Eugene Consulting Inc.
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Toronto, ON
M4V 1N5

May COVID-19 Report
FDA Grants Emergency Authorization for 1st Rapid Antibody Test for COVID-19 –April 4, 2020
- The FDA granted Cellex and emergency use authorization to market a rapid
antibody test for COVID_19
o This is the first antibody test released during this pandemic- How the test workso A drop of serum, plasma, or whole blood is placed into a well on a small
cartridge, and results are read 15-20 min latero Lines indicate the presence of IgM, IgG, or both antibodies against the SARSCoV-2 virus- During testing, 120 out of 128 samples confirmed positive by reverse transcription
polymerase chain reaction in premarket testing tested positive by IgG, IgG, or both
- Alternatively, 239 out of 250 confirmed negative samples were also negative by the
rapid test
- Negative results do not rule our infection. Antibodies may not have had enough time
to form or the virus could have had a minor amino acid mutation in the epitope
recognized by the antibodies screened for in the test
- False positives can occur due to cross-reactivity with antibodies from previous
infections such as from other coronaviruses- IgM antibodies are generally detectable several days after the initial infection- igG antibodies can take longer- It is not known how long COVID-19 antibodies persist after the infection has cleared- FDA has waived good manufacturing practice requirementso However, they have said that advertising must state that the test has not beenformally approved by the FDA- Testing is limited to Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments-certified labs
- Positive results are required to be reported to public health authorities- Tests can be ordered through Cellex distributors or directly from the company
Cincinnati, Ohio begins quest to learn if blood plasma can treat COVID-19 – April 17,
2020- A clinical study of plasma as a treatment for the lung disease resulting from thenovel coronavirus has begun in Cincinnati- They are testing if plasma donated by people who have recovered from COVID-19
can treat those who are still ill- Plasma has not been government approved as a treatment for COVID-19 but on April
3, the FDA allowed emergency studies of plasma for COVID-19
o Partly due to a trial in China that showed plasma reduced the virus load in 5
patients- A pint of blood is taken by needle from the arm of a donor → plasma is separated
from the red blood cells → donor gets the red blood cells back by needle

Eugene Consulting Inc.
1602-111 St. Clair Ave W
Toronto, ON
M4V 1N5-This plasma treatment likely is not a cure but the treatment appears to decrease thepresence of the virus
Key value of plasma is that it can be frozen at -13 degrees Fahrenheit for up to a yearo Means it can be stored for use for later, should another surge occur later inthe year
Early research suggests the hearts of COVID-19 patients suffer damage before they
go into lung failureo Measuring the levels of a heart enzyme called troponin could be useful earlyin treatment in deciding whether to give convalescent plasma

World’s largest randomized trial on COVID-19 treatments launched – April 17, 2020
- The world’s largest randomized, controlled clinical trial looking at a range ofpotential treatment for adults hospitalized due to COVID-19 is being launched in the
U.K
o Labelled the Recovery Trial- The trial includes more than 5400 patients from over 165 hospitals- The trial aims to gather reliable clinical trials data on some of the more common
treatments currently being used globallyo Determine the safety and effectiveness of these treatment optionso Treatments include Lopinavir-Ritonavir, steroid dexamethasone, antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine, antibiotic azithromycin- Trial is supported by chief medical officers across the country and financially backed
by a grant to the University of Oxford from the U.K, funding from the Bill andMelinda Gates Foundation + several other organizations
Home Testing – March 31, 2020
- At-home test kits have been a source of both hope and controversy- The FDA has cracked down on unauthorized at-home COVID-19 tests and havewarmed American that no such tests have received agency authorizationo Consequently, start-ups like Everlywell, Nurx, and Carbon Health who used tooffer these products have now stopped- After years of slow uptake, telehealth platforms are surging due to COVID-19- Accurate, scientifically validated at-home test could ease burdens on the health caresystem- However, people are not experienced at collecting test samples and this can lead tofalse positives or false negatives- Laboratory-developed tests can be sold in the US without going through the FDA
premarket review process
o FDA warns that these tests may overpromise and under-deliver and lead toincorrect results- About half of U.S. consumers say they feel comfortable with at-hone testing → thismay go up even more as COVID-19 drives cultural acceptance of at-home medicalcare

