纏SSN

Japanese

Joumal of Tropical

Medicine

第16巻第3号

Hygiene昭和63年9月15日
内

原

and

O304−2146

容著

バングラデシュおよび日本で分離した大腸菌の性状について（英文）・・岩永

正明，Roger

Eeckels185−190

インドネシア，スラウェシで採集されたブユについて（英文）一高岡 宏行，D．M．Roberts191−219
ナイジェリアのプラトー州における2種のブユ，S伽御伽吻7頭607麗とS．纏｝痂8鷹の未吸血性卵巣発育の欠如について（英文）一…………・……………一…・・…高岡宏行

221−224

第29回日本熱帯医学会総会講演抄録（2）目

次・………・………・一…

講演・………………・・……一…

英文抄録…一投稿規定

日熱医会誌

Japan．」．T．M．H．

日本熱帯医学会

225−227228−247249−276

Ja pan. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., Vol. 16, No. 3, 1988, pp. 185‑190

185

CHARACTERISTICS OF ESCHERICHIA COLIISOLATED IN BANGLADESH AND IN JAPANMASAAKI IWANAGA* and ROGER EECKELS'
Received June 19 1987/Accepted July I 1988

Abstract: A comparative study of Escherichia coli strains isolated in Bangladesh andJapan was carried out. The frequency of intestinally pathogenic E. coli strains was 3
times higher in those from Bangladesh than from Japan. Drug sensitivity pattern showedno significant differences between isolates from the two countries, although those from
Bangladesh were more resistant to ampicillin than those from Japan. The relationshipbetween the appearance of drug resistant strains and antibiotic use was discussed.

INTRODUCTION
Infectious diseases due to bacteria are a big problem throughout the world despitewidespread use of antibiotics over the past few decades. The pattern of bacterial infection
varies from one region to another due to the presence of different pathogens and hosts in eachenvironment. The natural and social environments are very different in between Bangladesh
and Japan. These different environments might have brought about the dissimilar patternsof infectious diseases and of antibiotic consumption in both countries. A study of theuniversally present Escherichia coli in these 2 different environments would most likely bebeneficial in understanding its ecology and the epidemiology of its diseases as well as othermedical problems.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Bacterial strains. E. coli isolated from diarrheal patients in Dhaka (Bangladesh) during

the period from November 1985 to January 1986, and in Okinawa (Japan) throughout 1985
were used. Altogether there were 192 strains from Bangladesh and 157 from Japan. All
isolates were collected from diarrheal stools regardless of etiology, and stored in a butt ofnutrient agar (Eiken) until use.

Serot iping of enteropathogenic E. coli. Each isolate was subcultured on a nutrient agar

plate, and agglutination against anti‑sera (mixture of monovalent anti‑O and correspondinganti‑K antibody: Denkaseiken Co., Tokyo, Japan) was tested on a slide glass. After this1

2

Department of Bacteriology, University of the Ryukyus School of Medicine 207 Uehara,
Nishihara, Okinawa 903‑01, Japan
International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh. GPO Box 128, Dhaka‑2,
Bangladesh

186

screening test, the agglutinated strains (possible enteropathogenic E. coli = EPEC and entero‑invasive E. coli=EIEO were suspended in normal saline solution and heated at 100'C for 1
hr. The heat‑treated bacterial suspensions were adjusted to a turbidity of McFarland number
2, and agglutination was reexamined in a test tube against monovalent anti‑O antibody(Denkaseiken Co., Tokyo, Japan) . Possible enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEO were
examined with anti‑serum kindly donated by Dr. Kudoh, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of
Health.

Toxin production. Production of heat labile enterotoxin (LT) was examined by amodified Elecktest (Biken test) , as described by Honda et al. (1981) , and by colony hybridiza‑tion method using a 32P Iabeled DNA probe for LT subunit A, as described by Kaper et al.
(1981) .

Drug Sensitivity. Certified original powder of ampicillin (ABPO , gentamicin (GM),
minocycline (MINO), cefazoline (CEZ) , and 'ceftizoxime (CZX) were used. The organisms
were cultured overnight in heart infusion broth (Eiken) at 37'C, after which the culture fluid

was diluted 10‑fold with normal saline. The diluted culture fluid was inoculated on to 10
plates of heart infusion agar containing each drug in serial 2‑fold dilutions ranging from 100
to 0.2 pg/ml (0.0125 to 6.25 pg/ml for ceftizoxime). The sensitivity of the E. coli isolates

to each drug was expressed as a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIO .

RESULTS
The isolation rates of enteropathogenic E. coli (including enterotoxigenic E. coli=
ETEC, enteroinvasive E. coli= EIEC, enterohemorrhagic E. coli= EHEC, and traditionally socalled enteropathogenic E. coli=EPEO are shown in Table 1. Of 192 isolates from Bang‑
Table I Isolation frequency of enteropath‑ Table 2 Serotypes of EPEC and (EIEO

ogenic E. coli detected

Bangladesh
Bangladesh Japan Antigens
Japan
O
4

4

EHEC (probable) 2 1 044 O
1
1

O
2
EPEC: traditionally so called enteropath‑
O111 O

ogenic E. coli as determined by O antigen, (1)(0124) (O)EIEC:
specific serotype of EPEC, ETEC 0126 1(LT): E. coli producing heat labile enter‑1

3
otoxin, EHEC (probable) : E. coli with nega‑
0127a O3
tive fermentation of sorbitol, negative ornith‑ 0128 O(O)
ine‑lysine decarboxylation, and bearing (0136)(1)
1(0144)(0164) (1)
(1)
(O)
(O)

Total 5 (3)' 20 (1)187

ladesh, 20 strains of EPEC (10.4%) and 7 strains of LT producing ETEC (3.6%) weredetected. On the other hand, in 157 isolates from Japan, 5 strains of EPEC (3.2%) and noneof ETEC were found. A small number of EIEC and probable EHEC were detected from bothcountries. In total, the isolation rates of enteropathogenic E. coli were 15.6% (30/192) and5.7% (9/157) of the total isolates in Bangladesh and Japan, respectively. Detected serotypesof EPEC and EIEC are shown in Table 2.
Drug sensitivity patterns are shown in Tables 3 and 4. And in Figures I to 5, thesensitivities of the isolates to each drug are expressed as cumulative MIC distribution curves,compared in both countries. In general, there were no significant differences between theisolates of the two countries, except that isolates from Bangladesh had moderately higher
ampicillin MICs than those from Japan.

DISCUSSION
Among the many factors influencing the incidence of diarrheal diseases, distribution ofpathogens and susceptible hosts should be noted from an epidemiological point of view.
Furthermore, the mode of interaction between the pathogen and its host (Host‑parasite
relationship) is important in pathological conditions. The inci.dence of diarrheal diseases due

to bacteria appeared to be much higher in Bangladesh than in Japan, and indeed in the present

study the isolation rate of intestinally pathogenic E. coli was 3 times higher in strains ofBangladesh origin than those obtained in Japan. These results agreed well with the incidence
Table 3 Drug sensitivity of E. coli iso‑Table 4 Drug sensitivity of E. coli iso‑lated in Bangladesh lated in Japan

Concentration Concentration(pg/ml)GM CEZ CZX(pg/ml) ABPC GM MlNO CEZCZXABPC
MlNO
100 <

105

O

100

4

O

50

l

O

25

1

7

7

12 . 53

31

27

6 . 25

18

O

50

26

x
x
x
x
x
x

3 . 13

39

9

20

19

1 . 56

16

38

27

O . 78

5

123

39

O . 39Oll

0.20(; )(O)(9)

O . 10

x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x
x

O . 05

O . 025

O . 0125
O . 0063 ;

O

100 <

34

O

6 . 25

43

9

10

8

x
x
x
x
x
x

O

3 . 1 3

42

22

24

24

O

61

O

1 . 56

16

llO

47

71

O

45

O

O . 78

11

15

55

44

O

13

3

O

O . 39

3

O

O

(3)

(1)

3

O . 20 (

(O)

(O)

(O)

(O)

x
x

X
X
X
X
X

11

O . 1060

O . 0587

O . 025xxx

27

O . 0125x

4

O . 0063

x

x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x
x

><

x
x

l

O

lOO

O

50

O

4
O

3

3

25

3

O

6

l

12 . 5

6

O

8

2

O
)

10

50

63

29
5

Values indicate the number of strains whose growth was inhibited at a given concentration of

drug. ABPC : ampicillin, GM : gentamycin, MINO : minocycline, CEZ : cefazorine, CZX :ceftizoxime, X : not examined at these concentrations.

188

%

1 OO

%

AMPC

1 OO

CEZ

B
J

E.J.

E.J.

E.Ba.

50

50

E.Ba

< 0.2

O . 783. 13

1 2 . 5 50

0.39 1.56 6,25 25

100 <Figure 1%

1 OO

Figure 4

%

GM

1 OO

czx

E.J,

E.Ba

50

50

o . 391.56 6.25 25

1 OO p g/mE

E.J. E.BaO Ot25 O 05 0.2 0.78 3.13 12.5 50

100 <Figure 5

Figure 2%

1 OO

100 p glm2

Figs. I to 5

MINO

Cumulative MIC distribution curves, expressedas percentage of isolates, based on the data in

Table 3 and Table 4. ABPC: ampicillin, GM:

E. J.

gentamycin, MlNO: minocycline, CEZ: cef‑
azolin, CZX: ceftizoxime, E. Ba.: E. coli of

5oBangladesh, E. J.: E. coli of Japan.

E.Ba

o . 391.56 6.25 25

Figure 3

100 p9l

189

of illness. Further studies on distribution and density of pathogens in non‑diarrheal stools
and in the environment, and of susceptible hosts, are required in order to fully understand theepidemiology of these diseases.

Isolation frequencies of EPEC have previously been reported (Edelman et al.. 1983;
Komalarini et al., 1977; Machii et al., 1983; Sen et al., 1983; Utsunomiya et al., 1982) , but thedata varied according to the season and the technical effort applied to the detection.
Therefore, comparative evaluation of results from different studies requires some scepticism.

In the detection of pathogens in the present study, 6 strains of ETEC were found by the

Biken‑test (modified Eleck's method) , while tox gene‑encoded DNA (ent plasmid) was
detected in 7 strains by colony hybridization method. About 50% of E. coli isolates whichwere agglutinated on slide glass by anti‑sera (mixture of monovalent anti‑O and anti‑K) to
EPEC, following heat treatment were not agglutinated by monovalent anti‑O sera in the test

tube method. This means that test tube agglutination of heat treated organisms withmonovalent anti‑O sera is an essential part of isolate identification. EHEC is a newly
recognized group of enteropathogenic E. coli (Levine and Edelman, 1984), which wascharacterized by its antigen 0157: H7 (Levine and Edelman, 1984) , by negative fermentationof sorbitol (Farmer 111, and Davis, 1985), and further, by negative decarboxylation ofornithine and lysine (Haldane et al., 1986) . In the present study, strains with negative sorbitol‑

ornithine‑1ysine reactions, and bearing antigen 0157 were regarded as EHEC, though termed
probable EHEC, since anti‑H7 anti‑serum was not available.
The drug sensitivity patterns of bacteria in a given district may be greatly influenced by
the pattern of consumption of antimicrobial agents; in some instances, this has been definitely

proved (Glass et al., 1980; Towner et al., 1980). It is immediately recognizable that theconsumption rate of antibiotics is far greater in Japan than in Bangladesh, especially of
cephalosporines. Nevertheless, the sensitivity patterns of isolates from both countries werequite similar, suggesting that appearance of antibiotic‑resistant strains is not necessarily

accompanied by large scale use of antibiotics.

REFERENCES
1) Edelman, R. and Levine, M. M. (1983): Summary of a workshop on enteropatho enic
Escherichia coli, J. Infect. Dis., 147(6), 1108‑1118

2) Farmer 111, J. J. and Davis, B. R. (1985): H7 antiserum‑sorbitol medium: a single tube
screening medium for detecting Escherichia coli 0157: H7 associated with hemorrhagic colitis,
J. Clin. Microbiol., 22(4), 620‑625

3) Glass, R. I., Huq. I., Alim, A. R. M. A. and Yunus, M. (1980): Emergence of multiply antibiotic
resistant Vibrio cholerae in Bangladesh, J. Infect. Dis., 142(6), 939‑942

4) Haldane, D. J. M., Damm, M. A. S., and Anderson, J. D. (1986) : Improved biochemical
screening procedure for small laboratories for Vero (Shiga‑1ike)‑toxin producing strain ofEscherichia coli 0157: H7, J. Clin. Microbiol., 24(4), 652‑653

5) Honda, T., Taga, S., Takeda, Y. and Miwatani, T. (1981): Modified Eleck test for detectionof heat labile enterotoxin of enterotoxigenic Escherichl coli. J. Clin. Microbiol., 13(1), 1‑56) Kaper, J. B., Moseley, S. L. and Falkow, S. (1981): Molecular characterization of environmen‑

tal and nontoxigenic strain of Vibrio cholerae. Infect. Immun., 32(2), 661‑667

7) Komalarini, S., Adiswirio, A. and Sanborn, W. R. (1977): Diarrheal disorder of Bacterial

origin Jakarta, South East Asian J. Trop. Med. Publ. Hlth., 8(4), 447‑451 '1908）Levine，M．M．，and
associatedwith

Edelman，R．（1984）：Enteropathogenic島oh爾oh勿oolJ

infantdiarrhea：Epidemiology

and9）Machii，A．，Nitta，Y．，Murakami，Y．，Sagara，H．，Seo，T．and
andclinicalfeaturesofrecentinfectious

enteritis

ofclassic

pathogenesis，EpidemioLinadultsserotypes

Rev．6（1），31−51

Matsubara，Y．（1983）：Pathogens

withemphasison

Cα吻砂Joδαo孟召7ノ砂観あKansenshogaku Zassi，58（4），297−303
10）Sen，D．，Saha，M．R．，Niyogi，S．K．，Barakrish Nair，G．，De，S．P．，Datta，P．，Datta，D．，Pal，S．

C．，Rose，R．，and

Roychowdhuri，」．（1983），Aetiological studies on

acute

Calcutta，Trans．Roy．Soc．Trop．Med．Hyg．，77（2），212−214

diarrheain11）Towner，K．J．，Pearson，N．J．，Mharu，S．F．and O

agentsof四δ万oohoJ6耀8EI

UnitedRepublicofTorstrains

hospital in−patients with

Grady，F．（1980）：Resistance toisolated

duringthefourthcholeraantimicrobial

epidemicintheTanzania，Bull．WHO，58（5），747−751

12）Utsunomiya，A．，Mori，K．，Hayashi，T．，Iwanaga，M．，Naito，T．，Gatheru，Z．W．，Sang，F．，

Koske，N．and

Kaviti，J．N．（1982）：Bacteriological

study

on

diarrheal

diseases

district，Coast province，Kenya，Nettai Igaku24（4），235−252（in Japane＄e with

in

Kwale

English ab−stract）

バングラデシュおよび日本で分離した大腸菌の性状について
岩永

正明1・Roger Eeckels2

バングラデシュおよび日本で分離した下痢便由来の大腸菌について，腸管病原菌の頻度および
薬剤感受性を比較検討した。腸管病原菌の頻度はバングラデシュの192株中30株（15．6％），日本の157株中9株（5．7％）とその差は約3倍であった。薬剤感受性はアンピシリン（ABPC），ゲン
タマイシン（GM），ミノマイシン（MINO），セファゾリン（CEZ），セフチゾキシム（CZX）の5薬剤について，それぞれの最小発育阻止濃度（MIC）をもって比較した。ABPCのMICでバン
グラデシュの株が日本の株よりもやや高値を示した他は，両国の株間に感受性の差は殆どみられなかった。抗生剤の使用頻度・使用量および耐性菌の出現状況の関係，また両国における社会的・

自然的環境と病原菌の分布などについて考察を加えた。

琉球大学医学部細菌学教室
国際下痢研究センター，バングラデシュJa pan. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., Vol, 16, No. 3, 1988, pp. 191 219

191

NOTES ON BLACKFLIES (DIPTERA= SIMULIIDAE)
FROM SULAWESI, INDONESIAHIROYUKI TAKAOKAI AND D. M. ROBERTS2
Received June 13 1988/Accepted August 16 1988

Abstract: A total of nine taxa of Simuliidae, including six new species, were collectedfrom northern Sulawesi, Indonesia. All belong to the genus Simulium Latreille, and areassigned to the subgenera Nevermannia Enderlein {S. (N.) aureohirtum Brunetti andanother unnamed species} , Morops Enderlein (1 new species) , Gomphostilbia Enderlein (3new species and another unnamed species) and Simulium Latreille s. str. (2 new species) .
Descriptions of all the new species are provided, with keys for their separation. Notes on

their taxonomic relationships and the ecology of the immature stages are given.

INTRODUCTION
The simuliid fauna of Indonesia has not been studied since Edwards (1934) described ll
new species from Sumatra, Java and Bali, making a total of 18 species for this archipelago,
although those of neighbouring areas in the Oriental Region have recently been studied (e. g.

Sabah by Smart and Clifford, 1969; Philippines by Takaoka, 1983)
The present paper reports the results of blackfiy collections made for the first time in
Sulawesi during 1985 as part of the Royal Entomological Society's "Project Wallace Expedi‑tion". The majority of blackfiy specimens examined were collected by the junior author; inaddition some other samples which were collected by other investigators were loaned forstudy from British Museum (Natural History) . In total, nine taxa of simuliids are treated,consisting of one known species, two unnamed species and six new species. The new species
are described and keys are provided for all stages. Notes on their taxonomic afiinities withrelated species are presented, as well as notes on their ecology.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
1 . Study Area
Collections were made in two areas of northern Sulawesi during August and September

1985: ‑a ) The Toraut/Tumpah river system in the Dumoga‑Bone Reserve (0'34'N; 123'54'E) . The
River Tumpah is a wide (20‑30 m) but shallow river flowing on a rock bed with little trailing

1 Division of Medical Zoology, Medical College of Oita, Hazama, Oita 879‑56, Japan

2 Department of Zoology, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Jos, Nigeria (Present address:
Westerley House, Brook Street. Shipton Gorge, Dorset DT6 4NA. U.K.).

192

vegetation through primary forest. It descends steeply, and was sampled at different altitudes

from 550 to 200 m, where it joined the R. Toraut, a similar sized river. The R. Toraut thenflows through the farmland areas of the Dumoga Valley, vhere small tributaries flowing off
the surrounding hills were sampled, as well as the irrigation channels on the valley floor.
b ) Small streams flowing into Lake Mooat (0'45'N; 124'27'E) at an altitude of 1,100 m. Mostof the streams sampled flowed through coffee plantations, but two were sampled in the forest.

All were small (maximum of 2 m wide) and fairly slow flowing.

2 . Taxonomic Study
The majority of the taxonomic specimens used were collected as larvae and pupae, fromwhich adult males and females were reared. The specimens were preserved in 80% ethanol.
The laboratory procedures used in this work were almost the same as those described by
Takaoka (1983) . The measurement of the hind basitarsus and tarsal claw tooth follows thatof Davies and Gy rk s * (1987) . The morphological features and terms used follow those of
Crosskey (1969)
3 . Ecological StudyAt each collecting site, the river width, depth and altitude were noted. In order toinvestigate the velocity preferences of each species, artificial substrates were suspended in six

different velocity ranges for three sites in the R. Tumpah and one in the R. Toraut, using anexperimental design described in Roberts and Okafor (1987). However, very few larvaecolonized either polythene stripes or strings, so the experiment was abandoned. Instead, as

far as possible, all the pupae within the sampling site were collected up. Where each pupa
was found, the substrate type was noted and the velocity measured using a 2 cm wide ruler
calibrated against a velocity meter (see Roberts and Okafor, 1987), which allows spotmeasurements of velocity. This method involves some error in underestimating high velocity
preferences, particularly in small streams, but allows comparison of velocity preferences ofdifferent species in the same river.

DrsposmoN OF TYPE SpECIMENSAll holotype, allotype and some of paratype specimens are in due course deposited in

British Museum (Natural History) , London, and some paratypes are also deposited inBernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii.

SYSTEMATICSThe present study follows the classification of Crosskey (1981), in which subgenus
Eusimulium Roubaud within the genus Simulium Latreille s. l. is divided into two subgenera:

Eusimulium, which is restricted for the aureum group, and Nevermannia Enderlein, which isused for the rest of Eusimulium in old sense. Accordingly, nine taxa collected from Sulawesi
are classified as follows:

193

Genus Simulium Latreille s. l.

Subgenus Nevermannia Enderlein
ruficorne group

S. aureohirtum Brunetti, 1911
feuerborni group
S. sp. A

Subgenus Morops Enderlein
S. disneyi sp. nov.

Subgenus Gomphostilbia Enderlein
ceylonicum group
S. sulawesiense sp. nov.
S. torautense sp. nov.

S. rosemaryae sp. nov.
S. np. B
Subgenus Simulium Latreille s. str.

melanopus group
S. dumogaense sp. nov.
S. tumpaense sp. nov.

KEYS To THE SpECIES OF SIMULIIDAE IN SULAWESI

Adult females
1. Basal section of R haired, claws with large basal tooth ･･･ ･･････ ･･････ ･････････ ･･････ ･････････ 2
Basal section of R bare, claws simple or with small basal tooth ･･･････････････････････････ 6

2. Katepisternum bare """"""""""""""""""･･･････'･'････････････････････S. (N.) aureohirtum
Katepisternum haired ･･･････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････ 3

3. Pleural membrane haired･･････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････S. (N.) disneyi
Pleural membrane bare """ """""" """"""･""""･･･ ･････････ ･･････ ･･･ ･････････ ･････････ ･･････ 4

4. Mid basitarsus entirely dark brown; mandible without teeth on outer margin " " " """･ ･S. (G. ) sulawesiense

Mid basitarsus whitish yellow on basal 1/3 or 1/2; mandible with teeth on outer margin5

5. Mid and hind tibiae brown except basal extreme pale white """"""S. (G.) torautense
Mid and hind tibiae white on basal 1/2 and brown on distal 1/2･･････S. (G.) rosemaryae
6. Claws with small basal tooth ･･････････････････････････････････････････････････････S. (S.) dumogaense
Claws without tooth･････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････S. (S.) tumpaense

Adult males
1.

Basal section of R haired･･････ ･･･ ････････････ ････････････ ･･･････････････ ･･････ ･･･ ･･･ ･････････ ･････････････‑.2

Basal section of R bare """ """"""""""""""""' ･････････ ･ ･･ ･･･ ･････････････････････ ････････‑ 4

2. Katepisternum bare"""""""""""""""""""""""'･･････････････････‑S. (N.) aureohirtum
Katepisternum haired ･････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････‑ ..... 3

3. Hind basitarsus slender, parallel‑sided (Fig. 1lb) ･･････････････････････････‑ S. (G.) torautense
Hind basitarsus enlarged, wedge‑shaped (Fig. 12b) ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･････ ･ ･ ‑S. (G.) rosemary le

4. Hind basitarsus white on basal 1/4 and brownish black on the rest (Fig. 13b) ; style with
non‑serrated, pointed basal protuberance (Fig. 26d) ･･･････････････S. (S.) dumogaense

194

Hind basitarsus white on basal 1/2 or a little more and brownish black on the rest (Fig.
14b) ; style with serrated b alrotuberance (Fig. 27d) ････････････S. (S.) tumpaense

Pupae

1 . Gill with 6 filaments """""""."""': ...... 2
Gill with 8 filaments """":.･･*･,････････ ･･････ 5

2 . Last abdominal segment with terminal hooks; cocoon wall pocket‑shaped, without
distinct high anterovehtral leck ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ' ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ " " " " " " " " " " " " 3

Last abdominal segrnent with'out.

erininal hooks; cocoon shoe‑shaped, with distinct highanteroventral neck ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･*･' i :*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 . Tergum 6 without spine‑combs; Iast abdominal segment lacks grapnel‑like hooklets"'･S. (N.) aureohirtum
Tergum 6 with spine‑combs; Iast abdominal segment with a few grapnel‑like hooklets･･S. (G.) rosemaryae
4 . Trichomes on head and thoracic integument branched ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･S. (S. ) dumogaense

Trichomes on head and thoracic integument simple """"""""""""S. (S.) tumpaense
5 . Stalk of ventral pair of fllaments short and dorsal and middle triplets not arising on thesame vertical plane (Fig. 28b); cocoon with anterodorsal projection (Fig. 33a) "･S. (G.) torautense
Stalk of ventral pair of filaments long and dorsal and middle triplets arising nearly on thesame vertical plane (Fig. 30c) ; cocoon without anterodorsal projection """"""･S. (G.) sp. B

Larvae1 . Ventral papillae present ････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････'･･････‑ .2

Ventral papillae absent･･･ ･･･ ･･･ ･････ ･･･‑

2 . Postgenal cleft shorter than postgenal bridge """""""""'
Postgenal cleft much longer than postgenal bridge " " " " " " '3 . Postgenal cleft a little shorter than 1/2 of postgenal bridge; abdomen with distinct dorsal
colored pattern " " " " " " " " " " " ･･････････････････････････S. (N.) sp. A (feuerborni‑group)

Postgenal cleft a little shorter than postgenal bridge; abdomen without any dorsal

colored pattern """""' ･･･････････････････････････････････････････････････････S. (N.) aureohirtum
4 . Cephalic apotome pale with faint positive head spots (Fig. 4la); posterior abdominal

segments covered dorsally with branched minute spines"""""" S. ( G.) rosemaryae
Cephalic apotome largely darkened centrally and posteriorly (Fig. 40a) ; abdominal
segments covered dorsally with simple minute spines " " " " " " ' ･･S. (G.) torautense
5 . Postgenal cleft subtriangular, gradually narrowed anteriorly (Fig. 42b)･S. (S.) dumogaense
Postgenal cleft rounded, widest at basal 1/3 (Fig. 43b) ･･･････ ･･････････S. (S.) tumpaense

SpECIES AccoUNTs
Subgenus Nevermannia Enderlein

Simuliun (Nevermannia) aureohirtum Brunetti
Simul ium aureohirtum Brunetti 1911: 283‑288; Edwards, 1934: 134‑137.

195

Simulium (Nevermannia) aureohirtum: Ogata, 1956: 61‑62; Ogata, 1966: 129.
Simulium (Eusimulium) aureohirtum: Puri, 1933: 1‑7; Ogata and Sasa, 1954: 325; Ogata,
Sasa and Suzuki, 1956: 73; Crossk.ey, 1973: 423; Takaoka, 1976: 170‑171; Takaoka, 1979:
382‑384; Takaoka and Suzuki, 1984: 11‑12.
Eusimulium aureohirtum: Orii, Uemoto and Onishi, 1969: 1‑13
Simulium (Eusimulium) tuaranense Smart and Clifford, 1969: 40‑43. Syn. by Crosskey 1973.
Simulium (Eusimulium) philippinense Delfinado 1962: 47‑62. Syn. by Takaoka 1983.

Simulium (N, ) aureohirtum was originally described from Umling, Assam, India(Brunetti, 1911) . The female, male, pupa and larva of this species were redescribed by Puri

(1933) and Takaoka (1979). The morphological characters of the Sulawesi specimens
conform at,all stages to the redescription given by Takaoka (1979), which was based on
Taiwanese specimens, except that upstanding hairs on the male scutellum are not brown but
pale, and the upper eye of the male is composed of medium‑sized facets in 22 or 23 horizontal

rows in place of 18 rows. With regard to the latter character, a reexamination showed that
the Taiwanese male specimens practically have the same rows of medium facets in the uppereye as do the Sulawesi specimens. In rodescription, a feiv short rows of facets near the undermargin unfortunately escaped the counting.
This species belongs to the ruficorne group and is widely distributed in the Oriental
Region and phrts of the Palaearctic Region. This is a first record for this species from
Sulawesi.

Material examined: 4 females, 12 males, 24 pupae and 14 mature larvae, SULAWESI:
Dumoga‑Bone Reserve, tributaries of R. Toraut, D. M. Roberts. Sept. 1985; I female(BMNH) , collected by light trap, Dumoga‑Bone Reserve. Project Wallace Base Camp area,
R. H. L. Disney, Sept. 1985.

Ecological notes: The Sulawesi population of this species may be autogenous, as alreadyreported elsewhere by Takaoka and Noda (1979). It was found in some small stream 20
cm‑2 m wide flowing into the R. Toraut in the Dumoga Valley at an altitude of 200 m, where
it was associated with S. (G.) torautense. S. (S.) tumpaense and S. (G) . rosemaryae. It wasalso found by itself in a stream flowing into Lake Mooat at an altitude of 1,lOO m. Immature

stages were normally attached to dead leaves or trailing grass.
Distribution: India, Sri Lanka, Thailand. China (Yunnan) , Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi(new record) , Philippines, Taiwan, Japan.

Simulium (Nevermannia) sp. A
This species seems to be assignable to the feuerborni group, as defined by Datta (1973) ,by the gill histoblast with six filaments, the small postgenal cleft (a little less than 1/2 as longas postgenal bridge), and the presence of the characteristic dorsal colored pattern on thelarval abdomen. The morphological characters of the larva mostly agree with those of S.
(N.) feuerborni reported from Java and Bali (Edwards, 1934) . The dorsal colored pattern on
the larval abdomen, which seems to be species‑characteristic in this species group, is very
similar to each other. The adult and pupal specimens are needed for final identification.
This represents the first distribution r cord of the feuerborni group in Sulawesi.

Material examined: 2 early mature larvae;'4, immature larvae, SULAWESI: Dumoga‑BoneReserve, tributary of R. Tumpah, D. M. Robe= rts, Sept. 1985.

Ecological notes: Unknown.

196

Distribution: Sulawesi.

Subgenus Morops Enderlein
Simulium (Morops) disneyi sp. nov.
Female. Body length 3.2 mm. Wing length 2.0 mm. Head. Nearly as wide as thorax. Fronsbrownish black, semishiny, whitish grey pruinose, and covered densely with whitish yellow
appressed pubescence; frontal ratio 1.6:1.0:3.0; frons‑head ratio 1.0:6.4. Clypeus brownish
black, semishiny, whitish grey pruinose, and densely covered with whitish yellow appressed
pubescence, and sparsely with dark hairs. Antenna composed of 2 + 9 segments, brown except
scape, pedicel and base of Ist fiagellar segment yellow. Maxillary palp with 5 segments,
proportion of 3rd, 4th and 5th segrnents in length 1.0:1.06:2.6; 3rd segment normal in shape andsize, and with small sensory vesicle which is about 1.6 x as long as wide, and about l/4 x as

long as 3rd segment (Fig. 1). Maxilla with 12 inner teeth and 13 outer teeth. Mandible
serrulated only on inner side, with 24 teeth, and devoid of any distinct teeth on outer side.

Cibarium without denticles. Thorax. Scutum faintly whitish grey pruinose on brownish black
background, with 3 faintly discernible longitudinal black vittae (1 medially and 2 submedial‑ly); scutum densely covered with whitish yellow appressed pubescence. Scutellum darkbrown, faintly whitish grey pruinose, and with long and short hairs. Postscutellum brownish
black, faintly‑whitish grey pruinose, and bare. Pleural membrane with 4 pale hairs on upperf} .

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Figs, 1‑8

58'Third segments of maxillary palps of female adults showing sensory vesicle (Figs. 1‑6) and cibaria (Figs. 7 and 8): 1, S, disneyi; 2, S, sulawasiense; 3, S, torautense;
4, S. rosemaryae; 5 and 7, S. dumogaense; 6 and 8, S. tumpaense. Scale 0.1 mm.

197

region. Katepisternum longer than deep, and with numerous whitish yellow hairs as well as
numerous dark hairs. Legs. Fore coxa whitish yellow, mid coxa dark brown and hind one

brown. Fore and mid trochanters brown, and hind one whitish yellow. All femora brownwith distal 1/3 of hind femur dark brown. Fore tibia brown with median portion largely pale

brown on outer surface. Mid tibia brown except extreme base whitish yellow, and hind tibia
whitish yellow on basal l/5, and brown on the rest (somewhat darkened distally with distal
1/3 dark brown) and with dark trace of subbasal ring laterally; hind tibia covered with white
appressed pubescence on posterior and lateral surfaces of basal 3/5 of their shaft. Fore tarsi

brownish black; basitarsus cylindrical, 5.5xas long as its greatest width. Mid tarsi darkbrown to brownish black. Hing tarsi brownish black except basal 2/3 of basitarsus (thoughbase of basitarsus brown) and basal l/2 of 2nd segment white; basitarsus (Fig. 9a) narrow,nearly parallel‑sided. Calcipala (Fig. 9a) well developed, about 7/10xas wide as width of
distal portion of basitarsus, and its tip reaching distal 1/3 of 2nd tarsal segment. Pedisulcus

well developed. Claw (Fig. 9c) with basal tooth, which is 1/2 x length of claw. Wing. C with

spinules and hairs. Sc setate throughout its length on undersurface. Basal section of R
haired. Rl with spinules and hairs. R2 with dark hairs. Basal cell absent. Haltere white, withpetiole dark. Abdomen. Basal scale dark brown with white hair fringe. Dorsal surface ofabdominal segments dark grey with tergites dark brown to brownish black, and sparsely
covered with dark hairs; tergites of segments 6‑8 shiny. Genitalia. Sternite 8 bare mediallyand with about 22 stout hairs laterally on each side. Anterior gonapophysis simple, mem‑braneous, and with numerous microsetae; inner margin moderately sclerotized; posteromedial
corner largely rounded (Fig. 18a). Genital fork (Fig. 18a) reversed‑Y shaped, with wellsclerotized stem; arms diverged laterally, and with well sclerotized distal ridge which issomewhat produced anteriorly. Paraproct (Figs. 18a, c) simple, with about 30 stout hairs on

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Frgs 9‑14 Hind basitarsi and tarsal claws: 9, S. disneyi; 10, S. sulawesiense; 11, S. torautense;
12, S. rosemaryae; 13, S. dumogaense; 14, S. tumpaense. a, hind basitarsus of female;b, hind basitarsus of male; c, female tarsal claw. Scales 0.2 mm for basitarsi, and0.02 mm for tarsal claws.

