a -lt"~±~~~-~·ic.:fTransactions and ProceedinJ;!sof thePalaeontological Society of Japan
New Series

No. :37

Palaeontological Society of japan
April 1, 19!ilJ

CONTENTS
TRANSACTIONS
Page

376. On the Fossil Beech Leaves from the Ningyo-Togc Area, in Chugoku
District. Japan ....................................... Toshimasa TAKA!
377.

Hl3

:\ New Locality of the Ficarya Fauna from i\omori Prefecture ........ .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Takehiko lwAI

201

378. Cardiids from the Miyazaki Group (Palaeontological Study of the Miyazaki Croup-VII) .......................................... Tsugio S11uTo 20!1~;7!1.

Upper jurassic Pteriacca from the Soma Group. Fukushima Prefecture,japan ................................................. Minoru TA~JURA 223

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
Studies on Trilobites in Last Three Decades .......... Teiichi KoBAYASHI

230

PROCEEDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

President: Teiichi KoBAYAsm
Councillors: Kiyoshi AsANo. Riuji ENtlO (Publication), Scido ENoo, Haruyoshi FuJI·
MoTo (Treasurer), Shoshiro IIANzAwA, Kotora IIATAI. lchiro I-lAYASAKA, Kazuo
lluztoKA, Nobuo IKEBE, ]iro MAK!YAMA, Tatsuro MATSUMOTO, 1\Iasao rv1INATO
Tokio SHIKAMA (General Affairs), Fuyuji TAKAI (Editor), Ryuzo ToRIYAMA
Secretary: Tetsuro HANAI
Assistant Secretary: Takeo lcHIKAw A

All Communications relating to this Journal should be addressed to the
PALAEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN
Geological Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, Japan

Tran::;. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan. N. S .. No. 37. pp. 193-200. pl. 23. April I, 1960

:17G.

ON THE FOSSIL BEECH LEAVES FROM THE NINGYO-TOGE
AREA. IN CIIUGOKU DISTRICT. JAPAN*
TOSHiiviASA TAKAI
Department of Geology and Mineralogy. Hokkaid6 University

ri1 L!illi!!JJ A~illf;ji[O) 77 ftfi1l!>l.::.-?~ ·-r::
fJ: 1'J 7 /Jl;PRil'·J'tJ! ~.h -c~

IMlilJ · ~l&~!if;O) A~*Fm:i!II~If.. il·f;: 'J1i~<0)~ I I ~160:-cL · J.>, .: O)~fJ.iJII.::.5effii";;, ?;(L~;f:il·l?lt.IJMT=O)

fj!~-r: .t Hl!i#Jft'.fiil:~~-r ~il: .

.: c ~~ 7-:t-O){tli~lif!EU:l Lt.:.~WH<i>fLO) f:J 50.%~ L.llf>,.: h 1?0) 7-T(t.:fi.: 0) ft.Tiffl'i:ffrilfFd)t{lJllW:.lJl'fEO);f,::J;fll.::.:tolt ~ 7-r j:j;O)llf!j:,J.::.jtj:(t( L '"CL • ~ •~O):knVr.l' (3~0ftll)

it. lj<!f-l!:ff:lf_J'J:{Ilt-BIIftilfO)•Ilj{f!CJ·.OCtH?ift!.~L.t-: Fagus palaeocrenata
li:.lfWii: ~,tt·;:,., ~iFX·I;t .:.:h 1?0) ~:J£17) 7 -r ftii:~O)•I•-c. lt~J'J(Jf~fj:O) .t ~ · 1251W tc-?~ ··-c.~ff>?Afif.{ · {Jimftt.c: C'~W.~Ji L . .1Ji1:,1l) 7 -:t-17)~;.::.-?\. ·'"CO)FnJI'*t.c: ~ ~H~Hreit.c: C' c lt~ · ~IM' L-c, ..:,17) F. pu/aeoc:rena/a c(rftf!O)J'Jl4_7-Tc(1)rfitttitc"'=>L·"CRii!Jt:t..:.
WI 11' IIi£ !fitcenc flora near Sendai, Japan. In thispaper the writer reports his investigation of the variation of some leaf characters in these fossil materials, and alsopresents a consideration of the ~orpho­
logical resemblance between this fossil
species and its related Ii ving species.
The Hok i flora consists of threeftorules; the 1li toku, On bara and Ningyo-togc florules. The relative abundance of Fagus palaeocrenata in theseflorules, as estimated from respective
total determinable specimens. is shownas follows:

Tertiary sediments distributed in
the Ningyo-toge area on the border
between Tottori and Okayama Prefectures. are now recognized to containone of the promising minable uraniumbearing orcs in Japan. These sediments
cover the pre-Tertiary sediments andgranitic rocks with an unconformity,of which latter the so-called "Chugol<upeneplain" is made up. Tertiary sedi·ments seem to be of terrestrial origin;
they are divided into four formationsnamely, the 1\Iitoku, Onbara, Ningyotogc and Takashimizu formations inascending order. Except for the last,thEse formations contained a good quantity of plant fossils. In this fossil flora.
named the .. H6ki flora", fossil beech
leaves are abundantly contained: theyoccupy about 50 per cent of the total
689 specimens of the flora. Nearly allof these beech leaves are fairly identical to Fagus palaeocrenata OlwTsu. which
was recently described from Late Mio-

Table 1. Relative abun<iance of Fagus
palaeocrenala in the H6ki tlorit.

Sped mens . Percent age :Tota I speci:
Florule 'of F. palaeo· for the total mens of____ ___!:!e!!!!_~a__ _!>Peci mens each tloru I~
1Mitoku51

25.0.%

204

OnbaraNingy6-

117

46.4

252

172

71. 0

242

togc

Total

* Recci\ed Feb. 4, 1959; rvad Feb. 1~. 1959.
198----------,-----.
I

340

698

194

Toshimasa TANA.I

The floral composition and physicalcondition of these florules are discussed
in detail in another paper (T,\NAI and
ONoE, 1960. in press). Concerning thegeologic ages of them. the Mitoku ftoruleis Late Miocene. the Onbara is MioPliocene, and the Ningyo-toge is Early
Pliocene in age respectively. It will be
noted that the beech leaves in thosz
fiorules gradually increased with thepassage of the geologic ages. These
three ftorules seem to have been similar
in composition to the beech forest. andespecially the floristic association of
the Ningyo-toge fiorule was very close

to that of the present pure stand of thebeech forest in northern Japan.
Fagus palaeiJcrenata is very close to
the living F. crenata BLUME in shape.
size and secondary nerve number. but
it is different from the latter in having
usually slender teeth on the leaf margin.
Among the living beeches in the world.
the principal species having serrate
margined leaves are as follows: Fagus
americana SwEET in North America, F.
Haya/ae P A LIB. in Formosa. F. longipetiolata SED·IE~ in China and F. sylvalica
LINNE in Europe.
The two living species of japanese beech. F. cre11afa BL. and

Fig.I·B

Fig.l·A

I

I.... ·~ ·.

. . ; .....
·.

