核医学技術 00 : 000-000（2016)―Japanese Society of Nuclear Medicine Technology Working Group Report.―

Key Point of Acquisition, Processing and Display forStandardized Images with Clinical Usefulness(Bone Scintigraphy)
Working Group for Investigation and Research on Nuclear Medicine Image Quantiﬁcationand Standardization, Japanese Society of Nuclear Medicine Technology
Yasuhiko Masuda

Akio Nagaki

Department of Radiological Technology, Asahikawa Red

Department of Radiology, Kurashiki Central Hospital

Cross Hospital

Yasuhisa Kawabuchi

Nobuyoshi Ohya

Department of Radiology, Kanazawa Municipal

Division of Radiology, Department of Medical Technology,

Hospital

Kyushu University Hospital

Tetsuro Katafuchi

Department of Radiological Technology, School of Health

Satomi Teraoka

FUJIFILM RI Pharma Co., Ltd.

Science, Gifu University of Medical Science

Masamichi Yanagisawa

Hideharu Niida

Nihon Medi-Physics Co., Ltd.

Nihon Medi-Physics Co., Ltd.

Chairman of Scientiﬁc Committee, Japanese Society of Nuclear Medicine Technology
Masuo Hayashi
Department of Radiology, Osaka Medical College Hospital

Chairman of strategic planning Committee, Japanese Society of Nuclear Medicine Technology
Hiroyuki Tsushima
Department of Radiological sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences

Key words : Nuclear Medicine Technology, Nuclear Medicine Manufacturers, Standardization,
Quantiﬁcation, SPECT Imaging, Whole Body Imaging

images to create evidence-based nuclear medicine• Introduction

technology (EBNMT) on a national basis.

The

Nuclear medicine images today are not as

Working Group has distributed questionnaires tostandardized as images provided by computed

members of the Japanese Society of Nuclear Medicine

tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging

Technology (JSNMT), device manufacturers, and(MRI).

Rather, an inﬁnite variety of images may be

printer manufacturers, the results of which have been

provided by different institutions, depending on the

published in the JSNMT journal Nuclear Medicine

facilities in each institution.

The Working Group forTechnology, and on the JSNMT website (in Japanese).

Investigation and Research on Nuclear Medicine

In the survey of JSNMT members, 87% responded

Image Quantiﬁcation and Standardization (Working

that there is a need for guidelines on standardized

Group) started work in 2002 with the aim of improving

acquisition, processing, and display, indicating thatthe reliability and objectivity of nuclear medicine

great hope is being placed on the Working Group’s1Key Point of Acquisition, Processing and Display for Standardized Images with Clinical Usefulness (Bone Scintigraphy) (Masuda, et al)activities and results.

Almost 100% of institutions in Japan are now capableof performing whole-body scans.1) In most cases,

The survey of device manufacturers showed that
although there is a shared recognition of the need for

however,

imaging

conditions

standardization, some manufacturers also expressedheuristically, and there are no clear criteria concerning

the desire for users to understand their devices.

the advantages and disadvantages of SPECT and static
imaging as supplementary tests.

This report summarizes the standard images andaredetermined

It means that testingsome of the pitfalls of bone scintigraphy single-photon

is not being performed on the basis of evidence based

emission computerized tomography (SPECT) from the

medicine (EBM).

ﬁnal report of the Working Group.

task of standardizing the enormous number of bonealso been included at the end.

A checklist has

scintigraphy tests.

We hope that readers

We are now setting the massive
Though, imaging and processing

will refer to these standard images and checklist during

are comparatively simple in bone scintigraphy,

image acquisition, processing, display, and evaluation

unfortunately no clear guidelines have been set.

Speaking on behalf of the

In this section, we provide standard images for

JSNMT, it is our hope that this report will provide ageneral bone scintigraphy and describe the acquisition,

valuable reference for the appropriate performance ofprocessing, and display conditions required for thisnuclear medicine testing in order to establish EBNMT.

method of imaging, together with points to note.

in their own institutions.

We

hope that these guidelines will serve as a foundation for• Bone Scintigraphy

the future standardization of bone scintigraphy.

