lSSN

Japanese

第15巻

Joumalof

TropicalandHygiene昭和62年12月15日

第4号
内

原

Medicine

O304−2146

容著

インドネシア国北スマトラ州の1村落における小児を対象とした
クロロキンとプリマキンによる熱帯熱マラリアのコントロールの試み（英文）・松岡 裕之，石井Gomori s methenaminesHver

明，W．Pa両aitan

257−268

nitrate染色体を行った塗抹標本におけるP舵襯o邸廊o副励嚢子のいわゆる括弧状構造物の光学顕微鏡的観察（英文）・塩田 恒造269−273
ガーナ人小児における蛋白質・エネルギー欠乏症からの回復時の各種栄養パラメーターの変化とそれらの相互関係（英文）・力丸L徹，Alex K．Nyako，M．Addy，E．Addo，Blakohiapa，A．A．Owusu，D．Amar，

岸

恭一，藤田

美明

275−285

北部タイ，チェンマイ市の1小学校の腸管寄生虫感染（英文）・粕谷 志郎，金井天野 功二，中村

要，大宮
良克，久野

直木，古賀

香理，

俊也，S．Suprasert287−290

タイ国の蚊相：チェックリスト（英文）

・塚本

増久，宮城

一郎，當間

孝子，S．Sucharit，

W．Tumrasvin，C．K㎞boonruang，W．Choochote，
β．Phanthumach血da，P．Pha皿面
会291−326

報
幹事選挙の経過と結果一

327−328

投稿規定

日熱医会誌
Japan．J．T．M．H．

日

本熱帯医学会Japan. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., Vol. 15, No. 4, 1987, pp. 257‑268

257

CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC CONTROL TRIAL OF PLASMO‑DIUM FALCIPAR UM WITH A COMBlNATION OF
CHLOROQUlNE AND PRIMAQUlNE ON SELEC‑TIVE AGE GROUP IN A COASTAL VILLAGE
OF NORTH SUMATRA, INDONESIAHIROYUKI MATSUOKAl, AKIRA ISHI11 AND WILLEM PANJAJTAN2
Received July 29 1987/Accepted October 1 1987

Abstract : Active case detection and treatment of malaria in a selective age group ofchldren up to the age of fifteen was carried out to control malaria in a coastal village in North

Sumatra, Indonesia irom September 1983 to July 1984. A combination of chloroquine for threedays with primaquine for three or five days was more effective than only chloroquine for threedays. The spleen rate, the parasite rate of P. falclparum, the parasite formula of P. falclparumand the parasite density index were reduced by this activity. The parasite rate and the parasite
formula of P. falclparum did not rise up in July 1984 (12.3% and 14.3%, respectively) without any

vector control activities, although the parasite rate used to rise up to 27‑61% and the parasite

formula of P. falclparum was 50‑86% in July to September every year (1980‑1983). Most of
the patients in July 1984 were considered to be recurrent or inadequately treated cases of P.

vivax. Furthermore the density of P. falclparum gametocyie in pre‑school children was higher

than that in school children. We should pay a special attention to pre‑school chldren tointerrupt malaria transmission airning at the gametocyie stage. Detection of glucose‑6‑
phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency was done at the same time and malaria patient with
G6PD deficiency was not given prirnaquine.

INTRODUCTION
Malaria control programme in these days is facing to some difflculties: drug resistantPlasmodium falclparum, insecticide resistant anopheline mosquitoes, behavioral change of thevectors, financial problem and so on. In North Sumatra, Indonesia, there is a report ofAnopheles sundaicus, which is a vector in a coastal village, Perupnk, having exophilic characterand few indoor resting behavior (Ikemoto, 1982). The residual house spraying with DDT could
not reduce the parasite rate in Perupuk village, which was explained by the exophilic characterand the lack of indoor resting behavior, although A. sundaicus in this village was still sensitive to

DDT (Karoji, 1982). As malaria control by residual house spraying for adult mosquito is not
1 Department of Parasitology, Okayama University Medical School, 2‑5‑1, Shikata‑cho, Okayama City,
700, Japan
2 North Surnatra Provincial Health Service, Medan, Indonesia

This work was supported by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) as the project for thepromotion of health in North Sumatra, which was an international cooperation project between the Republicof Indonesia and Japan.

258
expected in this village, the other method for larval control, using fishes and larvicides, is now

under investigation (Ikemoto et al. , 1986 ; Imai et al. , 1987). We plan to apply the method forthe field from 1987.
Prior to introduction of the new method for mosquito control, we carried out a trial of casedetection and treatment of parasite carrier with chloroquine and primaquine to cut down thetransmission of malaria at the gametocyie stage. Between two species of Plasmodium, P.
falclparum and P. vivax, we chose P. falciparum carrier as the main target, especially its
gametocyie carrier. Furthermore we concentrated our activity on the target group of children
up to the age of nfteen. For the prevalence and the density of P. falclparum gametocyie inyoung generation are reported to be higher than those in adult in a malaria endemic area
(Molineaux and Gramiccia, 1980). Primaquine is effective for clearing P. falciparum gameto‑
cyie, however, it has a harniful effect such as haemolytic crisis on glucose‑6‑phosphate
dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficient persons. A simple screening test for G6PD deficiency wasdeveloped (Fujil et al. , 1984) and 3.9% of male was detected as G6PD deficient in North Sumatra(Matsuoka et al. , 1986). We carried out malaria detection and G6PD test at the same time inthis chemotherapeutic trial.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Stndy area and epidemiologitcal consideration

The study site was Perupuk, a viuage of farmers ahd fishermen located at 3' 17' North and99'31' East on the northeast coast of Sumatra island. Indonesia. Population size was about
6, OOO, composing of 13 sub‑viuages (Lorongs). Two coastal sub‑villages (Lorong I and Lorong
ID with population size of I , 240 were chosen for this study because of their high parasite rates.

The parasite rate increased from June and reached a peak, which was 29. I % in August, andthereafter declined sharply to 6. 5% in January (Kanbara and Panjaitan, 1983). The parasite
formula of P. falciparum also increased in June to September and decreased after October(Matsuoka et al. , 1984a) (Table D.

Table I Changes of the parasite rate and the parasite formula of P. falciparum in Perupnk village,

Indonesia from 1980 to 1983

Low Endemic Season

High Endemic Season

Year
Parasite
No.MonthofParasiteblood
Parasite
Parasite
Month
blood
formulaofformula ofNo, ofexam. P. falciparum P, falclparum
exarn .

ND *

1 980

1981

Jan, t93

6. 5%

16. 7%

1 982

Feb. t57

10. 5%

33. 3%

1983

ND** Malariometric survey was not carried out.
t Data from Kanbara and Panjaitan, 1983.

t Data from Itokawa and Panjaitan, 1982.
S Data from Matsuoka et al. , 1984b.

Aug. t55

29. 1%

56. 3%

Sep. $

67

26. 9%

50. O%

Aug. *

lll

61.3%

79. 4%

Jul. S

137

40. 1%

85. 5%

259

From September 1983 to July 1984, house‑to‑house survey was carried out for six times
and spleen and blood examination was done for four times at an elementary school in Lorong II,
which was the sole elementary school in Lorong I and II. The list of fainilies in the two Lorongs

was previously prepared by the aid of the heads of each Lorong and the list of the pupils in theelementary school was obtained from the schoolmaster. Since larval control method using
fishes and larvicides was studied only in labolatory level during this period, any vector control

activiy was not carried out.
Chloroquine resistant strain of P. falciparum was not found in vivo in North Sumatra in 1973
(Dondero et al. , 1974), but in vitro, the resistant strain had been mentioned in North Sumatra in1983 (WHO, 1986). Residents can buy chloroquine in pharmacy or dispensary when they needfor malaria. Prirnaquine and the other anti‑malarials had, however, never been administered in
Perupuk village.

House‑to‑house visiting

House‑to‑house survey was carried out every six weeks. The main target was children,
especialiy those up to the age of seven. Its population was 310. They were examined theirspleen size on the standing position. History of fever was obtained irom their parents. We
only examined the blood of the child who had enlarged spleen and /or a history of fever within six

weeks. Drug was started to administer to parasite positive child from the next day.
Spleen and blood examination in the elementary school

Au pupils attending in the elementary school in Lorong II, which had six grades and about

300 pupils whose age were seven to fourteen, were examined of their spleen and blood every
three months. Spleen size was examined on the standing position and blood sample was taken
by finger pricks. Two drops of blood were taken ; one drop was on a slide glass to prepare athick filrn for the examination of malaria parasite and another drop was on cellulose paper for

G6PD test. The result was recorded individually together with their name, age, body weight,
history of fever, address and their father's name. A brief talk about malaria was given to pupils
and anti‑malarial drug was started to administer to the pupil of parasite positive within one week

aiter the examination.

Parasite counts

Thick film was stained with 4% Giemsa solution (pH 7.4) after being dned weu. Each slide
was examined more than 200 microscopic fields under oil immersion before being considered as

negative. The number of parasite per 2000 white blood cells was counted and total parasite
count was estimated based on an assumption that white blood cell count was 8000 cells per pl ofblood. The parasite density index was calculated by the method of Bruce‑Chwatt (1958).

G6PD test
When blood was taken for parasite examination, another drop of blood ( ? 20 pl) was
dripped onto pre‑treated cellurose paper (P81, Whatman, England), which had been saturated
with 100 mM Tris‑HCI buffer, pH 6. 5, containing 10 mM MgC12, and dried. The cellurose
paper with dried blood was punched out in the size of 6 mm in diameter and G6PD test was
carried out by the method as previously described (Fujil et al. , 1984 ; Matsuoka et al. , 1986).

260

Treatmen t
Medication to the parasite carrier was done by the recipe as followst on the Ist day 10 mg /kg of chloroquine and O. 25 mg/kg of primaquine, on the 2nd day the same amount as the Ist day,on the 3rd day 5 mg/kg of chloroquine and O. 25 mg/kg of pritnaquine. To the carfier of P.
vivax O. 25 mg/kg of prirnaquine was added for more two idays. We started to use prirnaquine
after March 1984 ; only chloroquine was used by the three‑day‑schedule before February 1984.
On the frst treatment day all parasite carrier were given medicine by our medical staffs. Afterthe second day the parasite carrier of under‑7‑year juvenile was given medicine by their parents,

and pupil in the school was given medicine by the school teachers. Primaquine was not used forG6PD deficient individual, bacause there was a possibility of haemolytic crisis to G6PD deficient

subjects. Only chloroquine was administered to them.

RESULTS
Pre‑school children

The spleen rate of 0‑7 years old was the highest at the frst house‑to‑house visiting anddecreased after the second visiting (Table 2). It kept at low level until the sixth visiting. The

slide positivity rate ranged from 56 to 73% and did not show remarkable change throughout
these activities. However, the parasite formula of P. faiclparum decreased. Because P.
falctpartim and P. vivex ratio changed. The number of P. falclparum carrier was hrger thanthat of P. vivax carrier in the frst visiting. In the second and third visiting the number was

same, then in the forth to sixth visiting the number of P. vivax carrier became higher. The
species' parasite density index of P. vivex decreased. The density of P. falclparum gametocyie

and the numher of its carrier also decreased (Figure D.
School children

The same tendency was observed in pupils of the elementary school (Table 3). The spleen
rate decreased. The parasite rate of P. falclparum also decreased. The parasite formula of P.

Table 2 Spleen and parasite exarnination of 0‑7 years children obtained by house‑to‑house visifing

in Lorong I and II, Perupuk village from September 1983 to May 1984

No, of exam.
Parasite
Species Parasite
Total P, fal.
P. viv, mix
blood
FormulaofMonth (%)
exam.
P.
fal.
(%) (%) P. fal. P, viv.
22
30
Spleenenlarged

Sep. ‑Oct.

No. ofPlasmodium Positive

Index of15 (50.0)

14 (63.6)

ll

3

O

78. 6

5. 91

8. OO

Nov.

101

14 (13.9)

23

16 (69. 6)

8

8

O

50. O

4. 88

5. 78

Dec. ‑Jan.

1 28

15 (11. 7)

19

13 (68.4)

6

6

1

53. 8

4. 14

5. 43

Jan. ‑Feb.

124

10 (8.1)

22

16 (72. 7)

1

15

O

6. 3

9. OO

1 . 96

Mar. ‑Apr.

141

12 (8.5)

17

12 (70.6)

4

7

41. 7

5. 40

3. OO

Apr. ‑May

1 49

6 (4.0)18

10 (55.6)

3

7

30. O

3. OO

1 . OO

Total

O

673 72 (10 7) 121 81 (66.9) 33 46 2

43. 2 5. 09 3. 51

261

6400‑

E
E
a'a

3200‑

:h

1 600‑

o

800‑

1:'

S pleen

200‑

a5

I
D

a)

E

1 oo‑

S pleennot palpable and fever negative

l

25‑

D

eo

Ol
O
O

50‑
.
CL

not palpable and fever positive

ll

400‑

8
o
E

o
o

enlarged and fever ne9ative

S pleen

l

a'

:h

o

D

enlarged and fever positive

S pleen

l

D

D

l

OOIO

IO

De

Dl

eo
D

e

0‑7 8‑ 0‑7 8‑ 0‑78‑ C 7 8‑ 0‑78‑ 0‑7 e years

SeprOct. Nov Dec:‑JarL Jdn:F b. Mar‑ApC Apr.‑MCV
Figure 11983 1 98 4

Density of P. faiclparum gametocyie in the case found by house‑to‑house visiting in Lorong I and

II, Perupnk viuage. Fever positive (1, e) means having a history of fever within six weeks ;fever negative ([]. O) means no history of fever within six weeks.

Table 3

Spleen and parasite examination of pupils in the elementary school of Lorong II, Perupnk

viuage from Oct. 1983 to Jul. 1984

No. oftotal

examination(%)
Oct. l 983

Jan. 1984
Apr. 1984
Jul.

1 984

Total

292
280
266
228
1, 066

Piasmodium Positive

S pleenenlarged

Parasite
Forrnula ofSpecies Parasite

DensityTotal

P. fal. P. viv. mix

P. fal.

Index of(%)(%) (%) (%)(%)

P. fal. P. viv.

82. 9

3. 11

1 . 63

51.4

1.72

1. 89

38. 3

1. 89

1 . 43

14. 3

2. oO

1 . 04

49. o

2.43

1. 44

43

41

33

7

(14. 3)(14. O)(11.3)(2. 4)(O. 3)

22

35

16

17

2

(7.9)

(12. 5)(5. 7)(6. 1)(O. 7)

1

47

17

29

(O. 4)(17.7)(6. 4)(10. 9)

(0.4)

2

28

3

(O. 9)(12.3)

(1.3)

68

151

77
69
5
(6. 5) (7. 2) (o. 5)(6.4) (14.2), 24(10. 6)(O. 4)

falciparum remarkably decreased because the number of P. falclparum carrier decreased while

the number of P. vivax carrier did not decrease. The parasite density index decreased. The
density of P. falclparum gametocyie and the nurnber of its carrier also decreased (Figure 2).
The P. falclparum gametocyie carrier with high density had a tendency to have enlarged spleen

262

I Spleen enlarged and fever positive

E
E

400‑
>1

:t:

Spleen enlarged and fever negativeCI

O Spleen not palpable and fever positive
O Spleen not palpable and fever negative

2 o o‑

a'

15
'l)

>t

1 oo‑

D

oo

D

,D

E
's

50 ‑

o

a'

E

25‑

o

o
e

el

5

15

eo
o
eo
7‑ Io 11‑14

ODIOo

eol I DQio

7‑1011‑14Jan .

7‑ Io 1 1‑14

Oct.

JUl.

A p r.

1984

1 983
Figure 2D
7‑ IC 11‑ Ik yeclrs

Density of P. falciparum gametocyte in the pupil found by blood examirration in the elementary

school of Lorong II, Perupnk village. Fever positive (1, e) means having a history of fever
within six weeks ; fever negative ([], O) means no history of fever within six weeks.

E
E
Q'a

l : obtained by house‑to‑house visiting

6400
3200
1600

A : obtained by blcod examinationlin the school of Lorong ll
I

80 o
J
>b

8
Q)

Ec

o)

15
q‑

20 o

100
50
25

Figure 3

I

I

l

L

ll
l
l

o

A

A

A
JL
A

JL

A

l
I

L

A

I I

A

L

JL l

JL

1 2.5

'l

a

l

400

A ALJL A A JLl AAIllII lLA

A Ll A

L

A L

JLJL

l

II

O I O A 1O E 5( YEARS25) 35 45
5Distnbution of P. falclparum gametocyie density by age in all cases obtained through the activities

from September 1983 to July 1984.

263
and/or history of fever.

The younger the age, the higher was the gametocyle density of P. falclparum (Figure 3).

Over 7 years old there was no case having P. falclparum gametocyle beyond 200 Ipl.

Treatment
The effect of therapy to parasite carrier is showed in Table 4. The rate of the cases frompositive to positive in Term 111 (8. 8%) was statistically lower than the average conversion rate of

the cases from positive to positive in Term I and Term 11 (29.0%) (x2=4. 13; p<0.05). On theother hand, the rates of the cases from negative to positive in each Term were not different(9.3%, 14.4% and 13. 5%, respectively). The majority of the positive cases in each Term were
occured in the negative group at three months before.

Table 4 Tri‑monthly follow‑up of malaria positive and negative case in school children
Result of re‑examination of blood

Initial after three months 'PeriodTreatment

examl‑

Blood Examination positive (%) P. fal. P. viv. mix Negative (( o) ned
Term I
Negative case 251

Oct. 1983 Positive case 41

Chloroquine

20 (9.3)

12

8O

195 (90. 7)

36

7 (21.2)

4

2

1

26 (78.8)

8to

P. falciparum 33

6 (21.4)

Jan. 1984

P. vivax 7

1 (20.0)

Term IImix 1

ONegative case 245

Jan. 1984 Positive case 35

Chloroquine

Jul. 1984

P. falciparum 17
P. vivax
29

43

6

5

O

18 (62. 1)

6

mix

l

3 2
3 1
O 2

2 (lOO)

andPrimaquine1

11 (37.9)

P. vivax 17

toO
173 (85. 6)

4 (26. 7)

Chloroquineo1

P. falciparum 16

Apr. 1984 Positive case 47

2

19

Apr. 1984

Negative case 219

5

4 (80. O)

95 (41. 7)

mix 2

22 (78.4)o29 (14.4)

toTerm 111

3 2
1 O
O O

o

7 (58.3)

4O

1 1 (73.3)

2

O

O

o

18 (13.5)

2

16

O

115 (86. 5)

86

3 (8.8)111

31 (91.2)13

2 (18.2)O

1 (4.5)

o

O

O

1 O
O O

9 (81.8)

6

21 (95.5)7

l (100)o

P. falclparum gametocyie carriers in the school were followed up of the blood after being

given chloroquine and primaquine by the regimen and schedule as described above. No
gametocyie was found in the blood on the day 7, 28 and 90 after the treatment (Table 5).

G6PD test
The result of G6PD test was showed in Table 6. Twelve cases were detected to be ,G6PD
deficient in 286 males (4. O%). There was no G6PD deficient in female. One of the twelve
cases was P. vivax positive. He was treated with only chloroquine for 3 days.

264
Table 5 Follow‑up of P. falclparum gametocyie carriers treated with chloroquine andprirnaquine* in the school of Lorong II, Perupuk village from April to July 1984

Number of P. falclparum gametocyie per pl of blood

Age

Sex

7

8

Day O

Day 7

Day 28

Day 90

F

8

ND**

O

ND * *

M

4

O

O

O

O

O

10

F

4

10

M

80
8
8

O

O

O

O

O

ND**

4

O

O

10

F

14

M
M

14

ND**
ND**

* All patients were G6PD normal and started to take chloroquine and prirnaquine irom Day 1
by the principle described in Materials and Methods.

** Blood examination was not done.

Table 6 Prevalence of G6PD deficiency in Perupnk viuage, North Sumatra
Blood Obtained atMale No. (%) Female No.

G6PD deficient G6PD norrnal G6PD deficient G6PD normal
1 (2.0)48 (98. o)o36

Blood exam. in the schoolof Lorong II, Apr. 1984

6 (4. 2)137 (95.8)

o

l 23

Blood exam. in the school

5 (4. 7)101 (95.3)o121

12 (4. O)

286 (96, o)o280House‑to‑house visitsFeb. ‑May 1984of Lorong II, Jul. 1984

Total

DrscussloN
Several kinds of approach such as vector control, vaccination, case control and others are
considered to control malaria by cutting off the life cycle of the parasite. In case control there isa posibility to administer gametocyticidal drug to gametocyie carrier in order to intercept malariatransmission to mosquito. First of all we found that the carrier of P. falclparum gametocyie
with high density had a tendency to have enlarged spleen and / or a history of fever prior toseveral weeks (Figures l, 2). The density of P. faloiparum gametocyie in pre‑school children
was higher than that in elementary school children in this village (Figure 3). Rieckmam et al.
(1968, 1969) observed sporozoite in salivary gland of A. stephensi using human volunteer with P.

falclparum gametocyie to study the effect of primaquine. After biting blood with P. falctparum

gametocyie at the density of roughly over 100 per pl of blood, sporozoites were appeared insalivary gland of the mosquitoes. However, under 100 per pl of blood, no sporozote wasobserved. According to their records, it is important for cutting the life cycle of P. falciparumat the gametocyie stage to give medicine to the carriers having gametocyie over 100 per pl in
the blood. Thus a special attension should be paid to pre‑school children who have a tendencyof high gametocyie density to interrupt malaria transmission aiming at the gametocyie stage.

265

We used prinraquine to the carrier of P. falclparum gametocyie for three days, and demons‑trated the effectivness of primaquine to clear gametocyle in the blood (Table 5). Since we had
few cases with the gametocyie density over 100 per pl after we started administering prima‑quine, we did not follow up those cases. Further study is needed.

We compared the effect of treatment with chloroquine only and with chloroquine andprimaquine (Table 4). The rates of the cases from negative to positive were not different ineach Term but the rate of the cases from positive to positive in Term 111 was lower than that inTerm I and II. This fact indicates that the condition of new iufection and relapse was same ineach Term and the effect of the treatrnent in Term 111 was better than that in Term I and II.
We consider two reasons for this. The frst is the effect of prirnaquine to exoerythrocytic formof P, vivax. The administration of prirnaquine for five days protected relapse of P. vivax insome degree. The second reason is the effect of drug combination with chloroquine andprirnaquine to asexual form of P, falclparum. In Perupuk village, chloroquine resistant strain ofP. falciparum was found in vitro in 1983 (WHO, 1986). Drug combination was reconunended intreatment of P. falclparum cases in the area where chloroquine resistant strain in vitro wasreported (Onori et al. , 1985). Since the resistance to chloroquine in vivo was not so severe
according to the result in Term I and II, the medication of the combination with chloropuine andprimaquine was carried out.
After the case detection and treatment from October 1983 to July 1984 in Perupuk village,
the spleen rate, the parasite rate of P. falciparum, the parasite formula of P. falclparum and theparasite density index were decreased (Tables 2, 3). In July 1984 the parasite rate did not riseup and remained 12.3% with the parasite formula of P. falclparum 14.3%. These rates in thisseason were statistically lower than those of former years (p<0.005; p<0.025). The majorityof the positive cases of P. vivax in January, Apnl and July 1984 were occured in the negative

group at three months before (Table 4). During three months, reccurence and new infection
occured in the negative group. Since the parasite density index of P. vivax was low (Table 2,3), new infection cases might be few, based on the idea that new infection generally showed

higher parasitemia than old one (Kanbara and Panjaitan, 1983). Primaquine or the othermedicines for exoerythrocyiic form of P. vivax had not been administered in Perupnk village,
most of children had a posibihty of reccurence of P. vivax. Therefore the parasite rate of P.
vivax did not decrease within one year. If primaquine is applied routinely, the parasite rate of
P. vivax will also decrease.
In administering primaquine, we should be careful of haemolysis in G6PD deficient persons.
Prirnaquine is known of this problem, therefore, it is difficult to use primaquine in the field wheremalaria is endemic with a possibihty of high occurance of G6PD deficiency. According to Clyde(1981), in the treaiment of malaria of G6PD deficient individuals, prirnaqine should not be given
or it should be adrninistered under supervision with close attention to the dosage and duration oftreatrtlent. In the present trial, we established a system of detecting both G6PD deficiency andmalaria at the same time in order not to use primaquine for the malaria patients with G6PD

deficiency. The G6PD screening method we employed this time needs no special equipment.
The procedure is so simple and reading is so easy that hundreds of sample can be tested in one

day. If the budget allows, malaria patient had better be examined for G6PD test before taking
primaquine. It costs $ O. 04 for test of one sample.
Case detection and treatment is one of the malaria control method in the area where malaria

endemisity is well confined. Perupuk village was composed of 13 sub‑villages but the high266

parasite rate was lixnited to two or three sub‑villages near coast. The vector of Anapheles
sundaicus was restricted to coastal area and showed patchy distribution along the coastal zone
(Kanbara and Panjaitan, 1983). Therefore there is a possibility to control malaria by the casedetection and treatment in this village. However these activities must be done periodicallybecause the vector mosquitoes still remained. In Nicaragua, mass drug admirlistration of bothchloroquine and primaquine was carried out in the whole country. The incidence rates of P.
vivax and P. falciparum infection were both reduced but the effects were lintited. That is, theimpact of the treatment on P. vivax cases lasted for four months and on P. falclparum for sevenmonths (Garfield and Vermund, 1983). To keep the parasite rate at a low level, the activity of
the case detection and treatment might be carried out at least two or three times in one year.
In tus trial, selective age group treaiment resulted in a reduction of malaria indices without any
vector control activities. Since larval control method using fishes and larvicides is investigatedin Perupuk village, the new vector control method and the case detection and treaiment will be
combined in near future. It will be more effective for control malaria in this village.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authers are grateful to Dr. Heltni Djafar, who was Project Manager and Director ofNorth Sumatra Provincial Health Service ; to Dr. R. Takai, Leader of JICA experts team ; and to
Dr. R. Tampubolon, Deputy Manager of this health project.

REFERENCESl) Bruce‑Chwatt, L. J. (1958) : Parasite density index in malaria, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. , 52(4), 389

2) Clyde, D. F. (1981) : Clirrical problems associated with the use of primaquine as a tissue schizontocidal

and gametocyiocidal drug, Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org. , 59 (3), 391‑395

3) Dondero, Jr. T. J., Kosin, E., Parsons, R. E., Tann, G. and Hendra Lumanuaw, F. (1974) : PreUmin‑ary survey for chloroquine resistant malaria in parts of North Sumatra, Indonesia, Southeast Asian J.

Trop. Med. Pub. Hlth. , 5 (4), 574‑578

4) Fujli, H., Takahashi, K. and Miwa, S. (1984)': A new simple screening method for glucose 6‑
phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, Acta Haematol. Jpn. , 47 (1), 185‑188
5) Garfeld, R. M. and Vermund, S. H. (1983) : Changes in malaria incidence after mass drug administra‑tion in Nicaragua, Lancet, 2 (Aug. 27), 500‑503

6) Ikemoto, T. (1982) : Studies on the bionomics of Anopheles sundaicus (Rodenwaldt, 1925), theprincipal malaria vector in a coastal area of North Sumatra, Indonesia, Med. J. Teikyo Univ. , 5 (1), 1‑

15 (in Japanese with English Summary)7) lkemoto, T. , Sumitro, Panjaitan, W. and Shibuya, T. (1986) : Laboratory and smau‑scale field tests oflarvicides and larvivorous fishes against Anapheles sundaicus larvae at Perupnk Village, North Sumatra,Indonesia, Jpn. J. Sanit. Zool., 37 (2), 105‑112

8) Itokawa, H. and Panjaitan, W. (1982) : The malariometnc examination, including mass protection,
active case detection and passive case detection in Perupnk village, Assignment report of the Asahan

health improvement project (AHP‑82‑9), Japan Intemational Cooperation Agency, Tokyo
9) Imai, C., Yamugi, H. and Panjaitan, W. (1987) : Efficacy of several lalvicides in laboratory and fieldtests against Anopheles sundaicus in a viuage, North Sumatra, Indonesia, Jpn. J. Sanit. Zool. , 38 (2),93‑10210) Kanbara, H. and Panjaitan, W. (1983) : The epidemiological survey of malaria in Asahan district, North

267
Sumatra, Indonesia, Japan. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 11 (1), 17‑24
11) Karoji, K. (1982) : The Project for the Promotion of Health in North Sumatra with Special Attention to

the Asahan area, 45‑53, Japan Intemational Cooperation Agency, Tokyo
12) Matsuoka, H. , Simanjuntak, J. and Panjaitan, W. (1984a) : Some aspects on the inhabitants' health at

the malaria endemic spot in Perupuk viuage, Assignment report of the Asahan health improvement
project (AHP‑84‑4), Japan International Cooporation Agency, Tokyo
13) Matsuoka, H., Simanjuntak, J. and Panjaitan, W. (1984b) : Parasitological aspects of the costal malaria

in the Asahan health project area, North Sumatra, Assignment report of the Asahan health improve‑

ment project (AHP‑84‑6), Japan International Cooporation Agency, Tokyo
14) Matsuoka, H., Ishii, A. , Panjaitan, W. and Sudranto, R. (1986) : Malaria and glucose‑6‑phosphate
dehydrogenase deficiency in North Sumatra, Indonesia, Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Pub. Hlth. , 17(4), 530‑536
15) Molineaux, L. and Gramiccia, G. (1980) : The Garki Project, 109‑172, World Health Organization,

Geneva16) Onori, E., Wemsdorfer, W. H. and Trigg, P. I. (1985) : Chloroquine dosage for prevention of malaria
mortality and the use of prirnaquine to slow down the spread of resistance, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med.

