Dr. Masayo Goto

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Some Basic Features of China
Mao Zedong (1893 -1976) andEstablishment of the Communist China
Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975) and Taiwan
Maoism/Mao Zedong Thought/Marxism-Leninism-Maoism
Mao’s socio-political reforms
The post-Mao economic reforms by Deng Xiaoping
Chinese foreign policy and strategy since the1980s (Grand strategy, Military build-up, UNPKO,
Multilateralism, Calculative strategy)"China Threat" or a "Peaceful Rise of China"?
Will the Balance of Power in North Asia be alteredby China?

Officially China is a communist
state• Official language is called
putonghua or Mandarin• Population: Han Chinese compriseabout 94%•During the Second World War, Mao wellorganized guerrilla forces. As soon as theJapanese surrendered, Communist forces
began a war against the Nationalists led byChaing Kai-Shek. In 1949, the Communists
were victorious, and Mao Zedong establishedthe People's Republic of China and became
the Chairman of the Communist Party ofChina.
Mao is a great Marxist and a great
proletarian revolutionary, strategist andtheorist (and a great murderer?).

In 1949, the Communists establishedthe People's Republic of China.
Chiang and the remaining KMT forces
fled to the island of Taiwan. There
Chiang established a government inexile which he led for the next 25years. This government continued tobe recognised by many countries as
the legitimate government of China.
Taiwan controlled China's seat in theUnited Nations until the end of 1975.

It is a variant of Marxism derived fromthe teachings of Mao Zedong and widely
applied as the political and military
guiding ideology in the Communist Partyof China. In Marxism-Leninism, the urbanproletariat was seen as the main sourceof revolution and the countryside waslargely ignored. However, Maoism
focused on the peasantry as arevolutionary force which could be
mobilised by a Communist Party with"correct" ideas and leadership.

Great Leap Forward
Mao launched the Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) toincrease agricultural and industrial production.
This reform programme included the establishment oflarge agricultural communes containing as many as
75,000 people.

The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-76)
Mao launched a ten-year political campaign. Maoalleged "liberal bourgeois" elements werepermeating the party and society at large, andwanted to restore Capitalism. He insisted thatthese elements be removed through postrevolutionary class struggle by mobilizing thethoughts and actions of China’s youth. The movement
subsequently spread into the military, urbanworkers, and the party leadership itself.
↓Both Failed
China Great Leap Forward Mao Zedong http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=efBQKHOfW60

The Four Modernizations
Deng Xiaoping (1904 –1997) became thecommunist leader in 1978. He
acknowledged the failure of the Chinese
economic system. He then promised a newkind of socialism “Socialism withChinese characteristics” under thegovernment control to make China richand powerful. Those reforms wereagriculture, industry, science andtechnology and the military.

The basic approach to politicalmilitary security
1. To control the periphery and ward
off threats to the ruling regime
2. To preserve domestic order andwell-being in the face of different
forms of social strife
3. To attain or maintain geopolitical influence as a major, oreven primary, state.

1. China’s

defence spending has
increased by double-digit figures
since 1989.
2. China plans to increase its defense
budget by 14.9 percent in 2009. The
planned defense budget is $70billion.
3. Defense spending accounts for 6.3
percent of China’s total fiscal
expenditure in 2009.

China’s inactive policy on UN
peacekeeping in the 1970s was largely
based on its unswerving normative
concerns regarding state sovereignty,
nonintervention and its disagreementwith the two superpowers. In the 1980s,
China quickly adjusted its attitude
towards UN peacekeeping mainly due toits improved security outlook and needfor a favorable international
environment which could benefit its own
economic development-oriented reformand opening up strategy.

NPT, CTBT, (SCO)
1992: Acceded to the Non-Proliferation Treaty(NPT)1993/1997: Signed and ratified the ChemicalWeapons Convention (CWC)
1996: Signed the Comprehensive Test BanTreaty (CTBT)
1997: The Zangger Committee
2001: The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation(SCO) was founded by the leaders of China,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan,and Uzbekistan. SCO is an intergovernmental
mutual-security organisation

The calculative strategy is designed toallow China to increase its power in avariety of issue areas in as
nonprovocative a fashion as possible.
1. policies

toward the United Statesand other powers
2. policies toward militarymodernization
3. policies toward territorial claims
4. policies toward international
regimes

The Chinese often suspect that U.S. andJapan are the originators of a variety of"China threat" arguments.
United States
The reason for American concern mainly
arises from its hegemonic status in theworld politics and the ideologicalincompatibility of China with the Westernvalue system.
1. Ideological and cultural factors make
China a threat.
2. Geopolitical and geoeconomic factors
3. The collapse of China

Japan1. China’s nuclear threat - China's
modernization of its nuclear arsenal
2. China’s increased defence expenditure overthe years
3. China’s rapid economic expansion
4. Lack of transparency concerning China’s
military modernization programe
5. China’s 1992 Territorial Waters Law by which
China claimed sovereignty over theSenkaku/Diaoyu Islands
6. The Chinese navy’s increased maritime
operations in the South China Sea
7. China’s testing of nuclear weapons
8. The Chinese military large scale war games
and launch of missiles near Taiwan
9. Strong anti-Japanese sentiment in China

1. UScontainment of China
2. The nuclear development on theKorean peninsula
3. Taiwan’s rise (independence)
4. Japan’s constitutional amendment(revision of the pacifistconstitution)
China Arms Race – China
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ldGlhfWf_Hs&NR=1&feature=fvwp

China’s key strategic concept is‚Peaceful Rise.‛ This is important tomaximize China’s development
opportunities by countering theinternational perception of ‚China
threat.‛‚Peaceful Rise‛ = ‚Peaceful development‛(to remove the negative connotation ofthe words ‘rise’)
1. Multilateralism
2. Economic diplomacy
3. Good neighbourliness

The Chinese government has conductedactive diplomacy at four different
levels:
1. Creating strategic partnerships
with the second-tier powers.
2. Promoting "good neighbor policy" in
the Asian Pacific region.
3. Seeking cooperation and avoiding
confrontation with the U.S.
4. Neglecting Japan.

China is altering the balance ofpower in Asia by continuing todevelop ‚disruptive‛ militarycapabilities, including cyber andanti-satellite technologies
China and Japan are escalating
mutual threat perception as in a
mirror game leads to an upscale inregional tensions

Too early to say…