10~

.~

/

.·..
I

·.:".1:' ·.I.,-,..... I'.:;·.;-• •II.·- ..~,.to.( . ··.. ·. •'·::.f..:·!.: .
~~~ .. ·~ .
I

L.t

l'l•"

.
..
(y/

'.

.~.

·..·=~·:·::.·;//·,·
..
//

./

•

F. c.re:-.: •..:

'Hid t hFig. L
1-A.
1-R.

Showing the variation·extension of foliar dimensions in
the leaves of fossil and living bce<.:hes.
Beech leaves in the Hoki and !\Iogi floras.
Living beech-leaves of Fagus crenuta collected fromthe various areas of japan.

376.

Fossil Beech Leaves from Ningyo- Toge

F. japanica l\IAXI'I., mostly have undulate
margined leaves on the young shoots.
A large number of the fossil beech
1eaves of the Hoki flora are very variable in size and shape. Among 340
specimens of that flora the foliar dimensions of 125 comparatively well-preserved leaves are shown in Fig. 1-A.
Between the beech of the Mitoku and·Onbara, the variation-extensions of foliar dimensions are scarcely different, butthat of Ningy6-t6ge is more or less-different from the above two. Namely,
the average leaf index* of the Ningy6toge beeches is slightly smaller than
the indices of the two older fiorules.
The leaves of the living Fagus crenata
are also widely variable in size andshape; the foliar dimensions of recent
leaves collected from various areas ofJapan.** are shown in Fig. 1-B. The
variation-extension of the foliar dimensions of the living specimens includes
that of the Ningyo-t6gc specimens, but

Hl5

in general the average leaf index of
the former is slightly smaller than thatof the latter.
Accordingly. the leaf
index of the beech may be said to showa tendency to become gradually smallerwith the passage of the ages. However,the variation of the foliar dimensions
among these fossil and recent leaYes is
too gradual to enable one to distinguishthem distinctly from each other.
On the other hand. the secondar}'nerves of the living beech leaves arevariable in number. but the variationof secondary numbers shows some constant extension respectively in each*leaf index=length/width xlOO.

** In the measurement of the foliar dimensions, use was made mainly of th<: leaves
stored in the Herbarium of Faculty ot Agri·culture, llokkaido Cniversity: also leaves
collected by the writer were partly used.
These living Ica\·es were collened irom
about 20 localities in somhwl.!stern Hokkai·
do and Honsh(t.

%30

F americana- · - · - F. syll'lltica.................. F. japrmiw
20

/

ll)

/

i

/

I

/

/

/

F. crena/a/J

P palaeo·
ere nata/······•Q.·..
•· ••.'o..................

0secondary

Number15

Fig. 2. Showing the frequency of the specimens having same number of
secondary nen·es in several fo>sil and living heech species.

1%

Toshimasa TA.NAI

living species of the \vorld. The respective variations of secondary numbers in several I iving species of theworld are shown in Table 2. The writer
enumerates the numbers of specimens
having the same secondary number in
the I iving Japanese species and the ri6ki
species of beech. The frequency of theleaves having each secondary number
respectively in several living and fossil
specimens* is shown in fig. 2. All
peaks of respective species in the frequency lines do not coincide with eachother. l\Iost spcci mens of F. pa/aeocrenata
which occurred from the :\ingyo-togc
area. bear 9 to 12 pairs of secondary
nerves. while most leaves of the I iving
F. crenata bear !i to 12 pairs of secondaries.
Table 2. Variations in number of
secondary nerves in leaves of several
lh·ing beech of the world.
Living species
F. crenata
F jajxmica
F. americana
F. sylt•atica
F longipetiolata
F Engleriana
F Hayalae:\umbers of sc·conclary
nerve,:

6-12
i-18
8-21
5-:!l
7-15
8-17

6--10

From the view point of number of
secondary nerves, F palaeorrenata is atransitional form between the two Japanese living species. F. cre11ata and F.
japouica. \Iost of the fossil leaves whichhave been hitherto described as F. fermginea AJToN in the Japanese Tcrt iary>j< The fre·qucncy
percentages of F. ja·
ponica. F. america11a and F. sylmlica, are enumerated by the writer from 500 specimens
which were studied by S. E:-;no (in OKUTSt:.

I!l55).

flora. should'be included into this species
on account of their general characters,
cspeciallr on account of having marginal serration of leaves. F. [erruginea is
now considered synonymous to F. americrma. F. pa/aeocrenata and F americana
are actually very·'different in variationextensions of secondary numbers. andso the fossil leaves called F. j erruginea
in North America are quite different
from those of F. pa!aeocrenata in spiteof having marginal serration. The 1iving leaves of F /ongipetiolata now growing in Central China are serrate in
margin. and most of them are 9 to 1~
pairs in number of secondary nerves.
Accordingly, from the view points ofsecondary number and marginal character, F. palaeocrenala is considered to be
most close to F. longipetiolata SF:DtEN
among the living beeches of the world,though the former is shorter than thelatter in respect to length of petiole.
Thus. the fossil beech leaves being now
discussed are not rather close to the
Jiving F. crenata in morphological features, and so the specific name .. pa!aeoaena/a" seems to be not so fitting forthem.
Beside the above-noted materials,
there are found a few beech-leaves
which cannot be identified to F. palaeocrena/a. They are more in number of
secondary nerves than F. palaeocrenata.
and usually undulate in margin. Furthermore. they are narrower in widththan the latter. Thus. they should betreated as another species of beechr.TA:-;At et 0:-;oE, 1960).
As shown in
Fig. 1-A. the leaf index of this species
is usually larger than that of F. palaeocnmata.
The writer wishes to acknowledge his
indebtediiess to 1\lr. T. 0:-:oE of the Geological Survey of Japan for his assistance in this study. Acknowledgement376. Fossil Beeclz Leaves from Ningy/)-Tfjge
is also due to 1Iiss A. Y A~IAD.\ for her
kind assistance in the preparation of
figures. The Herbarium of Faculty ofAgriculture of Hokkaido University, is.also remembered with grateful appreci.ation.
Description of Species

Fagus palaeocrenata OKcTsu
Plate 23. figures 2-7. 9-11

1883.

FaJ.;IIS fenuginea.
N A Til oR sT. Kg!.
St·ensk. Vet. Akad. Hall(/!., Bd. 20. no.
2. p.-13. pl. 4, figs. 11-17; pl. fi. figs.

3. 9, 11; pl. 6. fig. 1.

1920.

Fagus ferruginea. FLORI;-;, Kg/. SL'ellsk.
llet. A.kad. Hand! .. Bd. 6 I, p. 18, 36, pl.
1.

figs. :~. J. 12.

Fagus ferruginea, Ko:-;'NO. Geology ofCentral Slzinauo (edit. by Hor-;~L\), pl.
10, tig.'3.
19-11. Fagus ferruginea. MtKI, Jap(//t. }our.
Bot .. rol. I 1. p. 257. fig. 7-a,-b.
1954. cfr. Fagus crenata, I-l~,;ztOKA ct SuzuKI, Tmns. Proc. Pa/aeont. Soc: japan.
N. S .. no. 14. p. 1:l7. pl. 16, figs. 1 4.
1954. Fagus ferrul(inea, TAK,\H.-\SIII, .\!em.
h1c. Sci .. Ky1islui Unit• .. Ser. D. wl. 5,
no. 1. p. 56. pl. 5, fig. 1.
1954. Fagus crenata, TAKAHASIII, !Jo .. p. 56.

1931.

P!. 3. figs. 7-12: Pl. 4. figs. l-8.

1955.

1957.

1960.

Fagus pa/aeocrena/a, OJ.;UTsu, Sci. Rep.,
Tohoku Dnil· .. 2nd. ser .. vol. 26. p. 92.
pl. 6. figs. :19
Fagus palaeocrena/a, Mt:RAI, Rep. Tech ..
Irwte Unh•., 110. 10. p. 44, pl. l. fig. ·1;
pl. 2. figs. 1-6.
Fagus pa/aeocrenata, TA:>;.-\t ct 0:-;oE.
Rep. Ceo!. Sun•. Japan (in press), pl. 6.

figs. 3-!1; pl. 8, figs. I 7; pl. 9. figs.
1-6.

Description :-Leaves variable in size
:and shape, elliptical or ovate in outline,-3.3 to 10.8 em. long and 1.9 to 5.8 em.
wide ~base slightly asymmetrical. round.ed or broadly obtuse or frequently cunea-te: apex bluntly pointed. acute. or some-197

times slightly acuminate: midrib prominent and stout near the base. thenslender distantly, somewhat zigzag at
the upper portion of blade: secondary
nerves 6 to 12 pairs in number. opposite
to subalternate, diverging from the
midrib at the angles of 35 to 40 degrees
in middle portion, almost straight andsubparallel. slightly curving up near
the margin, entering into the marginal
teeth. craspeclodrome: tertiaries thin.
percurrent: nervillcs thin, indistinct,
forming polygonal meshes: margin simply serrate with slender and short teeth;
petiole short. fi to 10 mm. in length:
texture firm, membraneous.
Cupula -1 lobed, villous: lobes withobtuse apex, 1.2 em. in length and 0.6cm.
in width; peduncle stout, 1.5 em. longand 1.0 mm. thick. Bud-scales small insize, boat-! ike in shape. 0.6 to 1.0 mm.
long and 0.3 to 0..! em. wide: base truncate, and apex acutely pointed: nerves
fine. nearly straight. parallel to themargin.
Remarks:- The present materials arequite identical in their general leaf
characters to this species established by
H. 0KuTsu (1955), especially in numberof secondary nerves and marginal serration. !\lost of the fossil leaves whichhave been pre\'iously described as F.
ferruginea Ano;-.; in Japanese Tertiary
11ora. are included into this species intheir general characters. The averageleaf index of the present materials is
smaller than that of 0KuTst;'s original
materials. The fossil leaves figured F
ferruginea from the Mogi plant beds by
N,\THoRsT (1883) are probably included
into this species. and the leaf index ofthem is slightly larger than the present
materials. The leaf index of original
figures is almost similar to those of~logi (NATIIOR~T. 1883), Gosho (MuRAl,1957) and Inzyo (.MIKI, 1941) materials,

1'oshim~sa Tkl\'AI

though their figured materials are lessin number of specimens than the writer's materials.
Recently from the Miocene flora of
Korea Ht·zwKA (19511 described following three species of fossil beech being
similar to this species; F. Uotanii, F.
koraica and F. protolongipetiolata. Amongthem the present species is most close
to F. koraica in the general characters.
Other two species are also close to I his
species in their general features, butthey are different from the latter inthe length of petiole. The writer'smaterials are S to 10 mm. long in the
pet iolc. and most of them are 7 mm.
The petiole of F. protolongipetiolata is
11 mm .. and that of F. Uotauii 2 to 3 mm.
in length. However. in their generalfeatures those three Korean species ofbeech described by HuziOKA. are betterto be included into the present species.
The present species, F. pa!aeocrenata,is one of the most common fossils in
the Late :\Iiocene and Pliocene sedimentsof Japan. In Late l\liocene flora ofJapan. this species occurs in association
with many cool-temperate elements.
such as Pinus palaeopentaphy/la T.>.::-;"' et0:-~oE, Tliuja nipponica TA:-<AI et 01\:oE,
Populus aizuaua 1-h:zioKA et Suzv~-:1, l!lnus
protohirsuta ENoo. Betula protoermanii
E::-;oo. Cmpimts nipponica E:-~oo. Quercus
protodentala T.., :--J A 1 et 0:-wE. Celtis Nor·denskioldii ~ATIIORST. Ulmus protojaPmtica
TAI':AI et 0::-;oE, U. protolaciniata TA"'AI
et 0:--:oE. Acer palaeodiabo/icum E:-<oo, il.
subpictum SAPoin.\. Styrax protoobassia
TAi"AI et O"oE. etc.
The related living species. Fagus ere·nata Bt., which is one of the most sen·sitive trees forthe vertical distribution. is now distributed from southwestern Hokkaido to Kyushu in Japan.
It grows now most luxuriantly at thealtitude of 1000 to 1100 meters above

sea level in the mountains of central
Japan. while it grows at the groundlevel in southern Hokkaido. and a·ften
there forms pure forests on the uplands
or mountain slopes.
Occurrence :-Ningyo-toge, Onbara andrvlitoku formations.
Fagus pa/aeojaponica TA="AI et 0:-;oEPia te 23. ligures l, 8
1883.
1888.
1939.

19:08.

1960.

Fagus sieboldi, NATIIORST. op. cit .. p,
84. pl. 15. fig. 6.
Fagus japonica, NATHORST. Palaeont.
Abham/l., t•ol. 4, p. 227, pl. 9. figs. 3-8.
Fagus japonica. Ei':DO. fubl. Pub/., Com·
mem. Prof. Yabe, mi. 1. p. 344, pl. 23.
fig. 8.
Fagus japonira. Mt:IlAI. Rep. Tech .. flea·te Uuiv .. no. II. p. 20, pl. 2, ligs. 1-3.
Fagus pa/aeojafxmica. TA::-;AI et O"oE.
Rep. Geol. Surv. JaPan (in press). pl. ·-;,
figs. 3-5.

Description:- Leaves rather large insize, somewhat asymmetrical and ellipti·
cal or oblong-ovate in shape. 9 to 11 em.
long (estimated) and 3.3 to 4.5 em. wide:base asymmel rically obtuse or rounded.
and rarely cuneate; apex acute or somewhat acuminately pointed: midrib prominent. stout near the base, then slenderdistantly. somewhat zigzag at the upper
port ion of blade; secondary nerves stout.
13 to 16 pairs, alternate to subopposite.
diverging from the midrib at the angles of 40 to 45 degrees, almost straightand subparallel. curving upwards near
the margin. camptodrome; tertiaries
thin, percurrent: nervi lies thin forming polygonal meshes; margin almost
entire at the lower half and undulate
at the upper half; petiole missing or
broken, over 7 mm. long; texture, membraneous.
Remarks:- Though the present materials are somewhat fragmental. they are376.

Fossil Beech Leaves from Ningyo-Toge

distinctly different from the above-described species. Fagus pa/aeocrellata. inthe secondary nen·ation and marginal
character. I'Jamely, the latter species
is usually less in number of secondaries
than the former and has a serrate margin. F. palaeocrenala is rarely undulate
in margin. but it is not usually over
13 in number of secondaries. Comparing to the abundant occurrence of F.
palaeocrenata in the H<'Jki !lora. the present materials are very rare. and sot her may be only varieties or some
malformed leaves of the former species.