198

b

15

f

Figs. 15‑17 S utal patterns of male adults: 15, S. torautense; 16, S. dumogaense. a‑d, showing
different patterns 17. S; tumpaense. a, dorsal view; b, Iateral view. Scale 0.5 mm.

lateral and ventral surface. Cercus (Fig. 18c) semilunar in lat ral view, about 1/2 x as longas wide, and moderately setose. Spermatheca (Fig. 18b) ellipsoidal, about 1.4xas long as

wide, well sclerotized except small area of tubular base unsclerotized, and with minuteinternal setae. ' ' "Male, pupa and larva: Unknown.

T)pe specimen: Holotype female (BMNH), slide mounted, SULAWESI: Dumoga‑Bone,
Project Wallace Camp area, captured by light trap, R. H. L. Disney, Sept. 1985.
Ecological notes: Unknown except the fact that the gravid female was caught by light trap.
Distribution: Sulawesi.
Remarks: This new species is named after Dr. R. H. L. Disney who collected this species. Thisis assigned to the subgenus Morops, because hairs are present on both katepisternum andpleural membrane. This species seems close to S. (M.) Iiliwense Takaoka, 1983 and S. (M.)

salazarae Takaoka, 1983 from the Philippines in having the small number of hairs on thepleural membrane, dark coloration of the hind tibia, and similar genitalia. However, it differsfrom the latter two species by the small sensory vesicle (its length against length of 3rd
segment of maxillary palp: 1/4 versus 1/2.6 or 1/2.8) , and by the small number of inner teethon the mandible (24 versus 28 or 30) .

Subgenus Gomphostilbia Enderlein
Simulium ( Gomphostilbia) sulawesiense sp. nov.

Female. Body length 2.5mm.･ Wing length 1.8mm. Head. Slightly narrower than width ofthorax. Frons brownish black, semishiny, whitish grey pruinose, and covered densely withwhitish yellow appressed pubescence; frontal ratio 1.9:1.0:2.0; frons‑head ratio 1.0:3.6.
Clypeus brownish black, semishiny, whitish grey pruinose, and densely covered with whitish
yellow appressed pubescence. Antenna composed of 2 + 9 segments, brown except scape,199"'kf'! ‑i, : i

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Figs. 18‑21cFemale genitalia: 18, S. disneyi; 19, S. sulawesiense; 20, S. torautense; 21, S.
rosemaryae. a, 8th sternite, anterior gonapophyses, genital fork, paraproct and cercus
in situ (ventral view) ; b, spermatheca; c, paraproct and cercus in side view.

Scale 0.1 mm.

200

pedicel and base of Ist fiagellar segment yellow. Maxillary palp with 5 segments, proportionof 3rd, 4th and 5th segments in length 1.0:1.03:1.9; 3rd segment normal in shape and size, andwith sensory vesicle which is about 1.5 x as long as wide, and 1/5 x as long as 3rd segment(Fig. 2). Maxilla serrated on both sides, with 6 inner teeth and 12 outer ones. Mandible

serrulated only on inner side with 16 teeth and smooth on outer margin. Cibarium without

denticles. Thorax. Scutum faintly whitish grey pruinose on brownish background, anddensely covered with whitish yellow appressed pubescence. Scutellum dark brown, faintly
whitish grey pruinose, and with hairs (but all lost, then their size and color unknown) .
Postscutellum brownish black, faintly whitish grey pruinose, and bare. Pleural membranebare. Katepisternum longer than deep, and with several dark hairs. Legs. Fore coxa whitish

yellow, mid coxa dark brown and hind one brown. All trochanters brown except hind one
whitish yellow. All femora brown with distal 1/3 of hind femur dark brown. Fore tibiabrown with median portion largely somewhat pale brown on outer surface. Mid tibia brownwith basal 1/6 white. Hind tibia white on basal 1/3, then gradually darkened towards distal

1/3 and dark brown on distal 1/3, and densely covered with white appressed pubescence onposterior and lateral surfaces of basal 1/2 of its shaft. Fore tarsi dark brown, and basitarsus

cylindrical, 6.0Xas long as its greatest width. Mid tarsi dark brown. Hind tarsi dark brown

to brownish black except basal 2/3 of basitarsus (though base of basitarsus
brown) and basal 1/2 of 2nd segment white; basitarsus (Fig. 10a) narrow, nearly parallel‑
sided. Calcipala well developed, about 2/3 x as wide as distal portion of basitarsus, and its
tip reaching distal 1/3 of 2nd segment. Pedisulcus well developed. Claw with basal tooth,*="* <* ,,=* .!==*

2

Flgs 22 and 23 Female gemtalla 22. S. dumogaense; 23, S. tumpaense a 8th stermte antenor
gonapophyses, genital fork, paraproct and cercus in situ (ventral view) ; b, spermath‑eca; c, paraproct and cercus in side view; d, submedian lobe of 8th sternite withanterior gonapophysis in side v!ew. Scale 0.1 mm.

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tumpaense' a, coxite, style and Ventral plate in situ (ventral view); b' ventral plate inside view; c, ventral plate in end View; d' style in side view; e, style viewed fromventrolaterally; f' Paramere; g, median sclerite' Scale 0'1 mm'

202

c 31

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Figs. 28‑32 Basal portion of pupal gills: 28, S. torautense; 29, S. rosemaryae; 30, S. sp B 31 S
dumogaense; 32, S. tumpaense. a, dorsal view; b, inside view; c, outside view.
Scale 0.3 mm.

which is l/2 xlength of claw (Fig. 10c). Wing. C with spinules and hairs. Sc haired
throughout its length on undersurface. Basal section of R haired. Rl with spinules and hairs.

R2 with dark hairs. Basal cell absent. Haltere white, with petiole dark. Abdomen. Basal
scale ocherous with white hair fringe. Dorsal surface of abdominal segments dark brown tobrownish black except 2nd segment pale, and sparsely covered with dark hairs; tergites ofsegments 6‑8 shiny. Genitalia. Sternite 8 bare medially and with about 18 stout hairs
laterally on each side. Anterior gonapophysis simple, membraneous, and with a few shorthairs as well as numerous microsetae; inner margin moderately sclerotized; posteromedial
corner rounded and transparent (Fig. 19a) . Genital fork (Fig. 19a) reversed‑Y shaped, withwell sclerotized stem; arms diverged laterally, with well sclerotized distal ridge which is
produced anteriorly. Paraproct (Figs. 19a, c) simple, with about 10 stout hairs on lateral andventral surface. Cercus (Fig. 19c) semilunar in lateral view, about 1/2 x as long as wide, andmoderately setose. Spermatheca (Fig. 19b) ellipsoidal, about 1.7xas long as wide, wellsclerotized except small area of tubular base unsclerotized, and with minute internal setae.

Male, pupa and larva: Unknown.

T)ipe specimen: Holotype female (BMNH), slide mounted, SULAWESI: Dumoga‑Bone,
Project Wallace Base Camp area, caught by light trap, R. H. L. Disney, Aug. 1985.

Ecological notes: The breeding habitats are unknown.
Remarks: This new species seems close to S. (G.) miblosi Takaoka, 1983 from Mindanao
Island in the Philippines in having mandible devoid of teeth on the outer margin, small
sensory vesicle and somewhat enlarged calcipala. However S. ( G. ) sulawesiense sp. nov. isdifferent from the latter species by the fore and mid tibiae which are almost brown in this new

species but are yellowish white on the basal 1/2 or more in the latter. In addition, the numberof stout hairs on the sternite 8 greatly differs between the two species (ca. 40 versus 100) .

203

This species has also some similarities to S. (G.) ceylonicum (Enderlein) , 1921 from Sri
Lanka in the feature of the female mandible, and the shape and coloration of hind leg (Davies
and Gy6rk6s, 1987). However, in the latter species, the greatest width of frons is muchnarrower than the height of frons (1.0:1.35) and the sensory vesicle is large (1/2 x length of

3rd segment of palps) . Further, this new species seems related to S. ( G. ) dola Davies andGy6rk s, 1987 from Sri Lanka in having the similar female mandible, small sensory vesicle
and wide frons. However, there are differences in the shape of the hind femur, the colorationof the hind tibia and the tarsal claw ratio to its tooth which separate this species from S. ( G. )d o la.

Simulium ( Gomphostilbia) torautense sp. nov.
Female. Body length 2.3‑2.7 mm. Wing length 1.8‑2.0 mm. Head. Slightly narrower thanwidth of thorax. Frons brownish black, semishiny, whitish grey pruinose, and covered
densely with whitish yellow appressed pubescence; frontal ratio 1.3:1.0:2.5; frons‑head ratio

1.0:5.8. Clypeus brownish black, semishiny, whitish grey pruinose, and densely covered with

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Figs. 33‑39

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Pupae and cocoons (Figs. 33‑36) and terminal hooks of pupal abdomen (Figs. 37‑39) :33 and 37, S. torautense; 34 and 39, S. rosemaryae; 35, S. dumogaense; 36, S. tumpaense;

38, S. sp. B. a, dorsal view of pupa and cocoon; b, side view of cocoon.
Scales 2.0 mm for pupae and cocoons, and 0.1 mm for terminal hooks.

204:t ." r
E

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==.i.= ;#:̲ ;"'::s* , i:=:I';:i{:i Li :
f :!:1'11 P' ': f i* P‑ii*' :s* ' ' [ .

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Figs. 40‑43

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.

Larval head capsules: 40. S. torautense; 41, S. rosemaryae; 42, S. dumogaense; 43, S.
tumpaense. a, cephalic apotome; b, hypostomium and postgenal cleft. Scale 0.2 mm.

i ; :

;

44
Figs. 44‑47

45

46

47

Tips of larval mandibles: 44, S. torautense; 45, S. rosemaryae ; 46, S. dumogaense; 47,

S. tumpaense. Scale 0.05 mm.

205

whitish yellow appressed pubescence. Antenna composed of 2 + 9 segments, brown except
scape, pedical and base of Ist fiagellar segment yellow. Maxillary palp with 5 segments,
proportion of 3rd, 4th and 5th segments in length 1.0:1.1:2.3; 3rd segment normal in shape, andsize, and with medium‑sized ellipsoidal sensory vesicle which is about 2.3 x as long as wide,

and about 1/2.5xas long as 3rd segment (Fig. 3) . Maxilla serrated on both sides, with ;11teeth on each side. Mandible serrulated on both sides, with 9 or 10 outer teeth and about 25

inner ones. Cibarium without denticles. Thorax. Scutum faintly whitish grey pruinose on
browni h black to black background, with 3 faintly discernible longitudinal black vittae (1medially and 2 submedially) ; scutum densely covered with whitish yellow appressed pubes‑
cence, intermingled with brown ones. Scutellum dark brown, faintly whitish grey pruinose,
and with long and short upstanding dark hairs. Postscutellum brownish black, faintly whitish

grey pruinose, and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, and withnumerous whitish yellow hairs intermixed with dark hairs. Legs. Fore coxa yellow, and mid
and hind coxae brownish black. All trochanters dark brown to brownish black. All femora
dark brown to brownish black. Fore tibia brownish black with median portion largely pale
brown on outer surface, and c,overed dense‑

ly with white appressed pubescence on, tum2aenseouter surface of basal 3/5 of its shaft; mid .

(a)and hind tibiae brownish black20except'*･. ‑

extreme base whitish yellow (basal paleportion of hind tibia more disti.nct than that

o

' 2/5
' on
o poste‑02 0.4 0 5 08 10 1.2 14 1(5of mid one, occupying"'b salrior surface thus bearing ̲ its border withnse

dark area oblique in+ Iateral view) , andcovered ' "ivith : whitea ressed ( b )20densely covered with : white appressed
pubescence on posterior and lateral sur‑faces of basal 3/5 of their shaft; Fore tarsi

black; basitarsus cylindrical, 5.9xas longas its greatest width, and with sparse dor‑sal hair crest. Mid tarsi brownish black to
black except basal 1/2 of basitarsus whit‑

ish yellow. Hind tarsi brownish black to

black except basal 5/8 of basitarsus(though base of basitarsus brownish black)and basal l/2 of 2nd segment white;basitarsus (Fig. 1la) narrow, nearly paral‑

lel‑sided. Calcipala and pedisulcus welldeveloped. Claw with basal tooth, which isl/2 xlength of claw (Fig. 1lc) . Wing. C
with spinules and hairs. Sc with several
hairs on basal 1/2 on undersurface. Basal
section of R haired. Rl with spinules andhairs. R2 with dark hairs. Basal cellabsent. Hair tuft of stem vein brownish
black. Haltere white, with petiole dark.

o¥o

G,

V
U
1:,

o

60
]

O
Q,

a
O

tense

40

(C)
hirtum

20

O,l
O 0･2

0.4 OJ5 0=8. : 1 1.2

water veloci,ty (m sec ]Fig. 48

Water velocit･y preferences forthree spec,ies of blackflies: ‑a.)S. tumpaense in the R. Tumpah;b) S. torauteli e and S. tumpaen‑
se in a stream fiowing into the R.

Toraut; c) S. torautense and S.
aureohirtum in a second stream
fiowing into the R. Toraut.

206

Abdomen. Basal scale dark brown to brownish black with white hair fringe. Dorsal surface
of abdominal segments dark brown to brownish black except basal 2/3 of 2nd segment pale
brown, and sparsely covered with dark hairs; tergite of 2nd segment broadly white pruinose;
tergites of segments 6‑8 shiny. Genitalia. Sternite 8 bare medially and with about 18 stout
hairs laterally on each side. Anterior gonapophysis simple, membraneous, and with several
short hairs as well as numerous microsetae; inner margin moderately sclerotized; poster
omedial corner largely rounded and transparent (Fig. 20a) . Genital fork (Fig. 20a) reversed‑

Y shaped, with well sclerotized stem; arms diverged laterally, and with no projection.
Paraproct (Figs. 20a, c) simple, with about 12 stout hairs on lateral surface. Cercus (Fig.
20c) semilunar in lateral view, 2/5 x as long as wide, and moderately setose. Spermatheca(Fig. 20b) ellipsoidal, about 1.8xas long as wide, well sclerotized except small area of
tubular base unsclerotized, and with minute internal setae.

Male. Body length 2.5‑2.8 mm. Wing length 1.8‑1.9 mm. Head. Width slightly wider thanthorax. Holoptic; upper eye consisting of 15 horizontal rows and 15 vertical columns of large

facets on each side. Face brownish black, and silvery white pruinose. Clypeus brownish
black, silvery white pruinose and densely covered with whitish yellow pubescence intersper‑

sed with dark hairs. Antenna composed of 2 + 9 segments, yellowish brown to brown except
scape, pedicel and base of Ist flagellar segment yellow; Ist fiagellar segment elongated, about

1.6 x as long as 2nd flagellar segment. Maxillary palp with 5 segments, proportion of 3rd, 4th

and 5th segments in length 1.0:1.3:3.1; 3rd segment not enlarged and with small sensory
vesicle. Thorax. Scutum brownish black, with shiny, faintly‑whitish grey pruinose pattern
as shown in Fig. 15, and uniformly covered with bright brassy appressed pubescence (thoughrelpaced by whitish yellow appressed pubescence on shoulders, and intermixed with whitish
yellow pubescence on prescutellar area) . Scutellum dark brown to brownish black, with longand short dark hairs. Postscutellum brownish black, faintly whitish grey pruinose, and bare.

Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum with numerous dark hairs. Legs. Colourd as infemale except tibial pale portions less distinct than female. Fore basitarsus almost cylindri‑cal, 6.1 x as long as its greatest width, and with sparse hair crest. Hind basitarsus (Fig. 1lb)

parallel‑sided, about 1/2 x as wide as greatest width of hind tibia which is equal to that ofhind femur. Calcipala and pedisulcus well developed. Wing. C with spinules and dark hairs.

Sc with a few hairs near base. Basal section of R fully haired. R1 with a single row of
spinules. R2 with dark hairs. Basal cell absent. Hair tuft of stem vein dark brown. Haltere
dark creamy, with petiole dark. Abdomen. Basal scale brownish black with dark hair fringe.
Dorsal surface of abdomen brownish black, and sparsely covered with dark hairs; tergite ofsegment 2 broadly white pruinose, tergites of 5, 6 and 7 each with a pair of shiny, faintly‑grey

pruinose patches laterally. Genitalia. Coxite (Fig. 24a) nearly rectangular in ventral view,

and about 1.4xas long as its greatest width. Style (Fig. 24d) small, about 4/5xas long as
coxite, strongly curved dorsomedially at distal 1/3, and with a single apical spine. Body ofventral plate flat (Fig. 24a), rectangular in ventral view, about 1/2 x as long as its width,slightly concave on posterior margin, slightly produced ventrally forming very low poster‑omedial process, and densely covered with microsetae ventrally, posteriorly and dorsomedial‑ly; basal arms of moderate size, directed forwardly and slightly inwardly. Paramere (Fig.
24f) of moderate size, and with 3 Iong hooks and 8‑10 shorter ones. Median sclerite (Fig. 24g)

broad, plate‑1ike, somewhat divergent distally and ended roundly.

Pupa. Body length (excluding gill filaments) 2.5‑2.9 mm. Head and thoran. Integument

207

yellowish brown, covered moderately with tubercles. Head with I facial pair and 3 frontal
pairs of simple trichomes. Thorax with 5 pairs of simple, slender trichomes. Gill (Figs. 28a,b) with 8 filaments arranged in 3, 3, 2 groups from above downwards; dorsal triplet groupvery shortly stalked or even sessile, giving rise to 3 filaments, of which 2 filaments usuallyarranged in pair, having very short secondary stalk; middle triplet group arising inwardly
from dorsolateral surface of main stalk a little distal to base of dorsal triplet, shortly stalked,

and giving rise to 2 paired filaments (very shortly stalked) and I isolated filament; ventral
pair of filaments shortly stalked, much longer and thicker than other 6 filaments in dorsal andmiddle groups which are almost the same in size (length 3.0‑3.8 mm versus 1.8‑2.6 mm) ; allfilaments tapering toward tip, with numerous sharp transverse ridges, and covered denselywith minute tubercles. Abdomen. Tergum I pale ocherous, with 2 simple setae (1 Iong andthe other short and very slender) on each side, and covered with no tubercles. Tergum 2 paleocherous, with 5 simple short setae and I simple long seta on each side. Terga 3 and 4 eachwith 4 hooked spines along posterior margin on each side. Tergum 5 Iacking spine‑combs.
Terga 6‑9 each with spine‑combs on each side. Tergum 9 with a pair of simple terminal
hooks (Fig. 37). Sternum 5 with 2 simple hooks submedially on each side. Sterna 6 and 7
each with 2 simple hooks widely spaced (1 submedially and the other laterally) on each side.
Last segment with a few grapnel‑like hooklets ventrolaterally. Cocoon (Figs. 33a, b) wall
pocket‑shaped, closely woven, extending ventrolaterally forming wide flange, bearing thickanterior margin and with small to medium anterodorsal projection.
Mature larva. Body length 4.7‑5.0 mm. Body with transverse, sepia bands dorsally, each on
thoracic segments 1‑3 (though band on segment 2 indistinct in most specimens) , and abdomi‑

nal segments 1‑4, and almost entirely sepia dorsally on abdominal segments 5‑8 (though
medially discolored to varying extents in most specimens) . Cephalic apotome (Fig. 40a)
more or less largely darkened except narrow lateral portions and anterior portion whitish
yellow; head spots different in darkness against dark background, from much darker than, or
as dark as, background (then positive) , to lighter than background (then negative) ; further,in some larvae, some spots positive while others negative. Antenna composed of 4 segments,and longer than stem of cephalic fan; proportional length of segments 1‑31.3:1.1:1.0. Cephalicfan with about 34 main rays. Mandible (Fig. 44) with normal arrangement of teeth, andwithout supernumerary mandibular serrations. Hypostomium (Fig. 40b) with a row of 9
apical teeth; medial tooth longest, followed by corner teeth, and 3 intermediate teeth (almost

equal in size) on each side shortest; Iateral margin smooth; hypostomial setae 3 or 4 innumber, Iying subparallel to side margins. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 40b) deep, about 4.5 x as longas postgenal bridge, widest in the middle and somewhat constricted at base. Thoracic cuticle
bare. Abdominal cuticle moderately covered with simple minute spines dorsally on segments
5‑8. Rectal gill lobes compound, each lobe with 5‑7 finger‑like secondary lobules. Analsclerite of usual X‑form, with posterior arms about 1.2 x as long as anterior ones, and broadly

sclerotized at base between anterior and posterior arms. Ventral papillae well developed.
Posterior circlet with about 68 rows of about 12 hooks.

T)pe specimens: Holotype female (BMNH), slide‑mounted; allotype male; paratypes, 6
females, 8 males, 67 pupae and 10 mature larvae, SULAWESI: Dumoga‑Bone Reserve,
tributaries of R. Toraut, D. M. Roberts, Sept. 1985.
Ecological notes: This was the dominant species in the small tributaries (1‑5 m wide) flowing

into the R. Toraut in the Domoga Valley and was found in moderate velocities up to 0.6 ml

208

sec. (Fig. 40). Small numbers were also found in slow‑flowing stretches of the R. Tumpah
up to altitudes of 550 m. Most were found attached to trailing grass, only a few on rocks. It
was associated with S. (N. ) aureohirtum. S. (S.) tumpaense and S. ( G. ) rosemaryae. None wasfound around Lake Mooat (1,100 m altitude) .
Distribution: Sulawesi.
Remarks: This new species seems closely related to S. ( G. ) batoense Edwards, 1934 from East

Java, S. (G.) siamense Takaoka and Suzuki, 1984 from Thailand, and S. (G.) krombeini
Davies and Gy rkds, 1987 from Sri Lanka, in having the dark coloration of the legs, parallel‑

sided male hind basitarsus, and deep larval postgenal cleft. However, this species is easily
distinguished from these species by the presence of anterodorsal projection on the cocoon(Figs. 33a, b) and the branching of the pupal respiratory filaments (Figs. 28a, b).

Simulium ( Gomphostilbia) rosemaryae sp. nov.
Female. Body length 2.5‑2.8mm. Wing length 2.4‑2.5mm. Head. Slightly narrower thanwidth of thorax. Frons brownish black, faintly‑whitish grey pruinose, and covered denselywith whitish yellow appressed pubescence interspersed with dark hairs; frontal ratio 1.35:
1.0:2.0; frons‑head ratio 1.0:5.2. Clypeus brownish black, semishiny, whitish grey pruinose,and densely covered with whitish yellow appressed pubescence, interspersed with several
dark long hairs. Antenna composed of 2 + 9 segments, brown except scape, pedicel and baseof Ist flagellar segment yellow. Maxillary palp with 5 segments proportion of 3rd, 4th･ and5th segments in length 1.0:1.0:2.4; 3rd segment (Fig. 4) normal in shape and size, and withmedium‑sized, ellipsoidal sensory vesicle which is about 2.0 X as long as wide, and 1/3 x as

long as 3rd segment. Maxilla serrated on both sides, with 16 outer teeth and 11 inner ones.

Mandible serrulated on both sides, with 13 outer teeth and about 30 inner ones. Cibarium

without denticles. Thorax. Scutum brownish black, with shiny, faintly whitish grey
pruinosity, and densely cov red with whitish yellow appressed pubescence, intermingled withbrassy appressed pubescence. Scutellum dark brown, faintly‑whitish grey pruinose, and withlong and short upstanding dark hairs. Postscutellum brownish black, faintly‑whitish grey

pruinose, and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, and withnumerous dark hairs, interspersed with whitish yellow pubescence. Legs. Fore coxa paleyellow, and mid and hind coxae brownish black. All trochanters dark brown except hind one
pale yellow. All femora dark brown to brownish black. Fore tibia white except distal ll4
brownish black; mid tibia white except distal 1/3 brownish black; hind tibia white on basal
l/2, gradually darkened towards distal 1/4, and brownish black on distal 1/4; all tibiae
covered with white appressed pubescence on basal 2/3 or 3/4. Fore tarsi black; basitarsus
nearly cylindrical, 5.0 X as long as its greatest width, and with sparse dorsal hair crest. Mid

tarsi black except basal 1/3 of basitarsus whitish yellow (its border not well defined). Hind

tarsi black except basal 2/3 of basitarsus (though base of basitarsus brownish black) andbase of 2nd segment white; basitarsus (Fig. 12a) narrow, nearly parallel‑sided. Clacipala andpedisulcus well developed. Claw (Fig. 12c) with basal tooth, which is 1/2 xlength of claw.
Wing. C with spinules and dark hairs. Sc almost fully haired. Basal section of R haired. R*
with spinules and dark hairs. R2 with dark hairs. Basal cell absent. Hair tuft of stem veinbrownish black. Haltere white. Abdomen. Basal scale dark brown to brownish black withwhite hair fringe. Dorsal surface of abdominal segments dark brown to brownish black
except basal 1/2 of 2nd segment whitish yellow to pale yellowish brown, and sparsely covered

209

with dark hairs and pale pubescence; tergite of 2nd segment broadly white pruinose; terg#es

of segments 6‑8 shiny. Genitalia. Sternite 8 bare medially and with about 26 stout hairs
laterally on each side. Anterior gonapophysis simple, membraneous, and with a few shorthairs as well as numerous microsetae; inner margin slightly concave medially, and narrowly
sclerotized; posteromedial corner rounded and transparent (Fig. 2la) . Genital fork (Fig. 2la)reversed‑Y shaped, with well sclerotized stem; arms broad, diverged laterally, and with nomarked projection. Paraproct (Figs. 2la, c) simple, with about 20 stout hairs on lateralsurface. Cercus (Fig. 2lc) semilunar in lateral view, 2/5 x as long as wide, and moderately
setose. Spermatheca (Fig. 2lb) ellipsoidal, about 1.8 xas long as wide, unpatterned, and wellsclerotized except small area of tubular base unsclerotized.

Male. Boby length 2.8‑3.0 mm. Wing length 2.4‑2.5 mm. Head. Width slightly wider thanthorax. Holoptic; upper eye consisting of 13 horizontal rows and 10 vertical columns of large

facets on each side. Face brownish black, and silvery white pruinose. Clypeus brownish
black, silvery white pruinose and densely covered with whitish yellow pubescence intersper‑

sed with dark hairs. Antenna composed of 2 + 9 segments, yellowish brown to brown except
scape, pedicel and base of Ist fiagellar segment yellow; Ist fiagellar segment elongated, about

1.8 x as long as 2nd flagellar segment. Maxillary palp with 5 segments, proportion of 3rd, 4th

and 5th segments in length 1.0:1.2:3.2; 3rd segment not enlarged and with small sensory
vesicle. Thorex. Scutum brownish black, with semishiny, faint, whitish grey pruinose patternsimilar to that of S. ( G.) torautense (although less distinct) and uniformly covered withwhitish yellow to yellow appressed pubescence intermixed with brassy one. Scutellum darkbrown to brownish black, with long and short dark hairs. Postscutellum brownish black,faintly whitish grey pruinose, and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum withnumerous dark hairs interspersed with whitish yellow ones. Legs. Fore coxa yellow, mid andhind coxae brownish black. All trochanters brownish black except hind one yellowish brown.
Fore tibia white except basal small area pale brown and distal 1/3 brownish black, andcovered densely with white appressed pubescence on basal 4/5; mid tibia brownish black
except basal 2/5 white; hind tibia brownish black except basal 1/3 white; white areas of mid
and hind tibiae covered with white appressed pubescence. Fore tarsi black; basitarsus almost

cylindrical, 6.lxas long as its greatest width, and with sparse hair crest. Mid tarsi black
except basal 1/4 whitish yellow (though its border not well defined) . Hind tarsi black except

basal 2/5 and a little more of basitarsus and base of 2nd segment white (though base ofbasitarsus dark brown) ; hind basitarsun (Fig. 12b) expanded, wedge‑shaped in lateral view,
3 x as long as its greatest width, and equal in width to hind tibia which is about 1.4 x as wide

as hind femur. Calcipala and pedisulcus well developed. Wing. C with spinules and darkhairs. Sc bare or with a few hairs near base. Basal section of R fully haired. Rl with a single

row of spinules. Basal cell absent. Hair tuft of stem vein dark brown. Haltere dark creamy.

Abdomen. Basal scale brownish black with dark hair fringe. Dorsal surface of abdomen
brownish black except basal 1/2 of segment 2 dark yellow to pale brown, and sparsely
covered with dark hairs; tergite of segment 2 broadly white pruinose; tergites of 5, 6 and 7
each with a pair of shiny, faint, grey pruinose patches laterally. Genitalia. Coxite (Fig. 25a)nearly rectangular in ventral view, and about 2.0Xas long as its greatest width. Style (Fig.
25d) small about 4/5 x as long as coxite, gently curved dorsomedially, and with a single apicalspine. Body of ventral plate (Fig. 25a) flat, rectangular in ventral view, a little longer than

1/2 its width, nearly parallel‑sided (although posterior 1/2 somewhat narrowed), slightly

210

convex medially on posterior margin, produced ventrally forming round posteromedianprocess, and densely covered with microsetae ventrally, posteriorly and dorsomedially; basalarms of moderate size, directed forwardly. Paramere of moderate size, and with 3 Iong hooks
and 8‑10 shorter ones. Median sclerite broad, plate‑like, somewhat divergent distally andended roundly, as in S. ( G. ) torautense.

Pupa. Body length (excluding gill filaments) 2.6‑3.3 mm. Head and thorax. Integument
yellowish brown, covered densely with tubercles. Head with I facial pair and 3 frontal pairsof simple trichomes. Thorax with 5 pairs of simple, slender trichomes. Gill (Fig. 29c) with
6 filaments arranged in 3 pairs; ventral pair of filaments with long stalk, dorsal and middle
pairs having primary stalk in common which is about 1/2 x as long as that of ventral pair, andis divergent from the latter stalk making a right angle; secondary stalk of middle pair
subequal to or a little longer than that of dorsal pair, and also subequal to their common
primary stalk; all filaments subequal in length and thickness to each other, almost as long as

pupal body, tapering toward tip, with numerous sharp transverse ridges, and covered denselywith minute tubercles. Abdomen. All terga pale ocherous. Tergum I moderately tuber‑culate, with I simple long seta on each side. Tergum 2 moderately tuberculate, with 5 simple

short setae and I simple long seta on each side. Terga 3 and 4 each with 4 hooked spines
along posterior margin on each side. Tergum 5 Iacking spine‑combs. Terga 6‑9 each withspine‑combs on each side. Tergum 9 with a pair of terminal hooks, outer margin of which
is serrulated (Fig. 39). Sternum 4 with 2 simple or bifid hooks submedially on each side.
Sternum 5 with 2 bifid hooks submedially on each side. Sterna 6 and 7 each with 2 hooks
widely spaced (1 submedially‑situated hook bifid, and the other laterally‑situated simple orbifid) on each side. Last segment with a few grapnel‑like hooklets ventrolaterally. Cocoon(Figs. 34a, b) wall pocket‑shaped, closely woven, extending ventrolaterally forming wide
flange, and bearing narrow anteroventral neck (though this neck absent in some cocoons) ;anterodorsal margin of opening not thickened, though slightly raised medially, but with nodistinct projection.

Mature larva. Boby length 5.2‑5.8 mm. Body grey, with transverse, sepia bands dorsally,each on abdominal segments 3 and 4 (though usually discontinued medially) , and almost
entirely sepia dorsally on abdominal segments 5‑8 (though discolored medially to varying
extents in most specimens) . Cephalic apotome (Fig. 4la) pale, with faint positive head spots.