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1602-111 St. Clair Ave W
Toronto, ON
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Shortages of testing equipment and protective gear have also made this option more
appealing

Milken Institute COVID-19 Treatment and Vaccine Tracker
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16DbPhF9OD0MHHtCR12of6yUcfiRzP_XGkynEbnipds/edit#gid=2075421071
Updates on Experimental Coronavirus Treatments – April 27, 2020
- Remedesiviro In human trials
o Most-watched antiviral being tested- Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquineo In human trialso On Marhc 30, FDA issued an Emergency Use Authorization to allow it to be
used in teen and adult patients hospitalized with COVID-19▪ An April 24 they warned of heart problems in COVID-19 patientstreated with the drugs▪ Therefore, it can only be given to patients participating in clinical
trials or being treated in hospitals
o Most controversial potential COVID-19 treatmento Data supporting efficacy remains thin
- Kevzarao In human trialso An arthritis drug that is an IL-6 inhibitor sold by Sanofi and Regeneron was
being tested in 2 separate Phase 2.3 trials in hospitalized patients with severcases
o On April 27, Regenron and Sanofi said trial would only continue for the
sickest patients as preliminary analysis of Phase 2 showed that Kevzara had
no notable benefits, though there were positive trends among the sickest- Actemrao In human trials
o A Roche arthritis drug that is an IL-6 inhibitoro Being studied for its potential to manage COVID-19 side effects in patients
who develop pneumonia
o China’s National Health Commission includes Actemra in its recommended
COVID-19 treatment plan for patients with pneumonia- Kaletrao In human trialso An HIV drug sold by AbbVie – combination of 2 antivirals called lopinavir andritonaviro Produced disappointing results in trials in mid-March but more trials arebeing conducted- Baricitnibo Human trials set to start at the end of April

Eugene Consulting Inc.
1602-111 St. Clair Ave W
Toronto, ON
M4V 1N5---o Being examined under the hypothesis that it could reduce inflammation in
the lungs
o Eli Lilly, the company, claim a secondary hypothesis that the drug could havean antiviral effecto Company expects the trial to begin at the end of April in hundreds of patients– data expected 2 months later
Regeneron antibody programo Will start human trials in Juneo Various companies are working on identifying antibodies that can neutralize
the virus that causes COVID-19 and turning those antibodies into a drugo The company used the same technique to develop an Ebola drugo Company plans to pick 2 of the antibodies to test as a cocktail treatment andplans to begin manufacturing in April and start clinical trials in June
Vir Biotechnoloy antibody programo Human trials expected to begin in 3-5 months
o Vir Biotechnology is working on a COVID-19 antibody therapy with
GlaxoSmithKline
o Company says the antibody it has identified can neutralize the virus thatcauses COVID-19 in tests in the labo They predict that they could begin Phase 2 clinical trails of the drug within 35 months
Vir Biotech siRNA programo Preclinicalo Vir is also working with biotech firm Alnylam Pharmaceuticals to develop
COVID-19 drugs that use a technique known as RNA interference to go after
the viruso The drug would use molecules called small interfering RNA that could
potentially stop messenger RNA molecules from carrying instructions tomake disease-causing proteinso Alnylam has synthesized hundreds of siRNA molecules targeting the genomesof the virus that causes COVID-19 and Vir will now evaluate those moleculesin the lab

UBC researcher claimed they have found aCOVID-19 trial drug – April 4, 2020
- UBC researchers say they found a trial drug that blocks the cellular door the virus
uses to infect people with COVID-19- Drug may soon be ready for testing- They claim their findings hold some promise for a treatment capable of stopping
early infection of COVID-19
o That a drug called APN01 – soon to be tested in clinical trials by the European
biotech company Apeiron Biologics, is useful as a antiviral therapy for COVID19

Eugene Consulting Inc.
1602-111 St. Clair Ave W
Toronto, ON
M4V 1N5--o Through cell cultures, researchers found that the drug inhibited thecoronavirus loado Using engineered replicas of human blood vessel and kidney, they
demonstrated the virus can directly infect and duplicate itself in such tissueso This finding was published in the science journal Cell Friday
WHO announced on March 20 that Thailand, Argentina, Bahrain, Canada, France,
Iran, Norway, South Africa, Spain, and Switzerland will be involved in a multicountry clinical study for potential treatments for COVID-19
o Part of a rapid global search for drugs to treat COVID-19
WHO’s work will test 4 different drugs or combinations and will compare theireffectiveness to standard care (regular support hospitals treating COVID-10
patients)
o Remdesiviro Combination of lopinavir and ritonavir
o lopinavir and ritonavir plus interferon betao chloroquine

