Appendix 4

Management plan and other plans
applying to the nominated site

4-A Management Plan for the Shiretoko World
Natural Heritage Nominated Site
Table of Contents
1.
2.
3.

Introduction ........................................................................................................ 181
Objectives............................................................................................................ 181
Overview of the Nominated Site ....................................................................... 182(1)
Location........................................................................................................ 182(2)
Area size....................................................................................................... 182(3)
General description ..................................................................................... 182(4)Natural environment .................................................................................. 183
a. Topography and geology.............................................................................. 183
b. Climate......................................................................................................... 183
c. Sea ice .......................................................................................................... 184
d. Plants ........................................................................................................... 184
e. Animals ........................................................................................................ 185(5)Social environment...................................................................................... 186
a. History ......................................................................................................... 186
b. Utilization of the site .................................................................................. 186
c. Primary industries ...................................................................................... 187
d. Land ownership ........................................................................................... 187
4. Framework for the Management....................................................................... 187(1)
Basic policies................................................................................................ 187(2)
Overview of the various protected areas.................................................... 187
a. Wilderness Area........................................................................................... 188
b. National Park .............................................................................................. 188
c. Forest Ecosystem Reserve .......................................................................... 189
d. National Wildlife Protection Area .............................................................. 189
e. National Endangered Species..................................................................... 190
f. Natural Monuments.................................................................................... 190
g. Fishery Resources Management Program ................................................. 190(3)Management Systems ................................................................................. 191
a. Basic concept ............................................................................................... 191
b. Organization of the relevant government agencies responsible foradministration of the Nominated Site ....................................................... 192
5. Management Plan .............................................................................................. 193(1)
Basic policies................................................................................................ 193
a. Conservation of the virgin condition .......................................................... 193

179

b. Comprehensive management of the terrestrial and marine area ............ 193
c. Core and Buffer areas ................................................................................. 194
d. Coexistence with primary industries ......................................................... 194
e. Appropriate utilization of nature ............................................................... 195(2)
Conservation of the terrestrial ecosystem and natural landscape ........... 195
a. Basic approach............................................................................................. 195
b. Conservation and management of wild flora and fauna ........................... 195
c. Preservation of the natural landscape ....................................................... 199
d. Conservation of the river environment ...................................................... 199
e. Measures against exotic species ................................................................. 200(3)Conservation of the marine area ................................................................ 200
a. Basic concept................................................................................................ 200
b. Management of fishery resources ............................................................... 200
c. Conservation of marine mammals and seabirds ....................................... 201
d. Anti-pollution measures against marine oil spills, etc.............................. 202(4)
Appropriate usage of the natural environment ......................................... 202
a. Basic concept................................................................................................ 202
b. Policies on key usage types ......................................................................... 203
c. Capacity building of nature guides............................................................. 206
d. Administration policies for major facilities................................................ 207
e. Providing information and awareness programs....................................... 208(5)Implementation of conservation and management programs .................. 208
a. Inspections by related government agencies, etc....................................... 209
b. Conservation and management programs implemented .......................... 209(6)
Research, survey and monitoring activities............................................... 209
a. Basic concept................................................................................................ 209
b. Wild flora and fauna.................................................................................... 210
c. Landscape .................................................................................................... 211
d. Exotic species............................................................................................... 212
e. Marine ecosystem, etc. ................................................................................ 212
f. Usage levels ................................................................................................. 212
6. Implementation of the Plan and Other Issues ................................................. 212(1)
Implementation of the plan, etc.................................................................. 212(2)
Programs by local governments.................................................................. 213
7. Conclusion........................................................................................................... 214

180

1. Introduction
The Shiretoko World Heritage Natural Property Nominated Site (Nominated Site)
and its surrounding marine areas are located in the southernmost area for the seasonal sea ice in the Northern Hemisphere and the sea ice triggers high levels ofplankton which forms the base of the food cycle that supports a diverse range of
wildlife in the area.
The chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta, pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, masu
salmon Oncorhynchus masou masou and dolly varden Salvelinus malma of Shiretoko
travel between the sea and rivers and support a wide range of wildlife including
large mammals such as the brown bear Ursus arctos and endangered birds of preysuch as Blakiston’s fish-owl Ketupa blakistoni blakistoni, Steller’s sea eagle Haliaeetus
pelagicus and white-tailed eagle H. albicilla as well as various marine mammals andseabirds in Shiretoko. The diverse ecosystems consist of northern and southern
species of fauna and flora which reflect the complex interactions of the naturalenvironment of land and sea. The beauty of the nature is outstanding as the site isfilled with an assortment of landscapes including the steep peaks of the Shiretoko
mountain ranges formed by volcanic activities, virgin forests which cover themountainside, sheer cliffs along the coastline and various marshes, lakes andswamps.
The natural environment of Shiretoko which contains globally unique ecosystems
and landscapes is a valuable resource for all mankind and should be preserved ingood form for future generations.

2. Objectives
In the course of recommending Shiretoko as a World Natural Heritage site, thismanagement plan was prepared to appropriately conserve and manage the extremely diverse, unique and valuable natural environment of the Nominated Site for
future generations.
The management plan clarifies the basic policies related to the issues such as operating relevant legislations and promoting various programs in order to implement
an adequate and effective administration for the Nominated Site by realizing close
collaboration and cooperation among the governmental agencies responsible for thevarious systems related to the conservation and administration of the NominatedSite (Ministry of the Environment, Forestry Agency, Agency for Cultural Affairs andHokkaido prefectural government), local governments (Shari town and Rausu town),
other concerned governmental agencies and organizations closely involved in the181conservation, management and utilization of the Nominated Site such as organizations related to fishery and tourism (related bodies).

3. Overview of the Nominated Site
(1) Location
The Nominated Site is situated within the peninsula located at the northeastern tipof Hokkaido flanked by the Sea of Okhotsk and the Nemuro Strait between 43° 56’
58" N to 44° 21' 08" N and 144° 57' 57" E to 145° 23' 02" E.
The relevant municipalities for the site are Shari town, Shari-gun and Rausu town,
Menashi-gun in Hokkaido prefecture.
(2) Area size
The size of the Nominated Site is approximately 56,100 hectares (including approx.
7,400 ha of marine area).
The nominated site consists of the areas described below which were determined bytaking into consideration conditions such as the characteristics of the natural andsocial environments as well as conservation status based on the protective systems.
The Core area of the Nominated Site covers the area (approx. 34,000 ha)
surrounding the central mountain ranges of the Shiretoko Peninsula including someparts of the coastline on the Shari town side. Most of the area is covered by the
Onnebetsudake Wilderness Area, the Special Protection Zone and Class 1 Special
Zone in the Shiretoko National Park as well as the Preservation Zone in the
Shiretoko Forest Ecosystem Reserve and the Special Protection Area in the
Shiretoko National Wildlife Protection Area.
The Buffer area covers the area (approx. 22,100 ha including some 7,400 ha of sea)surrounding the Core area and the sea area within one kilometer from the coastline(shoreline). It consists of the Special Protection Zone, Class 1, 2 and 3 Special Zones
and the Ordinary Zone in the Shiretoko National Park, the Conservation and Utilization Zone in the Shiretoko Forest Ecosystem Reserve and the Shiretoko National
Wildlife Protection Area.
(3) General description
The Nominated Site is one of the few rare locations in Japan where the virgin natural environment has been preserved. The steep peaks and sheer cliffs created by volcanic activities have protected the rich nature and supported its diverse wildlife.
The Nominated Site is an outstanding example of an integrated ecosystem that con-182

sists of a terrestrial ecosystem interlinked with a marine ecosystem which reflects
the unique characteristics of the seasonal sea ice area at the world’s lowest latitude.
The nutrients supplied by sea ice proliferates blooms of phytoplankton such as ice
algae (algae growing on the bottom surface of the sea ice) which are the starting
point of the food chain including fish, birds and mammals that dynamically links theecosystems of the sea, rivers and forests. In addition, the Nominated Site features aunique composition and distribution of fauna and flora such as the coexistence ofsouthern and northern species reflecting the geographical location and diverse natural conditions. Further, the Nominated Site is an important breeding or wintering
ground for many globally rare species such as Blakiston’s fish-owl Ketupa blakistoni
blakistoni, Steller’s sea eagle Haliaeetus pelagicus and white-tailed eagle H. albicilla andtherefore, it is an essential habitat for the conservation of these species.
Furthermore, the natural beauty of the Nominated Site is outstanding with its
virgin landscape which dramatically changes with the four seasons.
The Nominated Site includes a number of protected areas (Onnebetsudake Wilderness Area, Shiretoko National Park, Shiretoko Forest Ecosystem Reserve and theShiretoko National Wildlife Protection Area) designated by the Ministry of the Environment and the Forestry Agency which ensure that the natural environment is secured and preserved undamaged from the effects of human activities.
(4) Natural environmenta. Topography and geology
The Nominated Site is located in the Shiretoko Peninsula which is a narrow peninsula approximately 25 kilometers wide at its base and protrudes 70 kilometers out
to the southern boundary of the Sea of Okhotsk. It is flanked by the Sea of Okhotsk
on the west and the Nemuro Strait in the east. A volcanic group higher than 1,500
meters above sea level are situated along the center of the Peninsula including thehighest peak of Mt. Rausu (altitude 1,661m). Apart from some marine terraces, thelandscape on the peninsula is steep with little flat ground between the peaks andthe coastline. The peninsula was formed by various topographic forces such as platemovements, volcanic activities and sea erosion which formed a wide range of landscapes including curious rock formations, sea cliffs and volcanic terrain. Among theactive volcanoes in the peninsula, Mt. Iou (altitude 1,563 m) is world famous for
spewing molten sulfur for eight months in 1936.
b. Climate
The climate of the Nominated Site is largely affected by the sea. In addition, theexistence of the Shiretoko mountain ranges has a large impact on the climate andthere is a significant difference in temperature and precipitation between east andwest parts of the peninsula. The Rausu side receives a high precipitation as the humid southeastern winds form the sea blow towards the Shiretoko mountain ranges
in summer and low temperatures are frequent due to the development of sea fog. In

183winter, there is relatively heavy snowfall and temperatures are higher than the
Shari side due to the influence of the marine climate. On the other hand, the Shariside has hot summers with little precipitation because of the foehn phenomenon on
the north of the Shiretoko mountain ranges and of the effects of the Soya Current.
The temperature is low in winter due to the seasonal northwestern winds and thesea ice which reflects sunlight and blocks the heat radiation from the sea water tothe atmosphere.
c. Sea ice
Due to topographical and geographical conditions, the Sea of Okhotsk is the mostsouthern (lowest latitude) ocean in the world as a seasonal sea ice area. This is dueto the following three unique conditions: The Sea of Okhotsk has a double-layered
structure with a large difference in salinity between the surface layer and lower
layer. The sea is surrounded by land and there is little exchange of sea water withthe open sea. The cold air from Siberia blows over the area and effectively chills thesea water. The sea ice that forms in the Sea of Okhotsk reaches as far south as theNominated Site and the surrounding area. The sea ice leads the occurrence of phytoplankton which becomes food source for the zooplankton and supports an extensive
food chain for the higher level consumers such as fish, marine mammals and terrestrial wildlife.
d. Plants
The majority of the vegetation of the Nominated Site is preserved in virgin condition.
While the altitude changes is only some 1,600 meters from the coast to the mountainpeaks, alpine plants such as Japanese stone pine Pinus pumila and other alpine plantcommunities are developed at relatively low altitudes, and diverse vegetation is distributed vertically at the site.
In the coastal area of the Shiretoko Peninsula, the vegetation consists mainly of alpine/arctic to subalpine/subarctic plants which covers areas such as rocky coasts andthe surrounding area with little development of soil.
The forest vegetation in the low altitude areas consists of a mosaic of three types offorests:
the cool temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest with species such as Japaneseoak Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata and painted maple Acer mono etc.
the subarctic evergreen coniferous forest with species such as Sakhalin fir Abiessachalinensis and Sakhalin spruce Picea glehnii etc.
the mixed forest which is a combination of the above cool temperate deciduous
broad-leaved forest and subarctic evergreen coniferous forest.
The area near the timberline is extensively covered by Japanese stone pine scrub.
The alpine vegetation creates a stunning and beautiful landscape, despite the relatively low altitude of the vegetation.

184

The flora is rich in variety as it contains both northern and southern species. The
vascular plant flora is diverse as there are many northern species in alpine plants,
while in plants excluding alpine plants, southern species co-exist in large proportion.
The terrestrial vascular plant flora of the Shiretoko Peninsula contains 104 families
and 817 species, and alpine plants account for more than one quarter of them with
233 species. Among the alpine plants are the Viola kitamiana which is endemic to theShiretoko Peninsula and rare species such as the Dendranthema arcticum. Due to theeffects of the Soya current which is the only warm current in the Sea of Okhotsk,
there are both cold current-based seaweeds (which distribute also around the Kuril
Islands and Sakhalin) and warm current-based seaweeds (which are mainly distributed around Hokkaido and further south) in the coastal waters of the Shiretoko
Peninsula in spite of being situated in a seasonal sea ice area. The seaweed flora isunique in that it contains many species of warm current-based seaweeds. There are
134 species of seaweed recorded along the Rausu coast and the area around Utoro.
Among them, there are seaweeds with a limited distribution range such as
Cymathaere japonica.
e. Animals
The Nominated Site supports a diverse fauna which combines northern species from
Sakhalin and southern species from the main island of Japan. Almost all the terrestrial mammals and birds that widely inhabited Hokkaido in history are found at theNominated Site due to its pristine virgin nature.
With regard to mammals, 35 species of terrestrial mammals and 28 species ofmarine mammals have been identified in the Shiretoko Peninsula and its
surrounding coastal areas. Among them, there are globally rare species such as the
Hawker’s least shrew Sorex minutissimus hawkeri, Ikonnikov’s whiskered bat Myotis
ikonnikovi and Steller sea lion Eumetopias jubatus. In addition, the high densities oflarge mammals such as the brown bear Ursus arctos and Yezo sika deer Cervus nippon
yesoensis also indicate that the Shiretoko Peninsula is a high quality habitat for
terrestrial mammals. In particular, the density of the brown bear population isamong the highest in the world. Furthermore, the coastal waters of the Shiretoko
Peninsula are the important wintering, feeding and breeding area for marine
mammals.
With regard to birds, 264 species of birds have been recorded in the Shiretoko Peninsula including globally rare species such as the Blakiston’s fish-owl, Steller’s sea
eagle and white-tailed eagle. Furthermore, the Nominated Site is identified to be abreeding ground for Blakiston’s fish-owl, white-tailed eagle and black woodpecker
Dryocopus martius as well as the wintering ground for Steller’s sea eagle. These
species are all designated as the Natural Monuments due to their scientificsignificance.

