No. 30
ISSN 0289 - 8721

C ASSOC
MI
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S
ION
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ION OF NANUOAL ECO
ON
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Information Bulletin of

The Union of National
Economic Associationsin Japan

日本経済学会連合

2010

TH
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Editorial Committee
Yoshiaki TAKAHASHI, Chuo University
Kazue SHIMAMURA, Waseda University
Fumihiko HIRANO, Nihon University
Takahide KOSAKA, Nihon University
Junko KISO, Ferris University
Akira SAITO, Chuo University
Takako IWATA, Nihon University
Yuji ARUKA, Chuo University
Joji ASAHI, Meikai University
Yuichiro YAMAMOTO, Meiji University
Yasuhiko ISHII, Takachiho University
Kazuo UEDA, Senshu University
Nobuo WATANABE, Josai International University
Directors of the Union
President
Kenichi ENATSU, Waseda University
Yasuo OKAMOTO, University of Tokyo
Toshio KIKUCHI, Nihon University
Mitsuhiko TSURUTA, Chuo University
Yasuhiro OGURA, Toyo University
Hiroshi OTSUKI, Waseda University
Ryuhei WAKASUGI, Kyoto University
Fumihiko HIRUMA, Waseda University
Yukiko FUKAGAWA, Waseda University
Kenji AKIYAMA, Kanagawa University
Secretary General
Masataka OTA, Waseda University
AuditorYoshiaki TAKAHASHI, Chuo University
Takashi HASHIMOTO, Aoyama Gakuin University
Emeritus
Takashi SHIRAISHI, Keio University
Osamu NISHIZAWA, Waseda University

THE UNION OF NATIONAL ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONSIN JAPAN
日本経済学会連合
The Union of National Economic Associations in Japan, established in 1950, celebrated its 60th
anniversary in 2010, as the sole nationwide federation of associations of scholars and experts on economics,
commerce, and business administration. In order to obtain membership an association is subject to an
examination of its academic work. As of 2010, the Union had a membership of 63 associations.
The aims and objectives of the Union are to support the scholarly activities of its member associations
and to promote academic exchanges both among members themselves, and between Japanese and academic
societies overseas. The main activities of the Union are: (1) the publication and distribution of academic
material concerning Japanese economics and papers presented by member scholars, (2) the sending ofmembers to overseas conferences, (3) the holding and supporting of international conferences in Japan, (4)providing financial assistance to member associations who invite foreign scholars to Japan, and (5) collecting
information on activities of member associations and the issuing of a news bulletin.
The Union published in 1974 Keizaigaku No Doko (The Trend in Japanese Economics), based on asurvey of economic studies undertaken in postwar Japan. A supplementary volume covering Japanese
economic studies after 1974 was published in 1982.
The Union and the International Economic Association (IEA) jointly held the Fifth World Congress of
the IEA in Tokyo from August 29 to September 3, 1978. The Union joined the International Institute of
Public Finance in holding the Institute’s 37th Congress at Tokyo in September 1981. The Union dispatched
20 member scholars to the Eighth World Congress of IEA held in India in 1986. Most recently the Union
successfully sponsored the IEA Tokyo Round Table Conference on “Institutions in a New Dynamic Society”
held between 15 and 17 September 1987, and hosted the 1996 IEA Tokyo Round Table Conference between
16 and 19 December, on the theme “The Institutional Foundation of Economic Development in East Asia.”
To celebrate its fiftieth anniversary, the Union held a special lecture meeting on May 25, 2000. Three
lecturers were invited to speak on the theme, “The reforms that the 21st Century will bring to the world
economy, the Japanese economy, and Japanese management.”
To commemorate the 60th anniversary of this Association, a special lecture program was held at the
Waseda University Okuma Auditorium on October 12, 2010. Three lecturers were invited, each of whomspoke from his own perspective on how Japan’s economy and Japanese business, in the midst of thisonce-in-a-century global recession, should solve their present plight and forge new routes for the future.
The Union celebrated in 1980 the 30th anniversary of its founding by launching a variety of activities,
including the publication of The Information Bulletin. Prof. Paul Snowden of Waseda University acts aseditorial adviser.
Address : Secretariat of the Union, c/o School of Commerce, Waseda University,
Nishiwaseda 1-6-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan.

CONTENTS

Page
ACADEMY OF ADVERTISING, JAPAN..................................................................................1
APPLIED MANAGEMENT, JAPAN SOCIETY FOR.............................................................5ASIAN MANAGEMENT, JAPAN SCHOLARLY ASSOCIATION FOR ............................9ASIAN STUDIES, JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR .....................................................14
BUSINESS ETHICS STUDY, JAPAN SOCIETY FOR ..............................................22
CONSUMPTION ECONOMY, JAPAN ACADEMY FOR ...............................................27
EVOLUTIONARY ECONOMICS, JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR ......................................34
HOUSEHOLD ECONOMICS, THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF................................................43
INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND BUSINESS, JAPAN ACADEMY FOR .........................52
MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY, THE ACADEMY OF.......................................................60
MANAGEMENT THEORIES, SOCIETY FOR THE HISTORY OF ..............................65
RISK MANAGEMENT SOCIETY, JAPAN........................................................................76
URBAN MANAGEMENT AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH, NIPPON .........91

JAPAN ACADEMY OF ADVERTISING
1. Mission and Organization of the Academy
The mission of the Japan Academy of Advertising (JAA) has been to advance thequality of advertising research in Japan, thereby contributing to the development ofsociety as a whole. The JAA was established in 1969, and it celebrated its 40th
anniversary in November, 2009. A detailed history of the JAA is reported in Nihon
Kokoku Gakkai Yonju-nenshi (The 40 Years’ History of the JAA).
The number of individual members exceeds 600, including regular members,honorary members, and student members. Approximately 40 percent of the members arein the industry, while a substantial number of members is engaged in both academic andpractical activities. The Academy also has 29 corporate members that support the JAA.
It consists of four regional chapters: Kanto, Chubu, Kansai, and Kyushu. Each chapter
holds regional meetings several times a year, and joint meetings of regional chaptershave been regularly conducted.
There are six academic committees that are in charge of the following activities:
regional chapters, journal publication, research projects, academic awards, public
relations and academic exchanges, and creative affairs. These committee members, aswell as the President, Vice-Presidents, and other board members, serve for threeconsecutive years. In addition, a special committee is organized to supervise the annual
conference every year. Among the six regular committees, the Creative Committee was
newly established in 2006 in order to advance research and exchanges in the field of
advertising creative and communication planning.
2. Annual Conferences and Creative Forums
Since previous activities of the JAA are reported in No.24 (2004) of this Bulletin,
only recent activities are reported below:
The 36th Annual Conference was held at Okinawa International University on
November 11 to 13, 2005, under the direction of Tetsuo HESHIKI (Ryukyu University).
The Conference was organized under the theme, Holistic Approaches to Advertising:
The Changing Nature of Advertising Communications and Reconstruction of theIntegrated Marketing Communications.
The 37th Annual Conference was held at Senshu University (Tokyo) on November
10 to 12, 2006, with Toru ISHIZAKI of the same university as the chief organizer. The
Conference theme was What is the “Power” of Advertising?
The 38th Annual Conference was held at MelPark Kyoto on December 14 to 16,
12007, with Yutaka MIZUNO (Kansai University) as the chief organizer. The organizing
committee included three other universities in the Kansai area, which were Doshisha
University, Ritsumeikan University, and Kwansei Gakuin University. The Conference
theme was In Search of a New Horizon for Advertising Research.
The 39th Annual Conference was held at Tokyo Fuji University on November 14 to
16, 2008, with Keiichi OKAMOTO of the same university as the chief organizer. The
Conference theme was Reconsidering Media/Advertising/Message: Roles and Potentials
of Advertising in the Age of Changing Media.
The 40th Annual Conference was held at Aichi University (Nagoya) on November
13 to 15, 2009, with Yukihiro MURAMATSU of the same university as the chief organizer.
The Conference theme was The Present and Future of Advertising: In Search of a New
Paradigm to Overcome the Crises.
The 41st Annual Conference was held at Toyo University (Tokyo) on October 8 to
10, 2010, with Satoshi HIKITA as the chief organizer. The Conference theme was
Reconsidering the Reason of Existence for and Essential Roles of Advertising.
Beside the Annual Conferences, three “Creative Forums” have been organized by
the Creative Committee: The first Forum was held on May 17, 2008 at Asatsu D.K.
(Tokyo) with the theme “Sciencing the Creative.” The second Forum was held on
October 3, 2009 at Dentsu (Osaka) with the theme “Osaka as a Method.” The third
Forum was held at Hakuhodo (Tokyo) on May 22, 2010 with the theme “Get out of
Squares.” Approximately 200 members attended each Forum, and these Forums
provided academic members with opportunities to learn about the latest trends in theadvertising industry such as utilization of the internet and other nontraditional media.
3. Publications
Kokoku Kagaku (Journal of Advertising Science) has been the official journal of
the JAA since 1975. The numbers of issues per year and editorial policies have changed
several times since then: one issue per year was published until 1985 (No. 1 to No.11);
two issues per year between 1986 and 1999, where one issue contained records of theAnnual Conferences and the other contained papers unrelated to Annual Conferences(No.12 to No.39); a formal review system was introduced in 2000 and the number ofissues was reduced to one (No.40 to No.49); the number of issues was increased to two
in 2009 (No.50 and after).
The 40 Years’ History of the Japan Academy of Advertising was published in
November, 2009. It has over 400 pages and contains detailed information regarding the2

establishment of the Academy, records of Annual Conferences, journal articles, research
projects, academic awards, regulations and lists of board members. It should be
mentioned that Toyoshi MORIUCHI (formerly Nikkei Advertising Research Institute),
who passed away in June, 2010, dedicated most of his time to gathering information andcompiling the history. We appreciate his great contributions to the JAA.
4. Awards to Publications
The JAA Awards have been given for excellent books and articles since 1971. The
numbers of grantees have been slightly decreasing in the past several years, despite theeffort that the rules were changed so that non-members could be also awarded prizes.
Under the present rules, books and articles are evaluated separately either as “academic”
or “educational” publications. All publications listed below are written in Japanese.
2005 Award:
KAWAMURA, Yoji, “A Response Experiment to the Rhetoric of Commercial Film:
toward Building of a Commercial Film Production Support Information System”
Journal of Advertising Science, No.46, 2005.
2006 Awards:
UEJO, Norio, Kokyo Kokoku no Kenkyu (Research of Public Service Advertising),
Nikkei Advertising Research Institute.
YAMAKI, Toshio, Kokoku (Advertising), Hosei University Press.
2007 Award:
none
2008 Award:
NISHINA, Sadafumi, Hiroshi TANAKA and Yoshito MARUOKA, Kokoku Shinri(Psychology of Advertising), Dentsu.
2009 Award
SEKIYA, Naoya, Kankyo Kokoku no Shinri to Senryaku (Psychology and Strategy ofEnvironmental Advertising), Doyukan.
5. Funded Research Projects
Preceding the official establishment of the JAA, there was a strong desire for joint
research projects between the Academy and the industry. Though recent research
projects are not always such academy-industry collaborations, projects have been
funded by the annual membership fees by corporate members. A maximum of one
million yen is awarded to two groups, respectively each year. Grantees can choose
either one year or two years for the research period at the time of application. The
3

Research Project Committee is responsible for selecting grantees. In addition to thisgrant, several regional chapters give small-scale research funds to individual members.
Below are recent research projects of the JAA:
(Note: only completed projects are listed.)2005 Projects
KISHIYA, Kazuhiro and Yutaka MIZUNO, “Branded Entertainment on TV Programs:
A Comparison between Japan and the U.S.”
NAKANO, Maiko and Mineki KOKUBU, “Research on Ethics among Advertisers andAdvertising Agencies: How Advertising Practitioners View Ethics”
2006 Projects:
OHASHI, Terue and Daisetsu FUJII, “The Power of CGM: How the Explosion ofInternet Communication Changes Brand Image”
HIROSE, Morikazu and Shintaro OKAZAKI, “The Impact of Information Involvement
on Media Exposure”
2007 Projects:
SUYAMA, Keisuke, Haruo UMEMOTO and Kozue GOTO, “Brand Communication Mix
and Advertising Media Effect Model: A Consumer Insight”
MIZUKAWA, Takeshi and Youta MITSUNOBU, “Research on Joint Mileage Promotions
among Companies and Consumers’ Attitude toward Mileage Promotions”
2008 Projects:
OKAZAKI, Shintaro and Mie TANAKA, “A Study on Internet Information Privacy
Concerns in Mobile-based Advertising and Promotion”(Shizue KISHI, Tokyo Keizai University)

4

JAPAN SOCIETY FOR APPLIED MANAGEMENT
1. Brief History of the Society
The Japan Society for Applied Management (JSAM) was established on 24 June,
1967. Founders were Professor Shigeru NOMA (Meiji University at that time, the firstpresident), Professor Takatsugu NATOH (College of Economics, Nihon University,
Founder chief director, the second president), Professor Minoru TAKEDA (Teikyo
University, afterwards), Professor Shigero MITSUMORI（Soka University, afterwards）andother antecedent leaders. Since then, JSAM has been served by the following
presidents: Seiji MUROMOTO (Nihon University),Toshimasa YOKOZAWA (Asia
University), Noboru NAKAGAKI (Chukyo University), and Fumihiko HIRANO (Nihon
University).
2. The Aim and Method of JSAM
The aim of JSAM is to accumulate researches and studies on practices of business
management, to make them public and examine them comparatively, and to spread theresults to the world. For this purpose, not only academics but also business persons andbusiness consultants who are eager to research facts or principles have been assembled.
In recent years JSAM has been advocating a practical approach by emphasizing
real managerial situations and harmonizing theories and practices more clearly. This isin order to make efforts to modernize management theories which are continuously
becoming outdated in the situation of globalization advancing rapidly.
3. The Academic Ethics of JSAM
JSAM has been raising its academic ethics as follows.
（1）Principal Question
Does your research contribute towards a knowledge creation offering solutions to global
human and social problems?
（2）Six Ethical Mission Statements＜A＞ On research questions, we should be conscious of:①

the public mission and public interest to contribute towards the realization ofworld peace, human welfare, social development and physically and mentally
wealthy society, and②sustainable uses of cosmic and terrestrial resources, societal resources, andhuman resources5＜B＞ On research approach, we should: hold③

a sense of noble conviction, consciousness and justice and social responsibility
which are based on bioethics, a spirit of animal protection and respect forhuman rights,④

a firm will to contribute to social justice, as well as respect towards compliance,and⑤honest and gentle behavior, and pride and dignity.
For that, we should not forge or counterfeit study data or plagiarise others’
articles. We should distinguish own opinion and others’ strictly and be consciousof our responsibility for our own opinions.

＜C＞ Finally, on research environment,⑥

researchers should not compromise their research based on inadequate research
conditions or environment. They should always be conscious to improve theirresearch environment for smoothly progress in free and vigorous research. We
should take effort in improving our research environment.

4. Outline of JSAM’s Activities
JSAM now carries out the following activities.
（1）The annual national academic conference
It is held at various places in Japan every year. About 50 presentations of theresearch results by society members, and a symposium under some united subject are
conducted there every year. .
（2）Local Branch Academic Meetings
JSAM has eight Local Branches in the country as follows: Hokkaido (Office in thecity of Sapporo), Tohoku (in Sendai), Kanto (in Tokyo), Hokuriku (in Kanazawa),
Chubu (in Nagoya), Kansai (in Osaka), Chugoku & Shikoku (in Hiroshima), andKyushu & Okinawa (in Nagasaki). Each branch holds an academic meeting once or
twice a year in each place.
（3）Publishing
JSAM has now four publications as follows:□ Annals of the Japan Society for Applied Management (Jissen Keiei )Refereed Articles are collected mainly. In Vol. No. 46 published 2009), 30 articles
appeared.
6□ The Japanese Journal of Applied Management Studies― Articles for the Annual Academic Conference of JSAM (Jissen Keieigaku
Kenkyu)40〜50 articles announced at the Annual Academic Conference of the age werecollected.

□ Newsletter
This is an official information paper for member. It is edited and published at theSociety Headquarters twice a year.

□ The Fruits of JSAM Series
There are 20-page leaflets written as a result of independent or collaborative
research activities within JSAM. The first was published in 2010.
（4）Cooperating with holding the Japan-China-South Korea 3-country business
management forum
JSAM has been concerned with some international activities steadily for many
years.
During those years, Toshimasa YOKOZAWA, professor at Asia University, who wasformer president of JSAM, and the late JIN Tiecheng, who was a Chinese graduate
student at the University of Tokyo, established this academic meeting among three
countries. The first forum was held in 2005 and a forum has been held sequentially oncea year since then. The first forum was held in Shanghai, the second in Pusan, the third inTokyo, the fourth in Shanghai, and the fifth in Pusan. The sixth forum was held inTokyo in 2010.
（5）Awards
JSAM started own award system in 1998 to commend members’ excellent researchachievements. It has three prizes as follows:①Grand Prix of JSAM: to commend excellent research concerning theory development
on enterprise, industry and its applied management chiefly② The NATOH Prize: to commend experimental studies and practice researches onenterprise and industry chiefly. (named after Founder chief director NATOH)③Encouragement Prize: To promote scholarly investigations of actual conditions on
7

enterprises and industries chiefly
5. The united subjects raised at annual national academic conferences in the last
decade.
Sequence

53rd

Year

Research themes raised at theassociation’s assemblies

Site

Management philosophy-led corporate
Prefecturaland human resource management: In
2010.9
University ofsearch of congruence between humanity
Hiroshimaand rationality
Ishinomaki
SenshuUniversity

52nd

2009.9 Regional promotion and tourism

51st2008.950th

Corporate management during periods
2007.9 of reform and applied management: Its
challenges and prospects

49th

2006.948th

Disaster prevention, regeneration and Niigata
2005.9 the regions: From applied management University ofManagement

47th

2004.946th

Creation of “knowledge” for the 21st
century and research challenges for Dohto
2003.9applied management: Focusing on University
Japan’s tomorrow

45th

2002.944th

Creation of social systems in the newera: IT revolution, aging society and2001.9declining birthrate, public welfare,environment and culture

Creation of regions and applied

University ofmanagement: Voices from the regions

Nagasaki
Tokyo
International
University

Practicing our wisdom: Rebirth of Chukyo
leadership
University

Post modern management: In search ofa practice-based knowledge

Challenges and prospects ofmanagement

regionAsia University

Executive
Chairman
OBARA
KumikoHARUYAMA
ToshioMURAKAMINorio
WATANABE
Motoyuki
MURAYAMA
Motofusa
FUKAZAWAYuhka
SUZUKI
Shinobu
YAMADA
TakashiNasu University

FUKAZAWA
Yuhka

KyushuUniversity of
Health andWelfare

MINEO
Kazumichi(Fumihiko HIRANO, Nihon University)
8

JAPAN SCHOLARLY ASSOCIATION FOR ASIAN MANAGEMENT
1. Brief History and Activities
The Japan Scholarly Association for Asian Management (JSAAM) was founded in
1993 for the purpose of promoting business and management research and academic
exchange among internal and external researchers in the Asian region. The association
was inaugurated during a conference celebrating the anniversary of the establishment of
the International Federation of East Asian Management Associations (IFEAMA), held at
Senshu University. Attended by representatives from academic organizations throughout
the Asian region including China, Korea, Russia, Mongolia and Vietnam, and a large
number of researchers and graduate exchange students, the anniversary conference
served to deepen mutual exchange among the peoples of Asia.
JSAAM has held a national conference once a year since its establishment.
Additionally, conferences are held by its east and west Japan chapters once a year toannounce research findings.
IFEAMA currently operates in Japan, China, Korea, Russia, Vietnam andMongolia. The Federation holds conferences on a rotational basis in these nations once
every two years.
As of September 2010, JSAAM has 367 members. The present chairman is
Teruhisa UETAKE, Professor Emeritus, Keio University, who succeeded Teruhisa
HASHIMOTO, Professor, Ritsumeikan University, in September 2009. The Association’s
executive consists of 20 board members and a trusteeship consisting of 30 members.
(1) The activities in recent years of the national conference of JSAAM are listed below.
2003: 10th Annual Conference (Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University)
Diversification and Integration of Asian Business Management andEconomies
2004: 11th
AnnualConference(Rikkyo
University)
International
Competitiveness and Corporate Governance of Asian Businesses
2005: 12th Annual Conference (University of Marketing and Distribution
Sciences) East Asian Economic Regional Development and Business
Management Issues
2006: 13th Annual Conference (Senshu University) Structural Changes andCorporate Strategic Issues in Asia
2007: 14th Annual Conference (Doshisha University) Asian competitiveness:
Cluster Network Innovation
9

