idsession
codetitle

36

A-4-1

Local preferences for distributional
and procedural justice in windenergy projects: Insights from a
Choice Experiment

41

A-4-2

Does economic participation in wind
power plants increase acceptance?
Remarks regarding a law providing
Dr. Jana Bovet
citizens and communities financial
participation in the development ofwind energy.

Helmholtz Centre for Environmental
Research GmbH - UFZ

115

A-4-3

Ordinance for Local Governance ofWind Energy Projects: Case Study in Prof. Yasushi Maruyama
JapanNagoya University

22A-4-4

Added value of offshore wind farms:
Dr. Memi Motosu
Ideas of elementary school students

Nagoya University

75A-4-5

Risk Communication Process forJapanese Offshore Wind Projects

Toho University

Presenter name

Dr. Nele Lienhoop

Dr. Ayano Takeuchi

Affiliation

Helmholtz Centre for Environmental
Research - UFZ

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1-Nov. 13:45 - 15:15 [ Social acceptance and participation (1) ]Local preferences for distributional and procedural justice in wind energy
projects: Insights from a Choice Experiment
Nele Lienhoop
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ

Abstract:
While the general acceptance of wind energy generation is very high in Germany, there is considerable disapproval amongpeople faced with local wind energy projects. The German Energy transition will inevitably lead to a significant increase inwind energy projects in rural areas thus affecting an increasing number of local residents. Current planning- and decision
procedures often lead to undesirable opposition, thus delaying the implementation of the energy transition. In order to raise
acceptance, there is need to reform the design of the current wind energy policy, which involves very restricted participatory
elements and influence of local residents (procedural injustice) and a disproportional amount of costs faced by the communities(distributional injustice). The German Government is currently desperately searching for ways to improve local acceptance. We
conducted focus groups
and a survey-based choice experiment with the local general public to identify the importance and local preferences forpolicy features. About 400 rural residents participated in the survey via the internet. We just finished data collection and havestarted with the analysis. Preliminary results show that procedural aspects are highly desired by the local public and that
distributional justice, i.e. purchase options for shares, is regarded as the least important attribute. Data analysis will becontinued throughout the summer and results will be presented at the conference.

Does economic participation in wind power plants increase acceptance?
Remarks regarding a law providing citizens and communities financial
participation in the development of wind energy
Jana Bovet
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ

Abstract:
The German population’s acceptance of renewable energy is very high: 92% think that an increasing development ofrenewable energies is "important" or "extremely important". The acceptance of wind energy is also high. At the same time it
can be seen that there is often opposition to these projects: when implementing wind power plants locally, frequently there are
local groups or citizens' initiatives that are against wind power.
Besides the general attempts to improve the quality of participation by enriching the planning process for wind energy,
economic participation in wind power plants is discussed as a particularly important aspect in order to increase localacceptance. Existing legal instruments assuring economic participation focus on compensation to property owners whose land isused for wind power plants or business tax revenue of municipalities. Direct economic participation for citizens exists only inso-called B?rgerwindparks. These are community wind energy projects that are managed only by citizens. But since the existingplanning law has no instruments to enforce this operator model there is no possibility to ensure their implementation.
In Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ? a German Bundesland (federal state) in the north with a lot of wind ?, in April 2016 a law
passed the legislative process which foresees the obligatory financial participation of citizens and communities to onshore windturbines. In developing such a law Mecklenburg-Vorpommern builds new policies, as there is presently no comparable
regulatory requirement for such participation in Germany. In Denmark however, the idea of legally imposed economic
participation has already been implemented and practiced since 2009 (Lov om fremme af vedvarende energy).
In my talk I will present and analyse the law in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern by giving a legal comparison with the Danishregulation. I will comment on its legitimacy and discuss the opportunities and risks of this regulation. The presentation will beenriched with selected results from an empirical study that i.a. analysed the population’s attitude to such a legal regulation.

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1-Nov. 13:45 - 15:15 [ Social acceptance and participation (1) ]Ordinance for Local Governance of Wind Energy Projects:
Case Study in Japan
Yasushi Maruyama1, Makoto Nishikido2, Shota Furuya3, Noriaki Yamashita3 and Memi Motosu1
1Nagoya University, 2Hosei University, 3Institute for Sustainable Energy PolicyIntroduction:
The aim of this research is to review the change of social acceptance of wind energy after Fukushima disaster in Japan and toshow a practice governance model of municipalities to raise social acceptance in local society.
Based on case study and media analyses, we will point out structural problem which has affected to reduce social acceptanceand therefore requires social innovation to solve problems of social justice such as distribution and procedure.

