ITER

The way to a new, clean, safe and nearly-unlimited energy

Bernard BIGOT, Director-General, ITER Organization

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Fusion on Earth
0.7	
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Fusion’s advantagesA	
  plasma	
  in	
  the	
  European	  	
  tokamak	
  JET	  	
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60 years of constant progressTA-­‐2000,	  France,	  1957	
  KSTAR,	
  Korea	
  
2008	
  
DIII-­‐D,	
  US	
  
	
  -­‐	
  1978	  General	
  Atomics	
  -­‐	
  DOE.	
  WEST,	
  CEA-­‐
Euratom,	
  1988,	  now	  testbed	  for	
  
ITER	
  
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DT Fusion demonstrated!

Among the large tokamaks that went into operation in early 1980s, two were designed to perform Deuterium-Tritium operations:
the European JET and the American TFTR. Both achieved DT fusion : JET in 1991 (2 MW of fusion power) and 1997 (16 MW);TFTR in 1993 (6.2 MW) and 1994 (10 MW). However, both machines had required more energy to « light the fire » than the fire had
given in return (ratio of Q ~ .65). ITER aims for a ratio of Q > 10.

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A decisive political push
November	  1985	
  At	
  the	  Geneva	
  Summit	
  	
  	
  
Presiden	
  Reagan	
  and	  Secretary	  General	
  Gorbatchev	
  give	  a	
  decisive	
  poli�cal	
  push	
  to	
  
an	
  	
  interna�onal	
  collabora�on	
  on	
  fusion	  “for	
  the	
  beneﬁt	
  of	
  all	  mankind”…	
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ITER missionNAS	  Commi�ee	
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ITER

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The seven ITER Members represent more than 50% of
the world’s population and about 85% of the global GDP

China EU India Japan Korea Russia USA
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The ITER Tokamak

Vacuum Vessel: ~ 8 000 t.
TF Coils: ~ 18 x 360 t.
Central solenoid: ~ 1 000 t.
Etc.
Total ~ 23 000 t.
R=6.2 m, a=2.0 m,
Ip=15 MA, BT=5.3 T,
23,000 tonnes

3,5	
  �mes	  the	
  weight	
  of	
  the	
  Eiﬀel	  Tower!	
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An intense magnetic field, generated bypowerful superconducting magnets
shape and confine the hot plasma, andkeep it away from the vacuum vesselwall.
H

1 central solenoid, 13 m high,
1,000 tons, powerful enough tolift an aircraft-carrier out of the
water

H

18 Toroidal Field Coils, 17-metre
high, 360 tons each.

H

6 Poloidal Field Coils, 8 to 24 m.
in diametre, 200 to 400 tons.
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US

IO
ITER	
  
Project	
  

RF
KO

JA

CN

EU
IN

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A unique formula

ITER is being built through the in-kind contributionsof the seven Members of the ITER Organization.

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Naval construction-size components…

Inside the Assembly Hall, giant tools (procured by Korea) will handle loads up to 1,500 tonsNAS	  Commi�ee	
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…watch-like precision

Laser measurements of grooves in TF Coil radialplates. Tolerances are in the 1/10th millimetre range.

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The integration challenge
BLANKET
MODULESMANIFOLD

DIVERTOR

INTERNAL COILSINTERFACESNAS	
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TF CoilJapan
EuropeTF coil cases
Japan

Conductor
China
RussiaSouth
UnitedKorea
StatesJapan
EuropeNAS	
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April 2016: intensive, in-depth review
by independent expert group declares:
H“…substantial improvement in project
performance…”

H“…high degree of motivation…

H“…considerable progress during the past
12 months…”“…sequence and duration of future
activities have been fully and logically
mapped in the resource-loaded
schedule…”

