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−1

−3

Intensity (cm

−2

−1

s sr

10
10
10
10
10
10
10

−4

Crouch World Survey, 1987
Crookes and Rastin, 1973
Bergamasco et al., 1971
Stockel, 1969
Castagnoli et al., 1965
Avan and Avan, 1955
Randall and Hazen, 1951
Bollinger, 1950
Clay and Van Gemert, 1939
Wilson, 1938

Soudan 2
Minos

−5

−6

−7

−8

−9

IMB

10
10
10
10

−10

Gran Sasso
Homestake−11

Super−Kamiokande

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−13

0

2

4

−13

−2 −1

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6

8

−1

10

12

14

Depth (10

16
3

hg cm

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−2

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10
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80

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20

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40

50

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GONG

TKO

trigger signal(to ATMs)HITSUM(from ATMs)• online computer
server × 9
host × 1

onlinecomputer(server)interface
SMP
×6

Ultra-Sparc

VME

trigger logic• SMP × 48

Ultra-Sparc

onlinecomputer(host)

Ultra-Sparc

VME

FDDI

onlinecomputer(server)interface
TRG

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°7e+10TOTAL NUMBER OF SUPER-K TRIGGERS

6e+10

5e+10

4e+10

3e+10

2e+10

1e+10

0
1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

YEAR

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 *)+,Xb _*  UaF,®P3m_:8:WGP5ºFH5@5@3C94FH5@8:;$9o_J3C9WG5@Po8:9[MTFs573C68J<FG_:<;~?3FH<@463CU\a4<@8J9W~5@P6@;G4W$Pu|½W$;$8:9 W
LC;$<?`8JL 6@Fa^?4;$9< y®P 3C<@3?4;$9<FG6@3~3C9 3C6@WG3 578JL3 9;$4W$P57;`U3CAB;$<@8Y5FH_:?;$<5mLC;G9u|<57FG9K5f8J;$98:¾CFH578J;$93 93C6WGa~A3 64 98J5AFH5@P _J3C9WH57P FG\B;$4 5mN3 -cHLC? 8:9U3 A3 9U3 95;G=AFG6&578:L _:3T3 93C6WGa$yK®P 8:<º= FGLx5?NFGH3C<8J5ºA;$<<@8J\_:3+5@-;k4<@357P 3C<@3O?4 ;$9<0 FG<F¶L ;$9<57FG9K57
_:8JW$PK5<;$46@L 3Gy®P3[FGU DHFG9K57FGW$3;H=q57P8J<?3 57P ;uU8:<5@PFH5LC;$9K578J94;$4<bFH9URFG\4 9UFG9K5<7FG?A_J3C<;H=?4;$9<LC;$?3 MO8Y57P;G4 5L ;$<5kFH<M35ZFGH39;$6?NFG_ UFs5ZF yB®P3U8J<7FGUuDGFH9u|
5ZFGWG38:<r57PFH5+M+3bLCFG99;G5T?`3CFG<@46357P 3576@FG9<@AFG6@3 9L a^FH<F =>49Lx578J;$9i;G=tM+FEDG3C_J3C9WG5@P¹y;EM3 D$3 6CS$<8:9L 3MOPFs5fM3T?`3CFG<@4 6@3+8J<5@P3 ( P3 6@3 9G;ED<A3 L 5@6@4?Ss5@P8:<U8:<@FGU DHFG9K5ZFHW$3
8:<9;H59 3CLC3 <@<@FG6@8J_Ja^F[A6;$\_:3 ?y¦¨attenuation coefficient(1/m)-110

1996/12/3,4
1996/12/17
1997/1/18
1998/4/18

1996/12/14
1997/12/27
1997/3/5
1998/4/28

-2

10

-3

10

200

300

400

500

600

700

wavelength(nm) 5     #   % 
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LZPFG6W$3l;$\<@3 6DG3CUw\Ka^Fo»r® 8J<3xuA6@3 <@<3CUR\Ka 
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5.987
−0.9487E−04

1000

2000

3000

 ! %

192.0

Ql/f( θ )RUN 3106P1
P2

  