Antenna composed of 4 segments, and longer than stem of cephalic fan; proportional lengthof segments 1‑3 1.2:0.9:1.0. Cephalic fan with about 28 main rays. Mandible (Fig. 45) withnormal arrangement of teeth, and without supernumerary mandibular serrations. Hypos‑
tomium (Fig. 4lb) with a row of 9 apical teeth; median tooth as long as corner teeth, andlonger than 3 intermediate teeth on each side, which are subequal in size to each other; Iateral

margin smooth; hypostomial setae 4 or 5 in number, Iying subparallel to side margins.
Postgenal cleft (Fig. 4lb) deep, arrow‑head shaped, about 3.6 x as long as postgenal bridge,

widest in the middle and markedly constricted at base. Thoracic cuticle bare. Abdominal
cuticle moderately covered with branched (into 3‑5) minute spines dorsally on segments 5‑8.
Rectal gill lobes compound, with 0‑3 finger‑like secondary lobules. Anal sclerite of usual X‑
form, with posterior arms about 1.2 x as long as anterior ones, and broadly sclerotized at basebetween anterior and posterior arms. Ventral papillae well developed. Posterior circlet with

about 86 rows of about 13 hooks.
T)pe specimens: Holotype female (BMNH), slide‑mounted; allotype male, slide‑mounted;

211paratypes, 10 females, 7 males, 10 pupae and 4 mature larvae, SULAWESI: tributaries of
Lake Mooat (near Kotinomobagu) , D. M. Roberts, Sept. 1985.
Ecological notes: This species was found in streams (20 cm‑2 m wide) flowing through bothforest and coffee plantations into Lake Mooat (altitude of 1,100 m) . The streams had low
velocities (0.1‑0.4 m/sec.) and the larvae were attached to dead leaves and trailing vegeta‑tion. They were found in association with S. (S.) dumogaense. Six pupae were also foundin a small stream (2 m wide) flowing through farmland into the R. Toraut (at an altitude of
200 m) .

Distribution: Sulawesi.

Remarks: This new species seems related to S. (G.) metatarsale Brunetti, 1911, S. (G.)
tenuistylum Datta, 1973, from India, S. (G.) tokarense Takaoka, 1973, S. (G.) okinawense
Takaoka, 1976 from Japan, S. (G.) inthanonense Takaoka and Suzuki, 1984 from Thailand,
and S. ( G. ) ela Davies and Gy6rk6s, 1987 from Sri Lanka by having the enlarged, wedge‑
shaped male hind basitarsus (Fig. 12b) . However, S. rosemaryae is readily separated fromthese known species and also from all the other members of the ceylonicum group by having
the pupal gill with six filaments in place of eight filaments. The two Philippine species, S.
( G. ) baisasae Delfinado, 1962 and S. ( G.) ambigens Delfinado, 1969, both belonging to different

groups, have the 6‑filamented pupal gill (Takaoka, 1983). However, the shape of genitalia
in both sexes, and the female claws (simple or with small tooth) are quite different from thoseof the present new species.

Simulium ( Gomphostilbia) sp. B
Female, male, Iarva : Unknown.
Pupa. Body length (excluding gill filaments) 2.3 mm. Head, thorau and abdomen similar to
those of S. (G.) torautense except following features: Stalk of dorsal triplet of gill filaments

arising upwards making a right or a little greater angle against stalk of ventral paired
filaments, and stalk of middle triplet arising nearly on the same vertical plane (Fig. 30);
ventral paired filaments with elongated stalk (Fig. 30) , much longer and thicker than other6 filaments in dorsal and middle groups which are almost the same in size (length about 2.8
mm versus 1.6 mm) ; terminal hooks weakly serrulated near apex (Fig. 38) . Cocoon similar
to that of S. ( G. ) torautense but without anterodorsal projection.

specimens examined: 3 pupae, SULAWESI: Dumoga‑Bone Reserve, tributary of R. Toraut,
D. M. Roberts, Sept. 1985.

Ecological notes: This species was collected together with S. (G.) torautense in a small
tributary flowing into the R. Toraut.
Distribution: Sulawesi.
Remarks: There is a possibility that this is the pupa of S. ( G.) sulawesiense which was herein

described based on the only one female adult specimen. However, the identity of this species
remains unsolved because of the insufficient material.

This species seems very close to S. ( G. ) sundaicum Edwards, 1934 from East Java inhaving the similar branching method of pupal gill filaments and simple slipper‑shaped
cocoon, although the female of the latter species differs from that of S. ( G.) sulawesiense byhaving the dark subbasal ring on the hind tibiae.

212

Subgenus Simulium Latreille s. str.

Simulium (Simulium) dumogaense sp. nov.
Female. Body length 2.7‑3.3 mm. Wing length 2.7mm. Head. Narrower than width ofthorax. Frons black, shiny, and covered with several dark hairs along lateral margins andnear lower margin; frontal ratio 1.2:1.0:1.5; frons‑head ratio 1.0:4.9. Clypeus black, shiny,

whitish pruinose, and moderately covered with dark hairs. Antenna composed of 2 + 9
segments, brown except scape, pedicel and base of Ist flagellar segment yellow. Maxillary
palp with 5 segments, proportion of 3rd, 4th and 5th segments in length 1.0:1.2:2.5; 3rd segment(Fig. 5) normal in shape and size, and with medium ellipsoidal sensory vesicle which is about

1.5xas long as wide; sensory vesicle with wide opening (Fig. 5). Maxilla serrated on bothside, with about 15 teeth on each side. Mandible serrulated on both sides, with 14‑16 outerteeth and about 30 inner ones. Cibarium with a transverse row of about 15 small denticles

and a cluster of numerous small denticles on median space, as shown in Fig. 7. Thorax.
Scutum brownish black to black, shiny, faintly‑whitish grey pruinose and with a broad bandof iridescence on each side along lateral borders; the 2 bands bent inwards near anterolateralcorners; scutum uniformly covered with dark hairs. Scutellum brownish black to black,faintly‑whitish grey pruinose, and with long and short upstanding dark hairs. Postscutellum

brownish black to black, faintly‑whitish grey pruinose, and bare. Pleural membrane andkatepisternum bare. Legs. Fore coxa whitish yellow, and mid and hind coxae brownish
black. All trochanters, femora and tibiae brownish black; fore tibia with whitish sheen
widely on outer surface, and mid and hind tibiae also with whitish sheen on posterior surface
along basal 1/2 of shaft. Fore tarsi black; basitarsus dilated, about 4.1 X as long as its greatest

width, and with conspicuous, thick dorsal hair crest. Mid tarsi brownish black to black
except basal 4/5 of basitarsus and basal 1/2 of 2nd segment whitish yelfow. Hind tarsi
brownish black to black except basal 1/2 of basitarsus (though base of basitarsus brownish
black) and 2nd segment whitish yellow; basitarsus (Fig. 13a) narrow, nearly parallel‑sided.
Calcipala and pedisulcus well developed. Claw (Fig. 13c) with small basal tooth. Wing. C
with spinules and hairs. Sc fully haired on undersurface. Basal section of R bare. Rl with
spinules and hairs. R2 with hairs. Basal cell absent. Hair tuft on stem vein dark brown.
Haltere pale white with petiole dark brown. Adbomen. Basal scale brownish black with darkhair fringe. Dorsal surface of abdominal segments brownish black to black except segment
2 brownish, and sparsely covered with dark hairs; tergite of 2nd segment with broad trans‑verse, iridescent, silvery white pruinosity; tergites of segments 5‑8 shiny. Genitalia. Sternite

8 (Fig. 22a) bare medially, and with about 24 dark long hairs on each side; posterior borderof sternite 8 widely concave, and well demarcated from anterioir gonapophyses. Anterior
gonapophysis (Fig. 22a) simple, membraneous, nearly triangular in shape, with short projec‑tion extending backwards on posteromedial corners, and covered sparsely with about 20 dark
long hairs; inner margin nearly straight and weakly sclerotized; posterior margin thin,transparent and bare. Genital fork (Fig. 22a) reversed‑Y shaped, with slender, well sclerot‑
ized stem; arms diverged laterally, and with heavily sclerotized ridge distally but having nomarked projection. Paraproct (Figs. 22a, c) produced downwards, with nearly transparent
rounded plate facing ventromedially, and moderately setose on lateral surface; ventromedialplate with about 25 pale slender hairs on its surface. Cercus (Fig. 22c) very short, rounded
posteriorly, and moderately setose. Spermatheca (Fig. 22b) globose, and well sclerotized
except small area of tubular base unsclerotized.

213

Male. Body length 3.0‑3.4 mm. Wing length 2.5mm. Head. Width slightly narrower thanthorax. Holoptic; upper eye consisting of 17 horizontal rows and 13 or 14 vertical columnsof large facets on each side. Face black, and white pruinose. Clypeus black, white pruinoseand sparsely covered whth dark hairs. Antenna composed of 2 + 9 segments, brown except
scape, pedicel and base of Ist fiagellar segment yellow; Ist flagellar segment elongated about
1.7 x as long as 2nd flagellar segment. Maxillary palp with 5 segments, proportion of 3rd, 4th

and 5th segments in length 1.0:1.2:2.5; 3rd segment not enlarged and with small ellipsoidal
sensory vesicle. Thorax. Scutum black, with brilliant iridescent, silvery white pruinosity

laterally and posteriorly and in 2 narrow submedian bands extending from anterolateralcorners so as to enclose a black non‑iridescent spot on each side and to leave middle ofscutum black widely‑this iridecent pattern is somewhat variable with individuals: in 6 of lO
males examined, middle non‑iridescent band is nearly paralled‑sided on posterior 2/3 andwith rounded posterior end, and black spot on each side is large as shown in Fig. 16a; in 2
males, middle band is cuneiform and black spot on each side is of medium size as shown in
Fig. 16b; in I male, though lateral black spots are subequal in size to those in the preceding
2 males, middle band is parallel‑sided on anteior 2/3 and narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 16c) ; in1 male, Iateral black spots are small, and additional anterior pair of small black spots arepresent, though somewhat faint, as shown in Fig. 16d; scutum uniformly covered with brown
appressed hairs which appear bright in certain angles of light. Scutellum black, whitepruinose, somewhat iridescent and with dark long hairs. Postscutellum black, white pruinose,

sowewhat iridescent and bare. Pleural membrane and katepisternum bare. Legs. Coloured
as in female except hind basitarsus (Fig. 13b) with more dark portion than in female. Forebasitarsus dilated, about 4.6 x as long as its greatest width, and with conspicuous thick haircrest. Hind basitarsus (Fig. 13b) enlarged, 4.0 X as long as its greatest width, and subequalin width to hind tibia. Calcipala and pedisulcus well developed. Wing. C with spinules anddark hairs. Sc bare. Basal section of R bare. Rl with a single row of spinules. Basal cellabsent. Hair tuft on stem vein with dark hairs. Haltere white with petiole dark brown.
Abdomen. Basal scale black with dark hair fringe. Dorsal surface of abdomen brownish
black to black, and sparsely covered with dark hairs; tergites of segments 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 eachwith a dorsolateral pair of iridescent, silvery white pruinose spots, which are broadly
connected in the middle to each other in segrnent 2 but are narrowly connected in theremaining segments along anterior margin. Genitalia. Coxite (Fig. 26a) quadrate in ventral
view, and a little longer than width. Style (Fig. 26e) elongate, much longer than coxite,
nearly parallel‑sided, about 3 x as long as wide, somewhat fiattened dorsoventrally, and witha single apical spine; style with basal protuberance produced dorsomedially, which is pointed
apically (Fig. 26d) . Body of ventral plate (Fig. 26a) nearly quadrate in ventral view, slightly

shorter than width, and with hairy posteromedian process produced ventrally; posterolateral
margins of posteromedian process not serrated, though slightly uneven (Fig. 26c) ; basal armsof moderate size, and somewhat divergent. Paramere (Fig. 26f) of moderate size, and withnumerous small hooks. Median sclerite (Fig. 26g) broad, plate‑like, and rounded distally.

Pupa. Body length (excluding gill filaments) 3.2‑3.4 mm. Head and thorax. Integument
brown, covered densely and elaborately with tubercles. Head with I facial pair and 2 frontal
pairs of bifid or trifid trichomes. Thorax with 5 pairs of 3‑6 branched trichomes. Gill (Fig.
3lc) with 6 filaments arranged in pairs, upper pair of filaments shortly stalked but middle andlower pairs almost sessile; all filaments subequal in length and thickness, tapering toward tip,

214

about 1/3 x length of pupal body, with numerous sharp transverse ridges, and covered denselywith minute tubercles. Abdomen. Tergum I pale ocherous, with 2 simple setae (1 Iong andthe other short) on each side, and covered with no tubercles. Tergum 2 with 6 simple shortsetae in a row, of which 4 are stout and spinous on each side. Terga 3 and 4 each with 4
hooked spines along posterior margin on each side. Terga 5‑7 Iacking spine‑combs. Tergum
8 with spine‑combs composed of about 8 spines on each side. Terminal hook absent. Sternum
5 with 2 simple hooks submedially on each side. Sterna 6 and 7 each with 2 simple hooks, 1
submedially and I Iaterally on each side. Grapnel‑like hooklets absent. Cocoon (Figs. 35a,b) shoe‑shaped, tightly woven, and with narrow flange along ventrolateral margins; opening
with thick lim.

Mature larva. Body length 5.0‑6.0 mm. Body dark grey. Cephalic apotome (Fig. 42a) paleexcept portions along both sides and along posterior margin darkened; head spots markedly
positive. Antenna composed of 4 segments, and longer than stem of cephalic fan; proportional
length of segments 1‑3 1.6:1.6:1.0. Cephalic fan with about 38 main rays. Mandible (Fig. 46)

with normal arrangement of teeth, and without supernumerary mandibular serrations.
Hypostomium (Fig. 42b) with a row of 9 apical teeth; median tooth slightly longer thancorner teeth; corner teeth slightly longer than 3 intermediate teeth on each side, of which

middle tooth smaller than its side teeth; Iateral margin serrated; hypostomial setae 6‑8 innumber, Iying divergent posteriorly from lateral margins. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 42b) deep,
about 2.4 x as long as postgenal bridge; both sides converging from base anteriorly. Thoracic

and abdominal cuticle bare. Rectal gill lobes compound, each lobe with 6‑9 finger‑likesecondary lobules. Anal sclerite of usual X‑form, with posterior arms about 1.4 x as long as
anterior ones; anterior arms broadly sclerotized. Ventral papillae absent. Posterior circlet

with about 102 rows of about 16 hooks.
T)pe specimens: Holotype female (BMNH), slide‑mounted; allotype male, slide‑mounted;

paratypes, 4 females, 9 males, 15 pupae, and 3 mature larvae, SULAWESI: Dumoga‑BoneReserve, tributary of Lake Mooat (near Kotinomobagu), D. M. Roberts, Sept. 1985.
Ecological notes: This species was only found in one small (1.5 m wide) slow‑flowing stream
near Lake Mooat. It was attached to trailing grass in association with S. ( G. ) rosemaryae.
Distribution: Sulawesi.

Remarks: This new species may be assigned to the melalcopus group, defined by Takaoka(1983) by having the unpatterned scutum, claws with small basal tooth, and paraproct withventrointernal plate in the female, the 6‑filamented pupal gill and shoe‑shaped cocoon. The
female of this species is separated from all the known members of this group by the shape of
the anterior gonapophyses :and paraprocts (Fig. 22a) . The characteristic, iridescent, pruinose
scutal pattern of the male is very similar to that of S. (S. ) Iaterale Edwards, 1933 from Sabah(Smart and Clifford, 1969), but the genitalia is quite different from each other. Particularly,
the style of this species, which has the pointed basal protuberance (Fig. 26d) , is distinct within

the melanopus group. It is noteworthy that the similar basal protuberance in the male styleis also possessed by the novolineatum group in the Oriental Region {e. g. S. (S. ) fenestratum

Edwards, 1934 from Sumatra}
The larva of this species'also differs from all the other related species by the shape of
postgenal cleft (not widely rounded but gradually narrowed anteriorly) (Fig. 42b) .

215

Simulium (Simulium) tumpaense sp. nov.
Female. Body length 2.0‑2.6 mm. Wing length 1.7‑2.2 mm. Head. Narrower than width ofthorax. Frons black, shiny, and covered with several dark hairs along lateral margins andnear lower margin; frontal ratio 1.2:1.0:1.1; frons‑head ratio 1.0:3.5. Clypeus black, shiny,
whitish grey pruinose, and moderately covered with dark hairs. Antenna composed of 2 + 9
segments, brown except scape, pedicel and base of Ist flagellar segment yellow. Maxillary
palp with 5 segments, proportion of 3rd, 4th and 5th segments in length 1.0:1.2:2.5; 3rd segment(Fig. 6) normal in shape and size, and with small ellipsoidal sensory vesicle which is about

1.4 xas long as wide. Maxilla serrated on both sides, with 12 outer teeth and 10 inner ones.

Mandible serrulated on both sides, with 12 or 13 outer teeth and about 24 inner ones.
Cibarium with a transverse row of about 10 small denticles and a cluster of numerous small
denticles on median space, as shown in Fig. 8. Thorax. Scutum brownish black to black,shiny, faintly‑whitish grey pruinose and somewhat iridescent, specially along lateral borders;scutum uniformly covered with dark appressed hairs. Scutellum brownish black, faintly‑
whitish grey pruinose, and with long and short upstanding dark hairs. Postscutellum
brownish black to black, faintly‑whitish grey pruinose, and bare. Pleural membrane andkatepisternum bare. Legs. Fore coxa whitish yellow, and mid and hind coxae brownish
black. All trochanters whitish yellow except mid one brown. Fore femur brown to darkbrown, becoming darker towards distal end; mid and hind femora brownish black except
extreme base of hind femur yellow. Fore tibia brownish black with median portion whitish
yellow largely on outer surface; mid tibia brownish black except extreme base whitish
yellow; hind tibia brownish black with more distinct whitish yellow portion at base than mid

tibia, pale portion more extended on posterior surface than on anterior surface, thus its
border with dark area oblique in lateral view; fore tibia with whitish sheen widely on outersurface, and mid and hind tibiae also with whitish sheen widely on posterior surface along
basal 1/2 of shaft. Fore tarsi black; basitarsus dilated, about 4.7xas long as its greatest
width, and with medium dorsal hair crest. Mid tarsi brownish black to black except basal
2/3 of basitarsus whitish yellow. Hind tarsi brownish black to black except basal 1/2 ofbasitarsus (though base of basitarsus brownish black) and 2nd segment whitish yellow;
basitarsus (Fig. 14a) narrow, nearly parallel‑sided. Calcipala and pedisulcus well developed.

Claw (Fig. 14c) simple, without tooth. Wing. C with spinules and hairs. Sc fully haired onundersurface. Basal section of R bare. Rl with spinules and hairs. R2 with hairs. Basal cellabsent. Hair tuft on stem vein dark brown. Haltere white. Abdomen. Basal scale brownish
black with pale hair fringe. Dorsal surface of abdominal segments brownish black to black,and sparsely covered with dark hairs; tergite of 2nd segment with broad transverse whitish
pruinosity; tergites of segments 5‑8 shiny. Genitalia. Sternite 8 (Fig. 23a) of moderate size,

much produced posteriorly, forming submedian triangular lobes, and with numerous stout
hairs laterally and on these submedian lobes. Anterior gonapophysis (Figs. 23a, d) reduced,

membraneous, and not well demarcated from posterior margin of produced submedian lobesof 8th sternite; gonapophysis‑fused triangular ICibes (Figs. 23a, d) transparent narrowly alongposterior border and with small transparent tip bent ventrally on posteromedial corners.
Genital fork (Fig. 23a) reversed‑Y shaped, with stout, well‑sclerotized stem; arms diverged
laterally, and with heavily sclerotized distal ridge but having no marked projection. Para‑proct (Figs. 23a, c) produced downwards, with brownish, elliptical, chitinized plate facing

anteroventrally and somewhat medially, and moderately setose on lateral surface; this216

anteroventral plate furnished with about 40 hairs on its surface, most of which are pale andslender, but several hairs near posterior margin of plate are dark, somewhat stouter, andsituated very close together, appearing, in lateral view, as dark bundled hairs; deep groove
present laterally and posteriorly between chitinized plate and paraproct proper. Cercus (Fig.
23c) very short, rounded posteriorly, and moderately setose. Spermatheca (Fig. 23b) globose,
and well sclerotized except small area of tubular base unsclerotized.

Male. Body length 2.3‑3.0 mm. Wing length 1.6‑1.9 mm. Head. Width slightly wider thanthorax. Holoptic; upper eye consisting of 14 or 15 horizontal rows and 13 or 14 verticalcolumns of large facets on each side. Face black, and silvery white pruinose. Clypeus black,silvery white pruinose and sparsely covered with dark hairs. Antenna composed of 2 + 9
segments, yellowish brown to brown except scape, pedicel and base Ist fiagellar segment
yellow; Ist flagellar segment elongated, about 1.7 x as long as 2nd flagellar segment.
Maxillary palp with 5 segrnents, proportion of 3rd, 4th and 5th segments in length 1.0:1.4:2.7;

3rd segment not enlarged and with small sensory vesicle. Thoran. Scutum brownish black,with brilliant iridescent silvery pruinosity laterally and posteriorly and in 2 broad submedianbands extending from anterolateral corners so as to enclose a black non‑iridescent spot oneach side and to leave middle of scutum black widely, though lateral iridescent band usually
disconnected to posterior iridescent pruinosity in front of wing base, as shown in Figs. 17a,b; scutum uniformly covered with brown appressed hairs which appear bright in certain
angles of light. Scutellum brownish black, silvery white pruinose, somewhat iridescent andwith long hairs. Postscutellum black, white pruinose, somewhat iridescent and bare. Pleural

membrane and katepisternum bare. Legs. Coloured as in female. Fore basitarsus dilated,about 5.0Xas long as its greatest width, and with medium thick hair crest. Hind basitarsus(Fig. 14b) only slightly enlarged, gradually widened to distal end (or widened towards basal
l/3, then nearly parallel‑sided up to distal end) , about 3.8 x as long as its greatest width, andabout 3/4 x as wide as greatest width of hind tibia. Calcipala and pedisulcus well developed.

Wing. C with spinules and dark hairs. Sc bare. Basal section of R bare. Rl with a single
row of spinules. Basal cell absent. Hair tuft on stem vein dark brown. Haltere white.
Abdomen. Basal scale black with yellowish hair fringe. Dorsal surface of abdomen brownish
black to black, and sparsely covered with dark hairs; tergites of segments 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 eachwith a dorsolateral pair of silvery pruinose spots connected dorsally to each other along
anterior margin; these pruinose spots somewhat iridescent in certain angles of light.
Genitalia. Coxite (Fig. 27a) quadrate in ventral view, and a little longer than width. Style(Fig. 27e) elongate, much longer than coxite, nearly parallel‑sided, about 2.6xas long as
wide, somewhat fiattened dorsoventrally, and with a single apical spine; style (Fig. 27d) withbasal protuberance produced dorsomedially, which is serrated distally. Body of ventral plate
quadrate in ventral view (Fig. 27a) , slightly concave on posterior margin, and with low setose

posteromedian process produced ventrally; posterolateral margins of posteromedian process(Figs. 27b, c) uneven, stair‑stepped but not serrated; basal arms of moderate size, and widely

divergent. Paramere of moderate size, and with numerous short hooks. Median sclerite
broad, plate‑like, and rounded distally.

Pupa. Body length (excluding gill filaments) 2.4‑2.6 mm. Head and thorax. Integument
yellowish brown, covered moderately with tubercles. Head with I facial pair and 2 frontal
pairs of simple trichomes. Thorax with 6 pairs of simple trichomes. Gill (Fig. 32c) with 6
filaments arranged in pairs, very shortly stalked; all filaments subequal in length and thick‑

217

ness, tapering toward tip, about 2/5 x length of pupal body, with numerous sharp transverse

ridges, and covered densely with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Tergum I ocherous, with 2
simple setae (1 Iong and the other short) on each side, and covered sparsely with minutetubercles. Tergum 2 ocherous on basal 1/3 to 1/2, and with 6 simple short setae in a row, of

which 3 are stout and spinous, on each side. Terga 3 and 4 each with 4 hooked spines alongposterior margin on each side; tergum 3 ocherous on basal 1/3. Terga 5‑7 Iacking spine‑
combs. Tergum 8 with spine‑combs in transverse row on each side. Terminal hook absent.
Sternum 5 with 2 simple hooks submedially on each side. Sterna 6 and 7 each with I simple
hook submedially on each side and lacking outer hook. Grapnel‑1ike hooklets absent. Cocoon(Figs. 36a, b) shoe‑shaped, closely and tightly woven, and with narrow flange along
ventrolateral margins which is distinctly wider than that of S. (S.) dumogaense; opening withthick rim.

Mature larva. Body length 4.5‑5.0 mm. Body pale grey to dark greenish grey. Cephalicapotome (Fig. 43a) generally pale on anterior 1/2 and dark on posterior 1/2; head spots
positive (though usually submerged in dark ground color) or negative. Antenna composedof 4 segments, and longer than stem of cephalic fan; proportional length of segments 1‑3 1.6:

1.6:1.0. Cephalic fan with about 38 main rays. Mandible (Fig. 47) with normal arrangementof teeth, and without supernumerary mandibular serrations. Hypostomium (Fig. 43b) witha row of 9 apical teeth; median tooth as long as corner teeth, and longer than 3 intermediate

teeth on each side, w.hich are subequal in size to each other; Iateral margin serrated;hypostomial setae 6 or 7 in number, Iying divergent posteriorly from lateral margins.
Postgenal cleft (Fig. 43b) deep, rounded, constricted near base, and about 7.5xas long as
postgenal bridge. Thoracic and abd.ominal cuticle bare. Rectal gill lobes compound, with
6‑9 finger‑like secondary lobules. Anal sclerite of usual X‑from, with posterior arms about
1.8xas long as anterior ones; anterior arms broadly sclerotized. Ventral papillae absent.
Posterior circlet with about 88 rows of about 13 hooks.
T)pe specimens: Holotype female (BMNH), slide‑mounted; allotype male, slide‑mounted;
paratypes, 25 females, 24 males, 20 pupae, and 44 mature larvae, in alcohol. SULAWESI:
Dumoga‑Bone Reserve, R. Tumpah, D. M. Roberts, Sept. 1985; 2 females, 2 males, pinned,
7 pupae, 4 pupal skins, I cocoon, 4 mature larvae and 11 immature larvae in alcohol(BMNH), Dumoga‑Bone, Dumoga Valley, irrigation channel to R. Toraut, near Project
Wallace Camp area, G. B. White, Dec. 1985.
Ecological notes: This was the dominant species in the large rivers Toraut and Tumpah (20‑30 m wide) and was most abundant in the highest velocities (Fig. 48a). Large numbers werealso present in small feeder canals (1 m wide) of the Toraut irrigation system in the Dumoga

Valley, where velocities over 2 m/sec. were recorded. A few were found in rapids in small
tributaries of the R. Toraut (Fig. 48b) . In the R. Toraut and R. Tumpah, Iarvae wereusually attached to dead leaves, with a few on rock; in the irrigation canals, they wereattached to trailing vegetation. They were found at altitudes of 200‑500 m in the R. Tumpah,
and were also present in streams flowipg into Lake Mooat (1,100 m) .
Distribution: Sulawesi.
Remarks: This new species also belongs to the melanopus group, and the pupa and larva havea close similarity to those of the other members of the group. The female of this species lacksa claw tooth, as does the female of S. (S.) discrepans Delfinado, 1969 from the Philippines(Takaoka, 1983). However, there is a difference in the shape of the anterior gonapophyses

218

and paraprocts between the two species. This species possesses a characteristic, iridescent,pruinose pattern on the male scutum (Fig. 17a) , which is, however, different from that of S.
(S.) dumogaense and S. (S.) laterale. The male genitalia resembles that of S. (S.) dumogaen‑
se except the style with a serrated basal protuberance (Fig. 27d) . By having this form of thestyle, S. (S. ) tumpaense is easily separated from all the other members of the melanopus
group.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper is based on materials collected while D. M. Roberts was a participant in"Project Wallace", sponsored by the Royal Entomological Society of London and the In‑
donesian Institute of Sciences, to which our sincere appreciation is expressed.

We are grateful to Dr. R.W. Crosskey, Department of Entomology, British Museum(Natural Histroy) , London, U.K., who kindly loaned the other simuliid specimens collectedby Drs. R.H.L. Disney and G.B. White, and provided valuable suggestions for this study.

Thanks are also due to Dr. D.M. Davies, Professor Emeritus, McMaster University,
Ontario, Canada, for his encouragement and valuable comments.

REFERENCESl ) Brunetti, E. (1911): New Oriental Nematocera, Rec. Indian Mus., 4, 283‑288
2 ) Crosskey, R.W. (1969): A re‑classification of the Simuliidae (Diptera) of Africa and its

islands, Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Entomol.),Suppl. 14, p.195
3 ) Crosskey, R.W. (1981): Simuliid Taxonomy ‑ The contemporary scene, p. 3‑18, In: Laird,
M. (ed.) Blackfiies: The future for biological methods in integrated control, Academic Press
p.399

4 ) Datta, M. (1973): New species of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of the subgenera
Eusimulium Roubaud and Gomphostilbia Enderlein from Darjeeling area, India, Orient.
Insects., 7, 363‑402

5 ) Davies, D.M. and Gydrkds, H. (1987): The Simuliidae (Diptera) of Sri Lanka. Descriptionsof species in the subgenera Eusimulium and Gomphostilbia of the genus Simulium. Can. J.
Zool., 65, 1483‑1502

6 ) Edwards, F.W. (1934): Deutsche Limnologische Sunda‑Expedition. The Simuliidae (Dipter‑a) of Java and Sumatra, Arch. F. Hydrobiol., Suppl., 13, 92‑138
7 ) Puri, I.M. (1933): Studies on Indian Simuliidae Part VIII. Description of larvae, pupae, males

and females of S. aureohirtum Brunetti and S. aureum Fries, Indian J. Med. Res., 21, 1‑98 ) Roberts, D.M. and Okafor, B.C. (1987) : Microdistribution of immature blackfiies resulting
from water velocity and turbulence preferences, Med. Vet. Ent., l, 169‑175
9 ) Smart, J. and Clifford, E.A. (1969): Simuliidae (Diptera) of Sabah (British North Borneo),
Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 48, 9‑47
10) Takaoka, H. (1973): Descriptions of 2 new species of blackflies, Simulium (Gomphostilbia)
toharense and S. (Eusimulium) morisonoi (Diptera: Simuliidae) , from the Tokara Islands,
Japan, Jpn. J. Sanit. Zool., 23, 201‑207ll) Takaoka, H. (1976): Studies on black flies of the Nansei Islands, Japan (Simuliidae: Diptera).

II. On six species of the subgenera, Gomphostilbia Enderlein, Morops Enderlein, Odagmia
Enderlein and Gnus Rubzov with the description of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) okinawense sp.
nov., Jpn. J. Sanit. Zool., 27, 385‑398

21912）Takaoka，H．（1979）：The

black

nies

of

Taiwan（Diptera：Simuliidae），Pac．Insects，20，365−

40313）Takaoka，H．（1983）：The
for

the

blacknies（Diptera：Simuliidae）of

thePhilippines，JapaneseSociety

Promotion of Science，Tokyo，p．210

14）Takaoka，H．and Noda，S．（1979）： Autogeny ofthe black fly S加御伽勉 （E御s加寓伽御）側㎎oh配㈱（Diptera：Simuliidae），」．Med．EntomoL，15，183−184
15）Takaoka，H．and」． Sanit．

Suzuki，H．（1984）：The

blackflies（Diptera：Simuliidae）fromThailand，Jpn．

Zool．，35，7−45．

インドネシア，スラウェシで採集されたブユについて
高岡 宏行1・D．M．Roberts2

インドネシアのスラウェシ島北部の，Dumoga−Bone国立公園内で採集されたブユの標本を分類学的に検討した。その結果，既知種1種，新種6種を含む9種が分布していることが分かった。
これらはブユ属（S伽％」伽窺）の4亜属（1〉吻6㎜朋勿，〃om肉Oo吻hos∫JJ6匁Sづ卿％」伽郷s．str．）に分類された。これらブユ種の成虫，蝿，幼虫期の検索表を作り，新種の記載を行った。また幼虫の生息状況に関しても簡単に触れた。

大分医科大学医動物学教室
Department

ofZoology，University

ofJos，Nigeria

Japan. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., Vol. 16, No. 3, 1988, pp. 221‑224

221

NOTES ON THE INABILITY OF AUTOGENOUS
DEVELOPMENT OF OVARIAN FOLLICLESIN SIMULIUM RUFICORNE MACQUART AND
S. NIGRITARSE COQUILLETT FROM PLATEAUSTATE IN NIGERIAHIROYUKI TAKAOKA
Received June 17 1988/Accepted August 1988

Abstract: The expression of autogeny in Simulium ruficorne and S, nigritarse, bothbelonging to the ruficorne species group, from Plateau State in Nigeria was examined bymaintaining the newly emerged females with a 30% sucrose solution for five days. The
result showed no evidence of autogeny. The interspecific difference in the reproductive
strategies was briefly discussed in comparison with the autogenous species belonging to
the same species group.

