Huisi’s Perspective on the Lotus SËtra as Seen Through the
Meaning of the Course of Ease and Bliss in the Lotus SËtraHiroshi Kanno
The Problem StatedI

T is clear from his Tract on Establishing the Vow 立誓願文 that Huisi
慧思 (515–577), the Grand Master of Nanyue, had a profound faith in
the Prajñå SËtra and Lotus SËtra.1 Fortunately for us, it is possible toascertain Huisi’s view of the Lotus SËtra from Huisi’s Meaning of the
Course of Ease and Bliss in the Lotus SËtra 法華經安樂行義 (hereafter
abbreviated as Meaning of the Course of Ease and Bliss).2 The Meaningof the Course of Ease and Bliss is not a work given to interlinear explanation of the textual contents of the Lotus SËtra, but a work that centers
topically on the course of ease and bliss as a distinctive conceptual
theme. According to their respective hagiographies, the course of easeand bliss was the very first teaching that Huisi imparted to Zhiyi when
he and Zhiyi initially met on Mount Dasu.3 Although it is a comparatively short text, but in this study I will investigate Huisi’s views of the
Lotus SËtra as evinced in the Meaning of the Course of Ease and Bliss.
In terms of its overall structure, Huisi begins the Meaning of the
Course of Ease and Bliss with a summary statement of his own views on
the Lotus SËtra. On the basis of this synopsis, he then presents fifteengåthå-style verses, in which he elucidates the twofold course of ease andbliss—namely, practice endowed with distinguishing features (有相行)and practice devoid of distinguishing features (無相行)—and the meaningof the One Vehicle. The verses are followed by a set of ten question andanswer exchanges, which further clarify points raised in the gåthå verses. In the pages below I will take up various points and investigate
Huisi’s views on the Lotus SËtra, in keeping with this basic organizationof the text.
Views on the Lotus SËtra Expressed in the Opening Section to the Meaning of the Course of Ease and Bliss.
It can be said that Huisi’s view of the Lotus SËtra is conveyed in its
entirety in the opening lines of his Meaning of the Course of Ease and146

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Bliss. To wit:
The Lotus SËtra is a Dharma-gate of sudden enlightenment (頓 覺 )[proper to] the Great Vehicle, whereby one awakens spontaneously,
without resorting to a teacher, and speedily attains to Buddhahood. It isa teaching that people under any circumstances find difficult to believe.
Novice bodhisattvas in quest of the Great Vehicle who wish to achieve
Buddhahood more quickly than all the other bodhisattvas must keep themoral precepts, forbear in face of humiliation, persevere with vigor,
attend earnestly to the development of dhyåna concentration, and strive
with singular focus to cultivate the lotus samådhi. Looking upon eachand every being as though it were a Buddha, they should join theirpalms and venerate it as though paying reverence to the Lord [Buddha
himself]. They should also regard each and every being as a great bodhisattva and good spiritual friend. (T 46.697c17–22)

The entirety of the Meaning of the Course of Ease and Bliss is prefigured in this brief opening passage. When Huisi in this opening passage
addresses the question of what kind of Dharma-gate the Lotus SËtra represents, he offers four basic points of explanation: it is a Dharma-gate ofsudden enlightenment proper to the Great Vehicle; it is a Dharma-gate
whereby one awakens spontaneously, without resorting to a teacher; it isa Dharma-gate that allows one to speedily attain to Buddhahood; and it
is a Dharma-gate that people under any circumstances find difficult tobelieve.
The Lotus SËtra, first of all, is specifically equated with ‘sudden
enlightenment or awakening’ (頓覺) as preached in relation to the Great
Vehicle. ‘Sudden enlightenment’ carries the connotation of an abrupt or
speedy awakening. The expression ‘gradual enlightenment’ (漸覺) does
not actually appear in the Meaning of the Course of Ease and Bliss.
However, throughout the discussions in the Meaning of the Course of
Ease and Bliss, ‘sudden enlightenment’ is set in conceptual opposition
to another approach to practice in Mahåyåna Buddhism known as the‘sequential or graduated [course of] practice’ (次第行). In other words, inorder to understand ‘sudden enlightenment’, we must first appreciate thedistinction between the two approaches of ‘graduated or sequential practice’ and ‘sudden enlightenment’. We will take up the details of thisconceptual opposition at a later point.
Moreover, Huisi in his Dharma-Gate of the Samådhi wherein all
Teachings are Without Dispute 諸法無諍三味法門 also connects the LotusSËtra with sudden enlightenment, saying, “In the assembly of the LotusSËtra, [the Buddha] expounds only the most quintessentially sudden

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among sudden Buddha-wisdom of the One Vehicle, and bestows theThus Come One’s prophesy [of future Buddhahood] on the great bodhisattvas.” (T 46.645b8–9)
SatØ Tetsuei has singled out the following passage from the Mother ofthe Buddhas Chapter of the Pusa yingluo benye jing (菩薩瓔珞本業經) as
the scriptural source for this notion of ‘sudden enlightenment’:
In a former Dharma assembly of mine there were one hundred and eight
thousand great beings (mahåsattvas) who were free of defilement. On
that very occasion they penetrated the well-spring of the Dharma-nature
and attained sudden awakening (頓覺) to the singular unifying mark of
the non-duality of all phenomena. Departing the assembly, they took totheir various thrones in the world-realms of the ten directions andpreached the sublime and magnificent Dharma-treasury that is the garland of the bodhisattvas. At that time, the great multitude [of followers]
who attended these Dharma-assemblies saw these one hundred andeight thousand Blessed Ones, all bearing the name Sudden Enlightenment Thus Come One, each seated on a lion throne adorned with thehundred precious stones. On that occasion there were also countlessmillions [of followers] present at those assemblies listening to the garland Dharma-treasury, which were expounded by the enlightened Thus
Come Ones. Hence there were no Thus Come Ones who were graduallyenlightened; only Thus Come Ones who were suddenly enlightened.
There is no difference among what has been preached by the Buddhasof the three periods. It is the same for me here. (T 24.1018c14–21)

So noting, SatØ suggests,4 “Huisi first looked to the Yingluo jing for usesof this term ‘sudden enlightenment’ that might lend themselves to promotion as a special feature of Buddhist thought. Taking his stance in thistheory of sudden enlightenment, might he not have thereby pinned down
the Lotus SËtra’s distinctive conceptual hallmark as a non-sequential
path and non-sequential entry [to enlightenment], thereby arriving at his
characterization of [the Lotus] as a ‘Dharma-gate of sudden enlightenment’?”5
As for the phrase, “awakens spontaneously without resorting to ateacher 無 師 自 悟 ,” it means that one achieves enlightenment spontaneously, without instruction from some other teacher. In the biographyof Huisi contained in Daoxuan’s Continued Biographies of Eminent
Monks, Huisi is portrayed as having spontaneously realized the lotussamådhi, without dependence on another person, thereby demonstrating
a conceptual affinity with this notion of ‘awakening spontaneously without resorting to a teacher’.6 But first and foremost, it is not Huisi the per-

