹǛ)¿ǨȋǯęžƂƋƒƃž Ƶƈž ǎ ǇƼƹžƷǂǂƾžǎƭƩžƽǆžǎǉƄƩžǇƼƹžƷǂǂƾžǉƄžǎǇƼƽƷƾƹǁƽǁƻžǇƼƹžǆǂǈǃǏǏǏǏžžƶƈž ǎƕƆ ƗǇƼƹžƷǂǂƾžǎžƽǆžǎǉƄƩžǇƼƹžƷǂǂƾžǉƄžǎǇƼƽƷƾƹǁƽǁƻžǇƼƹžǆǂǈǃǏǏǏǏžž
ƂƋƓƃž ȒȸȝȺȨȓȒțȻƥƟȼǶǼº3ǺmYǩǹǛǠǕĽŦǺķǹȳȪȵȎÚȄȊǷǛǜǻǼĭçǖžžSŹåǻĽÞǻµNžƂƌƊƃž Ƶƈž ĝŃ Ƭƨ ǠȒȸȝȺȨȓȒțǶĽŦǨȋȊǯȄǺǼǕǮȋǠǶǚȊǟǻ]Ǡķǖžžƶƈž ȗȧȺǺľDǩǹǛGĺǻpħžžƷƈž ĭøǹȳȪȵǥž
ž
ž
ž
ž



29

οϥϞηΫʖཀྵ࿨ͳৼཀྵָ ʤͨ͹ ʥ஦ౣฑࢀKHL]RQ#QLIW\FRP̏ɿ঄ઈʀ‫ৼͳָޢݶ‬ཀྵָ͹‫͵॑͗ৼؖ‬Ζकགྷ  ྘Үʂ ‫ॴޢݶ‬ཀྵɼ‫֭ޢݶ‬ಚɼ‫ޢݶ‬බཀྵɽS ˲͞ͳͻͺѻౙదͶਫ਼෼ָద͵‫ݳ‬েͲ͍Ζͳ͏͑क௃Ͷࢩ࣍͗༫͓ΔΗΖɽ˲ਫ਼੔ཀྵ࿨΃͹େ଺Ҍʤ྘ҮҲൢదָसཀྵ࿨Ͷ‫͚Ͱخ‬αϋέεϥωθϞΏ૓൅कٝ͵ʹʥ͹෈ॉ෾͗ࣖ͠͠ΗΖɽ
ʀৼཀྵదࣰࡑʁ͠Ή͡Ή͵ࣆࣰΝઈ໎ͤΖͪΌͶՀઈͳ͢ͱཱིͱͪช๑͗ʰৼཀྵదͶࣰࡑͤΖʱͳक௃ͤΖ͞ͳͺɼͨΗ͗ৼʤ੠ਈʥ
ʀ೶͹͍Ζଈ໚Ͷ‫ͤؖ‬Ζ‫ى‬फ़ͳ͢ͱਜ਼͢͏ͳक௃͢ͱ͏ΖͶ͙ͤ͵͏ S ɽʰਜ਼͢͏ʱͳͺɼ͞ΗΉͲ͹஦Ͳ࠹વͲ͍ΕɼਇͶઈ໎ྙ͍͗Εɼ໪Ծ͹ͳ͞Θൕৄ͠ΗΖ͞ͳ͗͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳɽ
̐ɿҾՎ‫ͳܐؖ‬ઈ໎ʀཀྵ࿨ͺɼઈ໎ͤΖ͞ͳΝ໪ࢨ͢ɼ༑ΗͪՌָదઈ໎͹ࣻఖͶͺɼ‫ݬ‬Ҿ͍Ζ͏ͺ‫ݬ‬Ҿͳ͵ΖϟΩωθϞΝ‫؜‬Ίɼ͠ΔͶஎࣟ͹͠Ή͡Ή͵ଈ໚͹౹߻Ν‫؜‬΋ɽ S    ཀྵ࿨ࣰ͗‫ݩ‬υʖνΝྉձͪ͢ྭʁϏηςʖϩɼΠ΢ϱεϣν΢ϱʀߨಊकٝ൹൓ʁਕؔ͹ߨಊΝཀྵմͤΖͶͺɼ֕೨ͳ͖໪దɼͨΗΔͶྪͤΖৼద͵ࣆณʤߨಊकٝं͗‫͑ݶ‬ʰ‫ؽ‬փ͹஦͹༕ྸʱʥͶ‫ͤٶݶ‬Ζ͹Νඈ͜ͱ௪Ζ͞ͳ͵ʹͺͲ͘͵͏ɽ S ʀοϥϞηΫʖ͹ 6NLQQHU  9HUEDO%HKDYLRU ͹ॽ඲  ͺɼৼཀྵकٝద‫ޢݶ‬ָΏ೟எՌָ͹‫ેخ‬Ν஛͚ɽ S ̑ɿৼཀྵదࣰࡑ੓ͳৄ‫ڎ‬͹੓࣯ɿʰৼཀྵָదʱΉͪͺʰ‫ָޢݶ‬దʱৄ‫ "ڎ‬Γ͚͍Ζ‫ޣ‬ṫͳ͢ͱɼৼཀྵָదৄ‫ݶͳڎ‬‫ָޢ‬దৄ‫͑͏ͳڎ‬พझ͹ৄ‫͍͗ڎ‬ΕɼʹͬΔ͖͹ৄ‫ڎ‬ͺʹͬΔ͖Ҳ๏͹྘ҮͶ͹Ί‫ؖ‬
Κͮͱ͏Ζɽਜ਼͚͢ͺɼʹͬΔ͹྘Ү΍ɼྈ๏͹झྪ͹ৄ‫ڎ‬Νࢂল͢߻͑͞ͳɽ S ʀ झྪ͹ৄ‫ڎ‬ͺɼ‫ݬ‬ཀྵదͶಋఖౕͶ༙ްͲ͍Ζ͗ɼ਄͠ͳ෵ࡸ͠ͳ͏఼͑Ͳͺ‫࣎ݳ‬఼Ͳͺ९ਰͶʰ‫ָޢݶ‬దʱৄ‫ڎ‬͹๏͗ʰৼཀྵָదʱ ৄ‫ڎ‬ΓΕ΍ҲൢదͶൊ͘Ξड़
ͱ͏Ζɽ S   ྭʁ93 ͳ͏͑ߑ੔ો͹ଚࡑ -RKQ   >DWH   RQLRQV@        ˜‫ָޢݶ‬దৄ‫ڎ‬ʁେಊࢼͶΓΖ஖‫׷‬ɼҢಊ͹ଲেɼ঴ྲྀ͹ଲেɼʞ     30˜ৼཀྵָదৄ‫ڎ‬ʁέϨρέԽࣰ‫ݩ‬     -RKQ   >DWH   RQLRQV@ ˤ  ᶆˤ

ᶅʀ‫ָޢݶ‬ͺৼཀྵָ͹  ෾໼ &KRPVN\ D ɽ झྪ͹ৄ‫ڎ‬͹ۢ෾ͺዠқదͲ͍Εɼຌ࣯దͲͺ͵͏ɽ S  ௜؏  ௜؏ͺ , ‫ޢݶ‬Ͷͯ͏ͱ͹ৄ‫ڎ‬ɽ S ʀ௜؏Ν༽͏Ζ͞ͳ΃͹Γ͚͍Ζൕ࿨ʁ௜؏ͺ࿫͢घͶΓͮͱรಊͤΖ͹Ͳ৶བͲ͘
͵͏ S ɽͫ͗ɼ൓இ͹༵Ηͺɼ‫ݺ‬ʓਕ͗ͨΗͩΗ͹ , ‫ޢݶ‬Ͷඏࡋ͵ҩ͏Ν࣍ͮͱ͏Ζ͖ΔͲ͍Ε S ɼ͍ͮͱ౲ષɽ
ʀਫ਼੔‫Ͳָޢݶ‬ͺɼߡ͓ΔΗΖ‫ݸ‬Εଡ͚͹྘ҮͶৄ‫ڎ‬Ν‫ͯ͜ݡ‬ड़ͨ͑ͳ͢ͱ͏Ζ ྭ͓ͻɼຌহͲ‫ݡ‬Ζ‫ޢݶ‬͹ॴཀྵɼ֭ಚɼබཀྵ ɽ͞ΗΔ͹झྪ͹ৄ‫ڎ‬͹͏ͥΗ͖͗ଠ͹झྪ͹ৄ‫ڎ‬ΓΕ΍ຌཔదͶ༑Ηͱ͏Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳͺ͵͚ɼ͠Ή͡Ή͵झྪ͹ৄ‫͗ڎ‬Ҳ஗
ͤΖ৖߻ͶɼѻౙదͶઈಚదͲ͍Ζɽ S 㸬㸬㸬㸬   ‫Ͳ఼࣎ݳ‬΍ͮͳ΍‫ڎৄ͵ྙک‬ͺɼ‫಼ָޢݶ‬෨͹෾ੵͶ‫͍Ͳڎৄ͚Ͱخ‬Ζɽͳ͏͑͹ͺɼୱͶɼ‫ޢݶ‬ཀྵ࿨͹ԍ៹ద࿨๑͹๏͗ɼ͏͖͵Ζ‫ؖ‬࿊ͪ͢྘Ү͹ཀྵ࿨͹࿨๑ͳർ΄ͱ΍ɼർֳͶ͵Δ͵͏Άʹ਄͏͖ΔͲ͍Ζɽ S      ɿ‫ॴޢݶ‬ཀྵ ෵ࡸ੓͹ഁਫ਼ཀྵ࿨ʤชߑଆ͹෵ࡸ੓Νɼഁਫ਼Ͷ‫ؖ‬༫ͤΖร‫وܙ‬ଉ͹਼Ͳఈٝɽʥ
ഁਫ਼దͶ෵ࡸ͵ชΆʹɼॴཀྵͶෝ୴ʤͤ͵Κͬଡ͚͹ൕԢ࣎ؔʥΝགྷͤΖɽʀοϥϞηΫʖʰ‫ৼͳޢݶ‬దգఖ͹‫ڂݜ‬Ͷ͕͏ͱɼ૓қ͹͍Ζࣰ‫͗ݩ‬ཀྵ࿨ద‫͑ͳڂݜ‬Ή͚݃߻͓͢Ζ͞ͳΝࣖͤો੘Δ͢͏ྭʱɽ S 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬ͫ͗ʤ෵ࡸ੓͹ഁਫ਼ཀྵ࿨ͺʥɼৼཀྵָֆ͹ਫ਼੔ช๑ͶଲͤΖ೦྿͵‫غ‬ଶͳɼͨΗͶକ㸬㸬͚‫ݮ‬໕͹΍ͮͳ΍෾͖ΕΏͤ͏ྭɽ S ྭʁ ೵ಊʀߢఈʀฑংชʨ֫ชʩ ʽ ʶणಊร‫ ܙ‬ʽ ʶ൳ఈร‫ ܙ‬ʽ ʶٛ໲ร‫ܙ‬      ෵ࡸౕ ̎           ̏        ̐        ̑ʀൕৄͳ͵Ζྭ S ʥ D-RKQSLFNHGXSWKHER[ E-RKQSLFNHGWKHER[XS   D 3DUWLFOH0RYHPHQW     D.HQQHG\ZDVDVVDVVLQDWHGE\VRPHRQH  E.HQQHG\ZDVDVVDVVLQDWHG   D $JHQW'HOHWLRQ
F7KHPDQZKRZDVVLWWLQJLQWKHFRUQHURUGHUHGDGULQN   G7KHPDQVLWWLQJLQWKHFRUQHURUGHUHGDGULQN 

F 5HODWLYH5HGXFWLRQ˙ഁਫ਼ཀྵ࿨͹ߡ͓๏ͺɼ‫ࡃܨ‬੓ʀ࠹ঘ੓ʤྭʁ࠹ঙ౔ྙʥ͵ʹ͹؏఼͖Δ͢ͱࣙષ͵

31ߡ͓๏Ͳ͍Εɼࣼͱ͗ͪ͏ɽ
ʀ03 Ͷ͕͏ͱҋ໩཭Ͷ෰‫׈‬ʁ΢νϨΠ‫ޢ‬͹  झ͹ʰҲ஗ʱ͹֭ಚʤ0RVFDWL 5L]]Lʥɽ S  ʤʥD ݀ఈࢼʷ໌ࢼʁOHFDVHʤՊʥɼྈ‫ͳޢ‬΍Ͷঃ੓ʀ෵਼‫ܙ‬ɽ     E क‫ޢ‬ʷಊࢼʁ*LDQQL SDUWHʤζΠϱω͗ड़൅ͤΖʥɼ ྈ‫ͳޢ‬΍  ਕসୱ਼‫ܙ‬ɽF ં‫ޢ‬ʷգ‫ڊ‬෾ࢼʁ*LDQQLOHKDYLVWHʤζΠϱω͗൶ঃΔͶճͮͱ͏ΖʥɼҲ஗གྷોʤԾત෨ʥ͗‫ڠ‬Ͷঃ੓ʀ෵਼‫ܙ‬ɽ     ֭ಚ͹࣎‫ غ‬ʨ૥ʩ DEF ʨஙʩ      ഁਫ਼Ͷ‫ؖ‬༫ͤΖҢಊ͹յ਼ ʨঙʩ D   ʽ E   ʽ F   ʨଡʩʀଲԢ๑ʁ΍͢υʖν͹෾ੵ͗ཀྵ࿨ద༩଎Ͷ߻Κ͵͏͵Δͻɼཀྵ࿨͗ؔҩͮͱ͏Ζ͖ΔͲͺ͵͚ɼ෾ੵ͗ؔҩͮͱ͏Ζ͹͖΍͢Η͵͏ɽ S  ˽ ೖ໪͹࿨఼˾ ౹‫ޢ‬մੵ‫ح‬ʁช๑Ν༽͏ͱɼ൅࿫͹ԽΝࢧߡͶࣺ଀ͤΖৼదૹ஖ɽ S ʀ౹‫ޢ‬մੵ‫ح‬Ͷͺ෈໎͵఼͗ଡ͏ɽ L ʹ͹නࣖͶಉ͚͹͖ɼ LL ‫و‬ଉ͖੏༁͖‫ݬ‬ཀྵ͖ɼ
LLL ಉ͚๏޴ͺ৏͖ΔԾ΃͖ɼԾ͖Δ৏΃͖ɼ͖ࠪΔӊ΃͖ɼӊ͖Δࠪ΃͖ɼ LY‫ٱ‬໯ΕͲ͘Ζ͹͖ɽ͠ΔͶɼY մੵ‫ͳح‬ช๑͹‫ܐؖ‬ʁಋҲ͖พ෼͖ɽಋҲͲ͍ΗͳͤΗͻɼช๑͹Ί͖ɼմੵ‫ح‬͹Ί͖ɽʀմੵ͹‫ݬ‬ཀྵͳ͢ͱʰ࠹ঘ෉Յʱ͹‫ݬ‬ཀྵ /\Q)UD]LHU ɽ࠹ঘ੓ͺ౹‫ߑޢ‬ଆ ช๑Ͷ‫ͱ͏Ͱخ‬ఈٝ͠ΗΖɽ ୀঘ࿑ช͗ਫ਼ͣΖ͹͗ɼմੵ͹ࡏͶʰ࠹ঘ෉Յʱ͹‫ݬ‬ཀྵ͗ಉ͚ͪΌɽ S       D5LWDNQHZWKHDQVZHUWRWKHSUREOHPE\KHDUW  E5LWDNQHZWKHDQVZHUWRWKHSUREOHPZDVZURQJ   ୀঘ࿑ช     ʤʥD5LWDNQHZ>13WKHDQVZHUWRWKHSUREOHP@     13 ͺ 9 ͹ VLVWHU
E5LWDNQHZ>6>13WKHDQVZHUWRWKHSUREOHP@@ 13 ͺ 9 ͹ QLHFH  մੵ‫ح‬͹‫ݬ‬ཀྵʤஎְ͹๏ࡨʥΝɼ*% ཀྵ࿨͹ช๑‫ݬ‬ཀྵͲଌ͓௜ͤʤ3ULWFKHWWʥɽS ɽ˙‫ٱ‬Ͷɼ)UD]LHUDQG&OLIWRQ  ͺɼ1DNDMLPD  ͹ 5HODWLYL]HG
0LQLPDOLW\ ช๑ ͶΓΖ DGMXQFWGHSHQGHQF\ Ν &RQVWUXDO3ULQFLSOH մੵ͹‫ݬ‬ཀྵ Ͳઈ໎͢Γ͑ͳࢾΊΖɽ  ʰ‫ࡃܨ‬੓ʱʰ࠹ঘ੓ʱͺช๑ʤ‫ޢݶ‬எࣟʥ͹‫ݬ‬ཀྵ͖ɼմੵ‫ح‬ʤ‫ޢݶ‬ӣ༽ʥ͹‫ݬ‬ཀྵ͖ɽ̓ɿ‫֭ޢݶ‬ಚʀ͞ͳͻͺָ΁΍͹Ͳͺ͵͚੔ௗͤΖ΍͹ɼͳ͏͑οϥϞηΫʖ͹ਫ਼ಚ࿨Νಊ‫͜Ͱؽ‬ͱ͏Ζ͹ͺʰ࢙ܻ͹සࠖʱʤըʓͺ‫͓گ‬ΔΗͪͲ͍Θ͑͞ͳΓΕ΍ͥͮͳଡ͚͹͞ͳΝ݃ՎదͶஎͮͱ͏ΖʥɽʤSʥ
32ʀʰϕϧφϱ͹໲ୌʱͺɼ‫֭ޢݶ‬ಚ͹Ί͵ΔͥஎࣟસൢͶ౲ͱͺΉΖɽʤSʥ˙‫گ‬үͲ‫͓گ‬Ζஎࣟ ‫͓گ‬Ζ͞ͳ Ͷ΍౲ͱͺΉΖɽ ˽ ೖ໪͹࿨఼˾ʀྡֆ‫غ‬ઈʁࢧॡ‫غ‬઴‫ޛ‬͹୊  ‫ޢݶ‬सಚʙൔ‫ځ‬ൿ࣯઀ঈढ़ʙξΤϱ঳‫ं׳‬ʙζΥωʖʙʞ 5DFKHO 0D\EHUU\   ࿠ं͹घ࿫सಚʁঙ೧‫غ‬ͶΠϟϨΩघ࿫‫ޢݶ‬Ν฾‫ͳޢ‬͢ͱָसͪ͢අ‫ंݩ‬ήϩʖϕ $ ΓΕ΍ɼͨΗΝ୊್‫ָͱ͢ͳޢݶ‬सͪ͢අ‫ंݩ‬ήϩʖϕ % ͹๏͗ɼָस੔Վ͗༑Ηͱ͏Ζ S ɽ͵ͧ฾‫ָޢ‬स͹๏͗྾Ζ"ήϩʖϕ % ͺྡֆ‫غ‬઴ͶԽ੢‫ޢݶ‬Ν฾‫֭ͱ͢ͳޢ‬ಚ‫ޛ‬Ͷ࿠ͳ͵Ε / ͳ͢ͱघ࿫ΝָसɽҲ๏ήϩʖϕ $ ͺਫ਼ΉΗ͵͗Δ͹࿠Ͳ͍Εɼྡֆ‫ޛغ‬Ͷ฾‫ͱ͢ͳޢ‬घ࿫Νָसɽ  ˙ྡֆ‫غ‬Հઈ͹ৄ‫ڎ‬Ͷ͵Ζͳͳ΍Ͷɼྡֆ‫غ‬઴͹฾‫ޢ‬͹֭ಚ͗ɼ/ ָस͹‫خ‬൭ͳ͵ͮͱ͏Ζ͞ͳΝࣖͤɽ ˲ ૥‫غ‬ӵ‫گޢ‬ү࿨΃͹ࣖࠨɽʀϏϧϝνʁʰ੔ज़ͳͺϏϧϝν஍͹અఈʱˏʰϏϧϝνͺ‫ؽ‬೵൥ᙟͶ‫ݸ‬ఈʱɽ˲‫ؽ‬೵൥ᙟ͹Ϗϧϝν͗અఈ͠ΗΖҐ઴ͺɼʹ͹‫Ͳޢݶ‬΍ಋͣ৾Ζ෥͏ΝͤΖͺͥɽྭʁ‫ۯ‬क‫ޢݶޢ‬ʤ‫س‬ɼґʥͲ΍ඉ‫ۯ‬क‫ޢݶޢ‬ʤӵɼ෻ʥͲ΍ɼ ࡂ઴‫Ͳޛ‬ͺ‫ڠ‬Ͷ‫ۯ‬क‫ޢ‬ɽ   ˽Ծ‫ى‬͹૓൅कٝΝ॰Ζ٠࿨˾̔ɿ‫ޢݶ‬බཀྵ ೶ྌ൅ୣ෈સʙ SRO\JORWVDYDQW ʤέϨηφϓΟʖʥʙ 6/,ʤ. Պଔʥʀஂਫ਼͖࣎Δ೶ྌܿଝ͹ࢢʹ΍͹ࣆྭ 7DSSH ɽ౹‫ޢ‬Ͷ‫ͱؖ͢‬ͺ݊৙ंͳಋఖ
ౕͶ൅ୣɽҲ๏ɼқັʀඨՌࣆఱదஎࣟɼໍ໌͵ʹͺ൅ୣ෈સɽ S   ˲ԍࢋର‫ͳܧ‬ϪΫεαϱ͹ۢพીఈ΃͹ৄ‫ڎ‬ɽ೶಼Ͷ͕͜ΖͨΗͩΗ͹ॴཀྵϕϫιηͶ‫ͤؖ‬Ζਬ଎ʁ౹‫ޢ‬ʤԍࢋ‫ؽ‬೵ʥͺ઒Δࠪ೶ͲߨΚΗΖ͹Ͳɼ೶ྌΝղ͢ͱ͹ިླྀ͗෈གྷͲ͍Ζ͹Ͷଲ͢ͱɼ‫ޢ‬ኰ৚ๅ͹ॴཀྵʤϪΫεαϱ͹ॴཀྵʥͺྈ೶͹ިླྀ͗චགྷɽ
̕ɿߨಊकٝ͹ൕܺʀαϋέεϥωθϞʙωϣʖϧϩϋρφϭʖέʙด྽෾ࢆॴཀྵ͹‫ڠ‬௪ͪ͢क௃ʁ  ‫ߺى‬ͶΓΖනࣖʀ‫ࢋܯ‬Ν೟Ό͵͏ɽָसͳͺ‫ݩܨ‬Ͷ‫͚Ͱخ‬Ϗνʖϱ͹सಚ ‫ݩܨ‬कٝ ɽ઎ళదϠζϣʖϩ͹൳ఈɽ͞ͳͻͺୱ͵Ζٗढ़ʤηΫϩʥͲ͍Εɼළൡ͵‫  ܉‬࿇ͶΓͮͱसಚ͗ୣ੔͠ΗΖɽ SS  ˙ӵ‫گޢ‬ү΃͹ࣖࠨʁӵ‫گޢ‬ү͹໪ద͗ɼୱ͵Ζٗढ़͹޴৏Ͳ͍Ηͻɼ‫ݩܨ‬कٝదΠϕϫʖο͗న͢ͱ͏Ζ͖΍͢Η͵͏ɽͫ͗֐ࠅ‫گޢ‬үͶͺɼ୵‫ྙٽ‬Ώ໲ୌ33մ݀೵ྙ͵ʹ͹ʰஎྙ͹ү੔ʱͳ͏͑ଈ໚͍͗Ζɽͨ͹Γ͑͵ଈ໚Ͷͺɼළൡ͵‫܉‬࿇ͶΓΖ‫ݩܨ‬कٝదΠϕϫʖοͺ޴͖͵͏ɽ˽ ೖ໪͹࿨఼˾ʀ૓൅कٝɽྭʁ(YHUHWW  (YDQVDQG/HYLQVRQ   7KHP\WKRIODQJXDJHXQLYHUVLW\ ‫ޢݶ‬ͺɼৼ͹֐Ͷ͍ΖऀճʀชԿదεητϞɽ‫ޢݶ‬͹ಝ੓ͺਕؔ͹ॴཀྵΏָस͹೵ྙͶΓͮͱ՟ͦΔΗΖ੏༁Ͳ͍Εɼ‫ޢݶ‬ಝ༙͹྘Ү‫༙ݽ‬೵ྙʤͯΉΕ 8*ʥͶΓΖ΍͹Ͳͺ͵͏ɽ8* ͹ଚࡑΝ൳ఈɽ S  
ʀ( / ͗ྭࣖ͢ͱ͏Ζ෕ษ੓Ν൳ఈͤΖ̏ྭʁ:+ Ңಊ͗‫ݡ‬ΔΗ͵͏‫͍͗ޢݶ‬ΖɽΓͮͱ :+ ҢಊΏͨΗͶ՟ͦΔΗͱ͏Ζ‫ݬ‬ཀྵʤ:+ ౣ͹੏༁ɼԾં͹ড়݇͵ʹʥͺ෕ษదͲͺ͵͏ɽ SS    ˙ͫ͗ :+ Ңಊ͗‫ݡ‬ΔΗͷ‫Ͳޢݶ‬΍ ZK ۡ͹մए͗Ҳ༹ʤؔંٛ໲ઇ಼͹ ZKۡ͹մए͗੔Εཱིͪ͵͏ʻ:+ ౣ͹੏༁Νण͜ͱ͏Ζʥ  ˲ າ෾ੵ͹ਫ਼͹υʖνͲͺՀઈΝൕৄͤΖ͞ͳͺͲ͘͵͏ɽʰචགྷͳ͠ΗΖ͹ͺɼ໎ࣖద͵෾ੵͲ
͍Ζɽʞ ՌָͲͺʤൕৄͤΖ͹Ͷʥɼυʖν͹໎ࣖద͵෾ੵΝ఑‫ͤڛ‬ΖҐ֐Ͷಕ͗͵͏ʤ)UHLGLQʥʱɽ S ʀྪࣇͪ͢૓൅कٝ͹क௃͗ɼ΢ϚρφλϱˏφϜιϫ͹ඉՌָద͵ѳқͶຮͬͪ஦উ࿨ชʰοϥϞηΫʖΝ௔͓ͱ෕ษช๑ͺଚࡑ͢͵͏ʱʲೖ‫ܨ‬γ΢Φϱηʳ ݆ߺɼ ʙ6FLHQFH$PHULFD 1RYHPEHU Ͷ‫ݡ‬ΔΗΖɽۛ೧ɼଡ͚͹೟எՌָंͳ‫ंָޢݶ‬ͺ͞͹ઈʤ෕ษช๑ઈʥΝ๎‫͏ͱ͢ؼ‬Ζʙ͞͹ઈͺՁ೧΍઴͖ΔΑ͚ͮΕͳࢰͶ޴͖ͮͱ͏Ζʙ͞ΗΔͤ΄ͱΝߡྂͤΖͳɼ෕ษช๑͹ߡ͓๏ͺ໎Δ͖Ͷؔҩ͏Ͳ͍Ζͳ͏͑‫ݡ‬๏ͶචષదͶߨ͘஥͚ʙࢰΝࠄ͝Ζৌʙ‫ͨͳָޢݶ‬͹‫ؖ‬࿊෾໼͹ଡ͚͹‫ंڂݜ‬ͺ͏Ήɼʞ෕ษช๑͹ΠϕϫʖοͶΉͤΉͤ෈ຮΝ‫ک‬Όͱ͏Ζʙʞ ʷʰͨΗͶେΚΕࣖ͠ΗͪɼΉ͚ͮͪҡ͵Ζ‫ݡ‬մʱɼʰଡ͚͹‫͏ͱͣ״͗ंڂݜ‬Ζɼ‫ָޢݶ‬͹৿ͪ͵෫ʱʁ༰ࣉͺΉͥʨࣘͶͪ͢‫ݶ‬ཁ͖Δʩช๑దͶୱ९͵ϏνʖϱΝָ;ɼͨ͹ഐ‫ޛ‬Ͷ͍Ζ‫و‬ଉΝ ͯͥͯɼ௜؏Ν༽͏ͱঅʓͶஎΖΓ͑Ͷ͵Ζ͹ͫɽ  ˙सಚգఖ͹ࢢʹ΍͗ɼबҕ͹‫ͳޢݶ‬ͺҡ͵Ζಝ੓Νࣖͤɽ ઇͲ়ղͪ͢Ϗϧϝν͹٠࿨ʤϏϧϝνઅఈҐ઴ͺɼबҕ͹‫ޢݶ‬Ͷ‫ؖ‬ΚΕ͵͚ɼಋҲ‫ݡ͗ॳޢ‬ΔΗΖʥ
現象Π΢ϩϧϱχ‫ޢ‬ʤ962 ‫ޢݶ‬ʥ͹༰ࣉ‫ॳޢغ‬ʤ692ʥ 7VLPOL ̖ɿ݃࿨˗‫ৼͳָޢݶ‬ཀྵָͶΉͪ͗Ζଡ͚͹ৄ‫͗ڎ‬ɼ‫ؽޢݶ‬೵͹ଚࡑΝ࿨ৄ͢ͱ͏Ζɽ S ˗αϋέεϥωθϞΏ૓൅कٝ͹Γ͑͵྘ҮҲൢదָसཀྵ࿨ͺɼοϥϞηΫʖཀྵ࿨Ͷ
඘తͤΖΓ͑͵ઈ໎ྙΏ‫ݩܨ‬దཬ෉͜Ν࣍ͮͱ͏Ζͳͺ‫͏͵͓ݶ‬ɽ S 
ʀ*% ཀྵ࿨ͺɼʹ͹Γ͑Ͷ͞ͳͻ֭͗ಚ͠ΗΖ͖ʤϕϧφϱ͹໲ୌʥͶଲͤΖ‫ָޢݶ‬ద͵౶͓ɼҲ๏ 03 ͺɼ‫ؽޢݶ‬೵ͺʹ͹Γ͑Ͷ਒Կ͢ͱ͖ͪ͘ʤξʖΤΡϱ͹໲ୌʥͶଲͤΖ‫ָޢݶ‬ద͵౶͓ S ɽ͞ͳͻͶͳͮͱ͹ϕϧφϱ͹໲ୌͳξʖΤ34Ρϱ͹໲ୌͺพʓ͹໲͏Ͳ͍Ζ͹ͲɼͨΗΔ͹໲͏ͶଲͤΖ౶͓Νࠠಋ͢ͱͺ͵Δ͵͏ WKHLUDQVZHUVPXVWQRWEHFRQIXVHG ɽ S  ˙ͫ͗ɼཀྵ࿨ͺͨ͹ࣻఖ಼Ͷɼஎࣟ͹͠Ή͡Ή͵ଈ໚͹౹߻Ν‫؜‬΋ S ɽਫ਼੔ช๑͹รયͺɼ؏ࡱదଧ౲੓ɼ‫ى‬फ़దଧ౲੓ɼઈ໎దଧ౲੓Ν౹߻ͤΖΓ͑Ͷ ͤ΄ͱΝຮͪͤΓ͑͵մΝ‫ٽ‬Όͱ ਒ఴ͢ͱͪ͘ɽ03 ͺɼξʖΤΡϱ͹໲ୌͫ͜ͶଲͤΖմͲͺ͵͏ͺͥɽ ˽ ೖ໪͹࿨఼˾凟͠ΔͶɼοϥϞηΫʖཀྵ࿨Ͷ‫گ͚Ͱخ‬үʀώʖφϧϱχʀϧριϩʤʰࢴ͗‫ܡ‬ѬͤΖ਼ঙ͵͏ਕ͹Ҳਕʱ S ʥ͹‫گ‬ү؏ʁ ‫گ‬үͳͺɼԵͶਭΝຮͪͤΓ͑͵΍͹ͳ͢ͱͲͺ͵͚ɼ՘͗ࣙΔүͮͱ͏͚͹Νঁ͜ΖΓ͑͵΍͹ ‫ͤݶ׷‬Ηͻɼਜ਼৙͵૓ଆద͵ࢧߡ͗үͯΓ͑͵‫ڧ؂‬Ν఑‫ͤڛ‬Ζ΍͹ ͳΊΖ΄͘Ͳ͍Ζɽ &KRPVN\RQ'HPRFUDF\ (GXFDWLRQ  ʀοϥϞηΫʖ͹‫گ‬ү͹໪దʁ ͑ͪ͢͞ ϧριϩ͹ ߡ͓๏͖ΔͤΖͳɼࢢʹ΍ͺਫ਼པద͵ຌ੓Ν࣍ͮͱ͕Εɼͨ͹஦֫Ν͵ͤ͹ͺ૓ଆద͵ཋ‫ ٽ‬FUHDWLYHLPSXOVH Ͳ͍Ζɽ͑ͪ͢͞ߡ͓
Νਬ͢਒Όͱ͏͚ͳɼ‫گ‬ү͹໪దͺ͞͹૓ଆదཋ‫͗ٽ‬੔ௗͤΖ͹Ͷචགྷ͵ౖৗͳࣙ༟Ν఑‫ڛ‬
ͤΖ͞ͳͲ͍Ζɽ‫͓׷͏ݶ‬Ηͻɼࢢʹ΍͗૟଀దͶ‫͚͏ͱ͢༽׈‬෵߻దͲ࢙ܻద͵‫ڧ؂‬Ν఑‫ڛ‬
ͤΖ͞ͳͲ͍Ζɽ LELG   ˙ʰཀྵ੓कٝ‫گ‬үʱΝɼʹ͹Γ͑Ͷӵ‫گޢ‬ү ช๑‫گ‬ү Ͳ۫ରԿͤΖ͖ɽ ˽ ೖ໪͹࿨఼˾ʨช‫ݛ‬ͺ  ೖ໪ KDQGRXW ͹࠹शนͶΉͳΌͱ‫ࡎܟ‬ʩ




