Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., Ser. A, 36(4), pp. 115–130, December 22, 2010

A New Species, Acanthopagrus pacificus fromthe Western Pacific (Pisces, Sparidae)
Yukio Iwatsuki1, Masayuki Kume2 and Tetsuo Yoshino3
1

Division of Fisheries Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University,
1–1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, 889–2192 Japan
E-mail: yuk@cc.miyazaki-u.ac.jp
2
EAC Co. Ltd., 3–34–17 Yafuso, Urasoe, Okinawa, 901–2127 Japan
E-mail: m.kume@eac-oki.co.jp
3
Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus,
1 Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, 903–0213 Japan
E-mail: b985005@sci.u-ryukyu.ac.jp(Received 1 September 2010; accepted 21 September 2010)

Abstract A new sparid species, Acanthopagrus pacificus, is described on the basis of a holotype,
6 paratypes, and 47 non-type specimens (64–348 mm in standard length [SL]), widely collectedfrom the western Pacific. Acanthopagrus pacificus sp. nov. is most similar to A. berda in overall
appearance of body with 31/2; scale rows between the fifth dorsal fin base and lateral line. Acanthopagrus berda develops a distinct concavity of the ventral edge of the first two infraorbitals
above the posterior part of upper jaw in specimens over ca. 13 cm SL, while A. pacificus sp. nov.
has a generally straight infraorbital edge until 35 cm SL, and then, develops a moderate concavityof the ventral edge of the first two infraorbitals above the rear end of the maxilla. Acanthopagrus
pacificus sp. nov. also differs from A. berda in having fewer total gill rakers (13–17, modally 15 vs.
15–19, modally 17 in A. berda), less deep body (mean depth 45% SL vs. mean 50% SL) and larger
orbit diameter (mean 3.1 in head length vs. mean 3.7). Counts of anal-fin rays are helpful to differentiate the two species: usually III, 8 for A. pacificus sp. nov. and usually III, 9 for A. berda, respectively. Nominal species are discussed with notes on Acanthopagrus. A key to the currently recognized species of Acanthopagrus, including A. pacificus is provided.
Key words: Taxonomy, Sparidae, new species, Acanthopagrus pacificus, western Pacific.

There are provisionally 14 valid species in ourpresent review of the genus Acanthopagrus Peters, 1855 (Iwatsuki et al., 2006; Iwatsuki andCarpenter, 2006, 2009; Kume and Yoshino, 2008;
Iwatsuki and Heemstra, 2010): A. akazakii Iwatsuki, Kimura and Yoshino, 2006, A. australis(Günther, 1859), A. berda (Forsskål, 1775), A. bifasciatus (Forsskål, 1775), A. butcheri (Munro,1949), A. chinshira Kume and Yoshino, 2008, A.
latus (Houttuyn, 1782), A. omanensis Iwatsuki
and Heemstra, 2010, A. palmaris (Whitley,1935), A. randalli Iwatsuki and Carpenter, 2009,
A. schlegelii (Bleeker, 1854), A. sivicolus Akazaki, 1962, A. taiwanensis Iwatsuki and Carpenter,
2006, and A. vagus Peters, 1852.

The oldest available name, A. berda (Forsskål,1775), was redescribed with illustrations of the
ontogenic changes of the ventral edge of the firsttwo infraorbitals (Iwatsuki and Heemstra, 2010).
Acanthopagrus berda has a strongly curved concavity on the ventral edge of first two infraorbitals above the rear end of maxilla, particularly
obvious in specimens over 13 cm SL (Iwatsuki
and Heemstra, 2010). Iwatsuki and Heemstra(2010) also reported an undescribed species as
Acanthopagrus sp. which has been misidentified
as A. berda from the western Pacific. This
species generally has a straight ventral edge ofthe first two infraorbitals and it also differs from
A. berda in some other characters.

116

Yukio Iwatsuki, Masayuki Kume and Tetsuo Yoshino

Fig. 1. Holotype of Acanthopagrus pacificus sp. nov., NSMT-P 93818, 348 mm SL, Iriomote Island, Yaeyama
Group, Ryukyu Islands, Japan.

We examined many specimens of this western
Pacific fish and have concluded that it represents
an undescribed sparid species that is here described as a new species, Acanthopagrus pacificus sp. nov. Synonyms of A. berda are also discussed, with notes on congeners of Acanthopagrus. A key to the 15 species now recognized, including A. pacificus, is provided.
Methods
Counts and measurements generally followed
Hubbs and Lagler (1964) and some modifications
followed Iwatsuki and Carpenter (2006) and
Iwatsuki and Heemstra (2010). Sex was determined by making incisions on the right side of
the specimens. Institutional codes follow Leviton
et al. (1985), Matsuura (1997), and Skelton(2003), with the following additions: Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, Zoological Reference Collection, Department of Biological
Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore (ZRC).

