MycotoxinsVol. 51(2), 2001

95

* I TmlJil-'1tT~ liff9\;.fiJf

I(260-8715*2

Tm*$~lRf=p1".IIlJ666-2)

Olt) 74:J r.:f:..--/'~1!tm~(230-0054 ~~*n~lR*m~~Jt15)*3***i&*~(173-8602 f'j;lIlR:IJil~ 1-18-I)-1 "7 /' (T) -\' 7.: r- ,. 'T )(.,. 7 /' ,: l , \:::0.A ~ T::t T ':J ''J (T) J&fI 1J' G~~I~ ,: to It Q Aspergillus
flauus t A. parasiticus (T) 77"7 r.:f s- /' ii:~m(T)5tllil:-:Jl \ l~fti-rr-:> iz . {"(T)*6*, 1:III±iltJ'
G 1;1:~l!\ ~ ;f1.7'd; tJ' -:> t;:tJ~, 1:III'Z"J&#! ~ ttt;:OOW!*~, !E.~*~, ib Q PI;l:~~I~(T)~Wt*, ~gl!Tit}1j[I*J~~(T)l \ftttJ' G tA.flavustJl~l!\ ~ ttt;:. ~(T) ~ t 1;1:, 77"7 r.:f s- /'~~Hjj<"I:I;I:,~:J:iltJ' G~~~g(T)l!Titl:3?:Q t 'Z"(T)3'::f*i-~ t. tdJ~~!t?o1fl1l!, m1:.1fl1l!tJ~~\~T ib Q ~ t i-~ t.
i: .
*1: J: Q~Wt . m~UI~'Z"~~7f. ~ ttt;: llR5t (floating nuts, 1¥J~f.1i-~ <) t !:HR.': J: IJ ~~U~~7f. ~ tt t: 5 IR51, lit 6 IR 5t I: -:J P l, m ~1l9~ft t 7 7"7 r .:f ~ /' (T) 5ttR i- rr -:> tz . Floatingnuts IR 5t t EHR. ,: J: IJ ~~7f. ~ tt t: dark stained IR 5t'Z" I;l:3'::f.1 tJ' G A. flavus ~ l!\ ~ tt t;: tJ~, I¥J~
(closed mouth) MtJ' Gtili i:: Iv ~~l!\ ~ tttJ: tJ' -:> t;:. 77"7 l- .:f ~ /' Ii dark stained 1R51(T).ij. tJ' G~l!\ ~ ttt;:. ~ (T) ~ t Ii, EltR.I: J: Qm7.JU tJl:ff~1J'Z" ib QjjJfmtt i-~ t, t;:tJ~%3'::tJ:?Ji!lG.¥*'Z"I;I:tJ: l \ ~t tJ' G, 5/!I: 4-f&(T)~~ttJ~~\~'Z" ib Q.
:f - 7 - F: \:::0.A ~ T ::t T ':J ''J, 7 7"7 r.:f ~ /', Aspergillus flavus(Received, May 25,2001)

1:::0 A ~ 7-::t T 'j 'Y, ~1E1:. td: ~' (J) T 'j 'Y

I

mIt Aspergillus f/avus td: E i} HE1:.T G 7 7"7 r 4'- :/ /"(trf AF) 1:f1j~~§'l:It~TP:: ~ tM~O; n LPG. 1fl1:" t)liif., 1"7 /" HE 1:::0 A ~ 7-::t T ' j 'Y I:
J: G f1j~iJ~ L, IJ L, IJ¥tt~ ~ n L ~ \ G 1). ~1!3; It 2000 if. 9 Ji I:, 1"7 /" (J) 1:::0 A ~ 7-::t T "J 'Y (J).±~1:.HEtill~1:"£v G -t A" F (Yazd) ~ -7 )!.--y /" (Kerman) ~ J((J)J&flWH:Mn, .111, 1:.HEI:t~~<-:)tP(J)~1t~19-::>t-:. :: n~ 1:"(J) 1:::0 A ~ 7-::t T "J 'Y (J)AFf1j~I:~T G¥tt
~ It*OOI: to It G t (J) iJ~ ~ <, 1"7 /" I: to ItG t (J) Itl&jr 7d: P iJ~, :: n ~ 1:"(J) j!ijjOO iJ' ; (J)¥tt~ ~t~~T G t t t l : ,P~[Q)(J)~]U6*1J' ;1 "7 /" (: toIt G 1:::0 A ~ 7-::t T ' j 'Y (J) AFf1j~ ~ J( (J)iIilJta'lJ(J) r:tJ~'11: I: -:) ~ \ L~M~tJD;t t-:.