35

')(&%*# # +"$ ,                  Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ n-yuji@me.point.ne.jpŜ Ŝ Ŝ ŜŜö Ŧ õŜ ƠSeâhZĪơǛ ǂƳǀŜŜ ƜŜ ǫǼǹǧǡȃǆğĦeǆèòƪSeǅƥƩǅŉƳǀƥǗƩƞŜ
ŜŜŜŜŜŜŜŜŜŜŜŜŜţŜ qĨȉǫǼǹǧǡȃǆĜĞŜƚŜ LÕ ĉȄrationalismȅǆÔÍŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ňǆ ƪįƩǄ×â¶ĹǛªƳǀƥǗƞŜƚŜ âǄǒǆǅƾƥǀǆhZĪŜŜ Ŝ żſšŜ E Õ ĉâĜĞȄţūŨŢ oţūũŢ oǆSeȂŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ȃ âÔİǅƾƥǀǆĽ, ĉŜÕeÜǁŃâȅȉŜ ŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ȂǧǡǰȃĔ< ĉƨǔǊƝǢȀǞȁǆśtǅÃĆƲǘƺĔ<ƚŜ ƥǎƻĮĪǆaƥǫǼǹǧǡȃǆĜĞŜĉŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ ŝƁŞŜ ƠğĦǇQĪŜ (semanticsŞŜ ǛªƳǀƥǄƥơǂƥƦĜĞŜ ŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ ĦƪǛëƵǗƩǅƾƥǀǆTŗǓ¡ǆæÕ­ǅƾƥǀǆTŗǂŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ ƥƽƺSeâQĪǆTŗǇğĦeǆŕ[`ǁƤǗƞżſšŜƇšŤŦťšŜ
Ŝ
!ŬưưǁǫǼǹǧǡȃƪğƦQĪǇƠ`Z ĉâQĪơŝexternalist
semanticsŞǁƤǖƝǇƠ-ZĉâQĪơŝinternalist semanticsŞŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ǛOgƳǀƥǗǚƯǁǇǄƥƞżſšŜťšŦ úŜ Ŝ ŝƁƁŞŜ ƠğĦǆ«ĳǇǤǸǻǱǣȃǦǼȁǁǇǄƥơǂƥƦĜĞŜ żſšŜťšť úŜŜ Ŝ ŝƁƁƁŞŜ ƠğĦǛƝĊǓ+Mǁ+ªƲǘǀƥǗ*âǄǒǆǂƳǀƧǗĜĞŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ǇƝğĦǅƾƥǀǆïeâ½ǅǂƽǀńěǁǇǄƥơǂƥƦĜĞŜ
ŜŤŜ ǫǼǹǧǡȃƪƵǗô]Ŝ ŜŜ Ȉ«ǆýȄ âhZĪƝĐË ĉƝLÕŤšţŜ ǅƾƥǀǆhZĪ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ŜĉȅŜ ƗŜ Ȇ«ǆýȄŰ ğĦǆèòȅŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ơ ğĦǅƺƥƳǀĐË

ĉâǄ½ǛƵǗưǂǅǔƽǀáĜƲǘƺóûàŜ ŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ȅempty categoriesȅƝ¬ć­Ȅbinding conditionsȅǆǔƦǄkİǓĝ6ǅŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƾƥǀǇƝƕƕǆhZĪǁǇƝƹǘǕǇhZƳǀƨǖƝ ȂďǆÏǁŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƤǗǂƥƦ|ƥ {ǛƨưǄƦǆǁƤǗƞƕƕƕǒƳƤǗÕĪƪºƳƥǄǕŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ǈƝƹǆÕĪǆ«ĳâǄ¶ł0ǁƤǗkİǇhZƳǀƥǗǆǁƤǗƞŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƕƕƕğĦǅƾƥǀǆ©ĒǆÕĪƪ âĖëǅǔƽǀķǌǕǘǗǂƵǗŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ǄǕǈƝƹǆÕĪǅ«ĳâǄ âkİƪǄǜǁƤǘƝǚǘǚǘǇƹǆ ŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ âkİǆhZǛĥǑǀƥǗưǂǅǄǗƞơȄƇƇšŤŦŦŠŤŦŧȅŜ




36

ğĦeČǇ ȂďȄmind-brainȅǆƤǗ&őǅƾƥǀǆÕĪǛİâǄǿǶǾǁ
ƵǗƞƳƩƳưǆǔƦǄğĦeâđ>ƪíā×ÕeǆĕĦǁķǌǗưǂ
ƪǁƫǗƝǂƥƦǚƯǁǇǄƥƞǆǂưǙƝĨ¦:ǇƵǌǀİâǄȄğĦâǄȅ
ǿǶǾǅǂǃǎǗƞǒƳ}ǆğĦÕĪƪæǁƤǘǈƝƹǘǇĐ<âǅƝƹǆÕĪ
ƪgƵǗkİƪhZƳǀƥǗǂƥƦưǂǅǄǗƞŜ żſšŜƇšŤťūšŜ ŜŜ !ŬŜ âhZǅkƵǗħĞŜ Ŝ ŜŜ ȂŜ ƠğĦÕĪǅǔƽǀgƲǘƺÕĪǆµƪ âhZǛǒƾƩǃƦƩŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ǇƝò´âǅíā×ÕeǿǶǾǁhģƲǘǗěƪƤǗƞơŜ ŜŜ ȂŜ ƠğĦÕĪǆĨƪíā×ÕeâǄĘǛǕǘǄƥƩƬǖƝƹǆĨŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ ǇæǆQǁǆhZǛ"ģƲǘǄƥƞơŜ
ŜŜŜŜŜŜ
ŤšŤŜ ×â¶ĹŜŜ ǭǠǾǮǆTŗȉğĦǆ9ĹâǄÙƪƥƩǅƳǀIĎƩǂƥƦŏTŜ ƇšŤŧťŜ
!ŬŜ ğĦÙǆ9ĹǅkƵǗğĦeČǆħĞŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ ǭǠǾǮǆTŗǆ ƾǆ&őŜ żſšŜƇšŤŧťŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ ŝƁŞŜ ǚǘǚǘǇÊŊǅ£Ƴƥ¡ǛØ/ƳÕĞƵǗưǂƪǁƫǗƪƹǘǇƥƩŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ǅƳǀIĎƩŜ ƖTŗȄproblemsȅƖ-â¡ÁŝŰ ğĦŞŜ ǅǔƽǀĞ¿ŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ ŝƁƁŞŜźšŜ ǚǘǚǘǇÐÀǅǔƽǀ¿gƲǘƶǅ¡ǛáƵǗưǂƪǁƫǗȄƾǎŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ǖƝ5Èǆă4ƩǕĐÛǁƤǗȅƪƹǘǇƥƩǅƳǀIĎƩŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƖŜ Ŝ īȄmysteriesȅŜ żſšŜ ĐÛŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ŻšŜ ǚǘǚǘǇÊ ǆÐÀǅƺƥƳǀĿ1ǅƝƹƳǀ÷ƪĸƽǀƥǗ¡ǛŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ HǅƵǗưǂƪǁƫǗƪƹǘǇƥƩǅƳǀIĎƩŜ ƖŜ īȄmysteriesȅŜ ŜŜŜŜŜŜŜŜŜ ǳǿȉƤǄƺǆğǚǘǗȄğĦǆȅ9ĹǂƥƦµǇƝȄÊŊǆ¡ǆȅ×IŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ĎǆưǂǛQƳǀƥǎƵƩƞŜŜ ǫǼǹǧǡȃȉîƪƠğĦÙǆ9Ĺâ&őơŝcreative aspect of language useŞŜ ŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ǂRǜǁƫƺǒǆǛƝƹǘǂǎƽƺƭ3ǆǒǆƝƾǎǖƝ¡ÁǆVnâǄŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ĳŝƈžżƋƈƉƁƌžŜƇƈƆƇžƈƊƏŞǂÅMƵǗ'NƪĜǕǘǎƵƪƝ»ǄưǂǁƵƞŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƹưǅǇµǆÅMƝƾǎǖƝ«ĳâǅǇğĦĎ:ǂğĦĻÙǆÅŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ MƪĜǕǘǎƵƞîǇƠğĦÙǆ9Ĺâ&őơǂƥƦĕĦǛƝğĦŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ÙǆƤǗĳƝğĦĔ<ǆƤǗ&őǛƵƾǒǖǁƽǀƫǎƳƺƞƕŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƕƕ¡ÁǆVnâĳǇğĦÙǆ9Ĺâ&őǅƺƥƵǗ¼ǇŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƳǎƵƪƝČǛÅMƵǗưǂǇƝƺƥǋǜǄħǖǁƵƞǁǒğĦeČŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ǆǄƩǅǇhŌƝÅMƳǀƥǗǉǂƪƥǎƵƞŜ ŴźƈƈžƊŜŝţūũŦŬŤŪŞŜ ŜŜ ƚŜ ňğĦǆ9ĹƘ¡ÁǆVnâĳŜ żſšŜ ĚlŝţūūťŬŤŧťŠŤŧŦŞŜ
37ƤǗñǆǟȃǮǷǮȁȄĐ<¹³ȅǇÊŊǅ£ƳƥĖÔǛØ/ǁƫǗƩǒƳǘǄƥ
ƳƝǽȁǪǹǄěÿǛPǐėĈǁƤǘǈƝ5Èǆă4ƩǕĐÛǄĖÔǛáƵǗ
ƩǒƳǘǄƥƪƝƻƩǕǂƥƽǀƝƹǆñǆǟȃǮǷǮȁǛňǂM·ǆğĦǛªƳǀƥǗǂ {ƵǗǉǂǇƥǄƥǁƤǙƦƞǁǇƝƹǆǔƦǄǟȃǮǷǮȁǂňǂǇǃưƪßǄǗǆǁƤǙƦƩƞǭǠǾǮǅǔǘǈƝƹǆľƥǇǆŝƁƁŻŞǅƤǗƞŜŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ơ¹³ǇƝğēǛáƵǗǔƦǅƝƹƳǀƝǆ<ƪƹǆƯǆǄƩǅ_ŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ >Ǜ×ƴƲƷƝƹǆ<ǅƴǀğēǛáƵǗǔƦǅĀǎǘǀƥǗŸưǂŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ǉ@0ċƧǕǘƦǗǁƤǙƦƞŹŜƕƕŜ ƳƩƳƝƹǆǔƦǄ¹³ǇƝäǆ7ǁŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ğǚǘƺǃǜǄưǂǅƺƥƳǀǒƝğēǛƥǙƥǙǌǀáƳƝğǚǘƺŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ -iǅQƤǗ¤ǁĿ1ǅøƧǗưǂǄǃǇċƧǕǘǄƥǆǁƤǗƞǂŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ưǙƪňǄǕǃǜǄǅŖǆņƥǁǒưǘƪǁƫǗǆǁƤǗƞơŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ŸǭǠǾǮŜ Ƣ¤ÁqĨƣŜ ö ŧ łŹŜŝƇšŤŧŤŞŜ
ŜƚŜ ǚǘǚǘǆğĦÙǇƝňǆ

â°ĵǆŇǂǄǗǁƤǖƝƹǘǇǟȃŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ ǮǷǮȁȄ¥ǆ ŭŰȅǅǇǂǀǒ¸%ǁƫǄƥǒǆǁƤǗƞŜ
!ŜŬŜ ƠňğĦǆ9ĹâÙǂƝĐËïeƪ½ǑǀƥǗW¯âǁwŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ âǄŘƥǆĨ¦ǂǆƤƥƻǅƤǗñǆĄ{ŉ!ƪƤǗưǂǅƝhŌǫǼǹǧŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ǡȃǇMƳǀƥǗǆǁƤǗƞơŜ ŝƇšŤŧťŞŜ Ŝ żſšŉĺÕĪŝRelevance theoryŞŜ
ŜŤšťŜ ¤ÁĪâĐË ĉŜŜ ƚŜ ¤ÁĪâĐË ĉŜ ŝmethodological naturalismŞŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ğĦǓ ǛèòƵǗưǂǇĐËÜǆgǆ&őǛ½ƵǗưǂǁƤǖƝŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ ĐËïeǂMƴ¤ÁǁƨưǄǚǘǄƯǘǈǄǕǄƥƞŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ(ĪŜ ŝmethodological dualismŞŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ğĦǓ ǅƾƥǀǆÕĪâÕĞǆ½ǇƝĐËÎǛèòƵǗ¤ÁǂǇŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ CÕâǅßǄǗ¤ÁǁèòƲǘǗǌƫǁƤǗƞŜ Ŝ ŜŜŤšŦŜ .Ǌ Ű ğĦǅƾƥǀŜŜ ƚŜ ¤ÁĪâŜ ƓŰƔǇ-ZâŜ ȄInternalȅƝ$âŜ ȄIndividualȅƝ-=âŜ ȄIntensionalȅŜ ŜŜŤšŧŜ ĖëǂÇùŜ Ŝ
!ŬŜ ĖëŜ ŝrepresentationŞǅƾƥǀǆħĞŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ ×ğĦeČǅǂƽǀǆĖëǇǄǅƩǅƾƥǀǆĖëǂÕĞƲǘǗǌƫǁŜ Ŝ ŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ ǇǄƥƞƾǎǖƝĖëǇNâȄintentionalȅǁƤǗěƪǄƥƞżſšŜƇšŤŦŢšŜ




38

ǫǼǹǧǡȃƪƝ¡ÁǇ âǅĖëƲǘǀƥǗƝǂğƦǂƫƝƪQƳǀƥǗưǂǇƝŰ ğĦǅŉƵǗğĦeČǅǔǗÕĪǇƝ ȂďǅhZƳǀƥǗkİǓ¶ĹǛķǌǀƥǗǆƻƝǂƥƦưǂǅǍƩǄǕǄƥƞưǆưǂǇƝưǘǕǆkİƹǘĐƪÜǛƳƩƴƩǆ·ǅƤǗǒǆǂƳǀĖëƵǗǂƥƦưǂǎǁǛǒQƳǄƥǆ
ǁƤǗƞǂưǙƪƝba ǆSeČǇƝ â İǆńěǄĳǇƹǘƪNâǁƤǗǂċƧǗƞƾǎǖƝĖëǛŉ!âǅƧǔƦǂƵǗƞŜ żſšŜƇƇšŜŤŦŢŠŤŦţŜ Ŝ ŜŜƚÇùĖëǺǭǾȄcomputational-representational modeƃȅȉŜŜ Ŝ ğĦǇ âĖëǅ;ǚǗÇùǅǔƽǀưƹÕĞƲǘƦǗƞƺƻƳƝğĦeǅƨŜŜ Ŝ ƯǗÇùǇ§ňŠóňǆǄƩǅĈƿƯǕǘǗěǇǄƥƞżſšŜƇšŤŧŪŜ
Ŝ
ŤšŨŜ

Õ

Ťšũ LÕĉŜ Ŝ Ŝ ŜĉǂğĦǆçĭŜ

Ŝ
!ŬŜ ğĦǆçĭŜ ŝknowledge of languageŞǅƾƥǀǆħĞŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƠbAǆSeČǇ#ǂçĭǛNâÐǂƳǀƝƾǎǖƝÜǆƤǗ&ŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ őǅŉƵǗ ǆÐǁƤǖƝÜǛƳƩƴƩǆ·ǅƤǗǒǆǂƳǀĖëŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƵǗ ǆÐǁƤǗƝǂƳǀċƧǀƥǗƞǂưǙƪƝǫǼǹǧǡȃǅǂƽǀŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ǇƝƠğĦǆçĭơǂƥƦğƥ¤ǇƝ ȂďǆÐƝƵǄǚƼƝǚǘǚǘǆŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ğĦĎ:ƝǂǖǚƯƝ¡ǅƾƥǀ2¢ƵǗĎ:ǆ±rǅƤǗÐǛƝBǅŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ýwǆ¤ǁÏƿƯǗǒǆǅǍƩǕǄǕǄƥƞƵǁǅķǌƺǔƦǅƝƹŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ǘǇƝ ȂďǆƤǗł0ƪÜǛĖëƵǗưǂǛ {ƳǀƥǗǂÕĞƲǘǗŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ǌƫǁǇǄƥƞơŜ ŝƇšŤŨŧŞŜŜŜ Ŝ ğĦçĭŜ ŝknowledge of languageŞǛ relationaƃ ǅƧǔƦǂƵǗħĞŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ X knows Y,
X’s knowledge of Y
Ŝ Ŝ Ŷ ǅǔƽǀçǕǘǗkİ ŷ ƪƝŶ ǂǇÑôǅdZƵǗƞŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƖŜ ğĦǅƾƥǀǆǵǽǮǱǨǹŜ ŝűźƊƐşŜŵƆźƄžƉŞŜ Ŝ Ŝ żſšŜƇšŤũŪŠŤũūŜ
ŜƚçĭǆNǅƺƥƵǗEĪŜ Ŝ ŜŜťŜ ǫǼǹǧǡȃǛǑƮǗĪ

ŜťšţŜ ğĦǅƾƥǀǆ-Z ĉŜƚŜŰŜ ğĦǇhZƳǀƨǖƝğĦÕĪǅƨƥǀĨ¦âǄ8Ǜ¯ƺƳǀƥǗƞŜ
ŜťšŤŜ ğĦǅƾƥǀǆ`v ĉâĜĞ Ŝ Ŝ

39

!ŬŜ ğĦǅƾƥǀǆħĞŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƠaƭǆSeČǇğĦǛ ǆ`ǅƤǗǄǅƩƝƾǎǖƝĿ²¡ǆōLƝƤǗŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƥǇìâĔǓĊǆōLǂċƧǀƥǗƞğĦǅƾƥǀǆ`ZÕŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ĪǇƝğĦǇ eǂM·ƝİâǁŐÎÕâǄǦǧǬǹǁƤǗǂ {ƵǗŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ÕĪǂğĦǛìâǄkİǁƤǗǂċƧǗÕĪǂǅ 0ƲǘǗƞơŜ ŝƇšŤũŤŞŜ ŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ 7ČǆÕĪȉğĦǅƾƥǀǆǵǽǮǱǨǹŜ Ŝ ŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ŜƚŜůŜ ğĦǇÄ×âǄQǁǆǏdZŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ơ¡ÁǅkƵǗǄǅƩƪǉǂǆďǆǄƩǅdZƳǀƥǗƞǂưǙƪƝğĦŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ǅkƵǗǒǆǇhZÜǅǄǅǒǄƥǆǁƤǗƞơŜ ŝƇšŤũţŞŜ Ŝ ŜŜťšťŜ ğĦǂǤǸǻǱǣȃǦǼȁŜ
Ŝ
!ŬğĦǆ«ĳâ¹ĎǇǤǸǻǱǣȃǦǼȁǁǇǄƥƞżſšŜDavidsonŜŝţūūŦŞŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƠğĦƪǤǸǻǱǣȃǦǼȁǅƺƥƳǀńěǄjǛƳǀƥǗǂƥƦưǂǇƝǂŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ǖǚƯǫǼǹǧǡȃǅǔƽǀưǘǎǁOgƲǘƺưǂǇǄƥƞƳƩƳƝưǆ ŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ hƩǕğĦǆ¶Ĺǅƾƥǀ,âǄưǂǇǍǂǜǃǄǅǒnĂƳǄƥƞǒŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƼǙǜƝğĦǇƠǤǸǻǱǣȃǦǼȁǆƺǑǅǭǥǞȁƲǘƺơǚƯǁǇǄŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƥƞơŜ ȄƇšŜŤŪŧȅŜ
ŜQĪǂĦÙĪ Ŝ Ŝ
!Ŭ Ŝ ƠŸğĦŹÙǅƾƥǀǆÕĪǇdZƳǄƥƞơŜ ƇšŤŪŨŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ ŤšŤ úȉŜ ŝƁŞŜ ǚǘǚǘǇÊŊǅ£Ƴƥ¡ǛØ/ƳÕĞƵǗưǂƪǁƫǗƪƹǘŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ ǇƥƩǅƳǀIĎƩŜ ƖTŗȄproblemsȅƖ-â¡ÁŝŰ ğĦŞŜ ǅǔƽǀĞ¿ŜŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƠğĦÙǛÕĞƵǗưǂǇǄƸƹǜǄǅŏƳƥǆƩƞƹǘǅǇ?3ƲǘǗŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ǌƫȇƾǆÕÛƪƤǗƞöǆÕÛǇƝƕƕğǚǘƺ-iǛÕĞƳƺǖƝŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ĤƳƺǖƵǗưǂǅǇƝ¡ÁǈƩǖǁǄƭƝăĦĞ®UȄƇźƈƉžƈȅƨǔǊĪŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ǓìĥçǆǦǧǬǹǂƥƽƺƥƭƾƩǆ âǦǧǬǹƪŉǚƽǀƥǗǂŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƥƦÉǅƤǗƞưǘǕǆǦǧǬǹǆå ÙǇśtǅęŎǁƤǗƺǑƝÔŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ¼ŋǁǇƹǘǛÁ6ǆǔƦǄ¤ǁķǌǗǚƯǅǇƥƩǄƥƞƕƕğĦŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ÙǛÕĞƵǗưǂƪƹǜǄǅŏƳƥȇÞäǆÕÛǇƝǄǅƩǛğƦǂƥƦŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ưǂǇĐÛǛřƳǀƥǗǂƥƦÉǅƤǗƞƾǎǖƝǚǘǚǘǇǄǅǛŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ğƦƩǅƾƥǀǒƝƹǒƹǒǄǅƩǛğƦǌƫƩǃƦƩǅƾƥǀǒĐÛǅŀŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ǁƫǗǆǁƤǗƞơȄƇšŤŦťȅŜ Ŝ żſšŜ ȇ¥äǆĮĪŜ ƖŜ ŉĺÕĪŜ
Ŝ



40

ťšŦŜ Qǅƾƥǀǆ-ZĉŜ Ŝ Ŝ

Ŝ

!ŬŜ ĐËğĦǅǇSeČƪŉ

ǛǒƾǔƦǄQĪǇǄƥƞŜ ŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƠǚǘǚǘƪğĦÙǛÕĞƵǗƩƬǖǁǇƝƕƕëǅ\ƿƭQĪǛŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƵǗĮĪǇzƥǔƦǅǚƺƭƳǅǇǚǘǗƞĐËğĦǅǇƝăĦŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ȅ¡ÁȅǂĦÙĪƻƯƳƩǄƥIĎƪƤǗƞơŸChomsky 2000aŹŜ ȄƇšŤūŢȅŜ ŜŜƚŜ `Z ĉâQĪȄSeâǄQĪȅŜ ƖŜ word-world relationŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ ëǅ\ãǛǒƾQĪŜ (reference based semantics)Ŝ Ŝ cf. FregeŜŜ Ŝ ƠæÕ­ǛǚǄƥǒǆǇQĪǁǇǄƥơŜ ȄŲžƍƁƉŜţūũŤŬţŨūȅŜ Ŝ ŜŜŜŜ Ŝ `ZĉâQĪǆčǅƤǗ±«ŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ ŝƁŞŜ ğĦǇ+Mǁ+ªƲǘƺ*âğĦŝcommon public languageŞǁƤǖƝŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ňǆ ǆ`ǅƤǗdZǄǖƞŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ ŝƁƁŞŜ ÜǆǄƩǆkİǓkİǆōLǂǆŉ!ǁğēǆQǛċƧǗƞŜ
ŜĉâQĪŜ ƖŜ word-word relationshipŜ Ŝ żſšŜƇƇšŤūŢŠŤūťŜŜ Ŝ ŝƁŞŜ -Z ĉâQĪǇƝğĦĖÔĐǆQƝǔǖºéǅǇğĦâǅǤȃŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ǯ>ƲǘƺQǛƦğĦeâQĪǁƤǗƞŜ
ƚŜ -Z

Ŝ Ŝ ŝƁƁŞŜ -Z ĉâQĪǇƝğēǛçƽǀƥǗǆ âUfǅƾƥǀǆġķȂŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ĩ¦ǆļðǁěǂǄǗQĖëƨǔǊƹǆĠùǛƦǒǆǁƤǗƞŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƹǘǇǂǖǒǄƨƲƶƝğĦ¹ĎǂƥƦňǆ ǆǄƩǆĀǏǆĞ¦ŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ǅƾǄƪǗƞŜŜ Ŝ ŝƁƁƁŞŜ -Z ĉâQĪǇƝ¡ǅ-ZƵǗ¡Á¶ĹǆłǁƤǗQǛTŗŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ǅƵǗǂƥƦÉǁpĉǆƉƏƅƊźƎǆłǁƤǗƞŒœƝwǂǊƝQǂŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƥƦğĦġJǅ-ZƵǗĳŜ ŝƁƅƊƈƁƅƉƁżŜƇƈƆƇžƈƊƁžƉŞŜ ǛƦƞƹǘǇƝŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ųƆƈƈƁƉǆġJĪǆ0ŘǁƥƦŜ ƑƉƏƅƊźƎƒŜ ǁƤǗƞŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ŜŜ ŝƁƌŞŜ -Z ĉâQĪǆäâǇƝňǆğĦĎ:ǆłǁƤǗQĪâŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ çĭǛïeâǅĞ¦ƵǗưǂǅƤǗƞƹǘǇƝÜƩǕÑôƳǀƥǗǿǶŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ǾǁƤǖƝğēǂÜǅƨƯǗëkİǂǆŉ!ǛƦǒǆǁǇǄƥƞŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ QĪâŉ!Ǉ`ÜǆǒǆƱǂǂǇ1ŉ!ǛǒƺǄƥǆǁƤǗƞŜ
ŜƚŜ ĦǆQŜ ŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƠğĦ¹Ďǅ-ZƵǗƠĦǆQâĳơǄǗǒǆƪdZƵǗƞƹǘǕǆŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ QÏǇƝǆ â¹Ďǂå ÙƳǄƪǕIĎǄÙÁǛhŌǅĢŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƳƺǖƝƹǘǅ4þǛĩƵǆǁƤǗƞơŜ ȄƇšŤūťȅŜ