INTRODUCTION
Autogeny is known in several species of Simuliidae, most of which are arctic or subarctic

species (for review see Anderson, 1987) . Autogenous species is generally very rare in warmer

ecosystems. In this respect, it is of great interest that autogeny was reported in two
subtropical or tropical blackfly species i. e. Simuliuin ornatipes Skuse and S. aureohirtum
Brunetti, both of which have a wide distribution in the Australasian and the Oriental region,

respectively (Hunter, 1977; Takaoka and Noda, 1979; Takaoka, 1988). These two species
belong to the ruficorne species group of Simulium (Nevermannia) , which is one of the mostdistinctive species groups within the subgenus Nevermannia and even within the genus
Simulium in that it has extended its distribution in four zoogeographical regions (i. e.
Ethiopian, Palaearctic, Oriental and Australasian regions) . The successful colonization of

remote islands by S. aureohirtum was briefiy discussed considering autogeny for the firstgonotrophic cycle as a favorable reproductive strategy, coupled with the probable preferenceof female adults to feed on birds for subsequent gonotrophic cycles and larval adaptabilities
to slow‑flowing waters like trickles and irrigation channels or even almost stagnant waters

like in paddy fields (Takaoka and Noda, 1979) . The same speculation may be applied tosome of other members of this group, which have such a wide distribution as does S.
aureohirtum. However, Iittle information is available on autogeny or anautogeny, althoughblood feeding habits of adults and larval habitats of some widespread species are known(Crosskey and Buttiker, 1982) .
In this study, S. ruficorne, the type of the species group, was examined, since this species

is widely distributed throughout the African continent, its neighbouring islands, parts ofDrvrslon of Medical Zoology, Medical College of Oita, Hazama, Oita 879‑56, Japan222

Europe, Arabian Peninsula and Middle East (Crosskey, 1967) . Simulium nigritarse, one of its
West African allies, was also studied.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Pupae of these two species were collected from various streams in and around the
Plateau State in Nigeria during June‑August in 1985. Emergent females were individually
maintained with a 30% sucrose solution at a temperature of 22'C. Six days after emergence,
the ovaries of all the flies were dissected, and developmental state of the primary follicles was

examined according to the criteria defined by Christophers (1911) and later modified by Mer( 1936) .

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The material was scarce but the result clearly showed no evidence of autogeny in femalesof S. ruficorne and S. nigritarse at least in some populations of the northern Nigeria. The
primary follicles were all small and spherical (size, ca. 40‑45 pm in diameter in S. ruficorneand ca. 35‑40 pm in S. nigritarse) (Table 1) and had no yolk granules. It is considered thatthese two species need a blood meal to complete ovarian development. However, the present
result does not preclude the possible existence of autogenous strains of S. ruficorne in other
different areas, as Rivosecchi et al. (1969) suggested S. ruficorne in Yemen to be autogenous.

Simulium ruficorne is morphologically very similar to S. aureohirtum and S. ornatipes,
and is able to utilize similar types of waters as immature habitats (Crosskey and Buttiker,
1982) . However, it is intriguing, as the result shows, that there are interspecific differencesin the reproductive methods (i. e. autogeny vs. anautogeny) in this ruficorne group. The lackof autogeny in S. ruficorne, if proved also in other populations, may indicate that thestrategies by which this species had attained its wide distribution are different from those

employed by S. aureohirtum or S. ornatipes. The biological features other than autogeny may
be the principal factors that enabled S. ruficorne to widely extend its distribution. Crosskey
Table I Developmental stage of ovarian follicles in two species of the ruficorne‑group in
the Plateau State, Nigeria, maintained with a 30% sucrose solution for five days

after emergenceS, ruficorne

Localities

lbangiS. nigritarseNo, flies

FollicularNo, flies

Follicularexaminedstage

examined

stage

2

la

2

la

l

la

2

la

1

la

27

la

Bukururu

Kuru

1

la

H oss
Mei ju ju

2

Meigem1

laKudaru *4la*Kaduna State

la

la

223

and Btittiker (1982) considered that since it has successfully colonized even unstable habitats

such as those in the desert and semi‑desert wadis, the differing oviposition method enabling

the eggs to survive long dry periods in damp stream beds might be employed by S. ruficorne.

in addition to its larval capacity to withstand unusually polluted waters and high tempera‑
tures.

On the other hand, about 3/5 of the total species in the ruficorne species groups (ca. 50

spp.) were reported to live in the African continent and its islands whereas only one (S.
aureohirtum) , and three species (S. ornatipes and two related taxa) are known in the Oriental

and the Australasian region, respectively (Crosskey, 1987). The fact seems to suggest that
this species group must have evolved in Africa and may have diverged from there into thesurrounding regions. If anautogeny is a primitive feature and autogeny is a derived one, as
viewed by Downes (1971) , it is further inferred that one of the phylogenetic lines, which had

gained the ability to produce eggs autogenously, could have advanced farther eastwards fromAfrica through Middle East and Asia into Australia.
Further studies are needed to determine how wide the trait "autogeny" is spreading inthis species group. Such studies of other members in and outside Africa may provide further
information as to whether or how autogeny played a role as one of the reproductive strategies
in the process of divergence of this species group.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author thanks Dr. H. Takahasi, the leader of the JICA based Japan‑Nigeria Joint
Project to University of Jos, under which this work was carried out.

REFERENCESl) Anderson, J. R. (1987): Reproductive strategies and gonotrophic cycles of black flies. In.'
Black flies‑Ecology, population management and annotated world list. (ed., Kim, K. b. and

R. W. Merritt) , pp. 276‑293, The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park andLondon2) Christophers, S. R. (1911): The development of the egg follicle in anophelines, Paludism, 2,

73‑883) Crosskey, R. W. (1967) : A preliminary revision of the blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) ofthe

Middle East, Trans. R. ent. soc. Lond. 119, 1‑45

4) Crosskey, R. W. (1987): An annotated checklist of the world black flies (Diptera:
Simuliidae) , In: Black flies‑Ecology, population management and annotated world list (ed.
by Kim, K. C. and R. W. Merritt) , pp. 425‑529, The Pennsylvania State University Press,

University Park and London
5) Crosskey. R. W. and W. Buttiker (1982): Insects of Saudi Arabia‑Diptera: Fam. Simuliidae,

Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 4, 398‑446
6) Downes, J. A. (1971): The ecology of blood‑sucking Diptera: An evolutionary perspective,
In: Ecology and physiology of parasites‑A symposium (ed. by Fallis, A. M.), pp. 232‑258,
University of Tronto Press. Tronto7) Hunter, D. M. (1977): Sugar‑feeding in some Queensland black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) ,J. Med. Entomol., 14, 229‑232
8) Mer, G. G. (1936): Experimental study on the development of the ovary in Anopheles elutus

224（Dip．Culic．），Bull．Entomol．Res．，27，351−379

9）Rivρsecchi，L．，Merighi，B．and

Nematocera）proveniente

Parrinello，A．E．（1969）：Su

dalla regione

diqualchesimuliide（Diptera−

Taiz（Yemen），Parassitologia，11，205−218

10）Takaoka，H．（1988）： Further observations on the autogeny of Sガ吻％」伽窺側名召oh碗％窺
Bmnetti（Diptera：Simuliidae）in

11）Takaoka，H．and

S．Nodathe

RyukyuIslands，Jpn．J．Sanit．Zool．，39（in press）（1979）：

Autogenyoftheblackfly

S伽％伽彫（E％s加％」訪郷）

側紹ohJ吻形（Diptera：Simuliidae），J．Med．Enotmo1．，15，183−184

ナイジェリアのプラトー州における2種のブユ，S珈％1勉郷7頭60耀召とS n忽7磁名s6の未吸血性卵巣発育の欠如について高岡宏行

ブユ属のなかで吻200吻θ種群は旧大陸に広く分布するが，東洋区とオーストラリア区にそれぞれ分布する2種では，未吸血性卵巣発育が知られている。そこでこの種群の大半が分布するエチオピア区の種についても，同様の性質が見られるかを検討するため，ナイジェリアのプラトー
州の数箇所でこの種群に属する2種のブユ，S，噸60甥召とS・短g痂撚召について羽化後の卵巣発育を調べた。その結果，いずれのブユ種でも薦糖を与えただけでは卵巣はIa期のままで全く発育しないことが分かった。

大分医科大学医動物学教室（⑰879−56）大分県大分郡挾間町医大ケ丘1−1506

日本熱帯医学会雑誌 第16巻

第29回

225

第3号 1988225−247頁

日本熱帯医学会総会講演抄録（2）会期

昭和62年11月19日休）一21日（土）会場

横浜市技能文化会館
横浜市教育文化センター

会

目

長

聖マリアンナ医科大学教授

神田錬蔵

R．K．アンテソン（ガーナ大・野口研）

次

44ナイジェリア・ジョスにおける学童の腸管内
寄生虫調査

フォーラム（前号掲載済）
国際交流と医療問題

司会濱島 義博

金子清俊（愛知医大・寄生虫）高橋

基久，高橋 利幸，高橋

（京都大）

講

弘

（国際協力事業団）

Shonekan，R．A．0．
（ジョス大・医・微生物）演45

フィリピン・ボホール島における住血吸虫症，

1−40（前号掲載済）

特に中間宿主貝0郷ho卿8彪n彪σ襯ぬπs1の41パキスタン・Sind州住民の寄生虫に対する免生息地の特徴について

疫・疫学的調査成績
近藤力王至

安羅岡一男，入江（金沢大・医・寄生虫）佐野基人（浜松医大・寄生虫）中島康雄（山梨医大・寄生虫）宮本健司（旭川医大・寄生虫）

茅根士郎（麻布大・獣医・寄生虫）

堀栄太郎，林田中

42（福岡大・医・寄生虫）（Sind大・動物）

下村

46（広島大・医・寄生虫）

日本住血吸虫感染マウスにおける変異原物質
Trp−p−2の体内代謝について

安治

伊藤

洋一

（北里大・医・寄生虫）

村田

良介

（予研）

勤

43ガーナの一地方村における腸管寄生虫感染状
況の調査

裕之，石井

有元佐賀恵，綿矢

明

有佑，早津

彦哉

（岡山大・薬・薬品化学）
47（聖マリアンナ医大・小児科）敏樹，松岡（岡山大・医・寄生虫）

曾田 研二（横浜市大・医・公衆衛生）

当教室を訪れた在留外国人の寄生虫感染，特に赤痢アメーバと日本住血吸虫について（1986−1987年の成績）

山田

稔，吉川

尚男，松田

信治，

重房

松本

芳嗣，手越

達也，陳

錫慰，

（名古屋市大・医・医動物）

塩田

恒三，吉田

幸雄

誠，高柳
貞義

治

（Schistosom．Cont．Ser．，DOH，Manila）

ネパール王国の寄生虫症

鳥越直子

R．Pangilian

啓栄

伊藤

肇，二瓶

A．T，Santos，Jr．，B．L．Blas，

利彦

S．S．Ahmed

堀内

寛，松田

（束大・医科研・寄生虫）（埼玉医大・寄生虫）
赤羽勇治（筑波大・基礎医学・医生物）坦，佐藤（三重大・医・小児科）（京都府医大・医動物）

226

金

竜起，小林

（Dept．Med．Entomol．，FAc．Trop．

祥男（京都市立病院・伝染病）

Med．，Mahidol Univ．，Thailand）

神田錬蔵

藤本荘太郎，中島 正継（京都第2日赤病院・消化器科）
48

ケニア国住民における尿検査紙法によるビル（聖マリアンナ医大・病害動物）
56

ハルツ住血吸虫症患者の発見
ムインデ

木村

キリク

ヌマカ雌雄に対する羽音捕獲法の野外基礎実
験

神田錬蔵（KEMRI・ケニア）（聖マリアンナ医大・病害動物）

英作，勝又 達哉
（長崎大・熱帯医研・寄生虫）

W．H．Cheong，K．P．Loong，G．L．
Chiang，T．W．Lim

49ケニア国のビルハルツ住血吸虫症流行地にお（IMR，Malaysia）

ける水中セルカリア濃度
勝又達哉，木村 英作
（長崎大・熱帯医研・寄生虫）

D．Migwi（KEMRI，ケニア）

宇賀昭二（神戸大・医・寄生虫）行天

淳一（愛媛大・医・寄生虫）

57オンコセルカ症における媒介者防除
水谷
58

佐藤

邦憲，千種

金子 清俊

雄一，角坂

照貴，

59 1986年マレーシア・サワラク州におけるデン（愛知医大・寄生虫）

グ熱の流行と媒介蚊の生態

51ウェステルマン肺吸虫成虫主要抗原の
ELISA反応性について
今井

淳一，大橋

60

真，名和 行文（宮崎医大・寄生虫）
菅根 一男

ControlA848s

vectors

haemorrhaglc fever
Kai

Lok

in

of

安野 正之

（公害研・生物環境）（予研・衛生昆虫）菊池哲志，徳久 秀二，鈴木

池本

孝哉

the

（帝京大・医・寄生虫）

controloftrial／1ηoρh召」8sof（クチン国立病院）

タイ国北部の山地および平地における日本脳章夫（長崎大・医・医動物）（長崎大・熱帯医研・ウイルス）
沢井

芳男

について
川村善治，沢井 芳男（日本蛇族学術研）
ヤマカガシ毒の免疫学的研究：特に血液凝固

活性化因子を中心に

堺淳，沢井芳男（日本蛇族学術研）

S−31183forz歪n歪吻z俗inThailand
Vanida Kerdpibule，Thongchai
Deesin，Yupha Rongsriyam，Supat
Sucharit（日本蛇族学術研）

62ヤマカガシ抗毒素の試作およびその臨床効果

63

猛（JICAプロジェクトチーム）
field

Seng

五十嵐章

86・87）

高木 正洋

Small−scaleMoh（琉球大・医・保健）61蛇毒の免疫Singapore「北スマトラ地域保健対策プロジェクト」のマ

A

Chang

dengue（シンガポール大・動物）

ラリア媒介蚊対策（一郎

森（信州大・医・寄生虫）of

宮城炎・デング熱媒介蚊の調査

52旋毛虫抗原遺伝子の構造と発現55

明（川崎市衛研）（聖マリアンナ医大・病害動物）

塩飽

54

英毅，和田

神田錬蔵

比較

Chan

（日環センター）ての能力の比較

50糞線虫感染犬および猿における糞便検査法の53

澄

カダヤシとメダカにおける蚊幼虫天敵魚とし

本問学（群馬大・医・病理）

64ELISAによるハブ毒および抗体価の測定
野崎

真敏，富原

靖博，山川

雅延

（沖縄県公害衛研）
65 コブラ神経毒の免疫化学について

227

楊

66

振忠

（清華大・生命科学研）

月θπ40吻on硲磁剛g初0詔の薬剤感受性にマングース血清中の3種の抗出血因子の精製

ついて富原 靖博，野崎 真敏，山川 雅延，

奥脇香村（女子栄養大・微生物）藤田紘一郎，月舘説子，杉山 雅俊

昂男（沖縄県公害衛研）

与那覇和雄，当山 清善（琉球大・農化）川村

善治（日本蛇族学術研）

67蜂刺症および蜂刺症の免疫学的研究
加納六郎（東京医歯大）義行，矢内（東京医歯大・医・医動物）78海外発展途上国における最近2力年の飲料水検査成績（1985，1986年）
月舘 説子，藤田紘一郎，杉山 雅俊

68野性蜂刺傷によるアレルギー症状
牧野荘平，生井聖一郎，池森（東京医歯大・医・医動物）
亨介

奥脇 義行

（凋協医大・アレルギー内科）（日本熱帯医学協会）

大滝

倫子，岡

恵子

79インドネシア在留邦人の飲料水（東京医歯大・皮膚科）

藤田紘一郎，月舘説子，杉山 雅俊（東京医歯大・医・医動物）70ナイジェリア国，ジョス大学病院における乳児健診の実態に関する研究
秦 堅佐工，鴨下 重彦

奥脇 義行

衛藤

隆

（公衆衛生院）

西垣克（東大・医・保健管理）

一過去5年間のまとめと，今後の医療援助についての考え方一（高知学園短大・保健）

喜井晴夫（喜井産婦人科・守口市医師会）

ノゴ・坂

光男，楊

果恣，P．G．Riwa，

大渡

伸，萢

育仁

（長崎大・熱帯医研・環境生理）

81Dry

Samaによる暑熱負荷時の熱出納山内 正毅，P．G．Riwa，小坂 光男，
萢

72開発途上国における栄養障害
鈴江緑衣郎
龍男

（国療・多摩全生園）

開発途上国における結核青木正和（結核予防会・結核研）

博，海老沢
弘，関

松田

肇

功

育子，．表

育仁，ノ』・坂山内 正毅，松本

光男，大渡

孝朗，楊

伸，

果恋，

啓明
（長崎大・熱帯医研・環境生理）光代（国際協力事業団）（東大・医科研・寄生虫）

76国連「水と衛生の10力年計画」について
真柄伸，

82暑熱頂化に関する研究（第4報） 一容量式
湿度計・発汗カプセル法による解析

陳（東邦大・医・公衆衛生）
鳴戸

啓明，大渡

（長崎大・熱帯医研・環境生理）萢

75 最近経験した熱帯病の症例

小原

育仁，陳

松本孝朗
（栄養研）

アジアのらい森健夫（日本熱帯医学協会）
80ナキウサギ（Pika）の体温調節能一特に発熱特性について一71フィリピン・ネグロス島民に対する医療援助

奥村 悦之（女子栄養大・微生物）

小笠原ヤス子，朝倉（東大・医・小児科）

74（女子栄養大・微生物）

小笠原ヤス子，朝倉 健夫

69蚊刺症

73

寿恵

安基（公衆衛生院・衛生工学部）

77インドネシア各地の飲料水から検出された

228

講

42ネパール王国の寄生虫症

藤田田内
伊村曾堀

41パキスタン・Sin4州住民の寄生虫に対す

演る免疫・疫学的調査成績
近藤力王至（金沢大・医・寄生虫）佐野基人（浜松医大・寄生虫）中島康雄（山梨医大・寄生虫）宮本健司（旭川医大・寄生虫）

茅根士郎（麻布大・獣医・寄生虫）

堀栄太郎，林利彦（埼玉医大・寄生虫）

赤羽 啓栄

S．S．Ahmed（福岡大・医・寄生虫）（Sind大・動物）

洋一（北里大・医・寄生虫）

良介

（予研）

研二（横浜市大・医・公衆衛生）
勤（聖マリアンナ医大・小児科）

1986年度の感染症基礎調査はネパール王国において実施された。調査は感染症全般にわたって行われたが，ここでは内部寄生虫症に限ってその状況を報告する。（1）マラリア：タライ平野を主体に900万人の人々が感染の危険に曝されている。1984年より急激な増加が生じ，1985年には国

我々はパキスタン・Sind州において1986年12月

内で42，321人の年間患者発生数をみるに至っていから翌年1月までの2カ月問に，住民149名についる。且．召銘κz読z短s，A．ノZ％∂勿魏商，Z1．㎜6％彪∫zお，て，寄生虫症に関する免疫・疫学的調査を行った。

A．minimusが媒介種として知られており，地区

To％oρめs㎜抗体陽性者：Latex凝集反応ではにより優占種が異なる。（2）カラ・アザール：ネ

34．2％と，石川県住民のそれ（11．7％）よりもか

パール政府は1980−85年の間Dhanusa地区の住なり高い値であった。蠕虫類に対する抗体保有状

民および地区病院における患者の発生状況を調査

況は次の如くであった。Ouchterlony法：犬回虫

し，35名の患者を検出した。付近から3種類の幼虫ES抗原（TcnLES）では1．8％，旋毛虫幼虫

Phlebotomus属が採集されたが，P肱餌卿燃ガ

抽出抗原（TspLEX）では10．9％，広東住血線虫

が総捕獲数の75％を占め，媒介種の可能性が示唆

成虫抗原（AnqAEX）では7．4％，犬糸状虫成虫された。また，Joshiらは各地の病院14施設におい同抗原（DiAEX）ではL6％，肝蛭成虫同抗原でて1980−84年の間の患者数を調べ，604名の患者は1．6％の抗体保有者がみられたが，剛棘顎口虫幼の内47名が死亡していることを報告している。（3）虫抽出抗原に対する抗体保有者はみられなかった。

フィラリア症：各地に広く流行しているものと推カウンター電気泳動法：TcnLES，TspLEXに定される。Jung（1973）は中部地区の住民5，302名

対する抗体保有率はそれぞれL6，4．9％を示した。

を検査し，479名（9．0％）のmf陽性者を検出してELISA：TcnLES，TspLEX，AngAEX，いる。Rajbhandari（1986）は西部の3地区で652

DiAEXに対する平均抗体価はそれぞれLO±o．3，

名を検査し，45名（6．9％）のmf陽性者を検出し1．0±0．2，L2±0．3，L1±0．3，抗体陽性者率でている。（4）包虫症：Joshiは1979−83年の間にはそれぞれ0．0，0．0，4．2，3．9で，いずれも石川カトマンズ市付近の3病院で外科手術を受けた

県住民のそれとは大きな差はみられなかった。こ27，288名の患者の記録から76例の包虫症を見出の地方は乾燥地帯であり，住民の蠕虫類感染者おしている。

よびその抗体保有者は少ないものの，沈降抗体保また，近くの屠殺場で処理される家畜を調査し，有状況からみて，旋毛虫，広東住血線虫について

水牛601頭（18．6％），羊・山羊645頭（6．0％），豚は潜在的感染者がいるものと思われた。

65頭（15．5％）に寄生を認めた。（5）腸管内寄生虫症：蠕虫種として回虫，鈎虫（アメリカ・ズビニ），鞭虫，嶢虫の感染が蔓延し，原虫種として赤229

痢アメーバ，ランブル鞭虫などの寄生が認められ

44ナイジェリア・ジョスにおける学童の腸管る。

内寄生虫調査43ガーナの一地方村における腸管寄生虫感染
状況の調査

伊藤

誠，高柳

坦，佐藤

貞義

清俊

（愛知医大・寄生虫）

高橋

基久，高橋

国際協力事業団（JICA）の野口研プロジェクト

弘

Shonekan，R．A．0（ジョス大学・微生物）（三重大・医・小児科）

R．K．アンテソン（ガーナ大・野口研）

利幸，高橋（国際協力事業団）

重房（名古屋市大・医・医動物）
鳥越金子

ナイジェリア連邦共和国に対する医療協力活動の一部門として，小児下痢症の調査が進められの一環として，1983−1984年にかけてガーナの一た。その一環として学童の寄生虫調査が行われた。

地方村において腸管内寄生虫感染状況の調査を調査地ジョスは首都ラゴスの北東約950km，標高

行った。この村（Fetteh）は首都アクラの西方70

1，200mほどの高原に位置し，人口はおよそ35万kmの海岸沿いに位置する人口約2，000人の半農の小都市である。調査は市内の小学校4校を選定

半漁の村で，野口研のField

し，朝登校した学童に糞便容器を渡して，直ちにStationとなっている。

全年齢を対象に集めた糞便は，直接塗抹法ホル
マリン・エーテル法で検査した。1983年の9−11採便できた者，合計620名（年齢4−18歳）を対象とした。検査はホルマリン・エーテル法で行い，

鈎虫卵陽性者のみ一部濾紙培養法を実施した。

成績：糞便検査の結果，蠕虫6種類と原虫6種

月（A期間）1984年1−4月（B期間）の調査の後pyrantelpamoateによる集団駆虫を試み，同類を含む計12種類の腸管内寄生虫が検出された。

年4−8月に再度調査した。

蠕虫寄生者は全体の22．6％で，そのうち回虫はその結果，蠕虫類では，A・B両期間とも回虫
卵陽性率が最も高く（各63，61％），鈎虫卵（各9．5％，アメリカ鈎虫が5．3％，鞭虫が7，4％，糞30，25％），鞭虫卵（各23，27％）がこれに続き糞0．2％であった。一方，原虫寄生は全体の44．2％に線虫（各3，11％）も検出された。原虫類では大認められ，大腸アメーバが36．3％，赤痢アメーバ

腸アメーバシスト（各18，27％）が最も多く検出が13．4％，小形アメーバが8．7％，ヨードアメー

された。

バが6．6％，ランブル鞭毛虫が8．9％，メニール鞭

年齢別では0．5−1歳でほとんどの寄生虫に対して感染が起こり始め，陽性率は年齢と共に高くなり，4−6歳ですでに80％以上が何らかの寄生虫に感染していた。回虫卵陽性率は，4−6歳でピークに達した後，横ばいであったが，鈎虫，鞭虫卵陽性率は徐々に上昇し，10−19歳でピークに達した後，減少する傾向を示した。

駆虫の結果，回虫卵および鞭虫卵陽『生率はそれ
ぞれ7．4％，11．6％と有意に減少したが，鈎虫卵陽性率は20％と，減少は有意ではなかった。駆虫後の調査期間が4カ月と長かったために，この間に再感染が起こり，この駆虫薬の効力を過小評価していることも考えられた。

線虫が0．5％，小形条虫が0．3％，テニアsp．が毛虫が5．2％であった。

230

45フィリピン・ボホール島における住血吸虫症，特に中間宿主貝0πco拠θ」απεα
αμα伽α部の生息地の特徴について

安羅岡一男，入江

寛，松田

肇，二瓶

日本住血吸虫感染マウスにおける変異原物

質Trp−p−2の体内代謝について
安治

敏樹，松岡

裕之，石井

「明

（岡山大・医・寄生虫）勇治，（筑波大・基礎医学・医生物）田中46

有元佐賀恵，綿矢

有佑，早津

彦哉

（岡山大・薬・薬品化学）直子（東大・医科研・寄生虫）

日本住血吸虫感染における発癌の問題に関連し（広島大・医・寄生虫）て，肝の薬物代謝酵素のチトクロームP450の代

下村浩

AlfredoT．Santos，Bayani

Rogelio

M．Pangilinan

L．Blas，（Schistosomiasis Control

謝活性を調べた。」ηo伽oでは肝のP−450の活性は，感染により低下することがわかった。伽吻oService，DOH，Manila）

で確認するため，トリプトファン熱分解物由来で強い変異原性を持つTrp−p−2を静注し，体内からの消失速度を調べた。又，日住感染時に肝に蓄

ボホール島は北緯10度・東経124度に位置し，その東方がレイテ島南部に，西方がセブ島に面している。その形はほぼ楕円で，4，117km2の広さをも積する，Schistosome

pigmentと同一と言われているヘマチンとTrp−p−2との吸着を調べた。

日住セルカリア30隻感染後12週のddYマウス

つ。島内の日本住血吸虫症流行地はIpil川の左岸と対照非感染マウスに，2mM

Trp−p−2を0．3に，しかも省内46自治体中の2町，TalibonとmZ静注し，0．5，1，3，6，18時間に経時的にTrinidadに限られて存在する。我々は1981年以降，この地域の中間宿主貝生息状況の調査ならび血液を採血し，血清中のTrp−p−2とその代謝活に疫学的調査を行ってきた。その結果，1984年とり測定した。Trp−p−2濃度は静注後両群共に急速性であるN−OH−Trp−p−2を，Ames testによ1985年に新しい中間宿主貝生息地が6カ所で見に減少した。1時問では両群に差はみられなかっつかった。これらの生息地は，住血吸虫症患者のたが，感染群では3時問で約1．8倍，6時間では約

居住地に近接していた。この島における中問宿主2．7倍と有意に高く代謝の遅れが認められた。一貝生息地は現在では11カ所となり，それらはいず

方，代謝活性体であるN−OH−Trp−p−2は，非感れもIpil川に流入する3水系に沿って局在して染対照群では静注1時間後に鋭いピークがみられいる。中問宿主貝の生息には好適であるように見た。感染後は3時間後にピークがみられたが，そえるが，実際には生息していない地域の地形を調

べたが，中間宿主貝生息地はすべて砂壌土でpHの高さは1／3にとどまった。初吻oにおいても
伽痂zoでみられたと同様，代謝活性の低下が確6．5以下の地域であった。この地域は，3−5年毎認された。

に3−4カ月間も続く深刻な旱魑に見舞われる。

Trp−p−2とSchistosome pigmentの本質で中間宿主貝0σ紹伽8s歪は湧水を水源にもつ山あるヘマチンとの吸着について，0．02mM Trp−

嚢の湿地帯と，それにつながる細い水路にのみ見p−22mJとヘマチン1mg，5mgJOmgを出される。そこには〃iθ伽勿属，S曙卿卿云初α37。C，1時間incubationし，その上清中の残存

属，L卿n磁α属など普通の淡水産巻貝も生息しており，このことはこれらの生息地が年間を通じTrp−p−2を分光学的に測定した。ヘマチン1mg

決して，もしくは滅多に干上がらない事を示している。我々の得たこれらの知見ほ，ボホール島に少し強い吸着が認められた。このことは，Trp−p−2はSchistosomepigmentに，生体力，特に肝おける日本住血吸虫流行地の，著しい局在性の解に特異的に吸着され，局所的に肝細胞は高い変異

明にいくつかの手掛りを与えてくれた。

原物質に暴露される可能性を示唆する。

で上清中のTrp−p−2は35％，5mgで0．5％に減231

47当教室を訪れた在留外国人の寄生虫感染，

48

特に赤痢アメーバと日本住血吸虫について

ルハルッ住血吸虫症患者の発見1（1986−1987年の成績）

ムインデ キリク （KEMRI，ケニア）

山田

稔，吉川

尚男，松田

信治，

松本

芳嗣，手越

達也，陳

錫慰，

塩田 恒三，吉田 幸雄（京都府医大・医動物）金

ケニア国住民における尿検査紙法によるビ

竜起，小林祥男（京都市立病院・伝染病）

藤本荘太郎，中島 正継（京都第2日赤病院・消化器科）

木村 英作，勝又 達哉（長崎大・熱帯医研・寄生虫）

ケニア国コースト州クワレ地区の一部落住民，
約1，400名を対象に，プラジカンテル治療前（検査数915名）および3カ月後（検査数635名）の2
回，尿検査紙を用いて血尿・蛋白尿を半定量的に検出し，ビルハルツ住血吸虫（ビ吸虫）の虫卵排泄との関係を調べた。治療の前後において，血尿・〈症例1〉男，37歳。粘血便中に多数の赤痢ア

蛋白尿のレベル（一，±，1＋，2＋，3＋）とそ

メーバ（Eh）栄養型と少数の嚢子を認む。血清診のおのおののレベルに於ける虫卵陽性者の割合に断抗体陽性（慶応大・医・寄生虫実施，以下同は強い関連性が認められた。また，血尿および蛋じ）。大腸ファイバーにて多数のびらんを認め，生白尿と，ビ吸虫卵の排泄数にも強い相関があった。

検切片中に栄養型を認める。チニダゾール（2g／

尿検査紙法でどの程度正確に虫卵陽性者を選び出日，5日）にて治癒するもその後嚢子排出者となせるかを調べるため，いくつかの判定基準についる。その後チニダゾール（2g／日，5日），メトロてsensitivity（虫卵陽性者のうち検査紙が陽性とニダゾール（2g／日，10日）で治癒せず，カルバ判定される者の割合）とspeci丘city（虫卵陰性者

ルソン（0．75g／日，分3，10日）でやっと治癒しのうち検査紙が陰性の者の割合）を比較した。血た例である。〈症例2〉男，34歳。大腸アメーバ（Ec）

尿或は蛋白尿だけを基準とするとsensitivity或の嚢子，ブラストシスチス・ホミニス（Bh）陽はspeci丘cityのいずれかが低すぎた。血尿と蛋白性。〈症例3＞女，31歳。EhとEcの嚢子，Bh，尿を組み合わせ血尿±以上，或は蛋白尿1＋以

小形アメーバ嚢子陽性。メトロニダゾール（2．25

上g／日，5日〉にて症例3は治癒するも症例2は未（74．6％）とspeci丘city（85．4％）が得られた。

という基準を用いると十分に高いsensitivity

だBh陽性。〈症例4と5＞夫37歳，妻32歳。夫Eh

プラジカンテル治療後，住民の虫卵陽性率は嚢子とBh陽陸。妻Bh陽性。妻はチニダゾール（2g／日，5日）で治癒。症例3，4共抗Eh抗

卵数の幾何平均／10ml尿）は66．7より18．4に（減体陰性。〈症例6＞女，24歳。フィリピン出身。急少率72．4％）下がったが，この基準による性虫垂炎にて虫垂摘出。虫垂組織中に多数の日本

sensitivityは69．0％，speci且cityは82．0％と治

住血吸虫卵（Sj），糞便検査で回虫，鞭虫，Sj卵陽療前に比し殆ど差がなかった。この結果は，尿検性。肝機能正常σ肝脾腫殆どなし。肝生検，直腸査紙法が治療後で住民の虫卵陽性率や重症度が，生検にてもSj陽性。Ouchterlony，IEP，COP共急激に低下した場合にも応用できることを示して強陽性（広島大・医・寄生虫実施）。メベンダゾー