~flt t.::~I:, 1"7 /"1:::° A ~ 7-::tT ' j 'Y(J)AF(J)i1iIj~I:lt,

96

Mycotoxins

1) A. flaous (A. parasiticus ~ -ftu) 7J~ t )"? E z -C' eO 7.. (J "f-:t T ") "J I::~~ (~~) L. AF ~ £1:,
tiffft-t G 7J'. -t t:! b '5, A F ffl~O) ~ j]:::..7.." L>. O)MF1Jj.
2) eO 7.. (J-r:tT'J 'YI;t, ;00:(£, 7\:1-T-~3:'; (:*~. ~5JU) ~§tll::J:"?-r~5JU~:h-rPG
7J~, '::h t; I:: J: I) AF ~ ~.l:' ~ G 7J'.
~m G': C: 7J~m~l:'tt> G.
;tf 1) 0) rp'Jml:' l;t 1 "7 :';I::t61tG 1:::07.. ?7"f-:tt- 'J 'YO)~tg7J't;m:~j~M'b;tl:'0)~~I=t61tG
A. flavus 0) 51-;{fj t:! E, 3: C: 1.., -rlf ~ B~J7J: Dfi 7J' t; ~~;f T G :: C: iJ~,z\ ~ l:' tt> G.
1 "7 :,; 1:::°7.. (J "f-;;tt- ' j 'Y l;;t.tlr~co)I~1:~~ ~:hG.
~tg--+J&fi--+$U&: (hulling) --+ 7 \:1 - T - ~ 3:'; (floatation, MTS:~ id: E 0) ~5JU) --+ 1 *~1t--+
2*~1t--+§m.m--+~1~.m--+~£:::h;t l:'o)~~l= J:: G C:, 1"7:'; 2-5), *00 (California)6-8) 0) pf:hO)OO-c' t J&fiWWIO) 1:::°7..

(J"f-;;t T 'j 'Y I:: A. flavus C: AFffl~iJL(f:t£T G C: 1.., -r t) G. of O)ffl~O) ±:~~ C: 1.., -r, 1) early

split 2) ,9:(§, id: E iJ~ ±: C: 1.., -r tt> (f' t; :h -r p G. 1:::°7.. (J "f-;;t t- ' j 'Y I;;tJim, J&fi~ 1= id: G C: ~j
J:-C'*St (hull) 1*J$1::tt>G~ (shell) iJ~~~TGiJ~, ofO)~, *&:c:~iJ~%~I::51ItL,-rpid:P
C:, *&:tof:tll::tf}"?lIPJP~I::~~TG. ':O)~id:*.iLiJ~early split c:p¥Lf:hG. *&:I;;tJ'i 1) 70)f>t
i!jlJ t * t.:: 1.., -r t ) G i: 66, IlJ*$l:' tt> G ~ (kernel) iJ~ A. flavus id: EO) :h e'~~!R I=~ B 1.." :: 0) t.:: 66
early splitiJ~AFffl~c: O)ffi~ttiJ~~t) C: ~ -rt) G. *OOl:'I;;t:: 0) early split iJ~ 1 - 4 %t'f:t£T Gc:0)~~7,9) iJ~tt>GiJ~, .111, ~j*id:EI=J:G~~iJ~~L,p7) . .:0)f!Y, ~iJ~~~L,t.::f~, ~0)1m~$I::tf}bt:! pnmpJfl:'*&:iJ~~~-t G~~ (cracked hull) t tt> G C: ~ nG 8).
2) 0)1t'Jml:'I;;t7\:1-T-~3 :';~§tl.~UI=J::G~* (~) 1R511::t61tGIf~B9t6J::lfAF5t
ffiJ:O)~fiffiiJ~rJlmc: t:! G. 1:::°7.. (J"f-:t t- 'J 'YO)A. flavus id: E (:: J:: G AFffl~I;t, WHE1: 10) c: IPJ~I::*JiO)~~ffl~~O) $ (::1i66-r :P~O)ffl~~iJ~Jffl:(£T G /Ftv-ffl~ C: ~ :h -r t ) G 7). 1.., t: iJ~"? -r, 7\:1 - T - ~ 3 :,; ~ §tll= J:: G~~lI~~**.iLI::AF~~~iJ~-ft;t :h:hl;f)?h*B91=~.-C'~ G 1lJ~~tt~1'f
L,-rPG.