However. the present materials are generally narrower in width than the leavesof F. pa/aeocrenata. namely the leaf-index
of the former is usually larger thanthat of the latter. Thus. the foliar
characters between the both materials
are so distinctly different that the present materials are now treated as a
new species.
The related li\'ing species to this fossil speo.:ies is Fagus japonica J\IAxl~r ..
which gro\vs only in the mountains of
1-Ionshfl. Kyush(i and Shikoku. Japan.
The luxuriant growth of the living
species is found rather in a lower altitude than F. crena/a BLu:o.IE.
Occurrence:-Ningyo-toge. and Onbara
format ions.

References

E!'oo. S. (1939): Som(: new and interl:sting
Miocene plants from Tyosen (Korea).
]ubi. Pub!. Comm. l'rof. l'abe's 60th Birth·day. 1'0!. 1, pp. 333-349.
FI.ORI::-1. R. (1920): Zur Kenntniss der Jungtertiaren Pflanzenwelt japans. T\~1. Fet.
Aluul. Hand!., Bd. 61. pp. 1-71.
Fl'JIII'ARA. K. tt al. (1957):
Report on theuranium· bearing deposits at the Ningyotoge and its adjacent area, Tottori andOkayama prefcc.:tures. (in Japan.) Bull.
Geol. Sum Japan, vol. 8. pp. 447-456.
Ht.:ZIOKA. K. (1951): Note on some Tertiary
plants from Tyosen (Korea) IL Trans.
Proc. PalaeonJ. Soc.]a/Xln.N.S., no.3. pp.
67-74.
HUZIOKA. K. et SUZUKI, K. (1954) : The lloraof the Shiotsubo formation of the Aizu
lignite-field, Hukushima Prcf., Japan.
Tmns. /'roc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan. N. S. no.
J.f. pp. 133- 142.
KoN·:·w, E. (1931): Cenozoic fossi I flora in
the Central Shinano, japan. (in Japan.)Geology of Central Shinano (edit. by F.
Hm.;:o.JA). pp. 91-156.
1\IIK I. S. (19:11) : On the change of tlora ofEastern Asia since Tertiary Period (1).
The clay or lignite beds flora in japan
with special reference to the Pitms trifolia beds in Central Hondo. Japan. jour.
Bot., val. 11. pp. 23i -30~.
Mt;RAI. S. (195i): On the fossil flora fromthe Shizukuishi basin (!). On some in·teresting fossil planls in the Gosho
flora. Rep. Tech., Izwte Uniz•., tiO. 10. pp.
41-45.
- - (1958): Ditto (II). On some interestingfossil plants in the Gosho flora. Do .. no.
11. pp. 17-25.
NATIIORST, A. G. (1883): La !lore fossilc duJapon. Kg/. Sz;. Vet. Akad. Hamil .. Bd. 20.
pp. 3-92.
OJ<t:Tsu. H. ( 1955) : On the stratigraphy andpalaeontology of the Cenozoic plant hedsof the Sendai area. Sci. Rep., Tolwku
Uniz• .. Ser. IJ. t•o/. 26. pp. 1-114.
TAKAHASHI, K (1954):
Zur fossilen Flora
aus dcr 6ya-formation von Kiushiu,
Japan. !Hem. Fac. Sci., Kyuslm Univ .. Ser.
D. val. 5. 110. 1. pp. 47-67.
TA1':;\I, T. ct ONoE, T. (1960): A Mio-Piio·
cene flora from the Ningyo-toge areaon the border between Tottori and Oka·
yam a prefectures, Japan. Rep. Ceo!. SUIT.
Japan (in press).

Toshimasa TAX.-11

200

Explanation of Plate ~3(All natural size unless otherwise stated)
Fig. 1.

F'tiKIIS pa/aeojaponica TA;>;AI

ct OKoE, Onbar<J formation.
Ningyii-tuge font1ation.
Figs. 5-7. l•iigus palaeocrenafa OI<UTSU. Onbara formation.
Fig. 8. F't1gus pa!aeojaponica T A:-;Ar et Ol'iOF., Ningyo·tilge formation.
Fig. 9. Fagus palaeocrenata OKuTsu. Mitoku formation.
F!g. 10. Cupula of F. pataeocrenala OI<UTSu. Onbara formation.
Fig. 11. Budscale of F. pateocrenala OKCTst·, x 1. 5. Kingy6-t6ge formation.
Figs. 2-4.

Fo~tus pa!aeocrenala Ot<UTSU,

These spt•cimens are stored in the Geological Survey of Japan.

TANrl r: Fossil Beech Leaves (1'om Ningo-Toge

Plate 23

3

G

10

Tr:1ns. Proc. l'alaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S., No. :i7, pp. 201·2UH. pl. 24, April 1. 1960

~17.

A NEW LOCALITY OF THE VICARYA FAUNA FROM
AO.MORI PREFECTURE*
TAKEHIKO l\YAI
Department of Geology. Faculty of Education. Hirosaki
University. 1-lirosaki City

N~IJ;ldJ·i? Vicarya fauna O)Wi~H~:

rr~J!f<flijyf\ftlir;:~ ?- iJ{lllfllf7Jrn!i~~1C',[LJifr ;t .t.~ftjljO)ffi'J!fiR!f'4.l: iJ Vicarya ~J~Ja L.t..:, ;tl(;;::..:tO)'flllmJI!l~ffl11--tJ.> ,!:)1;;;::.. Vicarya .&Lf;:.t~c Jl;~-t J.>tl;tt>!fiiJ!Ii'Jllf~i\2~ l,_., tm fil,:;::. ;:,tt J?il'·~"?JI!!'(!"¥:ff.J.!J:~l.:.~.ttt..:
0geological age and correlation of itwith other areas in Japan.
Here the writer thanks Professor
Gunjiro SAKAl of the Hirosaki University and Professor Kotara HAT.-\1 of the
Tohoku University, for their encouragement and kind advice throughout
the course of the present work. Thanks
are also due to cVIr. Koichiro MASL:lHof the Tohoku University for his support in many ways.

Introduction and Acknowledgements

The molluscan fossils upon which
this paper is based from the collectionof Professor Gunjiro SAKAl and thestudents of the Department of Geology,
Faculty of Education. Hirosaki Univer·sity, from the Tanosawa formation
developed in the area bordering Mt.
lwaki, northwest of Hirosaki City, during field work in August 1957.
AI though a report on the geology ofthe said area has been presented byProfessor SAKAl and the writer on theoccasion of the meeting of the Tohoku
Branch of the (~eological Society ofJapan held in Akita City in 1957, no
mention has yet been made of the molluscan fauna occurring therefrom because specific di!'crimination had notbeen completed then. Theretore, taking
this opportunity the writer treats themolluscan fossils from the Tanosawa
formation of the mentioned area because
they have an important bearing on the

Remarks on the Stratigraphy

Although the stratigraphy and paleontology of the Tertiary strata developed in 1\ishi-Tsugaru-gun. Aomori Prefecture, have been studied by several
authors, there is no work concerning
the area from which the present Ficarya fauna was found.
\Vith regard to
the present area only the works of
SAI<t\1 11957) and hrA:--;1s11r !1948) shouldbe mentioned.
The stratigraphy of the area bordering Mt. Iwaki was summarized by
SAI<Al (1957), in descending order. as
follows:* Received Feb. 17. 1959: read Feb. 1·1,
1959.
~01

202

Takehiko llrAI
Narusawa formation: gray si 1 tstone, tuffaceous fine· to coarse-grainedsandstone interbedding pumiceous sandstone layers and lenticular
pumiceous tuff and agglomerate .. lVIulluscs. foraminifers, diatoms
and sponge-spicules.
conformity
Maida formation: dark gray massive siltstone. diatomaceous sandr
mudstone, interbedding pumiceous tuff and marl concretions. Diatoms
and i\!akiyama.
conformity
Akaishi formation: alternation of black siltstone and shale intcrca·
lating pumiceous tuff. 11lakiyama and some molluscs.
conformity
Odoji formation: black to gray hard shale and black siliceous shalewith glauconite sandstone.
conformity and unconformity
Tanosawa formation: green tuff, green tuff breccia, gray tuffaceous
sandstone, sandstone and conglomerate. Molluscs. foraminifers. etc.
unconformity
Basement: Pre-Tertiary rocks (including Paleozoic sedimentaries).

The Tanosawa formation from where
the Ficmya fauna was collected isvaried in lithology and its geologicalstructure is complex in the vicinity of
the fossil locality. For this reason theexact stratigraphic posit ion of the
Vicm:va fauna within the Tanosawa
could not be determined. Since strati·
graphical studies are being continued.
it is thought that its horizon will beclarified.

blage comprising many individuals but
few species in the form of patches.
None of the specimens preserve their
entire outer shells and occur as casts
and molds. ·which still retain theirscuipture.
The species discriminated from thecollection are given in Table 1 together\Vith their frequency and distribution.

Locality and Mode of Occurrence

The present record of the Vicaryallnadara fauna is the northernmost
locality known in the Japanese Islands
and it is thought that the distribution
may be extended by future studies.
The assemblage is evidence for considering that the ecological conditions
prevailing in the area where the fossils were entombed may have been
similar to other localities from where
the fauna has hitherto been reported.
From this evidence it is inferred thatthe geological age and stratigraphic
position of the Tanosawa formation
corresponds to those of other areasof the Molluscs

The molluscan fossils were collectedfrom the bed of the left side of the
Nakamura River at about 300 meters
north of the Takibuchi dam. Ajigasawa·machi.
Nishi-Tsugaru-gun,
AomoriPrefecture. They were found embedded in a greenish gray tuffaceous
sandstone associated with minor amounts of carbonaceous matter. The
molluscan fossils occur as a scattered,sporadic fossil-coenose. However, inplaces they occur as a crowded assem-

Remarks on the Molluscan Fauna

377.
Table l.

Vicarya Fauna from Aomori Prefecture
List of determined species and their distribution
in the Neogene deposits of Japanu:
LocalityII

Genus an<l species

v VI VII VIlli IX: X

III IV

I------

Anadara kakehalaensis H. & N.
Anadara kurosedaniensis H. & ~­.-lnadara abdila MAKIYA:O.IA
Anadara dailokudoensis MAKI YA~L\
1hzadara amicu/a (YoKoY,\~IA)
Anadara ninohensis (OTl'KA)
Anadara aff. lrilineala (Co:"RAD).-l11adara sp.
Pilar itoi (l\L\1'1\'AI\IA)
Pilar yalwi 0Tt.:J.;.A.
Pilar sp. A
Pilar sp. B
Vicarya cf. callosa japonica YABE & HATAI

VA

+ +
+ +

R

+ + + +
+ + + + +

!

+
+
+
+
+

F

C

+ +
+

F

C

F
A

+ + + + + + + + +----VA: very abundant (10+ ). A: abundant (5+ ). C: common (3+ ). F: few (2). R: rare (1).
I: Tanosa wa formation. i\ishi-Tsugaru-gun. Aomori Prefecture· (T. I 11' A 1. 1!159).
II: Heiroku formation, Meisen-gun. :'\orth Korea (1. MAKIYAMA, HJ26).
III: Kanchindo formation, ibid.
IV: :\Iankodo formation. ibid.
V: Kukinaga formation, Tana·gaura. Ryukyu Islands (S. HA;o.;ZAWA, 1935).
VT: Uetsuki formation. Katsu<la-gun. Okayama Prefecture (]. i\'L\KIY,\~IA, 1932).
VII: Susahara formation. Kakchata. Toyama Prefecture (K. Il:\TAI & S. l'I!SIY;\MA.
Hl49).
VIII: Higashi-lnnai formation. Machino-machi. Noto Peninsula (K. 1\IAst.:oA. 1955).
IX: Shiratori formation, Ninohe·gun, Iwatc Prefecture (K. HATAI. 1\fS).
X: Orito formation, Sado !~land (K. MAst;DA. !viS)

yielding the l'icarya· Anadara fauna.
It is generally recognized that theVicarya-Anadara fauna represents shallow water and frequently the former
genus is found in brackish water deposits. The thermal conditions underwhich Vicarya flourished. so far as canbe determined from its associated fossils and from that it is a typical Indo·
Pacific genus, was one of tropical tosubtropical nature. Therefore. theoccunen.:e of the genus in areas as
far north as about 40 degrees northlatitude. which is remote from thegeographical distribution of Recent

Indo-Pacific elements, indicates thatthe tropical to subtropical oceanic
currents must have flowed farther
north than at present or that the thenexisting thermal conditions were more
uniform throughout
thewestern
Northern Pacific.
Upholding the warm water view ofthe l1icarya-Anadara fauna is the oc·
currence of the JV!iogypsiua-Operculina
foraminiferan fauna of extensive dis·tribution in the japanese Islands andalso recorded from the Tanosawa for·mation. Further, the varied pcctinid
fauna and abundant . warm water

204

Takehiko lTVAI

pelecypod fauna from the Tanosawa
formation are all in agreement withthe warm water conditions indicatedby the l'icarya-llnadara fauna justmentioned. Although the aforementioned kinds of fossils occur from theTanosawa formation, the exact stratigraphic positions of them within theformation is not certain owing to thecomplicate structure as already stated.
All of the species discriminated fromthe present collection comprise thosewhich have rather extensiYe geographical distribution yet more or lessshort geological range. All have beenrecorded from early ~Iiocene depositsof the Japanese Islands where they extend from the southern to northernparts. None have been recorded from
deposits considered to be of latel\'liocene. thus it is inferred that all
may have become extinct before theclose of the early lV!iocene in theJapanese Islands. From such relations
it may be understood that age determination and correlation of the geographically isolated formations basedon those fossils becomes trustworthy.
All of the species treated in thisarticle are now preserved in the collection of the Department of Geology,
Faculty of Education, Hirosaki University, Aomori Prefecture. Since all of
the treated species are from the same
locality already mentioned in earlier
pages, they will not be repeated undereach species.

Plate 24. Figures 3a. 31>. 4.
1949. Anadara (.-l.nadara) kakehataeusis I·IATAI and NJSIYAi\1.-'., jour. Paleont .. l'O!.
23, no. 1. pp. 88-89, pl. 23. figs. 8-10.
1955. Anadara (.4nadara) kakehalaensis. ?\'lA·
SUDA. Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. japan,
N S .. 110. 20, p. 123. figs. 2a-b.

Shell heavy, moderate in size, trigonalquadrate in outline. posterior sidestraight. ventral
margin abruptly
rounded at extremities. umbonal region
swollen, beak rather strongly incurved
anteriorly. area broad, arcuately trigonalin profile, numerous small chevronteeth. Sculpture of 20-25 narrowly
weakly granular. nearly equal ribs with
inte_rspaces of similar width.
---

-·-

LengthHeightDepth(intact)

Right I 4<l.lmm
Right
41. 5
Left
36.5
Left
33.5

30. 6mm317
34.0

18. 2mm
19.6
16.8

28.-!

18.5

Valve I

Although abundant. specimens of thisspecies are in the collection. none retain their original shell-material andoccur as casts and molds. However,the specific characters are preserved.
:lnadara (.'lnadara) kurosedanieusis
