No.15
ISSN 0289 - 8721

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Information Bulletin of

The Union of National
Economic Associationsin Japan

日本経済学会連合

1995

Correspondence to be addressed:
Secretariat of the Union of National Economic Associations in Japan,
c/o School of Commerce,
Waseda University,
Nishiwaseda 1-6-1,
Shinjuku-ku,
Tokyo 169-50, JapanCOPYRIGHT 1995 BY THE UNION OF NATIONAL ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONS
Printed in Japan. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS INSTITUTE, INC. Tel. (03) 5273-0473
ISSN 0289-8721

Editorial Committee
Hiroshi MATSUO, Chuo University
Osamu NISHIZAWA, Waseda University
Takashi HIROI, Nihon University
Hiroyoshi YABE, Chuo University
Yukiko ADACHI, Fuji College
Etsuo ABE, Meiji University
Mitsuo SASAKI, Yachiyo International University
Motoshige ITO, the University of Tokyo
Yasuhiro OGURA, Toyo University
Hidehiro ICHIKAWA, Chuo University
Ushio CHUJO, Keio University
Directors of the Union
President

Masao UNO, Waseda University
Yasuo OKAMOTO, Aoyama Gakuin University
Kyoichi FUTAGAMI, Waseda University
Satoru TAKAYANAGI, Chuo University
Yoshiaki SHIMABUKURO, Aichi Gakuin University
Yoshiyuki SEKIGUCHI, Yokohama National University
Yujiro HAYAMI, Aoyama Gakuin University
Toshiya HANAWA, Hitotsubashi University
Mitsuo MORIMOTO, Aoyama Gakuin University
Saiichi MIYAZAKI, Kanto Gakuin University
Toshinosuke KASHIWAZAKI, Waseda University

Secretary General
Kenichi ENATSU, Waseda University
Auditors
Kazuo GOI, Chuo University
Osamu NISHIZAWA, Waseda University
Emeritus
Shigeta TSURU, Hitotsubashi University
Yoichi ITAGAKI, Yachiyo International University
Takashi SHIRAISHI, Kyorin University

THE UNION OF NATIONAL ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONSIN JAPAN

日本経済学会連合
The Union of National Economic Associations in Japan, established in 1950,
celebrated its 40th annivers虹y in 1990, as the sole nationwide federation of administration.
In order to obtain membership an association is subject to an examination of its academic
work. As of 1995, the Union had a membership of 49 associations, as listed on pp. 77-93.
The aims and objectives of the Union are to support the scholarly activities of its
member associations and to promote academic exchanges both among members
themselves, and between Japanese and academic societies overseas. The main activitiesof the Union are: (1) the publication and distribution of academic material concerning
Japanese economics and papers presented by member scholars, (2) the sending ofmembers to overseas conferences, (3) the holding and supporting of international
conferences in Japan, (4) providing fmancial assistance to member associations who invite
foreign scholars to Japan, and (5) collecting information on activities of member
associations and the issuing of a news bulletin.
The Union published in 1974 Keizaigaku No Doko (The Trend in Japanese
Economics), based on a survey of economic studies undertaken in postwar Japan. A
supplement町volume covering Japanese economic studies after 1974 was published in
1982.
The Union and the International Economic Association (IEA) jointly held the Fifth
World Congress of the IEA in Tokyo from August 29 to September 3, 1978. The Union
joined the International Institute of Public Finance in holding the Institute's 37th Congress
at Tokyo in September 1981. The Union dispatched 20 member scholars to the Eighth
World Congress of IEA held in India in 1986. Most recently the Union successfullysponsored the IEA Tokyo Round Table Conference on "Institutions in a New DynamicSociety" held between 15and 17 September 1987, and now preparations are in hand for the
next IEA Round Table Conference to be held in Tokyo, on December 16-19, 1996.
The Union celebrated in 1980 the 30th annivers紅y of its founding by launching avariety of activities, including the publication of The Information Bulletin. Prof. Paul
Snowden of Waseda University acts as editorial adviser.

Address: Secretariat of the Union, c/o School of Commerce, Waseda University,
Nishiwaseda 1-6-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-50, Japan.

CONTENTSACCOUNTING ASSOCIATION, THE JAPAN1

7

APPLIED MANAGEMENT, JAPAN SOCIETY FORPage

AUDITING ASSOCIATION, JAPAN13

BUSINESS ENGLISH ASSOCIATION, JAPAN21

BUSINESS HISTORY SOCIETY OF JAPAN33

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS, JAPAN SOCIETY OF

39

ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY, THE SOCIETY OF

44

ECONOMICS AND ECONOMETRICS, THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION OF

51

MANAGEMENT EDUCATION, NIPPON ACADEMY OF

55

PUBLIC FINANCE, THE JAPAN INSTITUTE OF

61

TRANSPORTATION ECONOMICS, JAPAN SOCIETY OF

67

LIST OF MEMBER ASSOCIATIONS

77

JAPAN ACCOUNTING ASSOCIATION
Brief History
The Japan Accounting Association (Nihon Kaikei Kenkyu Gakkai; JAA) wasestablished in 1937, evolving from the Japan Society of Accounting (Nihon Kaikei
Gakkai), which had been established in 1917. This Society was the only nationalorganization relating to the science of accounting in Japan whose members consistedof college and university professors of accounting and those engaged in public or
private accounting practice. However, as it was thought necessary to organize apurely academic association composed mainly of college and university professorsof accounting, the JAA was established, modeled on the organization of the Ameri­
can Association of University Instructors in Accounting, which is now known as theAmerican Accounting Association (AAA). In 1991, the JAA observed its fiftiethanniversary at an annual convention with the appropriate theme, the Past and Futurein Accounting Research.
The total number of members of the JAA, as of March 31, 1995, is 1671. The
JAA is the oldest and largest academic association of accountants in Japan.

12Membership and Administration
In order to keep the original character purely academic, the JAA sets the follow­
ing criteria for membership:(1) A person who is a professor, assistant professor, full-time instructor, or research
assistant at a university and is engaged in accounting research shall be admitted by
the approval of the Council.
(2) A person who may fall under one of the following categories and has alreadypublished more than two articles (including a master thesis) or one book on account­ing shall be admitted through the screening of the Council:(a) a person who is engaged in accounting research at a university as a part-time
instructor(b) a person who is engaged in accounting research at a research institute orcommercial high school(c) a person who is a certified public accountant or is a practicing accountant inindustry(d) a person who is a graduate student (Ph.D. candidate).
(3) For a foreign researcher, except a graduate student, the above criteria (1) or (2)shall be applied.
The JAA's business is managed by following categories of officers:(1) President
1(2) Up to 16 Executive Committee Members(3) Up to 70 Councilors(4) Up to five Secretaries, and(5) Two Auditors.
Both the President and Councilors are elected from among members of the JAA.
Executive Committee members are elected from among Councilors. Secretaries arenominated by the President from among members with the approval of the Council.
Auditors are elected from among members and are appointed with the approval of thegeneral assembly. The term of office for the officers is three years. The Executive
Committee Members share and assume five divisions of duties: (1) general affairs,(2) treasurer, (3) membership, (4) research, and (5) international relations.
Although the JAA was founded in 1937, it started its office of President in 1948.
Since 1948, the following members have held the office of President:
Tetsuzo OTA (1948-1963)
Kiyoshi KUROSAWA (1963-1975)
Shigeo AOKI (1976-1981)
Toshio IINO (1982-1984)
Kyojiro SOMEYA (1985-1987)
Seigo NAKAJIMA (1988-1990)
Tetsuya MORITA (1991-1993)
Kiyomitsu ARAI (1994)
3

Research Activities
The objective of the JAA is to promote the advancement and dissemination of
accounting research. In order to accomplish this objective, the JAA is engaged in thefollowing activities:(1) Holding annual meetings nationally and regionally to present and discuss theresults of research activities by members(2) Publishing annual reports of the JAA and other monographs concerning ac­
counting research(3) Organizing special committees and study groups to conduct joint research on
selected topics(4) Presenting outstanding researcher awards(5) Keeping close relationships with other domestic and foreign accounting asso­
ciations.

The location of the annual Convention of the JAA alternates between the tworegions of Kanto (the eastern part of Japan) and Kansai (the western part), and otherRegional Meetings are held in six districts. Most recently the 53rd Annual Conven-2

tion was held at the Yamanashi Gakuin University for four days from June 3 to 6,
1994, and the 54th Annual Convention at Hiroshima Shudo University from Septem­
ber 6 to 9, 1995. The 55th convention is to be held at Waseda University in Septem­
ber, 1996.
The themes of the annual conventions and the universities where they were heldfrom 1985 through 1995 are as follows:
Accounting problems Resulting from Expansion of Accounting Information:
From the View Points of Financial Accounting, Management Accounting and Audit­
ing, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1985.
Accounting Issues for the 21st Century Under the Internationalization of Busi­
ness Enterprises and other Changing Circumstances, Yokohama National Univer­sity, 1986.
Accounting Theories, Institutional Accounting, and the Paradigm of Manage­
ment Accounting in a Transition Period, Kansai University, 1987.
Review of Accounting and Auditing Standards by the Business Accounting
Deliberation Council, Ministry of Finance: With a View to the Starting Point of Ac­
counting, Keio University, 1988.
The Nature and Function of Accounting Revisited Under an Information-Ori­
ented Society and Internationalization, Matsuyama University, 1989.
Accounting in Japan: Accounting Theories, Management Accounting and theInstitutional (Legal) System of Financial Reporting and Auditing, Tokyo Keizai Uni­
versity, 1990.
The Past and Future of Accounting Research in Financial Accounting, Man­
agement Accounting and Auditing, from the International Viewpoint, Hitotsubashi
University, 1991.
Change in the Accounting Environment and New Roles of Accounting Theo­
ries: In the Quest for Social Fairness, Sapporo Gakuin University, 1992.
Review and Reconstruction of Accounting Theory and Accounting Systems in
Economic Globalization, Kobe Commercial University, 1993.
Distress and Challenge: Accounting and Auditing Under Changing Environ­ments, Yamanashi Gakuin University, 1994.
Accounting for the 21st Century, Hiroshima Shudo University, 1995.
Since its foundation, the JAA has issued a monthly Journal, Kaikei, and also,
since 1993, has published an annual booklet in English, Japanese Accounting Forum.
Kaikei usually covers most of the papers presented at the annual conventions andregional meetings, along with other academic articles, roundtable discussions, andofficial announcements of the JAA.
The first issue of Japanese Accounting Forum (1993) was issued by the editorial

3

Board* of the JAA to introduce the histories and functions of the major academic
associations of accounting: JAA, Japan Cost Accounting Association, Japan Audit­
ing Association, Accounting History Association,Japanese Association for lntema­tional Accounting Studies, andJapan Society for Social Science of Accounting.
The second issue of Japanese Accounting Forum (1994) introduced two types ofjoint research on selected topics by members of the JAA; research activities by four
special committees and four study groups are included in that issue.
The reports of special committees covered by the 1994 issue are as follows:"Basic Study on the Financial and Capital Market and Accounting Problems.""Business Paradigm Shift and the Information Systems Revolution,""Accounting Systems and Bookkeeping Mechanisms: The Essence of theBusiness Accounting System from a viewpoint of Bookkeeping Theories.""How Cost Management Systems Should Be Constructed in a New Business
Environment: Integrated Cost Management."
Study Group reports are as follows:"Disclosure of Corporate Social Information.""The Study on Characteristics of Accounting Information.""Definition and Recognition of Assets and Liabilities.""The Objective and the Method of Studying Statutory ー Institutionalized
Accounting."* The Editorial Board (1993-1994): Yukio FUJITA (vice-chairman), Yoichi
HARA, Kazuo HIRAMATSU, Toshiro HIROMOTO, YoshiakiJINNAI, Seigo NAKAJIMA(chairman) and Yoshihide TOBA.

4 Future Prospects of Accounting Education and Research - Some Issues Facing
theJAAIn a speech at Waseda University in October 1989, Professor S.A. ZEFF (Rice
University), a past president of the AAA, addressed the problems with accounting
education and research in American universities. He criticized the lack of free de­bate on accounting theory and insufficient efforts to draw out new ideas. He also
expressed concern about a lack of deep research and education regarding the back­ground of accounting practices and standards. As examples, he cited the lack ofcomprehensive explanation and significant debate regarding such questions as why
LIFO was adopted, why cash flow statements are drawn up, what the basic differ­ences between current value accounting and general price level accounting are, andwhat the causes of disagreement between the SEC and the FASB over oil and gas

4accounting may be.
Professor G.L. SUNDEM (Washington University), also a past president of theAAA, provided the following insights in his address at the annual convention of the
JAA in Sapporo on September 10, 1992:"It is an exciting time for accounting education in the United States and through­out the world. The 1993 AAA annual meeting will focus on some of the issues
facing accounting today. Changes in the accounting profession and in higher educa­tion are forcing accounting faculty to reexamine our teaching and our research - aprocess that is both enervating and threatening."
He continued: "Business schools are…in the midst of change. A recent reportfrom the strategic planning committee of the American Association of Collegiate
Schools of Business is entitled℃rises and Survival.' It outlines major challenges
facing business schools, including declining resources, declining interest in business
degrees by students and ability of programs to provide the background necessary tocompete in the ever more complex world of business."Many of the problems with American accounting education and research pointed
out by Professor Zeff and Sundem apply to Japan as well. In fact, it is necessary for
us university professors in Japan to ask ourselves such questions as, are our teaching
and research adequate as they presently are, or if not, in what areas and in what way
should they be improved, and what is the most significant issue facing accounting
education and research in the 21st century ?
There might be two points of view for handling the problems now faced byacademia. The first holds that it is necessary for us to reexamine our basic approachto education and research. It is not enough merely to pursue and teach the special­ized techniques and knowledge of accounting, but we must also teach why it is neces­sary to learn accounting, In other words, we need to consider what the most funda­
mental aims and roles of accounting are. From this point of view, although suchresearch methods as ex post ("after the fact") research and ex ante ("before the fact")
research are equally important, questioning the social role of accounting and the so­cial responsibility of accountants is one of our most central and important tasks.
Regarding the social role of accounting, for example, is it enough for us merely toplace an emphasis on providing information for investment decision-making ?
Should we not also be concerned with determining distributable income and taxable
income? Or, is it acceptable for us to ignore the classical role of accounting to assess
the stewardship of management ? Are not there any other important social roles ?
Such questions are of abiding and significant interest to academia, and such a re­evaluation of the social role of accounting is of extreme importance to us as we standon the threshold of a new century.
The second view has to do with the methods and means of finding out the roles
and objectives of accounting. One of the most important steps would be for5academia to build a closer cooperative relationship with the accounting profession
and the business world. Although academia essentially has taken on as its responsi­
bility research work of a purely theoretical nature, the value of its research work
would be low and results would not be promising if it ignored the real world or if its
work were isolated from it.
In the field of law, scholars come face to face with such realities as infringementof human rights, crimes, property suits, and social inequalities, and, as a conse­
quence, they come up with ideas as to what they should do and in what manner. In
other words, they come to realize what the objectives of their research should be, andwhat their roles should be. The same applies to the field of economics.
In summary, it seems to be necessary for accounting professors not to keep totheir ivory towers but to open more widely the doors of their offices to the real world.
(Kiyomitsu ARAI, Waseda University)

6

JAPAN SOCIETY FOR APPLIED MANAGEMENT (JSAM)
1. Administration of the Society(1) Foundation

The Japan Society for Applied Management (JSAM) was established by Shigeru

NOMA (Meiji University), Takatsugu NATO (Nihon University), Shigeru MITSUMORI(Soka University) and Minoru TAKEDA (Teikyo University) on June 24, 1967, andthe first academic conference was held on June 2, 1968 at Gakushi Kaikan. The
promoters strived to organize a new movement in applied management, despite being
distracted by the student riots that started in 1968. However, the Society was also
enlightened by the movement of salaried workers in Japan and consumer movements
during the dawning of a new era. The intention in founding the new academic asso­
ciation was to promote research on applied management and mutual aid among in­creasing numbers of researchers and practitioners engaged in applied management
and practice of management in the broad sense of the word, as well as to build abridge between academic researchers and practitioners.
At the same time, it was inclined to stimulate an interdisciplinary approach to­ward managerial problems including human resource management, human engineer­ing, economics of enterprise, ecology, psychology, sociology and other related sci­
ences, breaking down the closedness of the academic segmented school and dogma­
tism. Although the starting membership of the Society was limited, it has covered
many disciplines and local areas. The Society performs the following activities:(1) A general meeting for the presentation of study and academic exchangeof opinion twice a year(2) Divisional and local meetings (respective research fields or areas)(3) Editing and publishing the academic periodical, Practice of Management,
twice a year and other printed materials concerning practical management(4) Other activities (including action research programs) authorized by theboard of directors.
(2) Membership
The total number of regular members was 732 on July 25, 1995. About half ofthem are engaged in academic institutions; the others are business practitioners in thepractice of corporate management and non-profit organizations. Recently, young
researchers including graduate students are welcome to join the society and enjoy an
opportunity to present their own academic paper and receive scholarship. Research­ers and practitioners can apply for membership of the Society with the recommenda­
tion of two or more members. Tetsuo HONDA (Jobu University) and Shuzo ABE(Yokohama National University) are responsible for checking application docu­
ments. Members can attend both regional meetings and action research programs in

7

order to discuss the same research field from different disciplines and from practicalas well as academic viewpoints. Takatsugu NATO (professor emeritus, Nihon Uni­
versity) is the current president. The board of directors is composed of twenty senior
governors, who administrate the Society. They are obliged to be elected every three
years. In addition, twenty governors, who are elected every two years, are respon­sible for designing and organizing action research programs.
2. Current Activities(1) National conference
National conferences of the Society are held twice a year at several places inJapan. They usually consist of three sessions: free theme sessions, sub-theme ses­
sions for specific topics including a speech by a special guest, and a common theme
session with a common issue for discussion in the entire meeting. The Society has
had more than ten national conferences in the last five years. The basic theme,
location and date are as follows:
24th conference: Practical Management toward the 90's, Ichikawa Grand
Hotel, June 9, 10, 1990.
25th conference: Corporate Innovation and Foresight, Shonan Junior College,
Oct. 4, 5, 1990.
26th conference: Corporate Social Responsibility Activities, Nihon
University, June 6, 7, 1991.
27th conference: Can Corporations Actualize Good Corporate Citizenship ?
Asia University, Sept. 28, 29, 1991.
28th conference: Reengineering and Restructuring of Practical Management,
Osaka International Exchange Center, Aug. 28, 1992.
29th conference: Well-being and Reconsideration of Corporate Philanthropy,
Nihon University, Nov. 13, 14, 1992.
30th conference: Perspectives toward Corporate Management in the New
Century, Teikyo University, June 11, 12, 1993.
31st conference: Symbiosis of Human Beings with Corporations,
Communities and Environments, Hokkaido Information
University, Oct. 22, 23,1993.
32nd conference: Corporate Philanthropy in the Global Stage, Chukyo
University, May 28, 29, 1994.
33rd conference: Revolution of Japanese Corporate System and Practical
Management, Tokyo International University, Oct. 29, 30,
1994.
34th conference: Building a New Corporate Reality and the Enigma ofPractical Management, Toyama City Hall, May 25, 26, 27,
1995.

8

，

At the 33rd meeting, participants discussed innovation in Japanese manage­
ment systems from the viewpoint of corporate governance and corporate philan­
thropy. Taizo RASHIDA (ex-president, Fuji Bank), Masaya FUJIMURA (vice chair­man, Mitsubishi Material Corp.) and Shin SATAKA (critic) were invited to give lec­tures, which were most valuable.
Reports consisted of the following: "In Search of the Turning Points in the Japa­
nese Management System," by Tetsuya FUJINO; "Assessing Manufacturer- Supplier
Relationships in Japan," by Toru MURAKAMI; "Social Contribution of Corporationsin the System of Japanese Society and Management," by Hisao TOMAE; "New Em­
ployment Trends in Japanese-style Management: A Perspective on Internalizing
Human Resources," by Kumiko OBARA; "Japanese Management System and Inter­national Tax Issues," by Toshiyuki KATAYAMA; "A Viewpoint of Business Process
Reengineering Aimed at Customer Satisfaction Management," by Hiroshi TANAKA;"Hospitality Management Strategy of the Inter-creative Corporation," by Katsuhito
HATTORI; "Society on Service Economy and Business Strategy (111)," by Hitoshi
HAMANA; "Enhancing A Firm's Core Capabilities through Organizational Learning:
A Study on Several Approaches," by Saburo ANDOH; "A Study on Pervasive andTraditional Values of Minor Enterprise," by Takayuki YAGI; ℃hief Executive Of­
ficer and Corporate Governance," by Kouji IGATA; "Present and Future of Woman's
Venture Business," by Kimie FUJITA; "A Study of Sexual Harassment," by Hiromi
KOGA; "A Study of Overseas Advance Training and Study Survey of Tohoku District
Junior College Students," by Fumiko KIKUCHI and Hiroko ASANO; "Market Charac­
teristics on Motor-Camping & Caravaning in Japanese Out-door Business," byyoshio SHIRAI; ℃ orporate Constitutional Improvement and the Role of Information
Systems," by Yuzuru SHIMAMURA; "Effects oflnformation Systems," by Tatsuyoshi
KITAHARA; "A Study of Information Management in Traditional Commercial Prac­tice," by Shinichi KIKUCHI; "Various types of Groupware and Underlying Technolo­gies," by Akira HORIUCHI; "The Role of Accounting in Designing Core Products
from the Viewpoint of Market Planning," by Michio KOHNO; "Present Status of Ac­
counting Information Systems," Kazuo ICHIKAwA; "The Reasons why Allowance
for Repair Exists in Japanese GAAP," by Motomichi NAGAKUBO; "A Study on the
Setting and the Direction of Accounting Standards for Leases in Japan," by Kazuhiro
BAI, Koichiro FUJIMOTO and Shinichiro SAKAMOTO; "International Strategies of
Chitin Chitosan Industry," by Osami MAEDA; "A Study on Business Administrationand the Monopoly Prohibition Law," by Norio NAKANISHI.
The 34th conference was held under the basic theme of "Building a New Corpo­
rate Reality and the Enigma of Practical Management," at Toyama City Hall andToyama Heiankaku, on May 25, 26, and 27, 1995. Motoki TAKEUCHI (Dean andvice president, Nihon University) presented a special lecture on the current situationand transformation of industrial society. Hajime TAKANO (Editor of Insider) also

