Comprehensive analysis of
Water Pollution on Baiyangdian, China
Tsukuba University

Chen Xuan

Abstract
Baiyangdian Lake is the largest freshwater lake and wetland in the northern of China. It plays animportant role on maintaining ecosystem balance, adjusting climate of Hebei plain, supplying
groundwater, and draining floodwater during the flood season. However, in recent decades, withthe rapid population growth and influences of anthropogenic factors, water level has been
decreasing year by year. The water area with water qualities of grade IV is 29.7% of the total area,
and the area of grade V is 51.4%, and the area that is worse than grade V is 18.9%. The pollutant
sources in Baiyangdian Lake are mainly organic contaminants, in which COD. TN and TP aremuch higher than the standards, and BOD5 is more or less contaminated too. As the major inflow
river into Baiyangdian Lake, Fu River carries large number of pollutants from Baoding City. By
monitoring COD, TN and TP concentration of 8 sites in which S1and S2 are located in the Fu
River, S3 to S7 are in the Baiyangdian. High pollutants concentration of Anzhou close to inlets ofFu River that indicates Fu River is the main pollution source of Baiyangdian Lake. Fu Riverflowing through Mancheng Country, Baoding City and Anxin Country absorbs large amounts ofCOD, TN and TP generated from domestic, industrial and agricultural wastewater of Baoding
City. So controlling pollutants emission of Baoding City is effective for improving water qualityof Fu River and reducing pollutants concentration of inlets of Baiyangdian Lake. But the current
situation is low wastewater treatment capacity, recycling rate and unsound pollution emission fee
regulation, and it is a long road to improve water quality of Baoding City. In addition, non-point
source pollution from life of the residents, aquaculture and farmlands resulted from the villages
will be studied in the future research.

Key words: Baiyangdian Lake, water pollution, Baoding City, Fu River1. Background
Baiyangdian Lake plays an important role on maintaining ecosystem balance, adjusting climateof Hebei plain, supplying groundwater, and draining floodwater during the flood season. However,in recent decades, with the rapid population growth and influences of anthropogenic factors, waterlevel has been decreasing year by year. Now the water storage of Baiyangdian Lake is only 1/10of that during 1960s, and the water quality of Baiyangdian Lake has been still becoming worseand worse, the water area with water qualities of grade IV is 29.7% of the total area, and the areaof grade V is 51.4%, and the area that is worse than grade V is 18.9%. The pollutant sources inBaiyangdian Lake are mainly organic contaminants, in which COD. TN and TP are much higher
than the standards, and BOD5 is more or less contaminated too. As the major inflow river into
Baiyangdian Lake, Fu River carries large number of pollutants from Baoding City. In addition,
non-point source pollution from life of the residents, aquaculture and farmlands resulted from thevillages within along Fu River caused excessive nutrient-rich pollutants directly discharging into
the lake, which makes Baiyangdian Lake seriously eutrophied.

2. Study Area
Baiyangdian Lake（38°43′N to 39°02′N, 115°45′E to 116°07′E）is the largest
shallow freshwater lake divided into about 143 lake parks in northern China. It is located in Hebei
province. The total area of Baiyangdian Lake is 366 km2 with 98 villages, and the average water
depth is 8.4m. The population of Baiyangdian region is 168000. It is in the semi-arid zone
characterized by continental monsoons. Its average precipitation is 556mm. The lake has served
as a sink for the water of eight upstream rivers, including the Ping, Pu, Cao, Fu, Jie, Xiaoyi, Tangand Zhu River (Fig.1), with high aquatic biodiversity especially macrophytes, mainly reed, whichwere the dominate plant in the lake, possessed a large amount of species and quantities since1950s.
Fu River is a major
inflowriverofBaiyangdianLakewith 63 km long,flowing
through
Baoding City. It
originates
fromMancheng Country
with the end of
Baiyangdian Lake. In
recent year, both theBaiyangdianLake
and Fu River are
strongly influenced
by human activities.
Fig.1. The Baiyangdiang Basin and its geographical location in China	  1	  3. Objectives
l
l
l

To gather knowledge of the scale and nature of the problem arising from different sources
and industries
Clarifying pollution sources of Baiyangdian Lake
Estimation and distribution of the pollutants discharged from domestic and industry in
Baoding city and Baiyangdian region in the future study