H

H“…resource estimate is generally
complete […] and provides a credible
estimate of cost and human resources…”NAS	  Commi�ee	
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18th & 19th ITER Council endorse
updated Schedule
First Plasma in December 2025; firstscientific experiments in 2028; firstnuclear plasma (DT) in 2035
The updated Schedule is challenging but
technically achievable.
It represents the best technicallyachievable path forward to First Plasma.
Members now have all the elements
needed to go through their domestic
processes of obtaining approval for the
Resource-Loaded Integrated Schedule
ITER	  Council	
  convenes	
  twice	  a	
  year	  in	
  June	  and	
  November	
  at	
  ITER	
  Headquarters	
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Major assembly milestonesNAS	  Commi�ee	
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A staged approach to DT plasma
Extensive interactions among IO and DAs to finalize revised baseline schedule proposal
 Schedule and resource estimates through First Plasma (2025) consistent with Members’
budget constraints
 Proposed use of 4-stage approach through Deuterium-Tritium (2035) consistent withMembers’ financial and technical constraintsNAS	  Commi�ee	
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Who works for ITER?
Distribution by Member
4,5%	
  
2,9%	
  

5.5%	
  

3,8%	
  

4.5%	
  

Oct.	
  2017	
  
9,5%	
  

69.4%	  The	
  interna�onal	
  staﬀ	
  of	
  the	  ITER	  Organiza�on	
  (Central	
  Team)	
  comprises	
  ~	
  800	  persons	
  (35	
  countries).	
  	
  
An	
  equivalent	
  number	
  of	
  contractors	
  and	
  experts	
  are	
  directly	
  working	
  for	  ITER	
  in	
  Saint-­‐Paul-­‐lez-­‐Durance.	
  	
  
More	
  than	
  2,000	
  specialists	
  work	  for	  ITER	
  throughout	
  the	
  world.	
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Etc.
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Worksite progressFebruary 2015 – January 2018

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Worksite progressFebruary 2015 – January 2018

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Worksite progressRadiofrequency Heating
Service Bdg.

Cryostat Workshop

Assembly HallPF Coil Winding Facility
Cryoplant

400 kV Switchyard

Cooling System~ Machine axis

Bioshield
Tritium Bdg.

Tokamak Bdg.

Magnet Power Conversions Bdgs.
Diagnostics Bdg.

18 January 2018

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Assembly Hall

Before being integrated in the machine, thecomponents will be prepared and preassembled in this 6,000 m2, 60-metre highbuilding. The Assembly Hall is equippedwith a double overhead travelling cranewith a total lifting capacity of 1,500 tons.

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Assembly Hall

Load tests, both static and dynamic (1,875 – 1,650 tonnes), are now
finalized in the Assembly Hall. Note the « foot » of the SSAT-1 already inplace.

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Cryoplant

The ITER Cryoplant will be the largest single platform cryofacility in the world. It will distribute liquid helium to various machine components(superconducting magnets, thermal shield, cryopumps, etc.). The last of 18 skids supporting the helium compressors was installed atop
their massive four-metre-high concrete pads in November 2017.

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Radiofrequency heating

Adjacent to the Assembly Hall, the building that will house the plasma
heating systems (microwave and radio frequency) is ready to beequipped.

This girder is part of the gantry crane that will be used to
install radio frequency and microwave heating components.
It was installed in December 2017.

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Electrical network

The connection of the 400 kV switchyard to the French grid was successfully demonstrated on 30 March 2017.

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Electrical conversion

Two large Magnet Power Conversion buildings will host thetransformers and converters ( AC ► DC) feeding power to the ITER
magnets.

The twin buildings are now ready for equipment. Electricalcomponents from China, Korea and Russia will be progressively
installed inside of the building as well as in the exterior bays.

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PF Coil winding facility

Too large to be transported by road, four of ITER’s six ring-shaped magnets (the poloidal
field coils, 8 to 24 m in diametre) will be assembled by Europe in this 12,000 m² facility.

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Cryostat workshop

Manufactured in India, the 30 m x 30 m
cryostat (the insulating vacuum vessel that
encloses the machine) is being assembled
and welded on site.

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Cooling water systems

ITER power will be partly evacuatedby cooling towers (procured by India).