Emergency doctors urged to avoid drugs used to ventilate COVID-19 patients- Placing patients on an artificial breathing machine usually requires a sedative suchas propofol, and painkillers such as fentanyl and morphine- The Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians wrote a statement to members,
warning them of potential shortages of those drugs and a need to conserve them
- Propofol and morphine shortages have also been reported to Health Canada by
manufacturers
COVID-19 drugs trials start April 9, 2020
- Clinical trials on a drug to block the COVID-19 virus will start April 9, at 10 centersin Europe- A University of BC researcher, Dr Josef Penniger, will be leading the worko He warned a vaccine could be a year to 18 months away
- Penniger’s team stated that last week, they found a trial drug that blocks the cellulardoor the virus uses to infect people with COVID-19- Their research identified ACE2 as the entry gate for SARS-CoV-2- Using engineered replicas of human blood vessels and kidneys (organoids grownfrom human stem cells) the researchers demonstrated the virus can directly infectand duplicate itself in such tissueso This was published in the science journal Cell April 13- Clinical trials will start in Germany, Denmark, and Austria- It will include 200 patients with severe cases (but not late stage) and last for 7 days
- Cell membrane-surface protein ACE2 plays a key role in the outbreak according toPenniger- Earlier in 2003, Penniger, colleagues at the University of Toronto, and the Institute of
Molecular Biology in Vienna identified ACE2 as the key receptor of SARS
- It is still unknown why the virus only affects some and not others

Eugene Consulting Inc.
1602-111 St. Clair Ave W
Toronto, ON
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Penniger’s team was supported in part by the Canadian federal government throughemergency funding focused on accelerating the development, testing andimplementation of measures to deal with the COVID-19 outbreak

Utah’s mistake with chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as COVID-19 treatments- The state of Utah pursued a policy that would have let pharmacies dispense
chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine to patients with COVID-19 without aprescription although there is no rigorous evidence showing the drugs work
- The state put in an order of $800,000 worth of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine
to build a stockpile- While clinical trials that test the efficacy of these drugs are ongoing, recent
observational studies have caste doubt on an effect- In the weeks since Utah’s efforts to promote and procure the drugs, the Food andDrug Administration has warned they should not be taken for COVID-19 outside a
hospital or a clinical trial due to reports of serious heart rhythm problems- With this, Utah eventually abandoned its plans to make the drugs available without
prescriptions and cancelled its order
European Medicines Agency urged to release full clinical trial data - May 18, 2020
- The European Medicines Agency is being urged by several international clinicalevidence experts to publish all trial data on the same day any product is authorized
for use against COVID-19- In a letter, 4 country directors from the independent watchdog Cochrane and leadersfrom Germany’s Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care argued that it iscritical to promptly release clinical study reports to support further research andproper medical careo The state that to assess products further and to accelerate the developmentof additional products, the fast and full public availability of the information
submitted to regulators is important- The EMA is currently on the verge of issuing a conditional marketing authorization
for remdesivir- Last month, U.S. officials issued a press release indicating the intravenous medicine
helped seriously ill patients recover faster, although complete results of the story are
not yet available (the study was also sponsored by the U.S. government- Nonetheless, the FDA acted on the information by issuing an emergency use
authorization for hospitals- Many physicians criticized this call as there was a lack of available study datao They argued for complete data to male fully informed decisions about patientcare- This has also brought up concerns about clinical trial data transparency- The pandemic has fueled a surge of study postings on pre-print servers and experts
caution the reports may contain selective outcomes , underreport side effects, or
research inappropriate conclusions

Eugene Consulting Inc.
1602-111 St. Clair Ave W
Toronto, ON
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The IQWIG and the Cochrane researchers argue that only clinical study reports canprovide sufficient confidence in the safety and effectiveness of a medicine or vaccine