gave a lecture as a special guest to present comprehensive viewpoints about the eco­nomic network around the Sea of Japan. In addition, some venture companies in the
Hokuriku district including Oaks Corp., which is an institutional member, offered
their own case study to explain the reality of practical management. Members of theSociety could get first-hand information on the those topics, which attracted theirinterest. A symposium in honor of president Takatsugu NATO was also held at theconference. More than fifteen papers were presented at the free session.
(2) Publications
Besides the proceedings of the annual congress, the Society publishes its annals,
Practice of Management, which is edited according to the specific theme of the na­
tional meeting twice a year. It contains all of the presentations in the common sub­ject session and voluntary presentation session as well as the special lectures. It alsoable includes introductions of cases of local and regional strategies and planning,book reviews, donated books and a forum for members to present their own interests
or opinions. An editorial and publication committee chaired by Takashi SHOKEI(Meisei University) and a research paper judging committee chaired by Toshimasa
YOKOZAWA (Asia University) operate to discuss and decide the contents throughreview and refinement processes by plural referees nominated. The periodical isregularly edited and delivered to all of the members of the Society without additional
payment besides the membership fee. In addition, newsletters, which announce newmembers, withdrawals and deaths of members, and present information about the
coming conference, are distributed in order to foster the interrelationship among
members.
Two books which the Society edited and published have been fully appreciated.
The first one, entitled Research of Practical Management, was written by more than
three hundred academic researchers and practitioners from among the membershipand was published in 1990 under the editorship of Motoyuki WATANABE (Tokyo
International University). It consists of more than eight hundred terms which are
explained with summaries and charts in order to provide popular as well as scientificknowledge on practical management to ordinary citizens as well as students who areinterested in business administration. The contents are as follows:
1. ENVIRONMENT
Ch. 1 Globalization(1) What is globalization? (2) Global Friction of Trade and Economy (3) Exportof Products and Direct Investment (4) Control of Multinational enterprises (5)Training and Development of International Business Persons (6) JapaneseCompanies and Foreign Workers (7) Internationalization of Accounting and
Finance10Ch. 2 Excessive Money(1) Yen vs Dollar and Exchange Market (2) Sunny Side and Shadow Side of
Stock Market (3) Guide to Stock Finance (4) Practice of Real Estate Investment(5) What Should Be Done in the Age of Affluency
Ch. 3 Environment-conscious Companies(1) Preservation of Environments (2) Environmental Pollution (3) Response of
Corporations and Social Strategy
2. STRATEGY
Ch. 11nnovation and Restructunng(1) Innovation and Corporate Strategy (2) Corporate Strategy and Information(3) Innovation of R&D (4) Practice of Restructuring
Ch. 2 Marketing(1) Market-share-oriented Marketing (2) Consumerism and Consumer Affairs(3) Leadership of Marketing Practitioners (4) New Advertising and Public
Relations (5) Building of A Marketing System (6) Commercial Management andMarketing (7) Research and Analysis
3. MANAGEMENT
Ch. 1 Business Practice(1) Personnel Management (2) Selling (3) Factory Automation (4) Office
Automation (5) Managerial Finance and Accounting (6) Taxation (7) Foundation,
Operation and Change of a Joint-stock Company (8) Business Law (9) Merger andAcquisition (M & A) (10) Practice of Small Business
Administration
Ch. 2 Management Theory(1) Japanese Management Systems (2) Power of Japanese Companies (3)Practical Management as Management Theory (4) Creation of Management (5)Development of Management (6) Proposal of Corporate Culture
4. INITIATIVES
Ch. 1 Education of Management(1) Human Resources Management (2) Procedure of Education
Ch. 2 Networking(1) Creation oflnformational Value (2) Information and Networking (3)Networking of Distributors (4) Networking and Mechanism of Coordination(5) Virtual Corporation: A New Corporate Organization
Ch. 3 Corporate Social Responsibility(1) What is Corporate Social Responsibility? (2) Corporate Social Responsibility
and Business Ethics (3) Corporate Responsibility for Community and Natural
11

Environments (4) Assessment of Corporate Social Responsibility
Ch. 4 Women and The Company(1) The Family and Working Women (2) Women and The Corporation
Ch. 5 The New Stage of Service Society(1) Non-Market Economy and Nature of Service (2) Fixing Service Industry
and Urban Industrialization (3) Changes of Life-stlye and Service Economy(4) Service and Changes of Work (5) Approach to Management and Service
Ch. 6 Life Innovators(1) Life Innovators and The Company (2) Voluntary Activities and The
Corporation (3) Life-related Industries (4) New Paradigms and Perspectives
The other book was published in 1995, entitled Dictionary of Managerial Fi­
nance and Accounting Tenns, for business persons who are really determined to en­large and enrich their own career development. More than thirty members were en­
gaged in this project, edited by Seiji MUROMOTO (Nihon University), Sumio KANAI(a Certified Public Accountant) and Takatsugu Nato (president).
(3) Current Activities
The Society has provided several research action programs in the latest five
years. A project on Corporate Philanthropy is one of them. The project team, which
included Takatsugu NATO (president), Seiji MUROMOTO (Nihon University),
Kiyoshi AOYAGI (Nihon University), Junichi MORI (Nanao Junior College),Toshimasa YOKOZAWA (Asia University), Isam YOSHIDA (Sano Women's JuniorCollege), Ryuzo OKAJIMA (Okayama Commerce University), Noboru NAKAGAKI(Chukyo University), Naoya TAKAHASHI (Kibi International University) and
Takashi HIROI (Nihon University) attempted to send a questionnaire, collect first­
hand information, analyze data and assess corporate performance concerning corpo­
rate philanthropy. The method was applied to some blue-chip Japanese companies
including Yamaha Corp.
The new project was launched to research into corporate hospitality toward theaging society. As the result, Hospitality and Philanthropy was published by
Zeimukeiri Kyokai in 1994. This field is really expected to be developed and fertil­ized.
(Takashi HIRO I, Nihon University)

12

JAPAN AU回TING ASSOCIATION
1. History and Activities of the Association
The Japan Auditing Association was established in 1978 as an association orga­
nized by researchers in auditing at universities. The aim of the Association has been
to activate research on auditing and to provide links between researchers in auditing.
It has been our policy to increase the membership of the Association since then, andmembers with various specialities such as researchers in accounting, certified public
accountants and corporate auditors have enrolled together with researchers in audit­
ing. The total number of members as on April 30, 1995 is as follows:
Individual (from universities and research institutes)
Individual (certified public accountants etc.)
Audit Co orations
Total

237
162
21
420

The main academic activities of the Association consist in three meetings: The
Annual Meeting held by the Association, and the Eastern and Western Japan Re­
gional Meetings held annually by the Eastern Japan Section and the Western Japan
Section of the Association respectively. Programs and abstracts of presentations at
meetings are reported to the members by The Transactions published by the Associa­
tion. The Association also has published its bulletin, Modem Auditing, since 1991,
which serves the members as a journal for publishing their research articles.
In 1985, a number of Special Research Committees on specific subjects were set
up to promote intensive research on specific subjects. The results of research activi­
ties of these committees have been published by the Association as monographs in its
Research Series.
2. Annual National Meetings
We will give a brief description of the annual national meetings in the last 10
years.
The 1986 Annual National Meeting
In this year, the 9th national meeting was held in Kobe at Kobe University. Its
unified theme for discussion was Improvement and Expansion of Japanese Audit
Institutions - On Issues Associated with Audit Entity and Audit Report, and with thistheme four speakers reported as follows:
1. "Arrangement and Expansion of Japanese Institutions of Audit," by Masahiro
SEKI (Certified Public Accountant)13

2. "Improvement of Audit Institutions - by Retrospecting the Past 100 Years' Audit
History in the USA," by Kunio CHIYODA (Ritsumeikan University)
3. "Expansion of Audit Standards - Mainly Considering Internal Control System," byKazumasa KONISHI (Nara Prefectural Junior College)
4. "Quantitative and Qualitative Conditions of Audit Entity to Arrange its Surround­ings-A Proposal for Improvement and Expansion of Current Institutions of Finan­cial Statements Audit on the Basis of its Reinterpretation," by Ichiro SHIOBARA(Waseda University).
The 1987 Annual National Meeting
In this year, the 10th national meeting was held in Tokyo at Aoyama Gakuin
University. Its unified theme for discussion was Information Systems Auditing - Its
Cu汀ent Circumstances and Issues, and with this theme three speakers reported asfollows:
1. "The Demand of Information Systems Auditing and its Current Problems," by
Masayuki HORIE (Nihon University)
2. "How to Confront Information Systems Auditing by Certified Public Accoun­tants," by Akira MATSUO (Certified Public Accountant)
3. "On 'Systems Audit Standards'by The Ministry of International Trade and Indus­
try in Japan," by Hisayoshi KOBAYAKAWA (Certified Public Accountant).
The 1988 Annual National Meeting
In this year, the 11th national meeting was held in Nishinomiya at Kwansei
Gakuin University. Its unified theme for discussion was The Nature of Auditing and
Its Social Role - In Association with Audit Standards and Internationalization of
Audit, and with this theme four speakers reported as follows:
1. "Social Role of Auditing intended by IFAC-Looking Back on the Past Decade
Activity in IAPC," by Hiroshi NAKACHI (Certified Public Accountant)
2. "The Prospect for an Expansion of Audit Demand and Improvement of AuditingStandards," by Tatsuyoshi TAKAYANAGI (Kansai University)
3. "The Nature of Audit Opinion-Taking notice of the Definite Differences between
Final Audit and Financial Information Audit," by Minoru EMURA (University of The
Air)
4. "The True Nature of Auditing-Bringing into Focus a Connection with the En­
largement Theory of Auditing," by Koji CHIKAZAWA (Konan University).
The 1989 Annual National Meeting
In this year, the 12th national meeting was held in Musashino at Seikei Univer­sity. Its unified theme for discussion was New Trends in Auditing, and with thistheme four speakers reported as follows:14

1. "Expert Systems and Auditing," by Koji QyACHI
2. "Management Fraud and Corporate Auditor's Audit," by Yoshimasa TOMOSUGI(Mie University)
3. "Influences on Professional Auditor's Audit by the Legislation of New Audit Prob­
lems-from Points of View of New Trends in Auditing," by Yoshikazu WAKITA(Meiji Gakuin University)
4. "A New Development of Internal Control in Auditing," by Kazumasa KONISHI(Nara University of Commerce).
The 1990 Annual National Meeting
In this year, the 13th national meeting was held in Nagoya at Aichi University.
Its unified theme for discussion was Problems on Accounting and Auditing Associ­ated with EC Market-Integration in 1992, and with this theme six speakers reported
as follows:
1. "Corporate Accounting in France and Compte de Rぷultant Previsionnel," byKentaro NOMURA (Kobe University of Commerce)
2. "Problems on Accounting and Auditing in the Context of the 4th Council Directiveof the EEC," by Shigeru FUJITA (Certified Public Accountant)
3. "Problems on Accounting and Auditing in the UK in association with EC Market­
Integration in 1992," by Seiji FURUE (Certified Public Accountant)
4. "Comparative Study on Accounting and Auditing Institutions in Japan with theReformed Corporation Law in West Germany," by Junichi HONDA (Certified Public
Accountant)
5. "Trends in Lease Accounting and Auditing in the EC," by Yasuo MORIKAWA(Meiji University)
6. "Some Issues in the UK Company Mechanism and the Tendency in the Expansionof Auditor's Audit," by Hisashi YAMAURA (Chiba University).
The 1991 Annual National Meeting
In this year, the 14th national meeting was held in Tokyo at Meiji Gakuin Uni­
versity. Its unified theme for discussion was Trends of Amended SAS in USA and
Its Influences on Certified Public Accountant's Audit in Japan, and with this theme
five speakers reported as follows:
1. "The Amended SAS in the USA and Its Influences on Auditing Standards in Ja­
pan," by Kunio CHIYODA (Ritsumeikan University)
2. "Trends of the Amended SAS in USA - In Relation to Uncertainties and Contin­
gencies," by Masahiro SEKI (Certified Public Accountant)
3. "Auditor's Opinion of Fraud and Illegal Acts," by Saburo ISHIDA (Kwansei Gakuin
University)
4. ℃omparison of the Established Environment of Auditing Standards between Ja-

15pan and the USA - to establish a Japan, own Auditing Standards and to orient its
preparation process," Yoshihide TOBA (Senshu University)
5. "On Amendment of Auditing Standards in Japan and Comparison with SAS in theUSA," Tokugoro MURAYAMA (Certified Public Accountant).
The 1992 Annual National Meeting
In this year, the 15th national meeting was held in Kobe at Kobe University. Its
unified theme for discussion was Disputing Points with New Auditing Standards andRules in Japan and this theme was discussed among the following members.
Coordinator: Ryouichi WAKITA (Meiji Gakuin University)
Panelists:
Saburo ISHIDA (Kwansei Gakuin University)
Yoshio KIKUHARA (Certified Public Accountant)
Chitoshi KOGA (Ryukoku University)
Kunihiko CHIYODA (Ritsumeikan University)
Norio NAKAJIMA (Certified Public Accountant)
Keiji MASUDA (Certified Public Accountant)
Hajime MISAWA (Seikei University)
Yoshihisa MORITA (Osaka Gakuin University).
The 1993 Annual National Meeting
In this year, the 16th national meeting was held in Tokyo at Chuo University
Surugadai Memorial Hall. Its unified theme for discussion was Risk Approach andAuditor's Liability, and with this theme four speakers reported as follows:
1. "Auditor's Liabilities for Misstatements in Financial Statements - The Viewpoints
in Association with Risk Approach," by Terumi TAKITA (Doshisha University)
2. "Risk Approach and Auditor's Liability," by Yoshikazu WAKITA (Meiji Gakuin
University)
3. "The Practices for Risk Approach," by Yoshio SUEKAWA (Certified Public Ac­
countant)
4. "Legal Liabilities for the Accounting Auditor," by Koichiro KURASAWA (Keio
University).
The 1994 Annual National Meeting
In this year, the 17th national meeting was held in Kyoto at Doshisha University.
It unified theme for discussion was Going Concern and Auditing, and with this theme
four speakers reported as follows:
1. "Audit for An Entity's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern in SAS," by Kunio
CHIYODA (Ritsumeikan University)
2. "Perspectives of Going Concern Problems in view of the Communication Func­
tions in Auditing," by Fumio NAITO (Kobe University)16

3. "Going Concern and Auditing-Its Practical Problems," by Satoshi ITO (Certified
Public Accountant)
4. ℃haracteristics of Going Concern Qualification," by lchiro SHIOBARA (Waseda
University).
The 1995 Annual National Meeting
In this year, the 18th national meeting was held in Tokyo at Waseda University.
unifiedtheme for discussion was The Certified Public Accountant's Audit and theIts
Corporate Auditor's Audit, and with this theme five speakers reported as follows:
1. "Relations to the External Accounting Auditor's Audit and the Corporate Auditor's
Audit," by Yasuhiko KATO (Konan University)
2. "Issues on the Certified Public Accountant's Audit and the Corporate Auditor's
Audit," by Hajime MISAWA (Soka University)
3. "The External Accounting Auditor's Audit and Audit of the Board of Corporate
Auditors," Minoru EMURA (Asia University)
4. "The Audit Standards for Corporate Auditor and the Audit Report," Takashi SAITO(Corporate Auditor)
5. ℃ooperation between the Corporate Auditor and the External Accounting Auditor
under the Commercial Code Audit in Japan," Mitsuo MINAMI (Certified Public Ac­
countant).
3. Publications(1) JAA has published 5 volumes of its Journal (Modem Auditing) since 1991. The
Journal includes the papers presented at the annual national meeting and others. The
main articles in each volume are as follows:
No. 1
1. "Trends in Lease Accounting and Auditing in the EC," by Yasuo MORIKAwA(Meiji University)
2. ℃ orporate Accounting in France and Compte de reultant Previsionnel," byKentaro NOMURA (Kobe University of Commerce)
3. ℃omparative Study on Accounting and Auditing Institutions in Japan with theReformed Corporation Law in West Germany," by Junichi HONDA (Certified Public
Accountant)
4. "Problems on Accounting and Auditing in the Context of the 4th Council Direc­
tive of the EEC," by Shigeru FUJITA (Certified Public Accountant)
5. "A Viewpoint of International Auditing Research," by Hidetoshi KAWAI (Aichi
University).

17

No.2
1. ℃onceptual Structure of Audit Standards in the USA," by Hidetoshi KAWAI(Aichi University)
2. "Auditor's Opinion of Fraud and Illegal Acts," by Saburo ISHIDA (Kwansei
Gakuin University)
3. "The Amended SAS in the USA and Its Influences on Auditing Standards in Ja­
pan," by Kunio CHIYODA (Ritsumeikan University)
4. "Some Examinations on Internal Control Structure of the Formation of Auditor's
Opinion-from Viewpoints of Evaluating the Audit Risk in the USA," by Toshihiko
ISHIHARA (Kyoto Gakuen University)
5. "Trends in the Amended SAS in the USA-In Relation to Uncertainties and Con­tingencies," by Masahiro SEKI (Certified Public Accountant)
6. "Comparative Study on International Auditing Guidelines and Auditing Stan­dards in Japan," by Hiroyoshi YABE (Chuo University)
7. "Basic structure of Auditing Standards in Germany- with its Creation and De­
velopment," by Yasuhiko KATO (Konan University).
No. 3
1. "The Development of Audit Institutions in Japan from 1945 to 1965 - at theirCreative Age," by Hiromichi NAKASE (Certified Public Accountant)
2. "The Establishing Process of SEA Auditing in Japan from 1951 to 1956," byMinoru EMURA (Asia University)
3. "The Turning Point of Audit Institution Changes in Japan from 1965 to 1966," byKiyomitsu ARAI (Waseda University)
4. "The Development of Audit Institutions in Japan from 1966 to 1974- at theirGrowing Age," by Hiroshi KAWAKITA (Certified Public Accountant)
5. "The Development of Audit Institutions in Japan from 1975 to 1991- at their
Evolving Age," by Tokugoro MURAYAMA
6. "The Necessity of Auditing with Justice and Fairness," by Yoshimasa TOMOSUGI(Mie University)
7. "A Significance of an Expectation Gap in Japanese-Style Auditing," by Terumi
TAKITA (Doshisha University)
8. "Issue on the Revised Working Rules of Field Work in Japan," by Norio
NAKAJIMA (Certified Public Accountant)
9. "The Working Rules of Field Work and Management Fraud," by Toshifumi
TAKADA (Fukushima University)
10. "Systems of Auditing Procedures-in Relation to Recognition of Auditor's Li­
abilities for Frauds and Errors," by Takayuki MATSUI (Takushoku University)
11. "Fraud: Current Case Studies and Practical Ability in Auditing to Counter it," byHiroshi KURODA (Certified Public Accountant).
18

No.4
1. "Auditor's Liabilities for Misstatements in Financial Statements-The View­
points in Association with Risk Approach," by Terumi TAKITA (Doshisha Univer­sity)
2. "The Structuralization of Auditor's Opinion Formation and the Risk Approach­
Points of View in Relation to the Assurance Level of Auditor's Opinion," byToshihiko ISHIHARA (Kyoto Gakuen University)
3. "Effectiveness of Audit Institutions and Independence of the Auditor," byTatsuhiko KATO (Nara University of Commerce)
4. "Trends of Internal Control Concepts and Computer Control," by Shigeru
TOMIYAMA (Otemon Gakuin University)
5. "A Framework of Audit Decision Making for Going Concern Assumption," by
Fumio NAITO (Kobe University).
No. 5
1. "Looking Back on the Creative Age's Circumstances in Japanese Audit Institu­
tions, by Minoru WATANABE (Meiji Gakuin University, RET.)
2. "The Significance of an Auditing Paradigm and its Construction," by Yoshimasa
TOMOSUGI (Mie University)
3. "The Nature of Audit Risk Approach and an Audit Risk Model," by Toshihiko
ISHIHARA (Kyoto Gakuen University)
4. "Perspectives of Going Concern Problems in View of the Communication Func­
tions in Auditing," by Fumio NAITO (Kobe University)
5. "A Consideration of the Relation between Auditing Paradigm and Information
Systems-from the View of Systems Auditing," by Kouji IKEDA (Konan University)
6. "A Proposal for a New Principle oflntemal Control Toward the 21st Century," byHisao ENDO (Yokohama City University).
7. "An Introduction to Audit Methodology - an Approach through Pragmatism," byOsamu TERATSUBO (Certified Public Accountant).
8. "A Private Proposal for Standards of Reporting," by Tamotsu KONO (Certified
Public Accountant).
(2) JAA also has published nine research reports by Special Research Committees as
its Research Series of monographs since1988:
No. 1 The Subject and Development of the Information Systems Audit, 1988.
Composed of 2 parts (16 chapters), written by 9 members.
No. 2 Audit for Small - and Medium - Size Companies, 1989. Composed of 3
parts (12 chapters and 5 proposals), written by 12 members.
No. 3 Audit Corporation, 1990. Composed of 13 chapters, written by 14 mem­
bers.
19

No. 4 Local Government Audit, 1991. Composed of 3 parts (15 chapters), written
by 8 members.
No. 5 The Newly Revised Auditing Standards and Working Rules, 1992. Com­
posed of 4 parts (27 chapters), written by 13 members.
No. 6 Sumpling Tests, 1992. Composed of 6 chapters, written by 9 members.
No. 7 Statutory Corporate Auditor's Audit, 1993. Composed of 7 chapters, written
by 10 members.
No. 8 The CPA Examination System, 1993. Composed of 3 parts (10 chapters),
written by 11 members.
No. 9 Auditing Practices in Foreign Countries, 1994. Composed of 3 parts (10chapters), written by 11 members.
No. 10 This report by the special research committee on International AuditingStandards will be published in 1995.
In addition to these, four special committees have been organized: The Account­ing and Auditing Institutions of the EC (1990�1992); Auditor's Independence (1991�1993), Auditing in the USA (1991�1993) and Environmental Auditing (1992�
1994).
4. Schedule and Plans for Academic Activities by the Association in the Future
The 1996 Annual Meeting is scheduled for November at Kyoto Gakuen Univer­sity. The unified theme for the meeting remains unsettled at present.
In addition to Special Research Committees with a fixed time limit of activity of
two years, the Association is now planning to organize Permanent Research Commit­
tees with no time limit for their activities. A research committee on commercial
code audit is scheduled to be set up in 1995.
A new research committee on cost audit, which is expected to be active from1995 to 1996, is also being planned as one of the Special Research Committees.
(Hiroyoshi YABE, Chuo University)