500

0.4609E−03
0.4444E−06

400
300
200
0



4000

5000
l (cm)§ 4A s %& WM& j Zv!9)M,MA-,. !', [ "!$#&%'(%*)n, +-¬&%.*/)*0`*+1

x~F®Ge@8>X7L4B@r5AJ4@rXk8>55A@CB73Y2_^R(235476988 24UW8 u4XFHB7N5A3YF 2g(2:6<;737N[8 B78 Ge@C5A@CB7XpX@\N[8>BA8>57@\:6; <8k\FHGqu43Y2[8T5A3YF 2 F DQU_; @8>24>
U =@?:98>X7@\BX F D=r8i @\:Y@C24^ 57J4B
X ACAED F< AED aH<ZH8 2_U  >
24G 8 B7@L4X7@CU¯8 Xl:63Y^HJ5gX7FHL_B7k\@CX\wsxVJ4@:98>X7@\B|ut@8 G 3YX|u4B7F L4^HJ5ª362M57F 57J4@ K L4Nt@\BO
P8 GR36FHST8 24U4@$U4@C57@\kC57FHBi3Y8VFHN_5A36k8 :>f[u"@CB7XCw>8 kJm:98 X@\Bf[B@\X@Ci @\BH; GVXU4L4B3Y24^#24FHBG`8 :U[8>5A8m58 SM3624^4w¦i @\B*;gQU[8; X\<[8>k\k\L_G.L4:98T5A@\U`U[8>5808>B7@jkCFHG.u43624@\U8>24U 8 2[8>:6; \@CU8 XV8X73624^H:Y@®X@C5\w
I$3Y^ L4B7@JA_aXJ4F =Xj8WX7kJ4@CG`8T5A3Yk®i 3Y@n=

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5AF.L_24X7k\8>5757@\B7@CUN4J4F 57FH24X\w_xVJ4@vB7@CG`8>3Y243624^mJ_365AXC<_362`u[8 BB7@C:8 24U]57FHN z({|xVXC<[8 B7@jU4L4@5AFWN4J4F>5AFH24XXk8>55A@\B@\Ug3Y2 5AJ4@®=?8>5A@CB#8 24LU KTF BVB7@C¡4@\kC57@\Uªu;]57J4@u"F>575AF Gdz({|xVX\w


Jul

Apr

99 Jan

Oct

Jul

Apr

98 Jan

Oct

Jul

Apr

97 JanOct

Jul

96 AprAttenuation length (m)

160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

    "     ! %     #   % 
LASER
Optical Fiber

Top

337nm
371nm
400nm
420nm
NUM
2
RUN
8399
EVENT
3919
DATE **-Mar- 1
TIME
5:34:38
TOT PE:
820.0
MAX PE:
19.6
NMHIT :
331
ANT-PE:
13.6
ANT-MX:
2.7
NMHITA:
17

Scattering

RunMODE:NORMALTRG ID :00010111
T diff.: 2.08
us
:0.208E-02ms
FSCC:
2FF90
TDC0: 8899.2
Q thr. :0.0
BAD ch.: masked
SUB EV : 0/ 0

Bottom         !        &        " " # "5  &     F
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FGU 4<&5m\3CFG? <@PFGA3~FG9 UU8J6@3 L 578J;$9i8:9i5@P3kLFG_J8:\6@FH578J;$9^;$9K5@3 ( FH6@_:;^yf8:WG46@3 Á w<P;EMO<`U8J<5@6@8:\ 4 578J;$9<[;G=AP;G5@;$9FG6@68JDHFG_5@8:?3C<oFH5[5@P3»®<Cyz{95@P3
4AAB3C6~A_:;H5S¹57P 3AB3FHR93FG6¨ Á 9<~8:<b=>6@;G?©<@LCFH5@5@3C6@3 U AP;H57;$9< SFG9U]57P3<@3 LC;$9U
A3CFG63CA63C<@3 9K57<+A P;G57;G9<q6@3 3CLx 573CU`\Ka[57P3\B;G5@5@;$?l»r®<FG9Uo\_:FGLZ_J8:93 6º<@P3 3 5@<Cy

Nhit / BottomQ

337nm : TOP
0.01
0.009
0.008

MC
DATA

ABS = 0.36e-2
RAY = 1.47e-2

0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002

(MC-DATA)x100/DATA %

0.001
0
80

700

750

800

850

900

950

700

750

800

850

900

950

1000

60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
1000
time (nsec)