185

With regard to fish, 42 species of freshwater fish and 223 species of marine fish havebeen identified in the Shiretoko Peninsula and its coastal waters. The nearshore
waters of the Shiretoko Peninsula are mainly populated with northern fishes. However, due to the Soya current which is the only warm ocean current in the Sea of Okhotsk, there are many species of southern fishes usually seen in tropical and subtropical seas. As a result, the area is unique within the Sea of Okhotsk in terms of
the fish fauna.
In addition, there are seven species of reptiles, three species of amphibians andmore than 2,500 species of insects reported to inhabit the Shiretoko Peninsula.
(5) Social environment
a. History
The nature of the Nominated Site has been preserved in a virgin condition due tothe harsh environmental conditions which hindered development and a high level ofinterest among the local inhabitants on nature protection.
Prehistoric artifacts dating up to several thousand years ago have been found in the
Shiretoko Peninsula. The Ainu people worshiped the Blakiston’s fish-owl, brownbear and killer whale Orcinus orca as their gods and developed a culture that valued
the bountiful nature. There were several attempts to settle the area from the Taishoera (early 1900s) on the Shari town side. However, due to the combination of harshnatural and social conditions, all settlers had left the area by 1966. Around the sametime, there was increasing interest in nature conservation which led to the designation of the Shiretoko National Park in 1964. This was followed by other protectedareas such as designating the Onnebetsudake Wilderness Area, Shiretoko Forest
Ecosystem Reserve and the Shiretoko National Wildlife Protection Area. In addition,a joint program by residents and the local municipality, the Shiretoko 100
Square-Meter Forest Trust, was started in 1977 with the aim to protect abandoned
settlements from unregulated development and recover them as forest areas.
b. Utilization of the site
Currently, approximately 2.30 million tourists annually visit the Shiretoko National
Park and its adjacent areas which cover a large portion of the Nominated Site. In
particular, the Shiretoko-goko lakes, Horobetsu, Kamuiwakka, Shiretoko Pass andRausu hot spring are popular tourist sites and for example, some 500,000 visitors
explore the nature of the Shiretoko-goko lakes every year.
There has been a change in the types of visitors and their activities are becoming
more diversified. In addition to the traditional type of tourists who join sightseeing
and nature exploration tour groups such as sightseeing tours by coach or tour boats,
there have been an increase in visitors who participate in more active programs

186such as mountain climbing, trekking and sea kayaking.
c. Primary industries
A large part of the Nominated Site is covered by National Forest which is mostly
designated or planned as the Shiretoko Forest Ecosystem Reserve and there are noforestry activities aiming for timber production.
Fishery is a main industry for the area. The sustainable use of marine resources
such as salmon, trout and kelp is supported by a highly productivity of the sea.
d. Land ownership
National Forest, which is administered by the Forestry Agency, accounts for 95 percent of the Nominated Site. In addition, the Nominated Site also includes lands
owned by the national government, Hokkaido prefectural government, Shari town,
Rausu town and the private sector.

4. Framework for the Management(1) Basic policies
In order to maintain the value of the Nominated Site as a World Natural Heritagefor future generations, a comprehensive administration scheme will be implemented
for the entire site taking into account the various systems described below. In
addition, the plan will aim to facilitate close collaboration and cooperation among
the government agencies, local municipalities and other related government
agencies in charge of various systems as well as to promote the participation andcooperation from local residents, related bodies and experts from various fields inorder to enhance the effectiveness and quality of the management program.
(2) Overview of the various protected areas
The Nominated Site is designated as the Onnebetsudake Wilderness Area, the Special Protection Zone, Special Zones and the Ordinary Zone in the Shiretoko National
Park, the Preservation Zone and Conservation and Utilization Zone in the Shiretoko
Forest Ecosystem Reserve, and the Protection Area, Special Protection Area and
Designated Special Protection Area in the Shiretoko National Wildlife Protection
Area.
In addition, the wildlife in the area include species such as the brown bear Ursus
arctos, Blakiston’s fish-owl Ketupa blakistoni blakistoni, Steller’s sea eagle Haliaeetus
pelagicus and white-tailed eagle H. albicilla and some of these wildlife are protected inaccordance with the Law for Conservation of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna andFlora and Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties.

187

With regard to the fishery, the sustainable use of fishery resources is designed
through measures such as domestic laws and regulations as well as voluntary restrictions by the fishery industry.
a. Wilderness Area
Wilderness Areas are designated and administered by the Minister of the Environment based on the Nature Conservation Law. Its purpose is to provide necessary
protection for virgin natural environments of a significant scale without being influenced by human activities.
Based on the above law, the area surrounding Mt. Onnebetsu was excluded from theShiretoko National Park and designated as the Onnebetsudake Wilderness Area inFebruary 1980. The Wilderness Area is included in the nominated site.
All activities that may impact the preservation of the natural environment areprohibited in the Wilderness Area except for special circumstances such as scientificresearch. Examples of prohibited activities include: construction, reconstruction andextension of structure; logging and related activities; capturing or gathering animals
or plants; gathering fallen leaves and branches; open fires.
b. National Park
National Parks are designated and administered by the Minister of theEnvironment based on the Natural Parks Law. Its purpose is to protect the places ofscenic beauty as well as promote its utilization as a resource for the health,recreation and culture of the people.
Based on the above law, an area was designated as the Shiretoko National Park in
June 1964. The entire area of the Park is included in the Nominated Site. The Parkis classified into several zones and each is protected according to the relevant requirements in the protection plan: The Special Zone is an area important for theprotection and the utilization of the park. Activities such as the construction of new
facilities and logging require the permission of the Minister of the Environment. The
Special Protection Zone is an area necessary to ensure the protection of the core
parts of the Park and is protected with more stringent requirements. In addition to
the construction of new facilities and logging, activities such as the capturing orgathering of animals or plants, gathering fallen leaves and branches, and open fires
require the permission of the Minister of the Environment. In the Ordinary Zone,
activities such as reclamation of the surface of water require the notification to
Minister of the Environment. Furthermore, footpaths and visitor centers aredeveloped in accordance with the utilization plan for the park in order to ensure theprotection of nature and to promote adequate utilization.

188

c. Forest Ecosystem Reserve
Forest Ecosystem Reserves are designated and administered by the Forestry Agency
based on the Law on the Administration and Management of National Forests. Its
purpose is to maintain the natural environment of the forest ecosystem, protect
plants and animals, preserve genetic resources, develop forest operation and management technique, and promote scientific research etc. by preserving areas ofvirgin natural forests in reasonable scales which represent the forest zones in Japan.
In its National Forest Operation Plan, details on plan creation for the actual
administration activities of each region are set out in the National Forests
Administration and Management Bylaw and Procedures for the Designation ofProtected Forests.
Based on the regime as described above, the central part of the Shiretoko Peninsula
was designated as the Shiretoko Forest Ecosystem Reserve in April 1990. Further, it
was decided to extend the area up to the Onnebetsudake Wilderness Area west of
the Shiretoko Crossroad effective in April 2004, and legal formalities to achieve thisare in process. The Preservation Zone contains forest in the most virgin condition
and measures are being implemented to ensure that this forest ecosystem is strictly
preserved. Excluding special circumstances such as academic research activities andnatural disaster relief, in principle, the area is left to follow its natural course without human intervention. The Conservation and Utilization Zone works as a buffer inorder to prevent the environmental changes of the surrounding area to impacting on
the forests in the Preservation Zone. In this zone, forest operation for wood production is not allowed. However, in accordance with the natural conditions, the area
may be utilized as an educational resource or a recreational site without involving
any large- scale development.
d. National Wildlife Protection Area
National Wildlife Protection Areas are designated by the Minister of the Environment based on the Wildlife Protection and Hunting Law. Its purpose is to provide
protection of wildlife and to enforce appropriate requirements on hunting to ensure
the biodiversity of the wildlife which in turn enables people to enjoy the bounties ofnature.
The area designated as the Wildlife Protection Area and Special Protection Area in
November 2001 based on the above law, overlaps with the Nominated Site. Activities
such as capturing wildlife and collecting eggs are prohibited in the area designatedas Wildlife Protection Area. Areas deemed to be an important habitat and breedingsite for wildlife are designated as Special Protection Areas and certain development
activities are prohibited in such areas. In addition, a part of the Special Protection
Zone is designated as Designated Special Protection Area which is under more stringent protection requirements. In addition to capturing or collecting animals andplants as well as collecting fallen leaves and branches, the following activities are189prohibited in the Designated Special Protection Area: Entering with dogs and otheranimals that may be harmful to the wildlife; monitoring or taking pictures of thewildlife which may affect their nesting behavior; etc.
e. National Endangered Species
National Endangered Species are endangered wildlife species that inhabit or growin Japan which are designated by the government ordinance according to the Law
for Conservation of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.
Among the animals which inhabit the Nominated Site, species such as the Blakiston's fish-owl, Steller’s sea eagle, white-tailed eagle have been designated as the National Endangered Species and activities such as capturing, killing or damaging andtransfer of organisms of endangered species are prohibited.
f. Natural Monuments
Natural Monuments are designated by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science and Technology based on the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties.
Its purpose is to protect animals or plants (including their habitats, breeding sites,
stopover points for migratory birds and native habitats) and geological minerals (including areas of unique natural phenomenon) which have significant scientific value
for the country.
Among the wildlife in the Nominated Site, four species of birds which are theBlakiston's fish-owl, Steller’s sea eagle, white-tailed eagle and black woodpecker
Dryocopus martius, as well as one species of insect Vaciniina optilete Knoch have been
designated as Natural Monuments.
An activity that would alter the state of the Natural Monuments or affect their preservation requires permission from the Director-General of the Agency for Cultural
Affairs.
In addition, the “Rausu geyser” in the site is designated as a “Hokkaido designated
Natural Monument” based on the “Hokkaido Cultural Properties Protection Regulation” and any activity that would alter the state of or affects its condition requires
permission from the Director of the Hokkaido Board of Education.
g. Fishery Resources Management Program
With regard to the conservation of fishery resources, the following restrictions are
imposed in accordance with the Regulation of Sea Fisheries Adjustment in Hokkaido
and Regulation of Inland Fisheries Adjustment in Hokkaido based on the Fisheries
Law and Fishery Resources Protection Law. Implemented measures include: The
restrictions or prohibitions include capturing Sakhalin surf clams and sea urchinsbased on their sizes; restrictions or prohibitions of fishing methods such as
190

capturing fish by running electric currents in the water; designations of closed areaor period for fishing.
With regard to the salmon and trout, the major fishery resources for Shiretoko, theircapture in inland waters as well as in the sea near the mouths of the Iwaubetsu
River, the Onnebetsu River, the Rausu River and the Sashirui River is prohibited toensure the capture of adult fish for the artificial production and fry release program.
In addition, the Onnebetsu River is designated as protected water according to theFishery Resources Protection Law and the capture of aquatic animals is prohibited
year around.
(3) Management Systems
a. Basic concept
The Nominated Site will be comprehensively managed by the Ministry of the Environment, Forestry Agency, Agency for Cultural Affairs and Hokkaido prefectural
government which are responsible for the various systems described above. These
agencies will collaborate and cooperate with Shari town, Rausu town, other related
government agencies and related bodies to enhance the management scheme. In
addition, other related local organizations will cooperate in the appropriate conservation and management activities for of the Nominated Site.
In order to facilitate effective collaboration and cooperation with related government
agencies and related bodies, the “Shiretoko Nominated Site Regional Liaison Committee” (Regional Liaison Committee) was established for discussion and coordination among the above government agencies and related bodies in the management of
the Nominated Site.
A wide range of opinions and suggestions from local residents and related bodies will
be considered in the discussions at the Regional Liaison Committee.
Additionally, a council consisting of experts will be established to provide advice on
scientific matters in order to evaluate the research, survey and monitoring projects
on the natural environment of the Nominated Site and to promote conservation andmanagement activities based on the results.
Further collaboration, cooperation and information sharing are planned among theparties that are involved in conservation, management, research, survey and monitoring regarding the Nominated Site. These parties include Shiretoko Foundation,
Natural Parks Foundation, related public facilities (Shiretoko Museum of Sharitown, Shiretoko Nature Center, Shiretoko Wildlife Protection Area Management
Center, Rausu Visitor Center, and Shiretoko Forest Center) and experts etc.

191

b. Organization of the relevant government agencies responsible for administrationof the Nominated Site
i. East Hokkaido Regional Office for Nature Conservation, Nature Conservation
Bureau, Ministry of the Environment (Utoro Ranger Office for Nature Conservation, Rausu Ranger Office for Nature Conservation)
The Utoro and Rausu Ranger Offices for Nature Conservation are responsible forthe administration of the National Park, Wilderness Area and Wildlife Protection
Area. In addition, they are also responsible for activities such as the
Rehabilitation of Natural Habitats and Maintenance of Viable Population for the
Blakiston’s fish-owl.
ii.