いる。本法は検鏡による虫卵確認の過程を省ぐこ

54．2％より17．8％に（減少率67．2％），重症度（虫ル（200mg／日分2，3日），プラジカンテル（50とが出来るので，大規模なビ吸虫症コントロール

mg／km／日，1日）で治癒。治癒後血清反応は陰において薬物治療を容易にするであろう。

転した。結論として，熱帯諸国との国際交流や熱帯諸国を旅行した外国人の訪日する機会の増加する昨今，輸入寄生虫病が増加する恐れが示唆され
た。

232

49ケニア国のビルハルツ住血吸虫症流行地における水中セルカリア濃度
勝又

50糞線虫感染犬および猿における糞便検査法の比較

達哉，木村 英作

塩飽 邦憲，千種 雄一，角坂 照貴，（長崎大・熱帯医研・寄生虫）

D．Migwi（KEMRI，ケニア）

宇賀 昭二（神戸大・医・医動物）行天 淳一（愛媛大・医・寄生虫）

ケニア国のビルハルツ住血虫症流行地クワレ地区の小部落で住民がよく接触する水場において，

金子清俊（愛知医大・寄生虫）

慢性感染時の糞便中R型幼虫の減少の原因と考えられる要因のうち，腸管内でのR型幼虫数の変動，糞便中でのR型幼虫数の時間的変化をS．
s云郡60㎎漉感染犬で調べると共に，感染犬および感染猿において4種の糞便検査法（べ一ルマン法，

水中のセルカリア濃度の測定と感染貝の調査をMGL法，濾紙培養法，薄層塗抹法）について比較行った。この部落の住民の感染率は60％で，感染検討を行った。

の強さは（排泄虫卵数で表す）は10．5eggs／10ml

感染犬では腸管を下るにつれて内容物19当た尿であった。部落を流れる4つの川より，22個所

りのR型幼虫数の減少が認められ，排出された糞を調査地に選んだ。セルカリアメトリーと貝の調便では更に減少していた。排出直後の糞便につい

査は，月2回行った。1985年11月より1987年5月て，希釈法による幼虫数を100％として4種の糞便までの成績を報告する。

検査法を比較すると，べ一ルマン法とMGL法（ガーゼ無）が82％，MGL法（ガーゼ有）で調査地のセルカリアの分布：

Mwele川では，1年7カ月の観察期間中に調62％，濾紙培養法で56％の回収率を示した。糞便査した10個所中，8個所で多くのセルカリアが発中での動きのあるR型幼虫数は排出直後を100％見された。ある所では50」中28隻ものセルカリアとすると，2時間後で85％，6時間後で72％，12が検出された。Mtsangatam川では8個所中3個所に，Mbadgi川では2個所中2個所でセルカリ

時間後で33％，24時間後では8．6％と著しく減少しアが検出された。Tswele川では，セルカリアは検MGL法が最も優れており，次いで濾紙培養法，薄出されなかった。

層塗抹法であった。猿では，糞便が粘着性に富む

感染貝の分布：Mwele川，Mtsangatam川，Mbadgi川には
感染貝は検出されたが，Tswele川には感染貝はた。犬の糞便検査については，べ一ルマン法とために，MGL法が最も優れており，次いでべ一ル
マン法であった。

慢性感染時の糞便中R型幼虫数の減少の原因に検出されなかった。

ついては，雌成虫生殖器の萎縮および産卵数の減

セルカリアメトリーと感染貝調査結果の比較：

少，雌成虫数の減少が大きく影響しているが，そ1年7カ月間に22地点で，749回調査が行われれ以外に，腸管内でのR型幼虫数の減少も関係した。そのうちセルカリアも感染貝も検出された回ていた。糞便検査法については，排便後遅くとも数は31回，セルカリアのみ検出49回，感染貝のみ

6時問以内に検査すべきであり，MGL法とべ一

検出は45回であった。

ルマン法が幼虫の回収率では優れていたが，実用

水中セルカリア濃度と感染貝数の季節的変動：

的には佐藤ら（1984），安里ら（1983）の報告のよ

水中セルカリア濃度も感染貝数も3−5月にうに，回収率が高く，手抜も簡単なMGL法と同ピークとなる。以後数は減少するが，11−12月に定の安易な濾紙培養法の併用が優れていると考え

再び小さなピークがみられた。

られる。

233

51ウェステルマン肺吸虫成虫主要抗原の
肌ISA反応性について
今井 淳一，大橋真，名和 行文（宮崎医大・寄生虫）

ウェステルマン肺吸虫成虫（PW）抽出液をSephacrylを検討するために，先にplasmid vector，pBR

322を用いて旋毛虫抗原遺伝子のcloningを行い報告した。今回は次のstepとしてλ一phage系のexpressionvectorであるλgt11を用いて抗原遺伝子を発現させ，そのcDNAsequenceを明らかにしたので報告する。実験方法は，旋毛虫感染幼S−300ゲル濾過で分画すると，分子量虫より抽出したpolyA＋mRNAよりGublerのの異なる2つの主要抗原（PW−1，PW−2）が得方法で合成したcDNAをメチル化した後，lin・られた。Ouchterlony反応で，PW−1は虫卵抗原

kerをligateしEcoRI処理後λgt11に組みこんだ。そしてpackagingしてcDNA Iibraryをと，PW−2はES抗原との間に一致する沈降線を形成した（第39回日本寄生虫学会南日本支部大得た。次に抗原タンパクを産生するcloneを選択会）。今回は，肺吸虫症患者血清，実験的肺吸虫感するために，これをE

ooJ臼こ感染させ培地中に染ネコ血清，および他の寄生虫症患者血清を対象形成されたplaqueをIPTGを含んだnitroce1−に，PW−1とPW−2のELISAによる反応性を

lulose比較した。2週毎に経時採血した感染猫プール血して旋毛虫感染マウス血清，二次血清として清について両抗原を用いてELISAを行ったとこ

HRP conjugatedヤギ抗マウスIgG血清を用いろ，急性期（4−8週）ではPW−1よりもPW−2た酵素抗体法でscreeningした。その結果，pri・に対して高い値が得られた。しかし，慢性期（20maryscreeningで3×104個のplaque中4個の−24週）では両抗原の間で同等の反応性がみられ

positive

た。更に個別血清について両抗原に対する抗体価につきsecondaryscreeningを行い，insertの長mterに移し，目的のcloneを一次血清とcloneが認められた。この4個のcloneの相関を調べてみると，やはり，急性期の血清でさを調べたところ3個は900b，1個は150bではPW老に対して高い値が得られた。次に肺吸あった。900bの3個のcloneにつき制限酵素の虫症患者血清について反応性をみると，両抗原のcutting間で同等の反応性がみられ，高い相関を示すこと

この3個のcloneは同一のものと推定された。こから，今回検討した患者血清のほとんどは慢『生期の900bのcDNAの構造を明らかにするために，のものと思われる。次に肺吸虫症以外の寄生虫症

plasmid患者血清を用いて，PW−1およびPW−2の交差

chaintermination法でDNA反応性を調べてみると，両抗原共に各種住血吸虫

computerで解析を行った。その結果得られた900症の血清に対して陽性反応を示した。そのほかのbのcDNAの3 末端にはpoly A additional

線虫感染症や横川吸虫症の血清に対しては，交差

signalおよびpoly

反応は殆ど見られなかった。住血吸虫症患者血清

ミノ酸配列にして調べたところopenに対する交差反応は，PW−1の場合には抗原を

frameが存在しややAT

90。C，30分処理することにより大幅に低下させる
ことができた。また，PW−2の場合には，被検査血清を200倍に希釈することによって除くことができた。

siteを調べたところ，同じ部位に位置し，vector，pTZ18Rに入れてdideoxy

53 Control

Aが認められ，塩基配列をアof」4e4θ8vectors of

haemorrhagic fever
Chan Kai

菅根一男（信州大・医・寄生虫）

組換えDNA技術を応用し，蠕虫由来の抗原タ
ンバクの性質およびその遺伝子の構造を明らかにし，採取した抗原タンパクの免疫診断への実用化

readingrichであった。
denguein Singapore

Lok（Department of Zool−

ogy，National

52旋毛虫抗原遺伝子の構造と発現

sequenceを調べ，University

of

Sin−

gapore）

航空機事情により，来日不可能であった。講演
内容は，日本熱帯医学会雑誌，第16巻，第2号，113−120頁に掲載した。和文抄録なし。

234

54「北スマトラ地域保健対策プロジェクト」のマラリア媒介蚊対策（

安野

55Asmall−scalefieldtrialofS−31183forthe

86・87）正之（公害研・生物環境）高木 正洋（予研・衛生昆虫）

Yupha
神田

（帝京大・医・寄生虫）多数発生を見るのは，日当たりの良い汽水域のみである。そこで総合防除による幼虫対策が選択さ

錬蔵（和文抄録なし）

した漁村で，マラリア・ベクター・コントロール・傾向のためDDT残留噴霧は無効である。幼虫のSucharit

University，Thailand）（聖マリアンナ医大・病害動物）

インドネシア北スマトラ州のマラッカ海峡に面

媒介種、4η．躍η吻ガ伽sが，屋外吸血，屋外休息

Rongsriyam，Supat（Mahidol（JICAプロジェクトチーム）

オペレーションを試行中である。

of／1児oPゐθ」εs〃εεπ」η窃μ8in

Thailand
VanidaKerdpibule，ThonbchaiDeesin，

菊池哲志，徳久秀二，鈴木猛
池本 孝哉

control

56

ヌマカ属の羽音捕獲野外実験

神田錬蔵（聖マリアンナ医大・病害動物）
W．H．Cheong，K．P．Loong，G．L．Chiang，

T．W．Lim（IMR，Malaysia）

れた。

環境改変による防除としては，ラグーンの水路

ヌマカ属雌雄捕獲の効率を上げる為の野外実験化，一部の溝の埋め立てを行った。結果は良好でを，森林内の隔離された発生源ペラク州ポンドある。シェイディングも有効である。グッピーの

ク・タンジュン・ヒリーの油ヤシ栽培地内と，セ大量放逐による，生物（学）的防除の評価はまだ

ランゴール州バタンダ・ベルジュンタイの広大な下せない。高密度に定着した発生源での抑制効果

開けた沼地の2カ所を選んで行った。

は実証された。失効要因である捕食魚，水質変化，捕獲には灯提とプラスチック円柱を用い，ドラ

干上がり，散逸，藻類対策の確立が急がれる。

イアイスとハムスターをくっつけ，最も効率よい

Temephosによる薬剤防除は，対象面積が散布能

羽音の振動数を発する方法をとった。ヌマカは500

力を越えない限り，概ね所期の成果を期待できるHzを発信するスピーカーとハムスター1匹とドことがわかった。

ライアイスを同一灯提内に入れ，一方雄は350Hz

86年9月開始の予備試行では，成虫密度の上昇のスピーカーをプラスチックシリンダー内に入れ，を抑えることは出来なかった。汽水域氾濫原の排ハムスターとドライアイスをくっつける方法が効

水対策が未了のため，降雨で発生源が対処可能面

果的であった。それら両者を毎日発信すると，多積以上に拡大したためである。87年4月以降の試数の蚊を捕獲出来たなかでも，広大な土地では経

行では，当初少降雨であったのと氾濫原対策が一

産率が下がるが，新しく生産される蚊を減らすに段落した結果，密度は低く推移している。環境管は至らなかった。

理が地域防除成否の鍵であることの証左であろう。

森の中の沼では蚊の数は極端に下がるが，森か防除活動が本格化するにつれ，住民との摩擦も顕ら出てくる蚊が残っていて出てくるため経産率は在化する。住民の社会経済的基盤や，固有の価値下がらなかった。

観を十分考慮した衛生教育を志向すべきであろう。

57オンコセルカ症における媒介者防除
水谷

澄（日環センター）

オンコセルカ症媒介者としてブユ防除は，もっぱら，幼虫対策としての河川への薬剤投入という形で進められている。しかし本症の流行地である

西アフリカと中米においては，発生河川の形態が235

著しく異なり，西アフリカの大河で行われている

原体または製剤の開始の心要性。3）媒介種の薬S吻解初躍吻に対する航空機などからの薬剤投剤感受性の定期的なチェック。4）抵抗性発現時

入方式は，中米の山岳地帯を流れる漢流では適用の代替殺虫剤の準備。といったことがあげられて

出来ない。

いる。

グアテマラの主媒介種はS．ooh矧o昭郷である。
この種は漢床勾配20〜40、流水量18〜180」／min（Yamagata，1984），流速41〜66cm／sec，水深0．2〜2．Ocm（Yamagata

and58カダヤシとメダカにおける蚊幼虫天敵魚としての能力の比較
佐藤

Kanayama）の

神田 錬蔵

で高い発生がみられている。

（聖マリアンナ医大・病害動物）

山間における問題点は発生源の発見にある。山の作成が重要である。

一方殺虫剤の投与に関してTemephosを用いた実験によると，処理する薬量にかかわらず，水明（川崎市衛研）条件を持つ，コーヒー園内または周辺の山間漢流歩きによる探索活動での調査による，発生源地図

英毅，和田

メダカと蚊幼虫とが共存していた水域にカダヤシを放魚し，それが定着した後に蚊幼虫の消失した多数の例が，佐藤ら（1972）によって報告されている。

量の少ない流れでは到達距離も短く，0．18」／秒のここでは，カダヤシとメダカとでは，蚊幼虫の流れでは，10分間流水量当たり2ppmでも200ppmでも到達距離は25mと短かかった。また1天敵魚としての能力に，どのような差異があるか」／秒前後の流れでも有効距離は100m程しか得ら

1．カダヤシないしメダカが高密度に繁殖する水れない。この理由として，流水量の少ない所では域の，1㎡当たりの生息密度は両種とも300〜500を観察したので報告する。

特に土壌への吸着が著しいことが，室内試験，食尾程度であった。両種の混生する水域でも同じ程塩を流して行った実験や多くの実地試験で確めら度であった。

れた。（UminoandSuzuki，1984；Kamimuraら，

2．自生する個体の胃内容物は，両種とも広食性

1985；Tabaruら，1982）

で，その水域の食物事情に左右され，種問差は認

この結果，流れの大小にかかわらずTemephos

められなかった。

249（a．i．1．2g）を袋に入れ，50〜100mごとに2週問隔で投入すれば，いずれの発生源においかわらず蚊幼虫をよく捕食したが，メダカでは捕ても満足すべき結果が得られるという，小漢流型

食数が大きく左右され，蚊幼虫の捕食数は著しくのブユ幼虫駆除方式が確立された。

減少した。

3．室内試験で，カダヤシは人工飼料の有無にか

パイロット地区での防除作業は1979年に4．異種に対する攻撃性を調べたところ，グピー

Lavaderosで開始され，その後1983までに6地区稚魚に対しては，カダヤシの場合人工飼料の有無で開始された。

にかかわらずこれを攻撃して捕食したが，メダカ

その結果，Lavaderosでは4年後にABRは1／では顕著な差が認められなかった。

100近くまで減少し，他の地区でも1983年には処

5．カダヤシとメダカを1番ずつ段階的に1幡ま理前の1／10以下となった。またいずれも媒介種ので混生させたところ，10日の内には全ての水槽で伝播可能密度以下となり（Yamagataら，メダカが死亡するに至り，その捕食回帰直線は1985），上記方式がグアテマラにおけるオンコセル

Y＝一〇．08X＋9．4444であった。

カ症媒介種駆除に十分な効果を発揮したことが証明された。

今後に残る問題点として，1）現状の投薬量の以上のことから，カダヤシはメダカに比べて，他の生物に対する攻撃性が強く，蚊幼虫捕食数も多かった。すなわち，蚊幼虫天敵魚としてはカダ低減化，すなわち投入量の減少と投入間隔の延長

ヤシの方がメダカよりもはるかに優れていることが可能かどうか。2）さらに有効距離の長い殺虫が示された。

236

591986年マレーシア・サラワク州におけるデング熱の流行と媒介蚊の生態
宮城

一郎

Chang

Moh

（琉球大・医・保健）Seng（クチン国立病院）

ング熱に対する抗体保有率は，いずれも平地に住むタイ族に比べ低いことが明らかにされている。

この原因を明らかにするため，標高の異なる地点
で日本脳炎とデング熱の媒介蚊の調査を行った。

方法はタイ国北部のチェンマイ県で1，000mを越

1986年マレーシア・サラワク州のクチン国立病える地点，平地およびその中間の畜舎にライトト

院媒介蚊防除圧班と共同で，文部省科学研究助成

ラップを設置し，飛来する蚊を同じ時間採集し，金により蚊科の系統分類学的研究を実施した。そその中から日本脳炎媒介蚊を取りだした。またデの際，サラワク州における最近のデング熱の流行

ング熱媒介蚊については，山地と平地の集落で住の疫学とその媒介蚊に関する資料についても検討

居の内外の発生源の調査を行った。その結果，日し，現地調査をする機会を得た。

本脳炎の媒介蚊であるC％勉≠7伽θηJozh鋼oh％s，

サラワク州におけるデング熱（出血性デング熱

Or．g就4％s，Cκ．廊oo6のh吻は1，000mを越えるを含む）の流行は1975年より徐々に目立ちはじ

地点では，集落が山の尾根にあって最も近い水田

め，1982年届出患者120名（内血清学的確定者41から35km隔っているモン族の村では，まったく名），1983年516名（内243確定），1984年491名，1985

採集されなかった。カレン族の村でも1，000m以

年45名（内14確定），1981年210名（内65確定）で上の地点では水田に隣接するにもかかわらずこれあった。1986年の場合210名中96名（54％）がクチ

らの種類の蚊はたいへん少なかった。しかし標高ンなど主要都市を含む第一地区から患者が発生しが低くなるに従って，これら3種類の蚊の数は増ており，発生のピークは9月から10月にかけてみ加した。デング熱の主要伝播蚊である、4θ48s

られた。7月から10月にかけ各地で166個の産卵用

πε劉鋤は平地の村では，いずれの集落でも幼虫のトラップを人家内外，庭，森林に放置し，次の5みられる発生源が多数存在するのに対し，1，000

種のシマカ亜属の蚊を得た。Aaα1δoρ虹粥，Aa

mを越える地点で調査を行ったカレン，モンの集認δoJ伽8鋤帆・4a窺認σ％館s丞およびノ短δohα匹

落ではどちらもこの蚊の主要な発生源となる水がガ，後2者はサラワクから新記録であった。Aa

め，小型の人工容器がたいへん少なく，Zしaα」加ρ魏％sの発生は572個体で著しく，、4a％

磁脚あの幼虫は採集できなかった。わずかに少数

膨 ゴは16個体と少なかった。又，65地区で合計の、4a8」加ρ魏欝が集落内の竹の切株から採集

3，262軒を調査した結果686軒，1，126容器にシマされたのみで毒る。このことから1，000m以上の山地の住民ほ日本脳炎，デング熱に感染する機会

カ種の幼虫が発生しておりhouseindexは21％，Breseauindexは35であった。いずれの地区でもAa召鍛ゆ〃の発生がノ4召．α！加ρ伽欝より少なかった。この様にサラワク州のデング熱流行地帯
ではAε．α伽ρ魏％sの発生が著しく，本種のデング熱媒介蚊としての重要性は、4a磁罰ψガと同等

60タイ国北部の山地および平地における日本
脳炎・デング熱媒介蚊の調査
章夫

61蛇毒の免疫沢井芳男（日本蛇族学術研）

蛇毒の治療血清は，1890年に北里・べ一リングの破傷風およびジフテリアの血清療法が蛇毒の領と考えられている。

森が平地民に比べ大変少ないと思われる。

（長崎大・医・医動物）五十嵐章（長崎大・熱帯医研・ウイルス）域に導入され，1895年にカルメットによりインド
コブラ血清が開発されて以来，世界各国でそれぞれの蛇毒で免疫された単価，あるいは多価血清が実際の毒蛇咬症の治療に用いられた。わが国でもハブおよびマムシ血清が作られるようになった。

しかしその後毒蛇咬症の病因が追及され，そのタイ国北部の海抜1，000mを越える地点に居住過程で，蛇毒による致死，あるいは局所の病変をするカレン，モン等の山地民の日本脳炎およびデ起す因子等が分離され，それぞれの因子に対する

237

免疫が要求されるようになった。例えばハプ毒に血傾向および血液の凝固異常を抑制し患者を回復みられる致死あるいは局所の出血，壊死に対するさせる事ができた。

中和抗体がそれである。従って単価血清であって症例1．20歳男

も，蛇毒の中のいくつかの重要な病害因子に対応

妻町自宅附近の小川で右手背第4．5指根部を受傷，する血清の中和価を検討する必要が生じた。トキ

手背に軽度の腫脹，14時間後に局所の出血の為，

ソイドについても同様であって，蛇毒の毒性因子

医療センターで創部を縫合したが止らず，菊池病の免疫原性をそこなわないような不活化方法が問院に入院，歯齪および注射局所より持続性出血と題となる。

潜血尿を呈する。30時間後に抗血清10mlを静注

また最近は蛇毒の鑑別方法としてELISAが開臨1987年6月5日11時豊田市逢した。3時間後に出血が止まり，血清病もなく，発されているが，ここでは各蛇毒の中で最も特異6月15日退院した。

性の高い因子に対する免疫抗体の研究が必要にな

症例2．9歳男子。1987年9月9日16時30分，岡る。

崎市中之郷町の用水路附近で右手背第4．5指根部

62ヤマカガシ抗毒素の試作およぴその臨床効
果について

川村善治，沢井芳男（日本蛇族学術研）

ヤマカガシはわが国で北海道を除く本州，四国，九州に生息している。最近，この蛇による全身性の出血および血液凝固阻止等を呈した重症例が多い。これまでに10数例が報告されている。一般に
毒蛇咬症は急「生疾患であるが，ヤマカガシ咬症は異例で3〜4時問，又はそれ以上の潜伏期問を有する為，重篤になるかの診断が咬症時に大変難しを受傷，その後，虚脱状態にあり，1時間後に岡崎病院に入院，ステロイドを注射する。局所は軽度の腫脹と潜血尿あり，次第に歯齪出血が充進し，四肢等まで出血斑を呈す。9月11日41．5時間後に抗血清10mJを静注し，24時間後に，血尿，歯銀出
血，皮下出血がとまり，治癒した。

63ヤマカガシ毒の免疫学的研究：特に血液凝固活性化因子を中心に

堺淳，沢井芳男（日本蛇族学術研）

本間学 （群馬大・医・病理）い。昭和59年には急性中毒による死亡例が発生し多くの蛇毒が血液凝固活性化を含むが，その作たのを契機に，我々は兎および山羊を用いてヤマ用は第X因子活性化作用を持つラッセルクサリヘ

カガシ抗毒素の試作を行った。ついで2例の重症

ビ毒をはじめ，Bothrops属のトロンビン様作用，患者の治療に応用して効果を確める事が出来たのエキスクサリヘビやヤマカガシ毒のプロトンビン

で，報告する。免疫原としてはヤマカガシのトウ活性化作用など，多種多様である。このような血ベルノイ腺から抽出した毒液を凍結乾燥後，1／60

液凝固活性化因子によって引き起こされるDIC

Mや急性腎不全が，毒蛇咬症における重要な問題とPBS（pH7．0）で4mg／mJに溶解し，ホルマリン（2％）まで加えて不活化し抗原とした。

免疫にはウサギ（Lot．1．2）および山羊2頭（Lotなっている。

また，ヤマカガシ毒ではマウスヘのi．v．投与で3）を用い，抗毒素を試作した。免疫動物の粗血は非常に強い致死作用（LD5。5．3μg／209

清の精製は，塩析法でウサギでは硫酸ナト．リウム

mouse）を示すが，皮下や筋肉内投与ではその毒（Na2SO4）を使用し，山羊では硫酸アンモ塵ウム

性は1／20〜1／30に低下する。このことは致死作（NH、）2SO4およびペプシン消化法を用いた。治用が，、、血液凝固活性と密接に関連していることを療には精製抗毒素を10mJバイアルとし凍結乾燥示唆している。

した。それぞれの抗毒素の力価0．1mlが，ヤマカ

また，日本のヤマカガシと同じナミヘビ科に属

ガシ毒の11，27，28mldを中和した。これらの抗する蛇、（タイヤヌカガシ，オオミズヘビ，カラミ毒素の治療効果については，Lot．1および2をヤ

ズヘ、鴫七ロクヂミズヘビ，マングローブヘビ）

マカガシ咬症患者の重症例に投与し，いずれも出の毒の血液凝固活性化作用を調べ，これらの毒と

238の免疫交差について検討した。

したが，あらかじめ抗毒素1．OmJ（644単位）をナミヘビ科では，近縁のタイヤマカガシ毒のみ

静注したウサギでは，15分後：161．39μg，30分

同じく初∂伽oでプロトロンビン活性化作用を後：88．25μg，1時間後：33．59μg3時間

示し，他の4種は第X因子活性化作用を示した。

後：1．41μgと30分以内で大部分は中和され，また，抗ヤマカガシ血清によりタイヤマカガシ毒

3時間以内でほぼ完全に中和された。

の血液凝固活性化致死活性を抑えることができ，

3．ELISAによる抗HR−1価，抗HR−2価の測

これらの2種の毒が類似した抗原性を持つことが定可能域は，いずれも0．02〜0．10u／mJだっ

示された。

た。

さらに，クサリヘビ科のエキスクサリヘビ（II，activator），マライマムシ（1，X，XIIIactivator）

4．抗毒素1．OmJ抗HR−1価＝644単位）を静注したウサギでは，1時間後：4．4u／mJ，3時間
後：2．8u／mJ，8時間後：2．5u／m1，24時問の毒との免疫交差を調べた。その結果，Ouchter−

後：L5u／mJ，48時問後：1．Ou／mJ，72時間

10ny法による沈降線の形成は認められなかった

後：0．6u／mlとかなり長時問高い単位を維持

が，抗エキスクサリヘビ血清によって，ヤマカガ

したが，筋注では48時間後の0、9u／mJが最も

シ毒の血液凝固活性と致死活性が抑えられた。こ高く，筋注より静注の方がはるかに効率がよのことは，全く異なった科に属するヤマカガシと

かった。

X

activator），ラッセルクサリヘビ（X，V

エキスクサリヘビの毒に含まれるプロトロンビン

5．ハブ研究部職員の抗体保有状況を調査した結活性化因子が，分子量（それぞれ約170，000と果，咬症経験者および乾燥毒取扱い者に抗体の56，000）が異なっているにもかかわらず，類似し存在を認めた。

た抗原性を持つことを示しており，非常に興味深
いことである。

コブラ神経毒の免疫化学について
楊

64ELISAによるハブ毒および抗体価の測定
野崎 真敏，富原

65

靖博，山川

雅延

（沖縄県公害衛研）

血中または組織中のハブ毒や抗体価は，ウサギ

振忠（精華大・生命科学研）

台湾コブラ毒から分離，結晶化されたCo−
brotoxinは分子量7，000の塩基性ポリペプチド
で，Postsynapticトキシンに属する。S−S結合と分子内に埋れたTyr−25はCobrotoxinの生物活

皮内注射法て哩則定しているが，この方法は感度が性の発現に必須な構造を保つのに必要であり，それ程高くなく，微量の毒量や低レベルの抗体価

Lys−47とArg−33の陽イオン群が，運動神経終板は測定できないため，もっと感度の高い測定法ののAchRの陰イオンの部位と特異的に作用する開発を目的にELISAのハブ毒への応用を試みた。

ことによって，神経筋伝導をブロックする。

ハブ咬症の際の注入毒素量や，トキソイド接種

Cobrotoxinの免疫によって得られた家兎抗血後または咬症経験者の免疫獲得状況などを調査す

清に，当量のCobrotoxinを混合してできた抗原るためには，ウサギ皮内注射法よりもっと低いレ

抗体複合物を，0．53Mギ酸（pH2．05）に溶解，

ベルまで測定できる毒素，および抗体価測定法のSephadex

G−100のカラムでゲル濾過を行って，開発が必要だからである。

抗体と抗原を分離した。精製抗体は100％

結果

Cobotoxinと反応して沈殿物を作る。そのFab
フラグメントとCobotoxinが反応してできた可1．ELISAによるハブ粗毒の測定可能域は10μg〜200μgだった。

2．ハブ粗毒500μgを注射したウサギの大腿筋の残留毒素量は，30分後：445μg，1時問後：380μg

3時間後：220μg，5時間後：105μg，

24時間後：25μgとかなり長時間高濃度を持続

溶性抗原抗体複合物の分子量（約157，000）から，

Cobotoxinは1分子について，3つの抗体結合部
位を持っていると推定される。

家兎抗血清の中には，上述の沈降性抗体のほかに，非沈降「生抗体が含まれている。非沈降性抗体

239

はCobotoxinと反応して複合体を形成するが沈殿しない。それは本抗体がCobotoxin分子中3つの抗原決定基のうち2つ，または1つとしか反反応が認められないことから，それらの因子は免疫グロブリンではなく，その動物が本来保有している物質であることがわかった。

これらの3種の抗出血因子のアミノ酸組成は，

応しないためである。

Cobotoxinで免疫したマウスの脾臓細胞と骨髄ガン細胞の融合によって，モノクロナール抗体を生産するHybridomacelllineが確立され，そほとんど同一であった。

67蜂刺症および蚊刺症の免疫学的研究
加納六郎（東京医歯大）の大量培養およびマウス腹水ガンの引発によって，モノクロナール抗体が大量に生産された。Co・

近年蜂刺症が非常に増加し，特に社会生活をしbrotoxinSepharoseカラムによるアフィニティ
精製抗体は，IgG2、に属し，2分子のCobotoxinている攻撃性の強いスズメバチ科とミツバチ科の蜂による被害が多い。その中でも最も多いのが，と反応することが証明され，毒ヘビ咬症の治療効

本州，四国，九州では，キイロスズメバチ，北海果が抗血清に比して46倍高い。

道では，ケブカスズメバチであり，これに次いで最近，逆相HPLCによるペチプドmappingでアシナガバチ類である。これらは人家の軒下や庭

抗原ペプチドが分離，モノクロナール抗体の併用などに，営巣するためである。また長野県では，による，更に進んだ研究が，抗原抗体作用の解明

地中の巣の幼虫を採るために，クロスズメバチのに寄与することを期待している。

被害が多い。一方ミツバチは，養蜂家の被害が多66マングースの血清中の3種の抗出血因子の精製
富原

靖博，野崎 真敏，山川 雅延，

香村 昂男（沖縄県公害衛研）

与那覇和雄，当山 清善（琉球大・農化）
川村 善治（日本蛇族学術研）

い。日本では年間30−40人が蜂刺症により死亡しており，多い年は70人を越えている。これら死亡者の大部分は，蜂毒の直接作用によるものではな
く，反復刺されてのアナフィラキシー・ショック

によるものである。しかも1時間以内に死亡する者が多い。

一方蚊刺傷でも体質により，症状の激しい者があり，稀に重症例や死亡例がみられる。特に特異マングース血清中の3種の抗出血因子をSe・
phadex G−200およびTSK gel DEAE−5PW体質の子供に多く，アカイエカやヒトスジシマカ

を用いて高速液体クロマトグラフティーで約70倍

およびアナフィラキシーによるものである。

に精製した。収率は約7％〜10％であった。

各種精製標品は，ポリアクリルアミドディスク
電気泳動的に均一であった。各標品の分子量は，ゲル濾過法により65，000と求められた。また，

SDS一ディスク電気泳動により求められた分子量は69，000であることからマングース血清中の3など普通種によるものが多い。これもアレルギー，

これから牧野荘平博士らによる蜂刺症のアレル
ギー症状と，大滝倫子博士らによる蚊刺症のアレ
ルギー症状の症例報告がある。

68野性蜂刺傷によるアレルギー症状
牧野荘平，生井聖一郎，池森亨介（猫協医大・アレルギー内科）

種の抗出血因子は，単一のサブユニットから構成されていることがわかった。各精製抗出血因子は，

蜂刺傷は通常軽度の局所反応を示すのみである

ハブ毒の出血因子であるHR1およびHR2以が，強い局所反応，全身反応はIgE抗体を介する

外に，他の出血毒（サキシマハブ，ヒメハブ，トカ

1型アレルギー反応によっている。我々は栃木県

ラハブ，ニホンマムシ，タイワンハブ）作用も阻

下の農山村地域を対象として，蜂アレルギーの発害した。

生頻度を調査し，一部の有症者について免疫学的

精製抗出血因子は6ぴCまで安定であり，また，pH2−11で安定であった。ハブ毒との間に沈降検討を行った。

1．地域調査：人口約8万の農業林業地域を対240

象として，地区衛生役員を介してアンケート調査

II：即時反応陽性，・遅延反応陽性となる。さらにを行った。101名の有症者の回答を得たが，その症年をとるとTypeIII：即時反応は出るが，遅延反状は，局所反応のみ57％，じんま疹などの軽度全応は出なくなる。老齢となるとTypeIV：即時反身反応32％，意識障害を伴う重症全身反応5％，

