Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., Ser. B, 38(4), pp. 153–181, November 22, 2012

Rare and Threatened Pteridophytes of Asia 2. Endangered Species ofIndia — the Higher IUCN Categories
Christopher Roy Fraser-Jenkins
Student Guest House, Thamel. P.O. Box no. 5555, Kathmandu, Nepal
E-mail: chrisophilus@yahoo.co.uk(Received 19 July 2012; accepted 26 September 2012)

Abstract A revised list of 337 pteridophytes from political India is presented according to the six
higher IUCN categories, and following on from the wider list of Chandra et al. (2008). This isnearly one third of the total c. 1100 species of indigenous Pteridophytes present in India. Endemics
in the list are noted and carefully revised distributions are given for each species along with theirestimated IUCN category. A slightly modiﬁed update of the classiﬁcation by Fraser-Jenkins(2010a) is used. Phanerophlebiopsis balansae (Christ) Fraser-Jenk. et Baishya and Azolla ﬁliculoides Lam. subsp. cristata (Kaulf.) Fraser-Jenk., are new combinations.
Key words : endangered, India, IUCN categories, pteridophytes.

The total number of pteridophyte species present in India is c. 1100 and of these 337 taxa areconsidered to be threatened or endangered(nearly one third of the total). It should be
realised that IUCN listing (IUCN, 2010) is
organised by countries and the global rarity andendangerment of species is therefore often somewhat masked in an area where the ﬂoras are intimately related. This particularly applies to thetwo major groups of Sino-Himalayan and S. E.
Asian/Malesian elements present in India which
extend across the eastern borders into China,
Myanmar etc. It also applies to the Lankan/
Indian peninsular element in the south, whichcontains the highest number of Indian endemics.
A list of Asian globally threatened species of narrow distribution is given by Ebihara et al. (2012)
for which the 76 Indian, Nepalese and Bhutanese
species listed have been extracted from the present paper.
The present list is reduced compared to that of
414 threatened pteridophytes given by Chandra
et al. (2008) as it concerns only the top six IUCN
categories, EX (Extinct), EW (Extinct in thewild), CR (Critically endangered), EN (Endan-

gered), VU (Vulnerable) and NT (Near threatened), whereas Chandra et al.ʼs list was a more
preliminary one which did not set out to follow
the IUCN categories until more information
became available. The IUCN categories given
here apply to political India only. Table 1 showsa statistic summary of the categorised threatened
species.
In addition more information about the statusof species in Arunachal Pradesh has become
available (Fraser-Jenkins and Benniamin, 2010;
Fraser-Jenkins, 2010b; Fraser-Jenkins, Baishya,Benniamin and Rawat, in prep.) and has revealed
that a number of species that are very rare elseTable 1. The numbers of Indian pteridophytes
belonging to different IUCN categories
Category

Number of species

CR or EXCR or EW
CR
EN
VU
NT

12
4
95
117
67
43

Total

337

Globally threatened

74

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Christopher R. Fraser-Jenkins

where in India are much more common in the far
North-East in Arunachal Pradesh and some otherNorth-Easternmost States of India. Adjustment
has also been made to the status of a number of
species, either taxonomically, or for IUCN category, now that more information from Indian
herbaria, particularly CAL, BSA and LWG, has
become available to the author.
A few of the species that have now been
excluded for taxonomic or other reasons havebeen listed here for explanatory reasons, but
in square brackets and without categories.
Many other species previously estimated to be
Endangered and Endemic have been elucidated
taxonomically by Fraser-Jenkins (1997, 2008a,
2008b) and Chandra et al. (2008) and excluded.
The classiﬁcation of Fraser-Jenkins (2010a)
has been used in the list, with some modiﬁcations according to more recent work. In general
this is similar to that of Kramer and Green(1990) and Smith et al. (2006). But it is less similar to two molecular cladonomy lists recently
produced by Christenhusz et al. (2011) and Rothfels et al. (2012), which are seen here as being
insufﬁciently taxonomically based and to recognise too many groups that have no possible morpho-taxonomic signiﬁcance. They also split
many other groups that have been more successfully sunk into recognisable categories of more
major value. Their schemes are therefore notaccepted here as being applicable to taxonomic
classiﬁcation and are seen as being of less use to
Botanists. While the former was used by Ebihara
et al. (2012) in an editorial decision as being
more recent and appearing more up-to-date, its
drawbacks are considered too great for it to be
used here.
List of endangered species with total
distributions and IUCN category
Lycopodiaceae
1. Huperzia cancellata (Spring) Trevis. — N.E.
India (Arunachal Pradesh; very rare); Tibet;
China; Myanmar. VU.
2. Huperzia carinata (Desv.) Trevis. — Indian

Islands (Nicobar Islands; very rare); China;
Taiwan; Japan; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam;
Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines; Australia;
Polynesia. Also reported from S. India (Tamil
Nadu) by Dixit (1984, 1987, following Baker),but requiring conﬁrmation and probably inerror. VU.
3. Huperzia ceylanica (Spring) Trevis. (?syn.:H. lajouensis Ching) — Sri Lanka; S. India(Tamil Nadu, Parampure Swamp, Anamalai,
7500 ft. C. E. C. Fischer 3317, 2.4.1912, but
no teeth; very rare); ?E. Nepal (A. Zimmermann, BM; very rare); N.E. India (Arunachal
Pradesh; Meghalaya; very scattered and rare);?Tibet, rare. Reported by IUCN (1998) as
indeterminate. Listed from Java by Dixit(1984, 1987) in error. NT.
4. Huperzia nilagirica (Spring) R. D. Dixit(syn.: H. hilliana (Nessel) Holub) — S. India(Kerala; Tamil Nadu; very rare). Endemic to
S. India. VU; Globally threatened.
5. Huperzia nummulariifolia (Blume) Jermy —Indian Islands (Nicobars; very rare); Thailand;
Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines; Polynesia.
EN.
6. Huperzia vernicosa (Hook. et Grev.)
Trevis. — ?Sri Lanka; S. India (Kerala; Tamil
Nadu; very rare). Endemic to Sri Lanka and S.
India. Reported by Spring from Sri Lanka, but
requiring conﬁrmation of the identity of thespecimen he cited at Kew; not listed from Sri
Lanka by Sledge (1982). CR; Globallythreatened.
7. Lycopodium dendroideum Michx. — Bhutan, very rare; N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh;very rare); China; Taiwan; Japan; E. Siberia;
N. America. CR.
8. Lycopodium annotinum L. subsp. alpestre(Hartm.) Ǻ. Löve et D. Löve (syn.: L. zonatum
Ching) — N.W. India (Uttarakhand; veryrare); Nepal, very rare; N.C. India (Sikkim;
very rare); Bhutan, very rare; N.E. India(Arunachal Pradesh; very rare)); Tibet; China;
Taiwan; Japan; Myanmar. EN; Globallythreatened.

Rare and Threatened Pteridophytes of Asia 2. Endangered Species of India

Selaginellaceae
9. ?Selaginella agustyamalayana R. Antony, S.
Khan et G. S. Nair — S. India (Tamil Nadu;
very rare). ?Endemic to South India. Perhaps
a synonym of S. cataractarum Alston, requiring further study. CR.
[Selaginella adunca subsp. adunca — N.W.
India (Himachal Pradesh; Uttarakhand; locallyabundant); W. Nepal, rare. Listed by IUCN
(1998) as Endangered, in error. Alstonʼs (1945)
record from “Kashmir” was in error for Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand].
10. Selaginella aitchisonii Hieron. — Tien Shan;
Sinkiang; Afghanistan; N. W. Pakistan, very
rare; India (Jammu & Kashmir; very rare).
Turkestan was also listed by Dixit (1992a). It
appears that this is not just an ecotype of
S. sanguinolenta, but a separate species. EN;
Globally threatened.
11. Selaginella cataractarum Alston — S. India(Tamil Nadu; very rare and partly extinct).
Reported in error from Kerala and Orissa by
Dixit (1984, 1992a). Listed as endangered by
IUCN (1998). CR; Globally threatened.
12. Selaginella kurzii Baker — N.E. India(Mizoram; very rare); Myanmar; Thailand;
Malaysia. Reported in error from Nepal, andin a wide sense from “Assam”, but meaning
Mizoram. CR.
13. Selaginella miniatospora (Dalzell) Baker(syn.: S. blatteri Bole et M. R. Almeida; typenot found at BLAT by the author) — S. India(Maharashtra; Goa; Karnataka; rare and very
restricted). Endemic to S.W. India. Its relationship to the similar N. Indian etc. species,
S. tenuifolia Spring, requires study. NT; Globally threatened.
14. Selaginella pulvinata (Hook. et Grev.)
Maxim. — N. W. India (Uttarakhand, Pithoragarh; very rare); N. W. Nepal, very rare; N.E.
India (“Assam, herb. Kew (K)” (Alston 1945),
presumably a collection from Mishmee, northern Arunachal Pradesh, by W. Grifﬁth); Myanmar (Mandalay; reported erroneously from
Moulmein); Tibet; China, widespread. EN.
15. Selaginella wattii Baker — N.E. India

155(Manipur; very rare, known only from thetype); ?Myanmar. ?Endemic to N.E. India.
Reported from Myanmar by Dixit (1984,
1992a) but without details, and requiring conﬁrmation, and not so reported by Alston(1945); reported from Mizoram, Nagaland and
Bangladesh by Ghosh et al. (2004) in error for
S. chrysorrhizos. CR; Globally threatened.
[Several specimens described as new species by
Dixit have been lost from CAL herbarium andthe types are also not present in ASSAM,
BSA, BSD, ARUN, BSHC, BSI, MH, LBG,
DD, K or BM. If they are also not present in
BSJO, CH or BURD they would appear tohave been lost or destroyed, but they may be
expected to have been dubious or erroneous,with the possible exception of S. nayarii,
which might perhaps be distinct. These are: S.
ganguliana, S. keralensis, S. nayarii and S.
panchganiana.]
Isoetaceae
Many taxa have been described from India as
new species, but the status of most of them as
species is uncertain or dubious. Recent discussion between the author and Prof. G. K. Srivastava appears to lead towards a tentative conclusion that there are three major taxa present inIndia, which probably represent the species level,with other described taxa probably representing
local variation within them. Despite the extinction of some populations representing various
types, two of the three are apparently not under
threat.
16. Isoetes sahyadriensis Mahabale (syn.: I.
dixitii Shende) — C. India (Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh; very rare). Endemic to C. India.
The type specimen is not present at CAL,
BSA, AHMA, BSI or Pune University andappears to have been lost, which would best be
dealt with by neotypiﬁcation. IUCN (1998)
listed its synonym, I. dixitii, as extinct. CR or
EX; Globally threatened.
[Isoetes sampathkumaranii L. N. Rao — C. India(Madhya Pradesh; Karnataka). Listed by
IUCN (1998) as Extinct, but has several syn-

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Christopher R. Fraser-Jenkins

onyms, including I. panchananii D. D. Pant et
G. K. Srivastava and I. reticulata Gena et
Bhardwaja, which are not threatened.
Endemic to C. and S. India].
[Isoetes bilaspurensis Panigrahi — listed by
IUCN (1998) as Rare, but is a synonym of thewidespread I. coromandelina L. f. subsp. coromandelina from Australia and India etc.].
Equisetaceae
17. Equisetum palustre L. — N. America; Europe;
N. Asia; Afghanistan; N. Pakistan, very rare;
N. W. India (Jammu & Kashmir; very rare);Tibet; China; Japan. CR.
Psilotaceae
18. Psilotum complanatum Sw. — C. and S.
America; Indian Islands (Nicobar Islands; veryrare); Thailand; Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines; Australasia; Polynesia. EN.
Ophioglossaceae
19. Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. subsp. simplex — N. America; N. Europe; N.C. India(Sikkim; very rare, Thangu, B. S. Kholia
35481, BSHC, det. CRFJ); Tibet. EN.
20. Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. — N.
America; N. Europe; N. Asia; N. Pakistan,
very rare; N.W. India (Jammu & Kashmir;
Himachal Pradesh; Uttarakhand; very rare);?W. Nepal; N.E. India (Meghalaya; very rare);
China; Korea; Japan. VU.
21. ?Ophioglossum eliminatum Khand. — C.
India (Madhya Pradesh; very rare). Said to beendemic to C. India. This taxon remains
incompletely known and has neither beenclearly described nor properly illustrated,while the type is either lost or unavailable.
Repeated requests for photographs of multiple
specimens in the ﬁeld or on a herbarium-sheet
failed to produce results. VU.
22. Ophioglossum gramineum Willd. — S. America; Africa; S. India (Tamil Nadu; ?Kerala;
Karnataka; Andhra Pradesh; very rare); N.W.
India (Uttarkhand; very rare); W. India (Rajasthan; very rare); C. India (Maharashtra; Mad-hya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh; very rare); N.E.
India (Meghalaya; ?Tripura; very rare); Myanmar; Thailand, very rare; Vietnam; Malaysia;
Philippines; Australasia; New Guinea. NT.
23. Ophioglossum lusitanicum L. (probablesyn.: O. indicum B. L. Yadav et Goswami, B.
L. Yadav 3011 [Herb. MLV Gov Coll., Bhilwara, Rajasthan, Herb. Bionature, Bhopal,
TNS VS-1110445]) — N. and S. America; W.
Europe; Africa; Macaronesia; S. India (Tamil
Nadu; very rare); ?W. India (?Rajasthan; veryrare); C. India (Madhya Pradesh; very rare);
Australasia. EN.
24. Ophioglossum pendulum L. — Madagascar; Mascarenes; Seychelles; Sri Lanka; Indian
Islands (Nicobar Islands; very rare); N.E. India(Assam State; very rare); Thailand; Malaysia;
Indonesia; Philippines; New Guinea; Australia; Polynesia; China; Taiwan; Japan. NT.
Marattiaceae
25. Christensenia aesculifolia (Blume) Maxon(syn.: C. assamica (Griff.) Ching) — N.E.
India (Arunachal Pradesh; Assam State;
Meghalaya; very rare); Bangladesh, very rare;?Myanmar; Thailand; Malaysia; Indonesia.
IUCN (1998) listed C. assamica from China
and N.E. India as Vulnerable. EN.
Osmundaceae
26. Osmunda cinnamomea L. subsp. asiatica(Fernald) Fraser-Jenk. — Bhutan; N.E. India(Arunachal Pradesh; very rare); Myanmar;
Thailand; Vietnam; China; Taiwan; Korea;
Japan; E. Siberia. EN.
27. Osmunda javanica Blume — N.E. India(Arunachal Pradesh, Siang; very rare); Myanmar; Malaysia; Indonesia. Reported from S.
India and Sri Lanka by Chandra (2000) in
error. CR.
Gleicheniaceae
28. Gleichenia (Diplopterygium) blotiana C.
Chr. — N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; veryrare); Thailand; Vietnam; China; Taiwan;
Malaysia. NT.

