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July COVID-19 Report
COVID-19 Forecasts – Antimicrobial Coatings Market 2020-2024 – July 28, 2020
https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200728005743/en/Research-ReportCOVID-19-Forecasts---Antimicrobial-Coatings- The antimicrobial coatings market is expected to grow by USD 682.06 million during
2020-2024- In order to reduce the incidence of nosocomial infections caused by unhygienic
conditions in hospitals and hospital environments, hospitals are increasing the useof antimicrobial coated catheters, surgical instruments, and wall cavities as they
inhibit the growth of microbeso This is contributing to the growth of the global antimicrobial coatings market- There is also an increased demand for antimicrobial coated packaging materials
o To improve shelf life and reduce wasting of food- Antimicrobial coatings are also used in vessels and containers that are used toprocess, store, ship, and pack food products- The increasing consumption of packaged food is expected to have a positive impact
on the growth of the global antimicrobial coatings market- The North American region led the antimicrobial coatings market in 2091
o Followed by Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, and Middle East and Africa
EU sees deeper recession with less steep rebound due to COVID-19 – July7, 2020
https://ca.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idCAKBN2480ZG- The euro zone economy will drop deeper into recession this year and rebound lesssteeply in 2021 than previously thought- France, Italy, and Spain struggle the most due to the COVID-19 pandemic- There is also concern that the U.S. recovery may also be faltering due to surges of
new COVID-19 cases prompts states to delay and reverse plans to let stores reopen
and activities resume- In early May, the Commission had a forecast a 2020 downturn of 7.7% and a 2021
rebound of 6.3% in the EUo This has now been revised due to lockdown measures in euro zone countries
proceeding less swiftly than anticipated- The now expected downturns in excess of 10% this year in France, Italy, and Spain- In Germany, the Commission moderated its estimates both of 2020’s downturn(6.3% from 6/5% forecast in May) and next year’s reboundo Widespread testing in Germany has helped limit fatalities- Economics Commissioner Paolo Gentiloni has states that to reduce risks of a second
recession EU fiscal rules could remain frozen even after growth returns next year
o Requirements that states keep fiscal deficits below 3% of gross domestic
product and reduce high debt have been suspended during the pandemico This is an unprecedented move
- Inflation forecasts were little changed at 0.3% this yar and 1.1% in 2021

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The still rising rate of infections on the global level, particularly in the U.S., has
deteriorated the global outlook and is expected to act as a drag on the European
economyStudy: Coronavirus antibodies may last only few months affect infection – July 14,
2020
https://weather.com/en-IN/india/coronavirus/news/2020-07-14-coronavirus-antibodiesmay-last-only-few-months-infection-study- German researchers suggest that coronavirus antibodies may not remain in the bodyfor longo May only last a few months in recovered patients- New results reduce hope for a vaccine or collective immunity- 4 out of 9 patients showed a significant drop in the number of neutralizing
antibodies in a special test that was carried out in a high-security laboratoryo This was done at a clinic in Munich- This study suggests that recovered patients could become re-infected, althoughfurther tests have yet to confirm this- This finding is consistent with other studies around the world
o Another study published in the journal Nature Medicine revealed the same
resultso A Spanish study published this month in the journal The Lancet also foundthat only 5% of the population in Spain has developed antibodies (nowhere
near the levels needed to achieve “herd immunity”)
Company in Markham, Ontario Canada developed forecasting model to manage
second wave of COVID-19 – July 21, 2020
https://www.yorkregion.com/news-story/10079382-markham-company-developsforecasting-model-to-manage-second-wave-of-covid-19/- A Markham-based company, Scarsin, has developed a modelling platform that canhelp plan and predict the evolution of the diseases, help reduce the spread of
infection and inform public and private policies in terms of prevention- Founder and chief executive Paul Minshull states that within minutes, decision
makers will be able to get a forecast that will help them understand the best moved
to keep citizens safe and manage the spread of the virus while stimulating the
economy- Since March, the group of data scientists and modelling experts have been working
on a platform that bring together multiple sources of data to help forecast fornumerous COVID-19 variables- The company’s modelling feed in factors such has commuting, international travel,
occupation, density, gender, age, presymptomatic transmission, how people live andcongregate and contact tracing to study different scenarios, various infection rates
and environmental factors