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Into the industrial phasewith highly challenging specifications

Manufacturing of ITER components is taking place at the cutting edge of technology:
H Geometrical tolerances measured in millimetres for steel pieces up to 17 m tall weighing several
hundred tons
H Superconducting power lines cooled to minus 270 degrees Celsius
H Plasma facing components to withstand heat flux as large as 20 MW per m2
H Cryoplant cooling capacity up to 110 kW at 4.5 K; maximum cumulated liquefaction rate of 12,300 l/hr
H Etc.
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Cryostat	  	
  Feeders	  (31)	
  Thermal	
  shield	
  Toroidal	  Field	
  coils	
  (18)	
  Vacuum	  vessel	  Poloidal	
  ﬁeld	  coils	
  (6)	
  Blanket	  modules	
  Correc�on	
  coils	
  (18)	
  Central	  solenoid	
  (6)	
  Divertor	
  	
  

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Manufacturing progress

China

Work is underway in China (under contract with Europe) to
manufacture 9 double pancakes for poloidal field coil # 6.

China has successfully completed the first component of thefeeder package: the cryostat feedthrough for poloidal field coil #4,

Magnet Systems, Power Systems, Blanket, Fuel Cycle, DiagnosticsNAS	  Commi�ee	
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Manufacturing progress

EuropeEuropean contractors have finalized 2 of 10 toroidal field coilwinding packs.

The pre-production cryopump was delivred in August 2017 Morethan 15 companies in Europe were involved in its manufacturing,

Buildings, Magnet Systems, Heating & Current Drive Systems, Vacuum Vessel, Divertor,
Blanket, Power Systems, Fuel Cycle, Tritium Plant, Cryoplant, Diagnostics, Radioactive
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Manufacturing progressJapan
In a major production
milestone the first TF
winding pack has been
completed at Mitsubishi
Futami plant.
Similar operations are
ongoing at Keihin
Product Operations ofToshiba Corp.

In September 2017, the Japanese Domestic Agency
and suppliers celebrated the completion of conductor
fabrication; in all, 43 km (745 tonnes) of conductor
were produced.

Magnet Systems, Heating & Current Drive Systems, Remote Handling, Divertor,
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Manufacturing progress
India

Thousands of in-wall shielding pieces have been manufactured,passed factory acceptance, and are being prepared for shipment.

Welding operations for Tier 1 of the Cryostat base are now
complete. preliminary set-up for Tier 2 of the Lower Cylinder has
just been completed

Cryostat, Cryogenic Systems, Heating and Current Drive Systems, Cooling Water System,
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Manufacturing progress

Korea

On 18 December the fitting
test for the first Toroidal
Field Coil Structure wascompleted at Hyundai
Heavy Industry in Ulsan.
Tolerance requirements of
0.5mm +- 0.25mm weresuccessfully met!

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Manufacturing progress

RussiaFabrication and qualification tests of PF1 winding pack stacksample were successfully completed.

Electrical equipment prototypes were tested and qualified at theEfremov Institute in Saint Petersburg.

Power Systems, Magnet Systems, Blanket, Divertor, Vacuum Vessel, Diagnostics,
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  Strategic	
  Plan	
  for	  US	  Burning	
  Plasma	
  Research,	
  1	
  -­‐	  2	  Feb.	
  2018	
  

Page	
  
44/58	  

Manufacturing progress

General Atomics is fabricating the 1000-ton Central Solenoid (CS).
In April 2016, winding of the first CS module was completed.

USA

Module tooling stations are in place and being commissioned,
including the heat treatment furnace shown here.

Cooling Water System, Magnet Systems, Diagnostics, Heating & Current Drive
Systems, Fuel Cycle, Tritium Plant, Power SystemsNAS	  Commi�ee	
  on	
  a	
  Strategic	
  Plan	
  for	  US	  Burning	
  Plasma	
  Research,	
  1	
  -­‐	  2	  Feb.	
  2018	
  

Page	
  
45/58	  

Manufacturing progress

The turn insulation station wraps each bar of conductor
with Kapton® fiberglass tape.

