CODEX STAN 12-1981

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CODEX STANDARD FOR HONEY
CODEX STAN 12-1981 1
The Annex to this Standard is intended for voluntary application by commercial partners and notfor application by Governments.

1.

SCOPE

1.1
Part One of this Standard applies to all honeys produced by honey bees and covers allstyles of honey presentations which are processed and ultimately intended for direct consumption.
Part Two covers honey for industrial uses or as an ingredient in other foods.
1.2
Parts Two of this Standard also covers honey which is packed for sale in bulk containers,
which may be repacked into retail packs.

PART ONE2.

DESCRIPTION

2.1 DEFINITION
Honey is the natural sweet substance produced by honey bees from the nectar of plants or fromsecretions of living parts of plants or excretions of plant sucking insects on the living parts ofplants, which the bees collect, transform by combining with specific substances of their own,deposit, dehydrate, store and leave in the honey comb to ripen and mature.
2.1.1

Blossom Honey or Nectar Honey is the honey which comes from nectars of plants.

2.1.2

Honeydew Honey is the honey which comes mainly from excretions of plant sucking
insects (Hemiptera) on the living parts of plants or secretions of living parts of plants.

2.2 DESCRIPTION
Honey consists essentially of different sugars, predominantly fructose and glucose as well as othersubstances such as organic acids, enzymes and solid particles derived from honey collection. The
colour of honey varies from nearly colourless to dark brown. The consistency can be fluid,
viscous or partly to entirely crystallised. The flavour and aroma vary, but are derived from theplant origin.
3.

ESSENTIAL COMPOSITION AND QUALITY FACTORS

3.1
Honey sold as such shall not have added to it any food ingredient, including foodadditives, nor shall any other additions be made other than honey. Honey shall not have any
objectionable matter, flavour, aroma, or taint absorbed from foreign matter during its processingand storage. The honey shall not have begun to ferment or effervesce. No pollen or constituent
particular to honey may be removed except where this is unavoidable in the removal of foreign
inorganic or organic matter.

1Secretariat’s note: At the time of the adoption the Commission agreed that further work would
be undertaken on certain technical issues, particularly the provisions concerning Moisture
Content.
Adopted in 1981. Revisions 1987 and 2001.

CODEX STAN 12-1981

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3.2
Honey shall not be heated or processed to such an extent that its essential composition ischanged and/ or its quality is impaired.
3.3

Chemical or biochemical treatments shall not be used to influence honey crystallisation.

3.4 MOISTURE CONTENT(a)
Honeys not listed below- not more than 20%(b)- not more than 23%

Heather honey (Calluna)

3.5 SUGARS CONTENT

3.5.1

Fructose and Glucose Content (sum of both)(a)

Honey not listed below- not less than 60 g/100g(b)

Honeydew honey,
blends of honeydew honey with blossom honey- not less than 45 g/100g

3.5.2

Sucrose Content(a)Honey not listed below(b)

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Citrus spp., False
Acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia), French
Honeysuckle (Hedysarum), Menzies Banksia(Banksia menziesii),Red Gum (Eucalyptus
camaldulensis), Leatherwood (Eucryphialucida), Eucryphia milligani(c)Lavender (Lavandula spp),Borage (Boragoofficinalis)

not more than 5 g/100g- not more than 10 g/100g- not more than 15 g/100g

3.6 WATER INSOLUBLE SOLIDS CONTENT(a)
Honeys other than pressed honey- not more than 0.1 g/100g(b)

Pressed honey- not more than 0.5 g/100g

4.

CONTAMINANTS

4.1 HEAVY METALS 2
Honey shall be free from heavy metals in amounts which may represent a hazard to human health.
The products covered by this Standard shall comply with those maximum levels for heavy metals
established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission.
4.2 RESIDUES OF PESTICIDES AND VETERINARY DRUGS
The products covered by this standard shall comply with those maximum residue limits for honeyestablished by the Codex Alimentarius Commission.
5.

HYGIENE

2These levels will be established in consultation between the Codex Committee on Sugars and the Codex Committee
on Food Additives and Contaminants as soon as possible.

Adopted in 1981. Revisions 1987 and 2001.

CODEX STAN 12-1981

Page 3 of 85.1
It is recommended that the products covered by the provisions of this standard be preparedand handled in accordance with the appropriate sections of the Recommended International Codeof Practice - General Principles of Food Hygiene recommended by the Codex Alimentarius
Commission (CAC/RCP 1-1969), and other relevant Codex texts such as Codes of Hygienic
Practice and Codes of Practice.
5.2
The products should comply with any microbiological criteria established in accordancewith the Principles for the Establishment and Application of Microbiological Criteria for Foods(CAC/GL 21-1997).

6.

