DEVELOPING CCS IN THE NETHERLANDS:PORTHOS PROJECTFILIP NEELE, TNO
JANUARY 24 2023, TOKYOCO2 STORAGE / THE NETHERLANDS / PORTHOS PROJECTUSING DEPLETED FIELDS FOR CO2 STORAGE

TNO – WHO WE ARE
CCS IN THE NETHERLANDSPORTHOS CCS PROJECTINTERMEZZO: CO2 FLOW INTO DEPL. FIELDSPORTHOS: FAULT STABILITYPORTHOS: WELL INTEGRITY & MONITORING
CONCLUSIONSONGOING R&D WORKTNO IN SUMMARYTNO is the leading Dutch
independent applied research andinnovation institute
Independent organization
with 3,600+ professionals
Turnover of EUR 550+ M in 2020
– 40% governmental, 30%
business – ~20% international

Focused on smart solutions
to complex issues

With the aim of sustainably
strengthening the competitiveness ofindustry and the well-being of society
Together with partners: companies,
organizations at home and abroad

With depth and breadth ofknowledge, multidisciplinary

CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

3

TNO ENERGY TRANSITION & MATERIALS – IN SHORTWith 700+ scientific experts and advisors, TNO’s ETM unit works towards developing a climate resilient andsustainable society, to support a thriving economy
We take an agenda-setting, initiating and supporting role in the energy transition and bring entrepreneurs,
scientists and policy makers together to contribute to a sustainable life and a brighter future
As the national research institute, we strive to accelerate the energy transition so that in 2050 theNetherlands will have an energy regime free of CO2 emissions
We are the national knowledge centre on the energy transition, with an international outlook: we have four
integrated innovation roadmaps, focused on biggest challenges in the energy transition:

CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

4

AVR. DUIVENOPERATIONAL CAPTURE @ WASTE INCINERATOREngineering, Procurement and Construction

Solvent:
30wt% MEA
(flexible)

Distribution of liquid CO2 to greenhouses
TNO’s role: providing valuable information to help AVR in

CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

preparation to find a suitable partner to build the large-scale carbon
capture plant and staying close at hand throughout commissioning
and operational stages, supporting with in depth process analysis
from the start of the plant’s operation.
.

5

TNO CO2 CATCHER
250 KG OF CO2 PER HOUR
Location Rotterdam at E.ON Coal fired powerplant (2007-2012)

CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

6

EXAMPLES OF TNO TRACK RECORD RELATED TO CAPTURE PLANT DESIGN AND
OPTIMIZATIONTNO pilot plant (2007-2012)

CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

DONG pilot plant (2008-2011)

AVR 100 ktpa plant (2016)(waste incineration)

TWENCE KHCO3 plant

TNO mobile capture plant

7

MAIN RESEARCH FACILITIES ON POST COMBUSTION CO2 CAPTURE

On-site CO2 Capture Services

Flexible, mobile equipment• On-site diagnosis

Evaluate the quality of the flue gas, and estimate theimpact of impurities and particles on a future CO2 capture
plant• FTIR: gas composition, including acidic impurities thatcan lead to the formation of heat stable salts• ELPI+: characterization of particles on a size range that
could lead to aerosol-based emissions• Evaluation of the flue gas under dynamic conditions(e.g.: change of fuels, maintenance in the line)

FTIR• Mobile CO2 capture pilot plant

Evaluate the flue gas-solvent interactions, and how thatreflects in solvent degradation and emissions. Test solvent
management strategies and emission mitigation
technologies• The plant is flexible and can run on different solvents• Track record includes: MEA, aMDEA, aminoacid salts,
etc.

CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

ELPI+

Miniplant

88

TNO HAS A STRONG TRACK RECORD ON CO2 STORAGE AND
TRANSPORTATIONTNO has a leading role in the EU and nationally on R&D in CO2 transport and storage. TNO’s expertise covers all elements that areneeded to bring a potential storage site to permit level, such as storage site characterization, monitoring, well integrity, storage
optimization (& EOR), transport networks, flow assurance, fault stability, natural sealing, site closure, conformance, policy &regulations, CO2 quality specification, risk assessment, site screening, ship transport, buffering, decommissioning, societal
embeddedness, stakeholder involvement.
screening

feasibility(pre)feed

construct

operations

closureCO2 storage licence~8 Mt

CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023``

TNO has been involved in CO2 injection (theK12-B field), has developed the basis forstorage permits (depleted fields, saline
formations), has developed the design oftransport pipelines and injection wells (for the
ROAD and Porthos CCS projects in The
Netherlands).
TNO has led the CATO M€ 60 R&D CCS R&D
program in The Netherlands (2004 – 2014).

