6th APBON Web seminar
15:00-17:00 (GMT+9:00)
25 February 2021
Cisco Webex Meeting

Ecological observation of the declining Korean fir foreston the higher altitude area of Mt. Hallasan National Park,Jeju Island, Korea, under changing climate
aided by the ICT (information and communications technology)

Eun-Shik Kim, PhD
Professor Emeritus, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea
President, International Association for Ecology (INTECOL)
An immediate past Co-Chair of APBONThe first ASIAHORCs Joint Symposium &the initiation of APBON in July 2009

Profs. H. Matsuda & T. Yahara
at a field trip in Nagoya, Aichi, Japan, July 2009

Discussion of a regional biodiversity
observation network& APBON in July 2009

Sequence of Presentation-1• Declining forests of Korea Fir (Abies koreana)on the higher altitude area of Mt. Hallasan,Jeju Island, Korea• A real-time ecological observation platform tomonitor the changes of a forest ecosystem
aided by the ICT (Information andCommunication Technology)• Challenges and opportunities in observation ofbiodiversity, ecosystems, and ecologicalsustainability

A photo ⓒ The Jeju World Natural Heritage Center

Columnar Joint

UNESCO’s Triple Crown
Biosphere Reserve
World Natural Heritage
Global Geopark
Jeju Island in the Past
The Island of Stones, Wind, and WomenMt. Hallasan and Korean fir trees
Photos taken in 1994 by ES Kim

Korean fir trees declining on Mt. Hallasan, Jeju Island blown by strong winds
Photo taken in 2013 by ES Kim

Korean fir trees declining on Mt. Hallasan, Jeju Island blown by strong winds
A photo taken in 2013 by ES Kim

Photo: Eun-Shik Kim

The population of dwarf bamboo (Sasa quelpaertensis)
outcompeting & covering the shrub layer
in the Korean fir forest
on Mt. Hallasan, Jeju Island, Korea
A photo taken in 2013 by ES Kim

Further understandings are needed on
the decline mechanism of theold Korean fir trees under thechanging climate regimes

素因: Predisposing factors
誘因: Inciting factors
動因: Contributing factors

Ageing
老衰

Decreased vigor
活力 減退
Increasing vulnerability
脆弱性 增大climate change
localized
torrential
downpours
集中豪雨

Low soildepth낮은 土深basalt (bedrock_of easy
infiltration
물 浸透 容易한 玄武岩

frequentdroughts잦은 가뭄

increasedmortality

wind fall/wind break
風倒/風折typhoons颱風climate changeSequence of Presentation-2• Declining forests of Korea Fir (Abies koreana)on the higher altitude area of Mt. Hallasan,Jeju Island, Korea• A real-time ecological observation platform tomonitor the changes of a forest ecosystem
aided by the ICT (Information andCommunication Technology)• Challenges and opportunities in observation of
biodiversity, ecosystems, and ecologicalsustainability

ICT: information andcommunications technology(wikipedia)

an extensional term for
information technology (IT) that stresses the roleof unified communications andthe integration of telecommunications (telephonelines and wireless signals) and computers,
as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware,storage and audiovisual,that enable users to access, store, transmit, andmanipulate information

Ecological parameters to consider for sound ecological integration
Ecosystems andhabitats
OceansTidal flats andcoasts
Rivers & streams
Lakes andmarshes
Forests
Grasslands
Deserts
Alpine mountains
TundraAgro-ecosystems
Urban
environments
Industrial
environments…

landscape elements

Biota andecosystemcomponents
BioticComponents- Plants- Animals- Microbes
Abiotic
Environment- Soil- Atmosphere- Hydrospherebiodiversity

Ecosystem
services
Water
quality
Food
production
Climateregulation
Recreation
Flood
prevention
Land
protection
Ecoengineering
Air quality

ecosystemfunctions

Ecological fields
Biogeography
Population dynamics
Element cycling
Plant-animal interactions
Plant-microbe interactions
Species diversity
Functional diversity
Global change
Trophic interactions
Energy flowPrimary production
Decomposition
Development and succession
Habitat fragmentation
Invasions
Ecophysiology
Theory and modeling
Molecular ecology
Ecotoxicology

ecological science

Ecological impacts
on society
DecisionmakingEducation
Policydevelopment
EthicsNGO activity
EIA

ecologicalsustainability

LTER (Long-Term Ecological Research) Network

16

5ha site – study area
IP-USN (Emergency Shelter)

