•Background•Review• Biological origin• Historical records• Distribution and diversity•Outlook
2/28

Background• Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana, Clusiaceae)• Wild progenitors and relatives are threaten• Ancestry and specific area of origin remained
debatable

Background 1/9

3/28

• Garcinia: pantropical dioecious• Garcinia sect. Garcinia• Closely related wild relatives: Garcinia
hombroniana, G. malaccensis, G. opaca, G.
penangensis and G. venulosa

Background 2/9

4/28

Garcinia celebica
Garcinia diospyrifolia var. diospyrifolia
Garcinia mangostana var. borneensis
Garcinia mangostana var. malaccensis
Garcinia penangiana
Garcinia venulosa

Distribution of sect. Garcinia species
Background 3/9

5/28

• Agamospermous• Staminodes on femaleflowers• Tetrapolyploid

Background 4/9

6/28

Male tree exists?
Occurrence in the wild?
Background 5/9

7/28

Taxonomic varieties in Garcinia mangostana© P. Wilkie (RBGE)

var. mangostana
Background 6/9

var. malaccensis

var. borneensis
8/28

var. borneensis
var. malaccensis

Background 7/9

9/28

• Chromosome counts (56–130):
2nReference56–76

Soepadmo (1989)

74–110Midin et al. (2018)c. 76

Krishnaswamy & Raman (1949)

88–90

Ha (1978)96

Tixier (1960); Chennaveeraiah & Razdan (1975)

120-130 in Othman & Tindall (1995), no authority quoted

Background 8/9

10/28

• Genetic markers developed:
Genetic markers
Isoenzymes
Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)

References
Mansyah et al., 1999
Mansyah et al., 2003

Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS)

Yapwattanaphun et al., 2004

Randomly Amplified DNA Fingerprinting (RAF)
RAF
ITS
RAPD
RAPD
Isozymes; Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR)
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR)
ISSR
ITS; trnL-trnF, accD and psaL (cpDNA); microsatellite markers
ISSR
ITS
Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
ITS; KNOX-1
De Novo genome sequence
AFLP
SSRs
Genome size estimation
SSRs

Ramage et al., 2004
Sandø et al., 2005
M. Nazre et al., 2007
Sinaga et al., 2007
Sobir & Poerwanto, 2007
Sobir et al., 2009
Mansyah et al., 2010
Qosim et al., 2011
Sobir et al., 2011
Abdullah et al., 2012
Sulassih et al., 2013
Nazre, 2014
Mansyah et al., 2015
Parthasarathy et al., 2016
Matra et al., 2016
Matra et al., 2016
Samsir et al., 2016
Midin et al., 2018
Arias et al., 2020

Background 9/9

11/28

Biological origin theories
Garcinia sylvestris/ silvestris Boerl.
(León, 1982; Zeven & de Wet, 1982)？

Review: biological origin 1/6

12/28

penangiana (2n=42)
G. hombroniana (2n=48) + G. malaccensis= (2n = ?88—90) (Richards, 1990)© P. Wilkie (RBGE)

Review: biological origin 2/6

13/28

? G. malaccensis
penangiana + G. opaca (Abdullah et al., 2012)© P. Wilkie (RBGE)
Review: biological origin 3/6

14/28

Superior selections G. malaccensis (Nazre, 2014)© P. Wilkie (RBGE)
Review: biological origin 4/6

15/28

autotetraploid of G. malaccensis (Hambali & Natawijaya 2016)© P. ©Wilkie(RBGE)
P. Wilkie(RBGE)
Review: biological origin 5/6

16/28

Evidence/disproof from cytologicaland molecular biology studies• Allopolyploid VS Autopolyploid• Speculative conclusion from cytological studies• Small sample size in phylogenetic analyses• Geopolitical regions restricted samplings• Wrongly identified samples
Review: biological origin 6/6

17/28

Historical records

East Java and Aceh (1416)• ‘The Overall Survey of the Ocean’s Shores’: the first written record• Transliteration to mǎng jí shì (莽吉柿)Review: historical records 1/7

18/28

Malacca (1563)• ‘Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India’• … ships from Malacca sending doriões and mangosteens to Portuguese Jaffna
Review: historical records 2/7

19/28

Java (1669)

growing by the highway in Java within the bush, like sloes (blackthorn)
Review: historical records 3/7

20/28

Moluccas (1650’s – 1690’s)

Herbarium Amboinense
Review: historical records 4/7

21/28

Malacca (1692)

brief description of mangosteen and other fruit tree species from Malacca
Review: historical records 5/7

22/28

Moluccas (1733)‘The settling of a new genus of plants, called after the Malayans, Mangostans’
Review: historical records 6/7

23/28

Java (1753)

Name after Garcin but mentioned Java as ‘habitat’
Review: historical records 7/7

24/28

Distribution and diversity

Review: distribution and diversity

25/28

Outlook• Integrated morphology and genetic approach• SSR and chloroplast SNP• Species distribution modelling

26/28

Thank you!
FRIM
Agropolis-UPM-SEARCA
J. Duminil (IRD)
Mohd Nazre S. (Univerisit
Putra Malaysia)
R. Jalonen (Bioversity)

O. Hardy (Universite Libre deBruxelles)
Y. Vigouroux (IRD)
D. McKey (Université deMontpellier)H. Duistermaat (Naturalis)
2020

27/28

“If there were more of thisfruit on the earth, therewould be need for neither
churches nor jails, for therewould be no sin.”
Anna Forbes (1887),“Insulinde: Experiences of a naturalist's wifein the Eastern Archipelago”.