decommissioningK12-B: pilot CO2 storage (2004 – 2014)

Depleted field storage:
Porthos – P18 cluster(2009 – present)
99

TNO WELL TECHNOLOGIES LAB FACILITIES

Rijswijk Centre for Sustainable Geo-energy (RCSG)CCS PROJECTS (EUROPE)
Many CCS projects around theNorth Sea
Linking onshore emitters to
offshore storage capacity
Many projects close to financial
investment decision; many
projects in feasibility phase
Several projects to be online inperiod 2025 - 2030

Transport to these projects
Pipeline, ship

CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

https://zeroemissionsplatform.eu/about-ccs-ccu/css-ccu-projects/, 202211

~1000 Mt in manygas fields

CCS PROJECTS NL

OFFSHORE GAS FIELDS

K14-K15 cluster,F4 fields
Shell, TotalEnergies
Start 2026/7

Abundant storage capacity, developing it
is a challenge!
Potential timeline of field development
Ranking of options – unit storage cost,location, capacity, etc.
Low or very pressure after production
Porthos
DCS: Dutch continental shelf
DGF: depleted gas field
DSF: deep saline formation
P18: gas field cluster developed by Porthos

Q1 cluster
DGF, DSF
Wintershall, Petrogas
Start 2027+
New pipeline (Aramis)~200 km,
Capacity 22 Mtpa
Start 2027

Porthos(~25 km dist.)
Start 2025/6
CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

P18 cluster
35 Mt
Rotterdam

12

PORTHOS CCS PROJECTKEY FACTS
Porthos: first of a kind CCS project for NL
Multiple depleted gas fields
Multiple suppliers
Large-scale operations

Developing CO2 transport and storage service to emitters in
Rotterdam area

Porthos website: https://www.porthosco2.nl/en/

3 depleted gas
fields (1 platform)

New offshore
line (~25 km)

First phase: 2.5 Mtpa, 4 emitters (CO2 from H2 production)
Storage: depleted gas fields (<20 bar!), ~37 Mt capacity, storage permit
applications approved 2022 / 2023
Timeline: FID Q1/2-2023, start injection 2024 – 2025
Injection period: 15 years

Project structure
Joint development: Porthos + 4 emitters
Support from national subsidy and EU funds
Emitters: ETS + floor price guarantee (national subsidy, 15 yrs)
CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

Collection network
Shipping terminalin Rotterdam Port;(CO2next)(not part of Porthos) 4 suppliers
13

PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP FOR SUCCESSFUL CCUS

State owned companies

Lead role, invest in infrastructure

Porthos

Private companies

Invest in capture, pay for storage
CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

Public authorities

Funding, mandate, responsibility
15

ARAMIS CCS PROJECT
THE 2ND CCS PROJECT UNDER DEVELOPMENT
1. Emitters in Rotterdam Portand in hinterland
2. Collection network
3. Compression to 130 bar or
higher
3. Shipping terminal CO2Next
4. Offshore backbone pipeline,
capacity 22 Mtpa

5. Storage in depleted offshore
reservoirs
Timeline: operational by 20262027

CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

https://www.aramis-ccs.com/
16

CCS IN NL: COST ESTIMATES
TRANSPORT & STORAGE TARIFFS

CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

Capture costs tobe addedTransport to theprojects notincluded!

ETS level~€85/tonne(Dec 20, 2022)*Xodus report on cost statements by Porthos and Aramis, 2022
PowerPoint Presentation (staten-generaal.nl)

17

INTERMEZZOFLOW ASSURANCE ISSUES
The flow assurance challenges in CO2 storage indepleted gas field consist of:
Low temperature in the well (wellhead,subsurface safety valve (SSSV), at bottom
hole)~300 mUp to 90°C

Potential for freezing annulus fluids,
malfunctioning of the SSSV, hydrate formation inor near the well

Low temperature in reservoir
A cooling front extents into the reservoir as
cold CO2 is injected for a longer time
This can potentially re-activate faults

High pressure drop between well and reservoir‘Normal’ issues such as erosion, vibrations
CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

Temperature front in the P18-2 field, after injecting CO2 at
15°C for up to 15 years. In this reservoir, the lowtemperature zone does not extend more than about 200300 m from the well18

INTRODUCTION
LOW TEMPERATURE
Low temperature in the well occurs when the fluid is at the phase-line
The pressure drop in the well is a combination of gravity head andfrictional losses
Due to gravity, the pressure will decrease from downhole to wellhead

Due to friction, the pressure will increase from downhole to wellhead
At lower flow rates, the gravity component dominates. This means thatthe required wellhead injection pressure is lower than the reservoir(bottomhole) pressure.

