No.17
ISSN 0289 - 8721

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Information Bulletin of

The Union of National
Economic Associationsin Japan

日本経済学会連合

1997

Correspondence to be addressed:
Secretariat of the Union of National Economic Association in Japan,
c/o School of Commerce,
Waseda University,
Nishiwaseda 1-6-1 ,Shinjuku-ku,
Tokyo 169-0051, JapanCOPYRIGHT 1997 BY THE UNION OF NATIONAL ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONS IN JAPANPrinted in Japan. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS INSTITUTE, INC. Tel. (03) 5273-0473
ISSN 0289-8721

Editorial Committee
Toshinobu KATO, Asia University
Tamotsu TABATA, National Research Institute ofAgricultural Economics
Ryojiro IWAKI, Chiba University of Commerce
Daisuke ARIE, Yokohama National University
Fujio MIZUOKA, Hitotsubashi University
Kazuo HIRAMATSU, Kwansei Gakuin Univreisty
Kiyoshi ABE, Chiba University
Isao TOMITA, Yokohama Harbor Polytechnic College
Kazuyoshi UENO, Japan Economic Research InstituteKoichi OGASAWARA, Saitama University
Directors of the Union
President

Masao UNO, Josai Kokusai University
Yasuo OKAMOTO, Aoyama Gakuin University
Kyoichi FUTAGAMI, Waseda University
Satoru TAKAYANAGI, Chuo University
Yujiro HAYAMI, Aoyama Gakuin University
Toshiya HANAWA, Chuo University
Takashi NEGISHI, Aoyama Gakuin University
Tokusaburo YOSHIDA, Nihon University
Rinya SHIBAKAWA, Teikyo University
Kiyoshi OGAWA, Waseda University
Toshinosuke KASHIWAZAKI, Waseda University

Secretary General
Ken-ichi ENATSU, Waseda University
AuditorOsamu NISHIZAWA, Waseda University
Masu UEKUSA, University of Tokyo
Emeritus
Shigeto TSURU, Hitotsubasi University
Yoichi ITAGAKI, Yachiyo Intertational University
Takashi SHIRAISHI, Kyorin University

THE UNION OF NATIONAL ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONSIN JAPAN
日本経済学会連合
The Union of National Economic Associations in Japan, established in 1950. celebrated
its 40th anniversary in 1990, as the sole nationwide federation of administration. In orderto obtain membership an association is subject to an examination of its academic work.
As of 1997, the Union had a membership of 49 associations, as listed on pp.75-91.
The aims and objectives of the Union are to support the scholarly activities of its
member associations and to promote academic exchanges both among members themselves,.
and between Japanese and academic societies overseas. The main activities of the Union·
are: (1) the publication and distribution of academic material concerning Japanese economics 、and papers presented by member scholars, (2) the sending of members to overseas,
conferences, (3) the holding and supporting of international conferences in Japan, (4)providing financial assistance to member associations who invite foreign scholars to Japan,and (5) collecting information on activities of member associations and the issuing of anews bulletin.
The Union published in 1974 Keizaigaku No Doko (The Trend in Japanese Economics),
based on a survey of economic studies undertaken in postwar Japan.

A supplementaryvolume covering Japanese economic studies after 1974 was published in 1982.
The Union and the International Economic Association (IEA) jointly held the Fifth
World Congress of the IEA in Tokyo from August 29 to September 3, 1978. The Union
joined the International Institute of Public Finance in holding the Institute's 37th Congress
at Tokyo in September 1981.

The Union dispatched 20 member scholars to the Eighth

World Congress of IEA held in India in 1986.

Most recently the Union successfullysponsored the IEA Tokyo Round Table Conference on "Institutions in a New DynamicSociety" held between 15 and 17 September 1987, and hosted the 1996 IEA Tokyo Round
Table Conference between 16 and 19 December, on the theme "The Institutional Foundationof Economic Development in East Asia"
The Union celebrated in 1980 the 30th anniversary of its founding by launching avariety of activities, including the publication of The Information Bulletin.

Prof. Paul

Snowden of Waseda University acts as editorial adviser.

Address: Secretariat of the Union, c/o School of Commerce, Waseda University,
Nishiwaseda 1-6-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan.

CONTENTS
Page

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS SOCIETY OF JAPAN, THE , , · · ·, , , ·, , , · · 1

COMMODITY SCIENCE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR・．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 10
ECONOMIC THOUGHT, THE SOCIETY FOR THE HISTORY OF . . . . . . . . . . . 16
ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHERS, THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION OF · ・ ・ ・ ・・・・・・ ・ ・ 24
ECONOMIC POLICY ASSOCIATION JAPAN· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 32
INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STUDIES ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・・ ．．．．．．．．．．．．． 37
JAPANESE ASSOCIATION FOR
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 46
PORT ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION JAPAN・ ・ ・．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． · 59
RESEARCH AND INFORMATION ON PUBLIC AND · • • • · · · • · · • • • · · • • · · 65
CO-OPERATIVE ECONOMY, JAPAN SOCIETY OF(CIRIEC JAPANESE SECTION)

SOCIAL POLICY THE SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF · · · · · · · · • · · · · · · · • 70

LIST OF MEMBER ASSOCIATIONS ・ ・ · · · · · · · · · · • · • · · · · · · · · · · · · 75

THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS SOCIETY OF JAPAN
1. History and Outlook of the Society
The Agricultural Economics Society of Japan (AESJ) was founded on No­
vember 19, 1924. The purpose of the Society is eloquently described in the pro­
spectus as follows: "The Agricultural Economics Society of Japan aspires to study
all problems related to agriculture and rural societies. Regardless of how such prob­
lems are approached-from agricultural management, agricultural policy, agricul­
tural statistics, agricultural history or other theories or accomplish its purposes."
AESJ has steadily conducted its activities for 73 years since its foundation,and has published, on a quarterly basis, 64 volumes of The Journal of Rural Eco­nomics, also, on a yearly basis, two volumes of a special issue of The Journal.
The focal point of the Society's activities is the annual convention held at the
beginning of April every year. The convention lasts for two days. A symposium
on common issues is held on the first day, and on the second day individual presen­tations are made by Society members.
The Society's board of directors chooses the symposium theme and nomi­
nates the chairperson, who then nominates several reporters and commentators.
For the individual presentations, every year over one hundred reporters are grouped
into about ten concurrent sessions where they make their presentations, followedby question and answer sessions.
The society is made up of 1400 members under a president and three vicepresident (both with a tenure of two years) with a board of managing directors anda board of trustees to manage the affairs of the Society.
The AESJ has an award system under which it grants Academic Awards,
Incentive Awards, and Best Journal Article Awards.
2. Major Topics discussed at Recent Annual Symposiums
1993 Symposium
The Symposium in 1993 was on Agricultural Successers at the Turning Point
in Recent Japan. Yoshio ITo (Niigata University) chaired the symposium, whichprincipally addressed and looked into the problems of how the scarcity of young
farmer successors is recently endangering the survival of Japanese farming andrural communities. The symposium also suggested some remedial measures forthe problems. Three speakers attended the symposium. The chairperson summa­
rized the main points of the discussions as follows.
The first speaker, Shigeru UsAMI (Utsunomiya University), advocated a"Theory of Polarization of Farmers in Japan". Medium-scale farmers having 1.02.0 ha of cultivating land increased in number during the period from the end of theMeiji era (around 1900) to 1955. But when a sweeping change was wrought inJapanese capitalism in 1960s due to the appearance of large-scale industries, neces­sitating labor supply from farming sectors, the trend of such an increase in medium­
scale farmers in number altered. Such an alteration in the trend polarized scholars
into two groups having two completely different opinions. According to one opin­
ion there would be an increase in the number of business-minded large-scale farm­ers as the consequence of the change in the trend. The other, different opinion
strongly pointed out that there would be an increase in the number of farmers who
would seek non-agricultural income.
The second speaker, Akira FuEKI (National Association of Professional
Farmers), asserted that the Japanese agriculture has already restructured itself andmoved to the stage of industry-type independent farms by replacing the so-calledpeasant-type middle-sized family farms. Both large-scale family farms and corpo­
rate fanns are developing. He is optimistic that the labor force of farmers equippedwith highly efficient agri-technology can be expected to assure the survival of Japa­
nese agriculture.
The third speaker, Kotaro 0HHARA (Mie University), opined that agricultural
successors are decreasing in number due to the rapid change in economic growththat has had an overwhelming impact on the life-style of the young successors.
When the successors choose between an occupation in the farming sector and one
in non-farming sector, the major drawback they find involved in an agriculturaloccupation is that it is less attractive than any other non-agricultural occupation. In
order to secure agricultural successors, the speaker suggested transforming the"homogeneoustype" of rural society into a "heterogeneoustype" of rural society byaccepting the newcomers from other regions into the rural areas. Thus, young
successors in the heterogeneous-type society will opt for agricultural occupations.
FuEKI and UsAMI provided in-depth discussions focussing on the necessary
institutional reforms to develop a new type of farm management so that securing
young farmer successors is possible. They resolutely opposed the introduction of
joint-stock corporations in the agricultural sector, because such a corporation pur­sues non-farming, speculative purposes while assigning the absolute priority tomoney-making, and does not fundamentally deal with the group farming activities
of farmers.
1994 Symposium
In commemorating the 70th anniversary of the Society, the 1994 annual meet­ing of the Society started with Yasuo KoNoo's (an honorary member) commemora­
tive speech on "The Formative Period of the Society". His speech suggested thatthe economic problems facing Japanese agriculture, such as the small size of rice
farms and the depressed product prices at the farm gate have remained almost un­changed for these 70 years in Japan. Names for the policy issues were "rationaliza2

tion" of the industry seventy years ago and "internationalization" nowadays. Agri­culture has always been tackling adjustment problems in the process of structuralchange of the economy. At the same time, except for the Land Reform in 1952,
hardly any policy innovations have been found which could improve the size distri­bution of farms and the relative economic welfare of food growers in this country.
At this annual meeting, a plenary session entitled "Symposium on the Pros­
pects for Japanese Agriculture and Needed Policy Reform" was held. The Chair­manship went to Yukio MASUI (Kyoto University). The major concern in the ses­sion was centered on three topics. The first was "Forecasting the Labor Supply ofFarming Family Members to Farm Work in Japan" read by Ryuuchi SHIGENO(National Research Institute of Agricultural Economics). The second was "The Di­
rection for an Environment Protecting Rice Farms under Community Bonds" readby Akihiko Kuoo (Tohoku University). The third was "Internationalization and a
New Direction for Policy in Japan" read by Masayoshi HONMA (Otaru University ofCommerce).
Using survey data by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries,
SHIGENo's paper foresaw a dislocation of the labor supply of family workers to farmwork due to a drastic decrease in young workers on the farms on one hand, andmuch larger retirement of aged family workers who were born in the single-digit
years of the Showa Period (1926-34) on the other hand, and ending up with part­time farms expecting capital gains from the farm land. He supported the NRIAE's
estimate of the labor force engaged in farming in the year 2000 at nearly 2 million,of which one third would be occupied by workers more than 65 years old.
The decrease in farm workers does not necessarily lead to more farm land per
worker. In most cases, scattered tiny farms operated by aged family workers could
not be succeeded by their sons, and are left scattered and uncultivated as the aged
workers are retired. It is very likely that such uncultivated farms could not be
consolidated into fewer but more efficient farms because of their scatteredness ineither urban or rural areas. The second speaker, A. Kuoo, addressed the difficulties
for the larger farms in consolidating the scattered farm land due to community bonds
and to unfavourable farm prices.
The Urguay Round of the GATT negotiations came to a close in December
1993. The agreement requires Japanese agricultural policy to shift to a more mar­ket-oriented one under the coming world trade system. Price support will no longer
be applied when border measures are tarifficated and the domestic prices cannot be
isolated from world prices.
In this respect, the third speaker, M. HONMA proposed four types of"decoupling" of the mismatching means-ends from the price support program inthis country as follows. (1) Decoupling income policy from price support. (2)Decoupling environment protection policy from price support. (3) Decoupling farmincome support from production policy. And (4) decoupling food security policy

from self-sufficiency policy as well.
remained to be settled.

The political feasibility of the decoupling

1995 Symposium
The symposium in 1995, entitled Issues of Regional Agriculture in Japanafter the Signing of the GATT Uruguay Round Negotiations, was held at Kyushu
University. It was aimed at discussing ways and policies to enable Japanese agri­
culture to survive under the conditions after the GATT-UR agreements. Stress wasparticularly placed on regional agriculture in this symposium.
Four speakers were invited to present their addresses on each of the predeter­
mined topics. The symposium was co-chaired by Kenji CHO (Kyushu University)and Masaaki lsHIDA (Mie University). The opening speech was given by Teruo
WADA (University of Tokyo), the president of the Agricultural Economics Society,and it was followed by a general introduction of the symposium given by Kenji
CHO.
The first speaker was Kenji HoRIGUCHI (Waseda University). The topic of his
presentation was "Reform of Japanese Farm Policy Following the Agreement on
Agriculture, the Act of the Uruguay Round and Its Implications for Developing
Regional Agriculture". He dealt with a wide range of current policy issues. To
sum up, he gave his appreciation on one hand to the conversion of government
policy from that paid in directly by consumers to that paid in directly by govern­ment, the adoption of a new system of production adjustment of rice based on vol­untary enrollment, and some other points, and on the other hand he criticized indetail the limitations and problems involved in the recent reform of government
policies.
In his comment, Shinichi SHOGENJI (University of Tokyo) argued the further
necessity of developing a more detailed plan of direct payments according to thecases and pointed out a contradiction between production control of rice and in­come support for farmers in less favored areas in Japan in comparison with thesituation in the EU.
The second speaker was Hiroyuki TAKEYA (Nagoya University). The topic
of his presentation was rice and rice farming issues. He first analyzed the New
Food Law enacted in 1995 and expressed in his conclusion several fears regarding
the effects of the New Food Law. Then he discussed the problems concerning thetypes of rice producers and the ways to strengthen them from both individual aswell as regional points of view. He argued that the types of rice producers will
become more diversified for years ahead, and adequate income, lower costs, con­servation of the environment, and integration of rural life and production activities
in each locality should be the key words in adopting measures for solving the prob­lems.
The commentator, Shiro lNAMOTO (Kyoto University), supplementarily dis4

cussed three points relating to the future issues of rice farming; they were the in­creased complexity of the concerns among or between different parties and differ­
ent regions relating to rice production, the greater difficulty in adjusting the con­cems, and the contradiction between the diminishing trend of total business size offarrning and the increasing importance of the external value of agriculture.
The third speaker was Satoshi KAI (Kyushu University) and his subject wasbeef issues. Beef was a commodity whose market has been liberalized since 1991,
prior to the GATT-UR agreements. Through an analysis of recent data, he con­eluded that the liberalization of beef markets have had a great influence on beef
enterprises, especially on enterprises for production of dairy cow beef and beef
calves. He addressed the necessity of further efforts to reduce the costs of beef
production and the implementation of a new system to support and stabilize beef
enterprises in order to maintain beef production and agriculture in those regions
where beef production has been highly concentrated.
One of the comments raised by Shiro Inamoto was the necessity of structural
readjustment of farming and the creation of necessary conditions which enable farm­ers to shift their farming toward a more intensive, diversified type in those areas
where farming has been highly specialized in beef production of a rather less inten­
sive type.
The last speaker was Yoshiaki MASUDA (Shiga University). The topic of his
presentation was "The Role of Agricultural Cooperatives in Regional Agriculture".
Under this topic he dealt with four subjects which are of major importance in the
recent activities of agricultural cooperatives in relation to regional agriculture. They
were: agricultural extension service, regional centers in cooperative organization,
land use adjustments of the region, and partial or complete operation of farming byagricultural cooperatives. His arguments were, in short, that in spite of an in­creased demand it was getting more and more difficult for agricultural cooperatives
to accelerate or develop such activities as above listed, mainly due to a rapid aggra­
vation of the financial condition of agricultural cooperatives in recent years, andthat activities should be economically valid in order to be carried out sustainably byagricultural cooperatives.
In his comment, Takaaki 0TAHARA (Hokkaido University) expressed his sup­port for the basic view of the speaker, and then he stressed the necessity to develop
supporting activities of various types to meet the present demands of cooperative
members.
In sum, problems of agricultural policies at both macro and micro level after
the GATT-UR agreements, future ways and conditions for regional agriculture toservive, and the roles of agricultural cooperatives in relation with the matters con­cemed were discussed in the 1995 symposium.

51996 Symposium
The theme of the symposium set up during the general meeting of the Agri­cultural Economics Society of Japan in 1996 was "Realities and Prospects on Agri­culture and Environment", the points of which were as follows.
Having experienced the postwar reconstruction period, the high economic
growth period, and the low economic growth period after the second World War,Japanese agriculture as well as the Japanese economy itself is now confronted withnew difficulties. As is well known, with the recent remarkable tide of globaliza­
tion, economic dominant social and agricultural ideas have become more and moreprevalent, and under the promotion of international division of labor, a typical phe­nomenon of the dominant economic social thought which is based on the principle
of precedence of economic growth and the theory of comparative cost, productionof material goods has increased dramatically. We cannot deny, however, that suchdevelopment has caus�d a crucial deterioration of the ecological environment, andobliged us to sacrifice our own life in its quality, which means a decline of "human­
istic life". As far as agriculture is concerned, we can observe not only the declineof food self-sufficiency and devastation of rural villages, but also a crisis of theecological environment and human life as a result of machinerization or specializa­tion of agriculture, excessive use of chemical fertilizers and insecticides, and inces­sant planting in the same land.
As many scholars point out, one of the most important problems today is how
to understand Japanese agriculture in the recent globalized socio-economic situa­
tions. Economic factors still precede other senses of values, but for the future wehave to consider environmental (ecological) and life values as well as economic
ones, and aim to realize a well-balanced relation between them. This should berecognized as a serious question which is imposed not only on those engaged inagriculture in rural villages but on the whole of mankind.
In particular, to keep a balanced relation between agriculture and the environ­ment is one of the most urgent and acute problems in modern society. We are
obliged to investigate this problem thoroughly in order to perceive modern socio­
economic contradictions and to make clear the question or object which we have to
study. In this sense, we focused on agriculture and the environment in the general
meeting in 1996 to clarify its problems, significance and prospects in general.
In the past, the environmental problem was discussed in the general meetingof the International Conference of Agricultural Economics (ICAE) held in Tokyoon the theme Sustainable Agricultural Development in September 1991, and in thespring meeting of the Farm Management Society of Japan in 1992. Based on thesefruitful discussions, the Agricultural Economics Society of Japan attempted to wrestle
with the environmental problem for the first time in the general meeting in 1996.
Although studies on environmental problems are not yet numerous and there arestill few experts in this field, it can be said that at present all scholars should carry6

out studies considering this problem.
Concerning this environmental problem so many dimensions can be pointed
out but in the limited time given to the symposium, we concentrated discussion on
the following points presented by 4 persons.
SHOGENJI recognized it would be very difficult to take an internationally com­
mon attitude toward the problems of trade in agricultural products and a ecologicalenvironment because each country has its inherent historical background and pecu­
liar institutional and economic conditions. He insisted, however that we should be
more conscious of the extremely low rate of food self-sufficiency in Japan, which isa fatal weak point for maintaining national food security.
YOKOKAwA introduced environment policies of agriculture carried out in somecountries, especially that in Germany, and indicated that it is time for the Japanese
government to establish concrete methods for enforcement of a large-scale envi­
ronment policy in agriculture.
GoHDA recognized various levels of development of sustainable agricultural
management in Japan. He insisted, however, that more essential development isdemanded in areas such as: invention of new technology and less harmful chemi­
cals, improvement of marketing of agricultural products, raising customers'con­sciousness of the environment, and a drastic changeover in government agricultural
policies, that is, a switch from the policy of pursuing economic efficiency to that ofgiving priority to environmental protection.
KADA said that a statistical econometric method to evaluate external effects
should be created as soon as possible, and he emphasized the need for a policy tomaximize the net social profit (external economy-external diseconomy).
1997 Symposium
The 1997 symposium of the Japanese Agricultural Economics Society washeld at Tohoku University, discussing the main issues of the new act for manage­
ment and control of basic food production and its distribution. Around 600 mem­bers participated on 2 April 1997.
Kenji OZAWA (Niigata University) made a presentation on the current world
situation of demand and supply of rice and the impact of Japanese involvement in
the international rice market by the minimum access of the WTO (World Trade
Organization). Under the long-term view of a short supply of rice due to the un­
likelihood of much higher yield and greater planting area than now, he pointed out
some issues of the Agricultural Accord of the WTO forcing more imports of farm
products on the countries historically dependent on imported foodstuffs like Japan.
What is more, rising trend in the world rice price has been found in the international
market, partly because of Japan's higher imports of rice forced on it by minimum
access, even though Japan faces to a problem of overproduction.

