Heavy Rain / Strong Wind
p. 144

Torrential Rainp. 150

Other Disasters
andCountermeasures

Sediment Disasters
p. 152

Lightening
p. 154Tornadoes
p. 156

Earthquakes are not the only disasters
that can strike Tokyo. Many various
risks can be assumed, from natural
disasters such as heavy rain, storms
and torrential rain, to human threatssuch as terrorist and armed attacks.
In this chapter, we have compiled
knowledge on the various risks thatlurk in Tokyo and measures to deal withthem. Learn about them now so you can
respond calmly.

3

Heavy Snow
p. 158Volcanic Eruptions
p. 160Terrorist and Armed Attacks
p. 164

Infectious Diseases
p. 168142150625_3-en.indd 142-143

143

2015-08-30 오전 12:37:42

Heavy Rain and Storms
Pay attention to the latest weather information
Advisory
The Meteorological Agency will issue advisories when
there is the possibility of disasters occurring fromheavy rainfall or strong winds, etc. Pay attention toevacuation preparation information announced by themunicipalities. And, in districts that are easily affectedby rain and wind, people who need special support inevacuating should be ready to move early.
Details → p. 246

3

Warning
Warnings are issued when there is the possibility of amajor disaster occurring, with the relevant areas called
upon to exercise caution. Pay attention to evacuation
information issued by municipalities, and evacuate
quickly if necessary.
Details → p. 246

Emergency Warning

Importance of preparing in advance for floods andstrong winds
Stationary rain fronts in early summer and fall often cause heavy
rainfall. In addition, over the past 30 years (1981-2010), there has
been an average of 26 typhoons a year. If these typhoons approach orland on Tokyo, extremely strong winds and heavy rainfall could resultin inundation and river flooding. You should always check the latest
weather information and protect yourself from disasters. Confirm inadvance what places are at high risk by checking the hazard map, etc.

144150625_3-en.indd 144-145

An emergency warning is issued when there is aheightening danger of a serious disaster of a scale that
occurs only once every few decades, which will far
exceed the criteria for issuing a warning. You should
immediately move to a safe place.
Details → p. 247

145

2015-08-30 오전 12:37:57

Weather conditions that require special caution

Places requiring special caution

Spring ‒ mid Summer (stationary front)

Lowlands

During the seasonal transition from spring to mid-summer,
the stationary front (Baiu front) appears from Japan to near
the Chinese continent. When the ground is weakened by
the long rains brought by this front, heavy rainfall could
easily trigger sediment disasters.

The lowlands have the risk of flooding from heavy
rainfall. Caution is necessary because it could become
difficult to see the location of gutters, etc.

Summer ‒ Fall (stationary front)
In the seasonal transition from summer to fall, pressure
patterns become similar to the Baiu front, with the stationary
front appearing near Japan bringing about long or heavy
rainfall that can result in road flooding and other incidents.

Basements and semi-basements

3

Buildings that have basements or semi-basements, or are
located on land that is lower than the road, are inclined tohave more flooding damage due to torrential rainfall. Prepare
sandbags, water stops and other items to prevent flooding, andevacuate before you feel endangered.

July ‒ October (typhoon)
The number of typhoons approaching or landing inTokyo increases in the period from July to October,making it necessary to be cautious of heavy rainfall andstrong winds. For example, Typhoon No. 15 in 2011
caused roadside trees in Shibuya and Ginza to fall over,
and affected commuters by stopping train operations.

Storm surge (coastal areas)
Tokyo is located at the innermost part of Tokyo
Bay. Because the mouth of the bay is located on thesouthwestern side, and because the water is relatively
shallow, Tokyo is very susceptible to storm surge
damage. Other than storm surge due to typhoons,
you should also beware of tsunamis generated byearthquakes.

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150625_3-en.indd 146-147

RiversDo not approach rivers as they have the risk ofoverflowing from heavy rainfall. If you live along ariver, listen to local disaster information, etc., and be
prepared to evacuate immediately.

Mountainous areas
In areas near cliffs and mountainous areas, beware of
sediment disasters. Even if no warning has been issued,
if you see the signs of a sediment disaster, secure yoursafety and evacuate.
Details → p. 152

147

2015-08-30 오전 12:38:05

Protect yourself from wind and flood damages
Listen to information issued by the authorities
The Meteorological Agency and local governments issue
disaster information over the TV, radio, and other media,
and the municipalities use the wireless emergency
alert system to issue evacuation advisories and orders.
When your local government has issued evacuation
information, secure your safety and evacuate.