41


!ŬŜ ĦǇ`ÜǆǺǲǛëƳǄƥƳƝ¡Ǉ`ÜǆÐǛëƳǄƥƞŜ ŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƠĦ~ŔäǇǚǘǚǘǅƝÜǆǄƩǆ ÎǁƤǗǂǚǘǚǘƪǏǄƵŜ ŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ǒǆƝǒƳƭǇƕƕ ǅƭǒǆǛƧǗƺǑǆƤǗûYǆĜ¤ǛƳǀŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƭǘǗƞưǘǕǆĦǇƝ ÎǛĜƺǖƝǚǘǚǘǆ ǆØÎǅƾƥǀċŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ǛǑƮǕƷǗ¼ǛƳǀƭǘǗǴǝǾǩȃǓǿȁǨǆǔƦǄǒǆǁƤǗƞŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ĦĐǇƕƕëƳǄƥǆǁƤǗƞǉǂǊǂǇƝƕƕƹǘǕǆĦǛÙƥǀŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ÎǛëƵǗǆǁƤǗƞơŸŮƀƆƄƉƂƏşŤŢŢŢźŬťŨŹŜ ȄƇšŤūţȅŜ
ŜżſšŜ ȇ¥äǆĮĪƖŜ ğēǆëǅŉǚǗTŗǇƵǌǀ Ű ğĦǆ`ǁƤǗƩƞŜ
ŜťšŧŜ ×Ŝƚ 5ÈǆıXȄpoverty of the stimulusȅŜ ƖŜ ǵǽǮȁǆTŗŜ żſšŜƇšŤūũŜŜ Ŝ ÓƲǘƺÏgǆ Ű ğĦǇ$ƟǆƪcǃǒǆǂƫǅGƯFǗ):ȄāŚȅƻŜŜ Ŝ ƯǁǇ¿gƲǘǄƥƞưǘǕǆĎ:ǇƝğĦÓǅÏ>Ƴƺ×âǄĥçâŜŜ Ŝ Ĳĳŝinnate cognitive endowmentŞŜ ǅƝÌǂÖ^ƪxƫŅǂǄƽǀƥǗưǂŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ ǅ ƳǀƥǗƞżſšŜƇšŤŧťŜ
ŜŜŜ żſšŜ āŚ ĉȉňǆ Ǉ¾ÙâeĊėĈŜ (general-purpose learning device )ǅŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƵƬƶƝcǃǒǇÖ^ǛǂƨƳǀbǆǋǂƿƯǕǘǀƥƭƞ

ŜťšŨŜ ĴTŗŜŜ Ŝ ƪĴȄÎȅȄŻƆŽƏȅŜ Ǜ¶üƵǗƩǆ\ÆǛǒƼƤǚƷǀƥǄƥƝŜŜ Ŝ ĴTŗǇƹǆTŗǛgw>ƵǗưǂƲƧǁƫǄƥƞŜ
ŜťšũŜ ă>ǂŁ(ŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƛŜ ×ğĦeǛíā×ÕeǅŁ(ȄreductionȅŜ ŜŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ƙŜ ×ğĦeǂǆ\êïeǂǆăLŝunificationŞŜ
ŜŦŜ ĂĪŜ
ŜŸDċ¡ÒŹŜ
Lewis, David (1972) “General Semantics”. In D. Davidson and G. Harman(eds.) Semantics of Natural Language. Dordrecht: Reidel. 169-218.
ĚlKŜ ŝţūūťŞŜ ƠǭǠǾǮÄğĦeơŜ £ÚĉyŝąŞŜ ƢğĦĪâĶVƣŜ ŜŜ Ŝ ȊmÂĬuŜ Ô ŦȋŜ mÂ¨sşŜ ŤťūŠŠŤŨŦšŜ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ
Parret, Herman (1974) Discussing Language. The Hague: Mouton.Ŝ



42






                    

 









43











ゝㄒࡣ㢌⬻ࡢእ㒊࡟࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ෆ㒊࡟࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ 㸦ࡑࡢ㸰㸧         ௒஭㑥ᙪ㸳㸬㸱 ゝㄒ⬟ຊ࡜ゝㄒ㐠⏝ ᑐ 㹇ゝㄒ࡜㹃ゝㄒ㸦㸰㸮㸧㹃ゝㄒ࡜ゝㄒ㐠⏝ࢆྠ୍どࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀṇࡋࡃ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽ㹃ゝㄒࡣ↓㝈࡛࠶ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊಶேࡢゝㄒ㐠⏝ࡣ↓㝈࡛ࡣ࠶ࡾ࠼࡞࠸࠿ࡽࡔࠋ㸦ヂ᭩㹮㸬㸲㸶㸧㸦㸰㸯㸧㹇ゝㄒࠖ࡜ࡣゝㄒ⌮ㄽୖࡢ⾡ㄒ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊᚰ࣭㢌⬻ࢆᣦࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ㸬㸬㸬ࠕゝㄒ⬟ຊࠖ   ࡜ࡣࠊ㠀බᘧ࡞࠸ࡋ‽බᘧ࡞⏝ㄒ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ
ࠕゝㄒࡢ▱㆑ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㛵㐃ࡢ࡞  ࠸ㄽ㆟ࢆ㑊ࡅࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᑟධࡉࢀࡓ㸬㸬㸬㸦ヂ᭩ 㹮㸬㸲㸷㸧6 㐍໬࡜⏕ᚓᛶࠕゝㄒᶵ⬟ࡣ⏕ᚓⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ э ᭱኱ࡢㄽதࠖේ ࣄࢺࡢゝㄒᶵ⬟ࡣࠊ┦஫ࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊᚋኳⓗ࡟⋓ᚓࡉࢀࡓ ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋত㻌 ࣄࢺࡀゝㄒᶵ⬟ࢆᚓࡓࡢࡣࠊ୍㒊㑇ఏᏛ⪅࣭ே㢮Ꮫ⪅࣭ゝㄒᏛ⪅ࡀ୺ᙇࡍࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡜
␗࡞ࡾࠊ͆࠾஫࠸࡟ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆ࡜ࡿࡓࡵ͇࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ⏕≀Ꮫྐ࡜⏕≀ᏛဴᏛࡢᶒጾ࣐࢖࣮ࣖ㸦0D\U(UQVW:DOWHU̿㸧ࡀࠊே㛫ࡢࡳࡀᣢࡘ㧗࠸▱⬟㸦ࡇࢀࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤゝㄒࡣᏑᅾࡋ࠼࡞࠸㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࢆ▱ࡿࡇ࡜ࠋ

ࡋࡹ 㸦㸰㸰㸧ᆅ⌫ୖ࡟⏕࿨ࡀㄌ⏕ࡋ࡚௨᮶ࠊఱ✀㢮ࡢ✀ ࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࡔࢁ࠺࠿㸽㸬㸬㸬ఱ༑൨࡜࠸࠺̿࠾ࡑࡽࡃ㸳㸮㸮൨࡟ࡶ㐩ࡍࡿ̿ᩘࡢ✀ࡀ⏕ࡌࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢ୰࡛ᩥ᫂ࢆ
ᶞ❧ࡍࡿࡢ࡟ᚲせ࡞ࢱ࢖ࣉࡢ▱⬟ࢆ຾ࡕᚓࡓࡢࡣࡓࡗࡓ㸯ࡘࡢ✀ࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᴟ
㝈ⓗᕼᑡᛶࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⚾࡟ࡣࡓࡔ㸰ࡘࡢཎᅉࡋ࠿⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢ㸯ࡘࡣࠊ⮬↛Ὲử࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣࠊேࠎࡢぢ㎸ࡳ࡜ࡣ⿬⭡࡟ࠊ㧗ᗘࡢ▱⬟ࡢⓎ⏕࡟᭷฼࡟ാࡃᛶ᱁ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢドᣐ࡟ࠊ௚ࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ᭷ᶵయࡣఱⓒ୓࡟ࡶཬࡪࡀࠊࡑࡢ࡝ࢀࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ㧗ᗘࡢ▱⬟࡞࡝↓ࡋ࡟ࠊ࠺ࡲࡃࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡛ࡣ࡞
࠸࠿ࠋ▱⬟ࡢᕼᑡᛶࡢࡶ࠺∦᪉ࡢཎᅉࡣࠊ▱⬟࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡢ⋓ᚓࡀ㏵᪉ࡶ࡞ࡃ㞴ࡋ࠸

44



࡜࡚ࡘ

ࡶࡢࡔࠊ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ࣭࣭࣭㞴ࡋ࠸ࡢࡶᙜ↛࡛ࠊ⬻࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣ㏵㎋ࡶ࡞ࡃ㧗࠸࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࢆᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡔ࠿ࡽࡔࠋࣄࢺ࡜࠸࠺⣔⤫ࡀࢳࣥࣃࣥࢪ࣮ࡢ⣔⤫࡜ࡓࡶ࡜ࢆศ࠿ࡗࡓࡢࡣ㸳ⓒ୓ᖺࡶ๓ࡢࡇ࡜ࡔࡀࠊ⌧௦ࡢࣄࢺࡢ኱ࡁ࡞⬻ࡣࡓ࠿ࡔ࠿㸱㸮୓ᖺ๓࡟⋓ᚓࡉࢀࡓࡤ࠿ࡾ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࣄࢺࡀࠊᶞୖ⏕ά࠿ࡽ᏶඲࡟ゎᨺࡉࢀ࡚ࠊẕぶࡢᡭࡀ↓ຊᴟࡲࡾ࡞࠸㉥ࢇᆓࢆᢪ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ᫬ࡲ࡛ࠊ㢌⬻Ⓨ㐩ࡢ᭱⤊ẁ㝵ࡣゼࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡔ࠿ࡽࠊ㧗࠸▱⬟ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿ኱ࡁ࡞⬻ࡣࠊࣄࢺ⛉ࡢ㛗࠸㐍໬⣔ิࡢ᭱ᚋࡢ㸴㸣࡟‶ࡓ࡞࠸᫬ᮇ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ึࡵ࡚ฟ᮶ୖࡀࡗࡓࡢࡔࠋࡇࡢ
ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ㧗ᗘࡢ▱⬟ࢆసࡾฟࡍࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊᴟࡵ࡚⛥࡞ࠊࡋ࠿ࡋ᭷฼࡞᮲௳ࡀ」㞧࡟⤡ࡳྜࡗ࡚ാࡃ≧ἣࡀᚲせࡽࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ +RZPDQ\VSHFLHVKDYHH[LVWHG
VLQFHWKHRULJLQRIOLIH"WKHUHKDYHEHHQELOOLRQVSHUKDSVDVPDQ\DVELOOLRQVSHFLHV2QO\RQHRIWKHVHDFKLHYHGWKHNLQGRILQWHOOLJHQFH
QHHGHGWRHVWDEOLVKFLYLOL]DWLRQ,FDQWKLQNRIRQO\WZRSRVVLEOHUHDVRQVIRUWKLVUDULW\2QHLVWKDWKLJKLQWHOOLJHQFHLVQRWDWDOOIDYRUHG
E\QDWXUDOVHOHFWLRQFRQWUDU\WRZKDWZHZRXOGH[SHFW,QIDFWDOOWKH
RWKHUNLQGVRIOLYLQJRUJDQLVPVPLOOLRQVRIVSHFLHVJHWDORQJZLWKRXWKLJKLQWHOOLJHQFH7KHRWKHUSRVVLEOHUHDVRQIRUWKHUDULW\RILQWHOOLJHQFHLVWKDWLWLVH[WUDRUGLQDU\GLIILFXOWWRDFTXLUHQRWVXUSULVLQJO\VREHFDXVHEUDLQVKDYHH[WUHPHO\KLJKHQHUJ\UHTXLUHPHQWV7KHKRPLQLGOLQHDJHVHSDUDWHGIURPWKHFKLPSDQ]HHOLQHDJHDERXWPLOOLRQ\HDUVDJREXWWKHELJEUDLQRIPRGHUQPDQZDVDFTXLUHGOHVVWKDQ\HDUVDJRLWUHTXLUHGFRPSOHWHHPDQFLSDWLRQIURPDUERUHDOOLIHWRPDNHWKHDUPVRIWKHPRWKHUVDYDLODEOHWRFDUU\WKHKHOSOHVVEDELHVGXULQJWKHILQDOVWDJHVRIEUDLQJURZWK7KXVDODUJHEUDLQSHUPLWWLQJKLJKLQWHOOLJHQFHGHYHORSHGLQ
OHVVWKDQWKHODVWSHUFHQWRQWKHKRPLQLGOLQH,WVHHPVWKDWLWUHTXLUHVDFRPSOH[FRPELQDWLRQRIUDUHIDYRUDEOHFLUFXPVWDQFHVWRSURGXFHKLJKLQWHOOLJHQFH 㸦0D\U㸧ত㻌 㻌 ཎጞ⚄⤒Ꮫ⪅ࢪ࢙ࣜࢫࣥ㸦-HULVRQ+DUU\㸧ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㸦㸰㸱㸧⏕≀Ꮫୖࡢ▱⬟࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣࠊ᝟ሗࢆฎ⌮ࡍࡿ⬟ຊ࡜࠸࠺ഃ㠃࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ  ࡿࠋලయⓗ࡟ゝ࠼ࡤࠊࡑࡢ▱⬟࡟ࡣ┦␗࡞ࡿឤぬ⣔ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᚓࡽࢀࡿᵝࠎ࡞᝟ሗࡢ㞟ྜࢆ⤫ྜࡋࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ㞟ྜ࡟᫬㛫ⓗ࣭✵㛫ⓗ※Ἠ࡟㛵ࢃࡿࣞࢵࢸࣝ㈞ࡾࢆ⾜࠺⬟ຊࡀྵࡲࢀࡿࠋ   ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᡃࠎࡀ⤒㦂ࡍࡿᐇ┦ୡ⏺࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ⬻࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡋࡹ  ␗࡞ࡿ✀ ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢ͆ᐇ┦ᛶ͇ࡣࡑࡢ✀ࡢ⬻ࡢാࡁࡢࡼࡗ࡚ኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋࡇࡢほⅬ࠿45ࡽぢࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊゝㄒࡀ㐍໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓ᭱ึࡢཎᅉࡣࠊゝㄒࡀࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ
ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊゝㄒࡀ⬻య⣔ࡢᣢࡘ࢖࣓࣮ࢪᙧᡂ⬟ຊࢆ㧗ࡵࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡗ
ࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡢࡀ⌮࡟㐺ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ %LRORJLFDO LQWHOOLJHQFH LV FRQVLGHUHG DV D
GLPHQVLRQ RI LQIRUPDWLRQSURFHVVLQJ FDSDFLW\ 6SHFLILFDOO\ LW LQYROYHV WKHFDSDFLW\WRLQWHJUDWHVHWVRILQIRUPDWLRQIURPGLIIHUHQWVHQVHPRGDOLWLHVE\ODEHOLQJWKHPZLWKUHVSHFWWRDWHPSRUDOO\DQGVSDWLDOO\LGHQWLILHGVRXUFHLQ
WKHHQYLURQPHQW͐
7KHUHDOZRUOGWKDWZHH[SHULHQFHLVWKXVDFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHEUDLQDQG
͆UHDOLW\͇IRUGLIIHUHQWVSHFLHVZLOOEHGHWHUPLQHGE\KRZWKHLUEUDLQVZRUN)URPWKLVSHUVSHFWLYHODQJXDJHLVEHWWHUXQGHUVWRRGDVKDYLQJILUVWHYROYHG EHFDXVH LW HQKDQFHV WKH LPDJHFRQVWUXFWLRQ FDSDFLW\ RI D QHUYRXVV\VWHPUDWKHUWKDQEHFDXVHRILWVIDFLOLWDWLRQRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQ  -HULVRQ 
ত ࡉࡽ࡟ྂே㢮Ꮫ⪅ࢱࢱࢨࣝ㸦7DWWHUVDOO ,DQ 㸧࠿ࡽࡢḟࡢᘬ⏝ࡶ▱ࡗ࡚
࡯ࡋ࠸ࠋ
 
㸦㸰㸲㸧ᡃࠎ⌧ᅾࡢࣄࢺࡢ᫂░࡞ゝㄒࡢⓎ㡢ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿኌ㐨㸦YRFDOWUDFWࠊኌᖏ࠿ࡽ၁ࡲࡓࡣ㰯⭍࡟⮳ࡿ㏻㊰㸧ࡣࠊᡃࠎࡢඛ♽ࡀゝㄒࢆ౑ࡗ࡚ࡋࡷ࡭ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜࠸࠺⊂❧ࡢドᣐࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿ᫬࠿ࡽⓒ୓ᖺࢆඃ࡟㐳ࡿ๓࡟ࡍ࡛࡟⋓ᚓࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ  ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊᡂேࡢኌ㐨ࡀ⌧௦ࡢヰࡋゝⴥ࡟ࠕ㐺ᛂࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟࡛ࠖࡁ࠶ࡀࡗࡓࡢ
࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿ࡔࠋࠕ๓ゝㄒⓗ࡞ࠖ㡢ኌࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ኌ㐨ࡀఱࡽ࠿ࡢᐤ୚ࢆࡋࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡣᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸬㸬㸬࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡲࡓࠊⓎ㐩ࡋࡓኌ㐨ࡀ࿧྾࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ఱࡽ࠿ࡢ฼Ⅼࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ࠸ࡎࢀ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶᡃࠎ࡜ࡋ
࡚ࡣࠊゝㄒࡢฟ⌧࡜ࡑࢀ࡟㛵㐃ࡋࡓゎ๗Ꮫⓗ┦㛵≀ࡣࠊ⮬↛Ὲử࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡓ
ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜⤖ㄽࡏࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ᪂ᶵ㍈ࡀࠊᚋ▱ᜨ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸࠿࡟኱ࡁ࡞฼
┈࡜࡞ࡗࡓ࠿࡟ぢ࠼ࡿ࡟ࡏࡼࠊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ $ YRFDO WUDFW FDSDEOH RI SURGXFLQJ WKHVRXQGVRIDUWLFXODWHVSHHFKKDGWKXVEHHQDFKLHYHGDPRQJKXPDQVZHOORYHUKDOID PLOOLRQ \HDUV EHIRUH ZH KDYH DQ\ LQGHSHQGHQW HYLGHQFH WKDW RXU IRUHEHDUVZHUHXVLQJODQJXDJHRUVSHDNLQJ&OHDUO\WKHQWKHDGXOWKXPDQYRFDOWUDFWFDQQRWLQRULJLQKDYHEHHQDQ
 DGDSWDWLRQ͆IRU͇PRGHUQVSHHFK㸫WKRXJKLWPLJKWKDYHFRQIHUUHGVRPHDGYDQWDJH
LQWKHFRQWH[WRID͆SUHOLQJXLVWLF͇IRUPRIYRFDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ͐2UPD\EH
LWFRQIHUUHGVRPHNLQGRIEHQHILWLQWHUPVRIUHVSLUDWLRQ>:@KDWHYHUWKH
FDVHZHKDYHWRFRQFOXGHWKDWWKHDSSHDUDQFHRIODQJXDJHDQGLWVDQDWRPLFDO

46



FRUUHODWHV ZDV QRW GULYHQ E\ QDWXUDO VHOHFWLRQ KRZHYHU EHQHILFLDO WKHVH
LQQRYDWLRQVPD\DSSHDULQKLQGVLJKWWRKDYHEHHQ 㸦7DWWHUVDOO㸧 ේ ࠶ࡿື≀ࡀࠊࠕ࣐࢘ࠖ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᪥ᮏேࡣ⏕ᚓⓗ࡟ࠊ࢖ࢠࣜࢫேࡣࡑࡢື≀ࡀ  KRUVH࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⏕ᚓⓗ࡟▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࠿㸽 ࠕࢃࡓࡋࡣ㤿ࡀዲࡁࡔࠖࠊ  ,ORYHKRUVHVࡢㄒ㡰ࡢ㐪࠸ࡶࡑ࠺࠿㸽 ত ಶࠎேࡢ㹇ゝㄒࡀᏊ౪᫬௦࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟Ⓨ㐩ࡍࡿ࠿ࡣࠊࡑࡢಶேࡀ⏕ࡲࢀ⫱ࡘ  ゝㄒඹྠయࡢゝㄒ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㐪ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋ࢖ࢠࣜࢫேࢆ୧ぶ࡟ᣢࡘ㉥ࢇᆓࡀ᪥ᮏே
ࡢᐙᗞ࡟㣴Ꮚ࡜࡞ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛᪥ᮏே࡜ࡋ࡚⫱࡚ࡤࠊࡇࡢᏊࡢẕㄒࡣ᪥ᮏㄒ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
㸴㸬㸯 ゝㄒ⋓ᚓ ේ ㉥ࢇᆓࡣ⏕ࡲࢀ࡚ࡍࡄ࡟ࡣゝⴥࢆ౑࠼࡞࠸㸦ࠕኳୖኳୗ၏ᡃ⊂ᑛࠖ࡜௮ࡗࡓ   ࠾㔘㏑ᵝࢆู࡟ࡍࢀࡤ㸧ࠋ࿘ࡾࡢ኱ேࡓࡕࡢࠕ⩦័ࠖࢆ┿ఝࡋ࡚ぬ࠼࡚࠸ࡃࡢࡔࠋ  ত どぬࡢࡼ࠺࡟᫂ⓑ࡞ࣔࢪ࣮ࣗࣝ㸦⏕ᚓⓗ㸧࡛ࡶ㸱㹂࡛ࡶࡢࢆぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞
ࡿ࡟ࡣ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡢ᫬㛫ࡀ᥃ࡿࠋᬯ㜌࡛⫱࡚ࡽࢀࡓࢧࣝࡣᶵ⬟ⓗ࡞どぬయ⣔ࢆⓎ㐩ࡉࡏࡽࢀ࡞࠸㸦⮫⏺ᮇ㸧ࠋどぬࡶゝㄒ⬟ຊࡶࠊ㑇ఏⓗせ⣲࡜⎔ቃⓗせ⣲ࡢ⏘≀࡛࠶ࡿࡢࡣ஦ᐇࡔࠋ
㸴㸬㸰 ่⃭ࡢ㈋ᅔ
 ࠕᡃࠎࡣࠊᡂ⇍ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣࠊᡃࠎࡀ⤒㦂ࡍࡿⓎヰ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡶࡢࢆ㉺࠼ࡓ▱㆑ࢆ⋓ᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠖ
㸴㸬㸱 ㄒࡢព࿡   ේ ࢳ࣒ࣙࢫ࣮࢟ࡣㄒࡢព࿡ࡲ࡛⏕ᚓⓗࡔ࡞࡝࡜ࠊ࡜ࢇ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㐍໬ࡣᑗ᮶ࡢ⛉Ꮫⓗ࣭ᩥ໬ⓗ⎔ቃࡢഅⓎᛶ ౛㸸ࠕ㔞Ꮚ࣏ࢸࣥࢩࣕࣝࠖ ࡲ࡛ணぢ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࠿㸽ত ゝㄒ⋓ᚓ㐣⛬ࡢᏊ౪ࡢ༢ㄒ⋓ᚓࡢ㎿㏿ࡉࢆࠊࡑࡕࡽࡣ࡝ࢇ࡞⌮ㄽ࡛ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡢ

࠿㸽ࠕゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡢ⤯㡬ᮇ࡟ࡣࠊࡇ࡝ࡶࡣ  ᫬㛫࡟㸯ಶࡢ㏿ࡉ࡛༢ㄒࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࠋࡑ
ࡢ㝿ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡬ࡢ᥋㏆ࡣⴭࡋࡃ㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢ᮲௳ࡣᴟᗘ࡟᭕᫕࡞ࡢࡔࠋࠖ&KRPVN\S 㸴㸬㸲 ᬑ㐢ᛶ

47

ේ ゝㄒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿཎ⌮࣭ไ⣙࡜ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢࡢ୰࡟ࡣࠊࠕWKDW⑞㊧ຠᯝࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᬑ㐢ⓗ࡛࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡶ࠶ࡿࡒࠋ

তWKDW⑞㊧ຠᯝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࡑࡢ࡜࠾ࡾࠋWKDW⑞㊧ຠᯝ㸸 'R\RXWKLQNWKDWZKRZLOOFRPH"ю:KRGR\RXWKLQNWKDWWZLOOFRPH"㹙WKDW⑞㊧ຠᯝ࡟᢬ゐ㹛           ю:KRGR\RXWKLQNZLOOFRPH"
  ࣭࢖ࢱࣜ࢔ㄒ࡟ࡣ WKDW⑞㊧ຠᯝࡀ࡞࠸ࠋ        &KL  SHQVLFKH  WYHUUD"                 Ў   Ў           Ў     Ў              ZKRWKLQN\RXWKDW   ZLOOFRPH
ю         ࢡࣜࢫࢺࣇ࢓࣮࡟ࡼࡿᣄ᩺
   তࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࠕ͆⫯ᐃᖹླྀᩥࡢㄒ㡰ࢆࡉ࠿ࡉࡲ࡟ࡍࡿ࡜ྰᐃᩥ࡟࡞ࡿ͇࡜࠸࠺つ๎ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ไ⣙ࡸࠊࠕ͆ᩥࡢㄒ㡰ࡢወᩘ␒┠࡟ࡣᚲࡎ๪モࡀ᮶࡞ࡅࢀ
ࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸͇࡜࠸࠺つ๎ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ไ⣙ࡣᬑ㐢ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋヂ᭩㸦㹮㸬㸰㸯㸰㸧ࡢேᕤゝㄒ(SXQཧ↷㸸ࠕᙉㄪᩥࢆసࡿ࡟ࡣࠊQRJࢆᩥ୰㸱␒┠ࡢㄒ࡟௜ࡅࡿࠖЍࢡࣜࢫࢺࣇ࢓࣮࡟㞴㢟㸹ࢥࣥࢺ࣮࣭ࣟࣝࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ኱Ꮫ⏕ࡶⴠ➨ࠋ㸵  ⮬↛ゝㄒ࡜ᛮ⪃ࡢゝㄒේ ࢳ࣒ࣙࢫ࣮࢟ࡣࠕゝㄒࡣᛮ⪃ࡢ㐨ලࡔࠖ࡞࡝࡜ゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩ

