Chapter 1 Introduction

This chapter describes how to use this user’s manual; outline of the MALT for
Windows system will be given in the following sequence;
1 What is MALT System?
2. How to use this manual
3. Commands
4. Flow of tasks in MALT for Windows
5. How to recover from Errors

1.1 What is MALT System?

User
database

MALT databaser

Userdata file

Data management

Main Memory
CompoundFile(*.mcf)

A compound system
Thermodynamic Table
Calc Equilibrium constantCompound Data
File (*.mcd)

MALT Direct

Application Program
gem

CHD

User’s Programs

1.2 How to Use This Manual-1-

MALT for Windows provides database and related software to makethermodynamic calculations on personal computers. To make an effective useof MALT for Windows, users are highly recommended to read carefully thismanual and understand the flow of tasks to be done.
This manual has been prepared by assuming that users are able to do thefollowings without any problems;
1. With adequate knowledge about Windows and related software to start
Windows;
2. to have ability of writing computer programs in one or two computer
languages;
3. to have proper knowledge about the thermodynamics to convert their own
materials problems to thermodynamic problems.
Even so, the Chapter 3 is prepared for beginners in both applying
thermodynamics and handling personal computers.
This manual consists of the following chapters;
chapter 1 : introduction
chapter 2 : installing
installing procedure of MALT for Windows and the related dongl system aredescribed in this chapter.
Please read carefully before you will first install MALT for Windows even if
you are familiar with handling software for personal computers.
chapter 3 : Instruction Let's run MALT for Windows
This chapter describes the most fundamental way of using MALT for
Windows in an appropriate sequence. Please run MALT for Windows
according to the instruction given in chapter 3. It needs only about one hour tolearn the menu system of MALT for Windows.
chapter 4 : For full use of MALT for Windows functions
This chapter describes details of MALT for Windows menus and functions
including those which are not described in chapter 3. These are customizing
MALT for Windows, combining user's data with data in database etc.
chapter 5: Applications in the MALT Direct
This chapter describes details of the MALT Direct to provide thethermodynamic environments which was realized first in MALT2 and has
been taken over in MALT for Windows. Some remarks are also given to makefull use of this powerful function.
chapter 6: Thermodynamic database and thermodynamic calculations
This describes the thermodynamic properties stored in the MALT for-2-

Windows database, their characteristic features, methods of calculating
thermodynamic functions inside MALT for Windows, and important points inutilizing these data and writing computer programs for their applications.
Abbreviations
In this manual and the menu screen, the following abbreviations will be used
for convenience of description;
PF :

ESC :
^
:

$

:

CHR():

indicates the function key;for example "PF2" shows the second function key( which is thesame as "F2").
indicates the escape key;indicates that other keys will be input together with the control key;for example "^C" means that "C" and the control key are pressed
simultaneously.
indicates the number which is represented by hexadecimal.
for example, "$FF" means "255" in decimal number.
means the function which converts the number in one byte into thecharacter type.

1.2 Commands
MALT for Windows adopts a menu driven system, which makes it easy tooperate this system. Any command can be selected by the following ways:
1) clicking mouse on a menu or a given button.
2) Input the proper key corresponding to selecting menus or buttons.
Selection of menus or buttons can be made by using “Tab” key or arrow
keys for left(←), right(→), up(↑) or down(↓).
The escape key can be used for those cases(1) when you pressed a wrong item,(2) when you want to go back to the previous state,(3) when you want to step back to the upper menus.

1.3 Flow of Tasks in MALT for Windows
The objectives of MALT for Windows can be summarized as follows;(a) calculate the thermodynamic table for a particular compound;-3-

(b)calculate the equilibrium constant for a particular reaction;(c) provide the thermodynamic data to user's programs by means of MALT
direct.
Tasks in MALT for Windows can be made according to the following
sequence as shown in Fig. 1;
There are three stages
1. Select a set of compounds by retrieving the thermodynamic database
MALT for Windows. (See 3-3-1,4-3 for details)
2. Calculate the thermodynamic table or the equilibrium constants by using theretrieved data. (See 3-3-3, 3-3-4, 4-4 for details)
3. Make the MALT Direct available to provide the thermodynamic data for
user's application programs. (See chap.5 ).

1-4 How to Recover From Errors
When running the MALT for Windows, many errors can happen for various
reasons. One of the major sources of errors is due to simple mistakes in typing;for example typing roman characters instead of numerical characters to be
input, or misspelling in chemical formula. For those errors which can berecovered easily, MALT for Windows gives a prompting message to correct
the input information.

-4-

StartSelect, Retrieve of compounds
or a set of compounds(a) calculation ofthermo table(b)Stage 2

calculation ofequil. const.
(c)Stage 1

MALT Direct

Stage 3
MALT/ gem, CHD

user's applications
Figure 1.1 Schematic flow of task in MALT for Windows.

In the initialization of MALT for Windows, check will be made to ensure
whether the MALT environment is proper. If a message is given, follow the
instruction.
Fatal errors may happen; for example, a part of the MALT for Windows
system file was accidentally rewritten. In such a case, MALT for Windows, if
normally operating, will stop by giving the following message;****************
Anomalous end due to Error. ****
-5-

Error Code = 201/33 [1234:ABCD]
Range check error
When there is a possibility that a part of the files were rewritten, install
again(for details, see 2.2).
When the same procedure results in the same error even after reinstalling,please write details of what you did and what happened and send it together
with the system disk to the Kagaku Gijutsu sha.
attention to MALT for Windows
Kagaku Gijutsu sha
Yushima, Tokyo-113, Japan
TEL +81/0 3 3815 3988
FAX +81/0 3 3815 8489
e-mail malt@kagaku.com-6-Chapter 2 Installing

Chapter 2 describes requirements for hardware and software to run MALT for
Windows and also describes method of installing MALT for Windows.

2.1 Hardware requirements for MALT for Windows
The following hardware is needed to run MALT for Windows;
computers :hard disk : A hard disk is required with more than 3Mb free space.
Display :printer:

2.2 Software environments for MALT for Windows
MALT for Windows runs under Windows 98, Windows 2000, or its later
versions.
In addition, MALT for Windows needs environments in which "MALT.EXE"
and "MALT.DAT" can be made access to. For details, read 3.1 and related
chapters.

2.3 Installing MALT for Windows Monitor version
The MALT for Windows monitor version is compacted in a one file,
MALTForMonitos.zip
This can be developed in the following files;\malt
CHDWin.cnt
CHDWin.hlp-7-

CHDWind.exe
CHDWin.ini
GemWin.exe
Glen.dat
Malt.dat
Malt.exe
Malt.PRM
Maltmes.str
MaltWin.cnt
MALTWin.hlp
User.ini\TempDirect\UserDB
User1.txt
User1.udb\users\CompoundFile\MALTDataFile\Output\SamplesThe samples folder contains source programs and related executing codes forhelping users to develop their own application programs to be used under a
MALT Direct environment.

"MALTINST.EXE" is a utility for unpacking files. Since these files were
packed in a specialized way, there is no other way of unpacking the packed
files.
Installing MALT for Windows Monitor version is made by the following way.
1. Confirmation of Work Area
2. Making a Directory for MALT to Be Installed
3. Move the current drive-8-4. starting "MALTINST"
5. Selection of drive to be installed
6. Unpacking files and install of key code
7. Copy of sample files-9-Chapter 3 Instruction Let's Run MALT for
Windows

In Chapter 3, the fundamental methods of running MALT for Windows will be
described by using typical chemical reactions as examples; that is, the thermal
decomposition reaction of calcium carbonate and the shift reaction (formationof carbon dioxide and hydrogen from carbon monoxide and water vapor).
The environmental conditions of running MALT for Windows are assumed tobe the same as given in Chapter 2. Thus, the drives and the directories given in
text should be corrected according to your particular environment. When thisis your first time to use MALT for Windows, it is recommended to operate
MALT for Windows by following the procedures given in this chapter.
This chapter consists of the followings;
1. Starting up, ending of MALT for Windows and main menu
2. Thermal decomposition reaction of calcium carbonate
3. Shift reaction
4. Chemical Equilibrium Calculation
5. Chemical Potential Diagram
For advanced users of the thermodynamic analyses, MALT for Windows
provides the generalized calculation programs; namely gem for calculatingchemical equilibria and CHD for construction chemical potential diagram. For
such users, a simple introduction will be given for how to utilize thesesoftware. Sections 3.4 and 3.5 can be skipped for users who are not familiar
with the advanced thermodynamic analysis.

3.1 Starting up, ending MALT for Windows and main menu
start
To start the MALT for Windows, it is essential to have the “Dongle” in thecurrent computer. For the “Dongle” system, please read carefully chapter 1
and chapter 2.

- 10 -

Fig. 3.1 the first screen that appears after MALT for Windows is started

Fig. 3.2 The Main form of MALT for Windows (No. 1)

After the first screen like Fig. 3.1 appears, the Main form of the MALT for
Windows (Fig. 3.2) will appear.
The Main form consists of the following:1) Title bar2) Menu bar3) Tool button bar4) Status bar.
The first menus available at the beginning have four menu items; that is,
file,search compounds,
tools,- 11 -

help.
Each menu has submenus.
end
To end MALT for Windows, you can select one of the following ways:
1) Select the “Exit” submenu in the “File” menu.
2) Click the tool button “exit”;
3) Click the close button,, on the left side of the tool bar.

, on the upper-right corner of the Main form.

4) Click the MALT logo mark, , on the upper-left corner of the Main
form and then select the close option in the system menus.
Note that in “Exit” command, the normal ending procedures such as saving thecurrent status of a set of compound, compound data, etc will be made, whereas
in “Close” command, such ending procedure will not be made. When you
want to restart the same circumstance as when you finished, select the “exit”
command.

3.2 Thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate
This section describes the procedure to create a thermodynamic table similar to
the JANAF Thermochemical Tables. Calcium carbonate is selected as an
example. Then the decomposition reaction of calcium carbonate will be taken
as an example for calculating the equilibrium constant.
3.2.1 Get compound system
MALT for Windows adopts a two-step approach for utilization of thethermodynamic data. This is to make full use of a limited amount of memory
and to ensure high-speed performance simultaneously;
1) the first step is retrieving data of a set of compounds. This corresponds tothe data transfer from the database in a hard disk to the main memory. A setof compounds can be called "a compound system";2) the second step is utilizing retrieved data in thermodynamic calculations. In
this step, therefore, no access is made to a hard disk.
At the first glance, this two-step approach appears to be complicated.
However, it seems to be the most convenient method for extracting target
compounds out of the more than 4900 species in our database.
We adopt a way of retrieving data by selecting a set of compounds in terms of- 12 -

chemical formula or combination of elements. Selection in term of chemical
formula without specifying states collects gaseous species, condensed species
and all polymorphs with the same formula at the same time. In many cases,
this gives rise to no serious problems. If you do not need some of them, you
can delete them from the list of compounds. Thus, MALT for Windows
provides functions of editing a list of compounds retrieved before use incalculations and of saving a list of selected compounds.
The procedure of getting compounds can be summarized as follows;
1. Select "Search Compounds" in the main menu.
2. Select "Get compound system," when the current compound systemshould be deleted and a new compound system retrieved. Select “Append
compounds,” when you do no want to delete the current compound systembut add new compounds to the system.
3. Selection should be also made between “Search by Compound” and“Search by Element”
To select an item in pull-down menus,
1) use a mouse to move to the proper menu and then do left click2) or press the “Alt” key to have a focus on the menu bar and move tothe item to be selected i) by using the upward or the downward arrow
keys and then press the carriage return key or ii) by inputting thespecified accelerator key.
4a. Input a number of chemical formulae by using “,” as separators
4b. or input a selected number of elements with specification of one searchingmode out of three modes: See 4.3 for details.
Examples are given in 3.3.2 for a set of elements, and in 3.4.1 for chemical
formulae.
3.2.2 get compound system by using a set of elements
When you are going to do “Get compound system/Search by Element” justafter the MALT for Windows installation, the following “Search Compounds
by Element” form will appear as Fig. 3.3 with Edit/Display Elements field
which shows the following text:
Ca,C,OThis is a default text string which was given at the install procedure. Thisdefault is set just because this set of compounds are necessary to examine thethermal decomposition reaction of calcium carbonate:- 13 -CaCO3 = CaO + CO2.

[3.1]

When mode of searching compound, in the top-right corner in Fig. 3.3, is
specified as “Compounds consisting a combination of elements”, this leads
to retrieval of those compounds which consist of any of these three elements
out of the database. For details about retrieval mode, see 4.3.
The text string in the Edit/Display Elements” field is always saved in a
combobox after input so that a list of the previously input string will beavailable on clicking the pull-down button of the field.
To examine the thermal decomposition reaction of calcium carbonate, pleaseclick the “OK” button without any correction; the command of get a set ofcompounds in Ca,C,O with the mode 1 will be executed. Immediately after
retrieval is done, the form changes to show results like Fig. 3.4. At this stage,
the number given in the status bar in the MALT Main form changes from "0" toFig. 3-3 Search Compounds by Element form for getting compound system- 14 -

"23". This shows that 23 compounds are retrieved out of the MALT database.
The chemical formulae are displayed below the title of the Compound Table
form; the notation of representing the chemical formulae is given in Table 4.
11.
The different columns in Fig. 3-4 show information about the compounds; thatis, the chemical formula, its commonly used name of compounds (if necessary
to distinguish), its phase symbol, and its temperature range.
Here, the phase symbol given in square brackets indicates phases covered inFig. 3-4 (a) Main Form after retrieving compounds; (b) List of compounds
obtained by “search by element” of Ca,C,O with mode 1.
- 15 -

a given temperature range; [s] stands for solid, [l], [g] being liquid, and gas,
respectively. When a compound covers more than two phases, their
combination will be given; for example, [sl] means that both solid and liquid
are included in its data.
Within this screen, you can check any compounds by moving the cursor by useof the upward and the downward arrow keys. Since only about 20 lines can bedisplayed for compounds, Fn key + upward and Fn + downward can be used
for changing the displayed compounds by page up or page down. When scroll
bar is used to move the list, the cursor (selected item) is not moved together.
3.2.3 procedure for calculating thermodynamic tables
As a next step, a thermodynamic table of calcium carbonate will be calculated.
This procedure can be summarized as follows;
1. get compounds according to the procedures descried in 3.3.2
2. select "Calculate" in the main menu.
3. select the "JANAF Type Table" in the submenu of “Calculate”.
4. select the "Select Compound" in the submenu of the "JANAF Type5.
6.

. At thisTable". Or, click the tool button for “Select compound,”stage, the appearance of the Compound Table Form changes to show the
buttons for “selection” and “cancel” at the bottom of the Form.
select a compound to be calculated by manipulating a one-line cursor andclicking the “Selection” buttons (or pressing “s” key).
The “calculate” submenu of "JANAF Type Table" becomes available (itstool button change its appearance); then, select "Calculate" or click thetool button for “calculate JANAFtype Table,”.

3.2.4 calculation of a thermodynamic table of calcium carbonate
Calculation of a thermodynamic table of calcium carbonate is made in thefollowing sequence;
1. get a compound system
According to the method described in 3.3.2, you get a compound system
for Ca, C, O with the first mode of “Compounds consisting of
combination of the elements”;
2. selection of a menu of ‘JANAF Type table’
Next, select the "Calculate” in the main menu and then select the"JANAF Type Table" in the submenu of "Calculate".

- 16 -

3. Selection of the compound
Select the "Select Compound" in the submenu of "JANAF Type Table,"and then the “Compound Table” form appears like Fig. 3.4. The first linein the list is in highlighted. This is a one-line cursor. By moving the
cursor with the upward or the downward arrow keys, select thecompound of "CaCO3 calcite" and then click the “Selection” button at
the bottom of the Compound Table Form..
4. Calculation
Immediately after selection of the compound, the buttons in the“Compound Table” Form disappears. The name of selected compoundappears in the status bar of the MALT main menu. The “Calculate”
submenu of “JANAF Type Table” becomes available andcorrespondingly, the tool button for “Calculate JANAF Type Table””. You then select the "Calculate" bybecomes available like “Jclicking on the submeu or on the tool bar. After those procedures, athermodynamic table is calculated and is displayed as shown in Fig. 3.5.
The Thermodynamic Table Form consists of(1) title for displaying compound formulae, name if any, molecularweight and date of creating the table;(2) Thermodynamic table at selected temperatures;(3) Thermodynamic constants list which gives sources of data (thereference number), and the thermodynamic constants.
As shown in Fig. 3.5, the thermodynamic functions are given for the standard
temperature, 298.15 K, and selected temperatures. Next to the temperaturecolumn, the following functions are given from the left hand column:
standard heat capacity(Cp),standard entropy(S0),standard relative enthalpy to the standard temperature(H(T)-H(T0)),- 17 -

Fig. 3.5 Thermodynamic Table of calcium carbonate

Gibbs energy function(gef),
standard enthalpy change for formation(dfH), andstandard Gibbs energy change for formation(dfG).
The present standard enthalpy and Gibbs energy changes forformation provide values for the formation reaction from the elements
at their reference state at respective temperatures.
In addition, selection can be made about
units of the thermodynamic functions,temperature range and a step of temperature increment,
option for whether or not the thermodynamic constants are output.
This is selected in the "Define Calc. Condition” submenu in the Calculate/
Equilibrium constant menu. The same option can be selected through the Tab
sheet name as “Computation" in MALT Options, which can be selected
through the “Customized MALT setting” submenu of the “Tools” main menu.
See 3.4.3 for details in these selections.

- 18 -

During the Thermodynamic Table Form is shown, the menu “Calculate”
cannot be seen in the main menu bar. To appear the “Calculate” menu, youhave to exit the Thermodynamic Table Form and to show the Compound
Table Form. The “Tools” menu is always available, regardless what type ofform is displayed.
3.2.5 calculation of equilibrium constants
The procedure for calculation of the equilibrium constants can be summarized
as follows;
1. get compounds according to the procedure given 3.3.2;
2. select "Calculate” in the main menu;
3. select "Equilibrium Constant" in the submenu of "Calculate”;
4. select "Define Reaction" in the submenu of "Equilibrium Constant" or
5.
6.

;click the tool button for “Define Reaction”
set a target chemical reaction by manipulating the Compound Table Formwith a mode of define reaction;
go back to the submenus of "Equilibrium Constant," and then select"calculate," or click the tool button for “Calculate Equilibrium Constant,”
E.

3.2.6 Calculation of equilibrium constants for the thermal decomposition reaction of
calcium carbonate
As an example for the above procedure, the equilibrium constants of thethermal decomposition reaction of calcium carbonate are calculated here. The
compounds obtained according to the procedure given in 3.2.4 will be also
used here.
To calculate the equilibrium constant, it is necessary to define the target
chemical reaction. In MALT for Windows, the chemical reaction is set up by
two steps. First, you select all compounds involved in the reaction, and then
set a stoichiometric coefficient (mole number of compounds related to thereaction).
1. selection of equilibrium constants in the calculation menu
After selecting the "Calculate" in the main menu, select the "Equilibrium
Constants" in the submenu of "Calculate."
2. select compounds to be involved in reaction
To set a reaction to be calculated, you first select the "Define Reaction"in the submenus of "Equilibrium Constant;” available compounds appear- 19 -

in a selected sequence in the Compound Table Form. At this stage, theCompound Table Form shows the buttons for “Select”, “Dispose”,“Cancel” and “OK” at the bottom of the Form.
Compounds are selected as follows; moving the one-line cursor tocompounds of CO2, CaO, CaCO3(calcite) and clicking the “Select”
button (or double clicking on the compound line). The color of the
cursor changes to “blue”. When the one-line cursor moves from theselected compound, the color of the selected compound change to“green.” A newly focused line will be displayed in “blue” if the line isselected, or in “dark blue” if the line is not selected. Changing theselected compound to the non-selected one can be made by clicking“Dispose” button or by double clicking on the selected compound.
After selecting all compounds to be involved in a chemical reaction, the“OK” button can be clicked.
At this stage, it is needed to satisfy the condition under which theselected compounds can form a meaningful reaction without ambiguity.
If any reaction cannot be set up uniquely, an error message will appear toprompt the re-selection of compounds. See details in 4.4.4.
3. Set a coefficient of the stoichiometry
What to be done as a next step is to select one particular compound out of
the selected compounds; this compound is to be used in determination of
stoichiometric coefficient of the reaction considered. Fig. 3.6 shows theReaction Form to determine the stoichiometric coefficient for theselected reaction.
By manipulating the one-line cursor in a similar way to that describedabove, you should select one compound by moving one-line cursor using
the upward and the downward keys or by using mouse. The default
compound is the first line among the selected compounds. Subsequently,
you are expected to input a stoichiometric coefficient of the selectedcompound (the default value is always 1). Fig. 3-6 shows that the valueof -1 is input as the stoichiometric coefficient of CaCO3. The negativevalue regards the selected compound as reactant, the positive being as
product. In the present thermal decomposition reaction of CaCO3,
CaCO3 is a reactant so that a value of -1 should be input.