4. Methodology
In order to evaluate the water quality of Baiyangdian Lake, seven national monitoring andcontrolling sites (Fig2), Jiaozhuang (S1), Anzhou (S2), Anxinqiao (S3), Wangjiazhuai(S4),Guangdianzhangzhuang (S5), Juantou(S6), Caiputai (S7), were set to collect pollutants data in
2011. (Table 1)
As the main inflow river into
Baiyangdian Lake, the pollution
situation of Fu River has great
influence
onpollutants
concentration of BaiyangdianLake. So two sites (Fig2),
Jiaozhuang (S1), Anzhou (S2),located in the midstream anddownstream of Fu River, were set
tomonitor
pollutants
concentration (Table 2) andcalculate the single factor water
quality identification indices ofpollutants of Fu River from 2003
to 2008 (Table 3).
Fig.2. Distribution of monitoring and controlling sites
Single factor water quality identification index
Single factor water quality identification index (P) selects the representative pollutants factors
and combines the function classification of water body to calculate indices of different pollutants
which showing the situation of water quality.
Pi=X1. X2 X3When I ≤ i＜V:
X1. X2 =α+!! !!!"#!!"# !!!"#

X1. X2 (DO) = (α+1) +!! !!!"#!!"# !!!"#×𝑚 (m = 4)

When i ≥ V:
X 1. X 2 = 6 +	  !! !!!"#$$%&#'!!"#$$%&#'2	  X1. X2 (DO) = 6 +!!"#$$%&#' !!!
!!"#$$%&#'

Xi: Class i of water quality
𝜌! : Measured concentration
𝜌!"# : Maximum number of Class i of water quality
𝜌!"# : Minimum number of Class i of water qualityα: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (classification of water quality)
𝑚: Revising coefficient
𝜌!"#$$%&#' : Maximum number of Class V of water quality
X3=X1− f1 (1 ≤ X3 ≤ 9)
X3: Second digit after the decimal point
f1: Water Function Class
When X3 > 9, X3= 9
Next step, besides the date of pollutants, TP, TN and COD, I will also collect a series of socioeconomic indicators such as GDP, population, investments, production and flows of goods andservices into the market system. Regarding the available date, all industrial sectors are reclassified
into 7 categories by using input-output table. Then the water pollution parameters are used foreach sector related to emission factors per unit of production.

5. Discussions
Table1 shows COD, TP,TN concentration of 7
monitoring sites showing
polluted situation of water
quality, is also listed on theleft. The results indicatedthat in 7 sites the main
pollution were COD andTN, followed by TP and
NH4+-N, and DO was well
except P1. The pollutants
concentration of S2 locatedin inlets of Fu River ismuch higher than othersites except S1. And there
werenosignificationdifferences among S4, S5, S6 and S7. The water quality of S5 was better than other sites, whichshows that the water quality of outlets was better than the inlets, because of the self-purification ofwater body.
Table1 Component concentration of 7 sites of Baiyangdian Lake in 2011	  3	  According
toEnvironmental Table2 Single factor water quality identification index of 8 sites ofQuality Standards for Surface Water, Baiyangdian Lake in 2009(Journal of Agriculture University of Hebei, 2011)
which is listed below (StateEnvironmentalProtection
Administration of China, 2002),
Class I, II and III of water can beused for domestic drinking. From
Table 2, NH4+-N, TN and TP
concentration of S2 that were muchhigher than 7.0 indicates that inlets
of water has been seriously polluted,
especially major inflow river, Fu
River. For S1 site, there are no
accurate indices of pollutants toshow the water quality classification.
In order to clearly indicate thepollutants situation of S1, I willcontinue to collect date and calculate the indices of different pollutants.