48ࣙࣥࡢ㐨ල࡟Ỵࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡌࡷ࡞࠸࠿ࠋত ゝㄒࡀࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ☜࠿ࡔࡀࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙ
ࣥࡢࡓࡵ࡟ゝㄒࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋḟࡢᘬ⏝ࢆぢࡿࡇ࡜ࠋ
㸦㸰㸳㸧ゝㄒᶵ⬟࡜ࡣࠊ㏆௦ࡢ㐍໬⌮ㄽࡢඹྠ๰❧⪅ࡢ୍ே࡛࠶ࡿ࢔ࣝࣇࣞࢵࢻ࣭
ࣛࢵࢭ࣭ࣝ࢘࢜ࣞࢫ㸦㸧ࡀ͆ࣄࢺࡢ▱⬟ⓗ࠾ࡼࡧ೔⌮ⓗᮏ㉁͇࡜࿧ࢇࡔ
ࡶࡢࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿせ⣲ࡢ㸯ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ͆ࣄࢺࡢ▱⬟ⓗ࠾ࡼࡧ೔⌮ⓗᮏ㉁͇࡜ࡣࠊࣄ
ࢺࡢ๰㐀ⓗ࡞᝿ീຊࠊゝㄒࡑࡢ௚ࡢグྕయ⣔ࡢᵝᘧࠊᩘᏛࠊ⮬↛⌧㇟ࡢゎ㔘࡜グ
㘓ࠊ」㞧࡞♫఍⩦័➼ࢆྖࡿ⬟ຊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⬟ຊࡢ」ྜయࡀ᫂☜࡞ᙧࢆྲྀࡿ࡟⮳ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊ⪃ྂᏛⓗ㈨ᩱ࠿ࡽุ᩿ࡍࡿ࡟ࠊẚ㍑ⓗ᪂ࡋ࠸᫬ᮇ̿ࡓ࠿ࡔ࠿㸳୓ᖺ࡯࡝๓̿࡜ぢࡽࢀࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᡃࠎ඲ဨࡢ♽ඛ࡛࠶ࡿẚ㍑ⓗᑠࡉ࠸ရ✀࡟⏕ࡌࡓ⬟ຊ㞟ྜయ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢኚ໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᡃࠎே㛫ࡣ௚ࡢື≀̿ᡃࠎ௨እࡢࣄ
ࢺ⛉ື≀ࡶྵࡵ࡚̿࠿ࡽᴟࡵ࡚᫂☜࡟༊ูࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ
͆ே㛫ࡢ⬟ຊ͇̿࡜࠸࠺ྡ⛠ࢆ௒࡛ࡣ౑࠺◊✲⪅ࡀ࠸ࡿࡀ̿ࡣࠊ௒᪥࡛ࡶࡲࡔ࠿
࡞ࡾࡢㅦ࡟ࡘࡘࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㐍໬ㄽࡢ㸰ேࡢ๰ጞ⪅ࡢ㛫ࡢ᭷ྡ࡞ពぢࡢ୙୍⮴ࡢせ⣲ࡢ㸯ࡘࡣࡇࡇ࡟࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࢘࢜ࣞࢫࡣࠊࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥ࡜␗࡞ࡾࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓㅖ⬟ຊࡢ㐍໬ࡣࠊኚ␗ࡸ⮬↛㑅ᢥ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼࡔࡅ࠿ࡽࡣㄝ᫂୙ྍ⬟࡛ࠊ͆ࡑࡢ௚ࡢᙳ㡪ࠊἲ๎ࠊస⏝͇ࠊࡘࡲࡾࠊᘬຊࠊจ㞟ຊ➼ࠊࡑࢀࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ⚄⨶୓㇟ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࠼࡞
࠸ຊ࡟୪ࡪఱࡽ࠿ࡢ⮬↛ࡢཎ๎ࢆᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿࠊ࡜⪃࠼ࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢၥ㢟ࡣ௒᪥࡛ࡣ㐪ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡤ࡛⾲⌧ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊ␲ၥࡀᾘ࠼࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋே㛫ࡢ▱ⓗ⬟ຊࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡟ࡏࡼࠊࡑࢀ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ゝㄒ⬟ຊࡀᚲ㡲ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶
ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ኱᪉ࡢ⪃࠼ࡀ୍⮴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྂே㢮Ꮫ⪅ࢱࢱࢨࣝ࡟⪃࠼࡟㈶ពࢆ⾲ࡍࡿ⛉Ꮫ⪅ࡢᩘࡣከ࠸ࠋࢱࢱࢨࣝࡣ᭩࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㸸㐍໬ࡢ⤒Ṕࡢ୰࡛ே㛫ࡢ⬟ຊࡀฟ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ͆ᨺฟⓗ่⃭͇࡜࡞ࡗࡓ͆ฟࡋᢤࡅ࡛๰Ⓨⓗ࡞͇ฟ᮶஦ࡣࠊ
͆ゝㄒࡢ๰ฟ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡯࡜ࢇ࡝᏶඲࡟☜ಙࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ͇࡜ࠋࡇࢀ
ࡣ㐍໬⏕≀Ꮫ⪅ࢪࣕࣞࢵࢻ࣭ࢲ࢖࢔ࣔࣥࢻ㸦㸫㸧ࡀ͆኱㌍㐍͇࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ
ࡶࡢ࡛ࠊ⬻ෆࡢ㓄⥺ࢆኚ࠼ࠊከᙬ࡞ᛮ⪃⾲⌧ἲࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿ㇏㤨࡞⤫ㄒㄽࢆᣢࡗ
ࡓே㛫ゝㄒࡢⓎ⏕ࡢ‽ഛ࡜࡜ࡢ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓฟ᮶஦࡛࠶ࡿࠋゝㄒࡢㄌ⏕ࡣࠊ⪃ྂᏛⓗグ㘓࡟ṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡿே㛫ࡢ♫఍ⓗⓎ㐩ࡸ⾜ືࡢ኱ᖜ࡞ኚ㠉࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ᚲ㡲ࡢ๓ᥦ᮲௳࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡋࠊࡲࡓࠊ୍⯡࡟ㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㏻ࡾࠊே㢮ࡢ࢔ࣇࣜ࢝࠿ࡽ
ࡢᛴ㏿࡞኱⛣ఫࡢᘬࡁ㔠࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ኱⛣ఫ࡟⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ࠊゝⴥࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ

49

࡜࠸࠺Ⅼࢆ㝖ࡅࡤ᪂ࡋ࠸ࣄࢺࡀࠊఱ༑୓ᖺ࡜࠸࠺ᮇ㛫࡜࡝ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⪃࠼ࡣࢹ࢝ࣝࢺὴᏛ⪅ࡢ⪃࠼࡟ఝ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡼࡾࡶࡉ
ࡽ࡟ᙉ࠸ࠋࢹ࢝ࣝࢺὴࡢேࠎࡣࠊ඾ᆺⓗ࡞ゝㄒ౑⏝ࢆࠊ௚ࡢே㛫ࡀ⮬ศࡓࡕ࡜ྠ
ࡌ⢭⚄㸭㢌⬻ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ᭱㧗࡟᫂ⓑ࡞ドᣐ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ⢭⚄㸭㢌⬻࡜ே㛫⬟ຊࡢ※Ἠ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᇶ‽ⓗドᣐ࡜ࡣ⪃࠼࡚ࡣ࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬㸬㸬ࢱࢱࢨࣝࡣゝㄒࢆ͆ᐇ㉁ୖࠊ㇟ᚩⓗᛮ⪃࡜ྠពㄒ࡛࠶ࡿ͇࡜ࡳ࡞ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋヲࡋࡃ㏙࡭ࡿ࡜ࠊ ᖺࡢࢩ࣏ࣥ࢘ࢪ࢔࣒ࡢ୺ၐ⪅ࡔࡗࡓࣀ࣮࣋ࣝ㈹ཷ㈹⪅ࡢࣇࣛࣥࢯ
࣭࣡ࢪࣕࢥࣈ㸦)UDQ©RLV-DFRE䠅䛿ࠊ͆ಶே㛫ࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ
య⣔࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢゝㄒࡢᙺ๭ࡣࠊࡏ࠸ࡐ࠸஧ḟⓗ࡟⏕ࡌࡓࡔࡅࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺͇࡜ゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢪࣕࢥࣈࡢࡇࡢゝⴥࡣࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃ㸯㸷㸵㸲ᖺࡢ఍㆟࡟࠾ࡅࡿᵝࠎ࡞㆟
ㄽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢㅖ㆟ㄽࡢ୰࡛ࡸࡣࡾࣀ࣮࣋ࣝ㈹ཷ
㈹⪅࡛࠶ࡿࢧࣦࣝ࢓ࢻ࣮࣭ࣝࣝࣜ࢔㸦6DOYDGRU/XULDࠊ㸧ࡣࠊ͆ᢳ㇟ⓗࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ⏕⏘ⓗ࡞ᛮ⪃ࡢⓎ㐩͇࡟Ỵᐃⓗ࡞㛵ಀࢆᣢࡘ͆ゝㄒࡢࡼ࠺࡞య⣔ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡓࡵࡢᙉຊ࡞ཝࡋ࠸㑅ᢥᅽ͇ࢆࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥୖࡢᚲせᛶࡀᥦ౪ࡋࡓࡣࡎ࡞࡝
࠶ࡾ࠼࡞࠸ࠊ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࡢࢪࣕࢥࣈ௨ୖ࡟ᙉ࠸㈶ྠ⪅࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓぢゎࢆබ࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࢪࣕࢥࣈࡣ͆ゝㄒࡑࢀ⮬㌟࡟၏୍ᛶࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿゝㄒࡢ≉ᛶࡣࠊ┦ᡭ࡟⾜ື࡬ࡢᣦ௧ࢆఏ㐩ࡍࡿ࡞࡝ࡢ͇ື≀ࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ඹ㏻ࡋࡓ≉ᚩ͆࡟࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ͇࡚ࠊ͆ゝㄒࡀᣢࡘࠊㄆ▱ⓗ࡞ᴫᛕࢆ࿧ࡧぬࡲࡍࠊࡘࡲࡾ㇟ᚩ໬ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿᙺ๭࡟࠶ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ͇࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᡃࠎࡢ┿ᐇ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᴫᛕࢆ͆ᙧస
ࡾ͇ࠊゝㄒࡀᣢࡘ͆グྕࡢ↓㝈ࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿ͇≉ᛶࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᡃࠎࡢᛮ⪃࡜タィࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚͆ྍ⬟ୡ⏺ࡢ㢌⬻ୖࡢ๰㐀ࢆ⾜࠺͇࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ゝㄒࡢ၏୍ᛶࢆぢࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸯㸵ୡ⣖ࡢㄆ▱㠉࿨࡟ࡓ࡝ࡾ╔ࡃᛮ⪃ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸦7KH

ODQJXDJH IDFXOW\ LV RQH FRPSRQHQW RI ZKDW WKH FRIRXQGHU RI PRGHUQ
HYROXWLRQDU\WKHRU\$OIUHG5XVVHO:DOODFHFDOOHG͆PDQ̓VLQWHOOHFWXDO
DQG PRUDO QDWXUH͇ WKH KXPDQ FDSDFLWLHV IRU FUHDWLYH LPDJLQDWLRQODQJXDJHDQGRWKHUPRGHVRIV\PEROLVPPDWKHPDWLFVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQDQG
UHFRUGLQJRIQDWXUDOSKHQRPHQDLQWULFDWHVRFLDOSUDFWLFHVDQGWKHOLNHDFRPSOH[RIFDSDFLWLHVWKDWVHHPWRKDYHFU\VWDOOL]HGIDLUO\UHFHQWO\SHUKDSVDOLWWOHRYHU\HDUVDJRDPRQJDVPDOOEUHHGLQJJURXSRIZKLFKZHDUHDOOGHVFHQGDQWV̽DFRPSOH[WKDWVHWVKXPDQVDSDUWUDWKHU50VKDUSO\ IURP RWKHU DQLPDOV LQFOXGLQJ RWKHU KRPLQLGV MXGJLQJ E\ WKHDUFKDHRORJLFDO UHFRUG 7KH QDWXUH RI WKH ͆KXPDQ FDSDFLW\͇ DV VRPHUHVHDUFKHUV QRZ FDOO LW UHPDLQV D FRQVLGHUDEOH P\VWHU\  ,W ZDV RQH
HOHPHQWRIDIDPRXVGLVDJUHHPHQWEHWZHHQWKHWZRIRXQGHUVRIWKHWKHRU\RIHYROXWLRQZLWK:DOODFHKROGLQJFRQWUDU\WR'DUZLQWKDWHYROXWLRQ
RI WKHVH IDFXOWLHV FDQQRW EH DFFRXQWHG IRU LQ WHUPV RI YDULDWLRQ DQGQDWXUDO VHOHFWLRQ DORQH EXW UHTXLUHV ͆VRPH RWKHU LQIOXHQFH ODZ RU
DJHQF\͇VRPHSULQFLSOHRIQDWXUHDORQJVLGHJUDYLWDWLRQFRKHVLRQDQG
RWKHU IRUFHV ZLWKRXW ZKLFK WKH PDWHULDO XQLYHUVH FRXOG QRW H[LVW$OWKRXJK WKH LVVXHV DUH GLIIHUHQWO\ IUDPHG WRGD\ WKH\ KDYH QRWGLVDSSHDUHG
,WLVFRPPRQO\DVVXPHGWKDWZKDWHYHUWKHKXPDQLQWHOOHFWXDOFDSDFLW\LVWKHIDFXOW\RIODQJXDJHLVHVVHQWLDOWRLW0DQ\VFLHQWLVWVDJUHHZLWKSDOHRDQWKURSRORJLVW,DQ7DWWHUVDOOZKRZULWHVWKDWKHLV͆DOPRVWVXUHWKDWLWZDVWKHLQYHQWLRQRIODQJXDJH͇WKDWZDVWKH͆VXGGHQDQGHPHUJHQW͇
HYHQWWKDWZDVWKH͆UHOHDVLQJVWLPXOXV͇IRUWKHDSSHDUDQFHRIWKHKXPDQFDSDFLW\LQWKHHYROXWLRQDU\UHFRUG̾WKH͆JUHDWOHDSIRUZDUG͇DV-DUHG'LDPRQG FDOOHG LW WKH UHVXOW RI VRPH JHQHWLF HYHQW WKDW UHZLUHG WKHEUDLQ DOORZLQJ IRU WKH RULJLQ RI KXPDQ ODQJXDJH ZLWK WKH ULFK V\QWD[WKDW SURYLGHV D PXOWLWXGH RI PRGHV RI H[SUHVVLRQ RI WKRXJKW D
SUHUHTXLVLWH IRU VRFLDO GHYHORSPHQW DQG WKH VKDUS FKDQJHV RI EHKDYLRUWKDWDUHUHYHDOHGLQWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHFRUGDOVR JHQHUDOO\DVVXPHG
WREHWKHWULJJHUIRUWKHUDSLGWUHNIURP$IULFDZKHUHRWKHUZLVHPRGHUQ
KXPDQVKDGDSSDUHQWO\EHHQSUHVHQWIRUKXQGUHGVRIWKRXVDQGVRI\HDUV
7KHYLHZLVVLPLODUWRWKDWRIWKH&DUWHVLDQVEXWVWURQJHUWKH\UHJDUGHGQRUPDOXVHRIODQJXDJHDVWKHFOHDUHVWHPSLULFDOHYLGHQFHWKDWDQRWKHUFUHDWXUHKDVDPLQGOLNHRXUVEXWQRWWKHFULWHULDOHYLGHQFHIRUPLQG
DQGWKHRULJLQRIWKHKXPDQFDSDFLW\͐51



7DWWHUVDOOWDNHVODQJXDJHWREH͆YLUWXDOO\V\QRQ\PRXVZLWKV\PEROLFWKRXJKW͇(ODERUDWLQJ RQH RI WKH LQLWLDWRUV RI WKH  V\PSRVLXP 1REHO ODXUHDWH
)UDQFRLV -DFRE REVHUYHG WKDW ͆WKH UROH RI ODQJXDJH DV D FRPPXQLFDWLRQV\VWHPEHWZHHQLQGLYLGXDOVZRXOGKDYHFRPHDERXWRQO\VHFRQGDULO\͇SHUKDSVUHIHUULQJ WR GLVFXVVLRQV DW WKH  FRQIHUHQFH ZKHUH KLV IHOORZ 1REHO/DXUHDWH6DOYDGRU/XULDZDVRQHRIWKHPRUHIRUFHIXODGYRFDWHVRIWKHYLHZWKDW FRPPXQLFDWLYH QHHGV ZRXOG QRW KDYH SURYLGHG ͆DQ\ JUHDW VHOHFWLYH
SUHVVXUHWRSURGXFHDV\VWHPVXFKDVODQJXDJH͇ZLWKLWVFUXFLDOUHODWLRQ
WR ͆GHYHORSPHQW RI DEVWUDFW RU SURGXFWLYH WKLQNLQJ͇ ͆7KH TXDOLW\ RI
ODQJXDJH WKDW PDNHV LW XQLTXH GRHV QRW VHHP WR EH VR PXFK LWV UROH LQ
FRPPXQLFDWLQJ GLUHFWLYHV IRU DFWLRQ͇ RU RWKHU FRPPRQ IHDWXUHV RI DQLPDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ -DFRE FRQWLQXHV EXW UDWKHU ͆LWV UROH LQ V\PEROL]LQJ LQ
HYRNLQJFRJQLWLYHLPDJHV͇LQ͆PROGLQJ͇RXUQRWLRQRIUHDOLW\DQG\LHOGLQJ
RXU FDSDFLW\ IRU WKRXJKW DQG SODQQLQJ WKURXJK LWV XQLTXH SURSHUW\ RI
DOORZLQJ ͆LQILQLWH FRPELQDWLRQV RI V\PEROV͇ DQG WKHUHIRUH ͆PHQWDOFUHDWLRQ RI SRVVLEOH ZRUOGV͇ LGHDV WKDW WUDFH EDFN WR WKH WK FHQWXU\FRJQLWLYHUHYROXWLRQ㸧 &KRPVN\                             㻌







         ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩㻌 


$GJHU 'DYLG   ͆0RUH PLVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ $ UHVSRQVH WR %HKPH DQG (YDQV͇/LQJXD$QGRU-R]VVI  ͆7UDLQVRI7KRXJKWRQWKH,VVXHVRI6\QWD[WKH/H[LFRQ
DQG3UDJPDWLFV$Q,QWHUYLHZZLWK1RDP&KRPVN\͇,QWHUQDWLRQDO5HYLHZRI

3UDJPDWLFV
%HKPH&KULVWLQDDQG9\Y\DQ(YDQV  /HDYLQJWKHP\WKEHKLQG$UHSO\WR
$GJHU  /LQJXD%ORRPILHOG/HRQDUG  ͆$VHWRISRVWXODWHVIRUWKHVFLHQFHRIODQJXDJH͇/DQJXDJH&KRPVN\1RDP  .QRZOHGJHRI/DQJXDJH,WV1DWXUH2ULJLQDQG8VH
1HZ<RUN3UDHJHU

52&KRPVN\1RDP  ͆/LQJXLVWLFVDQGFRJQLWLYHVFLHQFH3UREOHPVDQG
P\VWHULHV͇.DVKHU$VD  7KH&KRPVN\DQ7XUQ2[IRUG
%ODFNZHOO&KRPVN\1RDP  1HZ+RUL]RQVLQWKH6WXG\RI/DQJXDJHDQG0LQG
&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV&KRPVN\1RDP  ͆%LROLQJXLVWLFVDQGWKH+XPDQ&DSDFLW\͇'HOLYHUHGDW
07$%XGDSHVW0D\(YDQV1LFKRODVDQG6WHYHQ/HYLQVRQ  ͆7KHP\WKRIODQJXDJHXQLYHUVDOVODQJXDJHGLYHUVLW\DQGLWVLPSRUWDQFHIRUFRJQLWLYHVFLHQFH͇%HKDYLRUDODQG

%UDLQ6FLHQFHV(YDQV9\Y\DQ D ͆7KHUHLVQRODQJXDJHLQVWLQFW͇$HRQ
KWWSDHRQFRHVVD\VWKHHYLGHQFHLVLQWKHUHLVQRODQJXDJHLQVWLQFW (YDQV9\Y\DQ E 7KH/DQJXDJH0\WK:K\/DQJXDJHLV1RWDQ,QVWLQFW&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV)DXFRQQLHU*LOOHV  ͆0HWKRGVDQG*HQHUDOL]DWLRQV͇,Q7-DQVVHQDQG*
5HGHNHU (GV 6FRSHDQG)RXQGDWLRQVRI&RJQLWLYH/LQJXLVWLFV7KH+DJXH
0RXWRQ'H*UX\WHU+DXVHU0DUH1RDP&KRPVN\DQG7HFXPVHK)LWFK  ͆7KHIDFXOW\RIODQJXDJH
:KDWLVLWZKRKDVLWDQGKRZGLGLWHYROYH"͇6FLHQFH
+MHOPVOHYࠊ/RXLV   3UROHJRPHQDWRD7KHRU\RI/DQJXDJH0DGLVRQ8QLYHUVLW\
RI:LVFRQVLQ3UHVV௒஭㑥ᙪ㸦⦅㸧㸦㹟㸧ࠗࢳ࣒ࣙࢫ࣮࢟ᑠ㎡඾࠘ ኱ಟ㤋᭩ᗑ௒஭㑥ᙪ 㸦㹠㸧͆ࢳ࣒ࣙࢫ࣮࢟ᢈุࡢ⌧≧͇ࠗゝㄒ࠘ ᕳ  ྕ㸦≉㞟ࠕࢳ࣒ࣙࢫ࢟
࣮⌮ㄽࡢຌ⨥ࠖ㸧௒஭㑥ᙪ  ࠗゝㄒ⌮ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢㄒ⏝ㄽ࠘ 㛤ᣅ♫
-HULVRQ+DUU\  (YROXWLRQRIWKH%UDLQDQG,QWHOOLJHQFH1HZ<RUN$FDGHPLF3UHVV-HULVRQ+DUU\  ͆6XPPDU\RI-DVRQ͇&XUUHQW$QWKURSRORJ\9RO1RS㸧
-HVSHUVHQ2WWR  7KH3KLORVRSK\RI/DQJXDJH/RQGRQ$OOHQDQG8QZLQ/DQJDFNHU5RQDOG  ͆$QLQWURGXFWLRQWRFRJQLWLYHOLQJXLVWLFV͇&RJQLWLYH6FLHQFH



0D\U(UQVW  ͆&DQ6(7,VXFFHHG"1RWOLNHO\͇%LRDVWURQRP\1HZV  



7DWWHUVDOO,DQ  7KH0RQNH\LQWKH0LUURU1HZ<RUN+DUFRXUW                       53ƽǈǆƹƶǎ¶üǗƒƞÚyƚúģǗm¿k®nƟƛƊƤƙĎqƋƮƓƃĦ ĩŐśŬŮĦĳǐĦĦL£©¸ĦŭŢţšşũŮũŨũţťşŀšŧśţŦįŝũŧĦ
ƒƞǔĦ tZDģĦŃŢũŧŭťųĦĩĳıĲĶĪĦŅŲŮşŨŭţũŨŭĦĦ
ĴįĦňśŦŮţŨšĦŐŬũŜŦşŧĭĦ ïēñXźŅŐŐĭĦŅŃŐĭĦŃũůŨŮşŬĮŝųŝŦţŝţŮųĦĦ
ĴįĲįĦňśŦŮţŨšĦŐŬũŜŦşŧĦĩŃŬţŮşŬţśŦĦņŬşşŴţŨšĪĦ
ßèàÜ ĐåÜ áĎ ÜĥėĘĒėÜēĞĖÜēĞÜħĞģÜĥĞĝēĔĠÜĎÜĢÜĎÜøĆÜÿĞėĝÜěĘĚĔġÜĢĬďďďÜĦ
ÜđåÜ aŒŕŔµÍ Ć ŏŸŴźŌľşŢį#%»Ŕ¬ŏgØ¿ťŏśőŊōãÜÜ
ħĔġäĝĞ 4cŏŁō¸ÎŀŢšİŁĺŁįĿŢŕR3hßĖĘđđĔĠĘġėàŎįøþÜŎ¨Łį
4Ûŕ¸ŀŢšİÜßğåìàÜ
ÜĒåÜ áĥėĘĒėÜēĞĖÜēĞÜħĞģÜĥĞĝēĔĠÜēĞĔġÜÿĞėĝÜěĘĚĔÜÜ
ÜēåÜ áĥėĘĒėÜēĞĖÜēĞÜħĞģÜĥĞĝēĔĠÜßĢėĐĢàÜÿĞėĝÜěĘĚĔġåÜ
ÜĔåÜ øĕåÜĥėĘĒėÜēĞĖÜēĞÜħĞģÜĥĞĝēĔĠÜĘĕÜÿĞėĝÜěĘĚĔġõÜÜÜøóĘĕÜ
ßéàÜ ĐåÜ ŸŴŹżŪŔ4ÛŎŕőĶİÜ
ÜđåÜ řŁţ ø Ļ Ć ŎőĶĿŏĻ4ÛİÜÜĒåÜ ŒŞŊō ĖĘđđĔĠĘġė ŎĵšĿŏť}AŃšĺÜ
ÜēåÜ ĥĞĝēĔĠ Ŕ³ÍĻ4cŎőĶĿŏĻ4ÛŎŕőĶĺÜ
ÜêåéåÜ ïēñXǗøĩŒũũŮĪƞ[!ĦĦøƟżbƇŽźǉǄǋƝƜƮƜſŻÜ
ßêàÜ ĐåÜ ČėĐĢÜēĘēÜħĞģÜđģħõÜ
ÜđåÜ ĎĤáÜĎđģħÜĥėĐĢďďÜÜđģħóćÜÜÜĥėĐĢ ŔÍ/ääôÜÜÜ
ÜĒåÜ ĎĤáÜĎò, ôÜĥėĐĢò>ÜĎđģħò>ÜĢďďÜÜĥėĐĢ ŔÍ/ß2ªŗŔ%ŔŇŚƀääôÜ
ÜēåÜ ĎĥėĐĢÜĤáÜĎ ĢÜĎđģħò>ÜĢďďďÜÜŔŸŴźĻ}ŘşőĶſĢ ŕ¶ĸńįđģħ ŕLĶƀÜ
řŰīĦŕŐŚĦƝƯƖƘźřŰīĦřŒĦńŐŚĦŒĽøĦǏ~ÓSĮÀSƞ_ĮĮľäº=ǐĦĩĵĪĦĦ śįĦ řŜůųĦűŢśŮŚĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦńŐ É.ĩäº=ǐĮĮľĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦ
ĦŜįĦ řűŢśŮĦřŜůųĦŮŚŚĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŰīƞ ŅōĮĮľĦ
ĦŝįĦĦřŰīĦřűŢśŮĦřŜůųĦŮŚŚŚĦĦ×sƚåĦĦĦĦŞįĦ řŰīĦřűŢśŮĦřŜůųĦŮŚŚŚĦĦŌŁĩłĪƝƪƬź<, >ŔŸŴźſŇňŁĿŢŕY=mË*ƅƀĦĦşįĦ řŰīĦř<, > űŢśŮĦřŜůųĦŮŚŚŚĦĦĦƌƃƌźńŐĽűŢśŮ ƄÉ.ƎƭƚǉǄǋƄƜƇƜƭŻĦ
ĦŠįĦ ć ŕÜĤáŒ«ŠĻŠįÜĤáĻ ć Œ^È&ŀŢãÜŝĸŒ Ĥáŕ¶ĸőĽőŠįņŢŝĸQŕ ć ŔūŲžŒĹĶōQ&ŀŢįùą ŕßĥėä,ŎśĵŠķšĻƀņŔŘŘ2ªŒwŘšÜßğåèèàİÜć ŕŸŴźŒŕőŢőĶĻį/ĎćäĤáďÜŕőŢšßğåÜðàİÜ
ĦšįĦ řŒĮŰīĦĦŒĮŰīĦř<, > űŢśŮĦřŮĦŮŚŚŚĦĦĦĦ
ĦŢįĦ ŮƄÁ ïēƚƜƭƓƧźĥėĐĢ ŕņŔ2ªŒĵŠį+ŠŁĻ-®ÜĦţįĦ ŃŢũŧŭťųĦĩĳııĹĪƞ×sƝƪƭ¦nEĒƝÁdŻĦ
ĦDģ¬ǗĦĩĶĪĦ śįĦ ×sƟ¡ƖƘſƭĦ
ĦŜįĦ ÒnƞcbƞñXƟm¿k®nưzƗƃƛƀƃĦ
ĦŝįĦ Ů=ć ŕūŲžŎĵšĺşį¶ĸőĽőšŕńİņķŃšŏ<, > ŔŸŴźĻőĽőšİ