WHO sees ‘potentially positive data’ on COVID-19 treatments - May 12, 2020
- WHO is leading a global initiative to develop safe and effective drugs, tests, andvaccines to prevent, diagnose, and treat COVID 19- On May 12, they announced that some treatments appear to be limiting the severityor length of the COVID-19 disease- They are no focusing on learning more about 4-5 of the most promising ones
- They have however disclosed that while some treatments seem to be in very earlystudies, limiting the severity or the length of the illness, they do not have anythingthat can kill or stop the virus- They are not disclosing specifics until they have more results- In April, a WHO official sounded a note of caution around expectations of a vaccine
and stated that it would take at least 12 months for a vaccine- There are currently more than 100 potential COVID-19 vaccines being developed
COVID-19 New drug candidate updates - May 15, 2020
A team of Chinese-based researchers found a new candidate drug against SARS-CoV-2- A type of enzyme without which the virus cannot survive was the starting point of
the scientist’ efforts- Using 2 compounds, 11a and 11b, the team managed to inhibit this protease- They then monitored the antiviral activity of these 2 compounds and found that thesubstances successfully fought the infection- Experiments in mice suggested that scientists could safely administer the 2compounds via several routes, including an IV drip
- Final animal tests in rats and Beagle dogs revealed that 11a is less toxic, so thescientists focused on this one compound- There is no human equivalent to the enzyme that the compound targets – thisminimizes the likelihood of severe side effects in humans
Researchers led by Professor Nevan J. Krogan, from the University of San Francisco used a
special technique that helped them map all the human proteins that the new COVID-19
virus needs to interact with to survive- They then looked at existing drugs that already target these proteins- This interactive mapping method yielded a promising anticancer drug called PB28
- They say that PB28, which is an experimental drug, was 20 times more potent thanhydroxychloroquine at deactivating SARS-CoV-2 and that it may be a lot safer athigher doses- However, the team stress the importance of testing these compounds in animals andthen in extensive clinical studies- They also note that their study has limitations due to the fact that they confused incell cultures

Eugene Consulting Inc.
1602-111 St. Clair Ave W
Toronto, ON
M4V 1N5

A phase 2 clinical trial has found a combination of 2 drugs that can successfully treat mild
to moderate cases of COVID-19- The drugs include:o Interferon beta-1b
o Lopinavir-ritonavir (an HIV drug)o Ribavirin (an oral hepatitis C drug)- In the study, for the 14-day duration of the treatment, the scientists have 86
participants 400 mg of lopinavir and 100mg of ritonavir, every 12 hours, 400 mg ofribavirin every 12 hours, and 3 doses of 8 million international units of interferonbeta-1b on alternate days
- The control group consisted of 41 partiicpants who took lopinavir 400 mg andritonavir 100 mg every 12 hours- Participants in the intervention group saw a viral clearance after 7 days, on average,
compared with the average of 12 days in the control group- Participants seemed to tolerate the drug combination well and experienced noserious side effects- This suggests that interferon beta 1-b may be a key component of the combination
treatment that is worth further investigation for the treatment of COVID-19
Remdesivir gets EUA- Recently, there are mixed results on the efficacy of Remedesivir in fighting COVID-19- A trial publicized by the WHO, in particular, showed that the drug did not havestatistically significant benefits and its side effect were roughly the same as for thegroup that took a placebo- Other studies however continue to showcase remedesivir’s benefitso That it led to a 31% faster recovery time than a placebo- Consequently, the drug has now received emergency authorization from the FDA- Researchers however are cautious and state that Remdesivir is NOT a cure for
COVID-19
Antibody as a start for new treatment- An international team of researchers has identified a new antibody that could
become an effective treatment for COVID-19 by stopping SARS-CoV-2 from infecting
healthy cells by targeting spike proteins (proteins that can be found on the virus’surface and that help it penetrate health host cells)- Usually, researchers develop antibodies in animals and then make then effective inhumans, however, in this case, the antibody used is “fully human”
o This allows development to proceed more rapidly and reduces the potential
for immune-related side effects- Researchers found that the antibody neutralized the new coronavirus in infected
cells- However, much more work is needed to assess whether this antibody can protect orreduce the severity of disease in humans