2008: 15th Annual Conference (Fukuoka University) Globalization and New
Stages of Business Management in Asia
2009: 16th Annual Conference (Takushoku University) Asian Markets andBusiness Management in the Global Recession(2) East and West Japan chapter meetings:
Research conferences held once a year by the east and west Japan chapters since
1994.
(3) Themes and host countries of IFEAMA Conferences to date are as follows:
1993: 1st Conference (Tokyo, Japan) - Inaugural Meeting
1995: 2nd Conference (Changchun, China) - East-Asian Cooperation in the
Tumen River and Bohai Rim developments
1996: 3rd Conference (Moscow, Russian Federation) - Modernizing Economies
and Reforming Management
1998: 4th Conference (Hanoi, Vietnam) - Asian Economic Recovery and theRole of Small to Medium-sized Businesses
2000: 5th Conference (Seoul Korea) Modern Management in a Transitioning
East Asia
2003: 6th Conference (Yanji, China) Problems Facing Management inNorth-East Asia
2004: 7th Conference (Tokyo, Japan) East-Asian Corporate Management in the
Global Economy”
2006: 8th Conference (Beijing, China) Economic Development and Managementin East Asia”
2008: 9th Conference (Moscow, Russian Federation) Modernization of Economy
and Management Development
2. The 2010 Annual Conferences(1) 17th Annual Conference of JSAAM was held at Sapporo University. With the themeof Asian Business Management in the Age of Growth and New Crises, theconference was chaired by Sapporo University Professor Osamu KOYAMA. Speakers
and individual themes were as follows:・ Osamu KOYAMA (Sapporo University): “Asian Business Management in the Age ofGrowth and New Crises”
・ Toshio GOMI (Meiji University): “Adaptation Strategies for Transitioning
10

Multinational Electronics Companies in Competitive Environments”
・ Fumio YOSHINO (Takushoku University): “Asian Businesses after the Global
Recession”
・ Toshimasa ASAKA (Konan University): “Turbulent Business Strategies in Asia”
・ Keiji NATSUME (Ryukoku University): “A Global View of the Competitiveness ofAsian ICT Companies and International Personnel Movements”(2) The 10th Conference of IFEAMA was held at Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
With the central theme of Overcoming the Global Recession and Paradigm Shifts in
Asian Management, the conference was chaired by Hanyang University Professor
Tae-soo RYU. Speakers at the conference and individual themes are listed below.
・ Tran Thi Van HOA & Tran Kim HAO (Hanoi National Economics University,
Vietnam), “Vietnam Economy and Measures to Enhance Macroeconomic Stability”
・ Chie IGUCHI (Rikkyo University, Japan), “Global Innovation Strategies of TNC
Subsidiaries in South East Asian Countries”
・ Yu JIN (Hohai University, China), “Comparative Analysis on Market Performance ofAuto Makers from Japan, Korea, and China”・ Gennady AZOEV (State University of Management, Russia), “World and Russian
Nano-products Market: Results of Marketing Research”
・ Zhaowu DENG (Lundong University, China), “The Study of Top Management
Leadership in the Chinese State-owned Enterprise – The Case of the General
Manager and the Board Chairman”
・ Keisuke NAKAGAWA (Shimonoseki City University, Japan), “A Study of Corporate
Scandals in South Korea : Focused on Both ‘the World (Segan)’ and Society”
・ Tae-soo RYU (Hanyang University, Korea), “The Operating Strategies ofCluster-Based Associations for Regional Innovation”
3. The Journal of Asian Management Studies
Every year JSAAM publishes the Journal of Asian Management Studies. Using thepeer review system, all articles published in the Journal are screened, and may include
materials related to the themes announced at the annual national conferences, articles
with free themes, as well as other freely submitted articles and research notes. Around
20 articles, including theses and research notes, are published in the Journal each year.
The journal was first released in 2006, and is currently printed and bound by Yuigaku
Shobo, a private publishing company.

11

4. Recent Trends in Studies
The remarkable economic growth in East Asia is always accompanied by large
qualitative changes, largely due to the economic crises. Those who study management,
and businesses supporting economic development in East Asia pay close attention to thechanges triggered by these crises.
In September 2008, the world was plunged into financial and economic crisis
triggered by the collapse of the Lehman Bros Investment Bank in the United States.
This crisis brought pressure for a qualitative change in China, whose influence wasgetting stronger and stronger not only in Eastern Asia but also around the world. In
other words, one of the changes facing China is the country’s shift away from being“the world's factory” towards developing its own domestic markets. This is also forcing
Japan to rethink direct investment and capital expenditure in China. While penetration
into coastal areas has become more difficult, investment inland and in the mountainous
regions is becoming increasingly attractive. There are also more enticements forcorporations to transform from mass production to quality production, as demand forpenetration by corporations with brand power, cutting-edge manufacturing and so on
takes over from the conventional type of processing trades. And as measures to protect
workers, new labor contract laws have also come into force that require provisions forlifetime employment and increases to the minimum wage.
These changes in China have created more pressure for Japanese companies todiversify their expansions into the ASEAN countries, India, Bangladesh, Russia andothers. Of course, it isn’t only Japanese companies that are feeling these pressures. They
are also being felt by Korean, Taiwanese, American and European companies. Currently,
globalization in the Asian economic region and new developments in integration mean
there are large changes taking place to the economic structures between nations.
Diversification of production bases and import and export routes, and increased
mutuality are advancing at a rapid pace, while mutually cooperative relationships are
becoming more and more indispensable not only in the “hard” area of manufacturing,but in the “soft” areas of research and development, etc. With these developments, there
is also an accompanying demand for reform to corporate strategy and management.
These research trends have been gathered from research announced at JSAAM
National Conference and its east and west Japan chapter meetings. Research exchange
about the Asian community is also actively carried out at conferences held by IFEAMA,and specific details are reflected in the Journal of Asian Management Studies released
by JSAAM.

12

5. Future Prospects
In 2011, the 18th conference of JSAAM will be held at Ryukoku University in
Kyoto. The 11th conference of IFEAMA is also due to be held in Nanjing, China in 2012,
while its 12th conference will be held in Hanoi, Vietnam in 2014.
（Takahide KOSAKA, Nihon University）

13

THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR ASIAN STUDIES (JAAS)
1. Outline
The Japan Association for Asian Studies (formerly The Japan Association for Asian
Political and Economic Studies: hereafter JAAS) was founded on May 5, 1953. JAAS
was not the only academic society that was involved in Asian studies at that time, but it
was unique in the sense that it was politically neutral while most other similarorganizations were deeply influenced by specific ideology, against the background of
the political atmosphere in Japan in the early 1950s.
The inaugural statement of JAAS says, “It is unquestionable common knowledge
that the analyses of Asian affairs, including not only Chinese affairs but also Korean,
Indian and other southern areas’ affairs, is of immense importance for Japan.
Nevertheless, the Japanese have not been so keen on studying theoretically andempirically the current political and economic problems of Asia, compared with theireffort to study Asian history and classics. Therefore, we wish to mend this big defect inJapanese academia by combining the efforts of scholars, bureaucrats, and businessmen.
By doing so, we can not only contribute to the progress of scholarship but also fulfill theimmediate needs of society.” This spirit has been alive throughout the 57 years’ historyof JAAS.
In 1957, JAAS was authorized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a public
service corporation (koeki hojin). It is one of the few academic associations that are
officially permitted as foundational juridical persons (zaidan hojin) in Japan. Although
as a foundational juridical person JAAS falls under the supervision of the Ministry ofForeign Affairs, it goes without saying that JAAS has never lost its academic
independence in its history.
2. Membership
The membership of JAAS is said to have been only about 50 at the time of its firstnational meeting at Keio University in 1953. When JAAS celebrated its 30th anniversary
in 1983, the number of members reached 500, and in 1987 it surpassed 600. During the
1990s, due to the rise of interest to Asia and the increase of foreign students coming toJapan, the membership expanded impressively. In 1993 it was 800, and in 1999 it
surpassed 1000. There were 1287 members, including 12 honorary members and a few
corporate members, as of October 2009. JAAS comprises members with a variety of
disciplines, including economics, political science, international relations, history,sociology, and anthropology, though they share interests in Asia, from Pakistan to Japan14

and from Mongolia to Indonesia. According to a survey conducted in January 2008,
57% of the members were engaged in the study of East Asia, 30% were engaged in the
study of Southeast Asia, 7% were engaged in the study of South Asia, and 6%
responded that they studied either “Asia as a whole,” “the Asia Pacific region,” “Asian
newly industrialized economies,” or “other regions.” In terms of country, those engaged
in Chinese studies accounted for 40% of all the respondents.
3. Academic Activities
The academic activities conducted by JAAS include annual national meetings,
regional meetings, regular seminars, and publications.
1) Annual National Meetings
The annual national meetings usually consist of four types of sessions: free theme
sessions, sub-theme sessions for specific topics, common theme sessions, andinternational sessions in which the presentations and discussions are usually conductedin languages other than Japanese. All the records of the discussions at these sessions arereported in the JAAS Newsletter, which is downloadable at the website of JAAS
(http://www.jaas.or.jp).
The recent annual national meeting held in October 2009 at Hosei University
consisted of twelve free theme sessions, four sub-theme sessions, a common theme
session and an international session. The theme of the common theme session was“Infectious disease in the age of globalization and Asia,” which comprised presentations
by Wataru IIJIMA (Aoyama Gakuin University), Minako YOSHIKAWA (Kyoto University),and Hiroyoshi ENDO (Tokyo Women’s Medical University), discussing the recent
epidemic of SARS, bird flu, and other types of influenza from the viewpoints of history,
political science, and public health. The theme of the international session was“Reassessing the Chinese Communist Party: deepening dusk or breaking dawn?” withpresentations by BAI Zhili (Peking University) and Kazuko KOJIMA (Tsukuba
University), JING Yuejing (Renmin University of China), LU Lijun (East China
University of Science and Technology) and Hiroko MINAMI (Hitotsubashi University)and Mari NAKAOKA (Tokiwa University), BAI Nansheng (Renmin University of China),
discussing the presence of Chinese Communist Party among the elites, masses, and in
the economy. The presentations and discussions in this session were conducted in
Chinese and Japanese. The themes of four sub-theme sessions were “The Present Status
and Prospects of Sino-Vietnamese Relations,” “The General Election of India in 2009,”“The Process and Mechanism of Sino-Japanese Relations since 1980s,” and “Political
15

Participation in China.” Fifty five presentations were made during the two-day meeting.
2) Regional Meetings
JAAS has two divisions, East Japan and West Japan, and each has its own regional
meeting once a year.
The recent regional meeting of the East Japan division of JAAS was held in May
2010 at Hokkaido University. It consisted of two common theme sessions and six
sub-theme sessions. The titles of the common theme sessions were, “China and its
Borders between its Neighboring Countries,” and “Party, Violence, andSociety—Reflections on Violence in Modern China.” In the former session, ShinKAWASHIMA (University of Tokyo), LI Guoqiang (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences),
Koichi SATO (J.F. Oberlin University), and Osamu YOSHIDA (Hiroshima University)
made presentations on various border issues between China and its neighboring nations.
In the latter session, LIN Xiuguang (Keio University), Jun KONNO (Gakushuin Women’sCollege), and Toyohiko KABA (Kyoto Tachibana University) discussed incidents ofpolitical violence which have occurred in the modern history of China.
The recent regional meeting of the West Japan division of JAAS was held in June2010 at Kyoto University. It consisted of five free theme sessions, three sub-theme
sessions, and a common theme session. The title of the common theme session was“The Dynamic Growth of Asian Economies during Global Recession—Economic
Structure and the Role of Government.” Kosuke MIZUNO (Kyoto University), Fumiharu
MIENO (Kobe University), and TANG Cheng (St. Andrew’s University) madepresentations on Indonesian, Thai, and Chinese economies respectively. The titles of the
sub-theme sessions were, “Political Change in Southeast Asia from the Viewpoints of
the People who live in Border Districts,” “The Change of Indonesia during the Two
Economic Crises, 1998 and 2008,” and “A Historical View on the Normalization of
Diplomatic Relations between Japan and Korea.”163) Statistics of Presentations made at Annual National Meetings and Regional Meetings

1
2

1
1

2

6
2

4
1

1
1

5
1
1

3
1

1
4

1
2

8

1
1
1

1

1

1

2
2

1
1
1
1
1

1

4

4
2
1

1

1

1

1

2

1
2

1
2 1 1
5 23 10 17

1 5
9 19

1

3

2
1
1

9
9
1

24

3
45

2
1

1 1
12 1
1
2
4
1
1 1 1 5 1
9 58 12 62 43

1
1

1
1

Subtotal

5
1
6

1
1
1

1
1

Others

1

4
6

1
2

Social Security

11

Migration

5 25
3

Media

10
1

2 1
5 2
1 1
1 19 30
1 1 2
1
1
1

Gender, Class, Society

13

Industry

1

History

3
4International, Security

22

Democracy, Election

General, Party

Agriculture, Rural

Industry, Enterprise

Macro-, Finance

Area
Japan
South Korea
1 2
North Korea
China
11 19 11
Taiwan4
Hong Kong
Mongolia
Philippines
1 1Thailand3 1 1
Vietnam
1 1
Malaysia
1
Singapore
Indonesia
7 3 3
Laos
1
2
Cambodia
Myanmar
2
Timor-Leste
Bangladesh
India
3 6 1
Pakistan
RussiaUzbekstan
Iran
East Asia
1
1Southeast Asia
3 1South Asia
Central Asia
West Asia
Asia
7 1 1
Subtotal
40 39 22
(Source) The Author

Environment
Economic Cooperation,
Trade, FDI
Labor, Income
Distribution

Table 1 Presentations made at JAAS meetings classified by their field and area
Field
EconomyPolitics
Sociology

10
18
2
172
16
4
1
10
19
7
10
2
25
4
2
7
1
1
26
3
1
2
1
17
34
4
5
2
31
437

To show the distribution of interests among the members of JAAS, the author hascompiled statistics of the presentations made at recent annual national meetings andregional meetings. All presentations made at five annual national meetings during 2005
and 2009 and ten regional meetings during 2006 and 2010 were classified by their fields
17

of interest and the country or area of their focus (Table 1). It is not an easy task toclassify the presentations at JAAS meetings into a single slot in Table 1, because many
presentations discuss cross-national, cross-disciplinary issues: for example, which slot is
the right place to classify a presentation entitled “Sino-Japanese Trade during the
1960s”, “China” or “Japan,” “Economy-Economic Cooperation, Trade, FDI” or“History”? Despite such difficulties, it was somehow possible to classify each of the437 presentations made during the past five years in JAAS meetings into one of theslots in Table 1.
Table 1 shows that, in terms of area, China was the focus of 172 (39%)
presentations, roughly corresponding to the percentage of the members who are engaged
in China studies. It is surprising that there have been only two presentations on North
Korea during the past five years. Compared with the frequency of articles related to
North Korea in Japanese newspapers and magazines, the proportion of presentations on
North Korea in JAAS meetings seems very low. In this regard, we may need to revive
the spirit of the founders of JAAS, who expressed in the inaugural statement their
willingness to “fulfill the immediate needs of society.” Table 1 also indicates the widthof the geographical coverage of the members’ interests. Almost all Asian countries werefocused on by more than one presentation during the past five years.
In terms of fields of interests, 170 (39%) presentations were on the economy, while
132 (30%) presentations were on politics. The dominance of economic and politicalstudies reflects the basic character of JAAS, which is indicated in its Japanese name,
Ajia seikei gakkai (Association for Asian Political and Economic Studies). However, thehigh proportion of presentations based on other disciplines, such as sociology (15%),
history (10%), law, and environmental studies reflects the diversity of the interests of its
members. Interdisciplinary perspectives have always had great importance attached tothem in JAAS since its establishment.
4) Quarterly seminars
JAAS has resumed its quarterly seminars since July 2010. The purpose of quarterly
seminars is to provide young scholars with chances to brush up their studies bypresenting in front of more experienced scholars.
5) Publications
JAAS publishes a quarterly journal named Aziya Kenkyu (Asian Studies), which
has entered its 56th year in 2010. The journal is one of the most important journals in thefield of Asian studies in Japan. The journal is edited by the editorial committee
18

consisting of 20 JAAS members. All manuscripts submitted to the journal are refereed
by anonymous referees appointed by the editorial committee. Besides the editorialcommittee, the book review committee consisted of 11 JAAS members compiles bookreviews. All the contents of the 56 volumes of the journal are available electronically at
the website of JAAS.

2

3

1

1

1

1
3 18
1

2

1
2

1
1
1

1
1
5

1

3

2
1

1

1

1

3
1

2
1

5

5

3

3

4

5
1
2
1
2 2
3 18 26

2

0

6

0

5

5

Subtotal

11Social Security

MigrationMedia

Industry

2
1

OthersSociology
Gender, Class, Society

History

International, Security

Democracy, Election

General, Party

Agriculture, Rural

Industry, Enterprise

Macro-, Finance

Area
Japan
South Korea
2
North Korea
1
China
5 3
TaiwanHong Kong
1
Mongolia
Philippines
Thailand
3 1
VietnamIndonesia
2
Cambodia
India
Egypt
East Asia
4Southeast Asia
1South Asia
West Asia
Asia
3
Subtotal
16 10(Source) The Author

Environment
Economic Cooperation,
Trade, FDI
Labor, Income
Distribution

Table 2 Articles in Aziya kenkyu classified by their field and area
Field
Politics
Economy

3
6
2
45
1
1
1
6
1
8
4
6
1
2
1
11
2
2
1
5 12
6 115

The author has compiled similar statistics to Table 1 on the fields and areas of thearticles, research notes, and review articles published in the twenty issues of Aziya
Kenkyu during 2005-2009 (Table 2). What is remarkable in Table 2 is that the
proportion of historical studies (23%), especially articles on Chinese history, isconsiderably higher than its proportion in all the presentations at JAAS meetings. It
should be noted here, however, that the articles on Chinese history in Aziya Kenkyu
consist only of articles on modern history, i.e. the Republican and People’s Republican19

era, and many of them are written by political scientists and economists. On the other
hand, the proportion of articles on politics (22%) is considerably lower than its
proportion in the presentations, especially those which focus on a single country. This
figure may reflect the difficulty of writing an academic paper on the current politics ofAsia.
Besides the quarterly journal, JAAS had a unique system of publishingmonographs on China studies. The monographs published by this system are entitled theContemporary China Study Series. Thirty-eight volumes of this series were publishedduring 1964-2001. However, JAAS has suspended the publication of this series since
2002 because of the termination of financial support from the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs. The full texts of six volumes are available electronically at the website of
JAAS.
JAAS occasionally publishes edited volumes on Asian studies. To commemorate
its 40th anniversary, a four-volume series entitled A Course on Modern Asia waspublished by the University of Tokyo Press in 1994. The titles of the four volumes are“Nationalism and Nation State,” “Modernization and Structural Change,”“Democratization and Economic Development,” and “Regional System andInternational Relations.” In 2008, a three-volume series entitled Modern Asian Studies
was published by Keio University Press to present the most advanced analyses ofcontemporary Asia. The titles of the three volumes are “Beyond the Borders,” “Civil
Society,” and “Policy.” The three volumes consist of 50 chapters written by 49 authors.
JAAS launched the JAAS Prize for the Best Article in Asian Studies in 2003. The
purpose of the Prize is to encourage Asian studies by the young members of JAAS. The
article to be awarded the Prize is selected from those published in Aziya Kenkyu, andthose published in other refereed journals, which have been recommended by JAAS
members. The winners of the Prize (and the titles of their articles) were: in 2003,
Chisako MASUO (“China’s Relations with the Korean Peninsula in the Deng Xiaoping
Period”) and CHEN Cheng-ta (“The Formation Process of the Taiwan Petrochemical
Industry and the Development Mechanism”); in 2004, Toru KURATA (“China-Hong
Kong Relations under the ‘One Country, Two Systems’ Formula”); in 2005, Tsuyoshi
KINAKA (“From Leninism to Fascism”); in 2006, Kazuko KOJIMA (“The Controversy
over the Reform of Chinese Trade Unions under Marketization”); in 2007, Hiroyuki
HOSHIRO (“‘An Asian Community’ in 1962”); in 2008, Wataru KUSAKA (“The Agency
and Dilemma of the Urban Poor”); in 2009, Yuichiro HIRANO (“Political Leaders’ Views
towards Forests in the People’s Republic of China”).