Bone scintigraphy is mainly used for the detection ofprimary bone tumors, stress fractures, metabolic bone

1. Devices used for basic image scanningand imaging conditions

disorders, osteomyelitis, and osteonecrosis and it is theAround 70% of the gamma cameras currently

most common nuclear medicine procedure in Japan.

mounted in Japan are of the dual-detector type,1)disorders such as bone metastases of malignant tumors,

核0000,00-01

Figure 1

Whole body images (Abnormal accumulation in
the third lumbar vertebra and the sacrum.)2

Vol. 00 No. 0（2016)

核医学技術

which are also widely used for bone scintigraphy.

scintigraphy is a test that uses a comparatively large

Our description in this section therefore assumes thedose of the tracer to obtain a high count rate, and as ituse of an opposing dual-detector gamma camera device.

also demands high resolution, in this section we assume

Most gamma cameras are ﬁtted with a low-energy

the use of an LEHR collimator suitable for 140 keV

high-resolution (LEHR) collimator as standard,1) andgamma rays.

these are generally used for bone scintigraphy.

LEHR-equivalent collimator, a low-energy general-Bone

For institutions that do not possess an

核0000,00-02

Figure 2
Table 1

SPECT images (Same case as Fig.1)

The imaging conditions of standard images

Scan mode
Radiopharmaceutical
Camera type
Dose
Scan start timecollimator
Energy window
Scan mode
Imaging time
Scan speed
Scan angle
Projection number
Matrix size
Zoom
Pixel size (mm)Pre-processing filter(order･cutoff frequency)
再構成法
Subset・iteration
Attenuation correction and μ value
Scatter correction

Whole-body
SPECT
Tc-HMDP
Opposing dual-detector gamma camera devise
740 MBq
3 hours after the administration
LEHR
140 keV±10%
continuous
15 min10 sec/step
15 cm/min
6°
60 views (30 steps)
256×1024
128×128
2.18
4.67
Butterworth
8.0, 0.86 cycles/cm
OSEM
6・5
No study
No study
99m

3

Key Point of Acquisition, Processing and Display for Standardized Images with Clinical Usefulness (Bone Scintigraphy) (Masuda, et al)

should be determined with reference to the patient’spurpose (LEGP) collimator may also be used.
As standard images, Figure 1 shows a whole-bodybody weight while taking into account factors such asimage and Figure 2 shows SPECT coronal andthe test time, sensitivity and resolution of the device

transaxial images.

used, but no strict standards have been set out.

The imaging conditions for these

are listed in Table 1.

has a photopeak of 140 keV ± 10%.

If abone scintigraphy agent is administered, before or after

The standard energy window

an organic iodine contrast agent, it has been reported

This can bethethat in rare cases this may hamper its uptake in bone,2)

performance of the gamma camera, choice ofso it is vital to avoid giving an organic iodine contrast

collimator, and throughput in individual institutions.

agent for at least an hour after bone scintigraphy agent

However since several bone scintigraphy scans areadministration.

varieddependingonconditions

such

as

usually performed on the same day and 99mTc has a

Pretreatment consists in instructing patients to ingest

short half-life of 6 hours, study duration time of aroundﬂuids after administration to increase urinary excretion

30 min is generally allowed for each patient.

Aand blood clearance immediately before the scan. It iswhole-body scan takes around 15 min of this 30-min

important to be aware that performing imaging with an

timeframe, and the planning how to use the remaining

incompletely emptied bladder may directly cause pelvic

15 min is very important.

ﬁndings to be overlooked.

It should be kept ﬁrmly in

Another potential pitfall ismind, that depending on which modality, static

the generation of false-positive images due to clothingimaging or SPECT has chosen the capacity to detect

contamination and similar causes, and this must be

lesions can be affected.

carefully explained to the patient. In addition to false-

The remainder of this section

will describe the procedure in detail.

positives, metal items such as buttons, belt buckles, andaccessories may also result in false-negative images.

2. Pretreatment, radiopharmaceuticals,
and administration

3. Whole-body scanning

The two main bone scintigraphy agents currently
used

99m

Tc-MDP and(a) Points to note for acquisition

99m

Tc-HMDP, do not differ

signiﬁcantly in their effectiveness.

The basic position for whole-body scanning is

However, theybilaterally symmetrical.