Kitami Branch Office, Hokkaido Regional Forest Office, Forestry Agency(Shiretoko Forest Center, Abashiri South District Forest Office [Utoro Forest
Ranger Office, Minehama Forest Ranger Office]), Obihiro Branch Office,Hokkaido Regional Forest Office, Forestry Agency (Konsen East District
Forest Office [Rausu Forest Ranger Office])
The Shiretoko Forest Center and the Utoro, Minehama and Rausu Forest Ranger
Offices are responsible for the administration, maintenance and conservation of
the National Forest in the areas such as the Shiretoko Forest Ecosystem Reserve.
In addition, they are also responsible for activities such as the Rehabilitation of
Natural Habitats and Maintenance of Viable Population for the Blakiston’s
fish-owl.

iii. Hokkaido prefectural government (Abashiri Subprefectural Office, Nemuro
Subprefectural Office)
The Environment and Lifestyle Division, Fisheries Division and Forestry Affairs
Division of the Abashiri and Nemuro Subprefectural Office are responsible for thefollowing activities. Environmental matters: Supporting the management of the
National Park and conservation and management of the wildlife in the area. Fishery matters: Promoting the fishery industry and managing fishery resources
through measures such as the authorization and control of fishing activities. Forestry: Providing guidance in the maintenance and conservation of privately held
forests.
iv. Shari town
The Environment Conservation Division is responsible for activities such as nature conservation, conservation and management of wildlife, environmental control, and the administration of the 100 Square-Meter Forest Movement. In
addition, the town has established the Shiretoko Foundation which is responsible
for activities such as the fieldwork for wildlife conservation and management andthe 100 Square-Meter Forest Movement.

192

The Fishery and Forestry Division is responsible for promoting the fishery industry, managing the fishing ports and the administration/guidance of privately
owned forests.
The Shiretoko Museum of Shari town conducts activities such as the research andstudy of wildlife, awareness activities and the conservation and management of
Natural Monuments and injured wildlife.
v. Rausu town
The Environment Division is responsible for environmental conservation activities
related to nature conservation and conservation and management of wildlife. The
division also provides information and offers awareness programs in these areas.
In addition, the Rausu Visitor Center provides information, guidance and instructions on the appropriate utilization of the Park to the visitors.
The Fishery Division conducts activities to promote the fishing industry and to
manage the fishing ports.

5. Management Plan
(1) Basic policies
a. Conservation of the virgin condition
The Nominated Site is one of a few National Parks in Japan where the virgin nature
is preserved on a significant scale. This is due to the fact that the access to thepeninsula is limited by the number of auto routes leading to the peninsula and trails
within the site. Therefore, particular attention is to be given to conserve this virginnature for future generations, when managing the Nominated Site.
b. Comprehensive management of the terrestrial and marine area
The value of the Nominated Site as a World Natural Heritage lies in a rich marine
ecosystem consisting of a wide range of marine life, its link with a virgin terrestrial
ecosystem, and a diverse fauna and flora. Depending on these unique features, thesite serves as an important habitat for globally rare species including theBlakiston’s fish-owl, Steller’s sea eagle and white-tailed eagle.
Based on the conditions of terrestrial and marine indicator species, status of plantcommunities and vegetation, and environmental state of water quality and flow,
monitoring will be conducted on the integration and soundness of the terrestrial andmarine ecosystems of the Nominated Site. When there are any indications ofchanges that may affect the natural environment, a scientific survey will be
conducted to analyze the cause and to determine recovery measures. Necessary193

actions will be taken to comprehensively conserve and manage the terrestrial andmarine ecosystems.
In order to achieve the above objectives, a system to facilitate collaboration andcooperation among relevant government agencies, related bodies and researchers
will be established. Information sharing as well as developing and securing of
human resources will be accommodated for survey, research and monitoring
projects.
c. Core and Buffer areas
A significant area with a well preserved natural environment which requires stringent conservation and management will be designated as a Core area. To conserve
the natural environment in the Core area, the area adjacent to the Core area will be
designated as a Buffer area.
The basic policy on conservation for the Core area is focused on allowing nature tofollow its natural transition without human intervention. All activities which may
interference with nature conservation is strictly prohibited through various conservation systems, with exceptions for special circumstances such as scientific research.
In case of reconstruction and extension of the existing structures, elaborate measures will be taken to minimize the impact to the natural environment.
According to need, certain activities will be restricted in the terrestrial Buffer area
to maintain the present environmental state. In particular, any activity that may
impact the natural environment in the Core area will be strictly controlled. Since
the marine Buffer area is in the Ordinary Zone of the Shiretoko National Park, any
activity such as the reclamation of the sea surface must be dealt appropriately sothat it does not influence the natural environment in both terrestrial and marine
area.
d. Coexistence with primary industries
Most of the National Forests, which account for 95 percent of the nominated site(terrestrial part), are either designated or planned as the Shiretoko Forest Ecosystem Reserve and there is no forestry activity for timber production conducted within
the site. Although there is a small area of privately owned forests within the site,
forestry activities are limited to forest management operations such as planned tree
thinning which takes into account the virgin natural landscape.
Due to the plankton nurtured by sea ice, the Shiretoko coastal waters are extremelyrich in biological resources compared with other sea areas. The viability of the fishery industry relies on a healthy marine environment. Supported by the bountiful
coastal waters of Shiretoko, the fishery industry in Shiretoko realizes sustainable
use of marine resources by taking necessary measures to assure coexistence with194

the wildlife of Shiretoko.
e. Appropriate utilization of nature
The utilization of the Nominated Site is controlled on the condition that the virginnatural environment and the diverse ecosystem composed of abundant wildlife arepreserved for future generations. Activities such as sightseeing, nature explorationand fishing will be appropriately conducted without impacting the natural environment. Specific restrictions and rules will be imposed as necessary. The measures will
be implemented to realize the conservation of the virgin natural environment andpromotion of tourism, the local major industry which provides an unforgettable
experience to the visitors.
(2) Conservation of the terrestrial ecosystem and natural landscapea. Basic approach
In order to conserve the virgin nature, rich ecosystem, diverse wildlife and stunninglandscapes of the Nominated Site for future generations, the basic approach focuseson maintenance of the natural transition and cycles of the ecosystems.
The Core area will be managed appropriately with an approach, in principle, toallow nature to follow its natural transition. In the Buffer area, human intervention
will be controlled and the natural environment will be managed in order tominimize the impact on the ecosystem and natural landscape in the core area.
b. Conservation and management of wild fauna and florai. Plants
The Nominated Site contains diverse plant communities such as forest communities including mixed forests of Japanese oak, painted maple, Sakhalin fir and Sakhalin spruce and Japanese stone pine scrub, alpine plant communities along themountain ridges, moor plant communities around the mountain lakes andmarshes, coastal plant communities in the coastal gravel field, surrounding cliffs
and steep slopes, and tall-herb communities in the wind-exposed site on top of thesea cliffs. The Nominated Site which contains such diverse plant communities has
been designated as the Onnebetsudake Wilderness Area, the Special Protection
Zone and Special Zone in the Shiretoko National Park as well as the Shiretoko
Forest Ecosystem Reserve. Based on the above protective systems, the site is adequately managed through coordination and cooperation built among relevant government agencies, experts and other related bodies.
While taking into account the diversity of the plant communities as well as the
distribution of endemic or rare species, research and monitoring will be conductedin the areas important for the conservation of such species. The results will be
used to determine appropriate conservation measures to mitigate human impact.

195

In particular, the study on vegetation damage by human trampling will be continued in mountain ridges and the Shiretoko Pass to determine appropriate
measures such as the designation of entry restricted area, adequate guidance andprojects to restore the vegetation. In addition, enhanced patrolling activities will
be introduced through coordination and cooperation with relevant government
agencies to prevent the illegal collection of endemic or rare species such as theViola kitamiana and Dendranthema arcticum.
With regard to the grazing pressures of the Yezo sika deer, a survey will be conducted to identify the damage to the vegetation and to analyze necessary
measures. In herbaceous communities on wind-exposed site and tall herb
communities of the Shiretoko Cape, significant damages to vegetation are caused
by deer’s grazing and trampling. In these particular areas, deer fences are
installed for each type of vegetation to conserve endemic gene resources. In
addition, monitoring projects will be conducted to investigate the recovery statusof vegetation by removal of grazing pressure. Further conservation measures will
be reviewed reflecting the results of these studies.
In the Area of the 100 Square-Meter Forest Movement within the buffer area, anoperation to restore the forest is conducted with the participation from a wide
range of citizens taking into account the harmonization with the surrounding
forest.
ii. Animals
The Nominated Site is designated as the Onnebetsudake Wilderness Area, theSpecial Protection Zone and Special Zone of the Shiretoko National Park as wellas the Shiretoko Forest Ecosystem Reserve. These schemes ensure the protectionof habitats for a diverse wildlife from large animals with an extensive home range
such as brown bears and Blakiston’s fish-owl to amphibians, reptiles and insects
restricted to specific environments. Furthermore, capturing, killing or damaging
of wildlife is prohibited in the Wilderness Area and the Special Protection Zone of
the National Park. In addition, most of the Nominated Site is designated as theShiretoko National Wildlife Protection Area in which hunting is prohibited andcapturing wildlife requires a permission of the Minister of the Environment. The
above measures have been taken to ensure the appropriate management of
wildlife.
According to the “Shiretoko National Wildlife Protection Area, Master Plan”(March 2003), wildlife conservation and management activities will be implemented based on the following principles. In addition, since a number of wildlife
may move within and outside the Nominated Site, the surrounding areas will also
be considered in determining the appropriate conservation. Management measures will be taken through the collaboration and coordination with related gov196

ernment agencies.
A. The basic concepts for habitat conservation focuses on maintaining the naturaltransition and cycles of the ecosystems. However, for significantly increased or
decreased wildlife species due to human interventions, scientific research will
be conducted to review necessary countermeasures.
B. Survey and research will be conducted to study wildlife status, population
trends, habitats and behaviors. Conservation and management plans will be
developed for each wildlife species as necessary. In the operation of the plan,
the present state will be monitored to feedback in reviewing the plan.
C. Awareness programs for the coexistence of people and wildlife will be promoted
including guidance on appropriate usage of the site, instruction of not feeding
the wildlife and taking waste home, and information on wildlife behavior andhabits.
D. In the basins of Rusha and Teppanbetsu rivers which is designated as the Designated Special Protection Area of the Wildlife Protection Area, activities that
affect the wildlife such as gathering or damaging plants, open fires, use ofhorses or vehicles, and photographing are restricted.
E. The details of specific management policies for each wildlife species are described below.
(a) Yezo sika deer
The population trend will be studied by aerial distribution survey during thesnowfall period, age estimation using collected dead carcasses, and light censuses(conducted mainly by Shari town and Rausu town). In addition, vegetation damages caused by the grazing of Yezo sika deer will be monitored. The results ofthese studies will be reflected in the management plan for the deer in the
Shiretoko area including the Nominated Site. It will be conducted with thecooperation of related government agencies, related bodies and other experts.
(b) Brown bear
In order to conserve and manage the density of the brown bear population in the
Nominated Site which is among the highest in the world, the population dynamics
will be studied through projects such as behavior survey using radio transmittersand survey on the utilization status of the habitat. In particular, actions to reducethe conflicts between local residents and the bears include the removal of attractants and measures to scare away the bears as well as establishing rules
including restricted actions, maintaining appropriate facilities, promoting
awareness and offering information to visitors.
197

(c) Blakiston’s fish-owl
The Blakiston’s fish-owl has been designated as a National Endangered Species
according to the Law for Conservation of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna andFlora and as a Natural Monument according to the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties. Capturing, maiming and killing the owl are prohibited. In addition, "Rehabilitation of Natural Habitats and Maintenance of Viable Population"
program is established based on the former law and the relevant operations are
conducted by the collaboration and cooperation of related government agencies.
Few Blakiston’s fish-owls in Shiretoko are dependent upon artificial food supplies
and most of them are breeding in natural conditions. Therefore, the site is a
crucial habitat for the conservation of this species. It is also suggested that thesite is a “source” of owls to the surrounding area as chick from the breeding pairs
distribute and relocate to adjacent areas.
Based on these conditions, extra effort is conducted to maintain the natural environment of the areas around the rivers where breeding pairs have been identified
and measures to improve habitat conditions are implemented as necessary. In addition, visitors are instructed not to approach too closely and impact the owls’
habitat when taking photographs. Ongoing projects include monitoring on breeding behavior and banding to identify the relocation, distribution and survival of
fledged chicks.
(d) Steller’s sea eagle and white-tailed eagle
Both the Steller’s sea eagle and white-tailed eagle have been designated as National Endangered Species according to the Law for Conservation of Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and as Natural Monuments according to the Law
for the Protection of Cultural Properties. The capturing, maiming and killing theeagles are prohibited.
The coastal slopes of the Shiretoko are extensively covered with forests which area perfect habitat for the eagles. The site is the most important location in
Hokkaido as it is the essential wintering ground. In addition, the site is an
important breeding ground for white-tailed eagles with a high density of nests
and breeding pairs. Therefore, measures are implemented to protect the forest on
the coastal slopes. Furthermore, guidance and awareness programs are provided
to prevent reckless approach of visitors to the nesting sites during the breeding
season.
In addition, using lead bullets for hunting Yezo sika deer in Hokkaido is strictly
prohibited to prevent lead poisoning of the Steller’s sea eagle and white-tailed eagle.
198