20

4. Institutional Reform
The Japanese government started to reform public service corporations in 2000,
and JAAS, as one of those public service corporations, has started its institutional
reform. In 2005, the board of directors of JAAS agreed upon a new corporate charter,
which rectified the electoral process of directors. To streamline administrative work andspend more time on academic activities, JAAS has transferred some of its
administrative work, such as services towards members, to a non-profit organization.
Besides these, JAAS has drastically improved its website so that the general public caneasily access the publications and activities of JAAS. However, JAAS needs toaccomplish still more paperwork to fulfill the requirements imposed by the government
on foundational juridical persons and public service corporations.
(Tomoo MARUKAWA, University of Tokyo and Director of JAAS)

21

JAPAN SOCIETY FOR BUSINESS ETHICS
Introduction
After the end of the so-called “Bubble Economy”, Japanese businesses are still
struggling with the longest recession ever. Certainly, we are in the middle of a major
economic environmental shift. There is an urgent need for us to transform our businessstyle and improve our business education, so that Japanese business can survive in the
new business paradigm of the 21st century. This is no time to preserve oldJapanese-style management which permitted questionable business conduct such as, 1)
questionable political donations (Seijikenkin), 2) questionable socializing withhigh-ranking bureaucrats, amounting to bribery (Settai), 3) corrosive price-fixing
exchange (Dango), and 4) Sokaiya business gang relationships. We must abide by the
new rules of the global economy, which requires fair and transparent business practice.
Otherwise, we cannot regain the world’s trust or join the mega-competition of the global
market. I must also point out that Japanese society has its own idiosyncratic issues ofbusiness practice. For example, astonishingly long hours of work that often lead to“Karoshi (death from overwork)”, are unheard of in other countries. Diligence andindustriousness are not confined to the Protestant work ethic, but rather are universal
virtues of the modern world. However, if all this hard work leads to a worker’s death, it
is not a virtue, but rather a sickness and a sin.
For this reason, I believe that “business ethics” has the key role to reform Japanesebusiness, both in the academic and the practical sphere. For past 18 years, Japan Society
for Business Ethics have tried to popularize business ethics in Japan. Although thegeneral recognition of business ethics has improved, there is also a certain hesitationand skepticism over adopting business ethics as a discipline and practical program.
My assignment here is to report the situation of business ethics in the Japanese
academic and business world. However, it is impossible to cover everything, so I willreport on only the portion that I am relatively familiar with.
2. Business Ethics in Japanese Universities
In terms of statistical information, there has been a number of nationwide surveys
on the current situation of business ethics education in Japanese universities. The oldest
research was conducted by the Kanagawa University Institute of International
Management and I was one of the members of this project. The survey was conducted in
the fall of 1997. Questionnaires were circulated among 370 departments nationwide(including departments of economics, commerce, management, philosophy, social
22

studies, etc. and 15 graduate schools); 170 valid answers returned. The following chartshows a brief summary of this survey.
Business Ethics

Related Course

Plan to offer BE
in Future

G1=4

Yes

Yes

No

G2=5

No

Yes

Yes

G3=1

Yes

No

Yes

G4=17

Yes

No

No

G5=26

No

Yes

No

G6=20

No

No

Yes

G7=97

No

No

No

Total 170

Yes=22(12.9%)

Yes=35(20.5%)

Yes=26 (15.3%)

Fig. 1 BE in Japanese Universities

According to this result, we can see that only 22 departments offer business ethics
courses which is about 13% of the respondents. This number is still low compared with
the American situation. However, there is some hope. A total of 26 departments
indicated that they have specific plans to offer business ethics courses in the future.
What surprised us was the fact that in 97 (about 57%) of the departments, there isno course on business ethics and related subjects. Furthermore, they have no intention
of offering business ethics courses. About 1/3 of these departments mentioned the
difficulties in curriculum as the main reason for not offering courses. Several
departments mentioned the difficulty of finding appropriate staff to teach this subject.
Some schools wrote that it would be inappropriate to adopt business ethics into theircurriculum.
In sum, these findings suggest that there is general awareness of the necessity ofbusiness ethics, but at the same time there is strong reservation and suspicion caused by
misunderstanding and underestimation of business ethics among scholars.
Recent Situation on Business Ethics Education
More recent research on this subject has been conducted by Keio University
Mitsuhiro UMEZU’s seminar in 2005. This research project was a comprehensive one,consisting of net syllabus research, questionnaires and interview research of students,
management scholars and business practitioners.
23

The overall result indicated that business ethics education in Japan lags far behindthat of the United States and Europe. According to this research, only 9.3% of Japanese
universities offer business ethics and related courses. Class enrollment average wasabout 115, even though several classes exceeded 600 students enrolled. These courses
were mainly taught by part-timers and were electives rather than required courses.
Based on this result, we concluded that business ethics was quite a popular subject
among Japanese students; however, from the perspective of course and curriculum,
Japanese universities were not emphasizing business ethics and related humanistic
management education.
In response to these findings, scholars and practitioners reacted positively tosupport business ethics education. As many as 53% of business practitioners answeredthat business ethics education is necessary at the university level, and 78% of scholars
answered “Yes” to the question “should business ethics course required?” Many of themreasoned that student days are an ideal time to tackle ethical dilemmas and consider theissues from a wider perspective before entering the business world. Although 85.5% of
students who responded expected to be faced with ethical dilemmas in the work place,
65.3% of students were not sure if they could make an ethical judgment. Older scholars
and practitioners were more idealistic and optimistic, while younger students were more
realistic and pessimistic. Either way, there was a clear recognition for the necessity ofbusiness ethics education.
Then, why are there so few business ethics courses offered? We interviewed somescholars. Typical answers were no room in the curriculum, no findings etc. Somescholars pointed out the shortage of qualified teachers to teach this subject. For those
who advocated humanistic management education should listen carefully to this lastpoint. In order to create good humanistic management education, obviously we need
qualified teachers to teach those courses. But in order to train qualified teachers, weneed a system of education which emphasizes humanistic management education. In theinitial stage of changing the education system, we have to solve this catch-22 situation
first.
JABES as the Center for Academic Personnel
One practical way to solve the shortage of qualified teachers is to organize an
academic society, because academic research and discussion create a disciplinary matrix
where academically qualified individuals can be trained. In 1993, the Japan Society ofBusiness Ethics (JABES) began its organizational activities. At that time, little morethan 30 members gathered to promote the academic research of business ethics in Japan.
24

Although JABES started as an academic organization, they have tried to balanceacademic studies and practical application. Consequently, JABES has always
encouraged both academics and business practitioners to join.
As of December 2009, JABES members exceed 480 and they have three regional
divisions (Tokyo area, Osaka area and Nagoya area.) These regional divisions regularly
meet independently, and often foreign scholars are invited as speakers of the meetings.
In terms of subject divisions, there are 7 study groups: 1) Managerial Philosophy,2) Corporate Conduct, 3) Auditing, 4) Positivistic Research, 5) CSR, 6) Business Ethics
Education, and 7) Executive Leadership. Many of these groups have monthly study
meetings where members and outside speakers present papers.
Since 1993, JABES has held its annual conferences in October. Every year themain topic of the year is announced beforehand and both scholars and businesspractitioners apply to present research papers. The 17th annual meeting’s main topic
was Global Recession and Business Ethics, and 26 presenters read papers in threedifferent conference rooms at Keio University. After intense discussions, the papers
were edited and published in the Journal of the Japan Society for Business Ethics,
which was published the following March.
Although JABES actively promotes business ethics studies, there is limited impact
on Japanese universities. As I stated before, JABES has always encouraged bothacademics and business practitioners to join. However, academics and businesspractitioners have two different purposes and mentalities. Japanese academia has notbeen ready to accept business practitioners into academia. PRME and other new
movements of management education philosophy encourage a bridge between these twoworlds. We should carefully deal with this issue, because bridging those two is anextremely difficult task.
(Mitsuhiro UMEZU, Ph. D. Keio University)

25Appendix: JABES Annual Conferences and Main Topics
Year

Main Topic and Place

1993

Significance and Role of Business Ethics
Economics Club, Tokyo

1994

Business Ethics in Changing Society
Economics Club, Tokyo

1995

Business Ethics and Japanese Style Management
Economics Club, Tokyo

1996

Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility
Sophia University

1997

Business Ethics and Globalization
Ohtemon University

1998

Business Ethics and Environmental Problems
Sophia University

1999

Business Ethics and Corporate GovernanceWaseda University

2000

Business Ethics in the 21st Century
Waseda University

2001

Business Ethics and Information Society
Bunkyo Gakuin University

2002

Business Ethics in Japanese Society: Reflections and Outlook
Bunkyo Gakuin University

2003

Business Ethics and Corporate Reform
Bunkyo Gakuin University

2004

Business Ethics and CSR
Nanzan University

2005

Business Ethics and Sustainability: Law, Environment and Society
Keio University, Hiyoshi Campus

2006

Business Ethics and Education
Keio University, Hiyoshi Campus

2007

Individual and Organizational Ethics
Keio University, Hiyoshi Campus

2008

Business Ethics and Profit
Keio University, Hiyoshi Campus

2009

World Simultaneous Depression and Business Ethics
Keio University, Mita Campus
26

JAPAN ACADEMY FOR CONSUMPTION ECONOMY
1. Historical Background and Founding
The Japan Academy for Consumption Economy was founded in December 1976.
However, the Academy had been engaged in research activities as the Consumer Issues
Society two years prior to that time beginning September 1974. From September 21,
1974 to July 30, 1976, this society held 10 research presentation conferences, theprincipal subjects of which being consumer issues, the consumer from the perspectiveof economics, and consumption economy.
The impetus for founding this society was the movement toward consumer
protection, or the protection of the rights of consumers, which was gathering force inthe United States and Japan from the 1960’s into the 1970’s. This movement was driven
by the need for citizens to consider consumers themselves in the daily lives ofconsumers besides from the perspective of government and industry. In the UnitedStates and Japan prior to this time, emphasis on economic growth made it difficult to
express views from the standpoint of the consumer. However, given such developments
as the increasing number of problems handicapping the consumer and the growing
recognition of the importance of consumption economy in the analysis of economics
from the perspective of consumption, demands for debate of these issues emerged.
Subsequently, the Consumer Issues Society was re-launched as the Japan Academy
for Consumption Economy, and a national founding convention was held at Takushoku
University on December 17-18, 1976. At this convention, three reports on a uniform
subject were presented based on the uniform topic of “Issues of Consumption Economy−Directions and Developments−” along with 12 reports on freely-selected topics. Fora Japanese research society in 1976, the Academy was highly interdisciplinary, andcharacteristically it consisted of members from the fields of economics, sociology, law,finance, accounting, management, marketing and domestic science.
2. Members and Activities
As of June 2010, the Academy consists of 348 individual members and four
corporate members and is divided into six subcommittees: Hokkaido/Tohoku, Kanto,
Chubu, Kansai, Chugoku/Shikoku and Kyushu. Most individual members areprofessionals of universities and junior colleges.
The activities of the Academy are conducted under the leadership of the Chairman,
Haruo ISHIBASHI, 22 directors, and two auditors.
The general rules of the Academy are as follows. Article 1: The Academy shall be27referred to as the Japan Academy for Consumption Economy (JACE).
Article 2: The Academy aims to unite researchers from widely differing fields toengage in interdisciplinary exchanges and thereby contribute to raising the level ofresearch concerning consumption economy and issues involving consumption and theconsumer in general.
Article 3: In principle, the Academy shall place the Secretariat in the location of
subcommittees under the Chairman.
Article 4: The Academy may establish subcommittees in necessary areas. The
establishment and abolition of subcommittees shall be initiated by the members of therelevant area, subject to the approval of the general meeting of members. Detailed
regulations for the organization and operation of committees shall be provided forseparately.
Article 5: The Academy shall conduct the following activities in order to achieve
the purposes of Article 2.
(1) Hold conventions and workshops(2) Communicate and exchange information concerning members’ research andorganize joint research(3) Issue annual reports and other publications(4) Conduct research and prepare materials concerning consumption economy andconsumer issues(5) Communicate and exchange information with related academies in Japan andoverseas and exchange materials(6) Select recipients of academic awards (to be examined and selected in accordancewith academic award regulations provided separately)(7) Conduct other activities necessary to achieve the aims of the Academy
3. Topics and venues of annual conventions in the past 10 years
2000: Paradigm Shift Toward a Recycling-Oriented Consumption Economy Society(Senshu University)
2001: Product Safety and Information Disclosure (Hokusei Gakuen University)
2002: Recovery from Deflationary Recessions and Consumption Economy (Daito
Bunka University)
2003: The Impact of Low Birth Rates and Aging on Consumption Economy(Okayama Shoka University)
2004: The Structure of e-Business and Market Society Viewed – from the Viewpointof Consumer Benefit (Nihon University College of Commerce)
28

2005: The Role of the Consumer in a Recycling-Oriented Society (Daito Bunka
University)
2006: The Globalization of Consumption (Saga University)
2007: Consumer Benefit and Corporate Governance (Chuo Gakuin University)
2008: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Consumer Benefit (Osaka
University of Commerce)
2009: Risk Society and the Consumer (Nihon University College of Commerce)
4. Shift in Focus over the past 10 Years
An analysis of trends in the reports and subjects of papers of the Academy in thepast 10 years (from 2000 to 2009) reveals the following developments:
During the first half of the 10-year period between 2000 and 2009, subjects
primarily concerned medicine, welfare, the relationship between, and trends among,
consumers and the retailing industry, and the relationship between the consumer anddaily life including product safety, savings, and the information society.
The second half of this period saw a shift toward caring, environmental problems,
agriculture/agricultural products, risk management, consumer finance, and domestic andforeign issues surrounding the consumer.
Changes in the focus of research have been seen as a result of the character of thetimes, and while research has concentrated principally on issues involving consumption
economy, it is clear that the Academy’s members have actively presented researchconcerning contemporary issues.
The following is a list of the titles of papers presented by the Academy recently.
5. Topics of recent papers(1) Aging society, medical care, caring, social security
Akiko YOKOTA (Hiroshima University), “Factors of Demand for Medical Care in the
Medical Care Insurance System”, 2005.
Yoshiro MIYAGI （ Iwate Prefectural University ） , “Challenges Facing Small-scale
Day-care Centers for the Elderly−Based on the Results of a Survey on Day-care
Centers for the Elderly in Iwate Prefecture−”, 2005.
Megumi UCHIYA (Chuo Gakuin University), “Maintenance and Upbringing Expense
Implementation Securing System in the United States”, 2008.
Katsuko MORIMIYA (Bunkyo Gakuin University), “Social Responsibility and Consumer
Interests in the Aged Care Business−Focus on Illegality of COMSN−”, 2008.
Muneyoshi YASUDA (Hirosaki University), “Some Considerations for Medical
29

Marketing and Medical Consumers”, 2008.
(2) Environmental problems, recycling-oriented society
Seikou GO (Chukyo University), “Linking and Merging of the Consumer Movement
and the Environmental Movement−From the Viewpoint of Free Goods Utilization andConsumption−”, 2005.
Keiko YAMAMOTO (Kagawa Junior College), “Sustainable Social System and Required
Reform of Concept of Consumer”, 2005.
Hiroshi KOZUKA (Ebara Corporation), “Problems of Environmental Management in
Corporation and Environmental Policy−An Approach by Environmental Economics−”, 2006.
Haruo ISHIBASHI (Nihon University), “Regulation Means of Environmental Policy andtheir Economic Effect”, 2008.
Kisaburou SEKIYA (Nihon University), Yuji KAWAGUCHI (Nihon University), “Economic
Growth and Environmental Issues”, 2009.
Kazuyoshi NABEI (Nagano Prefectural College), “Analysis of Renewable Resources”,
2009.
(3) Globalism
Takehiko YASUDA (Nihon University), “Industrial Policy for Service Clusters andSustainable Economic Development in East Asia”, 2006.
Makiko NAKAMURA (Taisei Gakuin University), “Asian Markets−A Study from a View
Point of Market Culture−”, 2007.
Tatsuro TOBA (Osaka University of Commerce), “Creative Adaptation of a Global
Retailer−The Case Study of IKEA Japan−”, 2008．

(4) Consumer Financing, Family Expenditures, Savings
Nobuhisa TAKAGI (Shoin University), “The Influence of Reverse Asset Effect on
Household Consumption Behavior After the 1990s”, 2005.
Keiichi SHIRASAWA (Kinki University), Ikutaro OKADA (Kinki University), “Analysisof the Ratio of Food and Housing Expenses in Long-term Care Benefits: Focus on the
Fukuoka Prefecture Long-term Care Insurance Regional Association”, 2006.
Yasushi SEKIGAWA (Nagoya Bunri University), “Household Behavior in the Long-term
Recession”, 2007.
Chika FUJII (Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences), “A Study on the30

Determinant of Bequest Motives”, 2007.
Takamitsu YAMANAKA (Chukyo Gakuin University), “Economic Disparities andConsumption Inequality in Japan”, 2007．
Manzo YAMANISHI (Kinki Roudou Kinko), “Finance and Consumer Movement”, 2008.
(5) Relationship between Enterprise and Consumers, Consumer Protection
Toshie MOCHIZUKI (Chuo Gakuin University), “On the New Corporate Law andBusiness Law”, 2006.
Kanichi IIJIMA (Chuogakuin University), “Structural Problems for Japanese Corporate
Governance”, 2007.
Toshio KIKUCHI (Chuo Gakuin University), “Consumers’ Rights and Interests in
Corporate Governance”, 2007.
Hisashi ITO (Nagoya Keizai University), “A Study on the IC tag System Seen from theViewpoint of the Consumer”, 2008.
Hisakazu YAMADA (Chuo Gakuin University), “A Study on Independence of theConsumer”, 2008.
(6) Consumer Life, Consumer Behavior
Fumitaka AMEMIYA (Nihon University Junior College), “The Functions of Advertisingin Brand Communication”, 2004.
Zenkichi KURITA (Institute of Transportation on Economics), “The Behavior ofHouseholds for Trips under Deflation Depression”, 2005.
Tomihiro KATAYAMA (Nakamura Gakuen University), “Review on Customer
Satisfaction”, 2005.
Katsuaki ONO (Shoin University), “What Makes Product Value through Global
Marketing Communication?”, 2005.
(7) Food/ Agriculture, Product Safety
Shotaro UMEZAWA (Nihon University), Mitsuhiro KIMURA (Nihon University), “TheParadigm of the Agriculture Marketing Research”, 2006.
Yuko FUJITANI (Nihon University), “Food Issues in Japan and the U.S.A.”, 2007.
Tadatoshi SUZUKI (Rakunou Gakuen University), “Traceability System that Offers
Safety and Relief (confidence) of Food− Research and theme concerning mechanismsthat prevent production location being camouflaged−”, 2007.
Makoto SHIMIZU (Toyama National College of Maritime Technology), “Environmental
Marketing and Food Recycling Law”, 2008．
31

(8) Retailing Industry, Distribution, Urban Development
Takako IWATA (Nihon University), “E-Business and the Structure of Market Society”,
2004.
Kazuo KIKUCHI (Matsuyama University), “A Research on Introduction of the
Tenant-Mix Methods into Shopping Streets”, 2006.
Jisuo UZUHARA (Seinan Gakuin University), “A Study on Retail Marketing Innovationin Japan and the USA”, 2007.
Yoshitaka NAKASHIMA (Osaka University of Commerce), “The Current Situations andProblems in Revitalization of Urban Area―In Case of Aomori City―”, 2009.
6. Publishing Activities(1) Publication of Annual Report
Annual reports consist principally of programs, papers presented at annual
meetings, annual plans and programs for the year of the six subcommittees, accounting
reports and seminar reports.
(2) Publication of journals
Consumption Economy Journal, Zeimu Keiri Kyoukai, 2004
(3) Publication of Books
1.Consumption Economy Systems (30th Anniversary of founding of Academy) three
volumes, Keio University Press
Volume I Haruo ISHIBASHI, Editor, Theory of Consumption Economy, 2005
Volume II Yoshiaki WATANABE, Writer/Editor, Marketing and Distribution, 2005
Volume III Seikou GO, Takako NISHIMURA, Writers/Editors, Consumer Affairs,
2005
2. Introduction to Consumption Economy, seven volumes (scheduled) Keio University
Press
Volume I Hiroki SHIMAURA, Toru SAKAI, Writers/Editors, Economics and theConsumer, 2009
Volume II Kisaburou SEKIYA, Yasushi SEKIGAWA, Writers/Editors, Finance andthe Consumer, 2009
Volume III Haruo ISHIBASHI, Writer/Editor, The Environment and the Consumer,
2010
32

Volume IV Takako NISHIMURA, Chika FUJII, Katsuko MORIMIYA, Writers/Editors,
Law and the Consumer, 2010 (scheduled)
Volume VI Tadayasu IWANAGA, Yasuyuki SASAKI, Writers/Editors, Distribution
and the Consumer, 2008
7. International Exchange Activities
1) The Academy participated in the sixth meeting of The Asian Consumer and Family
Economics Association held in Shanghai, China in 2001.
2) At the national convention held in October 2009, Yuan Xiao LI (Qingdao Universityof Science & Technology) presented “Current Status of Home Appliance Consumptionin Rural China and ‘Home appliance subsidy program in rural areas’ Policy
Evaluation.”
8. Forthcoming National Convention
The 2010 convention was held on October 2-3, 2010 at Mie University. The
uniform subject was “Changes in the Environment (life and institutions) surrounding theConsumer and Consumption Economy Issues”
References
1) Haruo ISHIBASHI, “Japan Academy for Consumption Economy” Information Bulletinof The Union of National Economic Associations in Japan 2001, 2001, pp.16-22.
2) Japan Academy for Consumption Economy, General Catalogue of Research
Activities (FY1976-2004), 2005.
(Takako IWATA, Nihon University)