HATAJ and KJsJYAMA. 1949
Plate 24, Figures 5a. 5b.
1949.

Anadara(.-liUtdara)

kurm;edaniensis

HATAI and NJsiYA~IA. jour. Paleout ..
t•o/. 23, No. 1. p. SSI. pl. 23. figs. 11,
1')

Systematic Descriptions
1955.

Family Arcidae

Auadara ( :!nadara)
kurosedaniensts,
1\L.-.st.:DA, Trans. Proc. Palaeoizt. Soc.
]apau. ]ll. S., 110. 20. p. 123. fig. 3.

Genus Anadara GRAY. 1847
Anadara (.-lnadara) kahelwtaensis
H:\TAI and ?\JsiYA:"-.IA, 1949

Shell small. quadrate in outline,
posterior side straighter than anterior,
ventral margin broadly rounded. Um-

377.

Vicarya Fauna ft·mn Aonwri Prefecture

bona! region flatly swollen. beaks
rather sharply incun·ed and directed
anteriorly, area rather narrow. Radial
and granular sculpture on anterior
half. posterior part rather swollen andribs smooth. Length 22.6 mm. height
21.9 mm. and depth 6.2 mm.
This species is represented by asingle specimen of a right valve.
Although its preservation is not good,it seems to be identical with the named
species.

Anadara (llnadara) sp. indet.
Plate 24. Figures 6a. 6b.

Shell moderate in size, oblique trigonal in outline. posterior side straight,
beak rather high but not swollen.
incurYed anteriorly, area broad, arcuately trigonal in profile. surface withradial riblcts and crossed with concentric growth lines, ribs about 20 in
number and nearly equal to interspaccs
in breadth. Length 41.2 mm. height
39.4 mm. and depth 14.6 111111.
The single left valve in the collect ion resemhl es llnadam kakelzataeusis
IIATAI and NrstYA~L\ in general features,but is more elongated and the posterior margin is longer. There arc no
known species with which the present
one can be iclcn t ified.
In Table 1 are enumerated such
ilnadara species as, af,dita \-Lu:rLutA,
daitokudoensis MAKtYA:VtA. nmicula (Yot'nYAMA). ninoliensis(On:r-:A) and aff. trilinenta (CoKRAD). These arcids have beenreported to occur in associ at ion with
Vica1:ra. and therefore the name of
Anadam- Vh·a~ya fauna is proposed.
These species are all extinct in thepresent seas of Japan and have extensive distribution in the early 1vliocene
deposits of Japan.

205

Each of the arc ids mentioned inTable l show a gradual decrease in thenumber of their radial ribs with theincrease in latitude. should southern or
southwestern Japan b'e taken as thestarting point. Should abundant specimens of them accumulate from various
localities distributed within southwestern to northern Japan, it isthought that the relation existing bet ween latitude and specific variation
be known and from it more details as
to the relation between migration andmigratory-forms be established. However. the time is still premature forstating further on the problem, eventhough it is thought that the mentioned relationships arc important in interpreting the early 1\Iiocene molluscan
fauna of japan.
Family Veneridae.
Genus Pilar RihrER, 1857

Pilar itoi 1!\hr-;ryA:-.r.-\l, 1926
Plate 24, figure 7.

Pitaria itoi lVIAt-:tYA:\IA. Mem. Colt. Sci ..
/\yolo Imp. Unit•., Ser. B. 1'0!. 2, 110. 3,
art. 6. p. 159. pl. 13. fig. I.
1936. /'itar itoi MAKIYA:\l.\, ibid.. vo/. 1 ],110. ·'/, art. 8. p. 214. pl. 5. ligs. 11, 12.
1937. J>itar itoi No:\WRA and 1-IATt\l. Saito
llo·OII Kai Mus .. Res. Bull., no. 13, p.
133. pl. 18. fig. 4.

1926.

Shell moderate in size, elongate ovate
in outline, well convex. Beak high.
pointed. turned inwards and forwards.
umbonal part swollen. Anterior andr-osterior sides rounded. postero-dorsal
margin about twice as long as anterior,
gradually declining. Sculpture of close.
fairly sharp incren1ental growth lines.
Lunule ovate-cordate, not deeply impres<:ed. Hinge rather short. arcuate

Takehiko lWAl

206

behind beak. teeth ill-defined. Height30.5 mm, length 38.5 mm. depth 13.2mm.
The single left valve refered to thiswell known early ).[iocene species
agrees with the original figures given
by MAKIYMIA on specimens from the}.iiocene of North Korea. This species
is extensively distributed in the early
Miocene formations of Japan.

Pilar yabei 0Tl'KA, 193-1
Plate 24. Figure 8.
1934.

Pilar _vabei On;K,\. Bull. l~'arlhq. Re.~.
lust.. Tokyo Imp. Unil'., vol. 12, pt. 3.
p. !il7, pl. 48. figs. -19. 50.

The single left valve in the collection agrees with the figures and description of this species, the original ofwhich is:"Shell moderate in size, solid, thick.
trigonally ventricose. slightly polished,marked by minute concentric growthlines: beak large, subcentral or slightly posterior; anterior end prominent,
rounded, posterior narrowly rounded:
ventral margin smooth'' :On;KA).
Although the present specimen isslightly deformed, its outline when
restored, the form of beak and the typeof sculpture are quite similar to thatof the type specimen figured by 0TuKA
from the early Miocene deposits of the.:-l'inohe District, Iwate Prefecture.
Northeast Honshu. The present specimen measures 35.5 mm in length. 35.9
111111 in height and 10.5 m111 in depth ofa left valve;

Pitar sp. indet.
Plate 24, Figures !l, 10.

There are two types refered to Pilar
sp. inclet. One of the types is close to

Pilar yabei On.:KA, except for being
more elongate and higher, but this may
be due to subsequent pressure. The
specimens refered to this type measure
26.4 and 32.0 mm in height. 31.7 and27.6mm in length, and 10.2 and 10.2mm
in depth of two right valves, respectively.
The other type comprises several illpreserved specimens with their anterior
parts being longer than the posterior.
The shells are not swollen. and the small
beaks are turned inwards and forwards.
Although these may belong to thenamed genus. their specific positions
remain unknown.

Family Potamididae(;enus Vicarya o'ARciiiAc and
HAI~IE, 1854
Ficar_wt cf. callosa japonica YAnE

and IlATAI, 1938
Plate 24. Figures la, lb. ~.

Vicarya callosa japonica YABE andSci. Rep., Tohoku Imp. Univ..
Ser. 2. l'ol. 19. no. 2. p. 149. pl. 21.
figs. 12. 13. 21, 22.
1955. Vicarya callosa japmrica
MASL'DA.
Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. fapau, N. S.,
110. 20. p. 125.
1956. Vicarya callosa japonica J\1.-\SL'DA. ibid..
no. 21. pl. 26, figs. la, 1b.
1938.

llATAI.

Shell moderately large in size, turreted, with many whorls of which thelower 12 are preserved. Spinous tubercles on infra-sutural band nearlyhorizontally extending outwards fromaxis. upper part nearly fiat, lower
inclines. Spiral striae numbering twoor three on lower whorls. Sinuous
growth lines well exhibited and rather
deep on body whorl. Height 50+mm,

377.

Vicarya Fauna from Aomori Prefecture

longer diameter 29.5 mm, shorter diameter 25.5 mm.
Several ill-preserved specimens are in
the collection, all consist of casts andmolds. but still preserve the surface
sculpture and well defined sinuous
growth lines on the body whorl. Although the majority of the specimens
are more or less deformed they stillretain the characteristic spinous tuber·cles, sinuous growth lines. widened
aperture, long and narrow turreted
shell, and fortunately a small portionof the external shell was still preservedin one specimen.
References
Aomori Prefectural Go\·ernment (1949).
Underground Resources of Aomori Pre·
fecture. Part 2. Nishi·Tugaru District.
Pub/ ..1omori Pref. Go!Jenz.
HA:-;zAwA. S. (1935), Topography and Geo·logy of the Ryukyu Islands. Sci. Rep ..
Tohoku Imp. Uniz•, Ser. 2, Geo/., z•ol. 17,
pp. 47-53.
- - . T. KITAMURA, T. NAGAI and H. NAKAJI:\IA (1958). Geology of West Coast of
the Nishi.Tugaru·gun. Aomori·kcn Oil·fields, part 3. Aomori Suisan Shoko·bu.
HATAI. K. and S. NISIYA~IA (19·19), New
Tertiary Mollusca from Japan. jour.
Pa/eont., l'oi. 23, no. 1, pp. 92-93, 2 pis.
lKEBE. N. (1934). The Miocene of the East·
ern Part of K6ga.gun, Siga·Kcn. Chikyu(The Globe). t•o/. 22, 110. 2, pp. 110-123,
1 pl., 2 tcxt·figs.
- - (1952), On Vicarya callosa japonica YABE
and HATAI. Cenozoic Research (Shiuseidaino·kenkyu), 110. 12, pp. 15-16.
lMANISHI. S. (1948), The Geology of the·western part of the Hirosalii Basin.
Report of PEAC (MS).
- - (1949), ditto .. four. Geo/. Soc. Japan. Poi.
55, nos. 648-649, p. 181.
KA:-.:EHARA. K. (1936). Neogene Shells fromSouth Chosen (Korea). Japan. jour. Geo/.
Geogr., vo/. 13, nos. 1-2. pp. 31-38. 1 pl.

207

KrTA:\It;RA, N .. T. i\"AGAI and II. NAKAJI:\IA(1958). New Locality of Miogypsina kotoi
HA:-<ZAWA. four. Geol. Soc. ]apon. vo/. 44.
110. 750, pp. 154-156.
MAKIYAI\·IA, J. (1926), Tertiary Fossils from
North Kanky6·do, Korea. Mem. Coli. Sci ..
Kyoto Imp. Unh• .. Ser. B. r.·ol. 2. uo. 3,
art. 8, pp. 143-160. 2 pis.
- - (1936), The Meisen Miocene of North
Korea. ibid .. l'oi. 11, no. 4, pp. 193-228.
2 pis.
MASt:DA. K. (1955), i\Hocene Mollusca from
Nota Peninsula. Part l. (I). Trans. Proc.
Pa/aeont. Soc. japan, N. S., 110. 20. pp.
119-127, 1 pl.
- - (1956), ditto .. Part l. (II). il•id.. no. 21,
pp. 161-167, 1 pl.
MATSUO, II. (1951), Supplement to "Distribution Chart of the Genus Vi,.·arya fromJapan and Chosen". Cenozoic Research(Shinseidai-no·kenkyu), no. 9. pp. 139-141.
1 text·fig.
No~IVRA, S. (1935). Miocene Mollusca fromthe Nisi·Tugaru District. Aomori·ken.
Northeast Honsyfi. Japan. Saito Ho·on Kai
1llus.. Res. Bull., no. 6. pp. 19-81, 7 pis.
- - (1935). Miocene Mollusca from Sio·gama. Northeast Honsyfi. Japan. ibid.
no. 6. pp. 193-203, ~ pis.
No:-.IURA and K. HATAI (1936). On Some
Species of the Genus Area from the
Neogene of Northeast Honshu. Japan.
japan. jour. Geol. Geogr .. t•o/. 13. nos. 12. pp. 63-70. 2 pls.
- - (1936), Fossils from the Tanagura
Beds in the Vic!nity of the Town
Tanagura, Hukusima·ken. Northeast
Honsyu, Japan. Saito Ho·OII Kai 11lus.,
Res. Bull., no. 10. pp. 109-155, 5 pis.
No:-.IURA and N. ZINBO (1935). 1\lollusca
from the Yanagawa Shell-Beds in thellukusima Basin, Northeast Honsyu.
Japan. ibid.. 110. 6. pp. 151-192, 1 pl.
(1937). On Some Neogene Mollusca
from Yamagata Prefecture, Northeast
Honsyfi, Japan. Part 1. List of the
Miocene Fossils from the Vicinityof the Ginzan Hot Spring. Northwestern Slope of the Hun<Jgata Volcano.

20><

Takehiko lWM

ibid.. 110. 13. pp. 155-157.
OTATl;:-.m, K. (1943), On the Occurrence ofVicarya from the Northernmost Part of
Iwate Prefecture. four. Ceo/. Soc. JaPna,
val . .50. no. 601. pp. 314-316. 1 text-fig.
OTI!KA. Y. (193-!). Tertiary Structures ofNorthwestern End of the Kitakami
1\Iountainland. Iwate Prefecture. Japan.
Bull. Earthq. Res. bzsl .. vol. 12. pt. 3. pp.
566-638, 1 map. 7 pis.
- - (1938). Mollusca from the Miocene of
Tyugoku, Japan. four. Fac. Sci .. Imp.
Unit·. Tokyo. Sec. 2. !'a!. 5, Pts. 1-2. pp.
21--!5. 4 pis.
SAGA. I. (1917). Report of the Geology of
the Tertiary Formations of Eastern
Mino. Graduation Thesis of Inst. Ceo!. Pal·
eont. Tohoku Imp. U11iv .. Sendai (MS).
SAJo\Al. G. (1957). The Geology of the Footof Mt. Iwaki. Aonwri Pref. Agri. Dept.
TAJ·:EYAiv!A. I. (1933). Notes of the Genus·vicarya, with Descdption of Two
Japanese Forms. Japan. ]oitr. Geol. Geogr ..
val. 10. nos. 3-4. pp. 129-144, 1 pl.
YABE. H. and K. HATAJ (1938), On theJapanese Species of Vicarya. Sci. Rep.,
1ohoku Imp. Univ., Ser. 2. vol. 19, no. 2,
pp. 1<19-172, 1 pl.
YoKOYA!\IA, M. (1924), Tertiary Fossils from
Kii. japan. jour. Geol. Geoir .. z•ol. 2, 110.
3, pp. 47-58. 2 pis.
- - (1925). !'vlolluscan Remains from theUppermost Part of the Jo·ban Coal
Field. four. Coli. Sci .. Imp. Unit'. Tokyo.
vol. 45. art. 5. pp. 1-34. 6 pis.
- - (1925). Mollm;can Remains from theMiddle Part of the Jo-ban Coal Field.
ibid.. vol. 4G. art. 7. pp. 1-21, 3 pis.
- - (1926). Molluscan Fossils from Tertiary of Mino. !our. Fac. Sci., Imp. Uniz·.
Tollyo. Sec. 2. vol. 1. pt. 7. pp. 213-221.
1 pl.

Explanation of Plate 24(All ligures in natural size)
Figs. 1a, lb. 2. Vicarya cf. callosa japonica Y.\BE and HATAJ. Fig. la, ruber cast of themold shown in Fig. lb. Fig. 2. broken apertural part showing the strong sinuous
growth lines. The flat spines and strong spiral ribs arc well displayed.
Figs. 3a. 3b, 4. Anadara (!lnadara) kakehatae11sis HATAI and NISIYAMA. Showing the strong
radial ribs, inflatness and characteristic shape (Fig. 3a). The external shell is notpreserved.
Figs. 5a. 5b. Anadara (.4nadara) kuroseddniensis IL'\TAI and NJSIYc\Jo.IA. Ill-preserved specimen,
yet exhibiting the characteristic granular sculpture on part of the shell and the inflated nature. The shape of the beak differs from that of A kakelzataensis (Fig. 3b)
and in width of the area.
Figs. 6a. 6b. Anadara (Anadara) sp. inclet. This elongated A11adara with high shell, swollen
beak and wide area agrees with no known species from Japan.
Fig. 7. Left valve of Pitar itoi (MAEIYAliiA), showing the characteristic shape and development of concentric growth lines.
Fig. 8. Right valve of Pilar yabei OTUKA. Although not well preserved it is referred to
the named species.
Figs. 9, 10. Pilar sp. inclet. Fig. 9 is a deformed specimen while Fig. 10 is more or lessnormal. These may present different species but their preservation docs not permit
specific determination.
All of the specimens figured are preserved in the collection of the Department of
Geology, Faculty of Education, Hirosaki University. All are from the same locality of theleft side of the Nakamura River, 300 meters north of the Takibuchi clam, Ajigasawa-machi,
Nishi-Tsugaru-gtin, Aomori Prefecture.

lWAI:

Vicarya Fauna from Aomori Prefecture

Plate 24
3h

5b

5a

I

:··-··~)~..