Furthermore, to implement a comprehensive protection program for the Steller’s
sea eagle and white-tailed eagle, studies will be conducted to determine themigration route and behavior patterns and a “Rehabilitation of Natural Habitats
and Maintenance of Viable Population” program will be developed based on the
Law for Conservation of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.
c. Preservation of the natural landscape
Activities are controlled appropriately based on systems such as Wilderness Area,
National Park and Forest Ecosystem Reserve, in order to preserve the stunning
natural landscapes of Shiretoko represented by its mountains, lakes and marshes,
waterfalls and coastal terraces. The restricted activities include; construction, reconstruction, extension of structure, felling of trees or bamboo, and mining of minerals
or gathering of soil or stones.
In addition, garbage which has drifted onto the coastline is removed through thecollaborative and coordinated efforts of related government agencies, local residents
and related groups.
d. Conservation of the river environment
Dolly vardens are widely distributed in most of the rivers in the Nominated Site. Asa unique characteristic of the Shiretoko, the peninsula is the southernmost distribution for the sea-run form of this species and the fish is an important food source forother wildlife. On the other hand, the population of masu salmon has declined significantly in recent years. The anadromous salmon species such as chum salmon
and pink salmon in the rivers are an important food source for large mammals andbirds of prey such as brown bears, Blakiston’s fish-owl, Steller’s sea eagle andwhite-tailed eagle. These species are on the top of the food pyramid. The riverenvironment also plays an important role in linking the sophisticated integration of
the terrestrial and marine ecosystems through the circulation of water and othersubstances. Therefore, it is essential to enforce measures to conserve as well as
improve the river environment as appropriate.
In addition to implementing measures against pollution, the installation and management of all artificial facilities will be studied so that they may not impact thenatural environment.
In some of the rivers in the Nominated Site, adult chum salmon and pink salmon
are captured for the artificial reproduction program. In the rivers where there areno such interruptions, the natural run and spawning of these species are ensured.
Furthermore, discussions will be continued with relevant parties to enhancemeasures to enable natural run and spawning in the rivers where the adult fish arecaptured.
199

e. Measures against exotic species
In order to prevent the impacts of exotic species to the ecosystem, studies will be
conducted with the collaboration and cooperation with relevant government
agencies to determine the establishment of exotic species and investigate theirimport routes as well as identify effective prevention measures.
Among the invading exotic plants which have become established in the NominatedSite, species such as Spear thristle Cirsium vulgare are significantly expanding andthreatening the existing ecosystem. These species will be removed, starting with themost high priority plants. In addition, as the seeds attached to shoes, etc. have beensuspected as the cause for the introduction of some exotic plants, appropriate rules
will be established to prevent such entry of exotic species to the Nominated Site.
In the area adjacent to the Nominated Site, there have been reports of raccoons Procyon lotor which are threatening to wildlife such as the Blakiston’s fish-owl. In locations where the raccoon’s tracks or feces has been identified, capturing of the animal
will be implemented. Specific foreign animals such as raccoons kept as pets must be
registered according to the Regulation of Hokkaido on the Protection and Control ofAnimals. In addition, awareness programs on the responsibilities of owners will be
conducted to ensure that foreign animals will be adequately taken care of and notabandoned.
The introduction of five fish species including brown trout Salmo trutta and brookcharr Salvelinus fontinalis are prohibited by Regulation of Inland Fisheries Adjustment
in Hokkaido and awareness program will be implemented.
(3) Conservation of the marine area
a. Basic concept
The coastal waters of Shiretoko have a high level of biological productivity based on
the plankton nurtured by sea ice. The biological productivity supports numerous
fish, marine mammals and birds. In addition, the chum salmon and pink salmon
which swim upstream to spawn are closely integrated with the terrestrial ecosystemsince they play an important role as a food source for brown bears, birds of prey,marine mammals and seabirds.
Therefore, in the marine area, the conservation of marine life and the sustainable
use of fishery resources will be pursued by taking into consideration the link withthe terrestrial ecosystem as well as the local fishing activities.
b. Management of fishery resources
Supported by the high biological productivity of the sea, the fishery in the coastal

200

waters of Shiretoko has maintained a sustainable yield level. The marine resource
will continue to be appropriately managed through requirements which are determined by laws and regulations on fishery as well as the voluntary actions by thefisherman (e.g. designation of non-fishing zones and periods, taking back all
wastes).
In particular, set net fishing and artificial production and fry release programs forsalmon and trout will be conducted to ensure both stable catches and the natural
run and spawning of the fish in the rivers.
c. Conservation of marine mammals and seabirds
With regard to Pinnipedia, five species of seals are subject to the Wildlife Protectionand Hunting Law from 2003. Actions are underway to determine the habitat status
and to appropriately manage the population. With regard to the set nets for catchingsalmon and trout, their operation is restricted to a fishing season only and the nets
are removed during the off-season. As a result, Pinnipedias migrating to the area inwinter are less likely to be accidentally caught in the nets. Even during the fishingseason, in case marine mammals are accidentally caught in the nets, they are to bereleased whenever possible. Further cooperation is needed among relevant parties
to ensure practical measures to prevent accidental captures.
The Steller sea lions migrate to Hokkaido along the Sea of Japan coast andShiretoko usually from the end of October to May of the following year. The feeding
habits of the sea lions causes significant damage to the fishery particularly along
the Sea of Japan coastline. However, hunting and capturing of the sea lions are
restricted from 1994 according to the guidance by the Hokkaido Fishing Zone
Coordination Commission based on the Fishery law. In order to realize thecoexistence of the fishery and the sea lions, measures to reduce the impact of the sea
lions to the fishery industry throughout Hokkaido include the introduction of small
set nets made with reinforced netting which are less damageable by sea lions andthe development and introduction of reinforced gill nets. With regard to the Steller
sea lions in the Shiretoko coastal waters, together with the development of effective
damage prevention measures, research and studies have been conducted on the
migration pattern, feeding habits, ecology and interaction with fishing activities.
These results and findings will contribute to conservation and management of theentire marine ecosystem including the sea lions in the coastal waters of Shiretoko.
The Shiretoko Peninsula is also an important habitat for a diverse seabirds andmeasures will be implemented to preserve their colonies and the surrounding areas.
Since information on life cycles and interaction with fishing activities and marine
recreational activities are not available for species such as the spectacled guillemot
Cepphus carbo and marbled murrelet Brachyramphus marmoratus, information
gathering will be continued and the results will be used to determine necessary201

measures taking into consideration the local fishery activities.
d. Anti-pollution measures against marine oil spills, etc.
Effective measures against any oil spills will be immediately implemented during
the initial phase of the accident in the Nominated Site and its coastal waters.
Relevant agencies will collect, prepare and share necessary information in order todetermine actions required during oil spills such as surveys to identify environmental impacts and programs to protect the wildlife.
Hokkaido prefectural government has prepared the “Manual on Measures for Oil
Spill Accidents” in March 2000, designating a prompt and effective system to collectand remove spilled oil through the cooperation and shared responsibilities of relevant agencies in the incidence of a large scale oil spill accident in the coastal watersof Hokkaido. In addition, the manual sets out activities such as environmental impact surveys (studies to determine the damage to fishery resources and necessary
measures; monitoring water quality; studies to determine the impact to the coastal
vegetation; studies to determine the impact to seabirds) and programs to protect andrehabilitate wildlife. Based on this manual, the existing system will be enhanced toincrease coordination and cooperation between relevant agencies.
Furthermore, an ecosystem in the sea is unique in the sense that it is connected toan expansive area as the sea transports living and non-living things. Therefore, any
development or usage of land in the surrounding area which results in soil or othercontaminants entering the river and sea may have negative effects on the ecosystemand fishery resources of the Nominated Site. Consequently, to prevent such damage,potential environmental impacts will be considered when developing or using landin the surrounding area.
In addition, actions will be taken to enhance coordination with neighboring
countries on the extensive preservation of the marine environment including theappropriate measures for the prevention and handling of natural disasters which
may have a significant impact on the marine ecosystem.
(4) Appropriate usage of the natural environment
a. Basic concept
With regard to the usage of the Nominated Site for tourism, nature exploration andfishing, each activity should be conducted appropriately according to the type of usage so that the value as a World Natural Heritage will be maintained for future generations. To this effect, “Shiretoko Rules” which is pertinent to the virgin nature of
Shiretoko will be established to define specific restrictions as necessary. In addition,
to prevent excessive concentration of usage, activities will be conducted to promote

202methods, information and programs regarding the utilization of resources related tothe diverse nature and culture of the Nominated Site and the surrounding area inorder to even out usage and guide visitors properly.
These actions will be implemented to realize the two objectives of conserving thevirgin natural environment and offering a high quality experience to enthrall
visitors. In addition, studies will be continued to determine appropriate types of
eco-tourism which takes account the natural environment while facilitating
development of the local area.
With regard to the awareness programs for tourist safety, visitors will be instructed
to take necessary precautions against accidents and manage their own risks.
Relevant government agencies will collaborate and cooperate to conduct ongoing
monitoring activities on usage and its effects on the natural environment. The results from these activities will be used to design appropriate measures.
b. Policies on key usage types
i. Sightseeing excursions
The most popular type of usage of the Nominated Site is sightseeing excursions byautomobiles or tour boats. Areas within the Nominated Site which is open tosightseeing excursions by automobiles include Kamuiwakka, Shiretoko-goko lakes,
Shiretoko Pass and Rausu hot spring. However, since there are relatively few auto
routes, possible excursion areas are limited. Visitors can enjoy the scenery at
various tourist spots or go on nature exploration and observation trips on foot.
In accordance with the importance of preserving the virgin natural environmentof the Nominated Site, new automobile roads, which may create problems of increased traffic, will not be constructed in principle. Existing outlook points andtourist spots will be appropriately maintained so that the tourists can use the facilities comfortably and enjoy the natural landscapes and other points of interest
while adequate consideration will be given to prevent excessive usage and impacts
to the natural environment.
If there is any indication of negative impacts to the natural environment due tothe increase in automobile use or if there is any negative effects on users’convenience, measures to reduce the impact such as restricting personal cars andintroducing alternative transport and low-emission cars will be studied. Effective
measures will be determined with input from relevant local groups to limit the
number of cars to an appropriate level and to establish an environmentallyfriendly transportation system. In particular, the possibility and effects ofproactively introducing a shuttle bus as a mean to preserve the naturalenvironment and offer a high quality experience will be studied. With regard to203

the measure to restrict the number of cars during the summer to popular areas
such as Shiretoko-goko lakes or the Kamuiwakka area which have limited
number of access roads, the effects of the enforced measures will be reviewed andfurther enhancements will be studied by widely inviting input from relevant local
parties.
Since usage is particularly concentrated in the Shiretoko-goko lakes area within
the Nominated Site, studies will be conducted to determine effective usage restriction measures, guidance and awareness programs, appropriate facility management schemes, brown bear conservation and management programs. Necessary
measures will be taken in order to prevent issues caused by excessive usage andany conflict between people and brown bears which heavily populates the area.
With regard to the Shiretoko Crossroad which traverses through an alpine zone
with Japanese stone pine vegetation, visitors may only pass through the area.
Parking at the Shiretoko Pass is controlled to minimize the impact to the naturalenvironment. The existing roadside parking restrictions will be continued in addition to other measures to appropriately maintain and manage the road. Furthermore, studies will also be conducted to determine appropriate usage of Lake
Rausu which is becoming popular with visitors recently.
There is also a concern that the activities such as feeding wildlife and disposing
waste may have a negative effect on the wildlife population. In order to prevent
such impacts on the wildlife, necessary rules will be established, and extensive
warnings, instructions and other public awareness programs will be implemented.
ii. Mountain climbing and trekking
Mountain climbing and trekking are mainly conducted in the mountain areas in
the Nominated Site.
Since these activities involve areas with virgin natural environments such as rare
alpine vegetation and habitats or breeding grounds for rare wildlife, it isnecessary to prevent negative impacts on the natural environment. In addition, as
these activities take place in areas with a dense brown bear population, encounter
with bears are possible. Precautions are necessary to reduce conflicts with bears
as much as possible.
For the above reason, guidance and awareness programs will be provided on subjects such as necessary precautions to protect the natural environment, appropriate reactions when encountering bears and proper management of waste and food.
Further studies will be conducted to determine the negative impact caused by thevisitors to the natural environment and the behavioral patterns of the bears. Appropriate measures such as usage restrictions (e.g. closed period for trails, access
204

restrictions by area or period) will be implemented as necessary. At the same time,
trails and other facilities will be maintained to conserve the vegetation and prevent danger to mountain climbers.
With regard to camping by the mountain climbers and trekkers, extensive instruction will be provided to prevent damage to plants and vegetation by thoughtless
setting of tents and other activities even in camping grounds. In addition, incampsites where food lockers for protection against brown bears are available,
campers will be instructed to use the lockers for their safety. In other locations,campers will be instructed through awareness programs to bring food containers.
Furthermore, studies will be conducted on necessary measures such as awarenessprograms on rules and etiquette on human waste management in order to prevent
negative effects to the ecosystem and landscape.
iii. Recreational use of the sea area
There is a concern that reaching terrestrial areas such as the Shiretoko Cape by
motor boats for sightseeing may be harmful to the natural environment. Measures
to restrict such landings for sightseeing will be strictly enforced with thecollaboration and cooperation among relevant government agencies based on thearrangements including the “Agreement on the instructions for usage restrictionsof the Shiretoko Cape area.”
In addition, the coast and marine area of the Nominated Site is a habitat andbreeding ground for marine mammals and seabirds such as spectacled guillemot,
Japanese cormorant Phalacrocorax capillatus and slaty-backed gull Larus schistisagus.
It is concerned that sightseeing and pleasure boats, jet skis, feeding of wild life
and other reckless activities may harm marine mammals and seabirds. Therefore,
necessary rules will be established to prevent negative impacts on the seabirds
and marine mammals, and awareness programs will be implemented.
Some visitors to the Nominated Site circle the peninsula or travel to points of interest by sea kayak. There are cases these visitors need to land on shore to campor wait for better wind. To prevent negative impacts to the coastal vegetations andwildlife, necessary rules will be established to ensure that the visitors will adequately use the site.
During the run of chum and pink salmon, visitors can enjoy fishing from tour
boats and from land around the river mouths. With regard to fishing for salmon,
trout and other fish, measures to prevent damage to the natural environment
include determining the landing points for fishing purposes, ensuring adherence
to relevant laws and regulations, actively instructing visitors to take waste home
and to correctly handle catches. Collaboration and cooperation will be sought fromthose involved in leisure fishing activities for the implementation of the above205

measures.
Furthermore, appropriate consideration will be given to prevent disturbance tofishery production activities when determining rules for the usage of boats, jetskis and sea kayaks for sightseeing and leisure purposes as well as for othermarine leisure activities such as fishing.
iv. Other types of use
Wildlife such as Yezo sika deer and brown bear are commonly seen in the Nominated Site and it is important that photographing or observing will not frighten
the wildlife or interfere with their breeding activities. In addition, it is necessary
to protect fragile vegetation in areas such as the alpine zone and marshes frombeing damaged by visitors straying off the trails to take photographs. Therefore,
instructions and awareness programs will be provided to prevent such harmful
behavior. The brown bear population is especially large in the basins of the Rusha
and Teppanbetsu rivers and there are professional photographers and othervisitors entering the area to photograph the bears. For this reason, DesignatedSpecial Protection Area of the Wildlife Protection Area was designated. The
appropriate instruction and management will be carried out to prevent harmful
effects from activities such as photographing.
Since recreational activities on the snow during winter may negatively impact
breeding and other activities of rare birds such as the white-tailed eagle, visitors
will be provided with instruction and awareness programs to take adequate actions to prevent damage to the natural environment. Visitors will also be provided
with necessary information on dangerous areas such as potential avalanche sites.
Use of snowmobiles and landing of airplanes are restricted in the Onnebetsudake
Wilderness Area and Shiretoko National Park. These areas will be patrolled toprevent any offenders from entering the site illegally. In addition, since low-flying
aircrafts may spoil other visitors’ trips or be harmful to the wildlife, necessary request will be made to relevant parties to refrain from such flights.
Furthermore, recreational activities on the sea ice will take into consideration theeffects on the wildlife and landscape. Relevant rules will be established if necessary.
c. Capacity building of nature guides
Although the most popular visitor activities are sightseeing tours by car or tour boat,
it is important to promote experience oriented tours such as walking in the naturalenvironment and observing wildlife in order to deepen understanding of the naturalenvironment and the importance of its conservation which will lead to maintaining
the value of Shiretoko for future generations.
206