Rare and Threatened Pteridophytes of Asia 2. Endangered Species of India

Schizaeaceae
29. Anemia schimperiana C. Presl subsp.
wightiana (Gardner) Fraser-Jenk. — S. India(Tamil Nadu; very rare and restricted). Subspecies endemic to S. India. EN.
[?Lygodium giganteum Tagawa et K. Iwats. —N.E. India (Assam State; Nagaland; Manipur;
and Mizoram). This species was reported bySingh and Panigrahi (1984) as a new record
for India. But as described by them it was signiﬁcantly dissimilar to the description andspecimens of Tagawa and Iwatsuki, being
much smaller in its parts and considerably lesshairy on the axes, though bearing similar small
scattered hairs on the indusium and with somesegment base joints similarly swollen. At least
the Indian material they cited appears to be
L. ﬂexuosum, which can often have someslightly swollen segment-base joints, thoughnormally not so, and their record therefore
requires conﬁrmation].
30. Lygodium longifolium (Willd.) Sw. (probable syn.: L. altum (C. B. Clarke) Alderw.) —Sri Lanka; S. India (Kerala; very rare); N.E.
India (Manipur; Meghalaya; very rare); Myanmar; China; Malaysia. NT.
31. Lygodium polystachyum Wall. ex T.
Moore — N.E. India (Assam State; Manipur;
very rare); Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; China. EN.
32. Schizaea dichotoma (L.) Sm. — Indian
Islands (Nicobar Islands; rare); S. India (Kerala; very rare or extinct); Malaysia; Indonesia;
Philippines; Australasia; Polynesia; Mascarene
Islands; C. and S. America. VU.
33. Schizaea digitata (L.) Sw. — Indian Islands(Andaman Islands; Nicobar Islands; veryrare); S. India (Kerala; very rare); N.E. India(Assam State; Meghalaya; very rare); Bangladesh (probably extinct); Sri Lanka; Malaysia;
Indonesia; Philippines; New Guinea; Australasia; Polynesia. Beddome (1883) reported itfrom Sri Lanka and N.E. India in a confusion
with S. dichotoma localities. EN.

157

Polypodiaceae
34. Arthromeris cyrtomioides S. G. Lu et C. D.
Xu (syn.: A. notholaenoides V. K. Rawat etFraser-Jenk.) — N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh;very rare); China. EN; Globally threatened.
35. Arthromeris tomentosa W. M. Chu — Bhutan, very rare; N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh;very rare); Tibet; China. VU.
36. Drynaria bonii Christ — N.E. India (Manipur; very rare); Thailand; Vietnam; China.
Listed from Manipur by IUCN (1998) as Vulnerable. EN.
[Drynaria meeboldii listed from Manipur by
IUCN (1998) as vulnerable is delisted here as
it is common in Bhutan and Arunachal
Pradesh.][D. parishii (Bedd.) Bedd. — listed with doubt
by Roos (1985) from “Assam?” was in error
for a specimen from Myanmar, as communicated by M. Roos to P. H. Hovenkamp, andthence to the author].
[?Goniophlebium persicifolium (Desv.) Bedd. —listed without details from “Assam” in a wide
sense by Rödl-Linder (1990), but appears to be
an error, not now conﬁrmable, and partly
referred to G. argutum from Nepal].
37. Lemmaphyllum microphyllum C. Presl —N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; very rare);
China; Taiwan; Korea; Japan. VU.
38. Lepisorus miyoshianus (Makino) FraserJenk. et Subh.Chandra — N.E. India (Arunachal
Pradesh; very rare (ﬁrst reported by Dixit andNair (1975), sub Drymotaenium miyoshianum(Makino) Makino, including partly in error for
Vittaria linearifolia Ching); China; Japan. CR.
39. Lepisorus sordidus (C. Chr.) Ching — N.E.
India (Arunachal Pradesh; Nagaland; Manipur;
very rare); China; Myanmar. VU; Globallythreatened.
40. Lepisorus subconﬂuens Ching — ?E. Nepal(reported by Iwatsuki (1975, 1988), but probably in error for L. contortus or L. loriformis);?N.C. India (Sikkim, listed by Ghosh et al.
(2004), but probably in error); ?Bhutan(reported by Tagawa and Iwatsuki (1989), but
requiring conﬁrmation as no specimens seen

158

Christopher R. Fraser-Jenkins

from Bhutan); N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh;very rare); China; Myanmar; ?Thailand. VU.
[Leptochilus metallicus (Bedd.) C. Chr. — reported
by Nampy and Madhusoodanan (1998) from
S. India (Kerala; very rare if present), but
requiring conﬁrmation of identity. Sri Lanka.
Endemic to Sri Lanka.]
41. Leptochilus minor Fée (syn.: L. minutulus
Fée; but not Nistarika bahupunctika B. K.
Nayar, Madhus. et Molly, as synonymised by
Nooteboom (1997), which is a synonym of
Leptochilus axillaris, nor the other species of
Leptochilus he synonymised in error) — N.E.
India (Meghalaya; very rare); Malaysia(Malaya; Borneo); Philippines. Not present in
Sri Lanka, as reported by Nooteboom. Listedfrom N.E. India by IUCN (1998) as Endangered. Distribution in S. E. Asia not fully
known due to confusion with other species by
Nooteboom. EN.
[Leptochilus thwaitesianus Fée — synonym of L.
lanceolatus Fée — Sri Lanka; S. and C. India,
common.]42. Loxogramme grammitoides (Baker) C. Chr.
(misapplied name: L. lankokiensis sensu auct.
Ind., non (Rosenst.) C. Chr.) — N.C. India(Darjeeling; very rare); N.E. India (Arunachal
Pradesh; very rare); China; Taiwan; Japan.
EN.
43. Microgramma mauritiana (Willd.) Tardieu(misapplied name: M. lycopodioides sensu
Fraser-Jenkins in Chandra et al. (2008), non(L.) Copel.) — Africa; Mascarenes; Sri Lanka,
very rare or extinct; S. India (Tamil Nadu;
very rare, or extinct). CR or EW.
44. Microsorum (?Neocheiropteris) fortunei(T. Moore) Ching (excluding the larger, widerfronded and commoner M. chinense (Mett. exKuhn) Fraser-Jenk.) — N.E. India (Arunachal
Pradesh; very rare); Tibet; China; Taiwan. EN.
45. Neocheiropteris ensata (Thunb.) Ching —N.E. India (Manipur; Meghalaya; very rare);
China; Taiwan; Korea; Japan; Vietnam. EN.
46. Phymatosorus longissimus (Blume) Pic.
Serm. — ?Sri Lanka (Tagawa and Iwatsuki
1989); Indian Islands (Nicobar Islands; very

rare, Dixit and Sinha (2001)); S. India (Kerala;very rare); N.E. India (Assam State; very rareand decreasing due to drainage); Bangladesh;
Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; Malaysia; Indonesia: Philippines; Polynesia; China; Taiwan.
VU.
47. Pichisermollodes connexa (Ching) FraserJenk. — N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; Manipur; very rare); China. EN.
48. Pichisermollodes erythrocarpa (Mett. exKuhn) Fraser-Jenk. — N.W. India (Himachal
Pradesh; very rare); Nepal, rare; N.C. India(Darjeeling; Sikkim; very restricted and rare);Bhutan; ?N.E. India (?Arunachal Pradesh,
listed by Ghosh et al. (2004), but no specimen
seen by the author in CAL or elsewhere);
Tibet. NT.
49. Pichisermollodes nigrovenia (Christ) Fraser-Jenk. — N.W. India (Uttarakhand, Garhwal, Ramri, J. F. Duthie 5179, CAL, BM; veryrare); Nepal, rare; N.C. India (Darjeeling; Sikkim, very rare); Bhutan, very rare; N.E. India(Arunachal Pradesh; very rare); Tibet; China.
NT.
50. Pichisermollodes tibetana (Ching et S. K.
Wu) Fraser-Jenk. — Nepal, very rare; N.C.
India (Sikkim; very rare); Tibet; China. CR.
51. Pichisermollodes sp. ?near Phymatopteris
albopes (C. Chr. et Ching) Pic.Serm. (fronds±
like a larger and robust P. crenatopinnata, widest at base, with undulate-lobed lowest pinnae,
but rhizome rather thicker, scales black with
mid-brown edges, lanceolate with attenuatedapices and no fringe-hairs; intermediate
towards P. ebenipes?) — N.E. India (Arunachal
Pradesh, Kameng, Lum La, 2520 m., A. K.
Baishya 90548, 13.7.1987, ASSAM; veryrare). CR.
52. Platycerium wallichii Hook. — N.E. India(Manipur; very rare); Myanmar; Thailand;
Malaysia; China. Erroneously mentioned by
Chandra et al. (2008) from the Andaman andNicobar Islands due to a mistaken transposition of typed text. CR.
[?Polypodiodes dielsiana (C. Chr.) Fraser-Jenk.
Reported and mapped by Rödl-Linder (1990)

Rare and Threatened Pteridophytes of Asia 2. Endangered Species of India

from N.E. India (Meghalaya, coll. J. D.
Hooker, K), but its presence in India is very
doubtful and requires conﬁrmation; no suchrecord exists in her card-index at L][?Polypodiodes manmeiense (Christ) FraserJenk. — ?N.E. India (Meghalaya; listed asfrom “Assam” sens. lat., without details by
Rödl-Linder (1990), presumably following
Chingʼs (1933) report from “Shillong, H. Z.
Darrah [name probably incorrect], 1888”,
which was perhaps in error, not shown in her
map or card-index, its presence in India
requires conﬁrmation). Reported in error for P.
microrhizoma from the W. Indo-Himalaya(Pithoragarh) by Pande and Pande (2002), andfrom Darjeeling etc. by Bir, Trikha andVasudeva (1974) and Satija and Bir (1985);
and mentioned by Ghosh et al. (2004) in error
for Thylacopteris papillosa from Meghalaya,with its very thin rhizome. Distinguished from
P. microrhizoma by the rhizome nearly twiceas thick and veins free.]
53. Polypodiodes simonsiana Fraser-Jenk. sp.
nov. in prep. (misapplied name: Polypodiodes
wattii sensu Fraser-Jenkins (2008b) etc., non(Bedd.) Ching [＝P. niponicum] — N.E. India(Arunachal Pradesh; Manipur; Meghalaya;very rare); Myanmar. Similar to P. niponicum,
but larger, often with a curved rachis and mid
and lower pinnae backward-deﬂexed and very
acutely pointed. VU; Globally threatened.
54. Polypodiodes niponicum (Mett.) Ching(syn.: P. wattii (Bedd.) Ching, non sensu Fraser-Jenkins (2008b) etc., nec in Chandra et al.
(2008)) — N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh;
Nagaland; Manipur; Meghalaya; very rare);Tibet; China; Taiwan; Japan; Myanmar; Vietnam. Not present in N.W. India as reported by
Chandra (2000) in error. NT.
55. Pyrrosia boothii (Hook.) Ching — N.C.
India (Sikkim; very rare); Bhutan; N.E. India(Arunachal Pradesh; very rare); Myanmar;
Tibet. VU; Globally threatened.
56. Pyrrosia ceylanica (Giesenh.) Sledge —Sri Lanka; S. India (Karnataka; Kerala; Tamil
Nadu; very rare though probably overlooked).