Wait until the typhoon passes
If you are outside when a typhoon is approaching, wait
inside a nearby facility until it passes. If you are athome, refrain from going out. It will also be dangerous
to go out to repair roofs or windows.

Know the location of places at risk of flooding

Don t use the elevator

The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has released amap showing districts at risk of flooding to let everyone
know the risk of flood from typhoons, etc., so they can
prepare for floods and quickly evacuate. Make it a habit
to confirm what places are susceptible to flooding.

If strong winds cut power lines, the resulting power
failure could trap you in the elevator. Use the stairs to
all possible extent in the event of a typhoon or heavy
rainfall.

Check and clean drainage facilities
Trash, etc., accumulating in catch basins and gutters
prevent rainwater from flowing and increase the riskof flooding. In basements and semi-basements, there isalso the risk of flooding if drainage pumps malfunction.
Make it a point to routinely check and clean the drainage
facilities.

3

Evacuate before water comes up to your knees
Water up to your knees can be considered a yardstick for
how high water can come before it becomes difficult towalk in a flood. And even though the water may not bethat deep, as there is also the danger of being unable tomove due to a strong flow of water, when you see waterflowing in, evacuate immediately to a high place.

Evacuate from underground to a higher place
Simple ways to prevent flooding
Use sandbags, water bags, and water stops to prepare forflooding. You can also align simple water bags, in which
garbage bags are half filled with water, or use a longplank as a water stop, to prevent flooding.

148150625_3-en.indd 148-149

Evacuation could become difficult if water flows intolevels underground due to flooding above ground. Go toa designated evacuation area or go to the ground leveland evacuate to a sturdy building nearby that is at least
two stories high. In this way, evacuate to a safer place.

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Torrential Rain
Protect yourself from torrential rain
Stay away from rivers and canals
Never approach rivers or canals when a torrential
downpour occurs as there is the potential for waters torise and a powerful flow to be generated.

Don t use roads below the ground level

3

When torrential rain occurs, do not use an undergroundwalkway or an underpass—the road below groundlevel at a grade separated crossing—because they could
become submerged.

Evacuate basements and semi-basements

Torrential rain occurs suddenly
In general, river facilities and sewerage systems in urban areas are created to withstandrainfall of 50 mm per hour. Rainfall exceeding this level could cause urban flooding. It
is said that urban flooding occurs because of a river basin’s lowered capacity to containand retain water as a result of the ground being covered by asphalt pavement and theincreased use of underground space. Following signs such as a growing cumulonimbus
cloud, approaching black clouds, and roaring thunder, torrential rain can strike a cityin an instant.

1 50

150625_3-en.indd 150-151

Houses with a basement or semi-basement—housingwith a floor completely or partially below groundlevel—are prone to becoming submerged. Doors to abasement could also become difficult to open due topressure from the water, trapping you, so evacuate to asafer place such as the second floor.

Submerged roads are dangerous
Submerged roads and paths are dangerous because you
could fall into a manhole or gutter whose cover has been
displaced. If you have to go through a submerged zone,
walk carefully while feeling your way with an object
like an umbrella.

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Sediment Disasters

DO
NOW

Signs of an impending sediment disasterProtect yourself from a sediment disaster

Landslip

Confirm your evacuation area

Signs are cracks on cliffs, small stones falling down,water welling up on cliffs, spring water stopping or
becoming cloudy or muddy, being able to hear the earth
rumbling, etc.

Regularly talk with your family about your designatedevacuation area and how to contact each other, and confirm
your evacuation routes. When you evacuate, keep yourbaggage to a minimum so that you can keep your hands free.

3

1 52

150625_3-en.indd 152-153

LandslidePrepare an emergency bag

Signs are cracks and sinkholes in the earth, the grounddeveloping clefts and becoming uneven, water spurtingfrom cliffs and slopes, water in wells and streams
becoming cloudy or muddy, sounds of rumbling fromthe earth or mountain, trees leaning, etc.

Prepare a hazard map, a map of your evacuation area,
and an emergency bag. If you feel in danger, change into
clothes that are easy to move around in, and be ready toevacuate any time.