応も遅延反応も陰性率が高くなる。即時反応即ち遷延型局所反応5％であった。原因蜂はアシナガ

アレルギー1型か，また遅延反応即ちIV型なのかバチが大部分であったが，スズメバチによる刺傷は証明されていない。これら被験者に対し，、勉4εs

では重症全身反応が多かった。

4」加勉o伽s唾液抗原に対する特異IgEをELISA

地区の一部の保育園から中高校生についても施設を通じて調査し，0．8％に何らかの症状があった。よって，地区全体としては0．4％の有症率と法で測定したところ，実際の蚊刺による即時反応の程度とIgE

scoreとは相関した。

一方，一般的蚊刺反応の他に，重症型蚊刺症がなったが，実際は1％弱と推定される。

ある。第1例は12歳女児，5−6歳より発症。蚊

2．免疫学的検討：発見された種々の重症度を示に刺される度に，局所は発赤腫脹し血庖を形成後す有症者29名にっいてスズメバチ，クロスズメバ

潰瘍化し，蚊刺後数時間で40。Cの発熱を伴う。原チ，アシナガバチの蜂毒による掻皮反応を行い，因種は・484召sおよび．47卿磐膨s。現在19歳で同1例を除き全例が1つ以上の毒抗原に陽性反応を様の状態が続く。第2例は10歳より発症。原因種は示し，14名につきRASTを行い同様に全例陽性

0％」㏄と推定。13歳で，malignant histiocytosis

反応を示した。この結果は，本調査における症状で死亡。これら重症蚊刺症の発症機序は，アレルがIgE抗体を介していたことを示している。

ギーlll型のArthus反応によるものと推定されて外国市販蜂毒抗原（Pharmacia）についても皮いる。このような重症蚊刺症の報告は，1例を除内反応とRASTで検討し，同種蜂では本邦蜂ときわが国に限られており，その死因の多くは共通抗原性が高いことが示され，また，スズメバ

malignanthistiocytosisである。これらの点も解

チ毒，アシナガバチ毒問では共通抗原性が高いが，明されるべき，今後の研究課題である。

ミツバチ毒とは共通抗原性が低いことを認めた。

70ナイジェリア国，ジョス大学病院における乳児健診の実態に関する研究

69蚊刺症
大滝

倫子，岡

恵子

秦

堅佐工，鴨下（東京医歯大・皮膚科）

蚊刺による皮膚反応は刺された頻度，年齢の経過により変遷していくことが従来より欧米諸国で

重彦（東大・医・小児科）
衛藤隆（公衆衛生院）

西垣克∵（東大・医・保健管理）

報告されている。わが国でも同様の傾向が見られはじめに：西アフリカに位置するナイジェリア

るか否かを調べるため、4認6sα」δoρ魏欝を用い，国において，我々は国際協力事業団（JICA）の医百数十人の被験者の前腕を刺させ，時間経過に伴療協力プロジェクトの一貫として，国立ジョス大う皮膚反応の変化を観察した。被験者は1歳より学医学部と共同で小児下痢症に関する研究を行っ68歳まで各年齢層に亙っている。蚊刺による皮膚て来た。この研究において乳児健診の分析は村落

反応は二峰性を持つ。つまり蚊刺直後に生ずる即部，および大学病院における下痢症患児の実態調

時反応：紅斑膨疹を特徴とし30分を頂点として査の基礎データとなるもので，重要な意味を有し

1〜2時間で次第に減弱あるいは消退する。

ている。乳児健診ではユニセフの護助による予防

5〜6時間後より再燃し始め，瘤痒を伴う浸潤性紅斑を特徴とし，24時間を頂点どする遅延反応の接種の徹底が主な目的であり，同時に体重測定な2者である。年齢とともに，この2つの反応は変対象および方法：1984年ならびに85年の2年間わる。幼児期には即時反応は生ぜず，強い遅延反に受診した1，742名を対象とし，その健診記録を応を示す例が多く（Typeもとに母親および乳児の実態について調査分析をI），加齢に従いType

らびに健康・栄養指導が無科で実施されていた。

241
行った。

一日診療を行った。構成メンバーは医師10数名，

結果：受診した母親の年齢は12歳から50歳まで

看護婦および調整員，現地在員OISCA隊員ら約に分布し，最も多い年代は20代前半であった。児

30名で，診療科目は内科，外科，小児科，耳鼻科，は第1子から第13子までに分布し，第1子が最も歯科などである。

多く全体の約20％を占めていた。第1子を出産す

結果：過去5年問の受診者総数は10，970名をる母親の年齢は，10代が最も多く64．0％を占めて

数え，年齢層は0−89歳で，乳幼児と30−49歳代

おり，特に15歳から20歳が多かった。10代の間にが多い。傷病大分類別にみた村民の罹患疾病は，最高7人の出産をしており，一方わずかではある

呼吸器感染症が最も多く第1位を占め，次いで消．

が10代前半の低年齢出産，および30歳以上の高齢

化器疾患，神経感覚器の疾患，筋骨格系・結合織

初産が存在していることが明らかとなった。またの疾患，感染症・寄生虫症，内分泌・栄養および代ひとりの母親の平均出産数は約6人であることが謝性疾患，皮膚科疾患，精神障害，循環器系疾患，わかった。初回受診時の月齢は，1カ月以内の児

血液疾患，泌尿生殖系疾患と続く。このうち乳幼が最も多く49．0％を占め，再診では6カ月以上の児は低栄養と腸管感染症，成人では呼吸器感染症

児が多く見られた。児の月齢別平均体重曲線を見ならびに結核が比較的多くみられたのが特異的でると1960年頃のわが国の状況に近いことが明らある。

喀疾排泄患者のZieh1−Neelsen法による結核かとなった。

結語：10代前半の低年齢出産，および10子以上

菌検査では12．8％，345名中44名が陽性を示した。

の多産も存在はするが，症例数は比較的少なかっ

医療相談所における医事相談には，常駐看護婦がた。体重曲線から，戦後数年間のわが国の乳児のその任に当たっているが，感冒，頭痛，下痢症状

発育状況よりは上回っていることが示された。まおよび外傷に対する処置，高血圧指導，低栄養指た本曲線からは，極端な栄養障害などの問題点を導，妊娠や家族計画指導，腰痛対策などの相談が見出すことはできず，その原因としてこの健診に多い。

訪れる集団が都市部の比較的社会階層の高い集団

まとめ：2国間における政治的社会的問題のたに属していること，および少なくとも乳児期の体め，施行しうる医療に限界がある。従って短期問

重増加に必要な栄養が，母乳により確保されてい診療にならざるを得ないが，かような方法では疾るためと考えられた。

病罹患の状況把握は可能であるが，臨床の経過観

71フィリピン・ネグロス島民に対する医療援助の概要

一過去5年間のまとめと，今後の医療援助についての考え方一奥村悦之（高知学園短大・保健）

喜井晴夫（喜井産婦人科，守口市医師会）

1983年より1987年の5年間，フィリピン・ネグ

察は困難である。とりわけ肝結核の診断，ならびに排菌者の公衆衛生学的対処がむつかしい。

医学の領域のみならず，人文，社会科学的立場に沿った，よきコミュニケーションの確立を第一義課題とし，今後の医療援助活動をすすめていきたい。

72開発途上国における栄養障害
鈴江緑衣郎

（栄養研）

ロス島北部，Bacolod市周辺の貧民に対する医療発展途上国の定義を，一応東南アジアとその周援助を行った結果と，守口市ロータリークラブの辺部に限ってみることにする。この地方は人口密寄贈したKanlaon山麓医療相談所における日常度も高く，米を常用とし，タロ芋やキャッサバ，医事相談業務の概要について報告する。

甘薯などの芋類，一部にはとうもろこしが常用さ

方法：毎年12月28日より1月3日のうちの5〜れている。しかし野菜類の使用は，栽培野菜より

7日問，Barangay（村落組織）の長，および当地

自然に生えている木々の新芽や果物などが用いらロータリークラブの後援にて各村落を移動訪問し，れ，むしろ野菜の消費は低い。動物性の食品とし

242ては，海岸や河川の側では魚介を食用しているが，その量は多くはない。内陸では鶏や鶏卵，豚が中心であるが，宗教的なタブーが多い。大豆および大豆製品は中国系の住民，インドネシアで多く，

73アジアのらい
森龍男（国療・多摩全生園）

世界のねらいの分布を見ると最も密度の高いと

椰子油，綿実油などの植物油の消費は比較的高い。

ころはアフリカであるが，総人口の上からみれば，

このようにこの地域に住む一般の人々の日常食品

インド，東南アジアがより多くなっている。インは，概して低カロリー，低蛋白で，殊に動物性蛋ドの南端のマドラス地方の1．9％から海岸に沿っ白が少ない。東南アジアに住む人々の体格は一般て東側を北上するに従って1．1％と減少し，その他に見て欧米人に比較して小さく，貧弱でそのうえの地区は1％以下である。WHOの推定では，イ

寿命も短く，耐久性や根気に乏しい。そのうえ結ンドのらい患者数は400万としているが，実際には核やトラホームという，慢性伝染性疾患が広く存

1，000万の患者がいると推定される。インドには在している。これらは長い間に培われた低栄養か

イギリス統治時代に英国やベルギーのミッションらの影響と思われる。低栄養の影響として第一にが作った病院があり，らい患者を収容しているが，注目すべきことは，低体重出生児の増加である。

主として各州の衛生部が中心となって巡回診療を

低体重出生児は母体の栄養状態と健康状態を反映

行い，ミッション，WHOおよび笹川記念保健財

するものであるが，パプア・ニューギニア25％や，団などから寄附された治らい薬が無料で投薬され

ラオス，フィリピンの18％など，相当高率を示している。また昭和37年に日本の民間の援助によっている。蛋白エネルギー低栄養症も多く，標準体てJALMAが発足し，宮崎先生が初代所長と重80％以下の5歳以下の子供はベトナムで43．6％，ラオス42％，パプア・ニューギニアで36％なって行かれたことは周知のことと思う。
JALMAではらい患者の外来，および入院の施設に達する。特別な栄養素の欠乏症としては，鉄欠を持つと同時に診療班を組んで巡回診療も行った

乏による栄養性貧血も多い。発展途上国においてわけであるが，これが現在もインド政府によっては妊婦の2／3が，また非妊婦の1／2が栄養性貧運営されている。タイ国には国立のらい療養所が血と言われ，母性の健康に重大な支障を来たして2カ所あり，患者数は人口1，000人につき1人位いる。最近は食物に鉄を強化しているが，寄生虫で，新患の発生も年間3，000人位で横ばいの状態

による貧血も見られる。ヨード欠乏も地方性甲状である。全国を16区域に分けて各区らい対策セン腺腫としてみられ，聾や精神発達障害の原因とターをおき，各県の衛生部と協力し配下の病院となっている。中国に多く，ベトナム，フィリピン

協力してらいの診療にあたっている。治療法は無にも少し存在する。ビタミンA欠乏症も多く，角料，フィリピンにも国立らい療養所が2カ所あり，膜乾燥症やその他のA欠乏による眼疾患が多く見

島々にいくつかの小さな療養所がある。巡回診療られる。その国はフィージー，カンボジア，ラオ

で，無料で治らい薬が配布されている。中国ではス，パプア・ニューギニア，フィリピン，ベトナ

らい患者数は15万位，過去においてはらいの病院ムである。定期的に大量のAを投与したり，食品を建てて隔離する方法をとっていたが，現在では

中へのA強化は行われている。以上述べた低栄養

在宅治療の方針に切りかえ，各所の病院がらいの症のうち最も重大なのは良質蛋白質の欠乏症で，外来治療を行っている。治らい薬は国産で，勿論免疫力の低下をきたし伝染病にかかりやすくなり，

無料で投薬されているが，リファンピシンやラン

また脳の発達も押えられる。将来大切なことは，

ブレンなどに不足しているので，外国のミッショ

良質蛋白質を大量に含む食品の開発と，栄養教育

ンや笹川記念保健財団から寄贈を受けている。日である。

本では昭和22年頃は，年間700名程の新患があったが年々減少し現在では35名で，病型もB群が多くなっている。タイ国ではL型と丁型が半々位である。日本においても大学の外来患者の統計を見る

243と，明治，大正，昭和の初期では丁型が多く，丁る，②永続的な対策を，（釧主民の要求に適合した型とL型が半々になったのは昭和30年頃である。

形で，④地域の一般保健医療システムの中に統合

リファンピシンを2日間内服するだけで，L型患して行うことを原則として，結核対策がすすめら

者の全身らい菌が死菌となるので，感染源の減少

れている。

は患者の減少につながると思う。

74 開発途上国における結核青木正和（結核予防会・結核研）

感染危険率：現在，結核蔓延状況を測定する最も信頼できる疫学指標は，結核感染危険率であるといわれ，未感染者が1年間に結核感染を受ける確率である。先進国の感染危険率は何れの国もわが国の協力：わが国は結核対策には優れた経験を持っているので，開発途上国の結核対策には多くの面て協力が可能である。事実，結核研究所で行っている国際研修や，2国間の国際協力など活発にすすめられており，諸外国からも高く評価されている。

75最近経験した熱帯病の症例
小原

0．1％以下となり，年間約10％の速さで改善をみて

博，海老沢

功

（東邦大・医・公衆衛生〉

いる。これに対し，韓国，台湾などでは0．7％程
度，年間減少率も5％を越えているが，他の多く

鳴戸

弘，関

松田

肇

育子，表

光代

（国際協力事業団）の開発途上国では感染危険率は今でも1％を越えており，その減少の速度は極めて遅い。このため，（東大・医科研・寄生虫）

世界の結核蔓延状況は，先進国，中進国，開発途

マラリア，肝炎，住血吸虫症等の熱帯病は，熱上国と3群に分化しており，これらグループの格

帯地方長期滞在日本人にとって健康管理上重要な差，つまり，結核問題の南北格差はますます大き疫患である。最近滞在中に罹患したこれらの熱帯くなっているというのが現状である。

病の例をいくつか経験し，さらに罹患状況を調査

結核罹患率：全世界では塗抹陽性結核患者は，し集計したので報告する。

年々400万程度発生しており，菌陰性の肺結核（粟症例1．チュニジア滞在30歳女性。全身倦怠，粒結核を含む），肺外結核（結核性髄炎を含む）を

3伊C台の発熱で発症，黄疽が出現し肝炎が疑われ加えれば年々1，000万人にものぼる結核患者が発て入院。精査の結果A型肝炎と診断された。発症生していると推定される。このうち80％以上は開1カ月前に生がきを食べており，これによる感染

発途上国の患者であり，そのうち70％以上はアジが強く疑われた。

アの国々の患者である。

症例2．ザンビア滞在27歳男性。地方の村で稲結核有病率：アジア，アフリカのいくつかの国

作技術の指導に従事していた。腰痛と血尿が出現

では，大規模な結核実態調査が繰り返えされ，結したため現地病院を受診，尿沈渣よりビルハルツ

核の実情が著しく明らかにされている。これらの住血吸虫卵が認められAmbilharにて治療を成績をみると，単に結核有病率が高いだけでなく，行った。

結核治療に失敗して結核菌を排菌し続ける慢性排症例3．マラウイ滞在24歳男性。悪寒と共に菌者や再発例など，治療の困難な患者が多く，結3伊C台の発熱があり，現在病院にて熱帯熱マラリ

核問題をより複雑，困難にしている。

アと診断された。クロロキン内服および静注によ結核対策：これに対し，結核対策に用いることり治療を受けたが下熱せず，キニーネ，ファンシの出来る予算は，国民1人当たり0．1ドルにもならダールを併用し発症15日目に下熱した。クロロキない国が大部分である。わが国の結核対策費，国

ン耐性熱帯熱マラリアと考えられた。

民1人当たり7．44ドル（健康保険による医療費も症例4．エチオピア滞在33歳男性。湖の周辺で含む）と比較すると開発途上国の困難さは明らか

生活し，水辺に繁える草を食べることもあった。

である。このような実情の中で結核対策をすすめ

現地健康診断時に便より肝蛭卵が検出され，帰国るため，①国の大部分を占める農村でも実施でき

後Bithiono1にて治療を行った。

244

関係妄想が増強してきた。3月に入ると幻聴が出

和56年から昭和59年迄の4年間での協力実績は
437．5百万ドルでありODA総額の約3．1％を占めている。その後もIWSSD関連の協力額は増加

現，医師を受診し精神分裂病と診断された。

しているものの，欧米の先進国に比べれば少ない

症例5．ケニア滞在27歳男性。61年2月頃より不眠を訴え，家に籠りがちになり，しだいに被害

76

国連「水と衛生の10力年計画」について

真柄安基（公衆衛生院・衛生工学部）
1．はじめにといわざるを得ない。

水道や衛生設備は，地域の特性にあったものが要求されるものである。そのため，わが国の限られた資金，人材で効率的な協力事業を展開して行

くためには，特にこの分野の国際協力を中心と開発途上国の60％の人々は安全な飲料水が得らなって実施する機関・機構の強化が要望されていれず，また75％の人々はトイレ等の衛生施設の恩る。また，開発途上国の技術水準や運営体制を踏恵にも浴していない。さらに飲料水が得られてもまえた，地域の条件に合致した技術（適正技術）の汚染されていたり，相当離れたところに存在する開発も積極的に行う必要性が強く指摘されている。

ため，何千人の婦人や子供が水を運ぶために1日

3．おわりに何時間を費している。その上，水道などの環境衛

第2次世界対戦のわが国の状況から，今日まで

生施設があっても，維持管理が不適切なために，の過程を振り返ってみるとき，開発途上国の状況

開発途上国では1日約25，000人以上の人々が死は解決できるものと信じている。「水道や汚物の衛亡し，何百万人もの人が水に起因する病気で衰弱

生処理」は，まさに人間の尊厳を保つに必要な最した状態にある。国連では，「水と衛生の10力年計

低の要件である。開発途上国の深刻な衛生状況は，画（IWSSD）」を立て国連に加盟している世界各

テレビや新聞からある程度は知ってはいても，日国が協力しあって，1981年から1990年までの間に本の日常生活の中では実感として捉えがたく，単安全な飲料水の供給と汚物の衛生処理に対策を構なる同情心に留まってしまうことが多い。

じ，1990年には全ての人類がそれらの恩恵を受け21世紀に向けて，わが国より豊かな社会を構築

るよう世界的な事業が展開されている。その中で，し，国際社会の一員として調和していくために求この事業の展開状況を概要すると共に，そのさらめられている行動の1つが，IWSSDへのより積なる展開に必要と思われる事項について概説した

極的な関与だと考えている。

い0

2．IWSSDの状況
1981年以来，当初IWSSDの達成に必要と想定された年300億ドルの投資額の約1／3である，年100億ドル程度が投資されてきた。その結果都市部
における水道の整備は，比較的順調に進行してきている。しかし，都市部の衛生設備や，農村部における水道，衛生設備については1981年以降顕著

77インドネシア各地の飲料水から検出された
P8εμdb肌0配α8αεr〃8●加08αの薬剤感受

性について

奥脇

義行，矢内

寿恵

（女子栄養大・微生物）藤田紘一郎，月舘説子，杉山雅俊（東京医歯大・医・医動物）

な進捗はない。その理由としては，開発途上国に

1985年と1986年に行った，インドネシア各地のおける人口増加が大きいこと，都市への人口移動

飲料水の細菌学的調査の際検出されたが都市周辺のいわゆるスラムの形成につながってRθ％40吻onαso6耀g∫nos召の25菌株について，化いること，農村部の貧窮状況が改善されないこと

学療法剤に対する感受性，およびpenicillinGとなど各種の要因が指摘されている。また，整備さ

cefazolinに対するβ一lactamase活性を検討しれている施設の単価も，わずか約100ドル／人程度たので，その成績を報告する。

に過ぎないのである。

わが国も，IWSSDに積極的に協力しており，昭感受性テストの成績では，MIC値で，car−benicillin，cephaloridineおよびcefoxitinにお245

いて1，000μg／ml以上，cefmetazoleで500μg／に遊離残留塩素が検出された。糞便系汚染の直接

mJ以上，cephalothinで25μg／mJ以上というよ的指標である大腸菌群は，ほとんどの国々の水道

うな高い抵抗性を示す値が得られた。一方，to−

水，井戸水より検出された。その中でもインドネ

bramycinとamikacinでは良好な感受性が示さ

シア（50．0％），タイ（44．2％），フィリピン（31．6％）

れた。

と，東南アジアの国々で検出率が高かった。1986

同菌種について，東邦大・医・微生物学教室の五島らが開発した方法を用いて，penicillin

年度の調査結果では，ビルマ（33．3％），メキシコ

Gと（14．3％），アラブ首長国連邦（8．3％）の国々の

cefazolinに対するβ一lactamase活性を測定した。その結果は，すべての菌株で，両薬剤に対す

首都飲料水より遊離残留塩素の検出がみられた。

大腸菌群の検出も前年度と同様に，東南アジアのるβ一1actamase活性は低いものであった。

国々に多くみられた。前回の報告とも合わせ，最現時点までの化学療法剤感受性テストの成績およびβ一1actamase活性値と，検出菌株の由来，地域，血清型別との間に，特別な関係はみられていない。今後，検討を継続していきたい。

近4−5年は公共の給水源・施設の改善はほとん
ど見られないことがわかった。

79インドネシア在留邦人の飲料水
藤田紘一郎，月舘

78海外発展途上国における最近2力年の飲料
奥脇

月舘説子，藤田紘一郎，杉山雅俊（女子栄養大・微生物）

小笠原ヤス子，朝倉健夫（日本熱帯医学協会）

我々はこれまで，熱帯発展途上国で上位罹患率

義行（女子栄養大・微生物）

小笠原ヤス子，朝倉（東京医歯大・医・医動物）義行

雅俊（東京医歯大・医・医動物）

水検査成績（1985，1986年）

奥脇

説子，杉山

健夫

（日本熱帯医学協会）

熱帯各地の発展途上国の在留邦人にとっては，

いかにして安全な飲料水を確保するかがその国で健康な生活を送るための鍵を握っていると言っても過言ではない。そのために，在留邦人の多くはを占めている経口感染症の感染源の1つとして，

ミネラルウォーター，煮沸水，浄水器を利用し，飲料水の重要性を強調してきた。今回は，第27回

出来るだけ安全な飲料水を得るように努めている。

本学会総会での報告に引き続き，熱帯各地すなわ

今回，インドネシア在留邦人が実際に飲んでいる

ち，東南アジア，中近東，東アフリカ，中南米の各種類の飲料水について，その細菌学的検査に焦多くの国々の首都に在留する邦人たちが実際に使点をしぼって検査を行ったので，その成績につい用している飲料水について，化学的および細菌学て報告する。

的分析を行ったのでその成績について報告する。

飲料水は，あらがじめガス滅菌したポリ容器に調査は・1985年3月から1986年1q月串で酵）2年間直接採取し，直ちに細菌学的検査を行った。また，に行われた。飲料水は，あらかじ融ガス滅菌した調査は，1985年および1986年の昏一7月に行っポリ容器に直接採取し，直ちに細菌学的検査（一た。

般細菌，大腸菌群）を実施した。化学的分析は，日本に持ち帰り行った。

その結果，大腸菌群陽性またはr般細菌陽性の飲料水を使用してし｝る人の寄生虫陽性率は，それ1985年度の成績は，次の様であった。水道水末

ぞれ75．0％，8L3％とかなり高＜，経口感染症の端より遊離残留塩素が検出されたのはザンビァ

感染源の1つとして重要であることが再確認され（22．2％），マレーシア（8．3％），インドネシア

た。煮沸水，浄水，ミネラルウォーターからもか（3．9％）であった。しかし，これらは多分に個人なりの割合で一般細菌，大腸菌群が検出された。

的に殺菌剤を投入しているものと思われ，行政上煮沸処理前後の細菌陽性率を比較してみると，行われているか否かは疑問である。またベネズエ

1985年，1986年共に原水よりも煮沸処理水からのラのミネラルウォーター（7検体）より，すべて大腸菌群検出率が高いことがわかった。そして，

246

原水中細菌類が陰性であったものが，煮沸処理後には細菌類が陽性になっている検水の割合も50％前後に観察された。浄水器使用前後の細菌数陽性率は，浄水後には減少しており，ある程度効果があることが判明した。しかし，使用期間が6カ月

81

Dry

Saunaによる暑熱負荷時の熱出納

山内

正毅，P．G，Riwa，小坂

萢

育仁，陳

光男，

啓明，大渡

伸，

松本孝朗
（長崎大・熱帯医研・環境生理）以上になると，原水の細菌類陰性だったものが浄水後には陽性に転じている検水の割合が増え，浄熱帯地非スポーツマンと，日本人スポーツマン

水器の保守管理に問題があることが示唆された。

を環境制御実験装置（29℃，60％rh）に安静にさせた後，低温サウナ（60−7ぴC）で30分間暑熱負80ナキウサギ（pika）の体温調節能一特に発荷を加え（n＝4

period），体重，皮膚温，心拍

熱特性について一数，血圧，呼吸数，代謝量の変化を連続記録解析

小坂光男，楊
果恋，P．G．Riwa，
松本 孝朗，大渡伸，萢
育仁した。暑熱負荷中の熱帯地非スポーツマンの心拍数，代謝量の増加率は日本人スポーツマンのそれ（長崎大・熱帯医研・環境生理）より低かった。また，熱帯地非スポーツマンでは，

かなりの呼吸数増加が観察され，パンティング様

ナキウサギ（pika）の体温が家ウサギより高いの浅速呼吸がみられた。これらの結果は，（1屠熱

理由は，その高い熱産生能と低い熱放散能に起因

負荷中の心拍数と代謝量の変化は両被験者で平行するが，運動量・耳介の含む体表面積や行動性体推移すること，（2）暑熱負荷中の代謝量の変化率は温調節能などを統合して考えるべきである。ナキ

熱帯地被験者において小さく，これは温熱感受性

ウサギは麻酔剤に高感受性を示す反面，腹腔内投の閾値上昇による慣れの現象と考えられること，

与の外因性発熱物質（LPS−pyrogen）に反応しな（3屠熱負荷によって誘発された呼吸数の増加とパいと報告されている。

ンティング様の浅速呼吸は，熱帯地住民の熱放散

今回，私共は細い耳介静脈注入の困難を克服して，22℃室内に飼育のナキウサギ（n＝9，平均体

重：262．2g）を人工気象室（2ぽC，60％rh）に移し3．8μg／kgのLPS−pyrogenを耳介静脈注入
して発熱反応の有無を検索し，次の結果を得た。

（1）無麻酔，無拘束のナキウサギの平均直腸温（39．34。C）はLPS−pyrogen静注後，20分の潜時を経て上昇開始，最高直腸温40．2rC（△Tre：反応を特徴づけるものか否か今後の検討を要すること，などを示唆している。

82暑熱順化に関する研究（第4報）一容量式
湿度計・発汗カプセル法による解析
萢

育仁，ノゴ・坂

山内

正毅，松本

陳

啓明

孝朗，楊

伸，

果恋，

（長崎大・熱帯医研・環境生理）

0．73℃）を経て発熱持続時間70分の一峰性発熱曲線を示した。

光男，大渡

気温29

C，湿度60％に調節された環境制御実験（2）呼吸頻度（RR）は，LPS静注前値108c／

装置で暑熱地住民や日本人スポーツマンの両下肢

mir㌧発熱極期100c／mir』発熱終了時92c／minとに，温熱刺激（4ぴ（⊃温水，30分）を負荷して体温変化し，これは家ウサギのRR変化率より小さ

調節の熱放散反応（特に温熱発汗）を誘発し，サーく，熱放散反応の不備を示唆している。

モグラフィ装置や客量式湿度計一発汗カプセル法（3）発熱上昇期にはふるえ（shivering）熱産生，による発汗開始時間，発汗閾値口腔温刺激中（20

立毛反射や体動減少など，熱産生反応や熱保存反分問〉，刺激後（5分問）の発汗量などを各種熱放

応には首尾一貫性がみられ，この結果からナキウ

散指標を同時記録，解析して，暑熱地住民・日本

サギが家ウサギに劣らない体温上昇能のみならず

人スポーツマン・日本人非スポーツマンの3群にLPS−pyrogenによる発熱特性を有することが明ついてデータを比較し暑熱頂化の中枢性・末梢性

らかになった。

機序解明に資した。

247
本研究では，特に（1）容量式湿度計一発汗カプセ

ル法による発汗定量の校正曲線（calibration）の描記に新考案を試み，被験者に装着した発汗カプセルの頂部にもうけた小孔から，カプセルの下の皮膚の上に汗や3伊qO．45％NaClを0．01，
0．02，0．03，0．04mJの容量ずつマイクロピペッ
トを用いて段階注入，高感度容量湿度計を介して相対湿度（％rh）曲線を連続記録し，これを絶対湿度に変換，最終的には発汗量をmg／cm2・minの単位で測定し，実記録中の発汗量の計測を可能とした。

（2）上記，発汗カプセル法（Fan−Kosaka
method）による発汗潜時，発汗開始閾値口腔温はサーモグラフィ装置による胸部・腹部平均皮膚温の変化時点のそれらの一致，さらに容量式湿度計

一発汗カプセル法は発汗量の正確な測定が可能である点，発汗解析に極めて有効な手段であることが明らかになった。

Ja pan. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., Vol. 16, No. 3, 1988 pp. 249‑276

249

PROCEEDINGS OF XXIX ANNUAL MEETlNG OF
JAPANESE SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE
19‑21 No'ember 1987, Yokohama

CONTENTS
Forum : The international research exchange and medical care
Chaired by Y. Hamashima(English abstracts not received in time)

General piesentation(1 to 4q were appeared in the last issue)

41 Immuno‑epidemiological survey of human parasitoses in Sind. Pakistan
K. Kondo et al.

42 Recent status of parasitic diseases in Nepal Y. Ito et al.
43 A survey on intestinal parasites in a rural village in Ghana M. Itoh et al.
44 Survey on intestinal parasites among school children in Jos, Nigeria
K. Kaneko et al.
45 Schistomiasis in Bohol Island, Philippines, with special reference to the habitat

characteristics of the vector snail, Onchomelania quadrasi K. Yasuraoka et al.

46 In vivo metabolism of Trp‑p‑2 in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum andits adsorption to schistosome pigment T. Aji et al.
47 Parasitic infections of foreign residents diagnosed in our laboratory, during theperiod 1986‑1987, especially on Entamoeba histolytica and Schistosoma

japonicum M. Yamada et al.

48 Screening of urinary bilhar2;iasis using reagent strips in Kenya

M. F. Kiliku et al.

49 Cercarial densities at water contact sites in an endemic area of urinary schis‑tomiasis in Kenya T. Katsumata et al.
with S. stercoralis K. Shiwaku et al.
51 ELISA reactivity of major antigens isolated from Paragonimus westermani adult
50 Comparison with methods of fecal examination in dogs and a monkey infected

worms J. Imai et al.

52 Structure and expression of a gene encoding an antigen of Trichinella spiralis

K. Sugane

53 Control of Aedes vectors of dengue haemorrhagic fever in Singapore

C. K. Lok

54 Malaria vector control operation in the "North Sumatra Health Promotion
Pro ject"

M. Yasuno et al.
55 A small‑scale field trial of S‑31183 for the control of Anopheles minimus in

Thailand56 Field study on sound trapping of Mansonia in Malaysia
57 Control of the vectors of onchocerciasis in Guatemala

V. Kerdpibule et al.

T. Kanda et al.
K. Mizutani

58 Comparative studies of potentially as to natural enemy of mosquitoes on
Gambusia affinis and Oryzias latipes

H. Sato et al.

59 Outbreak of dengue and biologies of the vector mosquitoes in Sarawak,

250

I. Miyagi and C. M. Seng
Malaysia, 1986
60 Studies on the vector mosquitoes of Japanese encephalitis and dengue fever at
A. Mori and A. Igarashi
highlands and lowlands in northern Thailand
61 Immunological aspect of snake venom
Y. Sawai
62 Studies on the preparation of anti‑Yamakagashi (Rhabdophis tigrinus) anti‑
venom and its clinical application
Y. Kawamura and Y. Sawai

63 Immunological study on Yamakagashi snake venom (Rhabdophis t. tigrinus).
cross reaction of blood coagulation activator with venoms of some venomous
A. Sakai et al.
snakes64 Application of ELISA for detection of venom and anti‑hemorrhagic potency of

Habu

65

66
67

68

M. Nozaki et al.
C. C. Yang
Immunochemical studies on cobra neurotozin
Purification of three anti‑hemorrhagic factors from the serum of Herpestes
ed ward sii
Y. Tomihara et al.
Immunological aspect of hymenoptera stings and mosquitoes
R. KanoS. Makino et al.
Allergic symptoms due to hymenoptera stings

Mosquito bites
N. Ohtani and K. Oka
The reserch for the growth of infant in Jos University Teaching Hospital,
N igeria
K. Hata et al.
71 Medical support for the inhabitant in Negros Island, Philippines

69

70

E. Okumura and H. Yoshi
72
73
74

75

Malnutrition in developing countries R. Suzue

Leprosy
Asiacountries
T. Mori
Tuberculosis in indeveloping
M. AokiCases of tropical diseases which were experienced recently H. Ohara et al.

