No.14
ISSN 0289 - 8721

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ふ＼Information Bulletin of

The Union of National
Economic Associationsin Japan

日本経済学会連合:JCorrespondence to be addressed:
Secretariat of the Union of National Economic Associations in Japan,
c/o School of Commerce,
Waseda University,
Nishiwaseda 1-6-1,
Shinjuku-ku,
Tokyo 169-50, JapanCOPYRIGHT 1994 BY THE UNION OF NATIONAL ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONS
Printed in Japan. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS INSTITUTE, INC. Tel. (03) 5273-0473
ISSN 0289-8721

Editorial Committee
Katsuji NAKAGANE, the University of Tokyo
Eiichi AKIMOTO, Chiba University
Yoshiaki WATANABE, Josai University
Kenji TOMINOMORI, Obirin University
Yukiko ADACHI, Fuji College
Takatada IMAIZUMI, Yokohama National University
Masao NAKANISHI, Kwansei Gakuin University
Takehiko MusASHI, Chiba University
Toshinobu KATO, Asia University
Yasuto YosmzoE, Aoyama Gakuin University
Takashi KAwARADA, Kobe University of Commerce
Directors of the Union
President

Masao UNO, Waseda University
Yasuo OKAMOTO, Aoyama Gakuin University
Kyoichi FUTAGAMI, Waseda University
Satoru TAKAYANAGI, University of Tsukuba
Yoshiaki SHIMABUKURO, Aichi Gakuin University
Yoshiyuki SEKIGUCHI, Yokohama National University
Yuziro HAYAMI, Aoyama Gakuin University
Toshiya HANAWA, Hitotsubashi University
Mitsuo MORIMOTO, Aoyama Gakuin University
Saiichi MIYAZAKI, Kanto Gakuin University
Toshinosuke KASHIWAZAKI, Waseda University

Secretary General
Ken-ichi ENATSU, Waseda University
AuditorKazuo Gm, Chuo University
Osamu NISHIZAWA, Waseda University
Emeritus
Shigeto TsuRu, Hitotsubashi University
Yoichi ITAGAKI, Yachiyo International University
Takashi SHIRAISHI, Kyorin University

THE UNION OF NATIONAL ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONSIN JAPAN

日本経済学会連合
The Union of National Economic Associations in Japan, established in 1950,
celebrated its 40th anniversary in 1990, as the sole nationwide federation ofadministration. In order to obtain membership an association is subject to an
examination of its academic work. As of 1993, the Union had a membership of 45
associations, as listed on pp. 81-95. Inclusion of four recent entrants to the Union brings
the total membership for 1994 to 49 associations (the names of these new members are
given on pp. 96-99 ).
The aims and objectives of the Union are to support the scholarly activities of its
member associations and to promote academic exchanges both among members
themselves, and between Japanese and academic societies overseas. The main activitiesof the Union are: (1) the publication and distribution of academic material concerning
Japanese economics and papers presented by member scholars, (2) the sending ofmembers to overseas conferences, (3) the holding and supporting of international
conferences in Japan, (4) providing fmancial assistance to member associations who
invite foreign scholars to Japan, and (5) collecting information on activities of member
associations and the issuing of a news bulletin.
The Union published in 1974 Keizaigaku No Doko (The Trend in Japanese
Economics), based on a survey of economic studies undertaken in postwar Japan. A
supplementary volume covering Japanese economic studies after 1974 was published in
1982.
The Union and the International Economic Association (IBA) jointly held the Fifth
World Congress of the IBA in Tokyo from August 29 to September 3, 1978. The Union
joined the International Institute of Public Finance in holding the Institute's 37th Congress
at Tokyo in September 1981. The Union dispatched 20 member scholars to the Eighth
World Congress of IBA held in India in 1986. Most recently the Union successfullysponsored the IBA Tokyo Round Table Conference on "Institutions in a New DynamicSociety" held between 15and 17 September 1987, and now preparations are in hand forthe next IBA Round Table Conference to be held in Tokyo, in December 1996.
The Union celebrated in 1980 the 30th anniversary of its founding by launching avariety of activities, including the publication of The Information Bulletin. Prof. Paul
Snowden of Waseda University acts as editorial adviser.
Address: Secretariat of the Union, c/o School of Commerce, Waseda University,
Nishiwaseda 1-6-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-50, Japan.

CONTENTSAGRARIAN HISTORY SOCIETY, THE· ·・・・ ・・・・・・・・・

Pag． ．．．．． ．．． ． ． ．． ． ． ．． ．．．．．．・．．．．．．． ． ．

ASIAN PO口TICAL AND ECONOMIC STUDIES, THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR・ ・・・・・・・・・・・ . •1
8

CONSUMPTION ECONOMY JAPAN ACADEMY FOR································ ···· ·· ·························· 14
ECONOMIC POLICY ASSOCIATION JAPANFOREIGN TRADE, JAPAN ACADEMY FOR

・・・・・. . .... ······························· ··················・ ・・ ・・・・・． ．．．．． ．．．

21．．． ． ． ．．．．．．．． ． ．．．．． ． ．． ．． ・・ ・・

26......................

35

INSURANCE SCIENCE THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF··········· ·MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION JAPAN SOCIETY OF

41． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．． ． ． ． ． ．． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．

(Formerly: COMMERCIAL SCIENCES, JAPAN SOCIETY OF)

PLANN訳GADM凶STRATION JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR・・・・・・・・ ・ ・・・

・・

・

・・・

51

POLITICAL ECONOMY, JAPAN SOCIETY OF··················· ····· ··························· ·· ······· ·············59
STATISTICAL SOCIETY, JAPAN·······································································································67
URBAN MANAGEMENT RESEARCH ASSOCIATION NIPPON············... ·················73

LIST OF MEMBER ASSOCIATIONS ····· · ·························· ······ ······················ ·· ·· ························81
NEW MEMBERS

INDUSTRIAL STUDIES, THE SOCIETY FOR··· · · · ···························· ·· ···································· ·· ··96

MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR

・・

・

・

97

． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．． ・ ・・

RESEARCH ON BUSINESS ADMINISTRATIVE BEHAVIOR, JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR·······98
CIRIEC・ ・ ・ ・・・・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・・ ・ ・・・ . . . . ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・・ ・ ・ ・ ・ · · · · · · · · · · ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ····•···•········•··

99

THE AGRARIAN HISTORY SOCIETYー

The Agrarian History Society has four divisions: Economic Theory andCurrent Analysis, Agrarian Problems, Japanese Economic History, and Foreign
Economic History. In principle the four divisions are supposed to take turns
organizing common themes for the spring symposium held in June and the autumn
conference held in October every year. Discussions on common themes at autumn
conferences since the 1988 conference have been recorded in the Society's The
Journal of Agrarian History.
The following is a review of the Society's activities in the light of the common
themes for spring and autumn meetings held since 1990. In 1990, under thecommon theme of the Global and Historical Position of Post-War Capitalism inJapan proposed by the Economic Theory and Current Economic Analysis Division,
comprehensive studies were carried out regarding the structural and historicalfactors of Japan's post-war capitalism, especially the impact of microelectronics(ME) since the latter half of the 1970s, in order to ascertain the course of new
developments and determine its global position. The Division of Japanese
Economic History and the Division of Foreign Economic History both participatedin these studies (as reported in this Information Bulletin, No. 11).
In 1991, the Division of Japanese Economic History based its themes on thefindings at the previous year's meetings. It focused on agricultural reform at the
spring symposium, and on the processes that formed the characteristics of Japan's
post-war capitalism at the autumn conference. On these occasions, the post-war
reorganization of capital ownership and corporate management (dissolution of thezaibatsu) and the process of incorporating Japan's post-war capitalism into theworld economy ("Dodge Line") were reviewed in the light of post-war reforms.
In 1992, the Division of Agrarian Problems set up a common theme centeredaround the current stage of Japanese agriculture in relation to the process of world
agricultural restructuring. Japanese agriculture in the latter half of the 1980s wasanalyzed at the 1988 conference. However, Japanese agriculture had faced adeepening crisis since the Plaza accord of 1985. On the domestic front, a policy for
shifting to an international cooperation-oriented structure was promoted on therecommendation of the ad hoc commission on administrative reform of theJapanese government (which required the use of private initiatives, the reduction of
government subsidies and trade imbalances, and the appreciation of the yen). On
the international front, Japan came under pressure from other countries, notably theUnited States, to liberalize its trade in agricultural products and to change aprotective agricultural policy, with the start of the Uruguay Round of GATT talks.
These dual domestic and external pressures for liberalization drove Japaneseagriculture, which had stood in a marginal position on the world market, into a crisisand forced it to explore approaches to restructuring.
The Division of Foreign Economic History participates in discussions ofcommon themes proposed by other departments in order to identify thecharacteristics of Japanese society, which introduced ME during the process of higheconomic growth. At the same time, the Division shifted the focus of its study tothe process of dealing with the crisis of European capitalism after World War I, andis actively studying this aspect from the viewpoint of "organization."
In 1993, the Division of Foreign Economic History put forward the Historic
Phases of the Welfare State as its spring theme, and Reorganization of Capitalism inEurope During the lnterwar Period as its autumn theme. It reviewed how European
countries, such as Britain, Germany and France, coped with the crisis brought about
by World War I and the Russian Revolution, by regarding these attempts atorganization from standpoints of capital, labor and the state. This organization­
based methodology was introduced in the common theme for the 1989 conference,
which dealt with Various Aspects of Capitalist Social Organization After the
Bourgeois Revolutions. Since then the effectiveness of this methodology as ameans of confirming the changes in capitalism in crisis has been tested.
The closing years of the 20th century have witnessed many incidents,
including the breakdown of Soviet and East European socialism between 1989 and1991, the business recession that befell all developed capitalist countries in the
1990s, and the development of new production capabilities through evolution into
the information stage of ME. These developments are prompting a review ofJapan's postwar capitalism, which has grown and developed by placing the postwar
stage of capitalism into the context of the cold war (which built military factors into
the economic structure in the framework of opposing structures, typified by U.S.­
Soviet confrontation), and by allowing itself to be incorporated into that framework.
At the 1986 conference at Ryukoku University, the dissolution of the cold war
system after the 1970s was analyzed in terms of the Process of ME Development
and the Start of Production in Asia. The descent of the United States into debtor
nation status in 1985 was regarded as the outcome of this process. Since then, it has
been recognized that the major opposing axes have shifted from politics (the Soviet
Union) to economics (Japan).
The common theme at the 1990 conference at
Kanagawa University was based on the perception that the domestic demand-led
growth of the Japanese economy in the latter half of the 1980s was the outcome of a
global response (restructuring) to the deepening crisis caused by the collapse of the
bubble economy and the cold war system.
Over the past thirty years, the Society has viewed the world system of postwar
capitalism centering on the United States in the context of the cold war system or2

cold war imperialism, and endeavored to identify its historical position and reveal
its contradictions, by relating the world system to analyses of the economic histories
of Japan and foreign countries, agrarian problems, and Japanese capitalism. Its
stance has been to position the postwar stage and the cold war system in the phased
deepening crisis of capitalism, which began during the major recession toward theend of the 19th century. Another stance, which is based on the confirmed
reproduction structure, has been to identify new production capabilities (trends
toward ME and information) and the contradictions of capitalism. These stances
have been widely recognized as raising important issues. The Society has also
carried out analyses focusing on the reproduction structure, but these are notadequate by current standards.
The U.S. economy is in the process of rehabilitation. Yet capitalism as awhole is reeling under pressure from the protracted recession and high jobless rates.
The collapsed former socialist countries are now an embarrassing burden on
capitalism. Despite notable developments in some parts of Asia, the contradictions
between the developing countries and regions and the developed capitalist countries
are deepening. Meanwhile, global environment problems have worsened so muchthat countermeasures can no longer be delayed. Indeed, the present state ofcapitalism toward the end of the 20th century poses a structural crisis that is likened
to the major recession at the end of the 19th century.
The crisis at the end of the 19th century was overcome for the time being
through monopoly formation and transformation into imperialism, leading to thepost-cold war system sustained by the United States on the one side. It isquestionable whether it will be possible to ensure that the present crisis will result ina reorganization of capitalism comparable to that which occurred after the previous
crisis. In this sense, it may be appropriate to discuss, at the 1994 autumn
conference, how to identify the structure and contradictions of the post-cold war
capitalism prevailing at the end of the 20th century and how to identify the structure
and contradictions of the post-cold war capitalism prevailing at the end of the 20th
century and how to position it in the framework of world history, under the common
theme of Dissolution of the Cold War System and Late 20th Century Capitalism inWorld History. The first paper ("The 20th century socialism phase in world
history") will be presented by Sanehiko MAKI of Fukushima University, the second
paper ("The U.S. economy in the post-cold war era") by Minoru SEKISHITA of
Ritsumeikan University, and the third paper ("The dissolution of the cold war
system and the ME / information revolution") by Katsumi MINAMI of Chiba
University.
In dealing with this issue, it is necessary to focus on the development of new
production capabilities and to ascertain the relationship of these capabilities with3

the capital cycle and class conflict. This analysis should be based on reproduction
structuralism, which reflects the result and methods of phased postwar analyses
carried out by the Society's Economic Theory and Current Economic Analysis
Division. From this viewpoint, it should be emphasized that the ME / information
revolution after the 1970s has led to a new development from the end of the 1980s
through the beginning of the 1990s. How should we assess this development of
production capabilities? What problems do they pose for capitalism? These are
essential problems to be explored when attempting to foresee the 21st century.
Before deciding on the common theme for the autumn conference, theAgrarian History Society customarily seeks the councilors' views on the common
theme. The following is the point of the common theme for the 1994 autumn
conference, which may become a landmark in the Society's history.
Proposed Common Theme for the 1994 Autumn Conference:
The Dissolution of the Cold War System and Late 20th Century Capitalism inWorld History
The years from the end of the 1980s through the early 1990s have witnessed
many complicated and turbulent incidents, including the breakdown of Soviet andEast European socialism and the resultant termination of the East-West cold war,
frequent racial conflicts, the relative decline of U.S. capitalism, the protracted
business recession in developed capitalist countries such as Japan, and the marked
development of the Chinese and the Southeast Asian economies. The rapid
evolution of the interlinked situations has brought about a great impact andconfusion in the area of social science. In the midst of this situation, we believe it
is timely and meaningful to review the efforts made by the Society in characterizing
each of the postwar phases.
In the early years of its inception, the Society focused its studies on the analysis
of agricultural reform and agricultural problems, regarding them as framing postwar
restructuring of Japanese capitalism. The scope of our study expanded to structural
analysis of postwar Japanese capitalism in the process of high economic growth in
the 1960s, and then to worldwide crisis after the mid-1960s when the postwar
capitalist system led by the U.S. began to emerge.
As the Vietnam war was then in full swing, the Society focused attention on
military factors that were forging postwar phases at its 1966 spring symposium.
The main theme at the 1968 spring symposium was the crisis of the IMF system thatwas rapidly aggravating. After that the Society strived to study the postwar world
system of capitalism. At the 1969 autumn conference (common theme: the Phasein World History and Basic Composition of the Late 19th Century Depression - a
Review of Many Phases of Overall Crisis), a viewpoint was proposed to identify the4position of the world system of postwar capitalism by tracing back to the great
depression late in the 19th century. The view suggests that the 19th century
capitalist world system controlled by British industrial capital broke down in thecourse of the late 19th century depression, which was a structural shift to the stageof 20th century monopolistic imperialism, which centered on a unified Germany
based on heavy and chemical industries and the United States as a new world.
However, from this shift as a historical starting point, phased deepening of the crisis
progressed until World War I, the Russian Revolution, World War II and theChinese revolution occured. The crisis evolved into the postwar cold war system,
centering on the U.S. Unprecedentedly sophisticated productive power was built
into the cycle of capital in the form of military power that sustained the cold-war
world strategy. This is where contradictions peculiar to the postwar cold war
system have converged, as stated by presenters at our conferences. (The Journal ofAgrarian History, No. 44.)
Further analyses were made on the basis of this perception of the postwar
phases. At the 1975 autumn conference (common theme: the Dissolution of theCold War System and the Phase of Postwar Heavy and Chemical Industrialization),a view was presented that the framework of high economic growth, which hadsustained the postwar cold war system (demand for munitions=inflationary
accumulation), was collapsing through the breakdown of the IMF system in 1971,
oil crisis, stagflation, and the U.S. pullout from Vietnam. (Ibid, No. 71) However,the collapse of the cold war system was not without a hitch. At the 1986 autumn
conference (common theme: the Reproductive Structure in the Course of
Dissolution of the Cold War System in World History- the Development of Micro­
electronics (ME) and Asian Development), efforts were made to point out the shiftof the ME industry, which had been sustained by military demand, to civilian
demand and the shift of ME production to Asian countries, in the midst of the
deepening crisis of American capitalism, which was an axis of the cold war system,and to identify the historical significance of this development. (Ibid, No. 113) Overthe past thirty years, the Society has perceived the world system of postwar
capitalism centering on the United States as a pole of the cold war system, or cold
war imperialism, and endeavored to identify its historical position and its
contradictions, by relating this endeavor to an analysis of Japanese and foreign
economic histories and agricultural issues as well as the Japanese capitalism.
We in the late 20th century have witnessed the collapse of the cold war system
and its implications in many ways. Firstly, the collapse took the form of the
breakdown of Soviet socialism. As far as socialist countries are concerned, theSociety has made some analyses by focusing on their reproductive structure, butthese analyses were not substantial enough to predict the breakdown. As the5breakdown did occur, we believe that the phase of 20th century socialism, startingwith the Russian Revolution, in world history should be identified. The reason isthat 20th century capitalism, which came into being through the great depression
toward the end of 19th century, served as a major basis in world history, which
strictly conditioned the development of 20th century capitalism. This can beinferred from the fact that strong contradictions caused by incorporating advanced
defense industries into the economic structure (on which the Society has focused its
discussions on the case of the U.S.) were much stronger in the case of the Soviet
Union with a weaker economic foundation.
Secondly, the breakdown of the cold war system is reflected in the criticaldepression of the capitalist economies, which were involved in the cold war, andespecially in the relative decline of the U.S. economy, which served as an axis of thecapitalist camp. The Society has long followed the course of the contradictions that
resulted in the breakdown. However, we believe that the dissolution of the cold war
system urges us to identify the phase of U.S. capitalism and 20th century capitalism
under its umbrella, in the context of world history. U.S. capitalism became stronger
through each of the two world wars and sustained the capitalistic world systemserving as an axis of the cold war system. It appears that its decline signifies an end
to 20th century capitalism, which was created through the great depression late in
the 19th century and'converged into Pax Americana. Moreover, it is presumed that
this movement can be compared with the great depression in the late 19th century
that put an end to Pax Britannica, or that it can achieve much greater development in
the future.
Thirdly, with the dissolution of cold war system, capitalist countries are forced
to restructure their economies, by creating new productive power in the forms of
ME and information revolutions. Advanced defense industries, which were forced
to develop under the cold war system and traumatically collided .with the existing
industries, are now developing ME and information technologies for civilian
demand and causing major political, military, economic and social changes. It isargued that these changes indicate a transitional process to a new productive powerthat surpasses the scale of the machinery-based industries after the Industrial
Revolution which began late in the 18th century. In this sense, it is an unavoidable
central challenge for tackling the common theme for the current conference(Identification of the Phase of the Dissolution of the Cold War and 20th Century
Capitalism in World History) to clarify the historical characteristics of this new
productive power and its contradictions with productive relations of private
capitalism.
The 1994 spring symposium was held on June 25 at the Department of
Economics, the University of Tokyo. The common theme was Employment and6Unemployment Issues in the Developed Capitalist Countries, which characterize
the recession in the 1990s. There were three papers, Naoyoshi KARAKAWA of
Nagano University on "Employment and unemployment issues in modem Japan,"
Yoshiaki YOSHIDA of Chiba University on "Employment and unemployment issues
in farming villages," and Kinori MrTOMI of Shizuoka University on "Employment
and unemployment issues in the United States and Europe."(Shinichi KUBO, Kanto Gakuin University)

7

THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION FORASIAN POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC STUDIES
1. Establishment of JAAPES and Its General Character
The Japan Association for Asian Political and Economic Studies (hereafter,
JAAPES) was founded on May 5, 1953, when the San Francisco Peace Treaty had
just been signed and the Korean War was coming to an end, aiming at doing purely
academic but comprehensive studies on Asia. The Association was not the only
one which was involved in Asian studies at that time, but unique in the sense that it
was politically neutral while most other similar organizations were deeply
influenced by Marxist ideology and leftist movements, against the background of
the political atmosphere in Japan in the early 1950's. The membership is said tohave been only about 50 when it convened its first national meeting at Keio
University with two main themes: nationalism in Asia and development of Asian
economies. In 1957, it was authorized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as apublic service corporation (koeki hojin). It is one of the few academic associations
that are officially permitted as foundational juridical persons (zaidan hojin) inJapan. Although the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is its competent authority, it goes
without saying that the Association has never lost its academic freedom in its
history of 41 years.
The membership has been expanding year by year since then, particularly
since the early 1980's, when the importance of Asian problems was widely
recognized in this country. The total number of members has reached more than
850 today, and it has become the largest academic organization for area studies inJapan. The Association comprises members with various specialties, not only
economics and political science but history and anthropology, though they shareinterests in Asia, from Pakistan to Japan and from Mongolia to Indonesia. Thus it
can be almost equivalent to the AAS (Association for Asian Studies) in the UnitedStates, namely an association of specialists of Asia studies with a variety of
disciplines. But unlike the AAS this association is somewhat inclined toward
China as a focal region and economics as a main discipline.
2. Academic Activities
JAAPES's formal academic activities may be grouped into the following four
categories.
1) Annual Meetings or National Conventions
Its annual meetings, or national conventions, usually consist of three sessions:
free theme sessions, sub-theme sessions for specific topics, and common theme8session with a common issue for discussion in the entire meeting. In 1991, when
the annual meeting was held at Yokohama City University, three sub-theme
sessions were opened with these topics: enterprise reforms in China, retrospect of
the Korean War, and female labor in South East Asia. On the final day of thatyear's annual meeting, a special panel inviting three guest speakers, one of whom
was from the economic cooperation division in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, wasset to discuss the roles and effects of Japan's official development assistance (ODA)to Asia. Since the problem was a hot issue, the panel held a heated discussion on
the pros and cons of ODA by the Japanese government.
The annual meeting for 1992 was held at Osaka City University with a special
common topic of Interregional Economic Communication in Asia, in which five
speakers were requested to present their own views, i.e. Yuhei OGAWA (Seinan
Gakuin University), KANG Young-ji (Waseda University), Kiyoshi INAGAKI(Mitsubishi Research Institute), Masahiro WAKABAYASHI (The University ofTokyo), and Takeshi AOKI (Institute of International Trade and Investment). The
meeting also arranged two sub-theme sessions on the topics: 1) environment anddevelopment, 2) problems of methodology of Asia studies today. These sessions
had three reports each with commentaries by appointed members.
The 1993 meeting held at Tokyo Institute of Technology was speciallyorganized in order to celebrate the Association's 40th anniversary. Neither freetheme sessions nor sub-theme sessions were arranged. The common theme
session was divided into four sub-sessions, each of which dealt with a topic relatedwith Asian studies in Japan. These sessions corresponded to the four volumes tobe published for the 40th anniversary, which will be mentioned below. Speakers ofeach session were selected from among the authors of the corresponding volume.
The editors chaired their own sessions.
The 1994 annual meeting is to be held at the University of Tokyo with four
small sessions, i.e. 1) social changes in rural China - microscopic perspectives, 2)
agriculture and rural society in Asia, 3) economic reforms in Asian countries, and 4)
Southeast Asia facing China's political and economic transformation. A common
theme session on the topic of China and the Chinese in Asia is also planned. This
topic was selected by the organizing committee in that it reflected the majorinterests for the Association members today. In the questionnaires which theboard of the Association sends to its members every two years, they give theircurrent academic interests and their proposals for JAAPES's various activities:
China has become a major focus for average members as she is rapidly developing
economically.

