2.1

Basic procedureof Risk Assessmentin JRAIA(on behalf of following three presentations)

August 19, 2015
Risk evaluating committee co-chair in JARAE
Safety investigating working-group chair in JRAIA

Satoru Fujimoto (Daikin Industries, Ltd)© 2013 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. All Rights Reserved.

Back ground

Trade-off between GWP and flammability
Global Warming
Impact (GWP)

Flammability

To measure global warming,
we should use mildly flammable refrigerant© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

1

Risk of R32 and R1234yf
Risk ofR32 & R1234yf

Flammability
R410A

No

R32, yf

MildlyPressure (50℃)

Toxicity

R410A

3.07MPa

R410A

None

R32, yf

3.14MPa

R32, yf

None

ChangePoint

Ignition source
R410A

None

R32, yf

Open frame

Diesel Explosion

Contact Frame

R410A

Yes

R410A

Generation HF

R32, yf

Yes

R32, yf

Generation HF© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

2

Procedure of risk evaluationin ISO/IEC guide51
JRAIA has been conducting the risk assessment
since 2011 in accordance with ISO/IEC guide 51.
START
１

Identify user, intended use, reasonable foreseen misuse.

２
５Risk Reduction

３４

Hazard Identification
Estimation of risk
Evaluation of risk
Tolerable？

Validation and documentation© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

3

3

Start ：Select products andlife cycle stage
JRAIA organized safety evaluation WG andsome sub-WG for each products
START

１

Identified
Product/System

Identified
Life stages

Identify user etc.
２ Hazard
Identification
５RiskReduction

３

Estimationof risk

４ Evaluationof riskResidential A/C
Commercial A/C

Logistic
Installation

Industrial A/C(ongoing)

Use(indoor)

VRF(multi A/C for commercial bldg..

Use(outdoor)

GHP
Tolerable？

Validation anddocumentation

ServiceChiller
Refrigeration

Disposal(ongoing)© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

4

Start ：Identify the tolerable risk

START

Guide 51 said; Safety means ;Freedom from risk which is not tolerable.

 Tolerable risk is;

１
Identify user etc.
２ Hazard
Identification

Examples of the current values in Japan

５RiskReduction

３

Accepted in a given context based on the current
values of society.

Estimationof risk

４ Evaluationof risk

Toler
able？

1. Chemical factory
2. Car
3. Home appliance: 10-5 [accidents/(year*site)]: 10-7 [accidents/(year*unit)]: 10-8 [accidents/(year*unit)]
for one million units in the market

JRAIA decided the accident less than once
per century would be tolerable for use.

Validation anddocumentation© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

5Start ：Identify the tolerable risk
Tolerable values are dependent on the numberof units in the market for each products
START

The tolerance values were increased because they are handledby trained professionals except when used by customers

１
Identify user etc.
２ Hazard
Identification

５
Risk
Reduction

３

Estimationof risk

４ Evaluationof riskTolerable？

Validation anddocumentation

Product/
SystemNo. ofunits inmarket

Tolerable
value
when used

Tolerable
value except
when used

Residential
A/C

108
units

1.0 * 10-10

1.0*10-9

1.3 * 10-9

1.3 * 10-8

Commercial 7.8* 106
A/C
units
VRF

107
units

1.0 * 10-9

1.0 * 10-8

Chiller

1.34*105units

7.5 * 10-7

7.5 * 10-7

The tolerance value was increased by
10 times when used for industries© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

6

Start ：Identify the tolerable risk
Risk is a function of severity and probability
Usually

１
Identify user etc.
２ Hazard
Identification

５Risk
Reduction

３

Estimationof risk

４ Evaluationof riskTolerable？

No Acceptable

10-5 ～

発生 Frequently
10-6 ～
頻度 Sometime-7

Probability of occurrence

START10Acceptable
withCondition～Rare

10-8 ～

Usually
not10-9 ～Near Zero～ 10-10

Acceptable[Event/(unit*year)]
Residential A/C case

NoMinorLightMajor

LethalSeverity of Harm

JRAIA supposes at present

A Ignition would always cause lethal damage
Validation anddocumentation

since we could not classify severity of harm.

© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

7

Identify user, intended use and reasonable
foreseen misuse (including severe case)

①

START
１

System foreach user

Normalcase

Severecase

misusecase

Identify user etc.

Residential A/C
２ Hazard
Identification

Commercial A/C

５Risk
Reduction

３Estimationof risk(including industry use;ongoing)

Floor standing type Mischarge
Multi type etc.
etc.

Floor standing typeKaraoke room etc.
Semi-under ground

Mischarge
etc.

VRF(including GHP)

Floor standing type Mischarge
Karaoke room etc. No ventilation
Semi-under groundetc.

Tolerable？

Chiller

Small machine room No ventilation
etc.

Validation anddocumentation

Refrigeration

４ Evaluationof risk(ongoing)© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

Walk-in type
Back yard etc.

Mischargeetc.
8

② Hazard Identification
Ignition triggered by flammable refrigerant can only
occur when all 3 conditions are met.
START
１
Identify user etc.
２ Hazard
Identification
５Risk
Reduction

３

Estimationof risk

４ Evaluationof risk

1. Rapid gas
Leakage occur
and
2. Leaked gas Assess
Flammability
and
3. Contact withIgnition Source

Probability given from themarket data
Time length & volume offlammable area fromsimulation.
(Tokyo Univ. and JRAIA)
Existence probability ofignition source byresearches.
(AIST, TUSS and JRAIA)

Tolerable？

NEDO project

Validation anddocumentation© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

9

③④ Estimation ａｎｄ evaluation of risk
Develop FTA and calculate probability of ignition
STARTProbability ofIgnition

１
Identify user etc.
２ Hazard
Identification
５Risk
Reduction

３

Estimationof risk

Probability ofRapid leakage

４ Evaluationof risk

Tolerable？

Flammablearea andtime length

Existence probabilityof ignition source
per time & area

Validation anddocumentation© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

1010

⑤⑥ Risk reduction and Documentation
If not tolerable , reduce the risk until it is tolerable
START
１
Identify user etc.
２ Hazard
Identification
５RiskReduction

３

Estimationof risk

４ Evaluationof riskTolerable？

Validation anddocumentation

Risk measures taken during design
as responsibility of manufacture
Step1: Inherently safe design
Step2: Guards and protective devices
Step3: Information for use such as ;warning, instruction, training etc.

If risk remains after design, the othermeasures for use should be taken.
Additional protective , Training, Organization,Personal protective equipment etc.

JRAIA is drawing up the guidelineor manuals for safety use© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

11

Thank you very muchfor your attention!

© 2015 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

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