Supplementary Information

Microbial Decomposition of Biodegradable Plastics
on the Deep-sea Floor
Taku Omura1, Noriyuki Isobe2, Takamasa Miura3, Shun’ichi Ishii4, Mihoko Mori3, Yoshiyuki Ishitani4,
Satoshi Kimura1, Kohei Hidaka3, Katsuya Komiyama1, Miwa Suzuki5, Ken-ichi Kasuya5,6, Hidetaka
Nomaki4, Ryota Nakajima7, Masashi Tsuchiya7, Shinsuke Kawagucci7, Hiroyuki Mori8, Atsuyoshi
Nakayama9, Masao Kunioka10, Kei Kamino3 and Tadahisa Iwata1*
1 Laboratory of Science of Polymeric Materials, Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate Schoolof Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657,
Japan
2 Research Institute for Marine Resources Utilization, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science andTechnology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
3 Biological

Resource Center, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NBRC), 2-5-8

Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
4 Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-STAR), Japan

Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka,
Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
5 Gunma University Center for Food Science and Wellness (GUCFW), Maebashi, Gunma 371-8510,

Japan
6

Green Polymer Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University,

Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
7 ResearchInstitute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science andTechnology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
8 Japan BioPlastics Association (JBPA), 5-11 Nihonbashi Hakozaki-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0015,

Japan
9 Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
10

Standardization Promotion Office, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science andTechnology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8560, Japan*All correspondence should be addressed to:
Tadahisa Iwata, atiwata@g.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp, +81-3-5841-52661

Supplementary Figures
Supplementary Fig. 1.

Chemical structure of PHA, biodegradable polyesters, polysaccharide esters

derivatives and non-biodegradable common plastics.
Supplementary Fig. 2.

Deployment and recovery set-up at PJM, BHT, BMS, BMJ, and AKR

Supplementary Fig. 3.

Deployment and recovery set-up at AMN

Supplementary Fig. 4.

Research vehicles employed in the deployment and recovery of samples

Supplementary Fig. 5.

Photographs of film samples, graphs of weight loss and film thickness loss, andsurface SEM images before and after decomposition for a, PHB and b, PHBV.
Supplementary Fig. 6.

Photographs of film samples, graphs of weight loss and film thickness loss, andsurface SEM images before and after decomposition for c, P3HB4HB and d, PCL.
Supplementary Fig. 7.

Photographs of film samples, graphs of weight loss and film thickness loss, andsurface SEM images before and after decomposition for e, PBS and f, PBAT.
Supplementary Fig. 8.

Photographs of film samples, graphs of weight loss and film thickness loss, andsurface SEM images before and after decomposition for g, PE and h, PS.
Supplementary Fig. 9.

Photographs of film samples, graphs of weight loss and film thickness loss, andsurface SEM images before and after decomposition for i, PET.
Supplementary Fig. 10. SEM images of four PHA films placed on the BHT site for three months. Color
3D maps of surface roughness and attached micro-organism images are shown in pairs.
Supplementary Fig. 11. SEM images of five types of biodegradable polyesters films placed on the BHT
site for three months. Surface roughness images by color 3D mapping and microstructures of attachedbacteria are shown in pairs (Note that the 3D map magnification was larger than that of the PHA films
because of their slow biodegradation).
Supplementary Fig. 12. SEM images of four types of common plastic films placed on the BHT site forthree months. Surface roughness images by color 3D mapping and microstructures of attached bacteria areshown in pairs (Note that the 3D map magnification was larger than that of the PHA films because of theirslow biodegradation).
Supplementary Fig. 13. 16S rRNA gene-based prokaryotic community composition of biofilms from
PHA, biodegradable polyesters, and non-biodegradable common plastics, at the family-level.
Supplementary Fig. 14. Metagenome-based microbial community compositions of plastisphereestablished on various plastics at the sea.
Supplementary Fig. 15. Metagenomic assembly of deep-seawater and sediment microbiomes near plastic
degradation test at site BHT.
Supplementary Fig. 16. Metagenome-based microbial community compositions of plastispherecompared with surrounding deep seawater and sediment under the plastic chamber at site BHT.
Supplementary Fig. 17. Comparison of microbial community compositions among plastispheres, thedeep-sea microbiome, and sediments at site BHT.

2

Supplementary Fig. 18. Polysaccharide-associated bacterial communities vary by degree of acetylation,
site, and immersion period.
Supplementary Fig. 19. 16S rRNA gene-based prokaryotic community composition of polysaccharides
and common plastics at the family level.
Supplementary Fig. 20. Comparison of microbial community compositions of the plastispheres based ona multidimensional scale plot.
Supplementary Fig. 21. Phylogenetic tree of single-copy housekeeping gene, ribosomal protein S3, RpsC,
identified in plastisphere metagenomes at the sea.
Supplementary Fig. 22. Shade plot illustrating the relative abundances (%) of plastic-specific ampliconsequence variants (ASVs) at different sites and periods of immersion
Supplementary Fig. 23. Heatmap of the 50 most abundant ASVs in biofilms obtained from allpolysaccharides and non-biodegradable common plastics.
Supplementary Fig. 24. Shade plot illustrating the relative abundances of plastic specific metagenomeassembled genomes (MAGs) at different sites and periods of immersion.
Supplementary Fig. 25. Additional information for MAGs of dominant microbes within plastisphereestablished on biodegradable polyesters at the sea.
Supplementary Fig. 26. Genome clustering from metagenome sequences of plastisphere for PHB and
PHBV established under oceanic condition.
Supplementary Fig. 27. Genome clustering from metagenome sequences of plastisphere for PHBH andP3HB4HB established under oceanic condition.
Supplementary Fig. 28. Genome clustering from metagenome sequences of plastisphere for PBAT and
PBSA established under oceanic condition.
Supplementary Fig. 29. Genome clustering from metagenome sequences of plastisphere for PCL and
PLLA established under oceanic condition.
Supplementary Fig. 30. Genome clustering from metagenome sequences of plastisphere for PET and PE
established under oceanic condition.
Supplementary Fig. 31. Genome clustering from metagenome sequences of plastisphere for PS and PP
established under oceanic condition.

3

Supplementary Tables
Supplementary Table 1. Detail of samples placed for 3 months at BHT (BHT03).
Supplementary Table 2. Detail of samples placed for 8 months at BHT (BHT08).
Supplementary Table 3. Biodegradation rate of injection-molded plastic samples.
Supplementary Table 4. Biodegradation rates of various melt-pressed PHA and biodegradable polyester
films.
Supplementary Table 5. Detail of samples placed for 2 months at PJM (PJM02).
Supplementary Table 6. Detail of samples placed for 5 months at BMS (BMS05).
Supplementary Table 7. The weight-loss of polysaccharide esters derivatives films.
Supplementary Table 8. Stats for metagenomic assemblies of plastisphere at the sea.
Supplementary Table 9. Minimum information of metagenome-assembled genome (MiMAG) and
GBDBtk taxonomy of MAGs.
Supplementary Table 10. Information of raw sequence data for 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing andmetagenomic sequencing.

4

CH3

Polyhydroxyalkanoates
H3C
C

O

O H C H
O
H
2
C
C
C
C
O
C
O
C
H2
H2

O

H

H3C

H3C

C

C
H2

CH3

m

O
n

m

PHB

C

CH2
O H C H
2

H
C
H2

PHBV

C

O

C

O

C
H2

m

H3C

C

O

H

C

C
H2

n

PHBH

O
C

O

H2
C

m

H2
C

C
H2

C
O n

P3HB4HB

Biodegradable polyesters
O

O

O

O

O

O

O

n

O

PBS

O
O

n

O

O

O

PCL

m

Polysaccharide ester derivatives
O

OR
O
O

OR

O

OR
OR

OR

CE, CEA, CETA

n

OR

OR
O

OR

OR

OR

CH

n

n

OR
O

OR

O
O

PE

O

OR

n

CH2

n

PET

n

R = H or

O
OR

O

CH2

O

PLLA

MU, MUA, MUTA

CH3

PP

O
OR

CH3

O

n

PBAT
OR
O

PR, PRA, PRTA

CH2

O

O

OR
O

O

Non-biodegradable common plastics
CH2

n

H

O

OR
O

O

O

PBSA

m

O
O

O

O

O

CH

n

n

PS

Supplementary Fig. 1 | Chemical structure of PHA, biodegradable polyesters, polysaccharide ester
derivatives and non-biodegradable common plastics.

5

Supplementary Fig. 2 | Deployment and recovery set-up at PJM, BHT, BMS, BMJ, and AKRa, sample specimen used for the on-site degradation tests at BHT, BMS, BMJ, and AKR, which were stored
in the sample holder, b, sample chambers where the sample holder (inset) were stored and c, sample
chambers covered with protective nets and tagged with buoy.

6Supplementary Fig. 3 | Deployment and recovery set-up at AMNa, sample specimen used for the on-site degradation tests at AMN, which were stored in the centrifuge tubes
with holes used as a sample holder and b, sample holders covered with protective nets.

7

Supplementary Fig. 4 | Research vehicles employed in the deployment and recovery of samples
a, human occupied vehicle (HOV) Shinkai 6500, b, remotely operated vehicles (Hyper-Dolphin), c,
remotely operated vehicles (Kaimei-ROV) and d, the free-fall-type deep-sea observatory lander system
Edokko Mark 1 employed at AMN. The photos were taken by the authors of this work and are used inaccordance with the data use policy of the Japan Agency for Marine Earth Science and Technology(https://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/database/data_policy.html).

8Supplementary Fig. 5 | Photographs of film samples, graphs of weight loss and film thickness loss,
and surface SEM images before and after decomposition for a, poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (PHB)
and b, poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-12 mol%-(R)-3-hydroxyvalerate] (PHBV).
After 250 days of deployment at 855 m (the deep-sea floor) off Hatsushima Island (BHT08), the recovered
films were ultrasonically washed to remove biofilm, vacuum dried, and then evaluated for weight loss
(black line) and film thickness decrease (red line). Values are given as average of n = 4 independent
samples with its standard deviation (Supplementary Data 1). The scanning electron microscope (SEM)
images show a magnified view of the surface of each film. While the surface of the original sample wassmooth, microorganisms accumulated on the surface of the BHT08 sample, and the surface of the film after
the microorganisms were removed by ultrasonic washing (BHT08 After washing) showed roughness
typically observed following microbial degradation. The micrographs are representative images from n = 3
independent samples with similar results. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

9Supplementary Fig. 6 | Photographs of film samples, graphs of weight loss and film thickness loss,
and surface SEM images before and after decomposition for a, poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-16mol%-4-hydroxybutyrate] (P3HB4HB) and b, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL).
After 250 days of deployment at 855 m (the deep-sea floor) off Hatsushima Island (BHT08), the recovered
films were ultrasonically washed to remove biofilm, vacuum dried, and then evaluated for weight loss
(black line) and film thickness decrease (red line). Values are given as average of n = 4 independent
samples with its standard deviation (Supplementary Data 1). The scanning electron microscope (SEM)
images show a magnified view of the surface of each film. While the surface of the original sample wassmooth, microorganisms accumulated on the surface of the BHT08 sample, and the surface of the film after
the microorganisms were removed by ultrasonic washing (BHT08 After washing) showed roughness
typically observed following microbial degradation. The micrographs are representative images from n = 3
independent samples with similar results. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