Acanthopagrus pacificus sp. nov.
[New English name: Pacific Seabream;
Japanese name: Nan’yo-chinu](Figs. 1, 2A, 3A-D, 4A, 5A-B, 6; Table 1)
Sparus berda (not of Forsskål); Fowler, 1933: 157, fig. 8(in part, Indo-West Pacific); Weber and de Beaufort,
1936: 466, 470, fig. 93 (in part, Indo-Pacific); Yu andZhou, 1986: 242 (China); Ye, 1991: 403 (China).
Acanthopagrus berda (not of Forsskål); Roberts, 1978: 59(Fly River, Papua New Guinea); Akazaki, 1984: 173,
pl. 167-D (Iriomote Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan);
Kottelat et al., 1993: 116 (Indonesia); Hayashi, 1993:
747 (in part, Ryukyu Islands, Japan); Mohsin andAmbak, 1996; 360 (Malaysia); Larson and Williams,
1997: 361 (Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia);
Kuiter, 1997: 178 (Australia); Sadovy and Cornish,
2000: 135 (Hong Kong, China); Hayashi, 2002: 857 (inpart, Ryukyu Islands, Japan); Allen et al., 2002: 343(Australia); Bray et al., 2006: 1226 (Australia); Carpenter, 2001: 2996 (in part; color photograph is A.
berda; widespread Indo-West Pacific from South
Africa to India, extending to western Pacific, Japan andnorthern Australia); Iwatsuki and Carpenter, 2006: 5,
fig. 1B (Taiwan).
Acanthopagrus sp.: Iwatsuki and Heemstra, 2010: 129(western Pacific).

Holotype. NSMT-P 93818, 348 mm SL, fe-New Sparid Fish from Western Pacific117

Fig. 2. Acanthopagrus pacificus sp. nov. (A) and A. berda (B). A, MUFS 22938, 183 mm SL, Tung-kang, Taiwan, photographed by Y. Iwatsuki; B, BPBM 19055, 194 mm SL, Negombo Reef, Sri Lanka, photographed
by J. E. Randall.

male, Iriomote Island (24°2132.4N, 123°44
52.4E, Iriomote Island according to fish buyer),
Yaeyama Group, Ryukyu Islands, Japan (purchased in Okinawa Central Fish Market by M.
Kume), speared, 16 May, 1989.
Paratypes. 6 specimens, 127–273 mm SL.

FRLM 13420–13421, 2 specimens, 127–131 mm
SL, Funauki Bay (24°2033.8N, 123°4433.8E),
Iriomote Island, Okinawa, Japan; MUFS 23438–
23439, 2 specimens, 158–160 mm SL, Shirahama, Iriomote Island (24°2132.4N, 123°44
52.4E), Ryukyu Islands, Japan, 3 Oct., 2004;

118

Yukio Iwatsuki, Masayuki Kume and Tetsuo Yoshino

Fig. 3. Ventral edge of first two infraorbitals above posterior part of upper jaw and anal-fin rays of A. pacificus
sp. nov. (A–D) and A. berda (E–H). A, SU 27048 at CAS, 115 mm SL, Philippines; B, BPBM 29979,
168 mm SL, Vali, Indonesia; C, MUFS 17881, 198 mm SL, Darwin, Australia; D, NSMT-P 93818 (formerly
URM-P 23518), 348 mm SL, highly collected from Iriomote Island (24°2132.4N, 123°4452.4E), Yaeyama
Group, Ryukyu Islands, Japan; E, RUSI 56461, 108 n mm SL, Mozambique; F, MUFS 19734, 164 mm SL,
India; G, BPBM 19055, 194 mm SL, Sri Lanka; H, RMNH 15683, 241 mm SL, southern Red Sea.

URM-P 1062-1063, 2 specimens, 272–283 mm
SL, Siira River (24°1928.8N, 123°5427.6E),
Iriomote Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan.

Non-type specimens. 47 specimens, 64–283mm SL. BPBM 29979, 2 specimens, 89–170 mm
SL, Lembar Harbor, Lombok Island, Indonesia;

New Sparid Fish from Western Pacific119Fig. 4. Posteriormost head squamation type of A. pacificus sp. nov. (A) and A. berda (B). A, URM-P 23518,
348 mm SL, Ryukyu Islands, Japan; B, ZRC 38094, 249 mm SL, Langkawi Island, Kisap River, Malaysia.

CSIRO C957, C966, 2 specimens, 157–159 mm
SL, Daru Harbor, Daru Island, Papua New
Guinea; CSIRO H4968-02, 67 mm SL, Irian
Jaya; FRLM 17386–17387, 2 specimens, 125–
128 mm SL, Middle of Kuira River, Iriomote Island, Okinawa, Japan; FRLM 17390, 125 mm
SL, Middle of Kuira River, Iriomote Island., Okinawa, Japan; FRLM 18933, 106 mm SL, Middleof Mizuoti River, Iriomote Island, Okinawa,
Japan; MUFS 17799–17881, 3 specimens, 129–
198 mm SL, Fannie Bay Beach, Fannie Bay, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (12°24
55.54S, 130°4937.57E), coll. by H. Motomura
and S. Gregg, June 1999; MUFS 22938, 174 mm
SL, Kaoshung (22°2656.4N, 120°2715.4E),
Taiwan; RMNH D420 (designated as the paralec-

120

Fig. 5.