IP-USN (Peak)

100m

Sensor site

IP-USNUnit quadrat- 5ha- 5 x 25 x 20m x 20m- elevation: 1500~1700m
20m

17Real-time ecological monitoring system and the sensor network(wireless, solar powered)
Examplar questions to address
the time when the radial
growth initiated for theseason;
the time when the radial
growth ceased for the season;
the length of days for theradial growth for the season;
the factors that are related tothe initiation of radialincrement for the season;
the factors that are related to
the fluctuation of radial
increment for the season; andthe factors that are related tothe cessation of radial
increment for the season.
The relationships among thefactors at the forest site19

A Real-time Monitoring System for the Data from the Sensors
Mobile App. Service: able to check from all over the world

20Conceptual Image of the Platform
User

Government/
public institution

Web/Portal supplier

Application
Services

Ecological change
analysis/prediction
service

Wild vegetationcolony monitoring
service

Location monitoring
service of wild animal

Ecological researcher/SpecialistGeneral user

ocean ecology
monitoring service

Ecological architecture/function evaluation service

Application S/W &Service Platform
Ecological Data
Server(DB)Ecological Network infor.
sensind data

Wire & WirelessComm. Infra.

Location
data

Ecologicalobject data

Wireless network

Internet

Gateway

Gateway부표

Ecologicalmonitoring
Sensor Network

Ocean current/
pollutantCoral
monitoring Moving route trace
Small wirelesssensor node

red tide

ocean ecology

EcologicalSite inventory architecture/data
function data

KMA
IP-USN network
Gateway
MovingrouteSap flow
Small wirelesssensor node

Treediameter

soil moisture

Wild vegetation colony

Spatial data

Small lowpwer
wireless
sensor node

healthyozone
CO2
concentration
CO2yellow dust

Location

Small lowpwer
wireless
sensor node

Wild animals

Atmosphere/weather

Real-time Monitoring Systemand the Sensor Network(wireless, solar powered)

Radial growth-1
Radial growth-2
Radial growth-3
Precipitation
Solar radiation
Soil moisture

Questions to Address

the time when the radial growth initiatedfor the season;
the time when the radial growth ceased forthe season;
the length of days for the radial growth forthe season;
the factors that are related to the initiationof radial increment for the season;
the factors that are related to thefluctuation of radial increment for theseason; andthe factors that are related to the cessationof radial increment for the season.
The relationships among the factors at theforest site

Relative humidity
Soil temperature
Air temperature
Battery voltage

radial increment change
during a growing season
in 2016
data sensed and by
10 minutes interval
For Korean fir trees

23Statistical Correlation Analysis

among the factors affecting the radial growth of trees

Real-time Monitoring Systemand the Sensor Network(wireless, solar powered)Radial growth-1
Radial growth-2
Radial growth-3
Precipitation
Solar radiation
Soil moisture
Relative humidity
Soil temperature
Air temperature
Battery voltage

OUTCOME-1
Diagram showing the interrelationships among the environmental factorsthat affect the radial growth of trees at the study site, Jeju, Korea.
circles with double lines
indicate abruptly fluctuating
environmental factors;
circles with single line indicate
gradually changing
environmental factors;
solid lines (in red) indicate
positive effects;
dashed lines (in blue) indicate
negative effects;
thick lines indicate majorand/or directeffects; thin lines indicate
minor and/or indirect effects;
arrows show the directionsof the affecting natures
between the factors.

Real-time Monitoring System and the Sensor Network(wireless, solar powered)OUTCOME-2
papers published:
Precision monitoring of radial
growth of trees and microclimate at a Korean Fir (Abieskoreana Wilson) forest at
10 minutes interval in 2016 on
Mt. Hallasan National Park, Jeju
Island, Korea
https://jecoenv.biomedcentral.com/articl
es/10.1186/s41610-019-0117-4

OUTCOME-2
papers published:papers published:OUTCOME-3
Understanding on the disturbed regenerationof Korean fir saplings & seedlings

Understanding on the disturbed regenerationof Korean fir saplings & seedlings

A schematic diagram showing the stand dynamics of the Korean fir trees
Two important time periods for the successful regeneration of Korean fir trees on Mt. Hallasan fromthe seed germination on the ground at the site to the maturing stages at the forest standOUTCOME-4
real-time data on radial growth of trees
and the environmental change
including climate data
for the last few years since 2015at 10 minutes intervalat the forest ecosystem
available for future analysis
in a computer server