，

2) Regional Meetings

The Association has two divisions and each has its own separate regional
meetings, usually at the end of May in the Kanto district, or Eastern part of Japanand in June in the Kansai district, or Western part of Japan. These meetings can besaid to be a copy of the annual meeting, and the larger regional meeting held in the
Kanto district usually includes two sub-theme sessions on specific topics and acommon theme session with three reports. In 1994, when the Kanto meeting washeld at Takasaki City University, a common session was held to discussinternational labor mobility in Asia today. In the case of the Kansai district, where
the Association members are fewer than in Kanto, its regional meeting is generally
a much simpler one with a few reports on free topics. However, in 1994 when
Osaka University of Foreign Studies organized the Kansai meeting, two sub-theme
sessions, i.e. a China session and a Southeast Asia session, and one entire meetingwith a free theme were arranged.
3) Monthly Seminars
JAAPES has a special program for providing members, especially those of theyounger generation such as doctoral or post-doctoral students, with opportunities topresent their own papers and to receive comments from members with various
specialties. The so-called monthly seminars, which have been held for such a
purpose for more than 15 years, are held usually four times a year in Tokyo, and it is
now planned to extend such a program to other areas. The first monthly seminar in
the Kansai district is expected to be opened at the end of 1994. The same sort ofseminars will be opened even in the Kyushu area in near future.
4) International Conferences
Finally, since 1989 the Association has organized international conferences,inviting foreign guest speakers from Asian countries. The first conference washeld at Tokyo Metropolitan University in December, 1989, where we invited threeguest speakers from Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Korea to discuss economic
development and democratization in Asia. The second conference was held at Keio
University in December, 1991 under the title, Asia's 2001-Tuming Points for
ASEAN; four guest speakers from ASEAN countries were invited to participate inthat conference. The third, and the most recent one was held at the University ofTokyo in November, 1993 to talk about interrelationships among their economic
development, environmental changes and the political process in Asian nations. In
total nine foreign scholars were invited to either make presentations or become
discussants in this conference.
What should be noted in relation to this conference is the opening of AASREC(Association of Asian Social Science Research Council)'s Japan Conference, which
10was held in Kanagawa Science Park just before JAAPES's third international
conference. AASREC was established under the cooperation of UNESCO andother organizations about 20 years ago for the sake of promoting education,
research and training in social sciences in Asia, and in 1987 Japan became one of its
council members. When it was decided to convene the tenth council in Japan,
JAAPES was requested by the Science Council of Japan to organize it incooperation with other related associations: the Japanese Society for the Study of
Education, the Japan Comparative Education Society and the Japan Section of theRegional Science Association International. What is to be stressed is that theconference would not have succeeded without organizational, and even financial
support from JAAPES and its members. The conference included two sections.
First was a symposium on Environment and Sustainable Development: Social
Science Perspectives with presentations of country papers. Second was a panel
discussion on the subject of Economic Reforms and Democratization in Asia.
Some of the participants in this conference from abroad were also invited to
JAAPES's third international conference referred to above.
3. Publications
JAAPES has its own quarterly journal called Aziya Kenkyu (Asian Studies),
which has already a 40-year history of publication. Alongside with Ajia Keizai(Asian Economies) published by the Institute of Developing Economies, the journal
can be said to be one of the major academic journals for development and Asianstudies in Japan. Articles and papers from the members are strictly refereed byanonymous members appointed by the editorial committee.
Moreover, the Association has a unique system to publish monographs on
China studies, with which roughly a third of the membership is concerned. The
monographs published under this program are entitled the Contemporary China
Study Series. Thirty-one volumes in these series have been published so far as ofthe end of 1993. The publication of these monographs is sponsored by the China
division of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Although many members haveproposed to extend this program to cover other Asian countries or regions thanChina, it still remains to be realized in future.
As the Association's membership increased, it became more necessary to
publish its own newsletters regularly as a useful means to communicate effectively
among the members. The first newsletter was issued in July 1994 and is expected
to work as an adhesive between the Association board and other members.
Finally, it seems to be in order to add a few comments on the special
publications for the Association's 40th anniversary. In order to celebrate its 40th
anniversary, the Association started some special projects in 1993, that is, first to11

publish four volumes of books, entitled Contemporary Asia -Problems andProspects, secondly to edit a booklet to record its 40 year history, and thirdly toorganize a special annual meeting, which has been noted above. The four volumes,
which were to be published consecutively from Autumn of 1994 on, treat four
dimensions of Asia studies in Japan so far: 1) historical perspectives, which mainly
focus on historical changes of Asian countries, 2) structural perspectives, whichlook at economic, social and political structural changes of Asian nations, 3)comparative perspectives, which analyze their present situation in comparison withother countries, and 4) relational perspectives, which discuss their present
development or underdevelopment from a point of view of international relations.
About 12 papers are included in each volume of the series. The booklet was
published in 1993; in it, not only a history of the major academic activities of the
JAAPES but all of the authors who have contributed to the quarterly andmonographs on China are recorded in detail.
4. JAAPES in the Coming Decade
It seems that the very high rates of economic growth in Asia during thepreceding decade have attracted not only a world-wide concern with Asia but atremendous volume of financial flow from all over the world into this area. At firstJapan, next the Asian NIEs, then ASEAN, and now China have become the world
growth poles. Asia has become a "boom" in Japan, and this fact has led to a
rapidly increasing membership of this association. A change in quantity induces achange in quality. An expanding membership requires certain reforms anddevelopment of the Association as an organization. The members' attitude toward
their studies appears to be changing, at the same time.
First, as has been noted above, the regional allocation of JAAPES activities isnow being changed, from that of concentrating in Tokyo to a more dispersed one.
The center of gravity in its activities is about to move westward.
Second, the trend of internationalization in its activities will be strengthened
much more in the future. It has successfully held international conferences threetimes, as is pointed out above. The Association's board has appointed one
executive member to manage its various international exchange programs.
Moreover, it has recently received a proposal from the National Council of Area
Studies Association (NCASA) of the United States to organize a meeting in early
1995. A new type of international conferences or workshops might be held
between the two associations across the Pacific Ocean.
Third, a move toward finding both uniqueness and generality in Asian models
or patterns seems to be gaining momentum in our studies. The neoclassicalapproach to Asia's development is severely criticized, while the importance of state12

or government interventions in markets, which are popular in East Asia, is wellrecognized. As the Japan model was previously sought as a key to economic
development in Asia, the East Asian model has now attracted the attention ofpolitical leaders in today's developing countries, including Russia and other former
Eastern European nations.
Last but not least, research and studies based on field surveys in the areas
concerned will be promoted more and more. This may be a reflection of ourcriticisms of the existing frameworks in development studies, most of which havebeen developed in and derived from the West, as was the case with the neoclassicalmodels in economics. In some sense, Asia, which is too complicated to adapt asingle model to all its realities, can now be a new and relevant field to check ourtheoretical frameworks for area studies in general.
(Katsuji NAKAGANE, the University of Tokyo)

13

JAPAN ACADEMY FOR CONSUMPTION ECONOMY
1. Historical Background and Foundation
As if touched off by the upheaval of consumer movements in the States, similar
movements such as claims on product liabilities, and lawsuits for air, water, soil
pollution, industrial waste dumping, and price manipulation by means of buying up
commodities, or a kind of cartel conduct, occu汀ed in Japan during the late 60's and
70's.
Reflecting these social movements, the Consumer Protection Act became law
here in 1968, six years after President Kennedy's special message for consumer
protection on the "consumers' four rights."
In conformity with the spirit of the Act, numerous ordinances dealing withlocal environmental issues have been enforced by municipal governments. It issaid that the earliest ones were the Environmental Preservation Act for Akashi City,and the Consumers'Living Protection Act for Higashi Kurume City in 1973.
In order to negotiate with administrative agencies and big corporations on aneven standpoint, various consumer groups and institutions were organized during
the late 60's and 70's. For instance, the Consumer Union of Japan was organized in
1967, the Japan Consumer Information Center in 1970, the Association of
Educators for Consumers' EverydayLife in 1977, the Japan Association for HEIB
and Consumer Affairs Professionals in Business in 1978, the Association ofConsumer Affairs Professionals (ACAP) in 1980, and the Japan Academy ofConsumer Education in 1981.
Influenced by these historical developments, an interdisciplinary academic
association, the Japan Academy for Consumption Economy, was established in
1974. It was rather an unique association in the society of Japanese academies
because of its member structure consisting of scholars from such fields as
Economics, Sociology, Law, Finance, Accounting, Management, Marketing andHome Economics.
2. Composition and Activities
As of June 1994, there are 406 individual members and 6 corporate members
divided into seven districts, namely, Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto, Chubu, Kansai,
Chu-Shikoku and Kyushu. Most of the individual members are professors in theuniversities and colleges of these districts.
The Academy's activities are implemented under the leadership of thepresident, Dr. Shigeru NISHIMURA of Takushoku University, and the 32 directors
from the seven districts together with 2 auditors.
The articles of the Academy define the following activities:
141) Planning and execution of the annual convention and seminars.
2) Coordinating members' joint study and research.
3) Publishing the annals, newsletters, and treatises.
4) Collecting papers and reports on the consumption economy.
5) Corresponding with related associations in Japan and overseas.
6) Evaluating our members' works and giving the Academy's prize.
7) Other necessary activities to attain our objectives.
In executing these activities, we have committees responsible for organizing
an annual convention, publishing annals and treatises, nominating the Academy's
prize, canvassing and judging membership, and promoting international exchanges.
3. Theme and Place of the Annual Convention over the Past Ten Years
1985 Problems in the Modem Japanese Consumer's Life
Nagoya Economics University
1986 Problems in the Modem Consumption Society
Osaka University of Economics and Law
1987 Present Tasks and Prospects in Consumption Economy
Okayama Shoka University
1988 Effects of Industrial and Social Changes on the Consumer's Life
Kyushu Sangyo University
1989 Transition of the Consumption Economy and Its Outlook in the 90's
Josai University
1990 Systematization of the Study of Consumption Economics
Aichi Gakuin University
1991 Tasks and Prospects of Consumption Economy in the 90's
Hokusei Gakuen University
1992 Globalization and Japan's Consumption Economy
Daito Bunka University
1993 Today's Tasks on Consumer Problems
Hannan University
1994 New Directions in Consumption Economy
Kagawa Junior College
4. Current Topics of Recent Papers
It is difficult to introduce all the programs executed over the past ten years inthis limited space. Therefore, I would like to indicate some current topics frompapers presented in recent years under nine separate headings.
(1) Economic and Social Changes:
Framework of Consumer Oriented Economics; Toward the Formation of Time15

Consumption Theory; Awareness of "Abundance" in a High-Consumption Society;
Reformation of the Land Tax System.
(2) The Aging Society:
Financing and Saving in the Double Household Family in the Aging Society;
Saving Propensity for the Aged; Living in an Aged Household; Historical Study of
Welfare in Japanese Living Economy; Consumers'Burden in Medical Expenditure.
(3) The Environment and Recycling:
Consumer Issues in the Recycling-Minded Society; Present Situation ofComposting Fresh Garbage in Usuta-cho, Nagano; A Study of Reclamation from
Scrapped Cars; Property Deflation and Consumption Demands.
(4) Internationalization:
Internationalization in Consumption; Internationalization and the Japanese
Consumer; Internationalization in Japan's Food Production and Consumption
Structure; Liberalization of Beef Imports and the Japanese Market; Imported
Vegetables and Vegetable Supply.
(5) Deregulation:
Deregulation and Consumer Benefits; Deregulation and the Role of Consumer
Financing; the Present Phase of Social Security Reformation.
(6) Product Liability:
The Way the Japanese Product-Liability System Should Be; Points at Issue in the
Swedish PL Act; Product Liability and Consumer Protection.
(7) Recession and Restructuring:
Employee Restructuring and their Living Expenditures; Bank Failure and Depositor
Protection.
(8) Public and Nonprofit Organizations:Marketing in Local Governments; Public Sector Marketing; Water Rates andEnvironmental Issues; New Developments in Service Marketing.
(9) Consumer Financing:Multiple Debts and Consumer Education; the Credit-Card Revolving System andConsumer Protection.
5. Publication Activities(1) Publication of the Annals
The annals are composed primarily of the programs and papers presented at theannual convention, seminars held in the 7 districts during the year, the annual plan
and a statement of accounts.
(2) Publication of Collections of Treatises
Commemorating the 10th anniversary of the Academy, the first collection oftreatises was published in 1986, and seven years later, in 1993, the second collection
16

followed. These treatises were carefully selected from our members' research
papers, and are systematically composed within the framework of Consumption
Economy. Therefore, the table of contents of these treatises will be indicative ofour members'past footsteps in studies of the field.
The First Collection of Treatises :Present Problems in the Consumption Economy
Edited by the Japan Academy for Consumption Economy
Published by Zeimu Keiri Kyokai, 1986---Table of Contents--Section One: Basic Issues in the Consumption Economy
1. Fields of study in the consumption economy
2. Problems of the CE in modem consumption society
3. Consumers'minds in modem society
4. Curtailment of public services and personal consumption
5. Coordination and incoordination between consumer policy and distribution
policy6. Consumer and distribution problems
7. Formation and trends in consumption theory
8. Structural reformation of consumption life and the two-step development in themformatlon-onented society
Section Two: Problems in the Modem Consumption Economy
9. Changes in the method of living analysis in the national living white paper
10. Consumption structure in the salaried household
11. Structure of non-consumptive expenditures in the household economy since theWar
12. Fixing of the savings-first living style, and its structural alteration afterwards
13. Alteration in the consumer credit under the money market revolution
14. Characteristics and problems in the household economy of those who are paying
house loans
15. A consideration of the purchasing behavior on durable goods
16. Problems in condominium management and control in its development stage
The Second Collection of Treaties
An Introduction to the Science of Consumption Economy: New Frontiers in the
Science of Living
Edited by the Japan Academy for Consumption Economy
Published by Zeimu Keiri Kyokai, 199317

---Table of Contents--Section One: Common subjects and their field of study
Introduction
Y. KoTANI, Osaka City University
1. Appearance of the science of consumption economy and its background
1) Lack of consumption analysis in the economics system
M. MIZUTANI, Aichi Gakuin University
2) Transition of the consumption movement in Japan
S. SHIOTA, Chukyo University
2. The fields of study and their systematization
1) Characteristics and problems in the science of consumption economy
H. MATSUSHITA, Tokai University (1-3)
M. KoTANI, Nagasaki University (4)2) Approach from marketing
0. MIURA, Hokkai Gakuen University (1)T. YosHII, Chuo Gakuin University (2)3) Approach from distribution
S. NISHIMURA, Takushoku University (1)N. KURIHARA, Nihon Keizai Shinbun, Inc. (2)4) Consumption economy and home economics
D. INUZUKA, Ochanomizu University5) Approach from human science
R. HONDA, Tokyo International University6) Approach from administrative and legal side
C. INOUE, Yamanashi Gakuin University7) Approach from social science
Y. MEGI, Yamanashi Gakuin University (1)H. SHIMAMURA, Waseda University (2)Section Two: Problems and measures of today's consumer issues in Japan
Introduction: Toward the establishment of the consumer oriented economy
K. TsuJIMOTO, Nagoya Economics University
3. Aging society and long-term living plans
1) A consideration on the lifelong planning
T. WATANABE, Fukushima University (1)S. WATANABE, Fukushima College for Women
2) Medical, health and welfare services for the aged, and their problems
S. YAMAMOTO, Shimane University (2)4. Human life-cycle and the life of consumption
Y. Izusm, Saga University18

5. Consumer sufferings and the Product Liability Act
1) Consumer damage and product liability
K. MORIMIYA, Bunkyo Women's College (1)2) Problems in the American product liability system
T. AsAOKA, Chubu Women's Junior College (2)6. Problems in consumers'loan credit
1-2) Its appearance, types and development
K. SANO, Aichi Gakuin University
3) Its problems and tasks
S. TANIDA, Hannan University
7. Problems in residential land and housing
T. SAKAI, Hokusei Gakuen University
8. Regional discrepancies and consumer issues
E. SHIBATA, Shimonoseki City University
9. Resources and environmental issues
1) What are consumer movements about in Japan
H. NAKAMOTO, Daito Bunka University
2) History of consumer movements in the States
H. ISHIBASHI, Daito Bunka University
IO.Consumer movements and their countervailing power
S. Go, Chukyo University
11.Administrative measures for consumers
1) Consumer policy in Japan
H. IsoMURA, Musashino Junior College2) Consumer policy in overseas
T. HIRANO, Nagoya Economics University
12.Environmental measures by profit and non-profit organizations
Y. WATANABE, Josai University
6. National Convention, 1995
Commemorating the 20th anniversary of the Academy, the next convention
will be held on June 2-4, 1995 at Takushoku University, the university to which
president Nishimura belongs as well as the location of the head office of the
Academy.
7. Future plans
1) Establishment of a research institute for consumption economy
The Academy is conducting feasibility studies on establishing a research
institute for consumption economy, Shohi Keizai Kenkyusho.
19

The relationship between the Academy and the institute would be"interactive," meaning that the Academy would conduct original research studies,and the institute would carry out such work as publishing journals, qualifying
examinations, education and training, and field surveys.
2) Expanding its membership
The Academy is considering relaxing its membership qualifications in order toencourage new members from business, public institutions, high-school teachers
and university graduate students. The main purpose would be to reform its
membership composition from a homogeneous to a heterogeneous one.
(Yoshiaki WATANABE, Josai University)

20

JAPAN ECONOMIC POLICY ASSOCIATIONThe Japan Economic Policy Association, established in 1940, is one of theoldest academic study associations of economics in Japan. Since its founding, it
has given birth to numerous other academic organizations related to the discipline of
economics. The Association was reconstructed in 1948, three years after WorldWar II, when its study activities were resumed. A brief historical record of theactivities of the Association between its reconstruction and the 39th annal meetingin 1987 is inserted in Information Bulletin, No.7 (1987) with a co-report by
Toshinobu KATO (Asia University), Reishi MARUYA (Kobe University), Kenji
YAMADA (Gifu Economic University) and Yoshinobu TAKAHASHI (Kagoshima
Economic University).
In 1988 the Association was held its 40th post­reconstruction anniversary meeting at Nagoya University.
If the 40th anniversary meeting can be perceived as a symbol of the intensive
expression of the Association's study activities in general, it is better for thisintroductory report to examine the continuity of the national convention themes ona year-by-year basis. The 40th anniversary theme was "The Turnning and
Disputing Points of Economic Policy concernig to Review of Forty Years Post-War
Japanese Economy and Future Prospects." Observing the continuity of thecommon theme of its national convention year by year, it soon becomes clear that
the Association has adopted the theme - "Retrospects and Prospects of Economic
Policy" - every ten years. Therefore, the program steering committe did not meetdifficulties when determining the theme of the 40th national convention. It should
also be noted that the Association published a two-volume set to celebrate theanniversary. The books are entitled Keizai-Seisaku-Gaku no Tanja (Birth of
Economic Policy as a Science) and Keizai-Seisaku-Gaku no Hatten (Developmentof Economic Policy), Keiso Publishers. At the 40th national convention, program
management was divided into two parts. The former, "Special Reports," consistedof the following addresses:(1) "Review of Forty Years Post-War Japanese Economy and Future Prospects" by
Saburo OHKITA (Niigata International University);(2) "The Functions of the Japanese Government Finance in the Postwar Period" by
Masazo OHKAWA (Hitotsubashi University);(3) "Prospect and Retrospect of Post-War Japanese Industrial Policy" by Kojiro
NnNo (Kobe University).
The latter "Debates at the Great Tums in Economic Policy Making," consistedof the following reports:(1) "Transformation of Economic Foundation and the System of Economic
Policy" by Taketoshi NonRr(Kobe University);21

(2)℃ ontemp orary Problems of Economic Policy: the Share Economy and
Employee Share Ownership" by Naomi MARUO (Chuo University);(3) "On Some Shortcomings in Keynesian Policies" by Mitsuharu ITO (Nagoya
University);(4) "External Imbalance and Macroeconomic Policies" by Mitsuharu INAGE(Nagoya University);(5) "Summary: Recent Issues of Economic Policy" by Zenichi ITO (Tokyo
Women's College).
In 1989 the annual meeting was held at Aoyama Gakuin University in Tokyo.
After much consideration the members of the steering committee selected the theme"Industrial Policy and the World-Response to Borderless Economy". The real
objective and direction of the theme which the steering committee had intended wasincluded in the Presidential Address, which was entitled "Economic Policy for a
Global Society of Trust-Towards Internationalistic Economic Policy," by Takashi
Furn (Nagoya University). Basic reports related to the common theme consisted of
the following:(1) "International Coordination of Public Policy toward Industry" by Masu
UEKUSA (the University of Tokyo);(2) "Industrial Policy in Japan" by Makoto KURODA (Japan Long-term CreditBank);(3) "Industrial Policy for Horizontal International Specialzation" by Toshimasa
TsURUTA (Senshu University);(4)℃onclusional Summary" by Hiroshi KATO (Keio University) and Yoshiharu
SHIMIZU (Kanagawa University).
One matter that should be noted here is a small change in the process ofprogram making. In order to promote a better understanding of the logicalcomplexities of the common theme a "quasi-common theme" session was added tothe program. At the 1989 convention quasi-common sessions dealt with six fields
of economics; e.g., fiscal monetary, industrial and technology, international
economic policy, etc. This small change of program was highly evaluated byalmost all the membership, because discussions between the presenters and generalmenbers were deeper and more intense compared with those of previous
conventions.
In 1990 the annual meeting was held at Doshisha University in Kyoto. When
researching a possible'-theme, the steering committee that year was exposed toradical changes in the wqrld_economic situation; that is, the influential effects of theeconomic transformation from a socialistic type of economy to market-oriented
ones in Eastern European countries and the subsequent intimation of a provisional
basic scheme from a planned economy to market mechanization in the USSR. The
22

steering committee decided on a program and common theme made up of thefollowing; (1) the confirmation of basic identities and how to understand thechanging economic system, (2) the policy subjects related to economictransformation of capitalistic systems, and (3) the ones of socialistic systems. The
theme finally decided upon was Transformation of Economic Systems. The basic
reports consisted of the following;(1) "Transformation of Economic Systems and its Trends" by Taketoshi NOJIRI(Kobe University);(2) "The Swedish Model of the Welfare State-its Economic Rationality andProblems" by Naomi MARUO (Chuo University);(3) "Changing Contours of Planned Economies-the Future of Perestroika" byKimio UNO (Tsukuba University);(4) "Concluding Summary" by Hiroshi KATO (Keio University) and Kojiro NIINO(Kobe University).
In 1991 the annual meeting was held at Toyo University in Tokyo. After muchdiscussion, the steering committee that year decided to formulate a theme dealing insome way with environmental problems, a topic proposed by the host university.
However, the steering committee pursued the issue with some concern, because it isoutside the framework of economics and is addressed by other disciplines. Afterseveral meetings during which the topic was deeply considered, the following
theme was agreed upon - Global Environmental Problems and Economic Policy.
The basic reports at this convention consisted of the following:(1) "Global Environmental Problems and Economic Policy" by Katsuya FUKUOKA(Rissho University);(2) "Global Environmental Problems and Sustainable Development" by Kazuhiro
UEDA (Kyoto University);(3) "Global Environmental Problems and the Necessity for a New Orientation for
an Internationally Concerted Environment Policy" by Yasoi KOBAYASHI (Bureau ofEnvironmental Problems);(4)℃oncluding Summary" by Takashi GUNJIMA (Doshisha University) and Hisao
ONOUE (Shiga University).
Some of the topics beyond the framework of the general theme that were
examined closely in the quasi-common session were the following;(1) "The Financial Requisite to Promote an Earth Revival Plan" by Akira MoRIKI(Hakuo Women's College);(2) "On Prevention of Global Warming" by Hidenori NIIZAWA (Kobe Commerce
University);(3) "The Problem of Global Warming and Economic Growth" by Isao KAMISATO(Toyo University);23