Hyg., 79 (5), 741‑742
17) Rieckrnam, K. H. , McNamara, J. V., Frischer, H., Strockert, T. A., Carson, P. E. and Powell, R. D.
(1968) : Gametocytocidal and sporontocidal effects of prinlaquine and of sulfadiazine with pyrirnetha‑

mine in a chloroquine‑resistant strain of Plasmodium falctparum. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org. , 38, 625‑632

18) Rieckmann, K. H., McNamara, J. V., Kass, L. and Powell, R. D. (1969): Gametocyiocidal and spor‑
ontocidal effects of prirnaquine upon two strains of Plasmodium falciparum, Milit. Med. , special issue(Sep.), 802‑819
19) World Health Organization (1986) : The clinical management of acute malaria, 2nd ed. , 65‑87, World
Health Organization Regional Office for South‑East Asia, New Delhi

268

インドネシア国北スマトラ州の1村落における小児を対象としたクロロキンとプリマキンによる熱帯熱マラリアのコントロールの試み
松岡

裕之1・石井

明1・WILLEM

P鯛虹TAN2

インドネシア国北スマトラ州の海岸に面した1村落で，15歳以下のマラリア患者を集中的に診断・治療することでマラリアのコントロールを試みた。この村には熱帯熱と三日熱マラリアが流行しており，例年7−9月には原虫陽性率は27〜61％に上昇し，うち熱帯熱マラリア原虫が50〜86％を占める（1980−83）。1983年9月から1984年7月まで，acdve

case

detecdonを6回，学童の集団採血を4回行い，原虫陽性者にクロロキン3日問，プリマキン3日問（熱帯熱）または5日間（三日熱）を投与した。プリマキンの使用にあたってはG6PDのスクリーニングを同時に行い，欠損者には投与しなかった。

11カ月にわたる活動の間に，学童における脾腫率は14．3％から0．9％に，熱帯熱マラリア原虫陽性率
は11，6％からL7％に低下した（p〈0、001）。最終的に1984年7月の原虫陽性率は12．3％にとどまり，

熱帯熱マラリア原虫はそのうち14。3％であった。この時の原虫陽性者の多くは低い原虫濃度の三日熱

マラリアで，再発例または治療不十分例と考えられた。この村では熱帯熱マラリアの生殖母体保有者
は低年齢層に多く，その血中濃度も高い傾向であった。小児を対象とした診断・治療活動により生殖母体保有者が効率よく治療され，蚊による伝播も低下したものと考察した。

1岡山大学医学部寄生虫学教室
2North Sumatra

Provincial HealthService，Medan，Indonesia

Japan. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , Vol. 15, No. 4, 1987, pp. 269‑273

269

LIGHT MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATION OF THE
SOCALLED PARENTHESIS‑LIKE STRUCTURE
OF PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII CYSTSIN SMEARS STAlNED BY GOMORI'S･METHENAMINE SILVER NITRATETSUNEZO SHIOTA
Received September 24 1987 /Accepted October 24 1987

Abstract : In order to elucidate the morphology of the so‑called parenthesis‑like structureof Pneumo(ystis carinii cysts, human lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens have beenstudied light microscopically using Gomori's methenamine silver nitrate stain. The parenthesis‑

like structures could be seen much more clearly than the cyst walls in the moderately stainedorganisms. Usually the inside of the structures was weakly stained. Measurements of thecysts were within the range of 4.0‑6.8X3.0‑5.2pm, and those of parenthesis‑like structures

were 1.6‑2.2X0.8‑1.8pm when 100 cysts with such structures were counted. The sideviews of the parenthesis‑like structures were recognized as the thickened internal parts of thecyst waus. No cysts which had two or more parenthesis‑like structures were found. The
cysts without parenthesis‑like structures were observed in 37.3% of 660 moderately stained
cysts. Some parenthesis‑like structures were found without distinct cyst walls.

INTRODUCTION
Pneumorystis carinii (Pc) is a causative organism of fatal pneumonia encountered in thepatients with congenital immune dysfunction or the recipients of immunosuppressive therapy formalignant neoplasm, organ transplantation or other similar conditions. It also occurs in prema‑ture or malnourished infants. Recently, this pneumonia has been recognized to be the mostcritical complication of acquired inununodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Laboratory diagnosis of Pc pneumonia is based on the identification of the causative
organism in materials from the patients, usually by demonstrating the existence of the cysts. It

is commonly known that Gomori's methenamine silver nitrate (GMS) and toluidine blue‑O arereliable for staining the cyst wall (Grocott, 1955; Cbalvardjian and Grawe, 1963). GMS inparticular, selectively stains the cyst wau and the so‑called parenthesis‑like structure in darkbrown color in strong contrast with the background. The parenthesis‑like structure is acharacteristic of Pc, hence the presence of this structure strongly suggests that the cyst is Pc.
Some investigators suggest that the structure may consist of thickened portions of the cyst wall,

but the exact mode of formation and development of the structure still remain unknown (McNeal

and Yaeger, 1960 ; Vavra and Ku era, 1970 ; Takeuchi, 1980).
The present paper describes the morphology of the Pc cyst, especiauy the parenthesis‑hke
Departrnent of Medical Zoology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
Contribution No. 587 from the Department of Medical Zoology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine.

270
structure, in smears using GMS stain.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
GMS‑stained smears containing Pc were prepared from the following sources. 1. Human
bronchoalveohr lavage specimens taken from patients who had had renal transplantation. 2.

Human lungs taken from a 23‑year‑old man who had had myelogenous leukemia. 3. Humanlungs taken from patients who had undergone renal transplantation. The air‑dried smears wereplaced in absolute methyl alcohol for 10 minutes and were then stained by the GMS method.
The organisms were observed under oil irnmersion and by enlarged photographs at a magniflca‑tion of 5, OOO tirnes.

RESULTS
From the thousands of specimens observed, some cysts with parenthesis‑like structures arepresented in Figures I to 4. Usually, the staining property of the parenthesis‑lil(e structure
increases proportionally to that of the cyst wau.

Figure I shows the moderately stained organisms in the smears of the lung. The
parenthesis‑like structures could be seen much more clearly than the cyst walls. In some cysts,

however, the parenthesis‑like structures were difficult to detect in the organisms because thecyst wall was too strongly stained (arrowheads). Usually the inside of the structures is weakly

stained (arrows for some). Measurements of the cysts were withtn the range of 4.0‑6.8x3.0‑
5.2 pm, and those of the parenthesis‑like structures were 1.6‑2.2 x 0.8‑1.8 pm when 100 cystswith such structures were counted.
Figure 2 shows side views of the parenthesis‑like structures in the smears of the lung.

Usually, the side views of the parenthesis‑like structures are recognized as the thickened
internal parts of the cyst walls (2a, 2b). The parenthesis‑like structure can occasionally be seen
in a side view of the wrinkled cyst wall but it can never be seen floating freely by itself in the cyst
(2c).

Figure 3 shows the spindle‑shaped collapsed cysts with the parenthesis‑like structures (3aleft and 3b) and without the structures (3a right) in the smears of the lung. Usually, thespindle‑shaped cysts have one or two longitudinal folded cyst walls from the poles (arrows for
Figure I Moderately stained cysts in a lung smear. The parenthesls like structures could be seen much
more clearly than the cyst walls. In some cyists, the structures were difficult to detect in thestrongly stained cysts (arrowheads). Usually, the inside of the structures are weakly stained(arrows for some). The double arrow shows a cyst without parenthesis‑like structures.
(Gomori's methenamine silver nitrate, x 5, OOO)

Figure 2a‑c The side view of the parenthesis‑ike structures in a lung smear. They are seen as mternal
thickened parts of the cyst walls (2a, 2b), and occasionally seen in a side view of the' wrinkled cyst

wall (2c). (Gomori's methenamine silver nitrate, x 5, OOO)
Figure 3a, b Spindle‑shaped collapsed cysts with parenthesis‑like structures (3a left, 3b), and without thestructures (3a right) in a lung smear. Usually, these cysts have one or two longitudinal folded

cyst walls from the poles (arrows for some). (Gomori's methenamine silver nitrate, x 5, OOO)
Figure 4 Parenthesis‑like structures without distinct cyst walls in a lung smear. (Gomori's methenamine
silver nitrate, x 5,000)

271;,.. ',=

;

: ;

!;･f

"

i

i

1

2b

a

272

some).
The cysts without parenthesis‑like structures (Fig. I double arrow, Fig. 3a right) wereobserved in 37.3% of 660 moderately stained cysts. Figure 4 shows the parenthesis‑likestructures without distinct cyst waus. Throughout this observation, we could not find any cyst

having two or more parenthesis‑like structures.

DrscussloN
Gomori's stain selectively stains the cyst wall and the so‑caued parenthesis‑like structures inbrownish black colour with strong contrast to the background (Ruskin, 1982 ; Sun, 1982). The
variety of the staining property (Fig. 1) seemed to depend chiefly on the development of Pc as

observed by phase‑contrast microscope and Giemsa staining (Shiota, 1984).
Concerning the origin of parenthesis‑like structures, IGin et al. (1972) double‑stained Pc on

impression smears of rat lung with methenamine silver and polychrome methylene blue andstated that these parenthesis‑like structures seemed to be part of the cyst wall or at least closely

related to the cyst wall. The present author (Shiota, 1986) reported in a prelirninary study ofthe double staining of Pc with GMS and Giemsa in paraffin embedded lung sections that theparenthesis‑like structures can be mainly seen in empty cysts, but sometimes can be seen inmature cysts that contain intracystic bodies. According to the present studies, parenthesis‑likestructures obviously correspond to intemauy thickened parts of the cyst walls. These findings,
therefore, suggest that the parenthesis‑like structure may develop in the internal parts of cyst

walls of immature cysts.
The parenthesis‑like structure is a characteristic of Pc, hence the presence of this struturein patient's materials makes it easy to distinguish Pc from the ascospore of fungi that have sirnilar

staining property for GMS stain.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I sincerely thank Professor Yukio Yoshida, the drector of the Department of Medical
Zoology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan, for his interest, guidance, andencouragement throughout this study and his critical reading of this manuscript.

REFERENCESl) Chalvardjian, A. M. and Grawe, L. A. (1963) : A new procedure for the identification of Pneumosystis
carinii cysts in tissue sections and smears, J. Clin. Pathol. , 16, 383‑384

2) Grocott, R. G. (1955) : A stain for fungi in tissue sections and smears : using Gomori's methenamine‑silver nitrate techltic, Arn. J. Clin. Pathol. , 25, 975‑979

3) Kirn, H. K. , Hughes, W. T. and Feldman, S. (1972) : Studles of morphology and irnmunofluorescenceof Pneumo(ystis carinii. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med., 141, 304‑309

4) McNeal, J. E. and Yaeger, R. G. (1960) : Observations on a case of Pneumocystis pneumonia, Arch.
Pathol. , 70, 397‑406

5) Ruskin, J. (1982) : Clinical approach to infection in the compromised host, 269‑301, Plenum Pub‑lishing Corporation, New York6) Shiota, T. (1984) : Morphology and development of Pneumo(ystis carinii observed by phase‑contrast
microscopy and semiultrathin section lightmicroscopy, Jpn. J. Parasitol, 33, 443‑455

273
7）

Shiota，T．（1986）：

oσ吻繭n

S㎞ultaneousparaf丘n embedded

hmg

demonstration

sections using

of

cyst

Gomori s

wans

and

intracystis bodies of Pη8π㎜佛廊

methenamine

s皿vemitrate andGiemsa stain，

J．Chn．Pathol．，39，1269−12718）Sun，T（1982）：Pathology

andc㎞ical features of parasitic diseases，57−64，Masson PubHshing

USA，Inc．，New York
9）

Takeuchi，S．（1980）： Electron㎡croscopic

observation

ofP

6％ 伽o砂s飯soσ万 彪Jp几J、ParasitoL，29，

427−453
10）

Vavra，J．and

Ku6era，K．（1970）：

Pπ8％甥oの〜s渉is

oσγ初∫歪De㎞06，its

ultrastructure

andultrastructural

a伽des， 」．Protozool．，17，463−483

Gomoris

methenamines逓vernitrate染色を行った塗抹標本における

P彫％吻o邸爵o碗痂嚢子のいわゆる括弧状構造物の光学顕微鏡的観察
塩

Gomori s田methenan血e s皿ver nitrate染色でP恒

三επ甥鰐s爵o伽擁の嚢子に特異的に認められる，いわゆる括弧状構造物の形態をより明らかにするために，ヒトの気管支肺胞洗浄液と剖検肺の塗抹標本を光顕的に調べた。適度に染めた個体では括弧状構造物は嚢子壁よりも明瞭に染まり，嚢子100個を調べて嚢子の大きさは4．0〜6．8×3，0〜5．2μmで本構造物の大きさは1．6〜2．2×0．8〜1．8μmの範囲であった。一般に本構造物の内部は外部よりも淡く染まった。本構造物の側面像は嚢子壁の内部への肥厚部として観察された。2つ以上の本構造物を有する個体は認めなかった。一方，本構造物を有さない嚢子は660個中37．3％に認め，嚢子壁が染め出されずに本構造物のみが染まった個体も少数認められた。患者の喀疾などを用い診断する場合，真菌との鑑別が重要となるが，この括弧状構造物を見出せ

ば自信をもって丑o伽擁と言うことができる。

京都府立医科大学医動物学教室

Japan. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., Vol. 15, No. 4, 1987, pp. 275‑285

275

CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL PARAM:ETERS AND THEIR
INTER‑RELATIONSHIPS DURlNG RECOVERYFROM PROTElN‑ENERGY MALNUTRITION
IN GHANAIAN CHILDRENTORU RIKIMARul 2 ALEX K NYARK02, MARlADDY2, EDWARD ADD02
LUCY BRAKOHIAPA2, A. A. OWUSU3, DORlS AMAR3
KYOICHI KISH14 AND YoSHIAKI FUJITA1
Received October 1 1 19871Accepted November 24 1987

Abstract : Studies were conducted to examine changes in anthropometric parameters andtheir relationships with energy and nitrogen intakes and nitrogen balance durirrg recovery fromprotein‑energy malnutrition. Eight male Ghanaian children with protein‑energy malnutrition,
who were on adnaission in a hospital, formed the subjects. Ages of subjects ranged irom 18 to

42 months old. Their mean body weights and heights were 8.5 1.4kg and 78.4 6.5cm
respectively. These corresponded to 61.9 5. 8% of reference body weight for age (RBWIA),
80.0 +̲ 5.8( o of reference body weight for height (RBW/Ht) and 85. 6

5. 7,% of reference height

for age (RHt /A). The subjects received dietary treatrnent in the hospital and showed rapid

recovery. They were observed for a period of 4 weeks. Their body weight gain averaged
1.6 0. 5 kg. All the anthropometric parameters, with the exception for the abdominal cir‑
cumference, increased with recovery. Changes in chest, mid‑upper arm, thigh, and mid‑calf
circumferences correlated negatively with the % RBW /A but positively with the energy andnitrogen intakes as well as nitrogen balance. There were a very sigajficant correlation between
the nitrogen balance and the change of mid‑calf circuniference in particular (r=0. 89, p<0. O1).

This study has showed that infants with low % RBW/A, but not with low % RBW/Ht, have highenergy intake and positive nitrogen balance and consequently have a high recovery rate as
indicated by the changes in their anthropometric measurements.

INTRODUCTION
Malnutrition and its associated diseases rank high among the major causes of infant mortality

in the developing countries. The World Health Organization has estimated that in the develop‑

ing countries, around 2% of young children show severe protein‑energy malnutrition (PEM)
while about 20% show mild to moderate forms (Truswell, 1985). Even if malnutrition is not thedrect cause of death of iniants in these countries, it clearly contribute to the prevalence and1 Nutrition Research Laboratory, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35‑2 Sakae‑cho, Itabashi‑ku, Tokyo 173, Japan.
2 Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medlcal Research, University of Ghana.
3 Princess Marie Louis Hospital.
4 Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Tokushirna.

This study was supported by the Japanese International Cooperation Agency and the Government of
Ghana.

276

severity of some communicable diseases (Chandra, 1980). In addition, malnutrition has beenreported to be the cause of delay of both physical and brain development in certain instances(Winick and Rosso, 1969 ; Chase and Martin, 1970). Malnutrition and disease associated withit, therefore, constitute a major problem to children in developing world.

In the developing countries, children with nutritional disease such as protein‑energy
malnutrition are admitted into hospital, where they are usually given diet therapy. In order toassess the progress and the effectiveness of treatment it is important to determine thenutritional status of such patients before, during and after the prescribed treaiment. Various

parameters such as nutrient intakes, nitrogen balance, blood biochemistry and anthropometricmeasurements are used in the assessment of nutritional status. However, in the developing
countries biochemical tests and nitrogen balance studies are not commonly used in hospital,
particularly in remote areas. On the other hand, the anthropometric measurements, which can
he carried out easny without any special skius and equipment are available for use in most ofthese countries. Therefore, it is necessary in advancing the usefulness of the anthropometricparameters to clarify any relationships that exit between the parameter and other relevant

variables. Many studies have been cartied out on blood assays and on anthropometricmeasurements in PEM patients (Young et al. , 1978 ; Forse and Shizgal, 1980 ; Chen et al. , 1980 ;Khan, 1986 ; Cooper and Heired, 1982), but only few have been done to examine therelationships between anthropometric parameters and the energy and nitrogen intakes and thenitrogen balance of infants recovering from protein‑energy malnutrition. The purpose of thestudies reported on in this paper was to investigate the above relationships in Ghanaian PEM
patients.

PROCEDURE
Suly'ects and diets

The study was carried out in 8 Ghanaian irLfants with protein‑energy malnutrition who wereon admission at the Princess Maries Louis Hospital in Accra, Ghana. Consent was obtained
from the parents or guardians of each subject after detailed explanation of various procedures.

The protocol for this study was approved by the Scientific and Technical Committee of theNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana.
The ages of the subjects ranged from 18 to 42 months. Their mean body weights andheights were 8.5 1.4 kg and 78.4 6.5 cm, corresponding to 61.9 5.8% of reference bodyweight for age (RBW/A) and 85.6 5. 7% of reference height for age (RHtlA), respectively, as

shown in Table l. None of the subjects had edema.
Diets for the subjects were formulated and quantitatively prepared by a dietician and served

only from the hospital kitchen throughout the 4‑week period of observation. They took themeals every 3 hours from 6 : OO a. m. to 9 : OO p.m. Table 2 shows the daily intakes of foods andnutrients during the study period. Food intake was estimated by weighing each subject's
servings before and after meals. Energy and protein intakes for each of the subjects were
calculated using a table of food composition published by the Food Research Institute in Ghana(Eyeson and Ankrah, 1975). Nitrogen intake was obtained by dividing the protein intake by
6. 25, nitrogen‑coefficient.

277
Initial body weight and height and the percentages of reference values in the Ghanaian

Table 1

infants with protein‑energy malnutrition'

Subject Co.

Age

Body weight % RBW/Ab

Height' o RHt/A'% RBW/Htd

mo

kg

%

em

%

%

1

36

8. 3

56. 8

75. O

77. 7

84. 7

2

42

9. 8

62. 4

80. O

80. 7

89･ 9

3

27

8. O

61. 1

74. 5

82. 8

81.6

24

8. 8

69. 8

78. 2

89. 2

83. 8

5

18

6.8

59. 1

72. 2

87.6

74. 7

6

20

6.3

53. 3

74. O

87.9

65･ 6

7

36

10. 2

69. 9

92. 5

95.9

72. 9

40

9. 6

62. 7

81. 1

83. o

86. 5

mean

8. 5

61.9

78. 4

85. 6

80. O

SD

+ 1.4

5.8

6. 5

+ 5. 7+ 8. 2a. The percentages of reference values were calculated on the basis of those presented by WHO ;waO (1979), Measurement of Nutritional impact : A guideline for the measurement of nutritional

impact of supplementary feeding programs aimed at vulnerable groups. WHO/FA0/79. 1.
b. Reference body weight for age.
c. Reference height for age.

d. Reference body weight for height.

Table 2

Daily intake of foods and nutrients during the study period

Energy and nutrient intakes (/day)Food intake (g/day)

Energy (kcal)

Bread

615‑899
143‑197
0‑30

Lipid (g)

28‑43
21‑44

Rice

120‑ 194

Crude fiber (g)4. 5‑5. O

Stew‑1b85‑213
70‑78
226‑315
0‑50
8‑23
40
10‑30

Calcium (mg)

1, 199‑1, 601

Kokoa

Yam

Stew‑2'Wheat soy milk

Egg
Tuna
Sugar

Milk powdera.

Protein (g)Phosphorus (mg)l , 527‑2, 085

851‑1,055

One of traditional dishes. Prepared from com dough and like porridge.

b. Ingredients ; egg plants, tomatoes, onions, beans and oil.
c.

Ingredients ; Tomatoes, onions, beans and oil.

Measurements
Anthropometric measurements taken at the beginning and the end of the observation
periods included body weight, height and mid‑upper arm, chest, thigh, mid‑calf and abdominal
circumferences as well as the total skin fold of the subscapula, the supraihac and the triceps.

Measurements were done three times before breakiast in the morning by the same person and278

the mean values recorded. Body weight was measured every morning before breaktast.
Twenty‑four hours urine and faeces were collected for each subject for 4 consecutive days at the

begiuning of the study and the last 4 days of the 4 weeks of observation period. Urine andfaeces were collected using urine bags and diapers. In case where faeces could not becompletely removed from the diaper, fecal weight was estimated by subtracting the irritial weightof the diaper from that of the diaper with faeces. Faeces were dried at 105'C for 24 hr andground into a powder. The energy content was then determined using a bomb calorirneter(SHIMazU, CA‑4). Urinary and fecal nitrogen were determined by the Kjeldahl method.

RESULTS
Body weight gain
Body weight increased in all the subjects after dietary treatment. Table 3 shows the bodyweight, the weight gain and the recovery rate for each of the subjects after 4 weeks of dietary
treatment. The recovery rate presented is the ratio of the body weight gain to the irtitial bodyweight. This affords a meaningiul comparison since the effects of differences in individual bodyweights are eliminated. The mean body weight gain for the period was 1.6 0. 5 kg, ranging
from 1.2 to 2.6 kg, and the recovery rate averaged 7.6 2.3%, with a range of 4.7 to 12.5%.
The body weight as a percentage of RBW /A increased from 62 to 73% while that of reference

body weight for height (RBWIHt) showed a rise from 80 to 96% during the period of
observation.

Table 3

Body weight, body weight gain and the percentages of reference body weight for age
and height after 4 weeks of dietary treatrnent

Subject Co.

Body werght (BW) BW gain' % RBW/Ab % RBW/Ht Recovery rate
kg

kg

%

%

%

9. 7

1.4

65. 5

99. O

6. 5

11.0

1.2

69. 6

lOO. 9

4. 7

10. 6

2. 6

79. 7

108. 2

12.5

10.3

1.5

80. 5

98. 1

6. 5

8. 3

1.5

70. 9

91.2

8. 5

6

7. 6

1.3

63.3

79. 2

7. 9

7

12. 2

2.0

82. 4

87. 1

7. 5

8

11.3

1.7

72. 9

101.8

7. O

mean

10. 1

1.6

73. l

95. 7

7. 6

SD

1.5

O. 5

7. 1

9.3

2.3

3
5

Difference between initial body weight and final body weight after 4 weeks of dietary treatment.
b.

Reference body weight for age. Values were calculated on the basis of the reference value by

WHO ; WHO (1979), Measurement of nutritional impact : A guideline for the measurement of
nutntional impact of supplementary feeding programs aimed at vulnerable groups. WHO IFAO /79. l.

Reference body weight for height. Values were calculated based on the reference by WHO.
d.

Ratio of body weight gain for 4 weeks to the initial body weight.

279

Ener

intake and fecal ener y

The energy intake and fecal energy were shown in Table 4. The mean energy intake
increased from about 1,600 kcal at the beginning to about I , 900 kcal at the end. This rise inenergy intake was proportional to the body weight gain, thus the energy intake per kg bodyweight was constant. The energy intake through the period of the study was markedly high ascompared to that of normal chldren of same age, who are expected to take about 1,000 to I , 500

kcal (Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert consultation, 1985).
Table 4

Energy and nitrogen utilization at the beginning and after 4 weeks of dietary treatment

Energy intake' (kcal/kg/day)

Ist period'

2nd periodb

195

38d

198

20

48

7

15+̲ 4

Fecal energy/energy intakef (%)

l0.2 2.4

8.0 + 1. 5

N intake (g/kg/day)

O. 59 + o. 09

Urinary N (g/kg/day)

O. 19 + o. 04

O. 20 + O. 05

Fecal N (g/kg/day)

O. 21

O. 06

O. 17 +̲ O. 04

N‑balance (g/kg/day)

O. 21

O. 08

O. 20

Apparent N‑utilization' (%)

34. 9 + 12. 3

Fecal energlf (kcal /kg/day)

O. 56

O. 08

O. 09

33. 4 + 12. 6

Initial 4 days of observation.
b. Final 4 days of observation.

Calculated using food intake and a table of food composition (10).
d.

Means

SD for 8 subjects.

Measured by a bomb calorirneter.
f .

Fecal energy as percentage of energy intake.

g. N‑balance as percentage of N‑intake.

Fecal energy was also very high, being 167 54kcal/day at the beginniug and 151 23
kcal / day at the end of the study. The ratio of fecal energy to energy intake was lower at theend than at the start, indicating that energy uptake was slightly improved with the recovery
process.
Although the subjects tended to keep in the beds at the beginning of the dietary treatment,

they graduauy became active with recovery.
Nitrogen balance
Table 4 also shows the daily nitrogen intake, urinary and fecal nitrogen and nitrogen balance.

The mean nitrogen intake at the initial and final stages of the studies were 0.59
and O. 59

0.09 g/kg BW

0.08 g/kg BW, corresponding to about 3. 7 g and 3.5 g of protein/kg BW respectively.

The daily excretion of nitrogen through faeces was very high ranging from O. 17 to O. 21 g/kg

BW. This was lower at the end of the studies than it was at the begiuning. There was nodifference, however, in the nitrogen balance between the two periods. The nitrogen balance ateach phrase was a positive value of about O. 2 g/kg BW. Apparent nitrogen utilization,
presented as the ratio of the nitrogen balance to the nitrogen intake, did not change withrecovery from the malnourished state.

280

Changes in anthropowetric parameters

Figure I shows the changes in anthropometric parameters during the 4 weeks of dietary
treatnent. All parameters, with the exception of the abdominal circurnference, increased in au

the subjects. The irLitial average values for each anthropometric parameter and the averagechange noticed for each during the period of observation were : chest circumference, 46. 3

3. 1

and 1.9 1.4 cm; mid‑upper arm circurnference, Il.8 1.3 and 2.1 1.3 cm; thigh circumfer‑ence, 17.8 2.0 and 5.0 1. I cm; mid‑calf drcumference, 13.9 1.4 and 2.3 1.5 em; abdomin‑
al circuniference, 50.8 2.2 and 1.0 2.5 cm; total skin‑fold thickness (subscapula, suprailiac
and triceps), 10. I(em)
52

4.2 and 21.7 3.6 mm, respectively.

Chest
circu:af erenee

(cm)
l 6

50

15

8

l

Mid‑upper arln
eircurnference

(cm)

18
l T

16
p=0 . 003

h6

l 3

l 5

u

l 2

l

u2

ll

13

o

l O

l 2

(cm)

26

Thigh
eirelJuferenee2(:r:nl)30

Skin foldthiekness

(cm)
56

25

5

20

52

20

15

50

l 8

l O

h8

l 6

5

6

lu

o

22

Figure 1

p<0 . OOl

Mid‑eal fcireuDlference

p=0 . 003

AbdoElinal
circulnference

Changes in anthropometric measurements
measurements during 4 weeks ofof dietary treatrnent. Data wereobtained at the beginning and aiter 4 weeks of dietary treatment. Values are means

SD for 8

subjects. Skin fold thickness is the total value of subscapula, suprailiac and triceps. Value of p
is 2‑tail probability by Student's paked t‑test ; NS, no significant.

Correlations of energy intake and nitrogen balance with body weight indexes
Table 5 shows the correlations of energy intake, nitrogen intake and nitrogen balance per kg

body weights with body weight indexes. The energy intake, nitrogen intake and nitrogenbalance per kg body weights all showed significant negative correlation with body weight and %281

Table 5

Correlations of energy intake, nitrogen intake and nitrogen balance with body weightindexe s

Energy intake (lkg)

N‑intake ( /kg)

N‑balance ( /kg)

‑ O. 72*a‑ o. 65*‑ O. 39

Ist period

Body weight (BW)

O. 57

o. 36

‑ O. 42‑ O. 70*‑ o. 80**‑ O. 54‑0.11‑ o. 04

O. 19‑ O. 88**‑ O. 69*‑ O. 64*

O. 11‑ O. lO‑0.01‑ O. 85**‑0.90**‑ O. 85**‑ O. 36‑ O. 20‑ O. 09

Recovery rateb% RBW/A'% RBW/Htd2nd period

BW
Recovery rate

% RBW/A% RBW/Ht

Values are Pearson's correlation coefficient; *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01.
b. Ratio of the body weight gain during 4 weeks of dietary treatrnent to the initial body weight.

Reference body weight for age.
d.

Reference body weight for height.