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son that is at issue in the Meaning of the Course of Ease and Bliss. It isthe notion that the special distinction of the Lotus SËtra lies in its ability,
as a scripture, to effect spontaneous enlightenment. In the fifteen gåthå
verses of the Meaning of the Course of Ease and Bliss similar conceptual strains can be found. For example, in verse five, it says, “Living
beings are by nature without stain, without origin, and also without purity. [Bodhisattvas who pursue this course] do not engage in practice ofremedial antidotes (不修對治行), [and so doing] they spontaneously surpass the myriad saints (自然超5聖).” (T 46.698a24–25) Verse six states,“Spontaneously they awaken, without a teacher (無師自然覺), and without
proceeding by way of a graduated sequence of practices (不由次第行).
Their comprehension is the same as that of the Buddhas: it is the marvelous enlightenment [of Buddhahood] (妙覺) which has the nature of
perfect serenity.” (698a26) Verse ten states, “The SËtra of the Lotus
Blossom of the Marvelous Dharma is the Great Mahåyåna (Damoheyan, 大摩訶衍 ). If beings practice according to its teaching, they
will attain Buddhahood spontaneously.” (698b5–6) This notion of spontaneous or effortless enlightenment becomes especially clear with theline in verse six that states “spontaneously they awaken, without ateacher” (無師自然覺), where the term zi 自 in the earlier phrase 無師自悟,
which might variously be read “awakens spontaneously or on one’sown,” is replaced by the compound ziran 自然, meaning “spontaneously.” The term zi 自 can be read in two ways, either as ‘on ones own’ or as‘spontaneously’. In verse six it is clear that the meaning is the latter one.
Moreover, when it comes to the concrete semantic contents of the term,
it becomes evident from verses five and six that the idea of ‘not engaging in the cultivation of counteragents’ 不修次第行, or ‘not proceeding by
a graduated sequence of practices’ 不由次第行 , is implicit to this term‘spontaneously’.
‘Speedily attains to Buddhahood’ means that one rapidly achieves theenlightenment of a Buddha. This expression appears at various points in
the Bodhisattva Never Disparaging Chapter of the Lotus SËtra. For
example, we find, “When Bodhisasttva Never Disparaging’s life ended,he encountered numberless Buddhas, and because he preached thisLotus SËtra, he gained immeasurable blessings. Bit by bit he acquired
benefits and quickly attained to Buddhahood,” (T 9.51b22–24; cf. translation by Burton Watson, The Lotus SËtra [New York: Columbia University Press, 1993], p. 270); or the statement, “One should with a single
mind preach this sËtra far and wide, age after age encountering Buddhas
and quickly attaining to Buddhahood.” (T 9.51c6–7; cf. Watson,
p. 271).7 In the case of Huisi’s Meaning of the Course of Ease and Bliss,

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it is perfectly feasible to interpret ‘speedy attainment of Buddhahood’as having the same meaning as the aforementioned ‘sudden enlightenment’. However, the passages from the Bodhisattva Never Disparaging
Chapter indicate that Bodhisattva Never Disparaging’s practice involved
an on-going encounter with countless numbers of Buddhas. Thus it does
not seem to carry the sense of extreme shortness of time suggested by
the term ‘sudden enlightenment’.
“Dharma-gate that is difficult, under any circumstances, for people tobelieve” is possibly an idea that harks back to the passage in the Preface
Chapter of the Lotus that reads, “He wishes to cause all living beings tohear and understand the Dharma, which is difficult for all the world tobelieve. Therefore he has manifested this auspicious portent.” (T 9.3c17;
cf. Watson, p. 14)
Now ‘speedy attainment of Buddhahood’, which is actually synonymous with ‘sudden enlightenment’, is the most important among Huisi’s
four explanations of the Dharma-gate of the Lotus SËtra. The reason forthis can be gleaned from the fact that Huisi immediately follows withthe assertion that novice bodhisattvas who are intent on speedy attainment of Buddhahood must keep the precepts, forbear in the face of
humiliation, persevere with vigor, attend earnestly to the development ofdhyåna concentration, and, in addition, strive to cultivate the lotussamådhi.
The course of practice that Huisi specifies for the novice bodhisattva
entails four of the six perfections or påramitå. However, when it comesto the connection between dhyåna concentration and the lotus samådhi,8the lotus samådhi assumes special importance in the Meaning of the
Course of Ease and Bliss precisely because it is singled out and distinguished from generic dhyåna concentration. Moreover, in elucidating
the contents of the lotus samådhi, Huisi touches upon the question ofproper behavior toward other living beings, specifying that one should
regard sentient beings as Buddhas, join one’s palms and pay reverence
to sentient beings as though venerating the Blessed One himself, andregard sentient beings as great bodhisattvas and good spiritual friends. A
brief explanation of these sundry practices is perhaps in order.
First, on the point of ‘perseverance with vigor’, Huisi refers by wayof illustration to the careers of Bodhisattva Medicine King9 and Bodhisattva King of Adornment as described in the Lotus SËtra.10 For thepractice of ‘looking upon all beings as though they were Buddhas’, herefers the reader to the Chapter on Bodhisattva Never Disparaging,11 andfor ‘attending earnestly to cultivation of dhyåna concentration’, hepoints to the Course of Ease and Bliss Chapter.12 Explaining the relation-

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ship between ‘attending earnestly to dhyåna concentration’ and theaforementioned practice of ‘regarding sentient beings as Buddhas’, hestates that sentient beings are fully endowed with the treasure-store of
the Dharma-body and, thereby, one and the same with the Buddhas. It issimply because of the afflictions that the Dharma-body does not manifest. However, if one purifies the afflictions through energetic practice ofdhyåna concentration, the Dharma-body will appear. Concretely speaking, the explanation proceeds as follows: Huisi first establishes that
sentient beings are identical with the Buddhas by invoking the general
concept of the ‘treasure-store of the Dharma-body’ (法身藏).13 He states,“All beings are endowed with the treasure-store of the body of Dharma-essence; they are one with and not different from the Buddhas.”(698a8) However, taking the view that the Dharma-body does not
manifest because sentient beings are deluded, he thereby asserts that the
Dharma-body can be made to appear through earnest cultivation ofdhyåna concentration. Namely,
The thirty-two major marks and eighty minor excellent qualities areserene and pure. It is simply due to the delusory impediments of befuddled mind and the soiling of the six sense faculties that the Dharmabody fails to appear, just as images will not show on the surface of amirror when it is sullied with dust and grime. Thus if practitioners exert
themselves in the practice of dhyåna concentration and purify the filthof the root afflictions, the Dharma-body will appear in full. (698a9–12)

On this notion of manifesting or causing the Dharma-body to appear,
Huisi cites the passage from Benefits of the Teacher of the Law Chapterof the Lotus—or alternatively, the SËtra on the Procedure for Contemplating Bodhisattva Universal Worthy 觀普賢菩薩行法經—that expounds
purification of the six sense faculties, declaring,14 “The sËtra speaks of
the Dharma-master’s ‘pure and everlasting eye born of one’s very father
and mother’, noting that ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind are like thisas well.” (698a12–13)
According to the Sanskrit text of the Lotus SËtra, the term chang 常(rendered here as ‘everlasting’) simply means ‘commonplace’ or ‘ordinary’.15 But when we consult the passage that reads, “Because the eye isconstant and everlasting it is referred to as ‘not fluctuating’. What do wemean by ‘everlasting’? It is everlasting because it is unoriginated.”(699b11–12), the fact that Huisi is advocating that the eye is eternally or
constantly abiding becomes quite evident.