Mudslide

Check for sediment disaster hazard areas

Signs are sounds of rumbling from the mountain,
river water suddenly becoming cloudy or muddy andcontaining driftwood, an unpleasant earthy smell, riverlevel becoming lower despite continuous rainfall, soundof trees being torn and stones bumping into each other,etc.

The Tokyo Metropolitan Government’s Bureau ofConstruction’s website provides a map of sedimentdisaster hazard areas with which you can search forhazard areas by region. Confirm in advance hazard areas
in your neighborhood.
http://www.sabomap.jp/tokyo/ (in Japanese only)153

2015-08-30 오전 12:38:20

Lightning
Areas where you must be cautious
Open areas such as a playing field, golf course, outdoor swimming pool, riverbank,beach, and on the sea can be dangerous. You also need to be on alert when you are in ahigh place, such as at the top of a mountain or ridge.

Stay away from tall objects like trees
Lightning often strikes tall objects like trees and tall,
protruding objects. Therefore, when you are close to atree, especially, keep at least 2 meters away from thetree (trunk, branches and leaves).

3

In an open space
It is dangerous to be in an open space like a playing
field, because lightning could directly strike you.
Quickly move to a safe place, such as a reinforced
concrete building, car, bus, or train.

Lightning can be life-threatening
Lightning can be life-threatening. Although high places and tall, protruding objects
attract lightning, more than half of those killed by lightning were actually in open
areas such as a golf course, or under a tree taking shelter from the rain. If you hear
thunder or see thunderclouds approaching, quickly move to a safe place, such as areinforced concrete building, car, bus, or train.

1 54150625_3-en.indd 154-155

If there s no safe place nearby
If you cannot find a safe place nearby, take shelter at
least 4 meters away from any tall object such as a utility
pole. Maintain a low posture and make sure that nothingin your possession protrudes into the air.

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Tornadoes
Protect yourself when a tornado strikes
If you are inside
In a detached home, move to a room on the first floor
that has few windows in order to avoid broken window
glass and projectiles. Close the storm shutters andcurtains, move away from windows, and remain under asturdy table until the tornado passes.

3

If you are outside
Move inside a sturdy building or underground facility to
avoid wind gusts and objects flying through the air. In
the event you are not near any of these structures, takecover or hide in a ditch, and wait for the tornado to pass.

Check the areas where tornadoes are forecast

Tornadoes can occur anywhere in Japan
Even in Japan, damage inflicted by tornadoes is occurring frequently in recent
years. Although tornadoes occur at any time of year, more tornadoes are seen
particularly during the typhoon season months of September and October.
When a tornado forms, violent winds swirling at the center of the storm, pickup debris from the ground, including materials from buildings and signs, andturn these objects into dangerous projectiles, causing serious damage at times.
To avoid danger, enter a sturdy building such as a reinforced concrete building
or an underground facility and wait for the storm to pass.

1 56150625_3-en.indd 156-157

You can check areas where there is the probability ofstrong wind gusts, including tornadoes, ahead of timeby viewing the Radar and Nowcasts weather map on theJapan Meteorological Agency’s homepage and clicking
on “Tornado.”
http://www.jma.go.jp/en/radnowc/

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Heavy Snow
Protect yourself from heavy snow
Avoid going out
If heavy snow is forecast, stockpile enough food so thatyou will not need to leave home, and make preparations
to stay warm without electricity in case of a power
failure.

Be careful not to slip
When it snows and afterwards, roads become extremely
slippery. If you go outside, put on slip resistant footwear
such as snow boots, and be very careful as you walk. Do
not ride bicycles or use cars.

3

When using a car

Heavy snow can paralyze a city
The Japan Meteorological Agency predicts that although snowfall frequency
and amounts are decreasing, if snow does fall, there is the possibility that it will
become heavy snow. When snowfall is heavy, public transportation may shut down,
expressways may close, and there is even the possibility that ordinary roads will
become impassable. When heavy snow is forecast, you should return home as soon as
possible and avoid going out again. Heavy snowfall in February 2014 not only caused
chaos for the transportation system, but also made roads in the Tama area impassable,
resulting in some outlying villages becoming cut off.

1 58

150625_3-en.indd 158-159

Refrain from using a car as much as possible. If you
must drive, change your tires to winter tires for use
on snowy and icy roads, and prepare a shovel, boots,
blanket, and emergency food. Be sure to maintain atleast double the distance between vehicles that you
normally would, as sudden braking and abrupt steering
is extremely dangerous.
Points to be aware of when shoveling or
removing snow
When shoveling snow or removing it from your roof,
use equipment such as safety lines and helmets, put on
slip resistant footwear, and always work in a groups oftwo or more. Since snow that has accumulated on theroof loosens as it melts on sunny days, take care to avoid
snow that slides off the roof.