Result:Social acceptance of wind energy after Fukushima disaster as the number of wind farms increase, protest movements againstthem have also been increasing, regardless of rising social acceptance in national level. Stakeholders such as naturalist and/orneighbors worry about environmental destruction including avian collision, landscape, and noise. Even in the cases in which
obvious explicit objection cannot be observed, the "silence" do not always proof acceptance or agreement. Case studies showthat this situation does not change very much even after Fukushima disaster, and that there is no simple answer such asenvironmental impact assessment nor risk communication. Therefore, regardless of higher public acceptance in general, there isa possible divide between pro- and contra- wind energy. Fukushima disaster also activated local initiative to diffuse renewableenergy projects including wind energy. Various "community power" projects have started, which try to modify distributional
issue by introducing local ownership and/or financial participation model. One case try to realize external economic effect inlocal society by changing investors of projects living in large cities into supporter of local agricultural products. Local
authorities have formulated ordinance to encourage local project. Some cases pay attention for developer to pay more attention
to distribution and procedural issue. Their methods are rather soft and focus more on communication and consensus. This new
governance is in contrast with regulations and commands which were often observed before the earthquake. They define
desirable project and help developers.

Discussion:
In conclusion, we will show a theoretical model of social justice in wind energy projects and possible scenarios to reducesocial conflict.

Added value of offshore wind farms: Ideas of elementary school students
Memi Motosu
Nagoya University

Abstract:
This paper addresses issues underlying local opinions regarding an offshore wind project in Japan based on a survey ofelementary school students near the proposed project site. It is often discussed whether or not to introduce offshore wind energy
projects from the aspects from impacts on fishery and ocean, benefits on local economy, job creation and contribution to energy
problems. In particular, previous research focuses on cooperative projects between fishermen and wind developers through anoffshore wind project to ensure a sustainable growth of fisheries and offshore wind developments. Some studies show concrete
methods which contain the concept of distributive benefits on fishermen, such as offering simultaneous hydrographic condition
by setting a monitoring device on or around an offshore wind farm, establishing artificial fish reefs / aqua culture facilities /leisure facilities around an offshore wind farm, power supply to fishing activities and fishermen’s participation in a project(RIOE 2015). However, considering increase of acceptance from fishing villages, we need to extend stakeholders in addition tofishermen. In this research, elementary school students are focused in order to find new cooperative methods. Primary reasons
to target them are that their opinions have not adequately been researched and they could have imagination without being
constrained by conventional fixed ideas. 154 students from three elementary schools near the proposed project site participatedin a workshop where they had a short lecture concerning offshore wind energy and discussed favorable offshore wind farms.
Ideas of favorable wind farms are classified according to Firestone and Kempton (2007). However, overwhelming majority of
the ideas does not fit the classification, therefore, the ideas are classified using KJ method. As results of the workshop, fresh
ideas oriented to added value of wind farms are presented. Some students suggested the idea of tours inside of an offshore wind
tower, a function of disaster prevention such as informing tsunami by installing a camera on a wind farm, and projection
mapping. Most of suggested ideas are some forms of activity to enable us to use wind towers. While leisure facilities are alsosuggested in this survey, different types of those are proposed comparing to previous research. In conclusion of this paper, thepossibility and required technology to realize the ideas are discussed.

References:••

Firestone, J. and Kempton, W., 2007. Public opinion about large offshore wind power: Underlying factors. Energy
Policy, 35, 1584-1598.
RIOE, 2015. Suggestions to cooperative wind development with fisheries (Japanese: 洋上風力発電等の漁業協調の在り方に関する提言). URL: <http://www.rioe.or.jp/2015teigen.pdf 2016> (accessed 12.04.2016).

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1-Nov. 13:45 - 15:15 [ Social acceptance and participation (1) ]Risk Communication Process for Japanese Offshore Wind Projects
Ayano Takeuchi
Toho University

Abstract:
The Japanese government enacted the Renewable Energy Law in 2012 and started the Feed-in-Tariff Scheme, which
promotes the development of renewable energy. Because of the Japanese archipelago’s distinct geographical features, offshore
wind energy is expected to be one of the main energy resources in the future. However, uncertainty exists with regard tooffshore wind energy projects and risk communication with local stakeholders in particular.
Nagoya University supports risk communication process for an offshore wind project in the city of Murakami (Niigataprefecture) from an academic point of view. The involvement of the university is seen as favorable, due to cases in Japan in thepast, where offshore projects were negatively affected (and even stopped) by campaigns. The project in Murakami is currently
under planning and environmental impact assessment will start soon without any major opposition. One concern is the effect onsalmons, because salmon is a special product of this district and also vital for tourism in the region. Therefore, the developer ofthe offshore wind energy project has started an investigation of the impact on salmons, serving as a good example of risk
communication for offshore wind energy projects in Japan.
The purpose of this research is to clarify the status of risk communication for offshore wind projects in Japan. Firstly, thedevelopment process of offshore wind projects in Murakami will be explained. Secondly, the risk communication process will
be presented. The investigation will be performed via literature review as well as a series of qualitative interviews.

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