NiA~;,i:fE~ (Raw Shelled Peanuts) (J) 777

K. MAEDA:

r*' ~ ;.I~~(: ":) ~ '\"C

Aflatoxin inspection of imported raw shelled peanuts in Japan::J

r '* ~ ;.I~17%

JJU,fti1J

x of

Reprint from
Proceeding of the Japanese Associationof Mycotoxicology
No. 17
June

1983

26

Proc. Jpn. Assoc. Mycotoxicol.

K. MAEDA:

Aflatoxin inspection of imported raw shelled peanuts in Japan~~~~K~~Lk, *£~K~a~~71~~~~~0.~~rAm0• • ~~~~*~m0

iFtfflJ C r.~tJ,*tI~iJffi0ff1*cmmJ 0iU'IToofJ~b, iE~!C~1iffiL1~~ 'b0, ~tJ,tJt. consu­
mer risk c producer risk ~~I[:~!P~~Kl1:~t~.~;I:t;-c:tJ,l1nlttJ,
b tJ,l'.
8*~, .,.7 7 ~ 4-~~iJ~*£1$J~J::0r1=l~Jmc t. r. ffil&l¥JIC!&tJJ::t1'bnk0li 1971 ~2jj
238# rjJ ~'. (.,.77 r 4-~~) ~-@I:ff~~*£O)!&t&l'IC--:Jl'-cJ 0~Jm~JmJt~ntd\fl*~90 %19) (J!j[~qgr~~1$J~mJ*£1$J~[llt~iHH;D) i» b -c: S ~. ~ 3 Jj 168, f§j t~Jm-C:JmJt ~ n t:
i\fl*~ 128 %20)0J.lIHJ£ (I)K, 0;:E;I:t; c L -c r I::0~ T 'Y '/:to ~ rJ I::0~ T 'Y '/!l£~0'" 7 7 ~ ~ ~~ B1 O)illt~;I:t;J iJ~~GtlG ~ n,r <: O)illt~K:to l' -C, 'r 7 7 r ~ s- ~ B1 ~.ttl L -c Ii ts GtJ,l 'J cm;:EL, r"'77~~~~~.ttl~nk*£~,*£~~~~4~~2%K.~~~'bO)cL-c!&t&'5 J <: c fJ~~~2 c'5 n -cl'~. i!:!:IC § '5 i\fl*~ 128 %;I:t;~25 z. z; O).~;I:t;li;gj!tE~ 'bJ1:. <*£~O).,. 7 7 r 4- s- ~ .~ IC ~m c'5 n -c l ' ~ . t. tJ,l:J.IC ,~*~ 128 %;I:t; ~. ttl ~ n -c &i tJ, b tJ,l , c m;:E L-cl' ~ .,. 77 r ~ s- ~B1 &i, f§j;l:t;O)~JINiIC L t~fJ~jut, 10.0 ppb BJ::I[;j{J~ L ~ '5.
tJ,;to, -if~7°1) ~;7"IC--:Jl'-clj:1971~3jj 18 8# r~;\~:ffi~lcMt"~777r~~~O).~
0
IC --:Jl ,-cJ O)~Jm~~~c'5 ~l,td1it*~ 132 %~, ~;\~:ffi!:to)~iPJ.~O) t~~O) -if ~ 7 I) ~ ;7" c L-c rMmJ.lU, ~mJ.lU, ~mJ.lU, lft:tfuJ.lU~IC~-:>-c~~~t:I1*'tH?tLm~o 'Y r4ijIC1tt#I1L, :Itfoo)
iU'ITfJltloo;to ~ rJ J::00 i» G-c n "C' n 30 ~ ~ 1 n BrIC -am L tJ,l' ~ '5 IC fEB ttl L (~~ 90~) ~~ fJ~ b URr]
L":5--:Jillt*4~1*!&L, ~~ lkg O).1*cL-cilltm~~ICz#~~J, 'it~ 1::°~T'Y'//';-jl~lcM0~ ~ -if /'7 I) ~ f c L -c r 1 --:J 0) 0 'y r iJ~ b 1 fE- (jil5i) ~fEBttl L, 100 g ~illt~~~ Ie z#~ ~ ,'b L~~'ffi~iJ~/J\~ (130 g M1!) O)~~li 1 OO~~!& L illtm~Mle z#~ ~J <: eeL -cl'~.
'i t: 1981 ~ 9 Jj 12 8 -# r~AT 'Y ' / m~lcM~~ 7 7 7 ~ 4- ~ ~ O).~~MIC --:J l' -c J O)~Jm-c0~~c'5 nk~*~ 202 %21)0)J.l1j~le, ~;\ T 'y '/mO)-if ~ 7 I) ~;7' c L -c, o'Y r 0)* ~ c'5lc;t1JZ
L t~illt*4O)~!&:l:fJ~m;:E c'5 n -c l' ~.
1960~, turkey X ~leJiiM~~ L t: 77 7 l- 4- s- ~ 01J;j~iff!iJ~:tfu~J::~~I1i%-:> -CiJ~ b, ~-cle~~~O).Jj~~n,~O)MK~.~nk777r4-~~K~~~&*~O)m~~~~~.K.

