"The convergence of 'open
work' leading to the prospectof every child in every country
programming their own
notebook computer?”
リディ ネヴィル

4 Educational TechnologyProjects

リディ ネヴィル

発表の概要• Early programming projects =>• Recent programming activities• Notebook computers for every child =>• A ‘green machine’ for every childEarly programming projects• Dr Grey Walter - neurophysiologist
investigating mobile autonomous robots
in 1940’s• Made the first ‘turtle’At MIT in the 1970’s…
• Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert were
working with LISP and founded the MIT
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
• They built a ‘turtle’ for children to play within their research into
artificial intelligenceand children.

In 1972, Seymour wrote about..
• Theorems for children - what would
make sense to them but neverthelesswere ‘real’ mathematics…

Proceedings of the ACM Conference, 1972.

And…
• “Teaching Children to Be Mathematicians
vs. Teaching About Mathematics”(1971) Publication no. 249 of MIT AI Laboratory;
International Journal of Mathematics Education and Science Technology, 1972.

(1971) Publication no. 249 of MIT AI Laboratory;
International Journal of Mathematics Education and Science Technology, 1972.

(1971) Publication no. 249 of MIT AI Laboratory;
International Journal of Mathematics Education and Science Technology, 1972.

(1971) Publication no. 249 of MIT AI Laboratory;
International Journal of Mathematics Education and Science Technology, 1972.

So what happened…..
• Children invarious places
around theworld playedwith turtles….

Screen turtles were taught …
• List processing - to make word
processors, e.g. (with hot links!)• Turtle geometry• and an MBA student taught the turtle tomanage a pottery business.
• LEGO bricks were also taught to dothings…

From
http://www.mit.edu/~sdh/invention_studio/1202/photos.html

So kids were programming• things of interest to kids ….
• They were using a functional language
to describe their commands…
• And programmes were built up by usingpieces within pieces…

TO SQUARE :SIZEREPEAT 4 [FD :SIZE RT 90]
END
TO SPINSQUARE :ANGLE :SIZEREPEAT 36 [SQUARE :SIZE RT :ANGLE]END
TO SPINTRIANGLE :ANGLE :SIZEREPEAT …..

TO SQUAREREPEAT 4 [FD 20 RT 90]
END
TO SQUARE :SIZEREPEAT 4 [FD :SIZE RT 90]
END
TO POLY :SIDES :SIZEREPEAT :SIDES [FD :SIZE RT 360/:SIDES]
END
TO POLYSPI :SIDES :SIZE :INC
FD :SIZE RT 360/:SIDESPOLYSPI :SIDES :SIZE :INC + 2END

Meanwhile ….
• Andy di Sessa andHal Abelson, theoriginal
programmers forLogo, wrote “Turtle
Mathematics”.

and Hal wrote(Now Open Courseware from MIT.)Meanwhile ….
• Andy di Sessa and colleagues, now atBerkeley, developed Boxer.

and Andy wrote• “Changing Minds
Computers,
Learning andLiteracy” (2000)

Brian Harvey, at Berkeley,developed Berkeley Logo
to choices :menu [:sofar[]]if emptyp:menu [print:sofarstop]
foreach first:menu [(choices butfirst:menusentence :sofar?)]end

And here's how you use it. You typechoices [[small medium large][vanilla [ultra chocolate]lychee[rumraisin] ginger][cone cup]]and Logo replies
small vanilla cone
small vanilla cup
small ultra chocolate cone
small ultra chocolate cup
smalllychee cone
smalllychee cup
smallrum raisin cone
smallrum raisin cup
small ginger cone
small ginger cup
medium vanilla cone
medium vanilla cup
medium ultra chocolate cone
medium ultra chocolate cup
medium lychee cone
medium lychee cup
medium rum raisin cone
medium rum raisin cup
medium ginger cone
medium ginger cup
large vanilla conelarge vanilla cup
large ultra chocolate conelarge ultra chocolate cup
large lychee conelarge lychee cup
large rum raisin conelarge rum raisin cup
large ginger conelarge ginger cup

The program doesn't haveanything about the size of themenu built in. You can use
any number of categories,
and any number ofpossibilities in each category.
Let's see you do that in fourlines of Java!