Tsuneo KOIKE (Shiga Prefectural University) discussed the current direction
and dynamic change of rice distribution brought about by the new act for the man­agement of rice. The reduced regulation of the rice business invited more competi­
tors in rice distribution and gave more chances to each rice grower for direct sale toconsumers and/or retailers resulting in the less close relations in rice dealing withthe agricultural cooperative, which had previously been considered as top dealers
in the rice industry.
Tamotsu T ABATA (Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and
Fisheries) made his presentation on the current farm situation from the view pointsof economy and productivity, especially the rice farm situation. The large-sized
farms deeply depending on rice production, which is generally looked on as moreproductive and more profitable, faced the difficulty of low prices brought on by
oversupply of both domestic production and more imports through minimum ac­
cess. While the big farms have had trouble how to resolve their over-borrowing,
the farms depending on more non-agricultural income, composing a large numberof Japanese rice farms, have stuck to rice production with the help of non-agricul­
tural income.
Masayuki KASHIWAGI (Ibaragi University) reported that in the less favorable
areas for efficient productions, rice fields were abandoned and many farmers tended
to withdraw from maintaining rice terraces and even from their own communities.
The implications made by his discussion were that lost farm fields and lost commu­
nities may increase the danger of erosion and floods to towns and cities due to lessmaintenance of agriculture/forest and the lack of human activities involved in them.
After the four presentations, lots of questions and different views were pre­sented to the chairpersons, Jyunichi SAKAI (Tohoku University) and Kenji Horuoucm(Waseda University). About the OZAWA presentation, some views claimed neces­sity of re-negotiation of the WTO principles, partly because of the mismatch of
possible short supply in the near future against the current main rules based onoversupply, while other views gave a more optimistic outlook for much higher pro­duction of rice with more reasonable distribution between the developed and devel­
oping countries. The new channel of rice selling may bring higher prices to the big
farms and more profit to the market-oriented farmers, some discussants insisted.
Discussing how to encourage the big farms, some members pointed out thatthe cu汀ent agricultural land law regulating the requirements for operating farms interms of agricultural land seems too strict, and they said a more open policy to theenterprises is now necessary.
Taking on the topic of unfavorable areas, direct payment from the publicbudget apart from the production stimulation policy should be discussed, some par­ticipants argued. They introduced some cases in western European countries which
had brought about good maintenance of the resources not only for farming but also
for sightseeing.
83. Issues the AESJ is facing
The coming symposium in 1998 is planned to take up the issue of a new
fundamental agricultural law for Japan, which it is now intended to make in thenear future. The new law will lead the Japanese agricultural policy in the 21st
century. Therefore, the consequences of arguments on it have become the object ofpublic attention from not only agricultural economists but also all the people ofJapan. The Japanese self-sufficiency rate in food is very low. Especially on acalorie base, it is 46 % . From the national food security and enviromnental point ofview, this is a very important problem for us.
In the tendency toward internationalization, we need to publish a new journal
in English. In Japan we have very good and important papers on agriculture, butthey are almost all written in Japanese. Now we have started an editorial commit­
tee for a journal in English in our society. Through this journal we can prepare
ourselves to have more communication with economists all over the world.
(Osamu SooA, Kyoto University)(Yoshio lTo, Niigata University)(Yukio MAsrn, Kyoto University)(Kenji CHO, Kyushu University)(Kenji HoRIGUCHI, Waseda University，

JAPAN SOCIETY FOR COMMODITY SCIENCE
1. History and Activities of the Society
The Japan Society for Commodity Science assumes as its historical basis anassociation founded in 1935 by commodity scholars at commercial universities andcolleges in the whole country. A national convention was held nine times before
the War. The activities of the society were discontinued between 1941 and 1949;
however, they recommeded on April 25, 1950 and have continued since then.
Activities are as follows: (1) Regular issue of the journal Studies on Commodities,(2) Holding of national conventions, (3) Member participation in IGWT
(Internationale Gesellschaft ftir Warenkunde und Technologie) and holding of in­temational conferences, (4) Seven regional sections, (5) Participation in making
study guidelines of the Ministry of Education, (6) Execution of training courses forteachers in charge of commodity-related subjects at commercial high schools, etc.
2. The Progress of Research in Current Commodity Study
The activities of this society started from research presentations on a freesubject at the national convention. However, a symposium on a previously de­cided theme was added in 1963. Also, conferences for school education concern­
ing commodity science have been held from the national convention since 1955.
The themes of the symposia have been as follows.
1963: Various Problems Concerning Quality Display
1964: Quality and Fineness
1968: Methodology of Commodity Science in the Present Age
1969: International Competitive Power of Commodities
1970: Diversification of Commodities
1971: Pollution and Commodities
1972: Value in Use and Quality of Commodities
1973: Quality and Price
1974: The Subjects of Commodity Science
1975: Theory and Practice of Commodity Science
1976: Commodities and Safety
1977: For a Systematic Methodology of Commodity Science
1978: Subjects and Methodology of Commodity Science
1979: Commodities and Resources
1980: The Social Role of Commodity Science
1981: Commodities and Packaging
1982: Thoughts on the Characteristics of Commodities from the Phenomena ofMarkets
10

1983: Some Aspects of Formation of Commodities
1984: Conflict in International Dealings of Commodities
1985: Commodity Science and Commodity Testing
1986: Regional Character and Commodities
1988: The Development of Commodity Science Today
1989: Commodity Science Today, Problems and Prospects
1990: The Relation Between an Economy Including Service or Software and Com­
modity Science
1991: Merchandise Systems for Twenty-first Century
1992: Production and Circulation of Commodities in East Asia and the Problem of
Economic Blocks
1993: Current Problems of Commodities, and the Effect of the Commodity Making
Mechanism
1994: The Originality and the Social Meaning of Commodity Science
1995: Industrial Society of the 21st Century and Market Creation
1996: Approach of Commodity Science to Industrial, Structural Revolution
1997:Environmental Change in Business Society and Problems of Commodities
The society's members have considered something to do with the identity ofcommodity science as the themes of the above-mentioned symposia show. It canbe said that a long history of trial and error, despite some insufficiencies, has pro­
duced significant results. Although progress has sometimes been slow, and a lot oftime has been taken up with presenting hypothesis and developing analytical tools,
the Society has persistently moved forward to the practical application of com­modities research. Commodity education and methods of commodity study apart,the focus of research has been an quality of commodities and the expansion of thecommodity concept, followed by maintenance of the environment and consumer
behavior.
3. Current High School Commodity Education
To activate commodity education chiefly at commercial high schools, a re­search conference for commodity education was established. This has been held
every year since 1955. At first, presentations were in the form of a free subject, butsince 1971, a conference title has been announced in advance. Conference titles
have been as follows.
1971: Commodity Education and Pollution
1972: For New Commodity Education
1973:Recognition of Commodities and New Commodity Education
1974: Commodity Education at School and Its Relation to the Theory of Commod11

ity Science
1975:Commodity Education and the Commodity Department
1976:What is Taught in℃ommodities"?
1977:Problem Areas of Commodity Education and Appropriate Regulations
1978:Considering the Subject of Commodities in Accordance with the Next Study
Guidelines
1979:The New Study Guidelines and Commodities as a Subject
1980: Future Contents of the Subject of Commodities in Comodity Education, andHow to Deal with Them
1981:How to Carry Out Case Studies and Guidance based on the New Guidelines
1982:On Case Study Again
1983:The Significance of Practice and the Experiments in Commodities
1984:Class Development of Import and Export Commodities
1985:Modem Problems of Commodity Education
1986:Restructuring Commodity Education
1988:National Life and Commodity Education
1989:Position of Commodities in High School Commercial Education
1990:Searching for the Activation of Commodity Education
1991:Development of Problem Research and Commodities
1992:Trade Commodities and Eating Habits
1993:Class Development in Commodities and Related Subjects
1994:Ideal Commodity Education in the Future
1995:Ideals and Practice of New Commodity Education
1996:How is Commodity Knowledge Put to Use in Commodity Education?
1997: Ideals and Practice of Commodity Education
As the above-mentioned titles show, activation of commodity education is
the major aim. The Society's, members propose, as a means to achieve that aim,that commodity education should be included in the national curriculum.
4. Recent Annual National Conventions(l)The 45th National Convention
The 45th National Convention was held on May 21 and 22, 1994 at Nihon
University. The theme of the symposium was The Originality and the Social Mean­ing of Commodity Science. The symposium was co-chaired by Yoshifumi lsHIZAKI(Kanto Gakuin University) and Kazuhiko SAKAIRI (Bunkyo University).
Hiroaki AoKI (Senshu University) spoke on "The Approach from History".
He emphasized the need to take up the following three problems in future commod­
ity science. 1) Expansion of research, 2) environmental problems, and 3) adapting
to a more borderless world.
12

Yoshiro lrnMA (Waseda University)'s theme was "The Approach from Theory".
He considered the social meaning of commodity science by advancing analyticalinvestigations of marketability, the commodity phenomenon, commodity charac­
teristics, and commodity classification, etc.
Masahiro IWASHITA (Doshisha University)'s theme was "The Approach from
Policy". He proposed as follows. The understand commodities we need not a 19th
century scientific cinsciousness, but a consciousness of relativity appropriate to the20th century.
(2) The 46th National Convention
The 46th National Convention was held on May 20 and 21, 1995 at
Hitotsubashi University. Industrial Society of the 21st Century and Market Cre­
ation was set as the theme of the symposium, which was chaired by Takao lwASAWA(Kanto Gakuin University). The keynote lecture was given by Hiroshi KATAOKA(Hitotsubashi University) under the title "Industrial Structure of the 21st Century".
He insisted that the methodology of future commodity science was not a confronta­
tion or rivalry between social science and engineering or natural science, and had tobe an approach in which both were fused.
After the keynote lecture had been given, the following five presentations
were made. 1) Masahiro IWASHITA "Commodity Formation and Market Evalua­tion", 2) Hiroshi YOKOTA (The Ministry of International Trade and Industry Insti­
tute of Industrial Science and Technology) "View of Technological Developmentof the 21st Century", 3) Tooru SANPEI (Hitachi Ltd.)℃urrent State and Problems of
R & D in Manufacturing Industry", 4) Ken Kuoo (Seven-Eleven Japan)℃orre­
spondence to Change and Commodity Development", 5) Shizuo MuKAI (Kitakyushu
Technocenter Ltd.) "Regional Activation by Market Creation and Business Cre­
ation".
(3) The 47th National Convention
The 47th National Convention was held on May 25, 26 and 27, 1996 at
Yamaguchi University. The theme of the symposium was The Approach of Com­
modity Science to Industrial and Structural Revolution. The symposium was co­chaired by Yoshimitsu ToRIGOE (Okayama University of Commerce) and Kazuko
SAMEJIMA (Sapporo Gakuin University).
The following four presentations were made. 1) Toshihiro H1No (Towa
University) "The Concept of Managing Academic Commodity Science", 2) Kiyoe
SOMA Y AMA (Nagoya Welfare College) "Welfare Service as a Commodity", 3)
Mitsuharu MITSUI (Kobe University of Commerce) "Restructuring of Enterpriseand Commodity", 4) Haruo MoRIYA (Ryukoku University) "Artery Industry, Vein
Industry, and Commodity".
13

(4) The 48th National Convention
The 48th National Convention was held on May 24 and 25, 1997 at Sapporo
International Junior College. Environmental Change in Business Society and Prob­lem of Commodity was set as the theme of the symposium, which was co-chairedby Masahiro IWASHITA and Koichi NAKAMURA (Joubu University). The keynote
lecture was given by Masao UNO (Josai Kokusai University) under the title "Envi­ronmental Change in Business Society and its Chief Factors". He described therevolution in business society in the past half a century and emphasized the follow­
ing three points as problems for commodity scholars to solve. 1) Systematizationof Enterprise Management. 2) Viewing the Market from a Compound of Global
and Local Points. 3) Approach to Environmental Problems.
After the keynote lecture had been given, the following four presentations
were made. 1) Kazuhiko SAKAIRI "Problems of Commodities seen from Deregula­tion", 2) Kenichi lwAMI (Matsushita Consulting Company) "Problems of Commodi­
ties seen from the Law of Product Liability , 3) Kazuko SAMEJIMA "Problems ofCommodities seen from Environmental Protection", 4) Yasuhiro KosuoE (Marui­
Imai Co. Ltd., Sapporo Headquarters) "Problems of Commodities seen from theAgreements of theWorld Trade Organization".
5. Recent IGWT Symposia(l)The 9th IGWT symposium
The 9th IGWT Symposium was held on August 23-27, 1993 at Budapest
University of Economic Sciences in Hungary.
The common theme of the symposium was Environmentally Sound Productswith Clean Technologies, including the following six topics:
1) Challenges in the Field of Commodity Sciences
2) Aspects of Product Life-Cycle Management
3)Development in the Food Industry
4) Pollution Control Alternatives
5) Challenges in the Field of Commodity Sciences II6) Economy and Environment.
In this symposium, a serious discussion was done concerning the productionof commodities keeping environmental protection on a world scale in mind, thesystem of distribution, and the recycling problem in waste processing, etc.
(2) The 10th IGWT symposium
In 1995, the 10th IGWT Symposium was held at the Chinese People's Uni­
versity (Renmin University of China) on Sep. 4-8. The common theme of thesymposium was The Development and Future of Modem Commodity Science in14the Market Economy, including the following six topics:
1)Consumption Demands, Technical Progress and Product Innovation
2)Resource Exploitation, Commodity Production and Environment Protection3)The Quality of Law and Regulation, Product Liability, Quality Assurance, Qual­
ity Supervision and Consumer Protection4) Commodity Quality Testing and Comprehensive Quality Evaluation5)Commodity Packaging, Conservation, Transportation and Goods Flow Manage­
ment6)Progress in Teaching and Research in Commodity Science.
The sites for the symposia of the IGWT had been limited to Europe, Japan,
and South Korea up to now. This was a symposium in which it was actually feltthat the China Society of Commodity Science (CSCS) had been started in China
and the concern for commodity science was gaining strength.
(3) The 11th IGWT Symposium
Vienna University of Economics was the site for the 11th IGWT Symposiumfrom August 27th to September 1st, 1997 to the IGWT of the 11th times Sympo­
sium as a hall. The main subject of this symposium was Commodity Science andSustainable Development.
More detailed discussion was scheduled to be divided into four sections on
the law, resources, design, and marketing after the keynote lecture.
It is thought that these four sections will become the keys for the develop­
ment of modem commodity science.
6. The Basic Frame of New Commodity Research and Commodity Education
So far, the range of commodities treated by commodity science has been ma­
terial commodities. However, the range has come to include intangible commodi­
ties of service, software, and information, etc. besides material commodities at thepresent time. Research and education in commodities which can provide the solu­
tion to the problems concerning commodities in society are strongly needed. Bothhave different dimensions, but both are mutually related and supplement each other.
This Society is fortunately in a situation to aid that essential relatioship, and its
efforts are sure to continue in the future.
(Ryojiro IwAKI, Chiba University of Commerce)

15

THE SOCIETY FOR THE HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT (SHET)(1) Introduction
The Society for the History of Economic Thought (SHET), founded in 1950
with an original membership of 123, is now approaching towards the half century
anniversary with a membership of 864 at the end of 1996. As the membership hasgrown, SHET has, from time to time, adapted itself to the growing size in various
ways.
It is, however, quite recent that in and out of SHET not a small number ofchanges have taken place. All the members who graduated from the universities
under the pre-war educational regime are giving up their power and influence over
the administration of the Society to a much younger generation, almost all of whomwere born after 1940, and with whom a new wave is coming into the Society. It is,of course, natural that the collapse of the East European regimes has had someeffects on the Society.
More broadly speaking, different kinds of changes in social situation, in cir­
cumstances concerning historical research and in the intellectual concerns of histo­
rians have jointly exersised their powers over the Society in different ways such asadministrative policies, organizational structures, and deepening, widening and in­temationalization of research.
(2) Administrative and organizational reforms of SHETAs to the administration, demand for an annual English bulletin has origi­
nated among some members as research work has been internationalized and mem­
bers'abilities in English writing have improved. This led to the reconsideration of
the current bulletin (the Annual Bulletin of the Society for the History of Economic
Thought) and its editing system, and in May 1991 the Committee for Examinationof the Bulletin, composed of five members (chair: Takumi TSUDA, then Hitotsubashi
University), was set up and produced a recommendation to the General Assembly(through the executive committee) that an Editorial Board of the Bulletin of fivemembers should be established so as to maintain the consistency and continuity of
editorial policy. This recommendation was immediately put into practice frombulletin No. 30, 1992, abolishing the former practice of putting the editorial burden
on main universities on a rotating system.
Together with this reform of editorship of the Bulletin, as reported in thisInformation Bulletin No. 13, the Society issued the first number of its biann叫
Newsletter in 1992, replacing the former News.
The newly born Newsletter absorbed announcements and attendants'papersof relevant international conferences, which were formerly contained in the Bulle16

tin. This virtually was the first stage of the administrative reforms. In June 1993,
two committees came into being: one for inquiry into the English Bulletin (chair:
Takashi NEGISHI, then University of Tokyo) with five members, the other for recon­sideration of the national conference composed also of five members (chair: Hiroji
NAKAMURA, Kumamoto Gakuen University). Each committee drew up their re­spective recommendation for the General Assembly of SHET in the same year.
The former committee rightly found it quite unexpected for the Society's En­
glish Bulletin to have some circulation in the Western countries because it was theSociety's organ, and hence, in its stead, recommended us to edit and commerciallypublish, in three or five years, a volume of the English essays written by selected
members on particular subjects. This recommendation was positively received,
though accompanied by an increase in subscription for membership of¥1,000.-,
and the Editorial Board for English Publications of five members (chair: Takashi
NEGISHI, Aoyama Gakuin University, succeeded by Toshihiro TANAKA, Kwansei
Gakuin University, and then Yuichi SmoNoYa, Institute for Social Securities) was
authorised to start by the General Assembly in November 1993. The General
Assembly in 1996 recognized it for the volume of English essays entitled Eco­nomic Thought and Modemization in Japan, edited by Shiro SuGIHARA and Toshihiro
TANAKA and written by eleven members including two editors to be published by
Edward Elgar (London) in September 1998. It is needless to say that this attempt is
an example of an internationalization of our studies in a regional country in Asia.
After various discussions and investigations lasting more than a year, the Com­mittee for the Reconsideration of the National Conference, the other of the twin
committees, made up the following recommendations, which were affirmatively
accepted by the General Assembly in 1994. A symposium, which used to be heldin the second day afternoon of the national conference, should hereafter be held
once in two years, while instead, in between, some fora should be organized for thatafternoon, and that a sub-committee should be set up for both symposium and fora
to be smoothly performed. In addition to this, they recommended that two othersub-committees should be established: one to arrange the conference programme
consisting of probably more than twenty proposed papers, and another to edit, pub­lish and distribute all the papers in full or in fairly detailed resumes, including sym­
posmm papers.
What led to these administrative reforms was relevant to the sub-divisions ofresearch subjects, the result of which was to deepen inquiries into detailed subjects,
at the cost of weakening the concerns of each scholar for broad subjects suitable forbeing taken up in a symposium.
The remedies, however, of the distribution of papers before the conference
and of reducing the time for paper reading by 10 minutes (maximum half an hour)and extending, on the other hand, discussion time by the same length (maximum 25
minutes) were quite adequate for making the discussion in greater depth possible.
17

The Committee for Reconsideration of the National Conference was replacedby the Committee for Organising the National Conference, thanks to which, after ayear, Proceedings of 120 pages (160 pages in 1996) were published, which made it
possible to delete the national conference report from the Bulletin. And in thesame year, 1995, the first three fora commenced, the first one on "The light andshade of civilized society--the ideal task of the Scottish enlightenment" consistingof three papers, the second forum on "The British 'economic decline'--Marshall andKeynes" with three papers, and the third one of three papers on "Ethnic problems
and economics--centering on the period before and after the Russian Revolution".
Incidentally, the titles of symposia in the two previous years were "The history of
economic thought in Japan" in 1993 and "Quesnay?" in commemoration of thetricentennial anniversary of his birth in 1994. In 1996 the symposium on "Theworld of the Historical School" was held, as usual, in the afternoon of the second
day of the national conference.
The decision was also made, in the General Assembly of 1993, to exchange
the English titles of national conference papers with counterpart societies in fivecountries: Britain, America, Australia, Germany and France. This is another ex­
ample of the internationalisation of our research.
Furthermore, in the autumn of 1994, major organizational reforms were pro­
posed concerning various electoral systems, and resulted in June 1995 in the setting
up the Committee for Revision of the Society's Rules and Regulations, composedof seven members (chair: Takumi TsuoA, Toyama International University), whose
recommendations were, generally speaking, six in all: first, establishment of theBoard of Election Management; second, limitation of the period of serving as an
executive up to three successive terms; third, election of the President by executives;
fourth, exclusion of executives over 68 years of age; fifth, limitation of the numberof standing executives to five, each being, with the exception of the President, chair­persons of the four Standing committees - the Editorial Board of the Bulletin, theCommittee for Organizing the National Conference, the Editorial Board for En­
glish Monograph, and the Board for Projects and Communications; and sixth, no
more awards of honorary membership after 2000. Thus democratization of SHET
can be said to have fairly been carried into effect, which means a sign of the lost
influence of the older generation.
(3) Recent trends of the historical research of economic thought
SHET, as a member society affiliated with the Kenkyu Renraku Iinkai(Research Communication Committee) of the Nihon Gakujutsu Kaigi (JapaneseCongress for Arts and Sciences), has held, since 1993, four successive open lecture
meetings together with other member societies. The first lecture was given, in
March 1993, under the unified theme on "Socialism and Market Economy--in quest
18

for a desirable economic system," by three scholars including Mitsuharu ITo (The
University of the Air) of the Society, whose own title was "Reconsideration in thehistory of economic doctrines". Masatatsu TAKAHASHI (University of Kyoto) gave
a lecture entitled "Theoretical framework for treating women" at the second lecture
meeting in March 1994, whose common theme was "Economics and Women--aroundthe solution by market mechanism". In April 1996, Mitsuharu ITo again presided
over the third public lecture meeting on "The Twentieth Century and Keynes", whose
closing address was delivered by our colleague the late Professor Ryusho TAMAI.
"The Twenty-first Century and Capitalism" was the common subject of the fourth
public lecture meeting in April 1997.
In the 1995 national conference, another important new trend could clearly beseen, in that Michio AKAMA (Ehime University) appealed in his paper for the rest of
the members to form a computer network, SHET, the initials of the Society, which
was repeated by Kiichiro YAGI (University of Kyoto) in the older News of the Soci­ety.
Also in June 1995, the proposals for commemorating the fiftieth anniversaryof the Society in 2000 were passed and (1) Hiroji NAKAMURA (Kumamoto Gakuen
Uniersity) took charge of editing and publishing a booklet on the half a century
history of SHET, (2) Hiroshi TAKEMOTO (Osaka College of Economics) of holding acommemorative lecture meeting, (3) Yuichi SmoNOYA (Institute of Social Securities)of editing and publishing the English Monograph, (4) Kiichiro YAGI (the Universityof Kyoto) of compiling a data-base of studies and achievements on the history of
economic thought, and (4) Shouken MAWATARI (Tohoku University) of editing andpublishing The Encyclopedia ofthe History ofEconomic Thought through Maruzen
Publishing Co. in 2000. Comparing these extensive projects with previous
memoriable years' events will easily show how much SHET's capacities have in­creased in these years, and in what direction the various circumstances in and out of
SHET are moving.
New trends in studies of the history of economic thought can also be seen in
the Special Issues of our recent Bulletins. The title of No. 33, Oct. 1995, was"Smith, Ricardo and Marshall: illuminations from the environs" written by Daisuke
ARIE (Yokohama National University), Masaharu HATIORI (Rikkyo University) andTamotsu N1sHIZAWA (Hitotsubashi University); No. 34, November 1996, contained
four articles on Evolutionary Thought and Theory of Institutions by A. IsooAI(Kyushu University), H. lsoKAWA (Kinki University), Tetuso TAKA (Kyushu
University) and Yukihiro IKEDA (Keio University ). What can be seen in these titles
is the trend of widening of research; that is, not only main subjects in our studies but
also a number of minor figures around them and not only the orthodox school but
also other schools outside of the Classical and Marxian Schools have become thepopular objects of research, not for abandoning the main and orthodox subjects, butrather for throwing more light on them from the environs and abroad.
19