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Views of the Lotus SËtra Evinced in the Gåthå Verses
Using the format of gåthå verse, Huisi immediately after the foregoing
discussion launches into an explanation of his views on the Lotus SËtra
and the import of the easeful and blissful practice that constitutes thethematic focus of his Meaning of the Course of Ease and Bliss. If wecount four lines of five characters each as the equivalent of one gåthå
verse, then there are altogether fifteen gåthås in this section. We will
examine them by attaching ordinal numbers to each gåthå. To begin
with, in the first and second gåthås, which concern the practice of the
Lotus SËtra and its merits, we find:
1) If one wishes to seek supreme enlightenment, he or she should practice the Lotus SËtra. So doing, one will realize, with this very body andmind, the pure and marvelous Dharma-gate that is like the ambrosia
which grants freedom from death.
2) If one holds to the precepts, forbears in the face of humiliation, andcultivates the dhyåna concentrations, one will thereby acquire thesamådhis of the Buddhas and realize that the six sense faculties are by
nature perfectly pure. (698a16–19)

As already noted, the Lotus SËtra is a scripture that enables speedy
attainment of Buddhahood. Here, again, practice of the Lotus SËtra istreated as a necessity for realizing the highest enlightenment, that is tosay, for attainment of Buddhahood. In the opening paragraph of the
Meaning of the Course of Ease and Bliss, keeping the precepts or moral
prohibitions, forbearance in the face of humiliation and cultivation ofdhyåna are also listed among the inventory of virtues that one shouldcultivate. Here Huisi specifies that the samådhis of the Buddhas andpurification of the six sense faculties can be realized through their practice. As to the samådhis of the Buddhas, there seems to be no problem
in equating it with the aforementioned lotus samådhi. Purification of thesix sense faculties has already made its appearance in the passage thatbegins, “as the sËtra states. . . .” However, in the Meaning of the Courseof Ease and Bliss itself, the concept plays a particularly important role,details of which we will discuss at a later point.
With respect to the ‘course of ease and bliss’ that constitutes the thematic focus of the Meaning of the Course of Ease and Bliss, the thirdgåthå indicates that a distinction is to be made between the two
approaches of practice endowed with distinguishing features and practice devoid of features. From the fourth gåthå onward, the Meaning of
the Course of Ease and Bliss discusses the featureless practice in some

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detail. The relevant verses proceed as follows:
3) Bodhisattvas who practice the Lotus [strive to] fulfill two types ofregimen (行): The first is practice devoid of distinguishing features (無相行); the second, practice endowed with distinguishing features (有相行).
4) The featureless fourfold course of ease and bliss entails exceedingly
profound and marvelous forms of dhyåna concentration, whereby one
contemplates the six sense faculties and all phenomena (dharmas) as
pure from the outset.
5) Living beings are by nature without stain, without origin, and also
without purity. [Bodhisattvas who pursue this course] do not engage inthe practice of remedial antidotes (對治行), and so doing, they spontaneously surpass the myriad saints (聖).
6) Spontaneously they awaken, without relying on a teacher, and without proceeding by way of a graduated sequence of practices (次第行).
Their comprehension is the same as that of the Buddhas: the marvelous
enlightenment (妙覺) which has the nature of perfect serenity.
7) [Coursing in] the supremely marvelous six supernatural powers andthe pure practices of ease and bliss, [the bodhisattvas who practice theLotus SËtra] do not wander the [by-]ways of the two vehicles, but travel
the eightfold noble path of the Great Vehicle.
8) These bodhisattvas, endowed with great loving-kindness and compassion, become fully equipped with the practices of the One Vehicle.
The exceedingly profound treasure-store of the Thus Come One (如來藏, tathågatagarbha) ultimately knows no aging or decline.
9) This is known as the Mahåyåna (Moheyan, 摩訶衍 ), the eight-foldnoble path of the Thus Come Ones. Sentient beings are [intrinsically]
free of the five desires and have no further need to eradicate the afflictions.
10) The SËtra of the Lotus Blossom of the Marvelous Dharma is theGreat Mahåyåna (大摩訶衍). If living beings practice as it instructs, they
will spontaneously attain to Buddhahood.
11) What do we mean by the term ‘One Vehicle’? It is to say that eachand every living being, by dint of the treasure-store of the Thus ComeOne (tathågatagarbha), ultimately knows everlasting ease and bliss.

In the fourth verse, Huisi asserts that the featureless practice entails themost profound and marvelous forms of dhyåna concentration, explaining at the same time that its content, in actuality, involves contemplationof the six sense faculties of sentient beings as being originally pure.
Even though the mutual opposition between defilement and purity iscompletely refuted in the fifth verse—the expression ‘originally pure’,154

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from the ultimate standpoint, thereby becoming wholly inadmissible—from the practical standpoint of sentient beings mired in delusion, it ismeaningful to assert that sentient beings are originally pure. The Meaning of the Course of Ease and Bliss adopts the position that advocatesthe original purity of sentient beings.
We noted in the preceding section that Huisi characterizes the LotusSËtra as something that affords ‘sudden enlightenment’ (頓 覺 ) and‘awakening spontaneously, without a teacher’ (無 師 自 悟 ). In the fifth
verse, the sixth verse, and tenth verse, respectively, he advocates a formof enlightenment that is variously described as ‘spontaneous’ (自然) or as
occurring ‘spontaneously, without a master’ (無師自然).
In the fifth verse, the fact that one does not cultivate ‘remedial antidotes’ (對治行) specifically points to the idea that undertaking practices
to counteract affliction becomes altogether unnecessary because sentient
beings are from the outset pure. This concept further resonates withverse nine, which reads, “Sentient beings are [intrinsically] free of thefive desires and have no further need to eradicate the afflictions.” Moreover, in the sixth verse, Huisi refutes the notion of proceeding by‘sequential or graduated practice’ (次第行), ‘sequential practice’ therein
being defined in opposition to ‘sudden enlightenment’ or ‘speedy attainment of Buddhahood’. ‘Sequential practice’ is a term signifying anapproach to practice that advances sequentially or in graduated fashion
through an orderly succession of stages.
Verses eight and nine comprise a set of couplets taken from the third
fascicle of the A∫gulimål¥ya SËtra, which originally read, “The exceedingly profound treasure-store of the tathågatha ultimately knows noaging or decline. This is [itself] the Great Vehicle, fully equipped withthe [virtues of the] eightfold noble path.” (T 2.532a29–b1) Verse elevenis an adaptation of yet another passage from the third fascicle of theA∫gulimål¥ya, which originally states, “To what does the designation‘one’ refer? It means that all living beings, without exception, ever abidein ease, due to [their possession of] the treasure-store of the Thus ComeOne (tathågathagrabha).” (T 2.531b25–26)
When we sort out the ideas contained in the lines extending from theeighth verse, verse eight expounds the idea that the bodhisattva perfects
the practices of the One Vehicle. The ‘One Vehicle’, it goes without saying, is a central theme of the Lotus SËtra. In verses eight and nine, thetreasure-store of the Thus Come One (如來藏, tathågatagarbha), whichis free of aging or decline, is equated with the Thus Come One’s eightfold noble path of the Mahåyåna, based as it were on the citation fromthe A∫gulimål¥ya SËtra. The tenth verse, in turn, asserts that the Lotus