Yukio Iwatsuki, Masayuki Kume and Tetsuo Yoshino

Body depth and orbit diameter of Acanthopagrus pacificus sp. nov. and A. berda in relation to standard length.

totype of C. calamara), 211 mm SL, Java, Indonesia, collected by Kuhl and van Hasselt; SMF
3021, 146 mm SL, Java, Indonesia, collected by
Kuhl and van Hasselt; URM-P 1093, 214 mm
SL, Sirahama, Iriomote Island, Okinawa, Japan;
URM-P 1095, 198 mm SL, Sirahama, Iriomote
Island, Okinawa, Japan; URM-P 4828, 189 mm
SL, Nakama River, Iriomote Island, Okinawa,
Japan; URM-P 23512–23516, 5 specimens, 201–
253 mm SL, Yaeyama Group, Ryukyu Islands,
Japan; URM-P 23522, 265 mm SL, Yaeyama
Group, Ryukyu Islands, Japan; URM-P 28483,
64 mm SL, Urauchi River, Iriomote Island,
Yaeyama Group, Ryukyu Islands, Japan; URM-P
29626–29627, 2 specimens, 106–112 mm SL,
Nozaki River, Iriomote Island, Yaeyama Group,
Ryukyu Islands, Japan; URM-P 29629, 78 mm
SL, Nozaki River, Iriomote Island, Yaeyama
Group, Ryukyu Islands, Japan; URM-P 32648,

181 mm SL, Urauchi River, Iriomote Island,
Yaeyama Group, Ryukyu Islands, Japan; URM-P
41027, 127 mm SL, Yaeyama Group, Ryukyu Islands, Japan; URM-P 41046, 196 mm SL, Yaeyama Group, Ryukyu Islsandsa, Japan; URM-P
41048, 190 mm SL, Yaeyama Group, Ryukyu Islands, Japan; URM-P 41050–41051, 170–183mm SL, Yaeyama Group, Ryukyu Islands, Japan;
URM-P 41070–41071, 123–139 mm SL, Yaeyama Group, Ryukyu Islands, Japan; URM-P
41075, 141 mm SL, Yaeyama Group, Ryukyu Islands, Japan; URM-P 41078, 126 mm SL, Yaeyama Group, Ryukyu Islands, Japan; MUFS 2915,
283 mm SL, Penan, Malaysia; NSMT-P 67822,
113 mm SL, Hainan Island, China; NSMT
67822, 113 mm SL, Hi Phong, Vietnam; SU
27048 at CAS, 115 mm SL, Palawan Island,
Philippines; SU 61150 at CAS, 3 specimens,
107–113 mm SL, Honk Kong; USNM 176939,

New Sparid Fish from Western Pacific

179 mm SL, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland,
Australia; ZRC 16818, 143 mm SL, Singapore.
Diagnosis. Distinguished from other species ofAcanthopagrus by the following combination ofcharacters: scale rows between fifth dorsal-fin
spine base and lateral line 31/2; ventral edge offirst two infraorbitals above rear end of maxilla
straight in fish less than 30 cm SL, but a moderate concavity of the ventral edge of the first two
infraorbitals above the posterior part of upper jaw
obvious in specimens 35 cm SL (Fig. 3A–D);
front edge of dorsal scaly area on head slightly
curved (convex) without small scales (Fig. 4A);
total gill rakers higher, 15–19, modally17; deeper
body, 45–48% SL (mean 47% SL; Fig. 5A); analfin rays III, 8–9 but usually III, 8; smaller orbit
diameter, 2.9–4.9 (mean 3.7) in head length/orbit
diameter (Fig. 5B); second anal-fin spine (2AS)
clearly longer than third anal-fin spine (3AS),
2AS/3AS 1.2–1.56 (mean 1.4); no scales on preopercle flange; pelvic and anal fins uniformly
dark black.
Description. Counts and measurements of theholotype and 8 paratype specimens are given in
Table 1. Data for the holotype are presented first,
followed by paratype data in parentheses. Characters stated in the diagnosis are not repeated.
Body compressed, with weakly ctenoid scales,
mouth somewhat oblique; lips thick; snout pointed; anterior nostrils round, just in front of eye,posterior nostrils long oval or slit-like; posterior
tip of maxilla reaching beyond vertical at middleof eye or anterior one-third of eye); upper jaw
length greater than orbit diameter; lower jaw
somewhat included; molariform teeth rows 3–5,
smaller anteriorly and larger, typical molariform
teeth posteriorly; upper jaw with 6 (rarely 7) canines anteriorly 6 canines at front of lower jaw;
suborbital depth slightly less than dermal eye
opening (clearly less than dermal eye opening),
but greater than orbit diameter in specimens of30 cm SL, no scales on suborbital region; 7 (6or 7) transverse rows of scales on preopercle; anterodorsal profile slightly convex from above eye;scaly sheath in soft dorsal- and anal-fin ray bases;
dorsal spines strong, second less than twice