The following short lists are the product of recent years, expressive of the
new trends.
Studies on the Scottish Enlightenment, however, are still thriving. Main
products on the subject are: Yasuo AMOH, Ferguson and the Scottish Enlighten­ment, Keiso Shobo 1993; do., Adam Ferguson, Collection of Essays, Kyoto 1996;
Tatsuya SAKAMOTO, The Civilised Society in Hume: Industry, Knowledge and Free­
dom, Sobun sha 1995; Gentaro SEKI, Economic Thought for Forming a Market
Society: A Study on the Ideas of Economic Reform in Eighteenth Century Scot­
land, Minerva Shobo 1994; Shoji TANAKA, Adam Smith's Natural Theology: A Foun­dation for Establishing the Social Sciences of Enlightenment, Ochanomizu Shobo
1993 (this should be read together with his Adam Smith's Natural Jurisprudence,
Ochanomizu Shobo 1988); do., Theories of Civil Society and Modem Times: The
Present Tasks of Ideas and Re-interpretation of Modem Thoughts, Ochanomizu
Shobo 1994; Satoshi NIIMURA, The Making ofPolitical Economy: Adam Smith andModem Natural Jurisprudence, Ochanomizu Shobo 1994; Akio HosHINO, Systemsof Market Society: Hume and Smith, Shin Hyoron 1994; Hiroshi TAKEMOTO, The
Initiation ofthe Political Economy System: studies ofJames Steuart, Nagoya Daigaku
Shuppan Kai 1995 (Takemoto and others discharged the difficult task of translating
James Steuart's Principles ofPolitical Economy in 1993), Kyoji TAZOE, Some Groups
in the European History of Economic Thought, Hakuto Shobo 1995 (includes W.
Petty and Karl Marx); Chikakazu TADAKOSHI, "History ofAstronomy" and the Moral
Phiosophy of Adam Smith, Taga Shuppan 1995; Hideo TANAKA, Civilized Society
and the Public Mind: A Ground for the Scottish Enlightenment, Showado 1996;
lkuo OMoRI, Steuart and Smith, Minerva 1996; Takeo NAKATANI, State and Financein Adam Smith's Political Economy, Nakanishiya Shuppan 1996.
Other topics of the history of economic thought in England:
Toshihiro NAKAYA, Studies on Cambridge Economics: Malthus, Keynes andSraffa, Dobunkan 1997; Saburo SHINOMIYA, J.S. Mill: Development of Ideas,
Ochanomizu Shobo 1997; Hiroharu NAKAMURA, Studies on Ricardian Economics,
Kyushu Daigaku Shuppannkai 1996; Naobumi HmKATA, The Growth of Co-opera­
tive Ideas: Studies on Robert Owen in the Fonner Half ofHis Career, Chuo Daigaku
Shuppanbu 1993; Etsuko YASUKAWA, Irish Questions and Socialism: Studies on theSocialist Revival in Britain and Contemporary Social Thought, Ochanomizu Shobo
1993; Izumi H1sHIYAMA, Contemporary Assessments of Sraffian Economics, Kyoto
Daigaku Gakujutsu Shuppankai 1993; Takuyoshi INOUE and Masashi SAKAGUCHI(eds.), Marshall and the Contemporary Economics, Minerva Shobo 1993; Ryoichi
EBIHARA, Ricardian Socialism: Some Arguments on Early English Socialism, Sekai
Shoin 1994; Tadao OHNO, Liberty, Justice and Market: Essays on the History of
Economic Thought, Sobunsha 1994; Jiro KUMAGAI, Histo乃ofthe Free Trade Move20

ment in the British Cotton Industry: Manchester Chamber of Commerce, 18201932, Minerva Shobo 1995; Tamotsu N1sHIZAWA, Unorthodoxy Economists: Nine­
teenth-century Birmingham School's Ideas of Economic Policy, Iwanami Shoten
1993; Tsutomu HASHIMOTO, Some Arguments on Freedom - Popper, Mises and
Hayek, Sobunsha 1994; Toshio OGATA, Undercurrent of Modem Economics Marshall, Keynes and Kaletzki, Chudai Seikyo Shupppankyoku 1995; Yuichi
SHIONOYA, Schumpeterian Ideas, Toyokeizai Shinposha 1995; Takuya HATORI, Theo­
retical Range of Ricardo, Sekai Shoin 1995; Hideo TAMURA, Thomas More,
Kenkyusha Shuppan 1996; Masao HAMABAYASHI, Locke, Kenkyusha Shuppan 1996;
Sonoko YAMADA, Religious Ideas in the English Revolution, Ochanomizu Shobo
1994.
German history of economic thought, including Marxism and Marxian
economics:
Shin-ichi AIDA, Kautzky Studies: Races and Decentralization of Powers,
Showado 1993; Kunihiro UEMURA, Assimilation and Emancipation: Nineteenth­
Century ''Jewish Questions" Controversy, Heibonsha 1993; Toshihiko HozuMI, Po­
litical and Economical Ideas of German Socialism, Horitsu Bunkasha 1993; Shinichi
TAMURA, Studies on Gustav Schmoller, Ochanomizu Shobo 1993; Isamu KAMIJO,
History of Social Thought ofEthnicity and Ethnic Questions: re-assessment of Otto
Bauer's theory of Ethnicity, Azusa Shuppansha 1994; Ichiro TAMURA, State andPeople in Modem Germany: the Young Edgar Bauer Studies, 1842-1949, Shin
Hyoron 1994; Masaaki KuROTAKI, Rudolf Hilferding's Theoretical Legacy: From
Finanzkapital to Posthumous Manuscripts, Kindai Bungeisha 1995; Sho SuGIHARA
and others (eds.), Engels and the Modem Times, Ochanomizu Shobo 1995; Akihiro
MATOBA, Marx in Paris: Marx and Paris in 1840's, Ochanomizu Shobo 1995; do,.
Germans in France: Immigrants, Refugees and Tramps with Regard to the Socialist
Movements around the 1848 Revolution, Ochanomizu Shobo 1995.
Italy:
Jun-ichiro KuRosu, The History of Italian Social Thought: Ideas and Behav­
ior of the Democratic Section of the Risorgimento, Ochanomizu Shobo 1997; Seizo
HorrA, Beccaria and the Italian Enlightenment, Nagoya Daigaku Shuppannkai 1996.
With regards to France:
Toshimi MoRIMURA, Honours and Pleasures: Helvetius's Utilitarianism, Hosei
Daigaku Shuppan Kyoku 1993; Katsujiro FUJITA, Proudhon and Modem Times,
Sekai Shoin 1993; Shigeyuki SATO, Ideology and Mythology: Parato's Theories ofSocial Sciences, Bokutakusha 1993; Takashi UENO, Studies on Michel Chevalier,
Bokutakusha 1995.
America:Toshihiro TANAKA, Studies on the American History of Economic Thought:
focused on the Neo-classical School and the Institutional School, Koyo Shobo 1993;
Kenji SASANO, Institutionalist Economist Mitchel, Nakanishiya Shuppan 1995; Tetsuo
21

TAKA (eds.,), Economic Society as the Institution, Kyushu Daigaku Shuppankai
1996.
Japan:
Shiro SuornARA (ed.), Modem Japan and British Ideas, Nihon Keizai Hyoronsha
1995; Takashi Furn, Yanagida Kunio's Theories of Govemment and Relief of the
Poor: Economics, Ethics and Paedagogy, Nagoya Daigaku Shuppankai 1995; Norio
Y osHIDA, Ideas of Das Kapital: Marx and Hiromatsu on Theory of Fetishism, To­
kyo Shuppan 1995.
Other works of importance:
Fumitaka WAKAMORI, Political Economy of Capitalistic Development, Kansai
Daigaku Shuppanbu 1993; Takao KATSURAGI, Philosophy on Market Economy,
Sobunsha 1995; Atsushi SHIRAI, Universities and the Asian-Paciガc Ocean War, Nihon
Keizai Hyoronsha 1996; Nobuo SUZUKI and others (eds.), The World of Transition,
Nihon Keizai Hyoronsha 1997; Kiyoshi TAKASE, The Range of Contemporary So­
cial Science, Nihon Keizai Hyoronsha 1997; Yuichiro NAKAGAWA, Kenji ToMIZAWA
and others (eds.), New Horizon of Workers'Co-operative Union, Nihon Keizai
Hyoronsha 1996; Shigeatsu MATSUSHIMA, The History ofModem Economics, .18701970: Developments of Competitive Paradigm, Nagoya Daigaku Shuppankai 1996.
(4) Assessment and re-assessment
As to the Scottish political economy studies, I would like to make two points
here: first, it is quite remarkable that James Steuart has entirely been re-assessed as
the first builder of economic science in Britain, and second, natural theology andnatural jurisprudence are now indispensable to Smith studies.
I do expect, however, that Scottish Studies should be united with the eigh­teenth century English studies to understand eighteenth century Britain as a whole
under the Union Act of 1707. Also, in spite of the rapid advancement of Scottish
Enlightenment studies, James Steuart is still not seen in terms of it.
I should be quite happy to find (1) that minor figures and peripheral topics are
now more and more becoming the research subjects, (2) that original studies basedon manuscripts are recently increasing, (3) that solid studies backed by literary andbibliographical evidences are also increasing and (4) that these tendencies are able
to get great help from computers.
However, I am, at the same time, quite sorry to see (1) that still vast areas asof East Europe, most of Asia, and Africa are outside our research, (2) that most of
our researches still remain disciplinary studies and are not oriented towards intel­
lectual history, (3) that we are abusing the terms "market", "market society", "mar­ket system", or "market economy" with no clear definitions, and (4) that our atten­
tion to the critiques of economics by outsiders or protectionists of circumstances22such as English romantics seems to me fairly weak. These seem to be remaining to
be tackled as soon as possible.
(Yoshio NAGAI, Kanto Gakuin University)

23THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHERS
1. Brief history and recent development
This report mainly deals with the activity of the Japan Association of Eco­nomic Geographers (JAEG) in the last decade. A reverse wind against the devel­
opment of the JAEG has recently been blowing, because of the disappearance of
faculty posts in economic geography, and the absorption of economic geography
into other disciplinary sections of economics in the process of the series of univer­sity restructuring projects. Thus, from an institutional point of view, the reproduc­tion mechanism of economic geography is disappearing. In the discipline of eco­nomics, both courses and divisions of economic geography have been abandonedor altered to new names: regional or environmental studies. In addition, mosteconomic geographers who had supported the early activities of the JAEG having
retired, reproduction of graduate students in economic geography has now almost
halted. The steady developments of regional economics and spatial economics
have already become influential in the arena once taken by economic geography.
In the discipline of human geography, economic geography used to be seen as thesocial science of region or space. This uniqueness has now become weak, since
new perspectives of social science are very influential. The identity of economic
geography has actually become vague. However, a few new movements are emerg­
ing, which aim to create plural identities in the JAEG.
Here are some statements made when the JAEG was established in the year
1954: a founding member gave his retrospect on the academic atmosphere at thetime when the JAEG aimed to proceed her way along the discourse of social sci­ence, in that, on one hand, she adopted the theory and outcomes of social sciences
especially economics, and, on the other, she succeeded to the positive tradition ofgeography by attaching value to field surveys; the prospectus statement of the JAEG
claimed that, in order to create, develop and diffuse economic geography as a social
science, the JAEG should strive to heighten the theoretical level of economic geog­
raphy as well as to push forward studying the actual economic geographical issues.
Thus, the JAEG originally had the intention to lead deductive theory rather than to
discuss individual facts and outcomes, in other words to present economic geogra­
phy as a pure social science. The leading members when the JAEG was estab­lished mostly consisted of researchers coming from faculties of economics. Geog­
raphers were not so academically influential in this association as they are today.
Location theory and ground rent theory were being discussed eagerly and fasci­
nated researchers. In addition, issues of regional problems and regional policies
often received attention. Academic orientation among the members of the JAEG
was directed toward both theory and actual problems. These two orientations used
to be regarded as the hallmark of economic geography as a social science as op­
posed to other subdisciplines of human geography. But these features of economic
24

geography became less distinct after the introduction of social scientific methods
into human geography. From a geographer's point of view, let us consider thereasons for the difficulty in distinguishing differences between the activities of thethree major geographical associations in Japan: The Association of Japanese Geog­
raphers, The Association of Human Geographers and the JAEG.
Four reasons can be pointed out: 1. The main themes such as location theory
and ground rent theory are not being so eagerly discussed as before. The retire­
ment of professors who were mainly engaged in these theories coincided with thistendency. Only a few universities can reproduce graduate students in the subject of
economic geography. 2. Industrial geography and studies of industrial regions arestill being constantly produced. A few universities where several economic geog­
raphers gather could successfully reproduce researchers in this field. Although
field surveys in overseas regions have been increasing, these studies seem like ex­amination of industrial structures than area studies. 3. Contributions from the sub­disciplines of ordinary human geography such as urban geography, commercial
geography, studies of urban system proliferate in the journal of JAEG (Annals of
the JAEG). Most of these contributors are graduate students and younger univer­sity faculty members, who actually aim to gain credentials through contributing
papers evenly to the three major associations. This tendency weakens most of theexisting features of economic geography. 4. Theories of spatial configuration, andsocial space, and theoretical studies of space and society have recently emerged.
These themes have had a great influence not only on the themes of economic geog­
raphy but also on those of general human geography. This shakes the monopoly
status of economic geography as the sole social science in geography.
The following sections clarify how these tendencies are manifested in thejournal of the JAEG, and introduce several problematic issues and orientations shownin the symposium at the annual conference of the JAEG.
2. Current research concerns
Table 1 shows the classification of papers in the last decade which were con­tributed as either "article", "note" or "review" to the Annals of the JAEG. Papers
are classified according to category of geography, considering that three-fourths ofcontributors are geographers. The arrangement of the column of Table 1 runs inorder from economic geography proper (economic theories, industrial geography,
studies of enterprises and firms, rural and primary industrial geography) to studies
of regional policies and regional development, other fields of general human geog­
raphy (other than economic geography in a stricter sense, such as physical distribu­
tion, service, commercial, quantitative and urban geography), studies in urban soci­ety, urban planning to social geography to the bottom. Each paper could be classi­
fied into more than one sphere; however, general features might be roughly illus­
trated.
25

Classification and distribution of papers contributed to the Annals of the JAEG

Table 1

1997

CATEGORIES
economic theory

industrial geography

general6location theory4

regional structure1

historical study

2

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1990

1989

1988

1987

，

production system 15
labour market， ー13enterprises/firms-------------------- --—← -8

primary industry
rural area
regional policy
physical distribution'

service/officecommercial

4

behaviour

3

3 8 5

quantitative
population
urban systemmetropolitan areas
urban study'urban society'empirical study
theoryothers24133

social geography: urvan planning

9Z

97 3 5regional development/

In the last decade, studies on economic theory were on the decrease, whileurban studies and social geography emerged in the 1990s. Except for this example,
the share of economic geography amounted to more than 50 % of this journal. This
share seems to have been established at the beginning of the 1980s and continued
constant in the next twenty years.
It should be pointed out firstly that theoretical contributions on location theory
did not appear in the 1990s. The reason for this is the retirement of the leading
location theorists. Concerning the search for theories, the political economy ap­
proach in human geography and socio-economic theory such as regulation theory
became popular, while purely economic theories declined.
Most of the empirical studies in economic geography have been carried out inthe fields of industrial geography. Regional geography of industry, describing
both historical development and existing condition, has been constantly produced.
Empirical surveys dealing with economic restructuring are contributing to strengthen
the potential of economic geography. However, it is an urgent task to generalise
these valuable reseach assets on the Japanese production and labour system in aninternational context and to examine their theoretical implication.
As Table 1 shows, studies of enterprises and firms, which include not only
secondary industries but also commercial, service- and office-related industries andtheir regional structure, appeared most in the Annals. Urban and commercial ge­
ographers also contributed a lot. Most of these studies were, however, unable topresent a new frontier in these fields, except for some research that proceeded toanalyse further the decision-making process and marketing.
Rural or primary industrial geography are also constantly appearing. In ad­
dition to the steady appearance of works on the restructuring of agriculture and the
distribution mechanism, issues on the introduction of manufacturing industries into
the rural areas of developing Asian countries are also becoming popular.
Traditionally, economic geography in Japan has been fond of issues on re­gional development and policy. Most of the studies are case studies of foreigncountries. However, the dynamism of political issues remains unclear, and nopolicy proposal can be suggested from these researches.
More than one-third of the papers are studies in subdisciplines in human ge­
ography outside of economic geography proper. Regrettably, most these cannot
neither go beyond existing levels of analysis, nor propose new analytical frame­works or fact-finding for the development of economic geography. The originalityof the Annals suffers badly from these contributions.
Rather, attention should be paid to the following two types of research whichhave recently appeared in the category of urban studies. Firstly, a focus on lived
space rather than space for production, which aims to examine the transformationof urban communities and the role of urban planning. Although regional econo­
mists have already dealt with these issues, economic geographers have nearly ne27

glected these dimensions. Secondly, introduction of spatial socio-economic theo­ries, such as theory of social space, structuration theory, theory of spatial configura­tion, and also their empirical analysis, which might open up a pass to the develop­
ment of the whole of human geography. Among these theories, issues such as
flexible accumulation, "regulation" system, global system, international division oflabour, postmodemism, and socio-spatial dialectics lead us to anticipate the con­struction of more fruitful theories of economic geography. Both socio-culturalgeography and socio-economic geography play significant roles for renovatingproblematics in human geography.
3. Special issues chosen for annual meetings
Let us tum to examine the recent discussions in the annual meetings of the
JAEG. The papers and discussions at the annual conference are contributed to theAnnals of the JAEG. Table 2 illustrates the past ten years'trend, using the same setof categories as Table 1.
Another research orientation of the JAEG can be clearly seen in the themes ofannual conferences. Reflecting the themes selected in each conference, Table 2
shows a research trend different from that of Table 1. Although issues on industrial
geography are often chosen, problems of regional development and policies are themost popular topics. The frequent selections of special themes in regional devel­
opment and policies are regarded as a manifestation of the JAEG's intention to
tackle policy-oriented issues. However, these themes are less often dealt with in
the general contributions to the Annals of the JAEG, which shows that they are
weak points of the JAEG: there are few original articles with constructive proposals
for policy-making.
Special themes concerning the contribution to theories are also often selected.
The conference in 1993, "Space and Society", can be especially regarded as anepoch-making project. After this conference, themes diversified into either eco­nomic theory or social theory.
In the last decade, there have been three types of conference themes: 1. spatial
and geographical effects of the economic changes in Japan (including proposals forregional policy-making); 2. spatial changes of the economy in Japan andneighbouring foreign countries; 3. theoretical contributions from economic geogra­phy.
The themes belonging to the first type were taken up at the annual confer­ences from 1984 to 1988. Stimulated by the ongoing restructuring in the late 1980s,
economic geographers proper actively participated in these conferences.
The theme for 1987, Structural Change of Economic Activity in the Fringe ofthe Metropolitan Area, focused on the surrounding area of the metropolis. It fol­
lowed the previous conference theme of The Changing Industrial Structure andMetropolitan Regions in Japan. Most reports for 1987 remained at the level of28

examining current conditions, in comparison to the variety of previous years're­ports. On the contrary, the theme for _1988, Structural Adjustment of Industry andRegional Economy in Japan, dealt with the regional economic problems in otherareas of Japan. It was very critical for economic geographers, who could not pro­pose a counter-policy against the problem of polarised concentration in Tokyo.
The theme for 1989, Searching for a New Perspective on Economic Geogra­
phy, was selected quite aptly and timely, as the Study Group for.Regional Structure
was dissolved and economic geographers had to reexamine new theoretical andempirical issues. Regional distribution of industry through location studies of in­
dustrial enterprises was especially discussed here: it had been mainly pursued by
the above-mentioned study group. Among their efforts, debate about studies of
peripheral regions was worthy of note as it aimed to compensate the insufficiency
in analysis of regional problems.
At the beginning of the 1990s, a series of symposiums on similar themes were
held, which dealt with regional development and policies in Japan and neighbouring
countries: "Recent Aspects of Regional Development in Japan" in 1990, "SomeProblems of Foreign Area Studies―the case of Asia" in 1991, and℃ hanging
Economy in Regions on the Sea of Japan" in 1992.
The symposium in 1990, ambitious in its content, discussed endogenous eco­nomic development, concepts of region in terms of regional economics, and con­
ceptual differences between space and region. However, no mutual understanding
was reached in this debate. The latter two symposiums were planned in a situation
where quite a few geographers were actively engaged in area studies in foreigncountries. In these circumstances, analytical framework and methodology for pur­suing area studies should have been presented. In fact, most studies done by eco­nomic geographers were descriptions of economic or social features of particularregions. Toward more fruitful analysis, it is necessary to grapple with the dynam­
ics of the global economy.
There always exists an intra-disciplinary tension in geographical methodolo­gies that economic geographers present. Among the various methodologies, themost influential method is the political economy approach in human geography
which is deeply related to the theory of spatial configuration. The theme in 1993,
Space and Society, was deeply associated with this approach. This theme wasthought to be a very aggressive project to examine space and society through inter­disciplinary discussions with a historian, a political scientist, an economist and asociologist who gathered together with geographers.
After this symposium, "Dynamism of Japan's Regional Economic Structurein the 1990s" in 1994 and "The World City, Tokyo" in 1995 keenly recognised theurgency in both creating spatial theories and following up our changing world. The
symposium in 1994 reflected attempts by existing mainstream economic geogra­
phers to construct a theoretical idea which could bridge the space of enterprise29

activities with a global economy. The latter symposium on the World City, Tokyo,
stressed the importance of new regional geography which could vividly describe
local problems. To capture these problems, economic geographers must draw
attention to the outcomes of neighbouring disciplines dealing with the globalisationof the economy.
The theme in 1996, "Economic Growth in Asia and Japanese Local Econo­
mies" does not seem to have presented a new methodological perspective, in spiteof the encouragement from the participating policy-makers in regional planning.
4. Future challenges
The advent of socio-economic theories of spatial configuration and regula­tion theory in the 1990s has had a great influence on such existing theoretical orien­
tations of the JAEG as location theory and regional structure. The academic fron­tier of JAEG seems to have greatly shifted. The annual conferences have no doubt
been planned to respond to this shift. However, general contributions of articles andnotes to the Annals ofJAEG have not reflected the current trend enough. It is clearthat the stimulating spatial discourse has been addressed not by economic geogra­
phers but by economists and sociologists. New contributions from economic ge­
ographers are seen in the arena of international locational behaviour of enterprises
and new spatial divisions of labour. However, almost all examinations of regional
structure remain case studies of industrial activities. In these circumstances, eco­nomic geography should introduce the dynamic investigation of political and social
aspects into their analysis. At the same time, this challenge might obscure therelative distinctive character of economic geography. This global age cannot be
captured from a perspective of an isolated discipline. Therefore, economic geogra­
phers should not be particularists in support of the relative autonomy of their sub­discipline but venture into construction of a robust spatial theory of geography.
(Toshio M1zuucm, Osaka City University)