    % # #    % %      " &    #  !  %
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FaV_:3 8:W$P<@LCFH5@5@3C68:9W~AFG6@FG?`3x573 6@<CSVFG9 U5@P3<PFGAB3;G=57P3FG66@8JDHFG_"|½5@8:?3+U8J<5768:\4u578:;G9
8:<º4 <@3CU[5@;bFGU 4<&5q57P3TFG\<@;G6@A 5@8:;$9AFG67FG?3 5@3C6<CyG®P 3_:;EM+3 6ºA_J;G5º8J9of8:W$4 6@3 Á <@P;EMO<
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MO8J5@P8:9 ,  * y<8:9Wo57P3~?3FG<46@3 UwFG\<;$6@Au578:;G9¬FG9 U¬<@LCFH5@5@3C68:9WAFG6@FG?`3x573 6@<CS5@P3 _J8:W$PK5mFH5573 9V4Fs|
578J;$9]_:3C9 WG57P];G=MTFH5@3C6k8:<kLCFG_:L 4_pFH5@3CU]4<8:9Wq4FH578J;$9I¦y f8:WG46@3 Á$Á L ;$?`AFG6@3 <k5@P3
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46@3[$¨MO8J5@PRF<57FG6<&aV?\;G_57;GW$3 5@P3C6MO8Y57Pw?3FH<@463C?3C9K57<MO8Y57P¬5@P3U3x=>4<@3 6b\FG_:_U3C<LC68:\B3CU8:9ju3CLx578J;$9¬²uy yuy.
 &X U &UQ U  ^U_ ®P3~P8:W$PiDG;$_J57FGW$3b;G=3FGLZP»r® 8J<<@3 5m57;oA6;EDu8JU3~FGAA6; 8J?NFs573C_YaN3 4FG_ WKFG8J9=>;$6
FG_:_¹»®<8J9^5@P3 ju4AB3C6/|/}kFG?8:;$sFG9U 3U3 5@3CLx57;$6 yFGLZP »r®lLCFG?3oMO8Y57PIF^9;$?8:9FG_P8:WGPIDG;$_J57FGW$3DHFG_:4 3GSMOP8JLZP¯M+FG<~<@AB3CLC8Yn3CU¯\KaFG?`FG?`FH57<4w»qP;G5@;$98JLC< 4 <5kFH=¸5@3C68J57<mA6;uU4 L 578J;$9¹SB4<@8J9WN5@P6@3 3LFG_J8:\6@FH578J;$9^_:8JW$PK5.

Attenuation length (m)

130
120

▼ 420nm laser✚ cosmic ray

110
100
90
80
70
60
50

2000

2001

40
12 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

08 09 10 11 12 01

02 03 04 05 06 07

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3Y25AFg8X7k\3625A3Y:6:98>57FHBvu[8>:Y:$i 398|8 2FHN_5A36k8 :~f[u"@CB\wxVJ4@RX7k\3625A3Y:6:98>57FHBju48 :Y:¦36Xm8>28 kCB; :Y36k
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xVJ4@03Y257@\24X365%;ªF>DZ57J4@0N4B3YGR8 B;g#I:Y3Y^ JM5j3YXvGeFH243h5AFHB@\Uªu;g5%=?FN4J4F>5AF U43YF U4@\Xv8 24U
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Photo Diode
ADC

Photo Diode

TriggerPMT

UV Filter
Xe Lamp

Scintillator Ball

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}kFG?`8J;$sFG9U3zZy³=¸5@3C65@P38J98J5@8pFG_WKFG8:9FGU4 <57?3C9K5CS_J;$9W`5@3C6?§<&5ZFG\ 8:_:8Y5{ai;G=»r® WKFH8:9^MTFG<?`;$9V|
8J5@;$6@3 U 4<8:9Wv5@P3¬<@FG?3¬<aV<&573C?y+®P 3RFG\<;$_:4 5@3DHFG_J43;H=~»®§W$FG8:9LFG9 9;G5\B3?`3CFG<@4 6@3CU  ,X Y MOP8:_J3 57P 3[3xuA3 6@8J?`3 958:<64998J9WIy ¯3LCFG9];$9_JaL ;$?`AFG6@35@P3
DHFG6@8:FH578J;$9¯;H=T57P3NWKFG8:9¯<@A63FG
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5{M+3 3C9 G4 93GS $ FG9 U ju3 A 573 ?\B3C6CS G$² S¹57P 3<&5ZFG9 UFG6@U¯U3 DV8:FH578J;$9];G=+5@P3N»r®
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.E ÁNumber of PMTs in Each Bin

1400

1200

σgain = 7.0%
1000

800

600

400

200

0

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

Relative PMT Gain
"5



  %       :&    # 1 "  # & #  !         &  & #  #     "!