The main point is to ensure

somewhat vary in terms of blood clearance ; thethe symmetry of parts such as the head, ﬁngers, andbone‒background ratio may vary according to the time

toes, and to avoid rotation of the trunk.

between administration and the start of imaging.

the ﬁngers should be extended with the palms opening

According to its package insert, if HMDP is used,

downward, as current gamma cameras are capable ofimaging can begin from 2 hours after administration,

resolving the ﬁngers in this position.

but hemodialysis patients or elderly individuals withcharacteristically exhibits an asymmetrical uptake

reduced renal function have a lower excretion rate thatpattern, and the primary objective is not to overlook

may result in images with a higher background,this.

making it preferable to wait at least 3 h before imaging.

ensure reproducibility during follow-up.

It is important to pay attention to test protocols, such asalso be taken to prevent body movements during

establishingprolonged scans by measures such as e placing aconsistencyoftimingbetweenadministration and imaging in a given institution.

1)

Bone metastasis

Efforts to use the same position consistently help
Care should

sponge over the head and immobilizing the trunk and

The standard images provided here were obtainedusing a dose of 740 MBq.

If possible,

toes with belts.

According to theCount and resolution are the two most important

740 MBq is the mostfactors determining image quality, and these arecommonly used dose, but a signiﬁcant number of

dependent on the performance of the device andinstitutions also use a dose of 555 MBq.

collimator used. However, the count can be increased

questionnaire results,

The dose4Vol. 00 No. 0（2016)

核医学技術

核0000,00-00

Figure 3

Deference of image quality when the distance between the patient andthe collimator is 10 cm, 15 cm and 20 cm.

by varying the dose (depending on body type and age),of the tracer in bones, and adjusting for this by visuallychanging the time at which imaging is started (thelowering the upper level is a cause of interoperator

degree of attenuation), and adjusting the scanningerror.

speed.

It is possible to prevent the spatial resolution

rectangular ROI in an area of normal uptake in bonefrom deteriorating by means of approximate acquisition.

(generally the posterior view of a thoracic vertebra,

The recommended method is to set a

It should be reiterated that all these factors

which has high bone density and is not susceptible tointeracting in a complex manner affect image quality

the effect of attenuation) and make the maximum

during scanning. Figure 3 shows thoracic images

count there the 100% display, with overcounts thatwhen the distance between the patient and the collimator

exceed that of bone being truncated. Figure 4 shows

is varied.

the use of this method in a whole-body scan.

Today’s gamma cameras use automatic

If there

infrared proximity controls and prescanning to enable

is a large amount of remaining urine, however, theapproximate acquisition.

In terms of scanning speed,

patients should ﬁrst be instructed to urinate, also it

the published guidelines recommend a speed of 10-15

should be noted that this method may not work well if

cm/min, based on the concept of visual equivalence

the ROI is set in an area with multiple bone metastaseswith static images,3) and the settings for boneor in cases of super bone scan.

scintigraphy whole-body scans should also follow this(c) Points to note for display

speed recommendations.

A 256 × 1024 matrix isBone scintigraphy deals with images that encompass

generally used.

a wide range of count regions from high-count to low-

Image processing techniques reducing noise while

count, and two types of image display are therefore

maintaining spatial resolution have been developed in

used, one matched to axial skeleton bones such as therecent years, and these are now coming into use inspine or pelvis (high-count areas) and the otherplanar images.

matched to peripheral bones or soft tissue (low-count

The algorithms used by different

device manufacturers vary, but they are considered toareas) for ease of viewing.

reduce acquisition time greatly by improving noise

the regularity of these two types of image display toattributes.

ensure that gradients and concentrations always(b) Points to note for processing

remain consistent irrespective of the operator.

It is important to establish

Nuclear medicine images are relative displays, in

After the truncation processing described in (b)which the pixel value for the maximum count in thatabove, two images with obvious variety are displayed :image is displayed as 100% of the 256 gradients.

Insuch as one standard image with a 0%-100% linear

whole-body scans, the bladder is a particularly high-gradient and the upper level lowered to, for example,

count region that is treated as 100%, and this70% for higher concentration (Figure 5), and anotherfrequently reduces the concentration in bones being

standard image with a 0%-100% linear gradient with,the actual objective of visualization.

for example, an upward convex logarithmic gradientUrine remaining

in the bladder has a major effect on the concentration(Figure 6).
5Images with a 0%-100% linear gradientKey Point of Acquisition, Processing and Display for Standardized Images with Clinical Usefulness (Bone Scintigraphy) (Masuda, et al)

核0000,00-04

Figure 4

The general truncation process of whole-body images.