33

JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR EVOLUTIONARY ECONOMICS (JAFEE)
JAFEE has already had a history of over ten years since its foundation in 1997.
During these years we have successfully achieved several initial goals as marked at the
beginning of the society. Celebrating the first decade, we successfully publishedHandbook of Evolutionary Economics in September 2006 (in Japanese) as edited by thesociety as a whole. The handbook has already experienced its second printing. We now
are running in the second decade of our history.
1. A briefing: our fundamental ideas and activities for future development
As stated in a previous volume of this Bulletin, no. 24 (2004, 30-37), we believe inthe view to regard evolutionary economics as a whole school of comprehensive
economic science to “r-evolve” economics at the current stage of a great transition
process. To be sure, this attitude must be a kind of hard mission. Thus we, as a first stepfor “r-evolution,” endeavor to “re-search” new emerging disciplines by way ofinteracting with new different study groups. Among our initially intended goals, in thisarticle we will mainly refer to internalization and diversification of our activities. These
activities are exactly in line with our society’s ideas. In the following, as todiversification, we will refer to it as needed.
Our activities can no longer be imagined without international activities. The mostimportant one among our main international activities is the publication of ourinternational journal, issued since 2004. This journal is a genuine peer-reviewed journal.
Quite fortunately it has been grant-in-aided by the Japan Society for the Promotion of
Science (JSPS) successively since 2008. The journal is written all in English, and we do
not have any other society journal than this, though we naturally keep to a policy of
publishing other works in Japanese. The details of the journal will be introduced in alater section.
Besides the international publication, we also continue to make intensive efforts
for internationalization of the annual meeting. Our Association at the beginning wasmuch interested in international activities. At the inaugural meeting of the Association
several top evolutionary economists like Richard NELSON, Geoffrey HODGSON, andUrlich WITT gathered all together at Kyoto University. At every annual meeting since
the beginning, in this way we have arranged special invited sessions for overseas guests.
Simultaneously we have given our official support in a positive manner to those society
members who have organized or co-chaired international conferences.
It is needless to say that our main approach is intertwined with various aspects of34

complex sciences. Nowadays the methods employed in complex sciences areconverging to a certain common set of analytical tools. That is to say, the established set
will contain not only nonlinear and stochastic analysis but also ABC (agent-based
computing). Due to an enlarged set of knowledge and techniques, thus, it may be getting
harder for young researchers to learn a comprehensive set of the present form of
evolutionary economics as well as its analytical tools. Given this situation we are keen
to develop a new educational support system for making papers and presentations on
evolutionary economics in English. Such an attempt will bring in a new age for
evolutionary economists.
2. Journal publication in English: Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review
The publication of the Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review is one of
our core activities, as stated above. In March 2009 we celebrated the completion of thefifth volume since the inaugural issue released in 2004. We then noticed this celebration
at the end of vol. 6. no.1. We still keep to an independent policy to publish EIER by
ourselves without resort to any commercial publishing company, though Cabell’s
Directory, EBSCO, and JEL have added our journal in their respective lists. Above all,
we have been very fortunate to be allowed to upload EIER on J-STAGE:
http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/eier
J-STAGE is a Japanese governmental academic website which is operated topromote international development of various scientific societies. Through J-STAGE,
readers at any time and any place with Internet access can see all thearticles/notes/reviews since the first issue of EIER. Everything can be downloaded
freely because the Society’s policy is not to charge for them. It is noted that the freecharges policy is feasible because our government is so generous as to provide thewebsite as well as its web administration without any fee. Since April 2008, moreover,
we have moved to a complete electronic submission/refereeing system on the J-STAGE
site. Thus EIER meets state-of-the-art international journal requirements. Our present
journal status is summarized as follows:
Journal Title: Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review
Language: English
Print ISSN: 1349-4961
Organization: The Japan Association for Evolutionary Economics
Address: International Academic Printing Co., Ltd. 4–4–19 Takadanobaba,
Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan 169–0075
35

E-Mail Address: evoeco-edit@bunken.co.jp
URL: http://evolutionaryeconomics.org/
Tel: 81–3–5389–6492
Fax: 81–3–3368–2822
Subscription: Two issues per year (since 2004)
7,000 yen/year for subscriptions sent within Japan.
60 US dollars/year for subscriptions sent outside Japan.
To subscribe, contact: Editorial and Managerial OfficeInternational Academic Printing Co., Ltd.
2.1 The recent statistics
The “Impact factor” provided by Thompson-Reuter has become quite well known
as an indicator of journal citation rates. It will take much time for a new small-sizedjournal until it has fulfilled various requirements by Thompson-Reuter for index
incorporation. So we cannot yet refer to our impact factor. Instead of touching such a
processed citation rate, we would like to provide you with another statistic. We employ
the statistical data on the use of J-STAGE at the end of January 2009.

The number of monthly full-paper downloads from the EIER portal on J-STAGE: 626.
The regional share of total downloaded articles classified by each web access domain.
West Europe and the EU share the same region, but the access domains are different.
36This diagram then shows that EIER is known worldwide, and that European readers inparticular consult EIER; the second largest group of readers comes from North America.
2.2 Establishing a unique journal status in economics
It is also worthwhile noting that paper submissions have so far been coming fromall over the world similarly. Cases of European authors are not unusual. Sometimes wehave a submission from an African country. Recently we occasionally receive andreview submissions from South-American countries. Along with voluntary regularsubmissions, we have kept to a policy to arrange invitations to top international
scientists in our field. This policy has successfully led to bringing an exciting motive toreaders to submit their opinions to our journal. A similar stimulus may be induced by
our arrangement of special topics.
The editorial committee has designed and positively committed to prepare for anannually consecutive arrangement of special topics. The committee has appointed an
editor in charge of each topic, who would organize a set of papers on the given topic,
and also set them into the peer-review process. We give the past special topics:
The Socio-Economics of Institutions and Evolution, vol.2 no.1 October 2005
Socio- and Econo-Physics, vol.2 no.2 March 2006
Redefining Evolutionary Economics, vol.3 no.1 September 2006
The Evolution of Institutions and Organizations, vol.4 no.1 September 2007
The U-Mart System as an Artificial Intelligent Stock Market Project, vol.5 no.1
September 2008
Global Public Goods and Simulation, vol.6. no.2 March 2010
Measurement and Management of Socio-Economic Systems, Vol.7. no.1 September
2010
The wide variety of the above topic list is in line with the fact that our scopecontains a diverse set of economic disciplines. Notice that, at the end of each journal’s
volume, we state “the focus areas of the Review”:
Foundations of institutional and evolutionary economics
Criticism of mainstream views in the social sciences
Knowledge and learning in socio-economic life
Development and innovation of technologies
Transformation of industrial organizations and economic systems
37

Experimental studies in economics
Agent-based modeling of socio-economic systems
Evolution of the governance structure of firms and other organizations
Comparison of dynamically changing institutions of the world
Policy proposals in the transformational process of economic life
Summing up our journal status, our journal has a worldwide class of readers aswell as contributors due to its openness for sincere academic discussions, that is to say,our journal is establishing a really unique status to accept a radical philosophicalargument while simultaneously recommending an advanced analytical argument. To be
sure, this must be quite unique.
3. Other publication activities
3.1 Book publications
We have other publication activity both in English and in Japanese.
(1) A book in English published through the Association:
Evolutionary Controversies in Economics: A New Transdisciplinary Approach(ISBN:4-431- 70303 -9), edited by JAFEE/Yuji ARUKA, Springer Verlag Tokyo, June
2001. This book was reviewed in the Journal of Evolutionary Economics, vol.11, no.5
(2001) pp. 581-584.
(2) The Evolutionary Economics Book Series in Japanese:
What is Evolutionary Economics? (ISBN 4-641-16041-4), edited by Kazuo YOSHIDA for
the Association, Yuhikaku, Tokyo, 1998.
Evolution as Methodology (ISBN 4-431-70860-X), edited by Yoshinori SHIOZAWA,
Springer Verlag Tokyo, 2000.
Evolutionary Perspectives on Transition Economies (ISBN 4-431-70994-0), edited by
Kiichiro YAGI, Springer Verlag Tokyo, 2003.
The last two books were published as Evolutionary Economics Series (Genesis) inJapanese by Springer Tokyo (Springer Verlag Tokyo before Summer 2004).
3.2 The success of the Handbook of Evolutionary Economics
Besides the plan for publication of individual books, we had an ambitious plan to
publish a handbook for evolutionary economics as a review of the Association’s
consensus. Yoshinori SHIOZAWA, a former president, declared our Association’s
manifesto in the first volume of our journal:“Evolutionary Economics in the 21st Century: a Manifesto”, vol.1 no.1 November 2004,38

5-47.
The core idea of the handbook was outlined by the manifesto. Due to our solid
principles, thus, the society could successfully compile a fine handbook. This is agenuine consensus publication, because we collected terms and articles by designing an
open-access website for discussion among all the Association’s members.
In genetic biology as well as in genetic algorithm, any re-arrangement of
combination of genes that is successful in adapting them to the environment is caused
by mutation. In the social dimension of human beings, genes can be replaced with
“replicators” that can survive and grow in the social circumstances. Replicators insociety are equivalent of genes in biology, although the metaphor of biology is notalways valid for evolutions in social phenomena. The definition of replicators depends
on the context of the evolution that is to be argued. First of all, for our academic
purposes the search for basic properties of evolutionary engines, the classification of
replicators that clearly characterize the evolution of economy is needed urgently. We
thus have investigated intensively what kinds of relevant terms we can discover in
relation to replicators to illustrate something evolutional among social phenomena.
We finally achieved a Handbook for studying the natural history of economic
evolutions:Handbook of Evolutionary Economics (ISBN4-320-00572-4), edited by Japan
Association for Evolutionary Economics, Kyoritsu-Shuppan, Tokyo, September 2006,
x+582pp.
The Handbook was welcomed by public readers in various fields, and then was
highly appreciated in many book reviews. Consequently, it was given a second printing.
4. Annual meetings and other meetings
4.1 Annual meetings and autumn conferences
The annual meeting is the core activity of our Association. It is usually held inlate March, and is planned after the preceding symposium regularly arranged by the
program committee for the annual meeting. We call this symposium our Autumn
Conference. Thus, by way of experiencing the activity of the Autumn Conference, theannual meeting can be carefully arranged. All the information of our meetings isprovided on the our website:
http://evolutionaryeconomics.org/
It is to be noted that our website moved to a new site in the 2010 fiscal year.
For readers who wish to see the program in detail of each annual meeting, jump toeach page of the annual meeting. In the 2009 fiscal year, we held our 14th annual
39

meeting at IBU in Osaka. In the 2010 fiscal year, the venue is to be located at Nagoya
University.
4.2 International meetings associated with our Association
The Association maintains an attitude to give official support to those members
who participate in organizing an international conference. We mention only the namesof conferences which were officially supported by our Association:
JAFEE2000 at Chuo University (2000); Nikkei Econophysics Symposium at Nihon
Keizai Shimbun (2000, 2002, 2004); JAFEE Symposium: Evolutionary Perspectives on
Transition Economies at Kyoto University (2002); Complex’02: The 6th Asia-PacificComplex System Conference at Chuo University (2002); WEHIA: Workshop for
Economics with Heterogeneous Interacting Agents at Kyoto University (2004);
Econophysics Colloquium at ICU (2006); INSC: 3rd International Nonlinear
Conference at Chuo University (2008); Complex’09: The 9th Asia-Pacific Complex
System Conference at Chuo University (2009) and so on.
Some of the interesting achievements produced at the above conferences have been
produced in our journal or in our other publications in Japanese.
4.3 The diversification of sub-group activities
Our Association has a strategy of organizing research sub-groups to promote ourtheoretical and empirical investigations, in evolutionary economics. This kind of
sub-group studies is indispensable to evolve our activity in a comprehensive way. These
sub-group studies are expected to contribute to create the positively aggregated activityof our Association. Recently, new sub-groups have emerged:
We thus at present enumerate the four sub-groups for the particular studies from
Nonlinear Economic Dynamics and Complexity, Institutional Political Economy andInnovations, Analysis of Modern Economic Institutions of Japan, Kyushu District
Research Group, Hokkaido-Tohoku District Group, Tourism Studies, and Evolutionary
Studies for Companies and Industry. The last three groups are new entries since wereported in the previous Information Bulletin no.24 (2005).

5. Our future designs: diversification for new ages, new disciplines
As al ready touched in the first section, we actually are developing a set of new40

educational systems in order to bring up young researchers in the field of evolutionary
economics.
(1) Making textbooks for evolutionary economics(2) Holding Summer Schools(3) Setting up a new support system for making a working paper
As to (1), these books are planned to be published in Japanese. The first volume
has been just published. The successive volumes will follow soon. The project is undercontrol of core executive members of the Association and the editorial committee of
EIER. These works will be expected to establish new disciplines for evolutionary
economics.
The summer school is becoming as regular as the annual meeting. The venue of theautumn conference normally is to be chosen for the summer school. We had a summer
school that was hosted by the author group of evolutionary economics textbooks. Suchan attempt must be valuable above all for young researchers.
We turn to (3). We have already opened a new support system to assist young
researchers making a working paper under a peer-reviewed system. We adopt a two-stepprocedure to make up a professional paper written in English. We very much expect thata new system will finally increase the number of submissions to EIER by the
Association members. As the first step we instruct him/or her to make a working paperin Japanese. On 1st June 2009 we started a new website for submission and refereeing:
http://room409-1.ih.otaru-uc.ac.jp/~ysg_work/index.html
The administrator: Professor Susumu EGASHIRA, egashira@res.otaru-uc.ac.jp
6. Office and Officers of JAFEE, currently in the period from April 2009 to March 2012
Finally we shortly refer to our administration:
President: Kazuo YOSHIDA (Kyoto University)
Vice-president: Takahiro FUJIMOTO (Kyoto University)
Executive members:
Yuji ARUKA (Chuo University), Editor-in-Chief, EIER
Akinori ISOGAI (Kyushu University)
Takashi IBA (Keio University)
Hiroyasu UEMURA (Yokohama National University)
Hiroyuki UNI (Kyoto University), Secretary
Susumu EGASHIRA (Otaru University of Commerce)
Nirio SAWABE (Kyoto University)
41

Koichi SHIMIZU (Okayama University)
Makoto NISHIBE (Hokkaido University)
Masaaki YOSHIDA (Senshu University)
Total number of members: 503 at the initial period of the 2010 fiscal year.
Managerial Office of Japan Association for Evolutionary Economics (JAFEE):
International Academic Printing Co., Ltd. (Kokusai Bunken Insatsusha)
3-8-8, Takadanobaba, Shinjuku-ku,Tokyo, JAPAN 169-0075
Tel: (+81)(0) 3-5389-6492 E-mail: evoeco-edit@bunken.co.jp(Yuji ARUKA, Chuo University)

42

THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF HOUSEHOLD ECONOMICS (JSHE)
1. Structure of the JSHE
1-1 Foundation and overview
The Japan Society of Household Economics (JSHE) was established on April 27,
1985. The members of the JSHE count about 850, and have diversified in the various
fields of economics, finance, public finance, insurance, securities, home economics,
personal finance, law, management, sociology, accounting, information andcommunication, life science and other related field of studies.
The JSHE is a cooperative science and research body of the Science Council ofJapan and is a member of its economic policy branch.
As academic areas are getting increasingly specialized, the JSHE seeks to generateintellectual intercommunion among all who research, teach or practice in the fields ofHousehold Economics. The members represent universities, research institutes, civil
service, and various business scenes.
1-2 Objectives and mission
The objective of the JSHE is to focus on how to improve quality of life and how toenhance individual well-being. Specifically, first, the JSHE tries to define theimplications of affluent life by the interdisciplinary approach. Japan has achieved the
top level of economic status in the world and accumulated trade surplus over the years
in terms of a macroeconomic perspective. However, if we look at the microeconomic
level of our life, we think our daily life does not meet with a corresponding growth atmacro level. The JSHE is trying to fill the gap between macro economy and individualliving standards.
Second, the rapid aging population and further deepening of the birth dearth havecreated serious social problems on pensions, medical services, nursing care, job
opportunities, and so on. Who bears the social costs caused by aging and the declining
birth rate? It is one of the important topics for the JSHE to pursue how to allocate thecosts among generations as well as individuals, and what is the optimal balance between
government assistance and individual efforts.
Third, the arrival of a longevity society forces individuals and households to set a
lifelong plan. To make a long-term plan, it is essential to consider the issues related tohousing, insurance, private pensions, and personal finance such as borrowing and asset
management.
Fourth, the development of information technology and of globalization is43changing our traditional social system such as corporate governance and pattern of
employment contracts. This change is also affecting our consumption pattern and life
style. It should be our field of study to analyze the effects of globalization on individual
and household behaviors.
The JSHE, while respecting efficiency, fairness, safety, and freedom, pursues its
aim to preserve the natural environment and to seek a path of coexistence for humanbeings and the nature.
1-3 Membership
The JSHE’s membership has three categories: regular member, Category A; student
member, Category B; and general member, Category C. Admission to the membershipis made by the decision of the Board of Directors, and is based on the recommendationof a current member of Category A.
Category A members are those who are engaged in doing research at university or
institute.
Category B members are graduate students whose membership fees are discounted.
Category C membership is for general persons who support JSHE’s mission.
There are also a Category of Supporting Member for corporations supporting the
JSHE’s activities and a Category of Honorary member. The last Category is for those
who have contributed to the development of JSHE over the years and now retired. The
Honorary members’ membership fees are waived.
1-4 Organization
The most important managing body of the JSHE is the Board of Directors, whose
members are determined by election every other year and whose decisions have to beapproved by the General Assembly. The approval is made by the agreement of morethan half of Category A members attending the Assembly. Besides the elected board
members some non-elected members are added to the Board. The number of Board
members is specified as no more than 38 by the rules of the JSHE.
The President and two vice-presidents are chosen by the election of Board
members. Their terms of office are two years, the same as the Board members’ term.
Executive Board members, whose number of seats is no more than 12, are selected fromthe entire Board members. These members, President, Vice Presidents, Board members,
and two Auditors form the governing body of the JSHE.
The formal meetings specified in the rules of JSHE are the General Assembly,
Board Meetings, Executive Board Meetings. The entire JSHE members attend the44General Assembly, which is the highest decision making body of the JSHE. Board
Meeting attendees consist of all board members, and the attendees of the Executive
Board Meetings are limited to President, Vice Presidents and Executive Board Members.
The Auditors may attend Executive Board Meetings as well as Board Meetings.
The JSHE has established three regular committees: the Editorial Committee,
Homepage Committee, and Award Selection Committee. Besides these committees
JSHE has set up ad hoc committees such as Election Management Committee for
specific occasions.
2. JSHE’s Major Activities
2-1 Annual Conference in spring
The Annual Conference is held once a year in spring for two days. One of theBoard members volunteers to host the Conference and members of his/her regional
division cooperate to organize the Conference preparation committee. The Conference
is designed to promote academic debates and the exchange of opinions on topics ofcommon interest.
The Conference preparation committee and the program committee closelycooperate for the success of the Conference for a one-year preparation period. Someconsideration of regional rotation is paid for the decision of the host university. The
Program committee determines the main theme for the Conference, calls for papers, andorganizes the programs. Special lectures or special report sessions are occasionallyarranged.
A brief description of the main theme and sessions for the past five years will beshown in section 3 below.
2-2 Open Symposium for public
Since Household Economics is citizen’s economics, we value dialog and discussion
with ordinary people. Therefore, until the year 2003, we held Special Open Symposia
and held Open Symposia for the Public from the next year as a part of our social action
programs once a year at various places. Symposia included keynote lectures and free
discussion between lecturer and participating citizens. The symposia were carefully
prepared by symposium committee members who determined the main theme of thesymposia, selection of speakers, and the program as a whole. After 2006, we suspended
the symposia as we felt that we had achieved our initial objective. The idea of thesymposium has been taken up by opening the annual meeting main theme to the public.
Below is the list of some of the symposium main themes.
45