(4) "New Developments in the North-South Relationships toward a Regime for
Global Environmental Governance "by Mikoto Usm (Tsukuba University);(5) "A New Pigouvian Economic Policy based on the Law of Materials-Balance"
by Hirotada KOHNO and Yoshiro RIGANO (Tsukuba University);(6) "The Optimal Environmental Control Problem in Environmental Capacity
Investment" by Sadahisa IWAYA (Sano Women's College).
In 1992 the annual meeting was held at Kinki University. The theme that year-"Movement of Population and Economic Policy" -was determined smoothly andwas an extension of the previous year's theme. The steering committee requested
the concept of "population movement" be addressed not from the viewpoint of
migration and vital factor dynamics in demography but in terms of the effects of
population dynamism on economic situations in the near future. Therefore, thetheme that year focused on the problems of supply vis-a-vis the future labour force,of social security, and of health-care system in relation to the aging process. Thesechanging conditions around economic policy were reflected in the Presidential
Address titled "Economic Policy in a Transition Period' by Toshinosuke
KASHIWAZAKI (Waseda University). The basic reports were the following:(1) "Some Economic Consequences of Future Population Trends: Policy
Implications for the Labour Market" by Hiroshi OHBUCHI (Chuo University);(2) "The Aging Population and Social Security Cost" by Naomi MARUO (Keio
University);(3) "Demographic Change and the Cost of Health Care" by Shuzo NISHIMURA(Kyoto University);(4)℃oncluding Summary" by Toshinobu KATO (Asia University) and Takashi
Furn (Nagoya University).
In 1993 the anniversary meeting was held at the Fujisawa-Shonan Campus of
Keio University. The steering committee spent its energy making a theme tocelebrate the 50th anniversary of the Association and one indicative of future
developments. The one that was decided upon was "Prospects of Japan's Socio­
Economic System-Trends Toward the 21st Century." To celebrate the event thecommittee decided to publish a book comprising the key reports of the session
theme of each of the years covered (1993-95) and some of the winning papers(selected through a contest) of the independent reports of each session for the same
three-year period. The basic reports consisted of the following:(1) "Keynote Address on the Common Theme" by Masu UEKUSA (the Universityof Tokyo);(2) "Prospect of Macro-Economic Systems" by Haruo SHIMADA (Keio University);(3) "Prospect of Micro-Economic Systems" by Koji SHINJOH (Kobe University);24

(4)℃onstruction of Newly Socio-Economic Systems" by Kimihiro MASAMURA(Senshu University);(5) Concluding Summary" by Taketoshi NOJIRI (Osaka Gakuin University) andHiroshi KATO (Keio University).
The two quasi-common sessions that year included six reports.
In 1994 the annual meeting was held at Aichi Gakuin University, near Nagoya.
The common theme of the 51st convention followed the same one as last year's
meeting. The basic reports consisted of the following:(1) "International Relations and Socio-Economic Systems" by Fumihiko ADACHI(Nagoya University);(2)℃ hanging Socio-Economy and Polity Systems" by Yasunori SONE (Keio
University);(3) "Value Consciousness and Socio-Economic Systems" by Kenichi TOMINAGA(Keio University);(4) "Concluding Summary" by Takashi MATSUGI (Nagoya University) and
Taketoshi NOJIRI (Osaka Gakuin University).
In 1995 the national convention of the Japan Economic Policy Association will
be held at the University of Tokyo, on May 13 and 14. The theme will be "TheInternationalization Age and Economic Rules Making."(Toshinobu KATO, Asia University)

25

JAPAN ACADEMY FOR FOREIGN TRADE (JAFT)
The Japan Academy for Foreign Trade, founded in 1960, expects to celebrate
its 35th anniversary at Nagasaki Prefectural University in May 1995. The
objectives and aims of the Academy are to study the theory, policy and practices offoreign trade and its related areas and to promote academic exchanges both
domestic and international.
JAFT is composed of the two major divisions of Tobu (the East) and Seibu (theWest) and has specified study groups. Both divisions normally give a meeting fourtimes a year. The Academy holds a national conference with a common theme oncea year and publishes its outcome in The Annual Bulletin of the Japan Academy for
Foreign Trade, in which are also included short articles of the papers read at eachdivisional meeting. The Academy also publishes JAFT News twice yearly.
I

Looking through Common Themes

A common theme is carefully selected each year. Trade trends andenvironments are taken into consideration, in view of a medium-to-long range of 5
to 10 years. A brief description of the themes and related reports of the last five
years is given below to illustrate how they are streamlined.
Common Theme 1989: Trade and International Business Management in the
Information Age
The 29th annual meeting was held at Nagoya University of Commerce andBusiness Administration in May. The meeting chose to discuss the trade of thehighly informational society as its common theme. KIM Ahn-Shik (Hankuk
University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea) read a paper entitled "A
Documentless Trade in the Informational Society" and Masanori MORIOKA (The
Office of Economic Research, C. Ito & Co. Ltd.) discussed Kim's paper. The
contention of Morioka, the discussant, was later put into writing as an article
entitled "Shifts to Documentless Trade and their Crucial Problems", which isincluded in The Annual Bulletin of the Japan Academy for Foreign Trade, No. 27,
1990, along with Kim's paper.
Looking back, it can be said that these two papers made us aware of theimportance of a new research area for JAFT. Since then the study on Electronic
Data Interchange (EDI) or Automatic Data Processing (ADP) to bridge the gap
between physical distribution and the flow of documents and/or information, forexample, has become active among members.
26

Common Theme 1990: International Trade in the 1990s-Market Opening andUnification
JAFT's annual meeting in 1990 held at Waseda University commemorated its
30th anniversary and it invited Mr. Miguel GARCIA-OROZCO (Head of theInformation Section, Press & Information Office of the EC Delegation in Tokyo) asa guest speaker.
Mr. Garcia-Orozco delivered a keynote speech on "European Unification
Present and Future." (A brief comment on the speech will be given in the next
section, "On Academic Exchanges and Activities," in this report.)
The keynote speech was followed by the common-subject session, where three
speakers discussed international trade in the '90s. One of them was CHUNG Jae­
Young (Sung Kyun Kwan University, Republic of Korea). Chung read a paper
entitled "The World Economy's Move toward Blocs and the Task before Japaneseand Korean Enterprises", which was significantly related to the keynote speech.
As for the other two speakers, see a summary of the meeting given inInformation Bulletin of the Union of National Economic Associations in Japan, No.
11, 1991 (pp. 42-43).
Common Theme 1991: The Outlook for Asia-Pacific Trade
The 31st annual meeting was held at Kurume University and under the above­
mentioned theme, Tadao KAWAMOTO (Shimonoseki City University) read a paperon "Rise of Dynamism and Centripetal Force in the East Asian Economy", followed
by Teruhisa YAMADA (Yokohama College of Commerce), who discussed Japan's
attitude and policy in Asia-Pacific trade. His focal point was on western rationality
and Asian values.
The last speaker, Toru KOBAYASHI (Nihon University), discussed "TheTransformation of Japan's Trade Structure and the Trade of the Asia-PacificRegion."Under free subjects too, the common theme was well reflected, and Shigeto
MOROKAMI (Meiji University), for example, approached the issue more specificallyand read a paper entitled "The Current Status and Problems of Korean Marketing
toward Japan."
Jitsuji INADA (Hiroshima Shudo University) reviewed"Development Co-operation and NGOs to Asian Countries."
Common Theme 1992: A New Development of Trade and Economic Zones

27

The 32nd annual meeting was held at the Hokkaigakuen International
Convention Hall of Hokkaigakuen Kitami University. Under the common theme ofa new development of trade and economic zones, three speakers read their papers on
the first day.
The first speaker, Yoshihiro KANDA (JETRO), read a paper entitled "TheSituation and Outlook of the Regions and Countries around the Japan Sea." Theissue of the trade zone of the Japan Sea Rim was followed by that of the Pacific Rimin the report of Masanori MORIOKA (Takushoku University) whose title was "A
Study of the Mitigation of the Trade Friction between Japan and US-Canada."
Morioka pointed out that the 21st century might require a grand design of PAGFTA.
He put forward the hypothesis that such a strategic design as the Pacific-Atlantic
Greater Free Trade Area integrating Pacific Rim countries and the EEA might solve
the trade friction between Japan and US-Canada and/or Europe.
The third speaker, Masaru SAITO (Chuo University), referred Morioka to his
report entitled "The Formation of the New World Order and Japan" and said that it
is much too difficult, too idealistic a proposition, but that such an approach, in thelong term, might lead to an effective way of solving the problem. Saito, instead,suggested a new trend in the world order with special reference to the emerging
architecture of NAFTA.
The three reports, combined together, succeeded in presenting a picture ofsome acute problems the island nation of Japan is facing.
The question of NAFTA throws a complex light and shade on the Asia-Pacificnations and the region's economy. The subject matter was further discussed bysome speakers under the free-subject sessions of the second day as well. Yoshio
MARUYA (Kokushikan University) read a paper "Main Issues on the North
American Free Trade Agreement", Kiyoshi YOSHIZAWA (Hachinohe University)
read his℃haracteristics of Free-Trade Movement in the United States", while Iwao
MuKOYAMA (Musashi University) presented a historical study on "The Changing
Process of Japan-US Trade Relation after World War IL"
The whole discussions seemed to point out some important questions to besolved. Thus, the context of the'92 common theme was inevitably to be carried on
to the next year's theme.
Common Theme 1993: Expansion of New International Relations and TradeAt the 33rd annual meeting held at Kobe City University of Foreign Studies,
three speakers discussed foreign trade in the light of new international relations
from three different viewpoints.
Satoshi NIIBORI (Nihon University) read a paper entitled "The North American
28

Free Trade Agreement and the Making of Regional Blocs in the World Economy,"
while Teruyuki MIYAKE (The Chukyo Bank, Limited) approached the common
theme from a technical viewpoint in his report of "Recent Developments ofInternational Corporations in Foreign Exchange Markets."
Again, a speaker from the Korea Trade Research Association made an
academic contribution to its counterpart's meeting by presenting another urgent
issue of ecology and trade. The speaker, YooN Ki-Kwan (Chungnam University),
reported on "A Review of Past Trade Pattern Determinants and the GFT Concept in
the Case of Transnational Pollution Control."
There were, under the free-subject sessions, quite a few speeches delivered
which were also directly related to the year's topic of New International Relations
and Trade. (See Recent Research Trends, Section IV below).
II

Academic Exchanges and Activities

One of the aims of JAFT is, as mentioned in the introductory part, to promote
the interchanging of ideas and views with academic societies overseas.
Since the mid-1980s, JAFT has been regularly sending its chairman (of thetime) and members to the Korea Trade Research Association's international
convention held in February and national convention in July, and inviting KTRA'schairman and members to its national conference every year.
Let us take the case of the current year of 1994 as an example, and see what therelation is like more specifically. Earlier this year, JAFT received an invitationfrom KTRA's president HAHN Ju-Sup, asking JAFT's chairman Ryohei AsAOKA(Waseda University) and director Kenichi ENATSU (Waseda University) to attend
the KTRA international academic conference held on February 16 and 17. The
Academy accepted the invitation, which happened to be the first of the formal kindof invitation based on the Academic Agreement* between JAFT and KTRA.
(*Explained below.)
Enatsu delivered a keynote lecture entitled: "Regional Economic Integration
and Japanese Strategies" on the first day, followed by M. H. SOURS (The American
Graduate School of International Management), who reported on "NAFTA andMarketing Strategies of Major Countries." On the second day another guest
speaker, M. J. BRADSHAW (Birmingham University), reported on "Economic Re­
integration in the Former Soviet Union."
Three months later 12 KTRA members, including the new president MOON
Chul-Han, participated in JAFT's annual meeting in May and in July JAFT's
aforementioned Asaoka, former chairman Yoshio SAITO (Chuo Gakuin University)and director Koji TSUBAKI (Waseda University) attended the 1994 International
29

Seminar Sponsored by KTRA.
After this kind of steady and constant exchanges nearly for 10 years since 1985
when Ryohei Asaoka, as the first speaker from JAFT, reported on "The 1983
Revision of UCP in the Simplification of Trade Procedure," an Academic
Agreement was concluded between the Korea Trade Research Association, Inc. and
the Japan Academy for Foreign Trade on July 1, 1993.
It is understood that JAFT's concern in this respect extends beyond Korea andas far as many more Asian regions, Europe and America. JAFT welcomes visits bya member or members from associations and institutions overseas and encourages
its own members to participate in international conferences in every direction.
The Academy is also interested in inviting guest speakers from overseas. In
addition to some instances as those already referred to in the above section, here isone more significant example:
As previously mentioned, when the Japan Academy for Foreign Tradecelebrated its 30th anniversary in May 1990 at Waseda University, it had thepleasure of welcoming Mr. Garcia-Orozco of the EC Delegation in Tokyo as a guest
speaker. In his keynote speech on European Unification, Mr. Garcia-Orozco gavea clear-cut picture of various unification moves - monetary, economic, political in Europe. And answering a question, he stressed that the 1992 formation of asingle EC market should not be interpreted as a protectionist step towards a"European fortress" or an attempt to erect barriers against the rest of the world.
For the past ten years or more, the EC has been one of the most favoredsubjects among JAFT members, who enjoyed exchanging ideas and information
with the speaker at the session of May 1990. In the following year, 1991 theMaastricht Treaty was agreed at the EC summit conference in December but
Denmark's national ballot was against it and the EC was compelled to overcome
these various kinds of problems and difficulties until it was finally developed into
the European Union (EU) in May 1993.
- Not.only th�trend and development of the EU but also that of NAFTA andother economic groupings have been considered urgent issues by JAFT members
and studies in this aspect have been active. It is felt that still more active
interchange of information between associations domestic and overseas is needed.
III

Some Other Academic Activities

JAFT has streamlined symposiums too, by giving each symposium a theme
viewed from the time and the area where it was held.
Shimonoseki Symposium 1986
30

The 26th annual meeting was held at Shimonoseki City University on May 11
and 12, with 140 participants. Under the theme of "Issues in Asian Trade", asymposium was given with financial aid from the Union of National Economic
Associations in Japan. Thanks to this support, the Academy was able to invite two
academics from Korea. PARK Jin-Keun (Yonsei University) read to the symposiuma paper entitled "Potential and Realized Patterns of Trade between Korea andJapan." KwoN Ok-Kyun (Kuk Min University) made a speech, at the reception
given by the seaport city of Shimonoseki, on "The Issue of Japan-Korea Trade."
JAFT News No. 26, 1986 reports the affair and adds that the issue of the Asian
trade was taken up from various viewpoints and some new problems concerning
trade policy and practices were keenly discussed at the free-subject sessions, too.
Yokohama Symposium 1991
To commemorate the 25th anniversary of Yokohama College of Commerce,
an open symposium was held, under the theme of "In Search of a Vision ofInternational Business in the 21st Century", by the College situated in the world's
international trade port of Yokohama.
The symposium was given under the sponsorship of Kanagawa Prefecture, theKanagawa Shimbun, and the Institute for International Studies and Training (11ST)
and with cooperation of 10 business enterprises and 8 agencies and associations
including JAFT. The outcome of the symposium was later published in the form of
a book entitled International Outlook of the 21st Century, Tokyo, 1992.
Kitami City Public Forum 1992
JAFT's 32nd annual meeting was held on May 15 and 16 May, 1992 in Sapporo
as described above. On the third day, the 17th, JAFT's voluntary study group set
forth on a quick inspection tour of the northwestern part of Hokkaido. Seventy-fivemembers and 10 Korean visitors including KTRA's president SUH Keun-Tae (Pusan
National University) participated in this very enjoyable and instructive activity.
On the same day, JAFT's interested members attended the Kitami City Public
Forum held at the Witz Aaak Hotel in the city. It was given under the sponsorshipof Kitami City, with the cooperation of JAFT and Hokkaigakuen Kitami University.
The forum's comprehensive theme was The Northeast Asian Economy and Trade
Market. The panelists and their subjects were as follows.
Masanori MORIOKA (Takushoku University/JAFT's director) delivered alecture on "The Recent Development of the Situation in the Far East from theViewpoint of the Trade between Japan and Russia."
Yoshinori OSADE (JETRO's former research director/Hokkaigakuen Kitami
University) reported on "European Integration '92 and Hokkaido's Economy31

Business Policy and Procedure toward Europe" and Yuzuru KOJIMA (Director of
MITI Hokkaido Bureau) on "The Patterns oflntemational Exchanges in Future."
The forum was chaired by Kunisuke OKAMURA (Nihon University), Go IWAKI(Aichi Gakuin University) and Hitoshi KIKUCHI (Hokkaigakuen Kitami University)
fromJAFT.
The honorary guests were Mr. Tadashi Hisajima, the mayor of Kitami, Mr.
Yoshiyuki Takeda, Head of Abashiri District and Mr. Masao Morimoto, Chairmanof Hokkaigakuen.
4Kobe Special Session 1993
The 33rd annual meeting was held in another international trade port, Kobe.
The special session of the meeting held at Kobe City University of Foreign Studies
was devoted to the Russian issue.
As a special speaker, Susumu YOSHIDA, Executive Officer of Nissho-Iwai Co.
Ltd., gave a speech on the recent Russian issue, followed by Shinichi ISHIKAWA(Ryutsu Keizai University) who delivered a report "On the Russian Far East­
Based on the Current Situation and Prospects of Japan's Trade and Economic
Relations." In addition to this, Masaaki Eoucm, Adviser to Kobe Port Authority,
gave a special lecture on "The Seaport of Kobe and Its Airport Planning."IV

Recent Research Trends - Summing Up

One of the aims of the Academy is to study the theory, policy and practices offoreign trade. It may be said that more emphasis was put on the aspect of tradepractices and activities in the past. In recent years, however, the trend has beensuch as observed in the first section of this report — i.e. the scope of the studies has
been a little widened and more research has been done into the frames for policy­
making of the private sector companies.
A glimpse of the reports presented at the 1993 annual meeting clearly shows
this tendency (cf.JAFT's Annual Bulletin, 1994). The common theme was such as
mentioned above, and it is not very surprising that the common-theme-oriented
reports were more theoretically concerned with trade policy and management.
However, there were as many as 15 reports presented, out of 19 "free subjects,"
which also dealt with this aspect. This is noteworthy. To be specific, the titles ofthe studies are listed below. The names of the presenters are also given, but thenames of their place of work are omitted since the idea of the attempt here is just to
have a look at what has been studied rather than by who of where.
℃urrent Oil Situations", K. Yamada
32

℃hina's Reform, Open-door Policy and Economic Development Strategy in
Coastal Areas", J. Inada"Taiwan's Economic Cooperation", W. C. Chen
"A Study of the Relationship between Global Innovation and International
Strategic Alliances", Y. Kuwana"Tasks of International Business Management toward the 21st Century",
G. Miyasaka"The Changing Relations between Taiwan and China: Trade and Investment
beyond the Cold War", T. Asamoto"On the New Development of the Trade Relations between Japan and thePeople's Republic of China", M. Morioka"Evaluating M & A in the Global Era", K. Doi"Hierarchical Coordination in Foreign-owned Firms in Japan", R. Hasegawa"The Trade Frictions between the U.S. and the E.C. on Oil Seeds", N. Iwata℃ oordination of International Trade Relations beyond Uruguay Round",
H. Yamaura"Foreign Trade and the United Nations Commission on International Trade
Law", Y. Kato
"Financial Internationalization and the Firm", T. Ohtowa"Yaohan's Global Management Strategy and Human Resource Development",
H. Nakamura"Fair Trade and North-South Trade", K. Lee
And compare the rest:"The Application of the Benefit of Cost Sharing", K. Yokoyama"Japanese Importers'Perception and Evaluation of U.S. Exporters'
Business Practices", M. Ohta
"The Status Quo of the International Leasing Business", T. Nobu
"Intellectual Property Rights and Arbitration with Special Reference to Patent
Arbitration in the United States", A. Sawai
It may be said that there is no escaping the reality that the research trend of
JAFT too is affected by:(1) the fact that we live in a still more highly informational society and thatinternational economy and business administration in this satellite age
are drastically exposed to the dimension of truly strategic thinking, and(2) the emerging issues caused by such regional economic groupings as
ASEAN, the EU, NAFTA and others including America's still newer
33

concept of the "Western Hemisphere" Trade Zone.
These affect the so-called "new world order," which is not certain yet. Thisofkind reality taken into consideration, there is a possibility that JAFT may launch
an international research project for an attempt to solve this urgent, complex
problem.
V

JAFT's Programs after 1994

The 1994 annual meeting took place at the Hiratsuka Campus of Kanagawa
University on May 22 and 23. The common theme was The New Dimension ofTrade and Issues Japanese Industries and Enterprises Are Facing. The outcome
will be published in the next issue of JAFT's Annual Bulletin (No.31).
The 1995 annual meeting of JAFT is to be held in May at Nagasaki Prefectural
University. As for the common theme, the Academy might consider the Yellow
Sea Rim and its business potential, simply because the Chinese market is now
having such great influence upon the world economy. A joint research project on
the regional economic cooperation between Japan, Korea and China might come up
at the time, as a topic for discussion.
The core of foreign trade studies is found in business-circles-oriented behavior
towards trade. Yet today's trade environment and its intrinsic problems present
themselves so importantly that they tend to become more than a core. This we must
be aware of.
(Yukiko ADACHI, Fuji College)(Hiroichi IINUMA, Wako University)(Yoshio SAITO, Chuo Gakuin University)34