nfjjJ~• •M:!l~=tf t; l;;t 1 "7 :,; 00I*J1:-t7.."r' 0).1I:a- 2 :h PJf~*l~ 1.., ic . pf:h t 1i'.M~O) $1:

tt> I), imr* ~ i'&.ij.J: If'. II ;t -C'~* 1.., tfi~ 1.., -r p t.::. $±tJlO)*Dfi I: 1;;t~O);ffitl1iJ~ ~ t; :ht.::.
!&fili~jO)rl:: s- - " ~It~ ±tJlc: *~O)~~!!l~lWp-c'pt.::. Early split 0){1H, *&:0).ij.0)~~*~(craked hull) iJ~ ~~~N3tJ t;:h, of 0) ~~$l=rd"? lttp~)r:to) tt> G ~11~;6; L-- U5r.tb -r p t.::. :: :h;6;±tJl~fti1f 1.., t.:: I), tt> G Plim.'R ~~5IL" A. jlavusO)i1f1:. ~51 ~~:: TIlJ~ttiJ~tt> G c: ~.:t t; tL
tz . ~~,
0)$ iJ' t; J&~ L- t: 10~t:l E 0) '5 '5 3 f'.:H=, 1 B i~, m1~$I:tf}"? -r~tiU.ff@O) A.
jlavus o)~~iJ~~~3tJ t; tLt.:: 0) 1:, of:h~ PDAiilDfi t=5t1t L- ic. ;t tz , A. jlavus 0) 5t1:.-1-iJ~3'i5iPilJT G.'R~*~ (3~) t J&~ ~t IPJ~I= 5t1t 1.., t: (Table 1). z; 0) 2 .1II00$±tJliJ' t; A. flaous0):Jt1t 11) ~~.ij. i: C: .: is, A. niger l;;t~ ~ <~ili ~ nt.:: to)O) A. jlavus (i~ <~~3tJ t; nid:;6>"? tz .
!t&J.f1Jn:r~• •M:!lJ&fi ~ nt.::*~li*&:iJ~~* (hulling) ~ n, ~ t; 1= 7 \:1 - T - ~ 3 :,;1= J:: I) *i5t . • ~U ~ nG. 7 \:1 - T - ~ 3 :,; 'i~~tl~*O)m::mO)AT ' j 7°1:, *'=t¥t )t.::f'.:LiJ~~#­*~nG (floating nuts), ::O)IR7t-C'l:t, M~(closed mouth) c:~~m1~~,*1:*StO)~Jt~Ni1f
L,t'::/J\~iJ~~ <~:N:lt t; nt.::. :: 0)*~fiJ!"? t~I~-C'I;!:, A. flavuso)~~*~iJ' G ofO):Jt1:.-1-iJ;i5t.111n, :: nVol. 51(2), 2001

97~*I:j:q::fJtftXT ~ fB~~'I1:i5~mf~ ~ ;n:L" ~ t:: 3• 4). ~i!3 GIj:, I:lJjO)~~m*.y>M*~~lieo« ';/r

fflp 1 mI1;,UJ, YM medium agar strip (7"/1t) 1::r!1fjL,fd~, :f:~Jf~:fT-:d::. {-0)*6*, pf;M.