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Scarsin is currently working with a large Ontario municipality to help predict andplan for a number of scenarios, including reopening schools and flue season in the
fall
Modelling and simulation tools can help governments, companies, school boards,
and universities weight the risks of different reopening options with the goal being
to reduce the probability of indoor contagion
Scarsin recently shared its platform with various health units but hasn't seem muchinterest at the federal or provincial level

Bad UK winter could cause 120,000 hospital deaths linked to COVID-19 – July 14,
2020
https://www.newscientist.com/article/2248691-a-bad-uk-winter-could-cause-120000hospital-deaths-linked-to-covid-19/- The Academy of Medical Sciences report predicts a worse-case scenario that a
particularly challenging winter could bring a second wave of COVID-19 infections
that leads to around 120,000 deaths in UK hospitalso This is twice as many as the first wave
- The R number (average number of people 1 person with the virus goes on to infect)
could rise from the current estimate of between 0.7 and 0.9 to 1.7 by September- This would lead to a second wave of infections peaking in January and February ofnext year- The team considered the known impact of COVID-19 on healthcare resources,
combined with that of flue and other seasonal infections- They also looked to the experiences of other countries- They estimate that the UK can expect around 119,900 hospital death related to
COVID-19 over the wintero This figure could lie somewhere between 24,500 and 251,000o This does not include deaths that occur outside hospitalso This is more of an estimate than a prediction- One important approach will be limiting the impact of seasonal flueo An adequate supply of the flu vaccine will be vital in the autumn- Widespread flu and COVID-19 testing will be important so people know which virus
they have and so their care can be managed appropriately- Researchers also suggest that the UK use facilities made available during thecoronavirus outbreak to clear the backlog of routines and elective procedures thathave accumulated since the spring- It will also be important to ensure that hospitals and care home have enoughpersonal protective equipment- They say that if measures successfully limited the R number to 1.1, the outcome
would be very different
The effect of Dexamethasone on COVID-19 patients
https://www.newscientist.com/term/dexamethasone/

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Dexamethasone is the first medicine shown to reduce deaths from COVID-19
o Is a steroid which damps down the immune system
For people with severe COVID-19, the immune system overreactso Immune cells congregate in the lungs, releasing high levels of immune
signaling chemicals called cytokines, which attract more immune cellso This is called a cytokine storm and leads to excessive inflammation in thelungs with fluid leaking into the air spaces, hindering intake of oxygen
Steroid drugs like dexamethasone are often used to treat other diseases caused byan overreactive immune system such as allergies
o They have also been used previously to treat people in intensive care withlung inflammation
However, since steroids reduce the immune system’s ability to fight bacteria, it isunclear if they would be beneficial overall in COVID-19, as there is a risk thatpatients develop secondary bacterial infections
In a large randomized trial, patients with severe COVID-19 were given
dexamethasone or placebo in the UK
In people who were on ventilators, 41% of those who got the placebo died, while
29% of those who got the steroid diedo This is a relatively large effect, compared with drug treatments for otherdiseases
There was also a smaller survival advantage in people who were less severely ill andneeded supplementary oxygen but weren’t on a ventilator
Dexamethasone gave no survival benefit for hospital patinates with COVID_19 who
were not sick enough to need extra oxygen
This is the first medicine shown to lower the death rate in COVID-19 patients
Full report: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.20137273v1

