23 December 2021,
10th APBON seminar

Leafing, flowering, and fruiting phenology ofin East and Southeast Asia

Mathematical biology Laboratory, Kyushu Univ.
Ai Nagahama

Today’s talk

BACKGROUND
MATERIAL & METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSION
NEXT STEPPhenology
Temporal patterns of biological activities in response to annual and multi-year
fluctuations of environmental factors.
(e.g. Leafing, flowering, fruiting, leaf coloring, leaf fall, ...)

Various phenological patterns
in East and Southeast Asia
(e.g. Edwards et al. 2017;
Nagahama & Yahara 2019)
Temperate forest
The annual pattern responds to four seasons(e.g. Kato et al. 2008;

Tropical seasonal forest
Williams et al. 2008)
The annual pattern responds to wet/dry seasons(e.g. Sakai et al. 1999;
Tropical rain forest
Ushio et al. 2019)Non-seasonal pattern (e.g. general flowering)Based on the hypothesis…

Altitude➢ Plant phenology might have diversified from tropical montane forests totropical lowland and temperate forests.

TropicSeasonal tropic

Temperate

LatitudeBased on the hypothesis…

➢ Plant phenology might have diversified from tropical montane forests totropical lowland and temperate forests.
Temperate forest
Annual pattern respond to four seasonsTropical rain forest
Non-seasonal pattern

AltitudeTropical seasonal forest
Annual pattern respond to wet/dry seasonsTropicSeasonal tropic

Temperate

LatitudeBased on the hypothesis…

➢ Plant phenology might have diversified from tropical montane forests totropical lowland and temperate forests.
Tropical rain forest
Non-seasonal pattern

Temperate forest
Annual pattern respond to four seasons

Seasonal?
Non-seasonal?

AltitudeTropical seasonal forest
Annual pattern respond to wet/dry seasonsTropicSeasonal tropic

Temperate

LatitudePrevious studies in the tropical montane forests of Southeast Asia
➢ The relationship between phenology and meteorological factors has been studied only in Mt. Kinabalu,(Nomura et al. 2003 for leafing; Kimura et al. 2009 for flowering and fruiting)
Malaysia.

Previous studies in the tropical montane forests of Southeast Asia
➢ The relationship between phenology and meteorological factors has been studied only in Mt. Kinabalu,(Nomura et al. 2003 for leafing; Kimura et al. 2009 for flowering and fruiting)
Malaysia.
➢ The relationship in the tropical montane forests of Mainland Southeast Asia is expected to be different
from that of Mt. Kinabalu because the climate conditions are not uniform throughout Southeast Asia.
The difference of precipitation(Kumagai et al. 2005)

Large

The change ofprecipitation
in a year

SmallIn this study…
We observed leafing, flowering, and fruiting phenology in Bidoup-Nui Ba National
Park, Vietnam, in Mainland Southeast Asia.
(1) What kind of leafing, flowering, and fruiting patterns are observed intropical montane forests in Vietnam?

(2) Which meteorological factors correlate with leafing, flowering and fruiting
patterns in tropical montane forests in Vietnam?

Today’s talk
BACKGROUND

MATERIAL & METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSION
NEXT STEP

Study site & observation➢ Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park, Vietnam.
➢ Wet season: April–November, dry season: December–March.
➢ Leafing, flowering, and fruiting
phenology were observed every threemonths in five plots located between
elevation 1460m and 1920 m.
➢ 91 species (five individuals/species)➢ June 2018–January 2020
➢ Meteolorogical data were obtained fromthe weather database WorldClim

Daylength
13.5
1312.51211.51110.510Mean Temp.
2520151050Precipitation
350
300
250200150
1005030 m50 m0Collecting plants…

15 m

ME

1.6 m

Making specimens in the fieldData analysis➢ Relationship between phenology and meteorological factors
Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) with logit link function and binomial distribution of errors were used.

➢ Categorizing phenological patterns
Phenological similarity between species was calculated by squared Euclidean and constructed
dendrograms using UPGMA method.

➢ Comparison of phenological patterns among forests in E and SE Asia
The variances of the number of leafing, flowering, and fruiting species at the locations were calculated
and a maximum parsimony tree was constructed to examine the similarity of phenological patterns
between locations.