••; ' •..

... ,, .
'.

~!·.

.

Trans. Proc. Palacont. Soc. Japan. N. S. ~o. 37, pp. 209-222. pl. 25, April 1. 1960

378.

CARDIIDS FROM THE MIYAZAKI GROUP*!Palaeontological Study of the Miyazaki Group- VII)TSUGIO SHUTO
Department of Geology. Faculty of Science.
Kyushu University~Y,·~~~Bl. Cardiidae Hftfi:

Cardiidae t'H17f.lf;ftfic Vt:. <f>~t '117F~Htli c 1.,"C•ft'll!t.c~~fill~~t\.."t:\,•7.>. 'g'llf.ltlr'IHfJ: I) 6 ~7'flf[O)(t,E~ifl.f_:O)"C. ~'I'IIF.lt~'4J}FO)t!i~.f:.~~{:~~~O)-$cL~.~O)~•O)~~~~-cB~?~·

n

~

~

~

according to it.
This paper is the seventh part of theserial report. entitled as palaeontological study of the l\1iyazaki group. andchiefly concerned with the descriptionof the species and some questions about
and reference to only the particularcases based on the materials from thatgroup is offered.
I wish to express my cordial thanks to
Dr. Tadashige II.>\nE of Kyushu University and Dr. Katsura OYAMA of the Geological Survey of Japan for their valuable advices on the classification of theforms. I wish also to express my appreciation to Professor Ryuzo ToRIYAMA
for his kind help in the course of thestudy and reading over the typescript.
I am indebted to Professor Tatsuro
MATSU~tOTo for his guidance on thegeneral work in the field and at thelaboratory.

Introduction

The family Cardiidae is one of thegroups \vhich have been subjected tothe extensive study. Numerous generaand species are counted as the i mportant leading fossils or as the indicatorsof the environmental conditions. Since
the study of the family started so early
and went far into details. too many
forms of generic or subgcneric level
have been distinguished and named,some of which seem to be difficult toseparate from the allied forms on account of the gradual change of thecharacters. Recently Dr. A.M. KEE:"lproposed a revised classification of thefamily. Though her classification seems
to leave still some vagueness on thedeli nit ion. which can be traced, for example. by the rather gradational changeof the characters among the species
belonging to Vepricardium (Cardiinae),
Regozara and Vasticardittm (Trachycardiinae), it is no doubt an excellent one
and I describe the species generally

Systematic Description

Family Cardiidae BRooERIP 18110
Subfamily Cardiinae SToLICZKA 1870

* Received March 2, 1959; read !\ov. 30,

Genus Vepricardizmz lREDALE 1929

1957

209

Tsugio SFIUTO

210
Type-species:

types: GK- L 4767. 4769. 4771, 4891 and4905. Numerous specimens came fromthe various localities. which belong to
the different horizons. The matrix isthe muddy sandstone and more or lesscalcareous.
J1easuremen/s :-The measurements ofthe selected specimens arc shown below.

Vepricardium pu/clzricos-

tatum IREDALr. by original designation

Vepricardium kyusluumse. new species
Plate 25. Figures 7. 8. 18. 21 and 22:
Text-figures lA and 2A.

Materia/.-llolotype: GI\:-L 4770, para·
Specimen
reg. no.

GK-L 4745
4769
4770
4771
4791
48!H
4897
4905
4906
4907

I
1

i

Loc. (i'vll-)

Length Heigh!
(mm) (mm)

Depth
(mm)

H/L

18.5
12.3
3-1.8
~7. 0
19. 0
9.8

6. (j

92.5

4.ll

98.4
99.4
94. 7
95. 0

820

20. 0

5070
4853
4853
2610

12.5

35.0
28.5
20 0

8')')

11. 1

839
839
839
839

14. I

12. 0

11. I)

6.8
3.8

Umbonal :\umber
angleof the ValveJd~gre~s) _ribs
111
33
3~8
111
29
31.3
104
32
38.6
112
30
34. 0
35
3~.2
114
32
119
31.2
33
116
29.8
31

(%) __ (!?&)

88.3

4.-1
4 .,

D/L

92.9

33.0

14. I

13. 1

6.2

5.4

87. I

116

9. 1

8.3

91.2

116

Diagnosis:- The shell is moderate tosmall in size. fairly inflated. almost
equilateral and equivalve. It is ovate
in outline and slightly longer than highin the young stage and becomes higher
in the adult. The test is n:oderately
thick and solid. The umbones arc prominent, elevated. incurvcd. touching andalmost orthogyrat e. The anterior mar·gin is regularly rounded and smoothly
continuous both to the somewhat con·cave antero-dorsal and the broadly curved ventral margin. The posterior mar·gin is roundly and obliquely subtrun·cated and continues to the short dorsal
margin and the ventral one with narrow curvature. The antero-dorsal margin is somewhat concave just below
the umbo and the postero-dorsal one isstraight. Both margins are almost equalr in length. making the umbonal angle ofabout 110 degrees. The surface is sculptured by-the numerous radial ribs and

28
29

right
left
right
right
right
left
left
right
right
left

the periodic 1ines of growth. The ribs
are moderately elevated with the steep
sides and the rounded tops and one anda half times broader than the roundedinterstices on the central main part ofthe shell. On the anterior and especi·
ally on the posterior part of the shell,
they are rather sharply ridged and narrowed along the crest and ornamented
by the distinct prickles on their crestand by the weak granulations on thesides. They arc less broader there inproportion to the width of the interspace than on the main part. Near theumbo they are rather smooth and as
wide as the interstices. The numberof the ribs is counted about 30 to 35
and about 31 on an average. The cardinals consist of an almost horizontal andmoderate-sized anterior cardinal and t!"leIargc vertical posterior one on the rightvalve. The anterior lateral tooth islarger tha:-~ the posterior one and far

378.

C~trdiids fromtlz3 Miy:tz~~i Gro:ep211

Text-figure 1.

The hinge of the selected species of the Cardiidsfrom the Miyazaki group.
A-left hinge of Vepricurdium kyuslmense n. sp.
B-left hinge of Fasticardi!/111 O)[llrai (0Tl'KA)
C-right hinge of Ctinocardium subdecussa/um n. sp.
D-right hinge of Vw11icardium pigmae n. sp.
Figures were drawn with camera-iucida. but slightly idealized.

.apart from the cardinals. The interior
ventral margin is distinctly crenulated.
Comparismz :-According to the original author Vepricardium is featured bywhat "the ribs arc rounded and bear-scalloped prickles, the hollows facing
the apex. closely set. missing on earliest
portion of s!lcll- -". Though the mature
specimens of the present species reallyhave the prickly ribs anteriorly andposteriorly, their scaly ornamentation
is Jess developed than that in the type·species. Thus concerning with thispoint of the character the present spe-cies shows. at least superficially. someaffinity to Vasticardium IREOALE and Re·
gozara lREDALE. However in the latter
two genera the shell is very high andthe ribs are generally much more smoothin Vasticardium and carinated in Re·_gozma. While there seeems to be no fundamental differe'nce among the hingesof thes~ three forms. Concludingly thepresent species is better to be classified
into Vepricardiwn than into other genera-on the basis of its shell-outline and theribbing, and it may be accepted thatthe divergency in the ribbing from thatof the type species lies within therange of the \'ariation of the genus.
l"epricardium sinense(SowERHY) (REEn:,
1843, sp. 3) is an ally to the present species. The former resembles the latter
especially in its size. shell-outline andthe number and the prickly ornamentation of the ribs. but the former has
much less prominent umbo than thelatter and its ribs are Yery much elevated and peculiarly narrowed along
the summit even in the main area ofthe shell-surface.
V. asiatiwm IBRuGIJIJ':RE) (REE\'E. 18-!3,
sp. !lO) also resembles the present species in its ribbing, but the former is
two to_ three times larger than the
I at ter.
Horizon:- The Kawabaru. Tano. Tsuma and Tonog6ri member \Upper l\liddle
i\Iiocene).
Localities :-Kakoi 1> Uvii-.W74l and Azukino~> ri\II-4853l. Sanzai mura: Yamaji 3>•l\II-50';'0). }Jino mura: Tonogtiri 4> (i\ll4717). Saito City. Koyu gun: NakabyLt~>(l\U--1020), Yatsushi ro mura: Cchinohaye6> (i\11-839). Takaoka machi. Higashi:Vlorogata gun: Horiguchi'> (MI-820 and212

Tsugio SHlJTO

8~~). Tano machi: Kagamisu pass'> (l\112610). Kiyotake machi, Miyazaki gun.
l'vliyazaki Prefecture.

Subfamily Trachycardiinae
STEWART

1930

Genus Vasticardium lREDALE 19~7
Type-species: Cochlea nebulosa l'VL\RTY:->
by original designation

Vasticardium hyugmmm. new species
Plate 25. Figure 1'7.

Material:-HoJotype: GK-L 4747. A
single left valve obtained from the coarse
sand bearing grey silty sandstone at
the hill side west of Aya Town withthe association of Siraloria siraloriensis(0TuKA), Paplzia exilis lakaokaensis Slll:To,
Veletuceta ree1•ei (MAYt·:R) and Ctena sp.
Measurements :-length 23 mm, height
24 mm. depth 5.7 mm, umbonal angle
113 degrees. number of the ribs 39.
Diagnosis:-The shell is medium insize, ovato-trigonal in outline, slightly
higher than long, somewhat inequilateral and rather compressed. The umbo
is moderately high. prominent, curved
inward and prosogyrate. The anterior
margin is regularly rounded and smoothly continuous to the broadly curved ventral margin. The posterior margin isroundly subtruncated and continues tothe ventral and dorsal margins withthe blunt angle. The antero- and postero-dorsal margins are nearly straightand make the umbonal angle of about
110 degrees. The former is shorter thanthe latter. A blunt angulation is dis1) g~t!.!,!ir.~W~lltttrm.

2) !liJtt,hrr!!!f. 3)

FnHlli~*llftl.i.Ji&. 4) r!iflllitriflHf'flC. 5) ~IJitW.:~~Wi\~Ftrp)JIJJf.f. 6) fiilflll~~IIIIF*iJ\Ri:. 7) fllJ··~WW"-MD- ~!liJP.ll~KIIIJ~~~

cernible from the umbo to the posteroventral corner and the area just behind
the angulation is somewhat concave.
The surface is sculptured with about
39 radial ribs, which are rather low.
round and smooth on the top. subequalin size throughout the en~}re surface
except for the narrower posterior ones.
Their ·profile is rather flat-topped at thecentral main part of the shell-surface
and rounded at and near the ventral
margin. The interstices are shallow,
flat on the bottom and three-fifths narrower than the ribs themselves. The
inner ventral margin is finely crenulated
corresponding to the outer ribs. The
hinge is unknown.
Comparison':-Though the hinge teeth
have not been verified, the specimen
belongs with no doubt to the genus
Vasticardium on the morphological basisof its slightly oblique and transversely
elongated shell ornamented by the closeand numerous ribs which are smooth on
the top and separated by the narrowinterstices.
Vasticardium burchardi rDt::-..-KER) (1882.
pl. 15. f. 4-6) is very closely allied tothe present species in the features of
the rather shallow valves which aretransversly elongated with its posterior
angulation and the flat-topped rather
low ribs separated by the narrow interstices. Founding uppon these characters the two species together with V:
radiatum {REEvE) and V. Pallidum (REF.\'E}
etc. make up a particular group among
the numberless forms of Vasticardium.
In spite of this basic resemblance between the two species above mentioned,
V. burclzardi is clearly distinguishedfrom the new species by its much larger
and higher shell with smaller umbonal
angle than the latter.
Cardium ( Traclzycardiuml commutatum
RonRETO (Coss~IA?\:-<, 1921. p. 72, pl. 4,

37 8.

Cardiids from the Miyazaki Groupf. 25-291. which has the ornamentationand the hinge of Vasticardium, is betterto be classified into that group andclosely resembles the new species ingeneral feature, but the former has themuch closer ribs than the latter.
Cardium r· Eucardium "J ujalindungellse~1\RTt:--: 11917, p. 485. pl. 61. f. 106) also
resembles the present new species ingeneral, but the shell of the former ismore inflated, especially in the mainpart. and more produced at the anterior
part than that of the latter: that is tosay. the former shows more oval andorthoclinal outline. The hinge of thetwo can not be compared.
Horizon:- The Tano member 1upperl\liddle Miocene).
Specimen
reg. no.

Locarity:-\Varitsuke•> (!\Il-671\. Aya
machi. Higashi-i\lorogata gun. ?vliyazaki
Prefecture.
l'asticardium ogurai (On t:A)
Plate :?5. Figures 13 and 16:
Text-figure lB.
1938.

Cardium (Bucardium) ogurai On: KA,
four. Fac. 8ci .. Imp. U11i1'. Tokyo. sec.
2. mi. 5. pt. 2. pp. 28-2~. pl. l, figs. 1.
2 and 8.

Material :-Ilypotype: GK-L .t789irightvalve) and 4790 (right valve). The specimens were collected from the fine sandy
matrix by H. KL'RODA.
l\Ieasureme11,fS :-Length( mm)

He!ght(mm)

DL"pth(Ill Ill)

GK-L 4189

ca. ?'
-::>

23.5

-!790

ca. 28

28. 0

9. 7
10. 2

-------

213

--~--

Remmk~ :-The present species was<lescribed originally as Bucardium on thebasis of a few specimens from the Sh6bara 1\Iiocene formation by the lateProfessor 0TUKA in 1938. Its originaldescription is as follows;.. Shell subtrigonal, rounded, inflated.
almost equilateral; umbones small. but
prominent: curved inv.;ard, about middleof shell length: antero-dorsal side concave: postero-dorsal side more or lessconvex; anterior and posterior siderounded: central side brmidly rounded
and crenulated: surface sculptured \Vithabout 40 to 36 radial ribs: radial ribs
smooth near apical part. almost equalin size: interstices equal in width to
the ribs: inner surface; excepting the-umbonal part. regularly sculptured withweak ribs renecting the surface radialribs."

D/L (.%)

H/L (.%)-

Umbonal angle(degrees)

-~

94. 0

38.8

100. 036. 4

lOi!Jucardium was established by (;,~.1\Yin 1853 but its type designation wasmade subsequently by Von VEST in 1875
(KEE:-:, 1937. pp. 4-5}.
The comparisonof the type species, Cardium ringens