&X U &  b  V U   U _ ®P3I6@3C_:FH578YD$3w5@8:?8:9W ;H=»r®©P 8J57<i8J<i8:?A;G65ZFH95N=>;$6i3 DG3C9K5¬63CL ;$9<5@6@4Lx578J;$9¹yOz½5
U3CAB3C9 U<q;$957P 3+_:3 9WG5@P;G=57P3<@8JW$9FG_VLFG\ _:3T\B3 5{M3C3 9o5@P3»r®FG9U5@P3T³q®m¯S$FG9U
FG_:<;iU3CAB3C9 U<k;$9];$\<@3 6DG3CUILZPFG6@WG3\B3CLCFG4<3;H=r5@P3[U8J<@LC68:?8:9Fs57;$6m<@_J3 MO8:9 Wi3 !3CL 5Cy®P3`5@8:?8:9WNU8 !3C63C9L 3N8:9]3CFGLZP 8:9 U8JDV8:U 4FG_q»r®lPFG<~5@;¬\B3o?`3CFG<@463CU¯A6@3 LC8:<3C_Ya
57;oW$3x5\B3 5573 6O5@8:?8:9W6@3C<;$_:4u578:;G9¹y
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578J?`3 _:3 <@<5@PFG9 Á 9< y¹®P 3MTFD$3 _:3 9WG57PI8:<LC;$9KDG3C65@3CU]57; Á ²H¦i9?SMOP8JLZPI8J<93CFG6
57P3k_J;1- M3C6O3 UW$3~;G=f<3C90 <8J5@8JDV8J5{ai;H=ºFo»r® 5@;5@P3 ( P3C63C9H;1D_:8JW$PK5Su\aF[U aG3 _:FG<@3 6?`;VU4_J3GyT®P 3¯_J8:W$PK5i8J95@3C9<8J5{a±8J<iLZPFG9W$3 U \Ka±4<8:9WFG9 ;$A 578JLFG_n_J5@3C6CSOFH9U 5@P3»r®´578:?8:9 W8J<?3FH<@463CURFH5mDHFG6@8J;$4<mA4_J<@3P 3C8:WGP5@<CyB³=¸5@3C6AFG<@<8:9WN5@P6@;G4W$P5@P3;$A 5@8:LFH_Tn_J5@3C6CSº5@P3¬_J8:W$PK5oW$;V3C<o57;]57P 3U8 !4 <@3C6\FG_J_8:9·57P3U3x573CLx57;$657P6;$4W$P FG9;$A 5@8:LFH_On\3 6Cy®P3w<LZP3C?`FH578JLDV8J3 M ;G=5@P3¬U 8 !4<@3 6`\FH_:_O8:<`FG_:<;¯<P;EMO9 8:9 f8:WH|
46@3 Á ¨Vyt®P3`U 8 !4<@3 6k5@8:A]_:;VLFs573CUIFH5b5@P3oLC3 95@3C6 ;G=5@P3o\FG_J_º8:<k?`FGU3=>6@;G?©®8 . *H¦Deviation of the Gain σgain

0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01

Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan 1998
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan 1997
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun 1996

0

Measurement Date    %C :      ! %   &  &&          

ND filter
Trigger

PMT

Dye

N2 LaserDiffuser Ball

LUDOX

Diffuser Tip(TiO2)

Super-Kamiokande Detector 5  %  : "          $ < ! T [ns]

990
980
970
960
950
940
930
920
910
900
890

Q [p.e.]        ( & "   ! &    #    E !

 :    #   '%%F8&    # 

<@4<A3 9U3 U8:9[;$Au578:LCFG_L 3C?3C9K5yK®P3O_J8:W$PK5º3 ?`8Y5@5@3CU[=>6@;$?¼57P35@8:A[8:<º=>4 657P 3C6qU8 !4<3CU\Ka  À .   FG94 = FGLx57463CUX\Ka 9k6@FGLC3iÀbFDV8:<;$9¹S <@8J_:8JLFWG3C_r?NFGU 3N;G= 9? W$_pFG<< ?;VU3C<&57_Ja=>67FGWG?`3 95@<Cy®P3oLC;$?\ 8:9FH5@8:;$9;G=rU8 !4<3C6578JA]FG9U  À .   FG9]?`FGG3
U8 !4<3CU_:8:WGP5+MO8J57P ;$4 5O8:9K5@6@;VU4LC8J9W[<@8JW$98YnLFG9K55@8:?8:9W<A6@3CFGU¹y³ 5{auA 8:LFH_r<LFH5573 6 A_J;G5k;G=r57P3o578J?`8J9W^FG9UIA4_J<@3oP3 8:W$PK5~8:<k<@P ;1MO9¯8:9¯f8:WG46@3 Á ²uS
MOP8:LZP8:<LFG_J_:3CU F¶&®|½?NFHAy FGLZP[»r®·PFG<8J5@<;EMO9® #V?`FGA¹SEMOP8JLZP8:<FGAA _:8:3 U
8:9^UFH57F[6@3CU 4L 5@8:;$9¹y®P3O578:?8:9 W6@3 <@;$_J4 578J;$9o;G=¹»r®<+FG<rFk=>4 9L 5@8:;$9o;G=A4_J<@3mP3C8JW$PK58:<3C<&578:?`FH5@3CU[=>6@;$?
57P3®Q?NFGA <fFG9 U8:<<@P ;1MO9[8J98:W$463 Á  y1®raVA8JLFG_578J?`8J9WO6@3C<;$_:4u578:;G9FH557P 3+<@8J9W$_J3
A3k_J3 D$3 _t8:<\B3 5573C65@PFG9 Á 9 <CSMOP8JLZP8J<8:?A;$6&5ZFG9K5T=>;G6<@;$_:FG693C4u576@8J9;FG9FG_YaV<@3C< yTiming Resolution [ns]