(Table 1). Vt -::> -C ,~ o)~~*I:: J: ~ A. flavusO) 2 ~ffl~~~ ¢'t:: ~, fjJ-,*-r:-Ij:tJ. <m* (fresh water) ~M! -j z C:
;6~~JJJfJ~;M.-Cp~. G;6>G, Kerman1H-r:-Ij:tt!fr*lli:O)f~ri?>~,+7ttJ.*O)liif*;6~-r:-~I::< <tJ.
-::> -C ~ -Ct).:5 0);6~m.:f*-r:-&>.:5. ~U~~~-r:-O)A. flauus t: J: .:51lt:1::-~-qj:r\% <, *960%BfH~I:~T ~;6P.4,lZ), {-tLli:: o)Il~H:Ef3*T.:5 t 0) C:~,t GtL.:5. *i$t. ~~IJ ~**,t.:5 c:llif't> I:Jitl:1t ~ tL.:5.
1 ~Jitl:1tli*1JJitl:1tI: J: IJ, ~fj~0)*7t"*935% ~ 12-13 %~1!' ~ <:'I:f~l' ~ -it.:5. 2 ~Jitl:1tlij( B Jitl:1tl: J:.:5 :: c:;6~ ~ p. :: tLI: J: IJ 5 % ~ -r:-f~l' ~ -ita**~~ C: tJ..:5. Vt*li, :J '/ '7 I)- r J::-r:-Jitl:1t ~ tL.:5;6~, m.:(£-r:-Ij:±~C: O)~~!Il~<:'~ ~ t~It:'J/'tJ. <T.:5 t::~J' '/ 7- '/ '7"~- r'~*O)~~~-r:-, G;6> t B ffir1~JEO):f:Jlfrlj:~iIiljJitl:1t ~ -it ~ z C: ;6~<:' ~ .:5 J 'i - T -ft ~ O)Jitl:1ta;6~ImJ£~ tL-cpt::. ~ 0)~1: G-cJitl:1t ~ tLt::~~Ij:~~UI~~*-I-CJlJ'JfJf~ ~ -r:-!!T]i ~ tL~. ~ O)~~IJ:IJj,~~!!T]iJ!Jr*I0)~3n.I:--:>PL.I.7· -!j-'/7'7'7- (RCS,Biotest) -r:-47tfUI (l60L) n'&51~:fTp,
mOillO) YM medium ~ fflp:l7 e:'0)~*~:fT-::> iz . {- 0)*6*, P-rtLO)~j;Jt;6>G t A. flaous ;6~7t11l ~tLt::. ~ tL~ -r:-~ G tLt::7tI1l~~ 5 % YES:f:gtt!H::~fj G:lj'fJf~:fT-::> td:&TLC <:'7tfff~:fTt)AF ffg:1::'11: I: --:> P L ~M G t: C: :: ;S; til' !i(~*~;6> G ~ GtL t: 3 ~ ~ ~ < C: T« -C ;Jpffg:1:: -r:- &> -::> t::(Table 1).
O)~i\fli}' G t A. flavus ;6~~ili ~;M., %'1::t1*~i\fl;6> G Ij:~~o)~;6~7t11l ~ ;M.t::

Table 1 Isolation of Aspergillus flauus and production of aflatoxin by the isolates in orchards and a processesing
facility in Iranian pistachio nuts
Sampling points

No. of isolates

No. of Aflatoxin positive strain
ffesed strains

and pistachio nuts sample
Field soil (2) *oDropped fruits
split fruits (3) *insect damaged fruits (3) *

4
3

0/4
3/3 **

Washing waterrunning water
still (sink tank) water

9
43

0/5
0/3

Air
hand picking area
warehouse

12
6

0/1

Subtotal
Pistachio nuts
Dark stainedLight stained

0/2
0/15

10
10

2/10 **
4/10 **------------------------------------------------~~.-~~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Subtotal* No. of soil sample or dropped fruits tested.
production of B aflatoxin.

6/20 (30%)** All of the isolates were positive only for

98

Mycotoxins

illfJ1Jiit• •1!fM~
7 rr - T - ~ :'1 /' (floating nuts, M~~:1 ~~~ <) ~ f:HJl.I: ~ ~ ~1311~~*£
CLK5t, Table2)1:-:>P-C, *~ (shell) t~ (kernel) I:5tlt, ~~j]e"0)~j!E13):toJ::lfAF5tfJTI4)~rr -::d:.

El tJl.li~tl;xO)~$'C'rr:btL G. CD 7f~O)~tL,

7fJ (deformed) ® of O)fi!!

~:::(stained)

CZl M~ Q) -If -1 7-." @ ~(~7f~, .9:r&~, 7d: t') -C';fy G. i1f~ j] ~'O) *8* Ii -1 '7 /' I: :to It G ;: tL ~'C'0)*6* t Iflf'-:J& L- t-:. -t7d::b '5-~I:A. nigerliM~LK7to)~~~~<t ~ If t Iv E O)*j[17' G~

If!,~tL, ;XP-C'A.flavus17~fr1J<, Penicillium~O)~lf!,~Ii-1lJ~I:fff;17'-::d-:.

~t-:, A. nigerli~17'G

Table 2 Mycological evaluation in the samples rejected by floating process and sorted by hand picking
on basis of apearence in Iranian pistachio nuts.
Percentage of fungus-infected kernels
A. niger A. terreus
Penicillium sp.