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INSURANCE SCIENCE
I. Outline of the society
The Japanese Society oflnsurance Science was established on November 24,
1940. It has gradually expanded since then, except in wartime.
The aims of this society are to promote the study of insurance and cooperation
among researchers for exchange of views, and to collaborate with related societies
and organizations both at home and abroad. The society performs the following
activities.
(1) A general meeting for the presentation of study and exchange of opinion.
(2) Divisional meetings (respective research fields or areas).
(3) Editing and publishing the bulletin and other printed materials concerning thestudy of insurance.
(4) Other activities authorized by the board of directors.
The chairman of the board of directors is Tatsunori SUZUKI (Waseda
University). The society consists of mainly professors and insurance company
members. In March, 1994 the total of over 1,100 members included 190 professors
and 948 insurance company members, all of whom are fully active.
The general meeting is held at the end of October every year. The site shifts
between Tokyo and other cities (ex. the Kansai district) every other year. It is held
for two days. On the second day, some presenters report on a common theme whichis laid down, and especially on current topics.
Divisional meetings are also held in the Kanto and Kansai districts three orfour times a year.
The bulletin is the Journal of Insurance Science, which is published four times
a year. Issue No. 544 was published at Tokyo in March, 1994.
II. Recent activities
Here the common themes for the general meeting from 1989 to 1994 arereported on, as it is difficult to mention all recent activities of the society.
The general meeting in 1989 had a panel discussion on the Problems of the
Mutual Insurance Company.
The mutual company is a form of company permitted only in insurance
enterprises by the Insurance Business Act. A person who contracts an insurance35policy sold by a mutual company has two roles to it. One is the role as apolicyholder, who pays the premium and receives insurance money if the perils
insured against happen. The other is as an employee, who shares in profits. In astock company, the constituent members are the stockholders. In a mutualcompany, they are the staff, who are also policyholders. Another difference is, ina stock company, the highest decision-making organization is the general meetingof stockholders. In a mutual company, it is the general meeting of substitutional
members, who are the delegates of the staff members.
Thus, the difference between them is found in the legislative side; however,they are substantially the same now. For example, the dividend to policyholders in
a mutual company is similar to profit-sharing in the stock company. Also, mutualcompanies have grown so big and have so many staff members that the general
meeting of substitutional members is not the highest decision-making organization
any more.
The comprehensive chairman of the meeting was Ryo IWASAKI (Osaka City
University). The reporters and their subjects were as follows:
Kazuya MIZUSHIMA (Kobe University); "A Critical Observation on the Characterof Mutual Companies"
Hideaki OTSUKA (Waseda University); "Legal Problems of the Mutual Insurance
Company"Junzo TANAKA (Mitsui Mutual Life Insurance Company); "Mutual Life
Insurance Companies from the Actuarial Point of View"
Yuichiro TAMURA (Himeji Dokkyo University); ℃omparative Study on
Corporate Governance between Stock Companies and Mutual Companies, U.S.
and Japan"
The general meeting in 1990 had a panel discussion on New Developments in
the Insurance Industry.
Through the changes in the economic and social environments, the insurance
industry has become more liberalized and internationalized, and expanded into thesecurities in monetary field. Financial liberalization has made especially great
progress on a world-wide scale because of the appearance of new financial productsby the rapid progress of computerization and other technical innovations beginningin the 1980s. Naturally, this progress has had a big effect on the insurance business.
For example, the consumers'financial needs have become diversified and moreadvanced. Through the appearance of free interest rate commodities, consumers
have a high sense of interest, and they tend to choose more profitable products in thevarious financial commodities, including insurance commodities. Among36

insurance commodities, the Single Premium Endowment Insurance, which has ahigh-savings function, is a good example of the competition between insurance andother financial commodities. However, those commodities raise the outflow risk
according to the market interest rates.
Financial liberalization has also had a big influence on the diversification ofasset management in the insurance business. On the other hand, price fluctuationand other risks increase with the high proportion of stocks and other marketableassets and the progress of interest liberalization.
The comprehensive chairman of the meeting was Yutaka MAEKAWA (Keio
University). The reporters and their subjects were as follows:
Umeji NISHIJIMA (Hosei University); "The Insurance Sales System - Problemson the Law Regulating Insurance Sales"
Tatehiko FUJITA (Shudo University of Hiroshima); "Some Considerations ofConsumers'Benefit in the Japanese Insurance Market"
Komaji KITAMOTO (Kwansei Gakuin University); "Insurance Accounting and its
Disclosure in Japan"
The general meeting in 1991 had a panel discussion on the Problems
Confronting Insurance Sales System.
The regulation of the insurance business is being reexamined now. The
Insurance Business Act which governs the framework, and supervises it and lays
down rules, hasn't been amended since 1939. Neither has the law regulating
insurance sales, since 1951. However, the present situation of the insurance
business is very different from those days. Accordingly, the law concerning
msurance superv1s1on has been reexammed.
The circumstances concerning. insurance sales have especially changed
greatly, and commodities themselves have, too. Therefore, there are strong
demands for the insurance business to be made more efficient by regulative
relaxation and liberalization. For example, the insurance commodities with asavings function have increased.
That means formation of large-scale
policyholders groups must be reconsidered, there is a need for risk-selecting, and soon. Furthermore, in consideration for combining life and non-life insurance andmutual extension, it is expected that the insurance sales system will change. In thiscase, diversification of insurance sales is required, and the efficiency to meet withthe character of commodities.
The comprehensive chairman of the meeting was Yasushi MoRIMIYA (Meiji
University). The reporters and their subjects were as follows:37

Toshio TONE (The Research Institute of Life Insurance Welfare); "The Historical
Development and Future Prospects of Life Insurance Distribution"
Hirotoshi OKIYAMA (The Marine & Fire Insurance Association of Japan, Inc.);"The Present Situation of the Non-Life Insurance Soliciting System in Japan"
Toshiaki KAMEI (Kansai University); "A Study of Insurance Brokers"
The general meeting in 1992 had a symposium on the Japanese Insurance
Council Reports Since 1990.
This symposium was very different from previous ones. Until then, questions
peculiar to the insurance business like the problem of insurance commodities, asset
management, insurance accounting, and insurance sales had been discussed. In
the 1992 symposium, not only these questions were referred to, but also questions
concerning financial and capital markets in the tendency of financial liberalization.
The examined particulars were:(1) The role of the insurance business(2) The service extent of the insurance company(3) Reexamination of insurance accounting and preparations for disclosure(4) The ideal method of the insurance company form
(5) The ideal method of insurance sales(6) The ideal method of supervision for the insurance business
Here only (3) will be mentioned: Reexamination of insurance accounting andpreparations for disclosure.
The philosophy of insurance accounting is to sustain the soundness of theinsurance business, to ensure fairness to policyholders, and to increase the dividend
to them. This will remain unchanged from now on. However, the circumstancesin the insurance business have changed greatly, and naturally it need to bereconsidered the way insurance business should be.
To cope flexibly with the changing circumstances, the insurance businessshould protect policyholders by maintaining its soundness and by smooth
execution. In this case, preparation for a risk management system and a method of
liability reserves should be reexamined. Concerning risk management, it isespecially necessary to introduce the notion of a solvency margin and apply it to thesupervision of the insurance business. To cope with the advance and diversificationof consumers'needs for insurance commodities, it is necessary to secure clarity inthe insurance business, to maintain impartiality between the policyholders, and toadjust for the competition with other business conditions. It is difficult for generalpolicyholders to understand insurance accounting because it is very different from38

general business accounting, and also very complicated. To increase the dividend
to policyholders, insurance accounting must be clarified by measures like thesubstantiality of disclosure.
The comprehensive chairman of the meeting was Eiichi KIMURA (Chuo
University). The reporters and their subjects were as follows:
Ryo IWASAKI (Kobe Gakuin University); "The 1992 Opinion &Recommendation of the Japanese Insurance Council on the Future Structure of
the Japanese Insurance Industry"
Kazuya M1zusHIMA (Kobe University); "On the Report (June 1992) of the
Insurance Council"
Komaji KITAMOTO (Kwansei Gakuin University); "How the Rating Regulation
Should Be Improved"
The general meeting in 1993 had a symposium on the issue of All Lines
Operation in the Insurance Industry in 1993.
Insurance companies are prohibited to combine life and non-life insurance byarticle 7 of the Insurance Business Act. It is because the risks which are covered
and the policy terms are different. However, the appearance of accident insurance
and sickness insurance, which have been called the third field, raised the problem of
insurance business limits. Neither of them were considered in the former division.
In 1965, the authorities adjusted the definition to state that a life insurance company
sold fixed amount commodities, while a non-life insurance company sold guaranty
commodities.
However, in the middle of the 1970s, non-life insurance companies put stresson accident insurance and the sickness insurance. Life insurance companies also
moved to develop commodities in those fields. Thus, the difference between theircommodities disappeared.
Under that situation, for consumers it seemed to be better for companies tocompete with each other than to keep them separate, both for increase in businessefficiency and for meeting consumers'demands. Therefore, the prohibition of
combining life and non-life insurance and a new method of insurance supervision
for the mutual extension of both businesses have been reexamined.
The comprehensive chairman of the meeting was Yasuichiro KuRASAwA (Keio
University). The reporters and their subjects were as follows:
Takeshi YAMASHITA (Hiroshima University); "The Issue of All Lines
Operation in the Insurance Industry- a Legal Perspective"
Yutaka MAEKAWA (Keio University); "The Issue of All Lines Operation in the39

Insurance Industry"
Komaji KITAMOTO (Kwansei Gakuin University); ℃ross-marketing in the Life
and Non-life Insurance Business and Consumers"
The common subject of the general meeting in 1994 will be Regulative
Relaxation and the Insurance Business.
The chairman will be Yutaka MAEKAWA (Keio University), the reporters willbe Kazuo UEDA (Senshu University), Takao MAY A (Nihon University), andMasatoshi FURUSE (Ritsumeikan University).
The year 1990 was the fiftieth anniversary year of the Japanese Society of
Insurance Science. Commemorative activities were:(1) Publication of a general catalogue of the literature of insurance(2) A commemorative lecture programme(3) Compilation of an outline history of the Society's 50 years
The commemorative lecture programme was held at The Life Insurance
Association of Japan Hall on October 20, 1990.
The lecturers and their subjects were :Josei ITO (The Life Insurance Association of Japan); "The Current Conditionsof the Japanese Life Insurance Industry"
Shunji KONO (The Marine & Fire Insurance Association of Japan, Inc.);"Japanese Non-Life Insurance Industry-Current Situation and Future Tasks"
Yoshinobu TAKEUCHi (The Insurance Department, Banking Bureau, Ministryof Finance); ℃urrent Situation and Issues Surrounding Japan's Insurance."
The common substance of their lectures concerned the modem problems inJapan, like the growth of the insurance business after World War II; the present
aging society, and how to cope with an internationalized and information-oriented
society.
The lectures were of a different kind from the study briefing session in thegeneral meeting, and so they were very useful.
(Takatada IMAIZUMI, Yokohama National University)

40THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION(Formerly JAPAN SOCIETY OF COMMERCIAL SCIENCES)
The Japan Society of Marketing and Distribution (JSMD), formerly the Japan
Society of Commercial Sciences, has gone through a radical restructuring in the last
three years, in order that it can better adapt itself to the fast-changing economic,
social, and international environments and achieve its organizational goals.
Founded in 1951, this Society has been a leading academic organization in the fieldof marketing and distribution research. The original membership included thosescholars in such commerce-related fields as securities, insurance, and accounting,but in recent years the main focus of the Society has become clearly centered onmarketing and distribution. The change of its name reflects the change in its focus.
The Society's substantive functions are conducting theoretical and empiricalresearch and promoting interactions among its 750 members and with related
academic societies.
Research Tasks in Marketing and Distribution
President Yoshihiro TAJIMA, in the Preface of the Proceedings of the 1992
Annual Meeting, stated that research advanced by acquiring energy from reality,
and that research results were fed back to reality and became its guiding principles.
The real world at the time faced a severe depression following the "bubble burst."
TAJIMA thought that the "bubble" was not simply a quantitative economic
expansion, but an economic expansion without ethics. The "burst" therefore had an
aspect as a punishment sent from Heaven. He felt that one of the research tasks
given to the Society was to examine the relationship between ethics and marketingand distribution.
The "bubble burst" has created other important changes, and hence created
new research tasks for the Society in the field of marketing and distribution in
Japan. The best selling lines of consumer products have switched from luxury to
economy lines; the sales of department stores and GMS have dropped sharply: new
discount operations have sprouted in the fields of men's clothing, alcoholic
beverages and cosmetics; small retailers and wholesalers have been pressed into.
closing down, etc. It is too easy to attribute all such changes to the changes in
consumer values from hedonism to price-consciousness corresponding to the burst­
caused decline in consumer income. As President TAJIMA pointed out, the 20th
century values and mechanisms are perhaps being replaced by those of the 21st
century. It is quite probable that the changes in consumer values, distribution
systems and marketing practices are all related to some fundamental changes in theJapanese society and economy of today.
41

Our first research task is a penetrating re-evaluation of the 20th century socio­
economic values and mechanisms, and the next task is ascertaining the directions ofchanges in such values and mechanisms. We have before us a wide variety of
research topics, ranging from the study of consumer values to the reorganization of
distribution channels, and to the effectiveness of new marketing tools which arefocused, but fragmented. JSMD will have the responsibility to lead research insuch topics and feed back the results to the Japanese society and economy.
President TAJIMA further suggested that the trend toward academic
specialization will create a need for integration, and it is the role of JSMD topromote integrative research on the one hand and research on more fundamental
and/or broadly based topics on the other. Also, JSMD will have to provide a forum
for inter-disciplinary exchanges, such as actively interacting with associations inrelated fields, holding joint activities with academic associations abroad, andexpanding the JSMD membership to include persons with diverse backgrounds.
Organizational Restructuring
At the 1990 general meeting, the Society approved the establishment of aSpecial Committee on Strengthening the Society's Functions. In the preface of theProceedings of the 1990 Annual Meeting, former President Yukichi ARAKAWA
stated that so far the activities of the Society had been centered around separate
research activities by its five divisions (i.e., Hokkaido, Kanto, Chubu, Kansai,
Kyushu), and the national organization had been a loose association of divisions.
This arrangement had worked well while the Society was small, but its expansion in
the recent years had made it necessary to "revitalize" its organization. He felt that
it was epoch-making that the general meeting approved the Special Committee, andasked for all members'cooperation with this committee.
In 1991, the general meeting of the Society approved the Special Committee
report on the "Basic Directions" and the plan to revise the Society's by-laws. The
revised by-laws, which were approved by the general meeting in 1992, created a
new executive board of directors which were to plan and implement the activities of
the national organization. In order to encourage more JSMD members toparticipate in the management of the Society, both an age limit of 65 and a two-term
limit (One term is two years long.) were placed on the directorship. Also an
International Exchange Committee was created to deal with international exchange
activities (e.g., Japan-Korea Marketing Seminars).
Perhaps the most remarkable change in the new by-laws was the transfer of theSociety's headquarters from Meiji University, where the headquarters had been
located for the last 42 years, to Gakushuin University. The Society's headquarters
would henceforth be moved to the university where the president was located.
42

Furthermore, the headquarters'business matters would be handled by Ryutsu
Kenkyusho (the Distribution Economics Institute).
It is still to be seen if those organizational changes will bring the desired newvitality into the Society. However, some signs of changes are clearly visible. The
two-term limit to the directorship has resulted in producing a large number of new
directors. The Kanto division, which is the largest of the five divisions, hasestablished a program committee for its monthly meetings to improve the quality of
research papers to be presented there. The Kansai division has upgraded some of its
monthly meetings to mini-conferences on various current topics and made them
open to members of other JSMD divisions. As President TAJIMA suggested in the
preface of Proceedings of 1992 Annual Meetings, further efforts will have to bemade both at the national and divisional levels to encourage research activities andparticipation and reporting at the Society's meetings by younger members. In
addition, he suggested that the time had come to make a plan with a time schedule
about the publication of a refereed journal, which had been under consideration fora long time. If all those innovations were to take effect, some importanttransformation of the Society might result in the near future.
Report of Annual Meetings (1991-1993)
1991 Annual Meeting
The 41st Annual Meeting of JSMD was held at the Okinawa Harborview Hotelin Naha, Okinawa, on May 29th -30th. It was hosted by Okinawa International
University and co-hosted by Ryukyu National University, with assistance from
Okinawa Prefecture and local industries. Its unified theme was Present-Day Issues
in Regional Marketing. Former President ARAKAWA in the preface of theProceedings of the 1991 Ann叫Meeting stated that it was fitting for the Society tohold the annual meeting on this theme in the 20th anniversary year of Okinawa's
repatriation to Japan, because Okinawa had unique regional problems as a group of
remote islands. Much attention has been drawn to the fact that regional economic
developments required the cooperative effort of industry and government and to theeffectiveness of such cooperation. He said that the Society had never been given somuch assistance from industry and government than it was on this occasion, and hehoped that the meeting had somewhat met their expectations.
The papers given in the session on the unified theme were quite varied, andonly a few could be mentioned here. Masahiro SUGAHARA (Takarazuka Universityof Art and Design) presented a paper regarding strategic regional developments andthe role of design marketing, and emphasized the need for "control centers" which
coordinated the direction of regional developments and gave the developments
necessary design capabilities (in contrast to hardware capabilities). Shotaro
43

UMEZAWA (Takachiho University of Commerce) spoke on the contact points
between service marketing and public marketing. In his view, cities and towns
were objects of marketing themselves, and he suggested that regional developments
required strong sense of marketing management. Hiroiwa MIYAGI (Okinawa
Prefecture Industry Association)'s paper on Okinawa in the "Border-less Era"
introduced the concept of an Okinawa-centered economic zone, a radical departurefrom th common concept of Okinawa as remote islands. Within a radius of 1000km
from Naha, three major coastal provinces of China, Southern Korea, and Taiwan
were located. He proposed that Okinawa should strive for the revival of its historicrole as a seafaring nation (Ryukyu), and deregulation by the central (i.e., Japanese)government was essential.
Some papers given in the free topics sessions and noted by this writer will bebriefly mentioned. Akira MORI (Toyo University) found a strong linear
relationship between the aggregate selling space of large-scale stores and the
population in cities, backing up the idea of a "minimum supporting population" forlarge-scale stores. Shoji YAMAMOTO (Kwansei Gakuin University) presented apaper on information gathering for evaluating the quality of services, and showed
how consumers obtained and utilized intrinsic and extrinsic cues to evaluate thequality of services. Terue OHASHI (Kokugakuin University Tochigi Junior College)
took Monaco as a model of regional development by resort marketing, and showed
how Monaco has built a world-wide reputation as a resort complex with skillful
manipulation of country images and long-range views. Hideo HARADA (Ryutsu
Keizai University) reported that regulations and conflicts associated with the entryof large-scale stores in local communities were not a unique phenomenon in Japan.
In the United States, where there was no large-scale store regulation, land use laws
were used to control large-scale stores indirectly. Zoning controls (which were
often quite arbitrary) might be used to block the entry of large-scale stores which
could harm the business chances of local merchants and existing central business
districts. HARADA suggested that in order for land use controls to play a useful rolein avoiding conflicts, they would have to be accompanied with a good city planning.
As former president ARAKAw A pointed out, the 1991 annual meeting in
Okinawa gave the participants the feel of marketing tasks for regional development
and a recognition and perspectives on the associated problems.
1992 Annual Meeting
The 42nd Annual Meeting was held on May 22nd-23rd at Gakushuin
University in Tokyo. Its unified theme was New Development and Tasks for
Public Administration of Distribution. The distribution channels in Japan had areputation as antiquated and inefficient. The U.S. government, for example,
44

criticized those antiquated distribution channels as non-tariff barriers to foreign
firms'entry to the Japanese market. Even within the country, consumer groups feltthat the inefficiency in distribution channels was the reason why the prices ofimported goods were not reduced despite heavy gains in the exchange rates of the
yen against foreign currencies. Large-scale retailers and wholesalers in turncomplained that stringent government policies, which were more inclined to protect
small retailers and to be in favor of the status quo, made it impossible for them toimprove efficiency in distribution. The timing simply could not be better for theSociety (JSMD) to choose this unified theme for its annual meetings.
There were 17 papers presented in the sessions on the unified theme, indicating
the fact that this theme indeed attracted much attention from JSMD members.
There was also a closing symposium on the theme. It is impossible to mention all
papers in those sessions, but a few notable papers are summarized here. Takemasa
ISHIHARA (Osaka City University) examined the sensitive issue of assisting local(and small) merchants against large-scale retailers and suggested that it would benecessary to develop behavioral principles for organizations with extremely
heterogeneous membership. Masafusa MIYASHITA (Tokyo Keizai University)
looked at the new anti-monopoly guidelines, recently issued by the Fair Trade
Commission, and considered their influence on the wholesaling function. He
reported a study of manufacturers and retailers on this issue, and concluded thatprice competition among wholesalers would be intensified and that it was possible
for large manufacturers (and large-scale retailers) to try to eliminate wholesalers
from their channel of distribution.
Yukihiko UEHARA (Meiji Gakuin University) investigated contract-type chain
stores (i.e., voluntary and franchise chains), which were promoted by thegovernment as the means to foster small- and medium-sized retailers, andhypothesized that the participation in such a chain by independent retailers
depended on their understanding of strategic tasks, their entrepreneurship and thestrategic capability of the chain headquarters. He presented empirical results
supporting his hypotheses. Morihiro YAMAUCHI (Tokyo Grain Exchange) touched
upon the de-regulation related to commodity exchanges, and showed that under the
new commodity exchange law of 1990 it became possible for the Tokyo Grain
Exchange to develop new "products" including the futures of grain transactions.
lkutaro SUZUKI (Momoyama Gakuin University)'s paper expounded the thesis that
implementations of laws required judgments and decisions which were notautomatic. It was administration agencies which supplied interpretations of thelaws by such means as "notifications" and "administrative guidance." SuzuKr
pointed out that in studying distributions policies it was necessary to analyze themechanisms of administration agencies'activities.

45

There were several papers which dealt with distribution policies in othercountries. Those papers gave some comparative perspectives in analyzing
Japanese distribution systems. Eiji NAITO (Shonan Junior College) looked at theSwedish distribution policy for food products. Takashi SHIMIZU (Kanto Gakuin
University) examined the public policies concerning commercial facilities(shopping centers and retail stores) in California. It was remarkable that threepapers were directed at the issues surrounding distribution systems in Russia.
Kazuro UMEZU (Nagoya City University) surveyed the distribution problems informer Soviet Union and Eastern European countries, and Yoshinobu SATO
(University of Marketing and Distribution Sciences) gave a first-hand report on theemergence of market systems and current problems in Russia. Tatsuro WATANABE(Niigata University) examined the possibility of "planned" transition to a market
economy and its relationship with distribution problems. It became very clear thatthe solution of distribution problems held the key to smooth transition of theRussian economy to a free market system.
Some papers in the free topics sessions will be mentioned briefly. Hiroshi
TANAKA (Dentsu Inc.) evaluated the marketing actions of foreign-affiliatedcompanies in Japanese markets, and concluded that the single brand policy of
foreign-affiliated firms in the U.S. and Europe was not optimal in turbulent markets
in Japan, because, due to the new brand rush of Japanese competitors, their brands
could become obsolete before they achieved consumer recognition. Two papers,
by Hirofumi TANGE (Asahi University) and Satoshi NUMANO (Tokai University
Junior College), chose topics concerning the globalization of Japanese industries,
particularly the problems associated with Japanese firms'expansion into South-East
Asia. Hisashi TAKEI (Kanagawa University)'s paper advocated the so-called"naturalistic" or "humanistic" inquiry (e.g., ethnographic and clinical approaches)in studying consumer behavior. He believed that those approaches would allow the
researcher to understand the true meaning of consumer experience. Yoshihiro
SuGITA (Gakushuin University) and others presented a paper in which they showedthat the disaggregate split-hazard model was useful in segmenting consumers andpredicting their trial purchase behavior. Toshihiko MIURA (Chuo University)
maintained that consumer involvement and perceived risks in product types (that is,"thinking" versus "feeling" products) had to be taken into account in developing
marketing strategies. Takaho UEDA (Gakushuin University) and others conducted
an empirical test of simultaneous equations of the transfer function model using
optical scanner panels data for mayonnaise, and found that this model was useful in
predicting competitive interactions among brands. Those papers in the free-theme
sessions showed the wide variety of interest among marketing scholars, especiallyconsumer behavior researchers.
46