- 20 -

Fig. 3.6 Selection of stoichiometric coefficient of the reaction

4. Execution of calculation
In the submenu of "Equilibrium Constant", select the "Calculate" or click
the tool button for Calculate Equilibrium Constant.” After thisprocedure, the table of the equilibrium constants for the thermal
decomposition reaction of CaCO3 appears as given in Fig. 3.7.
Fig. 3.7 shows that the table of the equilibrium constants consists of thefollowings:
temperature,
standard enthalpy change for reaction(dH),standard entropy change(dS),standard Gibbs energy change(dG),logarithmic equilibrium constant (log Kp)
equilibrium constant(Kp), andchange in the Gibbs energy function(dGEF).
Here, the standard enthalpy change and the standard Gibbs energychange are used in the conventional definition in which the quantities forthe isothermal process are given; for details, see chapter 6. The
definition of Gibbs energy function is given in Appendix 1.

- 21 -

Fig. 3.8 Input Compound Form

Fig. 3.7 Equilibrium constants for the thermal decomposition of CaCO3

3.3 Shift reaction
As a second example, the shift reaction
CO + H2O = CO2 + H2

[3.2]

will be considered here.
3.3.1 Get compound system by means of chemical formulae
For the case of the thermal decomposition of CaCO3, selection of compounds
was made using a set of elements with convenience. Even so, use of Search by
Elements for the present case of the shift reaction leads to many hydrocarbons
and carbon-hydrogen-oxygen compounds; that is, more than 600 compounds(when no limit was set for carbon number); see 4.5.5. In order to examine theshift reaction, only four compounds are needed. It will be quite troublesome toset up the reaction out of a large number of compounds almost all of which are
not necessary in the present case.
In MALT for Windows, compounds can be retrieved by inputting just the- 22 -

chemical formulae for necessary compounds. Chemical formulae should be
input according to the notation given in Table 4.11. Chemical formulae of
no more than 8 compounds can be input at once by using comma as
delimiter. When input chemical formulae were incorrect in the light of the
MALT for Windows notation, errors will occur on retrieval. When morethan 8 compounds are needed, use the "Append compounds" in the submenu of the "Search Compounds.”
In the submenus of "Get compound system" or “Append compounds” in“Search Compounds” main menu, select the "Search by Compound." The
input Compound From appears like in Fig. 3.8.
After editing the text field to specify the compounds to be retrieved, click the
button “Selection.” Then, these compounds are obtained. The once input data
are stored in the combobox and can be displayed by clicking the pull-down
button of the input field.
3.3.2 Calculation of equilibrium constants for Shift reaction
Above procedure makes it possible to calculate the equilibrium constants forthe shift reaction by following the same procedure given above. Fig. 3.9 shows
results for the shift reaction.
3.3.3 Optional selection of calculation conditions
The information given in Fig. 3.9 can be obtained in another way, for example,
by using the data book of the JANAF thermochemical tables instead of thedatabase. Even so, if you want to obtain similar information at any
temperature, you have to do some interpolation procedure. In MALT for
Windows, you can use the optional selection of calculation conditions without
any difficulties.

- 23 -

Fig. 3.9 Equilibrium constants for the shift reaction

As an example for setting additional conditions, calculation will be made for atemperature region from 500 C to 600 C by a step increment of 10 C in theunit of calorie.
First of all, confirm that the Compound Table Form appears in screen. If not,exit from the Thermodynamic Table Form by clicking “exit.” Then you can
see the “Calculate” menu in the menu bar. You can select the “Define Calc.
Conditions” submenu of "Equilibrium Constant." The MALT Options form
like Fig. 3.10 will appear. It is possible to set options for calculation conditions
and output of results.
In the “Computation” tab sheet in the MALT Options Form, selection can bemade among respective radio group boxes (for radio group box, see Appendix
1). When selection is made in Temperature unit, the correspond numericalvalues given in the edit fields for the high temperature limit and the lowtemperature limit will be altered automatically. Energy unit affects only on thethermodynamic result table. Unit of materials can be defined only when the
JANAF type table is concerned. For Equilibrium Constant, moles are always
used.

- 24 -

- 25 -

Fig. 3.10 Define calculation conditions

Fig. 3.11 Equilibrium constants for shift reaction between 500 C and 600 C- 26 -

Fig. 3.12 Selection of Tabulation in Define calculation conditions

Option for extrapolation of valid temperature range can be made in the same
part. MALT default assumption on the temperature range is determined by thevalid range for all compounds involved in the reaction. For example, in such acase where there is one compound which valid temperature range is small,calculation will be made only within this valid range. If you want to extend thetemperature range to those you selected in this tab sheet, you should check theoption for extrapolation.
The calculation results will be given as in Fig. 3.11.
The columns in the thermodynamic results can also be selected in the“Tabulation” tab sheet in the MALT Options. As given Fig. 3.12, thethermodynamic quantities which can be listed in the table will appear.
Selection of the quantities can be made by using mouse clicking or arrow keys,
the clicking “<” or “>” button to change the option. The thermodynamic
quantities listed in the left hand side will appear as given in Fig. 3.13

3.4 Chemical Equilibrium Calculations- 27 -

Fig 3.13 Thermodynamic results with selected tabulation items.

MALT for Windows provides the computer program, gem, for calculatingchemical equilibria on the basis of the Gibbs energy minimization technique.
To utilize this program, a compound system should be set up. Here, we
consider again the shift reaction.
CO + H2O = CO2 + H2

[3.3]

In addition to the above reaction, other chemical reactions can proceed
between CO and H2O. The Gibbs energy minimization gives the equilibrium
state in the C-H-O system which contains many other species than these listed
above.
To obtain the equilibrium state for a mixture of CO and H2O, the following
should be made;- 28 -

1) prepare the compounds to be involved in the chemical reactions;2) run the computer program, gem.
3) specify the calculation conditions such as the starting amount of reactants,
temperature, and pressure.
4) Do the minimization calculation.
5) Treat the equilibrium results as graphs or tables
3.4.1 Preparation of the compound system in MALT for Windows
To make an appropriate equilibrium calculation at high temperatures, it isessential to guess the chemical species to be involved in the equilibrium. Since
the recent computer program for calculating the equilibrium state becomesvery power full, it becomes not so severe to limit the number of the chemical
species to be involved in calculations. In this sense, it is safe to include many
species in the equilibrium calculations. Even so, the present case is thereactions in the C-H-O system, where a lot of higher order hydrocarbons are

Fig. 3.14 Setting the Carbon number limit in retrieval of carbonaceouscompounds in the “Customize MALT setting” menu.
- 29 -

essentially available. In such a case, it isbetter to exclude some high orderhydrocarbons.
In the MALT for Windows, the carbons number can be specified whenretrieval will be made. This can be made by selecting the “customize MALT

Fig. 3.15 “gem” main form after performing “MALT Direct” which transfer
the compound system from the MALT for Windows to “gem.”- 30 -

setting” submenu in the “Tools” main menu. In the “General” tab sheet, there
are options for setting the carbon number limit. Here, the carbon number
should be set as two or less as shown in Fig. 3.14.
Then, clear the current compound system and select the “get a compoundsystem.” The search mode is selected as mode 1 to collect all compounds inthe system. In the “Search a Compound System” Form, the C-H-O systemwith the mode of the compounds consisting of combinations of elements” will
be selected. 52 species will be retrieved in the C-H-O system.
3.4.2 Run the computer program, gem
Here, it is ready to run the gem program. Easiest way of running “gem” is theselection of the “gem” command in the “Tools” main menu. This command is
to execute the following command“gemWin.exe /md”
Here, the switch “/md” means that “MALT Direct” command will be
performed as the first command.
Fig. 3.15 shows the resulting “gem” main form after executing the MALT
Direct” command.
The first line is the menu bar, whereas the second line indicates the tool buttons
for selected commands given in the menus. The main form consists of thethree tab sheets; that is,
Trial
Results
Activities
In the status line in the bottom of the form, the current system is indicated as
the C-H-O system containing 52 species. Furthermore, the first line of thesecond row of the “Trial” tab sheet indicates “MALT Direct” as data source.
3.4.3 Specification of calculation conditions- 31 -

Fig. 3.17 Input for Pressure, CO, and H2O.

Fig. 3.16 Input for Temperature

Before doing chemical equilibrium calculations, the following should bespecified.
1) Number of calculation: Default value is 3, which is shown in the third line

- 32 -

in Fig. 3. 16. In the “Trial” tab sheet, the rows for N trials will be prepared
for the respective trials. This is indicated in the first column in the stringgrid.
2) Temperature: The second line is for selecting temperatures for respective
rows.
3) Pressure: The Gibbs energy minimization needs to specify the pressure,
whereas the Helmholtz energy minimization needs to specify the volume.
4) Initial amount of elements: this can be made by selecting the amount of thereactants among the compounds involved in the chemical system.
Fig. 3.16 shows the input field for temperature. This form will appear on
clicking the mouse on the column for temperature.
Two values combined with comma like “1000,100” should be input in the“initial, step” field. The first value is for the value for Trail 1, and the second
value will be added on the following trials.
Fig. 3.17 shows similar input forms for pressure, CO and H2O.

- 33 -

Fig. 3.18 Calculation results in gem.

- 34 -

3.4.4 Minimization
Minimization calculations will be made by selecting the “Run” menu. After
finishing each trial, the color of the trial will be changed.
Results are given in the tabsheets of “Results” and “Activities.” In the“Result” tab sheet, the molar-based results will be given and the activities will
be given in the “Activities” tab sheet.
3.4.5 Graphics and Tables
The values given in tables can be copied to clipboard after the choosing the“select all” submenu and the “copy” menu in the “edit” main menu. A part oftables can be also copied to clipboard by selecting the range by mousedown-moving.

3.5 Chemical Potential Diagram
MALT for Windows provides the computer program, CHD for constructing
chemical potential diagrams.
Compared with chemical equilibrium
calculations, utilization of chemical potential diagrams is not so popular. Evenso, chemical potential diagrams are quite convenient for materials
thermodynamics. Here, explanation will be made on only how to construct thechemical potential diagram by using the thermodynamic data stored in MALT.
The thermodynamic meanings of the chemical potential diagram will be
explained in user’s manual for CHD.
1) prepare the thermodynamic data for a selected chemical system;2) run the computer program, CHD.
3) specify the conditions to construct the chemical potential diagram for theselected system;4) Do calculation based on the polyhedron approach for constructing thegeneralized chemical potential diagrams.
5) Display the obtained diagram.
6) Manipulate the diagram upon some requirements for dissection, touch etc.

3.5.1 Preparation of the compound system in MALT for Windows
As an example to construct the chemical potential diagram, we will use the
Ca-O-C system. To retrieve the thermodynamic data, you can do the same

- 35 -

procedure given as Section 3.3; that is, select the “Get a Compound System”
menu with the option of “Selection by Elements.” Ca, O, C should be selected
together with the mode of “compounds consisting of combination ofelements.” This retrieval mode is very convenient for the construction ofchemical potential diagrams.
3.5.2 Run the computer program, CHD
Here, it is ready to run the CHD program. Easiest way of running “CHD” is thesame as the “gem”, that is, the selection of the “CHD” command in the “Tools”
main menu. This command is to execute the following command“CHDWind.exe /md”
The meaning of the switch “/md” is the same as before.
Fig. 3.19 shows the resulting “CHD” main form after executing the MALT
Direct” command.
In the title line of the Main Form, it is indicated that data are obtained by
MALT Direct for the Ca-O-C system,
The next line is the menu bar, whereas the second line indicates the tool
buttons for selected commands given in the menus. The status line is located in
the bottom of the Main form.
The main menu consists of Files, Edit, Project, View, Run, Diagram, Windows
and Help.
3.5.3 Specification of calculation conditions
In order to construct a chemical potential diagram, many parameters should be
defined. In the “CHD” program, such parameters are given as default values inmany cases.
In the situation given in Fig. 3.19, the CHD is ready to construct a diagram byusing default values given for this system. Even so, users have to have someidea what kinds of diagrams they want to construct. This is made in thesubmenu of “specify diagram” in the “Project” main menu as given in Figs.
20(a) and (b).

- 36 -

In the upper part of Fig. 3.20(a) , the information of the current system is given
to make a proper selection of the parameters. The current Ca-O-C system isthe 5 component (dimension) system including temperature and pressure. Fora system which has 5 or more dimensions, default setting of the fixation ismade to fix temperature and pressure. Usually pressure is set as 1 atm, whereas
temperature is set at 298.15 K.
In Fig. 30.20(a), There are 3 tabsheets for specification of conditions.
The first tab sheet of “Dimension” is for determination of temperature andpressure. Since default temperature is 298.15 K, this value is changed to 1000
K in Fig. 3.20(a).
In the second tab sheet of “Fixation” is for further fixation of component(dimension) properties. In the current system, we have three free dimensions
that is the appropriate number for constructing the chemical potential diagram

Fig. 3.19 CHD Main form after selecting “CHD” in the “Tools” menu.
- 37 -

for the Ca-O-C system. We do not need to specify in this tab sheet for thecurrent system.
The tab sheet of “Select Diagram” is to specify the diagram type to beconstructed. The default diagram type for the current system is the 3D surface
diagram.

Fig. 3.20(a) Diagram Specification for giving the selected values fortemperature and pressure.

- 38 -

Fig. 3.20(b) Diagram Specification for giving the selected values for Diagram
selection.

3.5.4 Polyhedron approach to construct chemical potential diagram
By selecting the “Calc” submenu in the “Run” main menu, calculation starts
and a diagram is shown, if available.
Fig. 3.21 shows the three dimensional surface diagram for the Ca-O-C system.
“Three dimensional” indicates that there are three dimensions which can be- 39 -

Fig. 3.21 Three dimensional surface diagram for the Ca-O-C system at 1000
K. This is the default type diagram.
changed. In this case, three dimensions mean the elemental chemical
potentials of Ca, O and C. By “surface, it means that the three chemical
potentials have one relation like(Ca) + (C) +(O) = º(CaCO3)[3.5]

for CaCO3. This indicates that each stable compound has its own plane having
the slope corresponding to its stoichiometry. Such planes form one polyhedron
as shown in Fig. 3. 21. This shows why this approach is called the polyhedron
approach.
3.5.5 Graphics and Tables
To construct the usual two dimensional diagram, it is needed to specify the
diagram type and the diagram coordinates.

- 40 -

Fig. 3.22 Specification of Two Dimension Diagram; Determination of
coordinates.

To specify the diagram type, drop the list of the combobox for the diagram
type. When “2D Chemical Potential Diagram” is selected, the sample diagramin the right hand side changed to an example for this diagram type.
The coordinates for the two dimensional diagram has to change on yourpreference. The default coordinates are selected from the dimensionalvariables. In Fig. 3.22, these are the elemental chemical potentials for O, C and
Ca. Although the target diagram is two dimensional, three elemental chemical
potentials are displayed. This is because the three dimensional polyhedron isconstructed in the three-dimensional space and will be projected on a plane toshow the two dimensional diagram.
To change the default coordinates, double clicking will be made on thecoordinate or select that coordinate by moving cursor and clicking the “change
button”. Then, the “coordinate” form will appear like at the bottom-right- 41 -

Fig. 3.23 Two Dimension Diagram for the Ca-C-O system at 1000K.
corner of Fig. 3.23.
The coordinate type can be selected from the “Dimension variables” and the“Compound type.” When the “Dimension Variables” is selected, you have toselect among the given variables for inverse temperature, logarithmic pressureand elemental chemical potentials. When the “Compound” type is selected, alist of available compounds is given. In this case, a linear combination oflogarithmic activity of compounds can be selected. For the coefficient of eachcompound in such a linear combination can be specified in the “CoefficientForm” as shown in Fig. 3. 22, where a coefficient, 1, (which is default value for- 42 -

the first selected compound) is selected for log (p(O2)/atm).
After selecting log (p(CO2)/atm) as the y axis, the two dimension diagram canbe constructed by selecting the “Calc” submenu.
Figure 3. 23 shows the two dimension diagram for the Ca-C-O system at 1000
K. Phase relations appearing in Fig. 3.23 are the same as those in Fig. 3.21.

- 43 -

Chapter 4 For full use of MALT functions

In this chapter, the following functions are explained in details to make fulluse of the powerful functions of MALT for Windows. The explanation of“MALT Direct “ to utilize the thermodynamic data in user’s environments will
be given in Chapter 5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

MALT for Windows and Window environment
The user-interface of MALT for Window
The compound system
The thermodynamic tables and the equilibrium constants
System setup

4.1 MALT for Windows and Windows environment
4.1.1 Directories in MALT for Windows
In order to run MALT for Windows and related software gem and CHD
properly, it is essential for MALT.exe can find out the necessary files forstarting up. The following files usually are stored in the same directory as
MALT.exe file:Malt.dat
Glen.dat
MaltMes.str
MALT.PRM
User.ini
MALTWin.hlp
MALTWin.cnt
MALTManual.pdf
CHDWin.exe
CHD2Dlgs.cnt
CHD2Dlgs.hlp
CHDWin.ini
CJHDManual.pdf- 44 -

GemWin.exe
GemWin.hlp
An error message will be given when it failed to find these files.
4.1.2 Files in MALT for Windows
In addition to the MALT system files described above, MALT for Windows
uses many types of files which can be categorized into several groups:
Directories for such files can be defined in the “Customize Malt settings”
submenu of the “Tools” main menu. After selecting this menu, the MALT
options form appears. This form consists of several tabsheets. A tab sheet of“Files” is given as Fig. 4.1.

Fig. 4.1 MALT options for files/directories- 45 -

Those files which are used in MALT for Windows can be categorized into thefollowing groups.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Compound File (*.mcf)
MALT Data file (*.mcd) in which the compounds system is stored.)User data file (*.txt) (which contains user's original data)
User data base (*.udb) (compiled from user data file)
User application file (*.exe)
Output files (for thermodynamic calculation results)
Temporary files
User program (the applications created by users)
Parameter files (which stores the operation codes for the devices)

User data files and output files are text files which can be read or re-written in
the ordinary text editor. The other files are not text style, and they can only be
modified inside MALT for Windows.
Whenever MALT for Windows needs to know the name of a file or directory,
prompting will be made to select a file name in a given folder/directory. This
folder/directory can be specified in the MALT Options form with a tab sheet of“Files” as shown in Fig. 4.1.
To add a new directory/folder, click “…” button. Then the open file dialog
will appear. You can select any file in the proper directory/folder. Although
the file name instead of the directory name is given in the field, only the
directory part will be utilized.

4.2 The User Interface of MALT for Windows
MALT for Windows has a classified command menu system, and you canmove among submenus by moving/clicking mouse or hitting keys such asarrow keys (←→↑↓). Selection of menus can be made also by keying“accelerate” keys. In addition, tool buttons are equipped for selectedcommands. It also has an on-line help system including the theoreticalexplanation of the functions. Help will appear on hitting the F1 key or clicking
the “help” button which is installed in some Forms. MALTWin help willappear by selecting “MALT help” submenu in the “Help” main menu.