159

Endemic to Sri Lanka and S. India. EN;
Globally threatened.
57. Pyrrosia drakeana (Franch.) Ching — N.E.
India (Arunachal Pradesh; very rare); Tibet;
China. VU.
58. Pyrrosia laevis (J. Sm.) Ching — N.E.
India (Meghalaya; very rare); Myanmar; Tibet;
China. EN.
[?Pyrrosia longifolia (Burm.f.) C. V. Morton —?N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh, reported froma single collection from Changlang District bySingh and Panigrahi (2005), but with morphological differences mentioned and very probably in error for P. adnascens, specimen taken
to Singhʼs house in Dehra Dun so not available
for proper reidentiﬁcation; presence in India
very doubtful); S. Myanmar (Moulmein);
Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; S. China;
Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines; New
Guinea; Australia; Polynesia. Absent from
Nepal, which was reported to be doubtful by
Hovenkamp (1986)].
59. Pyrrosia rasamalae (Racib.) K. H. Shing(misapplied name: P. ﬂoccigera) — N.E. India(Arunachal Pradesh; very rare); Myanmar;
Thailand; Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines.
VU.
60. Pyrrosia stigmosa (Sw.) Ching — N.E.
India (Arunachal Pradesh, Debang Valley,
Mayodia Pass, A. Benniamin 28757,
12.12.2011, ASSAM, det CRFJ; very rare);Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; Cambodia;
Malaysia; Indonesia; Tibet; China. Widely
misreported from India by Mehra (1939),
Panigrahi (1960), Satija and Bir (1985) etc. inerror for P. costata, thus previously unknown
from India. CR.
61. Pyrrosia subfurfuracea (Hook.) Ching —Bhutan, very rare; N.E. India (Arunachal
Pradesh; Nagaland; Manipur; very rare);Myanmar; Tibet; China. NT.
62. Selliguea chrysotricha (C. Chr.) FraserJenk. — Bhutan; N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh;very rare); Myanmar; China. EN.
63. Selliguea engleri (Luerss.) Fraser-Jenk. —N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; Mizoram; very

160

Christopher R. Fraser-Jenkinsrare); China; Taiwan; Korea; Japan. EN.
64. Selliguea majoensis (C. Chr.) FraserJenk. — N.E. India (Nagaland; Meghalaya; veryrare); Tibet; China. EN.
65. Selliguea subsparsa (Baker) Hovenkamp —N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; very rare);?Thailand; Malaysia; Sumatra. First reported
from India by Dixit and Nair (1977) as Holcosorus bisulcatus (i.e. Selliguea bisulcata) inerror. This species may perhaps be conspeciﬁcwith S. enervis (Cav.) Ching. IUCN (1998)
listed Holcosorus bisulcatus from Arunachal
Pradesh as Endangered. CR.
66. Selliguea tricuspis (Hook.) Fraser-Jenk. —N.C. India (Darjeeling, ?extinct; Sikkim; veryrare); Thailand; Vietnam; Malaysia; S. China.
CR or EW.
67. Selliguea trisecta (Baker) Fraser-Jenk. —N.E. India (Assam State, Pynursla on Meghalaya border; very rare); Myanmar; Tibet;
China. CR.
68. Thylacopteris papillosa (Blume) Kunze ex
J. Sm. — N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; Meghalaya, det. CRFJ; very rare); Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines. Reported from Meghalaya by
Ghosh et al. (2004) sub Metapolypodium manmeiense in error, specimen in CAL! CR.
Grammitidaceae
69. Ctenopterella blechnoides (Grev.) Parris —Sri Lanka; S. India (Tamil Nadu; ?extinct);
Malaysia; Indonesia; Australia; Polynesia. CR
or EX.
70. Oreogrammitis attenuata (Kunze) Parris —Sri Lanka; S. India (Tamil Nadu; very rare).
Endemic to Sri Lanka and S. India. EN;
Globally threatened.
71. Oreogrammitis austroindica (Parris) Parris — S. India (Tamil Nadu; known from asingle 19th Century collection, probably
extinct). Endemic to S. India. CR or EX;
Globally threatened.
72. Oreogrammitis pilifera (Ravi et J. Joseph)
Parris (misapplied name: Grammitis medialis
sensu auct. Ind.) — S. India (Kerala; Tamil
Nadu; very rare). Endemic to S. India. VU;

Globally threatened.
73. Prosaptia alata (Blume) Christ — Sri
Lanka; S. India (Tamil Nadu; very rare or?extinct), Thailand; Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines; Polynesia. CR or EX.
74. Prosaptia contigua (G. Forst.) C. Presl —Sri Lanka; S. India (Kerala; Tamil Nadu; veryrare); Thailand; Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines; Australasia; Polynesia; China; Taiwan.
CR.
75. Prosaptia khasyana (Hook.) C. Chr. et Tardieu — N.E. India (Meghalaya; very rare);Myanmar. Records of this species from elsewhere, including S. China and S.E. Asia refer
to P. barathrophylla (Baker) M. G. Price. (personal communication from B. S. Parris, May
2012). CR; Globally threatened.
76. Prosaptia obliquata (Blume) Mett. — Sri
Lanka; S. India (Kerala; Tamil Nadu; veryrare); Thailand; Vietnam; Malaysia; Indonesia;
Philippines; New Guinea; China; Taiwan. EN.
77. Scleroglossum sulcatum (Kuhn) Alderw. —Sri Lanka, very rare; N.E. India (Meghalaya;very rare); Thailand; Vietnam; Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines; Polynesia; China; Taiwan.
CR.
78. Tomophyllum perplexum (Parris) Parris(misapplied name: Ctenopteris subfalcata
sensu auct. austr.-Ind.) — Sri Lanka; S. India(Tamil Nadu; very rare). Endemic to Sri
Lanka and S. India. CR; Globally threatened.
Hymenophyllaceae
79. Hymenophyllum acanthoides (Bosch.)
Rosenst. — S. India (Kerala; very rare); Thailand; Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines; New
Guinea; Taiwan. A report from N.E. India by
Ghosh (1982), repeated by Dixit (1984) was inerror for H. denticulatum, but the species andreport were not mentioned at all, nor correctedby Ghosh et al. (2004). CR.
80. Hymenophyllum barbatum (Bosch) Baker —N.E. India (Meghalaya; Mizoram; very rare);Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; China; Taiwan;
Japan. EN.
[?Hymenophyllum edentulum (Bosch) C. Chr. —Rare and Threatened Pteridophytes of Asia 2. Endangered Species of India

N.E. India (Meghalaya; apparently very rare,
Dixit (1984), as from “Assam” sens. lat.);Malaysia; Indonesia. This is a dubious taxon
in addition to its identiﬁcation from India
being unsure.]
81. Hymenophyllum levingei C. B. Clarke —N.C. India (Sikkim; high altitude, very
restricted and rare); Bhutan; Tibet; China. NT;
Globally threatened.
82. ?Trichomanes agasthianum (Madhus. et C.
A. Hameed) C. A. Hameed, K. P. Rajesh et
Madhus. (syn.: T. lunulatum (Madhus. et C. A.
Hameed) C. A. Hameed., K. P. Rajesh et Madhus) — S. India (Tamil Nadu; Kerala; veryrare). Apparently Endemic to S. India. However the lamina-lobes extending slightly
beyond the sori are similar to Sledgeʼs description of T. kurzii, based on the type (and not toHameed et al.ʼs description and illustration of
T. kurzii). EN.
83. ?Trichomanes apiifolium C. Presl — Indian
Islands (Nicobar Islands; very rare); Thailand;
Malaysian Islands; Indonesia; Philippines;
New Guinea; Polynesia; Taiwan; Japan.
Reported from the Nicobars by Tagawa &Iwatsuki (1979), but not since; its presence
requires conﬁrmation. It may be the same as
the “Nesopteris grandis” (Copel.) Copel.
reported from the Nicobar Islands by Dixit andSinha (2001) and Dixit, Ghosh and Ghosh(1997). CR.
84. Trichomanes exiguum (Bedd.) Baker — Sri
Lanka, uncommon; S. India (Karnataka; Kerala; Tamil Nadu; very rare); Thailand; Malaysia; Australia. EN.
[?Trichomanes grande Copel. — Indian Islands(Nicobar Islands; very rare); Philippines; Polynesia. See T. apiifolium, above]
85. Trichomanes henzaianum Parish ex Hook. —S. India (Karnataka; very rare); Myanmar;
Thailand; Vietnam; Malaya. EN.
86. Trichomanes latemarginale D. C. Eaton —N.E. India (Meghalaya; very rare); China; Taiwan; Japan; Vietnam; Malaysia. VU.
87. Trichomanes maximum Blume (syn.: T.
indicum S. R. Ghosh, nec al.) — Indian

161

Islands (Nicobar Islands; very rare); N.E. India(Arunachal Pradesh; very rare); Myanmar;
Thailand; Vietnam; Malaysia; Indonesia; Polynesia; Taiwan; Japan. EN.
88. ?Trichomanes mindorense Christ — ?S.
India (Kerala; very rare, Hameed, Rajesh andMadhusoodanan (2003), but may require conﬁrmation); Malaysia, Philippines; New
Guinea; Australia; Polynesia. CR.
[?Trichomanes motleyi (Bosch) Bosch — Sri
Lanka; ?Indian Islands (Andaman Islands;
reported by Dixit (1984), with T. henzaianumin synonymy, but both omitted without explanation by Dixit and Sinha (2001)); Myanmar;
Vietnam; China; Taiwan; Japan; Thailand;
Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines; Australia;
Polynesia.]
89. Trichomanes parvifolium (Baker) Copel. —Nepal, very rare; N.C. India (Sikkim; veryrare); N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; Meghalaya; very rare); Myanmar; Thailand. EN.
90. Trichomanes sublimbatum Müll. Berol. —N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; Meghalaya;very rare); S. India (Kerala; very rare); Myanmar; Thailand; S.E. Asia; China; New Guinea.
VU.
Cyatheaceae
91. Cyathea albosetacea (Scott. ex Bedd.)
Copel. — Indian Islands (Nicobar Islands;
very rare). Endemic to the Nicobar Islands.
IUCN (1998) listed it as Vulnerable. EN;
Globally threatened.
92. Cyathea contaminans (Wall. ex Hook.)
Copel. N.C. India (only known for certainfrom a single Indian collection, from Rungbee
Valley, below Mongpo, Darjeeling, W. Bengal,
and perhaps either extinct or requiring conﬁrmation re identity); Thailand; China; Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines. Other mistaken
records mostly referred to C. brunoniana(Wall. ex Hook.) C. B. Clarke et Baker. ?CR
or EX.
93. Cyathea crinita (Hook.) Copel. — Sri
Lanka; S. India (Kerala; Tamil Nadu; veryrare). Endemic to Sri Lanka and S. India. EN.

162

Christopher R. Fraser-Jenkins

94. ?Cyathea nicobarica N. P. Balakr. et R. D.
Dixit — Indian Islands (Nicobar Islands; veryrare). Described as endemic to the Nicobar
Islands from a single, sterile and unidentiﬁable
pinna of a Cyathea listed by Holttum as not
being C. albosetacea. Quite probably a known
Sumatran species. CR or EX.
[Cyathea nilgirensis Holttum — South India (Kerala; Tamil Nadu; not particularly rare). Erroneously listed by IUCN (1998) as endangered.]
Dennstaedtiaceae
95. Dennstaedtia wilfordii (T. Moore) Christ ex
Ching — Pakistan; N. W. India (Jammu andKashmir; very rare, perhaps extinct?); China;
Japan. This highly disjunct occurrence in India
is based only on a very few older collectionsof this species around a small area on bothsides of the Pakistan/Indian border in the Jhelum
Valley, Kashmir, and has not been seen forsome 40 years since the reports of Stewart(1945, 1972). It also occurred a little further
west in the lower Kagan Valley, in Pakistan, so
is not an adventive species. A similar large disjunction occurs with Dryopteris dickinsii. CR
or EX.
96. Hypolepis sp. ?near brooksiae Alderw. —N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; very rare). H.
brooksiae is from Malaysia; Indonesia. The
Indian plant is only very tentatively and not
ﬁnally identiﬁed, being near H. polypodoides
with alternate pinnae, but with thorny axes asin H. brooksiae. EN.
97. Microlepia calvescens (Wall. ex Hook.) C.
Presl — N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; Manipur; Meghalaya; rare); Myanmar; Thailand;
Vietnam; China; Taiwan; Java. Reported fromthe W. Himalaya in error, over-reported from
N.E. India and Nepal in error for M. marginata(Houte ex Panz.) C. Chr. NT.
98. Microlepia caudigera T. Moore (syn.: M.
uropinnata Panigrahi et A. Das [＝A. Biswas],nom. superﬂ.) — Bhutan; N.E. India (Arunachal
Pradesh; ?Meghalaya; very rare); China. VU;
Globally threatened.
99. Microlepia kurzii (C. B. Clarke) Bedd. —N.E. India (Manipur; very rare); Myanmar;
Thailand; China. The Indian plant was erroneously separated as var. manipurensis A.
Biswas et T.Sen, now sunk here into the synonymy of M. kurzii. M. kurzii was erroneously
excluded from India by Fraser-Jenkins (2008)
due to confusion as to which specimen Dixit
was referring to. CR; Globally threatened.
100. Microlepia majuscula (E. J. Lowe) T.
Moore—Sri Lanka; S. India (Kerala; Tamil
Nadu; very rare); Myanmar. EN.
101. Microlepia trichocarpa Hayata — Nepal,
very rare; N.C. India (Darjeeling; very rare);
N.E. India (Manipur; Meghalaya; rare); China;
Taiwan. EN.
102. Pteridium brownseyi Fraser-Jenk. — Pakistan; far N.W. India (Jammu and Kashmir;very rare). VU.
103. Pteridium semihastatum (Wall. ex J. Agardh)
S. B. Andrews — N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh;very rare); Myanmar; Thailand; China; Vietnam; Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines; New
Guinea; Australia. A report from N.W. India(Uttarakhand) was due to one of Wallichʼsrather numerous confusions and mislabellingsof a Singapore collection as if collected by R.
Blinkworth in Kumaon, due to his sortingsome unclearly labelled collections less thancritically by general appearance. This is agood species with fully formed spores, not thesame as the very similar, but sterile hybrid
P. x yarrabense (Domin) Wakef. from Australia. CR.
Lindsaeaceae[?Lindsaea bouillodii Christ — ?Indian Islands(Andaman and Nicobar Islands, sub L. tenera(Ghosh and Dixit 1978, Dixit and Ghosh 1982,
Dixit and Sinha 2001; very rare); S. India(Tamil Nadu, Tinevelly (Dixit 1984, sub L.
bouillodii); very rare); Thailand; Vietnam; S.
China; Malaysia. L. bouillodii was misreported by Dixit (1984) from Sri Lanka.
Although Dixit subsequently separated L.
bouillodii as a distinct species, perhaps correctly, Kramer (1972) had had doubts whether