USA

The top plate of the central solenoid assembly platform during
fabrication at Robatel.

Cooling Water System, Magnet Systems, Diagnostics, Heating & Current Drive
Systems, Fuel Cycle, Tritium Plant, Power SystemsNAS	  Commi�ee	
  on	
  a	
  Strategic	
  Plan	
  for	  US	  Burning	
  Plasma	
  Research,	
  1	
  -­‐	  2	  Feb.	
  2018	
  

Page	
  
46/58	  

Manufacturing progress

Forging of a tie-plate first article. The tie-plates are part of a
substantial structural cage surrounding the central solenoid magnet.

USA

After forging, the tie-plates are machined to required specifications.

Cooling Water System, Magnet Systems, Diagnostics, Heating & Current Drive
Systems, Fuel Cycle, Tritium Plant, Power SystemsNAS	  Commi�ee	
  on	
  a	
  Strategic	
  Plan	
  for	  US	  Burning	
  Plasma	
  Research,	
  1	
  -­‐	  2	  Feb.	
  2018	
  

Page	
  
47/58	  

Manufacturing progress

The cryoviscous compressor full-scale prototype was successfully
tested at the ORNL Spallation Neutron Source cryo facility.

USA

A roots pump prototype has been successfully tested at ORNL.

Cooling Water System, Magnet Systems, Diagnostics, Heating & Current Drive
Systems, Fuel Cycle, Tritium Plant, Power SystemsNAS	  Commi�ee	
  on	
  a	
  Strategic	
  Plan	
  for	  US	  Burning	
  Plasma	
  Research,	
  1	
  -­‐	  2	  Feb.	
  2018	
  

Page	
  
48/58	  

Manufacturing progress

A blower for cooling transmission lines will be tested on the highpowered ORNL resonant test line.

USA

A radio-frequency discharge system for diagnostic mirror cleaning
is in development and testing. [Inset: Electron cyclotron emission
prototype developed at General Atomics and tested on DIII-D.]

Cooling Water System, Magnet Systems, Diagnostics, Heating & Current Drive
Systems, Fuel Cycle, Tritium Plant, Power SystemsNAS	  Commi�ee	
  on	
  a	
  Strategic	
  Plan	
  for	  US	  Burning	
  Plasma	
  Research,	
  1	
  -­‐	  2	  Feb.	
  2018	
  

Page	
  
49/58	  

Manufacturing
progress
USA
The US has delivered an array ofcomponents for the steady stateelectrical network and completeddeliveries in 2017.

Cooling Water System, Magnet Systems, Diagnostics, Heating & Current Drive
Systems, Fuel Cycle, Tritium Plant, Power SystemsNAS	  Commi�ee	
  on	
  a	
  Strategic	
  Plan	
  for	  US	  Burning	
  Plasma	
  Research,	
  1	
  -­‐	  2	  Feb.	
  2018	
  

Page	
  
50/58	  

Door-to-door delivery

62 Highly Exceptional loads (HEL) delivered as of Jan. 2018
214 expected before 2025 - 18 expected after 2025

Unloaded at Marseille industrial harbour, components are ferried through the inland sea Etang de Berre on a specially designed barge anddelivered to ITER by way of the 104-km long “ITER Itinerary”. The journey to the ITER site takes 3 to 4 nights.

NAS	  Commi�ee	
  on	
  a	
  Strategic	
  Plan	
  for	  US	  Burning	
  Plasma	
  Research,	
  1	
  -­‐	  2	  Feb.	
  2018	
  

Page	
  
51/58	
  

The ITER Itinerary

The 104-km long ITER Itinerary between Berre-l’Etang and the ITER site is part of France’s contribution to the ITER project.