10Supplementary Fig. 7 | Photographs of film samples, graphs of weight loss and film thickness loss,
and surface SEM images before and after decomposition for a, poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and b,poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT).
After 250 days of deployment at 855 m (the deep-sea floor) off Hatsushima Island (BHT08), the recovered
films were ultrasonically washed to remove biofilm, vacuum dried, and then evaluated for weight loss
(black line) and film thickness decrease (red line). Values are given as average of n = 4 independent
samples with its standard deviation (Supplementary Data 1). The scanning electron microscope (SEM)
images show a magnified view of the surface of each film. While the surface of the original sample wassmooth, microorganisms accumulated on the surface of the BHT08 sample, and the surface of the film after
the microorganisms were removed by ultrasonic washing (BHT08 After washing) showed roughness
typically observed following microbial degradation. The micrographs are representative images from n = 3
independent samples with similar results. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

11

Supplementary Fig. 8 | Photographs of film samples, graphs of weight loss and film thickness loss,
and surface SEM images before and after decomposition for a, low-density Polyethylene (PE) and b,
polystyrene (PS).
After 250 days of deployment at 855 m (the deep-sea floor) off Hatsushima Island (BHT08), the recovered
films were ultrasonically washed to remove biofilm, vacuum dried, and then evaluated for weight loss
(black line) and film thickness decrease (red line). Values are given as average of n = 2 independent
samples with its standard deviation (Supplementary Data 1). The scanning electron microscope (SEM)
images show a magnified view of the surface of each film. The original surface of the common plastic wassmooth like the biodegradable plastic; little adhesion was observed on BHT08; and even after the surface
adhesion was removed by ultrasonic washing (BHT08 After washing), a smooth surface was observed, as
for the original films. The micrographs are representative images from n = 3 independent samples withsimilar results. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

12

Supplementary Fig. 9 | Photographs of film samples, graphs of weight loss and film thickness loss,
and surface SEM images before and after decomposition for polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
After 250 days of deployment at 855 m (the deep-sea floor) off Hatsushima Island (BHT08), the recovered
films were ultrasonically washed to remove biofilm, vacuum dried, and then evaluated for weight loss
(black line) and film thickness decrease (red line). Values are given as average of n = 2 independent
samples with its standard deviation (Supplementary Data 1). The scanning electron microscope (SEM)
images show a magnified view of the surface of the film. The original surface was smooth like thebiodegradable plastic; little adhesion was observed on BHT08; and even after the surface adhesion wasremoved by ultrasonic washing (BHT08 After washing), a smooth surface was observed, as for the originalfilm. The micrographs are representative images from n = 3 independent samples with similar results.
Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

13

Supplementary Fig. 10 | SEM images of four PHA films placed on the BHT site for three months.
Color 3D maps of surface roughness and attached micro-organism images are shown in pairs.
In the 3D maps of a, PHB, c, PHBV, and e, PHBH, numerous circular erosions with a diameter of 10-100µm, with an average depth of 10 µm were observed. In the higher magnified images, numerous bacterial
growths were observed in the erosion area b, d, f and h. These results strongly suggest that the erosions of
the sample surface were caused by bacterial enzymatic biodegradation. The P3HB4HB was observed thatthe fastest weight loss ratio in deep sea. In the SEM observation, surface erosion of g, P3HB4HB films
were progressed further than other PHA films. Large hole with several hundred µm diameter were observed
where multiple holes were fused together, and the average depth of erosion was 30 µm (Note that the color
scale of g, is shown at 50 µm). The micrographs are representative images from n = 3 independent samples
with similar results. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

14

Supplementary Fig. 11 | SEM images of five types of biodegradable polyesters films placed on the
BHT site for three months. Surface roughness images by color 3D mapping and microstructures ofattached bacteria are shown in pairs (Note that the 3D map magnification was larger than that of the
PHA films because of their slow biodegradation).
In observation of the biodegradable polyesters a, b PBS, c, d PBSA, e, f PCL, g, h PBAT and i, j PLLA,
significant surface erosion was observed in c PBSA and e PCL, with showing circular erosions up to 50 µm
in diameter and an average depth of 5 µm, respectively. Bacterial growth was observed in the magnified
images d, f. In the g PBAT film showed fine erosion, suggesting that early stage of degradation. On theother hand, no surface erosion was observed in a, PBS and i PLLA, however, the amount of attachedbacteria was clearly higher on the surface of PBS film than that of i PLLA. It suggests that the bacterial
growth was still early stage. The micrographs are representative images from n = 3 independent samples
with similar results. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

15

Supplementary Fig. 12 | SEM images of four types of common plastic films placed on the BHT site
for three months. Surface roughness images by color 3D mapping and microstructures of attachedbacteria are shown in pairs (Note that the 3D map magnification was larger than that of the PHA
films because of their slow biodegradation).
No surface erosion was observed in any common plastics, and although bacteria were observed adheringon the surface, no signs of specific bacterial growth were observed a-h. The micrographs are representative
images from n = 3 independent samples with similar results. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

16

Supplementary Fig. 13 | 16S rRNA gene-based prokaryotic community composition of biofilms from
PHA, biodegradable polyesters, and non-biodegradable common plastics, at the family-level.
“Others” are families representing <5% relative abundance.

17

Supplementary Fig. 14 | Metagenome-based microbial community compositions of plastisphereestablished on various plastics at the sea.
Colored bar chart shows comparison of microbial community compositions based on Phylum or Classtaxa of RpsC gene from the metagenomic analysis. As for Gammaproteobacteria, three main lower-leveltaxa are shown in lower bar. Usage of metagenomic raw reads for the de novo assembly was calculated
after mapping them to the scaffolds, while DNA concentration per plastic surface area was determined
after extracting DNA.

18

19

G+C content (x-axis), and mean coverage of scaffold (y-axis). * indicates microbiome near plastic-containing chambers.

Genome clusters from the assembled scaffolds from metagenomic sequences were identified using the estimated taxonomic classification (color of dots), length (size of dots),

Supplementary Fig. 15 | Metagenomic assembly of deep-seawater and sediment microbiome near plastic degradation test at site BHT.

20

temperature of the taxon, and estimated redox state (Zc) are shown as bar charts.

Gammaproteobacteria (blue bar), seven main genera are highlighted by different colors. Use of metagenomic raw reads for the de novo assembly, estimated optimal growth

The bar chart shows comparison of microbial community compositions (phylum or class) based on RpsC gene sequences from the metagenomic analysis. For

plastic chamber at site BHT.

Supplementary Fig. 16 | Metagenome-based microbial community compositions of plastisphere compared with surrounding deep seawater and sediment under theSupplementary Fig. 17 | Comparison of microbial community compositions among plastispheres, thedeep-sea microbiome, and sediments at site BHT.
Principal component analysis was performed based on phylum-level microbial community composition as
described in Supplementary Fig. 16 for the class Gammaproteobacteria.

21Supplementary Fig. 18 | Polysaccharide-associated bacterial communities vary by degree ofacetylation, site, and immersion period.
The data for three native samples at PJM02 could not be obtained because of sample degradation. a, 16SrRNA gene-based community compositions at the class level in biofilms on polysaccharides. “Others” areclasses representing <5% relative abundance. b and c, Correlation between material degradation anddiversity of prokaryotic communities of each material shown in terms of the Shannon index b and Chao1
index c. d, Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination of bacterial community composition
between polysaccharides and common plastics using Bray–Curtis dissimilarity. NMDS stress value:
0.000084 (PJM02), 0.000085 (PJM12), 0.1099 (BHT04), 0.064523 (BHT14), and 0.113100 (AMN13).
These plots show similarity between the communities on acetylated polysaccharides and those on common
plastics.

22

Supplementary Fig. 19 | 16S rRNA gene-based prokaryotic community composition ofpolysaccharides, polysaccharide ester derivatives and common plastics at the family level.
“Others” are families representing <5% relative abundance; the data for three native samples at PJM02
could not be obtained because of sample degradation.

23

Supplementary Fig. 20 | Comparison of microbial community compositions of the plastispheres basedon a multidimensional scale plot.
Multidimensional scale (MDS) plot is analyzed based on microbial community composition described in
Supplementary Fig. 14 with sub-division of Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, andDeltaproteobacteria.

24

T702PET gene 8217
T50P3HB gene 16557
T61PCL gene 37357
T60PBSA gene 43463
C7PHBV gene 132243
A8Ecoflex gene 140856
E6PHBH gene 75815
PHBHJ0 gene 94355
PHBHJ0 gene 117343
A6P3HBT2
A6P3HBT2 gene 88328
G7P4BHT2 gene 95475
G8LDPET2 gene 75454
G9PS gene gene 39021
31303
G8LDPE
A8Ecofle gene 27935
C9PLLA x gene 1214
T702PE gene 8294 75
T68LDP T gene 17339
T60PBS E gene 25119
A geneT58Eco66
T61PC flex gene610
T67PP L gene 33928482
64
gene
T69PS
gene 49230
P4HB
EcofleJ0 gen 14608
P4HB xJ0 ge e 137884
G9PS J0 ge ne 82989
124356
G9PS gene ne
31257
C5PE gene 40
TT2
88
B8PB
SA gene 0
B8PB
SA T2 gene158574
B9PC
L gegene 54 3466
A8Ec
oflex ne 303948
A8Ec
gene 0of
G9P
9122
S glex
C5PE
e T2 ge
7
T gene 1703ne 6736
C7PH
5
G8L BV ne 60 9394
G8L DPETgene 84
F9PPDPE 2 gene
03
T61P
T2 gene71 6
CL gene 1766 500
T60P
T67P
BS gene 1553 5
T58E
P geA gene563250
T6 co ne76
T618LDP flex ge67984214
E
T57 PC
ge ne
A8E P4BL genene 4628042
co H ge 27 62
G8L
T58
D flex ne 40 3
T EcoPET gene 4829
E 60P fle 2 ge 1067
F 6PH BSA x ge ne 10 10G 9PP BH gen ne 22 6177
G 9PS gen gene e 28 37
C57P4BT2 gee 706 7740889 6
n 70 9C PE HA 7PH T g gen e 54
B 6P3 BV ene e 7 842
F 8PB HB ge 22 370
C 9PP SA ge ne 3 410 4
G 5PE T2 ge ne 3 247
G 8LD TT ge ne 2 158 0
A 8L PE 2 g ne 7 63
C 6P DP ge ene 15 42
C75PE3HBE ge ne 6 1203
P P T g ne 1 7
P HB HB ge ene 32 020 5
P BS HJ V g ne 73 39
P CL J0 0 g en 479 27 1
A BS J0 ge en e 8 66
A 6P AJ ge ne e 1 15
E 8E 3H 0 g ne 27 539 51
A 6P co B en 62 48 59
B 8E HB fle ge e 83
PC9PCcofl H gx gene 172556
e e n 1 9
C L
G 7P J0 L g x g ne e 1 424
A 8L H g en en 43 63 3
G 8E D BV en e 1 e 24 519
B 8 c PE g e 1 72 16
G 9P LD ofl g en 26 9 3510
G 7 C PE ex en e 1 43
P 8 P4 L g T2 e 4 5 0
PC4HLDPBH gen ene gen 1428319
BP
g e
F C LJ J0 E g e 1 21 e 5
G 9P LJ 0 g e ne 51 74 53
G 9 P 0 ge en ne 47 58 6
A 9 PS ge gen ne e 9 12 62
3 9
1
T 8 P
n
T 5 E S ge e e 1 50 32 47
G 5 2P co ge ne 4 9 9 05 6
E 9 7P H fle ne 4 52 27 72
A c P 4 B xT 8 6 00 49
B 8 ofl S BH V 2 7 10A8 8P Eco ex gen g gen ge 481 1
G E B fl J0 e en e ne
9P c S ex g 4 e 6 2Ao4
6S fle g T2 en 0 13 35 05
65
ge x en g e 94 40
2
ne ge e en 623
21 ne 513 e 2 73
14 20 45 05
43
6 62
4