LABELLING

In addition to the provisions of the General Standard for the Labelling of Pre-packaged Foods(CODEX STAN 1-1985), the following specific provisions apply:

6.1 THE NAME OF THE FOOD
6.1.1 Products conforming to Part One of the Standard shall be designated 'honey'.
6.1.2 For products described in 2.1.1 the name of the food may be supplemented by the term“blossom” or “nectar”.
6.1.3 For products described in 2.1.2 the word “honeydew” may be placed in close proximity tothe name of the food.
6.1.4 For mixtures of the products described in 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 the name of the food may besupplemented with the words “a blend of honeydew honey with blossom honey”.
6.1.5 Honey may be designated by the name of the geographical or topographical region if thehoney was produced exclusively within the area referred to in the designation.
6.1.6 Honey may be designated according to floral or plant source if it comes wholly or mainly
from that particular source and has the organoleptic, physicochemical and microscopic properties
corresponding with that origin.
6.1.7 Where honey has been designated according to floral or plant source (6.1.6) then thecommon name or the botanical name of the floral source shall be in close proximity to the word"honey".
6.1.8 Where honey has been designated according to floral, plant source, or by the name of ageographical or topological region, then the name of the country where the honey has been
produced shall be declared.
6.1.9 The subsidiary designations listed in 6.1.10 may not be used unless the honey conforms tothe appropriate description contained therein. The styles in 6.1.11 (b) and (c) shall be declared.
6.1.10 Honey may be designated according to the method of removal from the comb.
(a)Extracted Honey is honey obtained by centrifuging decapped broodless combs.

(b)

Pressed Honey is honey obtained by pressing broodless combs.

(c)Drained Honey is honey obtained by draining decapped broodless combs.

6.1.11 Honey may be designated according to the following styles:(a)

Honey which is honey in liquid or crystalline state or a mixture of the two;(b)

Comb Honey which is honey stored by bees in the cells of freshly built broodless combs
and which is sold in sealed whole combs or sections of such combs;

Adopted in 1981. Revisions 1987 and 2001.

CODEX STAN 12-1981(c)Page 4 of 8

Cut comb in honey or chunk honey which is honey containing one or more pieces of combhoney.

6.1.12 Honey which has been filtered in such a way as to result in the significant removal ofpollen shall be designated filtered honey.

6.2 LABELLING OF NON-RETAIL CONTAINERS
6.2.1 Information on labelling as specified in The General Standard for the Labelling ofPre-packaged Foods and in Section 6.1 shall be given either on the container or in accompanying
documents, except that the name of the product, lot identification and the name and address of theproducer, processor or packer shall appear on the container.
7.

METHODS OF SAMPLING AND ANALYSISThe methods of sampling and analysis to be employed for the determination of the compositionaland quality factors are detailed below:

7.1 SAMPLE PREPARATION
Samples should be prepared in accordance with AOAC 920.180.
7.2 DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT 3
AOAC 969.38B / J. Assoc. Public Analysts (1992) 28 (4) 183-187 / MAFF Validated method
V21 for moisture in honey.
7.3 DETERMINATION OF SUGARS CONTENT 4

7.3.1

Fructose and Glucose Content (sum of both)

7.3.2

Sucrose content

7.4 DETERMINATION OF WATER-INSOLUBLE SOLIDS CONTENTJ. Assoc. Public Analysts (1992) 28 (4) 189-193/ MAFF Validated method V22 for water
insoluble solids in honey
7.5 DETERMINATION OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY4
7.6 DETERMINATION OF SUGARS ADDED TO HONEY (AUTHENTICITY) 5
AOAC 977.20 for sugar profile,
AOAC 991.41 internal standard for SCIRA (stable carbon isotope ratio analysis).

3

These methods are identical
To be finalized.
5CCS noted that a screening method for the detection of cane sugar adulteration of honey was available.
4Adopted in 1981. Revisions 1987 and 2001.

CODEX STAN 12-1981

Page 5 of 8ANNEXThis text is intended for voluntary application by commercial partners and not for application bygovernments.

1.

ADDITIONAL COMPOSITION AND QUALITY FACTORS

Honey may have the following compositional and quality factors:

1.1 FREE ACIDITY
The free acidity of honey may be not more than 50 milliequivalents acid per 1000g.
1.2 DIASTASE ACTIVITY
The diastase activity of honey, determined after processing and/or blending, in general not lessthan 8 Schade units and in the case of honeys with a low natural enzyme content not less than 3
Schade Units.
1.3 HYDROXYMETHYLFURFURAL CONTENT
The hydroxymethylfurfural content of honey after processing and/or blending shall not be morethan 40 mg/kg. However, in the case of honey of declared origin from countries or regions withtropical ambient temperatures, and blends of these honeys, the HMF content shall not be morethan 80 mg/kg.
1.4 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY(a)honey not listed under (b) or (c), and blends of these - not more than 0.8 mS/cm
honeys(b)

Honeydew and chestnut honey and blends of these
except with those listed under (c)- not less than 0.8 mS/cm(c)

Exceptions : Strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo), Bell Heather (Erica), Eucalyptus, Lime(Tilia spp), Ling Heather (Calluna vulgaris) Manuka or Jelly bush (Leptospermum), Teatree (Melaleuca spp).