However, the default pipeline operating conditions are in liquid phase(typical pipeline operating pressure 85 – 120 bar). This means that at
normal transport temperatures (5-15°C) the conditions downstream
from control valves will be in the two-phase domain and therefore at
low temperature

CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

19

INTRODUCTION
WELL BEHAVIOUR
In principle this two-phase region in wells (and the associated
low temperature) can be avoided:
Increase the injection pressureThis reduces the pressure drop at control chokes.
To avoid very high flow rates (risk of vibrations and erosion),
the frictional pressure drop must be increased. This can bedone by decreasing the tubing ID.
This limits the operational range.

Increase the transport temperatureThis increases the minimum temperature in the well
Lower the transport pressure

Rather than in liquid phase, transport in gas phase. This
limits the pressure drop at control valves.
The cost is limited overall injection rate.
CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

Vertical;
TVD=3000m;
ID = 0.12m

20INTRODUCTION
WELL BEHAVIOUR
Therefore there is a number of potential operational scenarios depending on
Reservoir pressure
Reservoir permeability
Wells with a low reservoir pressure
Lower than 50 bar have the potential of hydrate formation
Lower than 35 bar have the potential of sub-zero fluid temperatures (and therefore freezing)
Lower reservoir pressures lead faster to low wellhead pressures
Wells with a high permeability (high injectivity)
The bottomhole pressure is almost equal to the reservoir pressure. Therefore, the pressure in the well remains low until
higher flow rates and/or higher reservoir pressures. The well can handle high rates but temperature in the well canbecome very low. Typically, these wells have a minimum and maximum injection rate which results in challenges tooperation
Well with a low permeability (low injectivity)
The bottomhole pressure is high at low injection rates. Therefore, the pressure in the well is high and there are lesstemperature issues. But the injection rates are small and depend on the reservoir pressure. Operationally easy as ingeneral the wells are open or closed. The injection rate can (typically) only be varied via the pipeline pressure.
CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

21

PORTHOS SYSTEMSYSTEM CONCEPT USEDThe Porthos system consists of
Low-pressure collection network in Rotterdam Port area
Compressor station at shoreline
Insulated offshore pipeline (~25 km)
4 injection wells into two high-permeability reservoirs P18-2
and P1-4
Reservoir pressure
At start injection:~17 barAt end injection:~ 340 barkh [mDm]

The well injectivity is very high at the Porthos system. Therefore:
Use of insulated pipeline (U ~1-2 W/m2K) to get the temperature at theplatform to ~30-40°C.
This is possible due to the short distance to the field
Injection in gas phase until the reservoir pressure is ~40-50 bar
Change to liquid/supercritical transport and injection at higher
reservoir pressures

CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

Reservoir:
P18-2

P18-4

P182A1

P182A3

P182A5

P184A2

3150

17426

22875

9175

Table of permeability times thickness
for the two largest depleted fields in
the P18 cluster
EBN: whitepaper, CO2 opslag in
Nederland: het is noodzakelijk en het
kan veilig (in Dutch)“CO2 storage in The Netherlands: anessential and safe technology”(download link)

22

Pressure [bara]

Phase diagram and operational regions of the Porthos offshore pipeline

Extreme composition
Expected composition
Pure CO2

Temperature [°C]
CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

EBN: whitepaper, CO2 opslag in Nederland: het isnoodzakelijk en het kan veilig (in Dutch)“CO2 storage in The Netherlands: an essential andsafe technology”(download link)

23

DEVELOPING SAFE INJECTION INTO DEPLETED FIELDSCHALLENGES
The main (quasi) steady-state challenges are:Engineer operational envelope (design insulation value pipeline and well IDs, under boundary condition of overall target rate)
Define injection strategy
Balance injection rates between the wells to avoid too large differences in reservoir pressure (which would lead to loss ofoperational flexibility)
Balance injection rates to limit the low temperature area around the wells to avoid fault re-activation (if relevant)