And Brian wrote (3 vols):and Mitchel Resnick et aldeveloped StarLogo

and Mitchel
wrote:

and has set up 100 computer clubs

and has just produced Scratch

In fact,• Millions of teachers and children haveworked with these languages inhundreds of countries..
• And ‘artificial intelligence’ has helped
kids learn in all sorts of ways in all sortsof disciplines.

AI and learning?
• Kids teach computers (the turtle) and soteach themselves and we and they see theirthinking…
• Kids use intellectual prosthetics - word
processing ‘writ large’• Kids work in safe, artificial environments, eg
every child playing with projectiles in theclassroom ….
• But also

Artificiality to learn physics…
• Turtle geometry - [RT 90]• Big Trak - RT 90

Notebook computers..
• 1986 - a notebook computer for every
child in 2 Australian schools– A private girls school (parents boughtcomputers)– A public mixed school (government boughtcomputers)

All children learned programming.

Notebook computers..
We asked, “What would happen if …
• Computers were not only available when theteacher let them out ….
• If children were responsible for their computers…
• If children could learn at their own pace ..
• If teachers didn’t know more than the children…
• If children took control of the timetable …

Notebook computers..
In the event, we made sure that
• Children were responsible for the computers• Computer companies found themselves witha new type of customer• Classroom practices, timetables and even thewalls were flexible• All children were to learn programming(all 12 years of schooling)• Teachers were supported with personal
experiences and trainingNotebook computers..
And we found that
• Children respected the computers andtreated them very well
• Children and teachers changed the way they
worked during school hours and what they
did during school hours…
• Remarkable ‘intellectual’ things happened in
the classrooms• Many schools copied what they thought had
been done…

David Loader, an amazing principal“Learning
withCom Person
Helg puters ala Ro ” we???
?
MichaelRyan…

Now,…
• Many many schools expect children toappear with notebook computers• There is extensive literature about how
to do it, what to expect, whether itmakes a difference, how much it costs,…..
• Just a sample from one reference Website…

QuickTime™ and aVideo decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

From http://www.eddept.wa.edu.au/cmis/eval/curriculum/ict/notebooks/

A United Nations Project …
• Nicholas Negroponte, former head of
the Media Laboratory at MIT, is now
working on a new project to make itpossible for all children, everywhere, tohave note book computers, especiallychildren in third world countries where
they do not otherwise have goodlearning facilities.

Is it possible?
• Special screens• Special power-saving software, screensetc• Special user software• Special curricula? Special schools?
• The aim is to use the finances fromorders of 1,000,000s of computers tofinance their development.

Who’s helping?
• Five corporate sponsors, including Google
and Advanced Micro Devices, have chippedin $2 million apiece to form a nonprofit group,
One Laptop Per Child (OLPC), to oversee theproject.
• Nearly a half-dozen developing countries,including the education ministries in Brazil
and Thailand, have expressed interest inordering 1 million or more units.
• The U.N. Development Program has agreed
to help distribute the machines.

Does it make sense?
• A Japanese resident has arranged for
290 groups of charitable people to eachcontribute ¥1.5m to build a school inCambodia.
• The schools are built but there arealmost no trained teachers, no textbooks, no adult English speakers.

Does it make sense?
• Kids work through school in shifts, somein the mornings and some in theafternoons.
• The schools are built but there arealmost no trained teachers, no textbooks, no adult English speakers.
• Communications are essential to thesafety of the people.

In such a school, adding computers means a lot..

Currently,• We are experimenting with children andthe new programming language Scratchand some English teaching software
and …
• We are hoping that we can use thecomputers in many different ways tobring many new facilities to the ruralvillages.

We have been trying out Scratch…
• Here in Tsukuba, and in Cambodia.
• Two precious stories come from thisshort experience:• a boy in Reaksmy Village School and• a girl in Tsukuba.

QuickTime™ and aH.264 decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

So,• We do not think only children in 3rdworld countries will benefit• In the past, computers have been
introduced into schools for what they
can bring into the schools, but also, forwhat they do to schools.
• They can be thought of as an
educational ‘Trojan horse’ ….

From http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/WOODENHORSE.html

ありがとうございます。