G9PST2 gene 90956
G8LDPET2 gene 62161
C5PETT2 gene 33770
F9PP gene 25929
P4HBJ0 gene 93268
EcoflexJ0 gene 74580
P4HBJ0 gene 15751
EcoflexJ0 gene 52458
EcoflexJ0 gene 36366
PBSAJ0 gene 51381
PCLJ0 gene 90592
65449
PBSAJ0 gene0
18689
PCLJ0 gene 129885
PHBHJ0 gene
92623
P4HBJ0 gene
92509
P4HBJ0 gene
18644
7
PBSJ0 gene
gene 300PBSAJ0 gene 4630
EcoflexJ0gene 63247
e 25321
G9PST2gen
33
2
C5PETT 2 gene 503
50286
lexT
A8Ecof lexT2 genee 80209
A8EcofflexT2 gen e 80124
A8Eco SAJ0 genne 424699
PB PCL ge
71
B9 SA gene 30
52961
B8PB ex gene 33673
ofl
9
A8EcBHJ0 gene3892
PH LJ0 genene 43680
PC J0 ge 8288
PHBVJ0 gene 829858
01
PHBH J0 genene 77 83
PHBHLJ0 gene 1314239
PC J0 ge ne 44 95
70
ge
PHBH
PET gene 2556
T702 HBV gene 580
6T52P
3HB gene
1464 0
T50P 4BH
gene 5888 7
T57P
HBHT gene 458042
T54P
PE P genene 15178
T702
1
T67PBSA gene 161113 3
ge
T60PPETx gene 5890 3
63
T702cofle T genene 246632
T58E02PE A gegene 25333
T7 2PLL CL
ne 80
T6 9P x ge 59 9
80
B
ne
57
267
cofle ge
1
A8EPLLAE genene 28
109 0
T62 LDP BH ge
ne 758 8
T68 PH L ge ne 2 237 7
T5461PCJ0 geene 4351074
g ne 552 05
T BV
ge e 1 713 85
PH BHJ0
PH Bx1J0 genene 314487
8
H J0 g e
P3 HBH ST2 genne 45364642
P 9P ET2 ge e 13 3
G P T2 g e n e 3 72 6
n 32 5LD B 2
G86P3HPET 2 gene 1 5739187
A 8LD SAT ge enee 32 87 9
G 8PB AJ0CL ggen ne 7781 3
B PBS 1P J1 ge e 1 815 8
T64BH 9PS genne 8794750
P G E e e 76 5
6
g
P
1
n
G7
LD T2 ge ne 441 54
G8 LLA PE ge ne 7076317
P D 0 e e 2 6
C9 G8L CLJex ggenne 21300843
P ofl J0 ge e 68 6
Ec L E en e 11 22
A8 PCLDP J1 ggen ne 54106848
2 8e
G8 4BHHJ0V ggenee 3349 853 7
P B B
n
7 8
G7 PH7PH3HBT geene e 1 152293 1
C 6P PE ex g gen ne 62 70 4
A C5 ofl H ge ne 66 47 19
5
Ec HB H ge ne 7 11 01
A8E6P P4BBJ0 0 ge enene 4564 032 1
6
G7 4H exJ T2 g geene ne 5 23 992 4
P ofl H V g e 3 8 6 7B
g e 6 6
Ec P4BPH BHET gen ne e 3 984 98 90
7 4n
G7 C 7PC5PHB ge ge ene 83 705 89 7VG
P3 B ET g ne e 1 118 94 3
A6 7PH 5P3HB0 ge en ne 33 881 69 2
C C P J g ge ne 1 15 46 4
0
A64HB xJ S ge ene e 6 80 427
P ofle69P PE g en ne 6e
P g
Ec T8LD 7P J0 ge en
0 g
6
T6 T HBH LJ CL
P PC9P
B

Hyphomonas

Simiduia

Agarilytica

Profundibacter

Alphaproteobacteria

Pseudomonas

Gammaproteobacteria

Colwellia

Roseobacter

0.2

Thaumarchaeota

tes

cu

Te

eria

bact

o
Actin

ri
ne

eria

Bacteroidetes

bact
roteo
lonp
Epsi

ap

Granulosicoccus

De
lt

b

eo

ro
t

ia

er

ac
t

QZLD01061 34 5
83 59 91 4 04
18 ne 26 63 100
ne ge ne e 3 e 4
ge T2 ge n en 9
S LA 2 ge2 g 92677824 5
9P L TT ex T ne 8 7 1
G 9P PE cofl flex ge e 3 e 6 127926 0
C 5 E co A en en e 9 71 9
C 8 E BS g g en 7 67 35 67
A 8 P L V g ne e 4 4
A 8 PC HB H ge en e 6 16 3 82
B 9 P B 2 g n 1 42 99
B 7 PH T V ge ne 5 e
9
C 6 PP B H ge 4 en
E 9 PH B E ne g 3 723
F 7 PH P ge T2 7 3 9 0 0
C 6 LD L ex ne ne 5 1 31
E 8 PC ofl ge ge 44 89 10 8G 9 Ec T 2 e 3 e 2 e 51
B 8 PE LT n n en 07 89 39
A 5 C ge ge g 1 98 02
C 9P P T2 ex ne e 2 6 71 4
B 9P P ofl ge en ne 42 23
F 9P Ec B g ge 4 40 1 8
F 58 3H BH T2 ne e 16 77
T 6P H A ge gen 81 70 53
A 6P BS H 2 ne ne 846 9
E 8P 4B AT ge ge e 35 0
B 7P LL 2 2 gen e 8 52
G 9P ST ET 2 en e 3 05 8
C 9P DP ET 2 g en 269 009
G 8L DP HT 2 g ne e 2 98
G 8L 4B VT ge en 94
G 7P HB T2 2 g ne 685
G 7P ET HT ge 27 3
C 5P HB T2 ne 077 0
C 6P LLA ge e 3 354 0
E 9P PT2 en e 2 89 27
C 9P J0 g en e 38 69 04
F CL J0 g en ene 517 2
P BS J0 g x g ne 626 3
P CL ofle ge e 15 365 374
P 8Ec PE en e 3 24
A 8LD T g gen ene 561
G 5PE CL x g e 23 77
C 61P coflegen 399 8
T 58E CL ne 131 1
T 61P P ge e 3 3339 54
T 67P gen ne 828 4
T 9PS L ge ene 20 182
G 9PC SA g ne 37 92
B 8PB L ge gene 538 0
B 9PC flex ne 44 2664
B 8EcoT ge gene 19300
A 5PE J0 ne 114581
C Bx1 ge ne 3
P3H
BJ0 0 ge 01 0
P4H flexJgene 399876
3
EcoLJ0 gene 46700
PC BJ0 gene3898 001
P4HBVJ0gene ne 52
PH LJ0 0 ge 2459 449
PC oflexJ gene ne 30 6
Ec HBJ0 J0 ge 1329
P4 HBx1 0 gene6690
P3 oflexJ gene 6665
Ec SAJ0 gene 7
PB SAJ0 ne 34 13292
PB LJ0 ge gene 4668
PCoflexJ0 gene 21274
Ec HBx1J0 gene 772
P3
x1J0gene 17 7403
P3HB
12
J0
PBSA J0 gene1720210
ne 9844
P4HB
0 gege
ne
PCLJ
37287
J0
P4HB J0 genene 118467
P4HB xJ0 ge 91970
Ecofle gene e 60083
PCLJ0x1J0 gen93288
P3HB J0 gene 112117
e
P4HB
gen
25117
P4HBJ0J0 genee 74993
PHBH
gen
PHBHJ0 gene 19012
A6P3HBe 556059
B9PCL gengene 123
C7PHBV gene 52848
8
F9PPT2
gene 30852
F9PPT2gene
4457
C5PET
gene 19721
C7PHBV gene
19092
F9PPT2020

B B
A6 8P 9P
A8
B C
Ec B8G7 P3H SA L gPeo
B8 fle PBS4B B g gen nex
H e
E B PB T2 A g g ne e 6 32
C9 F96PH9PCSA ge en ene 34 18 612
PL PP B L ge ne e 4 5 42 48
g
Hn
Ec P LA T2 g e e 11 22 66 6
o C T
e ne 2 18 5 8A8C9flex LJ0 2 g gen ne 27 687 87 9
Ec G P T2 g en e 11 12 8
ofl 9 LL g en e 33 59 5
G8 F exTPS A g ene e 36239 347 5
9g e
0G9LDP PP 2 ge ene ne 923 144 3
G PS E ge ne 60 82 85
F 9P g ge ne 5 2 73
G 9P S enene 24 979 22
F99PSP g gene 16488 087 8
F9 PP ge ene 6 68 93
Ec0
ofl PPPP ggenne 8 18470580
ee
F F9P xJ0 J0 gene 18090 05
F99PP PJ ge en 26 40 1
G9PP J1 g1 gene 3e 243883
EcP4H PSJ1 g enene 7359 11
ofl BJ ge en 5 2 9
C5 PB exJ 0 g ne e 2367232
T7 PETSJ00 geene 17625546
02 T2 ge ne 24 35
P
4
4
n
T
T6 69 ET ge e 30 38
8L PS ge ne 10 30
2D
T6 T67 PE genne 3184254
T62PLLPP ggenee 1337020
T T60 1PCLA geene 1222515
PB g ne 49 70
G758EcoS e
A8 P4B flex A gene 3147971
Eco HT ge ne 93 5
G7 G7P4flex g2 genne 17948604
P4 BH en e 9 93
B
G7PE6PHHT2 genee 11550159
4B BH gene 10 587
gen 70 313
E6PG8L HT2 gee
3
G7P HBHDPE ge
ne 294 67
4B T2
C7P
ne 703656
HB HT2 gene 6704
VT2 gene 33 61
G7PA6P3H
325
ge
7035
E6P 4BH B ge ne 30
C7P HBH T2 ge ne 95
29 2
T2
ne
H
8152
G7P BVT2 ge
5277
ne 32
3
G7P4BHT2 gene80
C7P 4BHT2gene 3449 9Hgene5658 0
C5PBV gene
A8Ec
29256
ET
C7PH
oflex gene143164
BVT2
gene 9403
E6PH
G8LD BHT2 gene 527912
PET2 gene 60912
G7P4
4785
E6PH BHT2 gene 94
7
BHT2 gene
13
C5PE
gene 598148
C5PE TT2 ge
2245
ne 87
G9 TT2 gene
0697
G8LD PST2 ge
ne 72572
C7PH PET2 ge
BVT2
ne 31362
C5PE
gene 28981
21006
C5PE TT2 gene2 gene 11333
A6P3TT
25161
C5 HB gene 16
T gen
82
C7PHPE
BV gen e 898413
C7PHBVgen e 71914
A8EcoflC5PET genee110658
exT gen46926
e 158214
PCLJ02 gene 132819
PCLJ0 gen
G8LDPE e 124
C9PLLAT gene 834484
69
A8Ecofle 2 gene 16017
P3HBx1J0x gene 74818
gene 4656
T69P gene
4
40934
T702PETSgene
T69PS gene104242
23059
T68LDPE gene
53040
T67PP gene 36714
E6PHBH gene 57598
G9PS gene 21754
A6P3HB gene 80069
C5PETT2 gene 168770
G7P4BH gene 60207
G9PS gene 41382
G7P4BHJ1 gene 59217
A8EcoflexJ1 gene 91900
B9PCLJ1 gene 56518

A8

Relative frequency (%)
PHAsbiodegradable polyesters
common plastics

Desulfotalea

Desulfobacula

Site
Anoxic
Oxic
PJM02
PJM12
BHT04
BHT14
AMN13

Supplementary Fig. 21 | Phylogenetic tree of single-copy housekeeping gene, ribosomal protein S3,
RpsC, identified in plastisphere metagenomes at the sea.
Phylogenetic tree of ribosomal protein S3 (RpsC) identified in all metagenomic assemblies is shown.
Taxonomy of the proteins is shown by different color of nodes. Relative frequency within thecommunities is shown by bar chart outside the tree with different colors (red, PHAs; green, biodegradable
polyesters; black, common plastics). The site and immersion time are shown as color strip outside of thebar chart. Dominant MAGs used for subsequent analysis are marked by a red dot, while their taxonomies
are also described. Another six MAGs show in biodegradable polyesters are marked by a blue dot. Gene
ID coding the RpsC protein is described outside of the color strip.