20

JAPAN BUSINESS ENGLISH ASSOCIATION (JBEA)The Japan Business English Association celebrated the 60th anniversary of its
birth at the 54th national meeting held at the International Conference Center,
Waseda University in October 1994.
The objectives and aims of the Association are to study business English and its
related areas and to promote academic exchanges both domestic and international.
JBEA is composed of the three "chapters" or divisions of Kanto, Kansai andKyushu-Yamaguchi. Each chapter normally gives a meeting three or four times ayear. The Association holds a national meeting once a year and publishes its out­
come in The Japan Business English Annual Studies (hereafter, The Annual Studies).
The Kanto and Kyushu Chapters regularly publish their newsletters called Bulletin,
which includes summaries of the papers read at their divisional meetings.
I

A Recent Research Trend

JBEA began its activities before World War II in 1934, and it has since been
engaged in the study and education of business English used in conducting businessand its related areas.
Business consists of various forms of trade and the various services which areessential to trading, and the Association's study, research and education have dealt
with a number of related fields of activity. In addition, recent research contains a new
field of communication.
The epithet "new" for this field may be misleading, considering the fact that
correspondence in English is always an important means of communication for trade,and that JBEA has been dealing with the matter of communication from the very
beginnings of its activities, as clearly stated in the joint paper entitled "Practices andProblems in International Business Communication" by J. W. GOULD (University ofSouthern California) and Yasushi FUKUDA (Seinan Gakuin University):
The concept of Business Communication in Japan stems from Shogyo Eigo orCommercial English, which is the English applied to letter writing for negotia­
tion and executing overseas transactions.
At the teaching level, Commercial English has gradually changed to modern
Business English or English for Communication, as influenced by American
Business English decades after World War II. Japanese Business English, how­ever, is still limited largely to foreign trade.
(The Annual Studies, 1987)
In this light, it is not surprising that more papers on the subject of communication
have been read to national and divisional meetings in recent years. Let us take an21

example of the year of 1990, when the first sign of an increase in the number of
papers on the subject was observed. Fifteen papers were read at the 50th national
meeting held at Seinan Gakuin University, Fukuoka, in October 1990. Nearly half ofthe reports discussed at that time were on communication. A glimpse of the reports
presented shows something about the recent research inclination:"A Study of a Global Communication System between a Parent Company and its
Affiliates" by Takeshi Fum (Toyo Women's College)"Global Business Communication" by Masataka OTA (Toyo Women's College)"Japanese Direct Investment - Increasing Significance & Need for Better
Communication" by Yoichi USUI (Koran Women's Junior College)℃ultural Bypassing, an Impediment to Effective Business Communication"
by Tatso NOBU (Tokai University Junior College)"Facts, Images and Judgements in Cross-cultural Business Communication" by
Naoki KANEDA (Tamon International Inc.)"Facsimile Communication and International Business" by Takao MUKOH(University of Marketing & Distribution Sciences)"International Communication and a Historical Approach" by Hirosuke
SHIMA (Kansai University of Foreign Studies)[For furthur information, see the Information Bulletin of The Union of National Eco­nomic Associations in Japan, No. 11, 1991, pp. 17-19, in which Junzo HAYASHI(Doshisha Women's University) makes a brief review of each of the fifteen papers.]
Before 1990, many of the reports treated of traditional aspects of business En­
glish such as various usages, style in writing and the teaching of business English as
an international trade language; some dealt with trade theory and practices, intema­tional business management and so on - except the year 1986, when four papers
dealing with international business communication were read, at the 46th national
meeting held at Osaka University of Foreign Studies, by Shigeo URABE (Aoyama
Gakuin University), Mikito NAKAMURA (Kwansei Gakuin University), Yukiko
ADACHI (Fuji College) and the above-mentioned Gould and Fukuda.
Compared with the business English studies of the conventional type, thisassociation's communication studies may lack a theoretical framework and sufficientdepth, partly because those interested in this field have been studying independentlyof one another, with results not integrated into a framework, and partly because opin­
ions are divided and the field of communication itself has not yet been fully recog­
nized as essential to the JBEA's domain of studies. The next section refers to thisproblem.

22

II

A Prolonged Controversy

The last five years have been a significant period for the Association, for thequestion of its aims of studies has given rise to much controversy and been discussed,
in a way never done before - that is, extremely frankly by many members of both oldand new generations, over some extensive and consecutive sessions.
On a number of occasions in the past, however, this same question had been
already taken up and discussed by individuals or among specified study groups.
During a fairly recent period too, several reports on this matter were presented atnational meetings including "Business English in Collegiate Curriculum and Solidi­
fication of Japan Business English Association" by Yoshio SAITO (Chuo Gakuin
University), which was a succinct review of the historical background of JBEA's
educational system since the Meiji Era. In his very informative article (see The
Annual Studies, 1989), Saito examines the causes of the Association's problems re­
ferring to issues such as "name" and "identity", the same kind of issues taken up in thepast, and subsequently at the extensive sessions described below (see Sections III andIV).
More specifically, one of the crucial issues thus repeatedly raised is: Are the aimsof the studies really good enough for the present age and society ? (No one would
deny the importance of communication, but there has been a persistent dispute overwhether or not the Association's aims could afford to include such an "independent"
field as commumcat1on.)A still more crucial issue concerns the naming of the Association: Is the present
name suited for the coming decades ? (The issue, in fact, has been argued over 20
years now.)
Opinions are divided:
The voice in favor of the recent trend says that the Association would be left
behind unless we prepare for the advent of the multimedia society, and insists that
more contemporary and in-depth study of communication should be done.
The voice against the trend asks: "Why enter others' domain when we have aprecious area of our own to maintain?"
It is a fact that there is an area the Association has endeavoured to foster for morethan half a century, and that there is also the academic system and climate the Asso­
ciation has maintained over these years. Nevertheless, we have already stepped into
big shoes, and this is a fact too.
The discord leaves JBEA members wary.

23

III

In Search of a Vision of Business English in the 21st Century- A Move in the Kanto Chapter -Faced with this sticky problem, and being acutely aware that something must be
done if we were to keep on existing as an attractive association, the Kanto Chapter
made one attempt to probe into the matter by holding a panel discussion under thecommon theme of "Business English in the 21st Century" in January 1993, which
was to be followed by a mini-symposium in April of the same year.
The above two sessions were tape-recorded and faithfully transcribed into a text
by a professional tape-rewriter. The output was edited by the editorial committee
chaired by Katsumi ITO (Waseda University) and published by the JBEA Kanto
Chapter, under the title of The Evolving Framework of Business English, in Septem­
ber 1993. The little book was distributed to all the members of the Kanto Chapter
and to many of the Kansai and Kyushu-Yamaguchi Chapters.

The following is an

abstract of the two sessions, the information of which is based on the book.
The panel discussion chaired by Koji TSUBAKI (Waseda University) proceeded
as follows:
Masataka OTA (Waseda University) delivered a keynote speech and presented aframework called "Global Business C9mmunication (GBC)".
[Writer's note: As may be surmised on page 2, Ota had already conceived aframework of GBC and discussed it back in 1990, but his 1993 concept was a moreelaborated one. ]The three panelists, Takekiyo AKIYAMA (Aoyama Gakuin University),
Mitsunori HASHIMOTO (Kanagawa University) and Yukio SEKINE (Tokyo Chamberof Commerce and Industry) reported their views concerning the theme, after which a
discussion session was held between the keynote speaker and the panelists.
Akiyama presented a strong argument and Hashimoto made a candid criticism on
Ota's speech. Ota argued back.
The floor too participated in the discussion afterwards. It got so heated over theissue of the Association's raison d'etre that JBEA's ex-president Saburo HANEDA, aprofessor emeritus from Aoyama Gakuin University, went as far as to say: "Pour newwine into a new bottle". Yet the discussion did not reach a conclusion.
The response after the panel discussion was great, and the Kanto Chapter decided
to hold a mini-symposium to examine the matter further.
Koichi NAKANO (Kanagawa University) presided at this session held threemonths later, where the keynote speaker Kazuyoshi INATSU (Kanagawa University)
talked on "Business English Studies-the Past, the Present and the Future". The
commentator was Norio AOYAMA (Chuo Gakuin University), who talked on the
problem of in which direction the Association should proceed in order to meet theneeds of the society of "new globalism".
24

The discussion involving the floor was again heated and effective. And here too,
the focal points in dispute came back to: (1) social, educational and academic needs,(2) the Association's name in conformity with its objectives and aims, (3) the place ofcommunication studies, and (4) teaching methodology reflective of collegiate cur­riculum.
[Writer's note: These were ancient themes to many members, having been re­peatedly discussed in the past at various levels, as mentioned above. Yet, here isanother illustrating instance worth quoting:Regarding the fourth point, a significant panel discussion entitled "Education ofBusiness English - How and What We Teach" had taken place at a national meetingin 1989, only four years prior to the Kanto symposium. At the discussion chaired by
Saburo Haneda, the three panelists - Katsumi Ito, Takao NORISADA (Kwansei
Gakuin University) and Yasushi Fukuda - illustrated their experienced methods,
disseminated information, and here again, attempted to identify some of the factors
causing the problems and anxieties we all share.]
To return to the Kanto symposium: An accord was not attained here, either, but atleast almost all fundamental issues of JBEA appeared to be now identified, and some
important choices for solution surfaced. This was noteworthy.
IV In Search of Harmony- A Dialogue between Kansai and Kanto After the publication of the book on September 1, 1993, the head of the Kansai
Chapter Takao Norisada invited the Kanto's counterpart Yukiko Adachi to its 125th
meeting held on September 18 at the University of Marketing and Distribution Sci­
ences in Kobe. Many members attended the meeting, including Etsuo SHIMAZU(Kansai University of Foreign Studies), the then president, and two ex-presidents
Mikito NAKAMURA (Osaka Meijo Women's College), a professor emeritus from
Kwansei Gakuin University, and Hiromu NAKAMURA (Doshisha University).
Here is an excerpt of the session from the JBEA Kanto Chapter Bulletin, No. 35,
March 18, 1994.
Adachi gave a brief description of the background of the publication of the bookand outlined the contents. Afterwards, Norisada chaired a Q & A session, which was
bombarded with questions such as:·"Why did the so-called 'Ota framework'cause such dispute ? It doesn't
appear that exciting. It's quite reasonable as a conceptual model."·"It doesn't make sense to merely change a framework. What we need is asolid theory of business communication."·"A big problem is that the methodology of business English Studies itself
has not yet been established, isn't it ?"25

·"Which comes first, wine or the bottle ? And what is the 'new wine'?"·"What's wrong with trade English ? Students' needs lie in this."·"As you say, how to harmonize the new with the old is a big problem.
Were any specific or realistic measures to solve this problem suggested at
the Kanto discussions?"
As to the crucial issue of the Association's name, Hiromu Nakamura gave an
outline of the Association's "name reviewing history", which dates back to 1950 (seeWriter's note below). He reminded them that a big discussion took place in 1975, andin 1986 a committee was set up to examine the Association's name, the result of
which was reported to the national meeting in 1988 by the committee's chairperson
Mikito Nakamura. Then, he said: "We have been discussing the matter for almost
twenty years now. It is high time for us all to make up our mind."[Writer's note: The name "Nihon Shogyo Eigo Gakkai" was formally establishedby the general assembly of the 10th national meeting in 1950 at Waseda University
for which members reconvened in the face of post-war difficulties. At this assembly
its English name was also discussed and it was decided on the present "The Japan
Business English Association".
Some of the Association's old documents, including programs of national meet­ings of its earliest days - that is, in and before wartime - show a curious fact that it
had not possessed a fixed name before 1950, and it was sometimes called 'Nihon
Shogyo Eigo Kenkyukai' and sometimes 'Nihon Shogyo Eigo Gakkai'.]
The overall reaction of the attendants was divided into pros and cons. In Kansai
too, all came back to the Association's ever-delicate issues mentioned overleaf.
Upon the request of the Kansai Chapter, the above results were fed back to the
Kanto Chapter's next meeting held at Waseda University four months later, on Janu­ary 22, 1994. At the feedback session chaired by Mitsunori Hashimoto, the follow­
ing propositions were suggested by the floor:
1 On the framework/name/aims:·What about blending the "new wine" with the "old wine" and pouring
the two into the same "big bottle"?
·We could perhaps pour new wine into the old bottle (meaning, the old­
fashioned name would do as long as its contents are contemporary enough).
・(Referring to Nakamura's comment above): A possibility of changing
the name will remain an eternal theme unless we act now. Something
must be done; press the board of directors.
·We should aim at producing such academic results as are internationallyacceptable.
2 On setting up session tracks for clarifying the domain of studies:·What about setting up a "theory" session and a "practice" or an "art" session?
26

·What about setting up session tracks such as "business English", "business
communication", "trade theory and practice", "global business manage­
ment", for example?
V

More Recent Research Trends

One of the aims of the Association is to study business English and its relatedareas. It may be said that in the past more emphasis was put on the aspects of trade
English and its teaching methodology. In recent years, however, the trend has beensuch as observed in the first section of this report — i.e. the scope of the studies has
been widened, and more research has been made into the frames for the "software"and "hardware" of business communication.
A glimpse of the reports presented at the 1993 and 1994 annual meetings further
reflects this tendency. Twenty-five reports were delivered, which may be roughlyclassified into the five areas as follows:(1) BusinessEnglish, or Linguistic Aspects of Trade Transactions:"A Consideration of Auto-TradeEnglish",
Kunio YOSHIDA (Kinki University), 1993
11
A Corpus-based Study ofExpressions of Feeling in BusinessEnglish 1 1,
Mitsuo NAKAMURA (St. Agnes' College), 199311
On the Functions andEffects of If-clauses in International Business Letters11 ,Takayuki ISHII (Mukogawa Women's University), 1993
℃onsumer Protection in the U.S. Mail Order Business: Terms ofGuarantees,
11
Delivery, MPS and their Backgrounds ,Masuko KAKEHI (Chugoku Junior College), 1993
11 A Semantic Study of 'We enclose/are enclosing/have enclosed. . .11',
Junzo HAYASHI (Kyoto Women's University), 1993
110n FinancialExpressions as Part of BusinessEnglish 11
Tatsuo NOBU (Tokai University Junior College), 1993
11Proposals for the Study of BusinessEnglish as a Science: referring in part to
my experience in compiling glossaries ofEnglish for Business and Finance11 ,M. Hashimoto, 1993
11The Cognitive Structure of 'Arrival'Expressions in International Business
Letters11,
T. Ishii, 1994
11 A Study on Writers'Goodwill to Readers/Receivers 11,
Kashii FUKAYA (Aichi Sangyo University), 1994
11 The Format of the Sales Letter11 ,Satoru TOYODA (Otsuma Women's University, Junior College Div.),

27

1994
"Mail Order Catalog English: Choice of Voice in Terms of Shipment",
M. Kakehi, 1994
(2) International Business Communication:"A Reaffirmation of Our Business Communication Theory"*,
Takekiyo AKIYAMA (Aoyama Gakuin University), 1993
"Integration of Individual Studies",
T. Norisada, 1994
"The Use of an Outline Processor in Teaching Business Letters",
Shun-itsu NAKASAKO (Chuo University), 1994
"Substantial Meanings of Electronic Bills of Lading",
Akira YAO (Osaka Meijo Women's College), 1994
"Managing Cross-cultural Business Negotiations from a Language
Perspective",
N. Kameda (Doshisha University), 1994
(3) Teaching Methodology of Business English or Communication:"A Trial Approach to the Teaching of Business English Conversation"*,Y. Sekine (Kanagawa University), 1993
"A Basic Business English Education Plan to Meet the Changing Demand",Hiroshi YAMAMOTO (St. Margaret's Junior College), 1994
"A Few Suggestions for a Functional-Notional Approach to the Teaching ofBusiness English",
M. Nakamura, 1994
"The Present Situation of Business English Education and its Future
Direction"*,Y. Sekine (Hiroshima Shudo University), 1994
(4) Trade Policy and Practices:"Passing of Risk in International Trade Law",
Yasuhiro KATO (Poole Gakuin Junior College), 1993
"On the Independence Principle of Credit and its Exceptions",
Satoshi NIIBORI (Nihon University), 1993
"Transfer of Ownership in Plant Supply Agreement and Risk Management",
Yoshiyuki KATAYAMA (Shikoku University), 1994
(5) International Business Management:℃orporate Philanthropy",
Akira KINOSHITA (Shizuoka Sangyo University), 1993
28

"Network Risk of Financial Settlement System",A. Yao, 1994
What emerges here is a reality that we have stepped into the field of communica­tion regardless of whether it suits the Association's aims or not.
It is also noted that those reports with an asterisk(*) are intended, to borrow oneof the reporters' words, "to follow-up on the discussions held at the Kanto Chapter of
the Japan Business English Association in 1993 addressing the evolving frameworkof Business English" (Sekine, 1994), and that a few more also reflect the same, as
seen in the reports by Hashimoto and Nobu, for example.
VI

Academic Exchanges Domestic and Overseas

JBEA has, as mentioned in the introductory part, another aim to promote theacademic exchanges both domestic and international. The following are just two
representative cases out of many we have been engaged in:
JBEA has for a long time enjoyed many cultural and academic exchanges with
America's international society named The Association for Business Communication(hereafter, ABC). Several JBEA members attend the ABC's international conference
every year, while we have in the past received a number of visitors and guest speak­ers from the U.S.A., including honored guests Dr. J. D. Petit, Jr. and Prof. F. S.
Weeks, who have contributed a lot to our association and who we have such warm
memones of.
We are delighted that some JBEA members (Naoki Kameda, Takeo Tanaka,
Yukio Sekine and Mitsunori Hashimoto) are on the ABC's International Communi­
cation Committee or on the Ad Hoc International Convention Committee, and hope
to further this communication and promote the interchanging of ideas and views withthem.
Whenever possible the Association tries to invite speakers from outside to its
meetings. The Association again had the pleasure and welcomed three guest speak­ers to the symposium at its latest national meeting held at Waseda University in 1994.
JBEA's Yoshio Saito and Koji Tsubaki chaired the symposium entitled "English
Communication in Global Business", where:
Ms. Etsuko KATSU, Senior Economist of Japan Research Institute Limited,talked on "Communication Seen from the Overseas Business Center" with knowl­edge and wisdom acquired from her experience in New York, and with such good
tempo. Mr. Masakazu AIHARA, General Manager of Research Department,
Nichimen Corporation, delivered a persuasive speech on the communicative skills
required of sucecessful "international businessmen".
Professor Kaoru KOBAYASHI(The Sanno Institute of Management) talked on the29

recent development of the globalization of Japanese business and presented a realis­tic analysis of the changing nature of "business-related English" in accordance withthe trend.
The three speeches combined, a clear-cut picture of new trends emerged. This
made the following Q & A session lively, and here too they were impressive commu­
nicators.
VII

Entering upon a New Phase - Summing Up

One special mark of this association is that its research trends have always been
affected by technological changes in and developments of posts and telecornrnunica­
tions, in other words, by the "hardware" aspect of communication.
The modem system of postal services was originated in England in 1840; aroundthat time telecommunications services started in Europe. Japan was 30 years behind
the trend, with a little-more-than-120-year history of posts and telecommunications.
(The history of overseas telecommunications in Japan began with the establishmentof the first international telegraph link between Nagasaki and Shanghai in 1871.)
In the early days, international commercial correspondence was exchanged by
the means of sea mail, which was eventually taken over by airmail. In between there
came the era of telegraph, which lasted from the 1850's to the early 1970's. Tele­graph required a specialized skill of coding and decoding, which led us to anotheraspect of studies - ie., the "software" aspect of style in writing.
Telex was introduced to Japan in 1956, overtaking telegraph in the 1970's, andthus studies were made on a language called "telexese" involving a new codificationin the communication process. Its life, however, was ephemeral, as facsimile (fax)arrived in Japan in 1982.
Though fax is the dominantly popular means of communication today, it ceased
to be the most advanced means of communication with the advent of the multimedia
society in the 1990's. At the moment we are witnessing a drastically innovativechange in computer technology and communication systems, and watching suchmeans as electronic mail (E-mail) transmitted on the Internet rapidly taking over.
At all times the Association's studies have been made on both of the "hardware"and "software" aspects of communication, and a number of influential articles andbooks were written by Mikito Nakamura, Saburo Haneda and many other scholars in
the past. As to more recent results, the 1992 issue of The Annual Studies include
articles such as:"The Means of International Communication and the Style of Messages:
A Historical Study of their Changes" by Hirosuke Shima, and"A Study on Features of Facsimile as a Means of Commumcat1ons and30English Used in Fax Messages" by Yasutaka YAMAMOTO (Kansai Gaidai
College).
To give a further instance in this connection: Three reports dealing with E-mailand Internet are expected to be delivered at the coming annual meeting to be held at
Kyushu International University in October 1995. (As to the years 1993 and 1994,
see Section IV above.)
Taking all these trends and traits discussed so far into consideration, we may now
possibly say that there are two cores in the studies the Association aims at:
1 Business English, and2 Business Communication
In any business, language and communication are interchangeably related toeach other. It is typically the case with international business transactions which
involve cultural as well as economic conflict. The more complex marketing or
managerial skills become, for example, the more sophisticated abilities in business
English will be required of busisness communicators. A similar view was alreadystated quite clearly in the aforesaid paper by Gould and Fukuda as early as 1986:
The recent communication survey on Japanese subsidiaries in the UnitedStates which was conducted by the writers there has revealed that a gap has [wid­ened] between business practices and the teaching of Business English. We
should emphasise not only International and English aspects of Business Com­
munication but also [ those of]…management and marketing communications . .
If we were to take this point too into consideration, and if the supposition con­ceming the aforementioned two cores were valid enough, we might also say that themain streams of related areas could be conceived as:(a) Linguistic aspects of business transactions, side by side with trade theory
and practices(b) Style in writing (i.e. message treatment) and protocol for international
business(c) Communication theory and skills in the fields of marketing
communication, management communication and others(d) Education of business English and communication(e) Computer technology concerning electronic transactions, and codification& standardization of documents of the "paperless age" including Electronic
Data Interchange (EDI), Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data
(STEP), Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) and others
contained in the framework of the so-called Commerce At Light Speed(CALS).