2002 Symposium
Regional Economic Life and Information/Finance Services,
Kyushu Division at Nagasaki Culture Telecasting Corporation on December 14, 2002.
Keynote speaker: Koichi KANEMURA (Siebold University of Nagasaki).
2003 Symposium
Regional Economic Life and the Role of NPO,
Chugoku/Shikoku Division at Hiroshima University on December 13, 2003.
Keynote speaker: Tsutomu HOTTA (Sawayaka Fukushi Zaidan).
2004 Symposium
Economic Life and Joy of Raising Children,
Kanto Division at Meikai Unviersity on November 20, 2004.
Keynote speaker: Kazuhiko KABE (MCH Center Aiiku Hospital).
2005 Symposium
Foods on the Dining Table ― What We Can See,
Kansai Division at Academic Extension Center, Osaka City University on November 26,
2005.
Keynote Speaker: Miyuki ADACHI (Kagawa Nutrition University).
After the year 2006
As the Common Theme Symposium of the Annual Conference has been opened tothe public, the Open Symposium for the Public has been suspended.
2-3 Regional divisions
There are seven regional divisions: Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto, Chubu, Kansai,
Chugoku/Shikoku, and Kyushu. Each division organizes an academic meeting once or
twice a year where lectures or reports of research are actively presented. The JSHE
members belong to one of seven regional divisions and participate in the regional
academic meetings. As a new attempt recently introduced, members can participate inany of the regional meetings if they wish.
2-4. General Assembly
The General Assembly is held once a year at the end of the first day of the Annual
Conference. In 2010, it was held at Tohoku Fukushi University in June. Every JSHE46

member is expected to attend the General Assembly as this is the only one occasion
where all members get together and discuss the issues the JSHE currently faces.
The Assembly consists of two parts. The first part is discussion and the second partis some reports and announcements for the members. The discussion includes theactivities of JSHE during 2009 and revenue and expenditure report of the year 2009,
and auditos’ report. The below is the content of the General Assembly of 2010.
【Discussions】
I. Activities and Settlement Report of the year 2009 (Agenda No.1)
Auditors’ Report
II. Revision of the JSHE rules (Agenda No.2)
III. Activities Plan and the Budget for the year 2010 (Agenda No.3)【Reports】
I. Delegation of Committee Members of Each Committee
II. Announcement of New Members Confirmed by Members of Board of
Directors
III. Announcement of JSHE Awards Recipients and Commendation Ceremony
In the year when the new Board Members are nominated, these new members need
to be confirmed by the members at the General Assembly.
2-5 JSHE Awards
In order to credit the outstanding work a member has achieved, the JSHE Award
has been set up. For encouragement of younger scholars in their excellent work, the
JSHE also has set up a JSHE Encouragement Prize. Outstanding books the members
have published are also awarded a JSHE Book Award. These award winners are selectedby the JSHE Award Selection Committee members, who are one of the vice- presidents
and three JSHE members nominated by the president. The Award ceremony is held at
the General Assembly.
So far awards have been made to six members for the JSHE Award, three members
for the JSHE Book Award and 15 members for JSHE Encouragement Prize.
2-6 Twenty-fifth Anniversary and Future Projects
A Chronology of the JSHE is now under preparation to record the history of 25
years of activities. The book is to be published in 2010.
The JSHE is planning to extend its interaction among not just domestic scholars,
but overseas scholars as well. Individual members are encouraged to actively participate47

in various international conferences in his/her specialized field. The JSHE wishes toorganize international forums to extend members’ research interests with aninternational perspective in near future.
3. Annual Conference from 2005 to 2010
The annual conferences for the recent five years are surveyed below.
3-1 The 22nd Annual Conference, 2006
The 22nd annual conference was held on June 10th and 11th at Otaru University ofCommerce. On the first day there were ten sessions: Session A “Household Economics
I”, Session B “Household EconomicsⅡ”, Session C “Finance I”, Session D “FinanceII”, Session E “ Finance III”, Session F “Social Policy”, Session G “Insurance”, Session
H “Pension and Public Fiance”, Session I “General Economics and Management I”,
Session J “General Economics and Management II”.
Four or five presentations were made in each session.
Then the General Assembly and JSHE Award ceremony followed.
The second day was devoted to a Common Theme Symposium titled “Education ofHousehold Economics and University Reform” with Takashi YAMASHITA (Okayama
Shoka University) and Taeko KISHIMOTO (Heian Jogakuin St. Agnes’ University) as
coordinators, Tsutomu MURAMOTO (Seijo University), Michiko MIFUNE (Ochanomizu
University) and Yasuhiro SAKAI (Shiga University) as panelists, and Masayuki SUSAI(Nagasaki University), Chiho OYABU (Gifu University), Kohei KOMAMURA (Keio
University), as discussants.
This symposium concluded the 2006 Conference.
3-2 The 23rd Annual Conference, 2007
The 23rd annual conference was held on April 21st and 22nd at Okinawa Seinen
Kaikan. On the first day 26 papers were presented and discussed with discussants infour sessions: Session A “Finance・Economics”, Session B “Economics・Public Finance”,
Session C “Life・Management”, and Session D “ Education・Policy”. The last session
had two parts, “College Students’ Economic Life and Finance Education” and “Issues of
Public Policy”.
Then the General Assembly and JSHE Award ceremony followed.
On the second day a Common Theme Symposium titled “Well-being in Life
Considered” was held. The symposiasts were Joji ASAHI (Meikai University) and Osamu
KAMOIKE (Tohoku University) as coordinators, Kuniko GUSHIKEN (Okinawa48

International University), Yasuo KOMIYAMA (The NHK Broadcasting Culture ResearchInstitute) and Eiji NEZU (Aichi Gakuin University) as panelists, and Kohei KOMAMURA(Toyo University) and Michiko MIFUNE (Ochanomizu University) as discussants.
This symposium was open to the public and active exchanges of opinion weremade between citizen participants and panelists. The symposium concluded the 2007
Conference.
3-3 The 24th Annual Conference, 2008
The 24th annual conference was held on June 7th and 8th at Kwansei Gakuin
University. The conference began in the afternoon at a Common Theme Symposium
titled “Unequal Society Considered” with Yasuo KONISHI (Kobe Yamate University) as
coordinator, and Tsunehiko KARIYA (University of Tokyo), Takashi OSHIO (Kobe
University), Michihiko TOKORO (Osaka City University), Nobuhisa MURAO (Kwansei
Gakuin University) as panelists. In the symposium unequal society was discussed fromvarious aspects such as education, income and the way of living.
Then the General Assembly and JSHE Award ceremony followed.
On the second day there were seven sessions: Session A “Inequality and the
Declining Birth Rate”, Session B “Region and Citizen Participation”, Session C“Finance”, Session D “Pensions and Care”, Session E “Household and Firm”, Session F“Education and Labor”, and Session G “Monetary Theory”. Four or five presentations
were made in each session except Session G which was reserved for a special
presentation by a Honorary member. .
These seven sessions concluded the 2008 Conference.
3-4 The 25th Annual Conference, 2009
The 25th annual meeting was held on June 13th and 14th at Okayama Shoka
University. The meeting began in the afternoon at a Common Theme Symposium titled“Regional Economy and Safety of Life” with Joji ASAHI (Meikai University) as a
keynote speaker, Mitsuya ICHIEN (Kansai University), Kunihiko SHISHIDO (Matsuyama
University), Chiho OHYABU (Gifu University) and Ken-ichiro TADA (Okayama Shoka
University) as panelists. Masayuki SAKAGUCHI (Osaka University of Commerce) andKoji NISHIWAKI (Hiroshima Prefectural University) moderated the discussions as
general coordinators. Some of the topics discussed in the symposium include the causeof general perception of regional income inequality, the needs to improve the regional
redistributive role of the social insurance system and so on.
Then the General Assembly and JSHE Award ceremony followed.
49

On the second day there were five sessions, Session A “Pensions, Care and Policy
Models”, Session B “Finance and Insurance”, Session C “Household and Firm”,
Session D “Labor and Policy Effect Analysis” and Session E “Macroeconomics
Analysis”. Four presentations were made in each session.
These five sessions were in progress concurrently and concluded the 2009
Conference.
3-5 The 26th Annual Conference, 2010
The 26th annual conference was held on June 19th and 20th at Tohoku Fukushi
University. The opening of the meeting was a Special Symposium titled “Privatizationof the Postal Service and After” which was designed to discuss the consequences of
postal privatization and in which direction the privatized postal service is heading.
Coordinator was Osamu KAMOIKE (Tohoku Fukushi University), and the panelists were
Joji ASAHI (Meikai University), Yoshio TAKIGAWA (Kobe University) and Satoshi
MATSUBARA (Toyo University).
In the afternoon session, a Common Theme Symposium titled “Future Decision ofSocial Welfare ― Long-Run Survey of the System and its Regional Viewpoint” washeld with Koichi OGASAWARA (Tohoku Fukushi University) as a coordinator, and Akiko
Sato OISHI (Chiba University), Kohei KOMAMURA (Keio University) and Hiroshi
YOSHIDA (Tohoku University) as panelists. In the symposium the effects of declining
population on social security, new poverty, and generational accounts of social security
were intensively discussed.
Then the General Assembly and JSHE Award ceremony followed.
On the second day 24 research presentations and discussions were made in six
different sessions. The six sessions were titled: “Social Welfare”, “Consumers”,“Finance”, “Lifetime Planning”, “Improvement of Socio-economic System”, and“Welfare”.
In the afternoon, three special sessions were set up. Each session’s title andcoordinator was as follows. Session 1 was titled “Fund Sources of the Public Medical
Service System ― Support by Tax Money and Regional Medical Service” with Mitsuya
ICHIEN (Kansai University) as a coordinator, Session 2 “Consumers・Investors andFinance Education” with Hiroshi KAMAE (Tokyo Keizai University) as a coordinator,
and Session 3 “Vitalization of Regions” with Yukio EJIRI (Tohoku Fukushi University)
as a coordinator.
These three sessions concluded the JSHE 2010 Conference.

50

4. JSHE’s Journal: Journal of Personal Finance and Economics
JSHE issues its Journal twice a year in March and September. The editorialcommittee manages and edits the Journal. There are two due dates for submitting
papers: in September for the next March issue and in March for the next September
issue. After the due date the committee members read all submitted papers and allocate
each paper to appropriate referees. After screening of the paper by plural referees, thesubmitters are notified by the committee if the paper is accepted, should be revised for
publication or rejected this time. This way JSHE tries to keep the academic quality of
papers in its Journal as high as possible.
The standard format of the March issue Journal consists of about five refereed
papers, followed by about three research notes, reviews of members’ newly publishedbooks, reports of JSHE activities such as regional meetings of the previous year, someannouncements including information of the next annual meeting, JSHE’s rules, and soon.
(Joji ASAHI, Meikai University)

51

JAPAN ACADEMY FOR INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND BUSINESS(JAFTAB)
1. Profile of Japan Academy for International Trade and Business
The Japan Academy for International Trade and Business, renamed from the Japan
Academy of Foreign trade in 2001, was founded in 1961. JAFTAB concentrates its
academic efforts on studies of both theories and practices for international trade andbusiness. The organization accommodates members not only from academic institutions
but also from industries at large in order to orient itself toward academic plus pragmaticstudies. It held the 50th national meeting at Nihon University in 2010. The president of
JAFTAB is Nobuto IWATA (Aoyama Gakuin University), who has been serving in thepost since May 2009. The recent presidents preceding him were in chronological order:
Hiroichi IINUMA (Wako University), Teruhisa YAMADA (Yokohama College ofCommerce), Akira KOBAYASHI (Nihon University) and Kenji AKIYAMA (Kanagawa
University).
JAFTAB’s ultimate mission is to serve society in general by offering opinions on
international trade and business issues, much of its efforts spent on:
1. Social contribution by conducting research on the business environment surrounding
Japan as well as on interaction with society through seminars,
2. Sharing knowledge and information by membership through an annual convention
and regional chapter meetings,
3. Globalization by means of dispatching members to foreign counterparts and inviting
scholars from affiliated organizations.
JAFTAB’s international sessions, so far confined largely to a shared session with
our Korean counterpart, the Korea Trade Research Association, have been expanded
enough to embrace such global speakers from EU, Malaysia, Korea and China. In fact,
the President of JAFTAB, Nobuto IWATA, made a report under the title of “Possibilities
and Prospects for the Doha Development Agenda”
JAFTAB conventionally holds an annual convention in May or June, and it has tworegional chapters, the East and the West each holding quarterly meetings. The annual
convention is divided into roughly two types of presentations, unified topics and free
topics. The speakers on the topics presented at the national convention are entitled tosubmission to the annual journals, and the papers submitted are printed only after
judged acceptable through a rigid peer review basis. The review is conducted by several
qualified judges selected according to specialty.

52

2. Overview of Studies presented at Annual Conventions from 2006 through 2010
The association officers work out a unified title before they call for papers for theannual convention. The unified title is jointly decided by the committee officers incharge in close consultation with the local authorities who sponsor the convention. The
titles presented in the past years are summarized in Table 1.
The studies under the common theme in the past five years comprise largely suchcontents as strategies to meet business opportunities of the global age, and current
business-related or economic issues raised by the quickly evolving world economy,
In 2006, WANG (2006) discussed the importance of the role of Hong Kong in the
trade between Japan and China. He made a historical analysis of exports from China toJapan by way of Hong Kong and also those from Japan to China by way of Hong Kongfor more than twenty years. YAMADA (2006) made an analytical framework of rationale
and cultural values for Japanese in relation to the Asian trade and investment and culture
trade policy of Japan. He suggested that Japanese appreciate beautiful cultural values in
addition to the economic value and view the Western rationalism from an objective
viewpoint. This may have led to on-going Japanese prosperity.
In 2007, SUZUI (2007) concluded that EU trade policy toward East Asia and Japanis taken based upon inter-regionalism and multi-regionalism and is an importantelement of new global governance by referring to a report of the Asia-Europe Meeting.
GODA (2007) advocated the need of the Japanese Government to establish internationalrules for the industry of Japanese shipping lines because European Unification has
affected the dynamics of the industry for Japan.
In 2008, YAMAURA (2008) advocated the need to transform FTA prioritization into
a comprehensive WTO/FTA trade regime in the medium and long term because neither
WTO nor FTA are self-conclusive agreements.
In 2009, the unified theme was on environmental management in international
trade aiming for the creation of environmentally friendly supply chain management. The
effective logistics and promotion of anti global warming are the concerns in businessactivities affected by the importance of doing business which is compatible with theenvironment.
In 2010, the unified theme was on economic integration in East Asia and theprospect for new international divisions. This theme is reflecting the special feature ofthis Academy, covering a broad range of issues such as economics, management,
business and so on. AKIYAMA (2010) reviewed the progress of economic integration in
East Asia from the following three points: legal matters, the change of market fromproduction to consumption, political movements. FUJISAWA (2010) argued for the cause53

of success of economic integration in East Asia through analysis of the difference ofeconomic progress and economic policy of five ASEAN nations. The relationship of
GDP and its composite variables was analyzed. YASUMURO (2010) reported on how eachnation in Asia has made economic progress in terms of income and population referringto the importance of a strategy toward Asian nations.
3. Overview of Free Topics presented at Annual Conventions from 2008 through 2010
There is a tendency commonly seen in the free topics presented in the years 2006
through 2010. The most frequently discussed theme was on the emerging countries,
especially Asia-related issues. Among them, major interest was on China, Korea,
Vietnam and other Asian nations. The themes were discussed in various areas of study,
including global trading, logistics, human resources development, operation of airports,
economic development, the presence of Japanese companies and so on. The titles
presented in the latest three years (2008-2010) are summarized as in Table 2.
4. Future issues for JAFTAB
There are two assignments that JAFTAB needs to develop for the next several
years. One is to strengthen the academic exchange of associations internationally. Moreactive exchange should be expanded with other Asian countries besides the existingexchange with the Korea Trade Research Association. An approach to Chinese academic
institutions will be one important more. The other is to enhance the academic level of
JAFTAB for quality of research, which represents our social responsibility with the
purpose of academic achievement as our ultimate mission.
Table 1

Unified Themes, Presenters’ Names and their Topics: 2006-2010

Unified Themes, Venue(Dates)Presenters’ Names and their Topics

46th Annual Meeting:
New Development ofJapan and Asian Market
on Trade and Investment,
Meiji University(May 27-28, 2006)(1) Mariner WANG, “The Rise of International Tradebetween Japan and China Via Hong Kong”(2) Teruhisa YAMADA, “Beautiful Japan ― The Starting
Point for the Asian Trade and Investment and Culture
Trade Policy of Japan in the 21st Century-Largely based on
the Analytical Model of Rationality and Cultural Value in
Human Lifestyles”

47th Annual Meeting:
The Presence and View of(1) Kiyomi SUZUI, “EU Trade Policy toward East Asia andJapan―ASEM and Interregionalism”
54

Japanese Trade andInvestment Policy toward
EU,
Doshisha Women’sCollege of Liberal Arts
(June 2-3, 2007)(2) Hiroyuki GODA, “European Unification―from the viewof Japanese Shipping Lines”

48th Annual Meeting:(1) Hiromi YAMAURA, “Transformation of FTA
The Effect of WTO andPrioritization into a Comprehensive WTO/FTA TradeFTA Negotiation on Trade, Regime”
Aoyama Gakuin
University(May 31, June 1, 2008)
49th Annual Meeting:
Environmental
Management inInternational Trade aiming
for the Creation ofEnvironmentally Friendly
Supply Chain
Management,
Kinki University(May 30-31, 2009)

Panel discussion(1) Toshio KOJIMA(2) Atsuo MUKOYAMA
Four other participants from the business world
Shinji SHIMADANoriyuki IMAI
Nobukazu SUGANO
Hidenobu KUSANO

50th Annual Meeting:Economic Integration in
East Asia and the Prospect
for New International
Divisions,
Nihon University(May 29-30, 2010)(1) Kenji AKIYAMA, “Development of Economic
Integration in East Asia and Structural Change”(2) Takeshi FUJISAWA, “Analysis of Trade, Direct
Investment and GDP in Asia and Pacific Region”(3) Kenichi YASUMURO, “Demographics and Flow ofOverseas Direct Investment in Asia”

Table 2
Titles of Free Subjects and Participants in the latest three Annual Meetings:
2008-2010
Year and Participants
2008 (papers)
Inkyo CHEONG andJungran CHO

Subjects“Assessing the Environment for
Negotiations for a Japan-Korea FTA”
55

ResumingtheTeruhisa YAMADA“A Strategic Cultural New FTA・WTO by Japan’s Global
Business Network in East Asia ― Leading to the East
Asian Regionalization and the New WTO Globalization”

Masataka HANAKI“A study on the UCP rules expressly modified or excludedby the documentary credit”“A Study on Trends in Usage of Trade Terms”“The catch-up process of the East Asian semiconductor
industry: focus on the relation between device makers andequipment manufacturers”“A Study on Activation Strategies of International Ferry
Carrying Trade for the Improvement of Busan Port’sCompetitiveness”“The relation between the global SCM and theinternational trading system”“Current Situation and Development of E-Trade
Companies in Korea”

Tomoyuki YOSHIDA
Keiichiro SUENAGA

Mi-Young LEE

Hiroto UEBA
Seok-beom CHOI,
Young-chan LEE andMin-young YU
Yoshiaki HIRATA
Dapeng WANG

Suwon CHUNG

Takaaki MAENO
Joonheon SONG
Tadahiro TSUJI,
Naohiko IJIRI,
Yiliang WU,
Mitsuo HONDA andYugun RIKU
Shigeki SHIBATA“Customs Simplification and Security”“A new attempt at changing export structure in China:
Focus on government promotional policies for ICT
software and services export”“Status quo of Korea’s Cultural Industry and Marketing
Strategy for Japan: A Focus on the Film, Music, Game,
and Animation Industry”“Trade in High-Tech Products in East Asia and Complex
Division of Labor”“An Empirical Study on the Determinants of Nontariff
Measures in Japan”“Developing Beads-type Industrial Cities along the New
Silk Road”“Policies and Background Factors Related to Foreign
Exchange Reserves―Focusing on the Japanese Case”
56

Kenji TAKASAGO
Takashi JO
2009 (papers)
Joonheon SONG
Yohei HARASHIMA

Kenji KURATA
Yoshitaka NAKAMURA
Ken NAGANUMA
Yasunobu INOUEAya IINO

Tadashi HAYASHI

Satoshi YONEZAWA
Naohiko IJIRI

Mariner WANG
Mi-Young LEE

Hiroyuki YAKUSHIZI
Shinji ISHIHARA“Considering the use of ATM services to request for the
opening of L/C in minor financial institutions”“Current Situation of Food Imports and Consumer
Problems in Japan”“An Empirical Study on the Trade Effects of Antidumping
Measures: The Case of Polyester Staple Fiber in Japan”“Interactions between WTO Rules and Domestic Policy
Measures against Global Warming ― With Particular
Reference to Border Tax Adjustments for Carbon Tax”
“Framework of Genetic Resources Utilization for the
Growth of World Investment and Trade”“Soft Law and Hard Law in Global Business Transactions”“The Usage of Sea Waybills in the Trading Companies
with Different Scales”“Using Transferable Credits Smoothly”“Essential Security Interest Provision in International
Investment Law: Jurisprudence, Current Work ofInternational Organizations and Ahead”“Social Networks and Knowledge Transfer in MNCs: The
Effects of Geographic Distance and the Characteristics ofKnowledge”“International Transportation in the LNG Business andShip Management―in Terms of Location Advantages”“Do Supplier Access and Market Access Matter?:
Location Choice of MNEs in the Cities of China andVietnam”“The Status of Midstream Operation in Hong Kong”“A Study on the Strategic Logistics Alliance of Busan Portby Super-Wide Area Economic Bloc Development inBusan-Fukuoka”“A Reconsideration of the Theory of International Tradefor the Wage Gap”
“Defining
Indonesia’sHindrance
FactortoCompetitiveness through the Eyes of JapaneseCorporations”
57

2010
Sung-Moon GANG
Yugun RIKU,WU Yiliang andTadahiro TSUJI
Hiromi SHINKAI
Takaaki MAENO
Rina ISHIKAWA
Naoki HAYASHI
Satoshi YONEZAWA