30

Classification and distribution of conference papers contiributed to the Annals of the JAEG

Table 2
CATEGORIES
economic theory

1996

1995

1994

I

• general
location theory
regional structureindustrial geography

-

1

3

1989

1990

labourmarket
―,
＿

2

＿

5

rural area..

----------------— · · -

--- -

一

• - -'，，. . ―----------.
-- -.•--·——

regional policy-- - • 一'

...,

.,.

●''

一 ー •― ---·

一 —- ---·· ―--------―-·- •

•

...

17

------- · --------------- - ·--- · - --.
——quanti. tati. ve—.. .. .

' ' '1commercial
―ー
,.

-·

•. .. · - ------·

physical distribution
service/office

1987

..

..

•一 •

regional development/

—

1988

．．

primary industry

31

1991

historical study

enterprises/firms

--

．

．．

3

'production system
--

1992

1993

.

- - --- -.

一 ー •一 -· -·· .' ... · ·- 一. - - ' — · - ------. "- - ----- - . . • • · - - -behaviour
population
urban system

1．

metropolitan areas
urban study

urvan planningurban society--·-· .,, .. .一 ―--------------social geography

empirical study
theoryothers

，

1
2

ト —

5
1

.

---- · .一 ―- - ' ·-· . .. - - - ― - - ---------·· .. .• -·

一

．

...

．

· · - - - -------- - - · .... . -- ---JAPAN ECONOMIC POLICY ASSOCIATION
History of the Japan Economic Policy Association
The Japan Economic Policy Association, established in 1940, is one of theoldest academic associations in Japan in the field of economics. Since its founda­tion, it has given birth to a number of other academic organizations related to thediscipline of economics. The association was reconstructed in 1948, three years
after the end of World War II, when it resumed its activities. A brief history of theactivities of the association for the period from its reconstruction to the 39th annual
conference in 1987 is given in this INFORMATION BULLETIN, N0.7 (1987),
reported by Toshinobu KATO (Asia University), Reishi MARUYA (Kobe University),
Kenji YAMADA, (Gifu Economic University) and Yoshinobu TAKAHASHI (Kagoshima
Economic University). In 1988 the association celebrated the 40th anniversary of
its post-war reconstruction. Those activities from 1988 to 1994 are reported in
INFORMATION BULLETIN, N0.14 (1994) by Toshinobu KATO (Asia Univer­sity).
Recently, a large number of researchers in public and private research insti­
tutes or laboratories and students at post-graduate schools have become membersof the association. Consequently, the membership has grown remarkably and cur­rently amounts to approximately 1250.
General Activities
The major activity of the association is its annual conference. A conference
common theme is chosen on the criteria of intellectual appeal and current relevanceby the program steering committee composed of members of the association, in­eluding those of the regional chapter responsible for sponsoring the conference in aparticular year. In addition, a subsidiary theme has also been selected along withthe main one since the 1989 convention, for promoting and deepening the discus­
sion on the main one.
The association consists of four regional chapters: the Kanto district chapter,the Chubu district chapter, the Kansai district chapter and the Nishi-Nihon district
chapter. Each chapter holds its own academic meetings once or twice a year sepa­
rately .
Recent Annual Conferences
In 1995 the 52nd annual conference of the association was held at the Univer­sity of Tokyo on May 13th-14th. Prior to session meetings, the presidential ad­
dress was given by Taketoshi NonRI (Osaka Gakuin University) on the subject of"Another Third Way". The common theme of the conference was Economic Rulesin the Age of Internationalization. The system of foreign trade and direct invest­
ment, government regulations, anti-monopoly laws and intellectual property rights
32

must necessarily be harmonized or unified among countries or economies under the
rapid globalization of economic activities. Now the need for new economic rules
has become more evident from the viewpoint of international harmonization andeconomic development. This is the reason why that particular title was selected by
the program steering committee as the conference common theme.
The chairpersons of the special session were Hiroshi KATO (Keio University),
and Kojiro NnNo (Kobe University). Reporters and their subjects for the common
theme were as follows.
(1) Mikoto Usrn (Keio University), "Toward lntemat10nal Harmomzation of Economic Rules"(2) Akira NEGISHI (Kobe University), "Japan's Task in the Era of Globalization"(3) Toshimasa TsuRUTA (Senshu University), "A Way of Existence for Govern­
ment Regulation in The Age of Internationalization"
A concluding summary was made by Hiroshi KATO (Keio University) andKojiro NnNo (Kobe University ). Commentators were Ryuhei W AKASUGI( Yokohama National University), Mitsuo EzAKI (Nagoya University) and Itsuta
KOBAYASHI (Tokai University).
Two sessions were set up for the subsidiary themes: "The Formation of Eco­nomic Rules" and "Internationalization of Economic Rules". Reporters and theirsubjects in Sessions 1 and 2 were as follows.
(Session 1)·Takanobu Tom (Waseda University), "Wilson and Keynes-Who Formed the
System and Rules of the World in the 21st century"·Shuichi NAKAMURA (Chiba Keizai University ), "The Evolution of Institutions
and Rules: A Modem Austrian Perspective"·Sadao TAMURA (Waseda University), "A Practical Model for Evaluation Rulesin the Non-Market Economy - Based on a Comparative Study of Denmark,
Switzerland and Japan"(Session 2)·Yukimasa NAGAYASU (Reitaku University), "On the International Decision Sys­
tems of Global Rule"·Nobuhiko SuTo (Tokai University), "Economic Sanction as an International
Economic Policy"·Hirokuni lmMA (Chuo University), " Economic Relations between Japan andUS, and Japanese Bureaucracy: Bureaucratic Behavior and Macroeconomic
Theory"·Yuichi KISHIMOTO (Momoyama Gakuin University), "New Economic Rules for
the Rice Trade in a Liberalized Rice Market under the WTO - In the Context
of Potential Reformation of the Rice Future Market in Japan"
In addition to these sessions, there were seven more sessions for the following
33

themes of free choice: "Transformation of Japanese Economy"; "The Theory of
Economic Policy"; "International Economy 一 (l)", "International Economy ー (2)";"An Economic Analysis of Population, Labor and Education"; "Industrial Organiz-ation ー (1) System and Behavior of the Firms"; "Industrial Organization-(2) Go­
vemment Regulation"; ℃hina's Economy"; and "Environmental Issues".
In 1996 the 53rd annual conference was held at Kansai University in Osakaon May 25th-26th. In addition to the main sessions for the common and subsidiary
themes, a symposium was held as a special session. The common theme of theconference was Economic Development and Institutional Change - the JapanesePath toward the 21st Century. This session was chaired by Masu UEKUSA (The
University of Tokyo) and Taketoshi NOJIRI (Osaka Gakuin University). The follo­wing were its reporters and subjects.
(1) Hiroyuki KAWANOBE (Tokai University), "Institutional Change and Economic
Policy"(2) Shigenobu YAMAMOTO (Kansai University)," Economic Globalization and theChange of the System"(3) Minoru NISHIDA (Kwansei Gakuin University), "Institutional Shift and Inno­
vat1onMasu UEKUSA and Taketoshi NonRI summarized the reports of the session and
Hiroo HARADA (Senshu University), Masumi KrsHI (Chuo University) and Hiroshi
SAITO (Aichi Gakuin University) were commentators on these reports respectively.
The symposium titled "Reconstruction of Local Economy damaged by the
Big Earthquake and Transformation of the Existing Systems" was coordinated by
Shinichi MIKI (Kobe University of Commerce). A keynote report was made by
Kojiro NISHIO (Kobe University), and the panelists were as follows: Toshihiko
HAYASHI (Osaka University), Senri HAGIO (Kansai Keizai Doyukai), Nobutsugu
HAYASHI (Kwansei Gakuin University) and Yoshishige ANDO (Kobe City).
The session for the subsidiary theme was divided into two parts. The themeof the first part was "Institutional Transformation Concerning Technology and In­formation " and that of the other part was "Institutional Transformation Concerning
Market and Systems". The reporters and their themes were as follows.
(Session 1)·Yoshihiko AKASHI (Osaka City University), "Quality Control Style, Small Group
Activities, and the Suggestion System in Japanese Firms"·Toshiro HIROTA(Kansai University), "Evolutionary Corporate Innovation"·Koichiro HAYASHI (International University of Japan), "the Gaps in the Appli­
cation of Information Technology between the US and Japan"(Session 2)·Koshi TAKESHITA (Kansai University), "Transitional Economies and Econom­
ics of Institutions"·Akira YAMAZAKI (Kyushu University), "Paradigm Shifts in Regional Policy"
34

·Naonori TsuDA (Momoyama Gakuin University), "Property Rights and Deci­sion Rights: Efficiency of Corporate Democracy and Reform of the Economic
System"There were 10 more sessions for the themes of free choice: "The Theory of
Economic Policy ー (1) Macro Economic Policy"; "The Theory of Economic Policyー(2) Principles"; "International Economy ー (1) Economies of Europe and the USA";"International Economy ー (2) Asian Economy; Environment Economy"; "Regional
Economy"; ℃onsumer Behavior"; "Welfare and Employment"; "Industrial Orga­nization -(1) Innovation"; "Industrial Organization ー (2) Research andDevelopment"; and "Industrial Organization ー (3) Industrial Policy and Business
Behavior".
In 1997 the 54th annual conference was held at Chuo University in Tokyo.
On the first day of the conference, there were two kinds of programs: the first one
was ordinary reports and discussion concerning the main conference theme, thesecond one was a symposium as a special session.
The theme of the former was What is the Effectiveness of Economic Policy:
Its Idea, Subjects and Instruments. The chairpersons of this session were
Toshinosuke KASHIWAZAKI (Waseda University) and Takashi SuzuKI (Kwansei
Gakuin University). The reporters and their subjects were as follows:(1) Hiroshi YosHIKAWA (The University of Tokyo), "Macro Economic Policy"(2) lchiro SHIRAKAWA (Ritsumeikan University), "Reform of The Social Economic
System"(3) Takashi 0MORI (Osaka University), "International Policy in the Asian Age"The selected symposium theme was "The Idea, Subjects and Instruments ofDecentralization toward a Society Composed of Elderly People as its Major Com­ponent". A keynote address, "The Drive for and the Strategy of Decentralization"
was made by Masaru NISHIO (The University of Tokyo). The coordinator of thesession was Naohiko J1NNO (The University of Tokyo), and the panelists of thesymposium were Takafumi lsoMURA (Mayor of Osaka), Kazuyoshi KUROKAWA (Hosei
University), Tetsuo Tsun (Ministry of Health and Welfare) and Mari NISHINO (Meiji
University) .
For the subsidiary themes on the second day, two sessions were set up: "TheTheory of Economic Policy I; Ideas", and "The Theory of Economic Policy II;
Macro-Economic Policy". The first session consisted of the following speakers
and subjects.
·Hiroshi SuzuKI (Hokkai Gakuen University of Kitami), "Development of Eco­nomics and Subjects of the Theory of Economic Policy "·Yasuaki NAGAYA (Osaka Prefectural University), "The Political Conception ofSocial Market Economy"
35

·Richard T. DAILEY (Montana University), "Economic and Social Indicators as a
Measure of the Efficiency of Economic Policy in Selected APEC Countries."
The following were reporters and their subjects in the second session.
·Haruki NIWA (Osaka Gakuin University), " Effectiveness of Keynesian Policy"·Souji OKAMURA (Daito Bunka University), "The Theory and The Political Im­
plication of the New Keynesians"·Fujio SUGIYAMA (Bunkyo University), "Monopolistic Competitive Economy andEconomic Growth Theory by Harrod"
Besides these main sessions, there were 7 more sessions for the themes offree choice: "Social Security and Welfare I,"; "Social Security and Welfare II";
"Industrial Policy I - Business Behavior"; "Industrial Policy II - Industrialization";"Industrial Policy III - Region and Industries"; "Industrial Policy IV - Shift toService Industries and Stocks"; and "Environment Policy"
The 55th Annual Conference of the Japan Economic Policy Association will
be held at Osaka Gakuin University in 1998.
Publications
The association publishes The Annual of Japan Economic Policy Associa­
tion, and volume 46 carrying the articles and reports of the activities of the associa­
tion in 1997 will be published in March 1998.
The Annual contains all of reports: the presidential address, full papers on theconference common theme, comments on those papers, summary on subsidiarycommon themes and free themes and an outline of the symposium at the Confer­ence. In addition, it includes book reviews, the proceedings of the association
itself and regional subsections; manager meetings, research meetings and so on.
(Mari NISHINO, Meiji University)

36

JAPANESE ASSOCIATION FOR
INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STUDIES
Research Trends of International Accounting in Japan: 1972-1996
I. Introduction
It was not until the 1970's that serious studies on International Accounting(IA) began to surface in Japan. Globalization of business activities and capital
markets strongly influenced the emergence of accounting research on international
dimensions. In 1984, the Japanese Association for International Accounting Stud­ies was established, which again stimulated IA research in Japan.
In this paper, research trends of IA for the recent twenty-five years (19721996) will be analyzed based on survey results of the literature. Preceding studies
include Kazuo HrRAMATSU (Kwansei Gakuin University), "State-of-the-Art of In­
ternational Accounting Research in Japan," Shogaku Ronkyu (Journal of Business
Administration of Kwansei Gakuin University), Vol. 30, No.l (July 1982), pp.70108, which conducted a survey for the period of 1970-1982. Another preceding
study is Kiyoshi KocHIYAMA (Kansai Jogakuin Junior College), "Trends of Interna­
tional Accounting Research in Japan," Kwansei Gakuin Shogaku Kenkyu, No.35(March 1994), pp. 1-18, in which a survey was conducted for the period of 19821992. For convenience in this paper, these two studies will be called "H-K Re­
search".
A new survey was conducted in this paper for the period of 1992-1996. This
result is combined together with the survey results of H-K Research to provide data
for the analysis of IA research trends in Japan.
II. Survey Method of International Accounting Research Trend
The survey method which was used in H-K Research is outlined below. First,
for each year, the number of publications which were classified as accounting in"The Monthly Report on Economic Literature" was counted. This "Monthly Re­
port" was included in the journal entitled Keizai Hyoron (The Economic Review).
Prepared by the Research Institute of Economics at Osaka City University, "TheMonthly Report" covered articles from over 700 journals and books which wereassociated with economics in a broad sense. Publications were classified into six­teen categories, with "accounting" as one of the sixteen.
Second, from among the above publications, the articles which were regarded
as dealing with IA issues were selected and summed up.
Third, IA articles were then broadly classified into three categories: (I) ac­
counting for multinational corporations, (II) international comparisons of account37

ing and financial reporting, and (III) introduction/explanation of foreign account­ing regulations and practices.
Fourth, IA articles were further classified by topics.
Fifth, in KocHIYAMA [1994], the articles written in non-Japanese languages
were counted and shown in category (IV).
In this paper, the same survey method as the one used by H-K Research wasused in principle. However, for the additional survey conducted in this paper,
some changes were made to H-K Research.
The first change relates to the classification of articles. For categories (1),(II), and (IV), the classification method was the same as in H-K Research. Addi­
tions were made to category (III), where the articles were classified not only foreach country, but were classified and summed up for each region.
The second change relates to the source of information for this survey. Keizai
Hyoron (The Economic Review) became out of print in May 1993. Thus "TheMonthly Report on Economic Literature" which was included in Keizai Hyoron
was transferred to "The Quarterly Report on Economic Literature" in Kikan Keizai
Kenkyu (Quarterly Economic Research) starting with the issue for Summer 1993.
.
This journal is published by the Research Institute of Economics at Osaka City
University. For this reason, "The Quarterly Report on Economic Literature" wasused for the additional survey.
The third change relates to the determination of the "year". The additional
survey in this paper defines a year as the period from April to next March, while H­
K Research defines it as the period from January to December. For the year 1993,
articles included in the April and May issues of "The Monthly Report", and Sum­mer 1993, Fall 1993, Winter 1993 and Spring 1994 issues of "The Quarterly Re­
port" were considered. For the year 1994, articles from the Summer 1994 issue tothe Spring 1995 issue were used. The same procedures were followed for the years
1995 and 1996.
The fourth change relates to the period. H-K Research showed the survey
results for each year. But in this paper, the results are shown for each "period" offive years. The twenty five years of the survey were divided into five periods, witheach period covering five years as follows: The first period: 1972-76, the second
period: 1977-81, the third period: 1982-86, the fourth period: 1987-91, and the fifth
period: 1992-96.
III. Trends of International Accounting Research(1) Number of Publications on IA
Let us first observe a general trend in the number of accounting and IA publications. Table 1 shows the total number of accountmg publications for eachperiod. After showing a peak in the second period with 4006 articles, it shows a38stable number with 3200-3300 articles for each period.
In contrast, the number of IA research articles increased from 248 in the first
period to 755 in the fifth period. Likewise the percentage of IA research to the total
number of accounting publications also increased from 7% in the first period to
22% in the fifth period.
From this fact, it can be indicated that IA now forms an important part ofaccounting research.
(2) Research Trends of Accounting for Multinational Corporations
Let us now analyze and discuss the research trends of (I) accounting for mul­tinational corporations, (II) international comparisons of accounting and financial
reporting, and (Ill) introduction/explanation of foreign accounting regulations andpractices, based on Table 2.
First, publications on accounting for multinational corporations are increas­
ing as a general trend. The number of publications in this category recorded a great
increase from 79 in the first period to 188 in the fifth period. However, its percent­age to the total of IA publications was the highest in the first period with 32%.
After dropping to the lowest percentage of 17% in the third period, it recovered to
25% in the fifth period.
Throughout all periods, most of the articles in this category dealt with finan­cial accounting issues, especially issues like international accounting in general,
foreign currency translation and harmonization of accounting standards, covering
almost 80% of this category. As a natural result, the number of articles in manage­
ment accounting is relatively small.
A recent characteristic is that foreign currency translation, which was pre­dominant at an early stage is stable recently, while articles dealing with intema­tional accounting in general and harmonization of accounting standards are increas­ing. Articles on international auditing, which were observed less often, are gradu­
ally increasing, although their percentage is still small.
Within managerial accounting area, articles on performance evaluation are
steadily increasing, although it is still small in both number and percentage. Again,
as compared with the financial accounting area, IA research in managerial account­ing is relatively small.
As a whole, the percentage of articles in this category is increasing recently.
(3) Research Trends of International Comparisons of Accounting and Financial
Reporting
It was not easy to identify the publications of this category solely from thetitle. Hence we cannot conclude anything definitely about the trend in this cat­egory.
From the data in Table 2, it can be indicated that the number of publications
39

in this category has increased throughout all periods. There were only 7 articles in
the first period, while there are 51 in the fifth period. Among them, comparative
accounting in general and comparisons between Japan and foreign countries are
increasing.
In contrast, international patterns of accounting or financial statements, which
once attracted researchers, dropped in the fifth period after a peak in the fourth
period.
(4) Research Trends of Introduction/Explanation of Foreign Accounting Regula­tions and Practices
By observing the sub-totals of (III) in Table 2, it can be indicated that the
number of publications in this category tripled from the first period, although it
remained at the same level from the fourth period to the fifth period. Countries
which were added to H-K Research are Austria, the Philippines and Morocco.
Among these articles which were counted under "A. Several Nations", Asia NIES,
Scandinavian countries and NIS countries were newly added.
Let us observe the trends in regions from Table 2. Among the ten regions,Western Europe is the top throughout all periods, with a share of 50% in the fifth
period. Next comes North America with a share of 34%. And the third, but far
below from the top two, is East Asia with a share of 7%.
These top three regions cover more than 90% of all the articles in category(III). However, Western Europe and North America were at their peak in the third
period, and decreased after that. In contrast, East Asia is growing recently in per­centage. Furthermore, ASEAN countries, which were not found in the first andsecond periods, are steadily increasing, although the absolute number is not big yet.
Now, let us observe the number of publications for each country. Articles on
the United States are the most numerous, with a share of 32% in category (III) in thefifth period. Following the United States, former West Germany is the second with
19%, the United Kingdom is the third with 14%, France is the fourth with 12%, and
the People's Republic of China is the fifth with 4%. Articles dealing with these top
five countries occupied more than 80% of category (III), which is more than 60% of
the total IA research.'
Within Asia (including East Asia, ASEAN and other Asian countries), the
PRC is the most numerous, followed by South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore. Ar­
tides on Asian countries are still few. However, taking into account the fact that
only the PRC, Korea and Taiwan appeared in the first and second periods, it isnoticeable that articles have appeared on eleven countries in Asia by the end of thefifth period.
(5) Research Trends of Publications in Foreign Languages
Finally, the number of publications in foreign languages is increasing as can
40be seen in Table 3. The articles dealing with Japanese accounting are also showing
an increase. Among them are not only articles written in English, but also some
written in German, French and Russian. The articles of IA research published in
English during the fifth period are listed below.
1.