777 ~4-~~01t~?tfJT;I:t;le--:Jl'-C'b~J71-~\itJ.<,Sargeant b 1),2) iJ~, jJl::"~~I::0~T 'Y'/ ~ ~)'vfJ~b77 7 ~~~~~.i jI./ ~)vMlttl L, ./{~/"f~;7 07 l- ;7"7 7 -1-~.ttl L-c

iJ~tJ,l'.

l ' b l', :J; < O)?itf1E~le ~ -:> -cM~*£J.liJ le.~ c'5 n, ¥R,* c'5 n tz:~~:ffi~O)7 7 7 l- 4- s- ~~~&iti:~tIO)t~~,

1 ti:~ tJ 0)~~It~i'5~ti:07.ma$iJ~.iEt:tfu~~(X-c~tJ,~. 1tE-:>'"C~nb(l)illt*40)1t~*fJT1itiJ~b, £HfHID (0 'Y r) 0i'5~~c0J:?
Ie1t;:E L, ~1iffi L t: b J.\! l' 0 i», 'it~ -c 0f~ ~ O):f!~ tJ, .~;I:t; Ii l' iJ~le S ~ ""iiI ~ fJ~iJ~, .~ Ie 0013­~ ~ ~le c -:> '"C li]!*tJ, r1=l~Jm~ S tJ, ~)c.\.~ 'b S ~.
LiJ) L,* CM)71::r r 4- Y' /~1t~~ (=f231 timrffeJ:tbKrltTlIlJ 92)
Mycotoxin Research Association (92, Yamashita-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama 231)

No. 17, 1983

27

-m~B:1 (Lot)0) 7' 7:7 l- t-:/;.; i'5~~tftJE-t~ t:06O)~;pj.C7) i>iUlx;6, 61t'¥5lffT{@:0) ~ffT c~filli~-@;- u~1ti'! K --:> It -, "C ~;t, Robertson 6 3 ) , Cucullu G 4), Tiemstra 6 5) , Whitaker 6 6 - 13 ) ,Velasco b 14 \ Dickens 615), Fuller 6 16 ) «e. ~N6nt:1itf3i;:1!f~~CJ:,?'"'(~1§-~;h,",(It'~;Ol,.:c0)~1nt!pt.I.It, .

.iCc:.C', WiES6 (1972)17) ~1 Whitaker 6 9 ) C7)t§'j~-t~ subsampling B~O)~

ft~c1rA. -t ~ W1:~~ ~W-t ~ 1:.06,

T 7:7 l- -+:/ /'f5~:fl0) 1!f::tJ:-¥iJ1 0.8% J2.lJ:0) ~l!;g:1t~~*4(50 g ep 1<:: 15~titiOl 1 tLtJ It-, L,.iC ;hBJ:fJ:B:-t ~) ~ JIH, '"'(,~~~ 128 -l5-i'!'""E5HfT~ fftJ -o tz:-t O)iY~t~, 1~ G;ht:.5HFf.fIR O)~I!J$.;Ol 72.8% c~ It, I:. 06, ~~5HFf L, t:.1I?lI /{ 0) subsample O){t<r: t, 1I?lI /{ 0) subsample 0)~i'J{:2fs:'""E&::> iE> sample Q)i'Jj~~m KiEEt IC~ L, Zit'
~ C ~ i§ '""E '6 tH -, c:. c ~r§'mi L, tc.
4'@J, Workshop Ie$1Ju-t ~ ~~iJll§::t G;h i: Q) '""E, -e O)~ O)1iJfj'GJ~* ~~ 26 I:~~~f!l O)5J'ffT*5*~~¥Jl"~i;leJCO)'W~ctJiE>~t1f1t1:0)7'7:7l-t-://'f5~Q)%gHt,-ttJ:btJ, 1tt§
l:J 0)f5~. C i'Jj~tL Q)r.EEa$~-'WJ}\/J\tit1:l!;g:1t1:~e"":) It, '"'(*~ L, tdi55f!:CD ~~ c, J@J:t;; 10 if:FJ! 0)iMtr}\~IC;fQvt ~1:l!;g:1t1:0)7' 7:7 l- of-:/ ;.;~1t~.~f#:i:tfB{:aL ~{*~{ftO)1im~~le{~ L,t:.It'.
~5:HJT.fIR;OliE L,

1.

tntA~5i1E~Q)777 ".:f.Y:"-~~~.