121

length of first, and shorter than third; fourth spine
longest (rarely fifth subequal); first soft dorsal
ray longest (second or third in some specimens),
clearly shorter than longest spine; first anal-fin
spine short, much less than eye; third anal spine
shorter than second spine, which is slightly
longer than snout; first soft anal-fin ray slightly
longer than third anal-fin spine (or subequal);
pectoral- fin tip clearly reaching vertical at anus,
length clearly greater than head length; longest
pelvic-fin ray clearly less than head length;
pelvic-fin spine longer than snout.
Color of fresh specimens based on color photographs of Akazaki (1984, pl. 167-D), MUFS
22938 (Taiwan, Fig. 2A), and two uncatalogued
specimens from Vietnam: Head and body silvery
gray, ventral portion of head and abdomen somewhat whitish; dorsal, caudal, anal, and pelvic finsdusky, especially membranes; pectoral fin hyalineor somewhat dusky dorsally.
Color of preserved specimens: Head and bodyyellowish dusky gray, ventral portion of head andabdomen whitish; dorsal, caudal, anal, and pelvic
fins dusky, especially membranes; pectoral fins
yellowish or somewhat dusky in dorsal portion.
Distribution. Currently known only from western Pacific: Iriomote Island, Ryukyu Islands,
Japan, Taiwan, southern China, Vietnam, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New
Guinea, and Australia (Fig. 6).
Etymology. The specific name is proposed forthe western Pacific distributional pattern (Fig. 6)of A. pacificus sp. nov.
Comparisons. Acanthopagrus bifasciatus has
two conspicuous vertical black bars on the head
(Bauchot and Smith, 1983). Acanthopagrus palmaris is limited to southwestern Australia andhas a gibbous head (Whitley, 1935; Gomon et al.,1994), which separates it from A. pacificus sp.
nov., A. berda, A. omanensis, and A. vagus, although we consider that A. palmaris needs further taxonomic study. Acanthopagrus australis,
A. chinshira, and A. latus have yellow pelvic,
anal, and caudal fins, while A. pacificus sp. nov.
and other Acanthopagrus species do not haveyellow fins, the fins being dusky (Carpenter,122

Yukio Iwatsuki, Masayuki Kume and Tetsuo Yoshino

Fig. 6.

Distributional pattern of Acanthopagrus pacificus sp. nov. and A. berda from the Indo-West Pacific.

2001; Kume and Yoshino, 2008; Akazaki, 1984).
Acanthopagrus akazakii, A. butcheri, A. omanensis, A. randalli, A. schlegelii, and A. sivicolus
have 41/2–61/2 scale rows between the 5th dorsal
fin spine and lateral line (Iwatsuki et al., 2006;
Iwatsuki and Carpenter, 2006; Kume and Yoshino, 2008; Gomon et al., 1994; Iwatsuki andHeemstra, 2010), Acanthopagrus pacificus sp.
nov. is most similar to A. berda, A. taiwanensis
and A. vagus in having overall appearance ofbody generally dusky color with silvery reflection and 31/2 scale rows between the 5th dorsalfin spine and lateral line (Iwatsuki and Carpenter,
2006; Iwatsuki and Heemstra, 2010). However,A. taiwanensis has well developed, flattenedmolar teeth on both upper and lower jaws (seefig. 6A, B of Iwatsuki and Carpenter, 2006) andthree or four cheek scale rows (Iwatsuki and Carpenter, 2006), while A. pacificus sp. nov. has typical (rounded) molariform teeth (see fig. 5C, D of
Iwatsuki and Carpenter, 2006) and six or sevencheek scale rows. Furthermore, A. vagus has

scales on preopercle flange from zero to six,
number increasing with growth, obvious in specimens over 20 cm SL (fig. 3H of Iwatsuki andHeemstra, 2010) and black streaks near anal-finbase on inter-radial membranes (figs. 2, 3E–H,
and 5C of Iwatsuki and Heemstra, 2010). Acanthopagrus berda develops a deep concavity on
the ventral edge of the first two infraorbitals
above the posterior part of the maxilla in specimens over ca. 13 cm SL, lower counts of total gillrakers (13–17, modally 15), higher counts ofanal-fin rays (usually III, 9; Table 1), somewhat
greater body depth (45–54% SL, mean 50% SL;
Figs. 2B, 5A) and larger orbit diameter (Fig. 5B;
2.4–3.7, mean 3.1 in head length/orbit diameter),while A. pacificus sp. nov. has a generally straight
infraorbital series until 35 cm SL (then, developing a moderate concavity of the ventral edge ofthe first two infraorbitals above the maxilla),
lower counts of anal-fin rays (usually III, 8; Table1), higher counts of total gill rakers (15–19,
modally 17), lower body depth (40–49% SL,