Rare and Threatened Pteridophytes of Asia 2. Endangered Species of India

it were truly distinct from L. tenera. Further
taxonomic investigation is required).
104. Lindsaea chienii Ching — Indian Islands(?Nicobar Islands (Dixit and Sinha 2001), may
require reidentiﬁcation; very rare); N.E. India(Manipur; very rare); Myanmar; Thailand;
Vietnam; China; Taiwan; Japan. EN.
105. Lindsaea commixta Tagawa — Sri Lanka;
Indian Islands (Andaman Islands; very rare);
S. India (Tamil Nadu; very rare); Nepal, very
rare; N.E. India (Meghalaya; very rare);Myanmar; Vietnam; Malaysia; Indonesia;
Philippines; China; Taiwan; Japan. Misreported from Uttarakhand (Mussoorie) on thebasis of a mislabelled specimen of R. L. Fleming Sr., actually collected from the single S. C.
Nepalese locality at Andhi Khola. EN.
106. Lindsaea gueriniana (Gaudich.) Desv. —Indian Islands (Andaman Islands; Nicobar
Islands; very rare); Malaysia; Philippines;
New Guinea; Polynesia. EN.
107. Lindsaea javanensis Blume — N.E. India(Assam State; Arunachal Pradesh; Meghalaya;very rare); Myanmar; Thailand; Malaysia;
China; Taiwan; Japan. VU.
108. Lindsaea malabarica (Bedd.) Baker — S.
and C. India (Karnataka; Kerala; Tamil Nadu;?Andhra Pradesh; Madhya Pradesh; very rare).
Endemic to peninsular India. NT; Globallythreatened.
109. Lindsaea malayensis Holttum — Indian
Islands (Nicobar Islands; very rare); Thailand;
Malaysia.VU.
110. Lindsaea oblanceolata Alderw. — Indian
Islands (Nicobar Islands; very rare); Thailand;
Malaysia; Indonesia. EN.
111. Lindsaea obtusa J. Sm. ex Hook. (syn.: L.
andamanica R. D. Dixit et B. Ghosh) —Indian Islands (Andaman Islands; very rare);
China; S.E. Asia; Australasia. NT.
112. Lindsaea parasitica (Roxb.) Hieron. —Indian Islands (Andaman Islands; Nicobar
Islands; very rare); Thailand; Malaysia. NT.
113. Lindsaea tenera Dryand. — Indian Islands(Andaman Islands; Nicobar Islands; very rare).
?Endemic to the Andaman and Nicobar

163

Islands, unless L. bouillodii is not a distinct
species. Taxonomically somewhat uncertain as
to whether it is really speciﬁcally distinct fromL. bouillodii. NT; Globally threatened.
114. Lindsaea tetragona K. U. Kramer — Indian
Islands (Nicobar Islands; very rare); Indonesia; Polynesia. NT.
115. Lindsaea venusta Kaulf. ex Kuhn — Sri
Lanka; S. India (Kerala; Tamil Nadu; veryrare). Endemic to Sri Lanka and S. India. EN;
Globally threatened.
116. Lindsaea walkerae Hook. (syn.: L. rutlandica [“rutlandia”] R. D. Dixit et B. Ghosh) — Sri
Lanka; Indian Islands (Andaman Islands; veryrare); S.E. Asia; Australasia. EN.
117. Tapeinidium pinnatum (Cav.) C. Chr. — S.
India (Tamil Nadu; very rare or extinct); Thailand; Malaysia; Philippines; Taiwan; Japan.
Reported from the E. Himalaya by Dixit(1984) in error. CR or EW.
Pteridaceae (syn.: Adiantaceae, Sinopteridaceae,
Cheilanthaceae, Taenitidaceae, Cryptogrammaceae, Parkeriaceae)
118. Acrostichum speciosum Willd. — Indian
Islands (Andaman Islands; Nicobar Islands;
very rare); Thailand; Australia. VU.
119. Adiantum ﬂabellulatum L. — N.E. India(Assam State; Manipur; Meghalaya; veryrare); Bangladesh, ?extinct; Malaysia; Indonesia; China; Taiwan; Japan. VU.
120. Adiantum myriosorum Baker — Nepal;
N.C. India (Sikkim; restricted and rare); Bhutan; N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh, very rare);Tibet; China; Taiwan. NT.
121. Adiantum soboliferum Wall. ex Hook. —?S. India (Tamil Nadu, listed by Dixit (1984),
Ghosh et al. (2004) and Chandra, Fraser-Jenkins et al. (2008), but details required for conﬁrmation that it was not a misidentiﬁcation);
N.E. India (Assam, listed by the above
authors, details required, including from BM,
in case “Assam” was reported in a wide sense,
in error for Nagaland; Nagaland; very rare).
CR.
[?Adiantum stenochlamys Baker — ?Andaman

164

Christopher R. Fraser-Jenkins

Islands (reported by Dixit (1992b) and thence
Dixit and Sinha (2001) from a single specimen
at CAL, but no material of it found in CAL,
and its identity therefore requires conﬁrmation); Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines.]
122. Aleuritopteris argentea (S. G. Gmel.)Fée — ?N.C. India (?Sikkim, J. D. Hooker;
very rare); Bhutan; ?N.E. India (?Meghalaya,
J. D. Hooker, locality and/or identity doubtful,perhaps in error for A. tamburii, or perhaps
actually from Sikkim — to see material at K/
BM; Arunachal Pradash; very rare); China;
Taiwan; Japan; Korea; E. Siberia. Reported
from Uttarakhand (Pithoragarh) by Punetha etal. (2008) in error. CR.
123. Aleuritopteris duclouxii (Christ) Ching —N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh, Namdapha,
Shirong to Hunung, c. 1100 m., B. K. Shukla
88207, 7.2.1986, ASSAM, sub “C. anceps” inerror, not previously noticed in India, tentatively reported by Fraser-Jenkins and Dulawat(2009) as possibly being the similar species, A.
shensiensis Ching, in error; very rare). See
Fraser-Jenkins and Benniamin (2010). CR.
124. Aleuritopteris duthiei (Baker) Ching —N.W. India (Uttarakhand; very rare); Nepal;
Bhutan; Tibet. CR; Globally threatened.
125. Aleuritopteris scioana (Chiov.) FraserJenk. et Dulawat — E. Africa; Socotra; S. Arabia; W. India (Rajasthan; very rare). CR.
126. Aleuritopteris subargentea Ching ex S. K.
Wu — Nepal; N.C. India (N. Sikkim; veryrare); Tibet; China; Taiwan. CR.
127. Aleuritopteris tamburii (Hook.) Ching(syn.: A. punethae Kholia, Bakhuni et Richa) —N.W. India (Uttarakhand, misidentiﬁed by
Punetha et al. (2008) as A. argentea, and thensubsequently as a new species, A. punethae, by
Kholia et al. (2011), with two different dates
cited, but the origin probably requires conﬁrmation and is now said to have been destroyed(Kholia personal communication, 2012)); W.,
C. and E. Nepal; N.C. India (Sikkim; veryrare); N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh, Anjaw,
Di Chu Gorge, 4500′. F. Kingdon-Ward19362, 30.6.1950, BM!; Meghalaya; veryrare); Tibet; China. Despite having been properly identiﬁed for them beforehand as a typicalsmall A. tamburii and not A. argentea by thepresent author, A. punethae was erroneously
described and published without informing
him, but is now accepted as A. tamburii by its
author and awaits correction by them (B. S.
Kholia personal communication, April 2012).
EN.
128. Aleuritopteris(?) thwaitesii (Mett. exKuhn) Saiki (syn.: Cheilanthes keralensis N.
C. Nair et S. R. Ghosh) — Sri Lanka; S. India(Tamil Nadu; very rare). Endemic to Sri
Lanka and S. India. The S. Indian plant was
described as C. keralensis, but was actuallyfrom Tamil Nadu, not Kerala; it may stillrequire further comparison with Cheilanthes
belangeri. The genus is rather uncertain andmight be Cheilanthes Sect. Cheilosoria. CR;
Globally threatened.
129. Anogramma leptophylla L. — Europe; W.
Asia; Afghanistan; N.W. Pakistan; C. India(Maharashtra; rare); S. India (Tamil Nadu;
very rare). Records from the Indian W. Himalaya and Nepal refer to A. reichsteinii FraserJenk., but the single Nepalese record of thatspecies (Chapagaon, Kathmandu, R. L. Fleming 2231, MICH) is due to a locality-label
confusion and came from Mussoorie in Uttarakhand, N.W. India. EN.
130. Cheilanthes bhutanica Fraser-Jenk. etTandi (syn.: Pellaea yunnanensis Ching) —N.C. India (N. Sikkim; very rare, CAL); Bhutan; Tibet; China. CR.
[?Cheilanthes trichophylla Baker — ?N.C. India(?Sikkim, Kyangnos la, S. C. Verma, specimen
lost but recorded by Verma from memory;
very rare indeed if correct); China.]
131. Cryptogramma brunoniana Wall. ex
Hook. et Grev. subsp. raddeana (Fomin) Fraser-Jenk. — Georgia (Caucasus); ?N.W. Nepal;
N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh, Upper Siang,
Teetapuri, N. of Tuting, c. 3000 m., M.K.
Pathak 73006, in 2009, CAL, det. CRFJ,
12.2011; very rare); Tibet; China. EN.
132. Doryopteris ludens (Wall. ex Hook.) J.

Rare and Threatened Pteridophytes of Asia 2. Endangered Species of India

Sm. — N.E. India (Assam State; Manipur;
Nagaland; Tripura; Mizoram; very rare); E.
India (Orissa, very rare); Bangladesh; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; Malaysia; Indonesia;
Philippines; New Guinea; Australasia. NT.
133. Notholaena borealisinensis (Kitag.) Fraser-Jenk. (syn.: Gymnopteris borealisinensis
Kitag.; Paragymnopteris bipinnata (Christ) K.
H. Shing var. auriculata (Franch.) K. H.
Shing; a mistyping by Fraser-Jenkins (2008b:
134) appears to say that the bipinnate species,
Paragymnopteris bipinnata (Christ) K. H.
Shing [syn.: Paraceterach bipinnatum (Christ)
R. M. Tryon], is a synonym of N. borealisinensis, however the word “and” before var.
auriculata is an overlooked typing error andshould have been removed — Bhutan; N.E.
India (Arunachal Pradesh; very rare); Tibet;
China. The genus for this species and N. himalaica Fraser-Jenk. is unclear as it differs from
Notholaena (type: N. marantae — J. Smithʼsapparent typiﬁcations in Historia Filicum(1875) are not typiﬁcations as he meant theword type in a different sense, sometimes citing more than one species, or none of the original species) in having hairs instead of scales
and might perhaps belong to Paraceterach. N.
dipinnata Fraser-Jenk. was reported by FraserJenkins in Chandra et al. (2008) from N.E.
India (Arunachal Pradesh, Lohit) in error for arather folded up specimen of N. borealisinensis. EN.
134. Notholaena delavayi (Baker) C. Chr. —N.W. India (Uttarakhand; very rare); Nepal;
Bhutan. Erroneously reported from Himachal
Pradesh. EN.
135. Notholaena lanuginosa (Desf.) Desv. ex
Poir. subsp. bivalens Reichst. (syn., or perhaps
correct name: Cosentinea vellea (Aiton) Tod.
subsp. bivalens (Reichst.) Rivas Mart etSalvo) — Europe; N. Africa; W. Asia; Pakistan;
N.W. India (Himachal Pradesh; very rare). EN.
136. ?Onychium fragile S. C. Verma et
Khullar — N.W. India (Uttarakhand, Mussoorie; very rare). Probably a synonym of thevery similar species, O. tenuifrons. O. fragile165

is only certainly known from the single small
type-specimen with two leaves, which thoughfertile, but immature, appears probably to represent semi-sterile frond-morphology. Khullar
and Verma (2012) placed the two taxa into
different groups, which is not accepted here as
both are actually precisely intermediate
between the two groups, of O. japonicum andO. cryptogrammoides. Despite their statement
to the contrary, both species have thinly herbaceous fronds and fragile stipes and the veins in
O. tenuifrons are not always raised above,
especially in immature plants. They described
the rhizome of O. fragile as short-creeping in
its protologue, repeated in this paper, as also
for O. tenuifrons, but then in contradiction tabulated the former as long-creeping, which
however cannot be seen in the specimen itself,
and did not appear to them to be so when they
initially wrote the protologue. Any possible
differences in rhizome length are not actuallyknown as yet and need to be studied in both
species. They also said that O. tenuifrons has adifferent rhizome anatomy, yet admitted that itmatched that of O. fragile in one of the specimens of O. tenuifrons studied for them in
China. Another important difference is thatthey said that O. tenuifrons has a pale stramineous stipe-base whereas O. fragile always has
a black base (that is, always in the single specimen available). However the dark stipe-basein many, though not all specimens of O. tenuifrons as well is clearly visible in two of theirphotographs of it (5b and 9), as also in much
more copious material of it seen by CRFJ in
PE, and the mid and upper stipe in O. tenuifrons is similarly green, drying pale or stramineous. From study of O. tenuifrons in BM
and of a population-collection of O. fragile
collected at Mussoorie (CRFJ 18602, 18605,
Oct. 1991, E) and veriﬁed by Khullar, thespores of both species are also generally very
similar in morphology and size, though one
specimen with smaller spores, investigated for
Khullar and Verma (2012) as O. tenuifrons,
may suggest that specimen might have been