Table 6

Correlations of body weight indexes, energy and nitrogen intakes and nitrogen balancewith the changes of anthropometric measurements during recovery from PEM

Changes of anthropometric measurements

Chest

Mid‑up.per

ThighMid‑calf

circ, aarm crrc.

drc.

circ .

‑ O. 76*c‑ O. 45‑ O. 68*

Abdomen

Skin

drc.

f oldb‑ o. 54

0.40‑ O. 02

Ist period

Body weight

O. 37

O. 27

O. 56

O. 08

O. 08

O. 25

% RBW/A‑ O. 68*‑ O. 75*‑ O. 67*‑ O. 79*

O. 43‑ O. 14% RBW/Ht‑ O. 32‑ O. 02‑ O. 14‑ o. 24

O. 26

O. 10

Energy intake (/kg)

O. 55

O. 74*

O. 66*

0.42

O. 06

O. 27

N‑intake (/kg)

O. 48

O. 80*

O. 56

o. 48

‑ O. 04

O. 18

N‑balance (/kg)

O. 31

O. 18

O. 54

O. 42

‑ O. 15‑ O. 29

Body weight‑ O. 73*b‑ o. 47‑ O. 61‑ O. 56

0.43‑ O. O1% RBW/A% RBW/Ht‑ O. 48‑ o. 57‑0.37‑ O. 71*o. 45‑ O. O1‑ O. 14‑ o. 08‑ O. 15‑ O. 21

O. 32

O. 23

Energy intake (/kg)

O. 78*

O. 74*

O. 68*

0.81**

‑0.00

O. 27

N‑intake (/kg)

0.67*

o. 77*

0.63*

0.80**‑ O. 63*

0.40

O. 77*

O. 69*

O. 89**‑ o. 67*

O. 48

Recovery rated

2nd period

N‑balance (lkg)

O. 75*

Circ. is an abbreviation of circumference.
b. Total skin fold thickness of subscapula, suprailiac and triceps.

Pearson's correlation coefficient; *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01.
d. Ratio of body weight gain for 4 weeks to the initial body weight.

282

RBW/A but not with the rate of body weight gain and the % RBW/Ht. The energy intake andnitrogen balance per kg body weights tended to be higher in the subjects with lower body weightand % RBW/A.
Correlations of body weight indexes, energy intake and nitrogen balance with changes in anthro‑

pometric parameters

Correlations of body weight indexes, energy intake and nitrogen balance per kg bodyweights with changes in the various anthropometric parameters during recovery from malnutri‑tion are presented in Table 6. While there were significant negative correlations between theinitial body weight and changes in chest and thigh circumferences, the % RBW/Ht did not show
any significant correlations with changes in any of the anthropometric parameters. There were,

however, significant negative correlations between the % RBW/A and changes in chest,
mid‑upper arm, thigh and mid‑calf drcumferences. These results indicate that the increases in

the anthropometric parameters were larger in subjects with lower body weight and % RBW/A.
The energy and nitrogen intakes and the nitrogen balance, at the second phase in particular,

correlated positively and significantly with the changes in chest, thigh and mid‑calf circurnfer‑ences, indicating that these increases promoted body growth. Particularly the change of themid‑calf circumference showed a very significant correlation with the nitrogen balance (r = O. 89,

p<0. O1). On the other hand, the changes of abdominal circumference were correlated
negatively with the nitrogen intake and nitrogen balance.

DISCUSSION

The daily recommended auowance for energy for children aged 2 to 3 years is about 100
kcal/kg/day (11). The subjects in this study showed a high energy intake of about 190 kcal/kg/

day and a mean body weight gain of I . 6 kg per subject over the period of observation.
Waterlow et al. (1961) have reported of a linear relationship between energy intake and the rateof body weight gain during recovery from PEM. The same relationship has also been
demonstrated by other researchers (Ashworth et al. , 1968 ; Graham et al. , 1963). In catch‑up

growth during recovery from PEM, it is not uncommon to observe a rate of weight gain 20 times
that of normal children of the same age, especially in children receiving over 200 kcal /kg /day and

4 to 5 g protein/kg/day (Picou, 198D. Although the results presented did not show any
significant correlation between the energy intake and body weight gain, they are consistent withthe above observation in that the children showed very high energy intake and their anthro‑
pometric measurements increased proportionally with the energy intake. This clearly demons‑trates that the energy intake had influence on the recovery rate in these subjects. The lack ofcorrelation between the energy intake and body weight gain may probably be due to the small
number of subjects studied.
Ashworth et al. (1969) have reported that in PEM children food intake did not reduce until
their body weight had reached the normal range. It was observed in this study that the subjects
continued to have a high energy intake of about 190 kcal / kg/day even 4 weeks after dietary

treatment although their % RBW/A was stiu low of about 70%, whereas their % RBW/Ht wasclose to 100%. This probably suggests the existence of the regulatory mechanism which
controls body weight during catch‑up growth. This may be further supported by the fact thatthe energy intake, nitrogen balance and increases in anthropometric measurements were higher

283

in the subjects with lower % RBW/A.
The daily recommended allowance for protein is about 2.0 g/kg/day for 2 to 3 years oldchildren (Joint FAO IWHO / UNU Expert consultation, 1985). It has been reported that very
remarkable results were obtained when 3 years old PEM subjects were given high protein of
about 3 to 5 g/kg/day (Whitehead, 1973). The subjects in this study were given about 3. 6 gprotein / kg/day. It was, however, observed that a large amount of nitrogen was excreted intheir stool, thus causing the value for the nitrogen balance to be low. This probably might havebeen due to either an impaked absorption during the period of dietary treatment or some kind ofgastrointestinal problem.

The study showed that the PEM children with marked delayed growth and poor muscle
mass had a high food intake and nitrogen retention and consequently had greater development ofmuscle over the period of dietary treatment. Thus during rapid catch‑up growth in the subjects

studied regardless of the depressed absorption of nitrogen, the quantity of nitrogen absorbed
would be efficiently utilized for protein synthesis in the body.

The deterrnination of nitrogen balance is very useful in obtaining information on theutilization of dietary protein. It is also generally believed to be useful in the assessment of

untritional status during recovery from PEM (Shizgal, 1986). It is, however, not easy to carryout nitrogen balance for clinical purposes and field surveys. The significant correlation of thechange in the anthropometric measurements with the nitrogen balance support that the change
would be used as an index for nitrogen utilization during recovery from PEM. Out of theanthropometric measurements studied, the mid‑calf circurnference correlated higltly with thenitrogen balance. Although when compared with the other parameters the mid‑calf circumfer‑ence is less likely to be infiuenced by the nutrition of the subject, our data suggest that in spite of

the slight change observed, the mid‑calf circumference could be a very sensitive index forassessing increases in body protein and nitrogen retention during recovery from PEM. Thus in
addition to the mid‑upper arm and thigh circurnference, the change of the mid‑calf circumference

could also be used to assess recovery from malnutrition. Further studies are, therefore,
required to be done on the usefulness of the mid‑calf circumference in the assessment ofrecovery from malnutrition using a larger sample size.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We wish to express our sincere thanks to the staff of the Nutrition, Chemical Pathology andHaematology ulaits of Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, fortheir excellent technical assistance. We are also grateful to Dr. F. C. Grant and Mr. M. F.
Raibeiro, former drector and executive secretary respectively of Noguchi Memorial Institute for
Medical Research for their useful advise. Finally we wish to thank the director, Dr. H. C. Y.

Odoi and the other members of staff at the Princess Marie Louis Hospital, Accra, for theirassistance during the course of the studies.

REFERENCESl) Ashworth, A. , Bell, R. , James, W. P. T. and Waterlow, J. C. (1968) : Calorie requirements of chldren

recovering from protein‑calorie malnutrition, Lancet, 2, 600‑603
2) Ashworth, A. (1969) : Growth rates in children recovering from protein‑calorie malnutrition, Br. J.

284
Nutr. , 23, 835‑845

3) Chandra, R. K. (1980) : Immunology of nutritional disorders, Edward Amold Ltd. , London

4) Chase, H. P. and Martin, H. P. (1970) : Undernutntion and chld development, New Eng. J. Med.,

282, 933‑939
5) Chen, L. C., Chowdhury, A. K. M. A. and Huffrnan, S. L. (1980) : Anthropometric assessment ofenergy‑protein malnutrition and subsequent risk of mortality among preschool aged children, Am. J.
Clin. Nutr. , 33, 1836‑1845

6) Cooper, A. and Heired, W. C. (1982) : Nutritional assessment of the pediatric patient including the
low birth weight infant, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 35, I132‑1141

7) Eyeson, K. K. and Ankrah, E. K. (1975) : Composition of food cornmonly used in Ghana, Food
Research Institute, Accra‑Ghana8) Forse, R. A. and Shizgal, H. M. (1980) : The assessment of malnutrition, Surgery, 88, 17‑24
9) Graham, G. G. , Cordano, A. and Baertl, J. M. (1963) : Studies in infantile malnutrition: 2. Effect ofprotein and calorie intake on weight gain, J. Nutr. , 81, 249‑254

10) Joint FAO /WHO/UNU Expert consultation (1985) : Energy and protein requirements, World
Health Organization Technical Report Series, no. 724, WHO, Geneva
1 l) Khan, M. M. (1986) : Comments on anthropometry, nutritional status, and energy intake, Food
Nutr. Bulletin, 8, 14‑16

12) Picou, D. M. (1981): Evaluation and treatment of the malnourished chld, in Text Book of PediatricNutrition, ed. by Suskind, R. M. , Raven Press, New York, 217‑228
13) Shizgal, H. M. (1986) : Energy and nitrogen interactions, in Parenteral Nutrition, ed. by Rombeau, J.

L. , and Caldwen, M. D., W. D. Sanders Company, Philadelphia, 210‑233
14) Truswell, A. T. (1985) : Malnutrition in the third world, Br. Med. J., 291, 525‑528
15) Waterlow, J. C. (1961): The rate of recovery of malnourished infants in relation to the protein andcalorie levels of the diet, J. Trop. Pediatr. , 7, 16‑2216) Whitehead, R. G. (1973) : The protein needs of malnourished children, in Protein in Human Nutrition,

ed. by Portor, J. W. G., and Polls, B. A., Academic Press, London, 103‑11717) Winick, M. and Rosso, P. (1969) : Head circurnference and cenular growth of the brain in normal andmarasmic chldren, J. Pediatr. , 74, 774‑778
18) Young, G. A. , Chem, C. and Hm, G. L. (1978) : Assessment of protein‑calorie malnutrition in surgicalpatients from plasma proteins and anthropometric measurements, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 31, 429‑435

285

ガーナ人小児における蛋白質・エネルギー欠乏症からの回復時の各種栄養パラメーターの変化とそれらの相互関係
力丸

徹1

2・A．K．NYARKo2・M．ADDY2・E．ADDo2LBRAKoHIAPA2・AA．Owusu3・D．AMAR3
岸恭一4・藤田美明1

蛋白質・エネルギー欠乏症（PEM）からの回復過程における人体計測値の変化およびそれらとエネ

ルギー摂取，窒素摂取，窒素出納との関連性について，PEMで入院中のガーナ人小児（男子，18−42
カ月）を対象として調べた。観察初期の体重，身長はそれぞれ8．5±L4kg，78．4±6．8cm。それら
は，WHOによる同年齢の標準体重値（RBW／A）の61．9±5。8％，同年齢の標準身長（RHt／A）の85．6±5．7％に相当した。被験者は，観察期間中約190kcal／kgのエネルギーと約3，6g／kgの蛋白質（0．58gN／kg）を摂取し，順調な回復を示した。4週間でL6±0，5kgの体重増加が認められた。しかし，その時のRBW／A比は，73．1±7．1％とまだ低い状態にあった。腹囲を除く総ての人体計測値（胸囲，腿囲，上腕囲，フクラハギ囲，皮脂厚）が増加し，そして，これらの増加度（皮脂厚を除く）

はRBW／A比と負の相関関係，エネルギー摂取，窒素摂取，窒素出納とは正の相関関係にあった。特にフクラハギ囲の増加度は窒素出納と非常に高い相関性が認められた（r＝0．89，p＜0、01）。これら

は，PEM回復時の摂取窒素の体内利用あるいは体蛋白質蓄積の指標として，フクラハギ囲の変化を測定することの意義を示唆するものである。また，以上の結果より，RBW／A比の低い小児の方が，エネルギー摂取，窒素摂取，窒素出納が高く（いずれも体重あたりで），かつ人体計測値の上昇度合いも高い傾向にあった事が明確となった。RHt／A比はいずれのパラメーターとも有意な相関が認められなかった。

1東京都老人総合研究所栄養学研究室
3P血cess

2ガーナ大学野口記念医学研究所

Marie Louis Hospital 4徳島大学医学部栄養生理学教室

Ja pan. J. Trop .

Med. Hyg. , Vol. 15, No 4 1987, pp. 287‑290

287

INTESTlNAL PARASITIC INFECTIONS AMONG CHIL‑
DREN OF A PRIMARY SCHOOL IN CHIANG
MAI CITY, NORTHERN THAILANDSHIRO KASuvA1, KANAME KANAJ2, NAOKI OHMlYA2, KAORI KOGA2, 1

KOJI AMAN02, YOSHIKATSU NAKAMURA2, TOSHlYA KUN02

AND SOMBOON SUPRASERT3
Received February 9 1987/Accepted September 20 1987

Abstract : Fecal samples were examined in 1 17 children, ranging in ages from 8 to 14, in a
prirnary school in Chiang Mai City, north Thailand. The positive rate of all parasitic infections

was 23. 9%. Hookworms were the most prevalent parasite (17. 1%), followed by Trichuris
trichiura (5. 1%), Strongyloides stercoralis (3. 4 f '), Entamoeba coli (1.7%), Entamoeba histolytica(O. 9%) and Opisthorchis viverrini (O. 9%). No Ascaris lumbricoides was found, mainly because ofindividual treatment with drugs.

INTRODUCTION
Thailand, Iocated between 5' and 20' north latitude, is a country in tropical climate. Chiang
Mai is the second biggest city in this country with a population of about I . 2 million and is situatednear the northwest border. Parasitic infections in the indigenous population have been so far
investigated in many occasions and it has been shown that many parasitic diseases are endemic inthis area. However, an unexpected low incidence (O. 3%) of ascariasis in this Province wasreported for the frst time in 1982 (Yamaguchi et al. ). Therefore, it was intended to prove theprevalence of ascariasis in comparison with other intestinal parasitic iDiections. For thispurpose, stool samples were examined in children in Chiang Mai City, and the present paper
deals with the results of this investigation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Description of study area : Chang Kian prirnary school, downtown of Chiang Mai City.
The school consisted of 6 grades or 369 children (190 male and 179 female).

Subjects : One hundred and seventeen children at ages from 8 to 14, underwent stool
examination.

Stool was examined for parasites by drect fecal smear, flotation method using saturated
NaCl and formalin‑ether sedirnentation techniques.

1 Department of Parasitology, Giftl University School of Medicine, Gifu City, Japan

2 The Research Group of Tropical Diseases, Gifu University School of Medicine (students)

3 Department of Farnily Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai City, Thailand

288

RESULTSOut of 117, 28 samples or 23.9% were found positive for parasites. Hookworms weremost prevalent (17. 1%), followed by Trichuris tritchiura (5.1%) and Strongyloides stercoralis(3.4%) (Table 1). Mix infections were found in 6 children ; 4 were infected with hookworm andT. trichiura and 2 were with T. trichiura and Entamoeba coli. Opisthorchis viverrini was
detected in only one, and no Ascaris lumbricoides was seen in this survey. The detection rates

of infection by each technique were 6.8% by drect smear, 20.5% by flotation method, and 15.4%
by formalin‑ether technique, respectively (Table 1). Table 2 shows prevalence rates of parasitic

infections according to age groups. Positive rates of hookworm graduauy increased by the age.
Age‑depended tendencies of prevalence were not clear in other parasitic infections.

Table lPositive numbers of parasitic infections in each method

Detection methods
Parasite

Total (%)**

DS

FL

FE*

Hookworms

l

18

10

20 (17. 1)

Ascaris lumbricoides

O

O

O

O (0.0)62

6 (5.1)

Stro, doides stercoralis

4

O

2

4 (3.4)

Entamoeba coli

O

O

2

2 (1.7)

Entamoeba histolyticaO

1 (0.9)Qpisthorchis viverrini

O

O
O

l
l

1 (0.9)

Total

8

24

18

28 (23. 9)

Trichuris trichiura* DS = direct fecal smear ; FL = fiotation method ; FE = formalin‑ehter sedirnentation technique.

** % positive to ll7 children examined.

Table 2

Positive rates (%) of parasitic infections for different age groups

Age
ParasiteTotallO‑ 1 112‑14(n = 23)(n = 50)(n = 44)(n = 1 17)

Hookworms

8. 7

18. O

20. 5

17. 1

A. Iumbricoides

o

O

o

O. O

T. trichiura

o

6. O

6. 8

5. 1

S. stercoralis

4. 3

4. O

2.3

3.4

E. coli

o

2.0

2.3

1.7

E. histolytica

4.3

O

O

2. O

O
o

0.9

O. viverrini

17.4

26. o

25. o

23. 9

Total

8‑9

0.9

289

DrscussloN

Our survey showed that soil‑transmitted helrninthiases except for ascariasis were stiu
prevalent in school children in the center of Chiang Mai City (Tables I , 2). It was noted that noascariasis was found in this survey. This district had been reported as one of higly endemicareas for ascariasis ; 32% of chldren in northern Thailand had Ascaris lumbricoides (Sadun,
1953) ; 60.0% of adults in Phayao (Papasarathorn et al. , 1969) ; and 9.2% in Chiang Mai (Thitasut

et al. , 1973). In this survey, we confirmed low prevalence of ascariasis frstly reported by
Yamaguchi et al. (1982) in this area. They postulated that this low rate was the result of thetreatment of patients with local berries "Maklua" (Diopyros mollis) folbwing the campaigu of
Ministry of Public Health, Thailand, and individual treatment with piperazine which was easily
available in city drug stores.

To the contrary, other soil‑transmitted helminths, such as hookworms, T. trichiura or S.
stercoralis have not yet been euminated in this district. Out of 3,012 persons in this Province,

76. 76% were parasite‑positive, including 47. 74% for hookworms (Yamaguchi et al. , 1982).
According to unpublished data by Jarrat (comrnitted by WHO) in Doi Taw (rural area of Chiang

Mai Province), 29.9% out of 187 children in primary schools were positive for intestinal
parasites, including 13.9% for hookworms, 4. 3% for Giardia lamblia, 3. 7% for either S.
stercoralis or O. viverrini, and so forth. Positive rates of hookworms and S. stercoralis weresimilar to our data. However, his data were obtained by means of direct smear method only,
therefore, it is highly likely that more parasite‑positive children would have been detected if
samples were examined by a few different methods simultaneously as we did (Table 1). In any

case, hookworms were the most prevalent and widely spread among children in this area.
Furthermore, the increasing rates of prevalence according to ages were observed in our survey(Table 2), as the same as in Yamaguchi's survey (1982).
The prevalence rate of T. trichiura appeared to be vary from one place to another. In ourdata, T. trichiura was the second prevalent parasite with an infection rate of 5. l%, whle children

in Doi Tow (Jarrat's data) had none. According to Yamaguchi's data (1982), prevalence weredifferent from viuage to village ranging from 41.9% to O%, in an average of 19.5%.
S. stercoralis showed apparentiy a low prevalence rate in this survey as we could find thelarvae only by direct smear method. Therefore, more strongyloidiasis would have been
detected if the Harada‑Mori culture method were used. Strongyloidiasis seems to be one ofimportant parasitic diseases in this area, because not only of it's pathogenicity but also of
resistance to eradication (Sato, 1986).

In conclusion, Iow prevalence of ascariasis and high prevalence of other soil‑transmitted

helminths seem to be the present status of parasitic disease in northem Thailand. The
discrepancy of prevalence between ascariasis and other soil‑transmitted helminthiases is an issue

to be solved since, in general, the prevalence rates of both ascariasis and trichuriasis are
dimiDished in parallel with the improvement of sanitary conditions or treatment (Seo and Chai,
1986).

O. viverrini, which is one of the food‑transmitted parasites, also is common in northern

Thailand. It was reported that a prevalence rate was 25. O% in Chiang Mai (Thitasut et al. ,1973), 40% in Chiang Rai (Khamboonruang et al. , 1978) and 37.01% (Yamaguchi et al. , 1982).
This parasitic infection occurs only at area where fresh water fish is eaten in raw, and therefore,

the prevalence rate is localized according to the local food habits. Among children in urban

290
areas，however，thehabits

to

eat

fish

hl raw

appears

to be（hminished．

AcKNowLEDGEMENTs
We

wish

to

express

ourappreciation

toDr．Chirasak

K㎞boo㎜ang，Pro五〇fDepartment

ofP肛astitolo鋸，Faculty ofMe面c血e，CM㎝gM証U血versity forhs
suggestions，toMissesin ChiangMai，and toourAnchalee，Treeyaphan，Siripom，Jariya，andPro￡HiroshiTakeuchi

andPro五Hiroshi

s㎜co㎜ents㎝d

Viralforthe虻㎞d

Ohtomoassistancefortheira■rangements

togroup・

REFERENCES
1）

Khamboo皿uang，C・，Hongsbhanich，L，Pan−in，S．and

Su㎞awat，K（1978）：

Paragon㎞iasis：A

surveyforTha丑and，A6nal

submitted

Nadonala new

Research

endemic

area

Council ofhlthe northem

regionofreportTha丑alld，pp．43

2）Papasarathom，T，Julalerk，P．，Julalerk，V．，Viboonwat，C、，Kiatvut，八and（1969）：

Phayao3）Sadm，E
4）

Incidenceof血test血al

district，ChiangMaiparasitic㎞ection

andepidemiologyofAscα短sRotchanapremsuk，C．
at

Tambol

Dong

Jane，

Prov血ce，」．Med，Ass．Tha㎞d，52，311−321

K（1953）：lntestinalhe㎞inthic血fecdons

Sato，Y・（1986）：

to theEpidemiologyofinThaikmd，」．Med．Ass．Thailand，36，101−120

Strongyloidiasis

i1101dnawa，

The

As㎞Parasite

Control

Organiza−

don，Tokyo，20−31
5）Seo，B．S．a皿d

The
6）

Thitasut，P．，Na

illtestinal
7）

Chai，工Y．（1986）：一Co皿ected

As㎞Parasite

Controlonthe con1Tol

Bangxang，H、，Yasmuth，C．，Sivasomboon，Cparasite，Chiang

Yamaguchi，T．，

papersof

soi1−transmitted he㎞血thiases，Organization，Tokyo，115−143
Mai，Th訓and，Ch㎞g

Kh㎜boonruang，C，

habe，T」， Huang，WThitasut，R and V幻rast㎞ra，S．（1982）：Studies

on

and

D㏄ge，T．C．（1973）：

A

surveyof

Mai Med。Bu皿，，12，99−123
H．，

皿1ida，K，

Fu頃㎞aki，Y．， Asano，H．，

intestinal

parasitic

infections㎞Chiang

Mai

Pro−

v血ce，no曲Tha㎞d， Jap．J．Parasiし31，447−459

北部タイ，チェンマイ市の1小学校の腸管寄生虫感染
粕谷 志郎1・金井

要2・大宮 直木2・古賀天野 功二2・中村 好克2・久野

香理2

1

寿也2・

SoMBooN SuPRAsERT3

北部タイに位置するチェンマイ市の1小学校の8歳から14歳の生徒の117人の検便を行い腸管寄生虫の感染状況を調査した。その結果，23．9％の生徒に感染が認められた。中でも，鉤虫症が最も多く，

17．1％を占めた。続いて鞭虫が5．1％，糞線虫3．4％，大腸アメーバL7％，赤痢アメーバ，タイ肝吸虫の各0．9％であり，土壌伝搬性寄生虫がほとんどを占めた。しかし，興味深いのは，回虫卵が全く検出されなかったことである。これは市販薬による自己治療によるものと考えられた。

1岐阜大学医学部寄生虫学教室
2岐阜大学医学部熱帯医療研究会（学生）3チェンマイ大学医学部家庭医学教室

Japan. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., Vol. 15, No. 4, 1987, pp. 291‑326

291

THE MOSQUITO FAUNA OF THAILAND (DIPTERA=CULICIDAE) = AN ANNOTATED CHECKLISTMASUHISA TSUKAMOTol, ICHIRO MlYAG12, TAKAKO TOMA2, SUPAT SUCHARIT3

WATANASAK TUMRASVlN3, CHIRASAK KHAMBOONRUANG4, WEJ CHOOCHOTE4
BOONLUAN PHANTHUMACHlNDA5 AND PRAKONG PHANURA15
Received August 5 1987/Accepted August 20 1987

Abstract : A comprehensive and updated checklist for the mosquitoes of Thailand has
been compiled from scattered literature in addltion to our own collections during 1983‑1984
mosquito surveys in this country. In total 384 taxa of mosquitoes can be counted with valid
distribution records : Ampheles 65 spp. , Aedes 100 spp., Armigeres 22 spp., Heizmannia 16 spp. ,Culex 80 spp. , Topomyia 14 spp. , Trlpteroides 13 spp. , Uranotaenia 39 spp. , Toxorhynchites 8

spp. , and other genera 27 spp. Among them 249 spp. (64. 8%) are comrnon with Malaysianmosquito fauna, 113 spp. (29.4%) with Philppine fauna, and 44 spp. (11.5%) with Japanesefauna. Only 54 spp. (14. 1%) are not known outside Thailand. References for collection or
distribution and larval breeding places have been given to each taxon.

INTRODUCTION
A Iarge number of original papers and monographs on the mosquitoes of Thailand have been

published by many entomologists after extensive surveys. Most of these publications, howev‑
er, are concerned with only a limited area or taxonomic group, such as a single subgenus, genus

or subfainily of mosquitoes from Thailand or Southeast Asia. Barnes (1923) recorded 18
anopheline mosquitoes from Thailand. Barraud and Christophers (1931) published the frst
literature on both anopheline and culicine mosquitoes of Thailand (cited from Thurman, 1959).

The "annotated list of Culicinae collected in Siam" by Causey (1937a) included 67 mosquito

species and collection records. Sandhinand (1951) reported anophelines from Chiang Mai,
northern Thailand, and lyengar (1953) listed 64 species of mosquitoes from south Thailand

including 15 new records. Iyengar and Menon (1956) provided revision on 4 spp. and 2
additional spp. with detailed notes and descriptions.
1 Department of Medical Zoology, University of Occupational and Environmentai Health. Kitakyushu 807,

Japan
2 Laboratory of Medical Zoology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of The

Ryukyus. Okinawa 903‑01, Japan
3 Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University. Bangkok 10400,

Thaland
4 Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University. Chiang Mai 50000, Thailand

5 Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health. Yod‑se, Bangkok, Thailand
This study was supported in part by Grants‑in‑Aid for Overseas Scientific Survey in 1983‑1984, Nos.

58041058 and 5904352 from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japanese Government. The
surveys were carried out with the permission of the National Research Council of Thailand.

292

Thurman (1959) reported 57 species of Thai mosquitoes including 13 new species.
However, mosquitoes belonging to the major genera of Anapheles. Aedes. Culex. Uranotaenia

and some minor genera were not included in this important work. As an appendix, she also
arranged the names of the mosquitoes previously reported by various entomologists frorn
Thailand Into separate lists entitled "pnor to 1950" (107 spp.), "between 1950 and 1956" (57spp.), "during 1957" (67 spp. ) and "new record for 1958" (24 spp). Thus, all the mosquitoes
counted became 255 spp. though some of them were later synonymized or invalidated.
Scanlon and Esah (1965) recorded a total of 84 species of mosquitoes from the foot to thesummit of Doi Pui, Chiang Mai, northern Thailand. Gould et al. (1968) also recorded a total of

78 mosquito taxa from a small island of south Thailand. Names of a number of Thai mosquitoes

are scattered among pages in a large catalog of mosquitoes of the world (Knight and Stone,1977), its supplements (Knight, 1978b ; Ward, 1984), and a list of Southeast Asian mosquitoes(Apiwathnasorn, 1986).

Entomological teams of the U. S. Army Medical Component, AFRIMS, Bangkok, Thailand,also conducted extensive surveys for many years in Thailand. Scanlon et al. (1968) published auseful aunotated checklist of the Anopheles of Thailand including 12 new distribution records.
The collection record by Gould et al. (1968) involved many new distribution records for Thailand,

although they did not point this out, and these records were not added to the world catalog by

Knight and Stone (1977) nor to its supplement by Knight (1978). Extensive surveys in Thailand

by members of AFRIMS have also revealed some new species and several new distribution
records of Thai mosquitoes. Some of them has been published by Harbach et al. (1986) and by
Rattanarithikul and Green (1986).
Since 1981, extensive surveys on Southeast Asian mosquito fauna from a view point ofphylogeny have been carried out by a Japanese research team : in 1981‑1982 for the Philippines,
in 1983‑1984 for Thailand, and in 1986 for Malaysia, in cooperation with appropriate governmen‑
tal offices and universities of each country. Prior to undertaking each field survey, we prepareda preliminary checkhst of mosquitoes (Tsukamoto, unpublished). After field conections andtaxonomic studles on new materials, we published collection records (Miyagi et al. , 1985, 1986)

and a revised checklist of the mosquitoes of the Philippines (Tsukamoto et al. , 1985). Some

specimens collected from Thailand during the 1983‑1984 surveys stiu remain unidentified
because of lack of detailed descriptions in earlier literature or lack of adequate redescription.