- 46 -

4.2.1 Main menu
Table 4.1 shows the items available as the main menu. The main menus areshown in the menu bar of the MALT Main Form. The selection of menu can bemade by (1) clicking mouse on the menu or by (2) pressing the “Alt” key withthe accelerate keys for respective menus(for example F for Files).
Help is instruction for users to do better operations. For details of thesefunctions, see 4.2.5.
Table 4.1 Items in the main menu and their functions
Items
File
Search Compounds
Edit
Calculate

Tools
Help

Functions
Open or save MALT files/Print/Exit
Get data of compounds or compound systems.
Editing tables for results. This menu appears
only when the Thermodynamic Table Form isshown.
Calculate thermodynamic tables equilibrium
constants. This menu appears only when the
Compound Table Form is shown.
Set up the working conditions. Some facilities
for handling user own data.
Show the functions and the instruction.

- 47 -

4.2.2 Submenus of “File” menu.
Submenus of the “File” menu are shown in Table 4.2.
Table 4.2 Items and functions of the submenus in the “File “ main menu.
Item (Accelerator key)
Open Compound File (O)Function
Clear the work space and retrieve a newcompound system from a compound file.
Save Compound File (S)Save the current compound system into
the same file.
Save Compound File As (A)Save the current compound system into aselected file.
Save Compound Data File As Save the current MALT Data file into a(D)selected file.
Save Calculated Result in File Results given in the Thermodynamic(F)
Results Form is saved in a selected file.
Print Calculated Result (P)Print results given n the Thermodynamic
result Form.
End (E)End the MALT for Windows with doing
End procedure.

4.2.3 Submenus of “Search Compounds” menu

Table 4.3 Items and functions of the submenus in the “Search Compound“ menu.
Item (Accelerator key)
Get Compound System (G)Append Compounds (A)Delete Compounds (D)Clear Compounds (C)Show Compound Table (S)Hide Compound Table (H)Function
Clear the work space and retrieve a newcompound system.
Add another compound system to thecurrent compound system.
Delete selected compounds from thecompound system.
Delete all compounds and clear the work
space.
Show the current compound system
listed in the compound table.
Hide the compound table form.

- 48 -

Submenus of the “Search Compounds" menu are shown in Table 4.3. The Get
Compound System submenu and the Append Compounds submenu have theirown submenus which will be given in Table 4.4.
4.2.4 Submenus in “Calculate” main menu.
When retrieved compounds are available, the “Calculate” menu will beavailable. Note however that the “Calculate” menu is only available when thecompound table form is shown in screen.
Submenus in the “Calculate" menu are shown in Table 4.5. The “JANAF
Type Table” and the “Equilibrium Constant” have submenus and their contents
are shown in Tables 4.6 and 4.7. The detailed explanation will be made in 4.4．

Table 4.4 Items and functions of submenus appearing after selecting themenus of “Get A Compound System” or “Append Compounds.”
Item
Search by Compound (C)Search by Element (E)Function
Retrieve by inputting chemical
formula.
Retrieve by inputting elements withspecification of retrieve mode.

Table 4.5 Items and functions in the “Calculate” menu
Item (Accelerator key)
JANAF Type Table (J)Equilibrium Constants (E)Function
Create a thermodynamic table in
JANAF style.
Define a chemical reaction andcalculate its equilibrium constant.

Table 4.6 Items and functions of the submenu “JANAF Type Table".
Item (Accelerator key)
Select Compound (S)Define Calc. Conditions (D)Calculate (C)Function
Select the compound which you want tomake the table
Set up the conditions of calculation andthe format of the table.
Execute the calculation- 49 -

Table 4.7 Items and functions of the submenu of “Equilibrium Constants".
Item (Accelerator key)

Function

Define Reaction (R)Define a new reaction.

Modify Reaction (M)Modify or correct the reaction.

Define Calc. Condition (D)Set up the conditions of calculation andthe format of the table.

Calculate (C)Execute the calculation

4.2.5 Submenus of the “Edit “ menu
When the Thermodynamic Results form is displayed to show the calculation
results for the JANAF type Table or for the Equilibrium Constants, several
modes of copy of such a list of results can be made to clipboard. Separator for
adjacent rows can be selected in the MALT Options form/files which can beselected in the Customize MALT setting submenu in the “Tools” menu.
Table 4.8 Items and functions of the submenus of “Edit “ menu.
Item (Accelerator key)
Copy Selected Area (S)Copy Current Row (R)Copy Current Column (C)Copy All the Table (A)Function
Copy an area selected by clicking
mouse.
Copy a Row in which the focused field isincluded.
Copy a Column in which the current
field is included.
Copy all data in the table.

4.2.6 Submenus of “Tools” menu
The “Tools" menu contains submenus which provides many useful functions
and facilities. The “Customize MALT settings “ menu provide the MALT
Options Form consisting four tab sheets. The detailed explanation is given in
4.5.

- 50 -

Table 4.9 Items and functions of the submenus of “Tools” Main menu.
Item (Accelerator key)
Customize MALT Settings(S)
User Data (U)Data Format Conv. (C)gem (g)CHD (H)

Function
MALT options can be specified for generalmatters, computation, files and tabulation.
Edit and compile user data.
Create a compound data file in which
mixture phases can be included.
Start the “gem” program for calculatingchemical Equilibria.
Start the “CHD” program for constructing
chemical potential diagram.

The user data menu consists of many submenus as listed in Table 4.10.
Similarly, the data format conversion menu also has several submenus listed inTable 4.11.
Table 4.10 Items and Functions of submenus in the “User Data “ menu.
Item (Accelerator key)
Compile User Text File (C)Load User Database (L)Unload User Database (U)Add New Compound (N)Edit Compound Value (E)Save User File (S)Save User File As (A)Function
Make the data set for MALT for Windows
from the user-defined data file.
Load user data to the work space.
Remove user data from the work space.
Add new user data for a compound in agiven user database.
Edit one compound listed in the compound
table and save in a user database.
Save the current available user data after
adding or editing compound as user text
file.
Save the current available user data after
adding or editing compound as a selecteduser text file.

- 51 -

Table 4.11 Items and Functions of submenus in theConversion” menu.
Item (Accelerator key)
Set up Compound (S)Default Setting (D)Verify Compounds (V)Save in the Format As (A)“Data Format

Function
Set up phases by selecting comstituent
compounds for respective phases.
Default setting is based on the gaseous
mixture and stoichiometric compounds.
Verify the components for respective
phases and correction can be made if
necessary.
Save the set-up compound data file in a
selected file.

The application programs “gem” and “CHD” can be started from the above
menus, although these programs can be run outside MALT for Windows.

4.2.7 On-line help in MALT for Windows
MALT for Windows has on-line help systems as listed in Table 4.12.
Table 4.12 Items and Functions of submenus in “Help “ menu.
Item (Accelerator key)
MALT Help (M)gem Help (g)CHD Help (C)Kagaku Gijutsu Sha Home
Page (K)Function
MALT help file
Gem help.
CHD help
Make access to the home of Kagaku Gijutsu
sha to know the updated information on the
MALT and related software.

About MALT (A)Version Number of MALT for Windows isshown.

Pressing PF1 key always gives the help content correspondingly to thesituation.

- 52 -

4.2.8 Tool buttons
Tool buttons are prepared for several submenus as listed in Table 4.13. These
tool buttons are displayed differently depending on their ability. When a tool
button cannot be used in the absence of the satisfied conditions, the tool button
is displayed in the half tone and will not response to any clicking actions.

Table 4.13 Tool Buttons and Corresponding menu.
Tool buttons
corresponding menu
File / Close
Search Compound / Append Compounds by Compound
Search Compound / Append Compounds by Element
Tools / User Data / Load User Data
Tools / Customize MALT Settings
Search Compound / Clear Compound System
Search Compound / Delete Compounds
Search Compound / Show Compound Table
Search Compound / Hide Compound Table
Calculate / JANAF Type Table / Select Compound
Calculate / JANAF Type Table / CalculateJ

Calculate / Equilibrium Constants / Define Reaction
E

Calculate / Equilibrium Constants / Calculate
Edit / Copy Selected Area
Edit / Copy Current Row
Edit / Copy Current Column
Edit / Copy All the Table

4.2.9 Function keys for editing.
Table 4.14 shows the function keys for one-line coding when you enter, forexample, a chemical formula and so on.
The JANAF Type table and the result of equilibrium constant calculation canbe edited by users; by selecting some of fields, parts or all of the listed values
can be copied to clipboard.

- 53 -

Table 4.14 function keys for one-line coding.
KeyFunction

InsertSwitch the insert and overwrite mode.

Back Space

Delete one character at the nearest left of the cursor.

Carriage return

Finish the coding and execute the process.

DeleteDelete one character at the cursor.

Esc

Cancel the coding and exit the process.

Ctrl-V

Paste a string in clipboard at the cursor position.

Ctrl-Z

Undo“ctrl-A" means hitting the ctrl key and “A" at the same time.
The sentences given in the lower part of the Thermodynamic Result Form canbe edited. This can be however printed out to printer or written to a file.

4.3 Compound system
4.3.1 Definition of “compound system”
MALT for Windows stores the thermodynamic data for 4931 chemical species.
Users have to retrieve desired compounds out of such database by themselves.
To do this in a rather simplified and effective way, MALT for Windows adopts
the retrieval method in terms of chemical formula or a set of elements.
Retrieval in terms of chemical formula is not practically the best way because
in many cases one compound specified by the chemical formula may have
many isomers or polymorphs, and the thermodynamic functions are different
among them. Even so, this is quite simple to input.
Two ordering ways for displaying retrieved compounds are adopted in MALT
for Windows:
the JANAF tables typeandthe NBS table type.
You can customize and select one of them at the submenu “Customize MALT
Setting” in the “Tools” menu; the option for order of compounds is selected in
the “General” tab sheet. See the section 4.5.2 for details. The default is the
NBS table type; in addition, all gaseous compounds appear prior to other- 54 -

Fig. 4.2 Input Compound Form for retrieving respective compounds.
Input texts will be stored in a combobox and can be displayed by clicking
the pull-down button at the right.

phases. The customized order is saved automatically at the end of each
operation and will be realized in a next operation.
Each compound in the retrieved “compound system” is numbered in theorder of the JANAF table type sequence or of the NBS table sequence, andthis number can be named as a “compound number.” MALT for Windows
itself uses the compound number to make access to a set of thermodynamic
functions. Users can make access to those data by choosing a “compoundnumber” from an application program in the “MALT Direct” environment.
The order of the compounds in user data file cannot be modified. See section
4.3.4 for more information.
4.3.2 Get compound system / Append Compounds
A compound system can be obtained by selecting the “Get compound system”
submenu or the “Append compounds” submenu in the “Search Compounds”
menu. The command “Get Compound System” creates a new compoundsystem and gives newly compound numbers. All previous data on the memory
are deleted. You can append another compound system or delete somecompounds from the system by using the “Append Compounds” submenu or
the “delete compounds” menu. When new compounds are appended in thesystem, MALT for Windows automatically verifies whether the compounds
are not redundant. The compound number will be renumbered after somecompounds are appended to the system.
You can use chemical formulae or a set of elements to get a compound system.
1) Retrieval in terms of chemical formulae- 55 -

An example of inputting chemical formulae is shown in Fig. 4.2. The formatsof the chemical formulae or sets are determined by MALT for Windows. In
each case, the maximum number of the element in chemical formulae and setsmust not be larger than 8. The following formats are allowed to use in MALT
for Windows. Below, elements are represented as A, B, ...D.
In the Input Compound Form, the input text should be input like
AB3, DCIf you enter, for example, “FeO, Fe3O4, O2,” MALT takes all compounds
which have the same chemical formula as either of “FeO” , “Fe3O4” or “O2.”
You cannot specify the phase (solid, liquid gas) nor one of polymorphs(-Al2O3, -Al2O3).
The chemical formulae must follow the formats shown in Table 4.15. Since
MALT for Windows searches all compounds which have the same
stoichiometric numbers, you can have some variation to pick up one
compound. For example, “K2O*4B2O3” is the same as “K2B8O13.” Notehowever that this compound is not retrieved by “KB4O6.5.” There is norestriction about the order of element in a chemical formula.

Table 4. 15 Formats of chemical formula in MALT
Chemical Formula
Format in MALT
Fe3O4
Fe3O4
B2(OH)4
B2(OH)4
K2O*4B2O4
K2O•4B2O4
CaSO4•1/2H2O
CaSO4*1/2H2O
Fe0.947O
Fe0.947O
3+
Fe+3
Fe

2) Retrieval in terms of specified elements with selected modeThis retrieval will be made through the “Search Compounds by Element” formshown in Fig. 4.3. Selection should be made on a set of elements and the modeof the search compounds.

- 56 -

Fig. 4.3 Search Compounds by Element Form for retrieving compounds.
Selection is made by specifying elements and the mode of SearchCompounds.

Selection of Elements
Selection of elements is made in several ways:
1) The combobox in the upper left corner of the Form is for edit and display
elements. This stores the previous inputs. By Clicking the drop-down
button at the right side, a list of the previously selected element sets will be
displayed. Alternatively, when the element combobox is focused, the“Alt” key also drops the list. When you select by moving with “the Arrowkeys”(↑ or ↓), the text of the combobox correspondingly change, whereas
the text does not change when you move cursor with mouse.
2) The elements shown in the text field of the combobox are also shown in the
periodic table. The current status of the selection is identified in terms ofcolor of the element panel and the character as follows:
non selected state- 57 -

selected
selected and currently focused state
currently focused state
The dark blue and the light blue with red character indicate the selected
elements. When the element set is recalled from the previous list, theelement of the last position in the element set field is defined as theselected and currently focused state.
The currently focused element can be changed by the following ways:i) clicking mouse,ii) pressing the “Fn” key and arrow keys() simultaneously.
Fn + →
move to the next element having the increased atomic
number.
Fn + ←
move to the previous element having the decreased
atomic number.
Fn + ↓
move down inside the row of the displayed periodic
table.
Fn + ↑
move up inside the row of the displayed periodic
table.
3) Add an Element to a Selected Element Set can be made byi) double clicking on the element panel;ii) selecting the element as the currently focused state, and then clicking
the Select button (or hitting “S” key);4) Remove the Element in Selected Elements Set can be made byi) double clicking on the element panel;ii) selecting the element as the currently focused state, and then clicking
the Remove button (or hitting “R” key);5) Although the selection can be made by directly editing the element set fieldin the combobox, it is not recommended. On each inputting one character,the input text will be checked whether the input text is valid. Whenever the
input text has errors, proper correction will be made.
Selection of Search Compounds mode
MALT for Windows provides three searching modes.

- 58 -

(1) Compounds consisting of combination of the elements(2) Compounds with other elements(3) Compound consisting of the all elements(1) Compounds consisting of combination of the elements: <A, B, C>
For convenience, this mode is sometimes expressed by using the parentheses<>. The mode means that all compounds which consist of all or some of theelements A, B and C will be retrieved. That is, <Fe,O> represents all ironoxides with polymorphism in addition to element Fe and oxygen gases. The
set <Fe,S,O> includes all iron sulfides, iron sulfates, iron, iron oxide, sulfur
oxides and sulfur. This mode is frequently used to make chemical equilibrium
calculations with the MALT direct function together with gem for doing
chemical equilibrium calculations. It is also recommended to use this mode
when use is made of CHD for constructing generalized chemical potential
diagrams.
(2) Compounds with other elements: [A,B,C]
For convenience, this mode is sometimes expressed by using the brackets [].
This means that all compounds which contain the element, A, B, and C
simultaneously. [S,O]represents all sulfur oxides, thionyls, sulfates andbisulfates. Usually, many compounds can be retrieved in this mode when asmall number of elements are specified. When [O] is selected, in addition tooxygen element, all oxygen compounds are retrieved. When [O,Al, Si] isselected, all aluminum silicon oxides are retrieved.
(3) Compound consisting of all elements: {A,B}
For convenience, this mode is sometimes expressed by using the braces {}.
This means that all compounds which consist of only the element A and B are
taken. That is, {Fe,O} represents all iron oxides, and {C,H} means allhydrocarbons.
The maximum number of compounds to be retrieved is limited to 1800, and
MALT for Windows shows the error message if you try to pick up more than1800 compounds. Generally ca. 20-100 compounds are recommended toestablish the best working condition.
4.3.3 Delete compounds
When you want to delete some compounds in a compound system, you can use
the “Delete compounds" submenu in the “Search Compounds” menu. Youmove a highlighted line with dark blue on the compound to be deleted, and hit“select “ button. The compound will be shown with the different backgroundcolor: when the line is focused, the blue is used with white characters, whereas- 59 -

when it is not focused, the green color is used with yellow character.
You can select several compounds to be deleted by moving cursor and hitting“select “ button or by double clicking on the compounds to be deleted. If you
mistake the selection of the compound, hitting the “dispose” button or double
clicking again and the compound will be shown with a normal color. Deletionis made when you hit the OK button or carriage return. Cancellation is madeby hitting the “cancel” button or the ESC key.
4.3.4 Compound file
It is highly recommended for users to save the compound system wheneverthey made some editing procedure after retrieval using a normal procedure.
For examples,1) When you append compounds several times;
2) When you delete compounds after searching compounds;
3) When you add your own user data or you modify the data and saved it in
the user data file;4) When you made data format conversion without using default setting.
Save the compound system can be made by the “Save Compound file” menu or
the “Save Compound file as” menu in the “File” menu. The saved compoundsystem is stored in the specially formatted file. This is called “Compound
File.” This compound file is not an ASCII format, and can be opened only by
the command “Read compound file” in the “File” menu in MALT for
Windows. On reading a new compound file, the compound system previously
loaded on the working space will be cleared. New compound system isdeveloped in the working space and respective areas.
The user's customized compound file also contains the order of the compound;
namely the JANAF order or NBS order. If the current order is different fromthe order of the data file, it will be changed to that of user data file.
Such a user customized compound file is convenient when the user treat thethermodynamic data by their own application program or “gem”, “CHD” inthe “MALT Direct “ environment.
For just saving the current status of the compound system, you do not need tosave the compound file on every ending procedure. In the MALT options form
appearing after selecting the “customize MALT setting” submenu in the“Tools” menu, the “display compounds in last session” option can be checked.
- 60 -

In the option checked, the current status will be restored in the next session.
4.3.5 User data
Some expert users may prefer to modify the thermodynamic data in the
database, or want to add new sets of thermodynamic functions. Such data
management is necessary for applications of the thermodynamic databasealthough careful and skillful management is required in view of thecomplicated nature of the thermodynamic functions that form a loose
thermochemical network (see details Chapter 6).
This is made by a use of “User data files.” There are two different kinds of files
related with user data. One is the ASCII type file, other being the compiled
file. User database can be also targeted when the command “get a compoundsystem” or “append compound” will be done. There can be several databases
depending on the user’s convenience. However, only one user database can betargeted. This is made by the submenu “Load user database;” here users haveto specify one among the compiled databases. The compilation procedure of
the ASCII type user data file can be made by the submenu “Compile User data
file.”
Editing this user data file can be made by the following three ways;
1) Edit a file by using other editors
Since the structure of the user data file is determined strictly and they are
given below, users can make such a file by themselves.
2) Input thermodynamic data and related information by using MALT for
Windows providing the “add new compound” submenu in the User Datamenu in the Tools main menu.
Input of the thermodynamic data is made with an aid of the submenu sothat you do not need to worry about the format and other details of theuser data file.
3) Use of Function of “edit compound value”
Any compound in the list of the compound system can be selected as thecompound of which those thermodynamic values can be modified in themenu. This means that users can modify the thermodynamic data stored
in the MALT database and save the modified values as one of the user’s
data. You cannot modify the values of the database itself.