71 :J r t-:/ /' ~1tMb4H;t, 13
Table 1.

*:10 J: ryt!:!:~OJ 7' 7:7 r.:f:/;,; IC J: ~ ~£m~J:O)f±~Fp'!m~~Aflatoxin examination for imported Virginia type raw shelled peanuts in Japan, 1972-1981
Aflatoxin B 1
Number of
not detected

Number ofreceived
samples
representing
each Lot

6 (0.44%)
3 (0.3%)0
3 (7.5%)01362 (99.48%)
956 (99.7%)
237
37 (92.5%)
71369 (52. 4%)
959 (36.7%)
237 ( 9.1%)
40 ( 1. 5%)
7 ( 0.3%)

12 (0.46%)

2599 (99.50%)

2612

Number of detectedExporting countries

10.0 ppb
and overLess than
1O.Oppb

1 U.S.A.
2 China
3 Australia
4 Unidentified
5 Egypt

1 (0.07%)
0
0
0
0

Total

1 (0.04%)

Table 2. Aflatoxin examination for imported Virginia type raw shelled peanuts in Japan
Aflatoxin B 1
Number of detectedYears

10.0 ppb
and overLess than
1O.0ppb

1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981

0
1 (0.4%)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1 (2.7%)3 (1.1%)
0
0
0

Total

Number of
not detected

Number ofreceived
samples
representing
each Lot02 (0.8%)00
6 (1.8%)36 (97.3%)
261 (98.5%)
264
227
294
390
261 (99.2%)
227
309
330 (98.2%)

37
265
264
227
294
390
263
227
309
336

1 (0.04%)

12 (0.46%)

2599 (99.50%)

2612

0

28

Proc. Jpn. Assoc. MycotoxicoI.

~i(, 1972iF 2 JL MBfli'.tAc L -c~JL ~:h,/PJiF 9 JLJ:: I) fBtri\ID !:t~1't!:t c ~l't:':t!Jt~~xt~
K, l.Jft~~128%i'.ti(£--j<~1t~$~f#!~Lt~. IblI-z:tifBtr)\1D r T).:cO:J y{J~~*,,", ~ Gi(
1981iF 9 Jl1413#l.Jft~~ 204 %22)i(£--:5 < :t.y '/~tJ c:, } 7'7 r -t- s- /t5~fJi?EJJJ:~ :h~~~ID~£i( --:) l) "C b~~~~1Jfp; L '"(l) ~.

c.. c.. -z: Ii, ~Mh~-z: c..:h;t -Z:i(~~ L t:xt~~~ID:to et -t 50% ~ r5 co ~ %trA:':t~l't!:t~!DZ I) 1:
Vi, 1972 iFet I) 1981iFi(~~ lOiFFrJjID} 7 '7 r-t-Y/~~nX:.~;tccot~.
~A!:t~l't!:tLt Virginia type ID*t\l~c,

Spanish type ID/J\t\l~i(*.5Jlj~:h~. c..:hGID!:t~1t:':tfJ)G}77 r-t-y/ B 1 fJi~l:B~:ht~ (~l:Bmtw· O.lppb) ~J~~~l:B$, -tID? ~13*ID
i/1 1"'71 /i(~,g.L--C, 10.0ppb J2U:::.~l:B~:ht~ttl,g.~~t!t$-z:~t:>L-t~.Table 1 Ii} j. I) iJ~*U4 iJOOfJ)GfBtrA~:ht.:*t\l~!D~.5Jlj~1tnX:.-C:SI), Table 2 li-tID1f('X.5Jlj*6*-c:S~.
tH]UiJ1!!l~ 10~rJ:li(~1tL-t~ 2612 ~1*ID?~, 0.5% !(}7 '7 r -t-Y/iJ:{~l:B~nt.:.
Table 3.