In spite of such a large quantity of scattered literature, no updated and comprehensive
checklist for Thai mosquitoes alone has yet been published. It must be, therefore, convenient
for field entomologists to arrange ail of the Thai fauna in a single list. Although the style is still

prelirninary and revisions are anticipated by the addition of new materials in the near future, we

believe it necessary and useful to prepare such a comprehensive and updated checklist of all themosquito fauna of Thailand.

MATERIALS AND METHODSIn addition to earlier original descriptions of new species or redescriptions (individualreferences are not cited here because of their number and availability in the world catalog),
records of Thai mosquitoes listed by Causey (1937), Iyengar (1953), Iyengar and Menon (1956),
Thurman (1959), Scanlon and Esah (1965), Gould et al. (1968), Scanlon et al. (1968) and Miyagi

et al. (1986) are major sources of the present paper as well as the fouowing monographs which

293
were useful in checking synonyrnies, Iarval breeding places, collection locality or distribution : forgenus Anopheles‑Peyton and Scanlon (1966), Reid (1968), Scanlon et al. (1968), Rattanarithikul

and HalTison (1973), and Harrison (1980) ; for genus Aedeomyia‑Tyson (1970a) ; for genus
Aedes : subgenus (Aedimorphus)‑Reinert (1973a) and Huang (1977b) ; (Ayurakitia)‑Reinert(1972) ; (Bothaella)‑Reinert (1973c) ; (Christaphersiomyia)‑Abercrombie (1977) ; (Dicero‑myia)‑Reinert (1970, 1973b) ; (Edwardsaedes)‑Reinert (1976c) ; (Mucidus)‑Tyson (1970b) ;(Paraedes)‑Reinert (1981); (Rhinoskusea)‑Reinert (1976b) ; (Scutomyia)‑Reinert (1985) ;(Stegomyia)‑Huang (1972, 1977a, 1979) ; (Verrallina)‑Delfinado (1967) and Reinert (1974) ;for genus Arml eres‑Macdonald (1960) ; for genus Heizmannia‑Mattingly (1970) ; for genus
Culex‑Bram (1967), and subgenus (Culex)‑Sinvanakarn (1976) ; (Culiciomyia)‑Sinvanakarn(1973, 1977a) ; (Eumelanomyia)‑Sinvanakarn (1972) ; (Lophoceraomyia)‑Sinvanakarn (1977b) ;for genus Orthopodomyia‑Zavortink (1971); for genus Tnpteroides‑Delfinado and Hodges(1968), Mattingly (1981); for genus Uranotaenia‑Peylon (1977) and Peyion and Klein (1970) ;for genus Toxorhynchites‑Steffan et al. (1980). The terms "type‑data" and "distribution" fromeach literature were checked and names of mosquitoes collected in Thailand were compiled into alist.

The sequence of subfainilies, genera, and subgenera was taxonomically arranged followingthat of the world catalog of mosquitoes for the convenience of readers, and each species within asubgenus or a genus was arranged alphabeticauy. References for collection records in Thailand
and larval breeding places are also given for convenience to field entomologists. Abbreviationsof each genus and subgenus are those proposed by Reinert (1975).

RESULTS AND DISCUssION
Checklist

Before the preparation of this manuscript, a total of more than 460 species and subspecies

or varieties of mosquitoes had been recorded from Thailand. Among them, however, about 80of these are now considered invalid as synonyms, misidentifications and / or doubtul records.
Table I lists a total of 384 valid and undescribed or unidentified taxa, including 65 spp. of genus

Anopheles, 100 spp. of genus Aedes, 22 spp. of genus Armigeres, 16 spp. of Heizmannia, 80 spp.

of genus Culex, 14 spp. of genus Topomyia, 13 spp. of genus Tnpteroides, 39 spp. of genus
Uranotaenia, 8 spp. of genus Toxorhynchites, and 27 spp. of other genera. Without any
taxonomic discussion nor collection records, Apiwathnasorn (1986) prepared a booklet of a list of871 mosquito species in Southeast Asia. From this list we can count 342 spp. of mosquitoes
which occur in Thailand.
To save space in Table I , some references for distribution record in Thailand are expressedin abbreviated forms. Each species recorded only from Thailand is considered to be endemic
and is followed by an asterisk (*).

Taxonomic Changes and Synonyms
Names of about 35 mosquito taxa previously recorded from Thailand have been synony‑mized or the name of their genus or subgenus changed. Each synonym once recorded in
Thailand is shown in parentheses under each valid species name in the present checkust.
Changes in genus or subgenus name are also given in this table. More recently the subgenus

Σ
Σ

山

ΣΣΣ

虞の喝国

︑3︐悔唱煽勉口O虜︑艘︺．︑唱嘱勉ーヨ漂︶﹄①一国き一〇〇〇持〇一〇10℃2の虞の喝＝

ωO﹄〇一毛＾の一〇Q昌名りQ一︑紹．ミ噸勉唱O塞︑①頃量自の①6の℃O壽O﹄拶の℃㊤12の軋の一〇Q口§O﹄りの一の舅QO﹂﹇

トの℃自Qq①頃﹄﹄ 軋のO﹄の韓目①b4鵠一︵Oの日資ヨ自︶︵①一2︑駕δ〇三80秘8目婁の廻で﹄9紬口O目03の︶§さ§醤曽心．雲N㊤①一︑℃咽O出嚇貸︑善＆ ．寸一︵ミ聾K婁醤匂．物幅§物Q護．蘭．貸﹃の邸︶一〇①一︑ωO目O愚．σり一N8一．層㊤国矯ミ彗．＝

頃卜諺＝︑oD㊤．︑唱煽笛自O虜

︵oりOO一︑℃罵﹄OO自︶々幅讐気．N一

ゆト紹︸山︑認．︑唱噸勉口O虜

のq目馨のf8﹃の薯当の翼島℃名2の

81咽O出︑葭︺．幅唱噸勉口O虜

の一〇〇〇目詩①おの肩の軋ω㊤切区OOの旨のの蔑一口O眉煽＞〇一〇秘田の図目坦εO旨O￠OO㎡O自﹄峯のー01慮君のの一〇9自ご萄bogき目去暑㎡ooo雨Σ−α8喰の一︒︒暑§筋墨ε8三8窪．墓一2ω蓼8﹄

頃卜3＝軋紹．ミ噛嚇自O募舘①一︑℃哨O国袖爲馨勢琶

．〇一

の着巳

Σ
山

岩2著a鳥§墓当の蓄§︑ω省§3暑笥甜

一自剣暑ΣΣ＝…ΣΣΣ

ゆトの剣＝軋田．ミ隔勢目Q虜

嶋トの昌喝＝・ooO．︑唱慧帥O琶の︑ω一︒︒α誉㌧の量︒萄㊤暑8の一︒a℃ヨ︒勘℃︒℃．2の︵①ゆ日糞ヨ自︑躬薯gお︶ωb心日﹄Oの頃トの廻︸︷︑﹄卜oり﹄㊤の昌8の〇一〇﹄o田↑NO①一．℃咽O餌繋嘱物勉§魅り ．①
甚卜㊦OH．﹄ωのコ弱Q矯§S蕊 ．oo︵々簑船幅魅動ミミ獄§哉凝唱．貸刈の雨︶

Ooり①一︑E山々§幅畿§心．卜の薯O﹄凋のb心學O己ロ

ー登2︒の喜︒暮︒8§︒勧登8︒層蕗当〆臣

頃トの剣＝＾ゆO国南の軋頃の﹄r喝﹄ド．旨奉同︑の頃﹄島口O臥一︑燭卜㊦臥㊤のコOO軋のNωO目﹄弱m・の一§℃§︒駄§︒豊ε︒︒唱．℃8蚕ま葺㊤﹃の舅8些

頃お南＝．8国剣η旨↑喝↑ωO﹄Q一も↑の口励曇目﹄O＞唱︑ω一§目㊤﹄凋の卜NO一軌魯目二℃30 Q喝℃口睾OEの§りO蕊ミミ曽心 ．O

塞一︑Oヨタ一〇℃目＞繋蝿りO疑矯ミq心 ．ゆ

虞の喝＝

oo8一︑﹄8の8一㊤日養虐き．oっ

頃トの南＝︑鍛︶︐ミ慧口2日ごの︵り一自の軋㊤宕目口〇一月．α§ω︶の∩言§凶霧〇一︑﹄8δ選Nき心．寸︑gDO．幅唱隔嚇唱O琶の︑舘蕊目O臥H

ωO調O唱℃＾の一〇〇α℃O℃2の桝の吋の鵠弱の8Q

頃トの南︸肖︑3．鳩唱煽嚇口O報ののq§きのαOOlO6ρ﹄些軋のO助匿OOωα㊤㊤−︑ω唱一Q唱OO国

軋頃㊤国喝の．①頃薯﹄﹄r︵コ2︑一8㊤島8目o琴の︶寒魯§魅．oqの一目自一〇〇噛一蓉OO一〇︷の一〇Q昌O頃呂OOの︑のヒ心目Oの軋ω一〇〇α図QO﹄・の一︒a昌眉の6轟⁝§︒蕩

の8爵．葱一︒；︒翼の

頃トの剣国

ゆト①一

帆qO虜喝qOの鷺＝旨勢葦唱．一︵超ミ魯ミS§ミ§﹃
国＜2口■国国山○局h一哨奮鮨盈コの累︽︻國ハ︾一﹄只一〇h︻一目雨﹄︻

ヨのきのリヨOOコα⇔心題㊤㊤一﹄﹃﹀き仁O凋ゴ﹄三望α

OO口O﹄8㊤﹄℃旨OOO︸︻

℃口慧

294

﹂ピ︸O登醸〇一三σのOΣ

のo眉Ω一の︵のゴ唱060﹄5の︶のコ自①O

一〇一〇㊦﹂U

295

山

＝…Σ

お一窪一窓島霧雪o遍＞

曽の南＝︑oっト＝帽国﹄§℃自囲

9亮畠oo﹃の毫も．800呂8の一℃員奪〇一．︒oO．︑ミ嚇8尋の．oっ頃蔑8身
ゆトの南＝︑お山遡の虞の⑨＝㎡卜＝砲国︵oっ8一．℃罵ρo名↑︶窪り忌ミ醤

祖8一︑8桟出廻8琶の鳶魯
ゆ8一︑薯o図︑ミミ聖雲⇔

巴㊤目思−§碧薫︑ω︒︒ρ塁￡3・の身§の8蔓の︒至8ζ

曽の剣＝︑︒oO．ミ怠8琶の︵Oりゆ﹄翫qO含．一〇℃目餐℃日あ︶h』oっ8一．薯幽︑§ミミ

旨の喝＝﹄8窪む帽8︸oの一〇a℃012ω二の田ε−自壽請oの80ω05ΣΣΣΣ ΣΣΣΣ Σ蕊
扁絹霧誘鴇翫．の一〇〇〇き琶．の℃一〇唱8唱．ミ鳶口O宕嗣ごの．頃O国南の︑OりNのO遇田OO§窪昏舅の58のトの爵．︒︒︒・︑ミ恥嘗︒o・器

ω200

霧①一︑o＝り竜遷§芯物︵峻§拐旨§9き．寂雫ω雨︶︒︒N︒︒H 軋員8℃︒馨虜§葛Rの喝＝のα§霧︑﹄8窒易暑霞￡oのobo℃010℃2の．︑ミ30琶の語蕊8勘︑ooO︵︒oOO一．惹の8咽3︶馨ミ熔曾
08一．窟o些ミ魯

NOO一︑屈o国遷曽§︑＆

曽の南＝︑ooO．ミ怠8琶のの一88の田o毛省2のN8一︑臣旨零5■§簑ミ

緯の廻＝︑︒oO．隔ミ暑ヨoOの宕a︻oo︒α8羽8E一①＝㊤駕き薫3

ゆトの南＝︑OOO．ミ怠qO宕Hごののo琶も．a自馨﹃の酬ooq℃o℃2の頃トの剣＝︑OOOの℃一88ての自自馨の．の一〇a℃望o筋．の2a涜詔δ
の自田当の拐田o＝oのob心℃o℃012の．ミ慧ーヨ90︑頃函南の︑①ゆ目資ヨ自器．幅ミ勉8憩の︑Oゆ目目白自8︵︒08一︑﹄o窃8哨§婁愚§§驚へ︵08H︑も犀8℃o出︶墨唱§暑⇔つ寸ゆo卜ODO
NNNQqNN●qの一豊旦ooコ唇8で・釜︒も︒℃咽ω−℃昏暮︒α§︒傷・の一︒︒旦§㊤︒︒却．ωb︒2

Σ①一bo目﹁8g窪の︑一8窪碧三8︒．の288唱一の蓼o￡のお南＝︑oっト．ミ恕goの鷺属︵ooO．︑ミ恥8宕8の︑①頃§ヨ﹄↑︶㊤省．a§ま暮80081

ΣΣΣΣ

︑①ゆ藝ヨ自㎡串賜↑㎡頃蔑8身の岩畳お一窪boε80薫3のトの剣＝︑ooO．幅唱駕qo宕嗣ごのづO国廻のの℃一8

φうト①一︑℃咽O出剣口O冒鼠ごの詮HOの﹁目雨＝物醤凝篭ミ

ト一①一︑お着韻砲8岩お旨ミ謹§§︑紹．ミ慧口oマ8の．紹．ミ慧℃ヨoOのα壽ま需目ωコoa昭鷺暢ご覇拐o﹄ε台＝︑︒oO．︑ミΣo宕8の．器．︑ミ芒ヨoO

Rの剣＝︑oうト＝剣出︐NN︵︒っ8一︑℃雪8自著馨ミ︑．貸刈目︶
OO①見8お§ミミ愚ミ

寂の喝＝

等①H．日2のo℃gのし§避

頃卜竃＝︑器．隔ミ30冒8の︑旨Σ曹b罵き着湯5の旨の喝＝ω℃一ε8唱．おおき5㊤一〇一〇〇Q

32︑目2の名目の§ミ琶

黛8惹

の01咽ω

目8蕩oo8罵望8α琴o翼︻の勾島−省2の一〇層且畜＝の〇一28均盤o蕊葭8国Σ

卜蕊一︑g起量虜§ミ§§＆①N臼凄馨婁蒸

ゆト電＝．oうト国喝出︵馨婁悉．唱︑鑓く一〇ミ§ミ§§くの㊦︶︵のO国翻め︑①頃日崔巳ヨ﹄﹄い︶H一一一c N08α5dd−山︑薯．の㊤oo区8の蔑εαの︑ωoもも㎡一8α−目o翫︑器．︑q噸勉℃一ゴOO︑吋卜oり臥Oの5吋Qの舅弱8画

OoDO南国へqDO．隔q隔恥目O焉Oのの一〇〇α嗣目ω

HO①一 ．℃罵ρO㊤自窯嘱ミ嚢 ．卜︸O．︑ミ勉℃ヨoO．︒oO．滝慧8琶の
。o

のき〇一

︐罵琴o罵碧蔓g眉88有の岩；Φ一窪台薯目需目の88

山

山

Q→ 山

ΣΣΣΣΣΣ

︑OO国南のへめめ↑南↑︑一ゆ℃員℃§の︑雨登婁δ︑︒っN歌§国器の一〇〇〇目田OH覇30一ω㎡Φ6ρ雨自①Oの8口8鷺＝のα塁3の＾のー︻㊤唱ωOg窪の㎡宕o黛当睾8碑ヨのの㊤

一8一︑§眉80ミ8避・ミ蝸恥口O毫の︒ゆO国廻の︑㊦トのh㊤のコ㊦Q軸爲のO自﹄邸0＾のO国喝の︑頃頃↑砲﹄ゼ︑一頃℃自暑自のOO唱㎡㊤﹄8む臥のの曽励㎡眉OO碧﹄O﹀唱︑一〇駕琴OOq眉目冒＝50あ＾のb4ε﹄αの ＾の一〇〇α℃O﹄﹄O臣唱 ︑口O鳴5㊤ヒりO＞導写一㊤一吋き舅の︵NO9軸ωO§h︶篭§ミ

NO①一＾のO口鵠h聴糞︑器．ミ慧

自O憂︑O嶋§自軸爲のO§自q
曽の喝＝︑oっト＝南餌〇一哨℃︷の℃口Q昌帖の一〇〇α﹄のの巴O

一〇①一 職−塁OO自獄馨唱︑︵︸○①H︑30むコ日︶§嚇塙ミ§ミ矯の〇一2着e︑ω〇一2

8お虹08℃ヨO翫百屑恩乞㎡§目2一8さ一国おのト甲幽も函軋oDO．隔唱軸簡口O焉Qの

のO頃㊦

の30需

の

肩H目の

℃O℃2の

↑の一〇〇〇国OO一帆の一QQ自

一N①一

旨O南鑑

㊤b心℃O

︑ω−﹄窒℃国ミ聖糞︵馨ミ蓑

︵の一〇一一〇きh目雨一a︶︐83︑弩8傷需目璽8もも㎡一8α℃§o島お望﹁喜匹︵O頃竃⁝5自．お℃霜§ののooo⁝o弓﹃の費渥の8ρ墓豆の萱．男﹄一〇〇餐．のΦoo区8ω
︑ω一QQαΣ

寸NO一 ︑咽の﹄㊤．貸﹃の煽︶

自OりのΣQ養ミ勢K博︵曽寒§ミミ︑塙

■ミ﹃旨OO卜曾 争口Oの焉︸︷南自O桟O山≦︑℃

R＝む﹂︵澆§§§謹．貸﹃の吋︶︵の旨O調﹄Oき﹄口雨邑．

．暴魯o§遭§﹃のω︶︑㊦トの旨Oのコ㊦Q︑oりeqのO口持硝周︶

目謹窃コ8暑8壽o傷︑沼相分8﹁の塑コ8毛霧田o﹄等守專等等專等
．①oう︵︶ooqoの焉国づめ﹄r南↑︑一ゆ℃目雪菌︷薯田のの閏Φタヘの一〇Q口℃㊤﹄﹄㊤＞口︑ω一〇Q自題﹄＾の一〇墨090眉島三︑㊦トの旨Oのコ雨Q︑oうNのO口﹄雨国一︵▽①一︑ωO唱O馨︑醤りの一目800﹄＾の﹀PO扁き琵﹄1ーコH目︷の一〇〇α

Σ

騒島首邑毒高蓉の蕗当善伽尋呂墓§︒の6うト︸肖喝出

軋op㊤．幅唱賢恥口O琶の︵爲のo§国︶トの2 ＾のωO自OQ馨ミO軽ミ矯舵§§§唱心

卜QO
oつoつ

︵OO①一 ＾のO掴O讐りOミ層幅蔓．ミ﹃ ︶．αD㊤．ミ獄唱O虜︑qp㊤︐隔唱隔勉℃宕OO山︑Σ

ω鳥﹄昏口憩㊤H︸ω軋の目励翼目−霞○ユ軸ωO O溜℃軋の℃﹇O唱OO国晶頃頃﹄ド廻﹄ド軋鷺自㊤﹄一轟応卜oりhOωコ㊦Q

おoo一軋αヨき一〇℃自＞超ミ醤ミ鑓q︐Ooっ馨oの石醒．8のO 〇一モ︑ω一Q∩る目目㊤おの軋の溜自O図﹄園Σ

直壽講呂Σ百80図8㌧沼剛88唱．ω名ω鵠目むの田O

一層慧目2目8の．頃㊤国遡の︑頃の↑剣↑軋舘﹄島唱O臥一ぐト⇔り旨①の8．的NのO§的N8一 ．§宕80雲︑§琶めoっ︵虐竃嚇ハ︾︶§ミ量國
ピのヨロのリヨ

OO函自⇔心題OO一ρ罵詣8讐ρ篶5

塁の︵雪5000お︶雪80

OO一口①﹄O噛㊤一−口OOm︶出296℃oコεqoQ297︵旨§§ミ．貸﹃石鴇︶OooOむ出︵︒っ8門のo自四h︶ミミミミ．のO

Ooo目oω鷺＝の馨8冒島三︑ωoもも㎡℃ロQ畠．一8鰻5ゼ﹈誉励唐の．OOO．︑唱慧qO宅屓ごの︑①のq雲日ヨ ↑蕊臼︑謡8身ミミミ．おooO．ミ慧go宕弱Qの．鍛︺．幅唱鳶ーヨOO︒ゆO国剣の㎡頃﹄翫qO﹄一山︑Σ

︵︒っNωo§oo︶．ooO．ミ芯8琶ののbo目旨Oの㎡09ヨの︑一毛覇も目の︑謹oっ♂のコδ

の着昌8有の一〇a℃名2の︑ω88もコoa台薯目88の一〇aog眉︑o母罵毫馨の一〇a﹄望8お著ヨの三．惹窪一蔑霧﹄著・の︒§すの℃凄①︒夏詔ぎ℃︒翼の﹃︑山．Σ

︒ゆO国⑨の︑のゆH翫qo臥H︑的トの臥㊤ωコ雨Q︵︒っ羽o昌qコ︶︑︒oO．幅ミ恥8マ8の．︒oO．︑ミ芒ヨoO︑舘旨oo5訟
︵震8⁝出︶山．Σ

︑8国喝oo㎡頃蔑5身︑謹︒っむ塁8①＞o翫日営．お一窪場署巴﹄︑お一窪冨お目a．ω一8αぞヌΣ

︑ooO．ミ途8募︑ooO．ミ慧℃冒oOのO憂の巴o揖琶8罵℃薯焉︑ω目oき厘082き紬趨目里目コの000．ミ鳶8琶の．①頃§ヨ自

N8一︑N莞80§鳶︵§§ミ§蕊．ミ刈の而︶

一〇①一．−亟oo自§噛ミ篶超︵矯§§﹁ミ﹃ω燭︶︵旨雪︑も﹃鮮8℃o出︶養ミミ虜
︵800見の80緊リミ§﹃︶

OO︒〇一︑咽のの田O裟還魯虜

一8H．8迄ミ寮ミ量匂︵§§噛§§．貸﹃の㊦︶︵田o老03臥目豊ON①H︑一目薯哨o寓§凝マ§喜

8琶の．頃畠剣の．お℃日暑目の︵ね畠q§㌧§藝．貸刈のに︶︵鶉の㊤自出︶．ooO．幅ミ恥qo
ゆのO の﹄雪目︑ω目㊦Oおの㎡一〇〇山

HNの
ooo
①o
嶋o

もooO一︑80δΣΣ

器．ミ電目o騒のの一〇〇〇図8﹄︑ω一8qで舅o紬℃o℃2の紹．ミ慧8眉8ののoヒo区8璽碧8着oヒのobo葛目＄おの

OooO南餌︵§軸ミ藝．ミ﹃詔o日霧の雨︶︵馨ミ§ミま刈眉の帽︶

賜肩男焉§一謡塙§島§ミミ§りOゆO恩のの︒自8寒ミ篭§ミ磐墨
等①見のの￡oQ稔彗黛へ︵Oお一．暑﹄︒o自︶ミ§︑§暑§愚

OooO南餌︵旨§糞§雫の吋︶︵田o着o塗臥自邑

ヒ83蹉
蕊︵圏．ミ竜8鳶お㎡ゆ↑南↑．一頃℃q曽月調ζ燭の甫卜oつ﹄oのコ吋Q︶山ΣΣiO．︑ミ魎8琶の．3．︑ミ芒聴oO．8国喝の︑︒っの鵠bめ8訟︑謹︒っむ撃8の晟鵠目自ご萄bo毎o目去oあ︵§蝸ミ醤§§﹃眉鴇︶「ΣΣ

︵卜8一︑嗣＞oQ篭婁ミ．ミ﹃ ︶卜N①一︑雪毛駕δ喝℃曼︒三の竃§︑§魅篭

のoも毛℃o着〇一舟のα目労㎡晟建℃8山
お一窒bo星oε歯〇一巴a目窪の・看a葺88唱︸︒の§︒﹄ωの臥暮︒︒℃⁝︒δ

oo

N8一︑30雪一越簑勉暑慧ミ軋

幹詣①一︑目8δ賜ヨ蓼暴駕出矯§ミ越ミ

器O廻出︵簑§醤§﹃ミ﹃の㊦︶︵のお受oき臥自Σ︶

08見の︒葛qo喝お彊05曽ミ唱§暑000．ミ蔦口o思の誌．︑ミ恥届o園．oっト国剣出

ωα壽鮮の誓8らの一〇〇﹃のコε81一〇のobo℃o駐の雪Oの一〇a︵㊦8一︑℃塁oo西︶り碁轟ミ

Ooo口oの茎

名8ヒの一〇a亀88璽碧oO目ご蕩㎡晟鵠目薯o甥者＝︑︒oO．幅ミ書o虜︑譜虫oのコδ

一8一︑℃亟oo自旨選貸ミ

等專8お斜錦N卜娼O口咽O函︑①ゆ口吋口H目日自の零§ミ還貸唱∩﹁℃口国量ρ一口O勾㊦︾㊤一㊤晟咽＝

鯉据oヨ㊤図のo℃oFお一眉oo﹄口語﹄㎡肩語旨ミ蝿貸唱亀お雨o鵠﹄目＝

OOりト一﹄OεO函の︻OOα諸OO﹄烹門目の一の焉﹄栖㊤一のコO琶ヨOΣ

骨㊦卜①一︑一﹄O目嘱O出・§§鳩唖嚇 ．OQo︵§ミo国︶り竜モ︑口昏﹄ゴ自矯翼輯慧︐Qo卜

苦寸の①一︑一﹄O口咽O出塙§輯禽．①卜蔚N卜①一︵§矯登§り竜勉﹃．幅唱慧℃ヨQO︑頃O国剣の︑Oの自頸目ヨ﹄↑区§お︒2壽書︒至bρ︒﹁の一︒︒g一ぎ5︒・の一§．誉餌Σ

︵①の目蚕自軋弱卜㊦旨㊤のコ㊦Q︶

ωEoら8§旦呂⁝馨の︑ω℃謹8且の︻oo暑oo匡Σ卜トロρ55＝︑oD㊤巴Φ月摺80喜篶

量励ε一§のo℃o日8眉oo﹄壽ρo︵．茎塁蕊ミくの雨︶︵〇一①一軋O旨O騨OΣO︽嗣︶︑謹ξ ．卜卜︵§旨ミ＜︶篭恥﹃︵のOn一剣のへ①頃垂自軋oo頃﹄禺qO旨H︶︵一㊤oo一JO⇔心蜜﹈︶§ § ミ．O卜︵馨彗§．勉﹃ω㊦︶認卜据〇三醒︑器Σ山．隔唱隔恥ーヨOO︑頃O国剣の︑雨卜oり臥㊤ωコ雨Q

需卜一﹄O眉O出軋O頃目雪自のO﹄O娼℃＾のOb心帽αOOの㎡℃一〇唱OO唱＾の一〇〇自1目コO紬口OαO

需卜据o眉o出の︻ooq眉㊦旨﹄のの曽励㎡図⇔㊦h二Φ㊤亭50bo勧函㎡一〇〇α℃OoO弓雪目の認卜岩oεo出の一〇〇α℃oo唱℃o℃副君2ヨゴ㎏目の︵O紹一︑属㊤6の則OΣ︶簑魅R笥鳶︵NO①一＾のO掴O︶§暢唱悔q§魯へ︵頃○①一．奪O弓5一︶砲塞妥鵯§唱織︵卜OO一 軌℃﹃﹄OO自︶雲ミ嘱り§§魁ひqoつマ頃
卜卜卜・卜のρ目〇一〇〇噛

ΣΣ
山︑Σ
h︑山︑Σ

焉且署署暑暮8ぞヌ目︑ω壱暑§言a目︒↑
ω一口唱自一〇〇矯の1一〇唱OQ−︑ω酬QQ昌℃○〇一函

NN①一軋の℃喜1国謹琶

需卜岩o石o国

認卜一﹄O口咽O出︑頃O国喝の︑舘島qOhH

雨oりト椙O目嘱O出へOの§調﹄r

ω一8量︒︒㌧の醐oo9葛目﹁．の一8・目省の︑ω一888国︑8︐︑ミ芒ヨ8︑霞筏8コδ

ー麓㎡簿O見簿O罵導﹄㎡一目マ舟OO嫡㎡一§10℃且の臥暑山㊦oっト娼o覇o図ω﹄O己還自︽︾O碧唱

需卜眉o月o嘱の︻OOα−OO唱℃012の﹄霜山︵一〇①一︑−で﹄O㊤自︶旨糞選暑︑ミNN①一＾の℃結き℃国旨貸・隠︑§︵80H．−﹃﹄8自︶§きり︵ゆ○①H．℃躍OO邑雲唱題遭§物O心幅唱

σ》〇一
〇卜・卜

お紹

︵讐ぺ§単聴S篭勉﹃︵舘﹄島自O﹄H軋燭卜oり﹄㊤のコ帽Q︶山︑Σ

ω℃謹8唱︑ω℃q＆．の︻oa．8壽議§§瞬跨詣3︵墨§§葛曇§刈ω㊦︶
霧一︑﹄曙凝駐寒︒．OO

雨O卜口Oの﹄↑軋①頃§自軋㊤のΣ喝一︵馨§§S暴§選ミ
凹く客一〇一目⇔h＝祠目雨蠣﹄5のロのきのりぴヨ8琶﹄三の5①O而一〇bり口咽℃OO﹄﹄肩＞三OO口O﹄O噛①﹄℃﹄O⇔㊤出の省8ω︵の⁝㊤OO号の︶の昌8298℃oコε口oQ299