Planned action to promote such activities include developing human resources toprovide nature guided tours and lectures at exhibition facilities as well as creating
and implementing the relevant programs. The necessary human resources will be
developed utilizing the knowledge and detailed information of the local people withthe cooperation of related government agencies and parties. In addition, the necessary guidelines will also be studied so that conducting such nature guide tours will
not cause damage to the natural environment.
d. Administration policies for major facilities
The facilities for the conservation, management and appropriate usage of the Nominated Site will be administered based on the following policies. In addition, thefacilities are expected to collaborate and share information.
i. Shiretoko Nature CenterWith the aim to preserve and restore the virgin natural environment as well as topromote its careful and sustainable use, the Center will be the key facility for providing nature observation programs and information and awareness programs onnature conservation themes, in addition to playing a role as the Center for developing and guiding volunteers and generating safety instructions and other information.
ii. Shiretoko Wildlife Protection Area Management Center
The center will conduct research and studies on the population, distribution andbehavior of the wild flora and fauna as well as the conservation and managementof the wildlife and Wildlife Protection Area.
iii. Rausu Visitor Center
As a key information generating facility in the Rausu hot spring district, thecenter will manage and administer the relevant facilities as well as promotecorrect usage of the National Park through the collaboration and cooperation withrelated government agencies, parties, volunteers and others. The Center conducts
surveys on natural environment and collects, archives and provides information.
Through these activities, the Center will enhance its functions and facilities as acore unit for environmental education and research. The Center also plans
expanding the range of volunteer nature guide programs while facilitating thecapacity building of park volunteers.
Furthermore, the Center will proactively collect accurate, real-time onsite information to improve its visitor information service.
iv. Shiretoko Forest Center
The Center promotes awareness on the multi-functional features of the forest
207

through activities such as educational programs on the necessity to conserve theecosystem and precious forests of Shiretoko, inspecting the “educational forest for
nature observations”, management and maintenance of facilities, signs, etc. andstudies of the forest, flora and fauna.
v. Shiretoko Museum
Activities of the museum include research and study of the wildlife, awarenessprograms, conservation and management of the Natural Monuments and injured
animals as well as collecting, archiving and providing informational material.
e. Providing information and awareness programs
Signs, direction plates, etc. to instruct visitors on the appropriate use of the Nominated Site are placed where necessary.
Major facilities in the Nominated Site provide visitors with information on nature,
exhibition rules and recommended behavior, and lectures on rules, etc.
In particular, visitors entering areas that require appropriate attention to the natural environment will receive prior instructions on precautions against wildlife including brown bears, avoiding dangers and recommended behavior.
In addition, media such as websites will be used to provide information on thenature of the Nominated Site, visitors’ information, preservation and management
programs to people within and outside Japan.
With regard to access points, visitors to the area must pass through either Utoro or
Rausu. The two locations provide accommodation as well as access to transportation.
Therefore, both locations will be equipped with suitable amenities as entry points.
In addition, activities will be conducted to enhance these functions such as providing
detailed information on nature, history, culture and use, as well as increasingawareness on the importance of nature conservation, promoting awareness on
visitor rules and recommended behavior, in collaboration and cooperation with thelocal tourism industry and local citizens’ groups.
In order to effectively implement the above actions and enhance the functions of facilities which play a role in providing information and educational programs, studies
will be conducted on the allocation of functions and collaboration between the facilities for visitors and facilities providing information within and outside the Nominated Site.
(5) Implementation of conservation and management programs
The following conservation and management programs will be implemented to ap-

208

propriately preserve the Nominated Site for future generations.
a. Inspections by related government agencies, etc.
Inspectional patrols of the Nominated Site are conducted by the Ministry of the Environment’s Rangers, Forestry Agency’s Forest Officers, Shiretoko Wildlife Protection Area’s Superintendents and Hokkaido’s Nature Preservation Guardians as well
as by the staff of Shiretoko Foundation and Natural Parks Foundation. The inspection programs will be further enhanced to correctly determine the level of usage andthe status of the natural environment and to provide guidance to visitors andcontrol illegal actions.
In addition, the joint inspection program of the Shiretoko Cape conducted by related
government agencies during the high season of summer will be continued.
b. Conservation and management programs implemented
From the results of the above inspections as well as the research, survey and monitoring activities, the following measures will be implemented when determined necessary for the conservation of the natural environment: Installation of signs, ropes,
fences, etc. to prevent visitors from straying off the path; operations to restore vegetation in damaged or naked areas; elimination of exotic species. Other ongoing programs include clean-up operations of the Nominated Site, detailed maintenance ofvisitors’ facilities, as well as inspections, awareness programs and installation of firefighting equipment to prevent forest fires. In the event of a natural disaster such as
forest fires, appropriate measures will be implemented through the collaboration ofrelated government agencies.
(6) Research, survey and monitoring activities
a. Basic concept
Scientific researches and surveys and long-term monitoring projects will be conducted on the integration and soundness of the ecosystems of the land and sea tocollect basic data necessary for managing the Nominated Site properly and to create
a database using GIS (the Geographic Information System).
For this purpose, a system will be established to encourage collaboration and cooperation among relevant government agencies, related bodies and researchers. Furthermore, a program to share and effectively use the information from the research,study and monitoring activities will be implemented at the same time.
In order to collect continuous data on the natural environment, some of the nationwide monitoring sites (approx. 1,000 sites) will be located in Shiretoko to conduct
long-term monitoring on the ecosystems of the land and sea.

209

b. Wild flora and faunai. Flora
Information on the vegetation has been collected through the National Survey on
the Natural Environment and other localized vegetation studies. Macro-levelchanges to the vegetation will continue to be monitored through the analysis ofsatellite images and aerial photographs.
The change in vegetation of key locations will be identified through studies at survey areas determined by the type of vegetation and through set-location photographs taken over a long period. In addition, research, survey and monitoring will
be conducted for important plants such as endemic or rare species.
In areas such as along climbing routes where visitors may stray off the trail, opportunities such as inspection tours will be utilized to monitor the effects of visitors to the vegetation.
In areas such as the wind-exposed sites and tall herb communities on the Shiretoko Cape and the forests in Horobetsu and other districts, fences have been installed to protect the vegetation from grazing and trampling by Yezo sika deer.
The effects of the fences in recovering the vegetation will be continuously
monitored, and the results will be compared with those from non-fenced areas.
Ongoing monitoring activities of the vegetation and soil will be conducted to determine the effects of acid rain.
ii. Fauna
Research, survey and monitoring of the various fauna including the amphibians,
reptiles and insects in the Nominated Site will be conducted as part of a long-termmonitoring project of the ecosystem.
The research, survey and monitoring of the specific animals which indicate theecosystem status are described below:
A. Yezo sika deer
The population trend has been studied by aerial distribution survey during thesnowfall period, age estimation using collected carcasses, and light censuses atnight.
In addition to the above ongoing activities, a study will be conducted to study the
relation between the population density and its impact on the forest ecosystem.
The study will monitor the damages to the trees and other vegetation by the grazing of Yezo sika. The result of the study will be used to identify effective measuresand reflected in creating or revising the management plan.
210

B. Brown bear
In order to maintain the current population density in the Shiretoko Peninsula,
basic studies will be continued on the bears’ utilization of the environment, distribution and behavior patterns to determine effective measures.
In addition, results of ongoing studies to collect and analyze the various conflicts
between people and bears will be used to determine measures to prevent accidents.
In particular, where there is a strong likelihood of visitors and local residents toencounter bears, the behavioral patterns of the bears will be determined by using
radio transmitters attached to the bears as well as by observations to prevent any
accidents or unfortunate incidents.
C. Blakiston’s fish-owl
In order to maintain the population in the Shiretoko Peninsula which is the densest area in Hokkaido and therefore acts as a “source” of owls to the surroundingarea, ongoing activities in the “Rehabilitation of Natural Habitats and Maintenance of Viable Population” program include studies on distribution and breeding
status as well as the banding of fledged chicks.
D. Steller’s sea eagle and white-tailed eagle
Since 1980, monitoring survey on numbers of wintering Steller’s sea eagles andWhite-tailed eagles in the eastern Hokkaido including Shiretoko have been conducted. This study will be continued to obtain information on year-to-year changesof the wintering population.
In addition, further studies will be conducted including surveys on breeding
status as well as migratory routes using radio transmitter on Steller’s sea eagles.
E. Marine mammals and seabirds
There is little information available on distribution, behavior such as migratory
patterns, feeding habits of seabirds and sea mammals such as Steller sea lions,seals, dolphins and whales. Researches are planned to collect, analyze and accumulate data including sighting information, in the collaboration and cooperationof related government agencies, fishery industry participants, researchers andother groups conducting conservation and research activities in order tounderstand the state of the marine ecosystem. While conducting such studies,information of accidentally captured animals shall be effectively used.
Furthermore, the cooperation of neighboring countries will be requested to collectinformation on the above wildlife.
c. Landscape
Several locations will be selected to obtain set-point landscape photographs to moni211

tor year-to-year changes of the natural landscapes.
d. Exotic species
It is understood that the invasions of exotic plant species such as the Cirsium vulgare cause severe damage to the indigenous plants. Therefore, necessary studies
will be conducted to understand the distribution of exotic species and to determine
effective countermeasures including the removal of the exotic species from theecosystem.
With regard to raccoons, there is danger that once naturalized, they will damage theecosystem. Therefore, opportunities such as various surveys and inspection
activities will be utilized to immediately identify any invasion of raccoons to thearea.
With regard to other exotic species, invasion will be closely studied for early
detection through monitoring the ecosystem and other activities.
e. Marine ecosystem, etc.
Data on fishery production, marine life, climate, sea ice, etc. will be collected andorganized through collaboration and cooperation of researchers and local relevant
parties. In addition, the condition of the marine ecosystem of the coastal waters of
the Shiretoko Peninsula will be monitored through activities such as sharing information on research and study results.
f. Usage levels
In order to prevent any excessive impact on the natural environment, data will becollected to determine usage levels of key facilities and areas, the number and typeof visitors, and the impact on the natural environment.

6. Implementation of the Plan and Other Issues(1) Implementation of the plan, etc.
In order to effectively implement the actions detailed in the Management Plan andto ensure appropriate conservation and management of the Nominated Site, the specific roles of relevant government agencies and related bodies will be further studied
and the utmost effort will be made under the collaboration and cooperation among
the agencies and other relevant parties.
In addition, a council consisting of experts from relevant fields will be established toprovide scientific advice with the collaboration and cooperation with the Regional
Liaison Committee in order to assess the status of the natural environment of the212Nominated Site and to adopt appropriate measures based on scientific data.
With regard to details on the management of the natural environment of the Nominated Site and measures against specific issues which are not described in the Management Plan, further studies will be conducted taking into consideration results ofmonitoring projects, etc. to realize appropriate administration of the Nominated Site.
In this process, the Regional Liaison Committee will contribute in establishing a
consensus with the input and suggestions from local residents, related bodies andexperts in relevant fields. Discussions and conclusion of these studies, basic dataand other information will be disclosed and shared as necessary. In the process ofdetermining the appropriate management for the Nominated Site, the necessity tobalance both objectives of meeting the requirements for the conservation of thenatural environment and for the day-to day lives of local residents and industry will
be considered.
In addition, cooperative relationships will be created with local citizens’ groups inthe course of preserving, administrating and adequately using the Nominated Site.
Such relationships will provide basis to invite active participation and cooperation
form the local residents and establish activities that involve the local community.
The Management Plan will be reviewed as necessary taking into account the resultsof the natural environment monitoring projects and changes in the social environment. In order to properly review the Plan, the process will involve investigations by
the Regional Liaison Committee which will obtain inputs from local residents, related bodies and professionals in relevant fields.
(2) Programs by local governments
The populations of the towns of Shari and Rausu which overlap the Nominated Site
are approximately 13,000 and 7,000 respectively and many people live in areas adjacent to the Nominated Site as well. In order to comprehensively conserve and manage the Nominated Site, it is important to promote and realize lifestyles and productive activities that are environmentally conscious in areas surrounding the Nominated Site as well as inside. In addition to the programs to preserve the virgin natural environment of Shiretoko which is a valuable local resource, the two towns havealready implemented various programs to preserve the immediate environment andto create a community that coexists with nature. Such programs include:anti-pollution measures for the rivers and sea; reduction of waste; resource saving
and recycling; clean-up operations; introduction of low-emission vehicles;
environmental study courses and nature experience programs for local children.
Such activities will be further encouraged to enhance environmental awareness of
local residents and to promote the establishment of a vibrant community.