Aflatoxin examination for imported Spanish-Valencia type raw shelled
peanuts in Japan, 1972-1981
Aflatoxin B 1

Exporting countries

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29

U.S.A.
South Africa
Sudan
Indonesia
China
India
Argentina
Mozambique
BrazilUnidentified
Paraguay
FormosaThailandAustralia
Zimbabwe
Philippines
Hong Kong
Ethiopia
Viet Nam
Malaysia
Nigeria
Colombia
Southeast Africa
Cameroon
Mauritius
Namibia
SenegalTanzania
Venezuela
Total*

L-fJ)L,

Number of
not detected

Number ofreceived
samples
representing
each Lot

21 ( 0.65%)
4 ( 0.26%)
136 (13.47%)
30 ( 4.16%)7(0.99%)18 ( 4.09%)
4 ( 1.10%)
1 ( 0.31%)
59 (19.47%)5(2.07%)14 ( 6.76%)
08 (13.11%)
00
3 (21. 43%)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

3195 ( 98.82%)
1530 ( 99.74%)852 ( 84.36%)
661 ( 91. 55%)695 ( 96.26%)
411 ( 93.41%)353 ( 97.51%)
323 ( 99.38%)
203 ( 67.00%)
234 ( 97.10%)
179 ( 86.47%)
116 ( 99.15'10)
47 ( 77.05%)
53 (100%)
39 ( 95.12%)
9 ( 64.28%)
11 ( 84.62%)
8 (100%)6 ( 85.71%)
2 ( 50.00%)
3 (100%)2 (100%)2 (100%)0
1 (100%)1 (100%)1 (100%)1 (100%)03233 (34.35%)
1534 (16. 30%)1010 (10.73%)
722 ( 7.67%)
704 ( 7.48%)
440 ( 4.67%)
362 ( 3.85%)
325 ( 3.45%)
303 ( 3.22%)
241 ( 2.56%)
207 ( 2.20%)
117 ( 1. 24'10)
61 ( 0.65%)
53 ( 0.56%)
41 ( 0.44%)
14 ( 0.15%)
13 ( 0.14'10)
8 ( 0.08%)
7(0.07%)4 ( 0.04%)
3(0.03%)2 ( 0.02%)2(0.02%)1 ( 0.01%)
1 ( 0.01%)
1 ( 0.01%)
1 ( 0.01%)
1 ( 0.01%)
1 ( 0.01%)

310 (3.29%)

8938 (94.97%)

9412

Number of detected
10.0 ppb
and overLess than
10. 0 ppb

17 ( 0.53%)
022 ( 2.18%)
31 ( 4.29%)2(0.28%)11 ( 2.50%)
5 ( 1.38%)
1 ( 0.31%)
41 (13.53%)
2 ( 0.83%)
14 ( 6.76%)
1(0.85%)6 ( 9.84%)
02(4.88%)2 (14.29%)
2 (15.38%)
01 (14.29%)
2 (50.00%)
000
1 (100%)00001(100%)
164 ( 1. 74%).,

\:--;

No. 17, 1983
Table 4.

29
Aflatoxin examination for imported Spanish-Valencia type raw shelled peanuts in Japan
Aflatoxin B 1
Number of detected

Years

(j
'/

10.0 ppb
and overLess than
1O.0ppb

1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981

2 (1.14%)11 (1.12%)
15 (2.40%)
15 (1. 99%)
8 (0.71%)
10 (0.93%)
34 (3.76%)
21 (1. 73%)
19 (1. 44%)29 (2.33%)

2 (1.14%)20 (2.04%)
16 (2.55%)
24 (3.19%)
11 (0.98%)
9 (0.83%)
59 (6.52%)
63 (5.20%)
18 (1. 37%)
88 (7.07%)

172 (97.92%)947 (96. 84%)595 (95.05%)
713 (94. 81%)1103 (98.31 %)1060 (98.24%)
812 (89.72%)
1128 (93. 07%)
1278 (97.19%)
1128 (90. 60%)

176
980
626
752
1122
1079
905
1212
1315
1245

Total

164 (1. 74%)

310 (3.29%)

8938 (94.97%)

9412~M: C G -C~,g.~ c~iJ:

Number of
not detected

Number ofreceived
samples
representing
each Lot

ts:-. I:: b 0) iJ: 0.04% iCJ® ~{tJ.;Q)"? I::. z. tLlCxt G -C, IJ\tttlO)~A~~~1*

9412 (4:c:, -'C 0) -5 't 5.0% !C 77 7 ~ .::f- V /' ;Qi~ttl ~ n,

1. 7% as"? I::. Table 3iJ: 7 j~Jt!t c G -C~,g.~ c ts. -o I:: b O)iJi

I) :iJ ?$:~U 28 :iJ ~ J: tJ ~A ~ nl:: IJ\tt*lO) ~5JIJ~~IDt.c:as z.