166

Christopher R. Fraser-Jenkins

misidentiﬁed; but only a white, immature
spore of O. fragile was illustrated by Khullar
and Verma (2012), from which conclusions
cannot be drawn. Finally both are triploid apomict, a fact that was not accepted by Khullar
because as stated by Kato to CRFJ and thence
informed to Khullar, the counts on O. tenuifrons from China were mitotic root-tip counts.
However in the whole body of literature on thecytology of pteridophytes world-wide no single instance of a triploid plant with good, nonhybrid type spores, as here (apart from twosterile voucher-specimens), has ever beenreported except in apomicts and it is obviousthat O. tenuifrons is inescapably also triploidapomict, even though it needs more chromosome-counts and spore-checking.
As so far known the only obvious difference
between them, but one not noticed by Khullar
and Verma (2012), is that the pinnae in thetype of O. fragile are wider-based than in mostO. tenuifrons, but narrow pinnae are not consistent in Chinese O. tenuifrons and may perhaps be a feature of the semi-sterile type ofmorphology that the type of O. fragile appears
to have, as some of CRFJʼs fully mature collections of it from Barlowganj, Mussoorie,
also have rather elongated, narrowish pinnae.
While remaining uncertain (as pointed out by
Fraser-Jenkins in Thapa (2002), but misquoted
as being Thapaʼs comment by Khullar in Khullar and Verma), it remains possible that O.
fragile may well be a synonym of O. tenuifrons, as ﬁrst suggested and then concluded by
Fraser-Jenkins in various publications overtime. But it requires further re-investigation
before a ﬁnal conclusion can be made, particularly considering pinna-width and spore-size.
No more is yet known of the range of O.
fragile, but O. tenuifrons occurs in W. Nepal
and Arunachal Pradesh (correctly reported by
Biswas and Ghosh (1983), which was not
mentioned by Khullar and Verma), and theFlora of China (Flora Reipublicae Popularis
Sinicae 1990) gives its Chinese range as Yunnan, Szechuan and Kweichow, while naturally

being unaware of its range in the Indo-Himalaya. Even excluding O. fragile, it is not conﬁned to Yunnan, as stated by Khullar andVerma (2012). ?VU.
137. Onychium tenuifrons Ching (probablesyn.: O. fragile S. C. Verma et Khullar) —?N.W. India (Uttarakhand; very restricted);
Nepal, very rare; N.E. India (Arunachal
Pradesh; very rare); China. VU.
138. Pellaea boivinii Hook. — Sri Lanka; S.
India (Kerala; Tamil Nadu; very rare); Mascarenes; Madagascar. IUCN (1998) listed itfrom Sri Lanka only as indeterminate. VU.
139. Pellaea calomelanos (Sw.) Link — Pakistan, very rare; N.W. India (Himachal Pradesh;
Uttarakhand; very rare); W. Nepal; W. Europe(Spain); Macaronesia (Azores, ?introduced);
Africa; Madagascar; Mascarenes. EN. This
African element has a typical ancient W.
Himalayan range in India.
140. Pellaea falcata R. Br. (syn.: P. seticaulis(Hook.) S. R. Ghosh) — Sri Lanka; S. India(Tamil Nadu; very rare); Malaysia; Australasia. NT.
141. Pellaea longipilosa Bonap. (syn.: P. malabarica B.K.Nayar et Geev.) — E. Africa; S.
India (Kerala; very rare). CR.
142. ?Pteris amoena Blume — N.E. India(Assam State, Cachar, G. Mann; very rare);Indonesia. The Assam collection might dowith comparison with a subjuvenile P. terminalis. The Meghalaya collection also cited by
Ching (coll. H. H. Godwin-Austen, K) is a
specimen of P. terminalis. A report from Kashmir (“Cashmea”) by Ghosh et al. (2004) wasan error for Cachar. CR.
143. Pteris barbigera Ching — N.C. India(Darjeeling, Rungbi valley; very rare or
extinct, not seen again after the original collection of H. F. Blanfordʼs); China. CR or EX.
144. Pteris geminata Wall. ex J. Agardh (syn.:P. kleiniana Christ) — S. India (Tamil Nadu;
very rare). Endemic to South India. EN;
Globally threatened.
145. Pteris grifﬁthii Hook. — N.E. India(Arunachal Pradesh; very rare); Myanmar;

Rare and Threatened Pteridophytes of Asia 2. Endangered Species of India?China. Reported by Dixit and Sinha (2001)
from the Andaman Islands in error (seebelow); reported by Pasha and Chakraborty(1984) and thence Mirza and Rahman (1997)
from Chittagong, Bangladesh, in error for theadventive far E. Asian species P. multiﬁda.
CR; Globally threatened.
146. Pteris hookeriana J. Agardh (syn.: Idiopteris hookeriana (J. Agardh) T. G. Walker) —Sri Lanka; S. India (Kerala; very rare).
Endemic to Sri Lanka and S. India. CR;
Globally threatened.
147. Pteris inaequalis Baker — N.E. India(Arunachal Pradesh, Kameng; very rare);
China. CR.
148. Pteris mertensioides Willd. — Sri Lanka;
Indian Islands (Andaman Islands; very rare);
S. India (Tamil Nadu; Kerala; very rare);Myanmar; Thailand; Malaysia; Philippines;
Polynesia. Reported from N.E. India and Bhutan in error for P. taiwanensis Ching (a segregate of P. wallichiana with much narrower
segments, but distinguishable from P. mertensioides by its anastomosing basal veinlets, if
sometimes hard to observe due to the very narrow wing between lobes). CR.
149. Pteris quadriaurita Retz. — Sri Lanka; S.
India (Tamil Nadu; very rare or extinct). Nonapiculate, but toothed pinnules. Endemic to
Sri Lanka and S. India. As P. quadriaurita hasapparently not been collected in S. India since
Koenigʼs type collection, its presence there andthe identity of the type may now need further
consideration since its initial identiﬁcation byWalker (1960). It is possible that it could be a
specimen of P. otaria Bedd. with no reduced
areas of lamina, and pinnae with the full compliment of pinnules. If so the name P. quadriaurita would apply to P. otaria and the Sri
Lankan plant referred by Walker to P. quadriaurita would be an undescribed species, as
originally proposed by Walker (1956) in his
Ph.D. thesis, but later abandoned. The name
P. quadriaurita has been and continues to bemisapplied widely to quite different membersof the P. aspericaulis aggregate in C. and N.

167

India etc. A further species with smooth black
stipes amd toothed segment-apices, misreported by Dixit and Sinha (2001) as “P.
quadriaurita” from the Andaman Islands is as
yet unidentiﬁed, though very distinct, but isquite common. ?CR; Globally threatened.
150. Pteris reptans T. G. Walker — Sri Lanka;
S. India (Kerala; very rare). Endemic to Sri
Lanka and S. India. CR; Globally threatened.
151. Pteris tricolor Linden — N.E. India(Manipur; Tripura; very rare); Myanmar; S.W.
China. Misreported from Sikkim in error for awhite-variegated P. subquinata. EN.
152. Pteris tripartita Sw. — Sri Lanka; Indian
Islands (Andaman Islands; Nicobar Islands;
very rare); S. India (Tamil Nadu, very rare,
partly reported sub P. wallichiana by Manickam, Benniamin et al. (2004) in error andcorrected after reidentiﬁcation by the present
author by Benniamin (2011)); N.E. India(Arunachal Pradesh, Siang; ?Manipur, in
CAL; very rare); China; Taiwan; Myanmar;
Thailand; Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines;
Australasia; Polynesia; Africa; Madagascar.
EN.
153. Pteris venulosa Blume — N.E. India(Manipur; Mizoram; very rare); ?Thailand;
Malesia; Indonesia. Frequently misreported
from N.E. India in error for P. pseudopellucida, misreported from S. India by Nayar andGeevarghese (1993) in error for P. pellucida/P.
venusta. CR.
154. Pteris sp. (sub “P. pluricaudata” sensu
Dixit and Sinha (2001), non Copel. [from thePhilippines]) — Indian Islands (Andaman
Islands; very rare). Specimen at CAL requires
reidentiﬁcation. CR.
155. Pteris sp. (sub “P. grifﬁthii” sensu Dixit
and Sinha (2001), non Hook. — Indian Islands(Andaman Islands; very rare). Specimen at
PBL requires reidentiﬁcation. CR.
156. Syngramma alismifolia (C. Presl) J. Sm. —Indian Islands (Nicobar Islands; very rare
(Dixit and Sinha 2001)); Thailand; Vietnam;
Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines. CR.
157. Taenitis blechnoides (Willd.) Sw. — Sri

168

Christopher R. Fraser-Jenkins

Lanka; Indian Islands (Nicobar Islands; veryrare); S. India (type, very rare); N.E. India(Meghalaya, Sohra; very rare), mistakenly
stated by Fraser-Jenkins in Chandra et al.
(2008) as being from Arunachal Pradesh);
Bangladesh, ?extinct; China; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines; Australasia; Polynesia. Transposed bytypographical mistake in Chandra et al. (2008)
to Lindsaeaceae. EN.
Vittariaceae
158. Antrophyum parvulum Blume — Indian
Islands (Nicobar Islands (Dixit and Sinha,2001); very rare); N.C. India (Sikkim; veryrare); N.E. India (Meghalaya; very rare);Myanmar; Thailand; China; Taiwan; Malaysia;
Indonesia; Philippines; Japan. EN.
159. Vittaria microlepis Hieron. — Sri Lanka; S.
India (Tamil Nadu; very rare). Endemic to Sri
Lanka and S. India. EN; Globally threatened.
160. Vittaria ensiformis Sw. (syn.: V. montana
Manickam) — Mascarene Islands; Sri Lanka;
S. India (Tamil Nadu; very rare). Reported by
Dixit and Sinha (2001) from the Nicobar
Islands in error for V. elongata. VU.
Aspleniaceae
161. Asplenium afﬁne Sw. — Sri Lanka; S.
India (Tamil Nadu; very rare); Mascarenes;
Malaysia; Indonesia. EN.
162. Asplenium auritum Sw. — Madagascar;
Mascarenes; S. India (Tamil Nadu; very rare);C. and S. America. VU.
163. Asplenium batuense Alderw. — Indian
Islands (Nicobar Islands; very rare); Thailand;
Malaysia; Indonesia. CR.
164. ?Asplenium daghestanicum Christ subsp.
hunzanum (Reichst. et Fraser-Jenk.) FraserJenk. — N. Pakistan, very rare; ?N.W. India(Uttarakhand, Nanda Devi, BSD, but identity
uncertain; very rare). CR; Globally threatened.
165. Asplenium delavayi (Franch.) Copel. —W. Nepal, very rare; N.C. India (Sikkim; veryrare); Bhutan; N.E. India (Manipur; very rare);Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; China. EN.
166. Asplenium exiguum Bedd. subsp. exiguum —S. India (Kerala; Tamil Nadu; very rare). Subspecies endemic to S. India. EN; Globallythreatened.
167. Asplenium grevillei Wall. ex Hook. et
Grev. — S. India (Kerala; very rare); N.E. India(Arunachal Pradesh; Meghalaya; very rare);Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Vietnam. VU.
168. Asplenium hondoense N.Murak. et Hatan.
(syn.: Hymenasplenium hondoense) — S.
India (Kerala; Tamil Nadu; very rare); C.
Nepal, rare; N.E. India (Mizoram; very rare);
China; Japan. Misidentiﬁed by Fraser-Jenkins
in Chandra et al. (2008) as A. apogamum N.
Murak. et Hatan., when ﬁrst recognised inIndia. NT.
169. Asplenium hymenophylloides Fée — W.
and E. Africa; W. India (Rajasthan, Mt. Abu;very rare). EN.
170. Asplenium khasianum Sledge — N.E. India(Assam State; Arunachal Pradesh; Manipur;
Meghalaya; very rare); Myanmar; Thailand.
NT.
171. Asplenium macrophyllum Sw. — Africa;
Madagascar; Mascarenes; N.E. India (W. Bengal, Rangeet valley; Assam State; Nagaland;
very rare); Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam;
Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines. NT.
172. Asplenium mysorense Roth (syn.: A. lakshmananii M. B. Viswan.; A. bipinnatum(Sledge) Philcox, non al.) — Sri Lanka; S.
India (Karnataka; Kerala; Tamil Nadu; veryrare); Malaysia. Misreported from many othercountries by Dixit (1984) in error for A. polyodon and A. falcatum (see Salgado and FraserJenkins (in press) re A. falcatum). NT.
173. Asplenium paucivenosum (Ching) Bir —N.C. India (W. Bengal; rare); China. Octaploidsexual, and much rarer than the closely related
and larger tetraploid sexual A. magniﬁcum
Ching (from Uttarakhand to Arunachal
Pradesh; Nepal; Bhutan; Tibet; China). VU.
174. Asplenium pellucidum Lam. — E. Africa;
Madagascar; Mascarenes; Sri Lanka; N.C.
India (Sikkim; very rare); Myanmar; Thailand;Rare and Threatened Pteridophytes of Asia 2. Endangered Species of India

Vietnam; Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines;
New Guinea. CR.
175. Asplenium rivulare Fraser-Jenk. — S. India(Kerala; Tamil Nadu; very rare). As known so
far endemic to S. India. NT; Globally threatened.
176. Asplenium rockii C. Chr. — S.E. India(Andhra Pradesh; very rare); N.E. India(Arunachal Pradesh; Nagaland; Manipur; veryrare); Myanmar; China. VU.
177. Asplenium sarellii Hook. subsp. pekinense(Hance) Fraser-Jenk., Pangtey et Khullar — Pakistan, very rare; N.W. India (Jammu& Kashmir; Himachal Pradesh; Uttarakhand;very rare); W. Nepal, very rare; Tibet; China;
Taiwan; Korea; Japan. VU.
178. Asplenium scalare Rosenst. — S. India(Kerala; very rare); Sumatra; Malaysia. CR.
179. Asplenium serricula Fée — Sri Lanka; S.
India (Tamil Nadu; very rare); Philippines.
VU.
180. Asplenium sikkimbirii Fraser-Jenk. — N.C.
India (Sikkim; very rare); N.E. India(Arunachal Pradesh; very rare); China. VU.
181. Asplenium ?sublaserpitiifolium Ching —Indian Islands (Nicobar Islands; very rare);Malaysia. The Nicobar species is not A. nitidum, but although it may be correctly identiﬁed as A. sublaserpitiifolium, its identity could
do with conﬁrmation. VU.
182. Asplenium tenerum G. Forst. — Seychelles;
Sri Lanka; Indian Islands (Nicobar Islands;
very rare); S. India (Kerala; Tamil Nadu; veryrare); Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; Taiwan;
Japan; Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines; New
Guinea; Australia; Polynesia. NT.
183. Asplenium thunbergii Kunze — N.E. India(Manipur; very rare); Myanmar; Thailand;
Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines. CR or EW.
Thelypteridaceae
184. Thelypteris beddomei (Baker) Ching —Sri Lanka; S. India (Kerala; Tamil Nadu; veryrare); Malaysia; Indonesia, Philippines; New
Guinea; China; Taiwan; Japan. CR.
185. Thelypteris conﬂuens (Thunb.) C. V. Mor-169

ton — Africa; Madagascar; Sri Lanka; S. India(Tamil Nadu; very rare); Myanmar; Thailand;
Laos; Sumatra; New Guinea; Australia; New
Zealand. CR.
186. Thelypteris cuspidata (Blume) K. Iwats. —Indian Islands (Nicobar Islands; very rare);Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines; Polynesia.
EN.
187. Thelypteris didymochlaenoides (C.B.
Clarke) Holttum — N.E. India (Meghalaya;very rare). As known so far endemic to N.E.
India, but very probably also occuring in
Myanmar and perhaps also China. CR.
188. Thelypteris elwesii (Baker) Ching — N.C.
India (Sikkim; very rare); China. Listed from
Sikkim only by IUCN (1998) as Rare. VU.
189. Thelypteris grifﬁthii (T. Moore) C.F. Reed
— N.E. India (Meghalaya; very rare); Myanmar; China; Taiwan. EN.
190. ?Thelypteris gustavii (Bedd.) C.F. Reed —N.E. India (Assam State; very rare); ?Thailand(Holttum, 1976a), but not accepted by Lindsay
et al. (2009). Known for sure only from Assam
State, but as stated by Holttum, near to andpossibly conspeciﬁc with T. evoluta. ?EN.
191. ?Thelypteris heterocarpa (Blume) C. V.
Morton — Indian Islands (Andaman Islands;
Nicobar Islands (Dixit and Sinha, 2001); very
rare, but needing conﬁrmation of identity as
specimens so identiﬁed in CAL are T. polycarpa); Thailand; Vietnam; Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines; Australia; Polynesia; China.
Misreported from Assam State, Kamrup, byKachroo et al. (1989). ?VU.
192. Thelypteris hirsutipes (C.B. Clarke) Ching— N.E. India (Meghalaya; very rare); China;
Thailand; Malaysia. VU.
193. Thelypteris hirtisora (C. Chr.) K. Iwats. —N.E. India (Nagaland; Mizoram; very rare);Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Vietnam; China.
EN.
194. Thelypteris hokouensis (Ching) C. F. Reed —N.E. India (Mizoram; very rare (Holttum
1976a), perhaps requiring conﬁrmation as only
an immature frond-apex was seen); China. CR.
195. Thelypteris immersa (Blume) Ching —170