76
77

Drug sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from drinking water inIndonesia Y. Okuwaki et al.

78 Bacteriological and chemical study of the drinking water in the tropical coun‑tries. Recent two years observation (1985, 1986) S. Tsukidate et al.
79

Drinking water of the Japanese inhabitants in Indonesia K. Fujita et al.

80

Themoregulatory and pyrogenic responses in pika (whistle rabbit)

81

M. Kosaka et al.
Heat balance during thennal stimulation in dry sauna M. Yamauchi et al.

82

Detennination of heat acclimatization by capacitance hydrometer‑sweat capture

capsule method Y‑J. Fan et al.

251

41

IMMUNO‑EPIDEMIOLOGIC.AL SURVEY OF HUMAN PARASITOSESIN SIND, PAKISTANKAORU KoNDO1. MOTOHITO SAN02, YASUO NAKAJIMA3, KENJI MlYAMOT04,
SHIRO CHINONE5, EITARO HOR16, TOSHIHIKO HAYASH16
HIROSHIGE AKAHANE7 AND S. Shamin AHMED8
Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University*, Department of
Parasitology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine2, Department of Parasitology,

Yamanashi Medical Scho013, Department of Parasitology. Asahikawa Medical School'
Department of Parasitology, Veterinary Science, Azabu University=, Department of
Parasitology, Saitama Medical Scho016, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine,

Fukuoka University7 and Department of Zoology, Sind University8

The immuno‑epidemiological survey of parasitoses was carried out in the period from
December, 1986 to January, 1987 on 149 inhabitants in Sind, Pakistan.
The positive rate of Toxoplasma antibody by latex agglutination teSt was 34.2%, theresult was apparently higher than 11.7% of healthy person in Japah. Th test antigens ofhelminths used were Toxocara canis larval ES (TcnLES) , Trichinella spiralis larval extracts(TSpLEX) , Angiostrongylus cantonensis adult extracts (AngAEX) , Dirofilaria immitis adultextracts (DiAEX), Gnathostoma hispidum larval extracts and Fasciola hepatica adultextracts. The positive rates of antibodies by Ouchterldny's method were l0.9% to Tsp EX

and 7.4% to AngAEX, those with countercurrent electrophoresis to TcnLES and TSpLEX
were 1.6% and 5.7% respectively. The positive rates of antiboay titers by ELISA to AngAEX

and DiAEX were 4.2% and 3.9% respectively, however, antibodies to TcnLES and TSpLEX
were not detected.
In contrast, those of Japanese were 0.8% to AngAEX, 2.6% to DiAEX, 1.3% to LES and1.7% to TSpLEX by means of ELISA. There were no significant differences in positive rates
between Sind and Japan. Considering our present results, Iatent infections with Trichinella
and Angiostrongylus in Sind were suggested.

42 RECENT STATUS OF PARAS,ITIC DISEASES IN NEPALYOUICHI ITOl, RYOUSUKE MURATA2, KENJI SoDA .,･AND TAKESHI HORlUCH14
Department of Parasitology, Kitasato University School of Medicine*,
National Institute of Health, Tokyo', Department of Public Health,

Yokohama City University, School of Medicine' and Department of pediatric
Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine'Japan International Cooperation Agency decided to send the observation team composedof 6 members who cover public health, epidemiology, microbiology, parasitology andpediatrics in Nepal.
This pesentation is restricted only to the observations of parasitic diseases. (1) Malaria

252

is widely prevalent among inhabitants in the south,ern territory of Nepal along the bouQdary
between India. It is estimated that about 60% of the po:p l '1 ti6n "(nihe millions) is exposedto the risk of the infection and it is one of the most importaht diseases in this country. The

malaria situation became suddenly serious showin

the number of patients of more thanfourty thousands in 1985. It is evident that the prevavence is high in the southern parts of thecountry. (2) Kala‑azar has been reported after 1980; the cases were 604 with the case fatality
rate of 8.0 per cent.

(3) Filariasis seems to be prevalent not only among rural but also urban population. A
survey indicated a high positive rate of microfilaria in blood as 7.1‑9.2% among people in thecentral and western region. (4) Echinococcosis has been reported and a number of patients
received the operation at the hospitals in Kathomandu.
(5) Rate of infestation of the inhabitants by intestinal parasites is very high all‑over thecountry .

43 A SURVEY ON INTESTINAL PARASITES IN A RURAL VILLAGE IN
GHAN A
MAKOTO ITOH1, TAN TAKAYANAGll, SHIGEHUSA SATO1, SADAYOSHI TORIGOE2
AND R. K. ANTESON3
Department of Medical Zoology, Nagoya City University*, Department ofPediatrics, Mie University' and Parasitology Unit, Noguchi Memorial
Institute for Medical Research, Ghana University'

A survey on intestinal parasites was carried in a rural village in Ghana. Stool specimens

were collected from 198 persons with various ages in September‑November 1983 (period A)
and from 155 persons in January‑April 1984 (period B) . After masstreatment with pyrantel
pamoate (CombantrinR) , 98 persons who took the brug examined in April‑August 1984. Stool

examinations were done by means of the direct and the Formalin‑ether concentration
methods.
In both period A and B, Ascaris lumbricoides w,as the most common helminth (63%, 61%

respectively) , followed by hookworm (30%, 25%), Trichuris trichiura (23%, 27%) andStrongyloides stercoralis (3%, Il%). The most common protozoan parasite was Entamoebacoli (18%, 27%) . Both single and multiple infections with these species were found in morethan 80% of residents in the age group ranging from 4 to 6 years old.

The treatment with the anti‑helminth drug resulted in siguificant reduction in thepositive rate of A. Iumbricoides (7.4%) and T. trichiura (12%) but changes of the rates ofhookworm (20% ) and S. stercoralis (3%) were not significant. Re‑infections which mighttake place during the period of the survey after the treatment may cause the underestimationof the effectiveness of the drug.

This study was supported in part by JICA and by Ghana Government.

253

44 SURVEY ON INTESTINAL PARASITES AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN
IN JOS, NIGERIAKIYOTOSHI KANEKol, MOTOHISA KAKAHASH12, TOSHIYUKI TAKAHASH12HIROSHI TAKAHASH12 AND R. A. OLAJIDE SHONEKAN3
Department of Parasitology, Aichi Medical University*,
JICA' and University of Jos*

Survey on intestinal helminths and protozoa was made on the school children in Jos,
Plateau State of Nigeria during the rainy season in June to September, 1985. A total of 620
stool samples were collected from 4 different primary schools, and they were examined byformol‑ether concentration technics. In total 12 species of parasites were detected. They
were composed of 6 species helminths and 6 protozoa. In 4 different school, helminthic
parasites occurred in 22.6% (140/620). The overall positive rares of eggs in stool specimens

were 9.5% for Ascaris lumbricoides, 5.3% for Necator americanus and 7.4% for Trichuris
trichiura. The rate of infection the with other helminths were 0.5% for Strongyloides
stercoralis. 0.3% for Hymenolepis nana and 0.2% for Taenia sp. On the other hand, intestinal
protozoan cysts occurred in 44, 2% (274/620) , including specific protozoa, such as Entamoebacoli (36.3%) , Entamoeba histolytica (13.4%) , Endolimax nana(8.7%) , Iodamoeba buetschlii (6.

6%) , Giardia lamblia (8.9%) and Chilomastix mesnili (5.2%) . In Tudun‑wada primary school
the intestinal protozoan infections were found higher than in the other schools.

45 SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN BOHOL ISLAND, PHILIPPlNES, WITH SPECIAL

REFERENCE TO THE HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VECTORSNAIL, ONCOMELANIA QUADRASIKAZUO YASURAOKA , YUJI IRIE*, HIROSHI TANAKA2
HAJIME MATSUDA2, NAOKO NIHEI', HIROSHI SHIMOMURA3,
ALFREDO T. SANTOS', BAYANl L. BLAS' AND ROGELIO M. PANGILlNAN'
Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba*,
Department of Parasitology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University o Tokyo', Depart‑
ment of Parasrtology, University of Hiroshima, School of Medicine' and Schistosomiasis Control

Service, DOH, Manila'

Bohol Island lies between Southern Leyte in the east and Cebu in the west in latitude lO'N

and longitude 124'E. Oval in shape, Bohol has an area of 4,117 square kilometers. The
endemic focus of schistosomiasis in the island is confined only to the left bank of lpil River,or two of 46 municipalities of the province, namely Talibon and Trinidad. We have conduct‑
ed malacological and epidemiological surveys in the island in 1981. As a result six new snailcolonies were found by us in 1984 and 1985. We were led by the proximity of the snail habitatto the residence of the infected individuals. There are now 11 snail colonies in the island,
which are apparently confined to three water courses flowing into lpil River. We studied the254

topography of plaQ s that look suitable for snails but to not harbor them in the island. It was

found that all snail positive areas are located the regions with sandy loam and with a pH of
not more than 6.5. The area has seriously been visited by a drought for the period of 3 to 4

months every 3 to 5 years. O. quadrasi is found only in spring‑fed swamps and its adjoining
small creeks located in the folds of the hills, in which common fresh water snails such as
Melasia sp., Segmentina sp. and Lymnaea sp. are observed, indicating that the habitats havenever or seldom dried up all the year round. Our findings shed some light on the apparent
restriction of the endemic focus of the disease in Bohol.

46 IN VIVO METABOLISM OF TRP‑P‑2 IN MICE INFECTED WITHSCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM AND ITS ADSORPTION TO
SCHISTOSOME PIGMENTTOSHIKI AJI*, HIROYUKI MATSUOKAl, AKIRA ISHIll

SAKAE ARIMOT02, YUSUKE WATAYA2 AND HIKOYA HAYATSU2
Department of Parasitology, Okayama University Medical School* and Department ofPharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University'

Mutagen metabolizing activity of cytochrome P‑450 in the liver was investigated inconnection with the liver cancer and schistosome infections. The metabolizing rate was
examined in vivo after intravenous injection of a strong mutages, Trp‑p‑2 derived fromtryptophan pyrolysate. Schistosoma japonicum infected and age‑matched control mice were
injected with 0.3 ml of 2 mM Trp‑p‑2. The concentrations of Trp‑p‑2 and its metabolite (N‑OH‑Trp‑p‑2) in the serum were measured periodically by Ames test. Trp‑p‑2 concentra‑tion decreased immediately in both groups at one hour after the injection, but the difference

was not notied. However, Trp‑p‑2 in infected mice remained significantly high in the serurnat 3 and 6 hours as compared with that in control mice. N‑OH‑Trp‑p‑2 in infected miceincreased gradually and showed a lower peak at 3 hours than that in control mice. The
decrease of metabolizing rate in S. japonicum infected mice was confirmed in vivo as well as
in vitro.

Adsorption of Trp‑p‑2 to hematin which is thought to be the same substance as schis‑tosome pigment accumulated in the mouse liver when infected with S. japonicum was
examined. Two milliliter of 0.01 mM Trp‑p‑2 were incubated with I mg, 5 mg, or 10 mg ofhematin for one hour at 37'C. Remaining Trp‑p‑2 in the supernatant decreased to 35%, 0.5%
and 1.3% of the original concentration, respectively. Storong affinity of Trp‑p‑2 to hematin

was confirmed in vitro. It suggested that hepatic cells in schistosomiasis were exposed tohighly concentrated Trp‑p‑2 or other mutagens which possess a high afiinity to hematin.

255

47 PARASITIC INFECTIONS OF FOREIGN RESIDENTS DIAGNOSED IN
OUR LABORATORY, DURING THE PERIOD 1986‑1987, ESPECIALLY ON

ENTAMOEBEA HISTOL YTICA AND SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM
MlNORU YAMADAl, HISAO YOSHIKAWAl, SHINJI MATSUDAl,
YOSHITSUGU MATSUMOTO1, TATSUYA TEGOSHll, XIWEI CHEN1TSUNEZO SHIOTA1,YUKIO YOSHIDAl, RYUKI KIN2,AKIO KOBAYASH12, SOHTARO FUJIMOT03 AND MASATSUGU NAKAJIMA3
Department of Medical Zoology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine*,
Department of Communicable Diseases, Kyoto Municipal Hbspital' andDepartment of Digestive Diseases, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital3

We examined intestinal protozoas and helminths among foreign residents during theperiod 1986‑1987, and six cases of these are reported. Case 1: The patient (37‑year old male)was suffered from Entamoeba histolytica (Eh) . Many trophozoites and some cysts of Eh were

found in the bloody stool. Serum antibodies to Eh were positive. He was treated withtinidazole (2 g/day, 5 days) and cured. He, however, excreted many cysts and so again was
treated with tinidazole (2 g/5 days) , but the cysts were still appeared. Additional treatment

with metronidazole (2g/day, 10 days) was conducted but it was not successful. He finally
cured by carbarsone administration (0.25 x 3 g/day, 10 days) . The results from Case 2 to Case

5 were as follows: Case 2 (34‑year old male) was positive for cyst of Entamoeba coli (Ec) andBlastocystis hominis (Bh), and Case 3 (31‑year old female) was positive for cyst of Eh, Ec,

Endolimax nana, and Bh. Metronidazole treatment (2.25 g/day, 5 days) cured Case 3 but not
Case 2 who had still Bh. Case 4 (37‑year old male) and Case 5 (32‑year old female) , a couple,

were positive for Bh and the former had cyst of Eh additionally. Only Case 5 was treated withtinidazole (2 g/day, 5 days) and cured. Serum antibodies to Eh in Case 3 and 4 were negative.

Case 6: The patient (24‑year old female) , who is Phillipino and married with Japanese man,was suffered from acute appendicitis. After surgical operation, the ova of Schistonoma
japonicum (Sj) were detected in the sections of the appendix. In her stool 3 ,kinds of helminth

ova of Ascaris lumbricoides. Trichuris trichiura, and Sj were found. The former two parasites

were successfully treated with mebendazole (100 mg x 2/day, 3 days) . Ova of Sj weredetected not only in appendix and in the feces but also in the rectal mucosa and in the liver.

Serum antibodies to Sj were strongly positive. One day dose of praziquantel (50 mglkg)
successfully cured the patient, and the Sj ova continued negative in stool and antibody test

became negative thereafter.
In conclusion, we should pay attention to the importance of increasing source of parasitic

infections with increase of foreigh residents with parasites.

256

48 SCREENING OF URINARY BILHARZIASIS USlNG REAGENTSTRIPS IN KENYA

M. F. KILIKUl, EISAKU KIMURA2 AND TATSUYA KATSUMATA2
Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenyal and Department of Parasitology
Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University2

The effectiveness of urinalysis reagent strips, which detect haematuria and proteinuria
semi‑quantitatively, in selecting Schistosoma haematobium egg‑positive persons was studied
in a community (population 1,465) in Kwale, Coast Province, Kenya. The study put particu‑

lar emphasis on comparing the efficacy of reagent strips before and after chemotherapy.

A total of 915 subjects were examined in June/July, 1986 for S. haematobium eggs,
haematuria and protenuria, which was followed by treatment with a single dose of prazi‑
quantel at 40 mg/kg in July/August. Three months after treatment, another round of urime
examination was carried out including 635 subjects.
The levels of haematuria and proteinuria (negative, trace, I + , 2 + , 3 + ) were found to
be strongly associated with prevalence of the egg positives. The degrees of urinary blood andproteis were also correlated positively with the number of eggs excreted in urine. The
association and correlation were strong even after the treatment with praziquantel preva‑
lence from 54.2 to 17.8% and intensity of infection from 66.7 to 18.4 eggs/10 ml of urine.
For the purpose of establishing a criterion of reagent strips, several different criteria
were compared in terms of sensitivity (% of egg‑positive cases who were also reagent strip
positive) and specificity (% of egg‑negative cases who were also reagent strip negative) .

Neither haematuria nor proteinuria alone was sufiicient as a criterion due to low sensitivity

or specificity. When a combined criterion "haematuria trace up or proteinuria I + up" wasapplied for the selection, reasonably high sensitivity (74.6% ) and specificity (84.4%) wereobtained before treatment. The reduced prevalence and intensity of infection after prazi‑
quantel treatment did not affect sensitivity (69.0% ) and specificity (82.0%).

In controlling urinary schistosomiasis, chemotherapy may have to be repeated. Ourpresent result indicated that reagent strips could be applicable even after substantial reduc‑tion of prevalence and intensity of infection by chemotherapy. The use of reagent strips
would greatly simplify the selection of persons to be treated, and facilitate large‑scale control
activities.

49 CERCARIAL DENSITIES AT WATER CONTACT SITES IN AN ENDEMIC
AREA OF URINARY SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN KENYATATSUYA KATSUMATAl, EISAKU KIMURAl, D. MIGW12SHpUJI UGA3 AND JUN‑ICHI GYOUTEN4
Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University*, Kenya Medical

Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya2. Department of Medical Zoology, Kobe University School of
Medicine3 and Department of Parasitology, Ehime University School of Medicine

257

Studies on cercarial densities and vector snails (B. globosus) were carried out at selectedwater contact sites in a village in Kwale District, where S. haematobium was endemic.
Prevalence rate and intensity of infection (geometric mean) in the village were 60% and 10.5

eggs/10 ml of urine respectively. Along four rivers (stream) running through the village, 22

study sites were selected, where cercariometry and snail surveys were carried out twice amouth per site. Results obtained between November, 1985 and May, 1987 will be reported thistime,

(Distribution of cercarial in the study area)

Along Mwele River, many cercariae were detected at 8 of 10 study sites in 19‑months
study period. At one site as many as 28 cercariae/50 ml of water was recorded. Cercariae
were found at 3 of 8 study sites along Mtsangatamu River, and all 2 sites along Mbadzi River.

However, no cercariae was recorded from Tswele River.
(Distribution of infected snails)

Infected snails were found in the Rivers of Mwele, Mbadzi and Mtsangatamu, but not in
Tswele River.
(Comparison of results of cercariometry and snail survey)
A total of 749 times of survey was made at 22 study sites in 19 months. In 31 surveys,
both cercariae and infected snails were detected. Whereas, only cercariae were detected in
49 surveys, and only infected snails in 45 surveys.

(Seasonal changes in cercarial densities and the number of infected snails)

Cercarial changes in cercarial densities and the number of infected snails reached the

maximum in March‑May. Another small peak was in November‑December.

50 COMPARISON WITH METHODS OF FECAL EXAMINATION IN DOGS
AND A MONKEY INFECTED WITH S. STERCORALISKUNINORI SHIWAKU, YUICHI CHIGUSA, TERUKI KADOSAKAAND KIYOTOSHI KANEKO
Department of Parasitology, Aichi Medical Umversity

The diagnosis based on fecal examinations of chronic strongyloidiasis is difficult becauseof low larval outputs in feces. Dogs infected with S, stercoralis also expelled no rhabditiform

larvae in feces from about 10 weeks after infection. We repported that the decrease in larval

outputs of feces related to a decrease in a number of parasitic females and to an atrophy of

reproductive organs in parasitic females (1987). In the present study, fluctuations in a
number of rhabditiform larvae in the intestine and feces were counted with various methodsof fecal examination.
Numbers of rhabditiform larvae in contents of the intestine decreased with nearing theapus, then those in expelled feces decreased remarkably. Four methods of fecal examination
wete compared with a simple dilution method on feces just after defecation. Recovery ratesof larvae Were 82% for Baermann technique, 82% for formalin‑ether centrifugation technique
without a gauze, 62% formalin‑ether centrifugation technique with a gauze and 56% for filter‑

paper cultures at 25'C for 35 hours, against the number of larvae counted with the simple

258

dilution method. Motile rhabditiform larvae in expelled feces decreased in number with time,
85% at 2 hours, 72% at 6 hours, 33% at 12 hours and 8.6% at 24 hours after defecation, at 25'C

with the simple dilution method. It considers that feces with rhabditiform larvae should be
examined within 6 hours after defecation. Although high recovery rates of larvae in feces ofdogs and a monkey infected with S. stercoralis were obtained with Baermann technique orformalin‑ether centrifugation technique, a combination of formalin‑ether centrifugation
technique and filter‑paper cultures seems to be useful for its simplicity and identification of
the species in practice.

51

ELISA REACTIVITY OF MAJOR ANTIGENS ISOLATED FROMPARA G ONIMUS WESTERMANI ADULT WORMS
JUN‑ICHI IMAI, MAKOTO OWHASHI AND YUKIFUMI NAWA
Department of Parasitology, Miyazaki Medical College

Two antigenic fractions, termed PW‑1 and PW‑2, having ifferent molecular weight,
were isolated by Sephacryl S‑300 gel chromatography of Paragonimus westermani adultworm extract. By Ouchterlony test, PW‑1 was identified as egg‑derived antigen, while PW‑
2 was identified as ES antigen. In the present study, ELISA‑reactivity of PW‑1 and PW‑2
was tested against sera obtained from experimentally infeced cats, paragonimiasis patients,
or from other helminthiasis patients. Pooled cat sera obtained at an acute stage of infection(4‑8 weeks) showed higher ELISA value against PW‑2 than against PW‑1. On the other
hand, pooled cat sera obtained at a chronic stage of infection ( 0‑24 weeks) showed compa‑

rable ELISA value against two antigens. When correlation coefiiciency of the ELISA valuesof the individual cat serum obtained at various time after infection was examined, PW‑2

showed higher value against acute stage‑serum than PW‑1 did. Since sera from par‑agonimiasis patients showed comparable ELISA value against PW‑1 and PW‑2, thesepatients were assumed as chronic stage. Sera from schistosomiasis japonicum, mansoni, orhaematobium showed significant cross‑reactivity against PW‑1 and PW‑2. Sera from otherhelminthiasis, however, did not show cross‑reactivity. The cross‑reactivity of PW‑1 obser‑
ved against schistosomiasis sara was significantly reduced by pre‑treatment by heating (90'C,

30 min) of PW‑1, whereas the cross‑reactivity of PW‑2 against schistosomiasis sera was
reduced by diluting test serum up to 200 fold.

52 STRUCTURE AND EXPRESSION OF A GENE ENCODING AN ANTIGEN
OF TRICHINELLA SPIRA LI SKAZUO SUGANE
Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shinshu University

259

In order to collect a large amount of T., spiralis antigen which is useful for im‑

munodiagnosis, recombinant DNA technique was used. Total RNA was extraced from
infective larvae of T. spiralis by centrifugation through a cesium chloride cushion. Poly (A) ‑rich mRNA was isolated from total RNA with oligo (dT) ‑cellulose gel column. Double
stranded CDNA was systhesized and ligated into the ECORI site of fi‑galactosidase genepresent in lgt 11 DNA and packaged. Phages containing inserts were infected to E. coli andscreening of positive plaques was 'done by enzyme immunoassay. An antigenic fusion protein

extracted from E. coli was demonstrated by Western blotting analysis. CDNA sequencing
was done by dideoxy chain‑termination method.

53 CONTROL OF AEDES VECTORS OF DENGUE HAEMORRHAGIC
FEVER IN SINGAPORE
CHAN KAI LOK
Department of Zoology, National University of Singapore Kent Ridge, Singapore(The author could not attend the meeting because of transportation trouble. The paper ofthe subject was submitted and appeared in Japan. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 113‑120, 1988)

54 MALARIA VECTOR CONTROL OPERATION
IN THE "NORTH SUMATRA HEALTH PROMOTION PROJECT"MASAYUKI YASUNOl, MASAHIRO TAKAG12, TETSUSHI KIKUCm3
EIJI T̲OKUHISA3* TAKESHI SUZUK13 AND TAKAYA IKEMOT04
Division of Environmental Biology, National Institute for Environmental Studies*,

Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Health,Tokyo',North Sumatra Health Promotion Project Team, JICA'
and Department of Parasitology, Teikyo University School of Medicine'

An integrated larval control operation against Anopheles sundaicus has been undergoingin an coastal area of North Sumatra, Indonesia to establish an alternative control measure
to the DDT residual spraying, as the target species was found to be exophily and exophagous
in th

area.

Channeling of lagoons is promising. Both of the filling up roadside ditches and theshading on pouds were also effective, although they were only applicable for some habitats.
The effectiveness of releasing guppies, as an biological control agent, is on the course ofevaluation. The agent can succe sfully control the larvae, if the density of it is continuously

high. Diminishing dr Yanishing of the agent was also observed, however, due to predation byother predacious fishes, intolerable changes of the water quality and/or quantity, and overdipersion. Larviciding by temephos was satisfactory.
On the preliminary operation conducted from September in 1986 our effort failed in260

reducing the adult density due to the precipitation which expanded the habitat to an uncon‑

trollable extent, before the scheduled environmental management was carried out. On thenext one started from April in 1987 Iittle precipitation and the effective drainage resulted,in

low adult density. This suggests the importance of the environmental management for themalaria vector control.
Some disagreement with the operation has arisen among villagers with progress of theactivity. More serious health education taking account both of the socio‑economic merit forvillagers and their way of thinking in strongly needed.

55 A SMALL‑SCALE FIELD TRIAL OF S‑31183 FOR THE

CONTROL OF ANOPHELES MINIMUS IN THAILAND
VANIDA KERDPIBULEl, THONBCHAI DEESINl, YUPHA RONGSRIYAM1
SUPAT SUCHARITI AND TozO KANDA2
Department of Medical Entomology. Faculty of Tropical Medicine,

Mahidol University, Bangkok,Thailand* and Department ofMedical Zoology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine'

The insect growth regulator, S‑31183 (0.5 G formulation) , was applied into two slow

running streams (A and B) which were the breeding habitats of Anopheles vectors at the
dosage of 5 ppb in February 1987. The fiowing rates of the stream A and B were 2.5 l/sec
and 5.2 l/sec, respectively. The evaluation of the efiicacy was based on bioassay test of thewater from the streams as well as on the age determination of the collected mosquitoes.
It revealed that this insect growth regulator diffused readily from the application sites

along the streams. Twenty‑four hours after appication the bioassay test of the watercollected at the check points, 150 m (stream A) and 50 m (stream B) produced 100% and 96%
emergence inhibition of Anopheles maculatus, respectively. Based on weekly observations it
showed that S‑31183 (0.5 G formulation) exhibited more than 70% emergence inhibition forAn. maculatus and An. mi,cimus for approximately one month. Likewise, the nulliparous
population of An. minimus was also decreased. It might be suggested that this compound
inhibited the emergence of the new generations of mosquitoes.

56 FIELD STUDY ON SOUND TRAPPING OF MANSONIA IN MALAYSIA
Tozo KANDAl, LoONG, K. PoA12, CHIANG, G. LIAN2, CHEONG
W. Ho012 AND LIM, T. WAH2
Department of Medical Zoology, St. Marianna University School of
Medicinel and Division of Medical Entomology, Institute for Medical Research,

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia2

Two systems for the effective trapping of Mansonia of both sexes were designed and261

tested near an isolated forest swamp ecotype near an oil palm plantation at Kampong Pondok
Tanjung Hilir, Perak and an open vast swamp at Batang Berjuntai, Selangor. The responceof Mansonia to the various wingbeat frequencies were monitored and confirmed. The
effective frequencies together with dry ice and hamster as attractants were used with thelantern and cylinder traps. The two attractants enhanced the trapping efiiciency significantly.

The trapping system consisting of a speaker emitting 500 Hz of wingbeat frequency, alantern, a hamster and dry ice was most suitable and effective for trapping female Mansonia.
However, for the collection of males, the system with a speaker emitting 350 Hz, a cylinder,a hamster and dry ice proved to be good. Daily trapping at the 2 ecotypes with 2 system oftraps have collected large numbers of both sexes of Mansonia. The trapping method reduced
the palous rate extreamely in the vast swamp, but less effective in the isolated forest swamp,

though the trapping should be continued and monitored due to hiden mosquitoes in the forest.

57 CONTROL OF THE VECTORS OF ONCHOCERCIASIS IN GUATEMALA
K. MIZUTANIJapan Environmental Sanitation Center

Tactics for controlling blackflies, as vectors of onchocerciasis, have done mainly bymeans of larviciding to the breeding place, but the feature of the practical method between
West Africa and Central Americas are greatly different because of the diferences of the figureof the rivers, and the method such as an airial spraying being conducted in the West Africa

can not be adopted to Central Arnericas where the breeding place are small and deeply
covered by canopies.
In the Republic of Guatemala, Simulium ochraceum is reported to be the main vector ofthe disease, where the species can be found breeding in the streams flown in the coffee
plantation or steep mountainous area.
The typical feature of the breeding streams in Guatemala has 18‑180 l/min in wateramount, 41‑66 cm/sec in velocity, 0.2‑2.0 cm in depth and 20‑40' of the grade of beds. The
important factor to obtain a successful control is to find out breeding sites. So, the great
effort must be devoted to the searching activity and the making maps of breeing sites in thiscountry.
On the other hand, the laboratory and field experiment using temephos revealed that theinsecticide carry did not depend on the amount or concentration of insecticide applied but on

the amount of water discharge mainly by the absorption of the insecticide to the stream bed.
According to the experimental results, the larviciding method for the blackfly in such a
streamlet as in Guatemala was established that a packed 24 g temephos 5% WP should apply
at every 50‑100 m of the breeding stream in every two weeks despite of the stream size.
The pilot control study in Guatemala iniciated at Livaderos in 1979 revealed that theABR decreased by 1/lOO in the pilot area and also l/10 in other areas by 1983, showing themethod valuable for control the vector of onchocerciasis.
Yet, the following items remain for further studies.
1 . Amount of dosing and period of application.

262

2 : Developement of insecticides with long cally.
3 . Periodical check of insecticide susceptibility of the target species.
4 . Alternative insecticide against the development of insecticide resistance.

58 COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF POTENTIALITY AS T,O NATURAL ENEMY
OF MOSQUITOES ON GAMBUSIA AFFINIS AND ORYZIAS LATIP･ESHIDEKI SATOl. AKIRA WADAI AND Tozo KANriA2
Public Health Institute of Kawasaki City* and Department of Medical Zoo,logy.

St. Marianna University School of Medicine'

Mosquito fishes ( Gambusia affinis) and medakaes ( Oryzias latipes) showed the different

potentiallity as to natural enemy of mosquito larvae in the present study.
1 ) Population density of both species were 300‑500/m' in the high density waters.
2 ) It was showed similar density in the mixed habitat.

3 ) They ate a similar food in the field, because there were same food in those stomach.
4 ) Mosquito fishes was more excelled than medaka, about a character of attack to mosquito
larvae.

5 ) Mosquito fishes was inhabited in the filthy waters, but medaka did nOt live in the samewaters.

59 OUTBREAK OF DENGUE AND BIOLOGIES OF THE VEC.Tok MOS‑QUITOES IN SARAWAK, MALAYSIA, 1986
ICHIRO MIYAG11 AND CHANG MOH SENG2
University of the Ryukyus, Faculty of Medicine, S hool of̲Health Science*

and Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme (VBDCP) , Medipal Department,
Kuching, Sarawak, East Malaysia2

Dengue fever (DH) including Dengue Haemorrhagic (DHF) fever became of ptiblic
health importance in Sarawak, since 1982 when the first epidemic occurred with 120 notified
reported cases. Since then epid,emics have been recorded in 1983 with 513, 1984 with 491, 1985

with 45 and 1986 with 210 cases.
Analysis of the serological results from the Institute for Medical Research in Kuala

Lumpur revealed a dengue positivity rate averaging 52.5% between 1982‑1985. The cases
indicated significant increases .in all the 7 divisions of Sarawak and 54% (96 cases) of thetotal 210 cases in 1986 were reported from the Ist division, near Kuching. In an effort tobetter understand the bionomics and association of the important vector, Aedes aeg)pti andthe suspected vector, Aedes albopictus and other Aedes (Stegomyia) species in the transmis‑

sion and propagation of DF and DHF, a collaborative entomological study was carried out

263

of by the Japanese Research team and the State VBDCP Headquaters, 1986. A total of 166
ovitraps were set indoor and outdoor in the garden and forest of Kampong Tebakang,

Murara Tuang, Sir Aman, Mulu National Park and Bako National Park from July to
October. The following 5 species of Aedes (stegomyia) were collected: Ae. albopictus. Ae.
aeg)pti. Ae. albolineatus. Ae. malayensis and Ae. boharti, of which last two were new records

in Sarawak. Ae. albopictus with 572 Iarvae was most common in indoor and outdoor and Ae.
aeg)pti with 16 Iarvae was not as common as Ae. albopictus in both in and outdoors. A totalof 686 positive houses and 1,126 positive breeding habitats in 65 Iocalities covering 3,262

premises were detected by the VBCDP team. The mean Aedes house index in 21% andbreteau index is 35. Ae. aeg)pti was not detected in 42 of the 65 Iocalites surveyed ascompared to only 3 Iocalites for Ae. albopictus.