- 61 -

In above the second and the third methods, the user data file should bespecified before this command will start. Newly input data will be stored inthis text file in addition to the compiled user database file.

Table 4.16 Example of User data file
UserData:mydata1$ The first line is for title which begins with “UserData: “$ MALT style;$ This is an example for TiO. Note that name of phases is distinguished.
TiOcsl-519.7-495.050.
3$only condensed phases dH
dG
S0
No.
of Cp data
alpha
c1
42.10
17.62
-6.59
0.0
0.0
;the first line of Cpdata
a
b
c
d
e
298
1265
4.2
tp
;the second line
lower and upper limit of temp. dH(trans) name of transition
beta
c2
42.10
17.62
-6.59
0.0
0.0
1265
2023
42
mp
l
66.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2023
2500
$ example ofTiO2 anataseanataseTiO2

TiO2 rutile
rutile$ an Example of Fe
Fe
alpha
beta
gamma
delta

Note difference between anatase and rutile
c1 s-939.7-884.5
49.92
1
c1
78.07
0.13
-31.84
0.0
3.43
298
1949
58
mp
c2 sl
-944.7-889.5
50.33
2
c2
75.40
2.09
-29.79
0.0
3.35
298
2130
69
mp
l
100.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2130
2500
cs sl
0.0
0.0
c1
39.606-38.915
-6.57
298
1042
0.75
mtp
c2
166.5
-33.72-3703.7
1042
1184
0.9
tp
c3
23.97
8.
0.0
1184
1665
0.837
tp
c4
166.5
-33.72-3703.7
1665
1809
13.81
mp
l
46.02
0.0
0.0
1809
3136
345.34bp- 62 -

27.28
5
48.16
0.0
0.0

2970

0.0

0.0

0.0

2970.

0.0

0.0

Format of User Data FileAn example of user data file is provided under the “UserDB” folder in the
MALT system. This is also shown in Table 4.16.

Table 4.17 The line which contains the thermodynamic data at T = 298.15 K
Columns 1-40

Columns 41-44
Columns 45-48
Columns 49-58
Columns 59-68
Columns 69-78
Columns 79-80

Chemical formula and name of compound (ifnecessary). A space must be placed between thechemical formula and the compound name.
The phase name at T = 298.15 K.
The symbol of the phases (a combination of thecharacters “s”, “l” and “g.” )Standard formation enthalpy (kJ mol-1)
Standard formation Gibbs energy (kJ mol-1)
Standard entropy (J K-1mol-1)
The number of temperature ranges

Table 4. 18(a) The lines for the heat capacity data: 1st line:
Columns 1-25
Column 25-30
Column 31-40

The name of the phase
The symbol of the phase. (“s”, “l” or “g”)
The coefficient a.

Column 41-50
Column 51-60
Column 61-70
Column 71-80

The coefficient b
The coefficient c.
The coefficient d.
The coefficient e.

Table 4. 18(b) The lines for the heat capacity data: 2nd line:
Column 1-25
Column 26-35
Column 36-45
Column 46-55
Column 56-65

Space
The lower limit of the temperature range.
The upper limit of the temperature range.
The enthalpy change at the upper limit of thetemperature range(kJ mol-1).
The symbol of the phase transition at the upper limit of
the temperature range.

- 63 -

Those thermodynamic data for one compound which are stored in the user data
file consist of the followings:
Compounds namePhase name at T = 298.15 K
The symbol of the phases (a combination of the characters “s”, “l” and“g.”)Standard formation enthalpy at 298.15 K (kJ mol-1)
Standard formation Gibbs energy at 298.15 K (kJ mol-1)
Standard entropy at 298.15 K (J K-1mol-1)
The number of the temperature ranges
The coefficients of the heat capacity in each temperature range
Only the units of Joule, K and mol are allowed to use, and the coefficient ofheat capacity (a, b, c, d, e) are defined in the following equation:
Cp = a + b  10-3 T + c  105 T-2 + d  10-6 T2 + e  108 T-3 [4.1]
where Cp is given in J/mol K and T is given in K. The temperature ranges must
be continuous: that is, the upper limit of a temperature range must be the lower
limit of the next one.
Edit A Compound in MALT for Windows
MALT for Windows provides a convenient facility of editing thethermodynamic data for a compound. This can be started from the “Add a New
Compound” submenu in the “Tools / User data” menu or from the “Edit
Compound value” menu.
The Edit Thermodynamic Data Form will appear as shown in Fig. 4. 4. This
form has several sheets to be fully input.
(1) Data at 298.15 K
Compound Name should be carefully input by considering the notation
specified in MALT. When decoding of the input chemical formula was failed,the message will be given to correct the compound name.
Phase symbol at 298 K can be selected from the listed items given in the
dropped list.
Evaluated Phases can be also selected out of the listed items to be dropped.
This data will be used when the conversion of data format will be made.
- 64 -

The standard enthalpy change for formation, the standard Gibbs energy change
for formation and the standard entropy at 298.15 K should be input in unit ofkJ/mol, kJ/mol and J/K mol respectively. No other units will be allowed.
The standard entropy values for respective element at the reference state arestored inside the MALT system. By using those values, the standard entropychange for formation can be evaluated. Since three values, enthalpy, Gibbs
energy, and entropy should satisfy the following relation,
fGº = fHº - T fSº

[4.2]

one value can be calculated from other two input values. This allows to checkthe consistency between three values. This can be made by clicking the“consistency check” button. Result is given as shown in Fig. 4.5. (Theconsistency check button will appear only when one of three values is edited.)

Fig. 4.4 Input for Thermodynamic Data No. 1: Data at 298.15 K- 65 -

Fig. 4.5 Consistency check among the enthalpy, Gibbs energy and Entropy.

In Fig.4.5, the originally input data are displayed in the left row, the calculated
values from other two values being in the left row. If you find some errors inyour input data and want to change the input value to the calculated value, you
can press the “change” button; then the right half of the form will appear toprovide the exchange to the calculated value for enthalpy, Gibbs energy or
entropy.
“High Temperature Phases” is a number of high temperature ranges.
According to this number, the same number of sheets for input hightemperature heat capacities will be prepared.
(2) High Temperature Phases
The number of the high temperature phases can be changed(1) by correcting the input number in the HGS298 tab sheet;(2) by clicking the “insert” button in the Heat Capacity tab sheet;(3) or by clicking the “delete” button.
On each heat capacity tab sheet, each edit field should be filled except for thename of phase field that accepts no input.
The lower limit cannot be edited. This is set as 298.15 for the first phase andthe higher limit of the previous phase for other phases.

- 66 -

Fig. 4.6 Input for Thermodynamic Data No. 2: Cp data

The “Copy “ and the “Paste” buttons can be valid only for the strings whichappear in this form.
It is recommended to check the validity of the input thermodynamic functions
by creating the JANAF type table for the compound.
Edit User Data file in other editors
When you make a text file for user data by using an ordinary editor, you mustcode the parameters according to the following format.
(1) The first line begins with the string “UserData:”(2) A file can include several data sets of compound. Each data set consists ofthe thermodynamic data at T = 298.15 K with one line, and thecoefficients of the heat capacity (two lines per temperature range) as
described above.
(3) Remark lines which begin with the character “$” or “’” can be inserted in- 67 -

the file.
When change is made inside the MALT for windows, the comment line will beinserted to give the date of changes or modifications.
4.3.6 Data Format Conversion
MALT for Windows provides a function of “MALT Direct” environment totransfer the thermodynamic data retrieved to user’s application programs (seeChapter 6 for details). In some software, it is needed that compounds should beorganized to give information of gaseous mixture, aqueous solution and othermixtures. The compound system in MALT for Windows only treat
stoichiometric compounds.
Thus, MALT for Windows provides a special function of converting data
format to include mixture phases in the “Data Format Conversion” submenu in
the “Tools” main menu. This converted format is saved in a normal compound
file so that when such a compound file is read from the folder, the converted
data format can be also reinstalled.
MALT for Windows also provides another format of the file which has the
structure to descrive the mixture phase; this file is called “MALT Data file” or“compound data file.” Unlike the compound file, this file cannot be read fromMALT for Windows; this means that this file cannot be modified any more.
Instead, this file can be read from the user’s application program or gem /CHD.
In this explanation, we use the term “MALT Data file” as a data-converted
compound system having the structure with mixture phases; this is todistinguish from the editing procedures of the compound system itself
described in 4.3.3 to 4.3.4.
1) Set up Compounds
The MALT Data file is based on a system consisting of mixtures and invariant
condensed compounds. Mixtures mean a solution phase that allows change incomposition. This is expressed in terms of the concentration of various
compounds forming a mixture. Invariant compounds mean no change incomposition. On the other hand, the compounds in the MALT database arebased on invariant compounds.
To create a MALT Data file, therefore, mixtures should be defined on the basisof the compounds which are retrieved in the main memory. These will be done
as follows;- 68 -

Fig. 4.7 Edit of MALT DATA FileEnter a title
After selecting the “Set up Compounds” submenu, you are prompted to enter atitle of the data file. You need to type some thing. Otherwise, you will go backto the previous menu. The input title will be displayed in the status bar in themain form.
Define phase
You can define “Gas” mixture, “Aqueous” mixture, “Liquid” mixture, or“Solid” mixture. To make a “Gas” mixture, you have to have gaseouscompounds in the list of compound system. Otherwise, this function will beterminated. Candidate compounds for respective mixtures are collected interms of the “Evaluated phases” in the compound data as shown in Fig. 4.4.
After you select “Gas” mixture, the phase name of the mixture can be edited.
A default name will appear so that you can edit this phase name in a normal
editing procedure.

- 69 -

After this, the list of gaseous compounds appear in the upper form and in thelower form, the selected compound are to be displayed.
Selection for components of a mixture can be made by the following ways:
1) clicking the “All” button,
All candidates displayed in the upper form will be selected and moved to
the lower form.
2) clicking mouse on one compound and pressing the “select “ button; as aresult, that compound move from the candidates to selected one.
3) double clicking on one compound to move to another part; from thecandidate to selected for clicking the compound in the upper form or fromthe selected to the candidate for clicking the compound in the lower form;4) clicking the “All clear” button,

Fig. 4.8 Phase Selection for liquid mixture- 70 -

All selected compounds displayed in the lower form will be canceled andmoved to the upper form.
5) Clicking one compound in the lower form and then pressing the “dispose”
button to move that compound to the upper form.
Selection of liquid mixture
When you select “Liquid” mixture, the compounds which contain the liquidstate will appear as candidates: To select a liquid mixture, first the “NewPhase” button should be pressed. In the upper left corner, the “Mixture Phase”
radio button should be checked and the “liquid” should be selected in the
middle combobox at the upper part of the form.
For a given Ca-O-C system, only Ca and CaO have the liquid state in theircompound data stored in the MALT database. Both compounds have morethan two phases at high temperatures. In such a case, the Phase Selection Formappears to prompt to select the proper phases for the given mixture. In Fig. 4.8,
the liquid state of Ca was already selected and the Phase Selection Form
prompts to select for CaO.
After defining mixtures in this function, those mixtures are treated as ideal
gaseous mixture or ideal mixture in “gem” or “CHD”.
Selection of stoichiometric compounds
After the selection of phases (mixtures), the stoichiometric condensed phases
should be defined.
After pressing the “New Phase” button, the “stoichiometric compound” radio
button should be checked.
All condensed phases will appear regardless whether they are selected as oneof components of mixture phases. When you select some compounds whose
phases were already used for other phases, the Phase Selection Form appears toprompt to select phases for invariant stoichiometric compounds. The “TheRest “ button provides a function to select those phases which are not selected
for other mixtures.
It should be noted that in many calculation programs such as gem and CHD, it
is not appropriate to have the two different phases that has the same
thermodynamic properties. It should be avoided to include the same state into
different mixtures.
- 71 -

Fig. 4.9 Selection of stoichiometric compounds. Phase Selection for candidate
invariant compounds. Some phases are already selected and used for othermixtures. Such phases should not be included.

2) Default Setting
Default setting will make the following procedures:
1) if there are gaseous compounds in a compound system, the gaseous
mixture consisting of all gaseous compounds will be created.
2) If the aqueous species and water are simultaneously included, the aqueous
solution will be created to include water as solvent and aqueous species as
solutes. Note however that this solution is an ideal dilute solution.
3) If there are condensed compounds, all condensed compounds are includedin the invariant condensed phase.
- 72 -

Since this type of default setting can be easily reproduced for any kinds ofcompound system, no prompt will be given when a compound system will bechanged and the MALT data file based on the compound system will be
destroyed.
3) Verify compounds
You can verify the mixtures selected. If you want to change it, you can do it.
4) Save MALT Data File As
After pressing this option, MALT for Windows starts writing in a selected fileaccording to the selected information.
The format of the MALT data file is not open. However, this type of file can beread from the MALT related software gem and CHD. The same expression is
also available in the “MALT Direct” environment which will be explained in
Chapter 6.

4.4 Thermodynamic tables and equilibrium constant
MALT for Windows can make thermodynamic tables and calculate
equilibrium constants. The command “JANAF Type Table” makes a JANAFtype thermodynamic table, and the command “Equilibrium Constant”
calculates the change of thermodynamic functions for reactions and related
equilibrium constants.
4.4.1 Functions in MALT for Windows
MALT for Windows makes the user free from the complicated and boringprocesses to calculate a thermodynamic table for a reaction which needs
manual reading and extrapolating a data set from a database, and from possible
troubles such as misreading data or mistakes in calculations.
MALT for Windows makes JANAF-type tables. The JANAF (Joint
committee of Army-Navy-Air Force-NASA) Thermochemical Tables are thedatabase created by the national project of the United States concerning thecollection and evaluation of high temperature thermodynamic data; they havebeen regarded as one of the best databases with very high quality.
A table consists of standard heat capacity, standard entropy, standard enthalpy,
Gibbs energy function (GEF), standard formation enthalpy and standard- 73 -

formation Gibbs energy.
There are two methods to examine the chemical equilibrium, one is calculating
the equilibrium constant and the other is minimizing or maximizing thethermodynamic functions under a certain reaction condition. For the latter
case, some application programs have been successfully developed and widelyused; one example is ChemSage. MALT for Windows has a function for theformer approach, that is, calculation of changes of the enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs
energy of a reaction and equilibrium constants at some temperatures.
As a Gibbs energy minimization program, MALT for Windows has the gem
program which can be run in the MALT Direct environment. In Addition,
MALT for Windows provides a powerful tool, CHD, for constructing
generalized chemical potential diagram. This program can be categorilzed
as a dual relation with the Gibbs energy minimization.
This program will be explained in a separate book, although brief
explanation is given in Chapter 3.
4.4.2 Customize parameters for calculating table in a selected format
The command “Customize MALT setting / Computation” customizes theparameters for the calculation concerning the unit of temperature, mass andenergy, temperature range and step and the format of the result table.
The modified setting is saved when you quit MALT for Windows.
(1) Customize the units
1. Temperature unit
Absolute temperature unit (K) or Celsius unit (C) are available. In
English message, C instead of C is displayed for convenience.
2. Energy unit

- 74 -

Fig. 4.10 Customize MALT Setting / Computation.

Joule (J) or Calories (cal) are available.
3. Mass unit
For thermodynamic tables, users can choose a unit among molar unit(mol) , weight (kg) and capacities of gases at 0C 1atm (mN3). The unitof mN3 is available only for gaseous species, and the compound isassumed to be ideal gas. For the calculation of equilibrium constant,
only molar unit is available. If you choose another unit, MALT for
Window shows an error message but executes the calculation with molar
units.
(2) Setting calculation parameters
The default value of the temperature range and step are from 300 to 2500 K
with 100 K step. If the upper limit of the data set is below 2500 K, the table
will end at that temperature. Note the following points:- 75 -

1.
2.
3.

4.

The lower limit of the temperature cannot be set under 298.15 K, inprinciple.
The upper limit must be higher than lower limit. The temperature step
must be positive value, and smaller than the temperature range.
MALT for Windows always calculates the value at T = 298.15 K
regardless of the temperature setting, and then begins the calculation fromthe lower temperature limit. If the upper limit of the temperature exceeds
the upper limit of the data set, MALT for Window terminates thecalculation at the upper limit of the data set.
With turning the option “Temperature Extrapolation” on, you can expand
the temperature range below 298.15 K or beyond the upper limit of thedata set. However, you must note that the reliability of the data will be lostat the temperature below 250 K. At temperatures above the upper limit ofthe data set, MALT for Windows extrapolates the data set of the highest
temperature phase.

4.4.3 Output the result of calculation
Users can utilize the result of calculation at their own will.
Clipboard
One way is to copy to the clipboard.
1)
2)
3)
4)

: Selected area:: selected columns: selected rows
: all the table

Except for “all the table,” the selected area should be specified bymanipulating mouse or arrow keys before doing these commands.
Since these copied data are in table style, the format can be selected fordelimiter. Usually, tab code is inserted between rows, and the carriage return(crlf) will be used for the end of on column data. For the delimiter, choice canbe made in the “Customize MALT setting/Files” menu (see Fig. 4.1).
1) The same format as screen2) Comma as delimiter3) Space as Delimiter4) Comma with quotation- 76 -

You can select one of these options according to your software to be used withthe data in clipboard. For example, Excel@ can accept the data in the sameformat as screen, whereas for Origin@ to accept the data in the same format as ascreen, the number of rows should be increased more than that of the data.
Printer or file
The result of calculations can be exported to a file or printer. Thermodynamic
constants are shown on screen or printed out; however, they cannot beexported to a text file by any means.
Users must verify that the control codes are set up correctly. MALT for
Windows has a couple of sets of the control codes for general printers, andusers can customize the codes. See section 4.5.3 for further information.
4.4.4 Definition of the reaction
Users have to first define a reaction for the calculation of equilibrium
constants. The compounds are selected by choosing compound handles which
can distinguish different phases of a compound. With the command “Define
reaction” in the submenu “Equilibrium Constant,” users can select compounds
from the compound list without any complicated procedure and MALT for
Windows sets a reaction automatically. The following points must be noted.
The selection of compounds to be involved in a reaction can be selected by thefollowing ways:
1) double clicking on the compound to be selected,2) moving one line cursor to the compound and pressing the “select” button.
To remove the selected compound,3) double clicking the selected compound,4) moving the one-line cursor and pressing the “dispose” button.
The selected compounds are displayed in green color or in blue color when thecompound is focused.

- 77 -

Fig. 4.11 Compound Table Form for Selecting Chemical Reaction

To select compounds, the following should be considered:1) All compounds in a reaction must exist in the current compounds list.
2) The number of the elements in a reaction must not be larger than 8. Thatis, the number of the compounds cannot be larger than 9.
3) Users must select the compounds with which one completed chemical
reaction can be made. For example, the compounds(Fe, FeO)
cannot make any chemical reactions. The compounds(CO, CO2, H2, H2O)
can make a completed chemical reaction in which all compounds havesome interaction with other compounds, but the compounds(CO, O2, H2, H2O)

- 78 -

is not the case. The compounds(H2, H2S, H2O, S2, O2)
cannot be accepted because two reactions can be made with using thecompounds:
2H2 + O2 = 2H2O
2H2 + S2 = 2H2S

[4.3]
[4.4]

MALT for Windows examines the selected compounds and shows an error
message when users selected inadequate compounds.
4) To construct a reaction from the selected compounds, users must
determine which compounds will be reactant (or products) and its
stoichiometric coefficient in the reaction (note that any chemical reaction
is extensive so that you have to specify the molar number). MALT
automatically asks you the stoichiometric coefficient of one compounds.
See Fig. 4.12 for selecting one compound to determine the stoichiometriccoefficient of the reaction. The stoichiometric coefficient must be integer,
and is negative value for reactants and positive for products. The
constructed chemical reaction will be displayed in the status bar of themain form.