31

Ours is an old association. In fact, this is the fourth-oldest in the Union of
National Economic Associations in Japan as far as the date of foundation is con­cemed. At the beginnings of the Association's activities, the studies of our predeces­sors mainly treated of trade phenomena in a very comprehensive manner, partly be­cause learning was not so finely specialized at that time. This approach was passed
on to the following generations, and massive work in diversified fields has been pro­
duced.
Diversity, or multi-facetedness has traditionally been one good characteristic of
this association, and we are proud that we have contributed to the improvement ofbusiness English teaching and business practice by disseminating knowledge andinformation. However, this quality of diversity tends, at the same time, to lead to an
unfortunate trait such as expressed in Takao Norisada's opinion quoted below, andwith which many members seem to agree. In his report entitled "Integration ofIndividual Studies" given at the 1994 national meeting, Norisada points out:
There have been not a few unique or independent studies so far. However,there seems to be no or little linkage among them. That is because business
communication has not yet been systematized as a discipline.
The making of "a framework to integrate individual studies" is one of the urgent
tasks to be done. By doing this task, and thus entering a distinct research field, theassociation may find a way to recover its "frail identity" (Yoshio Saito, 1986), andthen we may be able to revitalize our academic activities.
Acknowledgement
The writer of this report is grateful to JBEA's president Professor Katsumi Ito.
He gave her so much of his profound knowledge of business English and communi­
cation, and gently guided her in so many ways that, without his help in the writing,especially that of the concluding part of VII, and expert attention to determining theapproach to it, this report might not have been completed. The writer is fully respon­sible for the wording.
(Yukiko ADACHI, Fuji College)

32

BUSINESS HISTORY SOCIETY OF JAPANI. Foundation and Historical BackgroundIn 1960, after the return of Keiichiro NAKAGAWA (the University of Tokyo) from
Harvard Business School, where he vigorously absorbed the methods of businesshistory, Nakagawa organized a study group for business history (Keieishi
Kenkyukai). This group became a parent body of the Business History Society ofJapan (Keieishi Gakkai). Five years later, in November 1964 a general meeting forestablishing the Society was arranged and Yoshitaro WAKIMURA (the University ofTokyo) was elected as the first president. Soon the Society began to invite members
widely by circulating among academic and business people a prospectus which an­nounced: "the Business History Society of Japan will develop into a combined re­search organization on business history to invite many scholars who are studying ininterdisciplinary areas such as economics, economic history, business administra­tion, accounting, history of technology and so on." The Society had a membership of
182 by April 1965 and now more than 780 members are enrolled.
The first annual conference was held at the University of Tokyo on 6 and 7
November 1965. The conference theme was Problems of Business History to be
Solved. Although the methodology of business history was mainly established in the
1930s by N.S.B. GRASS (First Professor of Business History at Harvard Business
School), in the 1960s there was an increased number of scholars who paid muchattention to the study of business history (including company and entrepreneurial
history). At that time the importance of business history was fully recognized inJapan.
II. Academic Activities
Annual Conference
Annual conferences have been the most important activity for the Society. The
conference usually consists of the following two parts: presentations on the confer­ence theme, and free communications whose topics presenters can choose. Confer­ence themes show the concerns and interests of contemporary members of the Soci­ety. The conference themes for the past five years are as follows:
26th Conference held at Meiji University in November 1990,
Enterprise Systems in International Comparable Perspective
27th Conference held at Kwansei Gakuin University in October 1991,
Business Responses towards Changing Markets―the establishmentof mass-market and entrepreneurial activities
3328th Conference held at Gakushuin University in November 1992,
Acceptance and Conflicts in Transfer of Management Systems
29th Conference held at Doshisha University in November 1993,
Comparative Study of Relations between Owners and Managers
30th Conference held at Waseda University in November 1994,
Americanization Postwar Business History-comparative study of
production movement
The 1995 (31st) Conference was held at Osaka Gakuin University on 30 Septem­
ber and 1 October 1995. The conference theme was Nation and Enterprises.
The Society has often invited to annual conferences highly distinguished for­eign business historians such as R.W. HIDY (Harvard Business School, the 1971
Conference), A.D. CHANDLAER (Harvard Business School, the 1980 Conference)and S.G. CHECKLAND (University of Glasgow, the 1984 Conference) and asked themto give a special lecture to the members.
In addition to annual conferences, the Society also runs several meetings(workshops) based on regions which are organized respectively by members resident
in the Kanto, Kansai, Kyushu, Chubu and Hokkaido areas.
International Conferences
From its foundation the Business History Society of Japan has developed activi­
ties connected to international exchange. The policy of the Society is always inter­national-oriented. So far the Society has made a great effort in exporting the prod­
ucts of Japanese business history and importing those of foreign business history.
Above all, the International Conference on Business History (also known as the "Fuji
Conference") has played a significant role in providing many participants opportuni­
ties to study business history from an international comparable viewpoint. On the
one hand, from the series of conferences foreign participants could obtain exact
knowledge of the "Japanese management system." On the other hand, Japaneseparticipants, experts of both Japanese and foreign business history, could widen theirresearch perspective and find new insights into business history on the basis of inter­national comparison.
The first conference took place in January 1974 at the Fuji Educational Center.
Chandler and C. WILSON (University of Cambridge) read papers on 'Strategy and
Structure of Big Business'. Thanks to generous financial aid from the Taniguchi
Foundation, up to 1995 twenty-two conferences (five series) in total were success­fully organized. Now the conference has attained an international reputation amongworld business historians and is regarded as 'quite institutional'. The past five years'
conference themes are as follows:34

18th Conference (1991)
19th Conference (1992)
20th Conference (1993)
21st Conference (1994)
22nd Conference (1995)

International Competition and Cooperation
Business and Education
World War II and the Transformation of theBusiness System
Fordism Transformed―the development of
production methods in the automobile industry
Keiretsu and Enterprise Groups

In addition to the Fuji Conferences, the Society has had the opportunity to orga­
nize two-country-based international exchange programs. W. FISCHER (Berlin Free
University) proposed setting up a German-Japanese conference on business history.
The conference started with a meeting in 1979 held in Berlin. An international
exchange program also was proposed by British business historians. On the basis ofclose personal relations with the Business History Unit at the London School of Eco­nomics (University of London), the Society agreed to collaborate in creating an
Anglo-Japanese conference on business history. The first conference opened at theBusiness History Unit in 1986. In 1990 the third conference was held in Tokyo andpapers were read on the theme of the Development of Financial Institutions in theAge of Big Business. The fourth conference was arranged in April 1994 at theBusiness History Unit. The conference theme was British and Japanese Perfor­
mance since the War.
In order to encourage international exchange by members, the Society is al­ways ready to inform members of conferences and meetings on business history.
Further, the Society can often provide some financial aid to members who intend toread papers at conferences and meetings held abroad.
OthersBusiness records are essential for business historians when they write histories ofindustries and enterprises. In comparison with the United States and Britain, inJapan only a few companies can open their business records to researchers. The
Society, in cooperation with the Council of Business Records (Kigyo Shiryo
Kyogikai) and the Institute for Japanese Business History (Nippon Keieishi
Kenkyujo), endeavors to remedy these situations and to keep records from destruc­tion.
Ill. Publications
Japan Business History Review
The Society is involved in a variety of publications. It issues Japan BusinessHistory Review (Keiei Shigaku) quarterly from the Tokyo University Press. Mem35

bers are able to contribute their articles or notes to this journal. The editorial com­mittee makes final decisions on whether the articles or notes are published after they
are read by anonymous referees.
Japanese Yearbook on Business History
The Society also has an English journal, which is published annually. The idea
of issuing an English journal came from Germany. The Society learnt from German
business historians that they had newly created an English journal titled Gennan
Yearbook on Business History. Since it is difficult for English-speaking scholars toread articles written in German, German business historians intended to translate
some of their best papers (originally written in German) into English and to publish
them in the English journal. This lesson attracted much attention from the BusinessHistory Society of Japan, which has a similar language barrier. In commemorationof its 20th anniversary, the Society decided to launch an English journal titled Japa­
nese Yearbook on Business History. The first volume of the journal was publishedin 1984 by the Institute for Japanese Business History. This journal paved the way
for disseminating studies of Japanese business history outside Japan, especially to thecircles of Anglo-American business historians, the world leaders of the study of busi­
ness history. In this way, even scholars who cannot read Japanese now have easy
access to important articles of Japanese business history written in English.
Hence, the editorial committee of Japanese Yearbook on Business History fol­lows the policy of publishing articles mainly on Japanese business history and com­parative or international business history related to Japan. The titles of the featurearticles of the journal for the past five years are as follows:
vol. 7 (1990)
vol. 8 (1991)
vol. 9 (1992)
vol. 10 (1993)
vol. 11 (1994)

Aspects of International Relations
Business Systems
The Development of Domestic Industries
The Growth of Managerial Enterprises in JapanThe History of International Management Relations as
related to Japan

OthersOf course, the Society has produced all the proceedings of the International Con­
ference on Business History (Fuji Conference). Volumes from one to twenty were
published by Tokyo University Press, but from volume twenty-one (1995) it has been
decided to issue them from Oxford University Press.
The Society published the Union Catalog on Enterprise Histories and Biogra­
phies of Businessmen in the World outside of Japan in 1979 in commemoration of its
10th anniversary. Now, in commemoration of the 30th anniversary, the Society
36intends to issue both a general review on Japanese company history and the annual
prospect and retrospect of studies on Japanese and foreign business history in Japan
which were originally printed in Japan Business History Review.
IV. Recent Research Trends
At its foundation, the Society eagerly discussed the methodology of businesshistory. Obviously this meant that most of the members were keen to establish thestudy of business history as an independent subject apart from the studies of eco­nomic history and business administration. By degrees, however, the main topic of
the Society shifted to empirical studies of business history. Remarkable progress was
attained in the studies of Japanese business history, such as the history of zaibatsu(enormous, new and local zaibatsu) and postwar business history. In the area of
foreign business history as well, many fruitful studies were produced. Scholars who
were trained at foreign universities and learnt how to use archival business records
largely contributed to a rise in the level of these studies.
A new horizon of business history is opening. This study emphasizes the
aspect of international comparability in business history. Unlike in natural science,in social science many scholars still have great difficulty in developing mutual under­
standing of their studies because of considerable differences in language and culture.
It is suggested that the study of Japanese business history should be made from aninternational comparative viewpoint. On this methodological ground, foreign schol­ars can truly understand topics peculiar to Japan such as the development of manage­
rial enterprises in Japan, the origin of the so-called Japanese management system, thetransformation of the Ford system in Japan and so on. Fortunately the Society has
gained a great deal of experience with international comparative studies at the seriesof Fuji Conferences.
Some scholars also pursue the possibility of establishing an international busi­
ness history related to Japanese enterprises. In the process of the globalization of theeconomy, activities of enterprises can no longer be analyzed within the old-fashioned
framework of national economies. A new framework of international business his­
tory is now needed. This makes it possible to describe the history of Japanese mul­tinationals and of their business relations with foreign enterprises.
It was in 1975 that a ground-breaking work on Japanese business history writ­ten in English (J. HIRSCHMEIER & Tsunehiko YUi, The Development of JapaneseBusiness, 1600-1973) was published. Hidemasa Morikawa's book on zaibatsu(Zaibatsu: the rise and fall of family enterprise groups in Japan) also appeared in
1992 and a younger generation's books written in English on Japanese business his­
tory followed. So far as the Business History Society of Japan is concerned, it would
be right to conclude that the exchange programs with foreign business historians
37

have more than fulfilled the founders'original hopes.
(Toshio SUZUKI, Chukyo University)

38

JAPAN SOCIETY OF BUSINESS MATHEMATICSThe Japan Society of Business Mathematics was founded in 1959 with the aim ofpromoting the research and application of quantitative approaches in business.
Quantitative approaches refer to methods which utilize mathematical models to solve
problems encountered in the process of planning and control in management. The
approaches encompass a variety of methods, such as the investment theory and prac­tice, production management, management science, operations research, and com­puter simulation. In the nature of things, the scope of research extends to wide­
ranging as well as multidisciplinary subjects, and, thus, the Society attracts research­ers from various disciplines.
An annual conference is scheduled in June each year, where research topics arepresented and discussed. Some topics which are considered worth publishing by the
Editorial Board of the Society are published through review in the Annual Bulletinof the Society to be issued in the forthcoming year. Beside the conference in June, ameeting on a somewhat lesser scale is held in the autumn each year. Topics pre­sented there are of a brainstorming type. The Bulletin of the Society was renum­
bered starting from the 1978 issue, and thus the 1995 issue is termed Issue No. 17.
Articles published in the period from 1992 to 1995, namely, in Issues No. 13-No. 17
will be introduced in this Information Bulletin. Any articles published before thisperiod can be found in the back issues of the Information Bulletin prior to 1991. A
conference is not organized under a unified theme on the ground that the restrictionof topics to specified areas might lead to the exclusion of urgent and opportune topics
in different categories.
Thirteen articles are contained in the Annual Bulletin, No. 14 of the Society for1992. Hirozo OKUMURA (Nagano University) and Masatoshi KITAOKA (Kanagawa
University) utilize spline functions to estimate the defective rate of a product in the
production process in "The Normalization of B Spline Functions and Their Applica­
tions." They define the density function of the defective rate and then approximate it
by B spline functions, which enables more effective control of failures in a deteriorat­
ing production process. Saburo KOBAYASHI (Aoyama Gakuin University) analyzes
the manpower planning of an organization with a view to finding the optimal alloca­
tion of personnel at each level of the hierarchy of the organization in "A Mathemati­
cal Study on the Problems of Manpower Planning Based on Goal Programming,
Quadratic Programming, and Dynamic Programming." He succeeds in finding theappropriate number of employees allocated to, and the desirable number of new em­
ployees hired at each level of the hierarchy. Y oshito HIRAI (Komatsu College) and
Shigeo OHTSUKI (Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Technology) propose a method toanalyze a time series in "A Method for Analyzing a Time Series." They design acomputational procedure to analyze time series data, which is verified to be practical39

through a series of tests on a computer. Masatoshi KITAOKA and Shigeo OHTSUKI
test the effectiveness of the SELBA (systematic evaluation of long-range businessactivities) plan by incorporating estimates based on the fuzzy theory into the plan in"A Fuzzy-Theoretical Method for Implementing the SELBA Plan." They observe
that, whereas cost planning is not affected by the fuzziness of data, profit planning issubject to the variations of uncertain data and should be put into practice with theutmost care. Kazuyoshi KIMURA (Tokyo University of Science), Hideo Nozu (DaiNippon Printing Co., Ltd.), and Koji MATSUOKA (Tokyo University of Science) con­duct a study on the process of producing many types of products in small quantities
in "A Study on the Structure of Multi-Item, Small-Quantity Production." Tomonori
NISHIKAWA and Shizue SHIMIZU (both from Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Tech­
nology) employ the fuzzy-theoretic approach to analyze the characteristics of infor­
mation processing by humans in "The Characteristics of Information Processing by
Humans: A Fuzzy Entropy Model." They show that an optimal value can be found
for the number of pieces of information a decision maker can handle at a time.
Hatsuo MORISAKI (Kanto Gakuin University) sheds light on the relation between the
AIC (Akaike's Information Criterion) and the level of significance in traditional sta­tistics in "On the Relation between the AIC and the Test of Significance." Shunsuke
AOKI (Kokushikan University) conducts an empirical study on the characteristics oftechnological competition over time in the electrical and electronic industries, which
include twelve major companies in Japan, in "A Study of Dynamic Patterns of Tech­
nological Competition among Major Firms." He characterizes the rivalry as theleader-follower type of competition and proposes the use of an index referred to as
the relative rate of technology to analyze it. Shizue SHIMIZU and Tomonori
NISHIKAWA propose the use of the GMDH (group method of data handling) adapt­able to a fuzzy system. They maintain that the adaptable GMDH is made more
effective by introducing the fuzzy set into its procedure.
Hiroshi NAKAGAWA(Nanzan University) uses a general type of utility function to extend the Merton andIngersoll Models in "Portfolio Problems in Which an Optimal Consumption is Exam­
ined over a Continuous and Finite Time Horizon." Shigeo OHTSUKI, Masatoshi
KITAOKA, and Eiichi MORIYA (Kanagawa University) incorporate managed capacity
costs into the analysis of cost-volume-profit relationships in "Analysis of the Cost­
Volume-Profit Relationship under the Condition of the Variable Managed Capacity
Cost." Hiroshi MATSUO (Chuo University) designs a procedure for the replacementof an asset which alleviates the burden of computational labor in "The Replacementof an Existing Asset Based on the Study-Period Method." Toshiaki CHAZONO (To­kyo Metropolitan Institute of Technology) formulates a policy of maintaining assets
on a preventive basis at a minimal cost in "Preventive Maintenance under the Condi­tion That Deterioration is Rectifiable at Costs."
Five articles are contained in the Annual Bulletin, No. 15 in 1993. Hiroshi
40MATSUO proposes a model of production which simultaneously achieves two objec­
tives in "Planning the Production of a Product Mix under Adjustable Capacity Re­
straints Based on Biobjective Programming." He utilizes a De Novo version of
linear programs to determine a profit-maximizing product mix and a balanced com­bination of constrained resouces at the same time. A combination of constrained
resources is balanced in the sense that their shadow prices vanish in the optimal solu­
tion. Hiroshi N AKAGAWA (Nara Prefectural Commercial College) estimates the risk
associated with an investment by using generalized autoregressive conditional
heteroscedasticity (GARCH) in "Estimates of the Conditional Volatility of the Open­Close and Close-Open Returns by ARCH Model." He uses a volatility conditionalon the present transactions as a measure to evaluate a future risk in place of variances
based on the past data in time series, and, thus, suggests that the volatility is morepractical than the variances widely in use. Takashi YAMADA (Self-Defense Forces
Medical College) reviews critically two concepts of rationality so far accepted andthen proposes a third concept of rationality in "What is Rational Decision Making ?
- A Study in Prisoner's Dilemma." He critically reassesses the two basic principles,
namely, the principle of best responses and that of dominant strategies, regarding
Prisoner's Dilemma and concludes that parties involved in negotiations can choose
cooperative strategies if they identify the situation they are in as a non-conflicting
situation which is not game-theoretic. Hitoshi TAKEDA (Bunkyo University) andMasaharu IWASE (Bunkyo Women's University) focus their attention on three typesof service systems each with servers of different service capabilities, show an algo­rithm to determine a probability distribution of each system in equilibrium, and thenpropose a method of allocating the least number of servers to each system to ensure arequired level of service in "Analysis of Queues with Heterogeneous Servers." Theysuggest that, the smaller is the utilization factor for the service facility, the more
effective is the appropriate allocation of servers' capabiilities in reducing the average
number of customers in the entire system. Tar-jung LIN (Nanzan University) at­
tempts to fomulate optimal policies which attain a set of objectives for an inventory
system in "Optimal Policies for an Inventory System with Several Objectives."
Ten articles are contained in the Annual Bulletin, No. 16 in 1994. Yoshio IIHARA(Nanzan University) and Hiroshi MATSUO critically review the internal rate of retum
to conclude that it is equivalent to the rate of growth of a cash flow profile only inlimited cases in "The Economic Meaning of the Internal Rate of Return and Yields toMaturity." In their review the rate of growth of a cash flow profile is approximatedby its internal rate of return either if the internal rate of return is sufficiently close to
the current rate of interest or if the duration of the profile is close to its planning
period. Kazuyoshi KIMURA, Hideo Nozu, and Koji MATSUOKA build a model of a
production process based on spectral analysis in "Spectral Analysis of a Production
Process." They keep track of the number of jobs in process on a daily basis and41

characterize the daily variations of work in process as cyclic movements. Tadayuki
HONDA (Chuo University) and Hiroshi MATSUO design and test a procedure forscheduling jobs on machines which makes it possible to switch over from a search foran exact solution to a search for an approximate solution if computation gets tediousin "Scheduling Based on Improved Lower Bounds." With a view to reducing boththe computational time and memory requirement of a computer they design and test
improved lower bounds which enable the computer to reveal unrewarding routes ofsearch at an early stage of computation. They also use the most optimistic minimum
time to acquire an approximate solution to a complicated scheduling problem, whichmeasures the distance between the approximation and the true minimal time. Koji
MATSUOKA and Tetsuma FURIHATA (Tokyo University of Science) conduct analysis
of a facility location with a view to optimizing a distance between a facility andcustomers as well as the number of customers in "A Facility Location Model Basedon Geographical Information." They assume that a facility which has an ideal loca­
tion satisfies the condition that the sum of the distances between each customer andthe facility is the smallest as compared with any other locations possible. They
compare the actual locations of the existing facilities in a city with their ideal loca­
tions to assess the discrepancies between the actual and the desirable locations.
Masaharu IWASE and Hitoshi TAKEDA analyze a single-channel queueing systemwith two heterogeneous classes of arrivals in "Analysis of Queues with Two Classesof Customers." They assume that the two types of customers, namely, one requiring
an immediate service and the other capable of waiting, arrive at service stations
where waiting rooms are either of a finite capacity or infinitely large. Hitoshi
TAKEDA and Masaharu IwASE conduct experiments on a multichannel queueing sys­
tem with heterogeneous classes of servers which allows jockeying of customers be­
tween queues in "Analysis of a Queueing System with Moves of Customers between
Queues." Saburo KOBAYASHI applies the discrete maximum principle to a problemof manpower planning and solves some vexed questions which have so far remained
unsolved in "A Mathematical Study of Manpower Planning by the Discrete Maxi­
mum Principle." First, he finds out how many steps his algorithm takes before
completion and determines the least number of steps. Second, he designs a methodof finding an initial state which ensures the attainment of a goal. Third, he proposes
a way of accurately calculating a final solution. Takao AKAIKE (Chiba University of
Economics, Junior College) and Shigeo OHTSUKI simulate queueing systems on apetri net and verify its usefulness in "The Queueing Theory and the Petri Net."
Yoshito HIRAI and Shigeo OHTSUKI present a method to analyze a pattern of random
data in time series in "Analysis of a Pattern of Random Data." They develop amethod to compare a pair of time series by utilizing their curvatures and assert that
this approach reveals the features of the time series more accurately than normal
regression analysis. Yoshio IIHARA and Hiroshi MATSUO show how to use the inter42

nal rate of return of a cash flow profile in "The Use and Misuse of the Internal Rate of
Return." They maintain that the internal rate of return of a cash flow profile iswrongly identified with the rate of growth of the profile and further that the fallacious
approach based on this misconception is commonly and widely employedparticulary in engineering economy in the U.S.A.
Eight articles are contained in the Annual Bulletin, No. 17 in 1995. Tetsuma
FURIHATA conducts an experimental study on spatial relationships between a popula­tion distribution and locations of facilities in "A Study of Spatial Relationships be­
tween a Population Distribution and Locations of Facilities." Takuya KAKISHITA,
Masatoshi KITAOKA, and Hirozo OKUMURA analyze the graphical evaluation andreview technique (GERT) with transient probability distributions at branching nodes
in "Analysis of Variations of Branching Probabilities in the GERT Network."
Kazuyoshi KIMURA, Hideo Nozu, and Koji MATSUOKA estimate the total production
time of an assembly line by utilizing a queueing model in "A Study of Holding Times
for an Assembly Line." Hitoshi TAKEDA and Masaharu lWASE analyze a queueing
system with heterogeneous servers who render services to customers selected on dif­ferent criteria in "Analysis of Queueing Systems with Various Policies of Assign­
ment of Customers to Servers." Takao AKAIKE and Shigeo OHTSUKI build a model
which simulates the operation of elevators by using a petri net in "A Study on a
Multi-Input and Multi-Output System by a Petri Net." Masaharu lWASE and Hitoshi
TAKEDA analyze a queueing system with buffers at an exit in "Queues with
Resequencing Buffers." Hironobu FUKUYAMA (Tokyo Seitoku University) andKazuyoshi KIMURA build and analyze a traffic network for the distribution trades in"A Study on an Information System for the Distribution Trades." Their analysis
places a special emphasis on the relation between the transportation network of aregion and the distribution trades. Akira UCHINO (Senshu University) assesses thestate of the art and effectiveness of systems dynamics in "The Assessment of theRoles Played by Systems Dynamics in the Modeling of Social Systems." He quests
for a mode of implementing it successfully and suggests that it be employed in com­bination with soft systems methodologies.
With the advent of small and powerful computers, such as workstations, quanti­tative approaches are put into practice extensively to the extent that the decision sup­port systems are a commonplace in a daily operation in business.
Members of the Society are concerned with developing useful models of quanti­tative approaches which may be used as the building blocks of decision support sys­tems.
(Hiroshi MATSUO, Chuo University)