LA:-.IARct.;,with " Bucardium" ogumi.
however. leads to the cone] usion thatthe latter should not belong to thatgenus. That is to say. Cardium ringens
has the markedly concave antero- andpostero-dorsal margins: in other ,-..-ords.
its antero- and postero-dorsal parts expand outward to make a large apicalangle like as in Cardium s. s.. Furthermore its outer radial ribs with foliaceous rims on sides are not so numerous
and separated by the very deep interstices especially on the posterior part.
These characteristics are not recogniz-

214

Tsugio S 1liTOable on the present species. and accordingly it should not be included in thegenus Bucardium. \Yhile Chu<A compared his '' Bucardium " ogurai with Cardium asiaticum BRt:GL'IERF. and mentioned
the close alliness between the two. thelatter is now classified into Vepricardium
lREDALE 1929, which is characterized by
the prickly ribs and the narrow anddeep interstices between them. .. Bucarclium" ogurai seemingly devoids of thesefeatures too. It is more reasonably classified into Vasticardium on the foundation of its shell-outline and ribbing.
The specimens in hand are slightly
larger than the syntypes of the original
author. The shells are subeqilateraland ovalo-trigonal in outline with rather
large, swollen, high. recurved and touching umbones. The surface sculpture
consists of about 3fi radiating ribs which
are weakly reflected on the inner surface except for the apical and the postero-dorsal part beyond the posterior
angulation. The ribs are flat on the
top and narrower than the round andshallow interstices. On the left valve
the cardinal teeth are composed of thevertical and rather prominent posterior
tooth and the almost horizontal and lessprominent anterior one. The anteriorand posterior-lateral teeth are thin andlong and equally distant from the cardinals (Text-fig. 1)
Vasticardium lochigiense H 1 RAY A l\1 A(1954, p. 64. pl. 3, f. 13-15) remarkably
resembles the present specimens in thegeneral form and the ribbing. but theshells of the former are less inllated
than the latter and their umbones are
not touching.
Horizon :-The Boroishi member (upper!\'Iiddle l\1 iocene).
Locality:-Kiyama'l (l\11-8578). Nichi·

nan City. :\liyazaki Prefecture.
Subfamily Protocardiinae KEE1" 1951
Genus Nemocardium l\h:EK 1876
Type-species:
CardiumlJESHA YES by 1110notypy

semiaspemm:

Subgenus Keenaea IIABr-: 1951
Type-species:
Cardiumsamarangae
l\IAKIYA:>.IA by original designation

Nemocanlium (Keenaea} samarangae(~\'fAKI'L-\:\lA)

Plate 25. Figures 1, 2, 3, 4. 5. (i. 1~!.
23 and 24
1850.

Cardium motlcs/um A. A nA~rs and REEZoology of the Voyage of fDIS
Samarang, Mollusca, pl. 22. fig. 6.
Cardium modcstum. YOKOY.-\~L-\. four.
Col!. .~·ci.. Imp. Unir. Tokyo. 1'0/. 39.
art. G. p. 128, pl. 9. fig. 12-13.
Cardium (Ncmocardium) samaraugae!\'iAKIY.-\~IA.
Jfem. Col/. Sci.. 1\yot~Imp. L:nil' .. st•r. B. rol. 10. no. 2. art.
6. p. 1-13.
Cardium (1\'emoca1·dium) modestum. No:>.ll'HA and IIATAI, Saito Ho-on Kai
ll!us .. Res. Bull.. uo. 10. p. 125. pl. 16.
Jig. 111.
Cardium (Nemocardium) samarongoe~O~IL'RA and }I~IBO. ibid. 110. ],1, p.
16:.!. pl. ~2. fig. 6.
Nemocordium (Keenaea) samarangae·
HABE. Genera of Japanese Shells. Pefe·lYPoda. 110. 2. p. 152, fig. 326.
Nemocardium samarangae. IIIRAYA:>.IA.
Sci. Rep.. Tokyo K)'oiku Daigaku. sec.
C. no. 18. p. 66, pl. 3. figs. 16-17.
\'E.

1920.

1934.

1936.

1937.

I 951.

1954.

Material:-Hypotypes: GK-L 4727 and4731. Abundant specimens were obtained from various localities with the association of the large molluscan assemblages.
Jlleasurements :-Shown in table I.

37 8.
Table I.
Specimen
reg. no.

215

The measurements of the selec-ted sped mens of Nemocardium (Ketmaea)
samarangf.Ie (MAKIYA~IA) from various lo~a__lities and horizons.
. Loc. (~U-) Length Height(mm) (mm)GK-L 4721
47:!2
4723

4724
4225
4726

Cardiids from the Miyazaki Group

I

4727
4728
4731

4732
4733

5739
5739
5739
5739
5739
5739
5739
5739
5739
4074

4750

I

4752

4772

4853
4853
5595

4774

5674

4787

407-1
4717

4757

4794

21i. 1

24.8
26. 2

20.3

20.9

20. ()

19.8

18.2

13.4

12.4
15.3
13. 4

16.5

5061
5061

4756 '

27.9
26.4
18.4
24.3
21. 5
23.3

28. 0
21. 9

4074
4074

4735

28.9
27.4
19.9
26. 0
23.2
24.5

14.5
19. 0
22. I
21.0
35.0
18.3

4795
4798

4711

4799

5061

20.8
23.9
1-l. 7t\loeshima**

5061

(%)

10. 4

91). 5

10.2

96.3
92. ·I
93.3
92.4

7.3
9. 9

8.2

8. 2
9.2
10. I
7. !I
7.3

95.0

94.8
93.5
92.6
95.5

D/L
(~G)

36.1
34. 7

34.9
38.3
35. 1
35.2
31.7
37.3
36.8
35.9
35.2 '
31. 1

91.8
92.4

4.fi

92.2

7. I

95. ·I

8. I

92. 7

9. 7

93.2

n3
5. 7

96.4
89.5

15.3
19.9
22.9
13. 7

5. 8

9<i. 1

7. 5
8. 5
4. 8

95. 6
95.8
93. 2

36.4
36. 1
35. 7
32.6

33. 7
16. I

92.6

1

Umbonal Postcangle i rior
Valve(cIegrees) ___l'i b s__ _

36. 0
37.2
36.7
38.3
35.3
33.8
35.2

7. I)
4. 7
5. 8

18.2
20.4
25. 1

15.9

H/L

Depth
(mm)

110

I 2!1

110

30

111
112
114
115
113
114
113
112
113
113

31

30
30
30
28

29

29
32
31

115

30
31
28

109

28

111

29

114

29

115
109
113

29

110

109
103
112

29. 6

27. 1

10. 3

91.5

34.8

118

26. 'l
23.3

24. 2
20.9

8 7

91.7

118

31
27

I.-

117

28

4
5

' 27.6
28. 6

25. 9
26. 5

9. 3

89.6
93.5

32.9 '
30.9

33. 7

111

33

9. s

92. 6

34. 2

112

6
7

27. 2
2·1. 7

24. 9
22. 0

8.9

91. 4

32. 7

114

7.5

89.0

30.3

117

31
33
29

24.6

22. 5

8. 7

91. 4

35. 3
33. 2

118
111
116
113

I

8

- .,

9

29. 2

27. 4

9. 7

93.4

10

25. 1

23. 0

8. 3

11

24. 8

22. (j

12

23. 7

21. 5

8.2
7.6

13

24.9

23.1

8. 5

14

24. 2

22. I

7. 9

91. 6
33. 1
91. 3 ' 33. 1
90.6
32.1
93. 1
34. 2 '
91. 4 I 32. 7* conjoined specimen** Pleistocene bed

I

1

-

115
112

118

right*
right
left
right
left
right
right
left
, right*left*
I right
1

left
right
right
right
right
right
right*
leftright*
right
left*
right

29
29
30
33
30

2
3

GK-m

1

30
30
31
32
31
30
31

i left. right
left
1
right
1

lleft

i right
right
left
left
left

' left' leftI

left! left'----upper horizon -lac. Ml-5595, 5674 & 5739
middle horizon-Joe. MI-4717
lower horizon-Joe. MI-407-1. 4853 & 5061

216

Tsugio SHUTO

Remarks :-The present species has
been found in three horizons of the
Miyazaki group. The upper horizon,
the uppermost part of the Takanabe
member (Lower Pliocene), includes three
localities, where the lithology is tuffaceous muddy sandstone altogether andthe preservation of the fossils is per·feet. The middle horizon, the Tonogori
member (Uppermost 1\liocene). contains
only a single locality. where the specimens occur in a lenticular shell bed ofsandy matrix intercalated in the silty
rock and the preservation is not always
perfect. In the lower horizon three
localities have been known and thelithology at these localities is calcareous
fine sandstone and the preservation ismoderately suitable. Though the minor
difference in morphologic charactersamong the specimens of three horizons
or of the separated localities of thesame horizon really exists, it concernswith only the characters of subordinate
significance, that is to say, they differ
remarkably only in the size of theshell. Comparing with the living and
the Pleistocene specimens. the common
features or unity of the present
material as one population may beeasily recognized. The specimens from
the Miyazaki group as a whole havethe higher and deeper shells withsmaller umbonal angle than the Recentor Pleistocene ones as indicated in table
1. As to the above mentioned aspectsome sort of boundary may be reallydefined between the two groups of thespecimens. However the other impor·tant features are quite identical between the two. Furthermore certain
Miocene specimens reported by several
authors illustrate the laterally elongatedoutline and necessarily the large um·
bona! angle. That is to say, these Miocene fossils more closely resemble the

Recent and Pleistocene specimens concerning with these features than withthose of Mio-Pl iocene l'vliyazaki group. Of
course it must be careful to consider
whether these differences in the morphologic features mean the interspecific di·vergence or mere ecological variation
within a single species. In the present
case. however. it is more acceptable toconsider that such morphological aspects
as above mentioned are the intraspecificphenomena.
Horizon:- The Kawabaru. Tsuma, Tonogori and Takanabe members <upper
Middle Miocene to Lower Pliocene).
Localities:- Kizukume 1> 'MI-5739) andlwawaki"l (MI-5674:. Tonda mura: Toriyama3l (Ml-5595). Kawaminami mura;
Tonogori'> (l\11-47171. Saito City: Kakoi'l(!'vll-4074) and Azukino 6 > (Ml-4853). Sanzai mura: YamaW> il\11-5060 and 50(il).
Mino mura, 1\oyu gun, Miyazaki Prefecture.
Subfarnily Laevicardiinae KEE~ 1936
Genus Clinocardium K~eE~ 1~36
Type-species: Cardium nuttalli CoxHM>
by original designation

Clinocardium subdeutS$a/um
new species
Plate 25. Figures. 9. 10. 1:.! and 20;
Texl·tigure lC

Material:- \Vhole specimens came fromthe calcareous nodules, rich in fossils,in the fine sandstone. The detouchedspecimens are more or less imperfect on
account of the ditlkulty in cleaning inspite of the original state of suitable1) i'i~1J1U~~.tlf>'/l1;1Il tHf!f;J-!J:,2) I~.Jt~t:~.
3) IE.lttlllllmttil!iw. 4) liYf.llrh ffll!f:'lm. 5) li'il~l;t5t,i-Jii-W:=:UH~lfjj. 6) FriHf'J'!~I'I'f. 7) ffil1lf>~~:ft

Llrlih37 8.

Cardiids from the Miyazald Group

preservation. Holotype: GK-L -.1777.
paratypes: Gl\-L 4776, -1781. -.178~ and4784. Other numerous specimens are

II

:217

more or less imperfect or fragmental.
J/easurements :-The measurements ofthe selected specimens are given below.

20. 6

6. 5

98. I

Umbonal\Number
angleof the Valve(degrees) ribs
3~
righ~

5061

19.6

18. (l

6. 0

91.8

30.6

19. o
11.4

111
109

4781

5060
5060

18. 0

4782

5060

19. 5

119
110

50
45
46
50

111
117

51

Specimen
reg. no.

•0 c.

(.MI-) Length Height(mm) (mm)

Depth

11/L

(mm)

(%)

-GKL 4776 'I-So6_1_ 21. 0
4777
4:"80

I

5061

15. 0

11. 3
18. 2
14. u

5060

15. 0

14. s

Diagnosis:- The shell is rather smallin size. ovate in outline. remarkably
inequilateral. and oblique. The test israther thin and fragile. The umbones
are moderately prominent. some\vhat
swollen, incurved. quite touching. pro·sogyrate, and situated at the two-fifthsof the shell length from the anterior
extremity. The antero-dorsal margin issomewhat concave below the umbo andabout three-fourths shorter than thenearly straight postero-dorsal margin.
The anterior margin is narrowly curved
above. and broadly and regularly curved
below to continue to the broadly curved
ventral margin without any angulation
or discontinuity. The posterior margin
is narrowly rounded. A blunt angula·tion runs from the umbo toward thepostero-ventral corner. The posterior
surface beyond the angulation is con·cave and somewhat flattened and expanded posteriorly. The surface sculp·
ture consists of the numerous radialribs and the less distinct concentriclines. On one hand the ribs are stronger
on the anterior, posterior and ventral
parts than on the central and the um·
banal area. On the other hand the concentric lirae are not observed near the

p~L)

1

-ll0l4s ·-

95. 7

3. 7
5. 7
4.6

99. 1
93.3

32.4

9~.3

30.6

4. 4

96. (j

:29.3

29.2

47+

right

I right
I

left
right

[ rightright
1

ventral part of the full grown shelland distinct on the early portion. \vhere
the decussate sculpture is illustrated.
The radial ribs are flat on the top andseparated by the very fine grooves at
the young stage. As the shell grows
they become more distinct, more elevated and rather round and the interstices become wider and deeper withthe definite steep sides. The numberof the ribs ranges from 45 to 50. The
hinge plate is narrow and long. On theright valve the anterior cardinal ishorizontal and fused at the base withthe posterior one which is vertical andsomewhat larger than the former. The
laterals are far apart from the cardinals(text-fig. lC). The interior margin is
fmely crenulated.
Comparison :-One of the most charac·
teristic features of this species is the
weak decussate aspect of the surface
sculpture. The type species of thegenus has not such sculpture as this.
and likewise the greater part of therepresentatives of the genus is devoidof it. Accordingly the decussate forms,
if this feature is seriously estimated.
may be regarded as a particular subgroup of the genus, but··not as a differ-

218

Tsugio SmJTO

ent genus, for concerning with theother characteri:stics any significant
difference from the type species is notrealized.
Clinocardium fastoswn 'Yo K o Y .\ M A!
(19~7. p. 118. pl. 48. f. 5.i posesses sucha sculpture as this. but it is four anda half times brger than the present
new species a:1d furthermore the postero-dorsal and posterior margin of theformer are much more regularly curved
than in the lat1er.
If the decussate feature is not estimated. a few of the known species re·semble the present one. Clinocardium
pristinum KEE'I reported from the Upper
Miocene Cierbo-Neroly formations(KEE:'\.
1954. p. 16. pl. 1. f. !l and l:l) is one of
the resembling species. but has moreproduced postero-vcntral corner thanthe present species.
C. coosense rDALL) '1909. p. 118. pl. 13.
f. 3) has somewhat higher shell thanthe present new species.
C. chikaf{mraense KoTAK.-\ (19SO. p. 46.
pl. fi, f. 1-6) is about three times larger