J®*101frdHc~tJ. < C b 100{4:.l2tl::0)~A~.;/)ias"?-C,

G;Q)b77 7 ~ .::f-V/,{1§'~;/)i~b~;/)"?
t::~!J: f 7 Y }vc:, 77 7 ~ ;f- V /' ~I±I~ 33.0% 0) -5 't~Jt!t~ 13. 5%, ~ b1J£;Q)"? I::~ iJ:iti7 7'*

77 7 ~ ;f- V /' ~I±I ~ 0.3% 0) -5 t> ~Jt!t~ 0 % c: as "? I::.
c::. n?$:1f('X5J1J IC c 'dJ I:: O);Qi
Table 4 c: ~ ~. 77 7 ~ ;f- V /' f1j~;Qi~ b ~;/)"? 1::1fiJ: 19781fc:, 77 7 ~ ;f- V /' ~tI:I~ 10.3
%0) -5 't~Jt!t~ 3.8%, ~ b1J£ ;Q)"? 1::1fiJ: 1976 1fc:, 77 7 l- ;f- V /' ~I±I~ 1. 7% 0) -5 't ~M:~I) :iJ C:,

iJ: 0.7% c: as "? I:: .
.l2LJ::O)*ii*, 1f('X5JIJ,~5JIJIC{1§'~BtO)Ji1tJ.

tJ ?$:~;g'dJI::;/)i,~A~~1!~0)7 7 7 ~;f- V /'f1j~F",~

JHHJ:::ktLtlJ: tJ b IJ\tLtlIC it § -t-« ~ c::. C ;/)i~ljE!Jj G 1::. 1f('XIC J: ~ ~itiJ: -'C 0)1f4 O)~*~{4:;/)i~
1!~0).~~~~~~K::k~<~fflG,OO~KJ:~~Ji1~.~0)~~~{4:,777~;f-V/'.~.0)§;~, .:l:*-~~-i*HIC:~~~1!~O)ffl.l:i*~,77 7 ~ ;f-V/'KX3-t~F",~~~~tJ.C·;/)1)Jj{IEl-t~ b 0) c~;t z , -e G-C, c::. n G ;/)i~*IC*~~,g."? 1::*ii*iJ1 Table 1-4IC~~~ n -C~"\ ~ O)c:~ z .

2.

~i:[~ft A 't ~~~C7)!!!~~tFT~~A]0)7 7 7 ~;f- V /' iJ:~~f1j~!f?J:Htc:as"?-C, ;f)}~,* l::iJ:r~?7 -tJ. cO)1JDI~&?$:1JD;t-C:fS]-it G t: b O)c:tJ. ~"\~R 1), f1j~iJ:tL~t'z:-z:astJ, 1 tL~ tJ 0)f1j~.~i"'1j~tt0)1.EUE~;/)iJi1tJ. tJ,~~-nu?Jf't~C' J5 Q. G 1::;/)1"? -C, f,t£ep 0) 77 7 ~;f- V /' ?$:~~-t~ ~i}, ~fl-O):I*llX1J~~~J't1.J~;/)iQ ';1 r 0)1&uc::k~ ~.-t Q c::. c iJ:~~KVE.-t Q~O)m!cf*~-t Q c z. ;S-Z:~ Q. WhitakerG 9 ) if~~!c1l'A-t~~~?$:, 1) sampling error, 2) subsampling error, 3) analysis error Ie<*5J1J G, c::. 0) -5 't sampling error ;/)1~ b::k ~~"\ c. c ?$:flimG -c, ~O)=JJ[5t:mO)l.I~lc ~-:J < -lj­/'7° I) /' :7"1J~?$:~~ G iz,~~ G 1B) ij:~~ICf'!.f 't.i6 nt::~fI-;/)J rm~rm?$:f\;~ V'C~"\ ~J c O)JW~!C~",? -C, WhitakerGO)flijf,lij-t~ subsampling error O)F",~~?$:llXtJ1:Vf, {1:;~5ttJT1&I0)~iIJ{,*~?$:!f?JflicG-C, ~~!c1l'A-t~~~O)~IZI5ttJT?$:fftJ."?I::. -ttJ.V't, 777 ~-t-V/,f1j~tL0)1~;tE$;/)i0.08% 01:
O)~~1!~~fI- (500 g ep ICf1j~tL;/)i 1 *-\itJ. ~"\ G -'C n01:?F;tET ~) ?$: ffl ~"\ -CI.?lf,t~ 128 ~~-z:7t

'*

30

Proc. Jpn. Assoc. Mycotoxicol.