43

THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY
1. Objectives of the Society
The Society of Economic Sociology will celebrate its 30th anniversary in 1996.
Economic sociology is an interdisciplinary subject by nature. Hence, the scope ofthe objectives of the society has been, roughly speaking, a kind of mixture of eco­nomic and sociological studies since its foundation.
This characteristic of economic sociology as a discipline bears, as a matter offact, both the strength and the weakness for the organizational activities of the soci­ety.
The Society of Economic Sociology flourished in its early years. Successors of
Yasuma TAKATA (Kyoto University), a distinguished Japanese sociologist as well as
economist, were enthusiastic for the establishment of a new discipline. They firmly
cooperated in advocating their principles through the unified activity of the society.
They were so ambitious and optimistic as to believe in the possibility of successin defining general concepts of "economic sociology." The activity of the society
was thus led by quixotic motives for expanding frontiers toward all related areas ofstudies. One might perhaps summarize the then movement of the society as a specu­
lative integration of ideas that seemed to be subordinated to economic sociology.
But the thought of the founding fathers was too obstinate and strict, so that it did
not permit young blood to join the society for certain periods. Though there had
been some minor surges of activity, the infertile atmosphere lasted until the 1980s,
when Yoichi ITAGAKI (Yachiyo International University) re-vitalized the society.
Kenichi TOMINAGA (Keio University), the present president of the society, pur­sued the same course of development. The leading idea of Itagaki and Tominaga is
the interdisciplinary approach to "economic sociology" through interaction of bothdisciplines.
2. Organization and Current Activities
The Society of Economic Sociology consists of an East Section and a West Sec­tion. Each section manages regional activities such as bimonthly meetings for read­ing working papers.
Furthermore, in order to motivate the interdisciplinary cooperation mentioned
above, the society currently runs the following six research projects at a sectional
level:a) The methodology of economic sociologyb) Topics from organizational approachc) Labor turnoverd) Business ethics: theory and applicatione) German socio-economic systems
44f) Philanthropy.
For each subject, a special study group is formed by members of common inter­est. As of this September, most studies have already been carried on for about two
years.
The first group tries to work out a method of economic sociology. They consistof economists and sociologists. The main difficulty facing both of them is, frombeginning to end, the question how to define "economic sociology." Referring to the"New Economic Sociology" developed in America, they are now attempting tomodify economic hypotheses which seem to be too rigid.
The research team on labor turnover focuses upon empirical studies of the sub­ject and corroborates certain concepts of economic sociology. They try to restatelabor market economic performance in terms of sociology; the consequences some­times require the correction of pure economic propositions, and sometimes provide
firm footholds to economic analysis.
Business ethics members are interested in observation along with theoreticalstudies of any systems of morals in human society. There is a common understand­ing among members that not only the analysis of the relationships between social
actors is a task when considering business ethics, but also the propagation of themeanings of such investigations is indispensable. Therefore, most members valueinteractions between academe and business highly, besides interactions in academe.
3. Reports on Annual Conferences
The most important activity of the Society of Economic Sociology is an annual
conference. At each conference, we take up a special theme that then seems neces­sary to be intensively discussed from the viewpoint of economic sociology.
1) The 1991 Conference
The theme of the plenary session for 1991 was Transformation of the Soviet
Union and East Europe. Takatoshi NOJIRI (Osaka Gakuin University) reported asfollows:
Recently we see many historic events taking place almost every year, most sig­
nificant of which is, in my view, the collapse of the Soviet Union. It was triggered by
Gorbachev's Perestroika, but East European countries responded more quickly.
However, after several incidents which suggested the decline of the Soviet Union,
Gorbachev resigned his position of president at the end of 1991, when the Soviet
Union'closed her 74-year history.
Then, why did such events take place ? The direct source of the transformation
was the breakdown of the Soviet economy. Haruki NIWA (Kyoto Sangyo Univer­sity) emphasized that the Soviet economy had been supported by a "repressed infla­
tion" policy and a "command economy regime," whose loss of effectiveness, accord-

45

ing to him, necessitated the collapse of the Soviet Union and produced hyper-infla­
tion.
His discussant, Toshihiro FUKUDA (Shiga University), also showed a pessimistic
view of the Soviet economy by pointing out ten requisites for the success of a market
economy. Moreover, Kiyoshi TAKASE (Yachiyo International University) the third
reporter, paid attention not only to the economy but to the rise of nationalism, and his
discussant, Masaaki KAMINUMA (Waseda University), referred to the importance of
the information revolution, which contributed to the spread of nationalism.
Thus, the core of communist bloc collapsed and its impact was huge and exten­
SIVe.
Kichinosuke IHARA (Tezukayama University), utilizing data from newspapers,
ma:gazines, and broadcasts, traced political movements in China referring to other
Asian countries, while his discussant, Hiroyuki TANIGUCHI (Kobe Gakuin Univer­sity), gave his views on the present situation and the prospect of Vietnam in compari­son with Korea and Taiwan.
Of course, this impact is not limited to the communist bloc. Here, at least, twomovements are worthy of attention. One is the movement of changing European
countries. Nations of the EC have been seeking for a unified market since the middleof the 1980s, but after the political transformation of the Soviet Union and East
Europe, they are making their unification much larger, which encourages other coun­tries toward a bipolar world regime. The collapse of the Soviet Union produced
unipolarization of America, which is losing power. In this sense, we entered into anage of "new tension."
We had three unique reports this time: Niwa's approach was economic, Ihara's
political and Takase's world-historical or cultural-historical. Such variety is charac­
teristic of our society, but they do not cover all the themes of the economic-sociologi­
cal approach. I want to mention three world trends: the direction of economic-social
regimes, the new wave of ethnocracy, and the progress of regionalization andglobalization. These "great transformations" are waiting for our analysis.
2) The 1992 Conference
The theme of the plenary session for 1992 was Research Frontiers of Economy
and Society. Yukimasa NAGAYASU (Reitaku University) reported as follows:
As a group for inter-disciplinary research especially between economics and so­
ciology, our society has recently made special efforts to re-examine the theory andreality of the contemporary world at the end of the 20th century.
We held the society's annual conference on September 19 to 20, 1992, with aplenary session, "New Frontiers of Economy and Society", at the International
School of Economics and Business Administration, Reitaku University, in Kashiwa
near Tokyo. At the conference, the following three theory groups were discussed:
46

(1) system theory, (2) rational choice theory, and (3) regulation theory, which were
all regarded as typical examples of a new approach to the post-modem, post-cold-war
and post-socialism ways of restructuring society.
First of all, as to the system theory, Niklas Luhman's proposal was introduced
and discussed by Jun-ichi KASUGA (Kansai University), in a report, "Luhman's
Theory of Economic System". Generally speaking, Luhman's system thinking is
still in the process of development, and therefore it is impossible to define in a sys­
temic way the final version of his theory. However, several basic concepts can be
defined as follows: system and its environment, complexity, self organization, auto­poiesys, and communication. Kasuga made clear Luhman's definition of economy.
Each sub-system of our society is composed of a different kind of communication
with a special medium and symbol. Economy is a sub-system of communication
through the medium of money and the symbol of price.
The second topic of the conference was the theory of rational choice in a broader
sense. In theories of society, we have so far had different assumptions of humannature, and now need to restructure the theory of human action or behavior as a unitof decision making or choice. The keynote speaker on this area, Michio KAIDO(Tohoku University) read a paper, "The Possibility of Rational Choice Theories".
According to him, this theory is regarded as a group of following theories: the purpo­
sive action model, the cognitive model, the rational choice model, the individual
choice model, and so on. This theory can be regarded as the contemporary version of"rational economic man" in sociology, which was known as the Robinson Crusoe
model in economics. The rational choice theory aims at getting some criteria tojudge the given social situations through the individual's value judgment.
The third theory discussed at the conference was the so-called regulation theory.
Contrary to the theories mentioned above, this is not as an abstract system theory, but
as a new approach to the contemporary socio-economic system. One of the leading
theorists on this area in Japan, Akitaka WAKAMORI (Kansai University) gave a key­note speech in his paper, "Regulation Theory". The regulation theory is, according
to him, an economics-challenging crisis, which puts focus upon the flexibility andsustainability of contemporary capitalism. This theory, therefore, can be regarded as
an alternative socio-economic theory for the post-Marxism age. It is free from clas­
sical and rigid socialism, even though it has greatly been influenced by the Marxist
way of thinking. It started with a fundamental criticism of the historical fatalism or
the determinism of the economy in traditional Marxist thought, and put stress on thepossibility of social change through institutional evolution, not revolution. Accord­
ing to Wakamori, regulation theory also insists that it is necessary to change Fordism,
which has led American capitalism in this century through several institutional set­tings like the group bargaining system in management, the Keynesian type of welfare
state, the controlled monetary system, and many interventions of state. It is the most47

important task for this theory to make clear the post-Fordist alternative systems tosuch American Fordism.
In addition to these three theories, the conference had several special sessions on
different topics of business ethics, new organization principles for the economic sys­tem, marketing and so on.
3) The 1993 Conference
The theme of the plenary session for 1993 was Power and Market Economy.
Hiroshi MANNARI (Kibi International University) reported as follows:
We discussed in the conference the theme of Power and Market Economy. The
theme was drawn out from a previous symposium on power shifts and value changes
in the post-cold-war world (International Sociological Association's Coference,
Kurashiki, July 1992).
First, the power dominant theory over the market economy was systematized by
Yoichi UTSUMI (Osaka Gakuin University). His major proposition in the report wasthat whatever the structure of national political power (democratic or despotic), so far
as the political power allows free economic activities, its market economy grows.
This claim was substantiated in the empirical reports by XIE Xiao Bin and Prasert
YAMUKLINFUNG in examining relationships between the internal political power ofChinese and Southeast Asian states and their varying economic growth.
Second, Bunshiro ANDO (Kwansei Gakuin University) dealt with historicalchanges in economic theory in relationships between government economic policy
over market economy in this country. He criticized the Keynesian economic theoryof controling demand and supply in the market by governmental interventions. He
claimed human beings should follow impersonal forces in the market. In a matured
capitalist society, we certainly have to establish a new macro-theory on government
policies for the public and consumers.
Third, Naomi MARUO (Keio University) presented us a model of the optimumsocial system in economics, politics and society in terms of public theory. He formu­
lated his theory and politics how the market, authorities and citizens of a society
relate to each other. In facing present chaotic policies and economics, our managers,
politicians and bureaucrats, and citizens are seeking a sound general management
theory. His theory shows us excellent ideas and methods in solving the problems ofgovernment, market and citizens.
Finally, Giancarlo NONNIS (Kibi International University) raised an importantquestion whether managers and social scientists in Japan perceive the concept of thefree market in universal terms. He indicated the concept of the free market was
brought up in Anglo-Saxon culture and not shared even in the other European na­
tions. In facing economic conflicts with Anglo-America, Japanese social scientists
must discriminate between the concept of a free market in cultural reality and its ideal48

typical one.
At the end all our participants at the conference agreed that the papers presented
had been of high quality and relevant to the theme.
4) The 1994 Conference
The theme of the plenary session for 1994 was Toward a Pro-Consumer Society.
Prof. Tominaga reported as follows:This was the first time we discussed the theme in the plenary session, but thesecond time Japan had encountered the same problem.
"Seikatsusha-yusen" or "pro-consumer" might be a political slogan which statesthat the real world is organized around producers and has led to maximum economic
growth, and that the sovereignty must be turned around to consumers or human val­ues.
It first appeared in the 1960s, when Japan suffered from social losses due to thecontinuing high-rate economic growth, and secondly after the so-called "bubble"
economy in the 1980s.
The aim of the discussion was to reach any possible answers to the question as towhy we were not and still are not clever enough not to suffer repeatedly from thesame problem at the cost of individual life.
Koji MORIOKA (Kansai University) took up Japanese industrial relations. He
analyzed the idiosyncrasy of the combination of the well-known life-time employ­ment and company labor unions in Japan to prove unjustifiable bias for businessactivities. He concluded that no pro-consumer society could be realized unless such
a Japanese management system was basically changed.
Yukio SUZUKI (Reitaku University), on the contrary, insisted that a pro-con­sumer society is coming, paying special attention to the current "New Price Revolu­tion." Although his journalist intuition partly shed light on the status quo, his presen­tation exemplified the necessity and the difficulty of an analytical treatment of thepresent theme.
Kenji KUMASAKA (Keio University) approached the same problem in anotherway. He asked himself cognitively what abundance is, and tried to show his vision oflife-style in our information society. He seemed too optimistic in believing that"digital ambience" or the provision of a computer network will resolve the dilemma
where people feel exploited.
To be honest, our discussion did not herald the emergence of a pro-consumer
society yet. That would be another opportunity where we rigorously inquire into theJapanese corporate regime in reference to new developments in economic sociology.
5) The 1995 Conference
The last conference was held on September 16-17, 1995 at Himeji Dokkyo Uni49

versity. The theme selected for the plenary session this time was Bureaucracy.
Masakatsu TAMURA (Waseda University) chaired the session and briefly summa­
rized the discussion as follows:
Kazuo MATSUSHIRO (Kobe University of Commerce) studied Max Weber's con­
cept of bureaucracy and examined what bureaucrats functionally can and cannot do.
If bureaucracy is a necessary evil of a democratic society, parliament, as Weber once
insisted, needs to have good control over bureaucracy even in today's Japan.
Tetsuya KISHIMOTO (Kobe University) asked by consulting with W. Niskanen
why and how bureaucracy was a budgetary problem. He logically concluded that
there must be competition among government departments or agencies to get rid of it
in line with deregulation.
Hiroshi KATO (Chiba University of Commerce) introduced the Ramseyer andRosenbluth model of Japanese politics and modified it so as to handle the present
situation of bureaucracy. He required us to recognize the importance of a delibera­
tive councils' role, which is designed to corporatively govern the ruling power ofbureaucrats.
4. Publications
The Society of Economic Sociology sets great store by exchanging ideas andresearch outcomes in printed form, besides conferences. The following two are
major publications regularly made public:- The Annals of the Society of Economic Sociology- The Newsletter of the Society of Economic Sociology
The former is a collected volume of distinguished papers presented at the confer­ence each year. It also carries some contributed papers and study notes subject torigorous screening by anonymous referees.
The latter is the transactions medium of the society; it contains shorter essays
along with business correspondence of the society. It is published biannually.
(Mitsuo SASAKI, Yachiyo International University)

50THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION OF
ECONOMICS AND ECONOMETRICS

1. General Description
The Japan Association of Economics and Econometrics was founded in 1947
with the aim of studying and promoting academic research in economic theory andeconometrics. Since then, however, the Association's activities have expanded sig­
nificantly. Currently its activities cover all the areas of economics including eco­nomic theory and mathematical economics, economic policy in general, public eco­nomics and finance, monetary economics and policy, international trade and finance,industrial organization, urban and regional economics, economic development, agri­
cultural economics, econometrics and economic statistics. The Association is play­�ng t e central role of promoting academic research in economics in Japan not only inits size but also in its coverage. The membership of the Association consists ofacademic economists/econometricians as well as researchers affiliated to govern­
ment/private institutions. The Association has currently 2,275 individual as well as
24 institutional memberships (as of October 1995).
The Association is managed by the General Meeting, Board of Directors consist­ing of about 40 elected members, and Standing Executive Committee. The President
is elected by two-step votes every year: the Board of Directors nominates some can­didates for the Vice President, among whom one is elected for the position by a pollof all members, and the Vice President automatically takes over the President's posi­tion in the next year. The Presidents for 1990, 1991, 1992 and 1993 were Chikashi
MORIGUCHI (Osaka University), Akihiro AMANO (Kobe University), Mitsuo SAITO(Tezukayama University) and Yasuo UEKAWA (Nagasaki Prefectural University),
respectively. The President for 1994 was Koichi HAMADA (Yale University) and thecurrent President for 1995 is Masahiko AOKI (Stanford University). Keimei
KAIZUKA (Chuo University) is going to take over the position for 1996.
The current Standing Executive Committee consists of Kotaro SUZUMURA(Hitotsubashi University), Kimio MORIMUNE (Kyoto University), Motoshige ITO(the University of Tokyo), Toshihisa TOYODA (Kobe University), Michio OHYAMA(Keio University), Masaaki HONMA (Osaka University), and Kazuo NISHIMURA(Kyoto University).
The main activities of the Association consist of publishing The Japanese Eco­nomic Review, holding annual meetings, and cosponsoring meetings of the Econo­
metric Society when they are held in Japan.

し2. Publications
The Association recognized a journal, Kikan Riron Keizaigaku, as its formal
51

organ in 1959. The origin of the journal goes back to 1950, when Takuma YASUI
was the founding editor. Until 1986 the journal was published 3 times a year. Afterthat it was published 4 times a year and the journal title was changed to The Eco­nomic Studies Quarterly.
The Association has now started a new era by publishing its quarterly journal all
in English, The Japanese Economic Review, using a foreign publisher (Blackwell
Publishers in England). The journal has smoothly taken over from The Economic
Studies Quarterly and is now publishing volume 46 in 1995. It is open to all re­searchers in the field of economics and econometrics around the world. Its scope iswide and it covers all standard research including microeconomics, macroeconomics
and econometrics. It also emphasizes, but is not limited to, the following areas:·Welfare economics and Public Decision-Making·Theoretical and Empirical Industrial Organisation·Intertemporal Economics including Dynamic Systems·International Economics and Development Economics·Economics of Law, Institutions and Public Policy·Game Theory and its Applications·Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of the Japanese Economy
Non-members as well as members of the Association are welcome to submit
unpublished research articles for editorial consideration. The Journal is publishedfour times a year in March, June, September and December.
The Editorial Board of The Japanese Economic Review consists of the Editor,
Kotaro SUZUMURA (Hitotsubashi University), three Co-editors, and Associate Edi­
tors. Among 21 Associate Editors, 11 are distinguished foreign scholars. Papers
published in vol. 46 include the following: "Product Liability Rules: A Considerationof Law and Economics in Japan" (Presidential Address) by Koichi HAMADA (Yale
University), "Environmental Evaluation and Social Choice" by A. SEN (Harvard
University), "Welfare Economics and Economies of Scale" by J. MIRRLEES (Oxford
University), "OptimalTaxPolicy in a StochasticallyGrowingOpen Economy" by S.
TURNOVSKY (University of Washington), "Are There Unit Roots in Real Economic
Variables?" by MichioHATANAKA andYasujiKOTO (TezukayamaUniversity), and"Japan in the New World Confrontation: A Historical Perspective" by Yujiro
HAYAMI (Aoyama Gakuin University).
In addition to The Japanese Economic Review, the Association is publishing anannual volume in Japanese.
It covers the presidential address and some invited papers presented at the annual
meeting for each year. It also includes some survey and/or appropriate papers, bookreviews and summary reports of the annual meeting for each year. The first issue for1995 is now under preparation under the editoship ofKazuo NISHIMURA (KyotoUni­
vers1ty).
52

3. Annual Meetings
Every year a two-day general meeting is held in addition to a one-day Western
district meeting. Here we report only the recent annual general meetings for 1993 1995, with some 600 - 800 members participating each year.
(1) 1993 Meeting
The 1993 annual meeting was held at Hosei University on October 16 and 17.
The program committee chaired by Tadashi INOUE (Hosei University) organized theconference. In the regular sessions, 130 papers were presented altogether. List of
title and chairperson of each session, title of each paper presented, and names ofauthors and discussants was published in The Economic Studies Quarterly, Vol.44,
No.4, 1993. One panel discussion was held, titled "Structural Change in the Japa­
nese Economy: Analysis of the Current State and Scenarios for the 21st Century".
Yasuo UEKAWA delivered the presidential address under the title "Imperfect Compe­
tition, Intra-Industry Trade and Trade Policy".
(2) 1994 Meeting
The 1994 annual meeting was held at Nanzan University on September 23 - 24.
Kuramitsu MURAMATSU (Nanzan University) chaired both the organizing committee
and the program committee. In the regular sessions, 142 papers were presented
altogether. Detailed information of the sessions, titles of papers, authors and discus­
sants was published in the Economic Studies Quarterly, Vol. 45, No. 4, 1994. The
title of the panel discussion was "The Change and Challemge of Japanese Firms:
New Trends of Economics". Koichi HAMADA delivered the presidential address
under the title "Product Liability Rules: A Consideration of Law and Economics inJapan".
(3) 1995 Meeting
The 1995 annual meeting was held at Gakushuin University on September 23
and 24. The chairpersons of the organizing committee and the program committee
were Takuji SHIMANO (Gakushuin University) and Kazuo NISHIMURA (Kyoto Uni­
versity), respectively. In the regular sessions, 128 papers were presented altogether.
One panel discussion was held on the topic, ℃an the Vitality of the Japanese
Economy be Revived?" Masahiko AOKI (Stanford University) delivered the presi­
dential address under the title "Organizational Conventions as a Source of Compara­tive Advantage: Evolutionary Game Approach".
4. The Econometric Society World Congress
The Association cosponsored the 7th World Congress of the Econometric Soci­ety for the first time in 1995 in addition to the former Far Eastern Meetings of theSociety. The World Congress, held every 4 years, was held at Keio University forAugust 23 - 29, 1995. The program committee chairs were D. M. KREPS (Stanford
University) and K.F. WALLIS (University of Warwick). The local organizing com53

mittee consisted of Masahiro OKUNO - FUJIWARA (Chair, the University of Tokyo),
Mamoru KANEOKA (University of Tsukuba), Kunio KAWAMATA (Keio University),
Kimio MORIMUNE (Kyoto University), Kazuo NISHIMURA (Kyoto University),
Takamitsu SAWA (Kyoto University), Kotaro SUZUMURA (Hitotsubashi University)
and Akira YAMAZAKI (Hitotsubashi University). The fund raising committee
chaired by Chikashi MORIGUCHI (Osaka University) contributed to enabling theCongress to be successful. The main addresses included the Presidential Address by
C. SIMS (Yale University), the Frisch Memorial Lecture by A. Sen (Harvard Univer­sity), the Fisher-Schultz Lecture by G. AKERLOF (University of California, Berkeley)
and the Walras-Bowley Lecture by G. LAROQUE (I.N.S.E.E.). Sixteen invited sym­
posia in addition to approximately 700 contributed papers were presented.
5. The Nakahara Prize
The Association has created an official prize for the first time in 1995. The aimof the prize is honoring and encouraging young (precisely speaking, under 45 years)
economists to publish internationally well-recognized papers and/or books. The
Board of Directors select the members of a nominating committee consisting of both
Japanese and foreign economists, who choose one prize receipient every year. Thisaward system has been made possible by generous endowments by Mr. Nobuyuki_ NAKAHARA, a businessman. The first winner of the 1995 prize was Fumio HAYASHI(the University of Tokyo), who has published several pioneering papers on Japanese
consumption and investment behaviors in internationally recognized journals.
6. Future Prospects
Internationalization of economics professions in Japan will be an important
theme as ever. The Association has been and will be following that direction. Pub­lishing The Japanese Economic Review in English and creating a prize award systemare examples of the Association's efforts to that direction.
The Association has expanded its registered membership to more than 2,200.
Thus it has become difficult to hold and manage annual meetings at a university,
which has been an established custom so far. In the future the Association mustsearch for a better and more attractive way of holding annual meetings.
(Toshihisa TOYODA, Kobe University)