25

40 (%)G9PSJ1 gene 11687
PETJ0 gene 14090
PLLAJ0 gene 3342
LDPEJ0 gene 21434
B9PCLJ1 gene 38146
G9PST2 gene 38045
A6P3HBT2 gene
E6PHBHT2 gene 40373
32616
G7P4BHJ1 gene 74040
G7P4BHJ1 gene
75874
B9PCLT2 gene
42359
G9PS gene
G9PS gene 13797
84881
A8EcoflexJ
B9PCLJ1 1 gene 61435
B8PBSAT2gene 52215
gene 2833
B9PCLT
A6P3HB2 gene 7819 6
C5PETT T2 gene 38854
2 gene 869
C7PHBV
3
C9PLLA T2 gene 891
T2 gene
8
A6P3HBJ1 gen 4286
G7P4B
HJ1 gen e 3316
G7P4BH
E6PH J1 gen e 44734
e 59489
G8LD BH gene 905
1
E6PH PET2 gen
BHJ1
e
G7P4
gene 22028
G7P4 BHJ1 ge
19665
C7PH BHJ1 ge ne 3170
BVJ1
ne 68 2A6
E6 P3HBJ1 gene 43 58
G7 PHBHJ1 gene 14 102
711
A6 P4BHT2 gene 94
82
C7 P3HBT2 gene 1199
E6 PHBVT2 gene 14
gene 12371
G7 PHBHT2
4055
gene
G8LP4BHT2
G9P DPET gene 8554 2
467
PBSJST2 ge2 gene
P3
0 ge ne23
PC HBx1J ne 311090 840
A8 LJ0 0 ge 337 7
B8PEcof gene ne 22
PH BS lex ge 1340 763
PB BVJ0A ge ne 7408
PC SJ0 ge ne 67 900
A8ELJ0 genene 32 822
G8L coflegene 5235677
DP xT2 5111 7
G9P
G S ET2 ge 9A 7P4BT2 ge genene 2404
58
G 6P3H HJ1 ne
4
A 8LD BT ge 5183 48
B 8Eco PET 2 ge ne 67 9
B 8PB flexJ2 g ne 82 847
42
B 8PB SAJ1 1 gene
G 8PB SAJ1 ge ene 2817 8
A67P4BSAJ1 ge ne 1 45449
P
A 3 H g ne 95
C 6P3 HB J1 g ene 400 4
C77PH HBJJ1 geene 401534
n 18 7
E PH BV 1
E 6PH BV J1 gen e 60 399
A 6PH BH T2 gen e 32 9
G 6P BH T2 ge e 1 95
G 9P 3HB g ge ne 4 875 2
G 8L ST T2 ene ne 82
B 9P DP 2 g ge 91 127 1
A 8P ST ET ene ne 958 55
A 8E BS 2 g 2 g 67 77
B88EccofleAJ1 ene ene 15978
B P o x g 3 34
A 9P BS flex J1 ene 169 64
G 8E CL AT T2 ge 6 8
A 8L co T2 2 g ge ne 175
B 8E DP fle ge en ne 29 7
G 8P co E xJ1 ne e 15 23
A 9P B fle T2 g 3 804 7856
B 8E S SA xJ ge en 990
B 8P co T2 J1 1 g ne e 6
A 9P B fle ge ge en 38 11
B8 8E CLSAT xT2 ne ne e 16 56745
6 2 9
A P c T 2
B 8E B ofl 2 g ge 34 00 76
B 9 c SA ex ge en ne 43 49
B 9 PC ofl J J1 ne e 1
A 9 PC LJ ex 1 g ge 46 20 28
A 8 PC L 1 J1 en n 0 83 49
B 6 Ec L J1 ge g e e 1 84 5 8
A 9 P3 ofl J1 ge n en 39 34
B 6 PC H ex g n e 8 e 90 9
A 9 P3 L BT J en e 1 12 3
B8 6P PC HBJ1 2 g1 gee 5 812 280 521
g
1
L
9
A
0
B 8 PB 3H T2 T2 en en ne 65 0
B 8 E S B g g e e 4 5
B 8 P co A T e e 3 82 77
B9 9P PB BS flex J1 2 gene ne 4657 32 23
PC CL SA AJ1 J1 ge ne 437 88 2 8
LJ J1 J1 ge ge ne 1 55 56 83
1 ge ge ne ne 63 14
ge n n 8 4 3 0
ne e 1 e 8 13 01 1
6
3
27 78 93 77 9
84 70 1921 2 96 0
16 21 62 83 9 8
ne e 7 e 3 37 32 61
ge n n 1 2 33 8
2 ge ge ne e 4 1 27
LT J1 T2 1 ge en ene 36 942
PC CL BHHJ 2 g 2 g ene e 9 51 0 0
B9 9P PH 4B BT xT 2 g gen 176 57 500 98
B 6 P 3H fle T 2 e 62 7 1
E 7 P co H T en e e 75 2 3
n
G
B
5 2
A6 8E PHDPE 2 g gen geene 771 83 26
A 6 L ST 2 T2 g 1 e 8 03
e
E 8
1 8
T
G 9P PS PEBT2gen gen ne 637 5
G 9 LD H 2 1 ge 5 52 4
G 8 P3 T HJ 1 ne 81 93 3
G 6 PS B HJ ge e 77 69
A 9 P4 B H en e 35 6
G 7 P4 B g en e 57 76
G 7 PH HB g en 60 312
G 6 3 BV g e 5 73 447 61
E 6P H BV en ne 11 6 91 2
A 7P H 0 g ge e 2 ne 4 12 2
C P J 0 n e e 3 6
C7CLSAJ ge J1 ggenne 9 251565
P B J0 BH J1 ge ne 94 67
P CL 4 H J1 ge e 629 52
P 7P 4B H J1 gen e 621 85
G 7P 4B V 1 en e 24 8
G 7P HB HJ 1 g gen e 4 42 8
G 7P 4B HJ 2 en e 1 394 1
C 7P 4B HT 2 g en 1 05
G 7P 4B BT 2 g ene 55 3
G 7P 3H VT 1 g ene 52 910
G P B J g e 4
A67PH4BHBT2 2 genne 6429 58
C 7P 3H ET ge 40 41 00
G 6P DP BT2 ene ne 2 22 65
A 8L 3H g ge e 2 24 4
G 6P ST2 J1 gen ne 3 955 26
A 9P HB J1 ge e 6 277
G 6P34BH T2 gen ne 511
A 7P BH T2 ge e 34 785
G 6PH HB xT2 en 56 117
E P3 fle 1 g ne 7
A68Eco BHJ 2 geene 56247
A 7P4 HBTJ1 g ne 6 894 8
G 6P3 BH ge 84 4388
A 7P4 xJ0 gene ne 86 9
G cofle J0
ge 86 26
E HBH SAJ1gene ne 60
P 8PB LJ1 ge 9029 8
B 9PC HJ1 ne
29
B 7P4BJ1 ge ne 38 0098
16
G S
ge
32154
gene
G9P BJ0
ne
P4H
BVJ0 ge 5913 935
PHHBVJ0gene ne 35893
P SJ0 0 ge 55 5
PB flexJ gene 55740
Eco BJ0 gene6253 8
P4HSAJ0gene 8069 8
PB SJ0 gene 7563
ne 3935 0
PB 0
J0 ge
08
PCLJ
gene
ne 62
PHBH
905
DPE
ne 49 637
G8LPHBV ge
C7 PHBV gegene 472503 23
C7 Ecoflexgene 12ne 1051
A8 P3HB T2 ge 554
A6 Ecoflexgene 81 7
A8 PHBV ne 8230 79200
ne 84193
C7 T ge
T2 ge
C5PE
oflex T2 gene466
A8Ec
18 186
oflex
A8Ec T2 gene
ne 18
32838
F9PP LAT2 ge
gene 2028
C9PL
LAT2
ne 8
C9PL BHJ1 gee
988
G7P4 LT2 gen e 22444
B9PC TT2 gen e 122067
C5PE lexT2 gene 71026
A8Ecof
AT2 gen 05
B8PBS gene 941 867
102
G9PST2
2 geneC5PETT gene 49747
F9PPT2 gene 14793 16
F9PPJ1 J0 gene 647
P3HBx1 gene 8747
PHBHJ0gene 111722
86
PCLJ0
gene 1310
G7P4BHJ1 gene 64838
G8LDPET2 gene 57885
A6P3HBT2 gene 6319
A6P3HBT2 gene 69169
G8LDPET2
105045G9PST2 gene
G7P4BHT2 gene 111608
G7P4BHT2 gene 13514
E6PHBHT2 gene 35926
C7PHBVT2 gene 20163
E6PHBHT2 gene 16646
E6PHBHJ1 gene 16168
A6P3HBT2 gene 31455
C5PETT2 gene 47915