159

2015-08-30 오전 12:38:36

Volcanic Eruptions

DO
NOW

Protect yourself from a volcanic eruption
Confirm the dangerous areas on the disasterprevention map
In order to protect yourself from a volcanic disaster,
it is important that you confirm the dangerous areas
and evacuation centers beforehand using disasterprevention maps (shows dangerous spots, evacuationroutes, evacuation centers, etc.) made public by themunicipality or others.

3

Prepare food and items for a disaster
When a volcano erupts, the ashes may affect logistics
and lifelines. Prepare drinking water, food, flashlights,
extra fuel, and other necessities. It would also be better
if you prepare helmets, masks and goggles as protection
against dust.

Confirm the designated evacuation center
beforehandTokyo has 21 active volcanoes

When an evacuation order or advisory is issued due toa volcanic eruption, quickly evacuate to the municipal
government’s designated evacuation center. Confirm inadvance the location of the designated evacuation center
nearest to you.

Tokyo has 21 active volcanoes on its islands such as Izu Oshima and Miyakejima, andpeople are living on eight of those volcanic islands (Izu Oshima, Toshima, Niijima,
Kozushima, Miyakejima, Mikurajima, Hachijojima, Aogashima). In recent years,
eruptions on Izu Oshima in 1986 and Miyakejima in 2000, led to the evacuation of
all the residents from the islands. In November 2013, a phreatomagmatic eruption
was observed on Nishinoshima island of the Ogasawara islands, and the lava flow
increased the island’s area.
Details → p. 251

1 60150625_3-en.indd 160-161

161

2015-08-30 오전 12:38:42

Be careful of volcanic ash
Don t overlook volcanic warnings
When the Meteorological Agency announces a volcanic
warning, restrictions on mountain entry, evacuation
orders and evacuation advisories will be issued. Follow
the instructions. If you feel even slightly endangered,evacuate.

When the volcano erupts, volcanic ash will fall alongwith large and small cinders. Breathing in ash will affectthe respiratory system causing coughing or breathingdifficulties, and will also cause eyes to become itchy,
painful or bloodshot. Protect yourself with dust masks
and goggles. Since volcanic ash could also cause
malfunctioning of the sewage system, do not flush ashes
down the sewer.

If an eruption occurs
Put on protective headwear such as a helmet, and while
taking steps to prevent yourself from inhaling volcanic
ash and gases such as holding a towel to your mouth,
quickly move away from the mouth of the volcano.

3

Volcanic alert level
The volcanic alert levels in volcanic forecasts/warnings
are classified from 1 to 5 according to the degree of
danger. Take actions suitable to the level.

1 62150625_3-en.indd 162-163

Level 5

Evacuate from the residential area

Level 4
Level 3

Prepare to evacuate from the residentialarea
Do not enter the danger zone near the
residential area

Level 2

Do not enter the area around the crater

Level 1

No special response is necessary but
caution is required

Risk of Mt. Fuji erupting and expected damage
If Mt. Fuji erupts as it did in 1707, volcanic ash will fall on a wide area of the Kanto
region, and it is estimated that a few centimeters to 10 centimeters of ash will fallon Tokyo. Ashes will not only affect the transportation system, lifelines, and theagriculture, forestry, and fisheries industries, but could also affect health. If Mt. Fuji
erupts, confirm the ash fallout forecasts on the Meteorological Agency website andothers, and make preparations in advance if you are in an area that will have a large
volume of ash fallout.

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2015-08-30 오전 12:38:48

Terrorist and Armed Attacks

Attack by insurgents or special forces
Such an attack can result in sudden, unpredictable damages.
If the target of an attack is a nuclear facility, the damages
could be huge.

3

Missile attack
It would be extremely difficult to identify the target ofthe attack, and it is estimated that the time to impact will
be short.

Landing invasion and air attacks
In an invasion, landing operations are likely to target thecoastal areas, and air attacks are also assumed to target
major facilities in urban areas.