Christopher R. Fraser-Jenkins

Indian Islands (Andaman Islands; Nicobar
Islands (Dixit and Sinha, 2001); very rare);?N.E. India (erroneously reported, described
as if with a creeping rhizome and lobed pinnules, and illustrated from “Assam” i.e.
?Meghalaya or ?Arunachal Pradesh, W.
Grifﬁth, K (Beddome (1867), but reidentiﬁedby Clarke (in Beddome 1883) as T. gracilescens, though Assam mentioned again by Holttum (1976b)); Thailand; Malaysia; Indonesia;
Philippines; Australia; Polynesia. Misreported
from China by Holttum (1976b). EN.
196. Thelypteris kingii C. F. Reed — N.C. India(Sikkim; very rare). As known at present
endemic to Sikkim, but likely to occur in
Tibet and China. EN; Globally threatened.
197. Thelypteris kurzii (Holttum) Fraser-Jenk. —Indian Islands (Nicobar Islands; very rare or
perhaps extinct). Endemic to the Nicobar
Islands. CR or EX.
[Thelypteris latebrosa (Kunze ex Mett.) C. F.
Reed — N.C. India (reported from W. Bengal,
Duars, J.S. Gamble 6652c, K, in error, see
Chandra et al. (2008)); Malaysia; Indonesia;
Philippines.]
198. Thelypteris megacuspis (Baker) C. F.
Reed — N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; veryrare); Chinal Vietnam. CR.
[Thelypteris menisciicarpa (Blume) K. Iwats. —?Indian Islands (Nicobar Islands, very rare;reported by Dixit and Sinha (2001), but
requires conﬁrmation as no correct Nicobars
material present at CAL; probably in error fora juvenile T. nudata); Thailand; Malaysia;
Indonesia; Philippines; New Guinea. Reported
from N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh) by Singhand Panigrahi (2005) in error for a small T.
lakhimpurensis.]199. Thelypteris namburensis (Bedd.) C. F.
Reed — N.E. India (Assam; Arunachal Pradesh;very rare). As known so far endemic to N.E.
India, but likely to occur in Myanmar and/or
China. Misreported from Thailand by Holttum(1976a) in error, and not recorded from there
by Tagawa and Iwatsuki (1988) or Lindsay etal. (2009). EN.

200. Thelypteris opulenta (Kaulf.) Fosberg —E. Africa; Seychelles; Sri Lanka; Indian
Islands (Nicobar Islands; very rare); S. India(Tamil Nadu; very rare); Myanmar; Thailand;
Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines; Australia;
New Caledonia; Polynesia. Reported from N.
India in error. EN.
201. Thelypteris paludosa (Blume) K. Iwats. —S. India (Tamil Nadu; very rare); N.E. India(Arunachal Pradesh; very rare); Thailand;
Malaysia; Indonesia. EN.
202. Thelypteris palustris Schott subsp. palustris — Europe; W. Asia; Pakistan; N.W. India(Jammu & Kashmir; Himachal Pradesh; very
local and rare). VU.
203. Thelypteris parasitica (L.) Fosberg subsp.
manickirudorum Fraser-Jenk. et Benniamin —S. India (Tamil Nadu; very rare). A diploid
subspecies, as known so far apparently
endemic to S. India. EN; Globally threatened.
204. Thelypteris polycarpa (Blume) K. Iwats. —Indian Islands (Nicobar Islands; very rare);Thailand; Vietnam; Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines; Polynesia. EN.
205. Thelypteris repanda (Fée) C.V. Morton(syn.: Pronephrium birii R. D. Dixit) — N.E.
India (Arunachal Pradesh; very restricted);
Myanmar; Vietnam; Malaysia; Indonesia;
Philippines. VU.
206. Thelypteris scallanii (Christ) C.V. Morton —N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh, Siang; very
rare; Meghalaya, Elephant Falls; very rare);
China; Vietnam. VU.
207. Thelypteris siamensis Tagawa et K. Iwats. —N.C. India (W. Bengal, Sevoke; very rare);Bhutan, very rare; N.E. India (Arunachal
Pradesh; very rare). NT.
208. Thelypteris srilankensis Panigrahi (syn.:Christella zeylanica (Fée) Holttum) — Sri
Lanka, very rare, probably extinct; ?Indian
Islands (Nicobar Islands (Dixit and Sinha(2001) reported as doubtful); if present, very
rare, but requires conﬁrmation of identity).
Endemic to Sri Lanka (?and the Nicobars).
?CR; Globally threatened.

Rare and Threatened Pteridophytes of Asia 2. Endangered Species of India

209. Thelypteris zeylanica Ching — Sri Lanka;?N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; very rare). As
known so far endemic to Sri Lanka and ?N.E.
India. Although this may be a good species, it
is conceivable that these plants might only bedepauperate forms of T. calcarata and T. caudipinna respectively, and require further investigative study. ?CR; Globally threatened.
Woodsiaceae (syn.: Rhachidosoraceae, Cystopteridaceae, Diplaziopsidaceae, Athyriaceae,
Onocleaceae).
210. Athyrium atratum Bedd. — N.E. India(Arunachal Pradesh; Manipur; very rare); Vietnam; Sumatra; Indonesia. IUCN (1998) listed
it from Manipur only as endangered. EN.
[Athyrium davidii (Franch.) Christ (syn.: A.
duthiei (Bedd.) Bedd.) — N.W. India (Uttarakhand; rare); Nepal, fairly common; N.C.
India (Sikkim; fairly common); N.E. India(Arunachal Pradesh; very rare). Its synonym,
A. duthiei, was listed from Kumaon and Sikkim by IUCN (1998) as Rare.]211. Athyrium delavayi Christ — N.E. India(Meghalaya; Mizoram; very rare); China; Taiwan. CR.
212. Athyrium dissitifolium (Baker) C. Chr. —N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; very rare);Myanmar; Thailand; China. CR.
213. Athyrium khasimontanum Fraser-Jenk. —N.E. India (Meghalaya; very rare). As known
so far endemic to N.E. India, but likely tooccur in Myanmar and/or China. CR; Globally threatened.
214. Athyrium kumaonicum Holttum ex
Punetha — N.W. India (Uttarakhand; very rare).
Range imperfectly known. As known so far
apparently endemic to N.W. India, but
requires more careful distinction from othersimilar species further east in the Himalaya.
EN; Globally threatened.
215. Athyrium nakanoi Makino — Bhutan, very
rare; N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; veryrare); China; Taiwan; Japan. Misreported from
Assam State and Meghalaya in error for A.
puncticaule. NT.

171216. Athyrium niponicum (Mett.) Hance — N.E.
India (Arunachal Pradesh; Manipur; Tripura;very rare); China; Taiwan; Korea; Japan. VU.
217. Athyrium otophorum (Miq.) Koidz. —N.W. India (Uttarakhand, Pithoragarh; veryrare); China; Taiwan; Japan. EN.
218. Athyrium repens (Ching) Fraser-Jenk. —Nepal; N.C. India (Sikkim; very rare); Bhutan;
Tibet; China. EN.
219. Athyrium roseum Christ — C. Nepal, very
rare; N.C. India (Darjeeling; very rare); Tibet;
China. CR.
220. Deparia macdonellii (Bedd.) M. Kato —Pakistan; N.W. India (Jammu & Kashmir;
Himachal Pradesh; very rare). Endemic to the
W. Indo-Himalaya, and related to, but distinct
from the Chinese species, D. pterorhachis(Christ) M. Kato. CR; Globally threatened.
221. Diplazium austrosylvaticum Fraser-Jenk.
et Benniamin — S. India (Tamil Nadu, Agastyamalai Hills; very rare). Endemic to S. India.
CR; Globally threatened.
222. Diplazium beddomei C. Chr. — Sri Lanka;
S. India (?Kerala; Tamil Nadu; very rare).
Endemic to Sri Lanka and S. India. CR;
Globally threatened.
223. Diplazium burmanicum Ching ex W. M.
Chu et Z. R. He (syn.: D. bantamense Blumevar. listeri G. King, ined., in herb. CAL, K) —N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; very rare andrestricted); Myanmar. EN; Globally threatened.
224. Diplazium cognatum (Hieron.) Sledge —Sri Lanka, rare; S. India (Kerala; Tamil Nadu;
very rare). Endemic to Sri Lanka and S. India;
but closely related to or possibly a synonym of
D. leptophyllum. Listed from Sri Lanka only
by IUCN (1998) as Indeterminate. VU; Globally threatened.
225. Diplazium cordifolium Blume — N.E. India(Manipur; very rare); ?Myanmar; Thailand;
Vietnam; Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines;
Australia; Polynesia. The Indian plant belongs
to what was described as D. integrifolium
Blume, with well pinnate fronds and mightperhaps represent a separate species from D.

172

Christopher R. Fraser-Jenkins

cordifolium proper. CR.
226. Diplazium crenatoserratum (Blume) T.
Moore — Indian Islands (Andaman Islands;
very rare); Myanmar; Thailand; Malaysia;
Indonesia. CR.
227. Diplazium grifﬁthii T. Moore (probablesyn.: D. petrii (Tardieu) Ching) — N.E. India(Meghalaya; very rare); Thailand; Vietnam;
China; Taiwan; Japan. Often confused with thevery distinct D. spectabile due to 19th Century
misapplications of the name. CR.
228. Diplazium heterophlebium (Mett. ex
Baker) Diels — E. Nepal, rare; N.C. India(Darjeeling; Sikkim; very rare); Bhutan; N.E.
India (Arunachal Pradesh; Manipur; Meghalaya; very rare); Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam;
Malaysia; China. NT.
229. Diplazium leptophyllum Christ ex C. Chr. —N.E. India (Mizoram; very rare); China; Myanmar; Thailand. It is possible that D. cognatum
might be a synonym of this species. CR.
230. Diplazium lobatum (Tagawa) Tagawa —N.E. India (Assam State, Abhoypur Forest,
Sibsagarh Distr., S. Chandra 26342, 1.5.1965,
LWG, det. CRFJ; very rare); S. China; Taiwan;
Japan. Previously unrecognised in India. CR.
231. Diplazium pinfaense Ching — N.E. India(Manipur; very rare); China; Japan. CR.
232. Diplazium pinnatiﬁdopinnatum (Hook.) T.
Moore — N.E. India (Assam State; Arunachal
Pradesh; very rare); Myanmar; China. EN.
233. Diplazium tomentosum Blume — ?N.E. India(Meghalaya, W. Grifﬁth, K, very rare, or possibly
mislocalised); Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam;
Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines. ?CR.
234. Diplazium travancoricum Bedd. — Sri
Lanka, very rare; S. India (Kerala; Tamil
Nadu; rere and restricted). Endemic to Sri
Lanka and S. India. NT; Globally threatened.
235. Diplazium virescens Kunze — N.E. India(Meghalaya, Shillong Peak, C. R. Fraser-Jenkins 27804, 27.11.1998, E; very rare); Vietnam; China; Taiwan; Japan. CR.
236. Gymnocarpium oyamense (Baker) Ching —Nepal, very rare; N.C. India (Sikkim; veryrare); N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; veryrare); Tibet; China; Taiwan; Japan; Philippines; New Guinea. EN.
237. Matteuccia orientalis (Hook.) Trevis. —N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; Meghalaya;very rare); China; Taiwan; Korea; Japan.
Widely over-reported from throughout Himalayan N. India in error for the commoner M.
intermedia. VU.
238. Woodsia alpina (Bolton) Gray — Europe;
Pakistan, rare; N.W. India (Jammu & Kashmir;
Himachal Pradesh; Uttarakhand; very rare); W.
Nepal; Tibet; N. Asia; N. America. NT.
239. Woodsia cycloloba Hand.-Mazz. — ?Pakistan (Swat, Utrot, very rare, CRFJ, identity
uncertain, specimen taken away from herb.
CRFJ to GENT); N.W. India (Uttarakhand,very rare); N.C. India (Sikkim, very rare);
Nepal, rare; China. EN.
240. Woodsia glabella R. Br. ex Richardson —N.W. India (Ladakh; Uttarakhand; very rare);
N.C. Nepal, very rare. EN.
241. Woodsia hancockii Baker — N.W. India(Himachal Pradesh; Uttarakhand; very rare);W. Nepal, very rare; China. VU.
242. Woodsia lanosa Hook. — N.W. India(Uttarakhand; very rare); N.C. India (Sikkim;
very rare); ?N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh;very rare; but not certain that it is not W. rosthorniana?); China. VU.
Dryopteridaceae (syn.: Hypodematiaceae, Tectariaceae).
243. Acrorumohra diffracta (Baker) Ching —N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; very rare);
China; Taiwan; Vietnam. This genus is near to
Arachniodes and Leptorumohra and probably
does not constitute a separate genus. CR.
244. Arachniodes miqueliana (Maxim. ex
Franch et Sav.) Ohwi — N.E. India (Arunachal
Pradesh; very rare); China; Japan. CR.
245. Arachniodes sp. near nipponica (Rosenst.)
Ohwi — ?Bhutan; ?N.E. India (Arunachal
Pradesh, if not confused with juvenile A. henryi; Meghalaya, Shillong; very rare, erect rhizome); China; Japan. EN.
246. Arachniodes ?spectabilis (Ching) Ching —Rare and Threatened Pteridophytes of Asia 2. Endangered Species of India