The main challenges for the dynamic intervals during injection are:With warm CO2 required in steady state (*), the start-up after a long shutin is challenging. The pipeline can be in two-phaseconditions, at seawater temperature. It takes time before warm CO2 arrives at the platform. Therefore, the challenge is how tobalance rates, ramp rates and injection rates.
Shut-in. As at no-flow the frictional part of the pressure drop falls away, a shutin can lead to low wellhead temperature (due tothe gas expansion).
SSSV location and testing. Most current safety valves have a high temperature rating; avoiding low temperatures at allconditions is a challenge. Any potential leaks can also lead to sub-zero temperatures at the valve location during leak tests.
Unknowns/uncertainties
Flashing in valves/chokes. Potential (droplet) erosion in chokes.
Vapour collapse at well start-up; vapour collapse in sidebranches.
CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023(*) The P18 system uses warm CO2 as key part ofengineered injection solution. This is feasible
because platform is at ~20 km from compressor
24

DEPLETED FIELDS: (SOME) OPERATIONAL LIMITSEXAMPLE WELLS, HYDRATE LIMITS
Bring CO2 from high-pressure pipeline into low-pressure field

For downhole temperature above about 15°C,
CO2 hydrates unlikely to occur

Safe storage
Well integrity maintained during operations

15°C

Injection on – off: temperature cycling in well
Assume: Wellhead: T > -10°C (materials constraint)

Reservoir and cap rock integrity preserved
Large contrast temperature CO2 – reservoir
Thermal stress on top of injection pressure
Needs specific simulations

CO2 hydrate

Maintain operability of reservoir
Avoid salt deposition and hydrate formation
Hydrates: bottomhole T > 15°C

Flow rates through well: limits due to erosion, vibration (notincluded here)

CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

Need
water…

25

CLUSTER OF FIELDS
HIGH-QUALITY RESERVOIRSCluster of three platforms, 18 wells
Six reservoirs / compartments
High injectivity (good quality wells)

Injection rates (during first phase of injection)

1 Mtpa ≈ 30 kg/s

High steady-state rates for most wells (liquid CO2!)
Minimum flow of about 1 Mtpa for some wells

At cluster level (combining all wells)
Few wells needed to reach multi-megatonne(Mtpa) rates
Limited flexibility: stable supply required
CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

Maximum
flow rate
for liquid
CO2
Minimum
flow rate
for liquid
CO2

26

CO2 STORAGE PROJECT
Re-using platforms, wells,
pipelines
Platform
Riser

Compressor
High-pressure pipeline(s)Large pressure drops insystem – management of
CO2 temperature is key
element of operations

Site conformance
Site handover
Covers all aspects of astorage feasibility study:- response of thestorage system toinjection of CO2- management of risks
during injection

Wells
Caprock

Risk management plan
Detailed monitoring plan

Reservoir
Low pressure (depleted fields)

Pressure and temperature
distribution and development inreservoir (injected CO2 is cold!)

CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

Transport network
development flexibility, robustness

Near-well and well-based
processes

Well integrity, fault
stability, flow rates,intermittency, lowtemperature cycling, …
27

CO2 STORAGE IN DEPLETED FIELDSSTORAGE PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
The case of depleted fields typical for the Dutch offshore:

Most gas accumulations are in fault blocks with limited aquifer support
Many (not all) are produced to (very) low depletion pressure→ This leads to challenges for the safe injection of CO2 from vessels or high-pressure transport lines
Goal of storage feasibility study: develop a depleted field as a CO2 store:
1. Define the engineering limits for (parts of) the storage system (pipeline, wells) and the relation between engineering
choices and storage-related and operations-related risks

2. Select the best design or design concept (‘best’: one or more targets such as lowest cost, highest rates, lowest risks,
inclusion in existing CCS infrastructure (if relevant))(Design concept: e.g., low-p or high-p transport, well count, single / multiple tubing, etc.)
3. Study, in detail, the steady-state and transient conditions in the injection and storage system: define operational
windows of the wells, the reservoir and the overall system – under the requirements of ALARP containment andoperational risks
4. A revisit of ‘2’ may be required during ‘3’
CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

28

PORTHOSINJECTION PLAN
High-level plan for the operational
window of the three depleted fields,
four wells, over the lifetime of
injection

Gas
phase
CO2

Approach chosen:
Gas phase at start
Liquid CO2 later
Alternative:

Liquid from start
Not feasible: supply limitations

JCCS workshop - CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

Liquid
phase
CO2

29

Injection rate (kg/s)
0 – 100 kg/s (~0 – 3 Mtpa)

PORTHOSINJECTION PLAN
No

No

Gas
phase
CO2

No safe injection

Reservoir pressure (bar)
17 – 350 bar
Time
0 – 15 years

JCCS workshop - CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

Wells usedNo

Liquid
phase
CO2

30

PORTHOSINJECTION PLAN
No operation: too low
pipeline pressure + CO2 ingas phase: no injection

No operation: low flow rate +high-p CO2 at wellhead + low
reservoir p: too low T in well

Wells have minimum rate!

JCCS workshop - CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

Gas
phase
CO2

Liquid
phase
CO2

31

PORTHOSINJECTION PLAN
Flow rate into wells managed
through pipeline pressure(slowly increasing) andpipeline temperature

Flow rate managed throughsupply rate (limited variation
possible in pipeline
conditions) and well chokes

JCCS workshop - CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

Gas
phase
CO2

Liquid
phase
CO2

32

PORTHOSINJECTION PLAN
Defining this system operational window:
Choice of well completions
Choice of pipeline design and operational mode
(low-p / high-p / mixed, insulated yes/no, insulation
value)
Continuous interaction with reservoir simulation (pand T distribution within reservoir; injection-historydependent reservoir p at bottom wells)Continuous interaction with geomechanical studies(low T may reach faults nearby the wells)

Gas
phase
CO2

Liquidphase
CO2Both steady-state (this diagram) and transient modesof operation to be analysed in detail
CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

33

PORTHOS
FAULT STABILITY
Observation: low temperatures (ΔT ~70°C can ingress 200300 m into reservoir (see next slide)

Thermal stress sufficient to activate fault in P18 fields;
increasing pressure injection stabilises faults
Mitigation: minimize uptime of the well P18-2A1 (closest toa fault)

Monitoring: land-based seismic network, cumulative
injection
Fault shear capacity of faults in P18 system,
after production (left) and after injection (right)

JCCS workshop - CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

34

PORTHOS
FAULT STABILIITY
Simulations show that:
Faults critically stresses after
production
Increasing reservoir pressureduring injectionincreased fault
stability
Thermal stress from cold CO2
sufficient to bring stress at faults(locally) beyond failure line

Low-temperature front travels 200300 into reservoir
Conclusions

CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

Thermal stress at
distance ‘x’ from fault;
magnitude comparablewith pressure-induced
stressPressure induced
stress at faults; stresscurves cross failureline locally at end of
production; increase
reservoir pressureduring injection
stabilised faults

35

PORTHOS
WELL INTEGRITY: MICRO-ANNULI
Observation: low temperature of injected CO2 (temperature difference issignificant) is likely to create micro-annuli between cement and casing
These could connect to form a conduit between reservoir and formations
above caprock

However:Pressure in reservoir is limited to below hydrostatic: absence of driving
force
Pressure at injection wells is above hydrostatic only during last phase of
injection
Likelihood of continuous conduit across hundreds of meters of caprock is
small
Worst-case estimate of CO2 migrating through micro-annuli: only in lastphase injection, very small volume
Therefore:
Not a key risk
CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

36

PORTHOS
MONITORING
Parameter / purpose

Where

How

Flow into wells, CO2 inreservoir

Wells

P, T, q, DTS

Cont.

Logs to be run once a year,
during planned shut in

Composition

Along CCS system

VariousCont.

Traffic light system triggers
additional monitoring andcorrective measures

Casing integrity

Wells

CBL/USIT

Once

Tubing integrity

Wells

DTS

Cont.

Cont.

Cont.

Annulus p

Wells

Cont.

Cont.

Cont.

Micro-annuli

Wells

Day-to-day monitoring:p, T, q, composition

Threshold values to be
defined after FEED;
updated again aftercommissioning phase
No seismics!

No value, unlessperhaps when leakage is
detected (not mentioned
in license application)
CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

USIT
DTS / DAS

CO2 emissions

Platform

Various

Seabed bubbles

Near platform

ROV

Seawater sample

Near platform

Pockmarks

Near platform

Sonar

Seismicity

Cont = continuous; Contin = contingency
Simplified table!

Pre

Once
Once

Injection

Post-clPost-abOnce

Once/yr

Twice/yr

Once
Once

Discont.
Once

Once /2 yr

Once /2 yr

Once /2 yr

Contin.