The potential role of T-cells in the fight against COVID-19 – July 20, 2020
https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200716-the-people-with-hidden-protection-fromcovid-19- Scientists first discovered patients who had recovered from infection with COVID-19
but didn't have any antibodies against ito This was then found to be the case for a significant number of people- Then, there were findings that many of those who develop antibodies seem to lose
them again after a couple of months- This points to the fact that antibodies do not have the leading role in immunity thatwas once thought- Researchers have started to realize that an enigmatic type of white blood cell may
prove to be crucial in the fight against COVID-19- T cells are a kind of immune cell, whose main purpose is to identify and kill invading
pathogens or infected cells
o It does this by using proteins on its surface, which can bind to proteins on thesurface of impostersEugene Consulting Inc.
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Each T cell is highly specifico There are trillions of possible versions of these surface proteins and each
recognizes a different target
Since T cells hang in the blood for years after an infection, they alsp contribute to theimmune system’s “long term memory”
o This allows it to mount a faster and more effective response when its exposed
to a virus it has already encountered
Several studies have shown that people infected with COVID-19 tend to have T0cells
that can target the viruso This is regardless of whether they have experienced symptoms
Scientists have also recently discovered that some people can test negative for
antibodies against COVID-19 and positive for T cells that can identify the virus
Bizarrely, when researchers tested blood samples taken years before the pandemic
started, they found T cells which were specifically tailored to detect proteins on thesurface of COVID-19
o This suggests that some people already had pre-existing degree of resistanceagainst the virus
o 40-60% of unexposed individuals had these cells
Looking at COVID-19 patients, it is clear that there are T cell responseso This is great news for those who are interested in vaccines because it ispossible to make antibodies and T cells that see the virus
One vaccine developed by the University of Oxford has already been shown totrigger the production of these cells, in addition to antibodies
o Still too early to know how protective the response will be, but the results arepromising
In many patients who are hospitalized with more serious COVID-19, the T cell
response hasn't quite gone to plano Seeing that the cells are disappearing from the blood
Autopsies of COVID-19 patients are revealing necrosis – a sort of rottingo This is particularly evident in the areas of the spleen and lymph glands where
T cells normally liveo Spleen necrosis is a hallmark of T cell disease, in which the immune systemthemselves are attacked
Dwindling T cells may also be why the elderly are much more severely affected by
COVID-19
NO one has ever verified if people make T cells against any of the coronaviruses thatgive rise to the common coldo Getting funding to study this could be difficult as research into the common
cold fell out of fashion in the 1980s
If old exposure to cold viruses really are leading to milder cases of COVID-19, this
could aid in the development of a vaccineo As it is proof that lingering T cells can provide significant protection, evenyears after they were made

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Even if this is not the case, the involvement of T cells could be beneficial

COVID-19 Vaccine developed by Oxford University – July 21, 2020
https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200721-coronavirus-vaccine-trial-what-its-liketo-participate- A trial involving 1077 people showed that the vaccine, ChAdOx1, Co-V-19, developedby the University of Oxford, led to them making antibodies and T cells that can fightthe coronavirus- This finding is hugely promising - but still too soon to know if this is enough to offer
protectiono Larger trails are under way
o The UK has already ordered 100 million doses of the vaccine- The vaccine is made from a genetically engineered virus that causes the common
cold in chimpanzees
o Has been heavily modified so it cannot cause infections in people and to“look” more like coronaviruso Did this by transferring the genetic instructions for the coronavirus’ “spike
protein” to the vaccineo This means the vaccine resembles the coronavirus and the immune system
can learn how to attack it- Levels of T cells peaked 14 days after vaccination and antibody levels peaked after
28 dayso The study has not run for long enough to know how long they may last
- The study shows 90% of people developed neutralizing antibodies after one dose
- Only 10 people were given 2 doses and all of them produced neutralizing antibodies- There are no dangerous side-effects from taking the vaccine, however, around 17%
had fever and more than 6 in 10 patients had a headacheo This could be managed with paracetamol- The study cannot show whether the vaccine can either prevent people frombecoming ill or lessen their symptoms of COVID-19- More than 10,000 people will take part in the next stage of the trails in the UK
o Trial has also been expanded to other countries
o There will be a large trial involving 30, 000 people in the US and 2,000 in
South Africa and 5,00 in Brazil- It is possible a coronavirus vaccine will be proven effective before the end of theyear, however, it will not be widely available
o Health care workers and people deemed at high risk of COVID-19 due to age
or medical conditions will likely be prioritized- Widespread vaccination is likely to be, at the earliest, next year
- There are a total of 23 coronavirus vaccines in clinical trials around the world andanother 140 in early stage development- The UK government has struck deals for 190 million doses of different vaccines
o 100 million doses of the Oxford vaccine