Danger of terrorist and armed attacks
As Tokyo is the center of government and economy, it could become the target of
terrorist and armed attacks. The Act Concerning the Measures for Protection of thePeople in Armed Attack Situations, etc. (“Civil Protection Act,” Act No. 112 of 2004)
was enacted with the aim of protecting the lives and assets of the citizens of Japan.
Based on this act, in the event of an attack, the public will be warned through themunicipalities’ wireless emergency alert systems. Make a note to listen to information
broadcast over the TV, radio, and from publicity cars as well, and follow the
instructions.

1 64150625_3-en.indd 164-165

Attacks using chemical agents, etc.
Attacks using chemical or biological agents, or nuclear
materials will have health effects, requiring special
response.

165

2015-08-30 오전 12:38:53

Protect yourself from a terrorist or armed attack
If an explosion occurs

Evacuation from an attack by insurgents

If an explosion occurs, quickly get low and hide undersomething like a sturdy table. Explosions could continue,
so evacuate to a safe place.

Damages from an attack by insurgents will generally
be limited to a relatively small area, but the damages
may spread. First evacuate indoors and then follow the
instructions of the authorities.

If a fire breaks out
If a fire breaks out due to a terrorist or armed attack,cover your mouth and nose with a handkerchief, etc., tokeep from inhaling smoke, and quickly evacuate while
keeping yourself as low as possible.

Evacuation from a missile attack

3

Since it will be difficult to identify the area where themissiles will hit, if you are outdoors, evacuate into astrong building, underground shopping area, or otherindoor areas nearby. Afterwards, follow the instructionsof the authorities.

Evacuation from chemical or biological attacks
If you re trapped
Tap on pipes or other things nearby to let others
know where you are. Calling out loudly for help
should be the last resort since this could cause dust
to be breathed in.

Cover your mouth and nose with a handkerchief, andleave the area immediately. Evacuate to a safe place thatis unlikely to become contaminated such as a closed-off
place indoors or high ground upwind.

Evacuation from a nuclear explosion orradioactive contamination
If there is a nuclear explosion, hide behind coverand evacuate to an underground facility or strong
building. An explosive called a “dirty bomb” willcause radioactive contamination of the area. Follow the
instructions of the authorities and consult a physician.

1 66150625_3-en.indd 166-167

167

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Infectious Diseases
Protect yourself from infection

Wash your hands and gargle
Washing your hands and gargling are fundamental toprevent infection. Wash your hands thoroughly withsoap, including your fingertips and under your nails.

3
Wear gloves
Use gloves to protect yourself when you might come incontact with a patient’s blood, body fluids, secretions,excreta, etc.

Use a mask

If an epidemic is forecasted

Wear a mask when you are coughing or sneezing so thatyou do not infect others.

Infections occur when pathogens such as viruses or bacteria enter your body andmultiply, resulting in symptoms such as fever, diarrhea, and cough. Infectious diseases
from influenza to Ebola virus disease, from those with relatively mild symptoms
to those with a high risk of death, are designated under the Act on Prevention of
Infectious Diseases and Medical Care for Patients Suffering Infectious Diseases(Act No. 114 of 1998). If proper response is not taken, these diseases can spread
rapidly in Tokyo with its high population density. If you think you might be infected,
immediately get proper treatment at a medical institution.

1 68

150625_3-en.indd 168-169

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2015-08-30 오전 12:39:03

MeaslesSome 10 to 20 days after infection, a fever of about 38 degrees
Celsius or common cold symptoms continue for about 2 to
3 days, followed by a high fever of over 39 degrees Celsius
and the appearance of a rash. This could become serious if thepatient develops encephalitis. Since the body’s immune system
is weakened, the patient could also develop pneumonia or an

Pay attention to your health after returningfrom abroad
If you feel unwell after returning from abroad, there is the riskthat you have contracted an infectious disease. Be careful if
you have symptoms such as diarrhea or fever after your return.
Go to a medical institution as soon as possible. Inform thedoctor of details such as the travel destination, itinerary, andactivity during the trip, and follow the doctor’s instructions.

ear infection. As there is no specific treatment for this disease,treatment is given to lighten the symptoms.

Norovirus

The main symptoms are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain,
and a slight fever. After these symptoms continue for about one
to two days, the disease is cured with no aftereffects. However,in children or the elderly, the symptoms could become serious,with the possibility of death resulting from accidentally choking
on vomit. As there is no specific treatment for this disease,symptomatic treatment such as intravenous fluids is given.