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SËtra is the ‘Great Mahåyåna’. Thus an integral connection is anticipated to exist between the Lotus SËtra and the treasure-store of the Thus
Come One. As expected, with verse eleven (which again draws on theA∫gulimål¥ya SËtra), Huisi ultimately concludes that the meaning of the
one vehicle is itself the notion that “each and every living being, by dintof the treasure-store of the tathågata, ultimately knows everlasting easeand bliss.” Because these verses do not constitute a theoretical exposition, properly speaking, it is difficult to make systematic sense of them.
However, in basic thrust they can be understood to forge a powerful link
between the one vehicle, the treasure-store of the Thus Come One, andthe Lotus SËtra.16
Finally, the lines from verse twelve through fifteen are composed on
the basis of the Bodhisattva Lion’s Roar Chapter in the twenty-fifth fascicle of the southern redaction of the Nirvåˆa SËtra. The original passage reads: “Why is it called ‘unitary’? It is because all beings are theone vehicle. Why is it called ‘not-unitary’? It is because [one] preaches
the three vehicles. Why is it ‘neither unitary nor not unitary’? It isbecause it is beyond and not subject to enumeration.” (T 12.77b29–c2)
Huisi adapts the passage as follows:12) Moreover, it is akin to the question that Bodhisattva Lion’s Roar
posed to the Buddha in the Nirvåˆa SËtra: “World Honored One! Is themeaning of ultimate reality unitary, or is it not unitary?”13) The Buddha replied to Lion’s Roar, “It is both unitary and not unitary, and it is neither unitary nor not unitary. Why is it referred to as‘unitary’?
14) It is to express the idea that each and every being is the One Vehicle. Why is it referred to as ‘not unitary’? To indicate that it is not
something that can be subjected to enumeration.
15) Why is it referred to as ‘nor not-unitary’? Because enumeration andnon-enumeration are [themselves] utterly inapprehensible.” This is what
we call ‘the basic meaning of sentient being’.

The minor discrepancies between the original passage in the NirvåˆaSËtra and Huisi’s adaptation result in places where the precise meaningof Huisi’s verses is difficult to understand. However in terms of theirgeneral import, the central issue concerns the meaning or disposition ofsentient beings. Here three perspectives are posited: (1) the perspective
where sentient beings are themselves the one vehicle (the perspective
whereby they can be enumerated as ‘one’), (2) the perspective where
they are not something that can be counted or subjected to enumeration,(3) and the perspective where enumeration and non-enumeration cannot

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be apprehended as something endowed with substantiality.
We have, at this point, reviewed the contents of Huisi’s fifteen gåthå
verses. In the lengthy prose section that follows the verses, Huisi proceeds to develop a series of ten question and answer exchanges, each ofwhich takes up specific concepts and issues initially posited in the gåthå
verses. In the interest of elucidating the overall thrust of the Meaning of
the Course of Ease and Bliss, we will not discuss the contents of theseten exchanges in detail but confine ourselves to drawing out their key
conceptual lineaments. However, owing to limited space, I will only
examine Huisi’s explanations of ‘Marvelous Dharma’ and ‘Lotus Blossom’. The other important issues of those exchanges, such as ‘the definitive meaning of the course of ease and bliss’, ‘the four courses of easeand bliss’, ‘practice devoid of distinguishing characteristics and practiceendowed with distinguishing characteristics’, and ‘the meaning of thethree forbearances’ will be published on another occasion17.
The Explanation of ‘Marvelous Dharma’
As we have noted in the previous section, the first of Huisi’s ten queries
concerns the meaning of the six basic concepts of the ‘SËtra of the Lotus
Blossom of the Marvelous Dharma’, the ‘One Vehicle’, the ‘treasurestore of the Thus Come One’, the ‘Mahåyåna’, the ‘Great Mahåyåna’,and ‘sentient beings’. The format of the answers could hardly be considered systematic. However, in this section we will examine Huisi’s explanation of the term ‘marvelous Dharma’ (miaofa 妙法) as it appears in thetitle, SËtra of the Lotus Blossom of the Marvelous Dharma (Miaofa lianhua jing, 妙法蓮華經). He says of ‘marvelous Dharma’, “It is ‘marvelous’
because living beings are marvelous. ‘Dharma’ is precisely the Dharmathat is [the existence of] sentient beings.” (T 46.698b21–22)
In other words, he understands ‘marvelous Dharma’ to mean that the‘Dharma’ qua ‘sentient being’ is ‘marvelous’. This understanding of
Dharma as sentient being is something particularly unique to Huisi, and,as such, it is different from Fayun’s understanding of ‘Dharma’ in termsof Dharma of cause and Dharma of effect or result.18 For Fayun, cause
and effect refer to the causal practices that are undertaken by sentient
beings and the results that are obtained with the fruition or realization ofthese practices. Thus it is not a meaning that is altogether unrelated tothat of sentient being. However, to overtly equate Dharma with sentient
beings in the manner of Huisi strikes one as being far more existential
and subjective in thrust than the explanation offered by Fayun.
We have already mentioned that Huisi subscribed to the notion thatthe six sense faculties of sentient beings are originally pure. Just as theHUISI’S PERSPECTIVE ON THE LOTUS SUTRA