Fig. 4.12 Select the compound to determine the stoichiometric coefficient of thereaction- 79 -

4.5 Set up working environment
This chapter explains about each item of the “Customize MALT setting”
menu. All set-up parameters are saved on ending MALT for Windows.
4.5.1 Default
This option is displayed in the lower part of the “general” tab sheet. MALT
provides the default setting for respective items. Whenever you like, you canrecall this setting.
Your personal selections for respective options can be saved as User default byclicking the “Set current options as User default.”
This user default can be recalled by clicking the Use user defined default as
current option.”Fig. 4.13 MALT Options for General matter in MALT for Windows.
- 80 -

4.5.2 Language
Message will be given in two different ways.
One is based on Operation System; When English Windows is running, theWindows derived message will be given in English. When Japanese Windows
is running, the same message will be given in Japanese.
Other message will be provided from MALT. For such messages andpromptings, users can select English or Japanese. After change the language
option, you have to end the MALT and restart the MALT.
4.5.3 Screen control
What users made on a compound system in the current session can be saved
and recalled in the next session. When the option for “display compounds inlast session” is checked, the compound system is saved. In the same file, thearrangement on the MALT Data file can be also saved.
Specification on the compound for the JANAF type table or on the reaction
will not be saved.
At present, screen saver will not work.
4.5.4 Compounds Order
This command sets the order of compounds list, which affect the compoundnumbering. You can choose the NBS or the JANAF order.
In what follows, explanation of two orders in MALT for Windows will begiven. In both cases, all chemical formulae are converted into compositional
index, for example a compound CuSO45H2O is regarded as CuSH10O9.
1) NBS order
All chemical elements are indexed as shown in Figure 4.14. The elements in acompound are arranged according to the index, in which the element with thelarger index comes earlier, for example, “CuSHO” for a hydrated cuprous
sulfate. The compounds are arranged according to the index, in which thecompound having smaller index comes earlier. Between the compounds whichhave the same elements, the compound having smaller stoichiometric numberof the larger index element comes earlier; for example, CuO comes earlier than
- 81 -

Cu2O, but MnO comes earlier than MnO2.
2) JANAF order
All chemical elements are indexed in the alphabetical order. The elements in acompound are arranged in alphabetical order, for example “CuHOS" for ahydrated cuprous sulfate. All compounds are arranged in the alphabeticalorder. Although the original JANAF thermochemical tables have some
exceptions, MALT omits them.
In the JANAF thermochemical tables, carbon and hydrogen, if any, areindexed first. For this reason, C4Al3 and B4C will appear after C, whereas
in MALT for Windows, those compounds appear before C.
In both cases, MALT always arranges all gaseous compounds earlier thanother compounds. This is useful to utilize the data for the calculation using
other application like gem for calculating the chemical equilibria.
4.5.5 Carbon numbers to retrieve
Since MALT database stores many hydrocarbons, it would be useful if user
can set the lower and upper limit of the carbon numbers to avoid picking up too
many compounds. The option for “Carbon Number Limit to retrieve” isprepared for that purpose. The restriction of carbon numbers is actuallycanceled if you set 1 for the lower limit and above 22 for the upper limit 22,
because the compound which has the largest carbon number is C22H44. Input

H
2

He
3

Li
98

Be
92

B
28

C
23

N
18

O
1

F
9

Ne
4

Na
99

Mg
93

Al
29

Si
24

P
19

S
14

Cl
10

Ar
5

K
100

Ca
94

Sc
60

Ti
57

V
54

Cr
51

Mn
48

Fe
41

Co
40

Ni
39

Cu
36

Zn
33

Ga
30

Ge
25

As
20

Se
15

Br
11

Kr
6

Rb
101

Sr
95

Y
61

Zr
58

Nb
55

Mo
52

Tc
49

Ru
44

Rh
43

Pd
42

Ag
37

Cd
34

In
31

Sn
26

Sb
21

Te
16

I
12

Xe
7

Cs
102

Ba
96

La
76

Hf
59

Ta
56

W
53

Re
50

Os
47

Ir
46

Pt
45

Au
38

Hg
35

Tl
32

Pb
27

Bi
22

Po
17

At
13

Rn
8

Fr
103

Ra
97

Ac
91
Ce
75

Pr
74

Nd
73

Pm
72

Sm
71

Eu
70

Gd
69

Tb
68

Dy
67

Ho
66

Er
65

Tm
64

Yb
63

Lu
62

Th
90

Pa
89

U
88

Np
87

Pu
86

Am
85

Cm
84

Bk
83

Cf
82

Es
81

Fm
80

Md
79

No
78

Lw
77

Figure 4.14 Order of chemical elements in the NBS table.
- 82 -

“0” for both limits indicates no limit in carbon number. The default setting of
this option is 0 for the lower limit and 0 for the upper limit.
4.5.6 Options in searchingThis option is for future work of the MALT database. At present, the MALT
database does not include the gaseous ionic species or the aqueous species.
These species will be included in the near future.
4.5.7 Other Options
The following options are already explained in elsewhere:
Computation: Explanation is given in 4.4.2 with Fig. 4.10.
Files : Explanation is given in 4.1.2 with Fig. 4.1.
Tabulation: Explanation is given in 3.3.3 with Figs. 3.12 and 3.13.

- 83 -

Chapter 5 Applications in the MALT Direct
Environment

Chapter 5 describes details of the MALT Direct environment and about how tomake full use of this function. It is implicitly assumed that user's application
programs to be used in the MALT Direct environment will be developed on thebasis of the Delphi 5 as computer language and compilers. This chapter also
describes some notices on how to use these compilers.
1. Role of the thermodynamic environment
2. realization of the thermodynamic environment
3. procedures for the thermodynamic environment
4. developing application programs

5.1 Role of the thermodynamic environment
MALT for Windows provides the most reliable thermodynamic data as thethermodynamic table and also calculates the equilibrium constants for
examination of chemical equilibria. Even so, this provides only thefundamental numerical values necessary for applications of thethermodynamic data; it will be required to make further calculations to apply topractical problems. For example, to make calculation of chemical equilibria ofa complicated multicomponent system in which several reactions occur
simultaneously, it is necessary to solve the mass actions law as non-linear
equations or to minimize the total Gibbs energy of a system like gem does.
Furthermore, to make exergy analysis of a chemical process, it is quite
important to prepare the thermodynamic properties of mixtures as functions ofcomposition as well as temperature.
When the thermodynamic functions of many compounds at many selected
temperatures are to be utilized in MALT for Windows, it will be convenient tosave these values in files; this allows application programs to read such files.
Even so, it will be tedious and troublesome with increasing a number ofcompounds to be treated.

- 84 -

First, the number of such files increases. Secondly, the thermodynamic
functions to be truly used in applications should be collected to make one fileby using an editor. Thirdly, this kind of data transfer is quite dangerous
because of a great possibility of introducing many mistakes.
In view of this, there should be another way of handling these numericalvalues.
Ideally speaking, it is highly desired to obtain a thermodynamic function justby specifying a compound, temperature and state in an application program ina similar way to mathematical function calls. To realize this, it will be needed
to combine the computer environment with the thermodynamic data. This canbe called “thermodynamic environment.”
This will make it easy to utilize the thermodynamic data in application
programs and also will provide the fundamental basis of stepping further for
the future common interfaces between the thermodynamic data and application
programs and their standardization. Furthermore, it will be useful to facilitate
the utilization of the thermodynamics to solve practical problems.
Such a thermodynamic database has been first realized some ten years ago in
MALT2 that was the second version of MALT for Japanese users. We
developed it with a hope that this will give some ideas about to which direction
thermodynamic database should be developed. In MALT for Windows, thesame concept is adopted but by a different way.

5.2 Realization of “thermodynamic environment”
5.2.1 Method of Making “thermodynamic environment” in MALT for Windows
Even though we want to treat the thermodynamic functions like themathematical functions, there raises some dependence on compilers to be used
for the application development. Actually, even for the case of themathematical functions, their representation, precision of calculation, andmethods of calling depend on compilers.
Note, on the other hand, the situation in personal computers in Japan. The
dissemination of personal computers in Japan is due largely to thedevelopment and dissemination of the front-end processor for Japanesecharacters. This front-end processor for converting between "KANA" and- 85 -

"KANJI" stays as memory-resident program and transfers what is input to
DOS after the conversions to the "KANJI" by using interrupt from input
routine. The conversion from "KANA" to "KANJI" is done by theprocedure called software interrupt under MS-DOS. The same procedure is
installed even in Windows environment.
MALT Direct
Under the Windows operation system, it becomes easy to makecommunication between the MALT system and other application programs.
By using such a new environment, the MALT Direct is prepared in the MALT
for Windows. Although there are several different ways to realize such a
concept, we first consider the convenience of those users of MALT2 thatrealized first the thermodynamic environment. Such users have alreadywritten their own programs for their purpose. In the MALT2 in Japaneseversion, a stay-resident technique was adopted with interrupt procedure basedon DOS. Since MALT2 was coded by Turbo Pascal, the interruption from the
Pascal programs can be well organized. In the MALT Direct, therefore, those
application programs compiled by Delphi are first considered from theviewpoint of compatibility.
MALTDataCompoundcomponent
In MALT2, interrupt is based as the direct access to the MALT management
system and the interrupt asks to send back the necessary data. In MALT for
Windows, a similar process is done by using the special object created by
MALT, namely MALTDataCompoundComponent. This process consists of
two stages:
1)
2)

Transfer the thermodynamic data in the form of the
MALTCompoundComponent by means of “MALT Direct”;
Access to the individual thermodynamic data based on the same idea of“Compound handle” as those in MALT2.

Compound Handle
The thermodynamic environment realized in MALT is based on the idea of“compound handle” in the retrieved compound system. This is, in thecompound system, just the number of the compound in the list. However, byusing this number, communication between the MALT system and otherapplication programs can be made. By specifying the compound handle(number), you can make access to the thermodynamic functions at a given
temperature.
The units of the thermodynamic functions which are obtained by MALT
- 86 -

Direct are fixed as Joule(J) for energy, Kelvin(K) for temperature andmole(mol) for mass. If you need to use these values in different units, youhave to convert in your application programs.
5.2.2 Preparation and some notice for the operational conditions
The followings should be of note to create “the thermodynamic environment”
in MALT for Windows and to utilize it from applications;(1) get the compound handles.
As described in the previous section, it is necessary to have compound handles
in order to make accessible to the thermodynamic data of compound fromapplications. What are accessible from applications are limited only thosecompounds existing in the current compound system.
For doing a similar work under the same thermodynamic environment
repeatedly, you need to have the same compound system having the same
compound handles. For this purpose, saving the compound file is particularly
convenient.
(2) MALT Direct using MALT object with Data
The MALT Direct allows to make data transfer of the compound system tousers application programs. This data are stored in the object called“TMALTDataCompoundComponent.” Although this object is not fully open,
the important property and procedures are open to MALT users. To makeaccess to the data stored in this object, users can call one of the procedures likein the interrupt technique in the previous MALT2 version.
5.2.3 Data Transfer Due to the MALT Direct
To realize the “thermodynamic environment” from the main menu, you selectthe “User’s application” in the “Tools” main menu. When the user program is
successfully run, the “MALT Direct” command is ready to perform. Since thisuser program is run under the control of the MALT for Windows, it will beterminated when MALT for Windows will be ended.
The compounds to be used in calculations should be retrieved as parts of theselected compounds. When you want to run an application program"APPL1" which uses the thermodynamic data of compounds stored in acompound file "CompF1", first read the compound file "CompF1" from the“Read Compound File” submenu in the “File” main menu of the MALT for
Windows and then make the MALT Direct..

- 87 -

5.2.4 running "thermodynamic environment" from the command line
When the same data file and the application are used to make some
calculations, a function of doing like a batch-job procedure can be available
instead of performing the “MALT Direct” command on each time; in addition
to running MALT for Windows from the command line, reading a data file andrunning an application will be made at the same time. This function will bequite useful when using those application program that have been alreadydebugged, a series of calculations will be made for a system consisting of
selected compounds.
For example, when the application program "APPL1" will be used with thecompound file "DATAF1," names of the data file and the application should
be input as the command parameters as follows\MALTWIN.EXE DATAF1 APPL1
This kind of command line can be stored in the property of a short-cut.
Here, MALT for Windows is first run, the compound file "DATAF1" is thenread, and finally the application "APPL1" is run from the MALT for
Windows with command parameter of “/md”. The application "APPL1"
makes access to MALT for Windows to get the thermodynamic data needed.
When the task is ended, the ending procedure of the application and MALT
for Windows are done sequentially and the control is finally back toWindows.
This is a quite appropriate function for calculations in which the same data areused under various calculation conditions.
Data files can contain user data. “COM” files or “EXE” files can be used as
applications.
Since applications will be run under the control of the MALT for Windows,
there is no special thing to be prepared.
When names of the application and of the data file are not given with the fullpath, these files are searched in the following sequence as described in 4.1.2
1. the current directory
2. the directory specified for compound file and user application file.
The first found file is used.

- 88 -

Furthermore, when the same application and data file as before are to be used,
you can use “*” as wild card as given below;

MALT * *The previously used compound file and user application in this command line
parameters are stored. If the previously used compound file is not available,
the stored compound system, if any, will be called.
When the user application file has to run without specifying compound file, thefollowing switch “/nonmcf” can be used.

MALT /nonmcf APPL1When the user application can use a command parameter, this parameter can be
specified just after the application name. The following is an example:

MALT /nonmcf gemWin Sample.gem
where “Sample.gem” is the file for gem project that is supposed to be saved in
the previous run of gemWin.

5.3 MALT Direct call from Delphi 5 Application
5.3.1 Procedure MALT Direct
The procedure “MALTDirect” is defined as follows;

function MALTDirect(Aowner:TComponent;Mode:integer;var Returncode :integer):TMALTCompoundsComponent;
Aowner is supposed to be the main form of the application program which iscompiled by Delphi.
Mode is to distinguish between two modes:
Mode=0 : Data transfer of compound system- 89 -

Mode=1 : Data transfer of MALT Data file
Retruncode
0 : normal end
1: MALT is not running
2: No retrieved compounds
3: Unexpected error occurred during the preparation of data
-1:Fatal error occurred.
Results are
TMALTCompoundsComponent for mode = 0
TMALTDATAComponent for mode = 1.
When this function is succeeded, the message of “Sent:MaltDirect(mode)”
appears in the status bar of the MALT main form. In order to use
MALTDirect, MALT for Windows should be running. Application programs
alone cannot use of MALTDirect.
Procedures of TMALTCompoundComponent
It should be noted that the enthalpies and the Gibbs energies obtained by thistechnique are defined below

TH°(T) = [H°(T) - H°(298)][5.1]

'fH°(T) = fH°(298) + [H°(T) - H°(298)][5.2]

'fG°(T) = fG°(298) + [G°(T) - G°(298)][5.3]

and these values are different from those standard enthalpy change forformation or the standard Gibbs energy change for formation as given in thethermodynamic tables. This will be fully described in 6-3. Note however thatwhen the sum or difference are calculated by using these functions given
above, they are the same as those calculated from the standard functions forformation.
In the thermodynamic environment, it is possible to use the temperature
coefficients of heat capacity even for the phase that is not stable at selected
temperatures. This is needed in examination of phase relations in which thechemical potentials of compounds are needed even for their unstabletemperature range. In such a case, it is needed to specify which phase should
be used. “Temperature range number” means a parameter of indicating thisphase number that is given by heat capacity data number (the room
temperature phase is defined as number 1 and this number increases at each- 90 -

transformation).
5.3.2 MALT Direct in the general mode
In MALT2, the general mode was provided for any compiling systems.
However, MALT for Windows has not prepared the same availability for any
compiling systems. However, to keep the compatibility, the procedures
corresponding to the general mode were prepared in the Delphi 5 environment
alone. When the user program is written in Pascal in the Delphi 5 environment,
we suggest to use the Pascal mode instead of the following general mode.

procedure Initialize( var NCompound:integer;
var ErrorCode:byte);overload;virtual;
procedure Initialize( var NT,NG,NC:integer;
var ErrorCode:byte);overload;virtual;
procedure Initialize( var NT,NG,NC,NA:integer;
var ErrorCode:byte);overload;virtual;(Function number 0-1 : initialization of general mode)This procedure is to initialize the MALT object to response to the inquiries.
Without initializing with this procedure, no access can be allowed.
At the same time, this initializing procedure gives the fundamental numbers forthe currently available compound system. There are three similar initialize
procedures in which the different number of variables are required.
1) var Ncompound:integer2) var NT, NG, NC:integer3) var NT, NG, NC, NA:integer
The first procedure provides just the total number of the compound handles.
The third procedure provides the total number of the compound handles, NT,
the total number of gaseous compound handles, NG, the total number ofcondensed compound handles, NC, and the total number of aqueous species
handles, NA.
The second procedure provides NT, NG and NC. Here if there are aqueous
species handles, these are counted in NC. This procedure is prepared only to- 91 -

be consistent with the interrupt procedure in MALT2.
When the MALT for Windows is not running, the initialization is failed;
Errorcode is set as 1. As a result, variables Ncompound(NT), NG, NC, and NA
will be set as zero. No other procedures or functions can be succeeded in sucha case. In any procedure, Errorcode = 1 is returned. When no retrieved
compound is available, Errorcode = 2 is returned.

procedure GetNameRangePhase(Handle:integer;
var CompoundNameStr:string;var NameOfDatabaseStr:string;var TemperatureRangeStr:string;var PhaseStr :string;var ErrorCode:byte);virtual;(Function number 1-0 : Selection of compound handle)
When the selected compound handle number is correctly given, the following
variables are returned:
Var CompoundNameStr : string
Var NameOfDatabaseStr:string
Var TemperatureRangeStr : string
Var PhaseStr:string
 “Compound Name” is stored as a form of (chemical formula + space + nameof common use + space) and spaces are added so as to form 40 byte as total.
 “Name of database” is “MALT” or a name of the user data file.
 “Temperature range” is given with parenthesis as the temperature range
valid for the compound.
 "Phase" is given as phase symbol for the state at 298.15 K.
When specified handle is not available, Errorcode = 2 is returned.

procedure GetStoichiometry(Handle:integer;
var StoichiometryStr:string
var ChargeStr:string);virtual;(Function number 1-1 : Obtaining the stoichiometric information- 92 -

of selected compound handle)
Return the stoichiometric information of compound specified by Handle
number. Results are stored in string variables. Element symbol, stoichiometricnumber are stored in this sequence and finally the molecular mass is stored.
example :Al2O3 is given as 'O',0,'3',0,'Al',0,'2',0,'101.96128' ,0,0Fe0.947O is given as 'O',0,'1',0,'Fe',0,'0.947',0,'66.88651',0,0

procedure GetElements( var Nelement : integer ;var ElementsStr : string);
Nelement is the total elements in the present MALTCompoundscomponent.
When charged species are included in the system, property Lcharge is set as“true.” In such a case, Nelement is set as the total number of elements + 1.
ElementsStr is a string variable that uses ‘,’ as separator for respective element
symbol. For charge, ‘Q’ is used for representing “hypothetical element” forpositive charge.
This procedure corresponds to the procedure GetStoichiometryB that provides
the stoichiometric number for elements given in the present procedure.

procedure GetStoichiometryB(Handle:integer;
var StoichiometryB:string;var ErrorCode:byte);virtual;
This procedure is similar to the procedure GetStoichiometry. The difference isthe sequence of the elements. This follows the sequence of elements obtainedby the procedure GetElements. The StoichimetryB variable contains the
stoichiometric numbers in this sequence.

procedure GetTransitionInfo(Handle:integer;
var PhaseNo:integer;
var TransitionDataStr:string);virtual;(Function number 1-2 : Obtaining transition information of
selected compound handle)
This procedure obtains the transition information of compound specified by- 93 -

handle number. Results are given in “TransitionDataStr” in the sequence ofphase symbol, transition temperature, enthalpy change for transition, andtransition symbol from the low temperature phase. The meanings of thesymbols obtained are given in 6.2.