54

ĴįĴįĦŅŐŐ ƚ ŅŃŐĦĴįĴįĲĦŅŐŐĦ
ĩķĪĦ śįĦ ǏèøƙƟǐŔ Ɵø Œ ƝƘźǉǄǋƝƜƭƝƟbƎƆƭŻĦ
ĦŜįĦ řŔĦĦŰīŐŚĦĦĦĦĦǉǄǋƈƄƙƅƜſŻĦ
ĦŝįĦ řńŐĦřŔĦŰīŐŚŚĦĦĦ#ÒnƝƪƬļĭĦľĦƚǉǄǋƈŻĦĴįĴįĳĦŅŃŐĻĦŰīŐĮŃŐ ƞënĦĩĸĪĦ śįĦ ǑŖŢũĦŞũĦųũůĦŮŢţŨťĦŮŢśŮĦŬşśŞĦŮŢşĦŜũũťĿĦĦĦŜåÜ ¼Ļ Ĉąúøäøą ŗ«ŠĻŠįņŢaĶŋśŔŎ āö Œŕ-·ŎĵšŏAŁŞķİ-·őŘŘŎĵšŔŕ ĉÜňľŎįĉ (ŎŕŸŴźŒőŢőĶİÜÜ
ÜŝįĦ řűŢũĦřŃŐĦŮŢśŮĦř ŮĦřŔĦŰīŐŚŚŚĦŔŸŴźĻ}ŘşőĶİóóóôúøą Ë*ÜŮŢśŮĮ+ĜĦĩĹĪĦ śįĦ űŢũĦŞũĦųũůĦŮŢţŨťĦŬşśŞĦŮŢşĦŜũũťĿĦĦŜįĦ řŮŢśŮĦřļĭĦľűŢũĦřŔĦŰīŐŚŚŚĦĦ ŮŢśŮĮĮľŷĦĩŮŢśŮĦŞşŦşŮţũŨĪĦĦĩKÆď7ĿĪĦĦ ĦĦŝįĦ řļĭĦľűŢũĦřŔĦŰīŐŚŚĦƟĦļĭĦľƚſƀǉǄǋƄƇŻĦĦŞįĦ Á ïē Ń ƟÖøĩøãÜĪŏŏśŒĸōőĽőŊōĶšİ¯ő AŕQŕßèàŔyÕŎįø ŔōŔ ŔDWæu®QÜßä¥QãÜi ãÜĆàŏŏśŒ ĉ Œ§
VŀŢįø Ļ!ÔŀŢŇyÕŎ ĉ ŒĹĶōQ&ŀŢšŏĶķśŔŎĵšĩŪįĦĲĲĪŻÜ
ĦşįĦ Ń ƞÁnƟ Ŕ Ɲ×sƋƮƭǏƗƤƬ ŔŐ ƙžƬƃƗ ŃŐ ƙžƭǐŻĦ
ĦŠįĦ űŢũ ƟAÜƝžƭƃƫźƋƫƝ9Ƭ'ƌƄƙƅƭŻĦ
ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦ
ƳƻǊƲøǗĦŨŭŹŧ¼Ŕ ĉ ŕÂĺő°ŔŇŚ ĉąÜŏĩĈąúøãÜĉąĪŒŸŴźťŋľşŢšÜßğåíàİÜ
ĩĺĪĦ śįĦ ŃŢţĦŪşŨŭţĦŝŢşĦũŞţśĦōśŬţśĿĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŃŠįĦőůţĦŪşŨŭşŭĮŮůĦūůţĦŞşŮşŭŮşĦōśŬţşĿĦĦĦ űŢũĦŮŢţŨťĦŮŢśŮĦŢśŮşŭĦōśŬţśĦ
ĦĦ ħŖŢũĦŞũĦųũůĦŮŢţŨťĦŮŢśŮĦŢśŮşŭĦōśŬţśĿħĦĦŜįĦ řŝŢşĦřŔĦřŝŢţĦũŞţśĦōśŬţśŚŚŚĦĮŝŢţ ƞ ĳ EƞÉ.ǎľĦĦ
ĦĦ ĦŮŢśŮĦĦĦĦĦĦűŢũĦŢśŮşŭĦōśŬţśĦ
ĦŝįĦ řĒėĘ ŝŢşĦřĢ ĉĦřŮĦũŞţśĦōśŬţśŚŚĦ
ĦŞįĦ řŝŢţįįįĦřŃŐĦĢ ŝŢşĦřŔŐĦĢ [ĉąÜĉĦřŮĦũŞţśĦōśŬţśŚŚŚŚĦĦſƏƮƞ ŮƨðƁƜſŻĦ
ĦĦ ÿƃƜåưzƗ Ŕ ƟǉǄǋƝƜƮƭŻĦ
ĦƊƮƤƙƞDģ¬Ǘm¿k®nƞQǒébĦĦ
ĩĲıĪĦ śįĦ cbƞ0)ĦĩŒ ƟČ¿ƝbƇĭĦŔ Ɵǁǉǅƻ¿ƝèøƙƟbſĪĦŻĦ
ĦŜįĦ +ĜĩŃ +ĜƄƜƈƮƠźïƜĪĦŻǏÃ»ƟÉ.Ľ$ē=ŻǐĦĦŝįĦ fpüƢƞô6żŰīĦƟ ŒĮŰīĦƞƪƀƝą/ƋƮƘſƭŽǏèøƙƟ ŰīƟĠfưſƘſƭǐŻĦĦŞįĦ żřŒĮŰīŚƟðƁƜſƄźǉǄǋƈƟƙƅƭŻŽĦ
ĦşįĦ ×sƟÁKƯƫƏkïǏļ,ôŔŸŴźŔ}AŔŇŚǐŻĦ
ĦŠįĦ ŮŢśŮ ¾ăƞLôǏĠfƟžƭƄ+ĜǙǐĦĦĦêåëåÜúąąãÜúøą pŔŀşőš4ÛÜêåëåèåÜ±¼ŔÒ£ ĢėĐĢ ÆŔv>ƄŸŴźÀŔŏŕx*CŔ BÜ55ßèèàÜ ĐåÜ ĢėĔÜĜĐĝÜßĥėĞàßĢėĐĢàÜĠĔĐēÜĢėĔÜđĞĞĚÜ
ÜđåÜ ßĢėĔÜĜĐĝàÜĎĢėĐĢÜĎò, ôĥėĞÜĉÜĎĢÜĤáąďďďÜÜĢėĐĢ !ÔääôÜ
ÜĒåÜ ßĢėĔÜĜĐĝàÜĎò, ôĥėĞÜĉÜĎĢÜĤáąďďÜÜŕ øą Ŏ ĥėĞ ŕ2ªŒĵšİÜ
ÜÜ ĿŔŕ ĢėĐĢ !ÔŔpť`ZŃšŞķŒPŤŢšİÜ
ßèéàÜ ĐåÜ ßĢėĔÜĜĐĝàÜĎĢėĐĢÜĎò, ôÜĉÜĎĢÜĤáąďďďÜÜÜß= ¢?ƀÜ ÜÜđåÜ ßĢėĔÜĜĐĝàÜĎ ĢėĐĢÜĎĢÜĉÜĎĢÜĤáąďďďÜÜÜĉą ŕŸŴźŁŎĵšĻįc~İÜ ÜÜÜ ĢėĐĢ !ÔääôÜ
ÜđÞåÜáßĢėĔÜĜĐĝàÜĎò, ôÜĉÜĎĢÜĤáąďďďÜÜÜŸŴź ŕŎļšĻį×c~ſc¸pŔ¨ƀİÜÜÜ ĿŔŎŕ BŕŔx*CİÜÜĴįĵįĳįĦøĦĦĴįĵįĳįĲ øƝƂƈƭ ŅŐŐ ƚMĖ øǗÄÂƎƭåĦĩŋůŨũĦĲĺĸĴĭĦňţŬśţűśĦĳııĲĪŻĦ
ĩĲĴĪĦ śįĦ Çİ?İçSƞaĎƞUƞqÞƄƏƠuƈƘƪſĦ
ĦŜįĦ ř<, > Ç/?/çSƟř<, > aĎƄř<, > UƄř<, > qÞƄƏƠuƈƘƪſŚŚŚĦ
ĩĲĵĪĦ śįĦ ÈźźnƞÒnƄžƭƚƎƭƚźÄÂƌƓåƄāƊƖƘſƭƊƚƝƜƭŻĦ
ĦŜįĦ øƝƟåƄƜſĻĦÒnƄƜſßĀģĠĞēĐÜèðïïàİÜ
ĦŝįĦ ÊåǘŮŬţŰţśŦĦśšŬşşŧşŨŮĿĦǏŹÿƃƜåĩŬţŝŢĦśšŬşşŧşŨŮĪĪĦ
ĦĴįĵįĳįĳĦŅŃŐ ƚ ø½DĻĦåƄǏÿƃƙǐƜſƞƝ ŅŃŐ ưVƫƜſŻĦ ĦßèìàÜ ĐåÜ ¾Ļiºť;ŁŇŔĻłşŢŘŅŦĺƅÜÜÜÜ
ÜđåÜÜá¾Ļiºť;ŁŇĻłşŢŘŅŦĺƅÜÜÜßø !ÔƀÜßèíàÜ ĐåÜ ¾Ļiºť;ŁŇŏPĶŘŁŇĺƅÜÜ
ÜđåÜ á¾Ļiºť;ŁŇPĶŘŁŇĺƅÜÜÜßø !ÔƀÜÜ
ßèîàÜ ĐåÜ ¾ĻnŇŉŜķœŦò¾ĻnŇŏæō¹ķœŦƀÜ
ÜđåÜ ¾ĻnŇŝķœŦÜ
ßèïàÜ ¼ŏŔÑŒ°ſ¥QƀťZŇőĶ ĉ ŕŸŴźŌľĻŎļšſŏ¹ŤőľŢŖőşő
ĶƀİÜĦĵįĦƊƮƤƙƞDģ¬ƚƒƞó¤ĦĵįĲįĦƊƮƤƙƞDģƞ ¶ĦŃŢũŧŭťųĦĳıĲǔƞDģ¬ĦĩĲĺĪĦĦĦśįĦ ïēñXƄñX¿ƙžƭŻĦ ĦĦŜįĦĦđôDģĩŌŁĩŁĪĦũŬĦŌŁĩłĪĪĦ ĦĦŝįĦ #ƋƮƭÒnƄǉǄǋƝƜƭƞƃǙĦ ĦĦŞįĦ ƞƷǂǎƔƈƄðƁƜƇƜƭƞƃǙĦ ĦĦşįĦ ļ, ľƚļőĭĦőľźŔƞ­oBn, ²Ɲ ýĔĝĠħ Ŕ[_ßČýäø Ŕ°Ŕv>ƀÜ
ŃŢũŧŭťųĦĳıĲĶ ƞDģ¬ĦĩĳıĪĦ śįĦ cbƞ0)ĦĩŒ ƟČ¿ƝbƇźŔ Ɵǁǉǅƻ¿ƝèøƙƟbſĪĦĦ
ĦŜįĦ ĉØïÒƞƞƷǂǎƟðƁƜſĦ ǏŃŢũŧŭťųĦĳıĲĴ ƞDģǐŻĦ
ĦŝįĦ +ĜĩŃ +ĜƄƜƈƮƠźïƜĪĦǏÃ»ƟÉ.Ľ$ē=ǐĦ

56ĦŞįĦ fpüƢƞô6żŰīĦƟ ŒĮŰīĦƞƪƀƝą/ƋƮƘſƭŽǏèøƙƟ ŰīƟĠfưſƘſƭŻǐĦşįĦ żřŒĮŰīŚƟðƁƜſƄźǉǄǋƈƟƙƅƭŻŽĦ
ŠįĦ ×sƟÁKƯƫƏkïǏļ,ôŔŸŴźŔ}AŔŇŚǐŻĦšįĦ ŮŢśŮ ¾ăƞLôǏĠfƟžƭƄ+ĜǙǐĦŢįĦ èøƞĚÎƞ ŮŢśŮ ¾ăQĦţįĦ øƞ ŅŐŐ ƞDģĦŤįĦ øƞ ŅŃŐĦƞQĦ

Ħ
Ħ
Ħ
Ħ
Ħ
Ħ
Ħ
ĵįĳĦó¤ĦĵįĳįĲįĦǉǄǋƈǗcbƞ0)ƞ_ź ïēƝƪƭđvĻĦAÜÒnƞi¦ĦĩĳĲĪĦ śįĦ ŵĦţŮĭĦŵĦŰīĦŵŞŬųĭĦŵŮŢşĭĦŝŦũŮŢşŭŶŶŶŶĦĦŜįĦ ŵĦŰīŐĦţŮĭĦŵĦŰīŐĦŰīĦŵĦŕŐĦŞŬųĭĦŵńŐ ŮŢşĭĦŝŦũŮŢşŭŶŶŶŶĦĦ ĩŕŐ {XēƢƞÉ.ƟïǐĦĩĳĳĪĦ śįĦ ń Ɵ ŎĩŐĪưíēƚƌƘđvƎƭAÜÒnưzƗŻĦ
ĦŜįĦ ŞŬųĦƟ$ġĦưíēƚƌƘđvƎƭAÜÒnưƨƗŻĦĦ
ĦŝįĦ Ą.ö ŰīĦƟLġưđvƎƭAÜÒnưƨƗŻĦ
ĦŞįĦ AÜÒnưzƗïÒƄtZƎƭŻǏgƝ_ǐĦĦĵįĳįĳįĦ<ònǗW"Ï¼ƚ ŌŁ <ònǗŃŠįĦŃŢũŧŭťųĦĳıĲĴĻĦĉØïÒƞƞƷǂǎƟðƁƜſĦ
É.ƞğƷǂǎ¶üĦŔũŨũţťşĦĩĳııĴĪĦĭĦL£ĩĳıĲĺĪǗĤG¿ÖøüĦĩĳĴĪĦ śįĦ Öø œŏĦƟƒƞĠfİœŏİĦƚƒƞoBŵœŏŶƃƫqƬƀƭŻĦ
Ħ
ŜįĦ É.ǘ$ē=ĦĩŉōĪĦƟć]ŵœŏŶĦưgƝ¡ƌźĦİœŏİƔƈƝĐ¹ƎƭŻĦĦŝįĦ É.Ɵ ƞ¥ƙhƫƮƜſƓƜóĕư¸ƦI=ƝƟŵœŏŶƞēưċơƊƚƄƙƅƭ
ĩŐţššųŜśŝťţŨšǐŻĦĦĩƓƔƌźÉ.ƟƷǂǎưÉ.ǐĦ
W"Ï¼ĩņůŦŦĦŃśŮşšũŬųĻĦņŃĪĦ
ĩĳĵĪĦ Öø œŏ ƟĠfƚoBƞáưƁƘſƭƚƅƝW"Ï¼ĩņŃĪƙžƭƚſƀŻĦ
<ònǗņŃ ƞƥƄ ŌŁ ƝƚƖƘ<ò¿ƙžƭŻĦ
ĩĳĶĪĦ śįĦ řŔŐ İńŐİĦřŔŐĦŔĦřŰīŐĦŵńŐŶĦřŰīŐĦŰīĦŕŐŚŚŚŚĦĦ ĦĩŔŐ {XēƢƞ Ł É.ĪĦŵńŐŶĦƨİńŐİƨ<òŻĦĦŜįĦ řŰīŐĦ İŖňİĦřŰīŐ įįįŵŖňŶįįįŚĦĦ Ħ Ħ Ħ Ħ Ħ Ħ Ħ Ħ ĩŰīŐ {XēƢƞ ŁĨÉ.ĪĦİŖňİĦ ƨŵŖňŶĦƨ<òŻĦŝįĦ řŃŐ İŖňİĦřŃŐ įįįŵŖňŶįįįŚĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĩŃŐ {XēƢƞ ŁĨÉ.ĪĦİŖňİƨŵŖŐŶƨ<òŻĦĩĳķĪĦ śįĦ řŔŐ İŮŢşĦŭůŨİĦřŔŐĦŢśŭĦ řŰīŐĦĦŵŮŢşĦŭůŨŶĦřŰīŐĦĦŰīĦřŕŐĦŞŬţşŞĦŮŢşĦŝŦũŮŢşŭŚŚŚŚŚĦĦ
ĦŜįĦ řŃŐ İţŨĦűŢţŝŢĦŔşŲśŭĦŝţŮųİĦřŃŐĦŃĦřŔŐĦŊņŋĦűśŭĦśŭŭśŭŭţŨśŮşŞĦŵţŨĦűŢţŝŢĦŔşŲśŭĦŝţŮųŶŚŚŚĦĦ
ĦĵįĳįĴįĦÉ.ƞğƷǂǎ¶üưƁƭýüĦ
ĵįĳįĴįĲįĦÑ«nǗƷǂǎ¶üƟ+ĜưkïƚƎƭŻĦ
ĩĳĸĪĦ śįĦ ŊũŢŨĦŧśųĦťŨũűĦŮŢşĦŭşŝŬşŮĦĦŜįĦ ŧśųĦřİŵŊũŢŨŶİĦťŨũűĦŮŢşĦŭşŝŬşŮŚĦĦŁ É.ĮĮľĦĦŝįĦ řİŵŊũŢŨŶİĦŧśųĦřřİŵŊũŢŨŶİĦťŨũűĦŮŢşĦŭşŝŬşŮŚĦĦĦĦ+ĜĮĮľĦĦŞįĦ řİŊũŢŨİĦŧśųĦřŵŊũŢŨŶĦťŨũűĦŮŢşĦŭşŝŬşŮŚŚĦĦ
ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦğƷǂǎ¶üǗ+ĜưkïƚƌƜſŻĦĩ8ƝkïƜïÒƞƥƄÉ.ǐĦ
ĩĳĹĪĦ śįĦ ŧśųĦřİŵŊũŢŨŶİĦťŨũűĦŮŢşĦŭşŝŬşŮŚĦĦŁ É.ĮĮľĦĦ Ħ ǏÒnƞİĜ4ƞƓƧǐĦ

57

ŜįĦ řŔŐĦİŊũŢŨİĦŧśųĦřŰīŐĦŵŊũŢŨŶĦťŨũűĦŮŢşĦŭşŝŬşŮŚŚĦĦ
ĩĳĺĪĦ śįĦ řŰīŐĦİűŢţŝŢĦŭşŝŬşŮİĦįįįĦřŕŐĦįįįĦŵűŢţŝŢĦŭşŝŬşŮŶŚŚĦĦ ŁĨÉ.ĦĩđôĚƞïûƙÉ.ǐĦ
ĦŜįĦ řŃŐĦİűŢţŝŢĦŭşŝŬşŮİĦŃĦřŔŐĦįįįĦřŰīŐĦįįįĦřŕŐĦįįįĦŵűŢţŝŢĦŭşŝŬşŮŶŚŚŚŚĦĦę¾ăƨïŻĦĦĵįĳįĴįĳįĦğƷǂǎ¶üƞm¿nĦĵįĴįĴįĳįĲĦĦŁ É.Ǘ øƟ*ƪƬ^ſ¹Hư9ƮƜſĦ ǏL£ĦĳıĲĺĦÌǕËĪĦĦ
ĩĴıĪĦ śįĦ İŁĦŢţŪŪũšŬųŪŢİĦţŭĦŦţťşŦųĦŮũĦŜşĦśŪŪŬşŢşŨŞşŞĦŵśĦŢţŪŪũšŬųŪŢŶįĦĦĦ
śľŦţťşŦųĭĦŦţťşŦųľśĦĦ Ħ ĩīśľŪŬşŭşŨŮľŦţťşŦųĭĦŪŬşŭşŨŮľśľŦţťşŦųĭĦŪŬşŭşŨŮľŦţťşŦųľśĪĦ
ĦŜįĦ İŁĦŢţŪŪũšŬųŪŢİĦţŭĦřŦţťşŦųĦŮũĦŜşĦśŪŪŬşŢşŨŞşŞĦŵśĮŮŢşĦŢţŪŪũšŬųŪŢŶĦĦĦ Ħ Ħ Ħ Ħ Ħ Ħ Ħ Ħ Ħ Ħ Ħ Ħ Ħ Ħ Ħ Ǐ àªÍSĮKġĈǐŏĮŕĮŒĦ
ĦŝįĦ İŁĦŢţŪŪũšŬųŪŢİĦţŭĦřŵśŶĦřŦţťşŦųĦŮũĦŜşĦśŪŪŬşŢşŨŞşŞĦŵŮŢşĦŢųŪŪũšŬųŪŢŶŚĦ
ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦTGėöĦ Ħ Ħ Ħ Ħ Ħ Ħ Ħ Ħ Ħ Ħ KġĦ *ěSĦŐţššųŜśŝťţŨš Ɵ%ÐƙƟƜƇźĦėöē(ƞƻƼ ƬŻĦĦĵįĳįĴįĳįĳĦĦŁĨÉ.ĻĦŃŐ ƝƂƈƭ ő ƞåİLĩŃŠįĦňşŨŬųĪƞƃƄāƊƖƘſƭŻĦ
ĩĴĲĪĦ śįĦ ŖŢţŝŢĦŬşŪũŬŮĦŞţŞĦŮŢşĦšũŰşŬŨŧşŨŮĦŪŬşŭŝŬţŜşĦŮŢşĦŝũŦũŬŭĦũŠĦŮŢşĦŝũŰşŬŭĦũŠĿĦĦĦŜįĦ ŏŠĦűŢţŝŢĦŬşŪũŬŮĦŞţŞĦŮŢşĦšũŰşŬŨŧşŨŮĦŪŬşŭŝŬţŜşĦŮŢşĦŝũŦũŬŭĦũŠĦŮŢşĦŝũŰşŬŭĿĦĦĦŝįĦ ŔŢşĦŝũŰşŬŭĦũŠĦűŢţŝŢĦŬşŪũŬŮĦŞţŞĦŮŢşĦšũŰşŬŨŧşŨŮĦŪŬşŭŝŬţŜşĦŮŢşĦŝũŦũŬŭĦũŠĿĦĦĦŞįĦ ŏŠĦŮŢşĦŝũŰşŬŭĦũŠĦűŢţŝŢĦŬşŪũŬŮĦŞţŞĦŮŢşĦšũŰşŬŨŧşŨŮĦŪŬşŭŝŬţŜşĦŮŢşĦŝũŦũŬŭĿĦĦĦşįĦ ŔŢşĦŝũŦũŬŭĦũŠĦŮŢşĦŝũŰşŬŭĦũŠĦűŢţŝŢĦŬşŪũŬŮĦŞţŞĦŮŢşĦšũŰşŬŨŧşŨŮĦŪŬşŭŝŬţŜşĿĦĦĦŖň É.ǘđôİĉôĚƞÉ.Ħ ĩL£ĦĳıĲĶĭĦĳıĲĺĦÌǖËǐĦ
ĩĴĳĪĦ śįĦ ż&ŽǘXöĩţŨŞşŮşŬŧţŨśŮşĪĦƙãƙ²XƋƮƭIrƞĝ=ưìƎŻĦ
ĦŜįĦ żƃŽĽđôĚĦ ĝ=ư`ƚƌƘźƒƞǇǌǀǎưǓƗƚƌƘ'ƎĩǓƗđƣźŐţŝťĦũŨşǐŻĦ
ĦŝįĦ żƨŽĽĉôĚĦ ĝ=ư`ƚƌƘźƒƞǇǌǀǎư"ƘƚƌƘ'ƎǏ"ƘđƣĭĦŐţŝťĦśŦŦǐŻĦ
ĩĴĴĪĦ śįĦ ż&ƃŽĽãƙ²XƋƮƭIrƞĝ=ƞǓƗƞǇǌǀǎĦ
ĦŜįĦ ż&ƨŽĽãƙ²XƋƮƭIrƞĝ=ƞ"ƘƞǇǌǀǎĦ
ĩĴĵĪĦ śįĦ ĔƃPæƃĦ ŵ ĔĭĦPæŶƃĽ ĔƚPæƃƫƜƭIrƞĝ=ƞƗƞǇǌǀǎĦ
ĦŜįĦ ĔƨPæƨĦ ŵ ĔĭĦPæŶƨĽ ĔƚPæƃƫƜƭIrƞĝ=ƞ"ƘƞǇǌǀǎĦ
ĩĴĶĪĦ śįĦ &ƢëƖƓƃĦ
Ħ
Ħ Ħ
Ħ
Ħ
ŜįĦ &ƢƃëƖƓ ŃĦ Ħ żƃŽĽđôĚĦƞÉ.ǘŖň É.Ħ ŔŐ ư`ƚƌƘ9ƭƓƧĦĦĦŝįĦ &ƢëƖƓ Ń ƃĦ Ħ ż&ƢëƖƓ ŃŽǘCģƞĝ=ĩŗ ƝëƖƓźŘ ƝëƖƓ şŮŝįĪĦ
ĦĦ ǘCģƞĝ=ƞǓƗĦĦĩĴķĪĦ śįĦ &ƢëƖƘƨĦ
ĦŜįĦ &ƢƨëƖƘ ŃĦ ĦĦĦżƨŽĽĉôĚĦƞÉ.ǘŖň É.Ħ ŔŐ ư`ƚƌƘ9ƭƓƧĦĦŝįĦ &ƢëƖƘ Ń ƨĦĦĦĦĦĦż&ƢëƖƘ ŃŽǘƞĝ=ĩŗ ƝëƖƓźŘ ƝëƖƓ şŮŝįĪĦĦĦ Ħ ǘƞĝ="ēĦƊƮƄƌƈƮƠźèøƞ Ŗň ½Dİþ ƨ>ƍǇƵƿƺǆƄſƘſƭƟƏŻǏČnƞ2¶ǐĦĩĴĸĪĦĦ śįĦ űŢşŬş ƟXöĩţŨŞşŮşŬŧţŨśŮşĪƙźãƙ²XƋƮƭIrƞĝ=ưìƎŻĦ
ĦŜįĦ ŭũŧşİşŰşŬų ƟđôİĉôĚ ŭũŧşİşŰşŬųĮűŢşŬşĦĦĦŭũŧşİşŰşŬųĽƃİƨĦ
ĦŝįĦ ũŬİśŨŞ ƨđôİĉôĚĦ ŋųũŮũĦũŬİśŨŞĦŎśŬśĭĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦũŬİśŨŞĽƃİƨĦ