than the present species. Furthermore
the former is more oblique and has lessnumerous ribs.
Hnrizon:-The lowest part of the Tsu·
ma niember :Upper ~Iiocene).
Locality:-fiOOm northwest of Yamaji 1i(l\11-SOfil). Mino mura. Koyu gun, JVIiya·
zaki Prefecture.

18H.

Cardium muticum REEVE, Conch. Icou ..
l'fJI. 2, Cardium sp. 32.

1920.

Cardium muticum, YoKOYAMA, }our.
Cot/. Sci., Imp. U11ir. Tokyo, 1'01. 39,
art. 6, p. 128, pl. 9, fig. 11.

1922.

Cardium muticum. YoKOYAI\IA, ibid.
t•ol. 44. art. 1. p. 154. pl. 12, fig/.

1951.

Cardium

muticum, 1-IrRASE (rev. by
Haudb. Shells. pl. 30.

TAKI). 11/ust.
fig. 2.

1951.

Fulvia mutica, HABE. Ge11era of japaShells. Pelecypoda, no. 2. p. 150,
figs. 329-330.

IWSC

Material: -llypotypc:
GK-L 47G7.
Rather common with the large assemblages of molluscan fossils in the tuffaceou~ fine sandstone at Toriyama.

Genus Fultia GR.-\Y 1853
Text-figure 2.

Type-species:

Cardium aPertum Hrn;-

ct·rtRE by monotypy

Flilcia mutica (REEvE)
Text-t!gure 2B.

A- VejJricardimn kyusluumse n. sp. paratype, GK-L 4905. loc. Uchinohare.
Takaoka machi. lligashi-Morogata
gun. Miyazaki Prefecture.
B-J·iilr:ia mulica (REEVE), GK-L 4i6:i,loc. Toriyama, Kawaminami mura.
Koyu gun, Miyazaki Prefecture.

Two unit bars indicate one em respecth·cfr.

37 8.

Cardiids from the Miyazaki Group219

iV.leasureme'lzts :Specimen
reg. no.

Length(mm)-

Height
(mm)

31.0

30.3

31.3

28.0
19.2
17.1

20. ()
18.0

4767

H/L (%)

(mm)

----

--

GK-L ·1748
4765
4766

Depth

D;L (%)

Val\·e

---

--·--

-

:.w. 2

97.7

:l2.6

conjoined
left
right
right

89.4

Remarks:- The specimens in hand arefeatured by the fragile shell of transversely elongated ovate form which are
gaping anteriorly and especially posteriorly and ornamented with the weakradial striae on the surface. Founded
upon these diagnosis and other subordinate characteristics it is reasonable.
I believe. to identify them to Fulvia
mutica :REEvE). though the present fossil
shells are somewhat smaller than theadult shells of the living forms which
are commonly found among thecuneritic to subneritic faunas of theJapanese ·,vaters.
H01·izon:- The upper part of the
Takanabe- member (Lower PI iocene).
Locality:-. Toriyama 1> (r--H-5595;. Ka-

7.3

9:i.6

6. 5

95.0

35.6
36 1

waminami mura, Koyu gun.
Prefecture.

~Iiyazaki

Genus Lael'icardium SwArl\'so:-; 18·10
Type-species: Cardium ob!ongum G~rELIN
by subsequent designation, STouczKA
1871

Lael'icardium PiKmae, new species
Plate 25. Figures 11, l-1 and 15:
Tcxt-tigure I D.

Material:- Holotype: GK-L 4880: paratypes: GK-L 4793. 4803, 487G, ·1877 and4879. The matrix is well sorted pale
grey fine sandstone. The associated faunule is small and simple.

!deasurements :-:Specimen
reg. no.

Loo:. (l\H-) Length Height
(mm)
(mm)

(mm)

Depth

H/L

D/L

(.%')

_(%2__

Umbonalangle(degrees)·Posterior
ribs

40.2
4L 3

107
105

·I

32.4

97

5

95
92
99

GI\-L 4793

·2610·- 8. 7

7. 7

3.5

88.1i

4803
4876

2610

7.5

7. 1

3. 1

923
923
923
923

lO.fi

9. 4

3.4

9·1. 6
89.5

5.6

5.5

1.7

98.2

30.4

6.1

5.4

LS

6. i

6.3

2.3

88.5
94.0

29.5
34.3

4877

4879
4880

Diag·nosis :-The shell is very small.
ovate in outline, somewhat longer thanhigh, slightly oblique and inequilateral.
The umbones are prominent. high, swollen. incurved, almost touching and situ-

4

ated nearly at the half from the anterior margin. The anterior margin
is narrowly rounded and smoothly continuous to the gently curved ventral
margin. The posterior margin is obliquely subtruncated. The antero- andpostero-dorsal margins are somewhat

220

Tsugio Sl!UTO

concave and rather short. making anumbonal angle of about 100 degrees.
They arc almost equal in length. A
blunt angle is discernible from theumbo toward the postero-ventral corner.
The surface beyond the angulation
which is not but the escutcheon, issharply defined by the concave part
along the angulation and the smootharea along the margin. The surface isalmost smooth at the central part andsculptured by numerous fine radial riblets ventrally, anteriorly and posteriorly.
The riblets are about 3~ to 35 in number, of which four to five ones on theposterior part of the main surface along
the angulation are rather strong, but
are not so elevated, showing the wavy
profile. The cardinals are tiny and theI~,terals are long and platy. The anterior lateral tooth is more apart fromthe cardinal than the posterior one.
(text-fig. 1D~. The interior margin isfinely but distinctly crenulated.
Comparison:- The present species
comes to maturity which is obviously
shown by the ventral ribbing, though
its size is very small. and that is oneof the characteristic features of thespecies. Laevicardium generally includes
many small forms, but really such small
one as this are few among the known
species.
Laet•icardium umdatopictum (PILSBRY)(190,1, p. 55,1), living in our country andone of the index species of somewhat
interlocked embayment fauna, closely
resembles the present species. but theformer has more numerous surface
riblets and shallower area than thelatter.
Horizon:- The Tano member (upper
Middle Miocene).
Localities:- Uycharu 1> (:vii -933). Tanomachi; and Kagamisu pass (Ml-2610),
Kiyotake machi, Miyazaki gun, Miya;mki Prefecture.
Works Cited
Mollusques de L·Eocene et de L'Oligocene en Aquitaine.
1llem. Soc. Geol. Prance, Paleonlologie, Tom.
28, Pasc. 3-4. pp. 1-112, pis. 1-6.
D.-\LL. W. H. (1900), Contributions to the
Tertiary Fauna of Florida. Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Philadelphia. z•o!. 3. pt.
5. pp. 949-1218. pis. 36--11.
- - (1901). Synopsis of the Family Cardiidae and of the !\ort h American Species.
Proc. U.S. Nat. 11Ius., z-ol. 23, no. 121-J,
pp. 381-392.
- - (1909). Contributions to the Tertiary
Paleontology of the Pacific Coast- I. The
1\Iiocene of Astoria and Coos Bar. Oregon. U. S. Geo!. Sur!' .. Pmf. Pap., no. 5g,
pp. 1-216, pis. 2-23.
Dc:>:KER. \\·. (1882). Index l\Iolluscorum
l'vlaris Japonici. pp. 1-301. pis. 1-16.
GI~A=-T IV. U.S. and Hoyt R. GALE (1931).
Cat a Iogue of the !\Iarine Pliocene andPleistocene Mollusca of California. Mem.
San Diego Soc. l'•lat. l-lisl.. ml. 1. pp. 11036, pis. 1-32.
HABE, Tadashige (1951). Genera of Japanese
Shells, Pelecypoda. no. 2. pp. 96-186. textfigs. 193-428.
HIRAYAMA, K. (195-l), Miocene Mollusca
from the Arakawa Group, Tochigi Prefecture. Japan (Pt. 1). Sci. Rep .. Tokyo
Kyoiku Daigaku, Sec. C. rol. 3. 110. 18, pp.
43-76. pis. 3-5.
(1935), The Asagai Formation and Its
Molluscan Fossils in the ::\'orthern Hegion, Joban Coal-Field. Fukushima Prefecture. Japan. ibid., vol. 4. 110. 29, pp.
-19-130. pis. 1-5.
IREDAI.E. Tom (1929). Strange Molluscs in
Sydney Harbour. Auslr. Zoo(ogist, 1•ol. 5,
pt. 4. pp. 337-352, pis. 37-38.
KEE=-. .-\. :\lyra (1937). !\omenclatural Unitsof the Pelecypod Family Cardiidae. Bull.
Jlus. Royal d'llist. Nat. Belgique. Tom. 13,110. 7, pp. l-22.
Coss:-.tA=--:-:. i'vl. (1921),

37 8. Cardiids from the Miyazaki Group- - (1950), !\Jutes on the History of Nemocardium (Family Cardiidae). four. de Coll·
chy!iologh•. r•ol. 90. pp. 23-29.
- - (1951), Outline of a Proposed Classification of the Pelecypod Family Cardiidae. Conch. Club S. Calif :llinutes 111.
pp. 6-8.
- - (1954). Five ~ew Species and a New
Subgenus in the Pelecypod Family Cardiidae. Bull. Amer. Paleont .. t•ol. 35. 110.
153, pp. 5-24. pl. L
KoTAK,\, Tamio (1950). A New Clinocardium
from Aomori Prefecture. IGPS.. Short
Papers. 110. 2. pp. 46-50. pl. 5.
MAKIYA~IA. Jiro (1934), The Asagaian Molluscs of Yotukura and l\·1atchgar. !1/em.
Col!. Sci.. Kyoto Imp. U11iz·., Ser. B. z•ol.
10. 110. 2. art. 6, pp. 121-167. pis. 3-7.
1\IARTIN, K. (1883). l'\achtr~ige zu den"Tertiarschichten auf ]a\·a ", 1 !\achtrag. Samml. (;eol. Reiclrs-!Hus. Leide11. Ser.
1. Bd. 1. lit. 4. pp. 194-265. pis. 9-13.
- - (1917). Die altmiociine Fauna des WcstProgogcbirgcs auf Java. ibid. N. Folge,
Bd. 2. hi. 6-7, pp. 223-296. pis. 1-5.
- - (1921). Die Molluskcn der Njalindungschichten. ibid .. N. F Bd. 1. abt. 2, lit.
3-4, pp. 4·16-4~i6. pis. 55-61.
l\IEEI<. F. B. (1876), United States Geological
Survey of the Territories. vol. 9. Invert.
Palaeont., pp. 1-629. pis. 1--15.
OTL'I\A. Yanosuke (1938). Mollusca from the

Miocene of Tyugoku. Japan. four. Foe.
Sci .. Imp. Unir. Tokyo, Ser. 2. r•ol. 5, pt.
2. pp. 21-45. pls. 1--t
REE\'E, L.A. (1843). Conchologia lconica.
vol. 2. Cardiidae. pis. 1-22.
STE\\'ART. Ralph B. (1930). GAIIIl's California
Cretaceous and Tertiary Type Lamelli·branchs. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Spec.
Pub/.. no. 3, pp. 1-314. pis. 1-17.
STOLICZKA. F. (1871). Creta('eous Fauna ofSouthern India- Vol. 3; The pclecrpoda.
with a ReYiew of All Known Genera ofthis Class. Fossil and Recent. Mem.
Geol. Sun·. India (Palaeontolo}fia i11dica),
pp. 1-537. pis. 1-50.
WoooRt:'\G. Wendell P. (1925). Contributions
to the Geology and Palaeontology ofthe \Vest Indies. Miocene Mollusks from
Bowden, Jamaica. Pelecypods and Scaphopods. Camegie Inst. Washington Pub/.,110. 366. pp. 1-222. pls. 1-28.
YoKOYA:O.IA. Matajiro (1920). Fossil from
the Miura Penin~ula and Its Immediate
North. four. Colt. Sci .. Imp. Unit•. Tokyo,z•ol. 39. art 6. pp. 1-193, pis. 1-20.
- - (1922). Fossil from the Upper Musashino of Kazusa and Shimosa. i!Jid.. l'of. 4-1,
art. 1. pp. 1-200. pis. 1-17.
- - (1927), Tertiary Shells from the CoalField of Ilahoro. Tcshio. four. N1c Sci.,
Imp. Uniz·. Tokyo, Ser. 2. r•of. 2. pt. 4.
pp. 191-20-1. pls. 51-52.

222

T.<;l!gio SHUTO

Explanation of Plate 25
Vepricmdium kyuslwel/se n. sp ............................................................ p. 210
Fig. 7. (x1.5). paratype. GK-L 4769. left valve; immature specimen; Joe Yamaji,
Mino mura. Koyu gun, Miyazaki Prefecture.
Fig. 8. (X 1. 5), GK-L 476-l. immature, showing the apical part; Joe. Nakabyu, Yat,:ushiro mura. Higashi-Morogata gun, Miyazaki Prefecture.
Fig. 18. (X 1. 5), GK-L 4801. right valve; Joe. Azukino, Sanzai mura. Koyu gun, l\Jiyazaki Prefecture.
Fig. 21. (X 1). GK-L 4746. left valve; Joe. Uchinohaye, Takaoka machi, Higashi-Morogata gun. Miyazaki Prefecture.
Fig. 22. (XL 5). holotype. GK-L 4770. right valw; loc. Azukino.
Vasticardium hyuga11um n. sp ................................................ , ............ p. 212
Fig. 17. (xl. 5), holotype. GK-L 4747. left valve; Joe. Waritsuke. Aya rnachi. Higashi:Morogata gun. Miyazaki Prefecture.
Fas!itardiwwogttrai (OTuK.\) ............................................................ p. 213
Fig. 13. (X 1. 5), holotype. GK-L 4790. right valve: Joe. Kiyama, !\ichinan City, Miyazaki
Prefecture.
Fig. 16. ( x L 2). h~·potype. GK-L 4789, right valve; Joe. same as the preceding one.
Nemocardium (Kee11aea) samarangae (MAT,TYA\IA) . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 21-1
Fig. 1. (XL 5), hypotype, GK-L 4727. right ,·aJve; Joe. Kizukume, To:1da mura. Koyu
gun. rvliyazaki Prefecture.
Fig. 2. (xl. 5). GK-L 4798. left valve of the conjoined specimen; loc. Yamaji. Minomura. Koyu gun. Miyazaki Prefecture.
Fig. 3. (xi. 5). interior view of the same specimen as Fig. 1.
Fig. 4. ( x 1. 5). GK · L 4726. right valve; loc. Kizukume.
Fig. 5. (X I. 5), GK-L 4732. left valve of the conjoined specimen; loc. Kakoi. Sanzaimura. Koyu gun. Miyazaki Prefecture.
Fig. 6. (xI. 5). GK-L 4725. left valve; loc. Kizukume.
Fig. 19. (xI. 25). GK-L 4Ti4. right ,-alve; loc. I wawaki, Tonda mura. Koyu gun, .Miyazaki Prefecture.
Fig. 23. (xl. 5). posterior view of the same specimen as Fig. 5.
Fig. 24. (X 1. 5). hypotype, GK-l. 4731. posterior view; Joe. Kizukume.
Cliuocardium subdecussatum n. sp.
. ............ · · · · .. · . · · · · · · ...................... p. 216
Fig. 9. (x2). para type, GK-L 4776, right valve; Joe. Yamaji, .1vlino mura. Koy\~ gun.
Miyazaki Prefecture.
Fig. 10. (x2). paratype. GK-L 4i8l. left valve; Joe. same as the preceding one.
Fig. 12. (x2). ho!otype, GK-L 4777. right valve; loc. same as the preceding one.
Fig. 20. ( x 2), showing the sculpture on the marginal part.
Laericardium pigmae n. sp. . . . . . ........................................................ p. 219
Fig. 11. ( x 2. 5). para type, GK-L 4793. right valve; foe. Kagamisu pass, Kiyotake machi,
Miyazaki gun . .1\Iiyazaki Prefecture.
Fig. 14. (x2. 5). paratypc. GK-L 4803. right valve; Joe. same as the proceding one.
Fig. 15. (x3), holotype, GK- L 4880, left valve; Joe. Kariyabaru, Tano machi, :01iyazaki
gun, Miyazaki Prefecture.

SHUTO :Cardiids from the Miyazaki group

Plate 25

Tr<Jns. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan. N. S., No. 37, pp. ~23··229, pl. 26, Apri I I, 1960

:37D.

UPPER JURASSIC PTERIACEA FROM THE SOMA GROUP,FUKUSHIMA PREFECTURE. JAPA~*~IINORU

TAl\lURA

Fal·ulty cf Education. Kumamoto liniYersity

lei~h~.Hll.\f,O)J·.Jm~~7*&: Pteriacea:
7fjj~JI1Hfl.~O)J:ffi::;,?~~ · <~•O)iRJMKO)
Ptcriidac (8 00. ? 't;, 4 l'Jfff!). Halobiidiae (1 1!!!.) :&V: BakeYelliidae (1 t~Tfll'i) ~;ieill
L t~. Ptcriidae lirpO)iF.~J:sf:O)N!fEiBR:firfJO)it'~i'tll[;&V:r{tO)/ill£ c O)itj~$:.:. ~.f:II.'.!~Lffl;:;,_7*ili'£=tt~ft'fiO)ifr~t.dm7J-~lri~L"Cl·o. Halobiidae 0) 1 ~net.
Aulacomyella? sp. "(' Aulacomyella it IMLAY i.:..l:.tuirjlliJl=i>:.--" \l·;~~llki.:.JlN,'ii~it-r:£-to !:11).: c"t'<l!>ot.J:. Aulacomyella? sp. O)rpO)iR/!!hH?O)!iH:l:!.i:Eil-t"'~"t'ill>o,

<·

111