procedure GetThermoData( Handle:integer;
Temperature:Real;
PhaseNo:integer;
var ThermoDataStr:string);virtual;(Function number 1-3 : calculation of thermodynamic functions ofcompound handle)
When 0 was set for PhaseNo, the calculation will be made by using thethermodynamic data of the stable phase at a selected temperature. In this case,when the temperature given is beyond the valid temperature range, it will be anerror. When the PhaseNo value is other than 0, the calculation will be made byregarding that the extrapolation to the selected temperature was set despite thatthe selected temperature is beyond the valid temperature range.
The calculation temperature should be given at the Real value.
The calculation results are given in the variable “ThermodataStr” in the formof ASCCIZ in the following sequence;

H°(T) = [H°(T) - H°(298)]
'fH°(T) = fH°(298) + [H°(T) - H°(298)]
Cp°(T)S°(T)'fG°(T) = fG°(298) + [G°(T) - G°(298)]

unit
kJ mol1
kJ mol-1
J K-1 mol-1
J K-1 mol-1
kJ mol-1

5.3.3 Procedures in Delphi mode
In the Delphi mode, data exchange will be made in the data structure of Turbo
Pascal, and this provides the most convenient circumstance for users todevelop their application programs. Since the data is stored as the record typein the buffer area, it will be required to define the same record-type variable
and also to keep an enough data area to store the return data. If the buffer area
is too small, it will be an error without calculation. If the actually reserved area
was lower than that specified by MALT, there is a great possibility that the- 94 -

system will be out of control. To avoid it, use should be made of function"Sizeof" for providing a size of the Turbo Pascal variables instead of directly
giving as a numerical value.

procedure Initialize( var NT,NG,NC:integer;
var ErrorCode:byte);virtual;(Function number 0-2: Initialization of Pascal mode)
The initialize procedure is the same as the general mode.

procedure GetCompoundData(Handle:integer;
var CompData:MTCompoundType;var ErrorCode:byte);virtual;(Function Number 1-$10: Get information of compound
handle)This gets information about chemical formula, stoichiometric numbers,
molecular mass, information of transition, and other information as given
below:
1st - 2nd bytes ;compound handle (word)
3rd - 43rd ;chemical formula(string type : string[40])(chemical formula + space + compound name)44th - 56th ;name of data source(string type : string[12])(name of the user file for user dataor “MALT” for MALT for Windows data)
57th - 60th ;symbol of phase of stored data ( string[3])61st - 64th ;symbol of phase at 298 K (string[3])65th;number of component elements (byte)
66th - 89th ;symbols of component elements(array[1..8] of string[2])90th - 137th ;array of stoichiometric numbers (array[1..8] of real)
138th - 143rd ;charge144th - 149rd ;the lower limit of temperature range (real)150th - 155th ;the upper limit of temperature range (real)
156th – 161st ;molecular mass (real)
162nd;
number of phase data (byte)- 95 -

163rd -;information of phase transitions will be given in thefollowing sequence from the lowest temperaturephase.
symbol of phase
4 bytes (string[3])transition temperature 6 bytes (real)transition enthalpy
6 bytes (real)
symbol of transition 4 bytes (string[3])Note that the string variable in Turbo Pascal uses one byte for number of string
so that it needs, for example, 41 bytes for a 40 byte string.
The above data structure is realized by the following record type,
MtCompoundType;
MtCompoundType = record
Handle: word;CompoundName: string[40];
DataSource
PhaseID
Phase298
NumberOfElms
Element
Stoi_Coef
ChargeT_low, T_highlimits}
MolWeight
NumberOfPhases
PhaseDataend;{ compound handle }{chemical formula,compound name }: string[12]; { name of data source }: string[3];{ symbol of phase of stored data }: string[3];{ symbol of phase at 298 K }: byte;{ number of component elements }: array[1..8] of string[2]; {array of element symbol }: array[1..8] of real; { stoichiometric numbers }: real;{charge}: real;{lower & upper temperature: real;{ molecular weight }: byte;{ number of phases }: array[1..20] of MtPhaseInfoType; { phase data }The 9th variable, charge:real, is newly introduced from MALT for Windows.
In MALT2, this variable is missed.
Here, MtPhaseInfotype is the record type in the following structure;
MtPhaseInfoType=record- 96 -

PhaseTransTemp
dHtr
PhaseTransend;: string[3];: real;: real;: string[3];{ symbol of phase }{ transition temperature }{ transition enthalpy }{ symbol of phase transition }The array for the phase data is defined as 20; to store the data in the present
MALT for Windows data, just 8 array elements are enough. The rest are forthe future use.

procedure GetThermoDataAtTemperatures(
Handle:integer;
PhaseNo : integer ;NTemp : integer ;Temps : MTRealarrayType;var Results:MtResultArrayType;var ErrorCode:byte);virtual;(Function number 1 - $11 : Thermodynamic functions of a
selected compound at several temperatures)This obtains the thermodynamic functions of a selected compound at several
temperatures.
A compound handle to be calculated should be given in Handle. A number oftemperatures to be used in calculations should be set in NTemp, a number oftemperature region to be used in calculation being in PhaseNo. This latter
number should be less than the NumberOfPhases in MTCompoundType. The
total number of temperature regions, phase, its valid temperature range can beobtained in the MtPhaseINfoType which is given by procedure
GetCompoundData().
When PhaseNo is set as zero, calculations will be made by using thethermodynamic data of the stable phase at the selected temperatures. Even so,
if the selected temperature is beyond the temperature range of the stored data, itwill be an error. When PhaseNo is given by a non-zero value, the extrapolated
values are given even for the case where the selected temperature is out of thetemperature range.
Temperatures to be used in calculations should be stored as an array of real in- 97 -

the data buffer area. On returning from this call, these temperature data weredestroyed so that it is recommended to store these data in another variable.
Results of calculations are given in the real type structure for respectivefunctions as follows;
1st byte; error code (byte)
2nd - 7th bytes; thermodynamic function (real)
These data are stored in the order of the selected temperatures. If there is any
error, the examination should be made for respective functions to find where
the error occurred.
When this call should be made, it needs 6 bytes for one selected temperature.
To store the returned thermodynamic functions, it needs 7 bytes for eachthermodynamic function. This means that 35 bytes are needed for one
temperature; otherwise, there would be no enough room to store thethermodynamic data to be required.
Results of the calculated thermodynamic functions are given in the following
sequence as in the procedure GetThermoData (Function number 1-3);
unit
kJ mol-1TH°(T) = [H°(T) - H°(298)]
'fH°(T) = fH°(298) + [H°(T) - H°(298)]
kJ mol-1
J K-1 mol-1
 Cp°(T)S°(T)
J K-1 mol-1 'fG°(T) = fG°(298) + [G°(T) - G°(298)]
kJ mol-1
This data structure is represented by the following record type,
MtResultArrayType;
MtResultArrayType = Array[1..mm] of MtCalcResultType;
where
MtCalcResultType = record
Errorcode: byte ;Value: real;end;{ errorcode }{ thermodynamic function }Here mm is the total number of thermodynamic functions. The maximum
number of temperature is 255 so that the maximum size of this record should- 98 -

be 255 x 5=1275 bytes.

procedure GetThermoDataForCompounds(
Temperature : Real;
NComp : integer ;Comps : MtMultiCompoundType ;var Results:MTResultArrayType);virtual;(Function number 1 - $12 : Thermodynamic functions of several
compounds at a selected temperature)
This calculates the thermodynamic functions at one selected temperature forseveral compounds.
On calling, the data buffer region should be filled by the information oftemperature and a selected number of compound handle and temperature
region, which should be give in the following data structure;
1st - 6th bytes : selected temperature (real)
7th : a compound number of
2 bytes : compound handle ( word)
1 byte : number of temperature region (byte)
These data correspond to the following record MtMultiCompoundType
MtMultiCompoundType = record
Temperature : real;{ temperature }Compounds : array[1..mm] of MtGivenCompoundType;
end;
Here mm is the total number of compounds to be used in calculations、that is,
Ncomp; MtGivenCompoundType is given as
MtGivenCompoundType=record
Handle: word;Phasenumber : byte;end;{ compound handle }{ number of temperature region }When the invalid number of the temperature region is detected, an error code is
set and the calculation on the compound stops and the next compound will beproceeded.
- 99 -

When PhaseNumber is set as zero, calculations will be made on the stablephase of the compound. If the selected temperature is out of the valid
temperature range, it will be an error. When it is set as non-zero value,calculation is always made regardless whether or not the selected temperature
is inside the stable temperature region.
Comparison between interrupt function call used in MALT2 and procedures of
MALTCompoundComponent.

Name

MALT2
interrupt
0-1
1-0 :

initialization of general mode
Selection of compound handle
Obtaining
information
handlethestoichiometric 1-1of selected compound

Obtaining transition information of 1-2
selected compound handle
calculation of thermodynamic functions 1-3of compound handle
Initialization of Pascal mode
Get information of compound handle
Thermodynamic functions of a selectedcompound at several temperatures
Thermodynamic functions of several
compounds at a selected temperature

0-2
1-$10
1 - $11
1 - $12MALTCompoundCo
mponent procedures
Initialize(
GetNameRangePhase(
GetStoichiometry(

GetStoichiometryB(
GetTransitionInfo(
GetThermoData(

Initialize(
GetThermoDataAtTe
mperatures(
GetThermoDataForC
ompounds(

5.3.4 Other procedures
The following functions were available in the Pascal mode in the previous
MALT2 version as the normal procedures. In MALT for Windows,
procedures of the same name and the same function are prepared as the public
procedures of TMALTCompoundsComponent.
function MtNumberOfCompounds:word;- 100 -

function MtNumberOfGas:word;
function MtNumberOfCondensed:word;
function MtNumberOfAqueous:word;
procedure MtInitHandle(Handle:word;var ErrorCode:byte);
procedure MtGetCompoundName(Handle:word;var CName:string;var ErrorCode:byte);
procedure MtGetDataSource(Handle:word;var SName:string;var ErrorCode:byte);
procedure MtGetPhaseID(Handle:word;var Phases:string;var ErrorCode:byte);
procedure MtGetPhase298(Handle:word;var Phase_298:string;var ErrorCode:byte);
procedure MtGetNumberOfElms(Handle:word;var Number:byte;
var ErrorCode:byte);
procedure MtGetElement(Handle:word;var ElemArray:MtElementArray;var ErrorCode:byte);
procedure MtGetStoi_Coef(Handle:word;var StoiCoef:MtStoichioNumArray;var ErrorCode:byte);
procedure MtGetLowTemp(Handle:word;var T:real;var ErrorCode:byte);
procedure MtGetHighTemp(Handle:word;var T:real;var ErrorCode:byte);
procedure MtGetMolWeight(Handle:word;var Weight:real;var ErrorCode:byte);
procedure MtGetNumberOfPhases(Handle:word;var Num:byte;
var ErrorCode:byte);
procedure MtGetPhaseData(Handle:word;
var Symbol,Trans:MtPhaseSymbolArray;var TrTemp, deltaH:MtPhaseTransArray;var ErrorCode:byte);function MtCompoundExpr(Handle:word;var ErrorCode:byte):string;procedure MtGetEnthalpy(Handle:word;T:real;var Ht:real;var ErrorCode:byte);
procedure MtGetDeltaH(Handle:word;T:real;var dH:real;var ErrorCode:byte);
procedure MtGetHeatCapacity(Handle:word;T:real;var Cp:real;var ErrorCode:byte);
procedure MtGetEntropy(Handle:word;T:real;var S0:real;var ErrorCode:byte);
procedure MtGetGibbsEnergy(Handle:word;T:real;var G:real;var ErrorCode:byte);- 101 -

procedure MtCompInit(Handle:word;var CompoundData:MtCompoundType;var ErrorCode:byte);
procedure MtMultiTemps(Mode,PhaseNum,TempNum:byte;Handle:word;
var Calculated:word;var Temps:MtRealArray;var Results:MtResultArrayType;var ErrorCode:byte);
procedure MtMultiComps(Mode,NumberOfComps:byte;
Temp:real;
var Calculated:word;
var Comps:MtGivenCompoundArray;var Results:MtResultArrayType;var ErrorCode:byte);function MtCalcMultiTemps(PhaseNum,TempNum:byte;
Handle, Size:word;
var Calculated:word;
var Temps, Results;
var ErrorCode:byte):boolean;function MtCalcMultiComps(NumberOfComps:byte;
Temp:real;Size:word;
var Calculated:word;
var Comps,Results;
var ErrorCode:byte):boolean;
5.3.5 Error codes
0 :
1 :

OK
MALT is not running.

3 :
4 :
5 :
6 :
7 :
8 :
9 :
10 :
11 :
12 :
13 :

There is no retrieved compound currently.
No initialization has been done before the present procedure.
Any Compound Handle has not been specified yet.
Invalid Compound Handle is specified.
Different Compound Handle from the initialization is specified.
Invalid Temperature Value is specified.
Specified Temperature is out of valid range.
Given Phase Number is out of range.
This is Invalid Number.
Invalid Size for Data Buffer.
High Temperature Data are not available for the specified compound.
- 102 -

14 : Invalid Phase Number.

5.4 Development of applications
This section describes some instructions for developing applications by using
the MALT Direct and related procedures.
5.4.1 General instructions
An application has generally the following structure;
1. Initialization
Procedure “MALT Direct” is called and the thermodynamic
environment should be started.
2. Obtaining the compound information
When necessary, the information of compound should be taken.
Chemical formula, commonly used name, phase information,
stoichiometric information, temperature range are necessary to confirm
whether the aimed compounds are correctly taken.
3. Set of calculation conditions
Target thermodynamic functions, calculation temperature, phase data to
be used are determined and set.
4. Run calculations
The procedure of calculating thermodynamic functions is called to getdata needed.
5. Calculations in applications
Calculations necessary in applications are made using the obtained
thermodynamic functions.
To show these procedures and the fundamental functions in the general mode,
sample programs “SAMPLE” are provided in the source program and thecompiled codes for Delphi 5 or Delphi7. These programs do not use
sophisticated technique so that beginners can easily follow; it will be a good
instruction for user to develop their own applications.
5.4.2 Additional comments on Turbo Pascal
Turbo Pascal was selected in the development of MALT for Windows becauseof its ability of compiling separately for respective “units,” its fast compiling- 103 -

speed, its availability of useful procedures to make is possible to realize the“MALT Direct” environment; among them, its creating executing codes which
are compact and effective. This is also appropriate for user to learn the
structured language.
To make full use of the “Pascal mode” procedures in the “MALT Direct” fromapplications, it is needed to handle a record-type variable which can beaccessed in more way than one. Even so, this is beyond beginner's levels. To
facilitate the utilization of the “Pascal mode” by users, “MALTDATAfile.dcu”
is provided; this collects procedures and functions which are useful to develop
applications by Turbo Pascal/Delphi.
The definitions of the procedures and functions included in“MALTDATAfile.dcu” are given in “MALTDATAfile.PAS;” these are
divided into four levels so that users can use them depending on users level.
There is no problem when functions in the different levels are usedsimultaneously.
level 0 ;initialization routine. It is needed to call once before otherprocedures will be called
level 1;
it can be used with only the fundamental knowledge. However,
the thermodynamic functions outside the stable temperature range
are not available. Executing efficiency is poorer than that inlevels 2 or 3.
level 2 ;It is needed to handle the record-type variables.
level 3 ;the executing efficiency is the best. It is needed to handle untyped
variables.
“MALTDATAfile.PAS” explains the type declaration of variables andfunctions of procedures necessary to use “MALTDATAfile.dcu.”
As an appropriate textbook to learn Turbo Pascal/Delphi from the
beginning, the following is recommended;<<<<<?????>>>>>>
5.4.3 Sample programs
Sample programs are given in the MALT for Windows. These programs
should be compiled in Delphi 5.
procedure TForm1.actMALTDirectExecute(Sender: TObject);var Returncode:integer ;- 104 -

mode : integer ;ss : string ;
begin
mode:=0;{mode : 0 = retireve without data structure.}
FMALT.Free;{Destroy the previously used data, if any.}
FMALT:=MALTDirect(self, {The Form(self) will be owner of the Datacomponent.}mode,
Returncode);
if FMALT<>nil then begin
ClearCells;
ShowCompounds;
ShowStoichiometry;end else begin
if returncode=1 then ss:='MALT is not running.'
else if returncode=2 thenss:='No retreived data available. Retrieve compounds first.'
else ss:='Error';
StatusBar1.panels[0].text:=ss;
end
end;
procedure TForm1.ClearCells;
var i,j : integer ;begin
with StringGrid1 do begin
for i:=0 to Colcount-1 dofor j:=0 to Rowcount-1 do Cells[i,j]:='';
end;
end;
procedure TForm1.FormCreate(Sender: TObject);
begin
FMALT:=nil;{ FMALT initial set is given as nil.}
FTemperature:=300;{ FTemperature is initialized as 300 K/}
end;
procedure TForm1.FormDestroy(Sender: TObject);
begin
FMALT.free;{This is needed to clear the memory used.}end;
procedure TForm1.ShowCompounds;
var NCompound ,i :integer ;CompoundNameStr : string;TemperatureRangeStr : string ;PhaseStr : string ;begin
if FMALT=nil then exit;
with FMALT,StringGrid1 do begin
initialize(NCompound);if NCompound<>0 then begin
Rowcount:=NCompound+1;
Cells[0,0]:='Name';
Cells[1,0]:='Temp Range';
Cells[2,0]:='phase';for i:=1 to NCompound do begin
GetNameRangePhase(i,CompoundNameStr,
TemperatureRangeStr,
PhaseStr);
Cells[0,i]:=CompoundNameStr;
Cells[1,i]:=TemperatureRangeStr;
Cells[2,i]:=PhaseStr;
end;
end;
end;
end;
function GetNextStr(var ss:string):string ;- 105 -

var i : integer ;begin
Result:='';
i:=Pos(',',ss);
if i<>0 then begin
Result:=Copy(ss,0,i-1);
ss:=Copy(ss,i+1,length(ss)-i);
end else begin
Result:=ss;
ss:='';
end;
end;
procedure TForm1.ShowStoichiometry;var NCompound ,i :integer ;ColNo : integer ;StoichioStr:string ;begin
if FMALT=nil then exit;
with FMALT,StringGrid1 do begin
initialize(NCompound);if NCompound<>0 then begin
Cells[3,0]:='Element 1';
Cells[4,0]:='Element 2';
Cells[5,0]:='Element 3';
Cells[6,0]:='Element 4';
Cells[7,0]:='Element 5';
for i:=1 to NCompound do begin
GetStoichiometry(i,StoichioStr);
ColNo:=2;
repeatinc(Colno);
Cells[Colno,i]:=GetNextStr(StoichioStr)+' '+GetNextStr(StoichioStr);until (Stoichiostr='') or (Colno=7);////

Cells[ColNo+1,i]:=Stoichiostr;
end;
end;
end;
end;
procedure TForm1.ShowThermoDataAt(AValue:Real);var NCompound ,i :integer ;PhaseNo : integer ;ThermoDataStr:string ;begin
if FMALT=nil then exit;
with FMALT,StringGrid1 do begin
initialize(NCompound);if NCompound<>0 then begin
Cells[3,0]:='H(T)-H298';
Cells[4,0]:='dHf(T)';Cells[5,0]:='Cp';
Cells[6,0]:='S';
Cells[7,0]:='dGf(T)';for i:=1 to NCompound do begin
GetThermoData(i,AValue,PhaseNo,
ThermoDataStr);
Cells[3,i]:=GetNextStr(ThermoDataStr);
Cells[4,i]:=GetNextStr(ThermoDataStr);
Cells[5,i]:=GetNextStr(ThermoDataStr);
Cells[6,i]:=GetNextStr(ThermoDataStr);
Cells[7,i]:=GetNextStr(ThermoDataStr);- 106 -

end;
end;
end;
end;
procedure TForm1.actExitExecute(Sender: TObject);
begin
Close;
end;
procedure TForm1.sbTemperatureChange(Sender: TObject);
begin
FTemperature:=sbTemperature.position;
stTemperature.caption:=IntTostr(sbTemperature.position);
actRunExecute(self);end;procedure TForm1.actRunExecute(Sender: TObject);
begin
ShowThermoDataAt(FTemperature);end;- 107 -

Chapter 6 Thermodynamic Database and High
Temperature Thermodynamic Calculations

6.1 Consistency of the thermodynamic data
Thermodynamic functions form a complete and close system withinthemselves so that any data book or database system should keep the internalconsistency among the thermodynamic data to be collected. Particularly, thethermodynamic data have to meet two requirements for consistency; one is theconsistency concerning thermochemical reactions, the other being theconsistency among the thermodynamic functions.
The consistency concerning thermochemical reactions means the following
requirement; thermodynamic functions are usually derived using thethermodynamic data of other species. In such a case, the thermodynamic dataof other species should be given in the same data book.
For example, the enthalpy change for formation of benzene is derived fromthe experimental value for the combustion heat of benzene and the enthalpy
changes for formation of water and carbon dioxide.
C6H6 + 8.5 O2 = 6CO2 + 3H2O
combustionHº = 6fHº(CO2) + 3fHº(H2O) - fHº(C6H6) – 8.5 fHº(O2)fHº(C6H6) = -combustionHº + 6fHº(CO2) + 3fHº(H2O) – 8.5 fHº(O2)There is no certificate whether those values of enthalpy changes forformation of water and carbon dioxide which were used to derive theenthalpy change for formation from the experimental combustion heat are
in good agreement with those stored in database. If different values are
adopted forfHº(CO2) andfHº(H2O) in database and the enthalpy change
for formation of benzene remained without correction since its
determination from measured combustion heat, calculation results obtainedby using this enthalpy change for formation with the values in the database
do not give correct values.