2.

METHODS OF SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

The methods of sampling and analysis to be employed for the determination of the additional
compositional and quality factors set out in Section 1 of this Annex are detailed below:

2.1 SAMPLE PREPARATION
The method of sample preparation is described in section 7.1 of the Standard. In thedetermination of diastase activity (2.2.2) and hydroxymethylfurfural content (2.2.3), samples areprepared without heating.
2.2 METHODS OF ANALYSIS

2.2.1

Determination of Acidity

J. Assoc. Public Analysts (1992) 28 (4) 171-175 / MAFF validated method V19 for acidity inhoney

2.2.2

Determination of Diastase Activity

AOAC 958.09
Adopted in 1981. Revisions 1987 and 2001.

CODEX STAN 12-1981

2.2.3

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Determination of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content

AOAC 980.23

Adopted in 1981. Revisions 1987 and 2001.

CODEX STAN 12-1981

2.3.

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LITERATURE REFERENCES

Bogdanov S, Honigdiastase, Gegenüberstellung verschiedener Bestimmungsmethoden, Mitt.
Gebiete Lebensmitt. Hyg. 75, 214-220 (1984)
Bogdanov S and Lischer P, Interlaboratory trial of the European Honey Commission: Phadebas
and Schade Diastase determination methods, Humidity by refractometry and Invertase activity:
Report for the participants 1993.
Chataway HD (1932) Canad J Res 6, 540; (1933) Canad J Res 8, 435; (1935) Canad Bee J 43, (8)215.
DIN-NORM 10750 (July 1990): Bestimmung der Diastase-Aktivität.
DIN. Norm, Entwurf: Bestimmung des Gehaltes an Hydroxymethylfurfural: Photometrisches
Verfahren nach Winkler (1990)
Determination of Diastase with Phadebas, Swiss Food Manual, Chapter 23A, Honey, Bern, 1995.
Figueiredo V, HMF Interlaboratory Trial, Report for the participants, Basel canton chemist
laboratory, (1991)
Jeurings J and Kuppers F, High Performance Liquid Chromatography of Furfural andHydroxymethylfurfural in Spirits and Honey. J. AOAC, 1215 (1980).
Determination of Hydroxymethylfurfural by HPLC, Swiss Food Manual, Kapitel Honig, Eidg.
Druck und Materialzentrale 1995
International Honey Commission Collaborative Trial (in press).
Hadorn H (1961) Mitt Gebiete Lebens u Hyg, 52, 67.
Kiermeier F, Koberlein W (1954) Z Unters Lebensmitt, 98, 329.
Lane JH and Eynon L (1923) J Soc Chem Ind 42, 32T, 143T, 463T.
Schade J. E., Marsh G. L. and Eckert J. E.: Diastase activity and hydroxymethylfurfural in honeyand their usefulness in detecting heat adulteration. Food Research 23, 446-463 (1958).
Siegenthaler U, Eine einfache und rasche Methode zur Bestimmung der α-Glucosidase(Saccharase) im Honig. Mitt. Geb. Lebensmittelunters. Hyg. 68, 251-258 (1977).
Turner JH, Rebers PA, Barrick PL and Cotton RH (1954) Anal Chem, 26, 898.
Walker HS (1917) J Ind Eng Chem, 2, 490.
Wedmore EB (1955), Bee World, 36, 197.
White JW Kushnir I and Subors MH (1964) Food Technol, 18, 555.
FW (1959) JAOAC, 42, 344.
White J, Spectrophotometric Method for Hydroxymethylfurfural in Honey. J. AOAC, 509 (1979).
Winkler O: Beitrag zum Nachweis und zur Bestimmung von Oxymethylfurfural in Honig undKunsthonig. Z. Lebensm. Forsch. 102, 160-167 (1955)
Harmonised methods of the European Honey Commission, Apidologie - special issue, 28, 1997
NOTE: CCS asked CCMAS to consider retaining only those essential references.

Adopted in 1981. Revisions 1987 and 2001.

CODEX STAN 12-1981

Page 8 of 8PART TWO[Honey for Industrial Uses or as an Ingredient in other Foods]
This part is subject to further consideration.

Adopted in 1981. Revisions 1987 and 2001.