SampleA. flauus
Floating nuts

Rhizopus sp.

*

Shell
Kernel----- - ----------------- --Dark stained

44100---------~

36

8-- --- ---- - - --- - ----- - -- - ------------------ -------- -- - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- -­
-

4

36
16

100

96
100

40
76

100
100

28
52

96
76

12

76
4

8

Shell
Kernel

28
48

88
100

20

Damaged kernel(no shell)

68

100

Shell
Kernel

4
4

20

96
96

Light stained
Shell
Kernel20
4

4
4Slightly opened
Shell
Kernel20
128

Closed mouth
Shell
KernelDeformed nuts

4

8

4
8

16

4

* Examined only slightly opened nuts.

t ~17' G t 1!6b-C fr1J P~~'C'~ttl ~ tL, ~ C: ~O)fl4j1]I:~JVfOtt ~~ L- t-:. ;: tLI::X-f L-, A. flavus Ii~~ V) t ~I:-Xf L- -C~fD'11 ~~ L-, ~~I: floating nuts

C: dark stained O)fl4jIR7tc'Iilf'f'~~:117' G ~ttl ~ tLt-:. ;: tLC:-xr L-, M~~:1O)~17' G 'iA. flavus 17~If C: Iv E~ltl ~ tL7d:17'"? t-:. ;: tL G o)~*Ii,\:::0 7-. ~ =f-::tt- '/ 'Y*~o)~~I: ~ ~A. flavusO)~~~*15tP~~,,::to,t ~ 2 ;XB9~~~c: ~~J!l!-:5,tt-:.
-1], AF 7tfJTc'Ii dark stained lR7t17>i? O),ij,AF17~~~6b G tL, L-17,t, Bi (373 ppb) , B2 (33 ppb) ,Gl (1427 ppb) , Gz(108 ppb) 0) 4 fj17~#iili ~ tLt-:.

e 7-. ?t =f-::t t- '/ 'Y ~ ~~~~~~~~fl17' G 0)

G1ffAFO)~ttlWtlli1:IJ~B9Y7d:t,. ~ t-:, ~lmO) \:::0 7-. ~ =f-::tt- 'J 'Y*~~~~I~I::to(t G M~B9

Vol. 51(2), 2001

(DPistachio fruits with cracked hull in a tree at harvest in aorchard in Yazd, Iran.

99@Dropped fruits of pistachio on the field. A bundleof yellow conidial heads were found on the damaged
portion of the fruits (upper) and in a cavity inside
the fruit (bottom).
Some A. flavus isolates were obtained from the yel­low bundle.

®After harvest, fresh pistachio fruits were immediately car­ G)Pistachio nuts after dehulling were forced-drid by heating
ried to processing faclity by a new model truck with aon a conveyor moved in a wormlike manner (Primary step
cold room.
for drying) .

® After primary drying, the nuts were sun-dried on a long ®After drying, the nuts were sorted on belt conveyer
screen racks which were equipped with shakers. The drying
machine also used forced-drier by heating when the weather
was not good (Final step for drying).

by hand-picking on basis of appearence by Iranian
women.

100

Mycotoxins-n \td: t -. of;: l:. dark stained t light stained 0)~1t -c" t A. parasiticus J?GlW AF~~ ~ 1:j: JU:ti ~ tt-

jlfjjlWi,p; ~; tt-t;:5111l~~ IPJJE:T G t ttl::, JWJill L,f;:11i*-c" AF~~'11 ~~«t;:. of 0)*8*, 51
11I~1;j:A. jlavusO)~ l: A. parasiticus 1;j:~~5b; tt-f, ~ iz , GlWAF ~ ~~T G~ t ~~5b; tt-td: i,p"? i:(Table 1).

A. flavus td: E o)AFffl~7J ~iJ~ E O)~WlI=e A (J 7-:;t*~~~~T G iJ' t t \"5 rp~ml=-:>t \L, A.

flaous td: EO) j] e·l= J: G~~~JRfiJWiJ'; ~P~B9I=~«t~ -1 7 /', *~O)~IH!fiJ~tbG.

z; tt-I: J: Gt, -1 7/,5) l:1;j:A. flavus iJ~JRfl60 8 ffiJl= 1;j:~~5b; tt-td: PiJ~, JRfiiliffiJl= I;j:~ 8 %1:]lT G t L

LPG. *~-c'tlPJf*td:*8*iJ~~;tt-, JRfll 'f ABUliA. /lavusO)l'f~~iJ~O.3%l:ifj"?t~iJ~!&fi
P~I:I:U312%J:~TG to)m~6) iJ~ifjG.