- 108 -

This means that the thermochemical data forms a net work. A change of value
in such a network inevitably gives rise to the change to all possible chemical
reaction. Thus, modification of values should be made carefully byconsidering the major network characteristics. This closeness of thethermochemical network is the consistency concerning chemical reactions.
The consistency among the thermodynamic functions means that given
thermodynamic functions should meet the thermodynamic relations. Thisrequirement is quite obvious but it is quite hard to realize it. Particularly, thefollowing relation about the Gibbs energy is important in practical applicationsof the thermodynamic data;
G° = H°-T S°[6.1]

The reason why this relation is hard to be met can be explained as follows; avalue of G° is determined mainly by equilibrium measurements, H° isdetermined by reaction calorimetry and S° is derived from the S° values
which is determined from the low temperature heat capacity measurements. It
is not easy that those values determined from the different experimental
techniques can satisfy the above relation. Even so, it is troublesome from theusers point of view if these relations were not satisfied.
Considerations on these problems lead to the following understanding; thethermodynamic data are not merely a simple set of values characteristic torespective compounds but a set of self closing values, and therefore, editing ofdata books and databases should not be made like making collected data fromdifferent sources into one book or one data file.
This MALT database has adopted the following convenient way of keeping theconsistency among data;
1. Among data books, the NBS tables are the best in the sense that they have
paid extensive and intensive attention to the consistency described above.
Thus, as far as the values at 298.15 K are concerned, the MALT databaseis based first on the NBS tables if available, although there are someproblems even in the NBS tables.
2. For the high temperature data, only the coefficients of the heat capacity
equation are stored and the thermodynamic functions H, G, and S arecalculated using the thermodynamic analytical equations. This provides
the consistency between heat capacity and other functions H, G, and S.
3. Even so, in practical applications, the enthalpies and Gibbs energies are
more important than the heat capacities so that the coefficients of heat
capacity equation were determined so as to reproduce the values of- 109 -

enthalpies and Gibbs energies rather than the heat capacities themselves.
Particularly, the heat capacities given in this database are different from"true" heat capacities in the phase transition vicinity.

6.2 Data which are stored in MALT for Windows
The thermodynamic data stored in MALT for Windows are those necessary
and sufficient to make thermodynamic calculations at high temperatures;
namely, fG°, fH°, S°, Cp° at 298.15 K, temperature coefficients of heat
capacities, transition temperature, transition enthalpy. Units of J for energy, K
for temperature and mol for mass are used when numerical values are stored.
As described in 6.1, the thermodynamic data at 298.15 K were taken mainly
from the NBS Tables.1) Note however that the NBS Tables adopted 1 bar = 0.1
MPa as the standard state; all values of the Gibbs energy change for formationand entropy of gaseous related substances including condensed phases having
the elements having the gaseous reference state were converted to those at 1
atm = 101,325 Pa by assuming the ideal gas.
Heat capacities were taken from JANAF Thermochemical Tables2),
Thermodynamic Properties of Minerals and Related Substances8) and others
after making the least square fitting to the following equation;
Cp = a + b 10-3 T + c 105/T2 + d 10-5 T2 + e 108/T3[6.2]

These coefficients have different values for respective phases when there arephase transitions.
Information about the phase transitions includes phase transition type,

Table 6.1 Symbols of phase transition
Symbol
mp
bp
tp
ltp
mtp
sp
dp

Meaning
Melting
Boilingsolid-solid transition
lambda type transition
magnetic transition
sublimation
dissociation- 110 -

transition temperature, and transition enthalpy. Symbols to represent phasetransition types are given in Table 6.1. Any symbol can be used for user's data.
Basically, heat capacity data of gaseous species are given up to 2500 K. That
temperature does not mean phase transition but just the maximum temperature
limit below which the heat capacity and related functions are correctly
reproduced. Extrapolation can be made to higher temperatures but it should bedone with special care because of a great possibility of giving rise to anenormous error.
The most important concern which users may have on data books and/or
databases will be how to recognize the reliability of given data. The
thermochemical tables and equilibrium constant tables given in MALT for
Windows provide the numerical values with the precision of 0.01 J/K mol for
Cp and S and of 0.01 kJ/mol for fG° and fH°; however, there is no
description about how to interpret these values.
On the other hand, from the viewpoint of editors of databases, it is quite hard to
give the limit of the reliability for different compounds. This is because it
cannot be specified in what chemical reactions under what conditions users
will use data of a particular compound. In addition, MALT for Windows
allows users to extrapolate the data beyond the valid temperature region.
Thus, MALT for Windows adopts, like the first and second versions of MALT,
a way of showing rough information of reliability in terms of references cited.
Needless to say, the stored data in MALT for Windows are judged as the best
available values for respective compounds. Even some are containing
estimated values in the absence of reliable experimental data and some may nothave a good consistency with other data. Such data should be regarded aslower reliable data.
The reference numbers for data sources are given in appendix. The followings
are the ranks in terms of the reliability;
Rank A: the most reliable thermodynamic data
Reference number; 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 113, 114
Rank B: Usable without special care despite that the reliability is not highest.
Reference number; 11, 13-16, 18, 19, 101-112
Rank C: There would be great possibility of containing a big error due to awrong estimate.
- 111 -

Reference number; 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12, 17Note the followings about the above ranks. These ranks are not for the
reliability of the data sources themselves. These should be limited to thecompounds which are collected in MALT for Windows. For example, thosecompounds whose thermodynamic data were determined in the most reliable
manner were taken from the data source ranked by A. The same compoundin the data book ranked by C is essentially the same as those in the data bookranked by A and their data are of course the most reliable.

6.3 Calculation of high temperature thermodynamic functions
It is needed to make integration of heat capacity to obtain the high temperaturethermodynamic functions in MALT for Windows.
For simplicity, 298.15 K is represented by T0. The thermodynamic function
above T0 is given as follows;TH  (T )  H  (To )   C p  dT

[6.3]

To
T

S  (T )  S  (To )   ( C p / T )dT

[6.4]

To

The enthalpy of formation and the Gibbs energy which are given in thethermodynamic environment are different from the commonly used definition
that the standard enthalpy change and the Gibbs energy change for formation
isothermally from the elements in the reference state at a selected temperature.
These MALT values are given as'fH°(T) = fH°(T0o) + [H°(T) - H°(T0)][6.5]

'fG°(T) = fG°(T0) + [G°(T) - G°(T0)](T0 = 298.15 K)[6.6]

Here, these quantities are given as a sum of the quantities "for formation" at thestandard temperature (298.15 K) and the increment of the function from thestandard temperature. This definition gives enthalpy and Gibbs energy change
for formation from the elements at the standard temperature. This may make ita little bit hard to understand its physical meanings.

- 112 -

The reason why these quantities can be adopted is given as follows. In
representing the thermodynamic potential functions, any reference point canbe adopted if the internal consistency is hold. In the commonly useddefinition, the reference state to represent the formation quantities is different
for respective temperatures, whereas the above definition adopts the only one
reference state at the standard temperature. The most important reason of
adopting this definition is that this requires heat capacity data of only theselected compound to calculate the high temperature thermodynamic functions
and their integration can be given by the above equations. On the other hand,to derive the quantities given by the commonly used definition, it is necessary
to integrate the difference in heat capacity between the compound and its
constituent elements. This may give rise to additional possibility of
introducing calculation errors.
In a calculation for the thermodynamic function change for a particularchemical reaction, the same values are given by both methods so that quantities
for any chemical reaction at any temperature can be obtained by using thepresent definition. Even so, special care has to be taken not to use the values ofthe different definition in the same calculation.
The special care should be exercised in handling the Gibbs energies. As
described in the previous section, the thermodynamic consistency given by thefollowing relation is not necessarily satisfied in the MALT database;fG°(T0) = fH°(T0)-T0 fS°(T0)[6.7]This means that it is better and more reliable to use the value of G°(T0)instead of the value calculated as H°(T0)-T0 S°(T0).
According to this feature, the high temperature Gibbs energy in MALT is
calculated as follows;

'G°(T)= fG°(T0) + [H°(T)-H°(T0)]-[TS°(T)+T0°(T0)]G°(T)= fG°(T0) + [H°(T)-H°(T0)]-[TS°(T)+T0°(T0)]

[6.8]
[6.9]

This makes it possible to have the high temperature values which can besmoothly connected to the values at 298.15 K.

- 113 -

Appendix 1 Important Technical Terms

This manual and the menu screens in MALT for Windows frequently use thetechnical terms associated with the thermodynamics and also with the personal
computers. Some important terms will be explained below.
Accelerator key
Menus and buttons can be selected by using accelerator keys. These keys areusually indicated by one character with underline. The “Alt” key and thecharacter key should be hit simultaneously. For example, F can be made bysimultaneous hitting “Alt” and “F” keys.
ANK:
This is abbreviation of “Alpha-Numeric-Kana” and means those characterssuch as alphabet, numerical number and “Katakana” which can be expressed
terms of the “Hankaku” one-byte characters.
ASCIIZ:
This is one of methods for representing ASCII codes by string. One zero code
(Chr(0)) is placed as delimiter for separating strings and two zero codes areused as terminator for the end of the string data. On the other hand, BASIC
interpreter of Microsoft and Turbo Pascal (recently Delphi) adopt the way ofplacing one byte information on the length at the top of the string; this cannot
be used for strings longer than 255 bytes. There is no limitation about thelength in ASCIIZ.
Child Process:During running the MALT for Windows, another program can be run bykeeping the original program in memory. This newly running program can becalled “child process.” MALT for Windows provides several ways of runningsuch a process; the first one is to run MALT for Windows with other programas batch job using command line such as “MALT /nonmcf gemWin.” Thesecond way is to use the “User’s Application” submenu in the “Tools” menu.
Combobox
One of Windows controls which are used in editing the text strings.
Combobox consists of list and text editing field, and can provides a list of
pre-selected information in it. Users can select one of listed items or directly
input text string in the text field.
Command Parameters:
When a command will be executed in the DOS/Windows, the “Command- 114 -

parameters” are strings that are input after the command. Similar parameters
can be used even in the Windows environment. For example, a short cut for
executing a program has a property in which the name of the program to be run
is given like
Link to c:\MALT\MALT\CHDWIN.EXE /md
Here the command parameters can be added after the file name to be executed.
In the above example, “/md” is a parameter indicating “MALT Direct”
command.
The command parameters for the user’s application program can be edited in
the “User’s application” menu in the “Tools” main menu.
Compound Handle:
When a number of compounds are retrieved, numbers beginning with one are
given for respective compounds sequentially. This is called “compound
handle.” Under the thermodynamic environment that is realized by “MALT
Direct”, these handles are used in obtaining the thermodynamic and related
properties of compounds specified by these numbers.
Compound File:
This is a file which stores the information on compound handles of what are
retrieved and edited in the MALT for Windows and which can reproduce thecompound handles in the memory later. This file is particularly convenientwhen a certain set of compounds will be repeatedly used in the thermodynamic
calculations. This is not in the text format so that it cannot be used from otherprograms. This has the extension of “.mcf.”
Compound Data File:
This is a file which stores the phase organization information. This file cannot
be read from the MALT for Winodws but from the user’s application program.
This has the extension of “mcd.”
Delimiter
When several data are stored in one string, division into respective data can bemade by using delimiter character. Usually, space, comma will be adopted.
Extension:
The name for three characters which is added after “.” in the file name. In the
MALT for Windows, “.mcf” is used for the compound file, “.mcd” for theCompound Data file (MALT Data file).
Form
This is the Window graphic control which can be moved as a whole. Usually,
forms have rectangular frame.
GEF:
This is the Gibbs Energy Function, in other wards, the Free Energy Function(FEF) and defined as [G°(T) - H°(T0)]/T, where T0 is the reference temperature.
- 115 -

Usually, 0 K or 298.15 K is adopted. Here, 298.15 K is adopted in MALT for
Windows.
Interruption:
One of command sets which are equipped in Intel 16 (or larger) bit
microprocessors. This was widely used when functions of DOS and BIOS will
be utilized in the program. When use is made of the computer languages (C,Turbo Pascal, Quick Basic) having a function of utilizing interruptions, it is notneeded to code with assembler. This technique was first used to realize thethermodynamic environment in the MALT2 version. In the present MALT for
Windows, this is not used anymore.
JANAF Order:This is the order of the compounds which is adopted in the “JANAF
Thermochemical Tables.” This is essentially given as follows; rearrange
elements in compounds in the alphabetical order and then sort compounds as in
the dictionary. Strictly speaking, the JANAF Table is based on the Hill method
which carbon and hydrogen are first picked up in addition to the alphabeticalsequence. However, in MALT for Windows, only alphabetical order isadopted.
MALT Data File:
See Compound Data File.
NBS Order:This is the order of the compounds which is adopted in the “NBS Tables ofChemical Thermodynamic Properties.” This is the same as those of “NBS
Circular 500” or “NBS Technical Note 270”. For details, see manual 4.5.4 andFig. 4.14.
Retrieval:This is a job to get the required data out of the data stored in the MALT
database. For resulting data, the compound handles are given respectively.
Status bar / Status line
Usually, the status bar is located at the bottom of the form to provide message
upon request from the software.
Stoichiometric Coefficient:A coefficient of a compound in a chemical reaction. For example, in thefollowing chemical reaction:
CO + 0.5 O2 = CO2
1 for CO, 0.5 for O2, 1 for CO2 are the stoichiometric coefficients.
Stoichiometric Number:
A mole number of an element in a compound. For example, in CaCO3, 1 for
Ca, 1 for C and 3 for O are the stoichiometric number.
Tab sheet
Some windows control has page control which consists of several pages. Eachpage is called as Tab sheet.
- 116 -

Temporary File:
This is a file which will used temporary and finally disappear after necessary
job will be done. MALT for Windows creates automatically temporary files on
respective occasions and erases at the end of operation of MALT. The folder
for temporary files can be specified in “MALT Options” in the “Tools” menu.
Text format:
This is the format of a file which consists only of ASCII codes (shift JIS codesfor “KANJI”). Files stored in this format can be edited in editors for general
purpose.
Thermodynamic Environment:
When we want to make the thermodynamic considerations on practicalproblems, it will be troublesome to run a calculation program after reading thethermodynamic data in the thermodynamic tables and calculating thethermodynamic functions at a selected temperature. In an ideal situation, it ishoped to realize that a program can provide automatically the thermodynamic
function just after specifying the compound and temperature. We call such a
computer environment for realizing this function “the thermodynamic
environment.” MALT for Windows realizes it by making “MALT Direct”
available.
Thermodynamic Table:
The thermodynamic data which are formatted like “JANAF Thermochemical
Tables.” Heat capacity, entropy, enthalpy, Gibbs energy are given as afunction of temperature.
User Data:
This is the thermodynamic data that users have evaluated by themselves. In
MALT for Windows, calculation can be made by combining the MALT
database and user data. All user data should be stored in a file as text format.
After compilation of the test file, MALT for Windows manages the users
database in a similar manner to the main database to ensure a high speed in
retrieval and calculation. The thermodynamic data to be stored in user data
files can be edited (1) by using a text editor for general purpose, (2) by using
the input menu for thermodynamic data in MALT for Windows, (3) bymodifying the values of compounds retrieved from the MALT database.
User Data Base:This is a file to be created after the compilation of a user data file. One of theuser databases can be loaded in MALT for Windows. When this is loaded, theretrieval of compounds is always targeted to the user database in addition to themain MALT database. In the list of compounds, the name of user database isgiven after the name of the compound.
User Data File:
This is a file that stores user data in the text format. To utilize in MALT for
Windows, this file should be compiled to create a user database. Compilation
cannot be completed when the text does not follow the format specified by- 117 -

MALT for Windows.
User Program:
From a program developed by users, the thermodynamic data in MALT for
Windows can be directly used. To do so, you have to run MALT for Windows
and then to run one user program and to call “MALT Direct” procedure. To
utilize the MALT data and the calculation functions, it is necessary to use thespecial procedure called by “MALT Direct.”
Window Meta File
One of the formats in which graphics is stored in a compact manner. This is
not common format. But, it is still one of the basic graphic formats which canbe treated in many graphic software.