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central emphasis of the Meaning of the Course of Ease and Bliss lies
precisely in this original purity of the six sense faculties of sentient
beings, the thrust of Huisi’s explanation of ‘marvelous Dharma’ also
locates here. As such, let us examine further Huisi’s understanding of
the notion that sentient beings are marvelous. To a certain extent, thisissue figures as a central theme in the third answer. Therein Huisi bluntly asserts, “The reason that living beings are marvelous is because theattributes of the six sorts [of sense organ] (六種相) found on the body ofeach and every person are themselves marvelous (妙), and because thesix sovereign kings of the senses (六自在王; lit., indriya) are by nature
perfectly pure.” (698c18–20) As for the foregoing idea that ‘the attributes of the six sorts [of sense organs] are marvelous’, Huisi takes the ‘theattributes of the six sorts [of organ]’ to be none other than the six sense
faculties of eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind. So doing, he singles
out the eye faculty by way of example, saying:
The marks or attributes of the six sorts [of sense organ] (六種相) aresimply the six sense faculties. If individuals in pursuit of supreme
enlightenment receive and uphold the Lotus SËtra, if they read it, recite
it, and practice [as it teaches], if they contemplate through meditationthat all things are by nature empty and know that the eighteen spheresof sensory experience (dhåtu, 界) are devoid of intrinsic existence, they
will thereby acquire deep dhyåna concentrations, become endowed withthe four marvelous practices of ease and bliss, and obtain the pure andeverlasting eye born of father and mother that is replete with the six
supernatural powers of penetration. Upon acquiring this eye they willknow intimately the spheres (境界) of all the Buddhas and, moreover,know the karmic dispositions of all living beings, together with themental and physical retributions to which they are destined. Theirbirths, their deaths, their coming forth and fading away, their superior
and inferior station, their beauty and their ugliness—all of this they willknow in a single instant of thought. Within the penetrating power of thiseye they acquire the eighteen qualities unique [to a Buddha], the threeilluminations, and the eight liberations. All [manner of] supernatural
powers are simultaneously fulfilled in the penetrating power of this eye.
How could the eyes of sentient beings not be considered marvelous?
The marvelous [nature] of the eye of the sentient being, as it is, is the
Buddha eye! (698c20–28)

In other words, when sentient beings cultivate the Lotus SËtra, come torealization of emptiness, develop dhyåna concentration, put into practicethe fourfold course of ease and bliss, and realize the pure and everlasting

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eye, at that point it becomes possible to say that the faculty of the eye ofsentient beings is marvelous and that this faculty of the eye, as it is, is
one and the same with the Buddha eye. This line of reasoning is appliedin turn to the other five faculties. Thus the idea of the six faculties being
marvelous is established as the essential fact behind the notion that sentient beings are marvelous. In addition, Huisi elaborates on the term
‘type or sort’ (種) by distinguishing categorically between the ‘ordinary
or unenlightened type’ (凡種) of sentient being who is subject to the six
destinies of rebirth and the ‘saintly or enlightened type’ (聖種) who, by
realization of emptiness, does not cling to any phenomenon or object
whatsoever. He additionally posits that this ‘ordinary type’ and ‘saintly
type’ are ‘without unity and without duality’ (699a18–19).
Moreover, the expression ‘six sovereign kings’ (六自在王 , from the
Sanskrit indriya), which appears later in the text, is also taken to refer tothe six sense faculties. Afflictions that arise on the basis of the six faculties take control of us, and hence the metaphor of kingly sovereignty is
invoked.19 The idea that these six sovereign kings of sense are pure by
nature is something that Huisi locates, by way of scriptural reference, tothe Benefits of the Teacher of the Law Chapter of the Lotus SËtra (alsothe SËtra on the Procedure for Contemplation of the Bodhisattva Universal Worthy), the Large Perfection of Wisdom SËtra, and the Great
Perfection of Wisdom Treatise.20 Through this line of argument, Huisi
seeks to establish the claim that “The ‘human body’ is none other thanthe body [possessed by] living beings. The body [possessed by] living
beings is itself the body of the Thus Come One (tathågata), for the bodies of living beings are one and the same Dharma-body which [ultimately] knows no change.” (699b3) The idea that sentient beings and theDharma-body are one and the same establishes the elemental fact that
sentient beings are marvelous—the very point can be said to be the single thread that runs through and unites the Meaning of the Course of
Ease and Bliss. For example, in the fourth and fifth answers, the eye isdeemed everlasting because it is un-arisen or un-originated; it does notfluctuate because it is ever-abiding; it does not perish because it does notarise; it is without exhaustion or end because it is free of destruction.
Variously represented in this way, it can be said that the eye being empty
and eternally abiding is equivalent to the Buddha, that the eye being unarisen or un-originated is equivalent to the Buddha, and that the eyebeing without exhaustion or end is equivalent to the Buddha.21 As such,
Huisi concludes by saying,
A bodhisattva, by dint of this adamantine wisdom, knows that the thus-

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like [nature] (如) of the dharmas is devoid of origination and exhaustion.
[This] thusness of dharmas, such as the eye faculty, is itself the Buddha.
Hence we have the term, ‘Thus Come One’ (如來, tathågata). Because
the adamantine body (金剛之身) realizes the thusness (如) of the dharmas, it is called, “Thus Come One” (如來). It is not the golden-hued
body alone that constitutes the Thus Come One. He is called the Thus
Come One because he has acquired the wisdom [that knows the factorsof the dharmas] as they truly are. Because he obtains the wisdom [thatknows] the eye and form as they truly are, as well as the wisdom [thatknows] ear and sound as they truly are, nose and odor, tongue and taste,body and touch, mind and dharma, it is referred to as the adamantine
body of the Thus Come One. (699b26–c2)

The Thus Come One or Tathågata is not limited to the golden-hued
body alone. Rather, the body of sentient beings that attains insight into
the reality of the six sense faculties and their six sense objects is itself
none other than the Thus Come One. Moreover, it is declared that “Sentient beings and the Thus Come One, together, share one and the same
Dharma-body. Pure, wondrous, and without compare, it is called theSËtra of the Lotus Blossom of the Marvelous Dharma.” (700a4–5)
Hence it becomes quite clear that the Dharma-body shared in common
by sentient beings and Buddhas is taken to be the essential meaning orimport of the SËtra of the Lotus Blossom of the Marvelous Dharma.
The Explanation of ‘Lotus Blossom’
Having considered Huisi’s concept of ‘marvelous Dharma’, let us examine his explanation of ‘lotus blossom’ (蓮 華 ). For Huisi, the ‘lotus
blossom’ is a simile, or metaphor, that implicitly contrasts the ‘lotus
blossom’, which produces fruit without fail whenever there is a blossom, with ‘impotent blossoms’ (狂華) that never form fruit at all. Also,
not only are there ‘impotent blossoms’ that do not form fruit, but there
are also blossoms of plants other than the lotus (referred to as ‘theother blossoms or flowers’ 餘華) where fruit is visible and easy to spot
once it forms. Compared to the latter, when the lotus blossom forms fruit
it is concealed and its presence difficult to detect.
This being the case, to what, exactly, are the ‘impotent blossoms’ and‘other blossoms’ meant to refer? Huisi says,
The impotent blossoms represent the heterodox teachings [of non-Buddhist traditions]. The other varieties of flower which produce fruit that iseasy to find represent the two vehicles. They also represent the bodhisattva of dull capacity. [The practice of the two vehicles and the bod-