58ĦŞįĦ ĩŉĦűũŨŞşŬĪĦűŢşŬşĦųũůĦűşŨŮĦĦĦĦĦĦĦ ĦŞĨįĦĦŖŢşŬşŰşŬĦŉĦűşŨŮĭĦĦĦŖň É.Ħ
ĩĴĹĪĦ śįĦ đôĚƟ<ò¿ǘŸĦ ĦĦĦ ĦĦĦŜįĦ ĉôĚƟ<ò¿ǘĮşŰşŬĦ
ĦŃŠįĦ;èøĦ ŢűśĽŭũŧşũŨşİŭũŧşŮŢţŨšİűŢũİűŢśŮĦĦĦĦšşŢűśĽşŰşŬųũŨşİşŰşŬųŮŢţŨšĦ
ĩĴĺĪĦ śįĦ ĩŉĦűũŨŞşŬĪĦřŃĦřųũůĦűşŨŮĦŸĮűŢşŬşŚŚĦĦĦĦŕĮİűŢşŬşİƞÉ.ĩļĮĮĤG¿ÖøüĪĮĮľĦ
ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŜįĦĩŉĦűũŨŞşŬĪĦřŕĮİűŢşŬşİĦŃĦřųũůĦűşŨŮĦŵűŢşŬşŶŚŚĦĦĦĦ
ĩĵıĪĦ śįĦ řŃĦŉĦűşŨŮĦűŢşŬşĮşŰşŬŚĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦİűŢşŬşİĮşŰşŬ ƞÉ.ĩļĮĮÝfpÒĪĮĮľĦ
ĦŜįĦ řİűŢşŬşİĮşŰşŬĦŃĦŉĦűşŨŮĦŵűŢşŬşŶŚĦĦĦ
ĩĵĲĪĦ śįĦ ƃİƨǘTGİ"ÈėöǘŭũŧşİşŰşŬųĦ ĦĦĦŜįĦ ƃİƨǘđôİĉôÕ=SǘũŬİśŨŞĦ
ĦŝįĦ ƃİƨǘđôİĉôĚǘŸİĮşŰşŬĦĦĦÁí(\ĦÉ.ƞƷǂǎ¶üƨĜ4ĦǏő ƞåƨźŖň ƞåƨïǐĦÎƝƂƈƭ ŁůŲĮŉŨŰşŬŭţũŨĦĦ Î½Dƞ őǘŃźőǎŝśŨĦ
ĩĵĳĪĦ śįĦ ŃśŨĦųũůĦŭŪşśťĦœűśŢţŦţĿĦĦŜįĦ řŕŐĦŰīĮŭŪşśťĦœűśŢţŦţŚĦĦŰīĮİŭŪşśťİƞÛ'Ĭųũů ƞ=ĬőĮŝśŨ ƞ=ĮĮľĦĦŜįĦ řŔŐĦőĮŝśŨĦřŰīŐĦųũůĦŰīĮİŭŪşśťİĦřŕŐĦŵŭŪşśťŶĦœűśŢţŦţŚŚŚĦĦİųũůİƞÉ.ǏƞƓƧǐĮĮľĦ
ĦŝįĦ řŔŐĦİųũůİĦőĮŝśŨĦřŰīŐĦŵųũůŶĦŰīĮİŭŪşśťİĦřŕŐĦŵŭŪşśťŶĦœűśŢţŦţŚŚŚĦő ƞÛ'ĮĮľĦĦŞįĦ řŃŐĦőĮİŝśŨİĦřŔŐĦİųũůİĦŵŝśŨŶĦřŰīŐĦŵųũůŶĦŰīĮİŭŪşśťİĦřŕŐĦŵŭŪşśťŶĦœűśŢţŦţŚŚŚŚĦ
ĦňśŦŮţŨšĦŐŬũŜŦşŧĻĦŃĮő ƞåƜƛƜƇźđôİĉôĚƟCģİĩĽŃĨĪư`ĩśŬšůŧşŨŮĪƚƌƘ
ƚƫƜƈƮƠƜƫƏźűũŨŞşŬ Ɯƛƞ½DÎư9ƭ.öƞíēƚƜƭƃź ÎƝƂſƘ½Dƞ ő ƚĚƯƫƜƈƮƠƜƫƜſŻßêèàŔŕÌ¹ÒbĻ "Ńš¬ŒŞŊō'ŀŢšİĦĦĵįĳįĵįäºtZĩņŬşşĦŌśŜşŦţŨšĪǗAÜÒnƢƞô6ư_ĦĩĵĴĪĦ śįĦ W"Ï¼ưtZƐƪĩŐŬũŤşŝŮĦśĦŠůŦŦĦŝśŮşšũŬųĪǗAÜÒnƢƞô6ƜƌĦĦĦŜįĦ ÖøƟĠJÒnƚoBÒnư@ƱƙſƭƚƅƝƞƥW"Ï¼ƙžƭŻĦ
ĦŝįĦ ŵŗĩŐĪĭĦŘĩŐĪŶƙźĦŗĩŐĪĦƚ ŘĩŐĪƞƛƕƫưtZƌƘƨƪſŻĦ
ĦŞįĦ č-¸qƞDģĻĦƳǌƻǎǃƴƳƹƙ|ĜĦĩŃŠįĦšţŜŜşŬţŭŢĪĦ
ĦŌŁĻĦǏ<ò¿ǐÏ¼ưtZƐƪŻĩŐŬũŤşŝŮĦśĦŰţŭţŜŦşĦŝśŮşšũŬųįĪĦĦĦ
Ħ¡ƭDģ¬ǗƜƑĤG¿ÖøüƃǙĦĩĵĵĪĦ śįĦ ĠfƟLG/ƞDģƙôøƝƚƖƘƟ,¿ƜTGƙžƭƜƫźƒƮƝô6ƎƭW"Ï
¼ƞmƒƞƨƞƄDģƚƜƭ<ânƄžƭŻĦ
ĦŜįĦ Ċ/ƞDģǗmǏoBǐƞ'µĮĮľmƄĠư´hǏƊƊƤƙƟ ƞ.±ƚ#ćǐĮĮľªÍƸƹƾǆǏ=ǐƞ´hĦĦŝįĦ ĠǏƒƞ ƞRǐƟªÍƸƹƾǆƝƚƖƘƟ$G¿ƜTGĦĩŃŠįĦňśůŭşŬĦşŮĦśŦ ƞFǐĦĦ
õ°¦nĩŉŨśŝŮţŰţŮųĦŃũŨŞţŮţũŨĪĦL£ĩĳııĺĪźĦ¢ĢǍL£ĩĳıĲıĪźL£ĩĳıĲĺĪĦ
ĩĵĶĪĦ śįĦ ıö ÊÏŕņŔ¸Î®¥QŒĻĸşŢšŏįºæ ¢ŒŏŊō¶ĸőĽőšİĲ
ĦŜįĦ ~ÓSƝƪƬ²XƋƮƓI=ƝƟƊƞƃƆƬƙƟƜſǏŅšśŭŢţŬśĦĳıĲķĪŻĦĦ
Ħ59ĵįĳįĶĦŅŐŐĭĦŅŃŐ ƞ&¶ǗÛ'(ĩŅŲŝũŬŪũŬśŮţũŨĦŁŨśŦųŭţŭĪĻĦŃ +ĜƝƯƖƘĦĦ
ĩĵķĪĦ śįĦ èøǗĦĦ
ĦĦ ŰīĮŒźŃĮŔĦĩŃĽÊƞ ŃĪĭĦőǎŔǏőǘŃǐƟøeî=ưfqźŮŢśŮ Ɵ1³=ŻĦĦ Ħ ŜįĦ ƳƻǊƲøǗĦ
ĦĦ ŝŢşĮŔĮŰīĮŒ Ƅøeî=ưfqĦŻĦ
ŅŃŐĦĩĵĸĪĦ śįĦ ŖŢũĦŞũĦųũůĦŮŢţŨťĦĩīŮŢśŮĪĦŢśŮşŭĦōśŬųĿĦ ĦĦŜįĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦ ĦŃĮŝśŨĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŝįĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŃŐĦĦ
ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦ ĦĦ2ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦ2ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦ Ħ Ħ ĦĦŸǎİűŢũİĦĦĦŃĮŝśŨĨĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŃĨĦĦ
ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦřŎũŧŚĦĦ 2ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦ Ħ Ħ ĦĦ Ħ2ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŁŝŮţŰşĦĦŃĮŝśŨĦĦĦŰīŐĦĦĦĦĦŗĦĦĦĦĦŃĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŝśŨĦĦ
ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦ2ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŮŢśŮĦĦĦ2ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŵűŢũŶĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŸǎİűŢũİĦĦŝśŨĨĦĦĦ
ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŃŐ ƚ ŔŐ ƞ{XēĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦřŎũŧŚĦĦĦĦ2ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦ
ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŉŨśŝŮţŰşĦŝśŨĦĦĦŰīŐĦĦĦĦĦ
ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦ2ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŵűŢũŶĦĦĦĦįįįĦ
ĦĦïēÉ.ĦĩĤG¿ÖøüƝƪƬĥ.ĪĦĦ
ĩĵĹĪĦĦśįĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŜįĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŰīĮŕŐĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŝįĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŰīĨĦĦ
ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦ2ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦ2ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦ2ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŰīĮşŲŪşŝŮĦĦĦŔŐĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦűŢũĦĦĦĦĦĦŰīĮŕĨĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŰīĮİŕİĦĦŕŐĦĦ
ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦ2ĦĦĦĦĦřŁŝŝŚĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦ2ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦ2ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦűŢũĦįįįĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŁŝŮţŰşĦŰīĮşŲŪşŝŮĦĦĦŔŐĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦűŢũĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŕĨĦ
ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦ2ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦřŁŝŝŚĦĦĦ2ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŵűŢũŶĦĦĦĦĦĦįįįĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŵŕŶĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŔŐĦĦ
ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦ2Ħ
ĦǏ3YƝƟŵűŢũŶƟ ŰīŐ {XēƝžƭǐĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŵűŢũŶĦĦĦĦĦįįįĦ
ĦƳƻǊƲøĦ
ĩĵĺĪĦ śįĦ ŃŢţĦŪşŨŭţĦŝŢşĦũŞţśĦōśŬţśĦĩŖŢũĦŞũĦųũůĦŮŢţŨťĦŮŢśŮĦŢśŮşŭĦōśŬţśĿĪĦŃĮŔĮŰīĮŕĦ
ĦŜįĦ řŝŢşĮŔĮŰīĮũŞţśĦōśŬţśŚĦĦĦĦĦŃĮŔĮŰīĮİũŞţśİƞÛ'ĮĮľĦĦŝįĦ řŝŢşĮŔĮŰīĮİũŞţśİĦřŕŐĦŵũŞţśŶĦōśŬţśŚĦĦĦĦĦŝŢţ ƞ=ĮĮľĦĦŞįĦ řŰīŐĦŝŢţĦřŝŢşĮŔĮŰīĮİũŞţśİĦřŕŐĦŵũŞţśŶĦōśŬţśŚŚĦĦĦŃĮŔĮİŰīĮũŞţśİƞÛ'ĮĮľĦĦ
ĦşįĦ řŃĮŔŐĦŝŢşĮŔĮİŰīĮũŞţśİĦřŰīŐĦŝŢţĦŵŰīŶĦřŵũŞţśŶĦōśŬţśŚŚŚĦĦŝŢş ƝƪƬ²XźŝŢţ ƞÉ.ĮĮľĦĦ
ĦşįĦ řŃĮŔŐĦİŝŢţİĦřŃĮŔŐĦŝŢşĮŔĮİŰīĮũŞţśİĦřŰīŐĦŵŝŢţŶĦŵŰīŶĦřŵũŞţśŶĦōśŬţśŚŚŚĦĦĦ
ĦŞįĦ ŝŢţ Ɵ ŔŐ ƞ{XēƝžƭƚ>Ɲ ŃŐ ƞ{XēƝžƭŻŃŠįĦĩĵķŝĪĦ
ĦĵįĳįķįĦèøĚÎĦßìçàÜ ĐåÜ ×Ò£³csÁ ĢėĐĢó(¼MÜÜÜÜĢėĐĢ ÆŕQmŎ]ÔÜÜđåÜ ×Ò£³csÁ øÜ ĉ ŏ¼M´/Ü Ü øäĉÜÜÜÜÜÜĎĥėĞÜøäĉÜĎĢÜĤáąďďÜÜøąæĉąÜ
ÜĒåÜ Ò£³csÁ ĢėĐĢÜÜÜÜÜĉ ŏ¼M´/Ü Ü ĢėĐĢäĉÜÜÜĎÜĢėĐĢäĉÜĎĢÜĤáąďďÜÜøąæĉąÜ
ÜēåÜ Ò£³csÁ øÜÜÜÜÜĉ ŏ¼M´/Ü Ü øäĉÜÜÜÜÜÜĎĥėĞÜøäĉÜĎĢÜĤáąďďÜÜøąæĉąÜ
ÜĔåÜ áĢėĔÜĜĐĝÜĠĔĐēÜĢėĔÜđĞĞĚÜÜc¸pŔ¨ÜÜøĕåÜĢėĔÜĜĐĝÜĠĔĐēĘĝĖÜĢėĔÜđĞĞĚÜ

60ÜĵįĳįĸįĦøƞ ŅŐŐĦŅŃŐĦ
¼M´/Ɓ©ÜÜĚĞĥäĐġĘäĢĐäĝĞæĢĞóċäĤáäĉäøÜ
ßìèàÜ ĐåÜ ĎċąÜiº ùÜĚĞĥäĐġĘäĢĐäĝĞæĢĞďÜÜÜr ääôÜÜđåÜ ĎċąÜiºťÜĚĞĥäĐġĘäĢĐäĝĞæĢĞďÜÜÜæĚĞĥæäĐġĘäĢĐäĝĞæĢĞ Ŕ©ääôÜÜĒåÜ ĎĤáÜĎċąÜiºťÜĩĚĞĥĪďÜæĚĞĥæäĐġĘäĢĐäĝĞæĢĞďÜÜÜı¾ ù ĺĲŔ/ßĝĞæĢĞ ŒŞŠAƀÜÜēåÜ ĎĤáą ¾ ù ĺÜĎċąÜiºťÜĩĚĞĥĪďÜæĚĞĥæäĐġĘäĢĐäĝĞæĢĞďÜÜæĚĞĥäĐġĘæäĢĐäĝĞæĢĞ Ŕ©ääôÜÜĔåÜ ĎøäĉąÜĎĤáą ¾ ù ĺÜĎċąÜiºťÜĩĚĞĥĪďÜĩĐġĘĪďÜæĚĞĥäĐġĘæäĢĐäĝĞæĢĞďÜÜÜÜÜÜ ı¾ ù ĺĲŔ%âr ääôÜÜĕåÜ ĎøäĉąÜ¾ĻĺÜĎĤáąÜĢÜĎċąÜiºťÜĩĚĞĥĪďÜĩĐġĘĪďÜæĚĞĥäĐġĘæäĢĐäĝĞæĢĞďÜÜÜ
ÜÜ ĢĐäĝĞæĢĞóĉäø Ŕ©ääôÜÜÜ
ÜĖåÜ ĎøäĉąÜ¾ĻĺÜĎĤáąÜĢÜĎĤáąĎċąÜiºťÜĩĚĞĥĪďÜĩĐġĘĪďÜĩĢĐĪďÜæĚĞĥäĐġĘäĢĐæäĝĞæĢĞďÜÜÜÜ
ÜÜ ıĺĲŔ%ääôÜÜĘåÜ ĎøäĉąÜ¾ĻÜĎĤáąÜĢÜĎĤáąĎċąÜiºťÜĩĚĞĥĪďÜĩĐġĘĪďÜĩĢĐĪďÜæĚĞĥäĐġĘäĢĐæäĝĞæĢĞďĺÜÜÜÜ
ßìéàÜ ¦nĩţŨśŝŮţŰţŮųĪǘĆ<ânǏţŨśŝŝşŭŭţŜţŦţŮųĪĦ
ĦśįĦ óĕâÒnƟd÷ÖøƞøfǏĠfǐư¤XƎƭÒnĦ
ĦŜįĦ ĠfƟĀwƝƜƭƞƙźĠfƄ¤XƋƮƭƩſƜƩƅ'ƌĩœŪşŦŦĮŏůŮǐƋƮƭŻļĮĮĮÔ¨nƞĩœŪşŦŦĮŏůŮĦśŭĦŭũũŨĦśŭĦŪũŭŭţŜŦşĪĦ
ĦŝįĦ ~ÓSƝƪƬ²XƋƮƓI=ƝƟƊƞƃƆƬƙƟƜſŻĦ
ĦŞįĦ ÕźÖøƞĠfƟźƒƮư¤XƎƭÒnƞƄƁƫƮƭƚź~ÓSƝƪƬ²XƋƮƘſƜƈƮƠźŔŬśŨŭŠşŬ ư:ƈƭŻĠfưOƖƓÖøƟƒƮƞÉ.ư:ƈƫƮƜſ
ǏļĮĮĤG¿ÖøüǐŻĦĦÜĶĦğj·nĻĦxNď7ǏL£ ŢśŨŞũůŮ ƒƞĩĲĪĭĦĲįĳįĳĭĦĲįĳįĴ 5¯ǐĦĩĶĴĪĦ śįĦ řŃĦřŔĦřńŐĦŰīĦįįįŚŚŚĦĦĮĮĮľĦřŃĦřńŐĦŔĦřńŐĦŰīĦįįįŚŚŚĦ
ĦŜįĦ řŰīĦřŒĦřńŐĦŔĦįįįŚŚŚĦĦĮĮĮľĦřŰīĦřńŐĦŒĦřńŐĦŔĦįįįŚŚŚŚĦĦĦĦĦĦĦ
ŃŢũŧŭťųĦĩĳıĲĶĪƞó¤¥ǗĦŐŬũŜşĮŇũśŦĦƸƹƾǆƞ_ƚäº=ĩņŬşşĦōşŬšşĪƞ}¹ĦĩĶĵĪĦ śįĦ řŔĦřńŐĦŰīĦįįįŚŚĦĦĦĦĦĦĦ ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦśĨįĦĦĦřŒĦřńŐĦŔĦįįįŚŚĦĦĦĦĦäº=ĦĮĮľĦ
ĦŜįĦ řńŐĦŔĦřĦŮĦŰīĦįįįŚŚĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŜĨįĦĦĦřńŐĦŒĦř ŮĦŔĦįįįŚŚĦĦĦĦŃİŰīƞ=ĭĦåĦĦĦĦŝįĦ řŃĦř ńŐĦŔĦřŰīŐĦŮĦŰīĦįįįŚŚŚĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŝĨįĦĦĦřŰīĦřĦńŐĦŒĦřŔŐĦŮĦŔĦįįįŚŚŚĦĦŃİŰǑĮľĦŔİŒ ×sĦĦĦŞįĦĦřŃĦřļ, ľĦńŐĦŔĦřŰīŐĦŮĦŰīĦįįįŚŚŚĦĦŞĨįĦĦĦřŰīĦřļ, ľĦĦńŐĦŒĦřŔŐĦŮĦŔĦįįįŚŚŚĦĦĦ
ĩĶĶĪĦ É.ƟĩĶĴśĪƙƟ ŰīŐ ƚ ŔŐ ƞǉǄǋƈƝƪƬźc*ƋƮźĩĶĴŜĪƙƟ ŔŐ ƚ ŒŐ ƞǉǄǋƈƝ
ƪƬźc*ƋƮƘſƭŻĦ
ĩĶķĪĦ śįĦ äº=ƟÅƃƝƤƌſǏğj·nƄó§ǐŻĦĦŜįĦ ƌƃƌźcbƞñXƚ×sƟ®ƚƌƘkïŻĦ
ĦŝįĦ Û'(ưƚƮƠğj·nƟó§ĮĮľż~ÓSĮÀSŽƞÙzĦ
ĦķįĦǉǄǋ¶üƞƋƫƜƭDģźêą ŮŢşŬşźÒnĦĩĶĸĪĦ śįĦ ŔŢşŬşĦŢśŭĦũŝŝůŬŬşŞĦśŨĦśŝŝţŞşŨŮįĦ
ĦŜįĦ ŔŢşųĦŜşŦţşŰşĦŮŢşŬşĦŮũĦŢśŰşĦũŝŝůŬŬşŞĦśŨĦśŝŝţŞşŨŮįĦĦ
ĩĶĹĪĦ śįĦ ŵŢśŭĭĦŵŰĭĦŵũŝŝůŬŬşŞĭĦśŨĦśŝŝţŞşŨŮŶŶŶĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŢśŭĦśšŬşşŭĦűţŮŢĦśŨĦśŝŝţŞşŨŮĦ

61ĦŜįĦ ŵŜşŦţşŰşĭĦŵŮũĭĦŵŢśŰşĭĦŵŰĭĦŵũŝŝůŬŬşŞĭĦśŨĦśŝŝţŞşŨŮŶŶŶŶŶĦĦĦĦ
ĩĶĺĪĦ śįĦ ŵŮŢşŬşĭĦŵŢśŭĭĦŵŰĭĦŵũŝŝůŬŬşŞĭĦśŨĦśŝŝţŞşŨŮŶŶŶŶĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦ
ĦŜįĦ ŵŮŢşŬşĭĦŵŜşŦţşŰşĭĦŵŮũĭĦŵŢśŰşĭĦŵŰĭĦŵũŝŝůŬŬşŞĭĦśŨĦśŝŝţŞşŨŮŶŶŶŶŶŶĦĦĦ
ŮŢşŬşĦƞL¿=Ɵ ŌŁ ƙƟùƙƅƜſŻƊƮưĥ.ƎƭƃƄkïŻĦ
ǗÒnƞi¦ĦĦĩķıĪĦ śįĦ ŵŮŢşŬşĭĦŵŢśŭĦĭĦŵŰĭĦŵũŝŝůŬŬşŞĭĦśŨĦśŝŝţŞşŨŮŶŶŶĦ
ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦřŃśŭşĦĦŚĦĦŎũŧŃśŭşĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĮĮĮľÒn7lĦĦŜįĦ ŵŮŢşŬşĭĦŵŢśŭĦĭĦŵŰĭĦŵũŝŝůŬŬşŞĭĦśŨĦśŝŝţŞşŨŮŶŶŶĦ
ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦřŎũŧŚĦ
ĩķĲĪĦ śįĦ ŵŮŢşŬşĭĦŵŰīĮŜşŦţşŰşĭĦŵŮũĭĦŵŢśŰşĭĦŵŰĭĦŵũŝŝůŬŬşŞĭĦśŨĦśŝŝţŞşŨŮŶŶŶŶŶŶĦĦĦ
ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦřŃśŭşĦĦŚĦĦŁŝŝŃśŭşĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĮĮĮľÒn7lĦĦĦĦĦ
ĦŜįĦ ŵŮŢşŬşĭĦŵŜşŦţşŰşĭĦŵŮũĭĦŵŢśŰşĭĦŵŰĭĦŵũŝŝůŬŬşŞĭĦśŨĦśŝŝţŞşŨŮŶŶŶŶŶŶĦĦĦ
ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦřŁŝŝŚĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦ
śŨĦśŝŝţŞşŨŮĦƚ Ţśŭ ƞåĻĦĘĂĞåİj·¿Òn7lĦĩķĳĪĦ śįĦ ŵŢśŭĦĭĦŵŰĭĦŵũŝŝůŬŬşŞĭĦśŨĦśŝŝţŞşŨŮŶŶŶĦ
ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦřĦĦĦĦĦŚĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦ
ĦŜįĦ ŵŢśŭĦĭĦŵŰĭĦŵũŝŝůŬŬşŞĭĦśŨĦśŝŝţŞşŨŮŶŶŶĦ
ĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦřĦŚĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦ
ßíêàÜ ĐåÜ fl¼Ŕ úąą ŕı°¥QŔÂĺŀĲŎŕ½hŎļőĶİ°¥QŕőĶİÜ
ÜđåÜ fl¼Ŕ úøą Ë*śįı°¥QŔÂĺŀĲŎŕ½hŎļőĶİÜ
Ü
ĒåÜ ±¼Ò£ŒĹľš úøą Ë*ŕ ø !ÔŎŕ½hŎļőĶİÜ
ßíëàÜ ĐåÜ úøą Ë*Ãß¼Ŕ+ŠŁŔ-0ƀŕ³csÁĻ ĉ ŏ¼M´/ťNTŃšĺŐ
ķĺŎ\ĸşŢšİÜ ÜÜđåÜ ±¼Ŏś ĢėĐĢ Æ$qŔőĶe¹śĿŢŒŞŠĻ-®İÜĦĸįĦÕøǗǉǄǋ¶üƝƂſƘm¿k®nƟƛƊƤƙĎqƋƮƓƃǙĦ
ĩķĶĪĦ śįĦ +ĜƝm¿k®nƟžƭƃǙǏĜ4<âǐĦĦĦĦĦĦĦĦŜįĦ ÒnƞcbƝm¿k®nƟžƭƃǙǏĜ4<âǐĦĦŝįĦ fpüƢƞô6Ɲm¿k®nƟžƭƃǙǏĜ4<âǐĦĦŞįĦ ×sƚſƀßƬƉƝm¿k®nƟžƭƃǙǏĜ4<âǐĦĦşįĦ ļŗĭĦŗľƚſƀǉǄǋƝoBƟžƭƃǙÜſÔ)-®ƀĦÜÅdÜøėĞĜġĚħãÜăĞĐĜÜßéççïàÜÝĄĝÜąėĐġĔġÝãÜĘĝÜûĠĔĘēĔĝÜĔĢÜĐěÜßĔēġàÜ ûĞģĝēĐĢĘĞĝĐěÜþġġģĔġÜĘĝÜāĘĝĖģĘġĢĘĒÜ
ĉėĔĞĠħñÜ úġġĐħġÜ ĘĝÜ ýĞĝĞĠÜ ĞĕÜ ÿĔĐĝäćĞĖĔĠÜ ċĔĠĖĝĔĐģēåÜ øĐĜđĠĘēĖĔÜ ĊĝĘĤĔĠġĘĢħÜ ąĠĔġġãÜ
øĐĜđĠĘēĖĔãÜğğåÜèêíäèííåÜ
ÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜſéçèêƀÜĭĉėĔÜąĠĞđěĔĜġÜĞĕÜąĠĞęĔĒĢĘĞĝĮãÜÜāĘĝĖģĐÜèêçñÜêêäëðÜÜ
ÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜßéçèìàÜÝĉėĔÜąĠĞđěĔĜġÜĞĕÜąĠĞęĔĒĢĘĞĝãÜúĦĢĔĝġĘĞĝġÝãÜÜĘĝÜúěĘġĐÜùĘÜĂĞĜĔĝĘĒĞÜĔĢÜĐěÜ
ßĔēġåàÜ ĈĢĠģĒĢģĠĔġãÜĈĢĠĐĢĔĖĘĔġÜĐĝēÜ÷ĔħĞĝēñÜĈĢģēĘĔġÜĘĝÜýĞĝĞģĠÜĞĕÜöēĠĘĐĝĐÜ÷ĔěěĔĢĢĘåÜÿĞėĝÜ
÷ĔĝęĐĜĘĝġÜąģđěĘġėĘĝĖÜøĞĜğĐĝħãÜöĜġĢĔĠēĐĜãÜğğåÜèäèíåÜÜ

62ÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜßéçèîàÜÝąģĨĨěĔġÜĐđĞģĢÜąėĐġĔġÝãÜĘĝÜāåÜûĠĐĝĒĞÜĐĝēÜüåÜ÷ĔěěģĒĒĘÜßĔēġàÜāĘĝĖģĘġĢĘĒÜ
ċĐĠĘĐĢĘĞĝñÜĈĢĠģĒĢģĠĔÜĐĝēÜþĝĢĔĠğĠĔĢĐĢĘĞĝÜääÜöÜûĔġĢġėĠĘĕĢÜĘĝÜýĞĝĞģĠÜĞĕÜĂåÜćĘĢĐÜĂĐĝĨĘĝĘãÜ
ĂĞģĢĞĝÜēĔÜüĠģħĢĔĠãÜ÷ĔĠěĘĝÜĐĝēÜ÷ĞġĢĞĝãÜğğåÜèäèíÜ
{ÚtŽ<|ßéçèçàıQmŏµÍ%ŔÜ úĦĒĞĠğĞĠĐĢĘĞĝÜ pĲfl¹¼@¡ÜèëèÜ5=²űżůŧũŮåÜÜ
úĖĐġėĘĠĐãÜýĘĠĞĚĘÜßéçèíàÜĄĝÜúĦĢĠĐĒĢĘĞĝÜĕĠĞĜÜĈģđęĔĒĢġñÜöĝÜúĦĒĞĠğĞĠĐĢĘĞĝÜöĒĒĞģĝĢåÜÐXÜúğġĢĔĘĝãÜùĐĤĘēãÜýĘġĐĢġģĖģÜĀĘĢĐėĐĠĐÜĐĝēÜùĐĝĘĔěÜĈĔĔěħÜßéçèéàÜĭĈĢĠģĒĢģĠĔÜ÷ģĘěēĘĝĖÜĉėĐĢÜøĐĝĬĢÜ÷ĔĮãÜ
ĘĝÜĂħĠĘĐĜÜĊĠĘđĔäúĢĦĔđĐĠĠĘĐÜĐĝēÜċĘēĐěÜċĐěĜĐěĐÜßĔēġàÜČĐħġÜĞĕÜĈĢĠģĒĢģĠĔÜ÷ģĘěēĘĝĖãÜĄĦĕĞĠēÜ
ĊĝĘĤĔĠġĘĢħÜąĠĔġġãÜĄĦĕĞĠēãÜğğåÜéìêäéîçãåÜÜ
úğġĢĔĘĝãÜùĐĤĘēãÜĂĘĚĘÜĄđĐĢĐÜĐĝēÜùĐĝĘĔěÜĈĔĔěħÜßéçèîàÜÝþġÜāĘĝĖģĘġĢĘĒÜċĐĠĘĐĢĘĞĝÜúĝĢĘĠĔěħÜāĘĝĖģĘġĢĘĒõÝÜ
āĘĝĖģĘġĢĘĒÜöĝĐěħġĘġÜëèñêäëåÜ
ýĔĝĠħãÜöěĘġĞĝÜßèððìàÜ ÷ĔěĕĐġĢÜúĝĖěĘġėÜĐĝēÜĈĢĐĝēĐĠēÜúĝĖěĘġėñÜùĘĐěĔĒĢÜċĐĠĘĐĢĘĞĝÜĐĝēÜąĐĠĐĜĔĢĔĠÜ
ĈĔĢĢĘĝĖåÜĄĦĕĞĠēÜĊĝĘĤĔĠġĘĢħÜąĠĔġġãÜĄĦĕĞĠēåÜ
ýĘĠĐĘĥĐãÜĀĔĝÜßéççèàÜÝĂģěĢĘğěĔÜöĖĠĔĔĜĔĝĢÜĐĝēÜùĔĕĔĒĢĘĤĔÜþĝĢĔĠĤĔĝĢĘĞĝÜøĞĝġĢĠĐĘĝĢÜĘĝÜÿĐğĐĝĔġĔÝÜ
ĂþĉÜČĞĠĚĘĝĖÜąĐğĔĠġÜĘĝÜāĘĝĖģĘġĢĘĒġÜêçñÜíîäïçåÜ
ĀģĝĞãÜĈģġģĜģÜßèðîêàÜĉėĔÜĈĢĠģĒĢģĠĔÜĞĕÜĢėĔÜÿĐğĐĝĔġĔÜāĐĝĖģĐĖĔåÜĂþĉÜąĠĔġġãÜøĐĜđĠĘēĖĔåÜ
ĀģĠĞēĐãÜĈėĘĖĔäčģĚĘÜßèðïïàÜÝČėĔĢėĔĠÜČĔÜöĖĠĔĔÜĞĠÜăĞĢñÜöÜøĞĜğĐĠĐĢĘĤĔÜĈħĝĢĐĦÜĞĕÜúĝĖěĘġėÜĐĝēÜ
ÿĐğĐĝĔġĔÝÜāĘĝĖģĘġĢĘĤĐĔÜþĝĤĔġĢĘĖĐĢĘĞĝĔÜèéñèäëîÜ
ćĘĨĨĘãÜāģĘĨĘÜßéçèéàÜ ÝøĐĠĢĞĖĠĐğėħãÜøĠĘĢĔĠĘĐãÜĐĝēÜāĐđĔěĘĝĖÝÜ÷ěĐĘġĔÜąĐġĒĐěÜāĔĒĢģĠĔãÜĊĝĘĤĔĠġĘĢħÜĞĕÜ
üĔĝĔĤĐãÜĊĝĘĤĔĠġĘĢħÜĞĕÜĈĘĔĝĐåÜÜÜ
ćĞġġãÜÿĞėĝÜćåÜßèðíîàÜøĞĝġĢĠĐĘĝĢġÜĞĝÜċĐĠĘĐđěĔġÜĘĝÜĈħĝĢĐĦåÜùĞĒĢĞĠĐěÜēĘġġĔĠĢĐĢĘĞĝåÜĂþĉåÜÜ
ĉĞĝĞĘĚĔãÜĈėĘĖĔĞÜßèðððàÜĭöĢĢĠĐĒĢÜûÜĐĝēÜúěĘĜĘĝĐĢĘĞĝÜĞĕÜĢėĔÜāûÜøĞĜğĞĝĔĝĢīöÜąĠĞğĞġĔēÜþäĜĞēĔěÜ
ĞĕÜüĠĐĜĜĐĠãĮÜ ĳHTÜðÜIKÜ øĄúÜ NT8ÄTq91ßéàĴ<¼=@¹¼@ãÜğğåÜïìäèèçƂÜ
ĉĞĝĞĘĚĔãÜĈėĘĖĔĞÜßéççêàÜĭĄĤĔĠĢÜĆćñÜöÜøĐġĔÜĈĢģēħÜĕĠĞĜÜúĝĖěĘġėĮÜĉėĞģĖėĢÜøģĠĠĔĝĢġÜĘĝÜúĝĖěĘġėÜ
āĘĢĔĠĐĢģĠĔÜîíñÜîêäðíåÜöĞħĐĜĐÜüĐĚģĘĝÜĊĝĘĤĔĠġĘĢħãÜĉĞĚħĞåÜÜ
<|ÜßéççðàıŶŰŵŹŬŮŽųŻŪŸŷĲãÜFHß©àĳ¹¼@ŔÙ7ßþàĴÜkjJƂo åÜğğåÜèêìäèíïÜ
ĉĞĝĞĘĚĔãÜĈėĘĖĔĞåÜßéçèêàÜÝúěĘĜĘĝĐĢĘĞĝÜĞĕÜþĝėĔĠĘĢĐĝĒĔãÜøĞģĝĢĔĠäøħĒěĘĒĘĢħÜĐĝēÜúąąÝÜöÜğěĔĝĐĠħÜ
ĢĐěĚÜĖĘĤĔĝÜĐĢÜéçèêÜþĝĢĔĠĝĐĢĘĞĝĐěÜøĞĝĕĔĠĔĝĒĔÜĞĝÜúĝĖěĘġėÜāĘĝĖģĘġĢĘĒġãÜĈĔĞģěãÜĀĞĠĔĐåÜÜ
ĉĞĝĞĘĚĔãÜĈėĘĖĔĞåÜßéçèëàÜ ĭāöÜċĘġĘđĘěĘĢħÜĐĝēÜĐÜăĞĝäøĞğħÜĉėĔĞĠħÜĞĕÜĂĞĤĔĜĔĝĢĮÜĳ±c@PĴ¡ ïî GƂÖE@Ó=@±c@ãÜğğåÜèäéèƃÜÜÜ
ĉĞĝĞĘĚĔãÜ ĈėĘĖĔĞÜ ßéçèìàÜ ÝúĦĒĞĠğĞĠĐĢĘĞĝÜĐĝēÜ ąĐĠĐĜĔĢĠĘĒÜ ċĐĠĘĐĢĘĞĝÜ đĔĢĥĔĔĝÜ úĝĖěĘġėÜ ĐĝēÜÿĐğĐĝĔġĔñÜĂĔĠĖĔÜĞĠÜöĖĠĔĔÝÜĳSO=@¹¼c&U¤µĴ¡ ëí .ƂSO­:=@¹¼c&UƃğğåÜéíîäêççåÜ
<|Ü ßéçèìàÜ ıfl¼Ŕ4cŏıĺĲŏıśĲĲÜ ĳfl¼4cŔÉiŽC¹Ü ¼@91jßéàĴƂ6 6¼UåÜ, pp. 61-75.
ĉĞĝĞĘĚĔãÜĈėĘĖĔĞÜßéçèîàÜÝĎĎąĠĞęĔĒĢĘĞĝÜąĠĞđěĔĜďÜąĠĞđěĔĜġďåÝÜĉĐěĚÜĖĘĤĔĝÜĐĢÜöĞħĐĜĐÜāĘĝĖģĘġĢĘĒġÜ
ĐĝēÜāĘĢĔĠĐĢģĠĔåÜÜ
<|Ü ßéçèðàÜĳŶŰŵŹŬŮf±¼zÇ¦¼ÀĴÜÐXãÜo åÜ63οϥϞηΫʖཀྵ࿨ͳৼཀྵָ ʤͨ͹ ʥ஦ౣฑࢀKHL]RQ#QLIW\FRP ೖ໪͹࿨఼ᶅ ৼཀྵָֆͶ‫ݮ‬໕Ν΍ͪΔͪ͢ʰ෵ࡸ੓͹ഁਫ਼ཀྵ࿨ʱ͹ߡ͓ͺؔҩͮͱ͏ͪ͹͖ɽᶆ ϕϧφϱ͹໲ୌͳξʖΤΡϱ͹໲ୌͺพ໲ୌ͖ɽᶇ οϥϞηΫʖཀྵ࿨Ͷ‫گ͚Ͱخ‬ү࿨ɽͨΗΝʹ͹Γ͑Ͷӵ‫گޢ‬үͶ͕͏ͱ۫ରԿͤ
Ζ͖ɽᶅ ෵ࡸ੓͹ഁਫ਼ཀྵ࿨͹ߡ͓ͺؔҩͮͱ͏ͪ͹͖ʀช͹ഁਫ਼Ͷ‫ؖ‬༫ͤΖร‫وܙ‬ଉ͗ଡ͚͵Ηͻ͵ΖΆʹɼช͹ߑଆͺ෵ࡸͶ͵Εɼ෵ࡸ͠͹ఖౕͶർྭ͢ͱൕԢ࣎ؔ͗ௗ͚͵Ζɽ  ช͹෵ࡸ੓ʻ‫ؖ‬༫ͤΖร‫وܙ‬ଉ͹ଡঙ˳ৼཀྵָదࣰ‫ݩ‬ͶൕӫʤൕԢઞ࣎͹ௗ୻ʥ˙ญ߻Ν༽͏ͪ 05, ࣰ‫ ݩ‬