1m~f\LJ?ER~*,10)~1JDiJ~::O)JJft/l;lt~tt--CPG.

*~

l:' 0) early split*,1 I: :Jolt G A. flauus I: J:: G l'f~ ~ I;j:, ;: tt- ~ l: 0.7% t O)mi5 15) iJ~ ifj G. A. flauus 0)
eO A (J 7-::t T "J 'Y r-; 0) l'f~ I;j:, ~~ ~ftj: td: E fj 4 0) ~ /l;I iJ~ ~ --9- t. -C P G t ~ ; tt-, ~if.~J!tJ,~B9td:~~iJ~~lA \. fYIJiUi, 12%l'f~~iJ~~1f.l:l:j:l.3%I:~9l,t~ ~, lPJ ~1f..:c':t.IIII:J:: ~ 1- 33% ~ -C'~J!tJiJ~~~5b ; tt-L t \ G 6). ~ t~, -1 7 /' eO A (J 7-::t T 'J ".J O)ffl~l: I;j:, 8 J=i -11 AI:
iJ' It -C O)mllJ?Jlto) td: t \~J?iJ' td: B 0) B ~ t l~~'l1iJ~ tb G t O)m~iJ~ ifj G 16). -1 7' /' e A (J 7-:;tT 'J 'Y 0) AFffl~iJ~~ t ~ t. iJ'"? t~ 1997 -19981f.~~1;j:, lW~J?!&fI~WlO)~tt-iJ~JJftI!l t ~ tt--c
t \ G 1). ~fiiJ~~ < td: G tlW~l: J: G t~ It-c"td: < , *StO)~ftl: J:: GHHI*,1iJ~~1JDT G t;:5bA.
/lavus~WERO)~A ~~lt~T < ;>j: ~ , AFffl~iJ~~1JDT G PJijg'l1iJ~ifj G t ~ tt--c P G 7). ;: tt-; I;j:,;: tt- ~ l:O)mi5O)fll:*StI:fjHliJ~ tb tt-liA. flavus O)lt~~iJ~r'i'b P;: t ~~ L,f~. ;: 0);: t liA.
flaoust/) e A (J 7-:;t*~~0)l'f~ (~~) I;j: B W~B9-C'~ ~, z 0) 7J eO) eO A (J 7-:t~O)rrg~i1li~ptO)t~;t ;tt-G.
-11, ER~t A. flavusO)~~~ AFffl~t O)~~I:-:>PL I;j:, ERW*,11::Jolt G A. flavusO)l'f~~li~~ER~*,10)3f:g.m:< 6), AFffl~~I;j:f-J1.5f:g.7) 1:]lTGtO)m~iJ~~G.
L,iJ'L" J;'I;j:bfiJ't O)mi5:t ~ G 17). ;: o)~~li;: O)WERiJ~.I:AAt1r0)1)t~lJ ~*t~ L, -C ~ \ G 1:J&l ~.;>j: ~ \;: t ~~ L,
LPGt.::5bt~;t ;tt-G. ;:tt-~l:'0)*8*1;j:, ~1iP~I:I;j:l:~ Gt~'tmWlra~I:!&fI*~~~.m!·
1JI]I L, td: It tt-I;j:·;>j: ; td: ~ \;: t ~~ L, -C t \ G. 20001f.iJ'; -v A" F -C'I;j:;QH~~~ t!: It l:';>j: < O)~1i~o)~)!iJ' ; f*l1 ~ -c'O)fl!;¥gf*l1~Wl iJ~~fj L, t.::. ;: O)~fIfi 1;j:~fI*~O) A. flavus I: J:: G ~~llj1-(t I:
flJJJt~;t ;tt-G.
~~; I;j: e A (J "f-:t T 'J 'YmlO)±tliJ'; A. flauus ~ 511111: ~ td: iJ'"? t: iJ~, ~rlm~~W~iJ>; A.
flaous ~ 5111ll, t;:. ;: 0);: t I;j:, of tt-; o)*~iJ~A. flavus O)ffl~¥l§U: td: "? -C P G IlJfJl§i1 ~~ L, L P
G. 1:::0 A (J "f-:t1" 'J 'Ymll=:Jolt GA. flavusO)~fflH:-:>~ \L~«t.::*~liJf~~O)m'5l7) I: J:: G t .
• 1II00ml-c'!&~ L,t.:: eO A (J 7-:t*~0)f-J 7 %iJ'; (£€fiij~lii~I;j:O.3%), IPJ t.:: < m-m0)27%iJ';A.
flavus iJ~5111l ~ tt-. oftt-; iJ~ffl~¥w,l:'tb GIlJfJl§'l1 ~~~ L, t;:. "* t;:, ~fI ~ tt-fl:wlJ:I:~ G *~9=J l:' A. flavus iJ~~~T GIlJfJl§tt t ;V G t mii l, -C P G. ;: tt-; 0);: t I;j:. eO A (J "f-:t 1" 'J 'Y 0) AF
ffl~llJjltl= Ii, if.ra~ ~ lm G-CIllf!}O)mJ-m td: E O)m~~m!I: -:J t 50 G 16'~'l1:iJ~ tb G ;: t ~ ~ L, t~.
A. flavuslilll;l:~t!: Itl:'td: < , i5t~. JlJJUI=fflp; n -CP G*J?JlJJUf!}, $M~!lT~J!lr*J~3{\iJ,;:t 51
111 ~ nt.::. :: n; O)*8*li, pfnO)I~1::t e A (J "f-:;t T 'J 'Y iJ~tbnliA. /lavusiJ~l1:t£T G ;: C:~~ G t~. A. /lavus I: J:: G AF~~I;j:, ~:I:t~ftJ: ~ ;t~;t Ii AFgg~iJ~lmtW ~ n G :: t iJ~ffi; n -C ~ \G ;: t iJ'; 3), 2 *ffl~l: J:: G tl:*l. !lTJii, ~)!l:0)~'lwf1IU: +51 td:¥±JliJ~16d}J!1:~ G.