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hisattva of dull capacity] proceeds by a sequential path, involves
differences in superior and inferior levels [of attainment], and severs[specific] assemblages of affliction. Hence it is also characterized as‘readily visible and easy to locate’. For the bodhisattvas of the LotusSËtra the situation is definitely not like this. They do not engage in practice by a graduated sequence of stages (不作次第行). Nor do they strive
to eliminate afflictions. If one realizes [the true meaning of] the LotusSËtra, one ultimately attains Buddhahood. If one cultivates the Lotus practice, one does not travel the road of the two vehicles. (698b25–c1)

In the foregoing passage, the metaphor is explained in such a way thatthe ‘impotent blossoms’ represent the heterodox or non-Buddhist teachings, the ‘other varieties of flower’ refer to the two vehicles and thebodhisattva of dull faculties, and the ‘lotus blossom’ represents thebodhisattva of the Lotus SËtra. Moreover, the contrast between thefollowers of the two vehicles and the bodhisattva of dull capacity, on
the one hand, and the bodhisattva of the Lotus SËtra, on the other, is established chiefly on the basis that the former engage in sequential courses ofpractice, whereas the latter forgoes reliance on sequential courses ofpractice. The notion of sequential practice also appears in the fifteengåthå verses discussed previously, where it designates an approach to practice that stands in contrast to the ‘sudden enlightenment’ or ‘speedy attainment of Buddhahood’ of the Lotus SËtra.
When it comes to the similitude of the ‘other flowers’ and the ‘lotus
blossom’, the second question and answer develops a rather elaborate
discussion of the differences between the two vehicles, the bodhisattvaof dull capacity, and the bodhisattva of the Lotus SËtra based on the difference between the ‘other flowers’, which produce only one fruit per
blossom, and the ‘lotus blossom’, which produces multiple fruits foreach individual blossom. Namely,
In the case of the single blossom producing a single fruit it is like this:When one resolves to become a follower (ßråvaka) [of the Lesser Vehicle], there will be the fruit of ßråvaka. When one resolves to become apratyekabuddha, there will be the fruit of pratyekabuddha. They cannot
be called the fruit of a bodhisattva or Buddha. Moreover, the bodhisattvas of dull capacity cultivate remedial antidotes (對治行). Entering
the way by sequential [steps], they thereby ascend to the first stage(bhËmi). At that point it would be unthinkable to say that [the bodhisattva] has reached the [tenth] stage of Dharma Cloud! Each stage iscultivated separately, and their realization does not occur at one single
juncture. For this reason we do not refer to it as ‘one blossom pro-HUISI’S PERSPECTIVE ON THE LOTUS SUTRA

161

ducing a multitude of fruit’. For bodhisattvas of the Lotus the situation
is decidedly not like this. With a single resolution and a single courseof practice the myriad fruits [of Buddhahood] are acquired in their entirety. In a single moment they are realized to the full; it is not a situation where [Buddhahood] is entered sequentially. This also resembles thelotus, for when one blossom produces its numerous fruits, all the fruits
are formed at one and the same time. This is the meaning of [the assertion that], ‘the One Vehicle is sentient beings’. Accordingly, the NirvåˆasËtra says, “In some cases there are bodhisattvas who are well versed
in proceeding from stage to stage,” while the Brahmaparip®cchå states,“In some instances there are bodhisattvas who do not proceed from stage
to stage.” Proceeding from stage to stage is the sequential [approachto] practice used in the expedient path of the followers (ßråvaka) of thetwo vehicles and the bodhisattva of dull capacity. To not proceed fromstage to stage is [the approach used by] the bodhisattva of keen capacity (利根), whereby one straightaway abandons [reliance on] expedientdevices and does not engage in sequential forms of practice. Upon realizing the lotus samådhi, one becomes completely equipped with the myriad [spiritual] fruits. (698c5–17)

The ‘other varieties of flower’ that produce only one fruit per blossom,
as already noted, are strictly taken to signify the two vehicles and thebodhisattva of dull faculties. Substantively speaking, in the case of thetwo vehicles this refers to the notion that, by arousing the resolve of theßråvaka, one attains the fruit of the ßråvaka, or by arousing the resolveof the pratyekabuddha, one reaps the fruit of a pratyekabuddha. As forthe bodhisattva of dull capacity, he practices by graduated stages orsequence and thereby progresses sequentially through the stages of thebodhisattva path, producing a particular fruit or realization with eachindividual stage of practice.
In contrast to these images, the ‘lotus blossom’ producing myriad
fruits from a single blossom is taken to illustrate the standpoint of the
Lotus SËtra, whereby a myriad fruits are fulfilled not sequentially but at
one and the same time. According to the biography of Huisi in the Continued Biographies of Eminent Monks,22 when Huisi appointed Zhiyi tolecture on the golden-lettered Large Perfection of Wisdom SËtra in his
stead, Zhiyi had doubts about the specific point that “the ten thousandpractices are fulfilled within a single mind or instant of thought” andasked Huisi about its meaning. Huisi instructed him by explaining thatthe notion of “ten thousand practices fulfilled within a single mind or
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Lotus SËtra and cannot be understood from the sequential standpoint of
the Large Perfection of Wisdom SËtra—that is to say, the standpoint of
sequential or graduated practice. Due to having experienced the perfectand sudden import of the Lotus SËtra for himself, Huisi explained that
there was no reason for Zhiyi to be plagued with doubts on the matter.
Thus the perfect and sudden import of the Lotus, as presented in Huisi’s
biography, and the identification of the perspective of the Lotus SËtra
with the ‘lotus blossom’ in the Meaning of the Course of Ease and Bliss,
where one flower produces multiple fruits, constitute a shared line ofthought.
Huisi at a later point also identifies the phrase, ‘a single resolution
and a single course of practice’, in the preceding quote with the ‘One
Vehicle’.23 Thus we might properly understand it to mean ‘practicing the
One Vehicle with singular resolution’.
Conclusion
In the preceding pages I have examined the contents of Huisi’s Meaningof the Course of Ease and Bliss. Let me here review the major points
that we have elicited in the course of this study.
When it comes to practice and realization of the Great Vehicle, Huisi
distinguishes between the standpoint of the sequential or graduatedpractice of the bodhisattva of dull capacity and that of the bodhisattva ofkeen capacity, whose practice does not involve sequential procedures
and stages. As the standpoint of the Lotus SËtra, the latter ‘non-sequential’ approach is referred to as both ‘sudden enlightenment’ and ‘speedy
attainment of Buddhahood’. This relative opposition is further underscored in the comparison between the ‘other blossoms’ and the ‘lotus
blossom’.
And yet, when we consider Huisi’s justification for equating the LotusSËtra with ‘sudden enlightenment’ and ‘speedy attainment of Buddhahood’, we find it to derive specifically from the sËtra’s claim that the six
sense faculties of sentient beings are originally pure and, hence, marvelous (妙). Huisi revisits this point repeatedly in his Meaning of the
Course of Ease and Bliss. However, the most distinctive aspect of
Huisi’s view of the Lotus SËtra is possibly to be found in his explanation of the words ‘marvelous Dharma’ (妙法) from the title of the Lotus,
where he asserts that ‘the Dharma that is [the very existence of] sentient
beings is marvelous’ (5生法妙).
This being the case, what is necessary in order for sentient beings
who are currently deluded to recover their originally pure natures? The
answer to this question could be said to be ‘diligent cultivation of