核0000,00-05

Figure 5

2 images display

6

核医学技術Vol. 00 No. 0（2016)

核0000,00-06

Figure 6

2 images display (linear gradient and upward convex logarithmic
gradient)

核0000,00-07

Figure 7

The effect of change in gradient on the whole-body images.

7Key Point of Acquisition, Processing and Display for Standardized Images with Clinical Usefulness (Bone Scintigraphy) (Masuda, et al)

are always used as the standard because the diagnostic

way that lesions can be clearly diagnosed.

criteria for bone scintigraphy can be expressed withoutof view contains intense hotspots that do not represent

modiﬁcation in terms of the display of high and low

abnormalities, such as the bladder or injection leakage,

uptake as shades of concentration.

If the ﬁeld

Displaying thetruncation processing must be used in the same way as

lower level as 0% is signiﬁcance because uptake in softfor whole-body scans to ensure that the maximum

tissue may also provide useful diagnostic information.

count is that of bone.

Therefore, the concentration scale and upper and(c) Points to note for display

lower percentage values must always be shown on the

Images should be displayed so that lesions are shown

display, and it is important to provide the interpretingat appropriate concentrations in order to properly

physician with correct information about the gradients

reﬂect information from directions that could not be

and concentrations on the images displayed.

observed in whole-body scans.

For

A 512 matrix size isreference, Figure 7 shows the effect of changes inused to enable ﬁne structures to be shown in detail.

gradients on an image.

Display on monitor screens follows the description
given in the previous section.

4. Static imaging

5. SPECT(a) Points to note for acquisition(a) Points to note for acquisition

Whole-body scans can only provide information
The head

As described above for static acquisition, the head(cranium, skull base, and nasal cavity), chest (sternum,(cranium, skull base, nasal cavity), chest (sternum, ribs,

ribs, thoracic spine), and pelvis (pubic bone, sacrum)

thoracic spine), and pelvis (pubic bone, sacrum) have ahave a three-dimensional structure, and data from thethree-dimensional structure, and as data from the deep

deep layers are important.

When visualizing bones

layers are important, these can be replaced by SPECT.

that are difﬁcult to view only from the anterior and

SPECT is also effective for identifying bone metastases

posterior perspectives, additional data must bein vertebral bodies.4) It has the advantages of better

obtained from different directions.

from the anterior and posterior views.

This can becontrast resolution than static scanning, It also enables

effectively provided for the head by lateral views fromthe creation of multidirectional planar images viewed

both sides, and for the chest and pelvis from bilateralfrom the projection direction while maintaining

oblique views.

contrast resolution through the use of maximum-

For the limbs, magniﬁed static

intensity projection (MIP).

acquisition is effective.
of

those

given

in

severaldifferenttypes

But SPECT also has the

disadvantage of inferior resolution, as compared to

Imaging conditions vary between studies, but in view

static imaging.

of

documentation,1) the guideline values are as follows

Imaging conditions for single SPECT are a 128×

acquisition magniﬁcation 1.0-1.5 × (with further

128 matrix, magniﬁcation 1.0×, and 360°acquisition

magniﬁcation for the limbs), 500 kcounts with a 256×by continuous rotation.

256 matrix, and 1000 kcounts with a 512×512 matrix,

resolution obtainable under these conditions, thecontrolled by a timer.

For a dose of 740 MBq,

number of projections should be about 60 and the pixel

imaging

2-5

size around 5 mm.

takesaroundmin.

Approximate

Taking into account the

Unlike other types of SPECT, theacquisition is also important to prevent the resolutiondose of the tracer required for bone scintigraphy isfrom deteriorating.

Image processing techniques cancomparatively large, with around 50% of the amountalso be used to reduce noise while maintaining spatialaccumulating in bone, meaning that satisfactory images

resolution, in the same way as for whole-body scans.

can be obtained with an acquisition time of 10 s/step(b) Points to note for processing(approximately 5 min).5) Approximate acquisition
and immobilization with belts or such as with the use of

Additional acquisitions must be processed in such a8Vol. 00 No. 0（2016)

核医学技術

belts are important to prevent further worsening ofthat contain the least possible amount of projection

resolution.

data.

Sites that require additional imaging are

For projections from 60 directions, for

identiﬁed on whole-body scans, and SPECT isexample, six subsets and 5-6 iterations would generally

performed if it is judged to be more valuable than static

be used.

scanning.