N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; very rare);
China; Thailand. EN.
247. Arachniodes superba Fraser-Jenk. (syn.:Lithostegia foeniculacea (Hook.) Ching) — E.
Nepal, very rare; N.C. India (Darjeeling; Sikkim; restricted and rare); Bhutan; N.E. India(Arunachal Pradesh; very rare); Tibet; China;
N. Myanmar. NT.
248. Ctenitis fengiana Ching — N.E. India(Arunachal Pradesh, Siang, Swan to Monigong
track, A. K. Baishya 91408B, 11.1986, ASSAM,
det. CRFJ; very rare); Tibet; China. Not previously recorded in India. CR.
249. Ctenitis ferruginea (Baker) Ching — S.
India (Tamil Nadu; very rare). Endemic to S.
India, though related to the distinct species, C.
obtusiloba of Sri Lanka. CR; Globally threatened.
250. Ctenitis manipurensis (Bedd.) Ching —N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; Manipur;
Meghalaya, very rare); Philippines; New
Guinea. Misreported from Nepal by Wallich
due to confusion in localisation of sheets;
reported from N.W. India (Uttarakhand, Gini)
by Kholia and Bhakuni (2009) from an old
specimen of uncertain provenance, but perhaps
from N.E. India. EN.
251. Ctenitis mannii (C. Hope) Ching — N.E.
India (Assam State; ?Meghalaya; very rare);?China (sub Ctenitis fulgens?). Not present inArunachal Pradesh as listed by Fraser-Jenkins
in Chandra et al. (2008) in error for Lakhimpur, Assam. Reported from Thailand andMalaysia in error for other species. As known
so far perhaps endemic to N.E. India (if C. fulgens is not synonymous as was found by Holttum), but likely to occur in Myanmar and/or
China. EN
252. Ctenitis paucisora (Copel.) Copel. — N.E.
India (Arunachal Pradesh; very rare); Malaysia(Borneo; very rare). CR.
253. Ctenitis scabrosa (Kunze) Ching — S.
India (Kerala; Tamil Nadu; very rare).
Endemic to S. India. Reported from Meghalaya in error. VU; Globally threatened.
254. Cyrtomium probably clivicola (Makino)

173

Tagawa — N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh;very rare); China; Japan. CR.
255. Cyrtomium fortunei J. Sm. — E. Bhutan,very rare; N.E. India (Nagaland; Manipur;
very rare); China; Korea; Japan; Vietnam.
Reported from Arunachal Pradesh by FraserJenkins in Chandra et al. (2008) in error forthe closely related C. clivicola. EN.
256. Cyrtomium micropterum (Kunze) Ching(?syn.: C. lonchitoides Christ) — Africa; Madagascar; S. India (Tamil Nadu; very rare);?China. EN.
257. Didymochlaena truncatula (Sw.) J. Sm. —Africa; Madagascar; N.E. India (Nagaland;
Manipur; ?Meghalaya; Mizoram; very rare);Myanmar; Thailand; Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines; Polynesia; C. and S. America. EN.
258. Dryopteris alpestris Tagawa — Nepal,
very rare; N.C. India (N. Sikkim, Lachen, B. S.
Kholia, det. CRFJ; very rare); N.E. India(Arunachal Pradesh; very rare); Tibet; China;
Taiwan; Myanmar. EN.
[Dryopteris angustifrons (T. Moore) Kuntze —?”Nepal”, but the specimens not with originalcollectorʼs labels and probably collected in
Myanmar; Myanmar, very rare; China (Yunnan; very rare). Reported from Sikkim in error
for D. carolihopei Fraser-Jenk., so probably
never present in India or Nepal. D. camusiae
Fraser-Jenk. was mistakenly illustrated as D.
angustifrons in the Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae].
259. Dryopteris assamensis (C. Hope) C. Chr.
et Ching — N.C. India (W. Bengal, Dulkajhar,near Siliguri; extinct); N.E. India (Arunachal
Pradesh; Assam State; Meghalaya; very rare);?Myanmar; China. VU.
260. Dryopteris austroindica Fraser-Jenk. — S.
India (Tamil Nadu; very rare and extinct in theShevaroy Hills part of its range). Endemic to
S. India. EN; Globally threatened.
261. Dryopteris basisora Christ — N.W. India(Uttarakhand; very rare); Nepal, very rare;
Bhutan, rare; N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh;very rare). VU.
262. Dryopteris camusiae Fraser-Jenk. — N.E.

174

Christopher R. Fraser-Jenkins

India (Manipur; very rare); ?Myanmar; China.
CR.
263. Dryopteris costalisora Tagawa — E. Nepal,
very rare; N.C. India (Darjeeling; Sikkim; veryrare); N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; veryrare); China; Taiwan. EN.
264. Dryopteris deparioides (T.Moore) Kuntze
subsp. concinna C.Chr. — Sri Lanka; S. India(Tamil Nadu; very rare, perhaps extinct).
Endemic to Sri Lanka and S. India. CR or
EX; Globally threatened.
265. Dryopteris dickinsii (Franch. et Sav.) C.
Chr. — Pakistan, very rare; N.W. India (Jammu& Kashmir; very rare); China; Taiwan; Japan.
The extraordinary disjunction of this species —from W. China to Kashmir — is similar to thatof Dennstaedtia wilfordii and like that species,
it has not been recollected in India for many
years. CR or EX.
266. Dryopteris fangii Ching — N.C. India (Sikkim; very rare, B. S. Kholia, BSHC, det.
CRFJ); N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; veryrare); Tibet; China. EN.
267. Dryopteris ﬂemingii Fraser-Jenk. — N.W.
India (Himachal Pradesh; Uttarakhand; veryrare); C. Nepal, rare; ?China (?as D. minjiangensis H.S. Kung and D. nyingchiensis Ching,unidentiﬁed earlier names). VU.
268. Dryopteris hasseltii (Blume) C. Chr. —N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; Assam State,very rare or extinct; Meghalaya; Mizoram;very rare); Thailand; Vietnam; China; Taiwan;
Japan; Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines; New
Guinea; Australia; Polynesia. Listed underArachniodes hasseltii, in error (see Fraser-Jenkins, 1989), from China by IUCN (2004) as
Endangered. EN.
269. Dryopteris himachalensis Fraser-Jenk. —N.W. India (Himachal Pradesh, above Manali;very rare); China. CR.
270. Dryopteris khullarii Fraser-Jenk. — N.W.
India (Uttarakhand; very rare). Neo-endemic
to the W. Himalaya. EN; Globally threatened.
271. Dryopteris meghalaica Fraser-Jenk. —N.E. India (Manipur, very rare; Meghalaya,very restricted); Myanmar. NT; Globallythreatened.
272. Dryopteris microlepis (Baker) C. Chr. —N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh, Siang,
Mechuka area, A. K. Baishya 91420, 11.1986,
ASSAM, det. CRFJ; very rare); China. Previously unknown from India. CR.
273. Dryopteris namegatae (Sa. Kurata) Sa.
Kurata — N.W. India (Himachal Pradesh; veryrare); N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; veryrare); China; Taiwan; Japan. VU.
274. Dryopteris nobilis Ching — N.C. India(Darjeeling; Sikkim; very rare); N.E. India(Arunachal Pradesh; very rare); Tibet; China.
VU.
275. Dryopteris odontoloma (Bedd.) C. Chr. —S. India (Kerala; Tamil Nadu; very restricted).
Endemic to S. India. Many records have been
made from N. India in error for D. nigropaleacea and D. juxtaposita; one specimen of true
D. odontoloma from Assam State (N.C. Hills,
Haﬂong, Subhash Chandra s.n., Oct. 1963,
LWG, det. CRFJ) is probably due to some
confusion of labels. NT; Globally threatened.
276. Dryopteris rubrobrunnea W. M. Chu —N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; very rare);
China. EN.
277. Dryopteris sikkimensis (Bedd.) Kuntze —N.C. India (Sikkim; very restricted and rare);Bhutan; N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; veryrare); Tibet; China. VU.
278. Dryopteris sledgei Fraser-Jenk. — Sri Lanka,
very rare; S. India (Tamil Nadu; very rare).
Endemic to Sri Lanka and S. India. EN;
Globally threatened.
279. Dryopteris varia (L.) Kuntze — N.E. India(Meghalaya/Assam border; very rare); ?Myanmar; China; Taiwan; Korea; Japan; Vietnam;
Philippines. CR.
280. Dryopteris vidyae Fraser-Jenk. — N.C.
India (Darjeeling; very rare or extinct); N.E.
India (Arunachal Pradesh; Meghalaya; veryrare). As known so far endemic to N.E. India,
but is also very likely to occur in Tibet, S.W.
China and/or Myanmar. EN; Globally threatened.
281. Heterogonium pinnatum (Copel.) Holttum —Rare and Threatened Pteridophytes of Asia 2. Endangered Species of India

Indian Islands (Andaman Islands; very rare);Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines. EN.
282. Hypodematium crenatum (Forssk.) Kuhn
subsp. mehrae Fraser-Jenk. — N.W. India(Uttarakhand; very rare as known so far). As
known so far endemic to N.W. India, but
probably likely to occur further east. NT;
Globally threatened.
283. Lastreopsis tenera (R. Br.) Tindale — Sri
Lanka, common; S. India (Kerala; Tamil
Nadu; very rare); Indonesia; Philippines; New
Caledonia; Australasia; Polynesia; China; Taiwan. VU.
284. Phanerophlebiopsis balansae (Christ)
Fraser-Jenk. et Baishya, comb. nov. (basionym: Polystichum balansae Christ, Trudy
Hort. Bot. Imp. St. Petersburg [Act. Hort. Bot.
Petrop.] 28: 193 (1908)) — N.E. India (Arunachal
Pradesh, Siang, Yapik, A. K. Baishya 90709,
1.11.1986, ASSAM; very rare, specimen
unusual in having fronds with subapical proliferous bulbils, otherwise identical to Chinese
etc. material); China; Japan. Not previously
recorded from India. CR.
285. Phanerophlebiopsis polyodon (Ching)
Fraser-Jenk. — N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh;
Manipur; Meghalaya, very locally restricted
and rare). As known so far endemic to N.E.
India, though to be expected in Myanmar and/or S.W. China. NT; Globally threatened.
286. Pleocnemia conjugata C. Presl — Indian
Islands (Andaman Islands; very rare; omitted
by Dixit and Sinha (2001)); Myanmar; Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines. Although within
the range of the species, as noted by Holttum,
the Andamans material has the sori conﬁned tofurther up the pinnule-lobes than commonlyoccurs in this species, though this feature is
not unique to the Andamans and intermediates
occur elsewhere. EN.
287. Polystichum adungense Ching et FraserJenk. ex H. S. Kung et Li Bing Zhang — N.E.
India (Arunachal Pradesh, Siang, Libong toPangri, A. K. Baishya 33, 17.11.1986,
ASSAM, det. CRFJ; very rare); Myanmar;
China. Previously overlooked in India. Note

175

that the authorities were written the wrong
way round by Johns (1997), but correctly by
IPNI. CR; Globally threatened.
288. Polystichum anomalum (Hook. et Arn.) J.
Sm. (syn.: P. eximium (Mett. ex Kuhn) C.Chr.) —Sri Lanka, rare; sori above or beneath or both;
S. India (Kerala; Tamil Nadu; very rare; sori
beneath). Endemic to Sri Lanka and S. India.
Listed by IUCN (1998) from Sri Lanka only as
Indeterminate. “P. eximium” continues to be
widely reported from Thailand, China, Taiwan
and Japan in error for P. scariosum, as pointed
out by Fraser-Jenkins (1991), which lattername has been overlooked elsewhere. Listedfrom Sri Lanka only by IUCN (1998) as Indeterminate. EN; Globally threatened.
289. Polystichum duthiei (C. Hope) C. Chr. —N.W. India (Uttarakhand; very rare); W. and C.
Nepal, very rare); China; Taiwan. This species
can be indusiate or exindusiate (see FraserJenkins, 1991). CR.
290. Polystichum glaciale Christ — N.C. India(Sikkim; very rare); Bhutan, very rare; Tibet,
China. Reported from Taiwan in error for
P. duthiei. CR.
291. Polystichum grandifrons C. Chr. (syn.: P.
kiusiuense Tagawa) — N.E. India (Manipur;
very rare); China; Taiwan; Japan; Vietnam;
Philippines. CR.
292. Polystichum hecatopterum Diels — N.E.
India (Arunachal Pradesh; very rare); China;
Taiwan. CR.
293. Polystichum manickamianum Benniamin,
Fraser-Jenk. et Irud. — S. India (Tamil Nadu,
Agastyamalai Hills; very rare). Endemic to S.
India. CR; Globally threatened.
294. Polystichum palniense Fraser-Jenk. — S.
India (Tamil Nadu, Palni Hills; very locally
restricted). Endemic to S. India. NT; Globallythreatened.
295. Polystichum subinerme (Kunze) FraserJenk. — S. India (Kerala; Tamil Nadu; veryrare). Endemic to S. India. EN; Globallythreatened.
296. Polystichum tangmaiense H. S. Kung etTateishi — N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh;