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dhyåna concentration’. In his course of ease and bliss Huisi makes a distinction between the two approaches of practice devoid of features, as
expounded in the Course of Ease and Bliss Chapter of the Lotus, andpractice endowed with features, as expounded in the Chapter on the
Encouragements of Bodhisattva Universal Worthy. However, diligent
cultivation of dhyåna concentration actually means the featureless practice. Thus sentient being’s recovery of their originally pure natures
through pursuit of the featureless practice assumes utmost importance.
Notes
On the Lishiyuanwen, see, “Nangaku Eshi daizenji Rissei Ganmon, yakkai,” inTada KØryË sensei shØju kinen ronbunshË: Tendai kyØgaku no kenkyË (Tokyo: SankibØ
busshorin, 1990).
2
On Huisi’s view of the Lotus SËtra, see ŌchØ Enichi, “Nangaku Eshi no hokke zanmai,” in Hokke shisØ no kenkyË (Kyoto: Heirakuji shoten, 1975), formerly published in
Minamoto ShØson kyØju kanreki kinen ronbunshË: Indogaku BukkyØgaku ronshË (SanseidØ, 1954); AndØ Toshio, “Eshi no Hokke shisØ—Chidoron to no kankei o chËshin toshite,” in Yamaguchi Hakushi kanreki kinen: Indogaku-BukkyØ gaku ronsØ (Kyoto:HØzØkan, 1955); Shioda Gisen, Hokke kyØgakushi no kenkyË (ChihØ shoin, 1960), pp.
177–185; SatØ Tetsuei, Zoku Tendai daishi no kenkyË (Hyakka’en, 1981), pp. 269–300.
Kawakatsu Yoshio, “ChËgoku teki shinbukkyØ e no enerugii—Nangaku Eshi no ba’ai,”
in ChËgoku chËsei no shËkyØ to bunka, edited by Fukunaga Mitsushi (KyØto daigaku
jinbun kagaku kenkyËjo, 1982); Paul Magnin, La vie et l’œurve de Huisi [515–577](Paris: École Française d’Extrême-Orient, 1979); Hiroshi Kanno, ChËgoku hokke shisØ
no kenkyË (ShunjËsha, 1994) pp. 245–267.
3
Sui tiantai zhizhe dashi biezhuan 隋 天 臺 智 者 大 師 別 傳 records, “Huisi said [toZhiyi], ‘Formerly [you and I] together listened to [the preaching of] the Lotus SËtra
together on Vulture Peak. Pursuant to these causes and conditions from past lives, youhave [to join me] again. So saying, he immediately showed him the sanctuary for [Bodhisattva] Universal Worthy and expounded the fourfold course of ease and bliss or him.”(T 50.91c21–23)
4SatØ Tetsuei, op. cit., p. 300.
5SatØ Tetsuei also found the concept of sudden enlightenment in passages from thelost text of Huisi’s Gate of the Forty-two Syllables 四十二字門 that are cited in fascicle
6A of HocchibØ ShØshin’s 寶地房證信 Shikan shiki 止觀私記, from which he surmisedthat sudden enlightenment was a central thread that running through Huisi’s thought: “Itsays in Nanyue Huisi’s Gate of the Forty-two Syllables, ‘In the sËtra it says “O Sons of
the Buddha, the forty-two stages are known as the realization and acceptance ofquiescent extinction.” When [the Buddha] subsequently expounded on this ocean of theDharma-realm, there were eighty thousand bodhisattvas [present] who were without
defilement. They suddenly came to understand the great enlightenment and, in this verylife and body, obtained the supernal fruit of Buddhahood’.” Dai Nippon bukkyØ
zensho (Tokyo: Bussho kankØkai, 1911–1922), 22.1009a–b; SatØ, ibid., p. 299.
6
See the biography of Huisi in the Xu gaosengzhuan 續高6傳, where it relates, “Herelaxed his body and started to lean back against the wall, but before his back eventouched it he suddenly was enlightened to the lotus samådhi, whereupon he instantly
1

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penetrated the Dharma-gates of the Great Vehicle. The sixteen sublime practices, the[eight] renunciations, the [eight] sublime abodes, he understood thoroughly on his own,
without having to realize them through reliance on another perons. When he related
what he had experienced to other teachers such as Jian 鑒 and Zui 最 all were overjoyedfor him.” (T 50.563a11–14)
7
We also find expressions similar in thrust to ‘speedily attaining buddhahood’ in the
narrative of the Någa or Dragon Maiden’s attainment of Buddhahood related in theDevadatta Chapter of the Lotus, where the text asks, “Are there perhaps any beings who,
by earnestly and diligently practicing this sutra, have been able to attain Buddhahood
quickly?” (T 9.35b15; cf. Watson, pp. 186–187), and “How could a woman like you sospeedily attain to Buddhahood?” (T 9.35c12; cf. Watson, p. 188) Also see the chapter on
the Life-span of the Thus Come One, where it says, “At all times I think to myself: How
can I cause living beings to gain entry to the unsurpassed enlightenment and speedilyacquire the body of a Buddha?” (T 9.44a3-4; cf. Watson, p. 232)
8
Huisi, in his Suiziyi sanmei, singles out the lotus samådhi as one of the samådhis
that bodhisattvas who have newly aroused the resolve to seek Buddhahood should strive
to cultivate: “All bodhisattvas who have newly aroused the resolve [to seek Buddhahood] who are intent on developing the six perfections, who are intent on cultivating all
the forms of dhyåna concentration, who are intent on applying the thirty-seven factors ofenlightenment, or who are intent on preaching the Dharma and converting living beings,
developing great kindness and compassion, and generating the six supernatural powers,
and who are intent on speedily gaining entry to the ranks of [full] bodhisattvahood andacquiring the wisdom of a Buddha, should first become accomplished in the Buddhamindfulness samådhi and the pratyutpanna samådhi and [strive to] cultivate the lotussamådhi. [However], these bodhisattvas, at the very start, should first learn the samådhi
of freely following one’s thought. If this samådhi is successful, they will obtain theßËraµgama samådhi.” (ZZ 2–3–4. 344b3–7)
9Bodhisattva Medicine King Chapter of the Lotus, “This Bodhisattva Gladly Seen by
All Living Beings vowed to undertake austerities. In the midst of the Law preached by
the Buddha Sun Moon Pure Bright Virtue he applied himself diligently and traveled
about here and there, single-mindedly seeking Buddhahood for a period of twelve thousand years. After that he was able to gain the samådhi in which one can manifest allphysical forms.” (T 9.53a24–26; cf. Watson, p. 281)
10King Fine Adornment Chapter of the Lotus, “The king immediately turned over his
kingdom to his younger brother and he himself, along with his queen, his two sons, andall their attendants, in the midst of the Buddha’s Law renounced the household life topractice the Way. After the king had left the household life, for the space of eighty-four
thousand years he constantly applied himself with diligence, practicing the Lotus SËtra.
When this period had passed, he gained the samådhi of the adornment of all pure benefits.” (T 9.60b26–29; cf. Watson, p. 316)
11
The Bodhisattva Never Disparaging Chapter of the Lotus, “I have profound reverence for you; I would never dare to treat you with disparagement or arrogance. Why?
Because you are all practicing the bodhisattva way and are certain to attain Buddhahood.” (T 9.50c19–20; cf. Watson, pp. 266–267)
12
Although Watson uses Easeful Practices Chapter, in this paper I will use the title
Course of Ease and Bliss Chapter, which is in accordance with Huisi’s interpretation.
See, for example, the line in the Course of Ease and Bliss Chapter of the Lotus that
reads, “He should constantly take pleasure in sitting in meditation, being in quiet sur-