5
4
3
2
1
0
5
4
3
2
1
0
5
4
3
2
1
0 -1
10

TOP

BARRELBOTTOM

1

10

10

2

Pulse Height [p.e.]    :    #   !    8!$#   ! # C%%F " # &   %   2% :    !
      %    !  #   :  &
 


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LC8J<@3o9;EMO_:3CU W$3`;H=5@P3FG\<@;G_:4 5@33 93C6WGa]<@LCFG_:3HSt3C93 6@WGaw6@3C<;$_:4u578:;G9¹StFG9WG4_pFG6b63C<;H|_:4 5@8:;$9Sf<@AFH578:FG_+63C<@;G_:4 5@8:;$9·FG9 UU 3 573 L 5@8:;$93+(LC8J3C9Lxa =>;$6[_J;1MT|½3C93 6@WGa =>3xM X3 - _J8:93CFG6TFGL0|3C_J3CL 5@6@;$9 <Cy;$6+5@P8:<TA 46@AB;$<@3 ju4 A3 6&|/}kFG?8:;GHFH9U3;GA3 67FH5@3C<mFG9^3C_J3CL 5@6@;$9^
LC3 _:3C6@FH57;G6 tz/2³ ( FG<OFo<@;$46LC3k;G=3C_J3CL 5@6@;$9 <m;H=f9;EMO9¬3 93C6WGa$y0f8:WG46@3T¦ <@P;EMO<Fk<LZP3C?`FH5@8:LTDV8:3xM ;G=5@P3  z/2m³ ( <&au<&573 ?l57PFH5º8:<q8:9 <5ZFH_:_:3 U[FG\B;ED$3
57P3kM+FH573  6m57FG9yz{957P 8:<nW$463GS57P 3~nU 4LC8:FG_tD$;$_J4?`3k4<3CU=>;$657P3~<@;$_:FG6O93C4u576@8J9;
FG9FG_YaV<@3C<8:<r8:9U 8:LFs573CU\KaNUFG<@P3 U_:8J93C<FG9U57P3\_pFHLZU ;G57<r8:9U 8:LFs573O57P3_:;VLFH5@8:;$9<
MOP3C63 tz/2m³ ( LFG_J8:\6@FH578J;$9NUFH5ZFoFG63k57FGG3 9¹y
$¨TOWER FOR INSERTING BEAM PIPE
D2 MAGNET

D3 MAGNET

D1 MAGNET
LINAC

E C

A

F D

B

H

G

4200 cm

1300 cm

BEAM PIPE

I

Z

X
Y

4000 cm           %   &      &   %       % E%  &
 ! %         &%2    !     &    
   




 


 

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(MC - DATA)/DATA(MC - DATA)/DATA

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A
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(b) energy resolution

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8

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6

8

10

14

16

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0.04(d) Vertex resolution

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MC - DATA (cm)cos(angler resolution) (MC - DATA)

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total energy (MeV)

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6

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8:9i57P 8:<3C9 3C6@WHa^6@3CWG8:;$9¹yÁMean DATA = 38.64
MC = 37.89
80

60

40

20

0

0

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Electron momentum

60

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Reconstructed Momentum (MeV/c)

45
44
43
42
41
40

±1 %

39
38
37
36
35
0

200
400
600
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Rp(MC)/R p (DATA)

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4

DATA
M.C.

3

2

1
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5
4
3
2
1
0
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5 −2
10

10

−1

1

Momentum(GeV/c)

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