213

7. Conclusion
Shiretoko which was reverently called by the Ainu people as “sir.etok (the end of
Mother Earth)” is one of the few locations in Japan where the natural environmentis preserved in virgin condition due to its rugged landscape and harsh climate. It isdensely populated with brown bears and Blakiston’s fish-owls which the Ainu
worshiped as their “Kamui (gods).” These animals are at the top of the diverse ecosystem consisting of a wide range of wildlife in the sea, rivers and mountains which
are intimately integrated.
Instead of damaging the nature, the people living in the peninsula adapted theirlives to realize sustainable use of the nature’s bounties and created a unique local
lifestyle, industry and culture. It is essential to study the culture of the Ainu people
and the traditional wisdom and skills of the local residents in order to determine themethods to preserve, manage and realize sustainable use of the natural environment.
The Shiretoko Charter was formulated by Shari town and Rausu town with theirpeople in 1974 to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the designation of the National Park. The Charter declares that the virgin nature of Shiretoko is a valuable
property for all mankind and that it must be adequately protected and used to ensure that the environment will be preserved for future generations. In addition,
there is a long range project spearheaded by the local community which has gained
nationwide support to purchase abandoned settlements to protect them fromreckless development and return the lands to virgin forests. It cannot be ignored
that the concern for nature among the local residents and the grass-root activities
has contributed to preserving the precious nature of Shiretoko.
Various programs will be implemented through not only the collaboration and cooperation of related government agencies responsible for administration of the site but
also through the active participation and cooperation with others such as local residents and related bodies in order to enhance the nature of the World Natural Heritage Nominated Site and to increase the vitality of the community coexisting with
the nature.

214

4-B Designation Document and Conservation
Plan for Onnebetsudake Wilderness Area
February 4, 1980
Environment Agency

Designation Document for Onnebetsudake Wilderness
Area
1. Basis for the designation
The area covers the region around Mt. Onnebetsu (1330.5m) which is located at thebase of Shiretoko Peninsula in the eastern end of Hokkaido. The location is anatural habitat for Japanese stone pine Pinus pumila and other alpine plants.
Due to harsh geographical as well as weather conditions, the natural environment isfree from human intervention and the pristine wilderness remains in good condition.
Thus the area is one of the few domestic locations where the virgin wilderness ispreserved and it shall be designated as a “Wilderness Area” to ensure its strict protection.
2. Outline of the natural environment
Virgin wilderness is preserved in the area around Mt. Onnebetsu. The vegetation
below the altitude of approximately 600 meters (1000m along glens) is mixed forestsof Yezo spruce Picea jezoensis and Erman’s birch Betula ermanii while the area above
this altitude is covered by an alpine scrub consisting mainly of Japanese stone pine.
In addition, there is a small alpine plant communities on the eastern slope of Mt.
Onnebetsu and some swamp plants around the group of small lakes and marshes on
the western side.
The area’s terrain is complex. While erosion on the east side of Mt. Onnebetsu has
created a steep slope and the ridge is narrow, there are relatively gentle slopes
below the cliffs. The west face is also steep near the summit but away from the peak,
the ground forms a gentle slope dotted with small lakes and marshes. The soil
consists of andesites and other rocks of volcanic origin.
3. Area(1) Outline of the area
The area covers the east and west side of the ridgeline of Mt. Onnebetsu consisting215

primarily of alpine scrub and the group of small lakes and marshes on the western
mountainside.
(2) Location and the area
Shari-town, Shari-gun, Hokkaido
National Forest, Abashiri area development section Shari subsection(within the jurisdiction of Shari District Forestry Office, Kitami Regional Forestry
Office)All areas covered by Unit 233 Subunit (i), Unit 234 Subunit (ro), Unit 235 Subunit(i), Unit 306 and Unit 308 Subunit (i).
Rausu-town, Menashi-gun, Hokkaido
National Forest, Konsen area development section, Shibetsu subsection(within the jurisdiction of Shibetsu District Forestry Office, Obihiro Regional Forestry Office)All areas covered by Unit 207 Subunit (ro), Unit 210 Subunit (i).
(3) Acreage
1895.18 hectares(4) Ownership
The entire area is national land216

Conservation Plan for Onnebetsudake Wilderness Area
1. Basic issues on wilderness conservation(1) Policy on designating a restricted entry zone and regulations for wilderness
conservation
No restricted entry zone is designated since there are few visitors to this area due toits geographical conditions and other factors.
(2) Policy on wilderness conservation facilities
Signs and other related equipment will be prepared as conservation facilities.
2. Issues on designated areas
A restricted entry zone will not be designated.
Summary Table
Category
Ownership
Area size (ha) byownership
Area size by zone(ha)
Ratio of each zone(%)

Restricted entry
zone
National
Land

Other zones

Total

Publicland

National
Land

Publicland

National
Land

Publicland

01,895.18

01,895.180001,895.18

0100

1,895.18100

3. Details of the Preservation Facilities
Item/type of
facility

Location

Scale/structure

Signs and other Shari-town,
related facilities Shari-gun, Hokkaido
Rausu-town,
Menashi-gun,
Hokkaido

Type of
InstallationNew
installation

217

Remarks
Signs,
warnings,
boundary
stakes, etc. will
be prepared
where necessary.

4-C Shiretoko National Park
Park Plan (Overview)
1. Basic Principles(1) Principles on Protectiona. Special Protection Zone
There are areas which have retained virgin wilderness such as the core parts of the
volcanic range which forms the backbone of the Shiretoko Peninsula, the vicinity ofthe volcanic lakes and marshes, and the costal zone with well developed sea cliffs.
These areas have been designated as Special Protection Zones to ensure theirprotection.
b. Class I Special Zone
The areas that retain a level of virgin wilderness only applied by those areas designated as Special Protection Zones are designated as Class I Special Zones to ensure
their protection.
c. Class II Special Zone
The areas along the main throughway of the park are designated as Class II Special
Zones to ensure that their scenic beauty is protected.
d. Class III Special Zone
Areas which are designated as Class III Special Zone include land used for ordinary
activities such as fishery as well as special zones not included in Special Protection
Zones and Class I, II Special Zones.
(2) Principles on Utilization
Utilization of the park will be focused on activities that are coordinated with protection of the virgin nature of the park.
Therefore, facilities for visitors will be restricted to those servicing the current
activities conducted in the park such as sightseeing by motor vehicles, nature exploration, mountain climbing (general level) and camping. The facility Plan in the
back-country in the virgin wilderness should not be designated. In addition, development of facilities will be in conjunction with the promotion of adequate utilization.

219

2. Regulatory Plan(See the following tables)

220

221

222

223

3. Facilities Plan(See the following tables)

224

225

226

227

228

229

4. References(See the following tables)230

4. (1) Designated plants
Species namePTERIDOPHYTA

SPERMATOPHYTA

Reason ofdesignation

Lycopodiaceae
Lycopodiaceae
Lycopodiaceae

Lycopodium alpinum
Lycopodium annotinum var. acrifolium
Lycopodium sabinaefolia var. sitchense

Selaginellaceae

Selaginella halvetica

Selaginellaceae
Selaginellaceae
Selaginellaceae
Ophioglossaceae
Dryopteridaceae
Athyriaceae
Athyriaceae
Polypodiaceae
Pinaceae
Cupressaceae
Cupressaceae

Selaginella selaginoides
Selaginella sibirica
Selaginella tamariscina
Botrychium lunaria
Dryopteris fragrans var. remotiuscula
Athyrium brevifrons
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
Polypodium virginianum
Pinus pumila
Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii
Juniperus conferta

Cupressaceae

Juniperus sibirica

SPERMATOPHYTA Santalaceae
ANGIOSPERMAE
Polygonaceae
DICOTYLEDONEAE
Polygonaceae
CHORIPETALAE
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae

Thesium refractum
Polygonum ajanense
Pokygonum weyrichii var. weyrichii
Polugonum weyrichii var. alpinum
Polygonum bistorta
Oxyria digyna
Rumex arifolius
Arenaria merckioides
Cerastium fischerianum
Dianthus superbus var. sperbus
Dianthus superbus var. speciosus
Pseudostellaria sylvatica
Stellaria fenzlii
Stellaria radians
Stellaria ruscifolia
Aconitum gigas
Aconitum maximum var. misaoanum
Aconitum yesoense var. yesoense
Aconitum lucidusculum
Actaea erythrocarpa
Adonis ramosa
Anemone debilis
Anemone narcissiflora
Anemone yezoensis

231

②⑤ｉ
⑥
⑤ｉ
①ｃ Northern
Limit
⑤ｉ
⑤ｂ⑥
⑤ｂ⑥⑦
②⑤ｇ
②⑤ｂ
⑤ｉ⑥
⑥
②④ｄ
⑥
⑥⑦
⑥⑦
⑤ｆ ⑥ ①ｃ Southern Limit
②
⑤ｄ
⑤ｄ⑥
⑤ｄ⑥
⑤ｅ⑥
⑤ｉｋ⑥
⑥
①ａ⑤ａｄ
⑤ａ⑥
⑥
⑤ｂ⑥
②
②
②⑥
⑤ｂｄ
⑥
①ａ③⑥
①ｂ⑥
①ｂ⑥
②⑥
⑥⑦
⑤ｉ
⑤ｉ⑥
②⑤ｉ

Reason ofdesignation

Species nameRanunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Berberidaceae
Nymphaeaceae
Nymphaeaceae
Aristolochiaceae
Guttiferae
Guttiferae
Droseraceae
Papaveraceae
Cruciferae
Cruciferae

Aquilegia flabellata
Caltha palustris var. barthei
Clematis ochotensis
Clematis fusca
Coptis trifolia
Ranunculus acris var. nipponicus
Thalictrum foetidum var. glabrescens
Trautvetteria japonica
Trollius riederianus
Trollius riederianus var. japonicus
Diphylleia grayi
Nuphar pumilum
Nymphaea tetragona var. tetragona
Asarum heterotropoides
Hypericum kamtschaticum
Hypericum yezoense
Drosera rotundifolia
Dicentra peregrina
Arabis lyrata var. kamtschatica
Arabis serrata var. glauca

Cruciferae

Cochlearia oblongifolia

Cruciferae
Cruciferae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Saxifragaceae
Saxifragaceae
Saxifragaceae

Draba borealis
Macropodium plterospermum
Sedum iwarenge var. boehmeri
Sedum ishidae
Sedum rosea
Boykinia lycoctonifolia
Parnassia palustris
Ribes triste
Saxifraga cherlerioides var.
rebunshirensis
Saxifraga fortunei var. incisolobata
Saxifraga fusca
Saxifraga merkii var. merkii
Saxifraga sachalinensis
Geum calthaefolium var. nipponicum
Geum pentapetalum
Potentilla dickinsii
Potentilla fruticosa
Potentilla megalantha
Potentilla miyabei
Prunus nipponica
Rosa acicularis
Rosa davurica

Saxifragaceae
Saxifragaceae
Saxifragaceae
Saxifragaceae
Saxifragaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae

232

⑤ｂ⑥⑦
⑤ｋ⑥
⑥⑦
②⑥⑦
⑤ｉ
⑤ｉ⑥
①ｂ②⑤ｂｆ
⑤ｉ⑥
⑤ｉ⑥
⑤ｉ⑥
⑥
⑤ｋ⑥
⑤ｋ⑥
④ａ
⑤ｄ⑥
⑤ｂ⑥
④ｂ⑤ｊ
②④ａ⑤ｄ⑥④ａ⑤ｄ⑤ｄ①c Southern
Limit ⑤ｂ
①ｂ②⑤ｆ
⑤ｋ⑥
②⑤ｆ⑦
①ｂ②⑤ｄ
⑤ｂ
⑤ｉ
⑤ｋ
①ｂ⑦
⑤ｂｄ
⑤ｆ⑥
⑤ｋ
①ｂ②⑤ｄ
⑤ｂ⑦
⑤ｂ⑥
⑤ｉ⑥
⑤ｂ
②⑥⑦
⑤ｆ⑦
①ｂ②⑤ｄ
⑥
⑥⑦
⑥⑦

Reason ofdesignation

Species name
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Leguminosae

Rosa rugosa
Rubus pedatus
Sanguisorba stipulata
Spiraea betulifolia
Spiraea betulifolia var. aemiliana
Spiraea media var. sericea
Spiraea salicifolia
Thermopsis lupinoides

Leguminosae

Trifolium lupinaster

Geraniaceae
Geraniaceae
Geraniaceae

Geranium erianthum
Geranium sibiricum var. glabrius
Geranium yesoense
Geranium yesoense var.
pseudo-palustre
Viola blandaeformis
Viola hultenii
Epilobium foucaudianum
Epilobium montanum
Cornus canadensis
Cornus suecica
Conioselinum kamtschaticum
Peucedanum multivittatum
Tilingia ajanensis
Diapensia lapponica var. obovata
Monotropastrum globosum
Pyrola secunda
Pyrola alpina
Pyrola renifolia
Andromeda polifolia
Arcterica nana
Arctous alpinus var. japonicus
Bryanthus gmelinii
Cassiope lycopodioides
Gaultheria miqueliana
Harrimanella stelleriana
Ledum palustre var. decumbens
Ledum palustre var. diversipilosum
Loiseleuria procumbens
Phyllodoce aleutica
Phyllodoce caerulea
Phyllodoce nipponica var.
oblongo-ovata
Rhododendron aureum
Rhododendron brachycarpum

Geraniaceae
Violaceae
Violaceae
Onagraceae
Onagraceae
Cornaceae
Cornaceae
Umbelliferae
Umbelliferae
Umbelliferae
SPERMATOPHYTA Diapensiaceae
ANGIOSPERMAE
Pyrolaceae
DICOTYLEDONEAE
Pyrolaceae
SYMPETALAE
Pyrolaceae
Pyrolaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae

233

⑤ｆ⑥⑦
⑥
⑤ｄ⑥
⑤ｄ⑥
⑤ｄ⑥
⑥
⑥
⑤ｆ⑥
①c Northern
Limit ②⑤ｆ⑥
⑥
⑥
⑥
⑥
②⑥
⑤ｊ⑥
⑤ｉｋ
⑤ｋ
⑥
②⑥
⑥
⑤ｉ６
⑤ｊ
⑤ｂ⑥
④ｃ
②⑥
⑥⑦
②⑥
⑤ｂｊ⑥
⑤ｇ⑥
⑤ｇ⑥
②⑤ｇ
⑤ｂ
⑥
⑤ｂ
⑤ｊ⑥
⑤ｊ⑥
⑤ｇ⑥
⑤ｊ⑥
⑤ｊ⑥
①ｂ②⑤ｂ
⑤ｇｉ⑥
⑥⑦