NAS	  Commi�ee	
  on	
  a	
  Strategic	
  Plan	
  for	  US	  Burning	
  Plasma	
  Research,	
  1	
  -­‐	  2	  Feb.	
  2018	
  

Page	
  
52/58	  

Economic benefits$ 8 billion is currently engaged in construction andmanufacturing contracts for ITER worldwide

ITER	
  

NAS	
  Commi�ee	
  on	
  a	
  Strategic	
  Plan	
  for	  US	  Burning	
  Plasma	
  Research,	
  1	
  -­‐	  2	  Feb.	
  2018	
  

Page	
  
53/58	  

Economic benefits (US)Engaging US industry, universities and national laboratories
Note:	  This	  data	  does	  not	
  reﬂect	  contracts	  awarded	
  to	
  US	
  industry	
  by	
  the	  EU	  (>$55M).	
  

>	
  $	
  20M	
  
$	
  1M	
  –	
  20	
  M	
  
<	
  $	
  1M	
  
As of September 2017, over $957M has been awarded to US industry and universities andobligated to DOE national laboratories in 44 states plus the District of Columbia. To complete its
contributions to ITER, the project anticipates an estimated $800M in future contracts to US
industry.
NAS	  Commi�ee	
  on	
  a	
  Strategic	
  Plan	
  for	  US	  Burning	
  Plasma	
  Research,	
  1	
  -­‐	  2	  Feb.	
  2018	
  

Page	
  
54/58	
  Key contracts and awards

H
H
H
H
H
H
H

H
H
H

US ITER contracts have been awarded in 43 states + D.C.
General	
  Atomics,	
  San	
  Diego,	  CA;	  Central	
  solenoid	
  modules	  AREVA	  Federal	
  Services,	
  LLC,	
  Charlo�e,	  NC;	  Tokamak	
  cooling	
  water	  system	
  design	
  and	
  drain	
  tank	  fabrica�on	  	
  Luvata	  Waterbury,	
  Inc.,	
  Waterbury,	  CT;	  Toroidal	
  ﬁeld	  conductor	
  strand	
  Transproject,	
  Houston,	
  TX;	
  Shipping	  	
  Oxford	  Superconduc�ng	
  Technology,	  Carteret,	
  NJ;	  Toroidal	
  ﬁeld	
  conductor	
  strand	
  High	  Performance	  Magne�cs,	
  Tallahassee,	
  FL;	  Toroidal	
  ﬁeld	  conductor	
  integra�on/jacke�ng	
  Massachuse�s	
  Ins�tute	
  of	
  Technology	
  (MIT),	
  Cambridge,	
  MA;	
  Magnet	
  systems	
  and	
  electron	
  cyclotron	
  transmission	
  lines	
  support	
  Hyundai	  Corpora�on,	
  Houston,	
  TX;	  Steady	
  state	  electrical	
  network	
  HV	
  transformers	
  New	
  England	
  Wire	  Technologies,	
  Lisbon,	
  NH;	  Toroidal	
  ﬁeld	  cabling	  services	  ABB,	
  Raleigh,	
  NC;	  Steady	
  state	  electrical	
  network	
  

H

H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H

Siemens	
  Industry,	
  Inc.,	  Wendall,	
  NC;	  Steady	
  state	  electrical	
  network	
  control	
  &	
  protec�on	
  Peterson,	  Inc.,	
  Ogden,	  UT;	  Central	
  solenoid	
  structures	
  CPI	
  Microwave	
  Power	
  Products,	
  Palo	  Alto,	
  CA;	  Gyrotron	
  for	
  electron	
  cyclotron	
  transmission	
  lines	
  R&D	
  Eaton	
  Corpora�on,	
  Cleveland,	
  OH;	  Steady	
  state	  electrical	
  network	
  switchgear	
  Major	
  Tool	  &	
  Machine,	
  Inc.,	
  Indianapolis,	
  IN;	  Central	  solenoid	
  structure	
  �e	
  plate	  prototype	
  Pfeiﬀer	  Vacuum,	
  Nashua,	
  NH;	
  Roughing	
  pump	  Inﬁcon,	  Inc.,	
  E.	
  Syracuse,	
  NY;	
  Vacuum	
  leak	  detectors	
  G&G	
  Steel,	  Russellville,	
  AL;	  Central	
  solenoid	
  structure	
  �e	
  plate	
  prototype	
  Mega	
  Industries,	
  LLC,	
  Gorham,	  ME;	
  Ion	
  cyclotron	
  hea�ng	
  support	  Dielectric	  Communica�ons,	
  Raymond,	
  ME;	
  Ion	
  cyclotron	  hea�ng	  support	
  	