;fJT 0 t.:~~, tt;pj-~ zt G tJ:. t C6 Dickens Subsampling Mill ~ ~~ 0 t.::i&Bi~ffl1H=~ (1::f.&1t1::fJf~f& o f.\tlt:5t:ffi"lj: 10

s- .:z.{E:j][tJ:t 86. 8±2. 5%) C'ffl1H=WtiJJt V-c i» G 7J\.;fJTle~ G, f~ G n tdt;fJT1@: 0~i!J~ ij: 19.9% C' zt '? iz, c::. n lex-r V-C, ~;pj-~tL:I* 0 i i :5t;fJTle~ VZ:-f~ G n t.::5t;fJTMi
0£i!J~1j: 269.6% C' zt '? tc. c::. 0{i!ltJ:t{fu0:5t;fJTWH~~~ 0£i!J$, 9 fJ v '5, ~im~~(O. 7%),j'Y

A;T,.y r~~ (3.4%),zt~.

1ml±l~~ (6.1%) lC1:t~0l:",l,tJ:.![:*~fJ:~"¥C'zt~tJ:.t;t-§~~C'~Glec::.0Mi~~:ltie1l'A9~Wt~~1lJ02:i1f$tJ:.GJ!~c,~IC 97.7% ICt§~9~.

t:o c::. C tJ:. G, WhitakerG 0 8 -5 subsampling B~0)~~0*$I'ltt;pj-0WtiJJt:JjmlC<5~ c wr 8 C'~~.

3.

~A'l\*.ii:~E3i1E~(7) 1 f.[~ U(7)77'7 I- =f.~ /5-1j~:IIciij~*.ii:(7)~!U±$

Jm3JlC' subsampling fL~O) 777 r .::f-:/ /'~:ltle1l'A 9 ~ ~~~~ 0*$1;t~;pj-0 ~!!'t:Jjmlemzt ~ c::. C ~ f~f~ 0 tc. c::. (.7)'W:JJUe I'l, 1::f.&1t1: 07 7 7 l- .::f- s- /' f'1j~tJ:t 77 7 r .::f- s- /' ~1:: 0 rM.ll§: 0 t: @J ~f'1j~ C' it ~ tJ:tt&(.7)ifJlrH~~fl '? l:"l' ~ c::. c Ie ~1lJ 0 r: l' ~. c::. 04$~ M: l'l, c 1) tJJ:tot5'"f, 1::f.&1t1::(.7) 7 77 r .::f-:/ /,f'1j~tJ:ttL~~{ft c G, 1 tL~ 1) 0f'1j~Ii{Jf'1j~f.\t01~a$tJ:t~:f;[ge{J~(jzle J: -o l:"]:1 'Y r w~e* ~ < ~fJ ~ c::. c Ie EE*9 ~.

Cucullu G 4) l'liE m-tJ~1t1::0~;pj-tJ:.GJJil±l 0 I.: 20 f.\t IC -:Jl' "C, ~~ft.J Iclla~ 0 1.:*tkmf'1j~01\t=': C, -'C n:c'n$f.\t C' c le:5t;fJT 0!.: 777 r .:f- s- /' B 1 0-£';ff$~x11:t 0, 20 ~¢tp 12 ~¢IC, jt{f£ 300 ppb tJ:. Gjt~ 1,100,000 ppb 0) 77 7 r .::f- s- /' B 1 tJ:t~l±l ~ nl.: c '*15'- L, l:"l' ~. c::.
n~$tttp 0777 l- .::f-:/ /' B 1 Ii(ng)IC~~-t ~ c,

9,450,20,000,22,800,70,000, 152,000,

jt1f£ 87 ng i» G 252, 432, 742, 754, 768,-'CL,l:"jt~ 209,000ng tJ:t-£-inl:"l,t.:c::.cICtJ:15 .

• ~Glj: 1972-1977 ~;n-~ltlc~:ltL,t.: 62 7Jtt,
f.jL1::~1t1::IC -:Jl' l:",50 g(¥~ 125 f.jL) ~ 1 ~{ft:toJ:O'5Z@:~~leml,t.: 157JtL(.7)f.fuA/J\

c 0 l:", 1 f.jL~ 1) 0) 7 7 7 r 4-:/ /,f'1j~_~ cf'1j

c::. n G 01\t=':~~¥J9 ~ C, f'1j~~§t11t.:f.fuA/J\f.jL1::~1t1::01 tL~ 1)
0777 r.::f-://' B 1 HUj:, :jjtl±l~lU1l-1@:0 5ng tJ:.Gjt* 403,000ng c*$[jHC:5t~0l:"l\t.:. t:~f.jL0mtt$~mJE L, I.:.