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M4V 1N5o 30 million doses of the BioNtch/Pfizer vaccine (injects part of thecoronavirus’ genetic code)o 60 million of the Valneca inactivated coronavirus
Pfizer and BioNtech announce early positive datad from an ongoing phase ½ study of
MRNA-based vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2 – July 1, 2020
- Full report: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.20142570v1- Pfizer and BIoNTech’s BNT162 program is evaluating at least 4 experimental
vaccineso Each represents a unique combination of mRNA format and target antigen- The preliminary data demonstrates that BNT162b1 could be administered in a dosethat was well tolerated and generated dose dependent immunogenicity, as measured
by RBD-binding IgG concentrations and SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titers- This study provides an initial signal that BNT162b1 targeting the RBD SARS-CoV02
is able to produce neutralizing antibody responses in humans at or above the levels
observed in convalescent sera, at a relatively low dose levels- The ongoing U.S. Phase ½ randomized, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded study
is evaluating the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of escalating dose levels of
BNT162b1o Initial part of the study included 45 healthy adults 18-55 years of age- Preliminary data for BNT162b1 was evaluated for 24 subjects who received 2
injections of 10µg, 12 subjects who received a single injection of 100 µg, and 9
patients who received 2 doses of placebo control- The participants received 2 doses, 21days apart of placebo, 10 µg or 30 µg of
BNT162b1, or received a single dose of 100 µg of the vaccine candidate- The highest neutralizing titers were observed 7 days after the second dose on day 28
after vaccinationo The neutralizing GMTs were 168 and 267 for the 10 µg and 30 µg dose levels,
respectivelyo This corresponds to 1.8 and 2.8 times the neutralizing GMT of 94 observed ina panel of 38 sera from subjects who had contracted SARS-CoV-2- In all 24 subjects who received 2 vaccinations at 10 µg and 30 µg dose level of
BNT162b1, elevation of RBD-binding IgG concentrations was observed after thesecond injection with respective GMCs of 4,813 and 27,872 units/ml at day 28
o These concentrations are 8- and 46.3 times the GMB of 602 units/ml in apanel of 38 sera from subjects who had contracted SARS-CoV-2- After day 21 after a single injection, the 12 subjects who received 100 µg of
BNT162b1 had an RBD-binding IgG GMC of 1,778 units/ml and a SARS-CoV-2
neutralizing GMT of 33, which are 3 times and 0.35 times, respectively, the GMC and
GMT of the convalescent serum panel- At the 10 µg and 30 µg dose levels, adverse reactions such as low-grade fever, weremore common after the second dose than the firstEugene Consulting Inc.
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The most commonly reported local reaction was injection site pain – mild tomoderate except in 1 of 12 subjects who received a 100 µg dose, which was severe
Since a higher number of subjects experiencing local reactions and systematic
events after a single 100 µg dose with no significant increases in immunogenicity
compared to the 30 µg dose level, the 12 participants in the 100 µg group were notadministered a second dose
The BNT162b1 candidate remains under clinical study and is not currently
approved for distribution anywhere in the world
If ongoing studies are successful and the vaccine candidate received regulatory
approval, the companies expect to manufacture up to 100 million doses by the endof 2020o Potentially more than 1.2 billion doses by the end of 2021
The development of the vaccine is supported by partners like Acuitas Therapeutics –they provide lipid nanoparticles (LNP) for the formulation of various mRNA vaccines

How COVID-19 may affect the brain – June 2020
https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200622-the-long-term-effects-of-covid-19infection- A doctor at Strasbourg University Hospital in northeast France in early March 2020
noticed that many of the patients in the ICU with COVID-19 were agitated and had
neurological problems – mainly confusion and deliriumo Julie Helms and her colleagues published a small study in the New England
Journal of Medicine documenting the neurological symptoms in their
COVID019 patients- Researchers in Wuhan had noticed that same in their patients in February- Now more than 300 studies world-wide have found a prevalence of neurologicalabnormalities in COVID-19 patientso Including milk symptoms like headaches, loss of smell and tingling sensationso Up to more severe ones like aphasia (inability to speak), strokes, and seizures- There have also been findings that the virus can also have an adverse effect on thekidney, liver, and heart- It is estimated that roughly 50% of patients diagnosed with Sars-Co-V-2 haveexperienced neurological problems- There is a significant percentage of COVID019 patients whose only symptom is
confusion – no cough or fatigue- The novel coronavirus also disproportionately affects men: up to 70% of people
admitted to ICUs worldwide have been maleo Although men and women have been infected at equal rates- A large number of COVID-19 patients have been found to have oxygen saturationlevels below 70%, even below 60%, yet remain fully conscious and cognitivelyfunctional