54

NIPPON ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
History and Outline of the Academy
The Nippon Academy of Management Education (NAME) was founded on June30, 1979. The Academy elected Dr. Akira YAMASHIRO, Emeritus Professor of
Hitotsubashi University, as the first president. At that time the number of individual
founding members was about 230. The number of Academic members was about
280.
The main aim of the Academy is to establish principles for Japanese Manage­
ment. The Academy supports the collaboration of academics and businessmen.
The purposes of the Academy are as follows:(1) practical research into the business activities of business corporations(2) research into Japanese-style Management and International Management(3) research into management education to develop the practical abilities of top man­agement, middle management and lower management
The following persons have acted as presidents of the Academy since its estab­lishment:
Akira YAMASHIRO (Emeritus Professor, Hitotsubashi(1) 1979 - 1991
University)
Masao 0SUGA (Emeritus Professor, University of Electro(2) 1991 - 1994
Commumcat1on)
Seiichi FUJIYOSHI (Emeritus Professor, Meiji University)(3) 1994 Today the number of academic members is 832 and the number of corporate mem­bers is 16 corporations.
The Academy has a head office and five regional divisions. The head office andthe Kanto Division are located in Tokyo. The Kansai Division is located in Osaka,
the Chubu Division is located in Nagoya, the Kyushu Division is located in Fukuoka,
and the Hokkaido Division is located in Sapporo.
The head office of the Academy has five committees. The Administrative Com­mittee has the responsibility for general affairs; the Organizational Committee is re­sponsible for arranging the program for Annual National Conferences. The lnforma­tion Bulletin Committee is in charge of communication of academic activities, while
the Annals Committee has the task of publishing Annals of the Nippon Academy ofManagement Education. The International Committee has the responsibility for the
program of International Conferences and International Exchange Programs of the
Academy. Every regional division has several regional academic meetings every
year.
1.

2.
National Conferences(1) From First Conference, 1979, to Twenty-fifth Conference, 1992

55

National Conferences have been held every spring and fall twice a year. The
common theme and the host universities (institutions) where national conferences
have been held are as follows:
1st Conference, Fall 1979, The Vision of Management Education in the'80s, Head
Office (Tokyo Nihon Kogyo Club)
2nd Conference, Spring 1980, Management Education in Business Corporations,
The Head Office (Osaka Chuodenki Club)
3rd Conference, Fall 1980, Strategy, Characteristics and Education of Manage­
ment, Aoyama Gakuin University
4th Conference, Spring 1981, In Pursuit of the Theory and the Methodology of a
Practical Business Management, Asia University
5th Conference, Fall 1981, Management and Culture, Matsushita Electric Indus­
trial Co. Ltd.
6th Conference, Spring 1982, Total Review of Japanese Way of Management and
New Vision, Seikei University
7th Conference, Fall 1982, The Practice and Task of Management in Japan, Aich
Gakuin University
8th Conference, Spring 1983, Business Management in the Recession, Nihon Uni­
versity
9th Conference, Fall 1983, Internationalization and Management Education,
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd.
10th Conference, Spring 1984, Internationalization of the Japanese Management
Idea and Management Education, Waseda University
11th Conference, Fall 1984, Reactiveness of Business Corporations, Matsuyama
Commercial University
12th Conference, Spring 1985, The Criteria of Management and Education in a
Rapid Change of Environment, Meiji University
13th Conference, Fall 1985, Tradition and Innovation, Kyoto Industrial University
14th Conference, Spring 1986, Evolution of Business Constitution and Manage­
ment Education, Chiba Keizai College
15th Conference, Fall 1986, Corporate Culture and Corporate Strategy, Kinki Uni­
vers1ty
16th Conference, Spring 1987, The Change of Environment and Business Manage­
ment, Yokohama College of Commerce
17th Conference, Fall 1987, A New Perspective of Human Resources Management,
Kagawa University
18th Conference, Spring 1988, Globalization and Management Education, Tokyo
International Umversity
19th Conference, Fall 1988, Organization Development and Management Educa­
tion, Seireigakuen Seisen Junior College
5620th Conference, Spring 1989, The Principles of a Management Guide and Manage­
ment Education, Meiji University
21st Conference, Spring 1990, Management Education in the 90's, Sapporo Univer­sity
22nd Conference, Fall 1990, Management Education at Universities in the'90s,
Kanto Gakuin University
23rd Conference, Spring 1991, The Change of Industrial Structure and Management
Education, Yamanashi Gakuin University
24th Conference, Fall 1991, The Image of Enterprise in Multi Symbioses Era andManagement Education, Kyushu Sangyou University
25th Conference, Spring 1992, Management Education for the Driving of Interna­
tionalization and Interdisciplinary Approach, Kyorin University(2) Recent Conferences and Recent Trends in Research by the Academy (From 26th
Conference to 31st Conference )The common theme in the national conferences is usually set up by the head
office in consideration of the intention of the host universities. The common theme,
the host universities and the papers where national conference have been held are as
follows:
26th Conference, Fall 1992, The Restructuring of the Japanese Way of Management
and Management Education, Kinki University:
1) "A Restructuring of Japanese-Style Management and the Function of Top
Management," Yasuhiro OGURA (Toyo University)
2) "Restructuring of Japanese Management and Consensus Management,"
Yoshiaki SHIMABUKURO (Aichi Gakuin University)
3) "Management Evolution and Corporate Philosophy," Eiichi SUGITA(Matsushita Marketing Training Institute, Inc.)
4) "What is the Japanese Style of Management-where is the Logic of "ie",Tadashi MITO (Chukyo University)
5) "Total Environment for Total learning,-Executive Development & the Con­
ference Center", Motofusa MURAYAMA (Chiba University)
27th Conference, Spring 1993, The Creation of the New Management Idea andManagement Education, Meiji Gakuin University:
1) "The Method of Creation of a New Business Idea and Organizational Learn­ing," Shinji SUZUKI (Niigata University)
2) "Management Idea Based on Functionalism," Eiichi EBISAWA (Kanagawa
University)
3) "Ethics of Game Players," Koichiro HIOKI (Kyoto University)4) "How to Manage and Fix Corporate Philosophy," Tadashi UMEZAWA (Tokyo
Keizai University)575) "Industrial Management Philosophy under the Current Changing World andRelated Value System - How Industrial Companies Educate Competent Leaders un­
der such Circumstances," Jirou MAEKAWA (Former Vice President, Teijin Ltd.)
28th Conference, Fall 1993, Self-innovation of Management and Development ofCreativeness, Chubu University:
1) "Logic of Collective Innovation and Self-Renewal," Toshihiro SASAKI (Kyoto
Sangyo University)2)℃hange and Self-Innovation of Japanese Management," Akira ICHIKAWA(Fuji Junior College)
3) "Progressive Creativeness for Enterprise," Makoto TAKAHASHI (SOKEN Re­
search Institute)4) "The Problems which Confront Japanese Auto Industries and Measures De­
vised to Deal with Them," Takashi KOYAMA (Toyoda Boshoku Corporation)5) "Organizational Transformation by Information Technology," Tatsumi
SHIMADA (Yokohama College of Commerce).
29th Conference, Spring 1994, Corporate Strategy of Reengineering and Manage­
ment Education, Senshu University
1) "Increasing Productivity of Intellectual Works," Yoshiaki INOKAWA (Toshiba
Corporation)
2) "Methodological Aspects of Reengineering," Minoru TOKITA (Waseda Uni­
versity)3) "A Study of the Essence and Some Affairs in the Reengineering Revolution,"
ltsuro KANEKO (Meiji University)
4) "Reengineering and Japanese Personnel Administration," Isao SEKIGUCHI(Senshu University)
5) "The Logic of Reengineering," Osamu TAKENOUCHI (Kyorin University).
6) "Japanese Reengineering-A Case of Maekawa Manufacturing Corporation,"
Yoshio IWASAKI (Maekawa Manufacturing Corporation).
30th Conference, Fall 1994, Glocal Strategy of Regional Industries and Manage­
ment Education, Nihon University:
1) "Glocalization of Regional Enterprises-Symbiosis Theory of Globalism andLocalism, Motohide MURAYAMA (Chiba University)
2) "The General Management Philosophy in the World," Takanori TSUCHIYA(International Education Center )3) "The Restructuring of Glocal Competitive Advantages and the Reactiveness
Policy," Masaru SAITO (Chuo University).
31st Conference, Spring 1995, Business Ethics and Management Education, Wako
University.
1) "Reinvestment of Human Resources Necessary for the Open Management
System," Sawako TAKEUCHI (Long Term Credit Bank, Research Institute)582) "Management Policy of Hitachi Credit Corporation," Masayoshi HANABUSA(Hitachi Credit Corporation)
3) "A Study of Ethical Values in Business Administration-possibility of avoid­
ing unethical behavior," Toshio KIKUCHI (Nihon University)4)℃ orporate Ethics and Management Development at NEC," Y asutoshi
HORINOUCHI (NEC Corporation)
5) "A Design for Corporate Codes of Conduct and a Conception for Social Strat­
egy," Tetsuya MIZUYACHI (Toyama University)6)℃ orporate Conduct, Social Responsibility and Business Ethics," Shoichi
SUITA (Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc.)(3) The 32nd and 33rd Annual Conferences
The 32nd Annual Conference of the Academy will be held at the University of
East Asia on October 27 - 29, 1995. The common theme is to be The Change of the
Paradigm and Management Education.
The 33rd Annual Conference will be held at Aoyama Gakuin University on
June, 1996.
3. Publications
The Academy has published 14 volumes of Annals of the Nippon Academy ofManagement Education since 1982. The Annals is published on annual basis, andcontains all of the papers on the common theme and those on voluntary themes.
The Infonnation Bulletin is issued six times a year; 175 Infonnation Bulletins
have been issued up to September 1995.
In Celebration of the 10th Anniversary of the Academy, the Academy has pub­lished Management Education Handbook, Dobunkan Press, in June 1990. This bookconsists of seven parts: Part 1, contains "The Problem of Management EducationManagement is "Management Education;" Part 2, "Principles of Practical Manage­
ment Education;" Part 3, "A Theory of Executive Development in a Modern JapaneseCompany;" Part 4, "Management Techniques for Top Management, Middle Man­
agement and Lower Management;" Part 5, "Management Education in an Organiza­
tional Department;" Part 6, "Topics of Management Education; and Part 7, "Manage­
ment Education in Non-Manufacturing and Non-Business."
4. International Conferences
International Conferences have been held five times in Hawaii (U.S.A.), Taipei(Taiwan), Seoul (Korea), Beijing (China) and Shanghai (China) over the past 10
years.
For the 10th Anniversary of the Academy, the Fourth International Conference
was held at Beijing, on August 22 1990. The Conference was held under the joint
auspices of the Academy and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. The com59

mon theme was Management Evolution in Chinese Corporations and the Japanese
Way of Management.
5 . Current Academic Activities and the Perspectives of the Academy
The Academy is now reviewing a periodical publication and The Yamashiro
Award. The periodical should contain the results of studies in the Academy's activi­
ties. The Academy has argued that it is most important to maintain its identity.
While the periodical will be published in the near future, the Yamashiro Awards willbe established in the year after next.
Today Academy has seven specific research projects as follows:(1) A Study of the Methods of Management Development in JapaneseCorporations(2) Research on Students at Social Science Departments in University(3) New Problem of Management Acccounting an Era of Change(4) Research into the Changes in Management Education in Colleges of Business(5) A New Perspective of Business Organization(6) A study of Management Leadership
The Academy aims at the further improvement of its standard of research and its
International Exchange Programs.
(Yasuhiro OGURA, Toyo University)

60THE JAPAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC FINANCE
I: Establishment of the Japan Institute of Public Finance
The Japan Institute of Public Finance was first established in 1940 with 63 mem­bers. The first annual conference was held in the same year on October 26 after an
initiation ceremony at the Gakushi Kaikan in Tokyo. Then the second, third andfourth annual conferences were held from 1941 to 1943, but due to the intensificationof the war, further conferences were suspended until the fifth was held in 1949. This
was the first conference held after the war and the membership was about 90.
From around the seventh conference held at Kobe University in 1950 and theeighth conference at the University of Tokyo in 1951, a tradition of holding a confer­ence once a year in fall either in October or November was established. Anothertradition of having a fellowship gathering as part of the conference was also formed
around this time.
2: Organization of the Institute
The purpose of the Japan Institute of Public Finance is to encourage the researchand the exchange of its results in the field of public finance and to enhance the friend­ship among the members of the institute. The institute conducts such activities asholding study meetings and lecture meetings, publication of books and journals andother suitable activities that the directors'council regards as appropriate. At present
there isn't a regularly published journal, but the bulletin containing of summaries ofreports made at the annual meeting is regarded as a substitute for such a journal.
The institute consists of researchers in the field of public finance and the admis­
sion to membership is made by the decision of the directors' council on the basis ofrecommendations from two current members. The admission is usually made andannounced at the annual meeting of the institute.
Currently the annual membership fee is 6000 yen and as a principle the member
loses the membership if he continues to be delinquent in the payment of the fee forthree consecutive years.
To run the activities of the institute, there are 37 directors, two auditors and a few
secretary generals. The 25 directors out of 37 are elected by the members for a termof three years. But there is a maximum term limit of three consecutive terms. The
remaining of 12 directors are chosen by the elected 25 members so that there is noexcessive bias in terms of institutions the directors belong to and the regions their
institutions are located in.
The total number of members of the institute as of 1995 amounts to 654.

61

3: International Activities
With the strong trend of internationalization, the Japan Institute of Public Fi­
nance is also trying to participate in international activities. The biggest intema­tional event of the institute was the sponsorship of the annual conference of IIPF
(International Institute of Public Finance) which was held in Tokyo from September
9 to 11, 1981. The conference was quite successful, with the participation of 120
overseas researchers and 214 domestic researchers: a total of 334.
An increasing number of the members of the Japan Institute of Public of Financeare also members of the International Institute of Public Finance and attend the an­nual meetings mainly held in Europe, and there are a few every year who make pre­sentations at the annual conference of IIPF.
Ritsumeikan University is to sponsor the annual conference of IIPF in 1997, andpreparations are under way.
The Japan Institute of Public Finance occasionally invites overseas speakers to
its annual conference. Recently Dr. Vito Tanzi, president of IIPF, was invited tocommemorate our fiftieth anniversary, and he gave a special lecture on "Tax Systems
and Change in Economic Structure."
4: Focuses at Recent Annual Conferences
For the annual conference each year, a number of common themes are selected toreflect the contemporary problems relating to public finance and the developments inthe field of public finance and economics in the international scene, alongside ses­
sions for the presentation of research results for freely chosen themes.
4-1 The 47th Conference, 1990
The 47th conference was held at Nagoya City University from October 6 to 7,
1990. The common themes for this conference were 1) the tax system reform andthereafter, 2) financial reconstruction and accumulated national debt, 3) regional de­velopment and local government finance.
4-2 The 48th Conference, 1991
The 48th conference was held at Aoyama Gakuin University from October 26 to
27, 1991. The common themes for this conference were 1) the stock economy andthe tax system, 2) environmental issues and public finance, 3) internationalizationand public finance, 4) fiscal problems related to concentration and dispersion.
There was a panel discussion on the taxation on land. The moderator was
Hiromitsu ISHI (Hitotsubashi University), and the panelists were Junshichiro
YONEHARA (Oitemon Gakuin University), Keimei KAIZUKA (the University of To62kyo), Kazuyuki TANAKA (Seiket University), Shinohiko KURODA (Ministry of Fi­
nance) and Nobutaka NARUSE (Ministry of Internal Affairs).
4-3 The 49th Conference, 1992
The 49th conference was held at Kobe University from October 9 to 10, 1992.
The common themes for this conference were 1) the aging society and public finance,2) environmental issues and public finance, and 3) international relations and publicfinance.
4-4 The 50th Conferenee in 1993
The 50th annual conference was held at Fukuoka University from October 29 to
30 in 1993. The common themes chosen were 1) structural changes of the economy
and the tax system, 2) how local taxes should be imposed on enterprises. That year,
many reports were made for freely chosen themes.
The special commemorative lecture for the fiftieth anniversary of the Japan Insti­
tute of Public Finance was given by a specially invited speaker, Dr. Vito Tanzi, who
was the president of the International Institute of Public Finance and the director of
public finance in the International Monetary Fund. He gave a lecture on "Tax Sys­
tems and Change in Economic Structure."
Another commemorative lecture was given by Masao OKAwA of Tokyo Intema­tional University on "the History and the Future Perspectives of the Japan Institute of
Public Finance."
A symposium was also held for this annual conference on "the Revaluation of theRole of Public Finance as a Counter-cyclical Policy." Kazuo HIGO (Meikai Univer­sity) was the moderator, and Shoichi MIZUNO, Kazuo YOSHIDA (Kyoto University)
and Toshihiro IHORI (the University of Tokyo and Osaka University) were panelists.
5: The 51st Conference, 1994
For the most recent annual conference, the 51st conference held at Daito Bunka
University from October 21 to 22, the common themes were 1) current tasks for local
government finance, 2) the pension and health care system and its finance, 3) intema­tional aspects of public finance, 4) social overhead capital and public finance, 5)environmental problems and public finance 6) review of the role of government.
A special lecture has become a traditional feature of the annual conference andToru HASHIMOTO (Osaka Gakuin University) gave one on the title "Between Reality,
Theory and Policy."
A symposium has also become almost a regular part of the conference. In the
51st convention, a symposium on taxation reform was held with the panelists Hiroshi
KATO (chairman of the Tax System Study Commission), Risho TAKAOKA (chairman
63

of the board of directors of Seiyu), Hiromitsu ISHII (Hitotsubashi University), Tatsuo
HATTA (Osaka University) and Kenichi MIYAMOTO (Ritsumeikan University).
5-1 Contemporary Issues of Local Government FinanceFor the theme of contemporary issues in local government finance, Hirofumi ITO(Kyushu University) reported on the development of German local government fi­
nance after the reunification. Hideo NAKAI (Kinki University) discussed the British
structure of local government finance in comparison with that of Japan from theviewpoint of fiscal accountability. Masatomi FUNABA (Kobe University of Com­
merce) discussed the changes in local autonomy and the attempts at reform of the
fiscal system both under the unitary state system and the federal system. Yoko
KIMURA (Nara Women's University) took up the problem of division of labor of thecentral government, the prefectural governments and the municipal governments inrelation to local welfare and decentralization of authorities to the local governments.
Namiko OGURA (graduate student, Keio University) reexamined the regional equal­
ization function of the Local Equalization Grant System of Japan. Tadashi
YAMAZAKI (Tokyo Metropolitan Government) took up the theme of fiscal sover­eignty and local assembly as a contemporary problem of local government finance.
5-2 Health Care and Pension Systems and Public FinanceKoji KAMAKARI (graduate student, Kansai University) examined the revenue
sources of the pension system in the transitional period from the income tax to theconsumption tax. Yukiko KATSUMATA (research fellow, Institute of Social Secu­rity) discussed health insurance and financial sources in relation to the health insur­
ance system for the elderly and the financing of the system. Tatsuo HATTA (Osaka
University) and Noburyou OGUCHI (Senshu University) jointly reported on their new
estimate of the net debt of the pension system of the Japanese government. Masazo
HIDAKA (Yamaguchi University) reported on the inter-generation differentials ofbenefits and burdens that accompany the aging of the population. Eiji TAJIKA(Hitotsubashi University) and Fumiko HAYASHI (graduate student, Hitotsubashi Uni­
versity) discussed the roles and limitations of the individual pension market taking up
the case of the national pension fund. Kiyasu WATANABE (Japan Life Insurance,Ltd.) discussed the payment guarantee system of the company base pension system.
5-3 International Aspects of Public Finance
Hiroyasu NODA (graduate student, Nihon University) reported on the current
condition of the German Recovery Finance Corporation as a financial instrument of
the recovery of the economy of former East Germany. Yutaka CHINEN (Okayama
University of Commerce) reported on the value added tax in Canada. Takeshi
KIKUCHI (Asia University) reported on the unification of the EC markets and the64harmonization of indirect taxes.
5-4 Social Capital and Public Finance
Sach�o KONISHI (Kwansei Gakuin University), Akiko MIZUNO (Nagoya Gakuin
Universit'f) and Kazuo YOSHIDA (Kyoto University) analyzed the effects of fiscal
investment and loan system upon the formation of social capital. Jun IKEGAMI(Kyoto University) discussed the concept of fiscal constitution and its control overthe formation of infrastructure. Yoshinori AKIYAMA (Shiga University) analyzed
the relationship of US social capital formation and public financial sysytem.
Naoyuki YOSHINO (Keio University) and Hideo NAK�NO (graduate student, Keio
University) reported the results of estimation of direct effects and indirect effects ofpublic investments in specific regions.
5-5 Envitonmental Issues and Pubic FinanceKazuo HIGO (Meikai University) discussed the emission liability and public bur­den in the disposal of wastes.
Kazuhiro UEDA (Kyoto University) discussed the theory and practice of the envi­
ronment tax.
Hirofumi SHIBATA (Ritsumeikan University) reported on " doubtful merits of
tradable permits and Pigovian Taxes in controlling global pollution.
II