2KWD)XNXLDQG6DNDL   ठҬ  ช͹෵ࡸ੓ʻ‫ؖ‬༫ͤΖญ߻͹ౕ߻͏˳ਈ‫ָܨ‬దࣰ‫ݩ‬Ͷൕӫʤ‫ޢݶ‬஦਽Ͷ͕͜Ζ 05,৶ߺ͹รԿྖʥ
ʀ‫ޢݶ‬೵ྙͳ೟எ೵ྙ ୻‫ىغ‬Գ Νۢพ͢ͱ‫ޢݶ‬஦਽ΝಝఈͤΖʁࠪԾ઴ಆյ ϔϫʖΩ໼Ν‫؜‬΋ʂ%$ ɼࠪԓ৏յ ‫ޢ‬ኰ஦਽ɼΤΥϩωρί໼͹Ҳ෨Ν‫؜‬΋ʂ%$ ɽʀζϡώΤΧρΫʖชΝ༽͏ͱɼช͹֌૜ߑଆΝ‫ܙ‬੔ͤΖ͹Ͷ༽͏ΔΗΖญ߻͹ౕ߻͏'R0 WKH PD[LPDO GHSWK RI PHUJHG VXEWUHHV LH 0HUJHUV ZLWKLQ DQ HQWLUH

VHQWHQFH Νช͹झྪ͟ͶఈΌΖɽช͹झྪͳ͢ͱɼʽ‫਼ޢ‬ʾ D  ‫͕ޢ‬Γ; E  ‫͖ޢ‬Δ੔Ζɼʽชߑଆʾ L ෵ชߑଆɼ LL  ୱชߑଆɼ LLL ౵Ғߑଆɽญ߻ౕ͗Ҳ൬ঘ͠͏ LLL > 'R0@Νଲেড়݇ͳͤΖɽʨࣰ‫ݩ‬ড়݇ଲেড়݇ʩଊͬ
ʨ L ʷ LLL ʩɼʨ LL ʷ LLL ʩ͗ 'R0 ͹ࠫҩʙ05, ৶ߺ͹รԿྖͳ͵Ζɽ
ʀ'R0 ͹༩૟஍ʁ DL ̔‫ޢ‬෵ช  ɼ EL  ‫ޢ‬෵ช  ̏
DLL  ‫ޢ‬ୱช  ɼ ELL  ‫ޢ‬ୱช  ʀ݃Վʁพࢶʁ'R0 ͹༩૟஍Ͷർྭͪ͢ช๑஦਽͹‫׈‬ಊʤ05, ৶ߺ͹รԿྖʥ͗‫ݡ‬ΔΗͪɽ˙ญ߻ౕͶ‫͚Ͱخ‬ช͹෵ࡸ੓͗೶‫׈‬ಊͶൕӫ͠Ηͱ͏Ζ ˲ ཀྵ࿨Ͳીఈ͠Ηͱ͏Ζญ߻ͳ͏͑‫ࢋܯ‬૤ࡠ͗ɼࣰࡏ͹೶‫׈‬ಊͶ‫ؖ‬༫͢ͱ͏Ζɽ
ʀ,IPXOWLSOHIDFWRUVVXFKDVWKHQXPEHURIQRGHVPHPRU\VSDQHWFDUHHTXDOO\SODXVLEOHWRH[SODLQWKHDFWLYLWLHVWKHQDVXSHURUGLQDWHFRQFHSWVXFKDVnV\QWDFWLF64

FRPSOH[LW\|FDQEHDPRUHXVHIXOIDFWRUWKDQLQGLYLGXDOIDFWRUV+RZHYHULQWKH
SUHVHQWH[SHULPHQWWKHPLQLPDOIDFWRURI'R0 LHPD[LPXPGHSWKRIPHUJHG 
VXEWUHHV VXIILFLHQWO\H[SODLQHGWKHDFWLYDWLRQSDWWHUQʞ7KHUHIRUHV\QWDFWLFFRPSOH[LW\ZDVUHVWULFWHGDQGUHSODFHGE\'R0DVDPRUHIXQGDPHQWDOFRQFHSWMXVW
OLNHWKHKLVWRULFDOGHYHORSPHQWIURPnJHQ|WR'1$   )XNXL 2KWD)XNXLDQG6DNDL    ʤ΍͢ં఼͹਼ΏϟϠϨʖηϏϱ͵ʹ෵਼͹གྷҾ͗೶‫׈‬ಊΝઈ໎ͤΖ͹ͶಋఖౕͶన઀Ͳ͍Ζͳͤ͵Δͻɼʰ౹‫ޢ‬ద෵ࡸ͠ʱ͹Γ͑͵৏Ғ֕೨͹๏͗‫ݺ‬ʓ͹གྷҾΓΕ΍༙ް͵གྷҾͶ͵ΕಚΖɽ͖͢͢ຌࣰ㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬‫Ͳݩ‬ͺɼญ߻ౕ 'R0ʤญ߻͠Ηͪ෨෾ध‫ܙ‬͹࠹୉͹਄͠ʥͳ͏͑࠹ঘགྷҾ͗೶‫׈‬ಊ͹‫ܗ‬Νਅ͢෾͵͚ઈ໎͢ͱ͏Ζɽʞ ͪ͗ͮ͢ͱ౹‫ޢ‬ద෵ࡸ͠ͺɼͨ͹༙ް੓͗‫ݸ‬ఈదͲ͍ΕɼͬΒ͑ʹҪఽࢢ͖Δ '1$΃͹ྼ࢛ద఺‫ͳ׷‬ಋͣΓ͑ͶɼΓΕࠞ‫ݱ‬ద͵֕೨ͱ͍Ζญ߻ౕͶखͮͱେΚΔΗΖɽʥ˙͵ͧ෵ࡸ੓͹ഁਫ਼ཀྵ࿨ͺഃ୾ͪ͢͹͖ ʀ΍͢υʖν͹෾ੵ͗ཀྵ࿨ద༩଎Ͷ߻Κ͵͏͵Δͻɼཀྵ࿨͗ؔҩͮͱ͏Ζ͖ΔͲͺ͵͚ɼ෾ੵ͗ؔҩͮͱ͏Ζ͹͖΍͢Η͵͏ɽ S 
ʥD-RKQSLFNHGXSWKHER[   E-RKQSLFNHGWKHER[XS             93     '3         9       9 Ν ,0 9HUE5DLVLQJ ͤΗͻ SLFNXSWKHER[  D   WKHER[   9      3UW        9 Ν ,0 ͤΗͻ SLFNWKHER[XSE            SLFN    XS   D.HQQHG\ZDVDVVDVVLQDWHGE\VRPHRQH    E.HQQHG\ZDVDVVDVVLQDWHG            E ͹๏͗ D ΓΕ 'R0 ͗ఁ͏F7KHPDQZKRZDVVLWWLQJLQWKHFRUQHURUGHUHGDGULQN   G7KHPDQVLWWLQJLQWKHFRUQHURUGHUHGDGULQN 
 G ͹๏͗ F ΓΕ 'R0 ͗ఁ͏֊ ෾ੵΝେ͓Ηͻഁਫ਼ཀྵ࿨͹ൕৄͶͺ͵Δ͵͏ɽ΋͢Θৄ‫ڎ‬Ͷ͵Ζɽᶆ ϕϧφϱ͹໲ୌͳξʖΤΡϱ͹໲ୌͺพ໲ୌ͖
ʀ͞ͳͻͶͳͮͱ͹ϕϧφϱ͹໲ୌͳξʖΤΡϱ͹໲ୌͺพʓ͹໲͏Ͳ͍Ζ͹ͲɼͨΗΔ͹໲͏ͶଲͤΖ౶͓Νࠠಋ͢ͱͺ͵Δ͵͏ɽ S  ʰ໲͏ͶଲͤΖ౶͓ʱͳͺɼཀྵ࿨దઈ໎ɽ㸬㸬˙03 ͹ಊ‫͏ͱͮ͵ͳ͜෉ؽ‬Ζ͹ͺɼ)/ ͹ಝ੓Ͷɼ৿ͪͶʰஂਫ਼ʀ਒Կʱ͹՟ୌ
VXEMHFW ΝखΕ೘Ηͪ͞ͳɽ&KRPVN\ YLL ͶΓΗͻɼ|,QFHQWUDOUHVSHFWV03LV
DVHDPOHVVFRQWLQXDWLRQRISXUVXLWVWKDWWUDFHEDFNWRWKHRULJLQVRIJHQHUDWLYHJUDPPDU|ʤ஦֫ద͵෨෾ͲͺɼϝωϜϨηφʀϕϫήϧϞ͹୵‫ڂ‬ͺɼਫ਼੔ช๑͹૓࢟Ґཔঙ͢΍รΚΖ͞ͳ͵͚କ͏ͱ͏



65

㸬㸬

Ζʥ
ɽਫ਼੔ช๑ஂਫ਼͖࣎Δ͹୵‫ٽ‬໲ୌ UHVHDUFKSUREOHP ͺʰ͞ͳͻ͗ѻౙదͶਫ਼෼ָద͵‫ݳ‬েͲ͍Ζ͞ͳʱΝ໎ࣖదͶࣖͤ͞ͳ S ͲҲؑɽͨ͹໲ୌΝ୵‫ͤٽ‬Ζ৏Ͳɼஂ㸬㸬㸬㸬ਫ਼ʀ਒Կ͹՟ୌ͗৿ͪͶՅΚͮͪɽͨ͹݃Վɼཀྵ࿨͹஦ਐ͗ʰ୊  གྷҾ॑ࢻʱ *%͖Δʰ୊  གྷҾ॑ࢻʱ͹ཀྵ࿨ʤʻ03ʥ΃ͳรયɽ
ʽʰ՟ୌʱɼʰ໲ୌʱɼʰཀྵ࿨ʱΝۢพɽFI$O0XWDLUL  ʾ˙ཀྵ࿨ͺ͏ͥΗ΍౹߻Ν໪ࢨͤ͹Ͳ͍Ζ͖Δ ਫ਼੔ช๑͹৖߻ɼ؏ࡱ͠Ηͪυʖν͹྽‫ڏ‬ɼ‫ݶ‬S
ɼཀྵ࿨͗৿ͪ͵՟ୌʤ਒ԿΝઈ໎Ζͳ͏͑՟
語事実の記述、⾔語獲得の説明の統合）（進化を説明するという課‫ࣰࣆޢ‬͹‫ى‬फ़ɼ‫֭ޢݶ‬ಚ͹ઈ໎͹౹߻ʥ(p.
156)、理論が新たな課題ୌʥΝࣻఖͶ೘Η͖ͪΔͳ‫ͱͮݶ‬ɼͨΗʤξʖΤΡϱ͹໲ୌʥͳɼͨΗҐ઴Ͷࣻఖ಼Ͷ೘Ηͱ͏ͪ՟ୌʤϕϧφϱ͹໲ୌʥΝʰพ໲ୌʱͳͤΖ͞ͳͺ͍Ε͓͵͏ɽʰ୊  གྷ㸬㸬㸬㸬Ҿʱ॑ࢻ͹ཀྵ࿨ʤʻ03ʥͶΓͮͱɼ ͯ͹՟ୌΝ౹߻దͶઈ໎ͤΖ͞ͳΝ໪ࢨ͢ͱ͏ΖɽᶇοϥϞηΫʖཀྵ࿨Ͷ‫گ͚Ͱخ‬ү࿨ ཀྵ੓कٝ‫گ‬ү ɽͨΗΝʹ͹Γ͑Ͷӵ‫گޢ‬үͶ͕͏ͱ۫ରԿͤΖ͖ʀώʖφϧϱχʀϧριϩʤʰࢴ͗‫ܡ‬ѬͤΖ਼ঙ͵͏ਕ͹Ҳਕʱ S ʥ͹‫گ‬ү؏ʁ‫گ‬үͳͺɼԵͶਭΝຮͪͤΓ͑͵΍͹ͳ͢ͱͲͺ͵͚ɼ՘͗ࣙΔүͮͱ͏͚͹Νঁ͜ΖΓ͑͵΍͹ ‫ͤݶ׷‬Ηͻɼਜ਼৙͵૓ଆద͵ࢧߡ͗үͯΓ͑͵‫؂‬‫ڧ‬Ν఑‫ͤڛ‬Ζ΍͹ ͳΊΖ΄͘Ͳ͍Ζɽ &KRPVN\RQ'HPRFUDF\ (GXFDWLRQ ʀοϥϞηΫʖ͹‫گ‬ү͹໪దʁ ͑ͪ͢͞ ϧριϩ͹ ߡ͓๏͖ΔͤΖͳɼࢢʹ΍ͺਫ਼པద͵ຌ੓Ν࣍ͮͱ͕Εɼͨ͹஦֫Ν͵ͤ͹ͺ૓ଆద͵ཋ‫ ٽ‬FUHDWLYHLPSXOVH Ͳ͍Ζɽ͑ͪ͢͞ߡ͓Νਬ͢਒Όͱ͏͚ͳɼ‫گ‬ү͹໪దͺ͞͹૓ଆదཋ‫͗ٽ‬੔ௗͤΖ͹Ͷචགྷ͵ౖৗͳࣙ༟Ν఑‫ͤڛ‬Ζ͞ͳͲ͍Ζɽ‫͓׷͏ݶ‬Ηͻɼࢢʹ΍͗૟଀దͶ‫͚͏ͱ͢༽׈‬෵߻దͲ࢙ܻద͵‫ڧ؂‬Ν఑‫ͤڛ‬Ζ͞ͳͲ͍Ζɽ  LELG  ʀը͗ࠅ͹‫گ‬ү؏ʁ‫گ‬үʻ‫͓گ‬ɼүͱΖ͞ͳɽ๮Ή͢͏எࣟʀٗढ़ʀ‫و‬൥͵ʹ͹ָसΝଇ਒ͤΖқਦద͵ಉ͖͘͜͹ঀ‫׈‬ಊɽʤʲ߁ࣛԕʳ ୊  ൝ ʥ  ‫گ‬үʻऀճਫ਼‫׈‬ͶనԢͤΖͪΌ͹எࣟʀ‫گ‬཈ʀٗ೵͵ʹ͗ਐͶ͚ͯΓ͑ͶɼਕΝ‫͓گ‬үͱΖ͞ͳɽʤʲ໎‫ࣛޢࠅں‬ఱ ୊  ൝ ʳ  ‫ݩܨ‬कٝద‫گ‬ү؏ʀ֐ࠅ‫گޢ‬ү͹໪దFIʰ‫ݳ‬େ֐ࠅ‫گޢ‬үͶ‫ͤؖ‬ΖϤϋηα‫ࠄש‬ʱ  ɼԮ૖༟ࢀ࿢
  ࣰ༽ద໪దʁ ٗ೵͹޴৏  ʽ‫ݩܨ‬कٝద‫گ‬үʙ‫܉‬࿇ͲʰүͱΖʱ‫گ‬үʾ   ‫گ‬үద໪దʁஎྙ ୵‫ৼٽ‬ɼࢧߡྙɼ໲ୌմ݀೵ྙ౵  ͹޴৏  㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬
㸬㸬ʽཀྵ੓कٝద‫گ‬үʙ૓ଆద͵ཋ‫Ͳٽ‬ʰүͯʱ‫گ‬үʾ˙ӵ‫ޢ‬͹‫گ‬үద໪ద͹ୣ੔Νɼช๑‫گ‬үΝ௪ͣͱ໪ࢨͤ
ʀॊཔ͹ʰช๑ʱͶଲͤΖ‫ع‬੔֕೨ʤϜ΢ψηʀ΢ϟʖζʥΝ෹৩ͤΖ     ช๑ͺҋ‫Ͳى‬ͺ͵͏ʁ‫ى‬Գ͖Δ೴ಚ͹͏͚ઈ໎΃ช๑ͺྭ֐ͫΔ͜Ͳͺ͵͏ʁྭ֐Νड़͠͵͏‫و‬ଉΝ୵‫ͤٽ‬Ζʤ୵‫ܗٽ‬ʥช๑ࣆߴ͹‫ى‬ԳͲͺ͵͚ɼϐϱφΝ༫͓͵͗Δਫ਼ైͳ୵‫ ͚͏ͱ͢ٽ‬ଲ࿫‫ ܗ‬66ช๑͹୵‫ٽ‬Ν௪ͣͱɼஎద‫܉‬࿇ʙஎྙ͹޴৏Ν໪ࢨͤʤ֐ࠅ‫ޢ‬͹‫گ‬үద໪దʥ
ʀ‫گ‬ү͹ʰ෵߻దʱ͵‫ڧ؂‬Ν੖͓Ζ ‫͓گ‬Ζช๑ߴ໪͹੠મʙ஦߶ߏ͹॑෵͹ࡡ‫ݰ‬ʙָसࡃΊ͹ช๑ߴ໪͹ϨϤʖηʙ‫گ‬ҽ͹‫ݜ‬रʙ֐ࠅ‫گޢ‬ү͹໪దͶԌͮͪ೘ࢾրַ      ‗ ලయ౛ 㸦ẚ㍑ⓗ⏕ᡂᩥἲࡢᡂᯝࢆᛂ⏝ࡋࡸࡍ࠸౛㸧㸺๓⨨モࡢ┠ⓗㄒ࡟࡞ࡿ㛵ಀ௦ྡモ
㸦Vision Quest, Eng. Expression II, 76㸧
1. This is the CD (which) I told you about.
2. This is the CD about which I told you.     㸦⚾ࡀྩ࡟ヰࡋࡓ CD㸧
3. This is the CD (which) I’ve been looking for.
㸦⚾ࡀ᥈ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ CD㸧     1. ๓⨨モࡀᚋࢁ㸸㛵ಀ௦ྡモࡀ๓⨨モࡢ┠ⓗㄒ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㛵ಀ௦ྡモࡔࡅࡀ๓࡟ฟࡿࠋ     2. ๓⨨モࡀ๓㸸㛵ಀ௦ྡモࡀ๓⨨モࡢ┠ⓗㄒ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ๓⨨モࡀ㛵ಀ௦ྡモࡢ๓࡟ฟࡿࠋࡇࡢሙྜࠊ㛵ಀ௦ྡモࡣ┬␎࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ๓⨨モࡀ๓࡟ฟࡿ᫬ࡣ that ࡣ౑࠼࡞࠸ࠋ     3㸬 ⩌ືモࡢ๓⨨モࡣᚋࢁ㸸⩌ືモࡢ๓⨨モࡣࠊࡩࡘ࠺ࠊ㛵ಀ௦ྡモࡢ๓࡟ฟ࡞࠸ࠋ࠙ࢥ࣓ࣥࢺࠚ ࠕỴࡲࡾࡣỴࡲࡾࠋ࡜ࡸ࠿ࡃゝࢃࡎ࡟ぬ࠼ࢁ࡛ࠖ⤊ࢃࡽࡏ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࠕ࡞ࡐࡑ࠺࡞ࡢ࠿ࠖࢆၥ࠸ࠊ⪃࠼ࡉࡏࡿࠋ

 Q1 ࡞ࡐὀグ㸯ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㄒ㡰㸦ࠕ๓⨨モᒃṧࡾࠖ㸧࡜ࠊ2 ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㄒ㡰㸦ࠕ๓⨨モ௜ࡁῧ࠸ࠖ㸧ࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡢ࠿ࠋ
Q2 ࠸ࡘ࡛ࡶ๓⨨モᒃṧࡾ࡜๓⨨モ௜ࡁῧ࠸ࡢ 2 ✀ࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡢ࠿ࠋ
࠶ࡿཧ⪃᭩࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ
ࠕ๓⨨モࡀ during, beyond, except, round, toward, between, as to,
besides, opposite ࡞࡝ࡢሙྜࠊᚲࡎ㸺ඛ⾜モ+๓⨨モ㸩㛵ಀ௦ྡモ㹼㸼ࡢㄒ㡰࡟࡞ࡿࠖ㸦Inspire, 326㸧ࠊࡘࡲࡾ๓⨨モ௜ࡁῧ࠸ࡔࡅࡀチࡉࢀࡿࠋ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜ࡟ࠊ๓⨨モ௜ࡁῧ࠸ࡔࡅࡀチࡉࢀࡿࡢ࠿ࠋ࡞ࡐ࠿ࠋ
 Q3 ౛ᩥ 3 ࡢ⩌ືモ look for ࡜ࠊ1 ࠾ࡼࡧ 2 ࡢ tell about ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟␗࡞ࡿࡢ࠿ࠋ⩌ືモࡢ≉ᚩࡣఱ࠿ࠋQ4 ࡞ࡐ⩌ືモ࡛ࡣ๓⨨モᒃṧࡾ࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࠿ࠋ
Q5 ࡞ࡐ๓⨨モ௜ࡁῧ࠸࡛ࡣ㛵ಀモࡀ┬␎࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡢ࠿ࠋ
Q6 ࡞ࡐ㛵ಀモࡀ that ࡢሙྜ๓⨨モ௜ࡁῧ࠸ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡢ࠿ࠋ
Q7 㛵ಀモ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ Q1㹼4 ࡣࠊ␲ၥモ࡟ࡶᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ࡞ࡐ࠿ࠋ

ʴϐϱφʵ

⾥઴஖ࢼۡͶ΍ɼ ช‫ܗ‬͹ 2 Ώ & ͳಋ༹ͶɼಊࢼͶͳͮͱٝແదགྷોͲ͍Ζ͞ͳ͍͗
Ζɽึ෨ʤ9 ͹༓ਕʥͳ෉Յ෨ʤ9 ͹எਕʥ͹ۢพɽ⾥ึ෨ͺಊࢼͳ͹݃;ͯ͗͘‫͏ک‬͹Ͳɼึ෨ 33 ͹ 3 ͗ಊࢼͶӀ͘‫ͦر‬ΔΗΖ 3 ͹࠸෾ੵʂ9 ͹༓ਕ͖Δ࿂ਕ΃ʥɽ΢ϧηφʁ͢Ή͕ΉΆ⾥‫܊‬ಊࢼͺ੔ۡదʤ‫܊‬ಊࢼͲ  ‫ޢ‬͹қັΝනͤʥɽ3 ͺಊࢼͶ‫͚ک‬Ӏ͘‫ͦر‬ΔΗɼ‫܊‬ಊࢼ͹Ҳ෨ʤ9 ͳ 3 ͗ॵΌ͖Δ࿂ਕಋ࢞ʥɽ




67

⾥ึ෨ɼ෉Յ෨ɼ‫܊‬ಊࢼͲ੖ཀྵͤΖͳɼʰช๑ͮͱΓ͚Ͳ͘ͱ͏Ζ⽑ʱͳࣰ‫״‬ɽ‫ܐؖ‬ઇԿ    33

ึ෨

෉Յ෨

‫܊‬ಊࢼ಼

઴஖ࢼ‫࢔ڋ‬Ε

2.

ʹ

2.

઴஖ࢼ෉͘శ͏

2.

2.