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roundings and learning to still his mind.” (T 9.37b10; cf. Watson, p. 198)
13
The ‘treasure-store of the Dharma-body’ appears in the chapter on Purity of SelfNature in the Ír¥målå SËtra, “The treasure-store of the Thus Come One is the treasurestore of the Dharma-realm, the treasure-store of the Dharma-body, the supreme amongsupreme treasure-store of the supramundane, the treasure-store of the purity of selfnature.” (T 12.222b22–23) Huisi also states in his Suiziyi sanmei, “As for this treasurestore of the Dharma-body, only between one Buddha and another can it be known. It is
given summary discussion in the Lotus SËtra, but [its meaning and presence there are]difficult to detect. The explanations in the Avataµsaka SËtra are more easily understood.” (ZZ 2–3–4.353a9–10)
14
The chapter on the Benefits of the Teacher of the Law in the Lotus states, “Although
the person has not yet gained divine ears, with the pure and ordinary ears that hereceived at birth from his mother and father he will be able to hear and understand all.”(T 9.48a6–7; Watson, p. 253) Also see the Guan puxian pusa xingfa jing, where it
speaks of “the pure and everlasting eye born of one’s father and mother.” (T 9.389c9)15Pråk®ta, which means ‘ordinary’ or ‘commonplace’, is the corresponding Sanskrit
term for the word chang (everlasting or constant) in the compound chang’er (everlasting, constant ear), as found in the passage the Benefits of the Teacher of the Law Chapter of the Lotus cited in note 14.
16
On the point of Huisi’s thought concerning the treasure-store of the Thus Come Oneor tathågatagarbha, see Kimura ShËjØ, “Nangaku Eshi no shujØ shinshØ ni tsuite,” inBukkyØ bunka no tenkai (Tokyo: SankibØ busshorin, 1994).
17
The full text of my paper will appear as part of “Researches on Huisi’s Meaning of
the Course of Ease and Bliss (working title)” (Bibliotheca Philologica et Philosophica
Buddhica,VIII) to be published by the International Research Institute for Advanced
Buddhology at Soka University in Tokyo in March of 2005, in collaboration with Prof.
Daniel Bruce Stevenson.
18
See Fahua yiji, T 33.572c17–573a4, where it states, “When we here speak of ‘marvelous Dharma’, the word ‘marvelous’ represents a sublimity that goes beyond or transcends all crudity. When we speak of ‘Dharma’, cause and effect are discussed together
as a pair. Why is this? In former days, the Buddha emphasized fervent practice of the six
perfections as cause, which produced the two sorts of constructed and unconstructedresult or fruit. . . . Here [in the case of the Lotus SËtra], the term ‘cause’ is [used in sucha way as to suggest] absolute severance or cutting off of crudity; effect or fruit represents the most pure epitome of epitomes. Hence, the two dharmas of cause and effect are
simultaneously referred to as ‘marvelous dharma’.”19
In the Meaning of the Course of Ease and Bliss we find: “In so far as there is no one
who can control craving and ignorance, they are ‘sovereign’ like a ‘king’.” (T
46.699a22–23) In Huisi’s Dharma Gate to the Samådhi Wherein all Dharmas are Without Dispute we also find: “We refer to the six sense faculties as gates. Mind is the sovereign king. When they [together] create the karma of birth and death, one craves after thesix sense objects, unable to relinquish even on the point of death. There being no one
who is able to control them, they are likened to a king. Hence they are referred to as the
king of death who knows no peer.” (Zhufa wuzheng sanmei famen T 46.634a10–11)
20
The citation from the Meaning of the Course of Ease and Bliss reads, “For this reason the Buddha speaks [in the Lotus SËtra] of the ‘pure and everlasting eye born of
one’s very father and mother’. The same applies for the ear, nose, tongue, body, andcognitive [faculties]. For this reason the Prajñå SËtra teaches that ‘the six sovereign

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kings [of sense] are by nature pure’, and Bodhisattva Någårjuna therefore states that‘one should know that the attributes of the six sensory faculties of the human body are
marvelous’.” (T 46.699a29–b3) We have already noted above the original source for theline that reads ‘father and mother . . .’ The remaining sources include fascicle five of theLarge Perfection of Wisdom SËtra or Dapin banruo jing, where it states, “The gate oraccess of the syllable sha is [listed] because all dharmas and the six sovereign kings [ofthe senses] are by nature pure” (T 8.256a15), and the forty-eighth fascicle of the Great
Perfection of Wisdom Treatise (Dazhidu lun), “If one hears the phoneme or syllable sha
沙 one will directly know the six sorts of attribute of the human body. Sha rendered into
Chinese means ‘six’.” (T 25.408b28)
21
The discussion of the fourth and fifth answers revolves around the passage from thechapter on the syllables or phonemes in fascicle eight of the southern edition of theNirvåˆa SËtra that reads, “That which we call phoneme or syllable is known as nirvåˆa.
Because it is ever-abiding it therefore does not fluctuate. Now, that which is inexhaustible is the adamantine body of the Buddha.”
22
See T 50.563b4–8.
23
See T 46.699c5–7, where Huisi says, “In the SËtra of Great Steadfast Perseverance(大 強 精 進 經 ; the A∫gulimål¥ya SËtra), the Buddha asks A∫gulimålya, ‘What is the°meaning of the term one practice’? Angulimålya
replies to the Buddha, ‘One practicemeans One Vehicle’.”Note: I would like to offer my appreciation to Prof. Daniel Bruce Stevenson for thetranslation of my Japanese paper.