5-6 Review of the Roles of the Government
Tetsuya FURUKAWA (graduate student, Keio University) discussed a public eco­nomics approach to the fiscal control.
Akifusa FUJIOKA (Keiai University) analyzed the m.tcroeconomic policy effects
under the plural tiers of the government structure.
Hiroshi TAKASHIMA (Kobe Gakuin University) reported on the review of theroles of public activities and the quest for efficiency.
Yoshifumi Aso (Niigata University) and Hiroshi YOSHIDA (Hitotsubashi Uni­
versity) examined the effects of fiscal policy through the intergenerational account.
7: Free Topics
Yutaka OWARI (graduate student, Hiroshima University) discussed a fiscal
analysis of the school voucher system.
Toshiaki UEKI (Kyoto University) and Yo IRIE (graduate student, Kyoto Univer­sity) discussed the effects of public education investment on the redistribution ofincome.
Shinnichi KATO (the Ministry of Finance) reviewed the post-war fiscal policies
of Japan for the period from the recovery period to the high growth period.
65

Tatsuyuki TSUNA (graduate student, Chuo University) discussed the role ofJapan's tax policy by means of the corporate income tax.
Koretaka KONO (Takushoku University) discussed the significance of the taxa­
tion of retained earnings.
Minoru CHIBA (Kimura Economic Research Institute) reviewed the significanceand practice of public accountability.
(Masahisa HAYASHI, Yokohama City University)66THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF TRANSPORTATION ECONOMICS
1. History and Outline of the Society
The Japan Society of Transportation Economics was founded on the 8th Decem­ber 1941, or the 7th December (American standard time), which is an unforgettable
day for the Japanese as well as Americans. The society is one of the oldest academic
societies of economics in Japan. Originally, it started as the Foundation East-AsianSociety of Transportation; the foundation was funded by .the Ministry of Railways
and the Ministry of Communication.
The first formal meeting was held at Josui Kaikan in Tokyo in March 1942.
Thereafter meetings were held twice a year until the spring of 1944, when activities
were suspended for three and half years because of World War II.
After the war in May 1946, the foundation was divided into the Institute ofTransportation Economics as a foundation and the Japan Society of Transportation
Economics as an academic society. The institute supports the activities of the soci­ety as its secretary general.
Since the establishment of the society, an annual conference has been held every
autumn. From 1957 annual reports have been published, and since 1959 every an­nual conference has adopted one special common theme. The annual report is called
Koutsugaku Kenkyu (Annual Report on Transportl!tion Economics), which gathers
papers reported at the annual conference as well as articles on the academic outlook
and book reviews.
The society is made up of over 350 regular members, which include civil engi­
neers, those who work for the transportation industry, and government officials aswell as transportation economists, and about 50 institutional members.
The society has two regional sections, the Kanto Section (Eastern Japan) and theKansai Section (Western Japan). Each section has several research meetings everyyear.
2. Special Themes of the Annual National Conferences: before 1985
The special theme of each conference reflects the current problems of transporta­tion in Japan, and new improvements in transportation economics.. The special
themes and the host universities and authorities before 1985 were as follows:(1) Rapid Economic Growth and Transportation
The Japanese rapid economic growth (mid-1950s-mid-1970s) brought about
several problems in the transportation sector: The economic growth rapidly in­creased transportation demands for railways and roads. The economic growth accu­
mulated private investments with huge money spending. Therefore, demand fortransportation increased, while money for transportation was lacking.
The society took up problems related to the rapid economic growth as special
67

themes several times during the 1960s :Special theme of 18th annual conference, 1959: Technological Innovation andManagement of Transportation Industry, the University of Tokyo
21st, 1962: Economic Growth and Transportation, Aoyama Gakuin University
22nd, 1963: Public Investment in Transportation Sector, Keio University
23rd, 1964: Regional Development and Transportation, Oita University
24th, 1965: Economic Planning and Transportation, Institute of Transportation
Economics
25th, 1966: Industrial Organization and Transportation, Kwansei Gakuin Uni­
versity
28th, 1969: Basic Problems on Transportation Policy, Konan University.
(2) Problems of Public Transportation including the Japan National Railways
and Comprehensive Transportation System
Public transportation has several problems such as operating loss, difficulty offinancing, and maintenance of public service for the transportation poor, competition
with private automobiles, decreasing demand. The transportation poor is defined as
the persons who can not move easily such as aged people, handicapped people andthe persons without driver's license. The Japan National Railways (JNR) typically
had these problems. The society took the problems of JNR as a special theme only in1983 during this period, but a lot of members of the society researched the difficulties
of J隅and reported them in annual national conferences as a general theme and in
the meetings of regional sections.
A℃omprehensive Transportation System" was proposed by the Transportation
Council, Ministry of Transport in 1971. The purpose of the comprehensive transpor­
tation system was to solve the problems of public transportation, specifically JNR's,
by means of imposing a vehicle weight tax on automobiles and subsidizing public
transportation such as JNR.
30th, 1971: The Prospects of Comprehensive Transportation Policy, Hokkaido
University
31st, 1972: Problems in Public Transportation, Rissho University
36st, 1977: Financial Problems in the Transportation Sector (sec.ond special
theme of the year), Hosei University
37th, 1978: Economics of Public Subsidization, Nihon University
40th, 1981: Reconsideration of a Comprehensive Transportation Policy- thestate of policy and intervention, Keio University
42nd, 1983: Japan National Railways Management and Transportation Policy,
Chuo University.
(3) Urban Transportation and Regional Transportation
68

The demands for transportation are derived from primary demands. Passengers
require local transportation services such as urban transportation and regional trans­
portation in order to sustain their daily lives. The society took problems of dailytransportation as its special theme four times during this period:
27th, 1968: Problems in Urban Transportation, Kanto Gakuin University
36th, 1977: Problems in Regional Transportation, Hosei University
38th, 1979: Strategy for Urban Transportation, Kobe University
41st, 1982: Transportation for Better Quality of Life, Osaka Sangyo University.
(4) Transportation Market and Transportation Economics
The development of transportation economics contributes to transportation poli­cies. Actual transportation policies are restricted by market structure and the indus­
trial structure of transportation. Market structure and the industrial structure oftransportation continue to change with economic growth and social environmental
change. It is necessary to analyze the actual situation of transportation so that trans­
portation economics contributes to transportation policies. The society took the newdevelopment of transportation economics and actual transportation market structure
as its special theme five times during this period:
19th, 1960: Competition and Monopoly in the Transportation Market, Meiji Uni­
versity
20th, 1961: Theory and Policy of Pricing on Transportation, Osaka City Univer­sity
29th, 1970: Contemporary Problems in Transportation Management, Ryutsu­
Keizai University
33rd, 1974: Reconsideration on Pricing of Public Transportation, Takushoku
University
34th, 1975: Problems in the Transportation Industry-problems of contempo­
rary transportation policy, Nittsu Research Center Inc.
(5) Others
There are a lot of further research themes in transportation. Transportation isclosely related to energy and environmental problems; industrial relations influence
the safety and efficiency of transportation services. Other special themes have been
as follows :26th, 1967: Problems in Transportation Economics and Policy, Chuo University
32nd, 1973: Transportation and Environmental Problems, Kobe University ofCommerce
35th, 1976: Industrial Relations in Transportation, Osaka City University
39th, 1980: Energy and Transportation, Gakushuin University
43rd, 1984: The Development of Post-War Transportation Policy, Seijo Univer69

sity.
3. Special Themes of the Annual National Conferences: the last decade
The reporters on special themes usually take part in a panel discussion. In thissection, special themes during the last decade are listed and notable reports andcomments are summarized. However, not all reporters on special themes are men­tioned.
(1) 44th, 1985: Regional Transportation, Kyoto University
The society divided reports on the special theme into three sessions: metropolitantransportation, transportation in small and medium-scale cities and rural areas, andregional and commuter aviation.
Railway improvement in metropolitan area influences the residential location,
but governments should not use transportation policies as the method of optimizing
the residential location. Mitsuharu ITOH (then at Kyoto University) indicated that
metropolitan transportation authorities should concentrate on increasing capacities ofcommuter railways under the conditions of current residential locations, and pro­
posed several strategic transportation policies. One of these policies has been intro­
duced as the new financing system of metropolitan private railways.
Reporters in the second session emphasized that the power of local governments
should be encouraged to make policy makings of regional transportation more effi­
cient. Misao SUGAWARA (Science University of Tokyo) analyzed local lines of theJapan National Railways and indicated the importance of commitment by local gov­
emment.
Regional and commuter aviation was beginning to absorb public attention as a
new transportation mode in those days, and the society took this as one of its special
session themes.
(2) 45th, 1986: The Reorganization of Railways and Reform of Transportation
Policy, Institute of Transportation Economics
The 45th annual national conference of the society was held in October 1986,
when the restructuring bills for the Japan National Railways (JNR) were under con­sideration in the Diet. The bills were based on the report of the Japan National
Railways Reform Commission. Most reports in the conference analyzed and evalu­
ated the bills.
Hirotada KOHNO (University of Tsukuba) et al. compared alternative patterns ofregional division of JNR, and supported the alternative proposed by the Commission.
Yataro Furn (Keio University) approved privatization and division of the Commis­
sion from the viewpoint of market change in transportation. Yukihide OKANO (thenat the University of Tokyo), as a special commentator, argued that the restructuring70

of JNR would be effective, because it would improve public acceptance concerning
JNR and new industrial relations. Another special commentator, Ryohei KAKUMOTO(Japan Transport Economics Research Center) emphasized that more progressive re­structuring should be required in order that the rail system including JNR might stillplay a great role in transportation in 21st century.
Most other members of the society had doubts about the effectiveness of thedivision of JNR. Up to the present, the new Japan Railway companies into which
JNR was divided have done well. However, no one is sure whether the restructuring
will be successful in the future. This question still remains.
(3) 46th, 1987: Present-day Transportation and Deregulation, Hokkaido Univer­sity
One of the characteristics in transportation is that this industry is highly regu­
lated. Economic regulation restricts activities of profit maximizing companies in thetransportation industry, so that performance by the industry must be inefficient.
Deregulation in the transportation industry has become an important new theme.
Researchers would have some hesitation in saying that any regulation should bedeleted, because the regulation had some reasons for being introduced. Generally
speaking, researchers have a tendency to support current regulations. But Ushio
CHUJO (Keio University) strongly supported deregulation of the transportation mar­ket on the grounds of experience in such as the bus market and air transportation
market in the United Kingdom and so on. Hirotaka YAMAUCHI (then at Chukyo
University) explained a positive economic theory of regulation, which indicates gov­
emment failure in regulation and supports deregulation.
(4) 47th, 1988: Transportation Costs and Pricing Policy, Kinki University
The fundamental principles of welfare economics indicate that costing consists
with pricing under some conditions. However, these conditions are not satisfied in
the transportation market. Therefore, one of fundamental themes in transportation
economics is to analyze the relationship between costing and pricing.
R. KAKUMOTO, as a reporter on the general theme, criticized transportation
economists for having tendency to search for a single relationship between costingand pricing, as well as consistency between the cost principle and the fair price. He
emphasized that it is not possible practically to derive fair price from costing in realtransportation markets. Ken-ichi SHOJI (Kobe University) analyzed the relationshipbetween costs and cross subsidization in an urban expressway network. Overhead
costs and cross subsidization are two key concepts for analyzing pricing in transpor­
tation.
(5) 48th, 1989: Transportation for the International Age, the University of Tokyo
71

International transportation in Japan consists of air and marine modes, because
Japan is an island country. One notable phenomenon in international transportationis the rapid growth of international passenger and freight. As the yen rate against the
dollar has strengthened since 1985, Japanese passengers traveling abroad and import
air cargo have rapidly increased.
The framework of international transportation policy and regulation cannot cor­
respond to the rapid change in international transportation. Especially, air transpor­
tation policy in Japan does not fit global tendency of deregulation in airlines well. U.
CHUJO and H. YAMAUCHI argued that illegal discount international air transportation
fares are actually fair market prices, and proposed that the fares should be liberalized.
(6) 49th, 1990: Regional Transportation System and the Revitalization of Re­
gions, Oita University
The 49th Annual Conference was held at Oita Compal Hall in Oita prefecture.
The prefecture is in Kyushu, which is the western most of the four main islands inJapan. There are several typical regional transportation problems in Kyushu such as
heavy transportation congestion in metropolitan areas, the transportation poor in ru­
ral areas, and financial difficulty in transportation investment.
A special lecture under the title of "Japanese Transportation and Regional
Revitalization" was given by Morihiko HIRAMATSU, Governor of Oita Prefec­
ture. He emphasized that the localization of power and internationalization of thetransportation infrastructure such as Oita Airport are important. More than ten re­ports concerned regional transportation policies under the special theme as well as
the general theme.
(7) 50th, 1991: Consolidating of the Transportation System and Improvement in
the Transportation Social Overhead Capital, Hitotsubashi University & Hosei Uni­
versity
The Annual Conference in 1991 was held for the 50th anniversary of the founda­tion of the society. The society put on special lectures and an international sympo­
sium in addition to the regular research conference. The special programs will bementioned later, while the regular conference is mentioned here.
Transportation infrastructure improvement programs such as road networks, thenational railway network and metropolitan transportation networks have several
problems. Users of transportation networks complain about continuing transporta­tion fare increases, while a lot of people in areas where transportation facilities are
not satisfactory hope they will be improved. Transportation economists should
evaluate the cost and benefit of transportation facilities improvement and judge theeffectiveness of the improvement.
Fumio TAKEDA (Teikyo University of Technology) indicated the viewpoint of a72

transportation economist in order to make transportation infrastructure improvement
programs more efficient. He emphasized that the institutional device of cost burden
should be a combination among user fee, government grants and cross subsidization.
Moreover, he suggested that deregulation and decentralization should be promoted in
the transportation sector.
(8) 51st, 1992: Urban Transportation Problems and Policies, Kansai University
Urban transportation problems have become continuously more and more seri­
ous in Japan. Road congestion in metropolitan areas is increasing especially rapidly
and restricts the efficiency of economic activities.
Taniichi TANIMOTO (Osaka Sangyo University) indicated that a new logistics
system is one of the main factors of metropolitan road congestion. The new logistics
system consists of small lots freight, high frequent delivery and just-in-time delivery(the kanban system). He suggested that the new logistics system should be regulated
in order to relieve road congestion.
Takahiko SAITO (Kinki University) studied a comparative consideration of trans­
portation problems between the Tokyo metropolitan area and the Keihanshin area,
and inferred that the transportation characteristics of the Keihanshin area differ fromthose of the Tokyo area. He suggested that effective transportation policy shouldreflect different characteristics of different areas.
(9) 52nd, 1993: Changes of Social Environment and Transportation, Rissho Uni­
versityTransportation influences social situation and environment, and vice versa. Twomain problems of the recent social situation related to transportation are the transpor­
tation poor and environmental problems such as air pollution. Number of the trans­
portation poor is gradually increasing in Japan. One of the reasons is the increase inaged people. This reason is a demand side factor. Another reason is the decline inpublic transportation services, which is caused by the prevalence of private cars.
This prevalence also affects environment.
Yoshihiro WAHIRA (Japan Transport Economics Research Center) proposedseveral public transportation policies for the transportation poor. He suggested im­provement of accessibility for public transportation, normalization of elevators andlavatories in railway stations etc. and cost decreases from standardized elevators.
Katsutoshi OHTA (the University of Tokyo) reported on his research and experi—ence of TDM (Transportation Demand Management) in foreign countries and pro­
posed some strategies for the introduction of TDM in Japan.
(10) 53rd, 1994: Transportation Deregulation and Localization of Power,
Kokugakuin University
73Compared with the United States of America and Western European countries,
deregulation in the transportation sector has hardly progressed in Japan. Deregula­tion invades acquired rights. More generally, changes in regulation system cause
income redistribution. Interest groups in transportation sector give full play to theirstrong political power in order to maintain their acquired rights. Therefore, transpor­
tation economists should give strong evidence for deregulation in the transportation
sector.
Kazushige TERADA (Tokyo University of Mercantile Marine) examined the ef­
fect of diversification of the subsidization system for nonprofitable bus services in
the United Kingdom. He suggested that a competitive bidding system for an amountof subsidy to operate a nonprofitable bus service could save about fifty percent of thetotal amount of government subsidy. U. CHUJO presented a question about the rela­tionship between deregulation and disclosure of information related to regulatedcompanies. He suggested that a good disclosure system of information gives regu­
lated companies motivation for efficient management.
The 54th annual conference is held at Kwansei Gakuin University in 1995. The
special theme is "Transportation Systems in Japan in 21st century."
4. The Fiftieth Anniversary Conference and Symposium
The annual conference in 1991 was held on November 7, 8 and 9, though theregular annual meeting is a two-day conference. On the first day, three speakers
gave special lectures, and an international symposium was held on the second day.
A regular meeting was held on the last day on the mentioned above.
The special lectures and international symposium were held at Josui Kaikan un­
der the sponsorship of Hitotsubashi University. Josui Kaikan is a special place,because it was the place where the first annual conference was held in 1942. It is
owned and managed by the Hitotsubashi alumni association.
(1) Special lectures m commemoration of the 50th anniversary

Three special lectures were given by Haruya HIROOKA (Hosei University), thepresident of the society, and two invited speakers.
H. HIROOKA, under the title of "Dilemma in High Density Society", indicatedthat the high density of population and offices in metropolitan areas causes serioustransportation problems in Japan. He emphasized that the members of the society
should contribute much more to solving the problems.
The first guest speaker was Shoji SUMITA (JR East). He was the first presidentof the East Japan Railway Co. (JR East), which is one of the privatized companies
created from the division of Japan National Railways. Mr. SUMITA, under the title of"From the Viewpoint of Practical Management" presented some requests for the So74

ciety. According to his indication, members of the Society should perform quantita­
tive analysis of the effectiveness of the privatization and regional division of theJapan National Railways, exact demand analysis of transportation, and the effective­
ness of deregulation in transportation sectors.
The second guest speaker was K. M. GWILLIAM (Professor at Erasmus Univer­sity, Rotterdam, the Netherlands). In "Transportation Policy in Europe" he argued
the importance of environmental policy related to transportation. Professor
GWILLIAM emphasized that international cooperation is necessary to solve environ­mental problems.
(2) International Symposium
The international symposium in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of thesociety consisted of six reports and a panel discussion.
Four foreign guests reported on the transportation situation in their own coun­tries. E. QUINET (Professor at Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussees, France)
presented the situation and problems of transportation in France. He indicated that
one of the problems is modal competition, especially between SNCF (Societe
Nationale des Chemins de Fer Francais: French National Railways) and automobiles
or air transportation. W. ROTHENGATTER (Professor at Karlsruhe University, Ger­many) under a title of "Perspectives on Transportation in Unified Germany" pre­dicted that transportation demand would rapidly increase in Germany in the 1990s.
Two East Asian guests indicated transportation problems in developing coun­tries. K.W. KIM (Professor at Seoul National University, South Korea), who was thepresident of the Korean Transportation Society, argued for huge government grants
and strong support to the railway infrastructure in correspondence to a rapid roadtransportation increase. L. LI (Associate Professor at Shanghai Institute of Rail­ways, The People's Republic of China) also emphasized that railways are the mostimportant transportation mode for economic growth in China.
Two vice presidents of the society participated in the international symposium asreporters. Y. OKANO (Soka University) indicated that the role of government intransportation policies has recently changed in Japan. Hiroyuki YAMADA (Kyoto
University) explained the relationship between urban transportation problems andurban policies in Japan.
5. Concluding Comments
Transportation economists have two roles. First, they should develop economic
theories for transportation. Secondly, they should implement transportation policies
as policy advisors. There are a lot of inconsistencies between transportation eco­nomic theory and practical transportation policies. Therefore, transportation econo­
mists should try to narrow the inconsistency. Many problems related to the special
75

themes of the last decade remain to be solved for the future. Most of these problems
are to be solved as policy issues, not theoretical issues.

Reference
Yukihide OKANO, "The Japan Society of Transportation Economics", Infonna­
tion Bulletin of The Union of National Economic Associations in Japan, No. 11, pp.
1-4, 1991.
From number 1 to number 11 of Information Bulletin of the Union of National
Economic Associations in Japan, the reports of each annual conferences of the Japan
Society of Transportation Economics (1979-1990) are summarized.
(Kazuhiro OHTA, Tokyo Denki University)

76

｀

List of Member Associations
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1995

THE JAPAN ACCOUNTING ASSOCIATION
日本会計研究学会·Established: 1937
·Number of Members: 1,630·President: Kiyomitsu ARAI (Waseda University)·Publication: Monthly bulletin, Kaikei (Accounting)·Liaison Office of the Japan Accounting Association
c/o MoriyamaCo., Hayashi Building,
1-10,Nishiki-cho, Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Waseda University in September, 1996 with the symposium"Education andResearch in Accounting."

THE AGRARIAN HISTORY SOCIETY
土地制度史学会·Established: 1948
·Number of Members: 929·Representative Director: Kanji lsHTI (the University ofTokyo)·Publication: Tochi Seido Shigaku (The Journal of Agrarian History) 一 quarterly·The Agrarian History Society
c/o Faculty ofEconomics,The University ofTokyo,
7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku,Tokyo 113, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Hokkaido University on September 28-29, 1996 with some
topics on Contemporary Agricultural Economy as the main theme.

THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS SOCIETY OF JAPAN(Formerly: THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIC SOCIETY OF JAPAN)
日本農業経済学会·Established: 1924
·Number of Members: honorary 26, regular 1,136, associate (students) 129, cooperative 24·Chairman: Teruo WADA (the University ofTokyo)·Publication: Bulletin of the Society, Nogyokeizai Kenkyu (Journal of Rural Economics) 一 quarterly·The Agricultural Economics Society of Japan
c/o Business Center for Academic Societies of Japan,
5-16-9, Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku,Tokyo 113, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held atTokyo University of Agriculture on April 2-3, 1996 with thesymposium "Agriculture andEnvirorunent: Its Problems and Prospects."

77

JAPAN SOCIETY FOR APPLIED MANAGEMENT (JSAM)

実践経営学会·Established: 1967
·Number of Members: 696·President: Takatsugu NATO (Emeritus, Nihon University)·Publication: The Practice of Management (No. 1-30)
News Letter-twice a year
·Japan Society for Applied Management (JSAM)
c/o Assistant Professor Takashi HIROI
College ofEconomics,Nihon University,
1-3-2, Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Fuji University in May, 1996 with the symposium "New
Systems Thinking & Action for a New Corporate Reality."

THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR ASIAN POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC STUDIES

アジア政経学会·Established: 1953
·Number of Members: 900·President: Toshio WATANABE (Tokyo University of Industry)·Publication: Asian Studies - quarterly·Japan Association for Asian Political and Economic Studies
c/o Professor Satoshi AMAKo
School of International Politics, Economics and Business, Aoyama Gak:uin University,
4-4-25, Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held in October or November, 1996.

JAPAN AUDITING ASSOCIATION

日本監査研究学会·Established: 1978
·Number of Members: 419·President: Nobuo HIDA (Chuo University)·Publication: Monograph, Research Series-once a year
Modem Auditing-semi-annual journal·Japan Auditing Association
c/o Faculty of Business Administration, Kobe University,
2-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kyoto Gakuen University on November 15-16, 1996.

78

JAPAN SOCIETY OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

日本経営学会·Established: 1926
·Number of Members: 2,049·President: A血MORI (Kanazawa Gakuin University)·Publication: Keieigaku Ronshu -once a year
·Japan Society for Applied Management (JSAM)
c/o The Office for Management Research, Faculty of Commerce, Hitotsubashi University,
2-1, Naka, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Hitotsubashi University in the fall of 1996 with thesymposium "The Problems of Modem Business Management."

THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR RESEARCH ON
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BEHAVIOR

経営行動研究学会·Established: 1991
·Number of Members: individual 259, corporate 5·Representative: Toshio K広UCHI (Nihon University)
for Research on Busmess Administration·Publication: The A皿 als of The Japan Associatlon·
Behavior·The Japan Association for Research on Business Administration Behavior
c/o The Institute of Business Administrative Behavior
Taiki Building, 3-10-15, Ginza, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Fuji College in July, 1996.

JAPAN BUSINESS ENGLISH ASSOCIATION (JBEA)

日本商業英語学会·Established: 1934
·Number of Members: honorary 1, regular 229, supporting 6: total 236·President: Katsumi Iro (Waseda University)·Publication: Nihon Shogyo Eigo Gakkai Kenkyu Nempo (JBEA Annual Sturies)-annually·Japan Business English Association
c/o Professor Katsumi ITo
School of Commerce, Waseda University,
1-6-1, Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-50, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Mukogawa Women's University on October 5-6, 1996.

79

BUSINESS HISTORY SOCIETY OF JAPAN
経営史学会·Established: 1964
·Number of Members: personal 785, institutional 43·President: Hidemasa MORIKAWA (Keio University)·Publication: Japan Business History Review-quarterly
Japanese Yearbook for Business Histo.zy-annually·Business History Society ofJapan
c/o Institute of Social Science, The University of Tokyo,
7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Yokohama City University on October 19-20, 1996 with thesymposium "How the Production Systems have been organized in Automobile Industry ?-Fordism,
Toyotism, and the After-."JAPAN SOCIETY OF BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
日本経営数学会·Established: 1959
·Number of Members: 135·President: Setsuo OHNARI (Hitotsubashi University)·Publication: A皿ual Report ofJapan Society of Business Mathematics·Japan Society ofBusiness Mathematics
c/o Professor Masatoshi KrrAOKA, Kanagawa University, School ofEngineering
3-27-1, Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama City 211, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kwansei Gakuin University in Kobe City onJune 8-9, 1996,
where speakers will address topics relating to quantitative approaches in management.

CIRIEC Japanese Section(International Center of Research and Information on Public and Co-operative Economy)
国際公共経済学会（公共•協同経済国際研究情報センタ ー 日本支部）·Established: 1985
·Number of Members: individual 313, cooperative 16·Representative: Hisao ONOE (Shiga University)·Publication: International Public Economy Study·CIRIEC Japanese Section
c/o Professor Shunzo NITTA
Faculty ofEconomics, Toyo University,
5-28-20, Hakusan, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kyoto University in December, 1996, with the symposium"PublicEconomy."

JAPAN SOCIETY FOR COMMODITY SCIENCE
日本商品学会·Established: 1935
·Number of Members: regular 256 including 9 foreigners, supporting 2·Chairman: Ryojiro IWAKI (Chiba University of Commerce)·Publication: Quarterly bulletin, Shahin Kenkyu (Studies on Commodities)·Japan Society for Commodity Sciencec/o Hitotsubashi University,
2-1, Nak:a, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Yamaguchi University on May 25-27, 1996 with thesymposium℃hange of Industrial Structure and Commodity Science."

THE ASSOCIATION FOR COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC STUDIES(Formerly: THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY IN SOCIALIST ECONOMIES)
比較経済体制学会·Established: 1967
·Number of Members: 216·Chief Representative: Hiroyuki OKADA (Hosei University)·Publication: Bulletin of the Association for Comparative Economic Studies - annually·The Association for Comparative Economic Studies
c/o Professor Manabu SuHARA
Nihon University,
1-3-2, Mis函-cho,Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Ritsumeikan University on May 30-31, June 1, 1996.

JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF MANAGEMENT(Formerly: ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF SOCIALIST ENTERPRISE)
比較経営学会·Established: 1976
·Number of Members: 240·President: Shoichi OHASHI (Kansai University)·Publication: Annual Report ofJapan Association for the Comparative Studies of Management·Japan Association for the Comparative Studies of Management
c/o Professor Shoichi OHASHI
Faculty of Commerce, Kansai University,
3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka 665, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Osaka City University on March 28-30, 1996 with theunified theme "Viewpoints in Comparative Studies of Management of Enterprise."81

JAPAN ACADEMY FOR CONSUMPTION ECONOMY

日本消費経済学会·Established: 1974
·Number of Members: 446·Chief Representative: Shigeru NISHIMURA (Takushoku University)·Publication: A皿als of the Japan Academy for Consumption Economy·Japan Academy for ConsumptionEconomy
c/o Faculty ofCommerce, Takushoku University
3-4-14,Kohinata-cho, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Chukyo University on June 6-8, 1996.

THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY

経済社会学会·Established: 1966
·Number of Members: 384·President: Kenichi TOMINAGA (Keio University)·Publication: The Annals of the Society of Economic Sociology·The Society ofEconomic Sociology
c/o Professor Yukimasa NAGAYASU
International School ofEconomics and Business Administration, Reitaku University
2-1-1, Hikarigaoka, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Rikkyo University on September 15-16, 1996 with thesymposium II Globalization.11

THE SOCIETY FOR THE HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT

経済学史学会·Established: 1950
·Number of Members: 824·President: Hiroji NAKAMURA (Kumamoto Gakuen University)·Publication: The Annual Bulletin of the Society for the History fEconomic Thought
The History fEconomic Thought Society Newsletter·The Society for the History ofEconomic Thought
c/o Professor Shigemi MURAMATSU
Kumamoto Gakuen University,
2-5-1, Oe, Kumamoto 862, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Chuo University on November 9-10, 1996 with the common
theme "Historical School."

゜

゜

82

THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMICS AND ECONOMETRICS

理論・計量経済学会·Established: 1947
·Number of Members: 2,253·President: Masahiko AoKI (Stanford University)·Publication: The Japanese Economic Review·The Japan Association ofEconomics and Econometrics
c/o The fustitute of Statistical Research,
1-18-16, Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Osaka University on September 22-23, 1996.

THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHERS

経済地理学会·Established: 1954
·Number of Members: 749, patronage members: 7·President: Keiichi TAKEUC印 (Komazawa University)·Publication: Keizai Chirigaku Nempo (Annals of the Japan Association ofEconomic Geographers)-quarterly·The Japan Association ofEconomic Geographers
c/o Division ofEconomic Geography,
Faculty ofEconomics, Hitotsubashi University, East Bldg.,
2-1, Naka, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kyushu University on May 18-20, 1996 with the symposium"Asia's Growth and LocalEconomy in Japan."JAPAN ECONOMIC POLICY ASSOCIATION

日本経済政策学会·Established: 1940
·Number of Members: individuals 1,260, institutional 5·Preside�t: Masu UEKUSA (the University ofTokyo)·Publication: Nippon Keizai Seisaku Gakkai Nempo (The Annals of the Japan Economic Policy
Association)-annually·JapanEconomic Policy Association
c/o Faculty ofEconomics, The University ofTokyo,
7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kansai University on May 25-26, 1996 with the symposium"Economic Development and Transformation of Institution."

83

JAPAN FINANCE ASSOCIATION

日本経営財務研究学会·Established: 1977
·Number ofMembers: 451·President: Rinya SHIBAKAWA (Hitotsubashi University)·Publication: The Annual Report of the Japan Finance Association - annually·Japan Finance Association
c/o Faculty of Business Administration, Kobe University,
2-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Sophia University in October, 1996.

JAPAN ACADEMY FOR FOREIGN TRADE (JAFT)

日本貿易学会·Established: 1960
·Number ofMembers: 370·President: Hirokazu IINuMA (Walco University)·Publication: The Annual Bulletin of the Japan Academy for Foreign Trade
IA汀News-twice yearly·Japan Academy for Foreign Trade
c/o Professor Koji TsUBAKI
School of Commerce, Waseda University,
1-6-1, Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-50, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Walco University on June 1-2, 1996 with the symposium"International Trade and Overseas Operation under WTO System."

THE SOCIETY FOR INDUSTRIAL STUDIES

産業学会·Established: 1975
·Number ofMembers: 314·Representative: Mitsuo Fum (Nihon University)·Publication: A皿als of The Society for Industrial Studies Japan·The Society for Industrial Studies
c/o Facuolty of Economics, Kansai University,
3-3-35, Yamate-machi, Suita-shi, Osaka 564, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kyushu University on June 8-9, 1996 with the symposium"The Following out of the Industrial Structure in Japan."84

:w1:t, 」1」:.JJ2�;,};j�」

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INSURANCE SCIENCE

日本保険学会·Established:1940·Number ofMembers:honorary 5 including two foreigners, ordinary 1,297 including 28 foreigners,
supporting organizations 65·Chairman:Yutaka MAEKAWA (Keio University)·Publication: Journal of Insurance Science (Hoken-gaku Zasshi) 一 quarterly·The Japanese Society of Insurance Science
c/o The Life Insurance Association of Japan
3-4-1,Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Keio University on October 19-20, 1996.

「:!Ci:,F:!「,,I'JAPANESE ASSOCIATION FOR INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STUDIES

国際会計研究学会·Established:1984·Number ofMembers:471·President:Kiyoshi OGAWA (Waseda University)·Publication: Kokusai Kaikei Kenkyu G幽ai Nenpo (Annual Report of Japanese Association forInternationalAccounting Studies)·Japanese Association for international Accounting Studies
c/o Professor Kiyoshi OGAWA
School of Commerce, Waseda University,
1-6-1, Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-50, JapanTHE JAPAN SOCIETY OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS

国際経済学会·Established:1950·Number ofMembers:individual 1,211, corporate 18·President:Masaru SAITO (Chuo University)·Publication: Kokus旺Keizai (International Economy) 一 two issues a year
·The Japan Society of International Economics
c/o Professor Toshiaki HASEGAWA
Faculty of Economics, Chuo University742-1, Higashinakano, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-03, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Chiba University in November, 1996. Definite to be
discussed is not yet decided.
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切『ir:i,:-:r11二,IL'」i_Uぶ�[ :85疇

1」•しI'・・ 11, :l• 'J し ,.: .,,, 1:1,·. 11r ,1r :1111 ,t .:11:,.:111 ·,r,↓ 1

JAPAN LOGISTICS SOCIETY
日本物流学会·Established: 1983
·Number of Members: individual 283, corporate 17·President: Masao UNO (Josai Kokusai University)·Publication: Journal of the Japan Logistics Society·Japan Logistics Society
c/o Professor Osamu N1sHIZAwA
School of Commerce, Waseda University
1-6-1, Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-50, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Meiji University in September, 1996.

NIPPON ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
日本経営教育学会·Established: 1979
·Number of Members: individual 831, corporate 16·Representative Manager: Seiichi FuJIYOSHI (Toa University)·Publication: Annals of the Nippon Academy of Management Education, published by theadministrative office of the academy·Nippon Academy of Management Education
c/o Yamashiro Keiei Kenkyujo
牛8-4, Iidabashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, JapanThe next 皿nual meeting will be held at Aoyama Gakuin University in June, 1996.

THE ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY
経営哲学学会·Established: 1984
·Number of Members: 325·Representative Manager: Toyoaki SAKAYANAGI (Meiji Gakuin University)·Publication: Keiei Tetsugaku Ronshu (The A皿 ual Report of the Academy of Management
Philosophy)·The Academy of Management Philosophy
c/o Professor Koji OHIRA, Meiji Gakuin University,
1-2-37, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Rikkyo University in September, 1996.

86

JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (JAMS)

日本経営システム学会·Established: 1981
·Number of Members: regular 380, advisory 3, corporate 3·President: Tomonori NISHIKAWA (Tokyo Metropolitan Institute ofTechnology)·Publication: Journal ofJapan Association for Management Systems-biannually
JAMS NEWS-quarterly·Japan Association for Managemnt Systems
c/o Ohkura Bldg. 6F, 3-1-2, Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Technology on May 11-12,
1996 with some topics of the Progress of Information Technology and Management Systems.

THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF MONETARY ECONOMICS

金融学会·Established: 1943
·Number of Members: 981·President: Ryoichi M血ANI (Kobe Gakuin University)·Publication: Review of Monet的and Financial Studies- biannually·The Japan Society of Monetary Economics
c/o Toyo Keizai Shinpo-sha,
1-2-1, Hongoku-cho, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Musashi University in Spring, 1996.

JAPAN SOCIETY OF MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION(Formerly: JAPAN SOCIETY OF COMMERCIAL SCIENCES)

日本商業学会·Established: 1951
·Number of Members: honorary 6, ordinary 811, supporting companies 11·President: Yoshihiro TAJIMA (Gakushuin University)·Publication: Journal ofJapan Society of Marketing and Distribution- annually·Japan Society of Marketing and Distribution
c/o The Distribution Economics Institute ofJapan,
The 3rd T.O.C. Bldg., 7-23-1, Nishigotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Tokyo Keizai University on June 14-16, 1996 with thesymposium "Japanese Distribution System: Its Problems and Perspetives."
亡下可I )「戸,:〗プ.,,lw'1111,',:,,,J','1'1"'『, Il.t• i:位 11 I
FlrT:ITj―• 1, T「P;:一戸87THE ACADEMIC ASSOCIATION FOR ORGANIZATIONAL SCIENCE

組織学会·Established: 1959
·Number of Members: individual 1,388, company 24·President: Koichi SHJMOKAWA (Hosei University)·Publication: Organizational Science-quarterly·The Academic Association for Organizational Science
c/o Keiei Kenkyujo,
1-36, Kandajinbo-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Tokyo Keizai University in June, 1996.

JAPAN SOCIETY FOR PERSONNEL AND LABOR RESEARCH

日本労務学会·Established: 1970
·Number of Members: 729·Representative Director: Minoru 凡収ゆA (Kyushu Kokusai University)·Publication: Annual Report of Japan Society for Personnel and Labor Research·Japan Society for Personnel and Labor Research
c/o Professor Minoru HARADA
Faculty of Economics, Kyushu Kokusai University
5-9-1, Edamitsu, Yahatahigashi-ku, Kitakyushu 805, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Komazawa University in June, 1995 with the unified theme"Human Resource Management Revisited."

JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR PLANNING ADMINISTRATION

日本計画行政学会·Established: 1977
·Number of Members: 1,322·President: Takashi Fum (Keio University)·Publication: Planning Administration-quarterly·Japan Association for Planning Administration
c/o The Institute of Statistical Research,
1-8-16, Shinbashi, M血to-ku, Tokyo 105, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at the University of Tokyo on October 4-5, 1996 with thesymposium "Globalization and Localization."88

JAPAN SOCIETY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY
経済理論学会·Established: 1959
·Number ofMembers: 1,044·ChiefRepresentative: Mitsuhiko TSURUTA (Chuo University)·Publication: The Annual Bulletin of the Society ofPolitical Economy-annually·Japan Society ofPolitical Economy
c/oProfessorMitsuhiko TsURUTA,Chuo University,742, Higashinakano, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-03, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held atMatsuyama University in October, 1996.
THE POPULATION ASSOCIATION OF JAPAN
日本人口学会·Established: 1948
·Number ofMembers: regular 383, honorary 5, student 16, special cporporate 4, corporate 4·President: Tadao YOSHIDA (Meiji University)·Publication: Jinkogaku Kenkyu (The Journal of Population Studies)·Population Association ofJapan
c/o Institute ofPopulation problems,
Ministry of Health and Welfare,
1-2-2, Kasumigaseki,Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100,JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kanto Gakuen University onJune 6-8, 1996 with thesymposium "PopulationProblems in theNational CapitalRegion."JAPAN PORT ECONOMICS ASSOCIATION
日本港湾経済学会·Established: 1962
·Number ofMembers: 350·RepresentativeManager: Toshiro KITAMI (ShizuokaSangyo University)·Publication: Kowan Keizai Kenkyu (The Annual Report of the Japan Port Economics Association)·JapanPortEconomics Association
c/o Yokohama Yamashita-Futo Kowan KeizaiCenter
279-1, Yamashita-cho,Naka-ku, Yokohama, 231,JapanThe next annual meeting will be held in Toyama on October 1-3, 1996.

89

THE JAPAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC FINANCE(Formerly: JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF FISCAL SCIENCE)
日本財政学会·Established: 1940
·Number of Members: 651·Chairman: Hidehiro ICHIKAWA (Chuo University)·Publication: A皿ual Report of the Japan Institute of Public Finance·The Japan Institute of Public Financec/o The Institute of Statistical Research,
1-18-16, Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105, JapanThe next 血ual meeting will be held at Nihon University on October 26-27, 1996.

THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF PUBLIC UTILITY ECONOMICS
公益事業学会·Established: 1949
·Number of Members: regular members 403, corporation members 75·Chairman: Hiroshi SASAKI (Kobe University)·Publication: Journal of Public Utility Economics·Koeki Jigyo Gakkai (The Japan Society of Public Utility Economics)
c/o 1-12-31, Minamiaoyama, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Chuo University on June 1-2, 1996 under the theme "Theory
and Policy of the Incentive Regulation.

THE JAPAN SECTION OF THE REGIONAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONAL
日本地域学会·Established: 1962
·Number of Members: 588·President: Yoshio K叫URA (Chukyo University)·Publication: Studies in Regional Science (Chiikigaku Kenkyu)-the Journal of the Japan Section of
RSAIVol. 22. No. 1 (in Japanese) & No. 2 (in English)-annually·The Japan Section of the Regional Science Association International
c/o Professor Hirotada KoHNo
Institute of Socio-Economic Planning, Tsukuba University,
Tsukuba, lbaraki 305, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Chukyo University on October 5-6, 1996 with thesymposium "On the Integration of Location Theory and International Trade Theory."90

JAPAN RISK MANAGEMENT SOCIETY

日本リクスマネジメント学会·Established: 1978
·Number of Members: individual 451, supporting 37·Representative Management: Toshiaki Kl雌I (Kansai University)·Publication: !ARMS Report (Risk and Insurance management)·Society for the Study of Risk Management
c/o Professor Toshiaki K碑I
School of Commerce, Kansai University,
3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Nagasaki Prefectural University in September, 1996.

THE SOCIETY FOR THE ECONOMIC STUDIES OF SECURITIES

証券経済学会·Established: 1966
·Number of Members: 526·Representative: Hiroo H心仏DA (St. Andrew's Univresity Momoyama Gakuin Daigaku)·Publication: A皿als of the Society for the Economic Studies of Securities- annually·Society for the Economic Studies of Securities
c/o Japan Securities Research InstituteTokyo Shoken Kaikan,
1-5-8, Nihonbashi-Kayaba-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Hosei University in Spring 1996.

THE SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF SOCIAL POLICY

社会政策学会·Established: 1950
·Number of Members: 879·Representative: Kazuo NIMURA (OHARA Institute, Hosei University)·Publication: SHAKAISEISAKU GAKKAI NENPO (Annals of the Society for the Study of Social
Policy)·Society for the Study of Social Policy
c/o OHARA Institute for Social Research, Hosei University,4342, Aihara-machi, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194-02, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Nihon University on May 18-19, 1996 with the symposium"The Change of Population and Social Security."91

SOCIO-ECONOMIC HISTORY SOCIETY

社会経済史学会·Established: 1930
·Number of Members: 1,196·Representative Director: Yoshiyuki SEKIGUCHI (Yokohama National University)·Publication: Shakai Keizai Shigaku (Socio-Economic History)-bimonthly·Shakai Keizaisi Gakkai (Socio-Economic History Society)c/o Professor N. NANBU
School of Political Science and Economics, Waseda University,
1-6-1, Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-50, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held Kyushu University on May 11-12, 1996 with the symposium"Perspectives of Market History."
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JAPAN STATISTICAL SOCIETY

日本統計学会·Established: 1931
·Number of Members: 1,358·President: Minoru SHIOTANI (Meisei University)·Publication: Journal of the Japan Statistical Society-biannually·Japan Statistical Society
c/o The Institute of Statistical Mathematics,
4-6-7, Minami-Azabu, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106, JapanThe next annual meeting will be hosted by Chiba University, Chiba, and held on September 6-9,1996.
函攣彎iJW�虞闘霊疇疇疇冨綴JAPAN SOCIETY OF TRANSPORTATION ECONOMICS

日本交通学会·Established: 1941
·Number of Members: 366 regular members including 8 advisory individuals and 43 special
corporations·President: Yukihide OKANO (Soka University)·Publication: Kotsugaku Kenkyu (Annual Report of Transportation Economics)·Japan Society of Transportation Economics (Nihon Kotsu Gakkai)
c/o Unyu-Chosa-Kyoku,
7-1-1, Ueno, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Tokyo University of Mercantile Marine in October, 1996.

92

NIPPON URBAN MANAGEMENT RESEARCH ASSOCIATION
日本地方自治研究学会·Established: 1984
·Number of Members: individual 260, group 7·Representative Manager: Rei SHIRATORI (Tokai University)·Publication: Journal of Urban Management and Local Government Research (Annals ofNippon
Urban Management and Local Government Research Association)·Nippon Urban Management Research Association
c/o Seibunsha Pub. Co.,
7-2, Minami-Ogimachi, Kita-ku, Osalca 530, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Meiji University on September 13-14, 1996 under thecommon theme "The Development of Information Technology and Local Government."93This Information Bulletin is designed to serve as an introduction of the academic activities ofmember associations of the Union to economic societies throughout the world. Copies will
be distributed by the secretariat of the Union to libraries and institutions in other countries
whose names have been given by member associations of the Union.