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COVID-19 virus can affect many different organ systems can patients can die fromlung or kidney failure, blood clots, liver abnormalities, and neurologicalmanifestations
COVID-19 patients also seem to have a lack of sensitivity to the drug normally used –need to be administered 5 to 10 times the amount of drugs for sedation than normal
Most researchers believe the neurological effect of the virus are an indirect result ofeither oxygen starvation to the brain or the byproduct of the body’s inflammatory
responseo Researchers believe the neurological effects are cytokine-mediatedHowever, others are uncertain as there is evidence starting to accumulate
demonstrating that the virus can actually invade the brain itself
In some countries like Japan, China, and Italy, the Sars-CoV-2 virus has been found in
the cerebrospinal fluid and in the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels of thebrainSome scientists suspect that the virus causes respiratory failure and death not
through damage to the lungs but through damage to the brainstem
If Sars-CoV-2 can cross the blood-brain barrier, this suggests that not only can thevirus get into the core of central nervous system, but that it may remain there, withthe potential to return years down the line
In Baltimore, a long-term study is being planned for COVID-19 patients discharged
from the ICU, which will conduct brain scans as well as detailed cognitive tests on
functions such as memory capacity
Through the Global Consortium Study of Neurological Dysfunction in COVID-19,
Sherry Chou, a neurologist at the University of Pittsburgh, has coordinated scientists
from 17 countries to collectively monitor the neurological symptoms of thepandemic, including through brain scans

COVID-19 and heart failure – May 15, 2020
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ejhf.1871- Patients with cardiovascular disease and, namely, heart failure are more susceptible
to coronavirus disease 2019 and have a more clinical course once infected- Heart failure and myocardial damage, shown by increased troponin plasma levels,
occurs in at least 10% of patients hospitalized for COVID-19
o With higher percentages of 25% to 35% or more, when patients who are
critically ill or with concomitant cardiac disease are considered- In some cases, myocarditis have been shown in COVID-19 patients- Angiotensin -converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) may be up-regulated in patients withcardiac disease and treated with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers
o ACE2 up-regulation may increase the susceptibility of COVID-19 but may bealso protective against angiotensin II-mediated vasoconstriction andinflammatory activation- Recent data shows lacks of untoward effects of ACE inhibitors or angiotensin
receptor blockers for COVID-19 infection and severity

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The study concludes that there is a high prevalence of cardiac injury following
COVID-19o This may be diagnosed only through biomarker measurements
The clinical implications of the detection of myocardial injury remain uncertain
No specific treatment is available

Flu Vaccine orders up amid COVID-19 fears – July 29, 2020
https://www.timescolonist.com/news/local/flu-vaccine-orders-up-amid-covid-fears1.24176396- The government of Canada has increased their orders for the influenza vaccine thisyear in preparation for a second surge of COVID-19 and simultaneous outbreak ofseasonal flu
o Order have been placed with suppliers for more than 13 million doses of theinfluenza vaccineo Last year: 11.2 million were ordered- The Public Health Agency of Canada also plans to promote the flue vaccine in
populations at higher risk of complications from influenza- In the southern hemisphere, which is experiencing winter, there are very low levels
of influenza right now due to protocols put in place for COVID-19 prevention-

Post-mortem examinations were done on 14 people who died with COVID-19 at theKing County Medical Examiner’s Office in Seattle USA and Snohomish County
Medical Examiner’s Office (Everett, USA)The median age was 73-75 years
All patients had clinically significant comorbidities
o Most common: hypertension, chronic kidney disease, obstructive sleep
apnoea, diabetes, obesity
The major pulmonary finding was diffuse alveolar damage in the acute or organizing
phaseso 5 patients showed focal pulmonary microthrombi
Coronavirus-like particles were detected in the respiratory system, kidney, andgastrointestinal tract
Lymphocytic myocarditis was observed in one patient with viral RNA detected in thetissueNanoparticle COVID-19 vaccine elicits immune response in pre-clinical studies – July21, 2020
https://stm.sciencemag.org/content/12/555/eabc9396- The vaccine, repRNA-CoV2S, incorporates repRNAs – a type of RNA that elicits astronger immune response than messenger RNAso Based on the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and the emulsionof nanoparticles to enhance the vaccines immunogenicity and stability- This vaccines candidate has shown efficacy in pre-clinical trials