Contin.

Contin.

Contin.

Contin.

Contin.

Contin.

Contin.

Cont.

Cont.

Cont.

Cont.

37

PORTHOS – FIRST CCS PROJECT IN NETHERLANDSCONCLUSIONSStorage capacity 1.7 Gt in offshore depleted gas fields
Porthos project: developing a cluster of three gas fields in the P18 block
Short distance to shore: allows first phase of gas phase injection, before injection in liquid phase
Shell, TotalEnergies, Neptune Energy: developing depleted fields for storage

Further from shore: injection more challenging during period of low reservoir pressure
Development of transport & storage network

Next activities
Porthos:
Financial investment decision (FID), expected early 2023
FEED, construction, commissioning (2023 – 2025), start injection (2025/2026)
Shell, TotalEnergies, Neptune Energy: start injection 1 – 3 years later… and, of course: close cooperation (interoperability!) with nearby transport and storage projects (Denmark, UK, Norway)
CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

38

PORTHOS – FIRST CCS PROJECT IN NETHERLANDS
WAY AHEAD
Work started on preparation for operational phase
Conformance assessment & MMV – interpretation in terms of storage system performance / conformance
Forecasting data, back-projection of differences with measured data into geological model updates
Involves assessment of risks in the system

R&D work done in TNO; also preparing a proposal under an European R&D call (Spring 2023)
Improve understanding of near-well processes (ERA-NET ACT RETURN, next slides)
Reduce uncertainty in reservoir – well couplingPrepare offshore network evolution (ERA-NET ACT ACTION, next slides)
Understand how newly developed depleted fields can be added to an ongoing T&S network
Continue work on re-use of gas wells for CO2 injection (JIP WISCoS)
Screen / workover / estimates of cost and efforts
Set up CO2 flow loop (TNO labs) to measure flow behaviour near chokes and valves
TNO flow loop operational 2024, to support operational phase of CCS projects
CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

39

CONFORMANCE ASSESSMENT, MMV
CCS MODEL CHAIN AT THE BASIS
Starting point for CCS (and MMV) system design (pre-FEED), for conformance assessment(operational phase)
What we must be robust against:▪ Subsurface properties▪ CO2 supply conditions

Simulatedobs. data

Input file

Uncertain
variables

What monitoring data
could look like

Model chain

Optimization
variables
What we must choose:▪ Injection rates▪ Well locations▪ Monitoring system
CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

Input fileConstraintfunction
Output file

What is acceptable

Objectivefunction

How the system behaves / responds:
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪

Reservoir flow models
Geomechanical models
Geophysical models
Wellbore / facility network models
Coupled solutions of the above

What is performance

Barros et al. (2022)
40

ERA-NET ACT3 ‘RETURN’
WELL-BASED AND NEAR-WELL PROCESSES IN DEPLETED FIELDS
Project started Q2 2022
Duration 3 years
Goal: improve understanding
and simulation capabilities
of processes acting nearinjection wells in depleted
fieldsRelevance: such knowledge
and simulation capabilities
will be needed wheninterpreting MMV data andassessing system
conformance

CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

41

Project started Q2 2022

ERA-NET ACT3 ‘ACTION’sources

Duration 3 years; lead: ICL (UK)
Goal: create physics-of-CO2-flow-based simulator of a CCS
transport & storage network, study a network’s
behaviour, management and evolution

Well –
pipelineproxy model

Relevance: the behaviour depleted fields is likely to affectthe development and operation of a network of storage
locations – should be clarified as early as possible

pipeline
ships

Pipeline network simulation
TNO’s onshore natural gas
transport system simulation
tool adapted to CO2

Well and Near-Wellbore
Proxy Models
Well integrity
Storage System
Integrity

Reservoir
Performance Proxyfor Depleted Fields

well

caprock

fault

reservoir
underburden

CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

Development of CO2 network
simulator- Depleted fields- Network operation & evolution- Steady-state simulation
42

WISCOSCONSORTIUM OF REX-CO2 FOLLOW-UP

WISCoS
Potentially interested parties:
JIP is being set up

CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

43

WISCOSMOTIVATION / BACKGROUND
To add value for operators and regulators in storage
licence applications for maturing CCS projects, a better
understanding of potential well integrity issues for eachwell penetrating the caprock is essential:
Risk-based screening
Quantification of key elements
Focussed on specific geographic location & regulatory
regimeRef.: Gasda, Bachu and Celia, 2004