n~m5Jujt*{i!ll:'1:t~9~ c,- :7 ~ 0 740 ng,

A -i¥.i77 ~ iJ~tJ:t 199ng C'jt<bj;'tJ <, tpm~0 633ng, .:E;-lf'/, 1::'?t' /' ~ 0 23,400 ng, 1 /' F gg 0 24,200 ng, 7 j I) iJ gg 0 54,900 ng, f*:/

7 v: Jv~0 84,000 ng c*.JTI~, 1 /' I"-? ~lcjt*1lt0 403,000 ng tJ:t-£-i n l:"t-\ ~ <b 0 CmJE
~ ~'tt.:. t: n G (.7) {&: tJ:t Cucullu G (.7)~15'- L, l:"l \ Q $tLtp 0) 77 7 l- .::f- s- /' B 1 ~ c 1:t~ 0 l:"~~n
Idi!ll:'fJ t, t: c lj:{:t § Ic1i!l9Q.
-:J~'IC, 777 r 4-://,f'1j~f.jLO)i1l!-tE$~, 8Jt;:0iJ"1 ]-<71 /,ICfffiJ%-L,l:" 10.0ppb fLJ:, 9fJ:vtJ, 1 *:V:~ 1) 500ng BJ:-£-in-cl'Q <b0c, 500ng *if,I\J-£-~n-cl\~ <b(.7)cIC:5tI1-c, -'C
o 95% {~*JHZFc\J~mJE 01.:. -'C01\t* ~ ~¥J-t Q C, 1 f.\t~ 1) 500ng fLJ: 0777 r 4-:/ /'B 1 ~*tff'1j~tL0ma$I'l 0.0073-0.0138%, 500 ng *if,I\J0i.ma$l;t 0.0112-0.0169% C'zt'? I.:.
c::.nG~m5JUIC,lj~ c~ GtJ:.le1§JltJ:t~E66 Gn, 1W~C'mtt$0jtb~l,~:f;[gml'l1/':/-?0 0.0155-0.0378%, jtb1E;l,~:tfuml'li¥.i77~ iJ(.7)O% C'zt'?t.:. 1tt~C'i.mtt$(.7)~bl%U
l,~:f;[gml'lA-?1"/,(.7) 0.0218-0.0499%, f'7 V:JvO) 0.0150-0.0717%, ~~1E;l,~:tfum~'li¥.i7
7 ~ iJ (.7) 0-0.0042% C'it '? t.:. tJ fJ,lj IC, JMtri\~:lt{4:~0jt b:ff; l \ 7;} I) iJ ggiC -:Jl \ -c,lj 15 C,
Wi~I;t 0.0014-0.0075%, 1&~U,0.00l1-0.0067% l:'it '? I.:.

1"*

4.

t;

1" tf

Workshop (.7)T-7C'it~ 1777 r.::f-://'?t;fJTi:-66<"0~F",~JmJ IC-:Jl'l:",~~GtJ:t 1972 if.

~:

No. 17, 1983

31

cK iJ ~1ifa L -c7IU~rrJl\~ii1t~0) 77'7 r =f s- /'~1t~. C*~~O)~j§Ui!f*~£P::-fiL~ iJ O)fEj~:I: cfEj~fiLO)ii:tE$i6) G~t~~!2SI O)51tJT~rrl), fj,5!~jzJ5«t:. I TtJ V!>, ~pg1t~O) 77 '7 r
4- ~ /' fEj~ ~t. -!j- /'7" JI/-!j-1 ~ C 1 fiL ~ iJ O)fEj~:I: C fEj~fiL o)i1'a:tE' C 0) ~~ iJ) G1m;t, Wfiffi L t: V:1
tHitJ GtJ l) c~;t z. :c O)t:26 le~t., O·y r ~tt~T ~ to) c ~ -C1*JfZ ~ tLt:~*4rj:JO) 77'7 r:~;::~:~~~~:~~~::~~~~:~~~::~:~~~:~~~:~~:::~~#-rS:5. t::.tt:L, c::.O)~15-O)~*4O)~1it:l:~i, ~~~128~~d~l±\~lUll-itiJ)G mL-C, 500g
tJ l) L 1,000g, ~ t::.li$ <-C ~ 1,500g iJ)~Ntft c~;t GtL:5.
to~*4~W1it~-1~T ~ c::. c Ie
J:? -c1~ GtLt::.5HJTitiJ), ~tI\O) 1]"1 V'7 1 /' KJRi15- L -CmtE1~~:5 rl=l~:lmiJ)~t::. IC:r~~ ~ tL:5. z,O)rl=l~:Im~fWEYjT ~ K~t., ~Ie~1t~iJ)G O).:r~-.r ~ O)'"C~itJ <, ~tEoo.t< 0)7 7'7 l- =f s- /'Ie--::>l'-cfWEYj~tL-Cl':51~'¥=~~c L-CO)f!!H~Wfiffi~, l3'mO)~~mO)
letft[i#V:1, ~£rj:J0)77 '7 l­t44-~/'mK~~7r'71r~~-C:5c::.cKJ:?-C, ~£0)77'7r=f~/'KJ::5m~fEj~0)~D,