ʹ

        ʤ༓ਕʥ  ʤஎਕʥ  ʤ࿂ਕʥ

˗‫گ‬үͶ‫ͤؖ‬ΖΉͳΌʀ֐ࠅ‫گޢ‬ү͹‫఼ݬ‬Ͷཱིͬ໯Εɼࣰ༽ద໪ద͹Ί͵Δͥ‫گ‬үద໪దΝ΍ࢻ໼Ͷ೘Η
Ζɽ‫گ‬үద໪దʤʻஎྙ͹ү੔ʥΝୣ੔ͤΖͶͺɼཀྵ੓कٝద‫گ‬үʙʰүͯʱ‫گ‬ү͗චགྷ͖༙ͯްɽͨ͹‫ͱ͢ͳࡒگ‬ช๑ద՟ୌ͗న઀Ͳ͍ΕɼͨΗΝ‫گ‬ՌॽΏࢂߡॽͳͺҡ͵ΖʰࣾΌ͖Δ͹ʱΠϕϫʖοͲ‫͓گ‬Ζɽ   ʤ஦ౣ  ۛ‫ק‬ʥ       ᩍ⫱⌮ᛕ
㛵㐃ᴫᛕ
ဴᏛⓗᛮ₻
ⱥㄒᩍ⫱ࡢ┠ⓗⱥㄒᩍ⫱ࡢ୺┠ᶆ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢ௙᪉

ࠕ⫱࡚ࡿࠖᩍ⫱ࠕ⫱ࡘࠖᩍ⫱⤒㦂୺⩏ᐇ⏝ⓗ┠ⓗ4 ᢏ⬟ࡢྥୖ
ࠕṇ㠃ࠖ࠿ࡽ

⌮ᛶ୺⩏
ᩍ⫱ⓗ┠ⓗ
▱ຊࡢྥୖ
ࠕᩳࡵࠖ࠿ࡽ˙୉ָ೘ָ‫ڠ‬௪τηφͶ͕͜Ζӵ‫ޢ‬͹  ٗ೵඲Ճͺɼช๑‫گ‬үΝ઎ࡋΕͦ͠Ζͻ͖ΕͲͺ͵͚ɼӵ‫گޢ‬үΝҲ૜ࣰ༽ద໪దͶܑࣾʀ‫ݽ‬ఈԿͦ͠Ζɽ








68

ช‫ݛ‬Ҳལ ʤʲοϥϞηΫʖ͹‫ޢݶ‬ཀྵ࿨ʳ͹ʰช‫ݛ‬ʱͶ‫͠ࡎܟ‬Ηͱ͏͵΍͹ʥ&KRPVN\1RDP  &KRPVN\RQ'HPRFUDF\DQG(GXFDWLRQHGE\&32WHUR 
5RXWOHGJH)DOPHU1HZ<RUNDQG/RQGRQʌʌʌʌʌ  7KH0LQLPDOLVW3URJUDPWK$QQLYHUVDU\(GLWLRQ0,73UHVV)UD]LHU/\QDQG&KDUOHV&OLIWRQ-U  &RQVWUXDO0,73UHVV&DPEULGJH0DVVNakajima, Heizo (1992) “Another Type of Antecedent-Government,” Linguistic Inquiry 23, 313328.
2KWD6KLQUL1DRNL)XNXLDQG.XQL\RVKL/6DNDL  6\QWDFWLFFRPSXWDWLRQLQWKHKXPDQEUDLQ
7KHGHJUHHRIPHUJHUDVDNH\IDFWRU3/RV21(  H'RLMRXUQDOSRQH$OVRLQ1DRNL)XNXL  0HUJHULQWKH0LQG%UDLQ

5RXWOHGJH1HZ<RUNDQG/RQGRQ ʽ࿪ॽ ԽॳʾԮ૖༟ࢀ࿢  ʲӵ‫ޢ‬཈үʳɼദช‫ؙ‬ɼ౨‫ښ‬ɽठҬ๞Շ   ʲοϥϞηΫʖͳ‫ޢݶ‬೶Ռָʳɼॄӵऀ΢ϱνʖψεϥψϩ৿ॽɼ౨‫ښ‬ɽ஦ౣฑࢀ   ʲࣾΌ͖Δ͹ָߏӵช๑ʳɼ֋୕ऀɼ౨‫ښ‬ɽʌʌʌʌʌʤۛ‫ק‬ʥʲʰүͱΖʱ͖Δʰүͯʱӵ‫گޢ‬ү΃ʳɼ୉र‫ؙ‬ɼ౨‫ښ‬ɽ




69

70

      *.,)'0$ $ 1#% 2                       Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ n-yuji@me.point.ne.jpŢ Ţ  ȜǉǒĳÙ Ţƣ ǏǃĮôĨįhĖǓǼȍȉǷǰȕãĳǐąƾǏƲǒƶƩŢ
Ƥ +U ēîNĳǓJīCǒNÆĘǫǎƼǜǌŊ/ǐƳƼǍƷǌƸǧƶƩŢƥ ǾǮȐǿǒQŞǓǎƼǜǌĵȖmysteriesȗƶƩƢŢ ǼȍȉǷǰȕãĳǍŒŅãĳŢŢūŨŢ ǏǃĮôĨįhĖǓǼȍȉǷǰȕãĳǐąƾǏƲǒƶŢŢ Ţ Ţ ƦŢ âPhĖƷǼȍȉǷǰȕãĳǐąƾǏƲǒǍ¶ĻîǐIƿãèŢŢ Ţ Ţ ƦŢ ĮôĨįhǒĕƴǒė~ǐǓƨȖ«öǐĶƽǨǋƲǏƲǍǓƲƴȗĈş ēǒŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ ƷcÕƲǍƼǩǐǜǌ½ǝľǬǌƲǧƩĮôĨįhǐƵƻǧ>ǼȍȉǷǰȕĳŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ ƷƴǧQŞÙǓǒȝǉǐǜǍǟǧƼǍƷǌƸǧƩŢ ŢŢ Ţ ŢŢŢŢŢ
ūŨūŢ Ţ E ĨįǒMĐŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ŢŢ Ţ Ţ ƦŢ ĮôĨįhĖǓEĨįǒMĐƶǥħ¤ƽǨǋƲǏƲƩƂƅƚƏƒƔŢŤŬŪūŬťȞƭEĨįǍ
IĨįǓ=©KîǏŒǐƱǧƮ ƭƱǧǒIĨįǓƨǄǒƷEĨįǍƲƳ ķǐŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ǀǧƼǍǐǤǈǋåƿǧƮŢ ƭƱǧǒIĨįƷƨâUǒÞǌƱǧǒǓƨIĨįǒŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ áǒƸǈƶƻǍǏǈǅEĨįƷÝkǒĻǫǠǉǅǟǌƱǧƮ(p.8)ƨƭŝ|ǒŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ ôĶǓ§Òǫ}ǀǧƮ(p.148)ƨƭIĨįǓEĨįǒĈşƶǥǒ-ǌƱǧƮ(p. 181)ŢūŨŬŢ ühǍƾǋǒĨįhǐpǀǧÚãħŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ ŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Á§§ÒŢ ŤConstruction GrammarťŢ ƶǥǒǼȍȉǷǰȕǐpǀǧ0ŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ƭĨįhǓČĒîǏĩŁǫDĘǐǀǧǠǒǌǏƻǨǔǏǥǏƲƮŢ ȖƓŨūūȗŢŢ Ţ Ţ ƦŢ ǼȍȉǷǰȕȞŢ ĨįǐŒǪǧƱǥǣǧƼǍǒİ«ǌǓǏƺƨ¦rǏƲ ¼ǒİ«ŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ǫñîǍǀǙƾƩǄǒǅǟǐǓƨã8ƨķ8ƷDÇƩŢŢūŨŭŢ îȋǶȌȕȐǐpǀǧÚãħŢ ŢŢ Ţ Ţ ƦŢ ĮôĨįhǓǴȂǱǵȍȁǸȉǐ)šŢ ƢŢ Øăğ÷ȋǾȐǫĮǟǏƲŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ ŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ǴȂǱǵȍȁǸȉȞĮôƷĩF¢ǫLǞćǝǍĕƴǏƲƩŢ ƇƊŨŢƓƓŨŬŪųŧŬūŬŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ƭǴȂǱǵȍȁǸȉǓŨŨŨŨŨŨŨƶǏǦƶǏĞ7 ēǘǒ%ùŀǦǌƱǧƮŢ N.SmithŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ 2002b: Ch.19)Ţ Ţ Ţ ƦŢ çÒVðȋǾȐȖƗƕƅƋƉŧƆƅƕƉƈŢƐƒƈƉƏȗŴŢ ĨįôĶǒ:Ǔ*îǏçǐƵƻŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ǧĈşƶǥåƿǧǠǒǌƱǦƨ§ÒǍǓĔ8ƾǅĨį:ƷÁńǫǏƾǋŗǜŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ǈǅǠǒǌƱǧƩ§ÒǓÂƪǏçÒǫVðǐƾǋǥǨǅǷǰȕȇǌƱǧƩŢŢ Ţ Ţ ƦŢ ĨįĘ6ǓĨįŇçǍŅċƾǋƲǧƩƢŢ ĈşĳŢ cf. Tomasello (2003)Ţ

71

ūŨŮŢ ©Òĳî $ĳŢ ŢŢ Ţ Ţ ƦŢ ©Òĳî $ĳŢ ŤƐƉƖƌƒƈƒƏƒƋƍƇƅƏŢƈƗƅƏƍƕƐťŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ĨįǢǐǉƲǋǒãĳîãħǒÍǓƨęÛÜǫõÿǀǧ©ÒǍǓ;ãîŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ǐëǏǧ©ÒǌõÿƽǨǧǙƸǌƱǧƩŢ ŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ƇƊŨŢ ©ÒĳîęÛ ēŢ ŤƐƉƖƌƒƈƒƏƒƋƍƇƅƏŢƑƅƖƗƔƅƏƍƕƐťŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ĨįǒõÿǓęÛühǍIƿ©ÒǌƵƼǏǪǨǏƻǨǔǏǥǏƲƩŢŢ ŢŢŢŢŢŢŢŢ Ţ Ţ ŤūťŢƅŨŢ ŏóŴŢ ĨįhǐǓlĪühǍĨƴǧ!śǠƱǧƩǆƻǎƨ'śîǐlĪüŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ hǌǓƱǦƴǏƲƾƨûǍƾǋǓƨlĪühǌǓǏƲǍƼǩǐĨįhŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ǒƨrǏƺǍǠĮôĨįhǒƨ_ƸǏŠ ǓƱǧǍƳǬǌǀƩŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ģ¸ŴŢ ǛƺęĽǓƨęǒ ǫľǟǋĨƳǍƨĮôĨįhîǏõÿǒ^ƺǓŢ Ţ ŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ƭĨįǒȊǮȁǸȉǫħ«ǀǧühƮǌǓǏƲǍĕƴǋƲǜǀŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ĨįhǓǞƾǩÊEhǐǋƲǧǍƳǬǌǀƩļƼǈǅƼǍǫƱǍŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ƶǥĤǋƨƼƳƲƳĈďǌĕƴǧǒƷąƷƲƺǬƿǡǏƲƶǈǋƲƳŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ƿǌƩŢ Ţ ŤĢ¸ȔŏóŢ ŬŪūŭŴūųŲŧŬŪŪťŢŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ƆŨŢ hQîǏ¿ǐǓȖühîȗİ«Ț©ÒǐǤǧǠǒǍƨȖőîȗãħũòãǫŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ÍǟǧǠǒƷƱǦŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨŨĮôĨįhǓƼǨǥ©ǐ?ǦćǞƼǍƷµǜƾƺƨŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ǜǅǄǨǓDĘǌƱǧǍĕƴǜǀƩŢ Ť_WŢ ŬŪūűȞūůŭťŢ ŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ ƦŢ ƭőîãħȚòãǫÍǟǧǠǒƮŢ ƧŢ ƭħōhîĨįhƮŢ Ť_WŢ ŬŪūűȞūűŪťŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ƦŢ ĨįǢǒÍǐŖƾǋƨ4őîŢ Ťsub-personaƏťŢ ǵǷǽȉǒĦÙƶǥǒŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ İ«ǫƾƨ'őîŢ Ťpersonal)Ţ ĦÙƶǥİ«ƾǤƳǍǀǧƩƧŢ ühȟȟŢ
ŢūŨůŢ ĨįÆĘǒåƨĨįǒ­ňǐǉƲǋǒìŢ ŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ŽƉƘƍƑƕƒƑŢţŢŹƘƅƑƕŢŤŬŪūŪťŢŴ­ň§ÒúĭŢ ŤMyth of Language UniversalsťŢ Ţ ŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ƭĨįǒ­ňǓgUƾǏƲƮŢ ƓŨŭŪŪŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ 5í ēŢ ŤƉƐƉƔƋƉƑƖƍƕƐťŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ ƓƓŨŬŬūŧŬŭŪŢ Ţ Ţ ƇƊŨŢ xËǒțªñǒ ƖƅƏƎŢŢ Ţ Ţ ƦĈşĳŢ ȖƉƐƓƍƔƍƇƍƕƐȗȞőǒǓÎçîhĔĠđȖgeneral-purpose learningŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ deviceȗǐǀƹǁƨfǎǠǓ ǍƾǋäYǫŃƾǋ_ǒǘǍ}ǊƻǥǨǋƲƺƩŢ
Ţ
ŬŢ +U ēîNĳǓJīCǒNÆĘǫǎƼǜǌŊ/ǐƳƼǍƷǌƸǧƶŢ
ŬŨūŢ Ĩĝǒ÷ǐǉƲǋǒǼȍȉǷǰȕǒĕƴŢŢ ƦŢ ƭǕǍǓįǫçƲǋ Üǫ÷ǀǧǒǌƱǈǋƨįęǓpķǫ÷ƾǏƲƩŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ ƾǅƷǈǋƨ÷ǒQŞǓįçĳǒQŞǌƱǦƨĨįühǒqý]ǌƱǧƩƮŢ
ƼǒǤƳǏǼȍȉǷǰȕǒĤħǓƨĨĝǒ÷ǐƶƶǪǧQŞǓǀǙǋźŽſȖßēǒĨ
įÆĘȗǒqý]ǆǍ@ƻǍǥǨƶǑǏƲƷƨǄǨǓQŞǌƱǧƩ+U ēîNĳǍŢéǐƵƻǧpķ÷ǍǒŒǓǠƳǀƼƾġŘǌeǏǍƼǩƷƱǧƩŢ

72ŬŨŬŢ +U ēîNĳǍJīCǒNÆĘŢŢ Ţ ŤŬťŢƅŨŢ ƱǧJīCƷéǒǒǎǒpķǫ÷ǀǧƶƩŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ƆŨŢ ƱǧJīCƷƨpķǫ÷ǀǧƼǍƷĨįîǐĮDƽǨǋƲǧǎƳƶƩŢ
ŢŤŬƅťǓ«ǥƶǐįçĳǒQŞǌƱǧƩǼȍȉǷǰȕƷƼǒÙǌƨĨĝǒ÷ǒQŞǓĨŢ
įühǒqý]ǆƨǍŁǙǅƼǍǓÉƾƲƩƾƶƾƨŤŬƆťǓƨżŢ ĨįǒQŞǌƱǧƩŢ
ŢƱǧJīCƷƨéǒǒpķǫ÷ƾƳǧğâȖ÷îJīCȗǌƱǧƶƨǄǨǍǠŢ
pķ÷ǍǜǈǅƺÚŒǒğâȖŚ÷îJīCȗǌƱǧƶƨ~ĖǒXHƨǄǨǓǎƳ
ƲƳÙǌÚŒǌƱǧƶȖAŁJīCǌƱǧƶǥƶƨ\ŜJīCǌƱǧƶǥƶȗǍƲǈǅƼ
ǍǓƨ+U ēîNĳǐƵƲǋȖǉǜǦƨżŢ ĨįǒȑȆȐǌȗŁǙǋƵƺģƷƱǧƩŢ
Ţ +U ēîNĳǓƨĨįîǐǴȕȀ8ƽǨǅNǫƳƷƨǄǒNǏǧǠǒǐƨ
ŤŭƅťŢ ǍŢ ŤŭƆťŢ ǒ ǉǒ!śƷƱǧƼǍǐÓǀǙƸǌƱǧƩƇƊŨŢ ĢuŤŬŪŪŭŦŢŬŪūŭťŢ ŢŢŢŢ Ţ ŤŭťŢƅŨŢ ǄǒJīCęƷ´ǀǧNŢƆŨŢ §ǒǏƶǌǄǒJīCƷ»ǅǀNÆĘŢĲŞŢ ūȞŤŭƆťǒJīCǒNÆĘǒ91Ȗ÷îJīCƨAŁJīCƨ\ŜJīCƨŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ JīCǏǎȗǓźŽſȖßēǒĨįÆĘȗǒǎǒȑȆȐǌƴǧǙƸƶƩŢ
ŢŬŨŭŢ \8§ǒ®¬ŢŢ ŤŮťŢ ĚfǒêdƸǏ¯nƷ²Ŀ\ǪǈǅƩȖ\ĸıǝ ƘƕŨŢ &Ǩ±ǪǦıǝȗŢ ŢŢŢŢŢŢ ŢŢŢŢŢ ŢŢ Ţ
ŢŢŢŢŢŢŢŢŢŢŢŢŢŢŢŢŢŢŢŢŢŢŢŢ
ŸƅƇƌŦŢŻƅƚƈƑŦŢžƒƛƅƔƖŦŢŸƉƉƖƌƒƘƉƑŦŢƠƠŢ
ŢŢŢŢŢŢŢŢŢŢŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ŢŢŢŢŢŢŢŢŢŢŢ Ţ ȔŢ &Ǩ±ǪǦıǝǐƵƻǧŤŮťǒčŌȞ\ŜJīCȖŚ÷îJīCȗŢŢ ŤůťŢ ƫƃŢƙŢ ƷĚfǒêdƸǏ¯nǏǦƄŢ ǫ×ǅǀƙǒ Ʒ&Ǩ±ǪǈǅƬŢ
ŢŬŨŮŢ ěįǒǴȄȌȎ§ǒ®¬Ţ    Higgins (1979) , Declerck (1988)
Ivanka’s father
NP1
referential NP     value NP
variable NPisis

the president
 
NP2
"&
         

(+-/

 NP1 ȃŢ NP2Ţ ǻŢ Ȗ kıǝȗNP1 ǯŢ NP2Ţ ǻŢ Ȗkıǝȗ
NP1 ȃŢ NP2Ţ ǻŢ ȖđkıǝȗŢ

property NP
variable NP
value NP73 (6) Ivanka’s father is the president     Ivanka’s father the presidentęǒNǓIƿǆƷƨNÆĘƷëǏǧƩ
! kıǝ (predicational reading)(7) Ivanka’s father ȃisthe president
Referential NP     Predicate nominalrefer todenoteDonald Trump

Property

ascribe         

 !! kıǝ (inverted specificational reading)(=Whichone) is the president?
(8) Who isthe president?
(9) Ivanka’s fatherǯ isthe president
Referential NP
Variable NP  refer todenote    value               propositional function                   
Donald Trump[…… x ……] 





                       specify(iii) đkıǝ (specificational reading)(10) Who (=Which one) is Ivanka’s father?
(11) Ivanka’s father ȃŢ   is the president
Variable NP 
Referential NP
denoterefer topropositional function          value     …… x……]               Donald Trump

 

 

specify74ŬŨůŢ Ţ ŷǺǭȅıǝǍŸǺǭȅıǝǒ®¬Ţ Ţ ƇƊŨŢ wxŤŬŪūŭťŢŢ ŤūŬťŢ `ŋǓƨƼǒþǒlşǌê_/ǏƼǍǫôǈǋƲǧƩŢ Ȗ®¬ȗŢŢ ŤūŭťŢ Ƽǒþǒlşǌê_/ǏƼǍǓƨƼǒŌsǒÖ|ǌƱǧƩŢŢ ŤūŮťŢ ƫ`ŋǓƼǒŌsǒÖ|ǫôǈǋƲǧƬŢ ƢŢ ƃŷǺǭȅıǝƄŢŢ ŤūůťŢ ƫ`ŋǓƼǒþǒlşǌê_/ǏƼǍǓƶǫôǈǋƲǧƬŢ ƢŢ ƃŸǺǭȅıǝƄŢŢ ŤūŰťŢJohn knows the price that Fred knows. cf. Heim (1979)Ţ ŤūűťŢ `ŋǓ%ņƶǥÌǐǏǈǋƲǅƼǍƷǢǈǍ.ƶǈǅƩȖ®¬ȗŢ ŢŢŬŨŰŢ Ţ ƖƒƗƋƌŢ Á§ǒ®¬ŢŢ ŤūŲťŢ ȄǮǹǒĊǓřƾƲƩŢ Ȗ÷îJīCŢ ƘƕŨŢ \ŜJīCȗŢ ƇƊŨŢ ĢzŤŬŪūųťŢŢ ŤūųťŢƅŨŢ ȄǮǹǒĊǓƨãħǀǧǒƷřƾƲƩŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ƆŨŢ ȄǮǹǒĊǓƨĹZǀǧũïǞũÄ,ǀǧǒƷřƾƲƩŢŢ ŤŬŪťŢ Ţ ȄǮǹǒĊǓƨǎǒĊƷǄƳǌƱǧƶǫ¥ƴǧũkǀǧǒƷřƾƲƩŢ
ŢŢŢŢŢŢ
ŬŨűŢ §ǒNŤƁŹžťǒƕƒƗƔƇƉŢĲŞŢ ŬȞâĞǒȈȁȇȏǷǿȅȒǲȎȉǒkǌǓ§ǒNŤƁŹžťǒsourceǓŢ Ţ ŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ŤƍťŢ įǒNĆǒ¹Ţ
Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ŤƍƍťŢ įǍįǒƐƉƔƋƉǐǤǧƔƉƇƗƔƕƍƘƉǏćǝHǪǂŢŢ Ţ ǒƲǁǨƶǌƱǧƷƨŤŰťǒȜŃǦǒ®¬ƨŤūŬťŢŤūŰťŢŤūűťŢŤūŲťŢ ǒ®¬ǓŤƍťŢŤƍƍťŢ ŢŢ Ţ ǐǤǈǋİ«ǌƸǧǌƱǩƳƶƩNŤƁŹžťǒāǒsourceƷģǆǩƳƶƩŢ
Ţ




75

ŭŨŢ ǾǮȐǿǒQŞǓǎƼǜǌĵȖƐƚƕƖƉƔƍƉƕȗƶŢŢ Ţ ƭǾǮȐǿǒQŞƮȖ5ńîǏĨįçƷƲƶǐƾǋDĘƶȗŢ ǒ ǉǒ!śŢ Ţ ƓŨŬůŭŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ ŤƍťŢ ǪǨǪǨǓÚŔǐ¨ƾƲ§ǫæ-ƾãħǀǧƼǍƷǌƸǧƷǄǨǓƲƶǐƾŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ǋDĘƶƩŢ ŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ ŤƍƍťŢ ǪǨǪǨǓƨÞÑǐǅƲƾǋŊ/ǌƱǦƨÞÑǐǤǈǋÏkƽǨǏƲ©ǌƨŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ §ǫíǀǧƷƨǄǒĘ6ǫƲƶǐİ«ǀǧƶƩŢ ƇƊŨŢƓŨŬůŭŢŢŢ Ţ ǼȍȉǷǰȕǓƨŤƍťŢ ǓĵȖmysteriesȗǌǓǏƺƨ+î§ÒƨǀǏǪǇƨż ĨįǐŢ ŢŢ Ţ ǤǈǋãħƽǨƳǧQŞȖproblemsȗǌƱǧǍƾǋƸǅƩǉǜǦƨǄǨǓƨîğ÷ǐǉŢŢ Ţ Ʋǋ¢ƷDĘǏĨįĥ2ǐǤǈǋÝǊƻǥǨǧÆĘǐǚƶǏǥǏƲƨǍƾǅƩŢ ŢŢŢ Ţ Ţ ©ƨǼȍȉǷǰȕǓŤƍƍťǓƭQŞƮǌǓǏƺƨƭĵƮǌƱǧǍĕƴǋƲǧƩǏǃǏǥƨƼǒŢŢ Ţ Ę6ǓőǒęèǐŒǀǧĴQŞǍĉǖǉƲǋƵǦƨęèǏǧǠǒǓǉǑŢŢ Ţ ǐİ«ǫœǞǠǒǆƶǥǌƱǧƩŢ
ŢŢ ƦŢ ƾƶƾƨŤƍťǐǉƲǋǠ+î§ÒŤż ĨįťŢ ǆƻǐǤǈǋħÏǌƸǧǌƱǩƳƶƩŢŢ Ţ Ţ ƭ§ǫãħǀǧĘ6Ʈǒ®¬Ȟ§ǒNǒãħŢ ƘƕŨŢ ĭĖǒTǒħōŢ
ŢŒŅãĳŢ ŤƀƉƏƉƘƅƑƇƉŢƂƌƉƒƔƚŢƞƀƂƟťŢ ǓĭĖǒŉTǫħōǀǧĘ6ǒQŞǫüh
îǐħÏƾǤƳǍĬǝǋƲǧƩǅǆƾĨįǐÝ8ƾǋƲǧǪƻǌǓǏƲƩŢ
ŢŵŒŅãĳȖRTȗǒģÙŶŢŢ ŤŬūťŢƅŨŢƀƂǓƨőǒǒǐƨżŢ ĨįǍǓ1ǒȋǶȌȕȐǍƾǋƨT«÷îĳŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ǴȈȌȁǳȕǵȍȓȖostensive-inferential communicationȗǐÝ8ƾǋ#ƺĮôŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ȊǮȁǸȉƷgUǀǧƼǍǫkƾƨǄǒĽǫühîǐÍƾǤƳǍǀǧƩŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ƀƂǓƨƼǒĮôȊǮȁǸȉǫƭǒǫıǞĘ6ƮŤƖƌƉƒƔƚŢƒƊŢƐƍƑƈťǒȋǶŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ȌȕȐǍǝǏƾƨ4őîŤƕƗƆŧƓƉƔƕƒƑƅƏťǵǷǽȉǒĦÙƶǥİ«ƾǤƳǍǀǧƩŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ ƆŨŢƀƂǓƨźŽſȖßēǒĨįÆĘȗǒãĳǍƾǋǒå§Òǫ3¡ǍǀǧƩŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ ƇŨŢƀƂǓƨå§Òãĳǒ+U ēîNĳǫ3¡ǍƾƨĨįîǐǴȕȀ8ƽǨŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ǅNǐpƾǋíĭħōȊǮȁǸȉƷ#ƺǍkǀǧƩŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ ƈŨŢƀƂǐǤǧíĭħōȊǮȁǸȉǓƨĨįĩFǒħıŤƈƉƇƒƈƍƑƋŢƓƌƅƕƉťǍįçĳŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ îĳǵǷǽȉŤƍƑƊƉƔƉƑƖƍƅƏŢƓƌƅƕƉťǒ©ƶǥǏǧƩŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ ƉŨŢƀƂǓƨįçĳîĳǵǷǽȉǫė~ǌ£ƴǋƲǧǠǒǍƾǋƨőǒǒŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ǐåîǏƭŒŅǒ;ãƮŤƓƔƍƑƇƍƓƏƉŢƒƊŢƔƉƏƉƘƅƑƇƉťŢ ǫkǀǧƩŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ ƊŨŢƀƂǓƨǴȕȀ8ƽǨǅĨįğâǒNǍíĭǒNǫy1ǀǧƩ3ĖǓÀ ŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ îNŤƇƒƑƇƉƓƖƗƅƏŢƐƉƅƑƍƑƋťǍċƸîNŤƓƔƒƇƉƈƗƔƅƏŢƐƉƅƑƍƑƋťƶǥǏǧƩŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ Ţ ~ĖǓğŤƉƙƓƏƍƇƅƖƗƔƉťǍŤƍƐƓƏƍƇƅƖƗƔƉťƶǥǏǧƩŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ ƋŨŢƀƂǓƨĨįǒ¶ĻîÆĘǫǴȈȌȁǳȕǵȍȓǍǓǝǏƽǏƲƩŢ

76ƦŢ ƀƂǓƨĨįǐŒǪǧőǒîRjǫȋǶȌȕȐǍǝǏƾƨ'őîŢ Ťpersonal)Ţ ŢŢ Ţ Ţ ȑȆȐǌǒİ«ǫƾƨ4őîŢ Ťsub-personal) ȑȆȐǌǒühîİ«ǫłÍƾǤŢŢ Ţ Ţ ƳǍǀǧǍƲƳÙǌå§ÒãĳǍ¾¶îǏõÿñÃƵǤǖ|ǫ)´ƾǋƲǧƩŢƦŢ ŤŬūƇťƷ÷ǀǤƳǐƨƀƂǓ+U ēîNĳǫ3¡ǍƾǋƵǦƨĨĝǍéǍǒőǒŢŢ Ţ Ţ ŒǫƳòãºîNĳǫ3¡ǍƾǋƲǏƲƩǞƾǩƀƂǓƭòãºîįçĳƮŢ Ţ ŢŢ Ţ Ţ ǓĀƾǋǠƭòãºîNĳƮǓĀƾǏƲǍƲƳĀXǫǍǧƩŢ ƃcf. Wilson andŢ Ţ SperberȖ2002ȗƄŢŢĲŞŢ ŭȞÀ KĄȖconceptual-intentional system (C-I system)ȗǍįçĳǒŒǓȟŢĲŞŢ ŮȞƀƂǌƲƳǴȈȌȁǳȕǵȍȓĘ6ǓƨǒTŤūūŭťǒǎƼǐđǊƻǥǨǧƶƩŢ

ŢĲŞŢ ůȞƀƂ ǓƨǾǮȐǿǒřŞȖĨįçǒ5ńî!śǒƳǇ²ǠŎģǏQŞȗƨǉǜǦŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ ƭǪǨǪǨǓÚ¦ǒÞÑǐǅƲƾǋŊ/ǐƨǄƾǋĂƷŃǈǋƲǧ§ǫBǐǀǧŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ ƼǍƷǌƸǧƷǄǨǓƲƶǐƾǋDĘƶƮǍƲƳQŞǫǎƼǜǌħÏǌƸǧƶƩŢ

77Ţ
ƃ<ĕ§àƄŢ
Ţ
Declerck, Renaat (1988) Studies on Copular Sentences, Clefts and Pseudo-clefts.
Leuven: Leuven University Press.
Heim, Irene (1979) Concealed Question. In R.Bäuerle, U. Egli and A. von Stechow(eds.), Semantics from Different Points of View, pp. 51--60. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Higgins, Roger (1979) The Pseudo-cleft Construction in English. New York: Garland.
wxiÈŢ ŤŬŪūŭťŢ ƭ\ŜJīCǒŕtƮŢ ĢuGȖĎȗŢ ƯJīCǒéưŢ °ŢŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ ŦŢŮŪűƜŮŭŪŨơŢ ŢĢzĺOŢ ŤŬŪūųťŢ ƭJīCǒNÆĘǍ§ǒNȞ "îĕoƮŢ ā ūŪŲ SNŢŢ Ţ Ţ ĳȔįçĳõÿŢ ȖŬŪūų { Ů ³ Ű ªȗŢĢ¸ēÅȔŏóĜÅŤŬŪūŭťŢ ƯĨįhǒ¥mȘPhĖǍhǗĮôĨįhưŢ b(ĳŢ Ţ Ţ Ţ ŢŢ Ţ Ţ ¨øȖb¨°ȗŨŢĢuGŢ ŤŬŪŪŭťŢ Ưª¶įJīCǒNĳǍįçĳưŢ Ǖǉƿ°șŢĢuGȖĎȗŢ ŤŬŪūŭťŢ ƯJīCǒéưŢ °ŨơŢ Ţ_W[aŢ ŤŬŪūűťŢ ƭĮôĨįhǒĲŞƝƝ§8ħōǒÐŏŧŧƮŢ ĢuGȔ·vÔfŢ ŢŢ Ţ Ţ ŤĎťŢ ƯƼǍǔǒühưŢ ŐøŦŢ ūůŬŧūűŭŨŢ
Taylor, John R. (2012) The Mental Corpus: How Language is Represented in the Mind.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wilson, Deirdre and Dan Sperber (2002) Truthfulness and relevance. Mind 111: 583- 632.
78