Hiroyuki OKAMOTO
Seok-Beom CHOI andJeong-Woo NAM
Nak-Hyun HAN,
Myeong-Seop PARK and
Sung-Woo CHO
Yoshitaka NAKAMURATo HOANG
Mariner WANG
Michihiro HINO
Naohiko IJIRI
Hitoshi SASAKI“Transition and view of the trade between China, North
Korea & South Korea”“A Study on the Application of East Asian Emerging
Countries’ Experiences to Economic Development ofCentral Asia”“The Conversion and influence of wheat policy of Japan in
the 1970’s”“Trade in Intermediate Products and International
Specialization”“Canada-U.S. Softwood Lumber Trade Disputes”“The Human Resources Development of Japanese ICTEnterprises in China”“Seafarer Strategy as Internal Marketing –A New
Perspective for Manning by International Maritime
Companies”“Enterprise Risk Management in Multinational
Companies”“The Current Situation of Jeju Airport and Strategic
Operations of a New Airport”“A Study on the New Airline Business Models ofLong-haul Low-cost Carriers”“The Meaning of UNIDROIT Principles in International
Business Transactions”“Vietnam with 25 year-Doimoi: Economic Social Status
and New Challenges”“The rise of Sino-China trade and the comprehensive
direct sailing”“Negotiation on trade liberalization of Environmental
Goods and Climate Change”“Air Transport and International Trade: Evidence fromJapanese Exports”“Examination of the relation between enterprises ofregional financial institutions that pay attention to foreignexchange in business”
58Masaichiro MINAMI
Aya IINO
Kiyomi SUZUITomomi TAGUCHI
Toyomitsu SAKATA
Masahiro ISHIKAWA

Yukio SEKINE
Sho HANEDAHi XAI“China’s trade balance and foreign exchange policies”“Interaction between GATT/WTO and Counter-recession
Policy”“EU Trade Policy after the Treaty of Lisbon”“Pro-cyclical Financial Booms and Busts Devastating
Trade and Business”“Is S.G.P. of the EU sustainable?”“Proposals on Japanese System of Registered Customs
Specialist Learning by the Korean Case ― aiming forspecialist as a trade consultant”“An Analysis of the Current Situation Encompassing
Skills Tests Related to International Trade”“The Analysis of Agglomeration Effect and The
Determinants of the Location of Japanese Firms”“The Blending of Chinese and International Economies asa Result of Chinese Opening-up Policies: Analyzing
Chinese Foreign Trade Trends and FDI Inflow”(Tatsuo NOBU, Kokushikan University and Yuichiro YAMAMOTO, Meiji University)

59THE ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY
1. Overview
The Academy of Management Philosophy (AMP) was founded in 1984 with about
150 members. Professor Yoshiaki SHIMABUKURO (Toyo University) was elected as
the first president. The General Meeting and a Board of Directors manage the Academy.
The members of the Board of Directors are elected by a vote every three years at theAnnual Conference. The Board of Directors consists of no more than twenty-fivemembers, who cannot be elected for more than two consecutive terms.
Membership is categorized as Academic and Corporate Members. An individualwith an interest in management philosophy can apply for academic membership withthe recommendations of two members. An academic member is required to havescholarly publications and be engaged in academic research. An institution with aninterest in management philosophy and agreeing to the Academy’s activities can apply
as a Corporate Member.
The Academy’s members have increased constantly in number, so that the current
number of members has grown to about 350 individual members and three corporate
members. As the membership numbers increase, regional activities have grown andseven local chapters have been formed (Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto, Chubu, Kansai,
Kyushu, and Okinawa). Every local chapter holds regional meetings more than once ayear.
The primary objectives of the Academy today are to enhance the research andapplication of various subjects regarding management philosophy, to share knowledge
among members and related associations, to contribute to the establishment ofmanagement philosophy and the development of industry, and to establish principles forcorporations based on dignity of life and humanity.
The Academy aims to play the key role of promoting academic research inmanagement philosophy through the connection and cooperation with academic fields
and through publication and activities facilitating communication and cooperation
among specialists on management. AMP also offers its members opportunities toexchange information on topics relevant to its goals and supports a variety of academic
activities as follows.
-To establish a society based on dignity of life and humanity and contributewidely to society through research on management philosophy.

60

-

-

To promote management philosophy and to function as the source ofknowledge regarding practical use of management philosophy
To provide a place for communication through research projects, conferences,
symposia, workshops and meetings to share knowledge among the membership
through various activities.
To have long and cooperative relationships with organizations engaged insimilar pursuits and to keep in contact and hold joint conferences/research withrelated societies.

2. Activities
The main activities of the Academy consist of holding conferences and publishingjournals. The Academy holds various types of conference such as the annual conference,
regional meetings, joint conferences and symposiums. The Academy regularly publishes
The Journal of Management Philosophy (Keiei Tetsugaku), The Bulletin (Keiei
Tetsugaku Ronshu) and News Letter.
2-1. Conferences and Meetings (2006-2010)
The Annual Conference is held usually for two days in September each year. The
conference has been held at various universities in Japan. The conference program
consists of plenary sessions and parallel sessions on a wide range of management
philosophy.
The 27th Annual Conference at Waseda University in September 2010, for instance,
had three plenary sessions and fifteen papers presented in parallel sessions. Themes ofplenary sessions and presenters are as follows:(1) Civilization, Science and Technology-Yoshiaki YAUCHI (Waseda University)-Teruo TANIGUCHI (Momoyama Gakuin Univeristy)-Tsukasa FUJINUMA (Aomori Public University)(2) The Limitation of Capitalism-Hideharu CHUJO (Chukyo University)-Hiroshi MITO (Yokohama National University)-Toshio YAMADA (Kyushu Sangyo University)(3) The Role of Institution and Organization-Yoshikazu NIWAMOTO (Konan University)-Akira KOMATSU (Hitotsubashi University)61

-Hiroshi OTSUKI (Waseda University)
A list of Annual Conference themes and the host universities for the past five years
is as follows:
23rd (2006): Management Philosophy of Local Business, Hokkai-Gakuen
University, Hokkaido.
24th (2007): Management Philosophy and Corporate Image, Kyushu Sangyo
University, Fukuoka.
25th (2008): The Origin of Management Philosophy, Keio University, Tokyo.
26th (2009): Management Philosophy Versus Stock Market Capitalism, Kyoto
University, Kyoto.
27th (2010): The Future of Civilization and The Role of Management
Philosophy, Waseda University, Tokyo.
All the local chapters hold regional meetings (Chiho Bukai) more than once a year.
At the regional meetings, distinguished founders/presidents of corporations with uniquemanagement thoughts are invited as lecturers in addition to academic presentations. For
instance, Toru TAKASUKA, the founder of Cybozu, Inc. and Tadashi YOKOKAWA, thefounder of Skylark Co., Ltd were invited to a Kanto Regional Meeting, and Kazuo
INAMORI, the founder of Kyocera Corporation to a Kyoto Regional Meeting in 2007.
The Academy welcomes occasional guests for the lectures.
2-2 Joint Conferences and Symposia
Through its numerous external activities, the Academy has made valuable
contributions to the fields of management philosophy. It should be noted that the
Academy has a cooperative relationship with societies engaged in similar pursuits: theJapan Society of Food Service Studies (JSFS), the Japan Academy of Kokeki Studies(JAKS), the Pan-Pacific Business Association (PBA) and the University of Shanghai for
Science and Technology (USST). It is important to encourage the exchange anddissemination of management philosophy, and to promote understanding andcooperation between the members.
The most recent case of cooperation is the joint plenary session at JAKS’s eleventh
annual conference in 2010. The Academy members, president Kenshu KIKUZAWA (Keio
University), past president Koji OHIRA (Meiji Gakuin University), and Hiroshi MITO
(Yokohama National University) were invited to the session entitled “Public Interest andManagement Philosophy”.
62

AMP has also maintained a close relationship with USST since 2000. The
Academy held an international symposium at USST in September 2005. And theAcademy invited three professors of the university to our annual conference and had a
special session in 2007. As a result of academic exchange with USST, three papers from
USST were published in The Journal of Management Philosophy, volume five (2008).
2-3. Publications
In 2004, the Academy started to issue The Journal of Management Philosophy(JMP), to publish unique research and application results by academics andprofessionals. The fields of contents cover management philosophy research broadly
from management history to emerging issues. It also includes interviews withfounders/presidents of corporations with unique management thoughts and opening
articles and special sections by leading academic researchers. With the increase in thenumber of research papers in the Journal, AMP has been brought out twice a year from
2009.
The themes of special sections in recent volume (2010) of JMP are “Management
Philosophy in Economic Crisis” (No.1) and “Are CSR, Business Ethics nor
Management Philosophy Useful? ” (No.2). Papers in both sections are contributed byleading academics invited to the annual conference or regional meetings.
In 2008, the Academy published the book, Management Philosophy in Practice(Keiei Tetsugaku No Jissen), from Bunshindo Publishing to celebrate the twenty-fifth
anniversary. This book focuses on the origin of management thoughts in Japan and thethoughts of founders or presidents of the selected companies. The companies selected in
the book cover from Hokkaido to Okinawa geographically and the persons from Meiji
to Heisei, historically. In this book, we selected three persons who made large
contributions to establish management philosophy in Japan; Eiichi SHIBUSAWA,
Konosuke MATSUSHITA and Kazuo INAMORI.
The Academy also publishes The Bulletin annually and News Letters biannually toreport its activities. The Bulletin includes papers presented at parallel sessions at the last
Annual Conference.

2-4. The AMP Best Paper Award
The Academy established an official award in 1995. The aim of the award ishonoring and encouraging young researchers (under 40 years old) to present papers. The
committee selects from the papers by young researchers presented at the previous
63annual conference. In 2010 the prize of 50,000 yen was awarded to Yingyan WANG
(Hiroshima City University).
We believe that the award has contributed to the progress of management
philosophy research and its application to management practice. In fact, since theestablishment of this award, numbers of young researchers who present papers at theannual conference have been growing steadily.
3. Further Direction
The 28th Annual Conference in 2011 is scheduled at Hokkai Gakuen University,
Hokkaido. And the Exchange Committee is negotiating to hold a joint conference in2011.
We are experiencing presently a major economic crisis caused by corporate
scandals and frauds. Needless to say, management philosophy is deeply related to them.
The Academy has dealt with such issues at its conference and offered comments on
management philosophy to society and corporate leaders. It is becoming more and more
important for corporations and corporate leaders to identify their management
philosophy. We believe that the activities of the Academy are a contribution to finding
the solution.
(Yasuhiko ISHII, Takachiho University)64THE SOCIETY FOR THE HISTORY OF MANAGEMENT THEORIES
1. Foundation of the Society and Its Development
The year 2012 will mark the 20th year (anniversary in the Japanese sense) of theSociety for the History of Management Theories, established on May 29/30 in 1993,
when the first Annual Meeting was held at Meiji University. When the Society wasestablished, the number of members of the Society was 262. The number has now
increased until about 330. Since then, an annual meeting has been held on a unified
topic regularly in May, and the Annals have been published.
2. The Three Objectives of the Society
The first objective of the Society is to contribute to the development of thediscipline of management by studying and researching theories of management, thehistory of management theories, and comparative studies of management. The second
objective is to consciously develop young scholars in the history of management
theories. They are encouraged to present papers and participate in discussions at theAnnual Conference. The third objective is to develop some enthusiastic and capable
authors through editing and publishing the Annals of the Society for the History ofManagement Theories.
3. The Organization and Management of the Society
Twelve directors (six each from East Japan and West Japan) and two auditors (oneeach from the East and West) are elected by those attending the general meeting. The
election of the directors is implemented every three years. In addition several directors
are nominated in consideration of the balance between districts and their research field.
The president (limited to one term of three years) and two vice-presidents (oneeach from the East and West) are elected by all new elected members of the directors.
The tasks of the Board of directors, including the editing and publication of the Annals,
are performed by seven or eight executive committee members including the president
and both vice-presidents and those who are recommended by the directors.
4. The Publication Plan for the 20th anniversary of the Society
Our Society has a plan to publish 14 books in its series of History of Management
Theories, and an enlarged and revised edition of the 350-page Dictionary for the Historyof Management Theories that was published on the 10th anniversary in 2002. About 70
authors are recommended from the 330 members of our Society. In the 14-book series,
65the editing committee has decided to nominate and publish works by historicalmanagement scholars like F. W. TAYLOR (Vol. 1), J. H. FAYOL (Vol. 2), G. E. MAYO and F.
J. ROETHLISBERGER (vol. 3), M. P. FOLLETT (Vol. 4), A. A. BERLE and G. C. MEANS (Vol.
5), C. I. BARNARD (Vol. 6), H. A. SIMON (Vol. 7), J. WOODWARD (Vol. 8), H. I. ANSOFF(Vol. 9), P. F. DRUCKER (Vol. 10), H. NICKLISCH (Vol. 11), E. GUTENBERG (Vol. 12),
Japanese Management Theories I (Vol. 13), Japanese Management Theories Ⅱ(Vol.
14).
In the case of the enlarged revised edition of the Dictionary for the History ofManagement Theories, most members participate to write about 50 new items andrewrite or revise the old expressions of the 620 items on management theories. The newedition of the Dictionary will be published by May 2012, (with about 380 pages intotal).
5. Themes and Names of Presenters at the Annual Conference and Contents of Annals
Themes and names of presenter from the first to the 10th annual conference andcontents of the Annals were shown in the Information Bulletin of the Union of National
Economic Associations in Japan No. 22, 2002.
(1) The 11th Annual Conference and Annals, on May 17/18, 2003 at Ryukoku University.
a) The unified theme and Annals title: Philosophical Foundation of Management
Theories・ Presentation by Masaki NAKATA (Ritsumeikan University) “On the Values, Norms,
and Criteria of Business Management”・ Presentation by Hiroshi IWATA (Osaka Sangyo University) “Pragmatism andmanagement Theories: Insight from the Thought of Charles S. Peirce”
・ Presentation by Izumi MITSUI (Tezukayama University) “Protestantism andManagement Thought”・ Presentation by Mitsuhiro HIRATA (Toyo University) “Die gedankliche undpraxisorientierte Basis von Eugen Schmalenbach”
・ Presentation by Masakatsu MASUDA “Development of Business Administration andIndustrial Sociology in Germany and Catholic Social Thought”・ Presentation by Takenori SAITO (Yokohama City University) “Yoichi Ueno’s
Management Thought”・ Presentation by Tsunehiko YUI (Bunkyo Gakuin University) “Intellectual Ground ofJapanese Management: A Business Historian’s View”b) Special Lecture66

・ Presentation by Osamu TSUJI (President: Samco International Co.) “MyManagement Philosophy”c) Other Themes
・ Presentation by Hisashi SHIMADA (Ryukoku University)
Management: The Foundation of NPO’s Service Strategy”“Mission-based・ Presentation by Motomasa MURAYAMA (Tokiwa University) “Philosophy ofValue-centered Management: The Quest for Spirituality as Seen from Management
Thought”
・ Presentation by Shin-ichi SAKAI (Tokyo Kasei-Gakuin University), “TheSignificance of and Problems Related to Whistle-Blowing in Corporate Governance,from a Management and Legal Perspective”
・ Presentation by Yasuaki IKUTA (Osaka University) “A Study on Corporate
Governance: What is it, Norms or Process?”・ Presentation by Naoki TAKAMI (Osaka City University) “‘Social Responsibility of
Executive’ and Horst Steinmann’s ‘Business Ethics’”・ Presentation by Satoshi KASUGA (Hokkai Gakuen University) “Veblen and Drucker:
Business, Management, and Society”
・ Presentation by Masato MATSUDA (Kyoto College of Economics) “The Historical
Concept of Coordination and Present Subject of Coordination”
・ Presentation by Naoto NISHIMOTO (Meiji University) “Innovativeness andPotentiality of HRO Studies”
・ Presentation by Hiroyuki KUNISHIMA (Soka University) “The Hollywood Model andGuild”(2) The 12th Annual Conference and Annals, on May 22/23, 2004 at Yokohama City
University.
a) The unified theme and Annals title: Governance and policy: From the Viewpoint ofTheory and Practice of Management
・ Presentation by Shinshi KATAOKA (St. Andrew’s University), “Governance andDirection of Business Policy”
・ Presentation by Nobuo SAKUMA (Soka University) “Corporate Control andCorporate Governance in the U.S.A.”・ Presentation by Yasuyuki YANABA (Nihon University) “Corporate Governance inTransition in France: Employee Participation, Reform of Board of Directors andBusiness Law”
・ Presentation by Yoko IWAMIYA (President of Kazari-Ichi Co. Ltd.)67“My

Management Philosophy as a Female Entrepreneur”
・ Presentation by Hiroshi OGINO (Asahi Shimbun, Senior Editorial Writer) “How to
Maintain Fairness in the Management of a Non-Profit Organization: Based on My
10 Years Experience in Managing the Japan Corporate Governance Forum”
・ Presentation by Joichi ISHIZAKA (Director General of Kohoku Ward, Yokohama
City) “Governance and Policies in Local Governments”b) Other Themes
・ Presentation by Kenshu KIKUZAWA (Chuo University) “Accounting Policy for
Corporate Governance: Application of Agency Theory and Schmidt Accounting
Theory”・ Presentation by Hiroshi OTSUKI (Hokkai Gakuen University) “Logic ofOrganizational Control Transformation”
・ Presentation by Tsutomu KOBAYASHI (Aichi Institute of Technology)
・ “Development of Researches on the Evolution of Inter-Organizational Relationship:
From the Standpoints of Level and Approach”
・ Presentation by Toshio TAKAGI (Meiji University) “A Possibility of Actor-Network
Theory in Organizational Study: Dynamism of the Heterogeneous Network”
Presentation by Takeshi MATSUDA (Meiji University) “Corporate Governance andRole of Bank in Germany”
・ Presentation by Yuko OZAWA (Kwansei Gakuin University) “Controlling in a
German Corporation”
・ Presentation by Hiroshi SUGITA (Ishinomaki Senshu University) “The Basis ofFollet’s Management Philosophy”(3) The 13th Annual Conference and Annals, on May 21/22, 2005 at Kwansei Gakuin
University.
a) The unified theme and Annals title: Diversification of Corporate Model andManagement Theory
・ Presentation by Tsuneo SASAKI (Aomori Public College) “New Direction ofHistorical Research on Management Theories”
・ Presentation by Tamiki KISHIDA (Nagoya University) “Development of American
Management Theory and Organization”
・ Presentation by Nobuo TSUNO (Kobe Gakuin University) “21st Century
Anglo-American Style Enterprise and Management Theory”
・ Presentation by Shuichi MANCHU (Osaka Sangyo University) “EU Business Modeland Management Theory”
68・ Presentation by Hiromasa KUBO (Kobe University) “Labour Market Reforms andIndustrial Relations in the EU”
・ Presentation by Ken KANEYAMA (Obirin University) “Asia: China Enterprise Modeland Management Theory”
・ Presentation by Hideko SAKURAI (Sakushin-Gakuin University) “Shari’ahCompliance and Management: The Principles of Management in Islam”b) Other Themes
・ Presentation by Fumio FUKUNAGA (Kurume University) “Management Theory andSocial Darwinism: The Ideological Background of Taylor and Barnard”
・ Presentation by Tetsu HIRASAWA (Tohoku University) “Toward Overcoming theIncongruence between the Individual and the Organization
・ Presentation by Ibuki ISHIKAWA (Ritsumeikan University) “The Significance of the‘Rent’ Concept in the New Theoretical Development of Strategic Management
Literature”
・ Presentation by Shogo MIYATA (Kwansei Gakuin University) “Management
Decision and Argumentation Rationality: The Concept for Measuring the
Argumentation Rationality of Management Decision”
・ Presentation by Norihiro MIZUMURA (Saitama University) “The Structure andFunction of the Stakeholder Model of the Modern Corporation: An Empirical andNormative Dimensions of the Stakeholder Theorist”
・ Presentation by Masao KARIMATA (Osaka City University) “The Management ofSupport Organizations”(4) The 14th Annual Conference and Annals, on May 20/21, 2006 at Kwansei Gakuin
Universitya) The unified theme and Annals title: Contemporary Hot Issues in Management
Theories.
・ Presentation by Nobuo KATSUBE (Kumamoto Gakuen University) “Questioning‘The Present of Management Theories’: Corporate Governance and Organization
Theories”
・ Presentation by Hideharu CHUJO (Chukyo University) “Inquiring into a Corporation:
Using the Concept of ‘Dantai’”・ Presentation by Toshio KIKUCHI (Chuo Gakuin University) “Management System
and Corporate Governance in Japan: Some Problems, Trends and Conditions”
・ Presentation by Kenshu KIKUZAWA (Keio University) “Stockholder Governance vs.
Stakeholder Governance: Convergence on Contingent Stakeholder Governance”
69