1993 Annual Meeting
The 43rd Annual Meeting was hosted by Aichi University and held on May
21st -23rd. The unified theme for this occasion was The Distribution Problems
under the Border-less Environment. The expanding Japanese economy has
necessitated Japanese industries to "globalize" and created many unexpected
problems. The problems are not limited to international (i.e., export and import)
marketing issues. One important aspect of globalization is that the "value chains"(of M. Porter) for Japanese industries have come to extend over many countries inrecent years. Today many "Made-In Japan" products are in fact merely assembled
in Japan, and many of their materials and parts are imported from other countries.
International logistics has become a vital function in many Japanese firms.
There were only six papers presented in the unified theme session, a sharp dropfrom the previous year. Lru Song Gi (Taiwan Seiko University) investigated thereasons why supermarkets did not grow in Taiwan as rapidly as in Japan. Taiwan
supermarkets had been positioned as high-class stores at the beginning and wereslow in adopting multiple-unit (i.e., chain) operation. The "Wheel of Retailing"
was turning slowly in Taiwan not only because of consumers' shopping habits, butalso because of the lack of management know-how. HUANG Lin (Otaru Universityof Commerce) looked at the market entry strategies of foreign firms in Japan andreported that successful foreign firms tended to establish subsidiaries in Japan
which were capable of adapting to existing environments and creating marketing
innovations. In addition, smooth two-way transfers of marketing innovations
between the parent company and the subsidiary was a key to the success inJapanese, and in any other, foreign markets. Kusuo ICHIHARA (Pacific Trading Inc.)
proposed a new distribution system concept, the "fusion" system, and suggested
how such a system might be implemented.
Masahiro SUGAHARA (Takarazuka University of Art and Design) suggested
that the "transvection" concept of W. Alderson gave theoretical bases tomerchandising logistics systems in "border-less" conditions. He noted that the so­called special retailers of private label apparel (e.g., Gap and Benetton) effectively
utilized both merchandising logistic systems and computer-assisted merchandisingplanning systems to perform what Alderson called "sorting" and "assorting"functions. Takahiro YAMASHITA (Okayama University) looked at the distribution
systems in late developing countries, especially in Malaysia, and examined the tasks
which distribution systems had to perform in the economic development of thosecountries. Hiroshi UENO (Kanazawa Economics University) noted that themarketing management perspective of firms was a cause of today's environmental
problems, and suggested that the social system perspective of D. Sweeny was47necessary for firms to cope with such problems.
In contrast to the small number of papers in the unified session, the number of
papers in the free topics sessions was exceptionally large, and only an few could betouched upon. Two papers by Ryo KOYAMA (Asia University) and Katsuhiko
OKUMOTO (Tamagawa University) dealt with the application of time-series analysis.
The former reported that the transfer function approach was useful in estimating"hedge" ratios in commodity futures transactions. The latter compared monthly
and weekly data for calibrating time-series models and found that monthly data
gave better fits. Ikuo TAKAHASHI (Tokyo University of Economics) studied theeffect of free samples on consumer decision processes, and reported that the use of
free samples affected consumer information processing, especially consumer
attitudes, conviction, and purchase intention. Yoshio SHIRAI (Nishi-Tokyo
University)'s and Motoo KusANO (Josai University)'s papers both chose topics
related to marketing of services. While the former dealt with a more technicalaspect of service costing, the latter was concerned with the unique identity ofservice marketing (in comparison with product marketing). He said that "internal"and "interactive" marketing played important roles in service marketing. Hideo
TAKAHASHI (Chukyo University) took up the issues related to "relational" marketingand its implementation. He suggested that this concept was important to firms
offering services, and internal marketing and networking (with other related firms)
became crucial in implementation.
Tadashi SHUTO (Meiji University) examined the relationship between
marketing and organizational culture. He noted that the latter influenced the firm's
marketing activities, but past marketing activities (products and services) had also
affected the firm's culture. Thus he suggested that the study of organizational
culture had to take into account this two-way interaction. Tatsuhiko NARIU(Nanzan University) made a comparative study of the distribution systems forautomobiles in the U.S. and Japan, and concluded that the differences between
Japanese and American systems could be attributed to the different manner ofadaptation which were most efficient in the respective market environment. Shigeo
MITSUZAWA (Doshisha University) reviewed the historical position of R.F. Breyer
in the development of marketing theories. He noted that Breyer's approach was
fundamentally different from the main research streams (namely, the product,function and institution approaches) of the 1920's and 30's, and suggested that, withhis holistic perspective and social reformism, Brayer should have been recognized
as the pioneer of "institutional" marketing theory. Shigeyuki NEMOTO (Distribution
Economics Institute) dealt with the issues associated with "fixed" price systems(tatenesei) of manufacturers, which had been criticized as a means of pricemaintenance, and found that the fixed systems had to be used because, in the past,48

manufacturers were unable to calculated transaction costs for each customer
separately. Since new tools had become available for information collection andprocessing, manufacturers could adapt their pricing systems to the distribution
structure in the future. HAHN Hi-Young (Fukui Prefectural University) surveyed
the traditional field of "commodity science" (Warenkunde) and noted that thenatural science approach to the study of commodities had been steadily declined,
while the social science approach, especially the marketing approach with heavy
consumer-orientation, had been gaining popularity. Kiyoshi IKEDA (Osaka
Prefectural Institute for Advanced Industry Development) looked at the wholesaler­
controlled subcontract manufacturing ("putting-out") systems in the Kanto andKansai areas, and noted that the putting-out system in the latter area was quite
efficient in utilizing small local manufacturers and producing standardized goods insuch fields as screws and bags. He believed that it was perhaps more effective toencourage wholesaler-controlled putting-out systems for the purpose of supporting
small local manufacturers.
International Exchange Activities
The Japan-Korea Marketing Seminars, alternately sponsored by JSMD and the
Korea Marketing Association (KMA), were held every year from 1991 to 1993.
The 4th Seminar was hosted by JSMD (Kanto Division) and held at Nihon
University in Tokyo on November 26, 1991. The combined theme was Marketing
Strategy and six papers, three from each country, were given. Masayuki KOMETANI(Yamaguchi University), Ichiro ONOE (Musashi University) and Toshihiko MIURA(Chuo University) reported for JSMD; LIM Jong Won (Seoul National University),
CHAY Seo 11 (Korea University) and Yoo Pil Hwa (Sungkyunkwan University)
reported for KMA.
The 5th Seminar was hosted by KMA and held at the College of Business
Administration, Seoul National University, on October 31, 1992. The combined
theme was Marketing Communication and six papers were given as usual. LEE Doo
Hee (Korea University), KIM Jai Hwan (Dae Hong Advertising Inc.) and Yong Jin
HYUN (Sook Myung Women's University) reported for KMA; Yukihiko UEHARA(Meiji Gakuin University), Katsuyoshi TAKASHIMA (Kobe University) andYoshihiro TAJIMA (Gakushuin University) were the speakers from JSMD.
The 6th Seminar was hosted by JSMD (Kanto Division) and held at Gakushuin
University in Tokyo on December 4, 1993. The combined theme was Marketingand Environment. Michiyo AOKI (Keio University), Yasuhiko MIURA (Yamanashi
Gakuin University) and Hideki NAKAHARA (International Consumer Education
Network) presented papers for JSMD; AHN Gill Sang (Chungpook University),
PARK Young Bong (Yeungnam University) and LEE Doo Hee (Korea University)49

reported for KMA.
After the 6th Seminar, JSMD and KMA agreed that, while the past six
seminars had played an important role in creating a harmonious and constructive
relationship between the two academic associations, the historical mission of theseminars had been accomplished and the two associations would have to seek new
avenues of international cooperation in the future. More concretely, it was decided
that each association was to make its annual meetings open to the members of theother association, and joint research activities by the members of JSMD and KMA
would be encouraged. For the purpose of international cooperation it might bemore beneficial to both associations if the Japan-Korea Marketing Seminar wereexpanded to a new format involving other countries in the Pacific-rim region, suchas Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Australia. As a move toward wide-range
regional cooperation, the publication of a new academic journal, tentatively named
the Pacific Journal of Marketing, is currently being considered by both JSMD andKMA.
JSMD co-sponsored the international symposium of the International
Geographic Society held at Gakushuin University in 1993.
(Masao NAKANISHI, Kwansei Gakuin University)

50

JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR PLANNING ADMINISTRATION
1. General Description
This Association, which was established in 1977 as a multidisciplinary forum
consisting of academic researchers, government planning experts andadministrators and corporate planners, aims at development of a knowledge systemof planning science based on interchange of observations and outcomes of studies
related to processes in planning, implementation, and assessment and theory ofplanning as well as analyses of natural and social fundamentals. Planningadministration covers not only aspects in the public sector, but also managerial
planning in the private sector, involving international coordination. On occasion oforganizing this Association, it was proposed that planning originated in thought andscience is to be achieved through administration based in organizations andtechnologies. The Association was established in order to integrate planning andadministration through wide participation by those who are interested in tacklinginconsistencies existing between real planning and administration.
It was started by about 300 members in the beginning, but has expanded to
involve about 1,300 at present. The Association is managed by the General
Meeting, Board of Directors and Standing Executive Committee. The President isnominated by the Board; the present President is Hiroshi Kato (Keio University),
Chairman of the Tax Commission, who has served since 1989, succeeding Saburo
Okita (former Minister of Foreign Affairs). The Association consists of 8 regional
branches. Each branch carries out studies based on its respective perspective. The
Association holds annual conference in cooperation with each regional branch intum. The Science Committee consists of an Editorial and Publication committee,
which is responsible for editing a quarterly organ, Planning Administration, andpublication of the Planning Administration Study Series, and a Committee for
Judging Research Papers. The Association issues a Newsletter for internal
information on the association's ongoing activities. There are six study committeesorganized inside the Association. Three types awards are given by the Association:Award for a Superior Article, Award for an Excellent Research Paper and Award
for Study Promotion. In addition preparations are being made to establish anotheraward for eminent planning.
2. The Annual Conference
The Annual Conference is oriented to the major conference theme, which
continues for three years. Each Regional Branch in tum takes responsibility fororganization. The major conference theme for 1990-1992 was the Concept ofPlanning Administration and Innovation in Human Resources. Within this51

framework, the 1990 conference was held in Yokohama on the theme: Japan in
The 1991 Conference was held inWorld-Wide Structural Coordination.
Kumamoto on the theme: Ideas for Local Revival and the Actors. The 1992
Conference was held in Sapporo on the theme: The Role of the Nation and Regional
Strategy in the Interregional Age.
The major continuous conference theme for 1993-1995 is Planning
Administration for Sustainable Development. The 16th Annual conference washeld at Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, under Conference Chairman, Zenichi
Ito (Teikyo University) on the theme: Consciousness, Policy and Technology to
Support Sustainable Development on September 24-September 25, 1994. The
conference program was organized by the Conference Program Committee chairedby Yoshinobu Kumata (Tokyo Institute of Technology). The introductory remark
was given by Conference Chairman on the subject of "My Philosophy on
Coexistence and Reciprocity." Keynote addresses were made by Jiro Kondo(Council for Science and Technology) referring to the Paradigm Shift and H. Kato
(Keio University) on the subject of Principles of Economic Policy.
Four panels were held: Methodologies for Policy Evaluation and Eco­
Technology cochaired by Takashi Fujii (Keio University ) and Akira Kinoshita(EPDC Engineering Research) joined by Mieko Kurosaka (World Resources
Institute), Tsuneyuki Morita (National Institute for Environmental Studies), Haruki
Tsuchiya (System Technology Institute), and Yasuhiko Yuize (Chiba University of
Economics); Decision-Making Processes and Eco-Policy cochaired by Shuyo
Ichikawa (Chuo University) and Tatsuo Ito (Mie University) joined by Takamochi
Ishii (Keio University), Kojin Kusaka (Center for Soft Economy), Masaaki Naito(National Institute for Environmental Studies), Goro Mawatari (Ministry ofConstruction) and Chiyomi Kanashige (Center for Regional Planning);
Organization for Policy Implementation and the Eco-Mind cochaired by Yoshihiro
Kobayashi (Hokkaido University) and Daisaburo Hashizume (Tokyo Institute ofTechnology) joined by Yuji Tanahashi (Japan Industrial Policy Research Institute),
Kazuhiro Ueda (Kyoto University), Hideki Kaji (UN Center for Regional
Development), Atsushi Ebara (Senshu University) and Kimiko Uno (United
Nations); and In Search for a Mechanism of Paradigm Shift cochaired by Manabu
Nakagawa (Hitotsubashi University) and Yoichiro Murakami (the University ofTokyo) joined by Hiroshi Shimizu (Kanazawa Institute of Technology), Y.
Tanahashi, Keishun Hamaguchi (International Research Center for Japanese
Culture) and Hisatada Furukawa (Kyushu University).
The Conference involved research exchange workshops with seven sessions:
Creative Building of New Capital cochaired by Junjiro Takahashi (Keio University)and Hideo Fukui (Tokyo Institute of Technology) joined as a panelist by Kozo‘

52

Amano (Osaka Industrial University), Takuo Kamiya (National Land Agency),
Yoshinori Morino (Nikkei Shinbun) and Takashi Hino (the University of Tokyo);
New Waterfront Projects cochaired by Akira Kaneko (Economic Planning Agency)
and Takasuke Watanabe (Tokyo Institute of Technology) joined as a panelist by
Yosuke Miyaji (Ministry of Transport), Takehiko Kimura (Nagoya Port
Administration), Kimio Sadaishi (Shimizu Port Administration) and Kei Shimada(Ministry of Transport); Challenge to a Recycling Society cochaired by K. Ueda
and Masamichi Kitani (Tokyo Governor's Office) joined as a panelist by Takeshi
Ishige (Citizens Group for Recycling Campaign), Takatoshi Imada (Tokyo Instituteof Technology) and Yoshiaki Ishikawa (Tokyo Governor's Office); Global
Environment chaired by Hiroyuki Kosaka (Keio University) joined as a panelist by
Iwao Uchiyama (Institute of Public Health) and Chusei Umezato (Aichi Gakusen
University), The Concept of How to Bring Up and Utilize Human Resources
cochaired by Shigeo Tsujii (Tokyo Institute of Technology) and M. Nakagawa
joined as a panelist by Shuhei Kishimoto (Ministry of Finance), Toshisada Doi(Sony Corporation), Naotoshi Nagata (Ministry of International Trade andIndustry) and Yoshiyuki Nishizawa (Ministry of Education); Projects for How toBring Up and Utilize Human Resources cochaired by Ken Terawaki (Ministry of
Education) and Hideo Fukui (Ministry of Construction) joined as a panelist by
Norihiko Ishiguro (Ministry of International Trade and Industry), Shigehiro
Kuwabara (Ministry of Finance), M. Nakagawa and T. Yamazaki (Waseda
University); and the Change To Market Economy chaired by T. Fujii joined as apanelist by Takashi Omori (Economic Planning Agency), Toshiyuki Kagawa (Keio
University), Noboru Nisifuji (Japan Research Institute) and Rieko Muramoto(Senshu University).
Paper presentations were made through four sessions: New Trends in
Simulation and Gaming cochaired by Tsuguo Hayashi (University of the Air) andKiyoshi Arai (Tokyo College of Science); Regional Planning with Soft Objectives
and Methodologies cochaired by Saburo Saito (Fukuoka University) and Tatsuro
Sakano (Japan University of Social Work); Administration Processes and Policy
Entities cochaired by Kiyoshi Arai (Kinki University) and Toshinori Nemoto(Fukuoka University) and Foundation of Planning Management cochaired by
Yasuo Matsuyuki (Toyo University) and Takehiko Musashi (Chiba University). In
total 21 papers were presented covering theoretical analyses on policy and planning,
p lanning technologies and simulation experimental exercises as well as
demonstrative analyses based on field surveys.
The next annual conference is planned to be held in Osaka on October 27-29,
1994 involving wide-ranging participation on the theme of Environment, Cultureand Urban Functions in a Bay Coastal Region Opened to the World-What Should
53the City Do Now ? The Conference, to be chaired by Shoichi Okubo (Osaka
University). is to discuss development of functions and environmental measures of
a bay city, requirements for a bay city connected to the world, strategies to create
urban environment and culture, orientation in public administration for large cities
toward decentralization to multi-poles, new urban trends in global perspectives andpresent action themes for sustainable urban development toward the 21st century.
3. Publications
The Science Committee chaired by Jiko Kawanaka (Yamanashi Gakuin
University), consists of the Editorial and Publication Committee chaired by Kazuo
Goi (Chuo University) and the Research Paper Judging Committee chaired byTakeshi Hiromatsu (the University of Tokyo). The Association's quarterly organ,
Planning Administration, is entirely managed by this Editorial and Publication
Committee. The research papers to be published in Planning Administration are
examined by the Research Paper Judging Committee through review andrefinement processes by plural referees nominated by the committee. The
publication of the Association's Planning Administration Study Series, which are on
the market, is also discussed and decided through the Editorial and Publication
Committee.
Every issue of Planning Administration is edited according to a specific theme
and is generally composed of an editorial, articles centering on the issue theme,refereed research papers, introduction of cases of local and regional planning, bookreviews, donated books and a forum for members to present their own interest or
opinion, within a total of 120-130 pages.
Vol. 16, No. 1, March 1993: The Role of the Nation and Regional Strategy inan Interregional Age was a special issue centering on the 1992 Annual Conference,
Sapporo, where a special lecture was given by H. Kato, President of the
Association, on the subject of Hindrances to the Interregional Trend, followed by
two keynote addresses including Internationalization of Kushiro City on Joining theRamsar Convention and a symposium on the Role of the Nation and Regional
Strategy in an Interregional Age coordinated by Hideo lgarashi (Hokkaido
University). Summary reports are included referring to six study sessions:International and National Exchanges in the Interregional Age; Global Environmentand Local Responsibility; the Japan Corridor Plan and Regional Strategies; theConcept of Planning Administration and Innovations in Human Resources;
Messages from the Waterfront and Optional Subjects.
Vol. 16, No. 2, June 1993, with the theme of Management of the Global
Environment is an outcome of one of the Association's study committees. Thisissue begins with an editorial by H. Kato, Chairman of the Study Committee, and54

contains seven articles: T. Fujii, Ecology and Development; Tadao Miyakawa(Hitotsubashi University), Policy Sciences and Global Environmental Issues;
Makoto Usui (Keio University), Planetary Governance and International
Negotiations; A. Kinoshita (Electric Power Development Company), Integration ofEnergy and Environmental Strategies; Hiroyuki Kawanobe (Tokai University),
Environmental Tax in a Public Choice Perspective; Yoshifusa Kitabatake (Kyoto
University), An Application of an "Environment-Economic Account System" to an
International Environmental Problem; Ken'ichi Nakagami (Ritsumeikan
University), Sustainability in River Basin Development and Environmental
Economic Systems and T. Morita, New Development of Policy Studies forConserving Global Environment.
Vol. 16, No. 3, September 1993 on the subject of Urban Development throughGlobal Networks begins with editorial by Koichi Mera (Tokyo International
University) referring to Promotion of Internationalization in Urban Development
and contains six articles: Edward J. Blackberry (University of California), The City­
State on the Pacific Rim; Fu-Chen Lo (United Nations University), World
Economic Coordination and the Emerging Pacific Asian Urban System; Yukio
Oguri (The Seiyo Corporation), Human Infrastructure for International
Development; Akihiko Tani (Soken Corporation), Importance of Experts inInternationalization; Eric J. Heikkila (USC School of Urban & Regional Planning),
International Linkages among Urban Development Professionals in the PacificRegion and Hidehiko Tanimura (Tsukuba University), Planning Education andResearch in the Age of Global Urbanization.
Vol. 16, No. 4, December 1993, on the theme of New Social Overhead Capital­
Toward a New Paradigm begins with an editorial by T. Fujii on the subject ofOrientation of New Social Overhead Capital-Social Productivity as System
Organization. It contains seven articles: Hisao Nishioka (Aoyama Gakuin
University), Global/World Crises and Consolidation of New Social Overhead
Capital; Yukihide Okano (Soka University), "New" and Conventional Social
Overhead Capital; Naomi Maruo (Keio University), New Social Overhead Capitaland Welfare Related Investment; Hiroshige Tanaka (Chuo University), Urban
Environment and New Social Overhead Capital; Kazumi Kurokawa (Hosei
University), New Social Overhead Capital in View of Local and Town Building andShinichi Yamamoto (Tsukuba Universiry), Development Orientation of Higher
Education Systems.
Vol. 17, No. 1, March 1994, entitled Consciousness, Policy and Technology to
Support the Sustainable Development, is basically a special number to summarize
presentations at the 16th annual conference held in September 1994 in Tokyo as
already mentioned.
55

Vol. 17, No. 2, June 1994 is on the theme of a Sound Evaluation System for
Planning Administration. The editorial is written by H. Kato, Chairman of the
Association, with the title What is a Sound Evaluation System for a Planning
Administration? It contains seven articles: Takeshi Nishitani (Yokohama National
University), Evaluation of Planning; Satoshi Ichinose (Ishinomaki Senshu
University), Evaluation System of International Cooperation over Metropolitan
Areas; Y. Kumata (Tokyo Institute of Technology) and Tatsuro Sakano (Japan
College of Social Work), Construction of a Theory on Planning Evaluation; Tadao
Miyakawa (Hitotsubashi University), Comptrollership towards Policy Evaluation;
Fukashi Utsunomiya (Tokai University), Ombudsmen and Sound Evaluation of
Public Administration; Masakatsu Yata (Governor's Office of Kanagawa
Prefecture), Sound Evaluation from the View Point of Urban Policy and Hidenori
Kobayashi (Chuo University), a Sound Evaluation System on Public
Administration.
Vol. 17, No. 3, September 1994, on the subject of Planning for Urban
Management begins with an editorial on Planning for Urban Management written
by Shunsuke Ishiwara (Meikai University). It is followed by eight articles: Keiichi
Tanaka (Nihon University), Urban Management and Financing in a Time of
Change; Kazuho Seko (Participation Design Institute), Citizens'Participation in
Community Building; Hiroshige Tanaka (Chuo University), City Administration in
Decentralization; Kenji Omura (Building Research Institute); Miyako Matsuda(Expert on Waste Reduction), Waste Problems from a Citizen's Point of View; S.
Harashina (Tokyo Institute of Technology), Urban Environmental Planning; A.
Kinoshita (EPDC Engineering Research), Innovation in Urban Systems for Energy
Efficiency Improvement and Yoshihiro Kobayashi (Hokkaido University),
Development Strategy for Rural Cities.
Research papers presented through Vol. 16 and Vol. 17 up to No. 3 come to 16
papers: Kuo Kuang Huang and Y. Kumata (Tokyo Institute of Technology), A
Study on the Problems and Countermeasures for Ocean Space Use by a Floating
Type Ocean City, Vol. 16, No. 1; Jian Jun Meng (Tokyo Institute of Technology), A
Positive Study on Population Flow in China, Vol. 16, No. 1; Hiroyuki Kosaka (Keio
University), Managing Macroeconomic Policy of the Italian Economy Under the
EMS. Vol. 16, No. 1; Yasuko Kawashima (National Institute for Environmental
Studies), Tsuguo Hayashi (Tsukuba University) and Tsuneyuki Morita (National
Institute for Environmental Studies), Possibilities of International Cooperation
towards Stabilizing the Global Climate, Vol, 16, No. 2; Toshiyuki Kaneda (Aichi
Prefectural University) and Soji Kokura (Organization for Promotion of Private
Urban Development), Covariance Structure Analysis on Characteristics on
Comprehensive Plans of Japanese City Governments, Vol. 16, No. 3; K. Arai (Kinki
56

University), The Mayor's Election: A Simulation-Game for Long-Term Policy
Formation, Vol. 16, No. 3; Takashi Onishi (the University of Tokyo) and Masahiro
Yamashita (Housing and Urban Development Public Corporation), Structural
Change in Job-Residence Patterns in the Center of Tokyo Metropolis and aConsideration on Population Recovery Policy, Vol. 16, No. 3; Masao Ishii(Development Planning Institute), Yoichiro Yamamoto (lmari Mayor's Office) and
Hitoshi Sasao (Nihon University), Substantial Research on the Dynamism of a
Small Rural Cities Promotion, Vol. No. 4; Gyouki Chou, Toshinobu Oku andYoshihito Kamino (Osaka University), A Study on the Planning Issue of the
Shanghai Putong New Area Development, Vol. 16, No. 4; Boo-Kui Lee and Y,
Kumata (Tokyo Institute of Technology), A Study on Impacts Caused by Recent
Land Policy Reform Measures in Korea Based on a Questionnaire by Well­
Informed People in Korea, Vol. 17, No. 1; Akinori Morimoto and Yoshihide
Nakagawa (Waseda University), An Evaluation of District by a Combination ofStreet Scapes, Vol. 17, No. 1; Masayoshi Ito (Tsu Mayor's Office), Tsuguo Hayashi(University of the Air) and Masakuni Koizumi (Meikai University), Analysis of
Conflict and Conciliation Procedures through Regional Development, Vol. 17, No.
2; Yoshiaki Kago (IBJ System Development) and S. Harashina (Tokyo Institute ofTechnology), A Study on the Attitude Shifts of the Local Residents in a Golf Course
Location Dispute, Vol. 17, No. 2; Makoto Yamaguchi (Edogawa University) andYasumasa Koie (College of Nagaoka), An Econometric Analysis of Water Demandin Industry, Vol. 17, No. 2 and Yasuko Kawashima (National Institute forEnvironmental Studies), Policy-Making Process for Global Environmental
Problems: A Comparative Analysis between Japan and the United States, Vol. 17,
No. 3.
Books in the Planning Administration Study Series published since its
establishment are: A Scenario towards an Advanced Infonnation Society edited by
Y. Kumata (Tokyo Institute of Technology), 1985; Environmental Indicators editedby Masaaki Naito, Shuzo Nishioka and S. Harashina (National Institute forEnvironmental Studies), 1986; Environmental Planning for Locating Urban
Industries edited by Hitoshi Sasao (Nihon University), 1987; Social Overhead
Capital Consolidation and Planning Administration edited by Kozo Amano (Kyoto
University), 1987; Interdisciplinary Considerations on Land Issues for Urban
Building edited by Shunpei Kumon (the University of Tokyo), 1988; Urban
Building for Tomorrow-Creation of a Human Innovation City edited by Taku
Kajiwara (Governor of Gifu Prefecture), 1989 and Public and Private Concepts in
Urban Development edited by Tetsuya Kishimoto (Kyoto University), 1992.
4. Study Committees
57