  

NAS	
  Commi�ee	
  on	
  a	
  Strategic	
  Plan	
  for	  US	  Burning	
  Plasma	
  Research,	
  1	
  -­‐	  2	  Feb.	
  2018	
  

Page	
  
55/58	  

Measures of progress and uncertainties
Meeting milestones and more
H
H
H
H
H

Full paced construction and manufacturing
All (30) milestones now achieved through 4th Quarter 2017
Approval of Overall Project Schedule by ITER Council
Approval of Overall Project Cost ad referendum
Promotion of ITER-wide project culture– Success requires full commitment by each person

ITER Member support for the project

H
H

H

OPC approved or on the way to be approved by six ITER Members
USA: approved US OPC on Jan. 2017;– Briefing of Congressional Committee: strong expressions of support– Briefing of new DOE Secretary Rick Perry in April and Oct. 2017
– Insufficient budget in 2016-2017; 2018 and 2019 ?
UK: positive expectation for continuing UK participation in ITER
– Article 50 negotiations beginning; positive remarks by UK government– UK delegation visited ITER recently to view project and meet with staff
Page	
  
NAS	
  Commi�ee	
  on	
  a	
  Strategic	
  Plan	
  for	  US	  Burning	
  Plasma	
  Research,	
  1	
  -­‐	  2	  Feb.	
  2018	
  56/58	  

Challenges ahead for ITER
until construction completion
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H

ITER	
  Organiza�on,	
  Domes�c	
  Agencies	
  and	
  suppliers	
  working	
  as	
  “One-­‐ITER	  Team”	
  with	  a	
  strong	
  project	
  culture	  Strict	  respect	
  by	
  suppliers	
  for	
  quality	
  and	  safety	
  requirements	
  Strict	  respect	
  by	
  all	
  stakeholders	
  for	  the	
  schedule	
  requirements,	
  in	
  par�cular	
  for	  the	
  required	
  delivery	
  dates	
  for	
  materials	
  and	
  equipment	
  on	
  the	  ITER	
  site	  Reliable	
  and	
  fully	
  integrated	
  assembly/construc�on	
  sequences	
  on	
  ITER	
  site	  Contrac�ng	
  with	  high	  performing	
  and	
  experienced	
  companies	
  for	  the	
  assembly	
  ac�vi�es	
  in	
  the	  Tokamak	
  Complex	
  Se�ng	  in	
  place	  a	
  well-­‐suited	
  organiza�on	
  in	
  charge	
  of	
  commissioning	  Se�ng	  in	
  place	  a	
  well-­‐suited	
  organiza�on	
  to	
  conceive	  and	
  execute	
  the	
  progressive	  take-­‐over	
  of	
  the	  machine,	  ul�mately	
  for	
  its	
  opera�on	
  and	
  maintenance	  Timely,	  reliable	
  availability	
  of	
  the	
  planned	
  and	
  commi�ed	
  resources	
  from	  the	  seven	
  ITER	
  Members	
  NAS	
  Commi�ee	
  on	
  a	
  Strategic	
  Plan	
  for	  US	  Burning	
  Plasma	
  Research,	
  1	
  -­‐	  2	  Feb.	
  2018	
  

Page	
  
57/58	  

ITER is moving forward!

Thank you for your attentionNAS	
  Commi�ee	
  on	
  a	
  Strategic	
  Plan	
  for	  US	  Burning	
  Plasma	
  Research,	
  1	
  -­‐	  2	  Feb.	
  2018	
  

Page	
  
58/58