New Sparid Fish from Western Pacificmean 45% SL; Figs. 2A, 5A), and smaller orbit
diameter (Fig. 5B; 2.9–4.9, mean 3.7 in headlength/orbit diameter).
In addition, the following characters are often
helpful for identification to differentiate the two
species as well as information of their collection
sites (Indian Ocean for A. berda and western Pacific for A. pacificus sp. nov., respectively; Fig.
6). Acanthopagrus pacificus sp. nov. usually has
a dusky silver or dusky yellowish to black color
on the body, and a somewhat slender body, while
A. berda often has a uniformly dense black color
on the body and the anterior membrane of eachscale pocket, and deeper body (Fig. 2A, B).
Remarks. In proposing Acanthopagrus pacificus as a new species, consideration must also begiven to the following nominal species from the
Indo-West Pacific. Acanthopagrus pacificus sp.
nov., mainly collected from western Pacific (Fig.
5) has long been confused with Acanthopagrus
berda (Forsskål, 1775) because of having 31/2
scale rows between the fifth dorsal-fin spine andlateral line, similar looking body and coloration,and molariform teeth, but, recently, A. berda wasredescribed by Iwatsuki and Heemstra (2010),
who listed the following species as junior synonyms of A. berda: Sparus hasta Bloch andSchneider, 1801, Sparus calamara Cuvier, 1829,
Chrysophrys madagascariensis Valenciennes inCuvier and Valenciennes, 1830, and Chrysophrysrobinsoni Gilchrist and Thompson, 1908. Furthermore, in their review of Acanthopagrus,
Iwatsuki and Heemstra (2010) recognized A.
vagus Peters, 1852 as a valid endemic species
from the southeastern coast and estuaries ofAfrica, with Pagrus caffer Castelnau, 1861 andChrysophrys estuarius Gilchrist and Thompson,1908 as junior synonyms of A. vagus. The above
species and A. taiwanensis have 31/2 scale rows
between the fifth dorsal-fin spine base and lateralline. Most of the other nominal species of Acanthopagrus: A. akazakii, A. butcheri, A. omanensis, A. randalli, A. sivicolus and A. schlegelii)(except A. australis, A. chinshira and A. latus) of
Iwatsuki and Heemstra (2010) have 41/2–61/2
scale rows between the fifth dorsal-fin spine and123

lateral line. We consider that Yellowfin Seabream
II (A. latus) needs to be redescribed and compared with all nominal species in Acanthopagrus:
Chrysophrys auripes Richardson, 1846, Sparus
chrysopterus Kishinouye, 1907, Sparus latus
Houttuyn, 1782, C. longispinnis Valenciennes inCuvier and Valenciennes, 1830, C. novaecaledoniae Castelnau, 1873, C. rubroptera Tirant, 1883,
and C. xanthopoda Richardson, 1846 but thesenominal species clearly have yellow pelvic andanal fins, which separates them from A. pacificus
sp. nov. with black pelvic and anal fins according
to Iwatsuki et al. (2006), Iwatsuki and Carpenter(2006, 2009), Kume and Yoshino (2008), andIwatsuki and Heemstra (2010).
Sparus calamara Cuvier, 1829, based on a
drawing of Russell (1803: pl. 92), was considereda synonym of Acanthopagrus berda (Forsskål,1775) (Iwatsuki and Heemstra, 2010). According
to the original description, Chrysophrys calamara Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes,
1830, was based on two syntypes (Fig. 7A–B;
MNHN 5261, 151 mm SL, collected by Bélenger
from Madras [Chennai], and RMNH D420,
211 mm SL collected by Kuhl and van Hasselt
from Java, and the drawing of Russell (1803: pl.
92. However, Valenciennes did not refer to Cuvier’s (1829) description of Sparus calamara in
his description, although both authors, were
working together at the Natural History Museumin Paris at the same time, and both must haveseen the painting that Russell (1803: pl. 92) hadlabeled Calamara. According to the description(Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830), these
two species descriptions must be considered as
independently published new species’ descriptions. Valenciennes’ name ‘Chrysophrys calamara’ is an objective synonym of Cuvier’s nominal
species Sparus calamara and Valenciennes’
nominal species is also a secondary juniorhomonym (in the genus Acanthopagrus) of Cuvier’s species. The Madras (Chennai) specimen(Fig. 7A, shows the concave ventral edge of firsttwo infraorbitals above rear end of maxilla) andthe drawing of Russell (1803: pl. 92) are identified as young Acanthopagrus berda (see Iwatsuki

31/2
31/2
5–710–1215–18

43
41/2/111/2

31/2

31/2
61117

Pored lateral line scales
Scale rows above and below lateral line
Scale rows between 5th dorsal fin
spine base and lateral line
Scale rows between 9th dorsal fin
spine base and lateral line
Gill rakers

Ventral edge of first two inraorbitals
above posterior part of upper jaw
Measurements:
Body depth
Head length
Body width
Snout length
Orbit diameter
Dermal eye opening
Interorbital width
Upper jaw length
Caudal peduncle depth
Caudal peduncle length
Predosal fin length
Preanal fin length
Prepelvic fin length
Dorsal fin base length

43–45
41/2/111/2

I, 5; 15Pelvic- and pectoral-fin raysstraight

45–49 (47)
35–37 (36)
17–18 (18)
12–14 (13)
8–11 (9)7–9 (8)
9–10 (9)14–16 (15)
13–14 (13)17–19 (18)
44–47 (46)65–73 (70)
38–42 (40)55–61 (58)

narrowly concave

45
35
20
14
7
6
11
16
13
20
45
70
39
57

I, 5; 15

III, 8

III, 8Anal-fin rays

XI, 11

XI, 11Paratypes
127–273 mm
SL, n6Counts:
Dorsal-fin rays

Holotype
NSMT-P 93818
348 mm SL,
n1

Acanthopagrus pacificus sp. nov.