There are six study committees at present in the Association: Advanced
Information City headed by J. Kato (Chairman of the Association), Life Design
headed by Mieko Sato (Institute for Life Design), Ecology and Development
headed by T. Fujii (�eio University), Municipal Health/Welfare Planning headedby Saburo Nishi (Aichi Mizuho University) and Policy Science headed by Hidenori
Kobayashi (Chuo University).
5. Awards
An Award for an Excellent Research Paper and an Award for Study Promotion
were established in 1989. An Award for a Superior Article was established in 1991.
In 1993, the Award for a Superior Article was given to Tadao Miyakawa(Hitotsubashi University), centering on the Development of Policy Science inEurope, America and Japan, Planning Administration, No. 29, 1991. The Award
for an Excellent Research Paper, 1993, was given to Yasuo Matsuyuki (ToyoUniversity), centering on Macro-Policy Analysis by Econometric Model for
Economic Growth in China, Planning Administration, No. 26, 1990. Furthermore,
the establishment of an A ward for Planning is being discussed by the Special
Working Committee, aiming at the first trial in 1995.
(Akira Kinoshita, EPDC Engineering Research)

58

JAPAN SOCIETY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY
A Review of Representative Arguments in the Annual Meetingsof the Japan Society of Political Economy 1989-1993
The Society was established in 1959, having member economists who wereinterested in the institutional aspects of the economic structure, or the relationshipbetween politics and economy. Due to such characteristics of the society, themajority of members, though not all, are Marxism oriented. For the very same
reason, arguments in the society have been significantly influenced by the recent
collapse of socialism in Russia and the East European countries.
This recent trend began with the 37th annual meeting, held in 1989, when thesociety examined ideas basic to Marxism, with Reexamination of the Validity ofLabor-Value Theory taken up as a key theme of the plenary session. Shigekatsu
YAMAGUCHI (University of Tokyo) and Shigeo OKISHIO (Kobe University) madepresentations in the session.
An outline of Yamaguchi's presentation is as follows.
According to the traditional interpretation of the labor theory of value, value isunderstood to be the core of price fluctuation, which is the socially necessary labortime to produce a commodity by socially average skilled workers. The corecommodity is thus an average sample of relevant commodities.
There are, however, commodities in which average samples in the above sense
cannot be found. Goods produced by independent small producers, land, funds, orlabor force are examples of those commodities. According to the traditional
interpretation of labor theory of value, these commodities are eventually considered
to be goods without value, which are virtually non-commodities. To avoid suchcontradiction, value should be defined in a more flexible way.
Yamaguchi thus gives his own definition of value:"Value is an indigenous element of a commodity hidden behind pricephenomenon."
Yamaguchi considers this definition not only able to avoid the above
mentioned contradiction, but also potentially useful in explaining the actual
phenomenon of capitalism.
Distinguishable points made by Okishio with regard to the labor theory ofvalue are as follows.
(1) Labor, in the theory of value, should not be confined only to labor in regard tothat embodied in the material, but also should be applied to labor toward otherhuman beings. Otherwise, labor in the various service industries would be unduly
excluded.
59

(2) "Under unequal value exchange, there could not be surplus value in someindustry, so capitalism would become unable to survive there." As a criticism
against Marxian value theory, such assertions have been frequently raised. A
mathematical proof, however, can be given to show that even under unequal
exchange conditions, there can be surplus value for industry as a whole. (Theactual mathematical proof given by Okishio is omitted here.)(3) "As automated production technology develops, actual value newly added will
ultimately approach zero, so that there will come some time when surplus value
based on actual labor will be zero, making capitalism itself unable to survive: "thistype of assertion could also be mathematically refuted. (Here also, Okishio's
mathematical proof is omitted.)(4) Full-scale participation of people in economic decision-making would still be
impossible in socialism, because of the overly complicated relation-network of theeconomy, so utilization of market mechanisms would be indispensable even there.
To these two presentations, two commentators, Saiichi MIYAZAKI of Tokyo
Women's College, and Yasuhiko YONEDA gave comments. Discussion from thefloor followed.
Among points discussed, comments by Yoneda were notable in two respects.
First he criticized the two presenters, (in particular Yamaguchi), for avoiding thedevelopment of satisfactory discussion over labor value theory concerning its
significance for highly contemporary economic phenomenon, such as economic
globalization, liberalization, deregulation, or the recent growth of the Japanese
economy compared with the relative decline of the US economy.
Yoneda also found substantial denial, from both presenters, of the Marxian
preposition which stipulates the value-substance of a commodity as total input ofidentical abstract human labor. According to him, such a misunderstanding by thepresenters could be attributed to the presenters'logical standpoint based on
methodological atomism and not organic wholism. These two points raised by
Yoneda showed up a remarkable contrast in thinking, and indeed thereby to reflect
the real situation of this kind of argument at present.
The 37th annual meeting itself, as shown above, indicated an aspect of therecent basic tendency of the Society to reflect the traditional base of the Society.
This recent tendency was further developed in the 38th meeting in 1990, in the sensethat the annual meeting took up such a question as Socialism vs. Capitalism as a key
subject, quite straightforwardly. Since such an approach has recently been greatly
affected by radical change in the socialist block, particularly by Russian perestroika,
the Society invited two prominent persons among Japanese Soviet watchers, Nobuo
SHIMOTOMAI (Hosei University), and Haruki WADA (the University of Tokyo), tothe plenary session, to learn their basic understanding of perestroika.

60

Shimotomai described the general features of perestroika, regarding threephases as in late 1990: political, economic, and ideological. The radical decline of
the Communist party in its influence in the state, radical departure from central
planned economy, and ideological confusion were particularly to be found aroundthis time, according to Shimotomai. He particularly showed his basic pessimism
about the transition toward a market economy, finding that under a tremendously
unstable currency, such as the rouble, marketization of the economy could not be
more than just a dissolution into a number of small segments, with a more or lessbarter-exchange business style; or that privatization of ownership could not be morethan each republic's ownership assertion against the union, in such a country as the
USSR.
Wada, based on a similar comprehension of perestroika, raised the question of
how to establish a theory of history reasonable enough to cover the recent reforming
process of pre-socialist countries, such as with perestroika. According to him,
although it is too obvious that the Marxian theory of history cannot be applied, there
cannot be found any other kind of theory, except that of Rostow, which supplied us
with a general theory of economic development after the pre-modernistic age.
Wada, however, found a crucial limit to Rostow in the respect that it is too inclined
to the national level. Thus, Wada proposed a new establishment of a theory ofhistory which is based on a more global level and can cover recent pre-socialist
countries'moves within such a global framework.
Following these suggestive presentations given by two guest speakers, Kiyoaki
HIRATA and Kazuo SHIBAGAKI, representing the Society, gave a presentation on"Socialism and Capitalism" to the plenary session. Shibagaki, in particular, gave a
provocative presentation based on the so-called "Uno School Theory" which has
been very influential among some elements of Japanese Marxian economists.
According to him, Russian style socialism was a sort of mistaken socialism based ona misled understanding of the fundamental contradiction of capitalism, based on atheory which considers "contradiction between the social character of production
and private ownership" as the fundamental core of capitalism. It tried to establish
socialism by only transforming private ownership of business to state ownership.
Since private ownership covers any type of market economy, and does not
exclusively coincide with capitalism, the abolition of private ownership and its
transformation to state ownership cannot be any kind of trigger for the foundation ofInstead of private ownership and its
socialism, according to Shibagaki.
contradiction with the social character of production, says Shibagaki as well asother Uno school economists, nothing but the marketability of the labor-force, andsome logical discrepancies contained in it, (in the sense that capital itself, the masterof capitalism, cannot produce it directly) is the basic foundation of capitalism. The
61

marketability of the labor-force, according to Shibagaki, is sustained by thefollowing three conditions: lack of decision-making power of wages by workers,
possibility of unemployment, which is sales failure of commodity=labor force, andcapitalist (or bureaucratic) control over labor-force consumption procedure. So
removing these three from the economy must be an indispensable step forestablishing socialism. Socialism in practice, as in the USSR, was far from real
implementation, whereas many European capitalist economies presently known as"welfare states" have abolished at least a part of the above-mentioned three. (Suchas deciding wages through negotiation between labor union and management, and awelfare system for the unemployed). He particularly paid attention to Japanese
capitalism, where he sees remarkable involvement of employees in management
and, eventually, a partial overthrow of capitalism. Based on such observations,Shibagaki says that the present world economy is in a process of "creepingsocialism," in which Russia or East European countries are rather quite behind.
The plenary session of the 39th annual meeting was a substantial continuationof the 38th meeting, although the subject of the session turned to Market vs.
Planning. Teinosuke OHTANI (Hosei University) and Keiji IDE (Ritsumeikan
University) made key presentations in the session.
Ohtani's assertion could be summarized as follows.
(1) "Market" in the theoretical context of Karl Marx is not the mere meeting
between commodity supply and demand. It is something beyond that, and should
be understood as indigenous to capitalism, where the law of labor value covers thewhole area of production in the society. Thus, the mere meeting of sales andpurchase in pre-capitalism or partial distribution in so-called "socialism" could, by
no means, be understood as market economy in a Marxian sense.
(2) So-called socialism that has existed in the USSR and other Soviet bloc countries
was not any kind of socialism at all. It was nothing but a capitalism that should becalled State-Capitalism. As state-capitalism, it was different from ordinary
developed capitalism, and rather closer to that at a lower stage of capitalism.
Workers there could not be rulers of the economy by any means. On the contrary
they were alienated and ruled by the state capitalists that consisted of bureaucrats
and nomenclatures. Also, the state capitalism, as a capitalism, had various market
economies as its structural building blocks, though very much distorted andregulated by the government. Thus it is a crucial mistake to consider the recent
transformation of those countries as one from deadlocked socialism toward
capitalism. It is just a transition from regulated and highly distorted capitalism
toward ordinary, freer capitalism.
(3) Economic planning in capitalism is basically for the development of capital. In
62such a sense, it should be clearly distinguished from economic planning insocialism, where planning itself is totally under the control of unified workers andexecuted for the sake of these workers. Whether such kind of economic planningwill be able to become reality in the future or will remain just a utopian illusion as
sometimes pointed out, is quite a different question from the theoretical definitionof socialistic planning.
(4) There are, however, two different types of economic planning in capitalism.
One is that of state capitalism, which usually became an inevitable necessity in theless developed stage of capitalism, including the case of the USSR. This type of
economic planning is basically aiming at the intensified accumulation of state
capital, so that it is more likely to go away as the relevant economy develops to thepoint where government regulation in investment activity becomes more obstacle
than prompting factor for freer activity of each private capital. Another type of
capitalist planning of the economy appears m the more ripened stage of highly
developed capitalism. Various policy interventions by the government for vanous
purposes, such as to ease cyclical slump, or to strengthen the competitive power ofsome special industry, and formation of so-called mixed economies are examples ofa more matured type of capitalist economic planning. What is important here is thatsuch a necessity of economic planning in matured economies is nothing but anindication of the limitation of capitalism which, as its principle, denies planning or
government intervention. Also, it is apparent from the above argument that thecollapse of "socialism" is a quite natural process of state capitalistic planningtoward deregulation in the higher stage. Two points in particular, however, shouldbe mentioned. The first is that the period of state capitalist planning has lasted solong in Russia that its transition toward the next stage of capitalistic planning is lessexpected there. The second is that the collapse of the Soviet bloc economy should
not be understood as any indication of pessimism for real socialism; rather it should
be understood to be the opening final stage for real socialist transition.
Keiji Ide made another presentation which was entirely different from that of
Ohtani. The basis of his idea follows two points.
(1) Transformation toward a market economy or privatization reforms in post­socialist countries, though quite necessary, requires a long time to be accomplished,say several decades. What should be mentioned here is that the process is notnecessarily a process toward capitalism, Ide contends.
(2) A market economy does not necessarily coincide with capitalism, so thecollapse of CPE (centrally planned economy) socialism does not necessarily signify
the collapse of socialism itself. Thus, we don't have to see only a capitalist future
post CPE for CIS or east European countries. It is, however, clear now, according63

to Ide, that centrally planned organization or centrally planned distribution of thework force has proved to be incompatible with efficiency and democracy, through abitter 70 years' history of socialist practice, so that Ide proposes a kind of mixed
economy as a future ideal structure, where the following three conditions exist.
(1) The basic system of the economy is market economy.
(2) There is coexistence of different types of ownership, ranging from 100%
privatized to 100% state ownership.
(3) Various types of management are observed.
An interesting contrast is found in the two different arguments made by the twopresenters. From Ohtani's theoretical standpoint, where socialism is considered to
be basically exclusive from market economy, the logical result of lde's discussion
should be to deny the possibility of socialism. Also from Ide's theoreticalstandpoint, where socialism excluding market economy is inevitably incompatible
with efficiency and democracy, the logical result of Ohtani's view is nothing but
another denial of socialism. Still, interestingly enough, the two presenters sharesome common views in thinking that there is no better substitute for capitalism
other than socialism. In this sense, neither of them can be exempt from the criticism
of starting from an ideological premise, unless either of them can supply atheoretical proof, enough to be able to persuade the counterpart discussant,particularly by giving a realistic image of what he considers as socialism. Such a
decisive response could not be made by either side at the plenary session.
Whereas the discussion over the viability of socialism was one conspicuous
tide of the Society, doubtlessly influenced by the recent collapse of actual socialism,
another tide was to testify the viability of Marxist economics through applying thetheory to the reality of capitalism. The tide was obviously influenced also by thecrisis of socialism and Marxism as former theoretical building blocks of the former.
The 40th annual meeting of the Society, thus took up Contemporary Japanese
Capitalism as its title for the plenary session to show the analytical potential of
Marxist economics, which should be different from that of neo-classical schools.
The plenary session had two presenters, Makoto ITO (the University of Tokyo), andKoji MORIOKA (Kansai University). Ito focused on problems of contemporary
Japanese capitalism, whereas Morioka focused on so-called Karoshi (death due tooverwork) in Japan. Points raised by Ito were as follows.
(1) Contemporary Japanese capitalism sometimes gains a high evaluation fromvarious economists, including the so-called "ecole de r姪ulation" in Europe. It,
however, does not prove a_ny-th�oretical validity of neo-liberalists, since Japanese
structure is vitally based on collective teamwork which is contrary to individualistic
free competition, fundamental to neo-liberalism.
64

(2) It is still very difficult, on the other hand, to appreciate Japanese groupism as anindication of a beautiful community-type social relationship, since it is strongly
motivated by profit incentive and under directive administration that is harsh andtough.
(3) Miscellaneous problems still surround the Japanese economy. Problems still
remaining are the vulnerability of foreign trade stemming from its strategicallyheavy dependence on export and import trade, huge fiscal deficit next to the US, in
its percentage to GNP, small wage increases under high productivity increases, andconspicuous enlargement of income discrepancy after the 70s. There is, however,nothing more serious than the recent collapse of the "bubble economy" and thelongest-lasting economic slump after that.
Next to Ito's presentation, Morioka made another analytical report on the so­called Karoshi problem, which has become a conspicuous issue salient in Japan
since around the oil crisis in 1973. He gave miscellaneous statistics relevant to the
problem. For example, he showed statistics indicating that the absolute number ofmale employees working more than 60 hours in a week almost doubled during theperiod from '75 to '90, whereas the absolute number of female employees working
less than 35 hours in a week also doubled during the same period. The period when
Karoshi became conspicuous exactly coincides with this period. Also, according toMorioka's analysis, this tendency of tremendous increase in the working hours of
regular employees, who are mostly male though mcluding a few females, highly
correlates with another tendency of the prevalence of "electro-mechamcs
technology and the Toyota-style "just-in-time" system in various industries.
Morioka also stressed that such a horrible increase in the working hours of those
employees was not any kind of spontaneity within the employee's autonomy, as
sometime described as an element of the Japanese system. But, although it is abasically forced result, there is still found some aspect that appears to be
spontaneously accepted by employees. Why it appears like that and what lies
behind it is the very core which should be analytically clarified. Morioka
concluded his report by raising this question as his own future subject.
In order to prove the analytical power of the economics ascribed by the society,taking up the contemporary world as a subject of analysis must be another importanttask, as well as taking up the contemporary Japanese economy. Thus the 41st
annual meeting set the Basic Characteristics of Contemporary World Economy as atitle for the plenary session, with two outstanding presenters: Takao SASAKI (Hosei
University), and Akira ISHII (Chuo University).
The presentation given by Sasaki was particularly enlightening. He discussed65the end of the so-called "Pax-Americana" clarifying the following points:(1) The end of "Pax Americana" is greatly different from the end of "PaxBritannica" at the beginning of the century, particularly in the respect that there is noother definite one country taking over the American hegemony in establishing
global economic order this time.
(2) Three factors could be mentioned as having an affect to this end. One is actual
forfeit of the outstanding hegemony of the US, due to the significant challenge ofother countries, including Japan. It has obviously made the US change her basic
policy strategy to focus more on domestic issues. Even the Reagan administration
began to take such policy direction. But most conspicuous is, as widely observed,
the present administration of Bill Clinton. The second factor that affected the endof "Pax Americana" is the end of the cold war. As easily understood, the cold war
was the most important background variable when the post-war world economicorder was first established. Nothing but the cold war motivated the US, who had
been rather reluctant to participate in world affairs traditionally, to dare to takehegemony in the world and to be tolerant enough to accept some kind of handicap tolet other countries in the West grow faster than the US. The end of the cold war
naturally deprived the US of those reasons to sustain "Pax Americana." Finally,that world economic relations turned more complex due to the economic
development of various countries, made the task of sustaining "Pax Americana"more difficult, so that the US began to abandon her hegemonistic diplomacy,
though at a very gradual pace.
(3) The above mentioned kind of recent diplomatic strategy of the US is now
observed in the following three phases. One is in the gradual tendency to put morestress on protectionism. The second is the inclination toward localism. The third
is the departure from multilateral negotiation toward bilateral, sometimes even
unilateral, negotiation, in solving economic problems with other countries.
(4) What is more problematic is the Japanese stance facing such a new tide. In thetime of "Pax Americana," it could be easy enough for Japan to hide herself under theumbrella of "Pax Americana" and limit her economic diplomacy to just passively or
defensively responding to the pressure stemming from the outside (referred to as
Gaiatsu). It is, however, not such a time now. But still Japan does not seem to haveembarked on a new way appropriate to the change in the circumstances.
(Kenji ToMINOMORI, Obirin University)

66

JAPAN STATISTICAL SOCIETY
1. History
When the 19th Session of the International Statistical Institute (ISi) took placein Tokyo in 1931, Japan's leading statisticians recognized the need to organize anationwide academic society to help develop collection and manipulation of
statistical data as well as to strengthen the theoretical and methodologicalbackground. The Japan Statistical Society was thus founded in 1931 by Hiromi
ARISAWA, Yuzo MORITA, lchiro NAKAYAMA, Torazo NINAGAWA, Iwasaburo
TAKANO, and other relatively young statisticians.
The society has contributed to developing statistical theory; it has also helped
improve the quality of official statistics and has made the statistical way of thinking
popular among educated Japanese.
Through the annual meetings (held every year except for the 1945 meeting,which was cancelled because of the war) and a journal entitled The Journal of theJapan Statistical Society, the early members of the society attracted not only
government statisticians but also mathematicians and economists such as Hyoue
Oucm, Ryoichiro SATO, and Takuma TERAO. More recently, a number of
researchers in biology, engineering, finance, medical science, technology, and otherapplied areas of statistics have joined the society, so that the annual meeting is now
offering a convenient place where statisticians from all fields can get together toexchange their ideas.
Today, the Japan Statistical Society is recognized as Japan's leading statisticalassociation.
2. Sixtieth Anniversary
The Japan Statistical Society celebrated its sixtieth anniversary of foundationin 1991. To commemorate this occasion, a series of nationwide meetings were heldin addition to the regular annual meeting. To list a few, a symposium entitled The
Current State and Future Perspective of Statistics was held in Kobe, and anothersymposium entitled Statistics: its Role in an Information-Oriented Society Todayand in the Future was held in Tokyo. Some of the organizers and speakers were:Hirotsugu AKAIKE (Institute of Statistical Mathematics, ISM), Chikio HAyASHI(ISM), Mituaki Furn (Tokyo Institute of Technology), Yoshiro MATSUDA

67

(Hitotsubashi Univ.), Toshiyuki MIZOGUCHI (Hitotsubashi Univ.), Masashi
OKAMOTO (Osaka Univ.), Tadakazu OKUNO (Univ. of Tokyo), Takamitsu SAWA
(Kyoto Univ.), Masaaki SHIBUYA (Keio Univ.), Kei TAKEUCHI (Univ. of Tokyo),and Kiyoshi TAKEUCHI (Tohoku Univ.).
The major topics were as follows:
1. International Comparison of Public Opinion
2. The Use of Statistical Graphics
3. The Role of Statistics in an Advanced Technological Society
4. Current Problems in Releasing Government Data
5. Infonnation in Database-oriented Society
6. The Role of Statistics in Modem Society
7. Perfonning-Art Activities in Japan Viewed from Statistical Data
Based on funds raised during the sixtieth anniversary, the Society planned to
introduce a Tutorial Seminar to advocate the effectiveness and usefulness ofstatistics and statistical techniques, and to invite the general public to the world ofstatistics. The Tutorial Seminar was first introduced in 1993 and it is now attracting
a lot of people who are interested in statistical methods but have little access to theaid of professional statisticians.
3. Recent Annual Meetings
In this section, we will give a brief description of recent annual meetings.
3.1 The 1992 Meeting
In this year, the sixtieth annual meeting was held in Ishinomaki at Ishinomaki
Senshu University. Titles of major sessions and some of the speakers in eachsession were as follows:
1. Econometric Methods, papers by Hajime TAKAHASHI (Hitotsubashi Univ.),
Takeaki KARIYA (Hitotsubashi Univ.), Kimio MoRIMUNE (Kyoto Univ.) and fiveother speakers
2. Measurement of Sensitivity, papers by five speakers
3. Statistical Analysis of Households, papers by five speakers
4. Bayesian Theory and Applications, papers by Yoshihiko OGATA (ISM) and
fourteen other speakers
5. Regional Economy and Statistical Analysis, six papers
686. Recent Trends in Japanese Population, papers by Masakazu OKUBO (Nihon
Univ.) and five other speakers
7. Investigation into Government Statistics and Governmental System, papers by
Hiroyasu Kuoo (Seijo Univ.) and five other speakers
8. Statistical Problems of Assessing Safety in Medical Experiments, papers by
Yasuo OHASHI (Univ. of Tokyo) and four other speakers
9. Multivariate Analysis, papers by Masashi Okamoto and nine other speakers
10. Historical Statistics, papers by Toshiyuki Mizoguchi, Takafusa NAKAMURA(Univ. of Tokyo) and three other speakers
11. Medical Statistics, papers by Makio ISHIGURO (ISM) and five other speakers
12. Life Time Analysis and Martingale, papers by Toshinari KAMAKURA (ChuoUniv.) and four other speakers
13. Computing Power and Data Analysis, papers by Ritei SHIBATA (Keio Univ.) and
four other speakers
14. Statistical Analysis of Culture, papers by Setsuo SuoH (Kobe Shoka Univ.) andsix other speakers
15. Time Series Analysis, papers by Tohru OZAKI (ISM) and seven other speakers
16. Educational Statistics, chaired by Kensei ARAYA (Fukushima Univ.) and papers
by four speaker
17. General Statistical Theory, papers by Haruo YANAi (Daigaku Nyuushi Center),
Yoshio TAKANE (McGill Univ.), Hirohisa KISHINO (Univ. of Tokyo), Yasuko
CHIKUSE (Kagawa Univ.), Masafumi AKAHIRA (Univ. of Tsukuba), Masaaki
Shibuya, and a number of other speakers.
There were three invited papers; the titles and the speakers follow: "History
and Quantity-the Economic History of the Yedo Era," by Mataro MIYAMOTO(Osaka Univ.), "Statistical Methods for the Analysis of Spatially Distributed
Environmental and Epidemiologic Data," by J. H. Ware (Harvard Univ.), and"Probabilistic Expert Systems and Complex Statistical Modeling," by D. J.
Spiegelhalter (MRC Biometric Unit).
3.2 The 1993 Meeting
In this year, the sixty-first annual meeting was held in Kanazawa at Kanazawa
University. Titles of major sessions and some of the speakers in each session are as
follows:
1/ Current Problems on Information Criteria, papers by Yuichiro KANAZAWA(Univ. of Tsukuba), Hirotsugu Akaike, and four other speakers