Eugene Consulting Inc.
1602-111 St. Clair Ave W
Toronto, ON
M4V 1N5

Antibodies in testing- Antibodies can also be useful for testing- The EU has validated an antibody test that determines whether a person has had
COVID-19- Public Health England has now approved an antibody test for the U.K
o The test boasts a specificity greater than 99.8%, meaning it can distinguish
SARS-CoV-2 from other coronaviruses and will detect all the antibodies thatare present
Other Testing developmentso The test can yield results in about 18 minutes- In the U.S., the FDA has approved a test for SARS-CoV-2 that uses CRISPR technology
o The test uses CRISPR enzyme that starts glowing when SARS-CoV-2 isdetected in swabs form the mouth, throat, or noseo The test yields results in an hour
- Scientists from Germany has come up with a solution to fast track the testingprocesso The approach consists of pooling, or combining samples, and testing thegroup firsto If the scientists find a positive result in the group, then they proceed toindividual testso This prevents numerous unnecessary individual tests and is useful when alarge number of asymptomatic people need to be screenedo The initial group test allowed the researchers to combine as many as 30
samples from 30 individuals in a single test tube
Taiwan uses Big Data to counter Coronavirus – May 21, 2020
- A professor from National Tsing Hua University in Taiwan is collaborating with
Facebook and Harvard University in using big data to study the potential spread of
COVID-19 in Taiwan- Preliminary results indicate that the risk of local transmission is higher than longdistance transmission between countries and cities]- The team has also been using mathematical modeling to simulate the impact ofwearing maskso There is a clearer correlation between the widespread and correct use ofmasks and lower infection numbers
Study that tracked COVID=19 spread with big data – April 29, 2020
- Dr. Jayson Jia from the University of Hong Kong and his team used nation-wide data
provided by a major national carrier in China to track population movement out of
Wuhan between January 1-24.
o The movement of over 11 million people travelling through Wuhan to 296
prefectures in 31 provinces and regions in China were tracked

Eugene Consulting Inc.
1602-111 St. Clair Ave W
Toronto, ON
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The team used real-time data about actual movements focusing on aggregate
population flow rather than individual tracking
The data included any mobile phone users who had spent at least 2 hours in Wuhan
during the study period
Their study found that relative quantity of human movement from the disease
epicenter directly predicted the relative frequency and geographic distribution of
the number of COVID-19 cases across China
They found that their model could explain 96% of the distribution and intensity ofthe spread of COVID-19 across China
They then used this empirical relationship to build a new risk detection toolkit withan “expected growth pattern” based on the number of people arriving from the risk
sourceo More confirmed cases than expected ones = higher risk of community spreado Fewer expected cases than reported = city’s preventive measures are
effective or that further investigation by central authorities is needed toeliminate possible risks from inaccurate measurement
What makes their approach unique is that they use misprediction to assess the levelof community riskThis requires no assumptions or knowledge of how or why the virus spreads, isrobust to data reporting inaccuracies, and only requires knowledge of relative
distribution of human movement
The team is currently exploring the feasibility of applying this toolkit to othercountries where there are multiple COVID-19 epicentres.

Big Data Analytics and COVID-19 - May 7, 2020
- Several organizations have started to utilize AI technologies to accelerate COVID-19
drug discovery and better understand how the immune system fights the virus- In early April, pharmaceutical companies GlaxoSmithKline and Vir Biotechnology
partnered to advance coronavirus treatment development using AI and CRISPR- Harvard T. Chan School of Public Health recently joined forces with the Human
Vaccines Project to launch the Human Immunomics Initiative which uses AI models
to accelerate vaccines for a range of diseases, including COVID-19- The US believes that as they consider reopening the economy, data analytics tools
will be essential for preventing a second wave of infections- A team from Southern Illinois University recently developed a data visualization toolthat leverages GPS information to show users the locations of known COVID-19
cases- Google and Apple have also partnered to develop a contact tracing app powered byBluetooth technology- While helpful, these tools do come with privacy risks- 2 weeks after announcing their partnership, Google and Apple updated their initial
contact tracing app proposal to address feedback and privacy concerns fromindustry stakeholders

Eugene Consulting Inc.
1602-111 St. Clair Ave W
Toronto, ON
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Australia and the UK faces similar criticism when they released their own
coronavirus contact tracing apps