2.
3.

4.

5.

6.
7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

Akira NISHIMURA (Kyushu University), "The Development and Future of Man­
agement Accounting in Japan and the U.S.A.," Keizaigaku-Kenkyu (Joumalof Political Economy), LVIl-3·4, 1991.
S. NISSAN, ℃ ash Flow Disclosures in the United States of America and Ja­
pan," Chukyo Business Review, 13, 1991.
Kaoru Ism1 (Toyo University), "Issues on Current Governmental Auditing inJapan," Keiei Kenkyujo Ronshu (Studies of Business Administration), 15,1992.
Susumu KATSUYAMA (Nihon University), "A Study on Accounting for Yalu­
ation Profits and Losses in Japan - With Special Reference to Stock andLand," Shogaku Shushi, LXIl-1, 1992.
T. E. CooKE (University of Exeter) and Masato KIKUYA (Kokushikan Univer­sity), "International Comparison of Segmental Reporting in the US, UK andJapan," Keiri-Kenkyu (The Accounting Research), 36, 1992.
Fumiyasu TAKAHASHI (Nihon University), "Cost Accounting Practices in Ja­
pan," Shogaku Shushi, LXIl-3, 1992.
Kazutaka SHIRAISHI (Kitakyushu University), "The Main Differences between
American GAAP and Japanese Accounting Principles," The Review ofBusi­
ness and Economics, XXVIII-4, 1993.
Shigeo AOKI (Tokyo International University), "Accounting Characteristics
and Financial Structure in Japan," The Joumal of Tokyo Intemational Uni­
versity (The School of Commerce), 47, 1993.
Akira NISHIMURA (Kyushu University), "The Recent Developments in Japa­
nese Management Accounting and their Impact on British and New ZealandCompanies," Keizaigaku-Kenkyu (Joumal of Political Economy), LIX-3·4,
1993.
Ichiro SHIINA (Chuo Gakuin University), "Culture, Business and Accounting
Environment in Japan," The Chuo-Gakuin University Review ofEconomics& Commerce, VIIl-2, 1994.
Yoshiro KIMIZUKA (Sakushin Gakuin University), ℃ost Accounting and The
War - the Japanese Experience," Shogaku Ronsan (The Journal ofCommerce), XXXVI-5·6, 1995.
Junichi CHIBA (Tokyo Metropolitan University), "Two Aspects of JapaneseExternal Accounting in the Socio-Historical Context of Modernization,"
Keizai to Keizaigaku (Joumal of the Faculty of Economics), 79, 1995.
Yoshihiro ToKUGA (Kyushu University), "The Obstacles to International Har—
41

14.

15.

monization of Accounting in Japan," Keizaigaku-Kenkyu (Journal of Politi­
cal Economy), LXI-3·4, 1995.
Yoshinao MATSUMOTO (Kagawa University), "The Countervailing Power ofJapanese Auditors," The Kagawa University Economic Review, LXVIII-2·
3, 1995.
Yoshihiro !To (Seikei University), "Integrating Quality Costing and ABC
with Japanese Quality Management," Review of Asian and Pacific Studies,13, 1996.

Judging from the titles of the articles, they are mostly introduction/explana­tion of Japanese accounting or a comparison between Japan and a foreign country.
IV. Summary
In this paper, research trends of international accounting were analyzed forfive periods covering the recent 25 years through the survey of accounting litera­ture. It was revealed that the total number of IA research articles showed growthboth in number and in the percentage to total accounting publications. It is re­garded as a sign of growing importance of IA research, reflecting the globalizationof the Japanese economy.
Remarkable increase was observed in categories (I), accounting for multina­
tional corporations, and (II), international comparisons of accounting and financial
reporting, although the absolute number of publications is smaller as compared tothe articles in category (III), introduction/explanation of foreign accounting regula­tions and practices. In category (III), it is observed that its share is decreasing,although the number of publications is still predominant. Based on the fact thatJapanese corporations now have a strong commitment with Asian countries, inter­national accounting articles on Asia are rapidly increasing. Today, with the devel­
opment of the borderless economy, there are strong demands towards the intema­tional harmonization of accounting standards. This again will further enhance theimportance of international accounting research in the future.
(Kazuo HIRAMATSU, Kwansei Gakuin University)42

Table 1
Number of Publications on Accounting and International Accounting/By Period (Summary)
Topics/Periods

1

2

3

4

5

Total

Total Number of Accounting Publications

3376

4006

3374

3257

3383

17396

248

508

564

677

755

2752

7.35

12.68

16.72

20.79

22.32

15.99

(A)
Number of Publications on International
Accounting (B)Percentage of (B) to (A)Table 2
Number of Publications on International Accounting/By Period·Category
Periods

1

2

3

4

5

Total

Topics/Years

72-76

77-81

82-86

87-91

92-96

72-96

5

6

12

24

49

96

2. Foreign Currency Translation

44

49

26

37

47

203

3. Harmonization of International

15

20

35

24

50

144

6

7

15

4

4

3

，

41

6. Performance Evaluation

l

3

5

14

23

7. International Transfer Pricing

I

I

3

2

5

4

2

4

3

4

3

for Multinational(I) Accounting

Corporations

1. International Accounting in General(Financial

Accounting

Issue s)Accounting Regulations
4. Disclosure by Multinational Corporation

4

5. International Auditing
Accounti(Managerial，

ng Issues)

8. International Taxation

2

20

5
2

11

(Other Issues)
9. International Consolidation

8

10. Overseas Financial Activities
11. Survey of Accounting for Foreign

18
2

12
1

1

Transactions
SUBTOTAL (I)(II) International

Comparisons

79

97

95

115

188

574

of Accounting

andFinancial

1. Comparative Accounting in General

I

4

13

3

23

44

2. International Patterns of Accounting

3

I

7

15

4

30

3. Comparisons between Japan and Foreign

3

11

30

24

77

31

48

51

151

Countries
SUBTOTAL (II)

7
43

，

14

Reporting(Ill )

Introduction/ Explanation

Accountingof Foreign

Regulations

andPractices
Nations

A. Several
B. North

7

14

3

8

14

46

56

121

153

164

157

651

2

2

2

10

12

28

America

1. U.S.A.
2. Canada
3. Mexico

7
B.SUBTOfAL

58

130

4. Brazil

45

5. Argentina

22

C. Central

and South

2
155

171

688

1

5

America1

6. Cuba
C. SUB10TAL

6，

EuropeD. Western

174

7. EC (EU)

7

1

II

19

゜

，

，
I

I

15

13

52

8. United Kingdom

11

53

73

76

68

281

9. Former Federal Republic of Germany

32

52

73

76

68

392

10. France

22

72

40

62

47

243

11. The Netherlands

3

6

4

4

3

20

12. Belgium

12(West Germany)

13. Denmark

3I

1

14. Sweden

11I

15. Norway
16. Italyl2

17. Spain2

18. Switzerland

3

2

1

3

1

3

3

19. Austria
D. SUBTOfAL
E. Former

U.S.S.R.

/ Eastern

81

Europe20. Former U.S.S.R. (Russia)

4

21. Former German Democratic Republic

199

，

4

12

2

2

230

257

247

1014

6

7

15

41
6

3

1

2

22. Former Yugoslavia

2

2

5

23. Poland

2(East Germany)

24. Hungary

1
1

25. Bulgaria

1

3
1

1
E. SUBTOTAL

4

44

16

10

10

，

3
l

23

63

F. Africa
26. Egypt

1
2

27. OCAM
28. South Africa

1

2

3

5

3

3

29. Morocco
I

F. SUBTOTAL

1

1

2

3

4

1

11

4

10

7

11

32

G. East Asia
30 . South Korea
31. Taiwan

2

l

2

7

4

16

32. China

2

15

11

26

30

84

4

20

23

46

45

138

34. Singapore

3

6

1

10

35. Indonesia

1

2

3

l

1

33 . Hong Kong

6
G. SUBTOTAL

6

H. ASEAN

36. Thailand
37. Malaysia

゜ ゜

38. the Philippine s
H. SUBTOTAL
I. Other Asian Nations
39. India3゜ ゜

40 . Mongolia
I. SUB'IUI'AL
J. Oceania
41. AustraliaI

42. New Zealand
1

1

1

I

3

16

゜

1

3
I

l

3

8

6

2

7

24

，

2

1

4

8

8

3

11

32

l

J. SUBTOTAL

，

4

I

4

SUBTOTAL (III)

162

397

438

514

516

2027

Total (1+11+111)

248

508

564

677

755

2752

Table 3
Number of Publications in Foreign Languages/By Period
Periods

1

2

3

4

5

Total

Topics/Years

72-76

77-81

82-86

87-91

92-96

72-96

(N) Publications in Foreign Languages

20

32

45

97

Publications on Japanese Accounting in

1

10

15

26

English45

THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICSThe Japan Society of International Economics (JSIE) was founded on April
29, 1950. Its constitution states that the aim is to promote academic research oftheoretical, empirical and policy-oriented international economics. It holds anannual all-Japan conference, publishes proceedings in the official bulletin Intema­tional Economy and promotes coordination with academic associations inside andoutside Japan.
The conference location alternates between Kanto and Kansai-Chubu. The
Society holds occasional local conferences as well as district conferences in each
district (Kanto (East of Japan), Chubu (Center) and Kansai (West)). Its member­ship is 1190 as of June 10, 1997. The Kanto district has 689 members, the Chubu
77, and the Kansai 399. The rest consists of 14 institutional members and 11
overseas members. The membership increases year after year.
The all-Japan two-day annual conference usually consists of free-theme ses­
sions on the second day as well as a plenary session on the first day. The plenary
session consists of three keynote speeches, which are subject to objective and com­prehensive comments by three panelists. Other members join the following after­
noon overall discussion, which is extensive, intense and profound, contributing tohigher quality of the JSIE and better fellowship among the members. Young rising
economists get academically stimulated by being involved in the lively first-rate
plenary discussion by scholars of international economics representing Japan. A
five-member program committee, officially selected at the plenary session of theconference held a year before, carefully and objectively selects first-rate presentersand disinterested discussants from purely academic viewpoints.
The JSIE members are made up of academic and business economists. Busi­
ness circles inside and outside Japan show increasing interest in the activities of theJSIE. Scientific cooperation in general between business and academic circles inJapan still lags behind that in other advanced countries, as pointed out by fo rmer
JSIE presidents. It has therefore become customary since 1992 to add an open
symposium to the conference, as stipulated in the constitution. The symposium isgeneral, timely and open to all citizens including local businessmen, thus enhanc­
ing the social contribution of the JSIE and contact with the business community.
Because Japan is increasingly involved in the world community, the impor­tance of the JSIE tends to rise year after year. The number of papers written in
English is increasing. So is the number of papers presented and commented in
English. Some sessions use no Japanese. The door is now open for economists
from abroad, and this will help the JSIE become truly international.
Noteworthy is the recent tie with the Korean International Economics Asso­
ciation (KIEA), initiated in1995 by the Presidents of the two associations: Masaru
46

SAITOH (Chuo University, Japan) and Choong Yong AHN (Chung-Ang University,
Korea). The latter's presentation at the 1995 convention "Korea-Japan Partnershipin a Dynamic but Turbulent East Asian Economy" symbolizes increasing academic
mutual relationship. Papers on Korea had already appeared increasingly. The
academic tie is in line with various ideas of preceding JSIE presidents, especially
Kiyoshi IKEMOTO (Kobe University, the 1992-1994 JSIE President). The Japan­
Korea Partnership Agreement refers to the promotion of mutual understanding ofworld, Asian and Japan-Korean economies, mutual invitation to respective annual
conferences, promotion of joint research, mutual payment of expenditures based onreciprocity, etc. Similar academic ties with other countries are desired in line with
the JSIE constitution.
The Table shows the themes of the annual conferences. The themes arediverse and change from year to year, reflecting changing major trends in intema­tional economy. Here are some features of the JSIE conferences noted in the Table.
(1) OVERVIEW 1950-1997
During the 1950s, Japan was in the process of economic recovery and thecold war was widespread. The themes were directed toward Japanese trade, theSoviet economy and typical topics of traditional international economics. In the
1960s, new phases emerged with focus on the North-South problem and related
issues. The Asian economy has already attracted much attention, as seen in the1969 conference. Theoretical papers and ones on currency continue to attract muchattention. The two oil crises in the 1970s and related issues brought about funda­
mental changes of the world economy, causing the conferences to focus on these
new issues year after year. The 1985 Plaza Accord constituted a historical land­mark in the world economy. Forty years had passed after World War II. Timely
discussion in this line was made at the 1985 and the 1988 conferences. The end of
the cold war around 1990 marked a new phase for the JSIE, with interests shifting
to such topics as the new role of Japan or Japanese-style management, sustainable
development, environment and resource issues, etc. The importance of Asian coun­tries (Asian NIES, ASEAN, China, India, and other Asian followers) will continue
to attract much interest for JSIE members. Their presentations in English willcontinue to increase, enhancing its contribution to the academic world communityof international economics.

(2)THREE-POLE WORLD
The world economy consists of three poles, which are in the order of GDP (a)the EU, (b) the US, and (c) Japan. Behind the EU lies Africa, behind the US Latin
America, and behind Japan Asia. The number of JSIE presentations are in thereverse order. Many papers have been presented on Japan, the Asia, and the Pan­
Pacific, followed by the US and NAFfA, but very few on the EU and Africa. Also47

few are papers on former socialist countries.
(3)INTEGRATION
The three-pole world is getting smaller. This means globalization or unifica­tion on the one hand, but regional integration on the other. In what relations do thetwo stand? This seemingly contradictory trend has long attracted much interest, as
reflected in the themes of the Table. One solution is "open regionalism", to which
many agree.
(4)CONTRASTSSuch opposing concepts tend to be taken up one after another in the main
theme of the plenary session. It is the tradition already to contrast regionalism with
globalism, bilateralism with multilateralism, and nationalism with international­
ism. These contrasts will be focused on in the future, too. The JSIE has seen
academic progress by thoroughly examining such contrasts and by synthesizing
and overcoming contradictions.
(5)CONFLICTS
A shrinking world implies increasing conflicts, e.g., US-Japan trade conflicts,
and the papers on these issues are on the increase. The Japanese economy andJapanese business are critically discussed in comparison with other countries, de­veloped and developing.
(6)GLOBALIZATION
It goes without saying that the globalization process per se of the world
economy has been a major focus of the JSIE with the 21st century just around thecomer. Meaningful in this respect are the 1960 conference on a new phase of theworld economy, the 1979 conference with the 1980s in prospect, and the 1985 con­ference discussing the forty years after the war.
(?)BALANCE
The keynote presenters used to consist of those members belonging to so­called modem economics, and those belonging to so-called Marxist economics inorder keep balance. The balance, however, has been losing importance since thecollapse of the USSR and other socialist countries. Gaining importance are such
subjects as transition, environment, sustainability, economic aid, philanthropy, etc.
It was at the 1995 conference that "environment" first entered into the main themeof the plenary session.
(8)REAL ASPECTS
Emphasis is placed more on real-side issues than on monetary-side issues.
48

Currency, financial capital movements, balance of payments, international finance,
and the like tend to be less frequently discussed than trade, direct investment, eco­nomic development, terms of trade and the like.
(9) PURE THEORY
A gradual shift in interest from purely theoretical to empirical or policy-ori­
ented papers has taken place in the JSIE in recent years. In Japan, there is a bigger
association, the Japan Association of Economics and Econometrics, which has ses­
sions devoted exclusively to theoretical issues of international economics. Purely
theoretical papers tend to be taken up there.

KEYNOTE PRESENTATIONS 1990-1996
Here are recent themes as well as interesting highlights of annual conferences
dating back to 1990. We go backward, starting with the latest year. Some featuresof three keynote speeches are introduced in relation to the overall theme.
(1999 (theme still unknown, conference site in the Kansai region))(1998 Economic Growth of East Asia: Will It Last in the 21st Century too ?)(1997 Economic Development and World System: Market Economy, Aid andEnvironment)
1996 Unification of World Economy and Internationalization of Japanese Business
The theme focused on new trends in Japanese business in the increasingly
borderless world. The three keynote presentations centered around the theme andrevealed new in-depth analysis.
Akihisa YAMADA (Yokohama University of Commerce) revealed his field sur­veys of Japanese companies in Russia, US and Europe, pointing out the need forJapanese business behavior to change drastically in the age of globalization. Japa­
nese MNCs must conform to internationally known codes of behavior to prevent
corporate-culture friction.
Likewise Fukunari KIMURA (Keio University) and Hirohisa KoHAMA (Shizuoka
Prefectural University) maintained, on the basis of their investigation of the recent
behavior of Japanese sogo-sosha (general trading companies), that their importancein Japanese trade transactions is on the downside and that they need to be diversi­
fied to include such businesses as initiating trades between third countries, devel­
oping new imports according to their design, and planning, building and maintain­
ing new industrial parks in emerging economies. The general trading companies
49

serve and will serve still as important information center to which other informa­tion-seeking companies flock.
Tamotsu TAKASE (Tokai University) illuminated his long research on a codeof ethics on international business arid argued that corporate ethics is deficient par­ticularly in Japan. Japanese businessmen sometimes run the risk of becoming
unscrupulous for the interest of their own companies. University education on
corporate ethics needs to be improved. The floor agreed that Japanese companies
must "live and work together for the common good" (kyose1) and satisfy the needsof "stakeholders". Japanese-style management reached a peak in the late 1980s,
thereafter needing drastic change in the face of growing globalization. Japanesecommon sense is the world's uncommon sense.
1995 Environment-Resource Problem and International Trade
Commonly focused on by the keynote presentations of the 1995 annual con­ference was the issue of sustainable development, or sustainable trade, very impor­tant for the 21st century.
Akihiro AMANO (Kwansei Gakuin University) analyzed in the first keynote
paper "Trade, Environment and Development" the theoretical internalization of glo­
bal externalities, and proposed more rigorous application of the OECD Polluter­
Pay Principle, abstention from using ecology as pretext for trade-protectionist mea­sures and the like.
Hiroaki FUKAMI (Keio University) in the second keynote paper "Resources
and International Trade" focussed on the three-E trilemma (trilemma among Envi­ronment, Energy and Economy) and called for (a) reorientation of international
trade per se toward "sustainable trade", (b)intemalization of external diseconomies(like A恥o), and (c)reconsideration of resource trade in the wider context of North­South Trade.
Jun NISHIKAWA (Waseda University) likewise discussed in the third keynote
paper "Resource and Sustainable Development" resource-environment problems
and sustainable development and concluded that sustainable development must be
supported by sustainable livelihood. This in tum calls for a transformation of ourvalue system and our paradigm on economic development with the focus on humanbeings in social development.
1994 Regional Integration and Global System
Contrasts are made between regional and world-wide integration in money,
trade and business.
Yoshihiko MoTOYAMA (Kyoto University, 1996-98 President of JSIE) ana­lyzed the world monetary system made up of three poles (US$, Yen, DM), thedestructive bad effects of huge speculative derivatives on financial stability andcalls for a revaluation of gold. The discussant Takuji SHIMANO (Gakushuin
50University) suspected that there was no meaning to reconsider gold or gold-backed
currency now and pointed out the importance of policy coordination, gaining some
support from the floor.
In the second keynote speech, Yoko SAZANAMI (Keio University) analyzed
recent changes in world trade rules in the global system and pointed out the impor­tant constructive role being played by the WTO (e.g. service trade, intellectual prop­
erty rights, trade-related investment). She stressed the importance of supporting
the WTO for the sound growth of the world economy. Events thereafter have
moved in line with what she said.
Tetsuo ABO (University of Tokyo) revealed the result of comparative analysisof the international transfer of management and production technologies by Japa­
nese firms and the relationship between regional differences in the degree of trans­
fer of Japanese business system and movements towards greater regional integra­tion, using his well-known Application-Adaptation (Hybrid) model. The degree ofthe transfer differs from country to country, resulting in differences in businessperformance. Many pertinent comments and questions were raised from the floor,
contributing to the JSIE quality.
1993 Present and Future of Pan-Pacific Region: Role of JapanThe role of Japan was discussed, following the extensive diversified exami­
nations of various Pan-Pacific issues.
Twu Jaw-yann (Nagoya University) presented "Regional Integration in the
East Asia: Implication in Perspective" and discussed clearly the localized economic
zone in East Asia (say, China) which is different from expanding regionalism (say,EU). The fundamental differences between the two were supplemented by his
discussant, Toshio WATANABE (Tokyo Institute of Technology).
lppei YAMAZAWA (Hitotsubashi University) and Peter DRYDALE (Australian
National University) presented the second keynote paper "Tasks Ahead for Asia
Pacific Economies" and focussed on APEC and its difference from the EC (now theEU). Full-fledged institutional integration as seen in European Community is nei­
ther feasible nor necessary in Asia-Pacific. It will be a loosely organized structure
for a wide range of cooperative activities. All member economies who are com­mitted jointly to the task of sustaining growth and cooperation will maintain theirautonomy in economic policies in Asia-Pacific.
Hiroshi BABA (Tokyo University) presented the third keynote paper "World
Economy of fin de siecle (end-of-century) and the Pacific Area" and discussed
overaffluence in some advanced countries, as seen in the fads of esthetics, dieting,jogging, etc. in the context of appearing environmental constraints.
1992 Integration and Disintegration of the World Economy - The Role of Japan
Integration and disintegration were contrasted with the focus on the EC, USSR,
51