tm

101

Vol. 51(2), 2001~@]1t'J G tLt~A. flavusO)7tml1*O) AF~:1:ttl;tJ:tt)H8f~7JL::d~t;t, )t1Pl1*0) 80 - 90 %}If:<7J~~:1:i" G t

4, 11, 12) 2 tL,(Table 1) iJ~, :: tL ~ c'O)¥lff5c'~@]O)*S* t $~*t~7J~~;f?,66 G tLt~.

~ t~,~@], B, GffijjAF7J~~ili2tLt~m5JU£ (dark stained) 7J'G(;t, B, GffijjAF~~:1:i"G1*7J~7tml2

tLtJ: 7J' -? t~.

:: tLt;t}JjtIZ9i1 7J~i"C't:JE~ G i: 7J', i1)t~10)~1tx-1~f3L(: of 0) AF¥77~~7J~ A G tJ:7J'-? t~ t 0) t -$f ~ G tL G. A. parasiticus Lt ti t Iv E 0)1* 7J~ ft'b P AFB to J: tf G 0) ~:1:'11: ~ -1fi" G :: t C'
ffiGtL 1S ) LPG. 1'7/ 4 ) -'?7!E:OO S) 0) \:::0 A ?l'f-:tT "J "J-,?77 I) .7J*~C'(;tA. parasiticus7J~P~to~ 7t~1 ~ tLG 0) (:x-1 G, -=f: / A -/'tm~0)}tn¥l7:; 7tm~C't;t-~(:1i66L~-C' iI1J G 19).

:: tL G0) :: C: -jp G A. parasiticus (;t.l:tt1t8~11Mm1if ~ H-Iv C':1:,~, G L ~ ) G PJ~'11: t iI1J G .
~@]O) § ~lm5JU (: J: ~ dark stained O)IR7tip G ft'b¥lI!'to) AF 7J~~tt ~ tLt~. :: O)~tL(:--:JPL Lt,*&:O)fJlf~fff57J'G G~ttGt~?l /':::'/7J~~O)~[ii(:ft~G~@Gt~~,iI1JGP(;toftL(:J:-?L*&(0)-~~~1~~G , A. flavus tJ: EO).7J ~'7J~~:1:i" G t~ 66:1: c; G PJijl§'I1:7J~ iI1J G t ~ tL L ~) G 15). -1J,