40–49 (45)32–37 (35)
16–22 (18)
10–15 (13)
8–12 (10)
7–10 (9)8–10 (9)12–16 (14)
12–15 (13)15–22 (19)40–49 (44)61–74 (70)36–45 (39)55–63 (58)31/2
5–8+9–1215–19(modally 61117)
straight

31/2

XI, 10–11(usually XI, 11)III, 8–9(usually III, 8)
I, 5; usually 15(rarely 14 or 16)
42–46
41/2/10–121/2

Non-type
specimens
64–283 mm SL
n47

15
–
–

–
32
–
13
10
–
–
13
–
–

widely concave

31/2
–

31/2

–
4/11

15

III, 9

XI, soft rays missing

Holotype*
ZMUC P50555
ca. 213 mm SLn1

45–53 (50)
31–41 (35)
13–23 (18)
10–15 (13)
8–16 (12)
7–14 (10)
10–12 (11)
12–17 (14)
10–15 (13)15–23 (18)
42–52 (46)62–74 (70)35–45 (40)
52–64 (58)31/2
5–78–1213–17(modally 51015)
widely concave in fish overca. 150 mm SL

31/2

42–44
31/2–4/11–12

XI–XII, 10–12(usually XI, 11)III, 8–9(usually III, 9)
14–15 (usually 15)

Non-type
specimens**
33–288 mm SLn42

Acanthopagrus berda (Forsskål, 1775)

Table 1. Counts and proportional measurements of sparid specimens of the Acanthopagrus pacificus sp. nov. and A. berda, expressed as percentages of standard length(means in parentheses).

124
Yukio Iwatsuki, Masayuki Kume and Tetsuo Yoshino

* Data are based on Iwatsuki and Heemstra (2010).

4.94
1.14

Head length/orbit diameter
Ratio of second anal-fin spine/third spine

Holotype
NSMT-P 93818
348 mm SL,
n1

17
23
16
21
39
6
9
15
17
16
15
11
13
5
15
13
12
6
16

(continued).

Anal fin base length
Caudal fin length
Pelvic spine length
First pelvic ray length
Pectoral fin
First dorsal-fin spine length
Second dorsal-fin spine length
Third dorsal-fin spine length
Fourth dorsal-fin spine length
Fifth dorsal-fin spine length
Sixth dorsal-fin spine length
Last dorsal-fin spine length
First dorsal-fin ray length
First anal-fin spine length
Second anal-fin spine length
Third anal-fin spine length
First anal-fin ray length
Suborbital width
Posteriormost jaw width

Table 1.

(18)
(30)
(17)
(25)
(40)
(6)
(12)
(16)
(17)
(16)
(16)
(12)
(13)
(6)
(19)
(15)
(15)
(6)
(14)

3.35–4.50 (3.81)
1.17–1.44 (1.32)

17–20
27–31
16–19
22–28
38–44
5–7
10–13
14–18
16–20
15–19
14–19
11–13
12–15
5–6
15–21
13–17
13–17
5–7
12–16

Paratypes
127–273 mm
SL, n6

Acanthopagrus pacificus sp. nov.

(19)
(30)
(17)
(25)
(39)
(7)
(12)
(16)
(17)
(17)
(16)
(12)
(14)
(6)
(20)
(15)
(15)
(5)
(14)

2.85–4.44 (3.65)
1.15–1.56 (1.36)

17–22
24–35
15–20
21–29
29–44
5–9
10–15
13–18
14–20
14–20
13–18
10–14
11–17
5–8
15–24
13–18
13–19
3–11
12–16

Non-type
specimens
64–283 mm SL
n47

3.26
1.27

–
–
16
20
41
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
3
–

Holotype*
ZMUC P50555
ca. 213 mm SLn1

2.42–3.74 (3.05)
1.23–1.50 (1.36)

16–22 (19)25–39 (31)
15–20 (17)21–31 (26)
34–43 (39)
5–10 (8)
9–18 (13)
13–21 (17)
14–22 (19)
14–21 (18)
15–20 (17)
11–16 (13)
13–19 (16)
5–10 (7)15–26 (21)
11–18 (16)
14–20 (17)
3–6 (4)
12–17 (14)Non-type
specimens**
33–288 mm SLn42

Acanthopagrus berda (Forsskål, 1775)

New Sparid Fish from Western Pacific
125

126

Yukio Iwatsuki, Masayuki Kume and Tetsuo Yoshino

Fig. 7. The lectotype (A) and the paralectotype (B) of Chysophyrys calamara Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830. A, MNHN 0000-5261, 151 mm SL, Madras (Chennai), India, collected by Bélenger; B,
RMNH D420, 211 mm SL, Java, Indonesia, collected by Kuhl and van Hasselt.