Reason ofdesignation

Species name
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Empetraceae
Primulaceae
Primulaceae
Primulaceae
Primulaceae
Primulaceae
Primulaceae
Primulaceae
Gentianaceae
Gentianaceae
Gentianaceae
Gentianaceae
Gentianaceae
Gentianaceae
Gentianaceae
Gentianaceae
Menyanthaceae
Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae
Labiatae
Labiatae
Labiatae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Orobanchaceae
Lentibulariaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Caprifoliaceae

Rhododendron tschonoskii
Rhododendron camtschaticum
Tripetaleia bracteata
Vaccinium microcarpum
Vaccinium oxycoccus
Vaccinium praestans
Vaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum
Glaux maritima var. obtusifolia
Lysimachia thyrsiflora
Primula cuneifolia
Primula jesoana var. pubescense
Primula modesta var. fauriei
Trientalis europaea var. europaea
Trientalis europaea var. arctica
Gentiana nipponica
Gentiana triflora var. japonica
Gentiana triflora var. horomuiensis
Gentiana triflora var. montana
Gentianella auriculata
Halenia corniculata
Swertia tetrapetala
Swertia micrantha
Menyanthes trifoliata
Mertensia asiatica
Mertensia pterocarpa var. yezoensis
Myosotis sylvatica
Dracocephalum argunense
Scutellaria pekinensis var. ussuriensis
Thymus quinquecostatus
Pedicularis apodochila
Pedicularis schistostolegia
Pedicularis yezoensis
Pentstemon frutescens
Veronica schmidtiana
Veronica stelleri var. longistyla
Orobanche coerulescens
Pinguicula vulgaris
Linnaea borealis
Lonicera caerulea var. edulis
Lonicera chrysantha
Lonicera sachalinensis
Weigela middendorffiana

234

⑤ｇ⑥⑦
⑤ｂｇ⑥
⑥
⑤ｊ
⑤ｊ
②⑦
④ａ⑥
⑥⑦
④ａ⑤ｇ⑥⑦⑤ｅ⑥⑤ｊ⑥⑤ｉ⑥①ｂ⑤ｅｉ⑦
②⑤ｂ⑦
⑥
⑤ｊ
⑤ｉ
⑤ｊ⑥⑦
⑤ｊ⑥⑦
⑥⑦
②⑤ｇ
⑤ｄｇ
⑤ｆ⑥
⑤ｄｇ⑥
⑤ｊｋ⑥
⑤ｆ⑥
①ｂ⑤ｂｄ⑦
⑥⑦
②⑥⑦
②⑥⑦
⑤ｂｄｇ⑦
⑤ｇ⑥
②⑥
⑤ｅｉ⑥
⑤ａｄ
①ｂ②⑤ｂ
⑤ｉ⑥
②⑤ｆ
④ｂ⑥
⑥⑦
⑥
②⑥
②⑥
⑥

Reason ofdesignation

Species nameValerianaceae

Campanulaceae
Campanulaceae
Campanulaceae
Compositae
Compositae
Compositae
Compositae
Compositae
Compositae
Compositae
Compositae
Compositae
Compositae
Compositae
Compositae
Compositae
Compositae
Compositae
Compositae

Patrinia gibbosa
Adenophora pereskiaefolia var.
heterotricha
Campanula dasyantha
Campanula lasiocarpa
Lobelia sessilifolia
Achillea ptarmica var. macrocephala
Arnica unalascensis var. tschonoskyi
Artemisia arctica
Artemisia iwayomogi
Artemisia koidzumii var. koidzumii
Artemisia schmidtiana
Chrysanthemum yezoense
Erigeron acris
Erigeron thunbergii var. glabratus
Leontopodium discolor
Ligularia hodgsonii
Matricaria tetragonosperma
Picris hieracioides var. alpina
Saussurea riederi var. yezoensis
Senecio pseudo-arnica
Solidago virga-aurea var. leiocarpa

Compositae

Chrysanthemum vulgare var. boreale

Compositae

Taraxacum shikotanense
Allium schoenoprasum var.
schoenoprasum
Allium splendens
Clintonia udensis
Fritillaria camtshatcensis subsp.
camtschatcensis
Gagea lutea
Gagea vaginata
Hemerocallis yezoensis
Hemerocallis dumortieri var. esculenta
Hosta rectifolia var. rectifolia
Lilium maculatum var. dauricum
Lilium medeoloides
Lloydia serotina
Tofieldia coccinea
Trillium kamtschaticum
Trillium smallii
Trillium tschonoskii
Iris setosa
Luzula wahlenbergii
Luzula oligantha

Campanulaceae

SPERMATOPHYTAANGIOSPERMAEMONOCOTYLEDO
NEAE

Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Iridaceae
Juncaceae
Juncaceae

235

②⑥
①b②⑥
⑤bg⑥
⑤ｉ⑥
⑤ｊｋ⑥
⑥
⑤ｊ⑥
②⑤ｇ⑥
②⑤ｆ
①ｂ
⑤bd⑥⑦
②⑤ｆ⑥⑦
⑤d⑥⑦
②⑤ｉ⑥
①a②⑤g⑥⑦
⑥
⑤f⑥⑦
⑤d⑥
①b⑥
⑤f⑥
⑥⑦
①c Southren
Limit
①b⑥
②⑥⑦
②⑤d⑥
②⑥
②⑥⑦
②⑥⑦
①b②
⑥
⑤j⑥
⑥
⑤f⑥⑦
②⑥
⑤bg
⑤gi⑥⑦
②⑥⑦
②⑥⑦
②⑥⑦
⑤j⑥⑦
⑤d⑥
⑤g⑥

Reason ofdesignation

Species nameGramineae
Gramineae
Gramineae

Gramineae
Gramineae
AraceaeSparganiaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae

Agrostis flaccida
Agrostis mertensii
Calamagrostis purpurascens
Deschampsia atropurpurea var.
paramushirensis
Hierochloe alpina
Trisetum sibiricum
Calla palustris
Sparganium hyperboreum
Carex flavocuspis
Carex gmelinii
Carex hakkodensis
Carex limosa
Carex middendorffii
Carex pyrenaica
Carex stenantha var. taisetsuensis
Carex subspathacea
Eriophorum vaginatum
Scirpus maximowiczii
Calanthe tricarimata
Cremastra appendiculata
Goodyera maximowiczianum
Goodyera repens
Gymnadenia camtschatica
Liparis makinoana
Listera cordata subsp. japonica
Neottia nidus-avis
Dactyrorchis aristata
Oreorchis patens
Platanthera hologlottis

Orchidaceae

Platanthera metabifolia

Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Schistostegales
Sphagnaceae

Platanthera takedae
Platanthera tipuloides
Schistostega osmundacea
Sphagnum

Gramineae

BRYOPHYTA

⑤g⑥
⑤e
⑤g⑥
①a⑤g
⑤gi⑥
⑥
②⑤k⑥⑦
①a②⑤k⑥
⑤dg⑥
⑤f⑥
⑤ｉk⑥
⑤j⑥
⑤j⑥
⑤ｉ⑥
④a⑤d⑥
②⑤l⑥
②⑤j⑥
⑤k
②⑥⑦
⑥⑦
②⑥⑦
②⑦
②⑥
②⑥⑦
⑥
②④c
⑤ｉ⑥
②⑥⑦
⑤ｊｋ⑥
①c Southern
Limit②②⑥②⑥②⑥

1 The symbol “③” indicates that the specie is listed at the relevant National
Park or Quasi-National Park and its type locality is located in the relevantpark.
2 Symbols “①c(S)” or “①c(N)” indicate that the relevant National Park or
Quasi-National Park is the southern or northern limit (or is situated near thelimit) for the specie.

236

Criterion for designation① Species with unique distributions.
a Endemic species (i.e. the distribution range of the plant is limited to afew locations), Isolated speciesb Sub-endemic species (i.e. the distribution range of the plant is limited
to a region)c Species at their distribution limit (i.e. the location is the southern or
northern limit in Japan for the specie.)② Rare species (i.e. the population of the plant is especially small in Japan)③ The type locality (source of type specimen) of the specie is located in therelevant park.
Specieswhich have a symbiotic relationship with other organisms④
a Plants which grow in the habitat of a rare creature (e.g. alpine butterfly)
and those which have a close interspecies relationship (e.g. as a feed
plant) with the creatureb Insectivorous plants
c Saprophytic plants (plants which only grow on undecomposed organic
matter accumulated on the forest floor)d Epiphytic (arboreal) plants (plants with beautiful forms such as
subtropical orchids and evergreen ferns)⑤ Plants which grow in extreme habitatsa Volcanoes (i.e. plants that grow on eroded slopes, lava fields, etc. and cansurvive in conditions which include a combination of shifting gravel, ashfall, volcanic gases, etc.)b Rock faces and crevices (i.e. plants which can survive on meager deposits
of soil in rock crevices and the nutrients, etc. contained in the rainwaterthat trickles down from above)c Unique rocky land (i.e. plants that grow in places rich in limestone andultrabasic rock [serpentine rock]. This type of land has poor
accumulation of soil in addition to the special conditions imposed by thecontents of the base rock. Therefore, invasions by other plants are
restricted and the plant is usually a relict specie.)d Disintegrating gravel fields (i.e. plants that grow on unstable weatheredrock debris such as high altitude slopes with frequent avalanches,wind-swept coasts, etc.)
e Heavy snowfall areas, slopes with frequent avalanches (Tall herbaceous
plants which grow in these areas are resistant to pressure caused byavalanches. These plants tend to have beautiful flowers and when they
bloom in the brief season of July and August, they add color to themonotonous subalpine vegetation.)f Costal terraces, sand dunes (Only plants with special structures to resist
salt damage and dry conditions grow in these areas. The special
properties include a well developed root system and fleshy stem andleaves covered by cuticular wax to withstand the strong wind from thesea and ultraviolet light.)

237

Criterion for designation (continued)⑤ Plants which grow in extreme habitatsg Wind-swept sites (Transpiration of plants is greatly affected inwind-swept sites resulting in the development of vegetation composed ofdwarf trees (shrubs). The vegetation is wind-swept grassland in areas
with extremely strong winds.)
h Wind caves (A location which receives cold air from caves year around. It
is a habitat for alpine plants.)i Snow patches (Around snow patches with a large amount of snow
remaining up to late summer, there are bands of different types ofvegetation from dwarf trees (shrubs) to colonies of moss at the bottom of
the snow patch.)j High and intermediate moors (An area perpetually saturated with water.
Due to the low supply of oxygen, trees are unable to invade the area
which results in a wetland vegetation consisting of a few types of
herbaceous plants. The landscape does not allow good drainage and therainwater collected from the surrounding area creates an environment
low in inorganic nutrients and high in acidity.)k Ponds and perimeters of flowing water (There are many ponds in subalpine areas with heavy snow fall. The water leached from the high andintermediate moors are rich in organic matter but are not highly nutritious due to their high acidity and low temperatures. The ponds whichcontain such water are habitats for floating-leaved plants which areadapted to low nutrient conditions. On the other hand, along the banks ofstreams which flow through the moors, there is oxygen rich water andplenty of inorganic nutrients. This results in completely different vegetation from the surrounding area.)l Estuarine wetland (Muddy bogs which are periodically affected by ocean
tides. Only a few certain salt-tolerant plants which can withstand submersion in seawater grow in this area.)⑥ Species which play a major role in landscapes (Especially plants which havebeautiful flowers that bloom in unison as a colony, creating an effective landscape in each season of spring, summer and fall.)⑦ Ornamental species, species which are collected by the horticultural industry,herbal medicine industry and hobbyists (species which have high commercial
value and are collected by professionals)238

4. (2) Chronology
June 1, 1964
August 23,
1968
February 4,
1980
June 15, 1984
December 1,
1990
February 21,
1995
August 20,
2003

Designation of the park area, authorization of the park plan, designation of Special Zones, designation of Special Protection Zones
Designation of Rausu-onsen facilities complex and authorizationof detailed plan
Reallocation of zones (park area, Special Zone, Special ProtectionZone) and revision of the park plan in accordance with thedesignation of Onnebetsudake Wilderness Area
Revision of the park area, park plan, Special Zone and Special
Protection Zone in accordance with the review
Designation of a Restricted Zone on the use of Horses, Vehicles,
etc.
Partial revision of park plan, Special Zone and Special Protection
Zone
Revision of park plan (Addition of a facility planning for trails)

239

4-D Regional Administration and Management
Plan (for National Forests: Extract)
Ⅰ. Eastern Abashiri Forest Planning Area
1. Basic Matters Related to the Management of National Forest Land
(1) Basic Policy for the Management of National Forest Land
The subject of this plan is the national forest land of 244,000 ha in the Eastern
Abashiri Forest Planning Area.
(Outline of forests in the planning area)
Watershed Forest area
area
National
forest595

396

Other forest

244

152

(Unit: 1,000 ha)
ForestRate ofcoveragenational
rate
forest land
(%)
(%)
67
62

The said planning area is located east of the Abashiri Branch. The national forest
land consists of (1) natural forest of 146,000 ha, which consists of conifers, such as
Skhalin fir and Ezo spruce, and broad-leaved trees, such as Japanese oak, Japanese
basswood and birches, (2) artificial forest of 74,000 ha, which consists of Sakhalin fir,larch, Sakhalin spruce, etc., and (3) other forest of 24,000 ha. The portions of it aredesignated as Shiretoko National Park, Akan Quasi-National Park, Abashiri
Quasi-National Park, and Sharidake Prefectural Natural Park. The Shiretoko
Peninsula is also designated as the Shiretoko Forest Ecosystem Reserve.
(snip)
There is increasing expectation for the exertion of the public-interest functions offorests. Especially, there is a growing awareness of using forests on a global scale
and in a sustainable way from the viewpoint of preventing global warming andensuring biological diversity. In addition, the people have come to request forests formore diversified functions, such as more expectation for contact with forests. In suchcircumstances, this plan aims to:(i) maintain and improve land conservation function and other public-interest
functions of national forest land;(ii) supply forest products in a sustainable and planned way; and(iii) use national forest land to contribute to the development of industry or the improvement of the welfare of residents in the region.
First of all, management for maintaining and improving public-interest functions
241

will be promoted. National forest land will be divided into types according to its
function to be intensively exerted, and appropriate forestry operations and forest
management will be promoted according to the functional type in order to meet thepeople’s request adequately.
(snip)
Specifically, individual portions of national forest land are to be divided into three
types—“forests for water and soil conservation” aimed at conserving land and water
resources, “forests for the people” aimed at maintaining and conserving a rich
ecosystem and being used for recreational purposes, and “forests for cyclical use offorest resources” aimed at stable and efficient supply of timber (Table 1). Thus, they
are to be managed according to their purposes.
Table 1Division of National Forest Land by Functional Type