TtJ V!>, )'GlejzJ5«t: 1 fiL~ tJ O)fEj~_m:~fEj~tLO)iitE$tJ c'iJ) ~, 13 ;<f;:A.0) 77'7 r =f s> /' Ie J:~ ;ga~B':JtJ~~O)~Jt~~m5E L, c::. tLG~ff~~;t k*J~B':JtJ.J~ *'~ti5B':J~Wfiffile£-:::H)-C~~T«~ ~O)c~;t~.

'm13~, *J~tJ1ftiJ!b § ~ l' i: t~l' -C l':5 ffil1z:ltr~~~P.JTO)i[EEF

t-W±, ~:ilO)~1tfitf1E Ie ~ ? -C
1ftiJt~"'~ l' t: t~l) t:ffil1z:TJ?jjltr~fitf1EP.JTO)~~@JjtaBt-W±, ~1t~1E le1ftiJMbn ~~t::.(M)"'<'1 ::J l­
4- s- /'~1tMb~O)ffIij!fm;:t, t1§JII~T-TO)jillj~, to J: U>~:lmo)~*Ie1ftiJlfcl.~l) t:t~l't:J!iiiiE~.~fi'Oj~Je~~l)t: L ~ T. ~ tc, :tiUi t. t::.fitf1E0)-tmliaBflJ56~tft~~1'iiJ)hfitf1E!bnX:~Ie J: ~:TI-lOOfitf1E 56-35 -rS~c::.c~#~2l, ~~~tftle~~l)t-:L~i.

Sargeant, K., O'Kelly, J., Carnaghan, R. B. A., Allcroft, R.: let. Record 73, 1219 (1961).
Sargeant, K., Sheridan, A., O'Kelly, J., Camaghan, R. B. A.: Nature 192, 1096 (1961).
Robertson, J. A., J R., Lee, L. S., Cucullu, A. F., Goldblatt, _. A.: J. Amer. Oil Chern. Soc.,
42, 467 (1965).
4) Cucullu, A. F., Lee, L.S., Mayne, R. Y., Goldblatt, L. A.: ib d., 43, 89 (1966).
5) Tiemstra, P. J.: ibid., 46, 667 (1969).
I6) Whitaker, T. B., Wiser, E. H.: ibid., 46, 377 (1969).
7) Wh~taker, T. B., D~ckens, J. W., Wiser, E. H.: i~id., 47, 5011 (1970).
8) Wh~taker, T. B., D~ckens, J. W., Monroe, R. J. W~s~r, E. H.: I JAOCS 49, 590 (1972).
9) WhItaker, T. B., DIckens, J. W., Monroe, R. J.: tua., 51, 21~ (1974).
10) Wh~taker, T. B., \~itten, M. E., ~onroe, R. J.: .ib.id., 53,02 (1976).
11) WhItaker, T. B., DIckens, J. W., WIser, E. H.: iu«, 53, 545 (1976).
12) Whitaker, T. B., Whitten, M. E.: ibid., 54, 436 (1977).
~
13) Whitaker, T. B.,. Dickens, J. W., .Monroe, R. J.:. .ibid., 56, 78 (1979).
14) Velasco, J ., Whltaker,T. B., WhItten, M. E.: tus., 52, 191 1975).
15) Dickens, J. W.: ibid., 54, 225A (1977).
16) Fuller, G., Spooncer, W. W., King, A. D., JR., Schada, J., Mac ey, B.: ibid., 54, 231A (1977).
17) IWB3~-, f1i'i.I!fi'lf~, ~-:ri$-:r: ~ 2 @:j?1 ::J r -t- s> /Iilf~~ (19 2).
18) IWB3 ~-, f1i'i.I!fi'lf~, ~}[{-=-=f-:r; *~~.
19) J;)\h~t~ 90 -5: 1ltg~~Iilf~ 21, 453 (l971).
20) :5lt1lt~ 128 -5: 1ltg~~Wf~ 21, 564 (1971).
21) :5lt1lt~ 202 -5: 1ltg~~Wf~ 31, 913 (1981).
22) :5lt1lt~ 204 -5: 1ltg~~Iilf~ 31, 915 (1981).
1)2)3)