Ec P P
B C
PCofle SA LJ
x J 0E
Ec coflPBSLJ0 J0 0 g ge
o e
g g e nT PB fle xJ J0 en ene ne e 3
P 702 SA xJ0 0 g gen e 1 3 52 02
T6HB PE J0 ge ene e 1 73 181 89 9
T5 T57 1P HJ0 T g ge ne 4 05 01 5
T5 4PHP4 CL ge enene 3 35 626 78 9
B g n
T 2
7 2 7
G 50 P BH H en e 26 1 42
C7 7P P3HBV gegen e 3 435 73 80
PH4B HB g ne e 8 16 94 4eH1
T5 A6C5P BV ge gen ne 110 490 2
PH2PHP3HET gen ne e 1 358 71
P3 P4 BV BV B g gen e 7 608 442 8
HB HB J0 ge en e 19 59
6
8
J
e
n
g
x
P
3 2
0
P3 P HB 1J0 ge ene e 2263931
H H VJ ge ne 4 6 7
P3 P4 Bx1 BHJ0 g ne 55 992 12
E HB HBJ J0 g 0 gene 1206276
A8 B coflex1J00 g eneene 95656
Ec 8P xJ g ene 3 83 3
1B
B ofle SA0 geene 83 00 6
C98PBSxT2 genne 53404188
g
C PL A e e 0 73
PH9PL LA genne 4587412
PHBVJLA ggenee 3465234
4
EcP4HBBHJ0 geene 2234807
ofl J 0 ne 1 3
B ex 0 ge 3 97 3
B8 9PCJ0 ggenene 420257
P
L e
2 8
T6 T6BSA genne 8820528
8LD 9P ge e 2 22 0
g ne 80 2
T60T67 PE S
P g en 311 72
PB PBS P geene 4e 83 65
G S J0A ge ne 81 66
2 5
A8E8LDAP ge ne 04 3
PB cofle E genne 5471718
x
9 9S
G7PG8LDAJ0 genee 310596
g
A8E4BHTPE geene 2701108
ne 901 8co 2
G8L flex gene 6702
9
T70
DP gene 3331 3
2PEE
B9P T gene 4289 2
PC CL gene 3972569
G9PLJ0 gene 62
63
G9P S gegene 39
8849
ne
S
G8LF9PP gene 1192430
10 71
ge
D
F9PPPE ge ne 10 4239
P4HB T2 ne 12 1070
B8PBJ0 gegene 329265
ne
PB SA gene1818484
G8LDSJ0 ge
834383
ne 38
G8LD PE ge
48 8
PE ge ne 74
LDPE
40 5
63 8
C9PL J0 genene 63787
LA
F9
T68L PP gegene 48 04
97
ne
DP
T67P E gene 59232
T62P P gene 1900
T61PLLA gene 194970
CL ge
24191
ne 60
9P
T6 T6
BS S gene 220
T58E0P0
cof A gene 14117
631
T702P lex gene 360
ET gen55
C7PHBVe 14149
C5PET gene 80965
gene 326
A6P3HB
G7P4BH gene 190 94
52
gen
G8LDPEe 43748
G7P4BH gene 87257
A8Ecofle gene 28378
G7P4BHT2 x gene 6098
gene 1035 4
C5PET
21
A8Ecoflex gene 32678
C9PLLAT2 gene 65577
gene 49166
A8Ecoflex gene
80237
G7P4BHT2 gene
7
F9PPT2 gene12659
56475
F9PP gene 58449
T69PS gene 14961
T68LDPE gene 27491
T67PP gene 20372
T62PLLA gene 9208
T702PET gene 12631
T60PBSA gene 33770
T57P4BH gene 20461
T68LDPE gene 27453
T60PBSA gene 59633
T69PS gene 40352
T68LDPE gene 4669
T67PP gene 62181
T57P4BH gene 21828
T61PCL gene 59068
T702PET gene 12011
T60PBSA gene 28262
T61PCL gene 34780
47030
T702PET gene 42004
T68LDPE gene
50205
T67PP gene 10977
T62PLLA gene
43313
T61PCL gene
gene 9128
T60PBSAgene 16828
2
T54PHBH
gene 1546
T52PHBV gene 44602
141952e
T58Ecoflex
H gen
T57P4B T gene 75870
T702PEE gene 493 16
T68LDP
gene 485 4
T67PP A gene 26172
T62PLLL gene 219
71
T61PC A gene 263
141370
T60PBS
T gene2934 0gene
29
T702PE
T69PSE gene 24289131
T68LDPP gene 3199
T67P A gene 23303
2
BS
ne
T60Pcoflex ge ne 6100
527
9
T58ET69PS ge
ne 48
2637
P ge
T67P A gene 108672
ne 2101
BS
8
T60PLAJ0 ge
ne
PL J0 ge ne 7678
2
ge ne 18 9LDPE
PPJ0TJ0 ge 617224
PE genene 92 5
LAJ1J0 gene 583039
PL
C9 LDPEJ1 ge ne 46 53
H J1 ge ne 22 94B
8G7PPHBHVJ1 gegene 152
E6 HB BJ1 ne 3854
7P
1084693H
C 6P
ge
A HT2 gene 1303232
4B T2
6
G7P 3HBT2 genene 16
3294
661
A6P4BH BH ge
gene 24 97
G7PE6PHST2 gene 3596
37
e 158102
G9PPET22 gene
n
e
1 4
D
g
T
G8L BSABHT2 genee 395139
B8P6PH VT2 gen ne 4 1500
E HB HJ1 ge e 11 35P
C7 7P4B BHJ1 gengene 645478
G 6PH BVJ1 J1 ne 7172 9
E PH 3HB ge e 729 4
C7 A6P x1J00 genne 2 14612
HB 1J ge ne 48 2
P33HBxx1J0J1 geene 276070
P HB BH J1 g ne e 86220
P3 6PH BV 1 gegen 38 3601
E 7PH HJ J1 ene e 4 56
C P4B LA 1 g gen 57 5547
L
G7C9P PPJ xJ0 genee 2471789
F9 ofle T2 gene 12589 57
Ec 9PPTT2 gen ne 2438985
F PE S ge e 1 80 95 7P
C5 G9PPJ1 gengenee 2938888
2 2
F9 9PSPS genne 160 41154
G G9 PS ge e 7 49 7
n 1 1 4
G9PT2 ge ene e 1 74 9344
P 2 g n e
F9 ETT T2 0 gegen ene725907 3
P T J 0 g
04 2
C5 5PEHBVHBJ 1J0 ene 10 797733 5
C P P4 Bx 0 g ne e 30 92 1
H xJ ge en e 5 8 4P3ofle J0 0 g gen ne 6 483205 72
1 J
Ec Bx Bx1 T2 0 ge ene e 5 147 989 6
H
P J g n
1 5 7
P3P3HF9P BH T2 ge ene e 4 677 06 38
1x 2 g n5
PHofleETT J0 ge ene ne 352 68 13
Ec 5P CL J0 E g ge ne 114 99 76 8
A8 C PBSADP PP ge ne e 6 327 62 72
P 8L F9 BH ge en ne 94 43 16 7G
H BV T g ge ne 15 518 68 67Pe
5E
E67PH 5P SA S g ene ne e 7 269
C C 8PB 9P x g ge en ne
B G fle BH V g ge
o 4
Ec 7P HB ET
A8 G 7P 5P
C C

26

species identified by BLAST search and the identity (%) are also shown.

with the plastisphere in each sampling. On the vertical axis, a phylogenetic tree shows the top 50 ASVs. Classification at the class level is indicated by color. The closest taxonomic

marked as green include PLLA, PBSA, PCL, and PBAT; common plastics marked as blue include PE, PP, PS, and PET. The horizontal axis shows the type of plastic associatedare colored to indicate the classification of plastics: polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) plastics marked as red include PHB, PHBV, PHBH, and P3HB4HB; biodegradable polyesters

indicated. Relative abundances of ASVs among different plastics, sites, and periods of immersion are displayed by shading of cells—darker represents higher abundance. Blocks

The top 50 most abundant ASVs (assigned by specific numbers) across the gross relative abundance in all plastispheres on 12 plastics in five samples at three marine sites are

immersion.

Supplementary Fig. 22 | Shade plot illustrating the relative abundances (%) of plastic-specific amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) at different sites and periods of27class affiliation, the name of its closest species, and 16S rRNA gene percentage identity with this closest homolog are indicated on the right.

The heatmap shows the distribution of dominant ASVs (>10% total reads) in anaerobic enrichment cultures from Atlantis Massif subseafloor rocks. The ASV name, its

A phylogenetic tree of ASVs was constructed using the neighbor-joining method. Color bars on the right-side of ASV numbers show the class to which the ASV belongs.

Supplementary Fig. 23 | Shade plot of the 50 most abundant ASVs in biofilms obtained from all polysaccharides and non-biodegradable common plastics.

28

depolymerase, exPhaZ, and polyesterase) coded in the MAGs.

sampling. The vertical axis showed a phylogenomic tree of the 17 MAGs along with GTDB taxonomy, genome size, and number of degrading enzymes (secreted PHB

PLLA, PBSA, PBS, PCL, and PBAT; common plastics marked as blue including PE, PP, PS, and PET. The horizontal axis showed types of plastics to obtain plastispheres in eachclassification of plastics. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) plastics marked as red including PHB, PHBV, PHBH, and P3HB4HB; biopolyester plastics marked as green includingof MAGs among different plastics, sites, and periods of immersion were displayed by shading of cells, darker represented higher abundance. Cells were colored to indicate theThe 17 highly abundant MAGs across the gross relative abundance of all plastispheres on twelve plastics in five sampling at three marine sites were indicated. Relative abundances

immersion.

Supplementary Fig. 24 | Shade plot illustrating the relative abundances of plastic specific metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) at different sites and periods ofSupplementary Fig. 25 | Additional information for MAGs of dominant microbes within plastisphereestablished on biodegradable polyesters at the sea.
a, Stats of metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) abundantly observed within the plastispheres ofbiodegradable polyesters under oxic/anoxic conditions. Number of key genes related to biodegradation of
the plastics are described for each MAG. b, The global distribution of the six potential degraders of
biodegradable polyesters (PCL, PBAT, or PBSA) in the marine sediment. Full length 16S rRNA sequencesfrom each MAG were used for the analysis with the reference of publicly available 16S rRNA surveys.

29

30

plastisphere PHBs.

(panel a) indicate clusters of individual metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), while numbers shown near the circles correspond to the MAG IDs established fromestimated taxonomic classification (color of dots), length (size of dots), GC content (X-axis) and mean coverage of scaffold (Y-axis). Colored circles on PHB plastispheres

Genome clusters from the assembled scaffolds from metagenomic sequences of plastisphere under different oceanic location, water depth, and time were identified using the

Supplementary Fig. 26 | Genome clustering from metagenome sequences of plastisphere for a, PHB and b, PHBV established under oceanic condition.

31

estimated taxonomic classification (color of dots), length (size of dots), GC content (X-axis) and mean coverage of scaffold (Y-axis).

Genome clusters from the assembled scaffolds from metagenomic sequences of plastisphere under different oceanic location, water depth, and time were identified using the

Supplementary Fig. 27 | Genome clustering from metagenome sequences of plastisphere for a, PHBH and b, P3HB4HB established under oceanic condition.

32

estimated taxonomic classification (color of dots), length (size of dots), GC content (X-axis) and mean coverage of scaffold (Y-axis).

Genome clusters from the assembled scaffolds from metagenomic sequences of plastisphere under different oceanic location, water depth, and time were identified using the

Supplementary Fig. 28 | Genome clustering from metagenome sequences of plastisphere for a, PBAT and b, PBSA established under oceanic condition.

33

estimated taxonomic classification (color of dots), length (size of dots), GC content (X-axis) and mean coverage of scaffold (Y-axis).

Genome clusters from the assembled scaffolds from metagenomic sequences of plastisphere under different oceanic location, water depth, and time were identified using the

Supplementary Fig. 29 | Genome clustering from metagenome sequences of plastisphere for a, PCL and b, PLLA established under oceanic condition.

34

estimated taxonomic classification (color of dots), length (size of dots), GC content (X-axis) and mean coverage of scaffold (Y-axis).

Genome clusters from the assembled scaffolds from metagenomic sequences of plastisphere under different oceanic location, water depth, and time were identified using the

Supplementary Fig. 30 | Genome clustering from metagenome sequences of plastisphere for a, PET and b, PE established under oceanic condition.

35

estimated taxonomic classification (color of dots), length (size of dots), GC content (X-axis) and mean coverage of scaffold (Y-axis).

Genome clusters from the assembled scaffolds from metagenomic sequences of plastisphere under different oceanic location, water depth, and time were identified using the

Supplementary Fig. 31 | Genome clustering from metagenome sequences of plastisphere for a, PS and b, PP established under oceanic condition.