Build upon the frameworks of REX-CO2 (i.e. re-use of wells, see https://rex-co2.eu/) & TOPHOLE(i.e. P&A wells, see https://www.sintef.no/en/projects/2019/tophole-monitoring-of-permanentlyplugged-wells/) to provide a complete well integrity storage screening
CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

44

WISCOSPROPOSED PROJECT STRUCTURE

Objective: to develop a new screening tool (based on previous projects) that can be used as part of the SLA within the North Sea
region, identifying main opportunities and threats for CCS in the reservoir with respect to well integrity

WP6
Project management and coordination

Integration
Regulatory
aspects& TOPHOLE

WP1

WP2

WP3

Well screening
framework

Detailed screening
workflow / decision trees

Stand-alone
screening tool

WP4
Case studies

WP5
Review, update, finalise
CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

45

WISCOSWISCOS WP PROPOSED OUTLINEWP6 Project management, communication and dissemination
Milestone 1

WP1 Screening
framework

Milestone 2

WP2 Detailed
screening workflows /decision trees•Identify minimum
requirements for SLA(involve regulators)•Identify workflow types
required in all well types•Develop the screening
framework•Identify opportunities
for quantification•Identify inputs/outputs

CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

WP3 Stand-alone
screening tool

•Translate theframework into
assessment workflows•Add modelling andquantification where
relevant for screening

Integration

Milestone 3•Development of standalone screening tool
based on WP1framework and WP2
workflows•Deliver beta function
with all functionalities
for WP4WP4 Case studies•Identify case studies
that (combined) cover all
required testing criteria(involve regulator)•Assess case studies

Milestone 4

WP5 Review,
update, finalize•Identify required tool
updates based on casestudies (involve
regulator)• Update tool
•Test updated tool on
selected case studies•Present results toregulator

Regulatory aspects& TOPHOLE
46

WISCOSPROPOSED END PRODUCTA stand-alone software tool
Independent screening framework, quantifying integrity risks where possible
GIS-based
Easy visualisation of results (i.e. plumbing diagrams, traffic light system, pdf report, etc.)
Linked to SLA (storage license application) activities relevant to North Sea regime

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47

WISCOSTIMELINE

Activities

Lead / contribute

Feedback on draft proposal
Group / consortium sessions
Define technical details
Draft full version technical proposal
Draft IP&C docs (JIP agreement)
Review & approve all docs
Milestones
Commitment to participate
Budget agreement
JIP Consortium agreement
Final project proposal
Project Kick-off

All
TNO / all partners
TNO & WP-leads / all partners
TNO / all partners
TNO
All

CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

31-okt
7-nov
14-nov
21-nov
28-nov
5-dec
12-dec19-dec26-dec2-jan
9-jan
16-jan23-jan30-jan6-feb
13-feb
20-feb27-feb6-mrt
13-mrt20-mrt27-mrtDate (w/c)

All
All
TNO
All

48

FURTHER READING
Barros, E., et al., An integrated CCS model chain, GHGT-16 presentation, SSRN, 2022.
E.G.D.Barros, O.Leeuwenburgh, S.P.Szklarz, Quantitative assessment of monitoring strategies for conformance verification of
CO2 storage projects, Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Techn., 110, 2021
Ton Wildenborg, Daniel Loeve and Filip Neele, CO2 Transport and Storage Infrastructure in the Netherlands Offshore, Proceedingsof the 15th Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies Conference 15-18 March 2021
Stefan Belfroid, Marielle Koenen, Eric Kreft, Thijs Huijskes and Filip Neele, CCS at Depleted Gas Fields in North Sea: Network
Analysis, Proceedings of the 15th Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies Conference 15-18 March 2021
Jeremy Veltin, Stefan Belfroid, Dynamics of Carbon Dioxide Transport in a Multiple Sink Network, Energy Procedia, 2013

Wolfgang Böser, Stefan Belfroid, Flow Assurance Study, Energy Procedia, 2013
Al Moghadam, Koen Castelein, Jan ter Heege, Bogdan Orlic, A study on the hydraulic aperture of microannuli at the casing–cement interface using a large-scale laboratory setup, Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment, 2021
ROAD CCS project close-out reports (learnings from the Rotterdam CCS project)

CCS in NL & Porthos | Jan 24 2023

49

THANK YOU FOR
YOUR TIME