7!E:OOO)¥&f5C't color sorting Phand picking tJ: E (: J: ~ m5JU~$ G td~£~O)@i7t (m::m:C'Lt4.6%)(: 90%0) AF7J~!t:r:p G, :: O)m5J1J t: J: ~ :: 0) t1 'J r 0) AFO)¥l1t t;t 1.2 ppb 7J' G 0.12 ppb ~ c'f~T G
t~ t 2 tL L ~) G 15). G 7J' G tJ: 7J~ G, ~:tf G 12) l;tWiW, 1 '7 /' 7J' G 0) fijijA £ -c'~tLO) tJ: ~ )}imO)~0) \:::0 A ?1 'f-:t T 'J 'J ~7J' G AF ~~ili G LPG. ~ tz , ~@], floating nuts lR7tlj:AF7J~~ili ~ tLtJ:
7J'-? t~7J~dark stainedlR7t C: IPJ1'*, ~f3LI:A. flavusO)~:1:7J~~;f?,66 G tLt~. itt-? L, :: 0)1R)t0) AF~~O)PJijl§'I1:Ij:ft'bPt8~G. 7!E:OOO)¥lff5 15 ) I:J:tLlr, ::0)70-T-~:3 /C'm5JU2tLG/N¥3LI:
Ij:.I:tt1t8 ft'b p¥lI!'to) AF 7J~'2l ~ tL G t 2 tL LPG 7J~, tJ:-lf':: 0) nuts 1R7t I: AF¥lI!'t 7J~ ft'b PO) 7J' Ij:f1fj
G 7J' I: 2 tL l ~ ) tJ: ~ ). z 0) IR )to)~~ t ~ t J:tt1t8 /J\ 2 ~ ):: t 7J' G, *~~r¥3L-'?rriWf3L~ $ <'2l1v C'~ ) G ~ ) G PJ~'I1:7J~ ft'b ~ ). -ilJ~ (: *~~f3LI;t:f1ffJi:'I1:7J~~~ ~ ) t 2 tL G :: t 7J' G, A. flavus tJ: EO) .7J ~'I: J:
G~~~'.¥t,t-'?i"P t 0) t -$f ~ G tLG.
W1:O)*i'i*I;t, fSWJ, -lj-1 A"tJ: E O)j}~(: J: G § ~lm5JU Ij: \:::0 A ?l 'f-:t T 'J ') 0) AF ~~.i" G 1:
C'%~tJ:1J¥*c'I;ttJ:P7J~, MfftJ:1Jitt Gl-1f5fJJC'iI1JGPJfjl§·I1:~~~GLPG.~f&, ~1E:1:0)
m5JU I: ~:D*t8C' iI1J -? t~}lf:$j} ~ 20) !tiP G tJ: E, J: ~ -1f~:D tJ:m5JUit ~ l~fHEi" G &\~7J~ iI1J G t 8 ~G.
:: 0) It 0) 1 '7 /' OOpg I: to It G .~~l~-'?~i\*""!&!t:tJ: E I: $*tJ:1ftlJt6hh ~:m ~ ~ G t~/J\;f*fi(1*)~*~-al:~~pt~ G~i".

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Present situation for production of pistachio nuts in IranHaruo TAKAHASHI: Public Health Laboratory of Chiba Prefecture (666-2 Nitona-cho Chuo-ku, Chiba
260-8715, Japan)
Susumu OKANO: Mycotoxin Research Association (15 Daikoku-futou Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0054,
Japan)
Masakatsu ICHINOE : Tokyo Kasei University (1-18-1 Kaga Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8602, Japan)
Distribution of A. flaous and A. parasiticus were examined in the steps from harvest to air of warehousefor final products after processing in Yazd and Kerman, Iran in 2000. A. flauus was isolated from the someof split fruits and insect-damaged fruits dropped on the growing field of the nuts, and running water andstill water for washing and sorting of the nuts as well as air in the warehouse although none from the fieldsoil. These results indicated that fungus control throughout the steps from growing to storage of the nuts
was important to prevent aflatoxin contamination in Iranian pistachio nuts. One sample separated by float­
ing process and 5 samples sorted by hand picking on basis of appearence were examined for mycologicalstudy and also for aflatoxin analysis. A. /lavus were detected in both samples of all the kernels tested in the
floating nuts separated by the floating and dark stained nuts sorted by hand picking. Band G aflaftoxins
were detected only in the sample of stained nuts in this study. These results suggested that the hand pick­ing by apperenece is useful for sorting to detoxify aflatoxin contamination lots of the nuts although further
study is needed.

Key words: pistachio nuts, aflatoxins, Aspergillus flavus

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