Apple and Google’s COVID-19 contact tracing app – May 7, 2020
- Apple and Google are not building an app themselves. Instead, they are providing thetechnical foundations for public health organizations to build their own apps for
exposure notifications- The week of May 7th, they companies released sample user interfaces and sample
code for iOS and Android to support app developers- The companies are requiring app developers to adhere to some conditionso That apps must require users to consent before the app can use the API
o App would require users to consent before sharing a positive test results withthe public health authority
o App would use Bluetooth to tell users who have enabled notifications if
they've been in contact with a possible exposure
o Apps are prohibited from using location serves, or even asking for permission- They also specify that apps should only be collect the minimum amount of datanecessary and can only use that data for COVID-19 response efforts- The prime minister of Canada has stated that the country is looking at potentiallyusing digital technology to track and fight the virus but has not shared any specifics
Sample pictures of what the interface will look like:Eugene Consulting Inc.
1602-111 St. Clair Ave W
Toronto, ON
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Eugene Consulting Inc.
1602-111 St. Clair Ave W
Toronto, ON
M4V 1N5

References
Ducharme, J. (2020, March 31). Are At-Home Medical Tests a Good Solution During COVID-19?
Retrieved April 12, 2020, from https://time.com/5809606/covid-19-at-home-testing/Emergency doctors urged to avoid drugs used to ventilate COVID-19 patients. (2020, April 15).
Retrieved May 24, 2020, from https://www.burnabynow.com/emergency-doctors-urgedto-avoid-drugs-used-to-ventilate-covid-19-patients-1.24118137
Farge, E. (2020, May 12). WHO sees 'potentially positive data' on COVID-19 treatments.
Retrieved May 24, 2020, from https://business.financialpost.com/pmn/businesspmn/who-sees-potentially-positive-data-on-covid-19-treatments-2
Hainsworth, J. (2020, April 8). UPDATED: COVID-19 drugs trials start Thursday. Retrieved May
24, 2020, from https://www.burnabynow.com/updated-covid-19-drugs-trials-startthursday-1.24114989?fbclid=IwAR3FVpHoVGfSp3hRDPPicDLnTFSekb4G42loxuI_BLmwTxUzo_2_P5Srvw
Hainsworth, J. (2020, April 8). UBC researchers claim find of COVID-19 trial drug. RetrievedApril 30, 2020, from https://www.burnabynow.com/ubc-researchers-claim-find-of-covid19-trial-drug-1.24112818
Ho, S. (2020, April 17). World's largest randomized trial on COVID-19 treatments launched.
Retrieved April 30, 2020, from https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/world-slargest-randomized-trial-on-covid-19-treatments-launched-1.4900612
Joseph, A. (2020, May 18). Utah embraced an unproven Covid-19 drug, then raced to coursecorrect. Retrieved May 24, 2020, from https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/18/utahhydroxychloroquine-scramble-course-correct/
Kent, J. (2020, May 13). How Will Big Data Analytics Factor into the Next Phase of COVID-19?
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Nathan-Kazis, J. (2020, April 27). The Latest Updates on 9 Experimental Coronavirus
Treatments. Retrieved April 30, 2020, from https://www.barrons.com/articles/8experimental-coronavirus-treatments-to-watch-51585678737
Otto, A. M. (2020, April 4). FDA Approves First Rapid Antibody Test for COVID-19. RetrievedApril 30, 2020, fromhttps://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/928150?nlid=134869_3901&src=wnl_newsalrt_
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WDmDEqLYErKiiDoTfpOT08blWOr4uS_NcdencabjyRQ9oc

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1602-111 St. Clair Ave W
Toronto, ON
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Saker, A. (2020, April 17). Coronavirus in Ohio: Cincinnati begins quest to learn if bloodplasma can treat COVID-19. Retrieved April 30, 2020, fromhttps://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2020/04/17/coronavirus-ohio-cincy-opensstudy-plasma-covid-19-treatment/5154077002/
Saker, A. (2020, April 29). Study accurately tracks COVID-19 spread with big data. RetrievedApril 30, 2020, fromhttps://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/04/200429133940.htm
Sandoiu, A. (2020, May 15). COVID-19: New drug candidates, treatments offer reasons forhope. Retrieved May 24, 2020, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/covid19-new-drug-candidates-treatments-offer-reasons-for-hope
Taiwan uses Big Data to counter coronavirus. (2020, May 21). Retrieved May 24, 2020, fromhttps://www.biospectrumasia.com/news/91/15976/taiwan-uses-big-data-to-countercoronavirus.html