69

2. Multivariate Analysis, papers by Masashi Okamoto, Hera Yanai and 22 otherspeakers
3. Remote-Sensing Technology and Statistical Analysis, papers by Ryuei NISHII(Hiroshima Univ.) and four other speakers
4. Statistical Problems on Stopping Clinical Trials, papers by Yasuo Ohashi andfour other speakers
5. Likelihood and Bayesian Method-Theory and Applications, papers by Yasuto
YosHIZOE (Aoyama Gakuin Univ.) and eight other speakers
6. Statistical Education, papers by Kensei Araya, Statistical Education Committee
and seven speakers
7. Information Processing, papers by Minoru ICHIMURA (Okayama Science Univ.)and five other speakers
8. Demographic Statistics, papers by Masakazu Okubo, Hirohiko Koy AMA(Statistics Bureau) and three other speakers
9. Statistical Problems ofFinance and Related Topics, papers by Tsunemasa SHIBA(Univ. of Tsukuba), Ryozo MIURA (Hitotsubashi Univ.) and ten other speakers
10. Statistical Data Analysis and the Use of the Computer, papers by Junji NAKANO(Hitotsubashi Univ.) and four other speakers
11. Statistics on Education, Society, Economics and History, papers by Hikaru
SAKURAMOTO (Keio Univ.), Yoshiro Matsuda and seven other speakers
12. Time Series Analysis, papers by Junji Nakano and fifteen speakers
13. Medical Statistics, papers by Chihiro HIROTSU (Univ. of Tokyo), Megu OHTAKI(Hiroshima Univ.) and eight other speakers
14. Regional Economy and Statistical Analysis, papers by Noriyuki GOTO
(Kanazawa Univ.) and six speakers
15. Statistical Problems on Environment, Energy and Resources, papers by
Masahiko SHIMIZU (Keio Univ.) and five speakers
16. General Statistical Theory, papers by Tadashi MATSUNAWA (ISM), Masafumi
Akahira, Masaaki Shibuya, and a number of other speakers.
In this year, the Tutorial Seminar was introduced for the first time for non­professional users of statistics. The Tutorial Seminar consisted of three sessions:l. The Statistical Viewpoint in Medical Problems and the Role of the Statistical
Method, organized by Isao YOSHIMURA (Tokyo Science Univ.). The speaker was
Yasuo Ohashi.
2. The Analysis of Repeated-Measure Data, organized by Yasuo Ohashi; thespeaker was Kunihiko HAYASHI (Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co.).
3. Current Status of Government Statistical Surveys and their Problems, organized
by Sadanori NAGAYAMA (Waseda Univ.) and Yoshiro Matsuda. The speakers were70

Naoki K ITAYAMA (Seigakuin Univ.), Fumio FuNAOKA (Shinshu Univ.), andToshiyuki Mizoguchi.
3.3 The 1994 Meeting
The sixty-second annual meeting was held this year in Tokyo at Nihon Toshi
Center. The meeting was supported by the Institute of Statistical Mathematics,
which was also celebrating its fiftieth anniversary.
Titles of major sessions and some of the speakers in each session are as
follows:l. The Interface between Computers and Statistics, papers by Manabu Iwasaki, M.
A. Tanner (Rochester Univ.), and five other speakers
2. Time Series Analysis, papers by Tohru Ozaki, Naoto KuNITOMO (Univ. ofTokyo), and fourteen other speakers
3. Statistical Education, chaired by Masakatsu MURAKAMI (ISM)
4. Joint Research with non-Statisticians: How should it be carried out? papers byHirotugu Akaike, Chihiro Hirotsu, and others
5. Computer Science, chaired by Manabu Iwasaki, papers by Yoshiaki ITOH (ISM)and eleven other speakers
6. Probability and Distribution Theory, papers by Seiji NABEYA (Tokyo Kokusai
Univ.), and seven other speakers
7. Society and Statistical Surveys: Problems and Measures, papers by Minezo
FUJITA (Bureau of Statistics) and others
8. Economic Models and Economic Statistics, chaired by Masahiko Shimizu,
papers by seven speakers
9. Multivariate Analysis, chaired by Sakutaro YAMADA (Tokyo Univ. of Fisheries),
papers by nine speakers
10. Statistics on Demography, Medical Care, Society and Environment, chaired by
Hikaru Sakuramoto, papers by seven speakers
11. Statistical Analysis of Economic Phenomena, chaired by Naoto Kunitomo,
papers by eight speakers
12. Statistical Problems of Incomplete Data in Clinical Trials, chaired by Tadashi
KusUNOKI (Univ. of Tokyo), papers by seven speakers
13. Econometric Methods, chaired by Taku YAMAMOTO (Hitotsubashi Univ.),
papers by ten speakers
14. Medical Statistics, papers by eighteen speakers
15. General Statistical Theory, papers by Takemi YANAGIMOTO (ISM) and fourteen
other speakers.
71This year, the second tutorial seminar was also given at Nihon Toshi Center on
the day before the regular annual meeting started. The titles of the seminar, theorganizers, and some of the speakers in each session are as follows:
1. Introduction to Time Series Analysis, organized by Mituaki Fujii. The speakers
were M. Fujii, Junji Nakano, Yuzo Hosoya, and others.
2. Communication through Computer Networks, organized by Masaaki Shibuya.
The speakers were Tomoyuki TARUMI (Okayama Univ.), Masakazu JINBO (Gifu
Univ.), and others.
3. Environmental Statistics, organized by Yoshiro Matsuda and Kanji YOSHIOKA(Keio Univ.). The speakers were Takayuki Km (Ministry of International Tradeand Industry), Kunihiko WATANUKI (Rissho Univ.), and Kunio SHIMIZU (Tokyo
Science Univ.).
4. Current Activities
Through the efforts of recent Presidents, such as Chikio Hayashi, Takafusa
Nakamura, Hirotsugu Akaike, Kiyoshi Takeuchi and Minoru SHIOTANI (Meisei
Univ.), the Japan Statistical Society has attracted a number of researchers in Japan.
Unfortunately, our journal has both English and Japanese articles mixed in the same
volume, which seems to have the effect of reducing the number of foreign members.
In fact, we have only a few foreign members, including the late Edwards Deming, P.
V. Skuhatme, D. F. Findley (Bureau of Census).
Therefore, we are now planning to start an all-English journal and an all­Japanese journal: that is, the current journal will become an English journal, and a
new Japanese journal is expected to appear in 1995. In this way, we expect to makeour English journal more international, and to give more opportunity for Japanese
empirical studies to appear in a Japanese journal. It will also increase the number offoreign members in our society. Thus, we are now planning to make the journals
and the quarterly News Letter more attractive for the members.
The sixty-third annual meeting will be held in Oita at Oita University. There
will be tutorial seminars and a three-day conference on various fields of statistics.
Emphasis will be placed on Biology, Demography, Econometric Analysis,
Engineering, Finance, Medical Science, Regional Economics, Time Series, andGovernment Statistics.
(Yasuto YOSHIZOE, Aoyama Gakuin University)

72

NIPPON URBAN MANAGEMENT RESEARCH ASSOCIATION
1. History and Outline of the Association
The Nippon Urban Management Research Association (NUMRA) was
founded as an interdisciplinary and international research organization on June 23,
1984, at a founding convention held in Osaka. In preparation for foundation fromsummer in 1982 it was recognized that there are two important points in advancing
local autonomy in Japan.
Firstly, the research activities which are useful to make our local autonomy
systems more scientific, modernistic and democratic should be cooperatively
tackled by scholars, administrative officials and the citizens.
Secondly, research should be directed toward combining public administration
with the public sector management and accounting, and founding administrativeplanning upon finance and accounting.
We think that the problems of local autonomy are issues in dispute. We needto continue to study them in order to influence policy formulations of public sector
organizations. After World War II the Constitution of Japan based on democracy
prescribes decentralization of power grounded on the principal object of local
autonomy. In administrative reform of central and local governments theestablishment of local autonomy should be afforded preference, and the budgetary
and accounting systems need to be reformed in order to fulfill democratic control inthe budgetary process.
The Aims of the Association are as follows: (1) research work to make our
local autonomy systems more scientific, modernistic and democratic, (2)proposition of a series of policies based on theoretical studies, (3) promoting
friendly relations among researchers.
The main activities are to hold a national convention annually and to publish
collected papers under the title Journal of Urban Management Research, asmentioned later in detail.
The Association is made up of 260 individual members and 7 institutional
members; the former number is divided into 150 scholars, 30 persons fromconcerned administrative bodies and 80 certified public accountants. It is
composed of two regional branches: East Japan and West Japan. Each branch has
its own meetings several times a year.
2. National Conventions
The national convention of the Association is usually held every autumn. At
each convention a common theme is set up by the host university. Because theproblems related to local autonomy are very various and complicated, we need to73adopt interdisciplinary approaches to them. Therefore, reports have been presented
by researchers in many different fields. The common themes, the presentations
under them and the host universities where the national conventions have been held
are as follows:
1st Current Issues of Local Autonomy, Kobe University of Commerce, January
1985"Approach to the Integration of Local Autonomy Studies: Administrative
Policy Science" by Tomoji ICHINOSE (International Christian University)"Modem Governmental Accounting in the U.S. and Its Development" by
Shouichiro KIKUCHI (Nihon University)"Municipal Autonomy and Financial Affairs" by Shozo TAKAYOSE (Konan
University)℃ritical Points Regarding Governmental Accounting and Auditing from theCertified Public Accountants'View" by Hiroshi KAWAKITA (Certified Public
Accountant)
2nd Local Autonomy and Regional Activation, Nihon University, November
1985"Revolution of Local Government" by Shozo TAKAYOSE"Evaluation for the Results of Governmental Company's Operations" by Soji
TAKIZAWA (Certified Public Accountant)"Local Autonomy and Regional Activation" by Tadashi FUJITA(International Christian University)"Local Autonomy and Revitalization of Area Management" by Osamu
YoTSUYANAGI (National Institute for Research Advancement)
3rd Information Society and Local Autonomy, Toyo University, July 1986
"The Situations and Problems of the Audit System in Local Government" by
Munehisa TAKEDA (Certified Public Accountant)"The Impact of Computerization on the Freedom of Information and Privacy
Protection" by Tsuyoshi HIRAMATSU (Nara Women's University)"The Development of Community Informatization and Its Problems" by
Kohei SANO (Institute of Information and Communication)"The Audit System in Local Government" by Kunio NAGASE (ToyoUniversity)"The Role of Information Systems in the Comprehensive Regional Planning
Process" by Shunji KAWASAKI (Kobe University of Commerce)"A Budgeting Information System for Municipalities" by Fujio HARADA(Chuo University)
4th Administrative Reform and Local Autonomy, Hannan University, October
1987
74

5th

6th

7th

"Administrative Reform and Local Self-Government Through the Reporter's
Experiences" by Shigeo YAMANAKA (The Center of Administration as theThird Party)"Reform of Local Bond System" by Shozo TAKAYOSE℃ onditions and Strategies toward Local Autonomy" by Seizo OKAWA(Tokyo International University), Noboru KITA (Meiji University) andTomoji ICHINOSE"Public Sector Accounting and Financial and Administrative Reform" by
Hiroshi YOSHIDA (Kobe University of Commerce)
Local Autonomy in an Age of Internationalization, Nihon University,
November 1988
"On Local Political Rights of Permanent Alien Residents in an Age ofInternationalization" by Yong-Dal SuH (St. Andrew's University)"Local Autonomy in an Age of Internationalization" by Reikichi KOJIMA(Tokyo Institute for Municipal Research)"The Foreign Residents Policy of Local Government" by Sumio TANABE(Kanagawa Prefectural Government)
Local Autonomy in an Age oflnformatization, Chubu University, September
1989"A Conceptual Study for Area-Informatization" by Hiroshi YOSHIDA(University of Marketing and Distribution Sciences)"Local Government and University Location" by Tomoji ICHINOSE(Ishinomaki Senshu University)"Management Strategy of Local Government in Information and Software
Society" by Yasuo MATSUYUKI (Tokyo University of Agriculture andTechnology)"Open Government in Local Authorities" by Hiroshi HONDA (Nihon
University)℃omputer-Software Markets and Local Government Expenditures" by
Naohisa WADA (Japan Economic Research Institute)
Performance Evaluation and Local Autonomy, Chuo University, October
1990"Performance Evaluation of Local Government and Social Audit" by Masao
KAWANO (Yokohama National University)"An Inquiry into Statements of General Account" by Hideo HORIUCHI(Certified Public Accountant)"Problems of Performance Evaluation of Local Government " by Rei
SHIRATORI (Tokai University)"Discretionary Decisions and Accountability in Public Administration" by75

Hiroshi yOSHIDA
Local Autonomy and Regional Development, Kobe University of Commerce,
September1991"Local Community and Agricultural and Fishing Industries" by Sadao
KAMOTO (Municipal Government of Kobe)"The Fundamental Ideas of Regional Development" by Shigeo YAMANAKA"Local Decentralization and'Doshu'Administration System" by Seizo
OKAWA
9th Local Autonomy and Administration in a Wider Area, University of Osaka
Prefecture, October 1992
"The Wide Area Administration in Tokyo Metropolitan Area: the Problems ofDevelopment and Conservation in Tokyo Bay" by Yoshiteru MAKITA(Tokai University)"Toward A New System of Broader-Based Local Administration" by Shunji
KAWASAKI"The Local Administration in a Wider Territory for the Diversification ofSome Public Functions and Activation in Local Areas" by Hidehiro
ICHIKAWA (Chuo University)"The Structural Changes of Urban Regions and the Administrative System ina Wider Area" by Yoshimasa KATO (Kobe University of Commerce)
10th Decentralization of Power and Regional Management: Philosophy and
Policies, University of Marketing and Distribution Sciences, September 1993
"Ideas and Means of Local Decentralization" by Seizo OKAwA"Reevaluating Utilization of Private Enterprises in Urban Development" by
Seiji KoMORI (Himeji College of Hyogo)"Principles of Decentralization and Influences on Its Policies" by Rei
SHIRATORI"Philosophy of Decentralization and Evaluation of Regional Management" byNobuhiro NAKAMICHI (Seisen Junior College)
11th Japan Sea Rim and Regional Development, Akita University of Economics
and Law, September 1994
8th

3. Periodical Publications
The Association has published fifteen issues of the Journal of Urban
Management Research, divided into ten of them featuring presentations and extractsof panel discussions under the common themes of national conventions andsummaries of voluntary presentation sessions, and five made up of articles
contributed voluntarily by members.
The subjects of papers are remarkably various because they reflect the76

diversity of members'specialties and interests. But the topics can be classified
broadly into six categories as follows: (a) local autonomy systems, (b) regional
management, (c) regional industrial developments, (d) financial affairs of local
governments, (e) governmental accounting and audit, (f) information processing
and new media in the public sector.
4. Collected Papers in Celebration of the 10th Anniversary of the Association
The Association published collected papers entitled Regional Management
and Administrative and Financial Affairs of Local Government in celebration of the10th anniversary of the Association in September, 1993. The title was determinedby the fact that research activities had been focused on regional management,
public administration, finance and accounting of local government.
This book consists of four sections. The subject of Section I is "Theories andPractices of Regional Management"; Section II is℃urrent Issues of Finance ofLocal Government"; Section III is "Organizations and Problems of Local
Administration"; and Section IV is℃urrent Issues of Accounting for Local
Authorities." In addition, an extract of a symposium on "Philosophies and Policies
of Decentralization and Regional Management" is included.
In section I four authors contribute papers. Shozo TAKAYOSE in "Theories andHistory of Regional Management" sets the central problem of regional management
on achieving effectiveness of public policies by efficient management of public
sector organizations. He gives an outline of the development of theories andthoughts on regional management retroactive to the Meiji Restoration and thenconcludes that the kernel of regional management is to steer regional economy forstable growth and to share the benefits of it equitably from the strategical point ofview.
Hiroaki WAKUTA (Toyo University) in "New Advances of Regional
Management" takes up informatization of regional management as an aspect of
current issue, and suggests a new trend toward autonomous management. He
indicates the necessity of various exchanges of resources among regions for stableeconomic growth and the impact of information technologies such as databases andnetworks on expansion of information space. In conclusion, he points out thatrecent development of regional management depends on networking underconditions of self-reliance by regions because modern society is supported by
networking.
Two authors tackle problems of resort development. Yoshimasa KATO in"Developing Resorts and New Regional Management" recognizes the necessity ofdeveloping resorts because of changes in life style, such as increasing personal free
time. And he pays attention to the contrast between industrial and resort
77

development. The former is characterized by small area development, and thelatter is characterized by its wider area. He then poses the issue of whether theright to choose regional development can be given to the residents.
Yoshiaki SHIMABUKURO (Aichi Gakuin University) in "Regional Management
and Resort Development" also deals with resort development based on the case of
Okinawa Prefecture. He surveys the current situation of Okinawa Prefecture andindicates a gap between the ideal and the actual situation of regional development.
Finally, he emphasizes the importance of management philosophy underlying
comprehensive ideas and strategies of regional development.
In section II four more authors contribute papers. Eiichi YAMAMOTO (Kwansei
Gakuin University) in "Regional Development and Finance of Local Government"
founds the separation of public finance function between central and local
governments on the theory of public goods and derives the conception of self-reliant
finance of local government. What he means is that the balance of supply anddemand of public goods wil be based on the needs of residents. He explains therelationship between this new conception and endogenous regional development.
Masanori Y ANAi (Hyogo Prefectural Government) in "Development ofRegional Policies and Finance of Local Government" maintains the paradigm shiftof regional policies from developing society model to developed society model.
The former is characterized as income-flow-oriented, central government-centered,exogenous, residents-centered and hard-oriented, and the latter is characterized ascapital-stock-oriented, local government-centered, endogenous, exchange­
promoting and soft-oriented. And he proposes the necessity of linking the regional
policies to the local finance.
Tomoji ICHINOSE in "Local Autonomy and New Development of PublicEnterprises and Third Sector Organizations" points out the mutual relationshipbetween local autonomy and regional activation on the basis of adopting thebottom-up approach to regional development. He brings forward a current issue of
public enterprises and third sector organizations by case studies on the developmentof the Tokyo Bay Area and so forth.
Seizo OKAWA in "Objectives, Requirements and Means of Decentralization"
discusses decentralization of power in relation to decentralization of industries: the四urpose of centralization is to allocate scarce economic resources efficiently tomcrease production power, and the purpose of decentralization is to improve qualityof life in the name of social performance. He also indicates the difficulty andrequirements for changing policies.
In section III further four authors contribute papers. Rei SHIRATORI in "Current
Significance and Issues of Local Autonomy" points out a new trend that local
government will have to formulate policies which have been exercised by central
78

government because new social phenomena have emerged in local communities.
They are the rapid aging in depopulated areas, the impact of liberalizing foreign
trade on agriculture and foreign workers'problems. These issues are concernedwith the reform of the taxation system.
Chuji SAKAMOTO (Okayama University) in "Conglomeration of
Administrative and Financial Affairs of Local Government and Local Autonomy"
indicates as follows: firstly, it is necessary to analyze the financial state of local
government as a whole based on consolidated financial statements; secondly, thewide area administration needs decentralization of power; thirdly, the foundation of
public enterprises and third sector organizations poses new problems ofaccountability; lastly, the management capacity of officials and counselors must be
enhanced.
Mitsuya YAMADA (Kokushikan University) in℃ompetition between Cities
and Issues of Local Administration" explains the competition between cities as ameans to differentiate the local community on the premise that differentiation
should be accompanied by decentralization. He emphasizes the importance ofparticipation and disclosure of information from the viewpoint of regional
management because the present society is in a transition stage from a hard-oriented
to a soft-oriented society.
Minoru BEIKA (Fukuyama University) in "New Ideas for Wide Area
Administration" gives suggestions for wide area administration from the viewpointof regional management. They are management based on the concept of the holon,
which was advocated by A. Koestler, open systems, responsibility which goesbeyond the authority of regional management, and adaptation to the environment.
He emphasizes environmental changes and the diversification of the local
community.
In section IV three authors contribute papers. Hiroshi YOSHIDA in "Issues andProspects of Local Governmental Accounting" examines the validity of introducing
an accrual basis into the governmental accounting system in consideration of therevenue sources and the functions of governmental accounting. He reaches theconclusion that in governmental organizations a different accounting system should
be adopted from business accounting on the grounds that there is no conception ofincome determination by matching costs with revenues.
Kazutoyo SuMITA (Yokohama National University) in "Charging and Fund
Accounting of Local Public Enterprises" takes a critical attitude toward thefunctions of the accrual method of accounting for public enterprises as the basis ofcharges for public services. He brings up a proposal to adopt cash-flow accounting
with a view to balancing cash-outflow with cash-inflow in order to supply stablepublic services.
79

Fujio HARADA in "Regional Management and Disclosure of Financial Affairs"
emphasizes the importance of disclosing financial information in order to promotelocal autonomy, because information is power in a democratic society. He
mentions that in Japan financial statements are unduly underestimated comparedwith budget statements and stresses the function of financial statements in assisting
citizens in taking necessary action.
(Masahiko HAYASHI, University of Marketing and Distribution Sciences)80

List of Member Associations
1994

THE JAPAN ACCOUNTING ASSOCIATION

日本会計研究学会·Established: 1937
·Number ofMembers: 1,671·President: Kiyornitsu A凶⑱aseda University)·Publication: Monthly bulletin, Kaikei (Accounting)·Liaison Office of the Japan Accounting Association
c/o Moriyama Co., Hayashi Building,
1-10, Nishiki-cho, Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Hiroshima Shudo University in September, 1995 with thesymposium "Accounting Towards the 21st Century."

THE AGRARIAN HISTORY SOCIETY

土地制度史学会·Established: 1948
·Number ofMembers: 929·Representative Director: Kanji ISHII (The University of Tokyo)·Publication: Tochi Seido Shigaku (The Journal of Agrarian Risto乃） 一 quarterly·The Agrarian History Society
c/o Faculty of Economics, The University of Tokyo,
7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Senshu University on October 28-29, 1995 with some
topics of Contemporary Economy as the main theme.

THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS SOCIETY OF JAPAN(Formerly: THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIC SOCIETY OF JAPAN)

日本農業経済学会·Established: 1924
·Number ofMembers: honorary 28, regular 1,120, associate (students) 119; cooperative 22·Chairman: Teruo WADA (The University of Tokyo)·Publication: Bulletin of the Society, Nogyokeizai Kenkyu (Journal of Rural Economics) 一 quarterly·The Agricultural Economics Society of Japan
c/o Business Center for Academic Societies of Japan,
5-16-9, Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kyushu University on April 3-4, 1995 with the symposium"Problems of the Japanese Agriculture after the GATI Uruguay Round."81

JAPAN SOCIETY FOR APPLIED MANAGEMENT (JSAM)

実践経営学会·Established: 1967
·Number of Members: 730·President: Takatsugu NATO (Tokyo International University)·Publication: The Practice of Management (No. 1-27)
News Letter-twice a year
·Japan Society for Applied Management (JSAM)
c/o AssistantProfessor Takashi HIROI
College ofEconomics, Nihon University,
1-3-2, Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, JapanThe next annual meetings will be held at Toyama University in May and Fuji University in Fall,
1995 with the symposium "New Systems Thinking & Action for a New Corporate Reality."

THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR ASIAN POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC STUDIES

アジア政経学会·Established: 1953
·Number of Members: 850·President: Toshio WATANABE (Tokyo University of Industry)·Publication: Asia Studies-quarterly·The Japan Association for Asian Political and Economic Studies
c/o Professor Satoshi AMAKO
School of International Politics, Economics and Business, Aoyama Gakuin University,
4-4-25, Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held in November, 1995 with the symposium℃hina and theOverseas Chinese Society for Asia."

JAPAN AUDITING ASSOCIATION

日本監査研究学会·Established: 1978
·Number of Members: 421·President: Masaatsu TAKADA (Kyoto Gakuen University)·Publication: Monograph, Research Series-once a year
Modem Auditing-semi-annual journal·Japan Auditing Association
c/o Faculty of Business Administration, Kobe University,
2-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Waseda University on May 18-19, 1995 with thesymposium II Interaction between the Independent Audit and the Institutional Auditor's Audit. 11

82

JAPAN SOCIETY OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

日本経営学会·Established: 1926
·Number of Members: 2,029·President: Moriyuki TAJIMA (Hitotsubashi University)·Publication: Keieigaku Ronshu-once a year
·Japan Society ofBusiness Administration
c/o The Institute ofBusiness Research, Hitotsubashi University,
2-1, Naka, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Osaka Keizai University in the fall of 1995.

JAPAN BUSINESS ENGLISH ASSOCIATION (JBEA)

日本商業英語学会·Established: 1934
·Number of Members: honorary 1, regular 229, supporting 6: total 236·President: Katsumi ITO (y,/aseda University)·Publication: Nihon Shogyo Eigo Gakkai Kenkyu Nempo (JBEA Annual Studies)-annually·Japan Business English Association
c/o Professor Katsumi ITO
School of Commerce, Waseda University,
1-6-1, Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-50, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kyushu Kokusai University in October, 1995.

BUSINESS HISTORY SOCIETY OF JAPAN

経営史学会·Established: 1964
·Number of Members: personal 774, institutional 44·President: Hidemasa MORIKAWA (Keio University)·Publication: Japan Business History Review-quarterly
Japanese Yearbook for Business History-annually·Business History Society of Japan
c/o Institute of Social Science, The University of Tokyo,
7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Osaka Gakuin University from September 30 to October 1,
1995.

83

JAPAN SOCIETY OF BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
日本経営数学会·Established: 1959
·Number of Members: 134·President: Yoshio IIHARA (Nanzan University)·Publication: A皿ual Report of Japan Society of Business Mathematics·Japan Society of Business Mathematics
c/o Professor Yoshio IIHARA, Nanzan University
18, Yamazato-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Science University of Tokyo on June 9-10, 1995.

JAPAN SOCIETY FOR COMMODITY SCIENCE
日本商品学会·Established: 1935
·Number of Members: regular 265 including 9 foreigners, supporting 3·Chairman: Ryojiro IWAKI (Chiba University of Commerce)·Publication: Quarterly bulletin, Shohin Kenkyu (Studies on Commodities)·Japan Society for Commodity Sciencec/o Hitotsubashi University,
2-1, Naka, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Hitotsubashi University on May 20-21, 1995 with thesymposium "The Industrial Society of the 21st Century and the Market Creation."

THE ASSOCIATION FOR COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC STUDIES(Formerly: THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY IN SOCIALIST ECONOMIES)
比較経済体制学会·Established: 1967
·Number of Members: 217·Chief Representative: Sei FuJITA (Osaka University of Economics and Law)
·Publication: Bulletin of the Association for Comparative Economic Studies- annually·Tue Association for Comparative Economic Studies
c/o Professor Riichi TABATA
Osaka City University,
Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558, Japan
Tue next annual meeting will be held at Nihon University on June 8-10, 1995.

84

JAPAN ACADEMY FOR CONSUMPTION ECONOMY

日本消費経済学会·Established: 1974
·Number ofMembers: 416·Chief Representative: Shigeru NISHIMURA (Takushoku University)·Publication: Annals of the Japan Academy for Consumption Economy·Japan Academy for Consumption Economy
c/o Faculty of Commerce, Takushoku University
3-4-14, Kohinata-cho, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Takushoku University on June 2-4, 1995.

THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY

経済社会学会·Established: 1966
·Number ofMembers: 342·President: Kenichi TOMINAGA (Keio University)·Publication: The Annals of the Society of Economic Sociology·The Society of Economic Sociology
c/o Professor Yukimasa NAGAYASU
International School of Economics and Business Administration, Reitaku University
2-1-1, Hikarigaoka, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Himeji Dokkyo University on September 16-17, 1995 withthe symposium" Bureaucracy."

THE SOCIETY FOR THE HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT

経済学史学会·Established: 1950
·Number ofMembers: 817·President: Takumi TSUDA (Toyama Kokusai University)·Publication: The Annual Bulletin of the Society for the History of Economic Thought
The History of Economic Thought Society Newsletter·The Society for the History of Economic Thought
c/o Professor Tamotsu NISHIZAWA
The Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University,
2-1, Naka, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held atMusashi University on October 29-30, 1995 with thecommon theme"The Tricenten町of Quesnay's Birth: Reappraisal of Tableau Economique in
Theoretical andModem-day Context."

85THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMICS AND ECONOMETRICS

理論・計量経済学会·Established: 1947
·Number of Members: 2,241·President: Koichi H虹A (Yale University)·Publication: The Economic Studies Quarterly·The Japan Association ofEconomics and Econometrics
c/o The Institute of Statistical Research,
1-18-16, Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Gakushuin University on September 23-24, 1995.

THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHERS

経済地理学会·Established: 1954
·Number of Members: 734, patronage members: 8·President: Keiichi TAKEUCHI (Komazawa University)·Publication: Keizai Chirigaku Nempo (Annals of the Japan Association ofEconomic Geographers)-quarterly·The Japan Association ofEconomic Geographers
c/o Division ofEconomic Geography,
Faculty ofEconomics, Hitotsubashi University, East Bldg.,
2-1, Naka, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Ochanomizu Women's University on May 27-28, 1995 withthe symposium "World Cities: Tokyo."JAPAN ECONOMIC POLICY ASSOCIATION

日本経済政策学会·Established: 1940
·Number of Members: individuals 1,237, institutional 4·President: Taketoshi No血A (Osaka Gakuin University)·Publication: Nippon Keizai Seisaku Gakkai Nempo (The Annals of the Japan Economic Policy
Association)-annually·Japan Economic Policy Association
c/o Department ofEconomics, Kobe University
2-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at the University ofTokyo on May 13-14, 1995 with thesymposium "The Internationalization Age and Economic Rules Making."

86

JAPAN FINANCE ASSOCIATION

日本経営財務研究学会·Established: 1977
·Number of Members: 451·President: Rinya SHIBAKAWA (Hitotsubashi University)·Publication: The A皿ual Report of the Japan Finance Association - annually·Japan Finance Association
c/o Faculty of Business Administration, Kobe University,
2-1, Rokkodai-cho,Nada-ku, Kobe, 657,JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Doshisha University in October, 1995.

JAPAN ACADEMY FOR FOREIGN TRADE (JAFT)

日本貿易学会·Established: 1960
·Number of Members: 370·President: Ryohei ASAOKA (Waseda University)·Publication: The A皿 ual Bulletin of the Japan Academy for Foreign Trade
IA汀News- twice yearly·Japan Academy for ForeignTrade
c/o Professor Ryohei AsAOKA
School ofCommerce, Waseda University,
1-6-1,Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku,Tokyo 169-50,JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Nagasaki Kenritsu University on May 27-28, 1995 withthe symposium "The ImportTrade ofJapan Revisited."

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INSURANCE SCIENCE

日本保険学会·Established: 1940
·Number of Members: honorary 6 including two foreigners, ordinary 1,132 including 27 foreigners,
supporting organizations 65·Chairman: Yutaka MAEKAWA (Keio University)·Publication: Journal ofInsurance Science (Hoken-gaku Zasshi) 一 quarterly·The Japanese Society of Insurance Sciencec/oThe Life Insurance Association ofJapan
3-4-1, Marunouchi,Chiyoda-ku,Tokyo 100,JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Shudo University of Hiroshima in October, 1995.

87

JAPANESE ASSOCIATION FOR INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STUDIES

国際会計研究学会·Established: 1984
·Number of Members: 449·President: Kiyoshi OGAWA (Waseda University)·Publication: Kokusai Kaikei Kenkyu Gakkai Nenpo (Annual Report of Japanese Association forInternational Accounting Studies)·Japanese Association for international Accounting Studies
c/o Professor Kiyoshi OGAwA
School of Commerce, Waseda University,
1-6-1, Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-50, JapanTHE JAPAN SOCIETY OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS

国際経済学会·Established: 1950
·Number of Members: individual 1,175, corporate 18·President: Masaru SAITO (Chuo University)·Publication: Kokus旺Keizai (International Economy) 一 two issues a year
·The Japan Society of International Economics
c/o Professor Toshiaki HASEGAWA
Faculty ofEconomics, Chuo University742-1, Higashinakano, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-03, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kansai University on October 7-8, 1995. Definite theme to
be discussed is not yet decided.

JAPAN LOGISTICS SOCIETY

日本物流学会·Established: 1983
·Number of Members: individual 283, corporate 17·President: Masao UNO (Josai Kokusai University)·Publication: Journal of the Japan Logistics Society·Japan Logistics Society
c/o Professor Osamu NISHIZAWA
School of Commerce, Waseda University
1-6-1, Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-50, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Chukyo University in September, 1995.

88

NIPPON ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT EDUCATION

日本経営教育学会·Established: 1979
·Number of Members: individual 812, corporate 19·Representative Manager: Seiichi FunYOSHI (Me_iji University)·Publication: A皿als of the Nippon Academy of Management Education, published by theadministrative office of the academy·Nippon Academy of Management Education
c/o Yamashiro Keiei Kenkyujo
4-8-4, Iidabashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Wako University in June, 1995.

THE ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY

経営哲学学会·Established: 1984
·Number of Members: 293·Representative Manager: Toyoaki SAKAYANAGI (Meiji Gakuin University)·Publication: Keiei Tetsugaku Ronshu (The Annual Report of the Academy of Management
Philosophy)·The Academy of Management Philosophy
c/o Professor Koji OH訳A, Meiji Gakuin University,
1-2-37, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Aoyama Gakuin University in September, 1995.

THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF MONETARY ECONOMICS

金融学会·Established: 1943
·Number of Members: 981·President: Ryoichi MIKITANI (Kobe Gakuin University)·Publication: Review of Monet的and Financial Studies - biannually·The Japan Society of Monetary Economics
c/o Toyo Keizai Shinpo-sha,
1-2-1, Hongoku-cho, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Waseda University in Spring, 1995.

89

JAPAN SOCIETY OF MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION(Formerly: JAPAN SOCIETY OF COMMERCIAL SCIENCES)

日本商業学会·Established: 1951
·Number of Members: honorary 5, ordinary 796, supporting companies 9·President: Yoshihiro TAJIMA (Gakushuin University)·Publication: Journal ofJapan Society of Marketing and Distribution - annually·Japan Society of Marketing and Distribution
c/o The Distribution Economics fustitute ofJapan,
The 3rd T.O.C. Bldg., 7-23-1, Nishigotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at University of Marketing and Distribution Sciences in May,
1995 with the Symposium "Price Destruction and Distribution Revolution."

THE ACADEMIC ASSOCIATION FOR ORGANIZATIONAL SCIENCE

組織学会·Established: 1959
·Number of Members: individual 1,269, company 27·President: Koichi S印MOKAWA (Hosei University)·Publication: Organizational Science-quarterly·The Academic Association for Organizational Science
c/o Keiei Kenkyujo,
1-36, Kandajinbo-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Momoyama Gakuin University in June, 1995.

JAPAN SOCIETY FOR PERSONNEL AND LABOR RESEARCH

日本労務学会·Established: 1970
·Number of Members: 708·Representative Director: Minoru出屈DA (Kyushu Kokusai University)·Publication: A皿ual Report ofJapan Society for Personnel and Labor Research·Japan Society for Personnel and Labor Research
c/o Professor Minoru HA邸DA
Faculty ofEconomics, Kyushu Kokusai University
5-9-1, Edamitsu, Yahatahigashi-ku, Kitakyushu 805, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kobe University in June, 1995 with the unified theme "New
Pradigm ofPersonnel and Labor Management."

90

JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR PLANNING ADMINISTRATION
日本計画行政学会·Established: 1977
·Number ofMembers: 1,300·President: HiroshiKATO (Keio University)·Publication: Pl皿ning Administration - quarterly·Japan Association forPlanning Administration
c/o The Institute of Statistical Research,
1-8-16, Shinbashi,Minato-ku, Tokyo 105,JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at lshinomaki Senshu University on September 22-23, 1995
with the symposium "ResourcesPolicy forCreation and Sustainable Development. 11

JAPAN SOCIETY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY
経済理論学会·Established: 1959
·Number ofMembers: 1,044·Chief Representative: Mitsuhiko TSURUTA (Chuo University)·Publication: The Annual Bulletin of the Society of Political Economy- annually·Japan Society ofPoliticalEconomy
c/oProfessorMitsuhik.o TSURUTA,Chuo University,742, Higashinakano, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-03,JapanThe next annual meeting will be held atKeio University onNovember 4-5, 1995.

THE POPULATION ASSOCIATION OF JAPAN
日本人口学会·Established: 1947
·Number ofMembers: 388, honorary 4, special 3·President: Masaaki YASUKAWA (Meikai University)·Publication: Jinkogaku Kenkyu (The Journal of Population Studies)·Population Association ofJapan
c/o Institute ofPopulation problems,
Ministry of Health and Welfare,
1-2-2,Kasumigaseki,Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100,JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Fukuoka University onJune 8-9, 1995.

91

JAPAN PORT ECONOMICS ASSOCIATION

日本港湾経済学会·Established: 1962
·Number of Members: 350·Representative Manager: Toshiro KITAMI (ShizuokaSangyo University)·Publication: Kowan Keizai Kenkyu (The Annual Report of the Japan Port Economics Association)·Japan Port Economics Association
c/o Yokohama Yamashita-Futo Kowan Keizai Center
279-1, Yamashita-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama, 231, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held in Kobe on October 16-18, 1995 with the symposium "Asia
Economic Developments and the Roles ofPort and Harbors."

THE JAPAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC FINANCE(Formerly: JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF FISCAL SCIENCE)

日本財政学会·Established: 1940
·Number of Members: 640·Chairman: Hidehiro ICHIKAWA (Chuo University)·Publication: A皿ual Report of the Japan Institute of Public Finance·The Japan Institute ofPublic Financec/o The Institute ofStatistical Research,
1-18-16, Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Okayama University in the fall of 1995.

THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF PUBLIC UTILITY ECONOMICS

公益事業学会·Established: 1949
·Number of Members: regular members 386, corporation members 75·Chairman: Kunio OSHIMA (Surugadai University)·Publication: Journal ofPublic Utility Economics·Koeki Jigyo Gakkai (The Japan Society ofPublic Utility Economics)
c/o 1-12-31, Minamiaoyama, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Aomori Public College on June 3-4, 1995.

92

THE JAPAN SECTION OF THE REGIONAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONAL

日本地域学会·Established: 1962
·Number of Members: 582·President: Takao FuKucm (Kyoto University)·Publication: Studies in Regional Science (Chiikigaku Kenkyu)- the Journal of the Japan Section of
RSAI Vol. 22. No. 1 (in Japanese) & No. 2 (in English)-annually·The Japan Section of the Regional Science Association International
c/o Professor H江otada KOHNO
Institute of Socio-Economic Planning, Tsukuba University,
Tsukuba, lbaraki 305, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Rissho University on October 21-22, 1995 with thesymposium "The Major Subject: The Greater Tokyo Problem."JAPAN RISK MANAGEMENT SOCIETY

日本リクスマネジメント学会·Established: 1978
·Number of Members: individual 451, supporting 37·Representative Management: Toshiaki KA畑I (Kansai University)·Publication: JA叫S Report (Risk and Insurance management)·Society for the Study of Risk Management
c/o Professor Toshiaki K碑I
School of Commerce, Kansai University,
3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Tezukayama University on September 23-24, 1995.

THE SOCIETY FOR THE ECONOMIC STUDIES OF SECURITIES

証券経済学会·Established: 1966
·Number of Members: 495·Representative: Hiroo H心⑲A (Momoyama Gakuin University)·Publication: Annals of the Society for the Economic Studies of Securities-annually·Society for the Economic Studies of Securities
c/o Japan Securities Research fustituteTokyo Shoken Kaikan,
1-5-8, Nihonbashi-Kayaba-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Chiba University of Commerce in Spring 1995.

93

THE SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF SOCIAL POLICY

社会政策学会·Established: 1950
·Number ofMembers: 870·Representative: Kazuo NIMURA (OHARA Institute, Hosei University)·Publication: SHAKAISEISAKU GAKKAI NENPO (Annals of the Society for the Study of Social
Policy)·Society for the Study of Social Policy
c/o OHARA Institute for Social Research, Hosei University,4342, Aihara-machi, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194-02, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Seijo University on May 24-25, 1995 with the symposium"Technological Changes and Society."

ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF SOCIALIST ENTERPRISE

社会主義経営学会·Established: 1976
·Number ofMembers: 248·President: Shoichi OHASHI (Kansai University)·Publication: A皿 ual Report of Association for the Study of Socialist Enterprise·Association for the Study of Socialist Enterprise
c/o Professor Shoichi OHASHI
Faculty of Commerce, Kansai University,
3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka 665, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kansai University on March 25-27, 1995 with the unified
theme "Change of Social System and Business Administration."

SOCIO-ECONOMIC HISTORY SOCIETY

社会経済史学会·Established: 1930
·Number ofMembers: 1,188·Representative Director: A此a HAYAMI (International Research Center for Japanese Studies)·Publication: Shakai Keizai Shigaku (Socio-Economic History)- bimonthly·Shakai Keizaisi Gakkai (Socio-Economic History Society)c/o Professor H. K汀〇Sophia University,
7, Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at the University of Tokyo on May 20-21, 1995 with thesymposium "The Post-War History of the Japanese Style Firm Management System."94

JAPAN STATISTICAL SOCIETY
日本統計学会·Established: 1931
·Number ofMembers: 1,322·President: Minoru SHIOTANI (Meisei University)·Publication: Journal of the Japan Statistical Society-biannually·Japan Statistical Society
c/o The Institute ofStatistical Mathematics,
4-6-7, Minami-Azabu,Minato-ku, Tokyo 106, JapanThe next annual meeting will be hosted by Oita University, Oita, and held on July 23-26, 1995.

JAPAN SOCIETY OF TRANSPORTATION ECONOMICS
日本交通学会·Established: 1941
·Number ofMembers: 366 regular members including 8 advisory individuals and 43 special
corporations·President: Yukihide OKANO (Soka University)·Publication: Kotsugaku Kenkyu (A皿ual Report of Transportation Economics)·Japan Society of TransportationEconomics (Nihon Kotsu Gakkai)
c/o Unyu-Chosa-Kyoku,
7-1-1, Ueno, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kokugakuin University in October, 1995.

NIPPON URBAN MANAGEMENT RESEARCH ASSOCIATION
日本地方自治研究学会·Established: 1984
·Number ofMembers: individual 260, group 7·Representative Manager: Rei SHIRATORI (Tokai University)·Publication: Journal of Urban Management Research (Annals of Nippon Urban Management
Research Association)·Nippon UrbanManagement Research Association
7-2,Minami-Ogimachi, Kita-ku, Osaka 530, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Konan University from September 30 to October 1, 1995
under the common theme "Regional Development and Industry of Cultural and Artistic Affairs."

95

New Membership 1994
THE SOCIETY FOR INDUSTRIAL STUDIES
産業学会
ESTABLISHED: 8 NOVEMBER, 1975OBJECT雌：The comprehensive study of industries
NU血ER OF MEMBERS:
individual 302
REPRESENTATIVE:
Mitsuo Fum (Nihon University)
ANNUAL MEETINC沿：Nation-wide meeting once a year
PUBLICATION:
Annals of the Society for Industrial Studies, JapanADDRESS:THE SOCIETY FOR INDUSTR国STUDIES
c/o Professor H血hiko YASUKI
Faculty of Economics, Kansai University
3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Nihon University on June 10-11, 1995 with
"The New International Division of Labour and the Perspective of Industries" as themain theme.

96

JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
日本経営システム学会
ESTABLISHED: 29 APR止1981
OBJECT雌：The comprehensive study of management systems
NUMBER OF MEMBERS:
individual 369
PRESIDENT:
Hideo MIYAMOTO (Chiba University of Commerce)
ANNUAL MEE諏GS:
Biannual nation-wide meetings
PUBLICATION:
Journal ofJapan Association for Management Systems (biannually)
ADDRESS:JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
22F, STEC Information Building,
1-24-1, Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Aichi Institute of Technology on May
13-14, 1995 with the main theme "Legal Regulation and Management Systems."

97THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR RESEARCH ON
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATIVE BEHAVIOR
経営行動研究学会
ESTABLISHED: 1 JULY, 1991
OBJECT雌：The comprehensive study of Business administrative behavior
REPRESENTATIVE:
Toshio知KUCHI (Nihon University)
NU畑ER OFMEMBERS:
individual 234, corporate 5
ANNUALMEET訳GS:
Nation-wide meetings once a year
PUBLICATION:
The Annals of The Japan Association for Research on Business Admipistrative
Behavior
ADDRESS:THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR RESEARCH ON BUSINESSADM閥STRATIVE BEHAVIOR
c/o The Institute of Business Administrative Behavior
Taiki Building, 3-10-15, Ginza, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Nihon University in July, 1995.

98

CIRIEC Japanese Section(International Center of Research and Information on Public and Co-operative Economy)
国際公共経済学会（公共•協同経済国際研究情報センタ ー 日本支部）
ESTABLISHED: 1985
OBJECT呻：
Public economy study and comparison of international public economies
NUMBER OFMEMBERS:
individual 313, cooperative 16
REPRESENTATIVE:
Hisao ONOE (Shiga University)
ANNUALMEE諏GS:
once a year
PUBLICATION:
International Public Economy Study
ADDRESS:CIRIEC Japanese Section
c/o Professor Shunzo NITTA
Faculty of Economics, Toyo University
5-28-20, Hakusan, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Toyo University on October 7-8, 1995 withthe symposium "Social Economy."99

This Information Bulletin is designed to serve as an introduction of the academic activitiesof member associations of the Union to economic societies throughout the world. Copies
will be distributed by the secretariat of the Union to libraries and institutions in othercountries whose names have been given by member associations of the Union.