Supplementary Table 1 | Detail of samples placed for 3 months at BHT (BHT03).
Weight decrease

Weight loss

Thickness (before)

Thickness (after)

Biodegradation rate

/ mg

/ wt%

/ μm

/ μm

/ µg·cm−2·day−1

PHB

60.9±6.8

10.9±1.6

308.2±17.7

275.7±7.3

19.8±2.3

PHBV

65.4±19.8

16.8±5.5

216.4±13.5

200.6±5.0

22.0±6.6

PHBH

86.9±19.8

21.6±6.5

221.6±20.7

189.9±24.6

28.6±6.7

P3HB4HB

140.0±35.3

26.3±6.6

290.1±14.8258.5±2.7

45.8±11.5PCL

8.9±1.0

1.9±0.1

262.7±39.9

266.3±38.0

2.9±0.3

PBS

0.0±5.0

0.0±0.9

266.4±22.9

278.9±18.8

0.0±0.1

PBSA

10.3±1.4

1.8±0.0

291.4±0.0

291.1±0.0

3.4±0.0

PBAT

6.8±0.3

1.5±0.0240.4±21.6

243.4±11.2

2.2±0.1

PLLA-0.3±0.7

0.0±0.1

273.9±23.8

280.8±18.5-0.1±0.2PP

0.1±0.2

0.0±0.1

219.9±21.7

220.7±17.7

0.0±0.1PE

0.2±0.1

0.1±0.0

268.5±4.7260.6±-1.4

0.1±0.0PS-0.4±0.4-0.1±0.1

110.5±0.1

102.7±-0.3-0.1±0.1

PET

0.2±0.1

0.1±0.0240.9±16.5232.9±15.7

0.1±0.0

Sample36

Supplementary Table 2 | Detail of samples placed for 8 months at BHT (BHT08).
Weight decrease

Weight loss

Thickness (before)

Thickness (after)

Biodegradation rate

/ mg

/ wt%

/ μm

/ μm

/ µg·cm−2·day−1

PHB

195.5±19.3

35.5±3.6

287.3±11.8226.6±14.4

24.4±2.4

PHBV

213.2±25.4

46.3±9.3

253.1±22.8

170.8±34.6

27.1±3.2

PHBH

219.8±44.8

51.8±11.1

229.0±21.9154.6±29.6

27.5±5.6

P3HB4HB

529.1±60.1

90.8±11.1

313.6±29.1

102.8±84.4

65.1±7.8PCL

10.8±1.5

2.3±0.2

289.8±25.9266.8±19.5

1.3±0.2PBS

3.4±0.4

0.7±0.1

267.1±18.4

260.6±20.2

0.4±0.0

PBSA

12.0±0.9

2.2±0.0

307.4±0.0281.8±0.0

1.5±0.0

PBAT

8.0±0.5

1.7±0.1

252.0±24.1

241.6±26.3

1.0±0.1

PLLA

0.3±0.2

0.1±0.0285.3±13.5

281.1±16.2

0.0±0.0PP

0.2±0.0

0.1±0.0

214.7±20.5

211.3±28.5

0.0±0.0PE

0.3±0.3

0.1±0.1

258.8±40.0

241.6±29.4

0.0±0.0PS

0.2±0.1

0.0±0.0

277.0±32.6

246.1±36.9

0.0±0.0PET

0.4±0.3

0.2±0.1

104.4±0.0

95.8±0.4

0.0±0.0

Sample37

Supplementary Table 3 | Biodegradation rate of injection-molded plastic samples.
Place

Biodegradation rate / µg·cm−2·day−1
PHB

PHBV

PHBH

P3HB4HB

PBS

PBSA

PCL

PBAT

PLLA

PP

LDPE

PET

PS

PJM12

191.0

145.1

188.2

173.0

7.4

41.2

51.6

22.3

-0.7

0.0

0.4

0.2

-0.1

BHT04

3.2

6.4

5.3

28.1

-2.1

7.3

7.0

16.1

-1.5

0.2

0.9

-58.2

1.2

BHT14

19.2

20.3

23.6

35.3

-0.3

1.8

2.9

5.1

-0.2

0.0

0.3

0.2

0.4

AMN13

5.2

2.3

2.1

5.8

-1.4

0.1

1.4

2.3

-1.3

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.0

38

Supplementary Table 4 | Biodegradation rates of various melt-pressed PHA and biodegradable polyester films.
Place

Biodegradation rate / µg·cm−2·day−1
PHB

PHBV

PHBH

P3HB4HB

PBS

PBSA

PCL

PBAT

PLLA

PJM02

106.6±29.3

122.5±19.7

121.3±27.8147.7±17.6

7.8±3.2

91.0±8.4

118.1±9.8

49.1±15.9

0.4±0.1

BHT03

19.8±2.3

22.0±6.6

28.6±6.745.8±11.5

0.0±0.1

3.4±0.4

2.9±0.3

2.2±0.1-0.1±0.2

BHT08

24.4±2.427.1±3.2

27.5±5.665.1±7.8

0.4±0.0

1.5±0.0

1.3±0.2

1.0±0.1

0.0±0.0

BMS05

12.8±2.3

17.6±1.6

13.3±2.1

31.3±6.0

2.2±0.1

2.4±0.3

2.9±0.4

2.3±0.2

0.0±0.1

BMJ05

10.9±1.1

n.d.

n.d.

n.d.

0.1±0.0

0.4±0.1

2.5±0.4

0.3±0.1

0.1±0.1

AKR05

5.5±2.0

n.d.

n.d.

n.d.

0.3±0.2

0.3±0.1

0.8±0.0

0.3±0.2

0.1±0.1

AMN13

4.7

4.9

3.2

4.4

0.1

1.8

1.0

2.3

0.7

39

Supplementary Table 5 | Detail of samples placed for 2 months at PJM (PJM02).
Weight decrease

Weight loss

Thickness (before)

Thickness (after)

Biodegradation rate

/ mg

/ wt%

/ μm

/ μm

/ µg·cm−2·day−1

PHB

208.7±58.3

30.7±6.2

342.1±44.6

303.8±37.9

106.6±29.3

PHBV243.7±37.1

42.6±8.2

308.8±21.9228.4±21.4

122.5±19.7

PHBH

238.6±53.3

39.9±11.6

324.8±27.4

247.4±43.8121.3±27.8

P3HB4HB

292.1±34.0

39.1±5.2

395.3±40.5

301.0±42.0

147.7±17.6

PCL233.1±20.1

34.0±4.5

385.6±50.6

306.7±38.3

118.1±9.8

PBS

15.6±6.5

2.7±1.0297.2±21.6

296.5±16.2

7.8±3.2

PBSA

181.2±14.4

31.2±4.5

314.8±27.3

254.9±32.5

91.0±8.4

PBAT

97.9±31.1

12.4±3.9

383.8±20.3

370.3±20.4

49.1±15.9PLLA

0.8±0.2

0.1±0.0

353.7±19.6

345.5±20.9

0.4±0.1PP-1.3±0.5-0.2±0.1

391.2±46.2

424.8±25.2-0.7±0.3PE-0.1±1.2

0.0±0.2

493.8±60.2

486.4±71.2

0.0±0.6PS-0.8±0.4

0.0±0.1

404.9±32.1

409.8±34.2-0.4±0.2PET-0.1±0.6-0.1±0.3

112.3±3.1

106.2±2.4-0.1±0.3

Sample40

Supplementary Table 6 | Detail of samples placed for 5 months at BMS (BMS05).
Weight decrease

Weight loss

Thickness (before)

Thickness (after)

Biodegradation rate

/ mg

/ wt%

/ μm

/ μm

/ µg·cm−2·day−1

PHB

56.1±10.5

10.7±3.0

346.8±34.7

272.1±38.7

12.8±2.3

PHBV

76.3±8.0

15.1±3.1

304.6±44.4

256.0±42.0

17.6±1.6

PHBH

58.8±9.1

9.1±1.0

333.0±26.8

317.9±24.3

13.3±2.1

P3HB4HB

136.1±25.7

20.1±3.8

364.7±22.5

318.4±21.5

31.3±6.0

PCL

12.7±1.6

1.6±0.1

437.2±32.4

443.4±29.9

2.9±0.4PBS

9.9±0.3

2.0±0.3

261.2±22.9252.5±22.7

2.2±0.1

PBSA

10.5±1.4

1.6±0.1

349.5±43.0

330.2±35.0

2.4±0.3

PBAT

10.2±1.0

1.3±0.1

394.4±52.2

399.2±56.6

2.3±0.2

PLLA-0.1±0.4

0.0±0.1

317.6±69.7

304.0±26.6

0.0±0.1

PP-0.1±0.2

0.0±0.0

469.4±54.8

375.8±47.4

0.0±0.0PE

0.0±0.1

0.0±0.0

276.8±14.2

257.5±8.3

0.0±0.0PS-1.2±0.1-0.2±0.0

376.1±54.7

362.9±44.5-0.3±0.0

PET

0.0±0.0

0.0±0.0

140.2±12.8

98.9±0.9

0.0±0.0

Sample41

Supplementary Table 7 | The weight-loss of polysaccharide esters derivatives films.
Place

Weight-loss / wt%
CE

CEA

CETA

PR

PRA

PRTA

MU

MUA

MUTA

PJM02

100.0

89.6

12.1

86.4

-1.6

20.3

82.8

10.5

12.0

BHT14

16.0

11.2

17.8

31.6

8.6

27.6

10.6

14.5

19.7

AMN13

10.7

4.1

11.5

7.5

-1.1

-0.8

-2.2

10.8

11.5

42

Zc

Community
header

-0.142-0.125-0.135-0.134-0.139-0.139-0.127-0.137-0.128-0.131-0.134-0.140-0.133-0.164-0.165-0.162-0.171P3HBx1J0
PHBVJ0PHBHJ0P4HBJ0EcoflexJ0PBSAJ0PBSJ0PCLJ0PLLAJ0PETJ0LDPEJ0PSJ0PPJ0A6P3HBJ1C7PHBVJ1
E6PHBHJ1
G7P4BHJ1-0.166

A8EcoflexJ1

PBSA

37,322,874

18,355,420

224,885,468

164,445 316,331

31.2-0.172

B8PBSAJ1

PCL

55,680,592

41,040,080

253,163,885

179,210 352,42228.7-0.179B9PCLJ1

PLLA

56,065,394
45,448,040
63,535,638
44,075,486
82,147,782
64,812,168
47,604,546
54,555,588

5,254,785
3,969,254
4,629,370
6,211,090
74,923,722
58,579,753
42,784,603
49,458,423

154,285,706
134,548,675
148,014,386
163,025,025
182,494,978232,290,094
132,803,468
149,841,116

194,132
174,260
196,718
181,201
104,721104,226
61,57678,539

34.9
33.8
39.6
33.9
15.8
22.9
24.1
24.1

-0.148-0.139-0.134-0.146-0.149-0.153-0.161-0.157

C9PLLAJ1
G8LDPEJ1
G9PSJ1F9PPJ1
A6P3HB
C7PHBV
E6PHBH
G7P4BH

PE
PS
PP
PHB
PHBV
PHBH
P3HB4HB
PBAT

284,779
253,278
283,065
285,031
247,090
282,518
167,402
199,784

77,449,734

67,551,185

305,344,113

171,670 399,932

21.8-0.153

A8Ecoflex

PBSA

81,400,242

72,179,437

216,488,780

120,954 282,39422.1-0.148B8PBSA

PCL

58,436,592

52,879,819

126,574,727

72,778 171,274

24.1-0.141

B9PCL

PLLA

12,600,822
59,591,110
44,292,228
49,164,004
29,810,292
51,000,188
54,569,286
39,961,876
68,415,798

4,167,724
50,783,177
28,859,392
25,719,217
10,971,980
44,365,457
49,078,825
33,745,761
40,296,848