山︑Σ

の鴛網①一而§ρ自
の〇一〇

Σ

qDO

．隔唱噛嚇℃ヨ︽︶︷︶

8国剣の

OO旨﹄r

の一㊤目曇qOO窟O醤軋ω一QQ自一⇔○柏μ口O唱邸＞①一〇鳥閑︷

ゆO国喝の︑①ゆ爲雪﹄﹂ピ︵マO①H㎡①唱︷︾︶砲ミ蕊籟哉

苺①一甑℃コ§m矯§騒偲︵oりN①一︑ーコ㊦﹂鵠的︶§雌勉

．一〇一

．OO一

．①①

の旨の︸量口Oり裡O篶の﹄O口題900起O唱﹁焉＾のα口HゴρのOQ﹄口記﹄︑ω〇一〇﹄OO一﹄い㎡寒網〇一〇鵠↑㎡α目コ訪oo﹄目㊦ρ㎡20﹄一〇か﹄︑ω〇一〇﹄㊤o一↑Σ

O一鳥霞︒ゆO国⑨の︑帽卜oり臥OのコOQoQΣ︵卜Q①一へ℃罵ρOO自︶寒も唱恥ミ暑O堕§心り．oo①

ooO ．︑唱隔嚇℃ヨO︷︶︑頃O国剣の︑O頃垂﹄﹄ドa目毬8﹄目謡Σ

のO国南の︷にトの﹄OのコにQのOOρ墓mOOO ．隔魅噛恥でヨO出︶

旨国むののOOρ壽﹄︷の〇一〇 OO柏↑ΣのO国剣の︑①の目雪目己自の自ロヨ一ωOOρ口お﹄帆ωΦ一〇﹄OO﹄﹂い︵トゆoQ一︑罵 Oの〇一〇〇︶馨ミ唱りO鋤

︵oQO①H︑℃医OO

醤唱↑︶堕簑ミ唱り旨︵寸O①一︑一〇一の①Q咽㊤ρ︶墨墨§O心幅唱

蒜⑦H︵oDO①H︑℃口量qコ寒鳶矯§心︑唱︑−勾﹄O㊤﹄い︶辺悔勢に沁嘱褐ε隔唱

σつ寸Loo卜①o①σ、①︵唱魯幅ミ矯属︶篭恥﹃おト娼o届o出山︑Σ撃o莞琴o罵碧舟碧a℃雪o紬蔚﹄8目︒廿の一8900匡︑器．幅唱軸恥℃一目OQ軋雨卜oり臥㊤ω5雨Q︵○㊤QQ一︑﹄O莞≧︶莚黛§嘱．N①︵篭ミ超疑唱ミ特国︶篭恥く：……

O卜眉o眉o出︵q雪一の帆O℃○目㊤り届軋一国αの︶のOQ﹄口淘q口O卜椙o眉o出

ω〇一〇﹄O㊤一﹄いO卜君O口咽①出ものO︵国喝の．Oゆ目雪自の〇一〇調OO一︸軋のα量一のOOρ亀m﹄αりト揖O届㊤国の①一〇調OO一﹂r

の㊤①一へ﹄励目揖一煽譲㎞ミ唱魂ミ
甚O卜①．﹇．H①︑口㊤口嘱O国塙§ミ唱勉り

菅oりト①一︑損㊤屓O餌寒噛§ミ醤§勉物

︐OO

︐①σD

のN①一︑ω℃慈31国黛堅審魯．器︵層§§麓︽︻︶り竜勉網

卜卜㊤一﹄己口Oも﹄Oρ﹂﹃の〇一〇﹄OO一﹄い山．Σ

︵頃OO一軋℃﹃﹄OO自︶矯§嚢トトO咽﹄日O一〇一〇ρ＜︑①ゆ口§轟．卜Qo

Hoり①一 軋℃コ偲﹄濤国餐 ．OqD

卜卜㊤咽ρ目口Oご﹄①ぬくの〇一〇調ΦOお軸の一〇〇α出OO一墓Oおのの①一〇﹄bρ〇一︑ω一一コρ一〇θOきへの〇一〇 OΦ一﹄r

︵ゆO①一︑℃罵ρOO自︶馨物O罵亀醤ミミ唱．のαo︵誉曽ミ§萱ぺQ︶馨斡﹃︵きミ菱ミS鵠O口︶．qω ．誌

OoD．隔唱噛塾蜀国﹄雲の㊤一〇﹄﹄帽も﹄ω冥O窪国

oQゆ臥励拒一ω一占

田＞励εおΣ

の㊤一〇﹄ρ吋一︵︶．Noo

盤①一︑臥励口娼一㊦Σ§リミミ矯．oりoo

甚qDゆ①一も﹄励拐一ωΣ超寒輔蕊さO避︵り避ミ§唱⇔︶篭嚇く︵αゴ⇔監αロヨ一の︑ρ頃qの︶のOQ﹄口おρ軌の一〇〇〇一〇〇一嚢の菅N卜①一．一﹄O届O出塞ミ ．一〇Q

OOりト娼㊤ε㊤出の目咽吋﹄桓㊤一の50一﹄マ菖唱コO一︑︿山

Σ2の㊤﹄Oりむhの℃一Φ唱OO田の一〇〇q﹄の﹄署＾のO

O嵩O﹄O卜口Oの臥﹄いρO卜口Oの﹄﹄ド

一8一︑眺蜀唇一㊦Σ§袋惹馨一︵ONqD一へ轟日O℃O咽邑態樋ミミ

．ON一
．〇一一

︵讐養ミ︶物竜恥マ山︑Σの﹄吋﹁㎡園㊤ω一コ目OOOO㎡α長の邸O嘱乞㎡一〇Q自出QO﹄﹄の園O㊦一凶

Oαo．隔唱嘱嚇励鼠薯︑OO㊤．ミ㍉婚℃﹁一Q⇔︵雨卜oう臥Oのコ㊦Q︶山︑Σ

の眉趙①も竃ω身葦の区2．8壽3の湯暑雪m︵ooN①一器．ミ慧唱〜o⇔．O頃9登Hヨ自oDN①H．ω℃﹄雨糞℃国旨凝ミ載．qoH一

咽の℃鵠き−国嚢載︵ミ旨避り︶．笛﹃︶︵oりO①一 軋きOヨコ一︶獄馨曽．卜H一︵魅ミ︑唱§O↓︶篭勉＜旨〇一㊦琴℃一〇〇︑切目嘱

1＞O口塑 ︑爵﹄a目8詩省︑拐ε＾の一〇〇〇きO翌の為き一

R娼o眉o図のO＞㊦Q︑一﹄O口咽O出馨嘱唱高唱り．〇一一︵り避き8国︶物竜魅刈
h︑Σ

O主切眉淵図づO国剣の︑裡の臥Oのコ雨Qの〇一〇﹄OOと＾の︻OOα図OO出のO国喝のの一〇〇二調OO一一唱O眉吋＞〇一〇最田邸卜oり﹄Oのコ弱Q

ω㊤一〇﹄oo﹄↑．幅q曳勉℃ヨ○︷︶の一〇目題qOO罵咽Q窟︑ω一QQ自図OO﹄題ω吋OQ

山．Σ
の①一〇

3

︵卜○①H ．℃篤ρOO調↑︶矯O動O

N8一㎡℃おき召虜§幅ミリ︵oうNO一

ΦOH︸口O層謡一自O凋雨﹀〇一〇鳥田㊤oo．︑唱煽勉励㊦臥嚢ωご頻琶8﹃で唄焉．の一8q国8一︑ωo酬28﹄↑の零閤〇一量的︵oり○①HのO国あめ︑国卜Oり臥Oのコ邸0

8国剣の︑Oゆ§Hヨ自の一8自螺8出．雲一︑℃璽OO自︶寒越鳩選黛

．σっ二

．①〇一

︐卜〇一

＾の℃誉P℃国︶矯§曽層賊§．8一︵oっ8一．琴o弓5︶裟ミ貸
︵寸一①一

．寸OH

︑℃コ§的︶・§§ミ．頃〇一

静卜φり〇一︑臥Oのコ郎Q藁①ゆ口舅自︑﹄卜oり﹄㊤のコ雨Q．OO一

NN①H．の℃鵠3℃国ミ§母8国⑨の︑Oの目目§自㊤一鳥濱︷軋頃O国﹇⑨の︑O頃目蚤自︑qD㊤一鳥塑︑oDO︵爲①一

一N①一︑的℃雨量＞聴讐恥り§県

噛慧℃ヨoO︑8国喝の︵馨物ミ心︑暑．効﹃は︶︵頃O国剣の︶

菅oo卜〇一 ﹂鳥蚕㎞S嚢︒ミミ

おト一鳥蚕

8目田￡田マ80出

OO調αb心眉℃OO﹄﹄罵＞﹄5

︐コ一

．一自

︵旨︑遷きへ．勉﹃の㊦︶器．ミ電℃ヨoO︑①頃自疸ヨ自のoβ目2㎡身28占の〇一2一8㌧望8自溜8以の〇一〇﹄OO﹄の2日O羽㊦﹀〇一〇鳥田の昌O﹄の一コ90QO⇔への︻OO自謂QO一 ＾のα鐘のQQ﹄薫ρ＾の〇一〇﹄OO﹄↑の鳶蜘㊤一署﹄℃口帽O為↑

自O口自OO目

．oっ〇一

．NO一

の①咽U㊤αの︵ωコロOヒの﹄コの︶のゴqO︷︾300

門︻Oご5﹄三の刷︵H

．N自

．Oコ

＾のO層︷︾︶養§§り斜︵一8見8お︶§§ミ§ミ︵一〇①一

器．ミ慧℃弓ゑ︶︑頃O国南の︵鈎鳥口O﹄同︶

山口司

ΣΣ
Σ
Σ

軋℃5黛m︶寒ぺり

oqN①鳳の−憩き召ミ§§りOO

QD℃当ε自oQ301

ΣΣΣ

蕊曾︑鳥毒吋Σ§這竜気

N卜bo目コ＝㊤O旨﹄r︵︒08一︑﹄8の8咽〇一︶§§碁愚

おき鳥蚕︑謹秘目岩＝︑︒っトoの目主の〇一2切o﹁の〇一28お．︵010冠①岩．α書ω︶のoo﹄慧国︵馨鰹§養聴ミ．ミの㊦︶︵鍛︺．隔q葛1宕OO︑頃O国剣の︶の〇一〇﹄α§ω軋の㊤一〇にトトboき5＝

ω嵐惹窪．の費彊のoo起2．の〇一2㊤当︑ω〇一2000一oっき一．b心蕊主矯ミ潟ミ§

邸卜卜㎞刷目コ一︷へのトb心口燭口＝の〇一20㊤お︑︵q⁝萄︑o唱oεo着︶のooρ§自⇒一〇っ①一．ヌ黛q自墨憩魯Sミミ

Nトヒの自ゴ︸︷︑①ゆ目討口蚤自ωΦ宕日㊤岩oβ目2㎡虫28一↑の〇一〇調oo﹄↑

山．Σ

OO㊤

．︑畑嚇舶℃宕O︷︶

謹卜bo§＝の①州20当．︵一且の︑費据の︶の02目一εの8嵐のき想⁝oΣ

謹魅自ロ国︑①ゆ目目旨占いの〇一20婁︑︵自⁝萄．ρ且の︑㊤−o自o茗︶のoo﹄ε話︵窪一 ︑お拐8哨3︶き§ミ署ミ§導蘭︵のNOH︑℃5黛q自︶矯いミ唱ミ噂恥︵寸O①一 へのO増︷︾︶旨蝿§り竜︵oっN①H．℃壽欝qり︶魯ξ

．qo曽

．卜oっH

．O曽
．Ooっ一

．寸oっ一

．oっσっ一．Noっ一．胡一

謹卜o心寮ヨ＝︑紹．︑ミ芒ヨoO︵㊤℃O目﹄〇一目咽︑自日目P一の︶の○○﹄目H㊦口り︑OO国南の︑臼藝ヨ調↑︵Oま一︑℃雪8自︶§遭ミミ§．O︒っ一

N卜頃目岩＝︑器．悔ミ芒ヨoO
h︑山︑Σ
h．山︑Σ

︵NO卜見の8琶一︶竃禽ミ．︒oN一︒っ頃畿5脅．霞oっむのコδ

の慧おおき㎡お琶口oo喜要＜︵寸①oo一︑oのヨ︻の︶寒軸起息U嶋ミ．ON一．oっ中鼠習9一︑譜oっむ撃88⁝お02壽舟のお琶8︒報娼届80窟δ︵曇栂§爵り︶篭爵

曽o量口8碧篶山︑Σ＾の自Oの一5qOOOO＾の〇一〇﹄国⇔○﹄㎡零逮一︒b︒邸の︑ω︒一︒48ζ

︵曇§お雪80心碧のの㊦︶
O ．幅唱嚇勉℃ヨ○︷︶

qD︵8①一︑℃﹃08自︶旨慧§竃ミミ．卜N一︵謹欝題ミリ︶篭爵

ゆoo椙o肩o出

畠︑Σ

の一〇〇量︒o主望8お．の一〇〇呂℃ヨo筋．の〇一2ρ§

翌8占ρO卜据o眉o国 ︑謹︒っ♂のコ8︵︒oO①H︑お拐8咽3︶繋葛ミ量．O巽
︵唱恥§母りOミ塙ぺ唱︶り竜軸く

ω〇一〇
山︑Σ

名ごお罵琴場田函の一〇ao一bo目h︵︒oO①H︑お一ω8咽β︶§蝕§旨．蕊H

Hoo娼o肩o餌甚O卜①一 轟﹂﹄O届O出憩ミ貸ミ塙§ ．頃NH

OO卜仁O眉Q︸一︵物竜§疑唱氏︶り竜笛﹃︵N卜︒︒一︑暑8出石畏謹■ミミ蕊．斜一

欝自掴ヨ自︵①︒o︒〇一︑8量の︶§愚ミ爲一

霞箋8コ8

a薫3ω﹄望8占

h．山︑Σ

の〇一〇調OO﹄﹄ピ︵馨魅ω℃ヨo紬詮墓霧著一ε8冥のoもも暮8山h︑山．Σ

頃O国劇φ︑O助日四月ピヨ﹄↑．Oり頃蕊q㊤﹄HO

心ミ9︵︶︶勉竜塾刈

︵めOO一︑き雪一︶嚢§魯§§．一N一︵§§起ミミ§触琶り竜爵

Σ

ΣΣ
Σ

ω一〇〇α1ロゴO筋臥﹄ω﹄弱Σきの剣出苺椙㊤εo出 ︑卜零−眉莞O

祖8一︑o焉亟oO簑堅養恥ミ
oっき一．三〇配寒§ミ鼠苺眉〇三〇出

oQeq①一軋℃コ量m馨き隔

．一〇一

．8一
．①ゆ一

︐ooゆ一

．トゆ一

．頃ゆ一

︵︒08一．一8の8哨β︶超§瞬8§矯寸卜娼〇三〇国

ω一8ロ〇一bog﹁黒gの趨OOH︑01量oO稔貸§曾ミ

苺娼oεo出 ︑卜零−眉莞Oの一8自℃8唱︑ω一8α℃目o筋需目のト8一︑01曼oO旨旨S篤苺眉〇三①国 ︑卜Oモ鋸oO

趨8一．o℃眉莞O旨黛暑ぺ苺据㊤月o出 ．卜零℃鋸oO

爲2︑8自2の剣持﹄O§︑

寸卜娼o眉o鑑 ︑￡︒っ﹄oの5δ

の8霧o旨名台の壷日亘ε98噛︑ω一8自−雪oδ苺唱o月o出︑卜零−吋ζ㊤Oの一〇〇α鳥持ヨ薫o萄︑ω一〇a℃§o紬罵εの．の一〇〇α℃oo配

．3一

．舘一
．N雲

︵︒08一︑℃壽盲的叢り．爵 ︶︒oN2︑ω℃おき昌§ミ︒誉寸卜娼〇三〇国の㊤もも℃o℃2牲8さ筋詩目互oa㊤励⁝h苺娼〇三〇国ω一〇〇畠目おbの．詔8ロ℃oo﹃の㊤一2需冒㎡一〇9着o国
8山︑Σ

︵05一︑℃塁oo自︶§ミ§竜§嚇怨

卜8一︑o℃鍔oO憩ミ謹ミ苺椙o石o出 ド零℃鋸oO
寸卜娼oヨo函．蕊一爲OH︑ω℃為き℃国寒ミ§︑苺岩oεo出

の一8自℃8墓傷．の一8α筋800の．の一8αOoo配の一〇〇〇℃8﹃の一〇aご一窒縄国

︵舘蔑8ε

山
ΣΣ
山

ΣΣ

卜8一．o碍ζoO違ミミ9一︒っOH．ヌ§自自§竜喬ミ9

．お一
．O頃一

．①寸一

．αo寸一

8む需目の

寸卜娼O月O国

沼亮9§ぎも著︑ω言密巷耳8暑g︒翫窟目のNN暮2為彰函砲§唱ミ這§寸卜一﹄O目咽O出︑頃O国南のの一〇a尋扇oヒの一日なヌε℃名2のooN2︑ヌ§的§ミ唱

寸卜岩o届o出の㊤弓℃琶︑ω一8α℃8目8おの

一8一．℃罵﹄8自黛避ミ心寸卜眉〇三〇函 ︑oっの蔑8自︑譜oっむのコδ

亘看昌8﹄㎡一〇a℃90紬湯園8お．のα目畢ω雪詔8

O寸①一︑口OO薗馨§ミ

．トコ
．O寸一

．頃寸一

．專一

︵ミミ茎︶篭魅﹃Σのお琶80﹃で鷺鵠〇一琴o国2．の〇一28自㊦きo心日ヨ＝．8国南の︑謹虫8コδ
虫︺︵頃8一︑−扁﹄8自︶寒隔曽ーミ．oっコ

︐﹄唱隔恥℃ヨO︷︶．一コ

ち8一．bogコ国・選訟N卜o心畠5＝．①笥日岩＝のお頻琶8屓項萄︵O目葛︑身o︑隻ごの8コ9謡．N寸一扁①一 ︑響σ§国雲心魯Sミ虜

︑ゆ㊤国吻の︑O頃日一目﹄コ調↑︵o宕ヨ㊤着︑O目εの︶ω8⇒目2．超28ζ

の〇一〇﹄

ΣΣ
90口自OOヨqoOロ﹄唱一の5舘8目8．N彗§＝

N卜oo日岩＝の〇一28お．︵一呂︑904自萄．詣房︑o℃o日㊤着︶の8﹄9爵︑①の時目ヨ調↑o省．8800ρ塁﹄㎡嵐旨8窪．のo︻2着o㌧の一8q図8図

8畳oo尋8お肩三NO①一

語当8虜§§唱§セ§避ミリ︵︒oN①一︑一〇﹄o自o︶馨誉︑§跨へ

．O寸一

．①oっ一

の省aの︵の目㊤oo碧の︶のコ80m︾⇔口﹇m︸一〇噛①旨℃﹄OOO国302℃oコ拒口oQ

303

山
ΣΣ

ooO．ミ慧℃ヨoO＄国剣の︑①O目導ヨ自ω㊤宕εo岩02自お℃g2bo目o＞．8国剣の．臼頴⁝コ自．霞oっむ塁8の㊤三8担︑︵ぎ房︑㊤宕eo茗．α目焉︶の02目出︵ooO2︵︒oO2︑一8の8咽8︶§鳶曇︑お拐8咽3︶雲ミ魯8ぺ§竜

．Nσ〇一

．一Qo一

ooO．ミ怠マ宕oO山ΣΣΣΣ︵︒oOO一．﹄εの8咽8︶砲旨§ミミ§

めO国南の．舘葛8身︑霞︒っむ雪8のα⁝拐8宕量︑ωo宕9㊤着︒o﹄壽書田o﹄︒o舅o＞

OO①一︑−尋oで8Σ§慧§ミ器．︑ミ勉℃ヨoO︑8℃窟o℃8Σ

のo宕田8膚oo﹄自摺℃80

卜NO一．℃壽畠o自寒§ミ竜

3国剣の︑OO目営ヨ自のα§一の8ρ墓﹄㎡㊤℃oε㊤着02量秘50＞︵コ①呉のーお鮮圏︶§§層鵠

︑①の§目弩自︑謹︒っむ塁8のo︻28お㎡名o自8届02目摺℃田om

．OqoH

．①卜H

．oo卜H

．卜卜H

3．ミ慧℃宕oO︵詣房︑O目βの︶80眉話．①ゆg目5自︑oっ頃鵠bo8訟

︵OH①一︑唱雪8自︶舵畠愚︑嚢§．O卜H︵ミ爲竈き︶婁愚§ミ

曽㊤璽口8罵で唄Σ−鷺．a据ωoo﹄壽﹄㎡〇一200お 聾窪℃︒卦︒象葛田の§9H．謹Oつ融の壽Q
Oつ︵Oゆoo一︑お莞邑旨ミ賊ミ愈︵〜．§S
鵠〇一︑℃壽g的§ミミ§

頃O国剣の︑①頃目目弩調↑の一8おおきoモoooεO

−ゆト一

．寸卜一

器．ミ醤℃ヨ8
h︑山︑Σ

山
ΣΣ

ω目o胡お88黛呂目葛02§舟のお嶺琶o︒羅︒覇稿＜

づO国廻の︑①頃q㊦ロピヨ調↑︵︒o①︒〇一︑葛碧ぎO︶馨§ミ虜．︒っト一

雲2著鵠き囹堕嚢鋤讐ミ§哉①ゆ藝ヨ自．謡筏㊤のコ8の︒で畳8田蒼窪．の一8q国︒o㌧の一〇︒暑⁝oδ︵一8一︑毛﹄oo自︶憲ミミ

︑OO国喝の ︑①の日糞ヨ調↑︑舘鮎8身

0当︑ω目22目88．ミ曽§曽ミミミ魯鴇oの身︒一睾o配器．ミ鳶ーヨoO

a目召の02薯蔓蚤2

．貸一
．一卜一

︵器︐ミ慧℃冒o㊤㎡O国剣の︑①O日湾ヨΣΣ区舅拐8﹄§ρ︑巴2起葛︒葱o顎記の02目にqooo．Oト一

卜︒o①一．目跳碧目醒慧鴇趣卜︒o自翫重舘↑喝↑山．Σ

︵ミミ§噂．N﹃詔︶

↑︶

．OO一

︵︒oO①H︑一8の8咽3︶憩馨︑．ミ鳶ーヨoO．①頃§﹄↑

O︑藝ヨ自南日導ヨ西軸貸登心管ooゆ①一の畠南の．①頃§ヨ自ω目o﹄の一コロoooQ︵︒08一．お一の8一8︶§恥ミ悉︑oミ§

．ooO一

．卜〇一

︵§愚ミS§愚ミミ．ゆ〇一

N①一︑℃壽毫oo磐§寒ミ

謹損oε醒．OめΣ曹．8一︑o℃雨曼㊤O稔寒ミ心物．ミ ︶一︒っ①一︑℃壽慧国讐箋

寸卜霜㊤三①出︵ooOo罵ζ㊤eの自睾紬起域oao葡目昌﹂︑Σ

﹁踏08℃目o紬嘗さαg昌

︵oo8一

︐NO一

苺①一︑眉o眉o出黛違8．8一

祖09︑01翌oO§りo§苺娼o月醒︑卜零℃眉むO．お一︵一8一︑℃罵﹄8﹄↑︶§§醤

ミ損o膚o出︑oっゆ蔑8台

ω一8αo酬bog・の一〇〇9︒o区8の寸卜口〇三〇出

のo弓碍山

Σ

oo

山︑Σ

ω唱脂罵〇一§﹄卜ω㊤℃O自﹄Oり口嘱OO﹄昌﹄帆の〇一〇謂ΦO一↑O卜﹄鶏ε一邸ΣO卜臥励拒一邸Σ

．一〇N

躰O卜①一 ︑﹄励εおΣ︑§幅§8．NON

ゆ8一 へ30弓コ一雲ミ︑獄袋遷りの〇一2﹄費O域08着9ゴ8α℃50翫

Σ︑ω㊤O﹂﹂量頴﹄ ︑︵身据の︑㊤℃090員︶ω8﹄92．の〇一28自︵口⁝一の．一一〇の︶のOOρ口お﹄＾の㊤一〇

ΣΣ

OO一↑

O卜臥働目罰一雨Σ ＾ゆO国南の帖O頃目弱量自O駄笥ε三≧

O駄書憾Σ

OO﹄﹂﹁

O卜臥励曼雨Σのα門目己一のOO﹄口旨﹄への〇一〇﹄㊤O﹄﹂ドの〇一〇

O卜﹄励ε一㊦Σ︑OO国喝の

︵α毯搦

Σ

卜頃①H ．﹄一b心唇一帽Σ︑旭塙動疑

苦O卜①一

．8N

︑臥励目勾り§§︑駐6疑黛 ．3一

︐卜①一

．oo①一

O卜〇一︑﹄矯口羽一而Σ聾誉ξ

．O①一①ゆ①一︑目胃目ヨ葺・§惑︑題§︑①頃日濤ヨ自︵舵憂駕．N頃の雨︶

バ3目資ヨ自︶O監瓦§邸Σ

のO舅一のOQ﹄口お一国

O卜①一 軋﹄励目翌§砲篭ミ塙寒へ．の①H

卜鴫①一 ︑﹄励§OΣ抽唱︑ミ§

O卜﹄画ε一㊦ΣへーO︼O﹄．一型Oω︶のQO﹄口記血四O卜〇一へh働ε一雨Σ︑§疑ミ

．寸雪

のお琶
1口OO

窟O唱鷺

hのOロヨ一のOOρ口おO＾の一コロOOOO﹄の㊤一〇﹄

OO﹄﹄いのΦ一〇調㊤O﹄口帆のOO﹄壽凶ΣΣ

の︒−︒ε︒着8﹄毯ρ℃︒一︒自P

O卜﹄恥彊雨Σ．頃Om︻南の軋雨卜oう臥Oのコ㊦Q↑︑帽卜oり﹄軌のコ而Q︑①頃目崔ロコ︑O卜＞笥唱冒一§︵O頃目彊自︶O卜卦切目揖駕Σ︑頃O国砲の①N①一．℃コ㊦﹄鵠m︑ミ恥⇔Oり︵駐〇一︑銚局ε憾譲還§葛．N頃︑﹄〇一ωO⇔咽㊤ρ︶堕ミ醤ミ§り

窪一

．oっ①H

︶

︵〇一①一ず罵﹄oo自︶k趙§9︵QoO①一O卜臥笥ε一丙Σ

のq葺のOO﹄﹂一の蚤℃Φ一のO一〇﹂﹇

軋口O咽一●量Q

．N2
．一①一

．8一

O卜﹄葛目羽一燭Σ

のO℃O口栢㊤一βOO﹄口おρ℃O﹄O﹄hのO︻O﹄O㊤﹄り一ω雨㊤濤﹄田Σ

．頃O国劇φ︑Oの目雪目ヨ﹄↑︑帽卜oり﹄㊤のコ吋Q︵窪一軋﹄㊤ρωOO咽㊤﹂︻︶暑黛Sミ醤唱．⑰Qo一︵暑ミミ§書恥頃︶書ミミミ心塾鳶
認↑南↑

山．Σ

ODO ．︑q隔勉℃ヨO︷︶山︑Σ

ゆO国剣の㎡頃﹄莇口o﹄一

国

頃O国剣の︑①頃目田目ヨ﹄↑の肩為鵠〇一〇﹄吋﹄ピヘ︵自皇ω﹂一自ω︑O宕口﹄Oり口用︶ωQQ﹄目頴O山︑Σ

の〇一〇﹄OOおへ︵O℃Q自﹄〇一三軌α鐘の︶のQQ﹄口お︵①頃藝ヨ﹄↑︶

ΣΣ
口O目自OO日①の口看目自︑吋トの﹄Φの口㊦Q

ωO宕目O惹02量遇焉OO

頃O国娼の︑O頃§ゴ自︵O唱︶O自﹄〇一眉℃㊤﹄Qρ︑一雷Oの︶のOQ﹄§国

OO閥一qM剛眉℃OO﹄ρ罵忌

OO一口O一￡O﹄−﹄O⇔㊤出

管舘①一︑§自喝馨自亀§・ミ．oooo一︵寸一①一 ＾の℃﹄り03℃国﹇︶旨もミ竃Q恥斜︵基H︑ω娼暑国︶霧堕§軋﹄Φ一のOO咽㊤日寒軸ミきで．賊﹃

．ゆoo一

︶

︑﹄〇一の㊤O咽Φ日︶舵畠唱§鳩

卜N①一

．卜ooH

．Ooo一

︵oDQ①一 ︑℃﹃﹄OO自︶旨讐

︵窪一

︵叉︶①一

軋℃コ雨﹄爵的馨ミミリミ嘱

紹詰
一一の066ω︵一の︵ωコロ㊤oo﹄コの︶ωコooO

qOOコρ三の一︵H304℃05三ゼロOQ

305

山

山 山

山

h山

ΣΣ：…hΣΣΣΣ

の一〇〇α℃ヨO翫︑ω且導貫島当の亘Oa目8萄︑ω自日窪の．の身ヨのω一8自讐6紬亘oa老￡O卜碧老g＞三の︑お目帽占﹇

緯薯日翼眉の︒08一．おお8一〇一旨§慧へ ．①肉
ooO①H︑口oコミミミミ．QQ一N

O卜日量＞眉の①①︒oH︑8Z§繋恥ミミ

お．幅ミ恥曾盒≧︑吋卜oっむ雪8bの田

雲①H㎡℃おタ℃国§ミ§嘱ミ

︑卜O壽占．oっ頃旨bo5鉛g看昌8﹄︑ag5璽超2着oヒ盟§自一当のの一〇a98おの互Oa着Oヒ8窟＄でHO2︑℃塁8轟ミ養塙O卜暑＞眉ののooo−①§o萄．の一8α℃⁝o翫δ蕊罵80翫薫3寸霧一㎡℃鵠茗曽§超§︑O︒o．︑ミ塾曾身≧の宕088惹曇o慧＞〇一〇晟田もト〇一︑暑＞眉の舵ミ︒蔦§幅