Index standard
1.0≤P≤2.0 Water Quality Class I
2.0＜P≤3.0 Water Quality Class II
3.0＜P≤4.0 Water Quality Class III
4.0＜P≤5.0 Water Quality Class IV
6.0＜P≤7.0 Water Quality Class V
6.0＜P≤7.0 Water Quality Class Inferior V (polluted water without black color and odor)
P＞7.0 Water Quality Class Inferior V (polluted water with black color and odor)
Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (classification standard: waterfunctions)Class I: source water, National Nature Reserve
Class II: centralized drinking water source, rare aquatic habitats, fish and shrimp production fieldetc.
Class III: centralized drinking water, swimming areas, migration channels, aquaculture area etc.
Class IV: industrial water, recreational water
Class V: agricultural water, general landscape waters	  4	  From 2003 to 2008, both TN and TP
concentration of Fu River havefrom 2003 to 2008
increasing trends totally (Table 3), andit shows the changes of TN and TP ofFu River in the 6 years. Pollutants
concentration of S1 close to Baoding
City is higher than other sites (Table1),
which shows that a large amount ofwastewater is discharged from BaodingCity.
High concentration of TN and TP
tested in Anzhou (S2) shows that alarge amount of polluted materials
have been inflowing into Baiyangdian
Lake though Fu River in recent years. Monthly averages of precipitation and temperature of Fu
River changed very little from 2003 to 2008 based on Baoding City Environmental Protection
Bureau. So in this study, water pollution of Fu River caused by atmospheric factor is ignored.
From Table4, although the regional of Baiyangdian discharges wastewater into lake, the total
amount of COD, TN and TP is far less than the one from outer edge of Baiyangdian. Externalsources are still the main pollution source of Baiyangdian Lake. Fu River flows throughMancheng Country, Baoding City and Anxin Country. Especially domestic, industrial andagricultural wastewater generated from Baoding City contains large amounts of COD, TN and TP,and these pollutants are almost discharged into Fu River and Baiyangdian Lake.
Table3 Average concentration of TN and TP of Fu River

Table4 The types of pollution source in Baiyangdian Lake	  5	  Therefore, Controlling pollutants emission of Baoding City is an effective method to improvewater quality of Fu River and reducing pollutants concentration of inlet of Baiyangdian Lake.
Firstly, treatment capacity of sewage treatment factories directly relates to the water quality of Fu
River and Baiyangdian Lake. But now sewage treatment situation of factories is serious. There are
3 main sewage treatment factories, Lugang, Yindingzhuang and Xiyuan, with 200,000 t/d
wastewater treatment capacity in Baoding City, while total amount of wastewater (domestic,industry and agriculture) of Baoding City is 260,000 t/d. Secondly, low recycling rate ofwastewater influences emission control of Baoding City. In 2010, sewage treatment factories
treated 76.4 million m3 wastewater, but total amount of recycling is just 30.6 million m3 with
18.36 million m3 of Baoding district. The recycling rate is less than 50%, and much more watercannot be second-used. In order to improve water quality of Baoding City, some measures areadopted. One is building more sewage treatment factories and introducing new technology toexpand treatment capacity. The other one is increasing wastewater emission fee to 0.85 RMB/m3
for residents, 1.00 RMB/m3 for enterprises and institutions.
Otherwise, there is another important source, non-point pollution loads in villages along the Fu
River. The daily discharge of sewage and household wastes from the villages is a large amount inwhich the household wastes contribute greatly to the N and P pollution loads of the Fu River, withthe relevant entering loads as high as about 70%, and COD is about 13.1 t/y. In the future study,
pollutants emission control in the villages along the Fu River will be studied.
By using Single factor water quality identification index method, indices of different pollutants
were calculated. The result shows that main pollutants of Baiyangdian Lake are NH4+-N, COD,and TN. Water quality of Anzhou close to inlets of Fu River is most serious in 7 monitoring sitesthat indicates Baoding city and Baiyangdian region is the main pollution source of Baiyangdian
Lake. Through analysis on the types of pollution source in Baiyangdian Lake, external sources,especially domestic pollution source mainly from Baoding City account a large proportion in total
amount. As a result, controlling pollutants emission of Baoding will be a future task in reducing
pollutants contents of Baiyangdian Lake. For interior sources, there are 168000 people, who areliving in the 98 villages, and 20000 visitors per day of Baiyangdian region, so large amounts ofdomestic and tourism waster water are emitted into Baiyangdian directly. And with thedevelopment of local economy and tourism, wastewater generation will be increasing in thefuture.
TN and TP concentration of Fu River was increasing from 2003 to 2008. The concentration ismuch high than the standard of water quality, and water body is Class Inferior V. The highest
concentration is Jiaozhuang monitoring site that shows main pollutants of Fu River come fromdomestic, industrial and agricultural wastewater of Baoding City, so controlling pollutants
emission of Baoding City can greatly decrease the COD, TN and TP pollution of BaiyangdianLake. But the current situation is low wastewater treatment capacity, recycling rate and unsoundpollution emission fee regulation, so it is a long road to improve water quality for Baoding City.
Besides, household wastewater generated from villages along the Fu River should not beignored in researching Fu River pollution. In the future study, it is another important research
objective for improving the water quality of Fu River and Baiyangdian Lake.	  

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