SPECT reconstructions of pelvic bone processed by

The role of bone SPECT is to identify thelocation and extent of pathological uptake, and to

FBP and OSEM.

conﬁrm the distinction between benign and malignant
lesions.

See the images in Figure 8, which compare

OSEM reconstruction is particularly useful when

The protocol should be set up so that SPECT

problems occur, such as poor urine elimination fromacquisition time is equivalent to that spent on static

the bladder and injection leakage in the arm.

5)

The necessary issue toInstitutions that are currently unable to performconsider is how much extra information can be

OSEM processing, however, can obtain images almost

obtained in a total test time of 30 min by adding

comparable to those provided by OSEM by using FBPSPECT to a whole-body scan.

processing after truncating the counts for non-boneacquisition in two directions.

There is little evidence that whole-body SPECT

hotspots that exceed the maximum count for bone

(two or more continuous SPECT scans) for bones

from the projection data, although this method has

provides data because of patient’s stress in the test.

little effect on the signal-to-noise ratio in low-countHowever, this is not the ground for rejection of theareas.

whole-body SPECT entirely.

(c) Points to note for display

MIP-processed images

have dramatically improved image contrast.

In theLike the other types of SPECT, a downward convex

case of bone scintigraphy, however, it is risky to try tocurve gradient (square) may also be used in bonereach a deﬁnitive diagnosis based on whole-body

SPECT, but soft tissue other than bone should also be

SPECT MIP images alone, and they should be

visualized to some extent to make site identiﬁcation

regarded as supplementary to whole-body scans.

easier.

Scatter and attenuation correction are generally not

Either a linear gradient with the lower levelcut at 5%-10%, or a gently sloping downward convex

used.

It is unclear whether the use of collimator

gradient

broad

correction

iterative

Additional MIP images may be produced to enable thereconstruction is of any value in bone SPECT or not,extent of uptake to be diagnosed from multiple

and we here limit ourselves to saying that this may bedirections, but these should always be displayed

feasible on some devices.

alongside(b) Points to note for processing

positional data on the site of uptake.

simultaneously

with

Almost all bone SPECT images contain hotspots,(square)

SPECT

may

appropriately

imagestobeprovideused.

accurate

SPECT displays

consist of transaxial and coronal images, althoughwhich can cause streak artifacts in FBP reconstruction.

sagittal images of the spine may also be added.

OSEM should be used for reconstruction if possible.

displays generally include eight directions. Figure 9

There is no problem with using a Butterworth ﬁlter forshows coronal and transaxial images of a patient withpreprocessing, but great care is required when setting

abnormal uptake in the lumbar spine.

the cutoff frequency.

in the display gradient for the transaxial image only is

OSEM does not involve a

The difference

particular set number of subsets or iterations, but wealso shown.

recommend 10 projections per subset, and that at least

description given in the previous section.

ﬁve iterations are used.

The number of data updates

MIP

Display on monitor screens follows the

6. Conclusions

is determined by the number of subsets multiplied by

At present, the objectives of bone scintigraphy can

the number of iterations, but to build up the number of
updates it is preferable to increase the number ofalmost be gained by whole-body scans.

iterations rather than using a large number of subsets

SPECT, and MIP may appropriately be regarded as
9Static scans,Key Point of Acquisition, Processing and Display for Standardized Images with Clinical Usefulness (Bone Scintigraphy) (Masuda, et al)

核0000,00-08

Figure 8Comparison of FBP and OSEM in the pelvic bone SPECT. (OSEM processing
conditions : 60views, 6 subsets and 5 iteration)

supplementary procedures for improving diagnostic

meaning of the bone scintigraphy.

accuracy.

The use ofConversely, diagnosing solely based on

appropriate oblique static imaging or SPECT increases

MIP images produced from whole-body SPECT

the beneﬁt of bone scintigraphy, and leads to theentails disadvantages, including the lack of positional

formulation of evidence.

information, and cannot be recommended at all.