0卜日鷺＞眉の︑卜Og田oo．O頃§ヨ自

gヨも豆o男一窓愚oで．の一〇a轟①傷．の〇一〇﹄着oh．の一〇8

O卜暑﹀眉ののロおり

萬①H︑℃壽§oo︑§簑ミ起§

．ト一N

．〇一N

．雪N
︐コeq

㎡一N

．鯉N

O卜暑＞眉のの20αぞ薯g普一88互8毛呂．の︻oo暑目o勘口aO︑卜O琶o自9国剣の︑譜︒っむのゴ8︵①ゆ自目旨占い︶

一〇〇一︑暑﹄8自旨§競 ．＝N︵蕊〇一．ヌ弱§m確象選葛愚．δ

︶O卜⁝蓉＞眉の︑器︐ミ鳶℃500
︑お目り︒占︑頃O国廻の．爵萄目﹄﹄↑の厘80省三の一拒900﹁の一〇a需εのh︑山．Σ

︑oっ鳴逗則8台︑￡oっむのコδ

卜8一︑薯ρoo自ミミ魯98愚 ．〇一N

O卜§書＞眉のの℃一88旦の05茗暮80§§喬含藝3h︑山︑Σ．卜O琶国．霞︒っ融雪8

一8豆のo謬§ミ蕊蕊§ミミ．9N

漫目ご莞目＞眉のの℃8q当の碍O㌧の98甥曇O器乙で鳥田︑お自四諮︑8国剣の︑①ゆ窓目﹄ ↑︵︒oO．隔ミ芒ヨoO︑卜O目霜的︶山ΣΣO卜目持名雪田＞眉あドOg田一q自の署℃＆．の一〇aで§o翫菖03

O卜F罵︾罵日w＞唱あの〇一28お紬起踏oa着oおの還8おお2馨目慧のNN①一㎡℃鵠き−国竃§§ミ．ooON︵卜8一︑塁占超ミ︒§oミ．δ

︶︒っO①一︑℃罵ρ8﹄↑超唱 ．卜ON
トの①H︒のの㊤目oQ寒§隔唱 ．OON︵§醤Q︶§§O︵卜毛唇o℃8Σ︶の80目Σ

ε且ω8窟島ゆO国南の．①ゆ日湾ヨ調↑︵婁ミきミ唱魯b︶り避ミ琶儀の弱︶︵誘雪暮持簿函返ミミ§熔めON熔魯booρ目㊦qoO卜卦boεおΣ︵①鳴§目白ちト①一︑臥笥εおΣ§ミ§．苫N︵思§携．ミの吋︶↑︶︵霞︒っ澄のコδ︶のO＆O＝目888翼㌃軍20田↑ΣOト怠ε駕Σ︑①鴇導ヨ自︵§きぺ§蔑︒昏ミき電の国︶︵︒oO①一．お一の8哨3︶§§§．oっON︵書魯惑嘱慧ミ︶愚ミ§ミ選鴫

h︑山．Σ

貫目88有8Oつト日量﹀眉の8需＞署蚤＝

卜O§m㎡頃蔑8台︑譜oっ臥8コδ

−も茗葺ε8旦の署琶．の一︒︒量§著︒象箋慧εのの晟鵠目薫当喰碧a℃898傷山︑Σ

ON①見の℃鵠3園旨§§誉愚ミ．頃㊦N為き一．蓼＞眉の逮§妥心§ミ ．潮N
祖卜①一暑＞眉曽§蓉ミ ．霜．毯︒一︑薯占暴り蒼︑

8目雪国︵§§§ミ日の⁝ObOρ房琶

卜oo口oの塁

oっOO一．30弓3黎惑県

トO目占㎡鳴蔑5台．譜︒っ澄雪δの︒ももコ8らa舅お8﹄§舟の着霊眉2量国㊦卜卜H日還﹀眉のの一〇︒量8ヒ窪8に省眉目8マ08．oqoっN

祖02．§oo§ミミミ

卜O目費qoの着累一目且㊤で．のo毛♂

のo℃oε㊤岩oo﹄目2㎡費渥の8﹄目霞

．一〇つN

．O爲

の〇一〇調O㊤﹄拶

Σ㎡一口唱800﹄一日摺自㊤で㎡一〇〇α図OO﹄㎡O弓℃コ自口OαOげ自目5の卜Oξ田m

第〇一︑薯燭§的蕊︑ミ．①Ncq︵層塞§醤Q︶§δω日oo持目自円oおωo心日﹀o∈−茎の︑℃謹8互の省も駿島︑書a・の一§旦︒δ

h
虞』山
ΣΣ

O卜碧＞眉の︑卜O壽占ε国南の．譜篁o雪8

h︑山

H州

h．山

HH

h︑山

h︑山

←r闘

︑卜O壽占︑①頃日営ヨ西︑鈎畿5⇒︑謹︒っむの58

︒︒モの℃一88﹃の省壱．8尋呂︑ω︻︒︒9⁝秘駐o

O卜F目当胃田＞唱あ︑卜08罵旨国の一︻目qoっN①一．−壽畠q自§ミミ︵一8一︑暑﹄oo自§隔§§．む．oooqN︐卜NN︶

一8一︑−﹃08西ミミ馨

．ONN0卜薫蟹︾眉ののα籍詰畳εΦ省︑ω℃8α．ω一︒81§︒島﹄のの巴O

︑お長自o．8国喝の︑謹︒っむ望δ

一8見の08§ぺ碁惹§奨ミ．助NNO卜日餐＞眉の︒っN︒︒一︑房馨骨馨ミ慧︑卜O壽占．OO国剣の︑霞︒o融撃δ︵︒oN︒〇一︑目膏o℃o馨旨魁愚載．δ ︶O卜日類﹀三の︒っO①一︑℃三〇〇自僥§ミ物．お目占︑8国喝の︑①頃舅目p直︒島罵8︒紬薫3曽目習︾眉のの一8α目8担ω

︑お目田凶︑雨おむ誓8の2の鵠目莞哩の忌暑90島態ω8Q㎡℃︻ε8旦の︒﹄8嗣．の℃8﹃8零呂O卜8弩卜眉のの賃㎝自O卜F田当田ヨ＞唱あ︑卜O目田﹇OO㎡O国南のω一︒︒暑目︒秘§︒奮．毘舅璽の2a葺88旦の︒章5

曽o遍8︒漏︒薫︑ω℃口a︑ω88ぞ︑ω州8暑§oδ§当の︑ω一§弓︒翫㎡︻︒︒α焉島霧§義選蔚．章3

ピのピヨヨのリヨ

8畳bo暑8お﹃茎︑お目田ρo︑O号糞ヨ自8属oお噛露マ80餌︒oNoo一．目閥目o窓彦養溝

卜頃〇一㎡のo自oQミミ蓬跨08鳳の8目8々鴇§湖§篭

．寸NN

．oっNN

．NNN

．扁N

．ONN

の省8ω︵のコ50心2の︶塁80306

8琶ρεω5︵寸O①一︑ω㊤掴O︶趣§さξ矯ペミ

0卜暑＞眉のの一〇a℃当o筋台＝︵器．︑ミ芒ヨoO︑頃O国剣の︶
山
H旨

H司

ΣΣ＝…ΣΣΣΣ℃㊤ゴεqoQ307Σ

．の﹇oaooo℃o

碧a図8㌧窪虜8ao℃台の§﹃窪日窪の目8萄茄名2の爵8塁o毫目oΣ

ε卜暑＞霜の︑卜O自田占頃8一 ．ののo自oQ寒竜心§．舘N︵暴§奉§魯↓︶§醤Q
蟄目田霜＞三のΣの一眉98コヨ鎖8一曾の一〇a①霧℃8一蒼o需さ一〇鳥田ω︒一︒慧の蔓a勇窃8ρ畠q

コ

一器o為撃o遍目6Σ︑お目曽国︑①ゆ籍βヨ自霞§謡＞眉のN卜口塁田＞唱あ︑①㊤の廻出

蕊①一︑ヌ§的憲息ミ蕊．N旨

為3一︑日量豊の馨ミ．おN①8一暑＞隔の喝三㊤配遭ミ§o．O爲

N卜日慧︾眉のω一〇a自ごとの︑︒一8α着o㌧の2︒著．ω宕o山ΣΣ

の208の田o﹁8暑＞oで鳥田．卜O目o占︑霞oっh3壽Q︵窪一︑§ω8酉︶§§．①誌①8一︑暑葛の南萄配舵・簑這ミ．卜萬︐N卜目﹄w些胃田＞唱あ．①Oの南出O卜2 ︑目祀b心肩罵口頴国南口鵠昌田田︾唱︸の§悔魯旨︻§ミ．oo寸N

3．︑ミ勉蜀鼠嚢︵8身9一8自鳥邑日墓①仁竃︑一〇aで8目8蕊宍の8お撃o遍dヨoΣ昴8結ヨo琶門ヨoΣ山卜§召︾霜の．お目固m︵謹︒う融の58︶の一目﹇98﹁の㊤宅呂．の一〇〇q一8㌧望8α山︑Σ

N卜暑﹀湘の．お目巴m−︒﹄§︒傷︑ω一︒︒α鳥ぎ暮︒萄一の︒嘱の壽︒鴻善5

トゆ臼ゴδ盤§妥ミ惑ミ︐專Noq︵憩簑避竃Q．δの㊦︶

Noっ9︑o心日qコ養藁．頃蕊

舘暴︾眉の
h︑山．Σ

のお琶口8罵で薫．の〇一20当．のα⁝訪ooρ§oo︑卜Oε曇m菖oっむ撃δ

︵N8見の08︶辺畠愚ミ蕊．ヰN︵馨§ミ§ミ醤国︶§ミO︵①頃藝ヨ占い︶の一看昌8ε日蛯Oo囹の一ε800ε唇自o函

a目萄02自出Σ︵§§愈讐遷．むの燭︶︵コ①H．﹄o鳶↑︶燕曽§黛．卜震

お§一〇

蕊2．鼠窪く剣塁2．o日鎖竃旨物．霧N器．隔ミ勉唇脅Σ

卜8一葺占畑§§8．①爲

お§oo︵雲①恩の−鵠茗国︶§蕊ミ暴．O萬

卜O目︒占︑o卜︒っ♂望8

卜8一︑日田国§琶ミミ§勢．一蕊

卜O目巴m

鮎ゆ雲．藝ヨ自︑§§．N萬

卜O目鯉oo︑壌畠g白自

祖8一︑嚢ooミミミ蓑醤潟．oっ寸N

卜O§﹄笛の〇一2﹄田黛の①も著暮一ε①o眉㎡恵畠︑薯

︑碧a言a目o忙の着霊岩岩α①一〇曽o頚琶8瀬︒男﹄＜ωお§g8窟O篶

山．Σ

・の著曾2焉言︒一㊤・の署琶㎡一︒a題且の・の一8量︒︒出ωお遍8書眉覇焉．の〇一2①省一5質孚㊤一〇晟田﹁のお遍口oO

山︑Σ

h．山︑Σ

唱眉頻﹄に︑沼拒昌02括﹄aで．の一〇〇α図8ヒの一〇8自ごおのω一員900コ目且㊤で亘oa℃雪o翫詮g窪璽の一〇a着自・の︒喜呂・の一︒︒α塁︒湯・a§誘︒︒﹄長・の︒一28占

お§占︑8国遡の．譜︒っ融の壽Qの8一．−碧8自§§§電黒．O︒oN

の自㊤﹄のリコロOOOO︑一㊤一吋き刊亀目﹄卜卜目量＞眉の軋Oゆ程ゴ自︑卜O目旨自自︑①頃口雪自の8﹄壽﹄．の茗§oε．のo薯呂．の一〇〇q℃目o秘黒gのβ卜日還＞眉のの富短①一雨α哨乞帆︵O℃○口旨Oり肩軋O目旨ゴ一の︶︑卜O目曇一国︑㊦卜oり臥Oの5吋Qの一〇〇α湿OO旨︑ω〇一〇﹄①O﹄一軋のOO﹄口お 四山︑Σ

−oo霧〜睾30頑︻喰縮肩a望8㌧の一〇〇暑舅o翫℃㊤℃8配

Σ︵卜○①一︑℃﹃ρOΦ自︶讐ミ嘱り超醤貸嘱ミ

霞卜日量﹀眉の山︑Σ

︵OOO①一︑旨〇一の㊤O咽①日︶きミ︑ミ︵︒08H．お訪8票当︶き霞ミ§唱ミの一〇〇︵甘8﹄∩F卜簿眉の︑卜O口§口自の一三〇一〇﹄〇一国Σ﹄卜卜口H5肩目w﹀眉の︑卜O目邑m︑一の鳴OObOqO﹃のα口おきω㎡一〇〇q℃日ヨO﹂励旨O罵≧・調のO山℃O℃田︷の山︑Σ

署e．のぢ酉ρg思︑ω一目900児のお月坦
h．山．Σ

−§讐薫薯睾喜§︑ω︒§翌の鳶ε9︒埜喜のΣΣ

のOOH ︒のO目OQ㎞ミ§馨
のり①一︑ωのO目oQ肋唱幅爲9醤︑ε卜日量﹀眉の︑卜O窪凶︑燭卜oりh㊤のコ㊦Q

NN①一の℃﹄田参℃国旨︑醤蝿ミ繋矯

トト①一︑臼田些胃田﹀眉の堕9ミ麓§喬β卜畢眉のの一〇〇〇℃目50﹄⇔の℃O℃QQ唱℃O℃2の目P

苦卜卜①一︑口﹄謹＞眉の如島畑奪︑ぺくト§重眉のOO割雨＞〇一〇鳥頃︷

静卜㊤①一．署馨醒喝轟﹄的馨§Q貸嘱﹄卜卜目麹＞酒の軋卜O出吻mのO祠O﹄OO﹄醤一目O勾偲＞〇一〇長田のお月注8霜︒顎潟薯2εコq88︑ω8五
出⇔O旨

δ鳥お一目昆かおの︑ωα目ヨ拐OO﹄§﹄ ㎡虫O﹄OO一↑

β卜暑＞眉のへトO昆﹄q

08一誇o目8ミ篭§亀コの㊤一〇﹄ρ㊦﹄o︒の肩N吋の口目丙℃自︵幽︒の〇一〇﹄㊤OH刊︒の目o﹄の一コ自OOOO㎡O℃O目﹄O料目嘱OQ﹄目結ρ＾の一〇〇α宕OO

＾のO酬O

図OO出

﹄卜卜口H琵＞箱の︑卜O鑑剣国苦卜㊤①一へ署類一醒喝毯一自コリミ■ミ誉

8ぢ鵠翻闘＄密註
NNNNNcqNNNNN︵卜O①一 ︑曇暴一藷

南琶国聴葦息りO︵卜O口建口a軋卜O国剣口自︶Σ

の〇一〇嵩一〇〇﹄軋ω㊤一〇

Σ

OO﹄﹄い

の一蚕O﹄O臼一国

β卜目翌＞三のゆO①一﹄卜卜暑︾酒の軋卜O量﹄自自

愚．執O

︶

＾ののO自OQ§物堕§︵寸一〇一＾のー﹄邸31国﹇︶聴息唱息餐醤Q

．①頃N

．ooゆ㎝

の目oo鵠日目5おの

噂012の㎡℃唱oα㎡o 8む㎡畠目甦5の㎡口2ののo冒αo℃h﹄ω鵠Σh．山︑Σ

ω一〇量900h︑Σ

くト暑＞遍の︑卜O暮︼ρ口．頃ゆN

鵠〇一軋℃コ竃ロロ聡曇甦量．O頃N

O♂一づ肩﹄02目リミ醤§o§．トゆN

NNO一軋の℃﹄円31国り醤竃塾暢§矯り＾の一目娼自き︒﹁＄零呂薯署葦88㎡言蛍︒．㎡鳶量︒￡の〇一〇調OO﹄Σ﹄卜卜目碧＞眉の︑卜O尋m

軋の一QQq﹄卜卜暑＞眉の︑卜O目邑一凶

a日窪28三雪の8黛の庸a踏8﹃当婁冨℃2の﹄卜卜口﹄翼眉の︑卜O口§国

目＄傷豆︒潭一8﹄3ぎ弓−己．沼看昼8﹄岩﹄α〇一国

旨︑頃O①一・㊨のo目oQ旨心息曽 ．蕊N

口O蓼OOH目㊤O帽一αbρ暑OΦ﹄﹄罵﹀きqOロコ﹄題の一αの省8父誓8bO﹄お︶雲80

OO口O﹄O噛O﹄℃﹄OOO国

308℃oコεロoQ

309

h．山︑三

のお頻琶8履︒顎潟ぎ台もδ一〇a℃目o翫普一ε8国の℃自a．のoも毛℃蛤qoΣ

一〇駕津 のO如㎡一石﹄骨OO﹄電目泪鵠おω①﹄w臥自目嗣βの

h．山︑Σ

の〇一〇

①ゆ藝ヨ自

譜oっむ撃8︑舘蔑自o台︵の09︑30むコ一︶辺簑恥§§︑．oo︒oN︵コ①H︑旨o鳶↑︶り§登恥．卜︒oN︵曇§嚇§§国︶．曇蓑ミのゆ畿8訟︑謹︒っ﹄8コδ

︵一〇〇一︑℃﹃ρ8自︶熔ミミミ．O︒oN︵§ミ憩賎︶§ミ起暖︵①ゆ⁝当自︶
﹁︑山︑Σ
h︑山︑三

卜O目田的 ．oっ頃蕊8屠．樽oっむ塁8．の一〇a着oヒの一〇〇自℃§oδのお§80碧覇焉．のΦもも

卜O§占︑︒o卜oっむ塁8︑ω一〇〇α一8ヒの一〇〇q℃雪oδ

のお琶80喜顎δoもも︵NN①燥の℃持き国ミ魯g．δ ︶の02︑−套8自鷹慧幅ミ．ゆ︒oN

ON︒︒H．⁝岩010彦§§9愚諾N︵凝心醤q︶§醤O

ω〇一28お互oa目8萄ぎbρ帽08の︑沼尼OΣhΣ ΣΣ

山8＝ご≦量o︑ω℃50．の一〇〇α℃⁝o翫

8需＞①一︒晟田ε卜⁝量︾箱の︑卜O目巽国
ε卜暑＞眉のa日吋霧雪の㊦8︑ωo﹄8も︑ω一§℃舅oδε卜暴＞眉の

ω〇一2出8一90℃．の〇一2ρ巴Qε卜⁝量﹀眉の︑卜O目霊q

壱も．8毛言489目o紬︒︒o勾︑ω8奮㊤ao℃台窪Σのお琶8︒羅o寒︑ω〇一2
Σ

h︑山︑Σ

自卜暑＞霜のの〇一〇﹄﹄§㎡o弓

寂卜暑＞三の︑卜緯南m︒省・︵︒−︒墓茗d琶ω︶の︒︒﹄聾暮量㊤一①晟咽＝も邑㎡α§霧ぎ暢澆g暮謹8互の一〇8℃雪o勘88

お琶ρ

昼之屈碧a℃ヨo紬おお津 の名あ8持弱詔88①見のの￡02思悪§︵oo8一︑一8の8咽3︶簑輯ミミ．oっQoN

．NσoN

．一〇〇N

．①卜N

め霧一︑ωのo目8お醤曇．QooN

等OH︑翌oq⇒肇

卜8一ぢ蓼暴一醒剣憂国寒§§勢︑お目尋自⇒︑謹︒っ臥8目Qの〇一2ρ雪Q屈昭8︑ω露8渇㎡一〇〇α尋互8墨の山︑三頃OO煤の8自oQ嘱§黛ミミ

ω自日窪の㎡Ea．の①

コトト暑＞眉の．卜O塁占ωa据の8﹄自甲︒ρ︑ω〇一28占

コ

a

．oo卜N

．O卜N

ゆ8党のの当oQ矯寒嬉．トトN︵︒oOO一︑お拐8咽β︶慧ミ§ミ

沼損800ε§且㊤一㊤︑ω一〇〇α図8旨

山︑Σ

自ト畢箱の

沼壱旦oo蔦慧．の︒毛＆．の一80§o蕊目o暑＞〇一〇葛田

ε卜自慧＞眉の．卜O目一占㎡oboにqooの㎡αg田3の㎡治︹一6q励﹄圏日g田㊤おの㎡一〇〇〇g田9二のの一眉身oo兜のo酬20㊤おゴoa目器蕊︑ω〇一2潟5毬田ε撃o琶舅oΣ

卜O嘱南oo．寸卜N

お〇一．bo8缶剣ヒo窓3超ミ§悪篭．のトN︵コ①豆の℃鵠茗国石畠墨薯

祖8一ゴ蓼暴一醒剣畠占蕊竜ミ−のトNの一〇a着o㌧当名2288

ΣΣ

霞卜暑＞三のの一〇a紬紹毫O湯㎡①場旨目直§ま愚目ヨ82のε卜暑︾遍の︑卜緯南国

︑︵①−090着d目Bの︶ω80目蓋ぎ一2ぢoヒ望2㊤9↑︐9N

卜卜①一．口H5︷田お︾唱あ矯管暑唱．N卜N

トo①一ぢ善暴ρ醒廻墨目コ︑§魯織

のO冒の︑㊦頃﹄蜀口OあH︑雨卜的﹄㊤のコδ

の200 一ε口で㊦臥﹄﹄〇一窪ε寧h︑島︑Σ

一卜着﹄O﹀縄︑oo㊤．隔贈幅嚇−一ゴ8の〇一〇二①㊤二＾のqロヒコ一のOQ﹄§一国山︑Σ

一卜着﹄O＞爵．①頃員口﹄ゴ西の〇一〇 ΦO仁︷のα口H5りのOOρ口お一悶

h︑山︑Σ

誌①︑﹇

︑ーゴ煽毫qコ稔§§§唱・ゆOの

寸○①一︑HO一の㊤Q哨㊤日墨︑唱 ．寸Oの曇O

Σの一∩言．ω℃轟OO 一ε看雨h︼O︸窪ε臣︵一︷︶①一︑℃辱㊤β︶著愚醤醤 ．ぴりOoり

8①一δ℃望℃国ミ墨唱貸矯の㊤国﹇南の軋鷺目㊤臥︻︑燭卜的あ㊤のコδ
︵の頃﹄蜀HO島一げトoりh㊤の5δ︶

自司自司自』

Σ＝…Σ

頃O国誘軋舘浅口①あ国㎡卜⇔う臥Oの5帽Qの−目○α一§燕気台霞①頃垂自㎡卜的h㊤のコ国Q

ωりのO﹄O一α馨の眉の一Q●日OO﹄↑

頃O国誘︑O騒Fヨ自の一ωO旨εq目田塗の︵一認一軋α闇簿﹄㊤℃璽蕊量．唱ミ

．NO翰

︶

︵§一︑一〇自舅︶雛喬単︑ ．一〇σり82著墨七国ミ§墨〜．8︒っ︵一〇①一づ塞OO自︶勢愚︑醤袋ミ唱．①ON︵馨§§︶層§雲唱ミ

山︑Σ
h︑山︑Σ

のO霞の軋ωO の﹄耐Σ︵oり○①一︑℃﹃﹄OO西︶唱嚇§縞嘆匂O

舘蔑目㊤﹄一軌￠卜oり旨Oωコ耐Q︵ミ墨莇持①q︶．qω

﹄﹁助超口O℃O雨Σ︵ミ竃篤墨§旨唱ミのo︶︵O頃起︑的頃﹄島口OL︷一︶︵ミ竃篤§心§書爲§Sの煽︶︵3奉一︶

O頃q煽目﹄ヨ自h︑山︑Σ

の℃一88唱ぎ自馨璽8湯鵠日臥目房も09薫3

瞬Om︻遡の軋舘畿自㊤臥一．国卜oり﹄Oのコ邸Q︵卜N①一軸の℃おき℃国︶ミ§疑ぺりOミミ︵一認一︑畠ヨき一Φ℃目㊦ヒリ愚り量疑9

．qo①N

S爲
．

．O爲
．のON

︵書§心藁§い︶︶墨§心壁醤遭Q山︑Σ

の℃目Qα﹄のの翫軋の﹃吾O働口5hωo暢鵠ε誘の匿則三幽8お剃烏琶〇一国

籠自自

qoO①一︑一〇一ωOO咽㊤日§§

噂∀①N

静①霧一︑口弩目自聴馨誉ミ ．oり①N
層墨轡o頃

ρ→山

ΣΣ

︵oQ●α一︑﹄〇一のOO哨㊤日︶慧ミ ．N①Nの℃唱○自もの一●Q口℃目50﹄6心一量賎﹄漢のΦ﹄の﹄塁目軋の酬QQ自n§艇へ垂︵蓉①一軋一〇一ωOO刷㊤日︶唱起題趙§．一〇Nの惹一〇一窪轟のQ﹄逼

山
ΣΣ口O凋母℃ヨ＾の一QQq℃目O島 軋のー§﹄O唱

の℃目Q畠

§聴〜霞

菖曾ゴo弓ニミ§蚕〜§ミ勺．8q

き︑窟5踏

応§一 軋﹄〇一のOO哨㊤﹂﹇︶唱勉顎醤唱 ．①ooN︵曇旧ミ︶嚢単ミ

口O甕OO目OO的一〇6ρ口咽℃OOh﹄罵皇の㊤唇︵曇の︶のコ900㊤⇔一口O﹄8㊤口℃一︵︾り㊤留一口O甥コ︵﹄三の一︵H310−oコεqoQω旨O自想口OOコO唱焉軋のα量りのOO﹄口お

四一〇D臥励目甥網雨Σ．①頃醤目﹄↑︵㊦一⑦H＾の−鵠き1国︶舵ミ§．のNの︵誉§赴§曙︶§に塾嘱曇8

311

OQo．幅唱幅嚇励煽﹄哨Σの鷺捻〇一薮的

OqD．隔q軸勉励9嘱Σ

の鷺鵠〇一毒ロq

Ooo．︑唱軸恥蜀に臥嚢の一〇雨旨﹄一①琴OO拍Obの月O

寸．αの︵〜．魯S︶ ．寸Nσり︵§亀覇鵠3︶の．房．︒うNの︵§﹄弱㊤口︶N．αの．NNの︵信O口吋Q弓目目賃OO①ゆ目圏貝ヨ自

一口O唱弱＞Φ一〇鳥田

菅①ゆ①一 ︑己馨自矯竃篭合り①の目糞ヨ自一口O羽耐＞〇一㊤鳥閑︷︵①の①一︑畠蚤自唱りO貸嘱麿ミ醤．08H︶

建Oω﹄㊤α︑口蔑自蓑︶①ゆ日嵩ヨ自の窟醤一〇為↑器．︑唱噸勉励雨＞薯

①ゆ目毒ヨ自も8一︑藝ヨ揖奄馨縄
菅①頃①H

．肉oっ

︐ONoQ

．目蚤自樋ミ竃いミ矯

卜卜①一︑眉O門国盤O心軸ミ曽毯①一︑⁝ヨ自ミ§

．Oお
．qo一㊦

．トお

︵髪↑︶曇§魯↑h㊤oo．︑魁嘱勉励閥臥薯

8℃O目8月oo﹄§m㊤o口．︑熔噛魅励㊦臥薯のO℃O日〇一己凋OO﹄墓m︵ねミ塾さ§鵠oq︶一．房︐〇一︒っO卜2︑励曳薯虜§Kミ§うゆ胡︵自O凋弱Q哨ロゴロ肖煽OO

畠︑嵩

h︑山．Σ

．︑熔幅魅励煽﹄雲Oooの一〇㊦﹄﹄﹄030電一〇⇔心届〇

甚①の①一 ︑藝自辺簑謹O§い﹃0の日糞ヨ自一qO勾㊦＞〇一〇鳥閑︷︑§ヨ自省鐙選§§貝︐＆H︶﹃目Oの一㊤自慕娼出︶．︑曽噸勉励O﹄薯

のO℃○日〇一眉02墓自自O頃日岩ヨ自一90羽㊦＞①一〇鳥咽＝︵Oゆ〇一一︸①．﹇へb心qO﹂︹塙釜骨①の①一

寵お〇一§o自．コoっ．oっ一〇っ．N胡．自oっ︵曇§り︶曇誉S︵80見の℃為茗国ζ§超o§凧．Oお

錦日資ヨ自︵馨りミ蕊§恥ミ憲さ塾電ω而︶︵oう頃昆bの一HO﹄H︶の窯㌔〇一〇﹄雨﹂ピ

劇Q①一︑﹄㊤一の㊤薯㊤日繋蝿物9も醤ミ勉恥．①OOり．︑唱嚇恥℃ヨO︷︾軋①ゆ口琶目自

寄

h︑山︑Σ

軸§自聴還馨

卜卜2︑葛配壁琶り魯

3

Σ

曽魯篶ミ

Σ

︵㊤℃○目篇㊤一肩︑一頃αの︑℃O国O雨一〇︶ω○○﹄口お的のq琶のOO﹄口お﹄＾の一〇〇﹄＾のq口hゴ一の＾のOOお届の〇一〇二一〇出山︑譲の一〇§口OO瀬Q唱月＾の〇一〇ΦΦおhのα舅一のOOρ薫ρ口蔚oQ㊤〇一︑着﹄O＞爵稔簑§書り