・ Presentation by Tadashi MITO (Chiba University of Commerce, Advisor at Graduate
School) “A Map of Management’s Present: The Self Organization―Information
World”・ Presentation by Masahiko YOSHIHARA (Aomori Public College) “Research Method
related to History of management Theories: Focusing upon the Formation of the
Science of Human Cooperation”
・ Presentation by Tsuyoshi NUMAGAMI (Hitsotsubashi University) “Recent American
Research on Strategic management from the Viewpoint of the Japanese Researchers:
Intellectual Interaction Trap in the Area of Human-based View”
・ Presentation by Yoshikazu NIWAMOTO (Konan University) “New Perspective forStrategic Management Research”b) Other Themes
・ Presentation by Itsuko WATANABE (Asahi University) “Duality Management by
Switching Cognitive Gears: With Quality Model as A Clue”
・ Presentation by Hidenori SASAKI (Meiji Gakuin University) “The Relation ofOrganizational Epistemology and Resource Dependence Perspective: Approachedby the Concept of Environment and Organization”
・ Presentation by Natsuko ITO (Nagoya University) “A Possibility of Theoretical
Integration in Organizational Learning Research”
・ Presentation by Motokazu UDAGAWA (Nagasaki University) “Theoretical
Development and Issues in Strategy Studies: Investigating the Contemporary
Strategy Studies”
・ Presentation by Kazuhiro KADATA (Kwansei Gakuin University) “Sustainable
Competitive Advantage by Corporate Reputation: From the Viewpoint Corporate
Strategy of Resource-based View of the Firm”
・ Presentation by Tsuyoshi YAMASHITA (Nagoya University) “Manipulation andManagement”・ Presentation by Tetsuya USUBA (Yokohama National University) “A Perspective on
Leadership Research: From Leader-Centric Perspective to Follower-Centric
Perspective”
・ Presentation by Kazuhiro MURATA (Saitama University) “Charles Babbage on
Management Thought”・ Presentation by Noriko MATSUMOTO (Komazawa University) “The Significance andProblems of a Not-for-Profit Organization’s Governance”
・ Presentation by Ralf BEBENROTH (Kobe University) “Comparison between European
and Japanese Corporate Governance Systems”
70

(5) The 15th Annual Conference and Annals, on May 19/20, 2007 at Hokkai Gakuen
University.
a) The unified theme and Annals title: Methodology and Notable Current Issues ofmanagement Studies
・ Presentation by Eiji OGASAWARA (Meiji University) “Methodological issues andthree Problems of Contemporary Management Studies”
・ Presentation by Akinobu SAKASHITA (Kobe University) “Organization Research andits basic Assumption: From the Viewpoint of Organization Management”・ Presentation by Katsuyuki NAGAOKA (Tokyo School of Economics) “The Problem
of Relevance in Management Research: A Historical Observation”
・ Presentation by Hirokazu TSUJIMURA (Chubu University) “Management Theory andthe Bring-up of managers”
・ Presentation by Kanji TANIMOTO (Hitotsubashi University) “CSR Movement andPolicy Task in Japan”・ Presentation by Takashi WATANABE (Ritsumeikan University) “Work/Life Balance
and a New Paradigm of Human Resource Management Studies”
・ Presentation by Hisashi SHIMADA (Kyoto Bunkyo University) “The Track ofDrucker Theory and Possibility of NPO Management Theory”b) Other Themes
・ Presentation by Hisao KAWABATA (Kyushu University) “Re-discussion on Barnard’s
Concept of Organization”
・ Presentation by Toru HAYASHI (Yokkichi University) “Takata’s Power Theory andOrganization”
・ Presentation by Shinichi KAMATA (National Defense Academy of Japan)“Organization Theory and Critical Realism”
・ Presentation by Tsutomu KOBAYASHI (Aichi Institute of Technology) “An
Examination of the Embeddedness Approach to Corporate Strategy”・ Presentation by Akira YOSHINARI (Yokohama City University) “A Practice-based
Approach to Corporate Strategy”・ Presentation by Nobuyoshi HIRAI (Yokohama National University) “Project Team
Leadership: With a Focus on Boundary Spanning Functions”
・ Presentation by Megumi KOJIMA (Meiji University) “Advanced Management in a
Non-Profit Organization”
・ Presentation by Yoshiomi ISHIJIMA (Hokkai Gakuen University) “Potentialities in the‘Exit – Vice – Loyalty’ Model on the Corporate Governance”
71

・ Presentation by Yoshinori YAGUCHI (Meiji University) “CSR as a Corporate
Strategy: Based on the British Oil Industry”(6) The 16th Annual Conference and Annals, on May 17 /18, 2008 at Chuo University.
a) The unified theme and Annals title: Management Theory and Practice・ Presentation by Yoshiaki TAKAHASHI (Chuo University) “Idea of Management
Theories and Practice in German and English Speaking Areas”
・ Presentation by Hiroshi IWATA (Otemon Gakuin University) “Practice ofManagement Theory and Pragmatism”
・ Presentation by Akihiro KOYAMA (Gakushuin University) “On the Transferability
German Management Theory”
・ Presentation by Yoshiharu HYAKUTA (Komazawa University) “The Basic
Characteristic of Modern CSR and the Research Problems and Methods of Critical
Management Studies in Japan”・ Presentation by Takenori SAITOU (Kanto Gakuin University) “The Collaboration ofManagement Education between Students and Teacher: From My Experiences ofUndergraduate Seminars”
・ Presentation by Norio KAMBAYASHI (Kobe University) “What It Means to Become aManagement Researcher: Present Conditions and Problems for the Future”
・ Presentation by Fumio TAKAHASHI (Panelist 1, Aoyama Gakuin University), Masao
NAKANISHI (Panelist 2, Kwansei Gakuin University), Hiroyuki TAKAHASHI (Panelist
3, Chuo University) and Yasuharu TANZAWA (Moderator, Chuo University) “TheDevelopment of Business School in Japan and a Perspective to the 21st Century”b) Other Themes
・ Presentation by Yayoi WATANABE (Yokohama National University) “An Essay on
the Interdisciplinary Team Care in Hospitals: Based on the Theory of ‘Communities
of Practice’ ”
・ Presentation by Kohei NISHIKAWA (Konan University) “A Historical Assessment of
OD”
・ Presentation by Masanori SAKAMOTO (Ryukoku University) “A Comparison
between the Theory Proposed by Shinshi KATAOKA and the Structural Control-Power
Paradigm”(7) The 17th Annual Conference and Annals on May 16 /17, 2009 at Chubu University
Nagoya Campus).
a) The unified theme and Annals title: Management Theories and Concepts of72

Organization
・ Presentation by Yoshikazu NIWAMOTO (Konan University) “Development ofManagement Theory with the Relation Concept of Organization”
・ Presentation by Yasuharu TANZAWA (Chuo University) “The Development ofOrganization Researches in Germany”
・ Presentation by Takahide KOSAKA (Nihon University) “Reconsideration of the
Bureaucracy Theory of Max Weber”
・ Presentation by Hideharu CHUJO (Chukyo University) “Concepts of Organization:
Theoretical Transformations in U. S. Management Theories”
・ Presentation by Tsuyoshi NUMAGAMI (Hititsubashi University) “What is an
Organization?: A Perspective from the Japanese Empirical Strategy Research”
・ Presentation by Kazuhiro FUJI (Setsunan University) “How does the Stakeholder
Theory Comprehend Organization?”・ Presentation by Fumie ANDO (Nanzan University) “Recent Progress ofOrganizational Learning and its Future Prospect: From the Views of Organization”b) Other themes
・ Presentation by Osamu KIKIMA (Kyushu Sangyo University) “A Historical Review
of Conceptions of the Relationship between Organization and Organization
Members”
・ Presentation by Noboru MATSUSHIMA (Kobe University) “Investigating the
Discourse in Studies of Institutional Entrepreneurship”
・ Presentation by Thuy Huong TRINH (Chuo University) “The Connection of
Motivation’s Idea with Career Development: Based on the Intrinsic Motivation
Theory by E. L. Deci”
・ Presentation by Kazuyuki SHIMIZU (Meiji University) “Evolution of German
Managerial Economics after the 1990’s: refers to Picot’s Research Paper”
・ Presentation by Akira SHIBATA (Kagawa University) “The Development of System
Theories: From the Discussion of the St. Gallen School and Munich School”
・ Presentation by Takayuki YAMAGUCHI (Kwansei Gakuin University) “Trends of
SMEs Research in France: A Managerial Approach”(8) The 18th Annual Conference was held on May 22/23, 2010 at Fukuoka University on
the unified theme Business Management and Management Theories at Times of Crisis.
The unified theme consisted of three sub-topics: “Management Theories between WorldWar I and World War II”, “Management Theories After World War II”, and “TheEconomic Crisis & Business Management and Management Theories in the Age of73

Globalization”. The presenters and their topics were as follows:a) The unified theme and Annals title: Business Management and Management Theories
at Time of Crisis.
・ Presentation by Yoshiaki TAKAHASHI (Chuo University) “Business Management andManagement Theories at Time of Crisis: From the Points of View of the Economic
and Industrial Policies and Management Theories in the three Times of Crisis”
・ Presentation by Nobuchika KAIDO (Kwansei Gakuin University) “The Crisis
between World War I and World War II”
・ Presentation by Yuichi MARUYAMA (Nagoya Keizai University) “The Great World
Crisis of 1929 and American Management Theories”
・ Presentation by Nobutaka KAZAMA (Meiji University) “The System of Social Market
and Development of Management Theories in Germany: Wobble between the
Orientations of Market and Economic Effectiveness vs. Community and Humanity”
・ Presentation by Masaki HAYASHI (Chuo University) “The Competitiveness ofJapanese Enterprises and Management Theories after World War II”
・ Presentation by Kimio TAKAHASHI (Kanto Gakuin University) “Synthesis of Critical
Principles for Management Theories in the Age of Globalization: Beyond the Age of
Discontinuity”
・ Presentation by Shinshi KATAOKA (St. Andrew’s University) “The Age of Crisis andReconstruction of Management Theory”b) Other Themes
・ Presentation by Yuji KAJIWAKI (Ryukoku University) “From Behavior-oriented
Management Theory to the Nerve-Science-Oriented Management Theory: A New
Development by G. Schanz”・ Presentation by Masaru SEKINO (Kinki University) “Business Tax and Management
Function: A Discussion on Investment Decision”
・ Presentation by Tateshi AKIYAMA (Kanagawa University) “Unification of the
Principles of Corporate Governance in the European Union”
・ Presentation by Hidemi IKEUCHI (Kyushu Sangyo University) “The Age of Crisisand Reconstruction of Management Theory: The Subject of Modern Management
Theory: Focus on the Changes of Enterprises and Enterprise Theories”
・ Presentation by Kazushi ARITA (Iwakuni Junior College) “Shiro IKEDA and Disputeon the Newspaper SAKIGAKE”
・ Presentation by Naomi YAMAGUCHI (Meiji University) “Development of Business
Ethics of German Management Theories: Focus on Business Ethics Theory by H.
Steinmann’s School”
74The 19th annual Conference will be held on the unified theme The Philosophy andMethodology of Management Theory at Aomori Public College on May 21/22, 2011.
(Yoshiaki TAKAHASHI, Chuo University
Takayuki YAMAGUCHI, Kwansei Gakuin University）

75

JAPAN RISK MANAGEMENT SOCIETY
Introduction ―Vision and Philosophy―
The Japan Risk Management Society (JARMS), founded in 1978, is the academic
association which has the longest tradition in the field of risk management science. This
society is a so-called shinise (“old shop” in Japanese) in the field of academic researchof risk management.
The philosophy of JARMS is as follows: Scientific management of risks
surrounding individuals and organizations from theoretical research to practicaldevelopment (soshiki to kojin wo torimaku risk no kagakuteki kanri – rironteki kenkyu
kara jissenteki tenkai made –). Its spirit is in the slogan, “Even if its size is small, thisacademic association shines” (chiisakutemo hikaru gakkai)
1. Outline and History
1.1. Outline of JARMSIn March 30, 2008, the Japan Risk Management Society (JARMS) celebrated the30th anniversary of its foundation.
In 1978, 29 scholars headed by Dr. Toshiaki KAMEI had a meeting at Kansai
University, Osaka, and on that occasion JARMS was founded. Since then, JARMS has
hosted 34 national conferences and about 100 local conferences. During this time,
JARMS has contributed significantly to the academic development and practicalapplication of risk and crisis management in Japan as well as abroad.
In November 1984, JARMS was officially recognized as a registered academic
association under Article 18 of the Japanese Academic Council Law. In October 1992,
JARMS entered the Union of National Economics Associations of Japan.
1.2. Annual National Conference
Every year, JARMS holds an annual national conference in September andtwo or three local conferences. Following are the general themes adopted at eachnational conference and the name of the host university.
34th

September
2010

33rd

September
2009

Kansai University, 1. Mental
Healthand
Risk
Faculty of Safety
Management
Science (FSS)
2. Security for Children and Risk
Management
Tohoku University Employment and Risk Managementof Welfare
76

32nd

September
2008

31st

September
2007
September
2006

30th

Okayama
University ofCommerce
Senshu University
Osaka
University

City

29th

September
2005

Chiba University ofCommerce

28th

September
2004

Shimonoseki
University

27th

September
2003

Osaka University ofCommerce

26th

September
2002

Hakuo University

25th

September
2001
March 2001

Hiroshima Shudo
University
Kansai University

23rd

September
2000

Osaka City
University

22nd

September
1999
September
1998
January 1998

Kansai University

24th

21st
20th

City

Business Ethics and Risk Management
Role of Risk Management in a Modern
Corporation
1. Non payment of insurance and Risk
Management
2. 2. New Corporation Law and Risk
Management
1. CSR and Risk Management
2. Managers’ Human Character andRisk Management
1. Disaster Management type Risk
Management
2. Crisis Management through History
1. Corporate Value Promotion andRisk Management
2. IT and Risk Management
1. Gigantic Firms and Risk
Management
2. Airline Industry and Risk
Management
Corporate Governance and Risk
Management
Risk Management in the 21st Century

Strategic Risk Management
1. Environmental Problems and RM
2. Start up of Firms and Risk
Management
Tohoku University 1. Risk Management and Counselingof Welfare
2. The Aging Problem and RM
Hakuo University
Legal Risk Management

19th

September
1997

Waseda University

18th

September
1996

Aichi Gakusen
University

17 th

September
1995

Tezukayama
University

77

Uneasy Situation of Insurance andFinancial Business and Risk
Management
1. Ideal Risk and Crisis Management
2. Risk Management in Foreign
Countries
1. Deregulation and Risk Management
2. Revision of Insurance Business Law
and Risk Management
1. Risk Management under Imperfect
Information
2. Corporate Disaster and Risk

16th

September
1994

15th

September
1993
September
1992

14th
13rd
12th
11th
10th
9th
8th
7th
6th
5th

September
1991
September
1990
September
1989
September
1988
September
1987
September
1986
September
1985
September
1984
September
1983

4th

1982

3rd

1981

2nd

1980

1st

1979

Management
Shimonoseki City 1. Economic System Transformation
University
and Risk Management
2. Bankruptcy and Risk Management
Senshu University
Future Image of Risk Management
Okayama
University ofCommerce
Kansai University

Risk Management Consulting
1. Non-Life Insurance Agents and RM
2. Business Consultants and RM
Change and Perspective of RM

KyushuInternational
University
Aichi Gakusen
University
Kobe University ofCommerce
Komazawa
University
Konan University

Ideal International Crisis Management

Tohoku Gakuin
University
Momoyama Gakuin
University
Tokyo Prefectura
College ofCommerce
Osaka University of
Economics
Kansai University

Business and Risk Management
Towards the 21st Century
Function and Limit of InsuranceManagement
Relation between Financial
Management and Risk Management

Business Administration and Risk
Management
Selection of Risk Treatment Devices
Speculative Risk and Risk Management
Ideal Family Risk Management

Internationalization and Risk
Management
Direction of Risk Management Study inJapan

Hiroshima
University
Doshisha
University

1.3. Journal of JARMS
JARMS publishes a journal called Risk and Insurance Management (Kiken to
Kanri).
From No.13 in 1985, this journal changed its style into a real book. Its
colorful appearance is outstanding compared with other academic journals in Japan. The
renewed journal of JARMS is called JARMS Report. JARMS Report No.1 corresponds78

to Risk and Insurance Management No.13 and thus the latest issue JARMS Report
No.21 corresponds to Risk and Insurance Management No.33.
Following are the titles of JARMS Report published since 1985.
No.29
No.28
No.27
No.26
No.25
No.24
No.23
No.22
No.21
No.20

March 2010
March 2009
March 2008
March 2007
March 2006
March 2005
March 2004
March 2003
March 2002
March 2001

No.19
No.18
No.17

March 2000
March 1999
October
1998
March 1998
October
1997
March 1997
October
1996
March 1996
March1995
March 1994
March 1993
March 1992
March 1991
March 1990
March 1989
March 1988
March 1987
March 1986
March 1985

No.16
No.15
No.14
No.13
No.12
No.11
No.10
No.9
No.8
No.7
No.6
No.5
No.4
No.3
No.2
No.1

Employment and Risk Management
Business Ethics and Risk Management
Role of Risk Management in a Modern Corporation
CSR and Risk Management
Natural Disasters and Risk Management
Giant Corporations and Risk Management
Corporate Value Promotion, IT and Risk Management
Corporations and Risk Management
Corporate Governance and Risk Management
Risk Management of New Businesses and Family Risk
Management
Aging Society and Risk Management
Legal Risk Management
Risk Management under Crisis of Insurance and Banking
Risk Management of Foreign Countries
Management Strategy and Risk Management
Deregulation and Risk Management
Risk Management Advisors and Consultants in Crisis
Management
Corporate Disaster and Risk Management
Bankruptcy and Risk Management
Prospects of Risk Management
Business Consultants and Risk Management
History and Future of Risk Management
Internationalization of Risk Management
Business Management and Risk Management
Selection of Risk Treatment Devices
Glossary of Risk Management Terms
Modern Society and Risk Management
Criminal Risks of Business and Risk Management
Function and Scope of Insurance Management

1.4. WEBJARMS
In November 1996, JARMS opened its Website, WEBJARMS, which was one of
the first Websites created by an academic association of social science. The first versionof WEBJARMS was created in November 1996 through NACSIS, the Ministry of
Education internet server.
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In March 1999, the second version of WEBJARMS was created through theinternet server Nifty, the largest internet supplier in Japan. This version contributed
much to the development of JARMS and risk management science by presenting useful
information concerning academic meetings and output by members.
After fifteen years’ operation of a Website and after ten years’ operation of its
renewed Website on the Nifty server, in January 2009, JARMS renovated its Website
drasticallyonce
again.
The
third
versionof
WEBJARMS(http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jarms/) owes its renovation to the Academic Society Home
Village (http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/index.html), which is a service to provide homepage
data area for Japanese academic societies. The Academic Society Home Village Serveris supported by the National Institute of Informatics (NII). WEBJARMS is thus on theserver of the NII Academic Society Home Village Service.
1.5. International Exchange
JARMS has connections with academic associations in Korea such as the Korea
Risk Management Society and also with those in the Taiwan such as Taiwan Risk
Management Society. JARMS exchanges guest speakers at meetings every year. A
series of international conferences between Korea has been a success each time.
JARMS also invites researchers from Western countries. Dr. WALDENBERGER from
Munich University made a conference on corporate governance at the Kanto district
meeting held at Senshu University in December 2007. Dr. TORRES from Montpellier
University made a conference on crisis management in the wine industry in the south ofFrance at the Kansai district meeting held at Kansai University in June 2009.
These kinds of academic exchange will contribute to sharing each country’s
valuable information on risk management. Through these international exchanges,
JARMS will be enabled to prepare some fundamental global guidelines about risk
management.
2. Main Framework of Risk Management Theory
Members of JARMS approach Risk Management from various points of view andfields such as business administration, finance, accounting, marketing, strategy,
insurance, economics, psychology, philosophy, history, etc. Whatever background they
have, members of JARMS refer to the authorized Risk Management doctrine of Dr.
Toshiaki KAMEI, founder of JARMS and pioneer of Risk Management science in Japan.
Here is the main framework of Risk Management based on Dr. Toshiaki KAMEI’s
theory.
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2.1. Definition and Purpose of Risk Management
ISO 31000: 2009 Risk Management –Principles and Guidelines- defines “risk” as“the effect of uncertainty on objectives” and “risk management” as “coordinatedactivities to direct and control an organization with regard to risk”
Risk management has its roots in (1) Risikopolitik in Germany during the 1920sand (2) insurance management, which was developed in the United States during the
1930s. In Germany, Risikopolitik started as a science to protect firms from hyper
inflation and as a management approach for survival. In the United States, the great
depression urged the development of insurance management as a means of businessrationalization and cost control.
To be more specific, risk management in the United States proceeded as businessrisk management to protect business. In the beginning, it was conceived as managementof pure risks (static risk) and as insurance for insurable risks, but in due course, theconcept was broadened to all aspects of business risk including speculative risks(dynamic risk). As such, management of business risk became a scientific discipline,
and to that extent, risk management exceeded the framework of financial management
as a means of insurance against natural calamities to encompass all risks inherent inproduction, marketing, finance, labor relations and the other aspects of management.
Thus it was necessary to understand risk management as a means to protect businessfrom failure and bankruptcy.
In this sense, the term “risk” should include not only emergency or contingency but
also hazards which are likely to result in emergencies as political, economic or social
factors. In order to protect business from failures, it was necessary for risk management
to confront not only one-time risk but also continuing hazards in developing businessstrategy. Clearly, this meant that management of risk by insurance was no longer
sufficient for survival of business.
Management of non-insurable risks must deal with those for which protection by
insurance is not available as well as those which make insurance uneconomical. It has todeal with a large variety of speculative risks.
A problem which arises here is that management of speculative risks is a part of theongoing activity of all organizational or functional units within an enterprise, and it isdifficult to associate a particular organizational or functional unit to a specific risk
management approach. For example, market research, sales promotion, advertisement,
credit research, quality control, hedging and so on, are all means of management ofmarketing risks, but none of them has any clear correspondence to actual and specific81risks.
Risk management is not offensive management aimed at growth and maximizationof return, because it is defensive in nature and aimed at protection of a business concern.
It does not aspire to increase revenue and profit, but tries to reduce costs – especiallythose arising from risks – that are charged on income. It attempts to identify the risks
and to control such risks so that they are manageable. Risk management is an activity torealize rational handling of risks and to account for it. (from Toshiaki KAMEI “TheNature and Classifications of Risk Management” Kansai University Review of
Economics and Business, Vol.19, No.1-No.2, March 1991, p.1-p.3)
2.2. Typology of Risk Management
2.2.1. Disaster Management or Insurance Management Type and Business Management
Type Risk Management
There are three types of risk management: (1) disaster management or insurance
management type, (2) business management type, and (3) management strategy type.
The disaster management or insurance management type approach is mainly used foradministration of pure risks. Effective use of insurance constitutes the core of risk
management, while prevention of accidents is considered as the preliminary step.
Prevention of accidents involves protection from calamity and accidents such as fire,
explosion, earthquake, theft, traffic accidents, product liability and so on, as well as
promotion of safety and prevention of work-related accidents.
Risk management of the business management type and that of the management
strategy type deal with all aspects of business risks, including pure and speculative risks.
Insurance is not necessarily the crucial part of these approaches, because they are a
mixture of all rational ways and means to be applied scientifically to reduce exposure torisks. Management of risks, according to these concepts, extends not only to individual
departments or functional units but also to overall management of the company as awhole.
In other words, when management of risks is implemented on a department level, it
constitutes a business management type risk management, while it’s a implementationon the entire company makes it an element of management strategy.
2.2.2. Management Strategy Type Risk Management
Management strategy type risk management is expected to provide consulting,assistance, coordination, monitoring and similar service regarding general as well as
departmental management. In essence, it should assume the role of an internal82