Today’s talk
BACKGROUND
MATERIAL & METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSION
NEXT STEP

Species composition of survey plots
5 major families in Bidoup-Nui Ba are also common in temperate forest.
▼Family compositions of all plots▼Family composition in each plot

▼ Localities of 5 plots

Primlaceae
Rubiaceae
Symplocaceae
Fagaceae
Lauraceae

ALL34.5%

Percentage of 5 major familiesCTLB

DGR

GL

47.4%

41.7%

47.6%

27.7% 40.6%

HG

（vs. 31spp. in Japan）

Lauraceae 60spp.
0Cong Troi
Dung Iar Gieng
Giang Ly
Hongiao

Quercus macrocalyx ?

Lithocrpus controiensis sp. nov.

Lithocarpus echinatus sp. nov.

Lithocarpus しゃっきりみどり

Lithocarpus sp. nov. (ヘラバ）

Lithocarpus sp. (unkown 2)

Castanopsis dongchoensis

Lithocarpus sp. (unknown 1)

Castanopsis bidoupensis sp. nov.

Castanopsis sp.

Lithocarpus cf quangnamensis

Lithocarpus pseudoannamitorus…

Quercus sp. 1 ウラジロガシ

Castanopsis torulosaLithocarpus coalitus

Quercus poilanei

Castanopsis…

Quercus lanata

Lithocarpus サワヤカ 8460

Lithocarpus cf. leucostachyus

4

Lithocarpus baolamensis sp. nov.

Lithocarpus dinhensis

Castanopsis fissa

Castanopsis sp. ウラキン

Quercus pseudobidoupensis sp.…

Lithocarpus balansae

Quercus verticillata sp. nov.

Lithocarpus pseudobidoupensis…

Lithocarpus sp. (ウラキン)

Lithocarpus sp. 9112

Quercus langbianensis

Lithocarpus…

Castanopsis tcheponensis

Quercus angustinii

Lithocarpus bidoupensis

Quercus bidoupensis

Castanopsis chevalieri

Quercus braianeisnsLithocarpus elegantissimus sp.…

Castanopsis accuminatissima

Lithocarpus pseudotruncatus…

Lithocarpus echinophorus（vs. 22spp. in Japan）

No. of plots

Fagaceae 42spp.

No. of plots

Species diversity of Bidoup-Nui Ba

5

330 spp. were only in one plot.

2

1

Langbian

49 spp. were only in one plot.

High species diversity may be influenced by high diversity of local environments.

High species diversity may be influenced by high diversity of local environments.

High species diversity may be influenced by high diversity of local environments.

High species diversity may be influenced by high diversity of local environments.

High species diversity may be influenced by high diversity of local environments.

Today’s talk
BACKGROUND
MATERIAL & METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSION
NEXT STEPPhenological patterns in tropical montane forest in Bidoup-Nui Ba➢ Leafing phenology peaked in April.
Similar to temperate forest.
➢ Some species showed non-seasonal leafing patterns.
Similar to tropical rain forest.

Altitude➢ Some species showed supra-annual flowering and fruiting.
Similar to general flowering in tropical rain forest,and mass flowering in temperate forest.

Nonseasonalpattern

The annual pattern
responds to fourseasonsTropicalmontane
TropicSeasonal tropic

Subtropic

Temperate Latitude

Comparison of phenological patterns between forests in East and Southeast Asia
Subtropical forest in China(Mohandass et al. 2018;
Zhai et al. 2019; Zhang et al. 2007)

Tropical seasonal forest in Thailand(Williams et al. 2008;
Mountgsrimuangdee et al. 2017)

Temperate forest in Japan (Kanto)(Nitta & Ohsawa 1997;
Takanose & Kamitani 2003)

Temperate forest in Japan (Kyushu)(Edwards et al. 2017; Nagahama & Yahara 2019)

Subtropical forest in Taiwan(Edwards et al. 2017; Chang-Yang et al. 2013)

Tropical montane forest in Vietnam(This study)

Tropical montane forest in Malaysia(Nomura et al. 2003; Kimura et al. 2009)

Tropical rain forest in Malaysia (Pasoh)(Intachat et al. 2001)

Tropical rain forest in Malaysia(Ichie et al. 2004; Ushio et al. 2020;
Sakai et al. 1999)