9尋o時N︒08Hづ定目ε8Σ矯§亀ミ

9逼oさN

︶

︵05一︑℃碧8自建ミ醤§ミ．δ

︵①ゆ曇ヨ自︶︶︵O♂一．唱嚢8自超魯§藝．占︵①ゆ日渚ヨ自︶︵oっ8恩の08︶塁ミ息ミ曽

巨暑o葛N︑①ゆ巽ヨ﹄↑︵臼①一︑蓼ヨ自・．§§§§．さ ︶︵①ゆ日轟ヨ﹄↑︶

卜oo
oo
oつの
．8㊦

l一〇〇噛一口oo﹄α㊤一〇の一屈q
軋の㊤一〇﹄ρ雨一〇 一の目還§O口日旨Oのヨ℃OPのO一〇﹂

の㊤一〇

Σ

O⇔ゆ㊦自①Oの帆の一〇Qqα§きの卜卜自O桟O﹂軋O卜︾︻剣山

旨．隔唱軸舶も煽慧︸︷

卜卜口o星o山

ρにδ一〇一吋き1二のO一鶴

卜卜口O桟O山．O卜︾︻南山の一〇〇q口H燭㊤﹄﹂のhのα§きの︒のOb￡￠αOOの

ωΦ一〇

山
ΣΣ

O卜①一軋口咽O配剣口O艮Φ山遣O避

おO呉巴8＆勢§︵藁慧貿ミ
O卜〇一

軋ヨ蓼蚕一〇コ出遡唱O域㊤山︑§幅葵竜

卜卜口O桟O山軌O卜出南﹂︵一Q口帆一国qω噸O量一の︑O℃O口昌Oη眉︶のOO﹄§m

O卜①一

．卜寸oっ

．O寸⇔

︑口哨O配吻qO鼠O山■彊N惹 ．頃誘

祖ま一︑8桟o山唱§ミ轟§ ︐竃

OoO①一 軋一〇ρのOO咽㊤﹂︻謹ミ嚢題

卜卜属o桟￡の〇一〇﹄①㊤お．︵一一〇の︑αロヨ一の︑㊤℃O自〇一石︶のOO﹄§自自

．oっ鵠

︒N蕊

のO壽タの︑ω自ロヨ一のQQ﹄口お﹄︑ω〇一〇﹄OO﹄＾のO︻O﹄bの〇一＾の一εq山︑Σ

8ε翼歌一曾の紬富自δ萄亘oo自g8傷葺oa着o出

卜卜目O桟O畠︑oo㊤ ．隔曽隔軸℃ヨ8qQ︹5一︑﹄〇一のOO咽㊤日§O§

．守の

︵めH①一

．幅畑魅嚇咽Oコm．Oぴっの︵些︶①一ヘ一〇一のOO咽〇一︶著獄ミ嘱物①ゆ藝ヨ自のα目βの8ρ目謡

．卜oっの艘︶①一＾の㊤6の宕＝喝01鋸O︵日確︑唱象撮

圏題O

ω㊤一〇﹄㊤O﹄﹄い卜卜〇一

卜卜唱o桟o畠の〇一〇﹄国望∪一帆の〇一〇調﹄巴U﹄〇一窪﹄のO﹄島菅卜卜①一．自O髭O山垂唱

卜卜口o桟o山のO︻O﹄OO︼﹄r

菅卜卜①一帆属Oゼ︷O山撮蓑嘱斌O誉

卜卜qo忌o山︵Oゴ⇔軋一〇α︶のOOρ島q⇒

︑口O桟㊤山避M噂心唱．O蔦．①oっoっ．oo㊦oっ︵§︑§婁恥物熊︶愚§§壁疑＼︸山ΣΣ≦の〇一〇 OO﹄り＾のO§のOO﹄§凶
の〇一〇

OO﹄﹂r

OりOQ

．︑唱噸勉−冒OO

紹の〇一〇の一〇目還￠OO窟Q顎の〇一〇＾の−鵠き℃国︶§ミ矯娘鱒鳶

︵①9①一

．O頃垂自

軌き〇一℃コ一︶竃幅蓑㊤①一︷のObの宕︸︷廻O℃鋸O︵﹈﹇蓋醤起嚇ミ

圏＝剣O︵oQO①H軋﹄Φ一の㊤Q咽㊤日︶窪馨ミ

O頃§Fヨ自︵ON①一︑℃耳的9e馨博ミ㎞①頃藝ヨ自の〇一〇調OO旨﹄ド

ΣΣΣΣ

㊤①一﹄い

σD

O頃藝ヨ自

O㊤﹄拶馬の畠口月の○○﹄壽m︵oDO①一︑一〇一ω㊤Q咽㊤日︶§︑ミ魯8笛N§り︵一N①一軋の−馨1国︶馨

①の藝ヨ自ω一口些α﹄O﹄〇一霞

Σ

．ゆのoっ

．蒜oっ

．oうのの

．Noっoっ

．一のの

．Ooうの

．ONoっ

︵§K心曇﹄︶§＆暑曇↑の一星O﹄O﹄O沼α軋のO口Hコ一のOQ﹄口お国Σ︵︒一︒一︑︒書Σ︒e糞増一〇〇﹄励塑頑Σ一〇〇﹄励曼㊦Σ軋Oゆ口婁自

︵①N①一軋15蟹m︶雲塾慧⇔

．巽oう

．卜Noつ

一σD﹄笥目刀一§．oD㊤．︑ 噸恥℃男OO

口O口目O⇔目︻㊤O函ユbρ目もOO﹄﹄﹃§軋①の口蚤自︑燭トの臥Oω5而Q︵一8一︑℃塁OO﹄﹂r︶鰻O黛ミ曽．ONoりのOで㊤αの︵の5口O⇔の﹄ゴの︶のコロ㊤︷︶㊤Q￠O︼m覇m︸旨℃旨OO①出

一口O唱5﹄三の咽︵H312℃oコε信oQ

313

h山

ΣΣΣ

のObOωαOOのω鴛恩Zgもも暮口ag場旨目﹄8窪場o﹄﹂①の臣日﹄三↑爵麗自ヨ↑①の⁝⁝西．OゆΣ曹︑◎っ頃蕊8台

寸一①H

軋ω℃﹄窪℃国樋唱§墨唱蝿ミ

醜〇一︑℃目毫的墨器︑§ミ憩曽§︒oOO一︑お拐8刷3磐嘱§馬§N．①縮．QoOoう

．卜霧

巴Oq遇

山

ΣΣ

−§專顎︑ω蚕の看︒§︑超︒二§著︒暑暮δ

αQO．N唱粘恥℃ヨOOのーgo勧詮g窪のOOOH．簿oむ3超ミ心ミ︑Oゆ口耐舅自臼目嵩ヨ醤のα目窪の℃㊤12忽ヌ8＝

O卜寓南山
00㊤

Σ

ON①一︑℃壽慧凶矯繋唱ミ聴O卜①一︑眉㊤田娼8桟￡鴇ミ魯蚕鳴の喜a自峯のの目8おε28窪着沼ゼ8α℃50δ

．80っ
．ゆOの

−おoう

．隔曽嚇塾℃ヨO︷︶．①ゆ醤ヨ占↑︑oっ鴫謡8含︒08一︑お拐8哨3繋§§暮．的Oの︵〜簑§§．Sの雨︶︵の頃蔑5臥H︶Σ｛

ON①H︑ヌ琵m§篭貸ミ§ ．一〇〇つO︒o．幅ミ勉抽唇Σ．謹oうむのゴ8︒08一︑一8の8哨①日ミ§醤§ミ ．NOoつ

Oの醤目﹄﹄い︑O頃竃H︵虐§O貸ミb︶暑貸§O袋ミb

︑雇男暴一醒喝8桟出§ミ虜

①の暑ヨ自︑︒っ頃蔑8台の〇一〇﹄OO旨﹄﹁︑弓男範日岩謡南8桟￡窮ミ馨

卜卜8桟o山︑O髭剣山の〇一〇﹄﹄§一㊤一吋3︐調のO﹄山

ON2︑ヌ黛自自舗ミミ哉雲物

き8桟￡．①の藝ヨ自の一〇a目8湯ゴoa着g勾目の卜卜8桟o山︑O髭南山の一8α琴o翼﹇の鵠〇一20﹀8＜

苦O卜①一

O卜〇一

NNO一㎡℃畠き−国§鳴§§疑

O卜〇一の窟制㊤憲薯舟の身渥ωr儀きgo桟o山ω〇一28お︑︵O目εの︑﹄房︑Φ宕∈o着︶の8﹄目話

き8桟＆︑O髭砲山

8お9一28お︑︵α目Bの．o宕日o岩︑おo︑藁房︶ω8﹄自茜

．O㊤oう

．①ゆの

．田㊦
．卜頃oう

＾ヨ雪塁一醒

超︒蓄山ミ§寒§鷺§選
卜卜①H︑口o桟￡§繋嘱篭

ω〇一〇﹄

卜卜口O桟O山︑O頃§﹄﹄いの費εの8おぎ一28お㎡q目据の02目出

卜卜qo艮o山着o㌧昌22ヨ88協§εぎ2目2δ38三㊤儲函

山トr
嵩Σ

ΣΣ ΣΣ

ぽ》o

しQLQ
oつoつ

匙唱o鉄o山ω身月の8﹄壽﹄︑ωoお℃︻o．の〇一28昌．呂自瘍ooζ

トトロo艮￡の一〇〇∋㊤＞δ

〇一①一

㌣の①一

の℃鵠簿−国ミ醤りり心O︑℃コ黛mミ§り嶋O§

包きH︑8桟出篭§琶ミ︒08一︑お拐8一βミミ心骨寒

．マめoつ

．のゆoつ

︐N頃●つ

．おoっ

の一蚕228胤

卜竪o桟￡︑ω露閤〇一ωコ薯目山︑︵一且の︑費εの︶のoo﹄塁舟のω一28一↑

凸oo8一︑︑一8の8哨β魯り§ミq30っω岩aぢo士峯8で亘oa壽㊤基ぎ￡目摺

暑の︑ω︒一︒慧当．㎡§舅も暮︒量§一8焉＞①一①秘田Σ︒︒8H．§の8咽旦ぎ§ミ．

卜卜qO艮O山輯Oゆ自口蜜自．①寸oっの﹄O口還自OO喜暑・毘§拐8お︑︵言︑α§拐・①℃⁝岩︑菅の︶の︒︒﹄量qコΣ

卜卜目o艮o山

QDO①H

軌一〇一のOO咽①﹄﹇簑勢物心ミ隔．oo︸oっ︑口Oの焉＝−目吋肩蓼藝謡

寓の国．℃①﹄εの①℃目一〇口きO暑OO醸Obの口弓OO﹄﹄﹃＞き一〇南出︑自㊤①拍O℃目曇舞網謡

一↑喝↑︑口雪﹄﹄い℃口吋量自＝喝O醒ωO助℃O︸︷℃自01塁O︽︻の遡＝へ自O琶の℃口帽自Oの娼＝

一のむ呂．9慧口吋＞三の℃口的月O配

出喝山

軌月㊤門麟℃口帽口O艮O山

口邸α㊦h Hhの﹄O口層口OO窟⇔篶︑ωO届二自塑畠︑場＞鴛Σ一ΣOの日嵩ヨ自口O娼邸＞〇一㊤秘田

oo．隔q隔船℃ヨ8

O山︑Σ

の旨㊤口題一HOO霜O薫︑ωΦ一〇﹄OO一↑︵α目瘍琴oq︑o宕εo岩︶の8ρ目出軋焉の国℃口吋口O焉Qの 一国喝の︑肩蓼暴︸謡℃自耐自O桟O山

一出喝山

へqOqOΣ℃口雨﹄翫qO臥一 一Σ喝一へ曇蚕一謡℃畠壽﹄自自出剣m

︵OHoD一軋⁝010咽3︶垂魯 ．鶴︑目§自登ミ︵oDO①一軋﹄OりのOO咽Φ日︶愚蓑①頃醤目西も帽卜oり﹄Φωコ帽Q

①頃藝ヨ自の身月の8﹄目出．N霧︐一〇〇ρっ基一 ︑−罵ρOO﹄﹂﹁窯鋤輔鴇暑遭 ．§

爵蓼ヨ自のO⁝一のOQ﹄星一￠O羽雨﹀〇一〇秘田︵一NO一の−鵠き℃国︶●苔勉魯B喬︵NN①一︑ω℃奎℃国︶鴇§隔熔

Ooo．︑曽噛塾励煽﹄薯

苦①ゆ〇一軋目彊自蟄哉さ

臼暮ヨ自の〇一〇調OO﹄凋桝唱O勾帽﹀㊤一〇葛田の〇一〇調OO﹄μ一口O甥㊦︾〇一㊤鳥嗣︷．℃目冒西目名﹄宕o℃o窟8幽ぺ
苦①ゆ①一︑口蟹自︑§ぺ輔貸き的 ．寸oQ㊦︑①の目雨己目ヨ自．oりの旨島自O﹄H帖弱卜oり﹄㊤のコ雨Q

盤①ゆ〇一①の日資ヨ自一qO口￠＞〇一〇鳥肖︷

ρ→山

ΣΣ

出

．Roう

．oo卜巾っ．トトoっ︵超矯ぺ墨琶ROS︶鶏醤ぺ 蕊§O﹄
国く宕一﹄h頃り垂唱O図O印h一一壽輌﹄ゴ﹇のの一§℃ロコO﹄bゐ﹄の℃一〇唱OO醒
の一QQ口℃口⇒O﹄bめ軋の℃一〇唱OO国の一8αo専三

Σの口縛O﹄μの臥O窟﹀山︑Σ︵裟唱麓ミ鵠㊤口︶一 ．αの㊤Qo．︑唱噸勉蜀O臥薯N．房Ooo．︑鱈噛勉励帽﹄嚢．幅唱隔嚇℃ヨOO︑Oゆ目量目自

器

︹5一

oo

︑﹄〇一のOO咽㊤日S唱恥ミ矯︑■貸煽

．O卜oっ

．頃卜翰

．寸トoっ

㊤oD．︑唱も勉励而臥薯

．の一8αで導o筋葺8拒︑ω一8α図8㌧の一8α日8傷紬起︻．崔oうO卜①一︑月O田喝唱O桟O山婁勢疑

O卜出喝島

．舘oっ

O卜〇一︑自咽O配吻属O桟O畠︑毒り

O卜呂南山

㎡トoっ

の︹5一 軋−罵﹄OO自唱勢§超

齢Oの口蟹自︑雨トの﹄Oのゴ㊦Qの㊤ご心包㊤㊤のHの蝿㊤﹄吋遍50一占のOO口唱畠ω℃O℃臼︻ω㎡自目四βの

9ε自
−一QQ一

㎡一〇〇α一QO﹄＾の伺OQユ§OおωO卜醒南畠

Hの帽O﹄吋りのO﹄O噛℃㊤で2ω

甚O卜①一︑暑翼醒︼喝唱O桟O山︑ミ嘱管罵．Oト⇔り

口O口自OO6目

OO些自口ρ看㊤O一ρ罵＞﹄5

ωO量の︵のコ9㊤6のρコの︶の5口OO㊤O自O︼O噛O﹄−﹄OOO一︷

自Oロゴ﹇﹄﹇三の咽︵H314℃㊤コ月一口﹇OQ315

Thaiomyia of Culex has been synonirnized under Culiciomyia by Harrison (1987).
Resurrection of Records
Annotations for sorne of the mosquito species may need to be added to the list of the Thaifauna because most of them did not appear in the catalog of mosquitoes of the world by Knightand Stone (1977).

Anopheles (Ano. ) gigas Giles : Based on Reid (1968), this taxon has been recorded from
northern Thailand as sumatrana and formosus, but the distribution of these varieties inThailand is doubtful because they are known only from Sumatra and the Philippines,
respectively. The records in Thailand should be probably considered as a taxon (sensulato) : An. gigas. Harrison and Scanlon (1975) listed this species as "not known fromThailand". However, Thailand is surrounded by many countries having the species such as
Malaysia, Burma, China and Vietuam. As a matter of fact, specimens collected by us fromDoi Inthanon, Chiang Mai Province, in October‑November 1983 were indentified as An.
gigas (unpublished data), confirDaing the earlier distribution records in Thailand.

An. (Cellia) indefinitus (Ludlow) : Rattanarithikul and Harrison (1973) and Harrison and Scanlon(1975) included this species as a Thai mosquito in their list or key although no detailed
locality data are available in their papers.

An. (Cel. ) maculatus species group : Rattanarithikul and Green (1986) splitted An. maculatus
Theobald (sensu lato) into 6 distinct species : one original, one restored, two resurrected,

and two new species. Since we have, at present, no published evidence to refuse this
proposal, all the taxa are included in the checklist.

An. (Cel. ) pseudojamesi Strickland and Chowdnury : This species was earlier known as An.
rawsayi Coveu, but recentiy Huda and Harrison (1985) concluded that the name pseudojame‑si has priority over ramsayi.
An. (Cel. ) varuna lyengar : Scanlon et al. (1968) and Rattanarithikul and Harrison (1973) once

treated this species as a doubtul record in Thailand. Its distribution was later confirmed

there, however, by Harrison (1980).
Aedes (Finlaya) albolateralis (Theobald), Ae. (Fin. ) alboniveus Barraud, Ae. (Fin. ) albotaeniatus(Leicester), Ae. (Fin. ) aureostriratus (DoleschalD, Ae. (Fin.) feegradei Barraud, Ae. (Fin. )flavipennis (Geiles), Ae. (Fin. ) pseudotaeniatus (Giles), Ae. (Fin. ) shortti (Barraud), Ae.

(Scutomyia) albolineatus (Theobald), and Ae. (Stegomyis) edwardsi (Barraud) : It is quite
likely that some Malayan mosquitoes may extend their distribution to adjacent provinces inpeninsular Thailand. These aedine mosquitoes were recorded by Scanlon and Esah (1965)
from Doi Pui, North Thailand, and by Gould et al. (1968) from Koh Samui Island, South
Thailand. We also collected many larvae of Ae. pseudotaeniatus on November 1983 fromDoi Suthep, northern Thailand, and on December 1983 from Khao Soi Dao, southeast
Thailand and Ae. shortti on December 1983 from Trok Nong, southeast Thailand (unpub‑
lished date).

Heizmannia (Hez. ) prapinqua Mattingly : This species has been added to the present checklist
although Mattingly (1970) noted as follows : "A whole larva irom Ban Pha Man, Thailand, in

the U.S. National Museum, agrees with the above description and may belong to thepresent species but the record requires confirmation. "Cx. (Cux. ) mimeticus Noe : This species was once recorded by Causey (1937a) but Bram
(1967) considered it doubtful. Sinvanakarn (1976) and Knight and Stone (1977) also did not316

prmt the name "Thailand" as a dlstnbution country. The species was, however, conected
in 1983 from both northern and dutheastern provinces of Thailand (Miyagi et al. , 1986).
Apiwathnasorn (1986) also considered this species as one of the Thai mosquitoes without
any reference from which we can track its evidence.
Coquillettidea (Coq. ) sp. (near giblini): This species was recorded as Mansonia (Coquillettidia)

giblini (Taylor) by lyengar (1953) and soon thereafter as Taeniorhynchus (Coquillettidia)

giblini by lyengar and Menon (1956). Knight and Stone (1977) listed New Guinea,
Indonesia, and the Bismark Archipelago as distribution sites of Cq. (Coq. ) giblini. Accord‑

ing to Macdonald (1957), the species "near giblini" occurs widely in Thailand, the Malay

Archipelago, Philippines, etc. , and "In 1940 F. E. Edw rds exarnined specimens from
Malaya and decided they were different from Australian species giblini. His conclusions,however, were never published, and appparently no one pursued the subject. The
literature records of giblini have been included in the distribution list, but the probability of

two species being involved should be borne in mind. " It seems that this species, or at least
one of these taxa, still remains undescribed or uncertain as to whether it is a distinct species

or whether specimens from Thailand should be considered within a range of intraspecificvariation. In any case, this species has been included as "sp. near giblini" in the p.resent
checklist.

Tnpteroides (Trp. ) denticulatus Delfinado and Hodges and Tp. (Trp. ) tarsalis Delfinado andHodges : Both Thailand and Malaya were recorded as distribution countries by Delfinado

and Hodges (1968), although the world catalog omitted the name of "Thailand" by Knightand Stone (1977). Apiwathnasorn (1986) also folbwed the catalog.
Uranotaenia (Ura. ) annandalei Barraud and Ur. (Ura. ) testacea Theobald : These species wererecorded by Causey (1937) from Thailand but Knight and Stone (1977) ignored theserecords. Recentiy, we also confirmed the distribution of these species both in Chanthaburi

and Chiang Mai Provinces in 1983 (Miyagi et al. , 1986). (In the latter paper, weconsidered both species as new records because at that time our information was based
primarily on the catalog by Knight and Stone, 1977).
Uncertain Distribution. Doubiful Records, and Misidenttfications

Distribution of many mosquito taxa once reported from Thailand has not been confirmed byfurther research or recent collections. The records from this country of the following taxa areconsidered uncertain or doubtful mainly due to misidentifications in earlier studies. It is,therefore, considered reasonable not to included them in the present checklist until theirdistribution is verified by new materials :Anopheles (4no. ) aitkenii James : This species was listed by Thurman (1959) as one of themosquitoes of Thailand. Hanison and Scanlon (1975), however, recognized that its
distribution should be confined to India. The earlier record species might be considered as
one of 12 species of the "aitkenli group".

An. (Ano. ) albotaeniatus (Theobald) : This species was recorded by lyengar (1953) from south

Thanand and also was listed by Thurman (1959). However, Scanlon et al. (1968),
Rattanarithikul and Harrison (1973) and Harrison and Scanlon (1975) considered this record

doubtfirl. Although Knight and Stone (1977) also treated this as "?Thailand" in its
distribution, Apiwathnasorn (1986) gave a plus ( + ) mark at the column "Thailand" in theSoutheast Asian mosquito list.

317

An. (Ano. ) brevipalpis Roper : Known frorn Borneo, Malaya, and the Bangka Island (Indonesia).
Reid (1968) noted that "it is said to occur in Thailand though not reported by Scanlon et al.

(1968)." To confirm this distribution, further surveys will be necessary.

An. (Cellia) filipinae Manalang and An. (Cel. ) majidi Young and Majid : Although these werelisted by Thurman (1959) as recorded species in Thailand. Scanlon et al. (1968), Rattanar‑
ithikul and Harrison (1973) and Harrison (1980) treated them as doubtful records due to amisidentification.

An. (Cel. ) fluviatilis James : The name was recorded in the list "prior to 1950" by Thurman(1959). Knight and Stone (1977) and Apiwathnasorn (1986) also adopted "Thailand" as its
distribution in their catalogs. However, Scanlon et al. (1968), Rattanarithikul and Harrison(1973) and Harrison (1980) thought it a doubtful record.

An. (Cel. ) Ieucosphyrus Doenitz : Reported taxon frorn Thailand by Causey (1937) and many
earlier workers is now considered to be An. balabacensis (s. l. ), or An. dirus Peyton andHarrison.

An. (Cel. ) Iudlowae (Theobald) : Recorded by Barnes (1923), and listed by Causey (1937) and
Thurman (1959) as "ludlowi". Its known distribution is the Philippines, Hainan. Taiwan,

Moluccas, and ?Borneo (Knight and Stone, 1977). Therefore, the earlier record fromThailand may need further confirmation.

An. (Cel. ) maculipalpis Giles: This was recorded by Barnes (1923), but its distribution is
confined to Africa (Knight and Stone, 1977). This may be due to misidentification.

An. (Cel. ) pallidus Theobald : Recorded by Causey (1937) and listed by Thurman (1959) and
Scanlon et al. (1968). Rattanarithikul and Harrison (1973), however, considered thisspecies doubtful, and Knight and Stone (1977) also listed its distribution as "?Thailand".

Although Table I of the present paper does not include this species among the Thaimosquito fauna, more extensive surveys may be necessary because Thailand is surroundedby many neighboring countries where this species occurs such as Burma, Malaysia,
Cambodia, Laos and Indonesia.
An. (Cel. ) punctulatus : Recorded by Barnes (1923) as An. punctulatus Theobald (=tessalata),
but the authou's name should be "Doenitz", and its distribution is confined to islands such as

New Guinea, Bismark, Solomons, and Moluccas (Knight and Stone, 1977).
Aedes (Aedimorphus) stenoetrus (Theobald) : Knight and Stone (1977) included the name"Thailand" as a country of distribution and ApiwathJlasom (1986) followed their treatment.

The specimens collected by Thurman (1959) from Chiang Mai and kept in the U. S. National

Museum, however, were not this species but were "actually Ae. vexans vexans" (Meigen)(based on Reinert, 1973a). In the present paper, therefore, this species is excluded fromthe list of Thai mosquitoes.

Ae. (Adm. ) taeniorhynchoides (Christophers) : Listed by lyengar (1953) and Thurman (1959).
This is now also considered by Reinert (1973a) to be Ae. v. vexans.
Ae. (Cancraedes) curtlpes Edwards : Knight and Stone (1977) and Apiwathnasorn (1986) listed
its distribution as "?Thailand. "Ae. (Finlaya) christophersi Edwards, Ae. dissimilis (Leicester), Ae. gubernatoris (Giles), Ae.

lacteus Knight, Ae. Iaoagensis Knight, Ae. Ieueapleurus Rozeboom, Ae. macdougalli Ed‑
wards, Ae. niveoides Barraud, and Ae. paradissimilis Rozeboom : All these species belong‑

ing to subgenus Finlaya were listed by Thurman (1959) as mosquitoes recorded fromThailand. However, Knight and Stone (1977) did not accept these earlier distribution

318

records from Thailand.

Ae. (Mucidus) ferinus Knight : This species was listed by Thurman (1959) as recorded "durirrg

1957", and Scanlon and Esah (1965) also recorded it from Doi Pui, northern Thailand,
although its taxonomic status was not conclusive. According to Tyson (1970), distributionof the species was restricted to the Philppines and adults of Ae. ferinus and Ae. quaslferinus

are very similar in morphology. Therefore, misidentiflcation of the latter is probable.

Ae. (Verrallina) cautus Barraud : Reported by Delfinado (1967), but Reinert (1974) found thatthe deposited Thailand specimens were a mixture of Ae. atrius Barraud, Ae. vallistris
Barraud and Ae. varietas (Leicester) , and that no Ae. cautus material was present in thecollection from Thailand.

Ae. (Ver. ) indicus (Theobald) : Delfinado (1967) reported Thailand as a new record for indicus.

After examining the Thailand specimens, however, Reinert (1974) concluded that thisrecord was incorrect.

Heizmannia (Hez. ) greeni (Theobald) : Reported by Causey (1937), but it seems to consist of
several species such as chengi Lien, prapinqua Mattingly, proxima Mattingly and scanloni
Mattingly (Mattingly, 1970).

Hz (Hez ) tndtca (Theobald) The catalog by Knight and Stone (1977) mcluded "Thailand" forthis species. Apiwathnasorn (1986) also adopted such treatment. However, since "therecord by Causey (1937) from Thailand may refer to reidi " (Mattingly, 1970), this species isdeleted from the present checklist.

Hz. (Hez. ) viridis Barraud: Thurman (1959) listed this species as one of the Thai mosquitoes

reported in 1957. However, Hz. viridis was know only from India, and Mattingly (1970)
did not include this species among Southeast Asian mosquitoes.
Culex (Cux. ) coruutus Edwards : Reported by Thurman (1959), but elirnitrated later by Bram
(1967).

Cx. (Cux. ) theileri Theobald : The specimen collected and listed by Thurman (1959) was later

identified as Cx. annulus Theobald by Bram (1967). But the latter species was further
synonymized with Cx. vishnui Theobald by Sinvanakarn (1976).
Cx. (Cux. ) univittatus Theobald : Thurman (1959) listed this species under the item "during
1957". However, its distribution is restricted from India to Mediterranean region (Sinva‑
nakarn, 1976 ; Knight and Stone, 1977). Although once synonymized name Cx. perext uus
has been resurrected from univittatus (according to Knight, 1978), the name perexl uus has

never been recorded from Thailand.
Cx. (Culiciomyia) viridiventer Giles: Collected and listed by Thurman (1959), this was not true

viridiventer, and Bram (1967) described it as a new species Cx. thurmanorum Bram.
Cx. (Mochthogenes) castrensis Edwards : Reported by Causey (1937), but is now considered to

be Cx. (Eumelanomyia) foliatus Brug (based on Bram, 1967).
Cx. (Eum. ) khazani Edwards : Thurman (1959) listed this speaes under the item "reported
during 1957" but this was known only from India. Bram (1967) eliminated the species fromThai fauna because no locality data was available and no specimen was found from any
Thailand couection deposited in a museum.
Cx. (Lophoceraomyia) flavicornis Barraud : Listed by Thurman (1959), this was pointed out tobe a misidentification and was described as a new species, Cx. incomptus, by Bram andRattanarithikul (1967).

Cx. (Lop. ) fraudatrix (Theobald) : Thai specimens reported by Causey (1937) were also pointed

319

out by Bram (1967) to be a mixture of Cx. macdonaldi Colless and Cx. variatus (Leicester).

Cx. (Lop. ) minutissimus (Theobald) : Reported by Thurman (1959), but was eliminated byBram (1967).
Cx. (Lop. ) umformis (Theobald) : Thurman (1959) listed this as one of the species recorded
from Thailand. Specimens determined as "umformis" in the Thurman collection belonged
to either minor or spiculosus (based on Bram, 1967).
Mimomyia (Ravenalites) fusca (Leicester) : Although Thurman (1959) listed this species as
genus "Frcalbra" under the rtern "between 1950 and 1956", Knight and Stone (1977) did notinclude "Thailand" in its distribution.