60 STUDIES ON THE VECTOR MOSQUITOES OF JAPANESEENCEPHALITIS AND DENGUE FEVER AT HIGHILANDS AND

LOWLANDS IN NORTHERN THAILANDAKIO MORl

AND AKIRA IGARASH12

Department of Medical Zoology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine* and Departmentof Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University'

Japanese encephalitis (JE) and dengue fever have been prevailing in Northern Thailand.

Antibody positive rates against JE and dengue viruses among humans in lowlands were high,while the, y were very low among Hill Tribds living over 1.000 m above the sea level. In orderto know the reason which makes this difference of positive rates of antibody against theseviruses, the population of vector mosquitoes were compared among different altitude in
Chiang Mai province from July to August, 1986.
The vector mosquitoes of JE were collected by light traps in animal pens for 2 hours after*+ ,*dark. Only a few number of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. gelidus were collected at thevillages over 1.000 m above the sea level., ev, ,en though there were large rice field near thevillages. The numbers of mosquitoes increased of lower area. The sutvey of population
density of the vector mosquitoes of dengue fever.･were carried out at the villages in lowlands

and Hill Tribes. All receptacles inside and outside of house! were observed,1 and mosquito
larvae in receptacles were carried back to the laboratory t(li identify the species., . Many Aedes

aegDipti were dollected from the containers in the house and some Ae. albopictus were in manykinds of receptacle outside of house with Ae. aeg)pti. In the villages of Hill Tribes, any watercontainers with Ae. aegypti larvae was not found inside and around house. Only a few Ae.
albopictus larvae were found in bamboo stumps.
From the results mentioned above, it makes clear that Hill Tribes living over 1.000 m
above the sea level in Northern Thailand are bitten by very small numbers of the mosquitoes.
This means that they have little chance to be infected with JE and dengue viruses.

264

61 IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECT OF SNAKE VENOMYOSHIO SAWAI
Japan Snake Institute

Following the development of analytical studies on various kind of snake venom, certain

principles which are responsible for lethal or local pathological changes induced by theenvenomation have been separated from the venom. Thus, it is suggested that immunity
against various venom factors is important to increase the effectiveness of antivenom. For
example, not only anti‑lethal activity but also anti‑hemorrhagic or anti‑necrotic immunity
are requested in habu antivenom. In such a situation, immunity in snake venom is important
for the improvement of potency of anti‑venom, analysis of pathogenesis and application to

identification of snake venom by ELISA.

62 STUDIES ON THE PREPARATION OF ANTI‑YAMAKAGASHI(RHABDOPHIS TIGRINUS)
ANTI‑VENOM AND ITS CLINICAL APPLICATIONYOSHIHARU KAWAMURA AND YOSHIO SAWAl
Japan Snake Institute

Severe bites by Yamakagashi have been reported by several workers. Since 1985, study
on preparation of Yamakagashi antivenom have carried out and applied clinically to thetreatment of the patient.

Rabbits and goats were immunized the venom extracted from Duvernoy's glands of
Yamakagashi. Toxoided venom by formalin and crude venom were used as immunizing
antigen. Anti‑venom separated from the blood of immunized animals was fractionated bysodium sulphate or ammonium sulphate and digested by pepsin. 0.Iml of the purified anti‑
venom neutralized 11, 27 and 80 mlds of the venom, respectively.
Three cases of severe bite by Yamakagashi were treated by intravenous drip of one vial
(10 ml) of the anti‑venom. The hemorrhagic diathesis and coagulation abnormality of bloodof the patients recovered dramatically within few hours after the administration of the anti‑

venom.

265

63

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266

In order to study the slight amount of venom remaining in the mascular tissue or blood
circulation caused by envenornation, and the circulating anti‑hemorrhagic potency lower
than 1.0 u/ml caused by toxoid injections or envenornation, more sensitive methods for thedetermination of venom and anti‑hemorrhagic potency than rabbits skin test was required.
The results obtained as follows.

1 . The detection limit of Habu crude venom was 10 ng‑200 ng.
2 . The amount of venom remained in local mascular tissue of the rabbits which werechallenged with 500 pg Habu venom were decreased to 445 pg, 380 pg, 220 pg, 105 pg and25 pg after 1/2, 1, 3, 5 and 24 hours respectively. But rabbits which were previously
injected Habu anti‑venom 1.0 ml (644 units) were decreased to 161.39 pg, 88.25 pg, 33.59
pg and 1.41 pg after 1/4, 1/2, I and 3 hours respectively.

The 500 pg of Habu venom were partially neutralized by I ml (644 untis) of Habu anti‑
venom within 1/2 hours and almost perfectly neutralized within 3 hours.
3 . The detection limit of anti‑hemorrhagic potency was 0.02‑0.10 u/ml both anti‑HR‑1

and anti‑HR‑2.
4 . Anti‑hemorrahgic potency of rabbits injected Habu anti‑venom 1.0 ml (anti‑HR‑1=644
units) intravenously were 4.4 u/ml, 2.8 u/ml, 2.5 u/ml, 1.5 u/ml, 1.0 u/ml and 0.6 u/ml
after 1, 3, 8, 24, 48 and 72 hours respectively, but the hightest potency of rabbits injected

intramuscularly were 0.9 u/ml 48 hours after injection. It suggests that intravenous
injection of anti‑venom is much more effective than intramuscular injection.
5 . The staffs who had been bitten by Habu or using freeze‑dried venom were detected anti‑
hemorrhagic potency, but another staffs could not detected.

65 IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON COBRA NEUROTOXIN
C. C. YANG
Institute of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University,

Hsinchu, Taiwan

Cobrotoxin, a neurotoxic protein, was isolated in a crystalline state from venom of
Taiwan cobra and was proved to be the main toxic protein in cobra venom. It is a small,basic protein consisting of a sigle peptide chain of 62 amino acid residues, cross‑linked by 4
disulfide bonds.

Antisera have been prepared by injecting increasing doses of cobrotoxin with Freund's
adjuvant into rabbits. 100% precipioable antibody (Ab) was isolated immunospecifically by
gel filtration on sephadex G‑lOO after the Ag‑Ab complex had been dissociated with 0.53 M
formic acid‑0.15 M NaCl, pH 2.05. The molecular weight of the soluble complex formed fromits papain fragments and cobrotoxin providence that cobrotoxin has three Ab combining sites

per molecule. When Ab preparations were applied to cobrotoxin‑Sepharose collumn, morethan twice the amount of Ab determined by precipitin reaction was always recovered fromantisera and lgG. This indicates that rabbits hyperimmunized with cobrotoxin produce non‑precipitating (58%) as well as precipiting Ab. Non‑precipitating Ab can recognize only
two Ag determinants out of the three and the precipitating Ab binds with the three. The
neutralizing capacity of the precipitating and non‑precipitating Ab increased 18‑fold and 23

267‑fold, respectively, over that of the antisera.

Stable hybridoma cell lines producing monoclolal Ab to cobrotoxin were produced
through fusion of NS‑1 cells with BALB/C mouse spleen cells hyperimmunized withcobrotoxin. The hybrid cells were cloned and the Ab was produced in large amount both bycell culture and by inducing Ab in ascites to BALB/C mice. The monoclonal Ab purified byaffinity chromatography was identified to be lgG2* and proved to combine with two moleculesof cobrotoxin. Monoclonal Ab are not only a valuable tool in studying the mechanism ofinteraction between Ag and Ab but also its therapeutic potency is 2‑fold greater than that ofnon‑precipitating Ab. Therefore, from conventional antisera to monoclonal Ab the therapeu‑
tic potency has increased 46‑fold.

In view of the emerging value of reversed‑phase HPLC in peptide mapping analysis, weused this technic for the separation of antigenic peptides and 'determined their sttucture and10cation in the sequence of cobrotoxin. From our preliminary' 'results of sequence assignment
on peptide fragments with antigenic activity, three candidates o'f antigenic determinants were

found. In further study, well characterized monoclonal Ab will be used to select its specificantigenic determinant, and the mechanism of interaction between antigenic determinant andmonoclonal Ab will be studied.

66 PURIFICATION OF THREE ANTI‑HEMORRHAGIC FACTORSFROM THE SERUM OF HERPESTES EDWARDSIIYASUHlRO TOMIHARAl, KAZUO YONAHA2, MASATOSHI NOZAKll,

MASANOBU YAMAKAWA1, YOSHIHARU KAWAMURA3, TAKAO KAMURA1
AND SEIZEN TOYAMA2
Department of Habu, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health*

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, University of The Ryukyus'
and Japan Shake Institute'Three anti‑hemorrhagic factors (AHF‑1, AHF‑2 and AHF‑3) were purified from theserum of Herpestes edwardsii, a mongoose, by a combination of gel filtration on a Sephadex

G‑200 column and a high performance liquid chromatography with a TSK gel DEAE‑5PW
column. Each of the purified anti‑hemorrhagic factors showed a single 'band on aoly‑acrylamide disc electrophoresis. The three anti‑hemorrhagic factors neutralized the toxicityof the hemorrhagic venorns of 6 species of Trimeresurus and Agkistrondon blomhoffi. The
factors inhibited also the hemorrhagic activity of HR I and 2, the hemorrhagic principles ofT. flavoviridis Okinawa. AHF‑1, AHF‑2 and AHF‑3 were stable at the temperature from
O'C to 60'C and at the pH between 2.0 and 11.0. The molecular weight of the three anti‑
hemorrhagic factors were estimated to be 65,000 and 69.000 by a gel filtration and a SDS‑
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, respectively. None of precipitin line was found for the
purified anti‑hemorrhagic factors with the venom of T. favoviridis Okinawa or its hemorr‑
hagic principles. HR I and HR 2. These results suggest that three anti‑hemorrhagic factors
were not immunoglobulins but natural immunity possessed by the animals. There were little
difference in amino composition of three anti‑hemorrhagic factors.

268

67 IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECT OF HYMENOPTERA STlNGS AND
MOSQUITOESROKURO KANOTokyo Medical and Dental University

Cases of Hymenoptera stings are increasing recently, especially cases of stings by social

wasps (Vespidae) and social bees (Apidae) , which are very aggressive. In Japan Vespa
simillima is the most dangerous species and Polistes spp. are in the next, because they build

their nests under the eaves of houses or on the bushes in the gardens. In Nagano Prefecture,
there are many cases of hornet ( Vespula lewisi) stings, because the larvae and pupae in theunderground nests are edible and tasty. Many beekeepers have been stung honeybee (Apismellifera) . In Japan usually 30‑40, sometimes 70 persons die by Hymenoptera stings during
a year. The greater part of the dead persons died not by the direct effects of the venoms, but

by anaphylaxis of repeated stings. Many persons died within I hour by the Hymenoptera
stings.

In the mosquito bites some persons show severe symptoms and rarely die. These cases
are also caused by allergy or anaphylaxis.

Case report of Hymenoptera stings by Dr. Sohei Makino and case report of mosquito
bites by Dr. Noriko Ohtaki will be given from now.

68 ALLERGIC SYMPTOMS DUE TO HYMENOPTERA STlNGSSOHEI MAKlNO, SEIICHIRO NAMAI AND RYOSUKE IKEMORI
Department of Medicine and Clinical Immunolgy, Dokkyo University
School of Medicine

Prevalece of Hymenoptera stinging hypersensitivity among approximately 80 thousand
population in Yamizo district ih Tochigi was studied through questionaires send to 1,000
public health workers in that area. One hundred and I cases with the hypersensitivity werereported. Fifty‑seven per cent, 32%, 5%, and 5% of the 101 hypersensitive cases showed local
reaction only, mild systemic reactions, severe reactions with loss of conciousness, andlonglasting local reactions, respectively. Additional survey including school students suggest‑ed that about 1% of the population at large had experiences of Hymenoptera stinging
hypersensitivity in their lives. Most of the causative insects were wasps.

Serum lgE antibodies to either one of hornet, wasp and bee venoms were found in all 29

hypersensitive cases examined･ except one case. All of 14 hypersensitive cases examined
showed positive skin tests to either one of these 3 venoms. These observations showed thatthe hypersensitivity symptoms were induced by the significant coincidence of positive tests on

RAST or intracutaneous tests was found between wasp and hornet venoms, but not between

269

waps/hornet and bee venoms. These results showed the antigenic cross‑reactivity of thevenoms of wasps and hornets.

69 MOSQUITO BITESNORIKO OHTAKI AND KEIKO OKA
Deparment of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University,
School of Medicine

To study the mechanism of the skin reaction to mosquito bites, 120 volunteers, aged I to
68 years old, were experirnentally exposed to female mosquito, Aedes albopictus, and observed
the skin reactions to the bites.

Mosquito bites caused two types of skin reaction; immediate and delayed. In immediate
reaction wheal appearred immediately after the bite, and disappearred within I to 2 hours.
Whereas; in the reaction of delayed type, the erythema appearred again 5 to 6 hours after thebites and enlarged gradually until 24 to 48 hours, then lasted for several days. The volunteers

were divided into 4 groups according to the skin reactions, In the first group, any immediate

reaction was not observed, but delayed one was. The second group had both reactions. The
third group showed only immediate type of reaction. In the last group, no reaction wasobserved. The most of infants belonged to the first or the second group, while the aged
volunteers belonged to the fourth group. Serum lgE, specific to mosquito saliva antigen, were

measured with ELISA. The titer of lgE was highly correlated with the skin reaction of
immediate type. The volunteers of the 2nd and the 3rd groups had a high lgE titer. On thecontrary, in the first and the 4th groups lgE titer remained at a low level. It is suggested,

therefore, that the immediate skin reaction is caused by a high titer of lgE, specific tomosquito saliva antigen.
We had experienced severe cases caused by mosquito bites. The first case was a 12 years
old girl, when she visited first our clinic. She had suffered from edematous erythema withhemorrhagic central vesiculation and high fever after the mosquito bites since 5 or 6 years ofage. The biting tests were done to make clear the causative species of mosquito. She hadhigh fever, temporal lymphocytopenia and severe eruptions 12 hours after the bite of Aedes
aeg pti and 20 hours after the bite of Armigeres subalbatus, while only slight erythematous
lesions were observed after the bite of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Anopheles sinensis. The
biopsy specimen from the bitten site were compatible with an Arthus reaction. The secondcase was a boy. He had high fever and hepatosplenomegary. The causative species were
supposed to be Culex sp.. He died of malignant hystiocytosis (MH) at 13 years of age.
Eight severe cases of mosquito bites died of MH in Japan so far as reported. The reasonof the relation between severe cases of mosquito bites and MH remains to be clarified.

270

70 THE RESEARCH FOR THE GROWTH OF INFANTIN JOS UNIVERSITY TEACHlNG HOSPITAL, NIGERIAKENSAKU HATA*, SHIGEHIKO KAMOSHITA*TAKASHI ETO' AND MASARU NISHIGAKI'
Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo*, Department ofMaternal and Child Health, National Institute of Public Health'and Department of Health Administration, School of Health Science,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo'

The infantile diarrhea's research was carried out as one of JICA medical research
project. This research for the growth of infant was investigated between 1984 and 1985 in Jos

University. Teaching Hospital Nigeria. The vaccination, the measurement of body weight,
and the guidance of nutrition were undertaken in the antenatal clinic service at Jos University

Teaching Hospital. The age of mothers was between 12 and 50. The most at the first seen
was the first half in twenties. The infants were between Ist and 13th. The most of number
was the first baby by 20%. The most of age of mothers who delivered the first was teens by

64%. The maximum of mother in teenagers had 7 babies. There were some mothers over
30 years old at the first birth. One of the mother had 6 children meanly. The mean bodyweights in every month were very close to that of 1960 in Japan. Malnutrition in this study
could not find out. This was thought that these people belonged to a high class society andtook enough calories to gain the body weight.

71 MEDICAL SUPPORT FOR THE INHABITANT
IN NEGROS ISLAND, PHILIPPINEETSUSHI OKUMURA* AND HARUO YoSHII'
Department of Health Science, Kohchi Gakuen College* andGynecology Clinic, Moriguchi City'

Since 1983, medical examination of the poor and needy in Negros Island has been
performed with the aid of Rotary Club. Total number of patients examined during five years(1983‑1987) were enumerated l0,970 most of which were infant and thirty to forty‑nin
years old female (their mother) . Results of the physical findings were ranked as following;
first, the infectious respiratory diseases, then infectious intestinal disease, infectious eye

disease, parasites disease, metabolic disorder or malnutrition, dermatological disease,
psyphiatric disease, circulation system and anemia. It seems specific that so many infants had
the malnutrition or intestinal infection, while many adults had infectious respiratory disease

and lung tuberculosis. The Ziehl‑Neelsen test of sputum which were examined by theprobability sampling proved positive of 12.8% (44/345) .

Any sufficient medical treatment and observation of the inhabitants could not have been
done only because of our short staying (five or seven days per year) , but of any inadequate

communication between our medical team and the inhabitants.

271

72 MALNUTRITION IN DELELOPING COUNTRIESRYOKUERO SUZUE
National Institute of Nutrition

Undernutrition and specific deficiency states are the main problems in the developing
countries. In many developing countries, growth failure in the pre‑school group is wide‑
spread and no doubt a shortfall in both energy and proteins is involved. In those developing
is involved. In those developing countries, chronic undernutrition as shown by a deficit inheight for age continues to be the main problem, though severe forms of acute undernutrition(deficit of weight for height) also still exists in many areas with root crop staples. Problemsof specific deficiency states like nutritional anemia, vitamin A deficiency and endemic goitre

continue to pose a problem in several of the developing countries of Asia. Unlike protein‑energy malnutrition, the prevention and control of which requires long‑term deficiencies areamenable to direct interventions, e. g. nutrient distribution, fortification of foods, etc.

Nutritional anemia is widespread problem and occurs even in some of the developed coun‑tries. Efforts are needed to control what appears to be predominantly an iron deficiency
anemia, together with measures to eradicate worm infestations and infections which interferewith the biological utilization of foods. Goitre is a problem mainly in the mountainous areasof the Asian countries, though countries in the South Pacific are also affected. The patientsof cretinism and deaf‑mutism are found frequently. Some of the countries have a national
programme for goitre control. In these countries that are making serious attempts to reduce
the problem of protein‑calorie malnutrition, the main strategies appear to be directed at thepre‑school child, as well as at the pregnant and lactating women. Nutrition education has
been the mainstay of most nutrition‑based activities. Education in the use of locally available

foods as weaning supplements is an important area in which greater efforts are needed atpresent.

73 LEPROSY IN ASIA
TATSUO MORI
National Leprosarium Tama Zensho En
The most density area of leprosy patient is Africa but the most population of leprosy
patient is India and Southeast Asia. The numbers of leprosy patient in India estimate for 4
millions from presumption of WHO, but indeed there may be 10 millions of leprosy patientin India. These patients are partialy controled with the sanitary department of each province

by a traveling clinic. All anti‑leprosy drugs which are donated from Mission, WHO or
Sasagawa Health Memorial Foundation, are supplied with cost‑free. JALMA was estab‑lished in Agra at 1962 by the support of Japanese citizens. JALMA have a out‑patient clinic

272

of leprosy and facility of hospital treatment at the same time some teams go out the travelingclinic. Now this JALMA is managed by Indian Government.
There are two national leprosarium in Thailand. The density of leprosy patient is one
per thousand, appearance of new leprosy patient is horizontal about 3 thousand in year.
Leprosy control center which is set in each 16 block divided the Thailand to 16 provinces,examines leprosy patients cooperating with department of hygine in each prefecture and theiradherent hospitals. All anti‑leprosy drugs are supplied with cost‑free of course.

There are two national leprosarium in Philippine and some islands have small leprosa‑
rium. Anti‑leprosy drugs are supplied with cost‑free by the traveling clinic.
People's Republic of China has about one hundred and fifty thousand leprosy patients,
they took a policy to isolate the leprosy patient to hospital in the past, but now they changed

to medical treatment at home and many hospitals have out patient of leprosy. DDS is madein their country and is supplied with cost‑free, but rifampicin and B663 are donated fromforeign Mission or Sasagawa Memorial Health Foundation.
In Japan, there are 7 hundred new leprosy patient in year at 1947, but now we have only
35 new leprosy patients in year. Almost all patients are borderline group patient. There wasmany tuberculoid leprosy patients in outpatient of Osaka University of Japan at about from1900 to 1940, but the tuberculoid leprosy patient decreased to half and half of T and L typeof leprosy in 1956. Now in Thailand, T and L type of leprosy patient is half and half. Allof the leprosy bacilli are killed with 2 days administration of rifampicin, then the decrease of

infection source may be infiuence to appearance of new leprosy patient.

74 TUBERCULOSIS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIESMASAKAZU AOKI
Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti‑Tuberculosis Association(Abstract not received in time)

75 CASES OF TROPICAL DISEASES WHICH WERE

EXPERIENCED RECENTLYHIROSHI OHARA1, ISAO EBISAWA , HIROSHI NARUTO',IKUKO SEK12, MITSUYO OMOTE2 AND HAJIME MATSUDA3
Department of Public Health, Toho University School of Medicine ,Japan International Cooperation Agency' and Department of Parasitology,
The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo*

Tropical diseases such as malaria, hepatitis, schistosomiasis are important diseases forlong‑term Japanese sojourners in tropical countries in processing their health control.
Recently we experienced some of these diseases which ocurred during their stay, and further
investigations were made on the diseases.

Case 1. 30 year old female staying in Tunisia. The initial symptoms were general273

malaise and fever followed by icterus. She was admitted to a hospital under a suspicion ofhepatitis, and a diagnosis of hepatitis A was made. Infection by raw oysters were strongly

suspected because she had eaten them one month before the onset.
Case 2. 27 year old male staying in Zambia. Hehad been engaged in technical coopera‑tion of agriculture. He visited a local hospital complaining of lumbago and hematuria. And
eggs of Schistosoma hematobium was detected in his urine.
Case 3. 24 year old male staying in Malawi. He had a high fever accompanied by chill,
and was diagnosed as falciparum malaria. Fever did not decrease in spite of the administra‑tion of chloroquine until 15th day of illness when quinine and fancidar were added fortreatment. This case was regarded as a chloroquine resistant malaria.
Case 4. 33 year old male staying in Ethiopia. He was living in the neighborhood of alake and had chances to eat grasses which were growing near the lake. Eggs of Fasciola
hepatica was detected on health examination, and treatment was done with Bithionol.
Case 5. 27 year old male staying in Kenya. He began to complain of insomnia and tend
to confine himself in his house. Delusion of persecution and reference increased followed byauditory hallucination. He consulted a doctor, and treatment was started under the diagnosis
of schizophrenia.

76 IWSSDYASUMOTO MAGARA
The Institute of Public Health, Tokyo(Abstract not received in time)

77 DRUG SENSITIVITY OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA ISOLATEDFROM DRINKlNG WATER IN INDONESIAYOSHIYUKI OKUWAKll, HISAE YANA11, KOICHIRO FUJITA2SETSUKO TSUKIDAirE' AND MASATOSHI SUGIYAMA2
Department of Microbiology, Kagawa Nutrition College*

and Department of Medical Zoology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
School of Medicine'

The present report the results of drug sensitivity and p‑1actamase activities of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from drinking water in Indonesia in 1985 and 1986.
Twenty‑five strains were examined. Sensitivity testing to chemotherapeutic agents suchas carbenicillin (CBPC) , cephaloridine (CER) , cephalothin (CET), cefoxitin (CFX), cef‑

metazole (CMZ) , cefazolin (CEZ) , cefusulodin (CFS), tobramycin (TOB) and amikacin(AMK) were examined. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIO were measured inthose strains which seemed to be resistant by disk agar diffusion method.

Resistance of all strains to CBPC, CER, CET. CFX, CMZ and CEZ were found at very

274high concentrations exceeding 250 pglml or 1,000 pglml. However, almost all strains weresensitive to TOG and AMK.
The P‑lactamase activities of benzylpenicillin (PCG) and CEZ in those strains were
investigated by use of disk‑agar substrate profile method. Results of p‑lactamase activities
in those strains were a low level, respectively.

78 BACTERIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL STUDY OF THE DRINKlNG
WATER IN THE TROPICAL COUNTERIES.
RECENT TWO YEARS OBSERVATION (1985, 1986)

SETSUKO TSUKIDATE*, KOICHIRO FUJITA1, MASATOSHI SUGlYAMA ,YOSHIYUKI OKUWAK12, YASUKO OGASAWARA3 AND TAKEO ASAKURA3
Department of Medical Zoology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University*,

Department of Microbiology, Kagawa Nutrition College'
and Japan Association for Tropical Medicine*Diseases such as dysentry, endemic hepatitis and various parasitosis are still prevalent in

the tropical under‑development countries. We focus our attention to the drinking water, as
it plays an important role in the outbreak and transmission of these diseases. We report here
the recent 2 years results of the bacteriological and chemical study of the drinking water inthese tropical countries. The results showed that the drinking water in these countries
contained a large amount of microorganisms, especially in these of Indonesia, Thailand,
Philippine, and chlorinization of drinking water was hardly carried out. The results suggestthat drinking water, especially in the South‑East countries, is polluted by fecal contamination
with relatively high probability.

79 DRINKING WATER OF THE JAPANESE INHABITANTS
IN INDONESIA
KOICHIRO FUJITAl, SETSUKO TSUKIDATE1, MASATOSHI SUGIYAMA*,YOSHIYUKI OKUWAK12, YASUKO OGASAWARA3 AND TAKEO ASAKURA3
Department of Medical Zoology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University*,

Department of Microbiology, Kagawa Nutrition College'
and Japan Association for Tropical Medicine*

In order to know the influence of the degree of the pollution of the drinking water upon
the orally infected diseases, we carried out surveys of the drinking water at Jakarta inIndonesia. Water samples examined were tap and well water, boiled water, filtrated waterand commercial mineral water. More than half of the tap water, boiled water as well as
mineral water were contaminated with coliform bacilli. In the drinking water after boilingand kept in continers, the coliform bacilli were increased as compared with those of tap

275

waters. Same results observed in the filtrated water. The reason for this is supposed to poor

managing of the water purifiers.

80 THERMOREGULATORY AND PYROGENIC RESPONSES IN PIKA
(WHISTLE RABBIT)

MITSUO KOSAKA, GUO‑JIE YANG, PETER GEORGE RIWA,

TAKAAKI MATSUMOTO, NoBU OHWATARI AND YU‑JEN FAN
Department of Environmental Physiology, Institute ofTropical Medicine, Nagasaki University

Pikas's better heat conservation ability thought to be due to its higher metabolic rate,

poor heat dissipation through weak panting and smaller ear surface area. Although it's very

sensitive to narcotics, it responds poorly to intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
pyrogen.
In this experiment 9 pikas (mean body weight: 262.2 g) reared at 22'C were subjected to
intravenous LPS pyrogen (3.8 pglkg) in the environmental control chamber (temp. 28'C and
60% r. h.) . Throughout the experiment the animals were unrestrained in cages with thermis‑
ter probe in situ deep in rectum and fixed to the tail by adhesive plaster. Fifteen minutes prior

to i. v. pyrogen injection, rectal temperature (The) and respiratory rate (RR) were recorded

every 5 minutes, and thereafter every 10 minutes. The LPS pyrogen evoked a monophasic
fever (mean peak Tre: 40.23'C, mean ATre: 0.73'C 0.3'O which persisted for 70 minutes
after a mean latent period of 20 minutes. RR decreased from precontrol rate of 108 c/min to

100 c/min at the peak of fever to a low 92 c/min at the end of the pyrexia. It was also
observed that the pika developed piloerection and shivering during the rising phase of thefever. Occasionally they licked their body but mostly they had minimal movement during thepyrexic period. These observation show that pika rabbits can elicit fever with i. v. LPS
pyrogen but the heat loss mechanisms differ from those of albino rabbits.

81 HEAT BALANCE DURING THERMAL STIMULATIONIN DRY SAUNAMASAKI YAMAUCHI, PETER GEORGE RIWA, MITSUO KOSAKA,
YU‑JEN FAN, CHI‑MING CHEN, NoBU OHWATARl

AND TAKAKI MATSUMOTO
Department of Environmental Physiology, Institute ofTropical Medicine, Nagasaki University

The subjects were a tropical resident (Tanzania, 37 years old, male) and a Japanesesportsman (sprinter, 33 years old, male) in this study. The changes in metabolic rate,
respiratory rate, pulse rate, blood pressure, skin temperature and body weight during 30

276

minutes sauna heat load (60‑70'O were measured after 30 minutes resting in an environmen‑
tal control chamber (room temperature 28'C, humidity 60%) . The pulse rate in the tropicalsubject was higher than that of the Japanese sportsman (in both subjects, n = 4 period ofexperiments) , while the metabolic rate in the tropical subject was conversely lower. But theincrease rate in pulse rate and metabolic rate during heat load in the tropical subject was
lower compared to that of the Japanese subject. And considerable increase of respiratory
rate and in a few case, the rapid and shallow breathing similar to thermal panting wereobserved in the tropical subject. From these results the following comments are drawn: (1)a pulse rate and metabolic rate during heat load changed in parallel in both subjects, (2) astable and smaller change rate of metabolism during heat load observed in the tropicalsubject suggests the habituation due to a raised threshold of heat sensitivity, (3) a consider‑able increase of respiratory rate and the rapid and shallow breathing similar to thermal
panting observed in the tropical subject suggests the survival of thermal panting still inhuman being.

82 DETERMINATION OF HEAT ACCLIMATIZATION BY CAPACITANCE

HYGROMETER‑SWEAT CAPTURE CAPSULE METHOD
YU‑JEN FAN, MITSUO KOSAKA, NOBU OHWATARI,
MASAKI YAMAUCHI, TAKAAKI MATSUMOTO, GUO‑JIE YANG
AND CHI‑MlNG CHEN
Department of Environmental Physiology, Institute ofTropical Medicine, Nagasaki University

Measurements of sweat rate in tropical and Japanese subjects were performed in anenvironmental control chamber (room temperature 28'C, humidity 60% ) . Local heat load
(43'C water bath) was applied on lower legs (30 min, and 20 min) to induce thermal sweating

responses. The indicators of thermoregulatory heat loss responses such as sweat onset time,
threshold oral temperature for sweating and sweat volumes (for 20 min during heat load, for

5 min after heat load) etc. were simultaneously measured by using thermography andcapacitance hygrometer‑sweat capture capsule method. By analyzing the data of tropicalinhabitants and Japanese (sportsmen and non‑sportsmen) , the central and peripheral mecha‑
nisms of heat acclimatization were investigated. In this study, a new quantitative calibrationby using capacitance hygrometer‑sweat capture capsule method was devised, i. e., on the topof the capnule fixed to the skin of subject, a small hole was made, through which, subjebt's
sweat or 30'C 0.45% NaCl solutions (0.01, 0.02, 0.03 and 0.04 ml) were precisely dropped into

the capsule with a micropipette and hole sealed. Relative humidity changes (% r.h.) of thecapsule were continuously recorded by capacitance hygrometer. By calculating the absolute

humidity from relative hurnidity, sweat rate (mg/cm2.min) could be obtained and sweat
volume was quantitatively decided by the sweat rate. (Fan‑Kosaka method). This new
method made the measurernent of sweat volume simple and accurate, and that these experi‑mental modalities may be utilized in further determination of physiological mechanisms ofhear acclimatization.

JAPANESE JOURNALOF
TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE
September, 1988

Vol. 16 No. 3

CONTENTS
Original article

lwanaga, M. and Eeckels, R.
Characteristics of Escherichia coil Isolated in

Bangladesh and in Japan"""""" """""

185‑190

Takaoka, H. and Roberts, D. M.
Notes on Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Sulawesi,

Indonesia """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

191‑219

Takaoka, T.
Notes on the Inability of Autogenous Development of Ovarian Follicles
in Simulium ruficorne Macquart and S. nigrilarse Coquillett from Plateau

State in Nigeria"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

221‑224

Proceedings of XXIX Annual Meetings of Japanese Society of Tropical
Medicine (2)Contents " '249‑250

General presentation" " " " " " '251‑276

Published byJAPANESE SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDIClNE
c/o Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University

12‑4 Sakamoto‑machi, Nagasaki 852, Japan