OUTCOME-5
The monitoring system
was agreed to be further managed by theNational Park Research Institute of Korea
for continuous monitoring in the future

ICT: information andcommunications technology(wikipedia)

an extensional term for
information technology (IT) that stresses the roleof unified communications andthe integration of telecommunications (telephonelines and wireless signals) and computers,
as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware,storage and audiovisual,that enable users to access, store, transmit, andmanipulate information

Sequence of Presentation-3• Declining forests of Korea Fir (Abies koreana)on the higher altitude area of Mt. Hallasan,Jeju Island, Korea• A real-time ecological observation platform tomonitor the changes of a forest ecosystem
aided by the ICT (Information andCommunication Technology)• Challenges and opportunities in observation ofbiodiversity, ecosystems, and ecologicalsustainability

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United
Nations Member States in 2015

SDGs새千年 生態系 影響評價 要約

IPBES and its
Conceptual Framework

IPCC says limiting global warming to 1.5 °C will require
drastic action

Disasters Human Species Faces

COVID-19

KEON(Korea Ecological ObservatoryNetwork)Challenge: Bottom Up Scheme ofIntelligence Hierarchy:
Data -> Information -> Knowledge -> Wisdom•Intelligence Hierarchy: Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom•http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2010/12/hierarc
hy-of-visual-knowledge/

the tallest and the largest treeon earth

Sequoia sempervirens (Coast Redwood)
Photo: Eun-Shik Kim

Identifying and sharing the vision and strategies

Photo: Eun-Shik Kim

A NationalPolicy

An International
PolicyConditions andIncentivesforLocalConservation

Managementof
Human
Environment

Strengthening
Protected
Area

Conservationof
Biodiversity

Expanding
Human
Capacity

MonitoringandObservation

Eight strategy
areas forcatalyzing
action for theconservation of
biodiversity•(ES Kim, 2012)Sequence of Presentation-0• Declining forests of Korea Fir (Abies koreana)on the higher altitude area of Mt. Hallasan,
Jeju Island, Korea• A real-time ecological observation platform tomonitor the changes of a forest ecosystem
aided by the ICT (Information andCommunication Technology)• Challenges and opportunities in observation of
biodiversity, ecosystems, and ecologicalsustainability

Acknowledgements• Ministry of Environment, Korea• Cooperators of EEMIC Forum (formerly KEON)• Jeju Special Self-Governing Province• Biodiversity Center of Japan• Colleagues of KLTER, ILTER-EAP, ILTER, APBON,& GEO BON• NRF (National Research Foundation) of Korea,
formerly KOSEF (Korea Science andEngineering Foundation)• US National Science Foundation• ECO-COPs & Friends• Kookmin University

Thank you, all!

Short CV of Eun-Shik Kim
Eun-Shik Kim is currently a Professor Emeritus at Kookmin University, Seoul,Korea and is serving the International Association for Ecology (INTECOL) asPresident.
He earned his undergraduate and M.S. degrees in forest science from Seoul
National University, Korea and M.S., M.Phil., and Ph.D. degrees on Forestry
and Environmental Studies from Yale University, USA. He worked for theNational Institute of Forest Science and the National Institute of Environmental
Research before he moved to Kookmin University in 1991.
For more than the last two decades, he has been working with theInternational Long-Term Ecological Research (ILTER) Network at global as well
local level and served the East Asia-Pacific Regional Network of ILTER (ILTEREAP) as the Chair. In addition, he contributed to the Asia-Pacific Biodiversity
Observation Network (APBON) as a co-chair. He also served the EcologicalSociety of Korea (ESK) and the East Asian Federation of Ecological Societies(EAFES) as President.
In addition to his efforts in networking research and people, his research
theme covers the changes of biodiversity and ecosystem function underchanging climate and environment. Domestically, he is interested inestablishing ecosystem observation platforms in Korea.

6th APBON Web seminar
15:00-17:00 (GMT+9:00)
25 February 2021
Cisco Webex Meeting

Ecological observation of the declining Korean fir foreston the higher altitude area of Mt. Hallasan National Park,Jeju Island, Korea, under changing climate
aided by the ICT (information and communications technology)

Eun-Shik Kim, PhD
Professor Emeritus, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea
President, International Association for Ecology (INTECOL)
An immediate past Co-Chair of APBON