The most important factors for the image quality of

Nevertheless, it doesn’t mean that we should rejectwhole-body scans are scanning speed and approximate

SPECT completely, and if there is uptake in areas suchacquisition.

as the spine, SPECT should be proactively performed.

guidelines have been issued recommending a speed ofTransaxial images can be used to differentiate between

10-15 cm/min, equivalent to static images,3) but atbenign and malignant uptake in the spine.4) If thepresent there are no particular speciﬁcations for otherresults of a whole-body scan are reported to aelements.

requesting doctor simply with the comment that therein actual clinical settings, however, it became obvious

is abnormal uptake in the spine, additional plain X-

that not all patients are capable of undergoing long-rays or MRI scanning will be requested, negating thedrawn-out scanning without any body movement.
10

With

respecttoscanning

speed,

When performing a large number of tests

It

Vol. 00 No. 0（2016)

核医学技術

核0000,00-09

Figure 9

SPECT of lumbar spine (Visualization of high accumulation region
and the soft tissue region is different due to the change gradient.)

may be necessary to use static split images, or tobone scintigraphy lies, at a minimum, in following theincrease the scanning speed for a whole-body scan.

Itdescriptions given in this section, without being swayed

is important to implement the basics of nuclear

by the preferences or biased opinions of the diagnosing

medicine scanning properly while considering factors

doctor.

including the dose, scan speed (acquisition count),approximate

acquisition

appropriate

collimator(resolution),
to

use

and

the

(resolution

and

7. Final thoughts
Imaging protocols for nuclear medicine devices have
yet to be fully standardized not only in Japan, but also

sensitivity) for each patient.

in European countries and North America.

If the time allowed for the entire test is 30 min, aThe

practical protocol might consist of a 15-min whole-emergence of combination CT and MRI and nuclear

body scan with the addition of either static images

medicine devices is resulting in the clinical use of moreother than anterior and posterior views, or one SPECT

andscan (or two scans if possible).

more

image

reconstruction

methods

andSome institutions

correction techniques, raising the importance ofprioritize static imaging and use the fastest scanningpressing ahead with the standardization of imaging

speed in order to scan anterior and posterior views as

protocols designed for these new devices.
In addition, amid a global trend to try to reduce thewell, but this can only be described as putting the cart
Of course, in institutions where

doses of radiopharmaceuticals, it is now time tomore than 30 min can be allowed for the test, then areconsider imaging protocols for low-dose scanning,whole-body scan together with multiple static andparticularly of children.

before the horse.

performed.

The JSNMT will both continue to consider the

However, it should also be considered whether thisstandardization of imaging protocols and publish

really improves the diagnostic performance or if it justreports.

imposes discomfort on the patient.

to the standardization of nuclear medicine scanning

multiple

SPECT

scans

could

be

The guideline on
11

It is our hope that this report will contributeKey Point of Acquisition, Processing and Display for Standardized Images with Clinical Usefulness (Bone Scintigraphy) (Masuda, et al)techniques, not only in Japan but in other AsianCommittee
Japan
Radioisotope
Association :Guideline for Optimum Scanning Speed on Whole-countries and worldwide.

Body Imaging.

8. Reference1) Niida H, Ohya N, Katafuchi T, et al : Questionnaire

Degenerative Joint Disease of the Vertebrae by Bone

Report for Practical Conditions of Nuclear Medicine
Ezamination and Standardization of Image Acquision.
Processing, Display and Output.

Radioisotopes, 51(7) : 272-284, 2002.

4) Kosuda S, Arai S, Yokoyama H, et al : Differential
Diagnosis between Osseous Metastasis and
SPECT : Analysis by Accumulation Pattern.
Igaku, 31(6) : 613-618, 1994.

Kaku

Japanese Society of5) Subcommittee of Nuclear Medicine Japanese Society

Nuclear Medicine Technology, 24 : 95-118, 2004.
2) Subcommittee of Radiopahrmaceuticals, Medical andof Radiological Technology : Fundamentals of SPECT
imaging. 94-97, 2002.

Pharmaceutical Committee, Japan Radioisotope
Association : Effect of Drugs on Biodistribution ofRadiopharmaceuticals. Radioisotopes, 56(1) : 35-48,

6) Japan Industries Association of Radiological Systems
Standards(JAPANESE
ENGINEERING
STANDARDS OF RADIOLOGICAL APPARATUS

2007.
3) Subcommittee for Radionuclide Imaging and Nuclear
Medicine Technology Medical and pharmaceutical

X-0093 * A-2010) : Quality Assurance (QA)
Guidelines for Medical Imaging Display Systems.

12