Know the danger of a pandemic
A pandemic is a global epidemic of an infectious
disease. The WHO (World Health Organization)
classifies pandemics into six phases according to its
spread. If you hear about a pandemic on TV or othersources, avoid going out unless it is essential or goingto places that attract crowds. Schools and other facilities
may be closed.
Details → p. 265

3
Tuberculosis

Even now, over 20,000 people contract this disease each year.
Go to a medical institution as soon as possible if coughing or
phlegm continues for over two weeks or, in the case of seniorcitizens, if ailments such as fatigue or loss of appetite continue.
If you are diagnosed to have tuberculosis, in most cases this canbe cured if medicine is properly taken every day for six months.

Avian flu

You could become infected if you have close contact with a birdwith avian flu. Symptoms such as high fever and cough willappear if you are infected. This could rapidly cause multiple
organ dysfunctions, and result in death. If you have had contact
with a bird with avian flu and have symptoms that could be
influenza, see a doctor and inform him/her of the situation.

Symptoms of major infectious diseases and response
Influenza

General symptoms (e.g. headache, joint and muscle pains) andspecific local symptoms (e.g. sore throat, runny nose, sneezing,

Ebola virus disease

Symptoms such as sudden fever, headache, fatigue, muscle pain,
sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea, chest pain, and bleeding (blood

cough) suddenly appear, and it can be fatal. If influenza anti-

in vomit, blood in stool) appear. As there is no specific treatment

viral drugs are first taken within 48 hours of the onset offor this disease, treatment for the symptoms will be given. If you

symptoms, a reduction of the symptoms can be expected. Go tocome down with a fever within about a month after returning

a medical institution as soon as possible.

from a country where this disease was spreading, do not go to a
local medical institution, but contact the public health center andfollow its instructions.

170

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171

2015-08-30 오전 12:39:09

co l u m nTokyo s active volcanoes with magma activity

Disaster Preparedness Quiz

Nothing to fear if you can grasp
the warning signs
Magma is active
on a volcanic island

Q1

What is the difference between an advisory, warning, and emergency warning for heavy rain
or strong wind issued by the Japan Meteorological Agency?
Answer → p. 145

Tokyo has 21 active volcanoes. Eight ofthese volcanic islands (Oshima, Toshima,
Niijima, Kozushima, Miyakejima,
Mikurajima, Hachijojima, andAogashima) are inhabited by a total of
30,000 residents and many tourists visit
as well.
High levels of volcanic activity can beobserved on Oshima and Miyakejima (seep. 251), and the volcano on Hachijojima
almost erupted in 2002. And earthquake
and tectonic movements are stillobserved on Niijima and Kozushima.
Even if movements cannot be felt on thesurface, magma is steadily building up
power underground.

Q2

What types of places are easily affected by heavy rain or typhoons andrequire special caution?
Answer → p. 147

Q3

What areas should you not approach during torrential rain?

Q4

Name three warning signs of a sediment disaster.

Q5

When you are in an open space such as a playing field, how can you protect
yourself from lightning?
Answer → p. 155

Q6What time of the year should you be cautious of tornadoes, and whatshould you do to protect yourself from them?
Answer → p. 156

Q7

What should you do when a heavy snow forecast is issued?

Q8

How many active volcanoes are there in Tokyo?

Q9What is the name of the law to protect the public from terrorist and armed
attacks?
Answer → p. 164

Q10What is the word used when an infectious disease spreads over a widearea?
Answer → p. 170

1986 Izu Oshima ©T. Miyazaki (top);2000 Miyakejima (bottom)

Become conscious of warning signs of an eruption
But there is no need to always live in fear. Unlike earthquakes, warning signs of an eruption
can be seen in almost all cases. When volcanic activity builds up, phenomenon that cannot be
captured by a seismograph occur. Noticing such signs will allow safe evacuation.
For instance, residents living near a volcano might notice smoke, sounds, smells and otherconditions that are different from usual. If they contact the municipal office right away when
they notice such things that are out of the ordinary, the authorities can bolster their observations
and prepare for an eruption. Moreover, it would be desirable for people to gain “literacy” onvolcanoes such as using a disaster protection map to decide where to evacuate if it becomes
necessary.

Answer → p. 151

Answer → p. 152

3

Answer → p. 159

Answer → p. 160(talk by Hidefumi Watanabe, Professor Emeritus, University of Tokyo)

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