consultant in the matter of business risks. Risk management of this type deals with any
and all business risks, and in this context, management of speculative risks and risks
involved in management strategy becomes an especially important aspect of the task.
For example, it is required to manage risks inherent in development of new
products, penetration into an overseas market or into a new area of business. At thispoint, a number of critical decisions must be taken whether the risks are to be acceptedor avoided, or if the risks are to be accepted while provisions are to be made against
possible losses. Under these circumstances the distinction between strategy and risk
management becomes not very clear.
Yet, business strategy type risk management must remain as a staff function toprovide consultation to general and departmental management. Its responsibility is to
give advice, and not to participate in decision making.
In this respect, it is important to recognize that decision making is not a
momentary act but a series of processes leading to the decision. It consists of (1)acquisition and preparation of information, (2) planning and (3) selection ofalternatives.
(1) Acquisition and preparation of information relates to research and collection of
information concerning risks, classification and compilation of relevant data. (2)Planning consists of analysis, evaluation of information and data, and identifications ofways and means to risk management. (3) Selection of alternatives consists ofcomparison of various risk management alternatives and selection of the approach to betaken. A risk management department must be involved in some or all of these steps asconsultant to the management. (from Toshiaki KAMEI “The Nature and Classifications of
Risk Management” Kansai University Review of Economics and Business, Vol.19,
No.1-No.2, March 1991, p.3-p.4, p.9-p.10.)83Figure1 3 Levels of Risk Managment
Strategic Risk

Top Mangement（Speculative Risk・ Chief Risk Officer(CRO)Business Risk

Managerial
Risk

Risk Management Committee

Operational
Risk

Manager of Division
Responsible for Risk
Management at each Section,
Manager of each Branch
Claim Management,
Operation according to Manual• Figure2• Position of• Risk Management
Top
Management

Production

Marketing

Finance

ＲＭ

ＲＭ

ＲＭ

RM

Human
Resources

ＲＭ

IT

ＲＭ

2.3. Process and Principles of Risk Management
The process of risk management consists of three steps. (1) The first step isresearch and identification of risk based on the collection of information. (2) The
84

second step is measure and analysis of risk identified in the first step. The measure andanalysis of risk is conducted according the criteria of (A) frequency or probability and(B) seriousness or severity. (3) The third step is the selection of risk treatment means.
There are mainly four risk treatment means: avoidance of risk, reduction of risk,
transfer of risk and retention of risk. In risk management, after the identification andanalysis of risk, the selection or the combination of risk treatment means is done
considering the function of cost and the benefit. Risk treatment means is also
distinguished as two main pillars: risk control and risk finance. Risk control is anattempt at protection and prevention against the occurrence of perils or accidents. Risk
finance is a preparation of financial resources for future occurrence of losses by perils
or accidents.
The principle of risk management is that risk is firstly to be avoided, then reduced,
and then transferred, and finally retained. Another principle is that it is important torecognize three aspects of risk in risk treatment: risk repeats, risk changes and risk
hides.
Figure3
Risk management Process

Establishing the context

Risk assessment

Ｍｏｎｉｔｏｒｉｎｇ

Ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ(ISO 31000: 2009)

ａｎｄ

ａｎｄ

Risk identification

ｒｅｖｉｅｗ

ｃｏｎｓｕｌｔａｔｉｏｎ

Risk analysis
Risk evaluation

Risk treatment

85

Figure 3 Risk management process (ISO 31000:2009)
3. Recent research trends
The fundamental task of risk management study, research and implementation is
to manage the variety of risks that have the potential to affect individuals, organizations,business and other entities.
Because risk management is such a fundamental factor in the process of decision
making, the process of risk control and risk finance can be affected from time to timeby the environment in which such decisions are made. In other words, circumstances atdifferent times are bound to produce new risks. As a result, the risk manager must
estimate and, as accurately as possible, predict such changes of environment and use
their best endeavors to minimize the losses suffered by entities that face such risks.
Considering that broadly speaking, the community at large became aware of andsensitized to risk management concepts and issues in the beginning of 21st century, it ispossible to identify some particular circumstances that illustrate the contemporary risk
management approaches and policy. (From Kazuo UEDA, “Japan Risk Management
Society” Information Bulletin of the Union of National Economic Associations inJapan, No.18, 1998, p.74-p.75.)
Dr. Kazuo UEDA mentioned, in 1998, the following three topics as trends in risk
management issues.
- Catastorophic events that cause destruction and loss (e.g. the Great Hanshin
Earthquake in 1995 and the poison gas incident caused by the Aum cult in1995).
- The reform of the Japanese financial system – the so called “Japanese Big
Bang” (since 1996)- The occurrence of, and resultant erosion of consumer confidence bybankruptcies within the banking, securities and life insurance sectors of theJapanese economy (since 1996).
More than ten years has passed since 1998. Besides the topics mentioned by Dr.
UEDA in 1998, now we can identify the following topics under the circumstances up to
2010(1) Problems relating to family crisis and mental health: Mental Risk Management(Kokoro no Kiki Kanri in Japanese)(2) Business Ethics and Corporate Governance86

(3) National Crisis Management after September 11, 2001
(4) Compliance, Internal Control and CSR(5) Social Risk Management
3.1. Problems relating to family crisis and mental health
Under the depression of Japanese economy, many people feel uneasy. Manycompany employees are suffering from restructuring policies and reduction in income,etc. People are depressed and irritated. The increase in suicides by middle-aged persons,
unemployment, Violent crimes and juvenile delinquencies has led to the introduction ofa psychological approach to risk management study.
Dr. Toshiaki KAMEI established a concept of Crisis Management Counseling in
1999, thereby introducing psychology and counseling into risk management. Thus
family risk management is broadened, from mere treatment of investment and life
insurance, to a management science of mental health and crisis.
In 2000, JARMS founded its Family Crisis Management Society in order to focus
the discussion concerning the problems such as family crisis, mental health of
employees and managers, juvenile delinquencies.
3.2. Business Ethics and Corporate GovernanceIn 2000, Snow Brand Milk caused a food poisoning epidemic and it was revealed
that Mitsubishi Motors Corp. had concealed information on its defective cars. In 2002,
it was revealed that Snow Brand Food had replaced its product labels to turn cheap beef
into a more expensive kind. Similar corporate crimes were continuously revealed.
Corporate insincerity and lack of awareness of crisis management attract public
nationwide each time this kind of incident is revealed.
Besides these kinds of corporate deception, the situation where Japanese banks still
remain unstable, the increase in bankruptcy by big firms such as Sogo has madeconsumers lose their faith in Japanese industry and managers.
Under these circumstances, JARMS chose Corporate Governance and Risk
Management as the general theme for its 25th annual conference at Hiroshima Shudo
University in 2001. Members discussed how corporate governance should prevent
corporate deception, crime, or bad management caused by managers’ fault.
This topic is still one of the most important problems of corporate risk
management. Thus on various occasions, JARMS continues to focus on the proposals
for a better corporate risk management system as a means of corporate governance.
JARMS has the advantage to have traditionally pointed out the inability of managers asa main cause of bad management (managers’ risk) based on the theory of the founder,87Dr. Toshiaki KAMEI’s.
The 26th Annual National Conference of JARMS held at Hakuo University in
September 2002. Following the increase in corporate crime and deception, on the firstday of the Conference, members discussed the gigantic corporations and risk
management. Having seen the bad management and bankruptcy of big corporations not
only in Japan but also in the United States, reliable corporate governance systems wereconsidered in the discussion.
3.3. National Crisis Management after September 11, 2001
The horrific terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2001 overthrew
the common sense of national security. This incredible incident made clear the necessity
to be more conscious of crisis management both at a national level and at an individuallevel. Also, this incident led to problems in the airline industry and non-life insurance.
On the second day of the 26th Annual National Conference held at Hakuo
University in September 2002, members discussed the airline industry and risk
management. Following the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001, the problems ofairline insurance and the airline industry itself were discussed.
3.4. Compliance, Internal Control and CSR
Bankruptcy of major corporations in the USA like that of Enron in 2001 and that ofLehman Brothers in 2008 relating to the financial crisis because of subprime loan issues
attracted much attention to compliance, internal control and CSR as a means of risk
management.
In Japan, the new corporation law in 2005 and financial product transaction law in2006 obliged companies to establish internal control systems.
Under these circumstances, JARMS treated compliance, internal control and CSR
issues as a main subject in a series of academic meetings and annual conferences suchas the 29th Annual Conference (main theme: CSR and Risk Management) held in 2005
at Chiba University of Commence.
3.5. Social Risk Management
In recent years members of JARMS have been conducting research based on theconcept of Social Risk Management. Dr. Toshiaki KAMEI introduced and clarified thisconcept by publishing three books: Social Risk Management Theory in 2007,
Background of Social Risk Management in 2009 and Development of Social Risk
Management in 2010. Social risk management is defined as “nation, government, local
88

government, local society, business corporation, university, school, family, NPO, etc.
manage together in a cooperative way the social risks surrounding all the above
mentioned economic entities”. For example, a giant earthquake affects every part ofsociety. To manage this kind of risk, government, local society, enterprises andindividuals should cooperate and act.
The essence of social risk management is shown as follows: cooperative
management of not only material and financial risk but also mental and human relatedrisk.
4. 34th Annual National Conference of JARMS at the Faculty of Safety Science (FSS),
Kansai University
The headquarters of JARMS used to be located at the Faculty of Commerce at
Senriyama Campus, Kansai University. After 25 years since foundation, it was moved to
the Faculty of Informatics at Takatsuki Campus, Kansai University.
In April 2010, Kansai University inaugurated its Faculty of Safety Science (FSS),
which is the very first faculty to specialize in disaster prevention and risk management.
FSS is located at the new campus, Takatsuki Muse Campus near JR Takatsuki station,
just between Kyoto and Osaka. On this occasion, the headquarters of JARMS wasestablished on April 1st at FSS.
To commemorate the establishment of the headquarters at FSS JARMS the 34th
Annual National Conference of JARMS was held at this new faculty. The main themeof the conference was Contemporary Society and Risk Management. On the first day,
September 18th 2010, members discussed mental health issues. Professor AKABORI
coordinated this session; Professor OGYU made a presentation on mental health from theviewpoint of medical science.
Dr. Olivier TORRES whom JARMS invited from France, gave a lecture on themental health of owner-managers of SMEs. Dr. TORRES pointed out that when
specialists treat this issue, they tend to regard it as a problem specific to middle
managers and employees and neglect the status quo of SME directors. According to him,
SME owner-managers are suffering from (1) excessive work, (2) stress, (3) insecurityand (4) solitude. In Autumn 2009, Dr. TORRES founded AMAROK, the firstobservational organization in France concerning the health of SME managers. The
activity of AMAROK has received much attention all over France. AMAROK Japanwas inaugurated at the occasion of the 34th Annual National Conference of JARMS,
held at FSS, Kansai University.
On the second day, September 19th 2010, members discussed security for children.
89Mr. TODE coordinated this session; Mr. TAKEMOTO, president of deputy council of
JARMS and Dr. NARA made a presentation on how we should protect children from
crimes.
With all the activity mentioned and introduced in this article, the Japan Risk
Management Society, JARMS, is contributing much to the academic development andpractical application of risk management in Japan.
(Katsuyuki KAMEI, Kansai University)

90

NIPPON URBAN MANAGEMENT AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTRESEARCH ASSOCIATION
1. History and Outline of the Association
The Nippon Urban Management and Local Government Research Association(NUMLGRA) was founded on 23ｒｄ June in 1984 during a founding convention held inOsaka with its purpose as an interdisciplinary and international research organization.
The objectives of the Association are as follows: (1) promoting theoretical andpolitical research works for more scientific, modernistic and democratic local autonomy
systems, (2) contributing to local autonomy development.
To accomplish these objectives, the Association has performed some activities asfollows: (1) holding a national convention annually and regional meetings at regulartimes in the year, (2) publishing bulletins and collected papers on the latest issues inlocal autonomy and administration, (3) offering new public policies, (4) doing joint
research with related parties, (5) encouraging friendly relationships among members,
The Association consists of 295 individual members, 12 subscript members and 5
honorary members (as of May 2010).
2. Annual National Convention (1985-2010)
The annual national convention of the Association is usually held every autumn. At
each convention, a common theme is set up by the host university. As the problems
related to local autonomy are various and complicated, the Association needs to adopt
interdisciplinary approaches to tackle them. Therefore, researchers in many different
fields are invited to present works at the convention.
The common themes, the presentations and the host universities since the 23rdconvention in 2006 are as follows:
The 23rd annual convention was held at Aomori Public College in August, 2006
with the common theme of To the Next Stage of Municipal Mergers. Under this theme,
a symposium “Cooperation of Three Prefectures in Kita-Tohoku and the Future ofLocal Autonomy”, chaired by Akiyoshi KAWAMURA (Executive Director of Asahi
Broadcasting Aomori), was held with three panelists: Shingo MIMURA (Prefectural
Governor of Aomori), Hiroya MASUDA （ Prefectural Governor of Iwate ） , andSukeshiro TERATA (Prefectural Governor of Akita) .
The 24th annual convention was held at Onomichi University in September, 2007.
Its common theme was Decentralization and Regional Government System (Doshu-sei).
Following the Keynote speech by Yukou HIRATANI (Mayor of Onomichi city), a panel
discussion was held with four speakers: Toshirou KATAOKA (Fukuyama University),91

Hideki KONISHI (Kansai University), Masaki FUJII (Department of Financial Planningand Budget of Onomichi city), and Yoshiki YAMAGATA (NHK Joho Network inc),chaired by Mari KOBAYASHI (Waseda University). Many participants made significant
suggestions and inspiring comments about the common theme.
The 25th commemorative convention was held at Aoyama Gakuin University inAugust, 2008 with the common theme of “Public Management and Fiscal Reform”.
Under the above theme, a symposium was held on 30 August with six panelists:
Toshitake KUWAHARA (Mayor of Shibuya city), Yasushi AOYAMA (Meiji University,
former Vice-Governor of Tokyo Metropolis), Shiro ASANO (Keio University, former
Prefectural Governor of Miyagi), Masayasu KITAGAWA (Waseda University, former
Prefectural Governor of Mie), Makoto ISOMICHI (NIKKEI), and Hidemasa IKEMIYAGI(Meiji University), chaired by Yoichi KOMATSU (Kansai University). A panel discussion
titled “ Public Management and Improvement on Accounting for Public Organization”
was held on 31 August, chaired by Masao KAWANO (Chuo University), with six
panelists, Hirofumi TAKADA (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication),
Tomoyuki KAMIYAMA (Tokyo metropolitan Government), Isao SUZUKI (Hamamatsu
city Government), Hiroyuki SUENAGA (Kurashiki City Government), Yutaka SUZUKI(Aoyama Gakuin university), and Kiyoshi YAMAMOTO (Center for National University
Finance and Management). Discussion led to very productive implications for all theparticipants.
The 26th annual convention was held at Miyazaki Municipal University in
September, 2009 with the common theme of Reform of Decentralization and Regional
study. A symposium titled “The Present State and Problems for Regional Management”
was held, chaired by Takayoshi HAMANO (former President of Miyazaki Municipal
University),with four panelists: Shunji KONO (Prefectural Vice Governor of Miyazaki),
Madoka HIWATASHI (Superintendent of Education of Gokase-cho in Miyazaki
Prefecture), Shouichi CHUMAN (Kyushu Tourism Promotion Organization), and Koushi
HASHIMOTO (Kyoto Women’s University). Shigemitsu TSUMURA (Mayer of Miyazaki)
gave a special lecture “Community Development in Miyazaki” chaired by Yoichi
KOMATSU (Kansai University).
3. Publications
The Association issues a bulletin entitled the Journal of Urban Management andLocal Government Research. It is issued twice a year, and until now, it has been issued
46 times, the latest one being volume 25 number 1. The first bulletin of the year
consists of presentations and extracts from the symposium under the common theme of92

the previous national convention, summaries of voluntary presentation sessions, andpresentations at each regional branch. The second bulletin of the year consists ofpapers contributed by members.
The titles of the papers are remarkably various, and they reflect the nature of the
Association as an interdisciplinary study group. The topics of the papers can beclassified broadly into six categories as follows: (1) local autonomy systems, (2)regional management, (3) regional industrial developments, (4) financial affairs of
local governments, (5) governmental accounting and auditing, and (6) information
processing and new media in the public sector.
The Association has published a Collection of research papers, The Frontier ofLocal Autonomy (Seibunsha, 2009), commemorative of the twenty-fifth anniversary of
the Association, which consist of three sections (administration, public finance,account for public organization) and 18 chapters.
A local autonomy study series was planned by the Association’s board of
directors on September, 1995. The purposes are to present problems about the new
fields of local autonomy and to introduce the direction of studies about local autonomy
in the world. Then, in March, 1998, the Association also published a book titled
Forefront Theory of Local Autonomy (Keso-Shobou, Tokyo, 1998), consisting of 13
chapters including the preface.
4. Trends and Projections for the Association
The Association is composed of researchers and scholars from various specialized
fields in social science, and has actively contributed to the development of local
autonomy. It has adhered to interdisciplinary studies since its starting day and has alsooffered useful suggestions to the public on the basis of academic research. The
Association has tried to live up to the expectations of public demands, which call daily
for new methods in local governments and communities.
Presently, the Association is confronted with new social requests in theoretical andpractical fields in order to face newly arisen social conflicts within our society.
The Association faces three active dimensions. First is the field where people live
and are active. Second is the field where the inertia operates of a regional feeling, which
residents have retained from the past. Third is the field where the government finds andoperates an optimal policy after viewing the above two dimensions. At present, eachdimension is threatened by a surge of social disturbances: (1) drastic development of theaging society with decreasing numbers of children, (2) development of technology
arising from industry and human life styles, (3) increasing problems of destruction of93

the environment which threaten human life, (4) setting new international regulations(e.g. regulation for government deficit).
Confronted with these issues, the Association cannot continue to employ theexisting measures reflecting the empiricism of the public and private sectors. New
optimal resolutions and practical ones are needed on the bases of a theoreticalbackground. The Association is obliged to play a role to search for new ways.
Considering such situations, the Association has reviewed its own administrative
system, and has come up with the following action plans. First is to open the national
convention to the public and encourage participation in conferences concerning local
autonomy to promote international debate on decentralization. Second is tocommunicate more actively with other academic societies by setting integrated targets
for discussion. Third is to have the functional capital facility to meet information
technology development and correspond to various requirements of our members.
Since financial deficits are becoming increasingly oppressive and implementationsof the various reforms are more and more accelerated in both the national and local
governments, it is obvious that the role of NUMLGRA in our society is increasingly
important.
(Nobuo WATANABE, Josai International University)

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