Functional type
Forests for water andsoil conservation

Forests for the people

Forests for cyclical use
of forest resources

Idea of functional type
Forests that focus on
ensuring safe and comfortable national life,
such as those which prevent sediment discharge
and collapse or conserve
water resources
Forests that focus on theconservation of precious
natural environment,such as the primitive
forest ecosystem, andthe utilization as a place
for the people to havecontact with nature
Forests that focus on theefficient production oftimber, which is the material with the least
amount of adverse impact on the environment

Idea of management
Promote the conservation oftree roots and surface soil,
the multi-storied forest operation by which lower vegetation is expected to develop,
and long-cycle logging
Protect and maintain forests
where wildlife grows and inhabits, create places forhealth/cultural/educational
activities, such as forest
therapy and nature observation, and maintain naturallandscapePromote appropriate renewal, breeding and thinningto ensure sound forests andgrow forest trees that meet
diversified demands for timber(snip)
d. Catchment Basin such as that of the Shari River
This catchment basin spreads in the area covering Kiyosato, Satturu, Midori, Kawamoto, Shari, Koshikawa, Minehama, and Utoro. Regarding forests, there are
the artificial forests of larches, Sakharin firs, and other trees near settlements,
while there are natural forests, which are mixes of conifers, such as Sakharin firs
and Ezo spruces, and broad-leaved trees, such as Japanese oaks, Japanese242

basswoods and birches, on the mountainside and at the middle-low part of theShiretoko Peninsula.
The majority of the Shiretoko Peninsula is covered by primitive natural forests.
By conserving them, the aim is to maintain the natural environment as a forest
ecosystem, protect wildlife and conserve genetic resources. In addition, the forests
are designated as the Shiretoko Forest Ecosystem Reserve for the purpose of theiruse in the development of forestry operation/management techniques andacademic research. They are thus expected to contribute to maintaining thenatural environment.
(2) Matters Related to Management According to Functional Type(snip)(ii) Guidelines for Management of Forests for the People and Other Matters Related to such Forests
Forests for the people shall be treated under two types—forests for nature conservation and those for landscape and recreation.
In this planning area, 70% of forests for the people are for nature conservation,and remaining 30% are for landscape and recreation.
a. Forests for nature conservation
National forest land for nature conservation shall be in principle left to naturaltransition, and shall be managed in consideration of the conservation of natural
habitats for wildlife. However, mountain trails and other existing facilities shallbe appropriately utilized and repaired so as not to have an adverse effect onsurrounding vegetation.
With respect to forests for nature conservation, those consisting of a primitive
forest ecosystem, those necessary for contributing to the inhabitation and growthof precious wildlife and those necessary for conserving genetic resources aredesignated as protected forests. Such forests will be appropriately managed
according to the purpose of designation. Specifically, they shall be treatedaccording to III.2(1) of the separately bound “Guidelines for Forest Management.”(snip)
2. Matters Related to the Maintenance and Conservation of National Forest Land
(1) Matters Related to Patrol(i) Forest Conservation Patrol to Prevent Forest Fires, etc.
This planning area includes Shiretoko National Park and Abashiri
Quasi-National Park. Therefore, many people enter forests to use them as a place
for recreation or health rest. In particular, the risk of forest fires increases in the243spring due to factors, such as the season for collecting edible wild plants, the dry
season, high temperature by foehn phenomenon and strong wind.
Therefore, publicity and educational activities for forest fire prevention shall be
carried out in collaboration with the Abashiri District Council on Measures to Prevent and Extinguish Forest Fires, local residents, etc. In addition, forest conservation patrol shall be strengthened to make all possible efforts for forest fire prevention.
In relation to forest land patrol, the conservation and management of national forest land will be aimed at by taking appropriate measures based on the understanding of the status of inhabitation and growth of wildlife, the status of occurrence of damages to forests by disease, insects or animals, the status of
installation of various signs and other factors.
Moreover, in terms of the conservation and management of forests in the
Shiretoko Forest Ecosystem Reserve and other places, protection activities will be
carried out with the cooperation of local volunteer groups, etc.
(snip)(3) Matters Related to Forests that Require Special Protection
Since there are many precious forest ecosystems and plant communities, including
the Shiretoko Forest Ecosystem Reserve, in this planning area, 33 locations are designated as protected forests. Their appropriate protection and management will be
aimed according to the purposes of their designation.
The spread and mutual exchange of precious wildlife will also be aimed for by establishing a “Green Corridor” that connects the Shiretoko Forest Ecosystem Reserveand the Sharidake/Unabetsudake/Onnebetsudake Plant Community Reserves, formore effective conservation of forest ecosystems.
Furthermore, for locations that require measures to prevent and restore thedevastation to vegetation due to the effects of persons’ entry, appropriate measures
will be taken in collaboration with related organizations, etc. In areas where people
can enter, effort will be made to improve pavements and other facilities so thatmany people can use forests for learning occasions, etc. It will also be aimed todisseminate and educate about knowledge related to forest ecosystem.
Other than these, information will be actively provided, including the offering ofprotected forests for academic research fields.

244

(Reference)
Extract from Guidelines for Forest Management (Eastern Abashiri Forest Planning
Area)
III. Standards with Respect to Each Functional Type
2. Forests for the People(1) Forests for Nature Conservation
With the goal of creating forests that retain a good natural environment and aresuitable for the habitat of academically precious animals and plants, forests for nature conservation will be managed (including treatment eliminating human work) tomaintain and form the environment to be conserved according to the characteristicsof the forest ecosystem, animals, plants, etc. to be protected with attention to thefollowing matters.
a. Management method
The management method will be in principle management by utilizing natural forests.
b. Cutting down trees
Trees will not be cut down except in the following cases:(a) cutting down trees to maintain and create natural habitats suitable for the
ecological characteristics of animals and plants to be protected;(b) cutting down trees to maintain the status quo of forest stands in a transitional
phase;(c) cutting down trees for academic research purposes;(d) cutting down trees and bamboo that interrupt minor facilities such as pavements or the use of such facilities;(e) thinning artificial forests; and(f) other kinds of cutting necessary to maintain functions, such as cutting down
damaged trees.
c. Establishment of facilities(a) To establish road networks for management that is necessary to conserve
natural environment as needed, with sufficient consideration to avoid the aggravation of the environment to be protected(b) To conduct operations, such as the establishment of forest conservation facilities to maintain land conservation function, as needed in forests around primitive natural forests that are conserved relying on natural transition(c) For protected forests, to install signs as needed245

d. Protection/management(a) To make efforts to understand the status and environment of the inhabitationand growth of precious animals and plants through patrol(b) For protected forests, to conduct monitoring, the warning and prevention offorest fires, educational and diffusing activities as needed
e. Treatment of protected forests
Protected forests shall be basically treated on the basis of the treatment standards
with respect to each kind of protected forests as listed below, as well as the above a.
to d.
(a) Forest Ecosystem Reserve(i) Forests in conserved areas shall not be tampered with by humans in principle
and shall be left to natural transition.
(ii) For forests in areas used for conservation, trees shall not be cut down inprinciple so that the forests serve as buffer belts for conserved areas. However,dead trees and damaged trees shall be cut down to avoid damages to local
facilities and prevent danger to persons entering forests.

246

Ⅱ. Kushiro/Nemuro Forest Planning Area
1. Basic Matters Related to the Management of National Forest Land
(Outline of the forest planning area)
Watershed
Forest area
area
National
forest
949

560

286

(Unit: 1,000 ha)
ForestRateofnational
Other forest coverage
rateforest land
(%)
(%)
274
59
51

(1) Basic Policy for the Management of National Forest Land
The subject of this plan is the national forest land of 286,099 ha in the Kushiro/Nemuro Forest Planning Area. This planning area covers the whole area
under the jurisdiction of both the Kushiro and Nemuro Branches, and it is located in
the eastern part of Hokkaido. National forest land in this planning area is located in
mountain forests stretching from the Akan mountain range to Shiretoko mountain
range, hilly mountain forests extending from the foot of the Akan mountain range to
the Pacific Ocean side, hilly areas along the Pacific Ocean and on the Konsen
Plateau, and windbreak forests. In addition, the area includes designated areas,such as not only the Shiretoko Forest Ecosystem Reserve but also Shiretoko
National Park, Akan National Park, Sharidake Prefectural Natural Park,
Onnebetsudake Wilderness Area, and Bekanbeushi Marsh which is designatedunder the Ramsar Convention.
(snip)
There is increasing expectation for the exertion of the public-interest functions offorests. Especially, there is a growing awareness of using forests on a global scale
and in a sustainable way from the viewpoint of preventing global warming andensuring biological diversity. In addition, the people have come to request forests formore diversified functions, such as more expectation for contact with forests. In suchcircumstances, this plan aims at the following in managing national forest land as“National Forest”:(1) maintain and improve land conservation function and other public-interest
functions of national forest land;(2) supply forest products in a sustainable and planned way; and(3) use national forest land to contribute to the development of industry or the improvement of the welfare of residents in the region.
(snip)
Specifically, portions of national forest land in the relevant forest planning area areto be divided into the following three types with attention to conformity to the areas247

of forests managed by the public-interest function, which are prescribed in the regional forest plan of national forest land: “forests for water and soil conservation”
aimed at conserving national land and water resources, “forests for the people”
aimed at maintaining and conserving a rich ecosystem and being used forrecreational purposes, and “forests for cyclical use of forest resources” aimed atsustainable and efficient supply of timber. Thus, they are to be managed according
to their purposes.
(snip)
b. Nemuro area
The area is located in the eastern part of the Kushiro/Nemuro Forest Planning Area,
and its northern part borders the Eastern Abashiri Forest Planning Area at Shiretoko mountain range that has Mt. Rausu, Mt. Shuri and other mountains around
1,500 m high. The western part borders the Kushiro area, the southeastern partborders the Pacific Ocean at the south and the Nemuro Strait at the east with theboundary at the Nemuro Peninsula. The hilly area of Konsen Plateau spreads in thecentral part, and windbreak forests are placed in lattice configuration.
As for the Shiretoko Forest Ecosystem Reserve, the Onnebetsudake Wilderness Area,
and Special Protection Zones of Akan and Shiretoko National Park, the maintenanceand conservation of primitive natural forests is expected. In addition, this area
includes the area that has been confirmed as the habitat of Blakiston’s Fish-Owl,
which is rare wildlife. Therefore, special efforts must be made in national forests
around the area to conserve the natural habitat. Such area shall be managed under
the classification of “forests for the people.”(2) Matters Related to Management according to Functional TypeAccording to division by functional type, forests for water and soil conservation,
which are focused on exerting water resource conservation functions, account for
61% of all forests, and forests for the people account for 31%. Thus, 93% of all forests
shall be managed as forests for public interest.
(snip)(ii) Guidelines for Management of Forests for the People and Other Matters Related
to such Forests
Forests for the people shall be treated under two types—forests for nature conservation and forests for landscape and recreation.
a. Forests for nature conservation
National forest land for nature conservation shall be in principle left to naturaltransition and shall be managed in consideration of the conservation of natural habitants of wildlife. The appropriate use of existing mountain trails will be promoted
by repairing those which are liable to have an effect on surrounding vegetation due
248to the status of their use.
With respect to forests for nature conservation, those consisting of a primitive forest
ecosystem, those necessary for contributing to the inhabitation and growth of precious wild animals and plants, and those necessary for conserving genetic resources
shall be designated as protected forests, and their appropriate management shall be
aimed.
Specifically, such forests will be treated in accordance with III.2(1) of separately
bound “Guidelines for Management.”(snip)
2. Matters Related to the Maintenance and Conservation of National Forest Land
(1) Matters Related to Patrol(i) Forest Conservation Patrol to Prevent Forest Fires, etc.
In this planning area, many people enter and use forests for recreational purposes.
Since the season for collecting edible wild plants and the dry season coincide, there
is a higher risk of occurrence of forest fires. For this reason, utmost effort will bemade to prevent forest fires through publicity and educational activities in close
collaboration with local residents, local municipalities and other related persons aswell as appropriate implementation of forest conservation patrol.
In addition, national forest land will be conserved and managed through implementation of appropriate measures based on an understanding of the status of inhabitation of wildlife, the status of damage by diseases, insects, animals, or birds to forests,
and the status of installation of various signs through patrol.
(ship)(3) Matters Related to Forests that Require Special Protection
Since this planning area includes many natural forests, etc., which form a precious
natural environment, 29 locations are designated as protected forests. Each forest
shall be appropriately protected and managed according to the purposes of its designation.
In particular, a new Specific Animal Habitat Reserve will be designated to protect
the habitats of Blakiston’s Fish-Owl, and a new Plant Community Reserve will be
designated with respect to forests spreading at the foot of Mt. Oakan where a goodprimitive state has been kept. At the “Green Corridor on the Shiretoko Peninsula,”which connects the Shiretoko Forest Ecosystem Reserve and the Sharidake/Unabetsudake/Onnebetsudake Plant Community Reserves, the spread andmutual exchange of precious wildlife will be sought for more effective conservationof forest ecosystems.
Note: Guidelines for Management are the same as those for the Eastern Abashri
249

Forest Planning Area.

250