176

Christopher R. Fraser-Jenkins

Nagaland; Manipur; very rare (see Fraser-Jenkins and Benniamin (2010)); Tibet; China. VU.
297. Polystichum wattii (Bedd.) C. Chr. —N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; Manipur; veryrare); Tibet; China; Myanmar. Listed by IUCN
(1998) under both Lastreopsis and Polystichum from Manipur only, as Extinct andExtinct or Endangered, respectively. VU.
298. Pteridrys cnemidaria (Christ) C. Chr. et
Ching — N.C. India (Darjeeling; very rare, notcollected for many years); N.E. India (Assam
State; Meghalaya; very rare, not recently collected); China; Taiwan; Myanmar; Thailand;
Vietnam. CR.
299. Pteridrys syrmatica (Willd.) C. Chr. et
Ching — Sri Lanka, very rare or extinct; S.
India (Tamil Nadu; Kerala; very rare, not collected for many years); Thailand; Vietnam;
Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines. Listed by
IUCN (1998) from Sri Lanka only as Indeterminate. CR.
300. Pteridrys zeylanica Ching — Sri Lanka,
very rare or extinct; S. India (Kerala; Andhra
Pradesh; very rare). ?Endemic to Sri Lanka
and S. India. Listed by IUCN (1998) from Sri
Lanka only, as Indeterminate. EN; Globallythreatened.
301. Tectaria chattagramica (C. B. Clarke)
Ching — N.E. India (Assam State; Meghalaya; Manipur; Tripura; Mizoram; very rare);Bangladesh; Myanmar; Thailand. Listed by
IUCN (1998) from Bangladesh only as Vunerable. VU.
302. Tectaria dubia (C.B. Clarke et Baker)
Ching — N.E. India (Assam State; ?Arunachal
Pradesh (Singh and Panigrahi, 2005, but may
be in error for T. grifﬁthii; very rare); China;
Taiwan. This species is very little known inIndia and may sometimes have been overlooked within T. grifﬁthii. The tentative reportfrom Nepal by Fraser-Jenkins (2008b) andFraser-Jenkins and Benniamin (2010) could bein error for a more glabrous form of T. coadunata, as was the report from Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand by Pangtey and Punetha (1987), but
the Nepalese plant appears to be a taxon dis-tinct fom T. coadunata. At present in India it is
only known for certain from its type collection. CR.
303. Tectaria fauriei Tagawa — Bhutan; N.E.
India (Assam; Arunachal Pradesh; very rare);Myanmar; Thailand; Malaysia; China; Taiwan;
Japan. VU.
[Tectaria ﬁssa (Kunze) Holttum — ?Indian Islands(Andaman Islands (Dixit and Sinha (2001),
sub T. polymorpha var. cuneifolia), rare, but
requiring conﬁrmation in case of confusion
with a similarly narrow-pinnaʼd specimen of T.
polymorpha); Malaysia; Indonesia.]304. Tectaria ingens (Atk. ex C.B. Clarke)
Holttum — N.C. India (Darjeeling; Sikkim;
very rare); N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh;
Manipur; Meghalaya; very rare); Tibet. NT.
305. Tectaria kehdingiana (Kuhn) M.G.
Price — Indian Islands (Nicobar Islands; veryrare); Sumatra. EN.
306. Tectaria melanocaulon (Blume) Copel. —Indian Islands (Andaman Islands; very rare);Thailand; Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines;
New Guinea. VU.
307. Tectaria sp. near T. siifolia — Bhutan,
rare; N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; veryrare). As known so far endemic to N.E. India,
but very likely to occur also in China or
Myanmar. Fronds ternate or with two pairs of
pinnae, the lowest usually without a basal lobe
or sometimes with small, shallow lobe in large
specimens; differs from T. siifolia in the fronds
not being at all dimorphic; narrow scales atstipe-base concolorous dark-brown or blackish, without scarious margins; pinnae neverwith a proliferous bulbil; costae and veinsbeneath with more prominent and denser hairs.
VU; Globally threatened.
308. Tectaria siifolia (Willd.) Copel. (syn.: T.
ternifolia (Alderw.) C. Chr.) — Indian Islands(Andaman Islands; very rare (Dixit and Sinha(2001)); Thailand; Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines. Fraser-Jenkins and Benniamin (2010)
reported it from N.E. India sub T. ternifolia inerror for T. sp. above ; and Banerjee and Mukhopadyay (2010) reported it from India pre-Rare and Threatened Pteridophytes of Asia 2. Endangered Species of India

sumably in error. EN.
309. Tectaria simonsii (Baker) Ching — N.C.
India (W. Bengal; Sikkim; very rare); N.E.
India (Arunachal Pradesh; Assam State; veryrare); Bangladesh; Myanmar; Thailand;
Malaysia; China; Taiwan. NT.
310. Tectaria trimenii (Bedd.) C. Chr. — Sri
Lanka; S. India (Tamil Nadu; very rare).
Endemic to Sri Lanka and S. India. CR;
Globally threatened.
311. Tectaria zeilanica (Houtt.) Sledge — Sri
Lanka, S. India (Kerala; Tamil Nadu; veryrare); Thailand; Vietnam; Malaysia; China;
Taiwan. EN.
Oleandraceae
312. Arthropteris palisotii (Desv.) Alston —Sri Lanka, very rare; S. India (Tamil Nadu;
very rare or extinct); Africa; China; Taiwan;
Thailand; S.E. Asia; Australasia; Polynesia.
CR or EX.
313. Oleandra undulata (Willd.) Ching — N.E.
India (Nagaland; Manipur; Mizoram; veryrare); China; Myanmar; Thailand; Malaysia.
The S. Indian species, O. musifolia (Blume)
C. Presl, was misreported from Arunachal
Pradesh by Rawat and Sahu (2006) in error for
O. wallichii. VU.
Lomariopsidaceae
314. Bolbitis medogensis (Ching et S.K. Wu)
S.Y. Dong — N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh;very rare); Tibet. CR; Globally threatened.
315. Bolbitis presliana (Fée) Ching — S. India(Karnataka; Kerala; very rare). Endemic to S.
India. NT; Globally threatened.
316. Bolbitis semicordata (Baker) Ching — S.
India (Kerala; Tamil Nadu; very rare).
Endemic to S. India. VU; Globally threatened.
317. Bolbitis sinuata (C. Presl) Hennipman —Indian Islands (Nicobar Islands; very rare);Thailand; Malaysia; Indonesia; Phillippines;
New Guinea. EN.
318. Bolbitis subcordata (Copel.) Ching —N.E. India (Meghalaya, Umkiong, A. Bennia-

177

min 26187, 19.10.2010, det. CRFJ; very rare);
China; Taiwan; Japan; Vietnam. Not previously recorded in India. CR.
319. Bolbitis tibetica Ching et S.K. Wu —Nepal, very rare; N.E. India (Arunachal
Pradesh; very rare); Tibet. EN; Globallythreatened.
320. Elaphoglossum beddomei Sledge — S.
India (Kerala; Tamil Nadu; rare and very
restricted). Endemic to S. India. Listed from
S. India by IUCN (1998) as Rare. NT; Globally threatened.
321. Elaphoglossum nilgiricum Krajina ex
Sledge — S. India (Kerala; Tamil Nadu; veryrare). Endemic to S. India. EN; Globallythreatened.
322. Elaphoglossum stigmatolepis (Fée) T.
Moore — S. India (Tamil Nadu; very rare).
Endemic to S. India. Listed from S. India by
IUCN (1998) as Endangered. EN; Globallythreatened.
323. Lomagramma sorbifolia (Willd.) Ching(syn.: Bolbitis nagalandensis R. R. Rao et
Jamir, type in LWG!; Lomagramma matthewii(Ching) Holttum) — N.E. India (Arunachal
Pradesh; Nagaland; very rare); China; Myanmar; ?Thailand (sub L. grossoserrata); Malaysia; Indonesia. NT.
324. ?Lomagramma sumatrana Alderw. —Indian Islands (Nicobar Islands; very rare
(Dixit and Sinha 2001), perhaps requiring conﬁrmation of identity); Malaya; Sumatra. ?EN.
Davalliaceae
325. Araiostegia hymenophylloides (Blume)
Copel. — Sri Lanka; S. India (Kerala; Tamil
Nadu; Karnataka; very rare); Thailand; Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines; ?Polynesia. EN.
326. Araiostegiella perdurans (Christ) M. Kato
et C. Tsutsumi — ?N.C. India (?Sikkim; veryrare); Bhutan, rare; N.E. India (Arunachal
Pradesh; Nagaland; Meghalaya; ?Mizoram; allvery rare); Myanmar; Thailand; Tibet; China;
Taiwan. Erroneously combined with A. hookeri (sub A. clarkei) by Nooteboom (1994). NT.
327. Davallia denticulata (Burm.f.) Mett. ex

178

Christopher R. Fraser-Jenkins

Kuhn — Africa; Madagascar; Mascarenes; Seychelles; Sri Lanka; Indian Islands (Andaman
Islands; Nicobar Islands; very rare); South India(Kerala; very rare); Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; Laos; Cambodia; China; Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines; Australia; Polynesia. VU.
328. Davallia divaricata Blume (syn.: D. orientalis C. Chr.) — N.E. India (Assam State;
Arunachal Pradesh; Manipur; Meghalaya; veryrare); Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; China;
Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines; Solomon
Islands. EN.
329. Davallia heterophylla Sm. — Indian Islands(Nicobar Islands; very rare); Thailand; Vietnam; Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines; Polynesia. EN.
330. Davallia pectinata Sm. — Indian Islands(Nicobar Islands; very rare); Taiwan; Myanmar; Malaysia; Indonesia; New Guinea; New
Caledonia; Australia; Polynesia. EN.
331. Davallia repens (L.f.) Kuhn, nom. cons.,
non (Bory) Desv. (syn.: Humata repens (L.f.)
Diels; Davallia pedata Sm.) — Madagascar;
Mascarenes; Seychelles; Sri Lanka; Indian
Islands (Andaman Islands, very rare); S. India(Tamil Nadu; very rare); N.C. India (Sikkim;
very rare); Bhutan, very rare; N.E. India(Arunachal Pradesh; Assam State; Nagaland;
Manipur; Meghalaya; Mizoram; very rare);Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; China; Taiwan;
Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines; Australia;
Polynesia. VU
332. Davallia solida (G. Forst.) Sw. — Indian
Islands (Andaman Islands; Nicobar Islands;
very rare); N.E. India (Manipur; Mizoram;very rare); Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam;
China; Taiwan; Malaysia; Indonesia; Australia,
New Zealand; Polynesia. EN.
Blechnaceae
333. Blechnum ﬁnlaysonianum Hook. et Grev. —Indian Islands (Andaman Islands; Nicobar
Islands; very rare); Thailand; Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines; New Guinea. VU.
334. Blechnum melanocaulon (Brack.) T.C.
Chambers et P.A. Farrant subsp. pallens T.C.

Chambers et P.A. Farrant (misapplied names:
B. colensoi and B. patersonii sensu auct.
Ind.) — Sri Lanka, very rare; S. India (Tamil
Nadu; very rare); Malaysia; Indonesia; ?Philippines; Polynesia. EN.
335. Blechnum melanopus Hook. — Bhutan, very
rare; N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh; Meghalaya; very rare); China; Taiwan. EN.
336. Blechnum indicum Burm.f. (misapplied
name: B. cartilagineum sensu Clarke (1880)) —N.E. India (Arunachal Pradesh, Mishmi Hills,
W. Grifﬁth, K; very rare; identiﬁed by Tagawa
and Iwatsuki (1988) as being B. indicum (seeFraser-Jenkins, 2008b: 636)); Thailand; Vietnam; Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines; Australia; Polynesia. CR.
337. Brainea insignis (Hook.) J. Sm./Blechnum
insigne (Hook.) C.M. Kuo — N.E. India (Nagaland; Manipur; very rare; Meghalaya, very
local and being depleted by ﬁre; Mizoram,very rare); Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam;
Malaysia; Sumatra; China; Taiwan. NT.
Note: Azolla cristata Kaulf. is an American close
segregate of A. ﬁliculoides and is known from
Jammu and Kashmir, where it has invaded the
Kashmir Valley at some stage post 1990 andhas recently been conﬁrmed by Prof. C. Van
Hove, of Louvain. Records of A. ﬁliculoides
from the Indian subcontinent have not distinguished between them, and the distinction
depends only on minutely different microcharacters (some of which also display variability
and intermediacy). Thus the present authorʼsprevious reports of A. ﬁliculoides, though
identiﬁed in what is now understood to be abroad sense by the late Prof. C. Evrard, ofLouvain, now require further study. But thetwo taxa are obviously very closely related
and may only represent geographical races,
even though according to Prof. C. van Hove(personal communication, May 2012) they
maintain themselves as distinct without any
known hybridisation. A. cristata is therefore
treated as a subspecies, Azolla ﬁliculoides
Lam. subsp. cristata (Kaulf.) Fraser-Jenk.,Rare and Threatened Pteridophytes of Asia 2. Endangered Species of India

comb. nov., basionym: Azolla cristata Kaulf.,
Enum. Filic.: 274. 1824. As this subspecies isonly adventive in India it is not listed here as athreatened species.
Acknowledgments
I am grateful to Dr. Barbara Parris, Bay of
Islands, New Zealand, formerly of the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew, for her kind help and corrections to the distribution of species of Grammitidaceae. I am also very grateful to Dr. P. Singh,
Director, Botanical Survey of India, and to Dr. P.
Venu, Additional Director, for their kind permission and help while I was working through CAL
hebarium and to the Joint-Directors of other
B.S.I. herbaria I visited. My thanks, too, to Dr. A.
Ebihara, Tsukuba, for thorough checking of thetypescript. This study was partly supported by
the Environment Research and Technology
Development Fund (S-9) of the Ministry of theEnvironment, Japan.
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