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) atra Theobald : Known distribution of this species is New Guinea,

the Bismark Archipelago, and Australia (Knight and Stone, 1977). Causey (1937) reported
that "this specles rs wadely distnbuted m Sram. " Since then, however, no one has recorded
it in Thailand. We can thus assume that it must have been a misidentification of some othercommon species.
Ur. (Pfc. ) macullpleura Leicester: Thurman (1959) listed this species as recorded "during

1957". According to Peyion (1977), there are many similar but disfinct species inThailand, such as pseudomacullpleura, stricklandi, etc. Therefore, the earlier record fromThailand may be due to a misidentification.

Ur. (Ura. ) alboannulata (Theobald) : This was listed as a Thai mosquito species by Thurman(1959), but this species is known only from India (Knight and Stone, 1977).

Ur. (Ura. ) micans Leicester: First recorded by lyengar (1953) as micans(?), it was soon
identified as Ur. bimaculiala Leicester by lyengar and Menon (1956). Although Thurrnan(1959) and Knight and Stone (1977) listed micans as a Thai mosquito species, in the present

paper this species is treated as an uncertain record until specimens of true "micans" arecollected from Thailand in the future.

Ur. ( Ura. ) orientalis Barraud : Causey (1937) collected and reared larvae of this species, thenobtained adults. However, its known distribution is only India according to Knight andStone (1977). Identification of the species, therefore, should be reconfirmed by newmaterial.

Toxorhynchites (Tox. ) amboinensis (Doleschall) : Iyengar (1953) reported this species fromSouth Thailand without any comment or locality data. Except for this report, no one hasrecorded it in Thailand. All the known distribution areas of Tx. amboinensis are restricted
to islands in Southeast Asia and the Southwest Pacific Ocean and do not included the Asian

mainland. In spite of extensive surveys of Toxorhynchites spp. in 1986 on the Malay
Peninsula, no specimen of Tx. amboinensis has been collected (unpublished data), making
the record of this species in South Thailand doubtful.

Probable Distribution

Thailand is immediately surrounded by four countries, Malaysia, Burma, Laos, and Cambo‑

dia, and indrectly by their adjacent countries, China and Vietnam. It is, therefore, highly
probable that some mosquito species which occur in these countries may also occur in Thailand,because many species have been recorded from a combination of at least two of these countries

or areas, for example, the Malay Peninsula‑China or Burma‑Cambodia combinations. As amatter of fact, we have collected Topomyia (Suaymyia) houghtoni Feng (previously known only
from Malaya and China), and Tx. (Tox. ) alblpes (Edwards) (betore it was known only from India

320
and Indochina) from north Thailand (Miyagi et al. , 1986).

The possibility of occurrence near a border is also likely even if the distribution of amosquito species is known from a single adjacent country. Again, we can quote several
examples of such new records to Thailand from our collections (Miyagi et al. , 1986) : To. (Sua.)

apsarae Klein and To. (Tap. ) angkoris Klein, the type localities of both species are in Cambodia

only 200 km. from the border of Thailand. (It should be point out that the species nameangkoris is misspelled as ankoris by Ward, 1984 ; Gaffigan and Ward, 1985 ; and Apiwathnasorn,1986). Culex (Eum. ) macrostylus Sinvanakarn and Ramalingam was also collected from Doi
Inthanon, northern Thailand, though it was known before only from Malaya (Sinvanakarn and
Ramalingam, 1976). Therefore, more extensive surveys for mosquito fauna in Thailand may
give rise to many "new records" in the near future.
Although we can mention a number of mosquito species possibly or probably distributed in
Thailand, we would like to refer here to only two examples in the genus Toxorhynchites.
Tx. (Tox. ) angusttplatus Evenhuis and Steffan : Based on its description as a new species,
Evenhuis and Steffan (1986) noted that "it probably occurs throughout the northern states
on Peninsular Malaysia and possibly also in southern Thailand at low elevations in association

with Nepenthes pitchers."
Tx. (Tox. ) klossi (Edwards) : This species can be c6n cted from several kinds of mountainous

pitcher plants in Malaya from Genting Highland, Pahang State, to Gunung Jerai, Kedah
State, near the Thai‑Malaysian border. Pitcher plants are also found in peninsularThailand, where ecological conditions of natural envirouments are quite similar to those in

Kedah State (type‑locality of this mosquito) of Malaya. Therefore, it is suspected thatlarvae of this mosquito may inhabit pitcher plants in some peninsular provinces of Thailand
adjacent to the border.

Comparison of Mosquito Fauna
For convenience in the analysis of data, Table 2 shows a "quick‑100k" comparison ofmosquito fauna in major taxonomic levels such as genus (and subgenus) among Thailand,
Malaysia, Philippines, and Japan. Out of 384 taxa of the mosquito fauna in Thailand, 54 taxa
(14. 1%) have been recorded only from Thailand (i.e. , are endemic), whereas nearly 40% of thePhilppine mosquito fauna are endemic. As shown in this table, general patterns of the genera

which appear in Thailand are quite sirnilar to those of Malaysia. For example, at least 249
among the Thai mosquito taxa (64. 8%) are distributed in common with Malaysia (mosquito faunaof the latter consists of at least 408 recorded taxa, based on a prelirninary checklist prepared by

Tsnkamoto, unpublished). On the contrary, 1 13 taxa (29. 4%) are comrnon with the Philippine
fauna (which consists of more than 300 taxa listed by Tsukamoto et al. , 1985), and only 44 taxa

(11.5%) are common with the Japanese fauna which consists of 109 taxa (based on Tanaka et al.
1979).

Significant differences can also be observed in quality within genus or subgenus level
between ThailaJid and the Philppines in special taxonomic groups. For example, the Philippine

fauna involves only a single species of Heizmannia while the Thai fauna lacks any species ofZeugnomyia. In addition, none of the species of Trlpteroides is endemic in Thailand whereas
nearly all species of this genus are known only from the Philippines. A similar situation is also

observed in the subgenus Finlaya of the genus Aedes : only 2 out of 23 species (8. 7%) areendemic in Thailand whereas 18 out of 23 species (78.3%) are recorded only from the321
Table 2Endemic and common geographic distribution of Thai mosquitoes among some related
countnes in Asia

No. of mosquito species

Genus (Subgenus)

ThailandCommon distribution with

Endemic

Malaysia

Philip pine s

Japan

52

15

4

Subfainily ANOPHELlNAE

Anapheles(Anopheles)(Cellia)

65

4

(34)
(31)

(2 )

(3 1 )

(5)

(2)

(2 )

(21)

(lO)

(2)

Subfainily CULIClNAE

Aedes

16

1 OO

(Aed imorphus)(Fin laya)(Stegomyia)(Verrallina)

others

(10)
(23)
(16)
(23)
(28)

24

51

6

(O)

(7)

(3)

(1)

(2)

(12)

(4)

(1)

(1)

(9)

(3)

(2)

(4)

(11)
(12)

(4)

(O)

(10)

(2)

(9)

Arml eres

22

2

18

8

Heiemannia

16

3

9

1

O

Culex

80

12

60

34

21

(23)
(14)

(1)

(20)

(15)

(10)

(5)

(8)

(6)

(3)

(Eumelanomyia)

(9)

(1)

(5)

(3)

(1)

(Lophoceraomvia)

(31)

(4)

(2 5)

(8)

(5)

(3)

(1)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(Culex)(Culiciomyia)

OthersMimomyia

6

O

6

5

Orthopodomyia

5

1

4

3

Topomyia

14

6

2

1

Tn pteroides

13

O

9

1

O

2

Uranotaenia

39

6

22

8

4

Other genera

16

1

13

10

4

Toxorhynchites

8

3

O

Subfamily TOXOlulYNCHITlNAE

Total (17 genera)384

3
54 (14. 1%)

3
249 (64. 8%)

113 (29.4%)

44 (11.

%)

Philppines. Such phenomena well reflect examples of increased acceleration in speciation
during the mosquito evolution in an archipelago isolated from a large continent.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to Dr. Masahiro Horio (University of Occupational and Environmental
Health), Drs. Motoyoshi Mogi, Takao Okazawa (Saga Medical College), and Mr. Thongchai
Deesin (Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University), for their cooperation as joint teammembers in field collections of mosquitoes ; to Ms. Rampa Rattanarithikul (U. S. Army Medical

Component, AFRIMS, Bangkok) for her useful advice and help in obtaining literature.

322

REFERENCES CITED
1) Abercrombie, J. (1977) : Medical entomology studies‑IX. The subgenus Christophersiomyia of thegenus Aedes (Diptera: Cuhcidae), Contr. Arn. Entomol. Inst., 14 (2), 1‑72

2) Apiwathnasom, C. (1986) : A list of mosquito species in Southeast Asia, 73 pp. Museum andReference Centre, SEAMEO‑TROPMED National Centre of Thailand, Mahidol University, Bangkok
3) Barnes, M. E. (1923) : Notes on the anopheline mosquitoes of Siam, Am. J. Hyg., 3, 121‑126
4) Barraud, P. J. and Christophers, S. R. (1931): On a collection of anopheline and culicine mosquitoes

from Siam, Record Malar. Surv. India, 2, 269‑285 (Cited from Thurman, 1959)
5) Bram, R. A. (1967) : Contributions to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. II. The genus Culex inThanand (Diptera: Culicidae), Contr. Am. Entomol. Inst., 2 (1), 1‑296
6) Bram, R. A, and Rattanarithikul, M. (1967) : Six new species of the Culex (Lophoceraomyia) mammi‑hfer group from Thailand (Diptera : Culicidae), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. , 69, 1‑177) Buei, K., Chenchittikul, M., Phanthumachinda, B. and Hasegawa, M. (1983) : Survey of mosquitoes
in Chanthaburi Province, with special reference to the epidemiology of mosquito‑borne diseases, 137‑

156, Promotion of Provincial Health Service, Thai‑Japan Cooperative Project, Interim Report Series

No. 4, Bangkok
8) Causey, O. R. (1937a) : Some anopheline and culicine mosquitoes of Siarn with remarks on malaria
control in Bangkok, Am. J. Hyg. , 25, 400‑420
9) Causey, O. R. (1937b) : New anopheline and culicine mosquitoes from Siam, J. Parasitol., 23, 543‑

545
10) Delfinado, M. D. (1967) : Contributions to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. I. The genus Aedes

subgenus Neomacleaya Theobald in Thailand, Contr. Am. Entomol. Inst. , I (8), 1‑56
1 1) Delfhado, M. D, and Hodges, E. R. (1968) : Three new species of the genus Tripteroides, subgenus
Tnpteroides Giles (Diptera : Culicidae), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. , 70, 361‑375
12) Evenhuis, N. L, and Steffan, W. A. (1986) : Classification of the subgenus Toxorhvnchites (Diptera :Culicidae). ll. Revision of the Toxorhvnchites acaudatus group, J. Med. Entomol. , 23, 538‑574

13) Gould. D. J., Yuil, T. M., Moussa, M. A., Shnasatbien, P. and Rutledge, L. C. (1968) : An insular
outreak of dengue hemorragic fever. 111. Identification of vectors and observation on vector ecology,

Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 17, 600‑618
14) Harbach, R. E. , Rattanarithikul, R. and Peyion, E. L. (1986) : Occurrence of Uranotaeuia (Pseudo‑
ficalbia) kirsut mora Peters (Diptera : Culicidae) in Thailand, with notes on the larval stage and species

affinity, Mosq. Syst. , 18, 230‑232

15) Harrison, B. A. (19eo) : Medical entomology studies‑XIII. The Myzomyia series of Anopheles(Cellia) in Thailand, with emphasis on intra‑interspecific variations (Diptera : Culicidae), Contr. Am.

Entomol. Inst., 17 (4), 1‑195

16) Harrison, B. A. (1987) : Culex subgenus Thaiomfta Bram, a synonym of Culex subgenus Culiciomyia
Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae), Mosq. Syst. , 19, I11‑11617) Harrison, B. A. and Scanlon, J. E. (1975) : Medical entomology studies‑II. The subgenus Anopheles
in Thailand (Diptera: Culicidae), Contr. Am. Entomol. Inst., 12 (1), 1‑307
18) Harrison, B. A., Scanlon, J. E, and Reid, J. A. (1973) : A new synonirny and new species name in theSoutheast Asian Ampheles hyrcanus complex, Mosq. Syst. , 5, 263‑268
19) Huang, Y. M. (1972) : Contributions to the mospuito fauna of Southeast Asia. XIV. The subgenus
Stegomfra of Aedes in Southeast Asia. I. The scutellaris group of species, Contr. Am. Entomol. Inst. ,9 (1), 1‑l0920) Huang, Y. M. (1973) : A new species of Aedes (Stegomyia) from Thailand and notes on the mediopunc‑
tatus subgroup (Diptera : Culicidae), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. , 75, 224‑232

21) Huang, Y. M. (1977a) : Medical entomology studles‑VII. The subgenus Stegomyia of Aedes inSoutheast Asia. II‑The edwardsi group of species. 111‑The w‑albus group of species (Diptera :323
Culicidae), Contr. Arn. Entomol. Inst., 14 (1), 1‑11122) Huang, Y. M. (1977b) : Medical entomology studies‑VIII. Notes on the taxonomic status of Aedes
vittatus (Diptera: Culicidae), Contr. Am. Entomol. Inst. , 14 (1), 113‑132

23) Huang, Y. M. (1979) : Medical entomology studies‑XI. The subgenus Stegomyia of Aedes in the
Oriental Region with keys to the species (Diptera : Culicidae), Contr. Am. Entomol. Inst. , 15 (6), 1‑

7924) Huda, K. M. N. and Harrison, B. A. (1985) : Priority of the name Anapheles pseudofamesi for the
species previously called An. ramsayi (Diptera: Cuhcidae), Mosq. Syst., 17, 49‑51
25) Iyengar, M. O. T. (1953) : Filariasis in Thailand, Bull. Wrld. Hlth. Org. , 9, 731‑766

26) Iyengar, M. O. T. and Menon, M. A. U. (1956) : The mosquitoes of South Thailand, Bull. Entomol.

Res., 47, 785‑794
27) Klein, J. M. and Sirivanakam, S. (1969) : Four new species of Culex, subgenus Mochthogenes irom
Southeast Asia (Diptera : Cubcidae), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. , 71, 582‑592
28) Knight, K. L. (1968) : Contributions to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. rv. Species of thesubgroup Chrysolineatus of group D, genus Aedes, subgenus Finlaya Theobald, Contr.

n. Entomol.

Inst., 2 (5), IL45

29) Knight, K. L. (1978a) : A new Aedes (Finlaya) mosquito from Thailand, Mosq, Syst., lO, 106‑11630) Knight, K. L. (1978b) : Supplement to a catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera : Culicidae),Thomas Say Found., EntomoL 'Soc. Am., VI (Suppl.), 1‑l0731) Knight, K. L. and Stone, A. (1977) : A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera : Culicidae),

2nd Ed., 61lpp. Thomas Say Found., Entomol. Soc. Arn., VI, Maryland32) Macdonald, W. W. (1957) : Malaysian parasites. XVI. An interirn review of the non‑anopheltne
mosquitoes of Malaya, Stud. Inst. Med. Res. Feder. Malaya, 28, 1‑3433) Macdonald, W. W. (19CO) : Malaysian parasites. X VIII. On the systematics and ecology of Armi‑
geres subgenus Leicesteria (Diptera : Culicidae), Stud. Inst. Med. Res., Feder. Malaya, 29, 1 10‑15334) Mattingly, P. F. (1958) : The ctilicine mosquitoes of the Indomalayan Area. Part 111. Genus Aedes

Meigen, subgenera Paraedes Edwards, Rhinoskusea Edwards and Cancraedes Edwards, 66 pp. , Brit.
Mus. (Nat. Hist. ), London35) Mattingly, P. F. (1970) : Contributions to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. Vl. The genus
Heizmannia Ludlow in Southeast Asia, Contr. Am. Entomol. Inst. , 5 (7), 1‑10436) Matfingly, P. F. (1981) : Medical entomology studies‑XIV. The subgenera Rachianotomfua. Tri‑choleptomyia and Tnpteroides (Mabirrii group) of genus Tnpteroides in the Oriental region (Diptera :Culicidae), Contr. Am. Entomol. Inst., 17 (5), 1‑14737) Miyagi, I., Toma, T., Tsnkamoto, M., Mogi, M., Horio, M. , Cabrera, B. D. and Rivera, D. G. (1985) :A survey of the mosquito fauna in Palawan, Mindanao and North Luzon, Republic of the Philppines,

Mosq. Syst., 17, 133‑14338) Miyagi, I., Toma, T., Tsnkamoto, M., Horio, M., Mogi, M., Okazawa, T., Tokuyama, Y., Sucharit, S.,

Tumrasvin, W. , Khaniboonruang, C. and Choochote, W. (1986) : New distribution records of mos‑quitoes irom Thaiiand with a collection list of 1983‑1984 surveys, Trop. Biomed. , 3, 181‑192
39) Peyion, E. L. (1977) : Medical entomology studies‑X. A revision of the subgenus Pseudoficalbia of
the genus Uranotaenia in Southeast Asia (Diptera : Culicidae), Contr. Arn. Entomol. Inst. , 14 (3), 1‑
2 7340) Peylon, E. L. and Harrison, B. A. (1979) : Anopheles (Cellia) dirus, a new species of the Leucosphyrus

group from Thailand (Diptera: Culicidae), Mosq. Syst., 11, 40‑52

41) Peyion, E. L. and Klein, J. M. (1970) : Five new species of Uranotaenia from Southeast Asia
(Diptera : Culicidae), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. , 72, 243‑251
42) Peyion, E. L. and Scanlon, J. E. (1966) : Illustrated key to the female Anopheles mosquitoes ofThailand, 47 pp.. U. S. my Med. Comp., SEATO, Bangkok, Thailand
43) Peyton, E. L. and Rattananthikul. R. (1970) : Five additional new species of Uranotaenia from324Southeast Asia (Diptera : Cuhcidae), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. , 72, 403‑413

44) Ramalingarn, S. (1987) : On the redescription of Armigeres durhami Edwards and the description of
Armigeres kesseli n. sp. (Diptera : Culicidae), Trop. Biomed. , 4, 55‑6545) Rattanarithikul, R. and Green, C. A. (1986) : Formal recognition of the species of the Anopheles
maculatus group (Diptera : Culicidae) occurring in Thailand, includirrg the descriptions of two new

species and a preliminary key to fernales, Mosq. Syst., 18, 246‑278
46) Rattanarithikul, R. and Harrison, B. A. (1973) : An mustrated key to the Anopheles larvae of Thailand,

14 pp., 42 pl., U. S. Arrny Med. Comp. SEATO, Bangkok47) Reid, J. A. (1968) : Anopheline mosquitoes of Malaya and Borneo, 520 pp. , Studies from theInstitute for Medical Research, No. 31, Government of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur48) Reinert, J. F. (1970) : Contributions to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. V. Genus Aedes,
subgenus Diceromyia Theobaid in Southeast Asia, Contr. Arn. Entomol. Inst., 5 (4), 1‑4349) Reinert, J. F. (1973) : Contribution to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. XV. Genus Aedes
Meigen, subgenus Ayurahitia Thurrnan, Contr. Arn. Entomol. Inst. , 9 (2), 1‑4250) *,Reinert, J. F. (1973a) : Contributions to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. XVI. Genus Aedes
Meigen, subgenus Aedimorphus Theobald in Southeast Asia, Contr. n. Entomol. Inst., 9 (5), 1‑218
51) Reinert, J. F. (1973b) : Contributions to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. XVIII. A reconsidera‑tion of Diceromyia Theobald with the inclusion of Aedes nummatus Edwards and Aedes pseudonummatus
new species (Diptera : Culicidae), Contr. Am. Entomol. Inst., 10 (1), 22‑40
52) Reinert, J. F. (1973c) : Contributions to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. XIX. Bothaella, newsubgenus of Aedes Meigen, Contr. Am. Entomol. Inst., 10 (3), 1‑5153) Reinert, J. F. (1974) : Medical entomology studies. I. A new interpretaion of the subgenus Verrallinaof the genus Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae), Contr. Am. Entomol. Inst., 11 (1), 1‑249
54) Reinert, J. F. (1975) : Mosquito generic and subgeneric abbreviations (Diptera : Culicidae), Mosq.

Syst., 7, 105‑11055) Reinert, J. F. (1976a) : A new man‑biting species of Aedes (Paraedes) from Southeast Asia (Diptera :Culicidae), Mosq. Syst., 8, 319‑331

56) Reinert, J. F. (1976b) : Medical entomology studies‑V. The subgenus Rhinoskusea of the genus
Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae), Contr. Am. Entomol. Inst., 13 (2), 1‑60

57) Reinert, J. F. (1976c) : Medical entomology studies‑rv. The subgenera Indusius and Edwardsaedesof the genus Aedes (Diptera: Cuhcidae), Contr. Am. Entomol. Inst., 13 (1), 1‑45
58) Reinert, J. F. (1979) : A description of Isoaedes, a new subgenus of Aedes Meigen, and its type‑species, Aedes (Isa) cavaticus new species (Diptera : Culicidae), Mosq. Syst. , 1 1, 144‑ 161

59) Reinert, J. F. (1981): Medlcal entomology studies‑XV. A revision of the subgenus Paraedes of thegenus Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae), Contr. Am. Entomol. Inst., 18 (4), 1‑91
60) Reinert, J. F. (1985) : A description of Scutompita, a subgenus resurrected for the Albohneatus Groupof the genus Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae), Mosq. Syst., 17, 121‑131
61) Sandhinand, U. (1951): Anophelines of Chiengnai Province, Thailand, J. Med. Assoc. Thailand, 34,

33‑3862) Scanlon, J. E. and Esah, S. (1965) : Distnbution in altitude of mosquitoes in northern Thailand,

Mosq. News, 25, 137‑144
63) Scanlon, J. E., Peyion, E. L. and Gould, D. J. (1968) : An amotated checklist of the Anopheles ofThailand, Thai Natl. Sci. Pap., Fauna Ser., 2, 1‑35
64) Sinvanakarn, S. (1972) : Contributions to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. XIII. The genus
Culex subgenus Eumelanompira Theobald in Southeast Asia and adjacent areas, Contr. Am. Entomol.
Inst. , 8 (6), 1‑86

65) Sinvanakarn, S. (1973) : Three new species of Culex subgenus Culiciomyia Theobald from Southeast
Asia and a redescription of the type of C. tricuspis Edwards from Alor, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia(Diptera : Culicidae), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. , 75, 112‑124

325

66)

Sinvanakam, S. (1976) : Medlcal entomology studies‑III. A revision of the subgenus Culex in the
Oriental Region (Diptera : Culicidae), Contr. Am. Entomol. Inst. , 12 (2), 1‑272

67)

Sinvanakarn, S. (1977a) : Redescription of four Oriental species of Culex (Culiciomyia) and thedescription of a new species from Thailand (Diptera : Culicidae), Mosq. Syst. , 9, 93‑111

68)

Sinvanakarn, S. (1977b) : Medical entomology studies‑IV. A revision of the subgenus Lopho‑
ceraomyia of the genus Culex in the Oriental region (Diptera : Culicidae), Contr. Am. Entomol. Inst. ,69)

13 (4), 1‑245
Sinvanakarn, S, and Ramalingam, S. (1976) : A new species of Culex (Eumelanomyia) Theobald with70)

notes on three other species from Malaysia (Diptera: Culicidae), Mosq. Syst., 8, 209‑216
Steffan, W. A. , Evenhuis, N. . and Manuing, D. L. (1980) : Armotated bibliography of Toxorh nchites

71)

Tanaka, K. , Mizusawa, K, ahd Saugstad, E. S. (1979) : A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes(Diptera: Culicidae), J. M:ed: Entomol. , Suppl. , 3, 1‑140

of Japan (includng the Ryuku Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera : Cuhcidae),72)

Contrib. Am. Entomol, InSt, , 16, 1‑987
Thurman, D. C. and Thunnan, E. B. (1955) : RepQrt of the initial operation of a mosquito light trap in

73)

Northern Thailand, Mosq. New, 15, 218‑224
Thurrnan, D. C. and Thunnan, E. B. (1958) : Two new species in the genus Armigeres Theobald,

74)

Thunnan, E. B. (1958) : Malaya jacobsoni (Edwards, 1930), a new occurrence record for northem

1901, from northern Thaiiand (Diptera: Culicidae), J. Wash. Acad. Sci. , 48, 186‑187
Thailand (Diptera : Culicidae), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. , 60, 15
75)

Thurman, E. B. (1959) : A contribution to a revision of the Culicidae of northern Thailand, Univ.

76)

Maryland Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. A‑100, 1‑182
Tsnkamoto, M. , Miyagi, I. and Toma, T. (1985) : A revised checknst of the Philippine mosquitoes,

Trop. Biomed., 2, 149‑160
7 7)Tyson, W. H. (1970a) : Contribution to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. VII. Genus Aedeomyia

78)

Theobald in Southeast Asia, Contr. Am. Entomol. Inst., 6 (2), 1‑27
Tyson, W. H. (1970b) : Contribution to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. VIII. Genus Aedes,

79)

subgenus Muoidus Theobald in Southeast Asia, Contr. Am. Entomol. Inst., 6 (2), 28‑80
Ward, R. A. (1984) : Second supplement to "A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world" (Diptera :80)

Culicidae), Mosq. Syst. , 16, 227‑270
Zavortink, T. J. (197D: Contributions to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. IX. The genus
Orthopodomyia Theobald in Southeast Asia, Contr. Am. Entomol. Inst. , 7 (3), 1‑37

326

タイ国の蚊相：チェックリスト
塚本 増久1・宮城 一郎2・當間

孝子2・S．SucHARIT3

W．TuMRAsvIN3・C．KHAMBooNRuANG4・W．CHoocHoTE4
B．PHANTHuMAcHINDA5・P．PHANuRAI5

タイ国の蚊については今迄世界の蚊のカタログや東南アジアの蚊のリストの中に散在していたり，個々の種の採集記録，新種の記載，特定のグループについてのモノグラフなどが断片的に多数存在していただけで，その全体像を把握することは困難であった。われわれは1983−1984年の現地調査による採集結果に加えてこれらの文献を整理し，タイ国としては最初の総合的なチェックリストを作成した。すなわち，以前にタイ国から報告されていた種類の中から誤同定によるものやシノニムまたは産地不確実なものを除き，疑問視されていたものを復活させるなど分類学的な考察の結果，ハマダラカ
属65種，ヤブカ属100種，クロヤブカ属22種，ムナゲカ属16種，イエカ属80種，ギンモンカ属14種，ナ

ガスネカ属13種，チビカ属39種，オオカ属8種，その他27種など総計384種が一応確実に分布しているものと考えられた。その他に，囲まれセ隣接する2一つ以上の国に分布していながらまだタイ国からは発見されていないものが数十種あるので，将来もっと多くの種がタイ国の蚊として追加されるであろう。

タイ国の蚊はその生物地理学的立場からも予想されるように，総数の約65％がマレーシアの蚊相と共通であり，約30％がフィリピンのそれと共通である。これに対し，日本にも共通に分布しているものは僅かに11％であり，またタイ国固有の特産種は54種（14％）に過ぎない。

さらに，各種についてシノニムや誤同定当時の種名を掲げ，単に分類学的配列に従ってリストしたのみでなく，実際の採集地がたどれるように主要な分布記録文献を示し，幼虫の発生場所についても述べてフィールドでの実用の便宜をはかった。

1産業医科大学医動物学教室
2琉球大学医学部保健学科医動物学研究室
3タイ国マヒドール大学熱帯医学部医昆虫学教室
4タイ国チェンマイ大学医学部寄生虫学教室
5タイ国公衆保健省医科学局医昆虫部

JAPANESE JOURNALOF
TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE
Vol. 15 No. 4

December, 1987

CONTENTS
Original article
Matsuoka, H. , Ishli, A. and Panjaitan, W.

Chemotherapeutic Control Trial of Plasmodium falciparum with a
Combination of Chloroquine and Prirnaquine on Selective Age Groupin A Coastal Village of North Sumatra, Indonesia . . . . . .

257‑268

Shiota, T.

Light Microscopic Observation of the So‑Called Parenthesislike
Structure of Pneumocystis carinii Cysts in Smeas Stainnd by
Gomori's Methenamine Silver Nitrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rikimaru, T., Nyarko, Alex K., Addy, M. , Addo, E., Blakohiapa, L.,
Owasu, A. A., Arnar, D., Kishi, K. and Fujita, Y.
Changes of Nutritional Parameters and the Inter‑relationships during
Recovery irom Protein‑energy Malnutrition in Ghanaian Children......

269‑273275‑285

Kasuya, S., Kanai, K., Ohmiya, N., Koga, K., Amano, K.,
Nakamura, Y., Kuno, T, and Suprasert. S.
Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Chldren of a Prirnary Schoolin Chiang Mai City, Northem Thailand ....................

287‑290

Tsukamoto, M., Miyagi, I., Toma, T. , Sucharit, S., Tumrasvin, W. ,Khamboonruang, C. , Choochote, W. , Phanthumachinda, B.
and Phanurai. P.
The Mosquito Fauna of Thailand (Diptera : Cuhcidae) :An Annotated Cheklist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

291‑326

Published byJAPANESE SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE
c/o Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University

12‑4 Sakamoto‑machi, Nagasaki 852, Japan