and Heemstra, 2010). The Java specimen (Fig.
7B, has a straight ventral edge of the first two infraorbitals) and was identified as a distinct
species, Acanthopagrus sp. of Iwatsuki andHeemstra (2010), the latter species being common in the western Pacific region.
In order to avoid further confusion of Acanthopagrus taxonomy, we designate the Madras’(Chennai) specimen (MNHN 0000-5261, 151

mm SL; Fig. 7A) as the lectotype of Chrysophrys
calamara Valenciennes, 1830; and the other Java
specimen (RMNH D420, 211 mm SL; Fig. 7B)
automatically becomes the paralectotype of thespecies. We choose the Madras specimen as thelectotype because Cuvier (1829) and Valenciennes (1830) independently described it as a new
species named “calamara” which is here identified as a junior synonym of A. berda (see Iwatsu-

New Sparid Fish from Western Pacificki and Heemstra 2010). Valenciennes (1830)
overlooked the Java specimen of the two additional specimens (Java and Madras) of A. calamara, evidently assuming that both specimens
were the same species. Consequently, Valenciennes’ C. calamara becomes a secondary homonym of Cuvier’s (1829) Sparus calamara, as both
species are now assigned to Acanthopagrus.
Valenciennes’ calamara is also considered a junior synonym of A. berda. Hence the species designated as Acanthopagrus sp. of Iwatsuki andHeemstra (2010), and widely distributed in thewestern Pacific, has no scientific name. Accordingly, we here describe this species as Acanthopagrus pacificus sp. nov.
Comparative material examined. Acanthopagrus australis: BMNH 1855.9.19.2, 1 of 8 syntypes, 185 mm SL, Australian seas and rivers;
MUFS 3494–3497, 143–274 mm SL, Port Jackson, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia; MUFS 3500–
3502, 3 specimens, 130–139 mm SL, 29°53S,
153°18E, Australia. A. berda: MNHN 00005261 (1 syntype of Chrysophrys calamara
Valenciennes, 1830, herein designated as the lectotype of C. calamara), 151 mm SL, Chennai(Madras), India: MUFS 2915, 283 mm SL,
Penan, Malaysia; ZMUC-P 50555 (holotype of ),left dried skin, ca. 213 mm SL (calculated from aformula giving head-standard length relationship), Luhaiya (Al Luhayyah; approximately
15°4152N, 42°4107E), Yemen, Red Sea. A.
bifasciatus: ZMUC P50557 (holotype ofChaetodon bifasciatus), dried, 115 mm SL, Jidda,

127

Saudi Arabia. A. butcheri: AMS IB.1895 (holotype of Sparus berda), 228 mm SL, Gippsland
Lakes, Victoria, Australia; MUFS 3498–3499, 2
specimens, 83–91 mm SL, Victoria, Australia. A.
chinshira: MUFS 23014 (paratype), 117 mm SL,
Nago Fish Market, Okinawa Island, Japan;
MUFS 23015 (paratype), 112 mm SL, nearshore
Atsuta, Nakagusuku Bay, Okinawa Island, Japan.
A. latus: MUFS 21352, 136 mm SL, Miyazaki,
Japan; MUFS 65280, 209 mm SL, Miyazaki,
Japan; MUFS 22740–22743, 4 specimens,
186–270 mm SL, Izumi, Kagoshima, Japan. A.
omanensis: BPBM 36099 (holotype of A.
omanensis), 145 mm, Duqm (19°3944N, 57°
4222E), Oman, sex unknown, hand-line, collector J. L. Earle, Nov. 12, 1993; BPBM 40887(paratype of A. omanensis), 136 mm, same dataas the holotype. A. palmaris: AMS I.12965(holotype), 238 mm SL, Port Hedland, Western
Australia. A. schlegelii: RMNH 5727 (1 of 2 syntypes), 123 mm SL, Nagasaki, Japan. A.
sivicolus: FAKU 32311 (paratype, recently detected), 112 mm SL, Ishigaki Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. A. vagus: ZMB 1087 (holotype),
261 mm SL, Sena at Zambezi River (approximately 17°2730S, 35°0155E), Mozambique.
Materials of A. akazakii, A. berda, A. taiwanensis, Chrysophrys novaecaledoniae, and C.
longispinnis are shown to Iwatsuki et al. (2006),
Iwatsuki and Carpenter (2006) and Iwatsuki andHeemstra (2010). The two last are needed forfurther study in taxonomic identity.