77,910,307
207,664,125
259,753,657
304,294,407
208,597,656
194,259,820
103,244,766
78,636,509
216,456,195

76,487
124,706
188,352
246,958
195,491
99,601
51,92736,757
134,016

25.4
21.7
24.4
25.6
24.0
28.6
27.3
28.9
30.6

-0.153-0.153-0.153-0.157-0.152-0.174-0.167-0.174-0.186

C9PLLA
C5PET
G8LDPE
G9PS
F9PP
A6P3HBT2C7PHBVT2E6PHBHT2
G7P4BHT2

PET
PE
PS
PP
PHB
PHBV
PHBH
P3HB4HB
PBAT124,685
275,794378,121467,798
331,074
243,152
132,028
98,919288,620

49,902,238

39,109,600

277,380,367

176,551 386,366

24.5-0.153

A8EcoflexT2

PBSA

26,759,090

19,069,594

131,516,182

101,022 190,834

33.7-0.176

B8PBSAT2

PCL

47,562,104

38,754,135

130,034,674

89,264 182,400

27.1-0.191B9PCLT2

PLLA

46,614,676
45,856,870
41,269,208
43,209,890
48,753,482
59,261,140
55,746,868
58,798,184
47,133,656

17,231,920
20,149,972
28,513,142
21,667,334
30,915,649
56,306,024
53,340,234
55,879,575
44,650,207

323,371,796
310,724,855
230,071,511
238,667,503
265,738,740
54,568,968
50,844,397
42,382,667
58,660,684

289,439
250,833
146,652
159,189
189,617
28,911
28,16422,03334,295

512,562
467,488316,531
332,956
380,015
71,994
67,38054,512
78,979

25.4
26.2
27.4
23.9
27.4
16.3
5.6
7.9
13.1

-0.147-0.162-0.170-0.148-0.171-0.138-0.117-0.119-0.137

C9PLLAT2C5PETT2
G8LDPET2
G9PST2F9PPT2
T50P3HB
T52PHBV
T54PHBH
T57P4BH

PET
PE
PS
PP
PHB
PHBV
PHBH
P3HB4HB
PBAT33,480,472

31,661,521

68,301,009

29,361

85,16920.8-0.158

T58Ecoflex

PBSA

35,331,670

30,658,999

113,836,609

53,037 141,832

24.4-0.166

T60PBSA

PCL

42,166,594

39,883,021

106,293,006

34,185 121,200

20.5-0.156

T61PCLPLLA

53,718,346
36,198,300
49,501,666
71,211,024
30,950,364
123,819,272
113,954,372
100,868,178
93,981,822
94,759,232
103,470,332
103,820,422

48,084,846
32,212,918
43,122,330
59,147,875
26,949,100
50,970,849
48,916,098
10,293,915
7,916,358
9,456,227
8,565,139
37,877,736

137,676,553
112,326,015
134,868,147
145,104,539
130,150,162
397,329,399
397,509,359
221,857,546
179,845,622
199,380,741
177,906,659
355,801,248

76,39273,29068,11984,88957,328344,455
335,541
265,699
221,439
245,949
226,980
344,162

23.2
22.8
23.0
22.3
24.0
32.6
32.9
39.3
41.3
41.4
41.8
57.4

-0.168-0.164-0.162-0.161-0.165-0.160-0.159-0.156-0.153-0.159-0.161-0.182

T62PLLA
T702PET
T68LDPE
T69PS
T67PP
waterBHTc
waterBHT
BHTw1cm
BHT1cmBHT3cm
BHT5cmBHT10cm

PET
PE
PS
PP
WaterBHT*
WaterBHT
BHT1cm*BHT1cmBHT3cm
BHT5cmBHT10cm

sediment

AMN13
BHT

biodegradable
commonpolyesters

PHAs

BHT14

biodegradable
commonpolyesters

PHAs

BHT04

biodegradable
commonpolyesters

PHAs

PJM12

biodegradable
commonpolyesters

PHAs

PJM02

biodegradabl
commone polyesters

PHAs

Sites

Supplementary Table 8 | Stats for metagenomic assemblies of plastisphere at the sea.
No. ofNo. ofOpt.
Total bases
No.
No.
mappedPlastics
sequence
Temp.
(bp)
Scaffolds ORFs
reads toreads(°C)
scaffolds
PHB
63,657,156
30,009,225
278,378,781 229,659 375,977 25.8
PHBV
42,053,848
26,821,635
236,142,568 165,658 329,451 33.0
PHBH
59,318,544
28,760,180
387,517,549 307,419 572,164 28.8
P3HB4HB 49,119,126
38,601,663
265,344,151 150,104 358,120 27.1
PBAT
57,343,266
34,737,377
310,571,323 217,966 451,751 27.6
PBSA
46,786,658
29,909,958
254,983,246 171,295 369,354 28.8
PBS
61,568,798
20,168,669
260,465,820 235,482 410,602 28.8
PCL
72,922,830
50,189,626
415,487,352 274,798 584,398 28.6
PLLA
49,813,652
4,006,855
101,007,345 133,648 190,384 33.0
PET
35,082,442
2,967,428
132,749,920 183,385 249,466 35.4
PE56,323,142
8,855,751
215,003,864 253,909 369,428 36.2
PS
35,676,402
5,779,442
95,187,166 137,881 101,395 32.8
PP
69,876,690
9,484,315
207,208,658 246,290 352,336 33.4
PHB
23,266,982
19,654,896
92,771,385
69,489 135,640 29.5
PHBV
45,922,320
41,309,739
109,881,412
71,843 152,731 30.3
PHBH
50,126,496
45,439,951
82,229,992
54,569 119,945 30.8
P3HB4HB 47,017,780
40,741,922
266,734,324 123,709 334,218 36.6
PBAT
52,133,952
13,948,188
260,742,308 242,190 411,886 33.6

43

180,573
158,052
169,977
188,597
158,668
632,827
624,781
411,503
314,965
347,230
315,743599,320

5s rRNA

16s rRNA

23s rRNA

No. tRNA

No. of AA missing
in tRNAs

BHT04_PHB_gam2

Proteobacteria

GammaproteobacteriaEnterobacterales

Alteromonadaceae Colwellia

37.2%

3,890,228

11,196

700

641

95.1

5.0

3

1

1

58

0

BHT04_PHB_gam1

Proteobacteria

Gammaproteobacteria

Pseudomonadales Cellvibrionaceae

Agarilytica

44.6%

5,302,014

129,448

112

98

99.1

1.4

1

1

1

41

1

AMN13_PHB_gam1

Proteobacteria

Gammaproteobacteria

Pseudomonadales Cellvibrionaceae

Agarilytica

44.7%

5,420,529

80,306

143

125

99.1

2.1

0

0

0

39

1

BHT14_PHBH_gam1

Proteobacteria

Gammaproteobacteria

QZLD01QZLD01QZLE01

39.2%

3,108,749

264,084

26

26

93.7

1.6

1

1

1

35

0

PJM12_PHB_gam1

Proteobacteria

Gammaproteobacteria

QZLD01QZLD01QZLE0138.9%

3,154,396

257,928

50

46

94.1

1.7

0

0

0

33

1

QZLD01QZLE0138.6%

3,263,329

107,260

80

58

92.3

1.7

0

0

0

32

1

57.1%

6,319,541

23,423

688

642

95.3

6.6

2

1

1

40

0

Site_Plastic_MAG ID

Phylum

Class

Order

familygenus

G+C content

Contamination (%)

tRNA-scanCompleteness (%)

rRNAmmerNo. scaffolds

CheckM

No. contigs

N50 of scaffolds (bp)

GBDBtk taxonomy

Genome size (bp)Supplementary Table 9 | Minimum information of metagenome-assembled genome (MiMAG) and GBDBtk taxonomy of MAGs.

PJM12_PHB_gam2

Proteobacteria

Gammaproteobacteria

QZLD01

BHT04_PCL_gam1

Proteobacteria

Gammaproteobacteria

Granulosicoccales Granulosicoccaceae

PJM02_PBSA_gam1

Proteobacteria

Gammaproteobacteria

Pseudomonadales Cellvibrionaceae

46.7%

4,307,390

716,172

18

14

98.6

1.4

0

1

1

37

0

BHT04_PCL_gam2

Proteobacteria

Gammaproteobacteria

Pseudomonadales Pseudomonadaceae Pseudomonas_D

56.5%

3,889,687

1,039,964

27

23

100.0

1.0

1

1

1

48

0

BHT14_PBSA_del1

Desulfobacterota

Desulfobulbia

Desulfobulbales

Desulfocapsaceae

45.1%

4,989,220

63,495

202

165

97.3

1.2

1

1

1

38

1

BHT14_PCL_del1

Desulfobacterota

Desulfobacteria

Desulfobacterales Desulfobacteraceae Desulfobacula

39.2%

4,465,880

30,302

327

311

95.6

3.3

2

1

1

41

1

PJM12_PCL_del1

Desulfobacterota

Desulfobacteria

Desulfobacterales Desulfobacteraceae

BHT04_PCL_alp1

Proteobacteria

Alphaproteobacteria Caulobacterales

Hyphomonadaceae Hyphomonas

42.3%

5,169,573

166,481

83

75

99.0

0.7

1

1

1

41

1

54.2%

3,277,584

404,467

10

10

98.7

2.2

1

1

1

36

0

BHT04_PBSA_alp1

Proteobacteria

Alphaproteobacteria Rhodobacterales

Rhodobacteraceae Marinosulfonomonas

54.0%

3,767,685

224,990

45

43

99.7

0.3

1

1

1

40

0

BHT04_PBAT_alp2

Proteobacteria

Alphaproteobacteria Rhodobacterales

Rhodobacteraceae Sulfitobacter

52.9%

4,833,856

220,187

64

61

99.4

1.5

1

1

0

39

0

AMN13_PHB_alp1

Proteobacteria

Alphaproteobacteria Micavibrionales

Micavibrionaceae

UBA167244.3%

2,505,412

609,558

16

14

94.4

1.5

1

2

2

34

1

PJM02_PBAT_act1

Actinobacteriota Acidimicrobiia

SZUA-3570.4%

4,238,728

27,009

376

296

97.3

1.3

1

1

1

36

1

Acidimicrobiales SZUA-35

44

Supplementary Table 10. Information of raw sequence data for 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and metagenomic sequencing.