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M4V 1N5-o In experiments involving mice and pigtail macaques the vaccine safely
induced antibody production and antiviral T cell responses
The vaccine generated robust immune responses after a single injection in mice anda second booster injection heightened the vaccine’s effects in older mice
The booster injection also generated strong T cell responses in the spleen and lungs
Both the single-shot and booster approaches were safe and produced similar
responses in macaques that lasted for at least 70 days
Antibodies from the macaques neutralized quantities of the SARS-COV-2 virus
similar to the concentrations observed in the serum of people recovering from theinfection
More studies will be needed to establish whether the vaccine can protect against
COVID-19
They plan to begin clinical development of the vaccine under the name HDT-301

Repurposing drug for acute lung injury in COVID-19 – July 2, 2020
https://www.news-medical.net/news/20200702/Repurposed-drug-for-acute-lung-injuryin-COVID-19.aspx- Drug repurposing is being widely investigated as a way to find treatments rapidly- A new study addresses the possible use of an FDA-approved monoclonal antibody,
called fostamatinib – a spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor (SYK), to reduce the levels of
mucin-1, a molecule associated with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distresssyndrome (ARDS)o People who have severe COVID-19 disease may develop ARDS
- In June 2020, a research paper titled ‘A High Content Screen for Mucin-1-Reducing
Compounds Identifies Fostamatinib as a Candidate for Rapid Repurposing for Acute
Lung Injury during the COVID-19 pandemic’ was publishedo This is not peer-reviewed and therefore, should not be regarded asconclusive- Rug repurposing has a much lower risk of toxicity compared to newly developed
drugs as they have already passed safety trials- They also take a much shorter time to produce on market scale as several stages ofdrug development are already complete- Mucin-1 is an essential protein in restricting the size of the airway passage and issecreted from most of the mucosal epitheliumo Goblet cells can rapidly secrete mucus which is exocytosed to form a mucus
layer over the epithelial lining of the airways when stimulated by specifictriggerso In a healthy person, mucus in the airways protects the lungs from inhaledbacteria, fungi, and viruses, as well as toxins and dust particles, but too much
mucus can sharply reduce the lumen available for air to passo This is therefore associated with more frequent and prolonged infections,
impairment of lung function, and a higher number of deaths after a
respiratory infection

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The criteria for an acceptable repurposed drug in the study included:o Dose-dependent reduction of mucin-1
o Favorable toxicity profileo Non-transcriptional mechanism of action, since transcriptional inhibitors likevitamin D agonists, did not work in clinical situationso FDA-approved
They then identified the prodrug fostamatinib, which is rapidly converted to theactive metabolite R406, as a potential compound for repurposing
o They found that this decreased the levels of mucin-1 from epithelial cells
while preserving cell viabilityo The control molecule was the bromodomain inhibitor JQ1, which completely
suppresses transcription of mucin 1
Experiments on animal models have shown this drug to be effective in severe
inflammatory conditions such as immune glomerulonephritis or vasculitis disorders
It is currently undergoing phase II trials to evaluate the effect of SYK suppression in
an inflammatory renal disorder called IgA nephropathy
The drug was approved for the treatment of chronic immune thrombocytopenia andhas also been used safely to treat over 3000 patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Apart from mucin-1, it also regulates the abundance of the gel-like mucin MUC5AC
in the human nasal epithelium, and human mucin-producing cells
The deletion of the Muc1 gene in airway epithelial cells in rats and human lungepithelium causes reduced hypersecretion of mucin, which in turn protects against
lung injury
The researchers supplied a compound called fostamatinib disodium or R788, amethylene phosphate prodrug of R406, that can be orally ingested, to mice andstudied the lung tissueo They found that ischemic-reperfusion injury caused acute lung injury, which
in turn led to high levels of mucin-1 in the lung epithelium▪ This is consistent with previous reports that excess MUC1 is injuriouso When they examined the lung tissue of mice treated with R788, they foundsignificantly reduced mucin-1, as seen by immunohistochemical imaging andquantitative image analysis
The study thus shows that R406 could be used to reduce mucin-1 levels in the lungepithelium in patients with acute lung injuryo This molecule powerfully inhibits SYK, which is a protein tyrosine kinase in
the cell cytoplasm, mediating the expression of multiple inflammatorychemicals
Recent studies show that KL-6/MUC1 levels are reliable prognostic biomarkers of
disease severity in patients with COVID-19 related acute lung injury