Key to Species of Acanthopagrus
1a. Two conspicuous black bars on head, one wide bar over posterior third of head, and a smaller
black bar through eye; dorsal-fin soft rays 12–15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. bifasciatus
1b. No black bars on head; dorsal-fin soft rays 10–13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2a. Scale rows from fifth dorsal-fin spine to lateral line 51/2–61/2;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2b. Scale rows from fifth dorsal-fin spine to lateral line 31/2–41/2; molariform teeth well developed........................................................................... 43a. Dorsal, caudal, anal, and pelvic fins pale, with wide black margin; molariform teeth poorly developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. omanensis
3b. Dorsal, caudal, anal, and pelvic fins pale, with black or dusky color; molariform teeth moderately
developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. schlegelii
4a. Scale rows from 5th dorsal-fin spine to lateral line usually 31/2 (rarely 41/2;); anal fin yellow . . 5

128

Yukio Iwatsuki, Masayuki Kume and Tetsuo Yoshino

4b. Scale rows from 5th dorsal-fin spine to lateral line 31/2 or 41/2; anal fin black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5a. Pelvic fins mostly bright yellow; diffuse black blotch at origin of lateral line . . . . . . . . . A. latus
5b. Pelvic fins whitish (or hyaline) or (rarely) margin yellowish hyaline; no diffuse black blotch atorigin of lateral line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6a. Black spot on upper base of pectoral fins; cheek with 5 rows of scales . . . . . . . . . . . A. australis
6b. No black spot on upper base of pectoral fins; cheek with 6 rows of scales . . . . . . . . A. chinshira7a. Scale rows from 5th dorsal-fin spine to lateral line 31/2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7b. Scale rows from 5th dorsal-fin spine to lateral line 41/2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128a. Fish 13 cm SL with prominent concavity in ventral edge of infraorbitals for rear end of maxilla; anterior edge of dorsal scaly area of head with small scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. berda
8b. Ventral edge of infraorbitals usually straight; anterior edge of dorsal scaly area of head without
small scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99a. Head of adults gibbous dorsally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. palmaris
9b. No gibbous head in adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010a. No dark streak on each inter-radial membrane of soft anal fin . . . . . . . . . . . A. pacificus sp. nov.
10b. A dark streak on each inter-radial membrane of soft anal fin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111a. W-shaped naked area at front of dorsal scaly area; often scales on preopercular flange . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. vagus
11b. Dorsal scaly area on top of head rounded; no scales on preopercular flange . . . . . A. taiwanensis
12a. Adults with front profile of head prominently convex from snout to just above eye with growth; 4
or 5 wide black bands on body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. randalli12b. Snout profile straight from snout to just above eye; no bands or 8–12 bands on body . . . . . . . 13
13a. Front part of upper lip extended dorsally and ventrally in specimens over 16 cm SL; molariform teeth in jaws generally flat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. akazakii
13b. Front part of upper lip without extensions dorsally and ventrally; molariform teeth in jaws convex with a relatively bluntly pointed cusp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
14a. Anal-fin membranes black or dusky black; scale rows below lateral line 101/2–121/2 . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. sivicolus
14b. Anal-fin membranes (second to third spines and 1st to 3rd or 4th fin rays) black, remaining parthyaline without melanophores; scale rows below lateral line 121/2–141/2 . . . . . . . . . . A. butcheri
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the following persons andinstitutions for specimen loan, information andfacilities among the first author’s visits: M. McGrouther (AMS); J. Maclaine (BMNH); A. Suzumoto and J. Randall (BPBM); D. Catania, T.
Iwamoto and B. Eschmeyer (CAS); A. Graham(CSIRO); Y. Kai and T. Nakabo (FAKU); R.
Causse, P. Pruvost and G. Duhamel (MNHN); W.
Mototani and A. Chakraborty (MUFS); D. J.
Bray and M. Gomon (NMV); K. Matsuura and
G. Shinohara (NSMT); J. Johnson (QM); M. J. P.
van Oijen and J. van Egmond (RMNH); P. Skelton, P. C. Heemstra, R. Bills, K. Dubula, M.
Mwale, O. Alvheim, V. B. Kongobe, V. Hanisi, V.
Mthombeni, E. Heemstra, R. Holleman, E. M.

Anderson, and D. Tweddle (SAIAB); M.
Bougaardt, L. Compagno and P. A. Hulley(SAM); F. Krupp (SMF); J. T. Williams(USNM); S. Morrison (WAM); P. Bartsch, H.-J.
Paepke and C. Lamour (ZMB); T. Menne and J.
Nielsen (ZMUC); A. K. Karmakar (Calcutta,
ZSI); K. P. Lim (ZRC); M. N. Venugopal (Mangalore Fisheries College, Karnataka, India); M.
Motomura (Kagoshima University, Museum,Kagoshima University, Japan). Furthermore, we
thank I. Akagawa for translation of French articles into Japanese, G. S. Hardy, Ngunguru, New
Zealand, for his critical comments on the initialmanuscript and great help in English, David S.
Smith (USNM) for useful comments on nomenclature, and J. E. Randall (BPBM) for a photo-New Sparid Fish from Western Pacificgraph use of Acanthopagrus berda. Lastly, we aremuch appreciative of two anonymous reviewers
for useful comments on our paper. This study
was supported in part by grants of the Ministryof Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Japan(No. 16570079, No. 19208019, and No.
20570091) and the National Research Foundation of South Africa (Grant UID #: 70611).
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