and East Europe. MNCs and the role of the US were also considered. The role ofJapan was common to all keynote speakers. The 1992 conference was character­ized by five, instead of the usual three, keynote presentations. These five dealt
more or less with world integration and disintegration seriously, deeply and exten­
sively. It was indeed a very busy conference, but also quite meaningful, making
another success story for the JSIE.
Sadatoshi SHIMIZU (Ritsumeikan University) in the first keynote speech℃ompletion of EC Internal Market and Japan" expressed cautious optimism about
the future of European integration after pointing out inherent difficulties on theroad.
Serguey BRAGUINSKY (Yokohama City University) in the second keynote pre­sentation "Disintegration and Economic Integrity in the Former Soviet Union" used
the Shang-Jin Wei model and analyzed the former USSR in terms of interdepen­
dence vs. disintegration.
Hirohisa KoHAMA (ShizuokaPrefectural University) in the third keynote speech"Economic Transition in Eastern Europe-A Structural Adjustment Approach"examined the process of transition from planned to market economy in Eastern
Europe, which would require extensive long-term structural adjustment. in thisrequirement, developing countries in other continents were no different. In the
1980s, developing countries had been shifting to market-guided strategies based on
World- Bank-type advice of structural adjustment. Japanese experiences of struc­tural adjustments, it was pointed out, would prove beneficial for Eastern Europe.
Herein lay the role of Japan.
Shohshichi SUGIMOTO (Kyoto University) in the fourth speech " Integration
and Disintegration of the World Economy-Position of Japan" concluded that there
would be unification of advanced countries and incorporation of developing coun­tries therein. This was something new and could be called a new historical stage,
with unification and incorporation taking place at the same time. It was MNCs thatwould play a central role in this historical process. The MNCs (e.g. Japanese big
businesses) would build up and keep supply networks throughout the world (e.g.
Asia), contributing to the above process.
Fukutaro WATANABE (Gakushuin University) in the fifth speech "U.S. Policy
for Integration and Disintegration of the World Economy" referred to the end of the
Pax Americana, the rise of the EC and Japan relative to the US, the consequent
three-pole system, and the importance of the principle common to Europe and theUS, viz., free market economy and parliamentary democracy. Japan would follow.
The US would pursue its national interest in the new three-pole political system.
1991 Turbulent World Economy: In Search of New International Economic Order
The focus was on some world turbulences in currency, trade and the emer­
gence of the West Pacific. A comprehensive discussion by one noted member was52

another feature.
Shojiro TOKUNAGA in the first keynote paper "Fluctuating Exchange Rate Sys­
tern and Financial Globalization-National Interests and Optimal Currency Area
under Dollar System" argued that the float promoted national interests and changed
the Dollar-standard system. Nationalism with the float would lead to a mosaic
optimal currency area. The current Dollar-Standard System involved structuralcontradictions with the floating exchange rate system. His comprehensive analysis
contributed to a unification of both the currency system argument and the intema­tional financial organization argument, causing active discussion among partici­
pants.
Makoto lKEMA (Hitotsubashi University) delivered the second keynote paper"Free Trade Area and Regionalism" and considered from a long-term aspect therelation between regionalism and multilateral trade liberalization. He concluded
that GATT should function beyond regionalism and that Japan should play a posi­tive role in strengthening the GATT system.
Toshio WATANABE (Tokyo Institute of Technology) in the third keynote speech"On the Development of the Western Pacific Economy" analyzed the chain reac­tion of growth among East Asian countries which were enjoying the benefits ofbackwardness. His cogent reasoning on Asian dynamism is now well known.
As comprehensive discussant, Takuji SHIMANO (Gakushuin University) gave
comments on the three keynote presentations. His comment was based on thecriterion of symmetry and that of flexibility for the first monetary paper, and on thecriterion of efficiency, effectiveness and consistency for the second and third real­
sector papers. Such comprehensive comments require sharp insight and profoundknowledge of advancing international economics, which is not always possible.
1990 Regionalism and World Economy
Various aspects of emerging regionalisms were analyzed, with the focus on
Pacific, US-Japan and EC integration. A comprehensive discussion by one noted
member was a feature.
Ippei YAMAZAWA (Hitotsubashi University) in the first keynote "Pacific Co­
operation and the Global Economy" traced the historical evolution of the APEC
and characterized it as the Pacific version of the OECD, its features being open
regionalism, non-exclusiveness and gradual liberalization.
Minoru SEKISHITA (Ritsumeikan University) in the second keynote speech "A
View of the Structural Impediments Initiative between Japan and US" explained
the historical process of politicizing US-Japan economic conflicts and referred con­elusively to the inevitability of the bilateral structural adjustment or SIL
Soko TANAKA (Tohoku University) in the third keynote presentation "The De­
velopment of European Integration and some Prospects for the Reconstruction ofEurope" discussed regionalism, German reunification and prospects of European
53

reorganization, favoring Euro-optimism rather than Euro-pessimism.
As comprehensive commentator for the three keynote speeches, Jun NrsHrKAWA(Waseda University) pointed out that further research should be made in the rela­tion between globalism and regionalism, between economic nationalism andborderless economy, and between regional integration and functional integration.
Shohshichi SUGIMOTO (Kyoto University) said that these researches were needed
and were expected to lead to an "economic theory of interdependence". The JSIE
conferences thereafter have tended to follow the path outlined by them.
(Kiyoshi ABE, Chiba University)

54

TABLE All-Japan Conferences of the Japan Society oflntemational Economics(JSIE)
No
1
2

Month, Year
April, 1950
November, 1950

3

May, 1951

4

November, 1951

Kobe University

5
6
7

June, 1952
November, 1952
May, 1953

Keio University
Kyoto University
Waseda University，

10

October, 1953
May, 1954
November, 1954

11

May, 1955

Nagoya University
Tokyo University
Kobe Universitv ofCommerce
Hitotsubashi University

12

November, 1955

13

May, 1956

Kansai Gakuin University
Keio University

14

November, 1956

Osaka University

15
16
17

June, 1957
November, 1957
November, 1958

18

July, 1959

19

July, 1960

Tohoku University
Osaka City University
Yokohama National
University, etc.
Hokkaido University,
etc.
Fukuoka University

20

October, 1961

Toyama University

8

Place
Tokyo University
Osaka Municipal University
Hitotsubashi University

55

Theme of Plenary Session(Inauguration)
International Values
International Values (Cont'd)
Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
Japanese Trade: How It
Should Be
Analysis of Soviet Economy
Dollar Shortage
Structural Disequilibrium of
Postwar World Economy
Asian Economy and Japan
Imperialism Controversy
Business Fluctuations andBalance of Payments
Economic Development of
Backward Countries: Theory
and PracticeInternational Capital Movements
System of International
Trade and Finance
Economic Development andForeign Trade
Japanese Economy and Trade
Japanese Economy and Trade
World Business Fluctuations
and Japanese Trade
Structural Inconsistencies ofWorld Economy
New Phase of World
EconomyWorld Economy and Intemational Currency: Postwar
Practice and Mechanism

21

November, 1962

Kyoto University

22

October, 1963

Meiji University

23
24

October, 1964
October, 1965

Kobe University
Chuo University

25

October, 1966

Kansai University

26

October, 1967

27

October, 1968

Kokugakuin University
Nagoya University

28

October, 1969

Yamaguchi University

29

November, 1970

Gakushuin University

30

November, 1971

Nagasaki University

31

November, 1972

Musashi University

32

October, 1973

Kwansei Gakuin University

33

October, 1974

Waseda University

34

October, 1975

Kyushu University

35

October, 1976

Hitotsubashi University

56

Economic Development andTrade - w i th Focus o n
Backward Countries
World Business Conditions:
Analysis and Countermeasures
Course of World Economy
International Cooperation:
Current Situation and Prospects
Fundamental Issues of International Economics
Theory and Practice of Regionalisrn
International Currency: Current Situation and New Developments
New Developments in Asian
EconomyInternational Capital Movements and World Market
Japanese Trade Policy inTransition
I n t e r na t i o n a l C u r r e n c y
System: Reconstruction and
Problems
Future of International Currency System and Floating
Exchange Rates
Confusion and Reorganization ofWorldEconomy: Current Analysis and Policy Aspects
World Economy in Crisis:
Structure and Suggested Solution
Liberalism and Regionalism:
Review of the Principle ofMultilateralism, Freedom,and Indiscrimination

36

October, 1977

37

October, 1978

38

October, 1979

39

October, 1980

40

July, 1981

41

October, 1982

42

October, 1983

43

October, 1984

44

October, 1985

45

October, 1986

46

October, 1987

47

October, 1988

48

October, 1989

49

October, 1990

Survey of International Economics with Focus on Tradeand North-South Problem
Friction and Coordination in
Keio University
International Economy: With
Emphasis on Balance of Payments and Industrial Adjustment
Kumamoto University O v e r v i ew o f W o r l dEconomy: 1980s in Prospectof Commerce
Nagoya City Univer- Contemporary Capitalism
and International Economy:sity
Ideological vs Institutionalist
ApproachOtaru University of US-Japan and Europe-Japan
Economic Conflicts
Commerce
Kobe University of Present and Future of International Trade System: In
Commerce
Search of an Orderly Trade
World Recession: Solution
Nihon University
and Countermeasure
International Currency andKobe University
Financial Issue: MarketOpening Problem
Forty Years after the War:
Meiji University
Structural Transformation
and Prospects of World
EconomyInternational
Economic
Hiroshima University
Organization: Ideas and Realitv
Tohoku Gakuin Uni- I n t e r n a t i o n a l i z a t i o n i nProgress and Business Activversity
ity
Curre nt Stage of World
Doshisha University
Economy: Retrospect andProspect
Chuo University
Technological Innovationand World Economy
Ritsumeikan Univer- Re gionalis m and Worldsity
EconomyOsaka University

57

50

October, 1991

51

October, 1992

52

October, 1993

53

October, 1994

54

October, 1995

55

October, 1996

56

October, 1997

57

October, 1998

58

(1999)(Nagoya City)

Turbulent World Economy:
In Search of New International Economic Order
Fukushima University Integration and Disintegrat ion of World Economy:
Role of Japan
Osaka City University Present and Future of PanPacific Region: Role ofJapan
Niigata University
Regional Integrat ion and
Global System
Kansai University
E n v i ro n me n t -Resource
Problem and International
Trade
Chiba University
U n i fi c a t i o n o f Wo r l dEconomy and Internationalization of Japanese BusinessSei-nan Gakuin Uni- Development and World
versity
System: Market Economy,
Aid and Environment
Kanto Gakuin Univer- Economic Growth of East
sity
Asia: Will It Last in the 21stCentury too ?
(Kansai)58

THE JAPAN PORT ECONOMICS ASSOCIATION
Common Issues in the Past Five Years - 1992 to 1996
1. 1992 Globalization of Economy in Local Areas and Ports
Six members delivered presentations, subject as indicated, in relation to theabove 1992 theme. Their presentations are summarised as follows:"Ports in Regional Areas in the Age of Internationalization," Etsuko SHIBATA,
Shimonoseki City College:
It is hoped that a community group be formed in the port city to approachinternational society through cultural exchanges. For this purpose, it is necessary
to activate international exchanges on an age, school level, and individual citizen
basis.
"Internationalization of Hokkaido Economy and Ports," Norimasa KuMASHIRO,
Kumashiro System Design Office:
A key point for internationalization is that a plan for a systematically consistent
distribution function should be promoted across the inland-to-sea zone in relation­
ship with the industrial and port function, by the joint efforts of the government andthe private sector.
"Business Concentration and Port Activities in Hokkaido," Taro MATSUZAWA,
Hokkaido Foundation for Youth Scientific Culture:
It is pointed out that excessive business concentration in Sapporo comes from
two aspects :history and geographical position. The outlets of most governmentalorganizations and public financial activities are located in Sapporo. These are agreat factor for business concentration.
"Internationalization of Economy in the Zone of Northern Kyushu and Port
Roles," Masatoshi KAGAWA, Kumamoto University:
In the Japan Sea coastal zone, where the local government and the private sec­
tor attempt to address internationalization jointly, speculation is said to be com­paratively less united, especially in Fukuoka and Yamaguchi prefectures. Their
coordination and adjustments seem to be preceded by competition and confronta­
tion even in improving Kitakyushu, Hakata and Shimonoseki ports.
"Northern Territory and Ports," Fujio CmsuMA, Hiroshima Mercantile Marine
College:
Japan, a small capital country in the past, now has excessively accumulated
capital. If its capital is invested internationally in improving the lives of people inneighboring countries and economic development, this could result in mutual ben­efits. Corporate investment should not be sought for profits only.
"Globalization and the Free Port System," Toru YAMAJO, Nihon University:
One issue today for the Japanese long-term trading policy is to build a globally
opened port base in the long term for physical distribution. Toward this end, tran­sient, entrepot, and intermediate trade should be promoted. This way of revolution
59

for a highly free port system provides a milestone to take a direct look at the global
economy.
1993: Asian Economy Advancement and Ports
Six members delivered presentations, subject as indicated, in relation to theabove 1993 theme. Their presentations are summarised as follows:"The Change in Asian Physical Distribution and That in Circumstances Sur­rounding Container Ports," Sho-Hang PARK, Koshin University, Korea:
Freights handled by the eight major ports in Asia accounts for about 45% ofcontainer freight at the 20 major ports in the world. If the Asian economic zone isdeveloped in the future, the amount of freight is bound to acccelerate, eventually
the world.
"The Growth of East Asian Economy and Unequal Growth of Container Ports,"
Takehiko KIMURA, Nagoya Port Authority:
The dynamism of economic growth in east Asia brings about unequal growthof container ports, and world first and second rank container ports emerge. This
fact leads to the theory for repetitive investment led by the government in ports,
including their front and back zones.
"The Economic Growth in East and Southeast Asia and Major Container Inter­mediate Transport," Masayuki Dm, Kobe University of Commerce:
It is a characteristic point that intermediate transport occupies a very high pro­portion of Korea-Japan container transportation. The amount of container trans­
portation from China is rapidly increasing now. The rate of transportation in­creased by 46% in Korea and by 41% in Yokohama from 1991 to 1992. Thistendency is remarkably the case with Thailand among ASEAN countries.
"The Unity of the Asian Economy and Ports," Toru YAMAJO, Nihon University:
Given the historical position of our country, free ports are believed to be an
essential means, and a free port with strong authority should also be founded in ourcountry. This idea is a desired option from the world viewpoint.
"The Kyushu Economic Zone and Sea and Air Ports in Asia," Masatoshi
KAGAWA, Kumamoto University:
Efforts for internationalization are needed for the Kyushu economic zone andAsia. This concept is important and essential for the advancement of the zone.
These are dynamic and favorable conditions to realize the concept. An experimentbeing carried out in the Kyushu zone is greatly significant.
"An Example of Cooperation for Internationalization in a Regional Port City,"
Etsuko SHIBATA, Shimonoseki City College:
In the circumstances under which trade among Japan, Korea and China is actu­
ally activated, the east Asian six-city meeting held spontaneously by the regional
cities involved is believed to trigger the progress of full economic exchange. It is
important for major foreign trading ports in China and Korea on the shore of the2.

60

Yellow Sea to find a way to grow cooperatively without falling into destructive
competition.

1994: Regional Activation and Ports
Three members delivered presentations, subject as indicated, in relation withthe above 1994 theme. Their presentations are in summarised as follows:"Area Vitalization and Port Cultural Position," Mitsunobu HrBINO, Nagoya Port
Culture Center:
Port and harbor vitalization and community building begins from producing
characteristic ports. This means that port buildup must take precedence over the
lives of people. Therefore, port and harbor must mean a place and space used as azone for the lives of people enhancing interdependence and a physical distribution
and production base.
"The Development of Physical Distribution in Tomakomai, Hokkaido," Hideki
YOSHIOKA, Hokkaigakuen Kitami University:
Individual ports in Hokkaido should not be involved in small communityism.
Although the concentration of city function in one place gives rise to various prob­
lems such as extremes of dense and sparse population, that of distribution function
does not. The latter should be accepted from the viewpoint of enhanced distribu­
tion efficiency and cost reduction. Now is the time to cooperate to expand
Tomakomai port to be a really large physical distribution base in Hokkaido.
℃ hanges in the Bay Marine Products Industry in Port and Harbor Cities,"
Shinichi WANO, Bureau of Port and Harbors, Tokyo Metropolitan Government:
Ofunato has the ability to do about four times more popular fish processing
quantity-wise per fish processing concern than other cities. This is a characteristic
point of the city. Ofunato's issue from now on is that it must turn the business fromquantity into quality from the viewpoint of a possible increase in demand for ma­rine products throughout the nation. This means that the city must pursue value­
addrd marine products i.e., how it must increase sales of those products. Toward
this end, it is an issue for Ofunato to take measures to improve the marine environ­ment and its fishery industry, and use the port for multiple purposes, etc.
3.

4.

1995: People's Life and Ports
Seven members delivered presentations, subject as indicated, in relation to theabove 1995 theme. Thier presentations are summarized as follows:"The Function of Y okkaichi City Port along with the Overseas Development of
the Petrochemical Industry," Tatsuo ITo, Mie University:
Since major countries in Asia would establish their self-supply system for pet­rochemical products in the early part of the 21st century, shipment from the Yokkaichi
City port is predicted to be substantially reduced. As for the city tax, it is urgent to61

plan and implement measures for port economic promotion to maintain export
freights.
"The Social Environment of Ports and Citizens'Vitality," Mitsunobu HmrNo,
Yokkaichi City University:
The improvement and expansion of the Yokkaichi port could lead to the re­markable urban growth and changes in the shopping quarters. I feel that this resultsfrom the measures to be taken for the port and harbor advancement chiefly led by
the area (people). Furthermore, I feel nostalgia for the old good days of Yokkaichi
port, which advanced as a result of efforts by people, businesses and the port.""Effects on People Living by Port and Harbor Developments," Kaoru SEINO,
Ishikari Bay New Port Authority:
For activating exchanges with other countries chiefly in northeast Asia with its
great potential, (1) to develop an industry to produce export products making use ofgeographical features with the new Ishikari Bay port in the background, (2) to im­prove facilities in the port front area that allows effective intermediate trading ofproducts exported from the coastal industrial regions in the Pacific Rim zone andother areas, and (3) to review the plans for the improvement of a free port zone.
"The Hanshin Earthquake and Reconstruction of the Kobe Port," Shozo T心AKA,
Institute of Traffic and Transportation Policy:
For rebuilding the city focusing on a nucleus - the lives of 1.5 million people
in Kobe city, where these were more than 6,000 casualities, 28,000 people injured,and some 200,000 people badly affected in the 1995 earthquake, (1) to refer toKobe people a plan for the contents of port recovery and reconstruction beforehand,(2) to demand responsibility from the Kove City government, the Kobe Port Front
Public Corporation should be abolished and governing right returned to Kobe City,and (3) to give importance to measures to be taken for improvement in the Kobe
port as a base port in Asia from the viewpoint of international competition.
"The Hanshin Disaster and Kobe Port," Etsuko SHIBATA, Meijo University:
Kobe city is rapidly reconstructing its port now. The first line opinion shouldhave been reflected in the current plan. I propose that a new type of Kobe recon­
struction program be established in such a manner that Kobe people may get in­volved, e.g., by seeking their ideas for quicker Kobe port reconstruction.
"Relationships of People's Lives and Ports from theViewpoint of the Function
Aspect of Korean Ports and Harbors," Byoung-Hong PARK, Enko University, Korea:
At first, regional ports may be vitalized by the people's own autonomy based on
the lives of inhabitants when the decentralized locality, port individuality, and ne­
cessity of developing a cultural zone are demonstrated. The port has a multipur­
pose construction from the viewpoint that a port is a city. Then I see a port having
personality rather than a part of the city function as seen in conventional ports.
"Significance and Issues of People's Lives and Ports," Toshiro KrTAMI, Shizuoka
Sangyo University:
62

Although decentralization of people in cities is sought for generally, there is alack of healthy local autonomy. That should be formed and the independence of a'community group' should support the local autonomy. To be concrete, the reallygreat issue is how to make possible a western way of port and harbor management
and administration free from that based on the Japanese traditioal bureaucratic sys­tem.
1996: International Based Port and City
Six members delivered presentations, subject as indicated, in relation to theabove 1996 theme. Their presentations are summarized as follows:℃urrent Issues from the Viewpoint of Port Physical Distribution Activities,"
Manabu YAMAMURA,ShizuokaSangyo University:
The port is the major core of physical distribution for our country. The port
should have economic power behind its zone and should use the feature of physicaldistribution to get a position strong enough to tolerate international competition.
At the same time, it should appropriately identify changes in the activities of physi­
cal distribution and should be built up to sensitively meet the market needs.
"Integration of the International Base Ports and Urbanization," Toru YAMAJO,
Nihon University:
To survive competition particularly with Asian ports, as a marketing strategy todevelop 'an internationally based port,' a free port city should be built identifying
economic power provided by urbanization. This seems only one solution to ad­
dress the above-mentioned competition. Therefore, I propose that a certain area bedesignated in our country for a free port city under a long-term plan, and further thatthe economy of matured urbanization be accomplished.
"AStudy on Mokpo PortSustainable Revitalization and Kwangju City Rede­velopment," Jae Ha KrM,Sea Transportation Port International Academy, Korea:
Revitalization of ports leads to the creation of a city's strong point, and devel­
opment of the city (function) is realized from the port. Mokpo Port can realize
natural development and development of a greater sphere. Kwangju City contrib­
utes to the creation of productive nature, and the development of a greater sphere of
Kwangju City. Revitalization of Mokpo Port is a sun for the greater sphere of
Kwangju.
"Making of the CitySystem and Port Functions,''Sachiko ENDO, Kawamura
Gakuen Women's University:
Decentralization of production and distribution facilities has advanced. Butthat of the economic central management function has done otherwise. As seen in
employee reduction and movement of headquarters of Osaka businesses to Tokyoor employment reduction in their offices, the economic ground in the Kansai area
chiefly in Osaka has subsided relatively, leading to the integrated concentration of
the central economic management function in Tokyo.