Sample Name
PHB_PJM02
PHBV_PJM02
PHBH_PJM02
P3HB4HB_PJM02
PBSA_PJM02
PCL_PJM02
PBAT_PJM02
PLLA_PJM02
PET_PJM02
PE_PJM02
PS_PJM02
PP_PJM02
CEA_PJM02
PRA_PJM02
MUA_PJM02
CETA_PJM02
PRTA_PJM02
MUTA_PJM02
PHB_PJM12
PHBV_PJM12
PHBH_PJM12
P3HB4HB_PJM12
PBSA_PJM12
PCL_PJM12
PBAT_PJM12
PLLA_PJM12
PE_PJM12
PS_PJM12
PP_PJM12
CE_PJM12
PR_PJM12
MU_PJM12
CEA_PJM12
PRA_PJM12
MUA_PJM12
CETA_PJM12
PRTA_PJM12
MUTA_PJM12
PHB_BHT04
PHBV_BHT04
PHBH_BHT04
P3HB4HB_BHT04
PBSA_BHT04
PCL_BHT04
PBAT_BHT04
PET_BHT04
PLLA_BHT04
PE_BHT04
PS_BHT04
PP_BHT04
CE_BHT04
PR_BHT04
MU_BHT04
CEA_BHT04
PRA_BHT04
MUA_BHT04
CETA_BHT04
PRTA_BHT04
MUTA_BHT04
PHB_BHT14
PHBV_BHT14
PHBH_BHT14
P3HB4HB_BHT14
PBSA_BHT14
PCL_BHT14
PBAT_BHT14
PLLA_BHT14
PET_BHT14
PE_BHT14
PS_BHT14
PP_BHT14
CE_BHT14
PR_BHT14
MU_BHT14
CEA_BHT14
PRA_BHT14
MUA_BHT14
CETA_BHT14
PRTA_BHT14
MUTA_BHT14
PHB_AMN13
PHBV_AMN13
PHBH_AMN13
P3HB4HB_AMN13
PBSA_AMN13
PCL_AMN13
PBAT_AMN13
PLLA_AMN13
PET_AMN13
PE_AMN13
PS_AMN13
PP_AMN13
CE_AMN13
PR_AMN13
MU_AMN13
CEA_AMN13
PRA_AMN13
MUA_AMN13
CETA_AMN13
PRTA_AMN13
MUTA_AMN13
Water_BHTp
Water_BHT
Sediment1cm_BHTp
Sediment1cm_BHT
Sediment3cm_BHT
Sediment5cm_BHT
Sediment10cm_BHT

BioProject
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
PRJDB14280
na
na
na
na
na
na
na

DRA Submission(16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing)
BioSample
DRA Submission Experiment
SAMD00529542
DRA014821
DRX389282
SAMD00529543
DRA014821
DRX389283
SAMD00529544
DRA014821
DRX389284
SAMD00529545
DRA014821
DRX389285
SAMD00529546
DRA014821
DRX389286
SAMD00529547
DRA014821
DRX389287
SAMD00529548
DRA014821
DRX389288
SAMD00529549
DRA014821
DRX389289
SAMD00529550
DRA014821
DRX389290
SAMD00529551
DRA014821
DRX389291
SAMD00529552
DRA014821
DRX389292
SAMD00529553
DRA014821
DRX389293
SAMD00529554
DRA014821
DRX389294
SAMD00529555
DRA014821
DRX389295
SAMD00529556
DRA014821
DRX389296
SAMD00529557
DRA014821
DRX389297
SAMD00529558
DRA014821
DRX389298
SAMD00529559
DRA014821
DRX389299
SAMD00529560
DRA014821
DRX389300
SAMD00529561
DRA014821
DRX389301
SAMD00529562
DRA014821
DRX389302
SAMD00529563
DRA014821
DRX389303
SAMD00529564
DRA014821
DRX389304
SAMD00529565
DRA014821
DRX389305
SAMD00529566
DRA014821
DRX389306
SAMD00529567
DRA014821
DRX389307
SAMD00529568
DRA014821
DRX389308
SAMD00529569
DRA014821
DRX389309
SAMD00529570
DRA014821
DRX389310
SAMD00529571
DRA014821
DRX389311
SAMD00529572
DRA014821
DRX389312
SAMD00529573
DRA014821
DRX389313
SAMD00529574
DRA014821
DRX389314
SAMD00529575
DRA014821
DRX389315
SAMD00529576
DRA014821
DRX389316
SAMD00529577
DRA014821
DRX389317
SAMD00529578
DRA014821
DRX389318
SAMD00529579
DRA014821
DRX389319
SAMD00529580
DRA014821
DRX389320
SAMD00529581
DRA014821
DRX389321
SAMD00529582
DRA014821
DRX389322
SAMD00529583
DRA014821
DRX389323
SAMD00529584
DRA014821
DRX389324
SAMD00529585
DRA014821
DRX389325
SAMD00529586
DRA014821
DRX389326
SAMD00529587
DRA014821
DRX389327
SAMD00529588
DRA014821
DRX389328
SAMD00529589
DRA014821
DRX389329
SAMD00529590
DRA014821
DRX389330
SAMD00529591
DRA014821
DRX389331
SAMD00529592
DRA014821
DRX389332
SAMD00529593
DRA014821
DRX389333
SAMD00529594
DRA014821
DRX389334
SAMD00529595
DRA014821
DRX389335
SAMD00529596
DRA014821
DRX389336
SAMD00529597
DRA014821
DRX389337
SAMD00529598
DRA014821
DRX389338
SAMD00529599
DRA014821
DRX389339
SAMD00529600
DRA014821
DRX389340
SAMD00529601
DRA014821
DRX389341
SAMD00529602
DRA014821
DRX389342
SAMD00529603
DRA014821
DRX389343
SAMD00529604
DRA014821
DRX389344
SAMD00529605
DRA014821
DRX389345
SAMD00529606
DRA014821
DRX389346
SAMD00529607
DRA014821
DRX389347
SAMD00529608
DRA014821
DRX389348
SAMD00529609
DRA014821
DRX389349
SAMD00529610
DRA014821
DRX389350
SAMD00529611
DRA014821
DRX389351
SAMD00529612
DRA014821
DRX389352
SAMD00529613
DRA014821
DRX389353
SAMD00529614
DRA014821
DRX389354
SAMD00529615
DRA014821
DRX389355
SAMD00529616
DRA014821
DRX389356
SAMD00529617
DRA014821
DRX389357
SAMD00529618
DRA014821
DRX389358
SAMD00529619
DRA014821
DRX389359
SAMD00529620
DRA014821
DRX389360
SAMD00529621
DRA014821
DRX389361
SAMD00529622
DRA014821
DRX389362
SAMD00529623
DRA014821
DRX389363
SAMD00529624
DRA014821
DRX389364
SAMD00529625
DRA014821
DRX389365
SAMD00529626
DRA014821
DRX389366
SAMD00529627
DRA014821
DRX389367
SAMD00529628
DRA014821
DRX389368
SAMD00529629
DRA014821
DRX389369
SAMD00529630
DRA014821
DRX389370
SAMD00529631
DRA014821
DRX389371
SAMD00529632
DRA014821
DRX389372
SAMD00529633
DRA014821
DRX389373
SAMD00529634
DRA014821
DRX389374
SAMD00529635
DRA014821
DRX389375
SAMD00529636
DRA014821
DRX389376
SAMD00529637
DRA014821
DRX389377
SAMD00529638
DRA014821
DRX389378
SAMD00529639
DRA014821
DRX389379
SAMD00529640
DRA014821
DRX389380
SAMD00529641
DRA014821
DRX389381
SAMD00529642
DRA014821
DRX389382
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na

Run
DRR403672
DRR403673
DRR403674
DRR403675
DRR403676
DRR403677
DRR403678
DRR403679
DRR403680
DRR403681
DRR403682
DRR403683
DRR403684
DRR403685
DRR403686
DRR403687
DRR403688
DRR403689
DRR403690
DRR403691
DRR403692
DRR403693
DRR403694
DRR403695
DRR403696
DRR403697
DRR403698
DRR403699
DRR403700
DRR403701
DRR403702
DRR403703
DRR403704
DRR403705
DRR403706
DRR403707
DRR403708
DRR403709
DRR403710
DRR403711
DRR403712
DRR403713
DRR403714
DRR403715
DRR403716
DRR403717
DRR403718
DRR403719
DRR403720
DRR403721
DRR403722
DRR403723
DRR403724
DRR403725
DRR403726
DRR403727
DRR403728
DRR403729
DRR403730
DRR403731
DRR403732
DRR403733
DRR403734
DRR403735
DRR403736
DRR403737
DRR403738
DRR403739
DRR403740
DRR403741
DRR403742
DRR403743
DRR403744
DRR403745
DRR403746
DRR403747
DRR403748
DRR403749
DRR403750
DRR403751
DRR403752
DRR403753
DRR403754
DRR403755
DRR403756
DRR403757
DRR403758
DRR403759
DRR403760
DRR403761
DRR403762
DRR403763
DRR403764
DRR403765
DRR403766
DRR403767
DRR403768
DRR403769
DRR403770
DRR403771
DRR403772
na
na
na
na
na
na
na

45

BioProject
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
na
na
na
na
na
na
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482
PRJNA886482

WGA Submission(metagenomic sequencing)
BioSample
SRA Submission
Run
SAMN31142920
SRP468711
SRR26541478
SAMN31142921
SRP468711
SRR26541477
SAMN31142922
SRP468711
SRR26541466
SAMN31142923
SRP468711
SRR26541455
SAMN31142924
SRP468711
SRR26541444
SAMN31142925
SRP468711
SRR26541433
SAMN31142926
SRP468711
SRR26541423
SAMN31142927
SRP468711
SRR26541422
SAMN31142928
SRP468711
SRR26541421
SAMN31142929
SRP468711
SRR26541420
SAMN31142930
SRP468711
SRR26541476
SAMN31142931
SRP468711
SRR26541475
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
SAMN31142932
SRP468711
SRR26541474
SAMN31142933
SRP468711
SRR26541473
SAMN31142934
SRP468711
SRR26541472
SAMN31142935
SRP468711
SRR26541471
SAMN31142936
SRP468711
SRR26541470
SAMN31142937
SRP468711
SRR26541469
SAMN31142938
SRP468711
SRR26541468
SAMN31142939
SRP468711
SRR26541467
SAMN31142940
SRP468711
SRR26541465
SAMN31142941
SRP468711
SRR26541464
SAMN31142942
SRP468711
SRR26541463
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
SRR26541462
SAMN31142943
SRP468711
SAMN31142944
SRP468711
SRR26541461
SAMN31142945
SRP468711
SRR26541460
SAMN31142946
SRP468711
SRR26541459
SAMN31142947
SRP468711
SRR26541458
SAMN31142948
SRP468711
SRR26541457
SAMN31142949
SRP468711
SRR26541456
SAMN31142950
SRP468711
SRR26541454
SAMN31142951
SRP468711
SRR26541453
SAMN31142952
SRP468711
SRR26541452
SAMN31142953
SRP468711
SRR26541451
SAMN31142954
SRP468711
SRR26541450
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
SAMN31142955
SRP468711
SRR26541449
SAMN31142956
SRP468711
SRR26541448
SAMN31142957
SRP468711
SRR26541447
SAMN31142958
SRP468711
SRR26541446
SAMN31142959
SRP468711
SRR26541445
SAMN31142960
SRP468711
SRR26541443
SAMN31142961
SRP468711
SRR26541442
SAMN31142962
SRP468711
SRR26541441
SAMN31142963
SRP468711
SRR26541440
SAMN31142964
SRP468711
SRR26541439
SAMN31142965
SRP468711
SRR26541438
SAMN31142966
SRP468711
SRR26541437
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
SAMN31142967
SRP468711
SRR26541436
SAMN31142968
SRP468711
SRR26541435
SAMN31142969
SRP468711
SRR26541434
SAMN31142970
SRP468711
SRR26541432
SAMN31142971
SRP468711
SRR26541431
SAMN31142972
SRP468711
SRR26541430
SAMN31142973
SRP468711
SRR26541429
SAMN31142974
SRP468711
SRR26541428
SAMN31142975
SRP468711
SRR26541427
SAMN31142976
SRP468711
SRR26541426
SAMN31142977
SRP468711
SRR26541425
SAMN31142978
SRP468711
SRR26541424
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
SAMN37935294
SRP468711
SRR26549052
SAMN37935295
SRP468711
SRR26549051
SAMN37935296
SRP468711
SRR26549050
SAMN37935297
SRP468711
SRR26549049
SAMN37935298
SRP468711
SRR26549048
SAMN37935299
SRP468711
SRR26549047
SAMN37935300
SRP468711
SRR26549046