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Appendix 2. References which were mainly
used in establishing MALT Database

1.Wagman, D. D. Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I.,
Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., Nuttall, R. L.; The NBS tables of chemical
thermodynamic properties, selected values for inorganic and C1 and C2
organic substances in SI units; J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data Vol. 2,
Supplement No. 2, 1982.
2. JANAF Thermochemical Tables:(a) Stull, D. R., Prophet, H.; 2nd ed., 1971, NSRDS-NBS-37:(b) Chase, M. W., Jr., Curnutt, J. L., Hu, A. T., Prophet, H., Syverud, A.
N., Walker, L. C.; J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 3, 311, 1974:(c) Chase, M. W., Jr., Curnutt, J. L., Prophet, H., McDonald, R. A.,
Syverud, A. N.; J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 4, 1, 1975:(d) Chase, M. W., Jr., Curnutt, J. L., McDonald, R. A., Syverud, A. N.; J.
Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 7, 793, 1978:(e) Chase, M. W., Jr., Curnutt, J. R., Downey, J. R., Jr., McDonald, R. A.,
Syverud, A. N., Valenzuela, E. A.; J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 11, 695,
1982:(f) Chase, M. W., Jr., Davies, C. A., Downey, J. R., Jr., Frurip, D. J.,
McDonald, R. A., Syverud, A. N.; J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 14
Supplement No. 1, 1985.
3. Kubaschewski, O., Alcock, C. B.; Metallurgical Thermochemistry 5thed.; 1979; Pergamon, Oxford.
4. Mills, K. C.; Thermodynamic Data for Inorganic Sulphides, Selenides andTellurides; 1974; Butterworths, London.
5. Hultgren, R., Desai, P. D., Gleiser, M., Kelley, K. K.; Selected Values of
the Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements; 1973; The American
Society for Metals, Metals Park.
6. Barin, I., Knacke, O; Thermodynamic Properties of Inorganic Substances;
1973; Verlag Stahleisen, Berlin.
7. Barin, I., Knacke, O., Kubaschewski, O.; Thermodynamic Properties ofInorganic Substances Supplement; 1977; Verlag Stahleisen, Berlin.
8. Robie, R. A., Hemingway, B. S., Fisher, J. R.; Thermodynamic Propertiesof Minerals and Related Substances at 298.15 K and 1 Bars (105 Pascals)
Pressure and at High Temperatures; 1978; US Government Printing
Office, Washington.
- 119 -

9. Stull, D. R., Westrum, E. F., Jr., Sinke, G. C.; The Chemical
Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds; 1969; John Wiley & sons, New
York.
10. Stull, D. R., Sinke, G. C.; Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements;
Advances in Chemistry Series 18; 1956; American Chemical Society,
Washington.
11. Glushkov, V. P., Gurvich, L. V., Bergman, G. A., Veitz, I. V., Medvedev,
V. A., Khachkuruzov, G. A., Yungman, V. A.; Thermodynamic Data for
Individual Substances; High temperature Institute, State Institute ofApplied Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of the U. S. S. R.,
Moscow.
Vol.1: The elements O, H, F, Cl, Br, I, He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn, S, N, and P
and their compounds; 1978;
Vol.2: The elements C, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb and their compounds; 1979;
Vol.3: The elements B, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba and theircompounds; 1981;
Vol.4: The elements Cr, Mo, W, V, Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Sc, Y, La, Th, U,
Pu, Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs and their compounds; 1982.
12. Atomic Energy Review Special issues.
No. 1. Rand, M. H., Livey, D. T., Feshotte, P., Nowontny, H., Seifert, K.,
Ferro, R.; Plutonium: Physico-chemical Properties of its
Compounds and Alloys; 1966; International Atomic Energy
Agency, Vienna.
No. 2. Lavrentev, V. I., Gerassimov, Ya. I., Feschotte, P., Livey, D. T.,
von Goldbeck, O., Nowontny, H., Seifert, K., Ferro, R., Dragoo, A.
L.; Niobium: Physico-Chemical Properties of its Compounds andAlloys; 1968; International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
No. 3. Gerassimov, Ya. I., Lavrentev, V. I., von Goldbeck, O., Livey, D.
T., Ferro, R., Dragoo, A. L.; Tantalum: Physico-Chemical
Properties of its Compounds and Alloys; 1972; IAEA, Vienna.
No. 4. Spencer, P. J., von Goldbeck, O., Ferro, R., Girgis, K., Dragoo, A.
L.; Beryllium: Physico-Chemical Properties of its Compounds andAlloys; 1973; IAEA, Vienna.
No. 5. Rand, M. H., von Goldbeck, O., Ferro, R., Girgis, K., Dragoo, A.
L.; Thorium: Physico-Chemical Properties of its Compounds andAlloys; 1975; IAEA, Vienna.
No. 6. Alcock, C. B., Jacob, K. T., Zador, S., Kubaschewski-vonGoldbeck, Ortrud., Nowontny, H., Seifert, K., Kubaschewski, O.;
Zirconium: Physico-Chemical Properties of its Compounds andAlloys; 1976; IAEA, Vienna.
No. 7. Spencer, P. J., Kubaschewski-von Goldbeck, O., Ferro, R.,
Marazza, R., Girgis, K., Kubaschewski, O.; Hafnium:
Physico-Chemical Properties of its Compounds and Alloys; 1981;- 120 -

IAEA, Vienna.
No. 8. Brewer, L., Lamoreaux, R. H., Ferro, R., Marazza, R., Girgis, K.;
Molybdenum: Physico-Chemical Properties of its Compounds andAlloys; 1980; IAEA, Vienna.
No. 9. Kubaschewski, O., Kubaschewski-von Goldbeck, Ortrud, Rogl, P.,
Franzen, K.L.; Titanium: Physico-chemical Properties of its
Compounds and Alloys; 1983; IAEA, Vienna.
13. King, E. G., Mah, A. D., Pankratz, L. B.; Thermodynamic Properties of
Copper and its Inorganic Compounds, INCRA monograph 2; 1973;
International Copper Research Association, Inc.
14. Mah, A. D., Pankratz, L. B.; Contribution of the Data on Theoretical
Metallurgy XVI. Thermodynamic Properties of Nickel and Its Inorganic
Compounds; Bulletin of U. S. Bureau of Mines 668; 1976; U. S.
Government Printing Office, Washington.
15. Pankratz, L. B.; Thermodynamic Properties of Elements and Oxides;
Bulletin of U. S. Bureau of Mines 672; 1982; U. S. Government Printing
Office, Washington:
Pankratz, L. B., Stuve, J. M., Gokcen, N. A.;
Thermodynamic Data for Mineral Technology, Bulletin of Bureau of
Mines 677, 1984; U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington.
16. Chang, Y. Austin, Ashmad, Nazeer; Thermodynamic Data on Metal
Carbonates and Related Oxides; 1982; The Metallurgical Society of
AIME, Warrendale, Pa. US.
17. Chart, T. G.; High Temp. - High Pressures, 5, 241-252, 1973.
18. Haas, J. L., Jr., Robinson, G. R., Jr., Hemingway, B. S.; Thermodynamic
Tablations for Selected Phases in the System CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O at
101,325 Pa (1 atm) between 273.15 and 1800 K; J. Phys. Chem. Ref.
Data 10(3), 575-669, 1981.
19. The Chemical Thermodynamics of Actinide Elements and Compounds;
Part 1: Oetting, F. L., Rand, M. H., Ackermann, R. J.; The Actinide
Elements; 1976; IAEA, Vienna.
Part 2: Fluger, J., Oetting, F. L.; The Actinide Aqueous Ions; 1976; IAEA,
Vienna.
Part 3: Cordfunke, E. H.P., O'Hare, P. A. G.; Miscellaneous Actinide
Compounds; 1978; IAEA, Vienna.
Part 4: Gr nvold, F., Drowart, J., Westrum, E. F., Jr.; The Actinide
Chalcogenides (Excluding Oxides); 1984; IAEA, Vienna.
Part 5: Chiotti, P., Akhachinskij, V. V., Ansara, I., Rand, M. H.; The
Actinide Binary Alloys; 1981; IAEA, Vienna.
Part 6: Holley, C. E., Rand, M. H., Storms, E. K.; The Actinide Carbides;
1984; IAEA, Vienna.
Part 8: Fuger, J., Parker, V. B., Hubbard, W. N, Oetting, F. L.; The
Actinide Halides; 1983; IAEA, Vienna.

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Part 9: Flotow, H. E., Haschke, J. M.,Yamauchi, S.; The Actinide
Hydrides; 1984; IAEA, Vienna.
Part 13: Hildenbrand, D. L., Gurvich, L. V., Yungman, V. S.; The GaseousActinide Ions; 1985; IAEA, Vienna.
20. Kelley, K. K.; Contributions to the Data on Theoretical Metallurgy XIII.
High-Temperature Heat-Content, Heat-Capacity, and Entropy Data for
the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Bulletin of U. S. Bureau of
Mines 584; 1960; U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington.
21. Kubaschewski, O; High Temp. - High Pressures 4, 1-12, 1972.
22. Cox, D, J. Pilcher, G.; Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic
Compounds; 1970; Academic Press, London.
23. Martin, J. F.; Specialist Periodical Reports - Chemical Thermodynamics
Vol. 1, pp 133-161; 1973; The Chemical Society, Burlington House,
London, W1V 0BN.
24. Pedley, J. B., Naylor, R. D., Kirby, S. P.; Thermochemical Data of
Organic Compounds 2nd ed.; 1986; Chapman and Hall, London.
25. Naumov, G. B., Ryzhenko, B. N., Khodakovsky, I. L.; Handbook of
Thermodynamic Data; 1971; Moscow, Atomizdat; translated bySoleimani, G. J.; 1974; U. S. Geological Survey.
26. Barin, I.; Thermochemical Data of Pure Substances; 1989; VCH,
Weinheim.
27. Domalski, Eugene S., Evans, William H., Hearing, Elizabeth D.; Heat
Capacities andEntropies of Organic Compounds in the Condensed
Phase, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 13, Supplement No.1, 1984.
28. Stephenson, R. M., Malanowski, S.; Handbook of the Thermodynamics
of Organic Compounds; 1987; Elsevier, New York.
29. High Temperature Vaporization Behavior of Oxides:(1) Lamoreax, R. H., Hildenbrand, D. L.; I. Alkali Metal Binary Oxides,
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 13(1), 151-173, 1984.
(2) Lamoreax, R. H., Hildenbrand, D. L. Brewer, L.; II. Oxides of Be,
Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, B, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb Zn, Cd, and Hg, J.
Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 16(3), 419-443, 1987.
30. Wilhoit, R. C., Zwolinski, B. J.; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties
of Alphastic Alcohols; J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data Vol. 2 Suppl. 1, 1973.
31. Cook, L. P., McMurdie, H. F. ed.;Phase Diagrams for Ceramists Vol. 7;
1989; The Am. Cera. Soc.
32. Pedley, J. B., Rylance, J.; Sussex -N.P.L. Computer Analysed
Thermochemical Data:
Organic and Organometallic Compounds;
1977; University of Sussex.
33. Cordfunke, E. H. P and Konings, R. J. M. ed.; Thermochemical Data for
Reactor Materials and Fission Products; 1990; North-Holland,
Amsterdam.

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34. Gurvich, L. V., Veyts, I. V., Alcock, C. B.; Thermodynamic Properties
of Individual Substances Fourth Ed. (See also 11);
Volume 1, O, H(D,T), F, Cl, Br, I, He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn, S, N, P and
Their Compounds; 1989; Hemisphere, New York:
Volume 2, C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb and Their Compounds; 1991; Hemisphere,
New York.
35. Knacke, O., Kubaschewski, O., Hesselmann, K. ed. ; "Thermochemical
Properties of Inorganic Substances," 2nd ed.; 1991; Springer-Verlag,
Berlin, Verlag Stahleisen m.B.H. Dusseldorf.
101. Grønvold, F.; J. Chem. Thermodyn. 5, 525-531, 1973.
102. Motzfeldt, K., Sanberg, B.; "Chemical Investigations Concerning
Carbothermic Reduction of Alumina," pp. 411-428, in Light Metals
1979, Peterson, W. S. ed.; 1979; AIME, Warrendale, Pa.
103. Takahashi, Y., Kadokura, H., Yokokawa, H.; J. Chem. Thermodyn. 15,
65-81, 1983.
104. Margrave, J. L., Houge, R. H., Fredin, L.; Thermophysical Properties 4(Proceeding of The Fourth Japan Symposium on Thermophysical
Properties) p 107, 1983.
105. Grønvold, F., Samuelsen, E. J.; J. Phys. Chem. Solids 36, 249-256, 1975.
106. Grønvold, F., Sveen, A.; J. Chem. Thermodyn. 6, 859-872, 1974.
107. Flotow, H. E., Osborne, D. W.; J. Chem. Thermodyn. 6, 135-140, 1974.
108. Johnson, G. K.; J. Chem. Thermodyn. 16, 295-300, 1984.
109. O'Hare, P. A. G., Hubbard, W. N., Johnson, G. K., Flotow, H. E.; J.
Chem. Thermodyn. 16, 45-59, 1984.
110. Skudlarski, K., Kapala, J.; J. Chem. Thermodyn. 16, 91-100, 1984.
111. Loewenschuss, A., Maycus, Y.; Chemical Review 84(2), 89-115, 1984.
112. Smith, J. F.; Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 2(1), 42-48, 1981.
113. Pamidimukkala, K. M., Rogers, D., Skinner, G. B.; J. Phys. Chem. Ref.
Data 11(1), 83-99, 1982.
114. Chao, J., Zwolinski, B. J.; J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 7(1), 363-377, 1978:
Chen, S. S., Wilhoit, R. C. Zwolinski, B. J.; J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data
6(1), 105-112, 1977: Chao, J.,
Zwolinski, B. J.; J. Phys. Chem. Ref.
Data 5(2), 319-328, 1976: Chao, J., Rodgers, A. S., Wilhoit, R. C.,
Zwolinski, B. J.; J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 3(1), 141-162, 1974: Chao, J.,
Wilhoit, R. C., Zwolinski, B. J.; J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 2(2), 427-437,
1973: Chen, S. S., Wilhoit, R. C., Zwolinski, B. J.; J. Phys. Chem. Ref.
Data 4(4), 859-869, 1975: Chao, J., Zwolinski, B. J.; J. Phys. Chem. Ref.
Data 4(3), 251-261, 1975: Chen, S. S., Kudchadker, S. A., Zwolinski, B.
J.; J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 4(3), 251-261, 1975: Kudchadker, S. A.,
Kudchadker, A. P., Wilhoit, R. C., Zwolinski, B. J.; J. Phys. Chem. Ref.
Data 7(2), 417-456, 1978: Kudchadker, S. A., Kudchadker, A. P.,- 123 -

Wilhoit, R. C.; J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 8(2), 519-526, 1979.
115. Tirtowidjojo, M., Pollard, R.; J. Cryst. Growth 77, 200-209, 1986.
116. Brewer, L., Ebbinghaus, E. E.; Thermochim. Acta 129, 49-55, 1988.
117. Leonov, A. I., Shvaiko-Shvaikovskii, V. E., Keler, E. K.; Rus. J. Inorg.
Chem. 14(3), 334-336, 1969.
118. Yokokawa, H., Sakai, N., Kawada, T., Dokiya, M.; J. Am. Ceram. Soc.
73(3), 649-658, 1990.
119. Taylor, R. W., Schmalzried, H; J. Phys. Chem. 68(9), 2444-2449, 1964.
120. Keneshea, F. J., Cubicciotti, D. D.; J. Chem. Phys. 40, 177, 1964.
121. Yokokawa, H. Sakai, N., Kawada, T., Dokiya, M.; Denki Kagaku 58,
561-563, 1990.
122. Yokokawa, H. Kawada, T., Dokiya, M.; J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 72(11),2104-2110, 1989.
123. Yokokawa, H. estimated and evaluated values during 1989-1991;
Yokokawa,H., Sakai,N., Kawada,T., Dokiya, M., J. Solid State Chem.
94(1),106-120, 1991.
124. Kellogg, H. H.; Metal. Trans. 20B, 77, 1989.
125. Kuselev, A. I., Karnov, I. K.; Physicochemical modeling in geology;
1988; Academy Nauk SSSR, Siberian Branch.
126. Hubbard, W. N., Rawlins, P. L., Connick, P. A., Stedwell, R. E., Jr.,O'Hare, P. A. G.; J. Chem. Thermodyn. 15, 785-798, 1983; Ohlendorf,D., Flotow, H.; J. Less-Common Metal 73, 25-32, 1980.
127. Wilhoit, R. C. Chao, J., Hall, K. R.; J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 14(1), 1(1985). Chao, J., Hall, K. R., Marsh, K. N., Wilhoit, R. C.; J. Phys.
Chem. Ref. Data 15(4), 1369-1436, 1986.
128. Lyman, J.; J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 18(2), 799, 1989.
129. Pedley, J. B., Marshall, E. M.; J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 12(14), 967,
1983.
130. Akila, R., Jacob, K. T., Shukla, A. K.; Metal. Trans. 18B, 163, 1987:
Dwivedi, R. K., Kay, D. A. R.; Metal. Trans. 15B, 523, 1984: Fukatsu,
N., Shidawara, N., Kozuka, Z.; J. Electrochem. Soc. 132(9), 2258, 1985.
131. Takahashi, Y., Sakamoto, R., Kamimoto, M.; Int. J. Thermophys. 9(6),1081, 1988.
132. Robie, R. A., Russell-Robinson, S., Hemingway, B. S.; Thermochim.
Acta 139, 67, 1989.
133. Filippov., V. K., Kalinkin, A. M., Vasin, S. K.; J. Chem. Thermodyn. 19,
185, 1987.
134. Abello, L., Chhor, K., Pommier, C.; J. Chem. Thermodyn. 19, 797, 1987;
J. Chem. Thermodyn. 17, 1-23, 1985.
135. Cordfunke, E. H. P., Cluistra, R., van Miltenburg, J. C.; J. Chem.
Thermodyn. 17, 1079, 1985.
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136. Meisingset, K. K., Gr nvold, F.; J. Chem. Thermodyn. 18, 159, 1986.
137. Beyer, R. P., Ferrante, M. J.; J. Chem. Thermodyn. 18, 365, 1986.
138. O'Hare, P. A. G., Johnson, G. K.; J. Chem. Thermodyn. 17, 593, 1985.
139. Levitskii, V. A., Balak, G. M.; Rus. J. Phys. Chem. 56(5), 668, 1982:
Levitskii, V. A., Klimenko, A. N., Marin, V. P., Chentsov, V. N.,
Men'shenin, Yu. V.; Rus. J. Phys. Chem. 58(6), 1350-1354, 1984:
Klimenko, A. N., Levitskii, V. A., Marin, V. P.; Rus. J. Phys. Chem.
60(10), 2402-2409, 1986.
140. Lindemer, T. B., Besmann, T. M., Johnson, C. E.; J. Nucl. Mater. 100,
178-226, 1981.
141. Yamaguchi, S., Kaneko, Y., Iguchi, Y.; Trans. JIM, 28(12), 986-993,
1987: Seetharaman, W. D. S., Staffansson, L. -I.; Metal. Trans. 15B,
319-327, 1984.
142. Yokokawa, H., Sakai, N., Kawada, T., Dokiya, M., Kato, S., Ota, K.;
Denki Kagaku 58(1), 57-62, 1990: Godshall, N. A., Raistrick, I. D.,
Huggins, R. A.; Mater. Res. Bull. 15, 561, 1980: Takeshita, H., Ohmichi,
T., Nasu, S., Watanabe, H., Sasayama, T., Maeda, A., Miyake, M., Sano,T.; J. Nucl. Mater. 78, 281, 1978.
143. Hsu, H. S., Devan, J. H.; J. Electrochem. Soc. 133, 2078, 1986.
144. Denielou, L., Petitet, J.-P., Tequi, C.; J. Chem. Thermodyn. 7, 901-902,
1975.
145. Kohli, R., Lacom, W.; Thermochim. Acta 57, 155-160, 1982; 81,327-333, 1984: O'Hare, P. A. G., Johnson, G. K.; J. Chem. Thermodyn.
17, 391-400, 1985: Fredrickson, D. R., Johnson, G. K., O'Hare, P. A. G.;
J. Chem. Thermodyn. 12, 801-805, 1980: Venugopal, V., Iyer, V. S.,
Agarwal, R., Roy, K. N., Prasad, R., Sood, D. D.; J. Chem. Thermodyn.
19, 1047-1051, 1987: Kim, K. Y., Johnson, G. K., Johnson, C. E.,
Flotow, H. E., Appelman, E. H., O'Hare, P. A. G., Phillips, B. A.; J.
Chem. Thermodyn. 13, 333-344, 1981: Kim, K. Y., Johnson, G. K.,
O'Hare, P. A. G., Phillips, B. A.; J. Chem. Thermodyn. 13, 695-698,
1981: Brittain, R. D., Lau, K. H., Hildenbrand, D. L.; J. Electrochem.
Soc. 134, 2900-2904, 1987: Sirousse-zia, D.; Thermochim. Acta 19,
244-246, 1977.
146. Konings, R. J. M., Cordfunke, E. H. P.; Thermochim. Acta 124, 157-162,
1988: Crouch-Baker, S., Davies, P. K., Dickens, P. G.; J. Chem.
Thermodyn. 16, 273-279, 1984. Dickens, P. G., Neild, D. J.; J.
Less-Common Metals 54, 273-281, 1977.
147. Gvelesiani, G. G., Nadiradze, A. A., Abashidze, T. D.; J. Chem.
Thermodyn. 19, 461-466, 1987.
148. Knights, C. F., Phillips, B. A.; Special Publication No. 30. High
Temperature Chemistry of Inorganic and Ceramic Materials; eds.
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135-145.
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149. Ito, Y., Maruyama, T., Yoshimura, M., Saito, Y.; J. Mater. Sci. Letters 8,456-458, 1989:
150. Katsura, T., Kitayama, K., Sugihara, T., Kimizuka, N.; Bull. Chem. Soc.
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