5.

63"Growth of Fushiki Toyama Port and Urbanization," lchiro TACHIBANA, Port
Transportation, Fushiki Sea and Land Transportation Co., Ltd:
Comprehensively promoting economic activities will make a Fushiki commu­
nity with rich features based on a variety of historic cultures over the last 1,000
years or more. Furthermore, the international exchanges of personnel and physicaldistribution activities to meet today's needs, would build a community as a port cityin Fushiki with a wide range of time as well as space on the stage of the Japan Sea.
"An Idea for a Japan Sea Museum and Urban Development," Yoji AMEMIYA,
Toyama Mercantile Marine College:
I would like to propose two things to solidify my idea about the Japan Sea
Museum. First, the Japan Sea Museum from the viewpoint of urban development
surrounded by sea. The idea would get the museum closely connected with the sea.
Second, the idea would embrace a total waterfront to be developed along the Toyama
Coast including a new port as a core of the idea, reclaimed land in the east, Toyama
Fushiki Port, Rimi Port, Uozu Port, etc.
(lsao TOMITA, Yokohama Harbor Polytechnic College)

64

JAPAN SOCIETY OF RESEARCH AND INFORMATION ON
PUBLIC AND CO-OPERATIVE ECONOMY(CIRIEC Japanese Section)
1. Outline of the Society
The Society of Research and Information on Public and Co-operative Economy(CIRIEC, Japanese Section) was established in 1985 as the Japanese sub-divisionof CIRIEC (International Center for Research and Information on Co-operative
Economies) which had been in activity mainly in Europe.
CIRIEC is an international society for research on public and co-operative
economies, now having sub-divisions in no less than 20 countries worldwide andbeing actively engaged in research that lays emphasis on the issue of privatizationof public enterprises as well as on the ideals for co-operative organizations. CIRIEC
will see its 50th anniversary in September, 1997.
Like CIRIEC, the Society has been pursuing research studies extensively inthe fields of public economies. [See the themes listed below which were taken up
for discussion in its past domestic general meetings.] What is especially notewor­
thy is that the Society took up, in commemoration of its 10th anniversary, the issueof Social Economy as the unified theme for the three consecutive general meetingsfrom the 9th to the 11th. In 1995, the Society held a commemorative conferenceon October 7-8th at Toyo University in celebration of this 10th anniversary. This
event gathered together most of the members of the Society. An international
symposium was also organized with invited guests, including Professor THIRY,
from the headquarters of CIRIEC. At the International symposium, on October
8th, the following panelists gave lectures around the general theme.
-Bernard THIRY (Liege University; the Director of CIRIEC International)-Shunzo NITTA (Toyo University; the Secretary General of the CIRIEC Japanese Section)-Jun NISHIKAWA (Waseda University)-Hirobumi SHIBATA (Ritsumeikan University)
The Society prides itself that the research results that were obtained in thesemeetings did much for the cause of learning in this specific field of study in Japan,
which had been considered comparatively behindhand.
Since 1986, the Society has sent a delegation to the international conferenceof CIRIEC that takes place in alternate years. Among those who have read papers
representing the Society in the past international conferences are: the late Mr. Saburo
0KITA (former special adviser of the Society), Mr. Tomoji lcHINOSE (adviser of theSociety and professor of Ishinomaki Senshu University), Mr. Hisao 0NOE (the hon65

orary chairman of the Society), and Mr. Kohei SAKAMOTO (a director of the Society
and the former head of the Toray Research Institute of Management).
The Society aims to continue to further its research on public and co-opera­
tive economies in close contact with CIRIEC.
2. Outline of CIRIEC International
CIR正C Intemational--the headquarters of CIRIEC Japanese section--is a non­governmental international organization. It enjoys corporate status in Belgium,
under a Royal Order dated 27 July 1961, as an international organization pursuing
objectives of a scientific character.
The International Center of Research and Information on Collective Economy
was founded in 1947 by Professor Edgard MILHAUD, a French economist teachingat Geneva University, who had earlier founded the review then known as the An­
nals of Collective Economy. With the active assistance of Swiss friends, MrLHAUD
founded CIRIEC and kept it going in Geneva until 1957. The headquarters of theassociation were transferred to Liege (Belgium) in 1957. Professor Paul LAMBERT
became Director of CIRIEC and later its President.
The expression "collective Economy", which Milhaud invented to embrace
all the different sectors of the economy oriented towards the pursuit of the generalinterest, did not win general acceptance in economic terminology. To avoid all
misunderstandings, CIRIEC changed its name slightly in 1974, to be known hence­
forth by the more precise--if not more attractive--name of "International Center ofResearch and Information on Public and Cooperative Economics".
Currently CIREIC has national sections in some 20 countries: Argentina, Aus­
tria, Belgium-Luxembourg, Canada, France, Germany, Greece, India, Israel,
Italy, Japan, Portugal, Scotland, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tur­
key, United Kingdom.
3. Themes for the Past General Meetings of the Society
1st General Meeting:
November 28 and 29, 1986 at Asaka Campus, Toyo University
Shift in Public Factors - Deregulation and Privatization
2nd General Meeting:
November 7 and 8, 1987 at Konan University
Public Factors and Efficiency
3rd General Meeting:
November 18 and 19, 1988 at Koyu Kaikan, Tokai University
66

New Relationship between State and its Economy - In Consideration of the Streamof Information Orientation and Internationalization
4th General Meeting:
December 8 and 9, 1989 at Hosei University
Cross-Border Public Responsibility - Creation of a New Definition of Intema­tional Public Responsibility
5th General Meeting:
December 15 and 16, 1990 at Ritsumeikan University
Environment Cost and Economic Growth - Role of Public Sectors in Continuous
Growth
6th General Meeting:
December 6 and 7, 1991 at Surugadai Memorial Hall, Chuo University
Public and Private Sectors in Urban Development - In Consideration of Unipolar
Development Concentrated in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area
7th General Meeting:
December 12 and 13, 1992 at Osaka Sangyo University
Public Factors in a Global Society
8th General Meeting:
December 11 and 12, 1993 at the International Conference Hall, Waseda Univer­sity
Decentralization of Power, and Public Finance Policy - Considerations for Opti­
mum Sharing of Power and Revenue
9th General Meeting:
December 3 and 4, 1994 at Ryutsu Kagaku University
Social Economy - Public Responsibility and Profit-making Standard
10th General Meeting:
October 7 and 8, 1995 at Hakusan Campus, Toyo University
Social Economy - Market and Society
11th General Meeting:
December 14 and 15, 1996 at Shiran Kaikan, Kyoto University
Social Economy - Environment and Socio-economic System
12th General Meeting:67

December 14 and 15, 1997 at the University of Tokyo
Public Responsibility and Information Orientation in a Global Era
3. Record of Participation in International Conferences of CIRIEC
1986 at Brussels, Belgium
The Financing of Public and Co-operative Economy
1988 at Bordeaux, France
Mixed Economy Systems in Modem Economy
1990 at Porto Rosa, Yugoslavia
Mixed Economy Systems in Modern Economies
Saburo 0KITA"World Issues for the 90's"
1992 at Valencia, Spain
Public Enterprises, Co-operatives, Mutuals and Non-profit Organizations in the newEuropeHisao 0NOE
"Public Factors in Japanese Economy Compared with European Cases"
1994 at Graz, Austria
Cooperation Instead of Confrontation Strategies for the Future Mixed Economy
Kohei SAKAMOTO℃hanges in Industrial Policy and Japanese Management"
4. Future Direction of Research Studies:(Summary of the direction decided in the 11th General Meeting)With the 21st Century drawing closer, we are now rapidly heading toward a
new era of globalization. This globalization is very quick in progress in a diversityof areas, where various systems, including regions, enterprises, organizations andstates are intricately influencing one another, transfiguring themselves, and bring­ing about a paradigm shift in the global system as a whole.
As globalization advances, the global environment, in which we humans live,
is compelled to face the signs of crises such as environmental pollution and global
warming, etc., which begin to cast a dark shadow over the future of humanity. The
crises of humanity are none but the products of human social activities and thenegative effects of the progress in globalization. These crises present us a newquestion of what public responsibility should be in an era of globalization. Public
68responsibility today has so many questions that cannot be solved within the con­ventional paradigm of nation-state. To search for public responsibility on a global
basis much beyond the conventional public responsibility based on a nation-stateparadigm has now become a critical question for us.
The era of globalization is at the same time an era of information orientation.
The innovations in information technology and the growth of information commu­
nications services which have advanced rapidly since the 80's have made it possible
for various actors such as states, public organizations (inclusive of nonprofit andnongovernmental organizations), enterprises, individuals, etc. to take worldwide
action more easily and to shift the nature of their respective international relation­
ships. As we entered into the 90's, the improvement of regional, national andglobal information communications infrastructures became one of the prime agenda
items for socio-economic development. By the middle of the 90's, the Internet
system came on the stage as a worldwide communications medium for local enter­
prises and organizations, and is further changing the nature of international rela­tionships on a global basis. The high degree of information orientation is now
compelling us to redefine public responsibility.
Redefining and establishing a new concept of public responsibility for a glo­bally information-oriented society is indeed the core to solve the innumerable prob­
lems built in the present world system. A socio-economic system not only respect­
ing and sustaining the diversity of cultures kept by every nation and region but also
making continuous economic growth feasible must be formulated and built. To
make the rules for and construct the system of an information society from theglobal viewpoint has now become a prime global task. The possibility to create a
globally information-oriented society and to solve the problems to be involved thereinhas become a pressing issue.
Looking forward to the 21st Century, the Society has decided to set the ques­tion of Public Responsibility and Information Orientation in a Global Era as thetheme of its next general meeting, so that it will present to its members a place forjoint intellectual work to approach the questions of global governance, public re­sponsibility, public policy, and the ideal global society in a globally information­oriented era from interdisciplinary and diversified viewpoints.
(Satoru MATSUBARA, Toyo University)69

THE SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF SOCIAL POLICYThe Changing of Japanese Management Systems and Issues in Labor Studies
I Japanese Management Systems
Toyota, the symbolic word for the Japanese production system in the 1980s,
developed what was termed a "medium- and long-range management system" atthe beginning of this decade to review its basic company strategy for production
and man-management systems. These were also heralded as basic concepts ofcompany development, coming as they did around the period when the lean pro­duction thesis was coming to fruition. Yet a review of the management systems of
the 1980s is required not only for Toyota and the auto industry, but for Japaneseindustry as a whole. This is clear from the fact that the Japanese Confederation ofManagement Organizations in May 1995 published what was in practice an agenda
for the fundamental reform of the so-called "Japanese Management System"(Nikkeiren 1995).
The production system together with its related work organization has beenat_the center of the changes in the 1990s in Japan. The most crucial aspect of Japa­
nese production practice is in the structure of managerial control on the shop floor.
The importance of supervisors, for example, within the context of the formation ofskills, work organization, regulation and trouble-free industrial relations, as well as
production control has been marked by many research publications. This reflects
what could be termed "workplacism" in terms of research into Japanese labor/in­
dustrial relations.
The basic idea of Japanese production systems, on the other hand, has beeninterpreted by both sides of industry in terms of what we might term "respect forpeople". This implies the use of human potential, including their abilities wherever
possible in the production process in order to secure job enrichment. The post-war
industrial relations context has been profoundly concerned with the development of
the idea. In the 1950s, many leading Japanese companies experienced major dis­putes around the question of rationalization of staff. In the second half of the 1950s
and 1960s, against a background of relatively unstable product markets, there gradu­
ally emerged a framework for Japanese management practice which had as a funda­
mental condition a combination of reduced manpower and limited mechanization,
together with the highest possible degree of production efficiency. The internal
labor market is vitally important to the functioning of the overall system. It ischaracterised by the discriminatory employment practice of relatively long-term
employment, with flexible allocation of core employees and massively unstable
peripheral employment acting as a buffer; sub-contracting and outsourcing as asystem of vertical division of risks of low profitability; internal collaborative union­
management relationships based on an understanding of the need for high70

productivity; and an individualized wage system linked to systematic appraisal. In
short, these have become the institutional elements of the system.
However, owing to the differences in the process for the termination of dis­putes and the overall industrial relations context, the implementation of "humanrespectability" has worked differently from company to company. Only a look at
the auto industry shows us that Toyota has stressed the productive abilities of work­ers, while Nissan has emphasized what they term "humanized work standards". In
essence, this has reflected on the formation of different types of production systemat each company.
II Recent Research Products(a) Four Major Research Areas
Labor studies, which has long been the core area of the society in the post-war
era, has also shifted its research concern. Research performed in the 1980s within
the Society's framework trended towards explaining the source of Japanese com­
petitiveness and flexibility, or analyzing critically the mechanisms of workplaceindustrial relations.
The thesis at the center was KorKE's "intellectual skill" estimation of direct
production workforces. KOIKE's thesis has demonstrated its successful descriptionof Japanese way of human resource formation based on the OJT related skill devel­
opment system, which is closely related to the Japanese specific career formation
system of long term employment. KOIKE's thesis is of importance in that it ad­
dressed Japanese employment practice of internal life-time employment as a pro­
gressive model for human resource management. However, its deep concentration
on individual skill seems to marginalize the meaning of the managerial institu­
tional/industrial relations conditions necessary for individual skill formation, though
he did not ignore the labor market/personnel management elements.
Four research areas intended to deepen understanding of the source of thehigh productivity and competitiveness of Japanese companies were practiced in the
1980s, to be published in the 90s.
The first block is research on the differences within the formation and struc­ture of industrial relations, mainly from the institutionalist approach. The emer­
gence of a gap in productivity and flexible working practices between Nissan andToyota is explained from the difference in the formation process of union-manage­
ment institutionalized relations (ToTSUKA and HYooo 1991).
Secondly, the contents and quality of the Japanese direct production worker's
skill are analyzed with special reference to the division of work in several auto/
electronics production plants and also through a Japanese-German comparison, toclarify that the "intellectual skill" in KOIKE's term is substantially multi-task abilityof relatively low-level intellectual discretion (NOMURA 1993 (a); 1993 (b)).
71The third group of works try to extend the context in which productivity andflexibility are resourced. The basic methodological viewpoint is Toyotism in work­
ers'life outside the line, in their family and social life, or to use another word,"Toyotanization" of life (Shokugyo-Seikatsu Kenkyuukai 1994; SARUTA 1995).
The forth and final work sets detailed structural analysis of workplace organi­zational structure as the source of high productivity, picking two Japanese auto­makers as objectives. Organizational-behavior theory is reflected, if not men­tioned explicitly, though the level of fact-finding is far deeper than any former
research on the Japanese auto industry (ISHIDA 1997).
(b) Research Issues Now Approaching
The results of the above four research areas have enriched labor studies bothmethodologically and empirically. However, the research concerns underlying
them more or less suffered from a lack of historical perspective on the formation of
so-called Japanese management: there was especially little concern for the historyof personnel and human resource management at each company level. How andwhen in the post-war era has the peculiar Japanese human resource management
system been stabilized? What was the key managerial target in that process?·How
have the trade unions/informal groups reacted and what were the strategical ele­ments for the deep spirit of the labor movement of post-war Japan?
Having growing concern for the history issue, the society has recently pub­lished Hodo's monograph of two volumes, which is the post-war history of Japa­
nese industrial relations based on an institutionalist approach on the inter-actional
relations between the managerial approach to the orderlization of the internal labormarket and the trade unions' strategies (Hooo 1997).
Several research projects by members of the Society focused on managerial
history in the context of the formation of Japanese industrial relations are now inprocess. They provide expectations for the new development of labor studies in
the area of the history of management-labor interactional relations.
ISHIDA Mitsuo, FUJIMOTO Hiroyuki, HrsAMOTO Norio and MATSUMURA Fumito
1997; Nihon No Lean Seisan Houshiki (The Lean Production System
in Japan), Chuo-Keizaisha.
KOIKE Kazuo 1991; Shigoto no Keizaigaku (The Economics of Work), Toyo­
Keizai-Shinpousha.
Hooo Tsutomu (1997), Rado no Sengoshi (A History of Industrial Relationsin Japan, 1945-1989, Vol. I and 11), Univ. of Tokyo Press .
Nikkeiren 1995; Japanese Management In The New Era-New Japanese Man­
agement Study Project Report, Nikkeiren.
NOMURA Masami 1993 (a); Toyotism, Minerva Shobo.
1993 (b); Jukuren to Bungyo (Skill and the Division of Work),
72

Ochanomizu-Shobou.
SARUTA Masaki 1995; Toyotism to Roumukanri (Toyotism and Personnel
Management), Zeimu-Keiri-Kyoukai.
Shokugyo Koyo Kenkyukai 1994; Kigyo Shakai to Ningen (Company-Soci­ety and the Human), Houritsu-bunka-sha.
ToTSUKA Hideo and HYODO Tsutomu 1991; Roshi-kankei no Tenkan to Sentaku(Change and Choice in Labor-Management Relations), Nippon­
Hyouronsha.
(Koichi OGASAWARA, Saitama University)73List of Member Associations
1997
THE JAPAN ACCOUNTING ASSOCIATION

日本会計研究学会·Established: 1937
·Number of Members: 1,654·President: Masa-atsu TAKADA (Kyoto Gakuen University)·Publication: Monthly bulletin, Kaikei (Accounting)·Liaison Office of the Japan Accounting Association
c/o Moriyama Co., Hayashi Building,
1-10, Nishiki-cho, Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0054, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Meiji Gakuin University in September, 1998.

THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS SOCIETY OF JAPAN(Formerly: THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIC SOCIETY OF JAPAN)

日本農業経済学会·Established: 1924
·Number of Members: honorary 29, regular 1,170, associate (students) 188, cooperative 24·Chairman: Osamu SODA (University of Kyoto)·Publication: Bulletin of the Society, Nogyokeizai Kenkyu (Journal of Rural Economics)-quarterly·The Agricultural Economics Society of Japan
c/o Business Center for Academic Societies of Japan,
5-16-9, Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0021, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Chiba University on April 2-3, 1998 with the symposium"Agricultural Policy Reform: Philosophy and Framework."·

JAPAN SOCIETY FOR APPLIED MANAGEMENT (JSAM)

実践経営学会·Established: 1967
·Number of Members: 731·President: Takatsugu NATO (Emeritus, Nihon University)·Publication: The Practice of Management (No. 1-34)
News Letter -twice a year
·Japan Society fo rApplicatied Management (JMAS)
c/o Assistatn Professor Takashi HIROI
College of Economics, Nihon University,, 1-3-2, Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Jana
The next annual meeting will be held at Waseda University on June 6, 1998 with the symposium"What Practical Management is!"75

THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR ASIAN POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC STUDIES

アジア政経学会·Established: 1953
·Number of Members: 1,000·President: Tomoyuki KOJIMA (Keio University)·Publication: Asian Studies - quarterly·Japan Association for Asian Political and Economic Studies
c/o Professor Ryosei KOKUBU
Faculty of Law, Keio University,
2-15-45, Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0073, Japan.
The next annual meeting will be held in October, 1998.

JAPAN AUDITING ASSOCIATION

日本監査研究学会·Established: 1978
·Number of Members: 429·President: Nobuo HIDA (Chuo University)·Publication: Monograph, Research Series - once a year
Modem Auditing - semi-annual journal·Japan Auditng Association
c/o Faculty of Business Administration, Kobe University,
2-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-0013, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held in November, 1998.

JAPAN SOCIETY OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

日本経営学会·Established: 1926
·Number of Members: 2,075·President: Akio MORI (Kanazawa Gakuin University)·Publication: Keieigaku Ronshu - once a year, Journal of Business Management·Japan Society of Business Administration
c/o The Office for Management Research,
Faculty of Commerce, Hitotsubashi University, Dai 2 Kenkyukan,
2-1, Naka, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-0004, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Sapporo University in the fall of 1998 with the symposium"Business Management in the 21st Century."76THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR RESEARCH ON
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATIVE BEHAVIOR

経営行動研究学会·Established: 1991
·Number of Members: individual 330, corporate 4·Representative: Toshio KIKUCHI (Nihon University)·Publication: The Annals of The Japan Association for Research on Business Administrative
Behavior
News Letter·The Japan Association for Research on Business Administrative Behavior
c/o The Institute of Business Administrative Behavior,Tokyo Chuo Building, 401, 4-4-8, lidabashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0072, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Aichi Gakusen University on July 25-26, 1998.

JAPAN BUSINESS ENGLISH ASSOCIATION (JBEA)

日本商業英語学会·Established: 1934
·Number of Members: honorary 3, regular 232, supporting 4: total 239·President: Katsumi ITO (Waseda University)·Publication: Nihon Shogyo Eigo Gakkai Kenkyu Nempo (JBEA Annual Sturies) - annually·Japan Business English Association
c/o Professor Masataka OTA
School of Commerce, Waseda University,
1-6-1, Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kansai University of Foreign Studies on October 10-11,
1998.

BUSINESS HISTORY SOCIETY OF JAPAN

経営史学会·Established: 1964
·Number of Members: personal 830, institutioal 38·President: Hiroaki YAMAZAKI (Tokai Gakuen University)·Publication: Japan Business History Review - quarterly
Japan Yearbook for Business History- annually·Business History Society of Japan
c/o Institute of Social Science, The University of Tokyo,
7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Rikkyo University on October 10-11, 1998.

77

JAPAN SOCIETY OF BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

日本経営数学会·Established: 1959
·Number of Members: 135·President: Shigeo OHTSUKI (Musashi Institute of Technology)·Publication: Annual Report of Japan Society of Business Matehmatics·Japan Society of Business Mathematics
c/o Professor Akira UCHINO,
School of Commerce, Senshu University,
2-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8580, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Nanzan University on June 5-6, 1998.

CIRIEC Japanese Section(Japan Society of Research and Information on Public and Co-operative Economy)

国際公共経済学会（公共•協同経済国際研究情報センタ ー 日本支部）·Established: 1985
·Number of Members: individual 318, cooperative 16·Representative: Shunzo NITTA (Toyo University)·Publication: International Public Economy Study·CIRIEC Japanese Section
c/o Professor Shunzo NITTA
Faculty of Economics, Toyo University,
5-28-20, Hakusan, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-0001, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at University of Tokyo in December, 1998 with thesymposium "Public Economy."

JAPAN SOCIETY FOR COMMODITY SCIENCE

日本商品学会·Established: 1935
·Number of Members: Regular 276 including 12 foreigners, supporting 2·President: Masao UNO (Josai Kokusai University)·Publication: Quarterly bulletin, Shahin Kenkyu (Studies on Commodities)·Japan Society for Commodity Sciencec/o Hitotsubashi University,
2-1, Naka, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-0004, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kanto Gakuin University on May 23-24, 1998.

78

THE ASSOCIATION FOR COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC STUDIES(Formerly: THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY IN SOICALIST ECONOMIES)
比較経済体制学会·Established: 1967
·Number of Members: 240·Chief Representative: Fumio ASHIDA (Ritsumeikan University)·Publication: Bulletin of the Association for Comparative Economic Studies - annually·The Association for Comaparative Economic Studies
c/o Associate Professor Masahiko YOSHII
Faculty of Economics, Kobe University,
2-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-0013, Japan.
The next annual meeting will be held at Hokuriku University on June 5-7, 1998.

JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF MANAGEMENT(Formerly: ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF SOCIALIST ENTERPRISE)
比較経営学会·Established: 1976
·Number of Members: 256·President: Shigeo AYUSAWA (Chuo University)·Publication: Annual Report of Japan Association for the Comparative Studies of Management·Japan Association for the Comparative Studies of Management
c/o Professor Shigeo AYUSAwA
Faculty of Commerce, Chuo University,
742-1, Higashinakano, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0351, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Meiji University on March 30-April I, 1998 with theunified theme "Globalization and Management Culture."JAPAN ACADEMY FOR CONSUMPTION ECONOMY
日本消費経済学会·Established: 1974
·Number of Members: 503·Chief Representative: Shigeru NISHIMURA (Takushoku University)·Publication: Annals of the Japan Academy for Consumption Economy·Japan Academy for Consumption Economy
c/o Faculty of Commerce, Takushoku University,
3-4-14, Kohinata-cho, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-0006, JapanThe next annual meeting will be at Osaka University of Commerce on June 5-6, 1998 with thesymposium "Sustainable Society."79

JAPANESE ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION(Formerly: THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMICS AND ECONOMETRICS)

日本経済学会·Established: 1934
·Number of Members: 2,428·President: Michio HATANAKA·Publication: The Japanese Economic Review·Japanese Economic Association
c/o The Institute of Statistical Research,
1-18-16, Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0004, JapanThe next Spring meeting will be held at Aoyama Gakuin University on June 13, 1998 and theAutumn meeting will be held at Ritsumeikan University on September 13-14, 1998.

THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY

経済社会学会·Established: 1966
·Number of Members: 331·President: Taketoshi NOJIRI (Osaka Gakuin University)·Publication: The Annual of the Society of Economic Sociology·The Society of Economic Sociology
c/o Professor Masaki ADACHI
Department of Economics, Kobe University,
2-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-0013, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Yachiyo Kokusai University in September 1998.

THE SOCIETY FOR THE HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT

経済学史学会·Established: 1950
·Number of Members: 846·President: Takashi NEGISHI (Aoyama Gakuin University)·Publication: The Annual Bulletin of the Society for the History of Economic Thought
The Society for the History of Economic Thought Newsletter
The Proceedings of Annual Meeting·The Society for the History of Economic Thought
c/o Professor Nobuyuki ISHII
School of Economics, Aoyama Gakuin University,
4-4-25, Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-0002, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Rikkyo University in the early November, 1998.

80

THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHERS

経済地理学会·Established: 1954
·Number of Members: 757, patronage members: 7·President: Keiichi TAKEUCHI (Komazawa University)·Publication: Keizai Chirigaku Nempo (Annals ofthe Japan Association ofEconomic Geographers)- quarterly·The Japan Association of Economic Geographers
c/o Faculty of Economics, Hitotsubashi University, East Bldg.,
2-1, Naka, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-0004, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Nihon University on May 30-June 1, 1998 with thesymposium "Deregulation Policies and Regional Economy."

JAPAN ECONOMIC POLICY ASSOCIATION

日本経済政策学会·Established: 1940
·Number of Members: individuals 1,279, institutional 6·President: Masu UEKUSA (University of Tokyo)·Publication: Nippon Keizai Seisaku Gakkai Nempo (The Annals of the Japan Economic Policy
Association) - annually·Japan Economic Policy Association
c/o Faculty of Economics, University of Tokyo,
7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Toky_o 113-0033, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Osaka Gakuin Univeristy on May 23-24, 1998 with thesymposium "Effectiveness of Economic Policy-Fundamental Issues of Japanese Economy-."JAPAN FINANCE ASSOCIATION

日本経営財務研究学会·Established: 1977
·Number of Members: 465·President: Michihiro IKOMA (Kinki University)·Publication: The Annual Report of the Japan Finance Association - annually·Japan Finance Association
c/o Faculty of Business Administration, Kobe University,
2-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-0013, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Toyo University in October, 1998.

81

JAPAN ACADEMY FOR FOREIGN TRADE (JAFT)

日本貿易学会·Established: 1960
· Number of Members: 423·President: Hiroichi 1INUMA (Wako University)·Publication: The Annual Bulletin of the Japan Academy for Foreign Trade
JAFT News - twice yearly·Japan Academy for Foreign Trade
c/o Professor Teruyuki MIYAKE
Faculty of Economic, Wako University,
2160, Kanai-cho, Machida-shi, Tokyo 195-0071, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held atJosai University on June 13-14, 1998 with the symposium"Development of International Division of Lavour in the Age of Globalization."

THE SOCIETY FOR INDUSTRIAL STUDIES

産業学会·Established: 1975
· Number of Members: 329: Representative: Minoru NISHIDA (Kwansei Gakuin University)·Publication: Annals of The Society for Industrial Studies Japan·The Society for Industrial Studies
c/o Institute for Economic Research, Osaka City University,
3-3-138, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka-shi 558-0022, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Ritsumeikan University at Biwako Kusatsu Campus,
Shiga on June 13-14, 1998 with the symposium "Innovation and Industrial System."

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INSURANCE SCIENCE

日本保険学会·Established: 1940
·Number of Members: honorary 8 including two foreigners, ordinary 1,366 including 38 foreigners,
supporting organizations 88·Chairman: Yutaka MAEKAWA (Keio University)·Publication: Journal of Insurance Science (Hoken-gaku Zasshり 一 quarterly·The Japanese Society of Insurance Science
c/o The Non-Life Insurance Institute of Japan,
Toa-Sankyo Bldg., 3-6, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Hitotsubashi University on October 24-25, 1998.

82

JAPANESE ASSOCIATION FOR INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STUDIES

国際会計研究学会·Established: 1984
·Number of Members: 493·President: Satoru KAMIMORI (Toa University)·Publication: Kokusai Kaikei Kenkyu Gakkai Nempo (Annual Report of Japan,ese Association
for International Accounting Studies)·Japanese Association for international Accounting Studies
c/o Professor Satoru KAMIMORI
School of Business Administration, Toa University,
2-1, lchinomiya Gakuen-cho, Shimonoseki-shi 751-0807, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Aoyama Gakuin University on November 29, 1998 withthe symposium "Globalization and Consolidated Accounting."

THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS

国際経済学会·Established: 1950
·Number of Members: individuals 1,252, corporate 14·President: Yoshihiko MOTOYAMA (Kyoto University)·Publication: Kokusai-Keizai (International Economy) - two issues a year
·The Japan Society of International Economics
c/o Professor Takekazu IWAMOTO
Department of Economics, Kyoto University,
Yoshidahonmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8317, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kanto Gakuin University in October, 1998 with thesymposium "Economic Growth of East Asia: Will It Last in the 21st Century too?"JAPAN LOGISTICS SOCIETY

日本物流学会·Established: 1983
·Number of Members: individual 313, corporate 18·President: Masao UNO (Josai Kokusai University)·Publication: Journal of Japan Logistics Society·Japan Logistics Society
c/o Professor Osamu NISHIZAwA
School of Commerce, Waseda University
1-6-1, Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Waseda University undecided in September, 1998.

83

NIPPON ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT EDUCATION

日本経営教育学会·Established: 1979
·Number of Members: individual 839, corporate 15·Representative Manager: Mitsuo MORIMOTO (Aoyama Gakuin University)·Publication: Annals of the Nippon Academy of Management Education, published by theadministrative office of the academy·Nippon Academy of Management Education
c/o Yamashiro Keiei Kenkyujo,
4-8-4, lidabashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0072, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Yokohama City University in June, 1998.

THE ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY

経営哲学学会·Established: 1984
·Number of Members: 345·Representative Manager: Kou MITO (Chukyo University)·Publication: Keiei Tetsugaku Ronshu (The Annual Report of the Academy of Management
Philosophy)·The Academy of Management Philosophy
c/o Professor Koji OHIRA, Meiji Gakuin University,
1-2-37, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0071, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Meiou University (Okinawa) on October 31-November
1, 1998..

JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

日本経営システム学会·Established: 1981
·Number of Members: regular 400, advisory 3, corporate 7·President: Tomonori NISHKAWA (Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Technology)·Publication: Journal ofJapan Association for Management Systems, biannually and JAMS NEWS,quarterly·Japan Association for Management Systems
c/o Ohkura Bldg, 6F, 3-1-2, Nishhinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, JapanThe 20th national conference is supposed to be held at Tokai University on May 9-10, 1998 withsome topic of the Progress of Information Technology and Management Systems.

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THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF MONETARY ECONOMICS

金融学会·Established: 1943
·Number of Members: 1,052·President: Ryoichi MIKITANI (Kobe Gakuin University)·Publication: Review of Monetary and Financial Studies - biannually·The Japan Society of Monetary Economics
c/o Toyo Keizai Shinpo-sha,
1-2-1, Hongoku-cho, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku Tokyo 103-0021, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Tokyo Keizai University in Spring, 1998.

JAPAN SOCIETY OF MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION(FORMERLY: JAPAN SOCIETY OF COMMERCIAL SCIENCES)

日本商業学会·Established: 1951
·Number of Members: honorary 7, ordinary 850, supporting companies 16·President: Masanori TAMURA (Kobe University)·Publication: Journal of Marketing and Distribution - twice a year
·Japan Society of Marketing and Distribution
c/o The Distribution Economics Institute of Japan,
The 3rd T.O.C. Bldg., 7-23-1, Nishigotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0031, JapanThe 1998 Annual Conference will be held at Meiji Gakuin University on May29-31, under thetheme "The Globalization of Distribution."

THE ACADEMIC ASSOCIATION FOR ORGANIZATIONAL SCIENCE

組織学会·Established: 1959
·Number of Members: individual 1,505, company 22·President: Ikujiro NONAKA (Hitotsubashi University)·Publication: Organizational Science - quarterly·The Academic Association for Organizational Science
c/o Keiei Kenkyujo,
1-36, Kandajinbo-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0051, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Osaka University on October 17-18, 1998.

85

JAPAN SOCIETY FOR PERSONNEL AND LABOR RESEARCH

日本労務学会·Established: 1970
·Number of Members: 752·Representative Director: Koji OKUBAYASHI (Kobe University)·Publication: Annual Report of Japan Society for Personnel and Labor Research·Japan Society for Personnel and Labor Researchc/oProfessor Koji OKUBAYASHI
School of Business Administration, Kobe University,
2-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-0013, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Yamanashi Gakuin University on June 5-7, 1998, withthe symposium℃ooperative participation by Men and Women in Management: a New Approach."JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR PLANNING ADMINISTRATION

日本計画行政学会·Established: 1977
·Number of Members: 1,304·President: Takashi Furn (Rissho University)·Publication: Planning Administration - quarterly·Japan Association for Planning Administration
c/o The Institute of Statistical Research,
1-8-16, Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0004, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kitakyushu University on September 25-27, ·1998 withthe symposium "Planning Administration in Glocally Networking Societies."

JAPAN SOCIETY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY

経済理論学会·Established: 1959
·Number of Members: 1,031·Chief Representative: Mitsuhiko TSURUTA (Chuo University)·Publication: The Annual Bulletin of the Society of Political Economy - annually·Japan Society ofPolitical Economy
c/o Professor Mitsuhiko TSURUTA
Faculty ofCommerce, Chuo University,742, Higashinakano, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0351, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Sapporo Gakuin University on October 3-4, 1998.

86

THE POLITICAL ECONOMY AND ECONOMIC HISTORY SOCIETY(Formerly: THE AGRARIAN HISTORY SOCIETY)

土地制度史学会·Established: 1948
·Number of Members: 914·Representative Director: Akira HARA (University of Tokyo)·Publication: Tochi Seido Shigaku (The Journal of Political Economy and Economic History)-quarterly·The Political Economy and Economic History Society
c/o Institute of Social Science, University of Tokyo,
7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at University of Tokyo in October or in November, 1998
as the 50th Anniversary.

THE POPULATION ASSOCIATION OF JAPAN

日本人口学会·Established: 1948
·Number of Members: 376, honorary 9, students 24, special corporate 4, corporate 3·President: Minoru OKUDA (Chuo University)·Publication: Jinkogaku Kenkyu (The Journal of Population Studies)·Population Association of Japan
c/o Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Ministry of Health and Welfare,
1-2-3, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0013, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Chuo University on June 4-6, 1998.

JAPAN PORT ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION

日本港湾経済学会·Established: 1962
·Number of Members: 350·Representative Manager: Toshiro KITANI (Shizuoka Sangyo University)·Publication: Ko wan Keizai Kenkyu (The Annual Report ofthe Japan Port Economics Association)·Japan Port Economics Association
c/o Yokohama Yamashita-Futo Kowan Keizai Center,279-1, Yamashita-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama, 231-0023, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held in Okinawa in October, 1998.

87

THE JAPAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC FINANCE(Formerly: JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF FISCAL SCIENCE)

日本財政学会·Established: 1940
·Number of Members: 710·Chairman: Hidehiro ICHIKAWA (Chuo University)·Publication: Annual Report of the Japan Institute of Public Finance·The Japan Institute of Public Financec/o The Institute of Statistical Research,
1-18-16, Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0004, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held a Kobe University of Commerce, 1998.

THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF PUBLIC UTILITY ECONOMICS

公益事業学会·Established: 1949
·Number of Members: regular members 425, corporation members 75·Chairman: Hiroshi SASAKI (Kobe University)·Publication: Journal ofPublic Utility Economics·Koeki Jigyo Gakkai (The Japan Society of Public Utility Economics)
c/o 1-12-31, Minamiaoyama, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107,-0062 JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kobe University on July 10-11, 1998 under the theme"Frontier in Public Utility Industries."

THE JAPAN SECTION OF THE REGIONAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION

日本地域学会·Established: 1962
· Number of Members: 599· President: Shogo KAWAKAMI (Nagoya University)·Publication: Studies in Regional Science (Chiikigaku Kenkyu)-the Journal of the Japan Sectionof RSAIVol. 27. No. 1 (in Japanese) & No. 2 (in English) - annually·The Japan Section of the Regional Science Association International
c/o Professor Hirotada KOHNO
The Research Institute for Regional Advancement,
Yoshinuma 1459-2, Tsukuba, lbaraki 300-2617, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Nagoya University on October 10-11, 1998 with thesymposium "Regional Science in the 21st Century."88

JAPAN RISK MANAGEMENT SOCIETY

日本リクスマネジメント学会·Established: 1978
·Number of Members: individual 565, supporting 44·Representative Management: Toshiaki KAMEi (Kansai University)·Publication: JARMS Report (Report and Insurance Management)·Society for the Study of Risk Management
c/o Professor Toshiaki KAMEi
School of Commerce, Kansai University,
35-3-3, Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564-0073, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kansai University in January and Hakuho University in
September, 1998.

THE SOCIETY FOR THE ECONOMIC STUDIES OF SECURITIES

証券経済学会·Established: 1966
·Number of Members: 524·Representative: Yoshinori SUZUKI (Kanagawa University)·Publication: Annals of the Society for the Economic Studies of Securities - annually·Society for the Economic Studies of Securities
c/o Japan Securities Research Institute,Tokyo Shoken Kaikan,
1-5-8, Nihonbashi-Kayaba-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0025, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Chuo University in Spring 1998.

THE SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF SOCIAL POLICY

社会政策学会·Established: 1950
·Number of Members: 894·Representative: Kazuo TAKADA (Hitotsubashi University)·Publication: SHAKAISEISAKU GAKKAI NEMPO (Annual of the Society for the Study ofSocial Policy)·Society for the Study of Social Policy
c/o Faculty of Social Sciences, Hitotsubashi University,
2-1, Naka, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-0004, JapanThe next annual meetings will be held in Spring 1998 with the symposium℃asual Labor and theHomeless in Japan," and in autumn 1998 with the symposium "Aging Society."

89

SOCIO-ECONOMIC HISTORY SOCIETY

社会経済史学会·Established: 1930
·Number of Members: 1,239·Representative Director: Yasuo OKADA (Keio University)·Publication: Shakai Keizai Shigaku (Socio-Economic History) - bimonthly·Shakai Keizaishi Gakkai (Socio-Economic History Society)c/o Professor N. NAMBU
School of Political Science and Economics, Waseda University,
1-6-1, Nishiwaseda, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Gakushuin University on June 6-7, 1998 with thesymposium of British Capitalism and Asia - on the role of "Gentlemanly Capitalism."JAPAN STATISTICAL SOCIETY

日本統計学会·Established: 1931
·Number of Members: 1,367·President: Nariaki SUGIURA (Tsukuba University)·Publication: Journal of the Japan Statistical Society :-- biannually·Japan Statistical Society
c/o The Institute of Statistical Mathematics,
4-6-7, Minami-Azabu, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-0047, JapanThe next annual meeting will be hosted by Chuo University, Tokyo, and held on July 27-30,
1998.

JAPAN SOCIETY OF TRANSPORTATION ECONOMICS

日本交通学会·Established: J 941·Number of Members: 414 regular membe�s including 6 advisory individuals and 45 special
corporations·President: Yataro Furn (Keio University)·Publication: Kotsugaku Kenkyu (Annual Report of Transportation Economics)·Japan Society of Transportation Economics (Nihon Kotsu Gakkai)
c/o Unyu-Chosa-Kyoku,
7-1-1, Ueno, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110-0005, JapanThe next annual Meeting will be held at Aichi University in October, 1998.

90

NIPPON URBAN MANAGEMENT AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH ASSOCIATION

日本地方自治研究学会·Established: 1984
·Number of Members: individual 300, group 6·Representative Manager: NOBORU KITA (Meiji University)·Publication: Journal of Urban Management and Local Government Research (Annals ofNippon
Urban Management and Local Government Research Association)·Nippon Urban Management Research Association
c/o Seibunsha Pub. Co.,
7-2, Minami-Ogimachi, Kita-ku, Osaka 530-0052, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at lshinomaki Senshu University on September 21-23,
1998 under the common theme "Local Autonomy and Public Utility."91This Information Bulletin is designed to serve as an introduction of the academic activities ofmember associations of the Union to economic societies throughout the world. Copies will be
distributed by the secretariat of the Union to libraries and institutions in other countries whosenames have been given by member associations of the Union.