This is to describe the Pteriac~a fromthe Jurassic Soma Group. The occurrence of Pteri idae, Halobiidae andBakevelliiclae are restricted in the 7th
and 8th zones of Trigoniae in the Nakanosawa formation. It is noteworthy
that these zones belong to the calcareous facies. l'llore precisely, calcareousH'Jisandstone (7th 1 merges upwards to the
Koike limestone or marly shales (8th)with limestone intercalations.
Somapteria gen. nov. is instituted on
Somapteria lwikensis TAMIH~t\, new species. The species described here andtheir occurrences arc shown in thenext table.

Specific name

7th zone

Pteria masatanii T A!\tl'RA. new species" P!eria" sp.
Somapteria koikmsis TA~tl'I~A. new species
Pteropern~ linf!u/ata TA~tl'RA. new species
Pterof>erlla pauciradiata TA~tt:RA, new species
Pteroper11a sp.
Pteropenra ? sp.
.-lulacmllyel/a ? sp.
Gen•illia tatenosawensis TA!\tt:RA, new species+

Two valves of these species are
generally detached but test is preserved.

8th zone

+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+

Although some species are represented
by imperfect specimens; the Pteriacea
represent certainly an important component of the Soma pelecypod fauna.
The writer wishes to express his
sincere thanks to Prof. T. KonAYASHtof the University of Tokyo, for his kind

* On the summary of the geology. thelocalities and zones of pelecypods, the readers are referred to the previous paper(1959b). Received Jan. 24, 1959: read Feb.
14. 1959.
223

Minon~ TAMURA

guidance. facilities and supervision of
the manuscript. The specimens now
described were partly collected by thewriter but others by KoB.-\L\SHI, On:KA, MAsATANI and several others. towhom the writer·s th;l!lks are due.
Description of Species

The shell-obliquity is defined by anangle between a hinge-line and amedian line of a shell body.

its interior. Its posterior auricle isbroken. Th~ thick hinge below umbo
bears about 5 taxodont-like crenules
which are parallel to one another andvertical to the margin. The hinge area
is characteristic of the genus and nearly equal to those of the recent Plet·ia.
The shell form of this is fairly similar
to Jlagnavicula. P. (M.l penguin (R6nr!"G)
resembles this species at tirst sight.
but they differ in sldl form and adductor sears.
Occurrence :-7th zone at Loc. 1:1.

Family Pteriidae" Pteria ·· sp.

(;enus Pteria ScoPoLI. 1777
Plate 26, Figure '21.

Pteria masalanii T:\\lt.:I~A.

new species
Platl• 26. Figures 19. 20.

DescrijJ/ion :-Shelllarg.c (about 1OO:nm
high: about SO mm long), strongiy in·equilateral. slightly compressed. pteri·form, much higher than 1ong. Leftvalve thin: umbo located near anterior
extremity; hinge margin long: anteriorauricle short: posterior one much
longer: anterior margin sinuated below
auricle but rounded. extended backward
and passing into rounu ventral margin:posterior margin concave: greatest
tumidity found ncar center: posterior
adductor long. crescentic. located at alittie posterior and aboYe mid-height:
hinge area trigonal: ligament pit
moderately wide. oblique, triangular,
descending backward from umbo andmeeting hinge margin in anterior half:
hinge thickened anteriorly. provided\vith several parallel crenulations nearumbo: a small number of ridges inbasal part of posterior wing parallel
to hinge margin: surface probablysmooth; nacreous layer thick.
Observatim1 :-1\. large left valve shows

Shell small (3-!mm long, ~-hnm high).
inequilateral.
depressed.
somewhatquadrate and longer than high: umbo
at about anterior l/3 of hinge margin.
scarcely projected a hove: anteriorauricle fairly large and not acute;posterior auricle short and ill-defined;shell body wide: shell-ohliquit~' about50'; anterior and posterior margins alittle concave below auricles but nearly straight downwards; ventral marginrounded: grmvth-linesseen on surface:
adductor scar crescentic. large, nearlycentral; hinge unknown.
Represented only by an internalmould of a right valve with thin testin the upper half. It is close to Pin-:tadain outline and subcentral crescentic
large adductor scar, though a large
anterior wing and its not scaly s'.lrface
disagree with Pinctada.
Occurrence :-St h zone at Loc. 14.
Genus Somapleria T.-\MliRA.
new genus
Tvpe-species :-Somapteria lwilwnsis TAnew species.

:-.JUR.\,379.

Upper Jurassic Pteriacea from tlze Soma Group

DiaJ;nosis :-Shell small for family.
equivalve, inequilateral. moderately
convex. trigonal and elongated; umbo
anterior; auricles not demarcated fromshell body. surface smooth except tor
fine threads; hinge ·· Pteria" type;
ligament pit narrow and oblique below
umbo; several taxodont·like teeth on
thickened hinge margin anterior toligament pit; two long lateral teeth oneach valve.
Remarks:-The hinge structure war·
rants its belonging to the Pteriidae.
Auricles are not so clearly demarcatedas usual in the Pteriidae. The anterior extremity of hinge forms an obtuseangle. The \veak shell-obliquity is a
generic characteristic. The outline ofthis genus is similar to Gerrillel!a rather
than Pteria. Its resemblance to Gen•illella 'is only superficial and no multivincular ligament pit can be seen.
Pteria tutcheri ARKEJ.L from the <;real
Oolite of England iARKELL, 1931) is intimately related to the type-species andprobably intermediate between commontype of Pteria and the genus in outline.
Distribution:- Upper Jurassic of Japan.

SomaPteria koikcnsis T:\~lt:RA. new species
1: exterior of right valve.
:! : interior of left vaiYe.
Gf'n•i/lia /atenosatce11sis T A:I.IUC\, n. sp.
3: left internal mould.

Somapteria koikensis TA\Il'RA.
new species
Plate 26. Figures 3-8; Text·figurcs I ''Desrriptio11 :-Shell small, equivalve,strongly inequilateral. elongated trigonal in outline and much longer thanhigh: umbo a little projected beyond
hinge-margin and at about anterior 1/3
of hinge margin; auricles though depressed. not demarcated from shell
body; anterior extremity forming about
80' angle but not angulated; posterior
one about 140' : antero-ventral margin
slightly rounded; posterior nearly straight or even a little concave: hinge
subequal to or a little shorter thanposterior margin in length: shell bodyrounded and prolonged posteriorly:
surface ornamented with fine radialribs and others subparallel to posterior
margin; hinge area long and narrow,with a trigonai ligament pit sloping
backwards from un1bo; hinge plate
thickened below umbo and finely crenulated: two internal ridges in posterior
below hinge margin long, not parallel
to each other.
L

Jl!easurement

H---Left valve (.MM 3238)
Left(I\I:Yl 323Y)
Left(l\IM 3240)

[24mm
31
3-l

\-!

Left
Right

(!'viM 3241)

28

14(l\Evl 3:!42)

30

13

I

1-lmm
1·1

ObserMtiun:- :\umerous specimens at·hand show I'nbrphic variance. Their· preservation is excellent for Jurassic
specimens of Japan. The auricles are
ill-defined and non-alate. The shell isstrongly produced back. Internally. it
is typical of Pteropenw. The surtace
ornaments are delicate or invisible inmost specimens but distinct in one(MlVI 3243).
Comparisou :-Its shell torm is mostconspicuous and auricles are ill-defined.
It resembles Gen•illel/a [Gen:il/ella m•i-

22(}

Minoru TAMUR.·I

cu/oides (SowEIWY) (AREELL, 1931),
Gen•i/lella aett/a (]. de C. SowEiwY) andGen•ille'tla mono/is (J. A. Et:oEs-DEsLo:o.:ccHA:o.IPs) (MoRRis and LYcETT. 1853: Cox
and ARKELL, 1918)) in outline but different in hinge.
Occurrence :-8th zone at Loc. l•l.

of Southern Arabia has 7 radials but inthe shell-obliquity and general form it
is different from this. Pteropema blakei
Cox (1940) from Cutch is very close tothis in outline but lacks radial ornaments.
Occurrence :-7th zone at Loc. 15.

Genus Pteropema :\!oRRIS and
LYCETT, 1853

Pteropema lingulata T.~:o.lt'RA.
new species

Pteropema pauciradiata T-Hit1 RA.
new species

Plate 26. Figures 16-18.

Plate 26, Figures 1, 2.

Description :-Shell medium. strongly
inequilateral. pteri-form and longer
than high: left valve moderately convex; hinge margin long and straight:
umbo anterior: anterior auricle triangu
lar and fairly large but much smaller
than posterior; anterior margin nearlystraight. exclusive of sinus: sinus below posterior auricle deep: shell body
fairly inflated and its apical angle
about 40": shell-obliquity 110' -45,:
surface with 6 radial ribs and fairly
coarse concentric lines of growth; 2-3
ridges on posterior auricle parallel but
turn upwards at their extremities.
Obsen•ation and Comparison :-Twobroken left valves at hand lack lower
and posterior parts. The shell-obliquity is a I ittle different between them,bu 1 both agree in posteriorly produced
outline.
Pteropema coslalula EuoF.s-DEsLo:o-;cciiA:O.IPS UvloRRIS and LYCETT, 1853:
1\EwTo:o-;. 189;)), especially its youngform. resembles this species but. its
adult form lacks radial ribs and theshell-obliquity attains about 65°. Its
young form with 6-8 radials is smaller
than this spe<;ies. Pteropenza modiolaris(Me:o.:sTER) (Cox, 1938) from the jurassic

Description :-Shell small, pteriform
and trigonal. a little longer than high,nearly equivalve but different in convexity. right valve less convex thanleft: umbo at about anterior 1/3 ofhinge or a little anterior, not projected:
hinge-line long and straight: auricles
depressed and separated from shell bodybut not much produced distally: posterior margin a I i ttle concave below
posterior auricle . but its lower partrounded and passing into round ventral
margin: anterior margin sinuate below
umbo and extended into ventral; shellobliquity 45'-50°: shell body linguiform,\Vide and expanded backward; apicalangle 60"-65': several wrinkles distinct
Ill urn bona! part: growth-lines fine.
.lleasurement
- - -

L

H

---------

Right vah·e (MM 3248)
Left(MM 3249)
Left(MJ\1 3250)

15mm

12rr.m

10

s

16

H

Obsermtiou and Comparison:- The convexity is fairly different between twovalves. The hinge is usually long andthe posterior auricle ill-defined. It
res:!mbles Pteropema po!yodon (Bu\'IG·:-nER) from the Corallian of England
CARKELL. 1931) but its umbo lies morepost~riorly. Th~ umbonal wrinkles are379.

Upper jurassic Pteriacea from the Soma Group.absent in that species. This is clos~lyallied to Pteroperna sp. from the Sakamoto Jurassic (T.'\MURA, l959a 1, although the latter is different from theformer in low and elongate form.
Occun·ence :-7th zone at Loc. liJ.

Pteroperna sp.
Plate :!6. Figure 15.

Shell large (80 mm in length}. very
inequilateral, probably longer thanhigh: right Yalvc depressed: test fairly thick: umbo situated anteriorly:
hinge-line long and straight: anteriorauricle long, straight and a little sule<lted below: posterior auricle unkno'wn:
3 ridges parallel to hinge margin on
posterior auricle: surface smoot h.
Represented by an incomplete rightvalve. The parallel ridges on surface
show its belonging to Pteropenza. Itscharacteristic I ics in the an leriorl yelongated large wing.
Occurre11ce :-7th zone at Loc. 3.

P/eropenw ? sp.
Plate 26. Figure 22.

Shell large I about 80 mm long, 58 mmhigh), very inequilateral, pteriform andlonger than high: left valve fairly inflated: umbo located much posteriorly,
a little acuminate: dorsal margin nearly straight: anterior auricle large andelongated: posterior probably short:.anterior and ventral margins rounded
exclusive of a small sulcus: posterior
margin rounded, deeply sulcated below
hinge and running into round ventral
margin: tumidity highest near anteroventral margin: shell-obliquity about-45°: hinge unknown; surface probablysmooth.
Represented by a left valve without

227

auricles. Its characteristics are thelarge and elongate shell body and tumid
left valve.
Occurrence :-lth zone at Loc. 8.
Family Halobiidae(;enus :lulacomye!la FuRLA);l, 1910.·lulacomyella ? sp.
Plate 2li. Figure 23.

Shell smaJl !height. 9 mm', subcquilateral. nearly flat. suborbicular. withlength subcqual to height: auricles andhinge unknown: several wrinkles present in umbonal region: fine ridged
radial ribs distinct except for umbonal
part.
An incomplete right valve at handlacks an auricle and hinge. The general shape and concentric wrinkles show
its reference to Aulacomye/la. Its radialribs are much less in number than in
A. farqulmrsoni Cox 11935:1 from theSomaliland Jurassic, hiLAY's Aulacomyella sp. (194!ll from the Louisiana Jurassic
and il. neogene b.tLAY 119:10) from the
Mexican Jurassic. They occur gregare·ously, while this is sh0\\"11 by a solitary
specimen.
It is noteworthy that the abo...-e three
species in addition to A. problematica
Ft·Ru"' 11910) from Dalmatia are all
middle Kimmeridgian (Iw.AY. 1940).
Occttrrence:-7th zone at Loc. 15.
Family Bakevell i idae
G:=nus Gen,i/lia DEFRA:-;cE. 1820
Gen•illia tatenosmcensis T.-\\rt•rv\.
new species
Plate 26, Figures !-1-14: Text-1igu re 3.

Descrip!ion:-Shell

small.

strongly

Minoru T.4MURA
convex. equivalve. ensiform. about fivetimes as long as high: test fairly thick:umbo terminal; anterior auricle rudimental: posterior auricle narrow. distinctly defined by a deep furrow: shell
body obliquely extending back. broadened. thick and widest at about anterior
1/3: dorsal margin a I it tie concave:
ventral slightly convex: growth-lines
concentric. numerous: hinge area narrowand straight: 3 ligament pits elongate.
rectangular: a few ridges and furrows
found below ligament area.
Obserl'al iou and Comparison:- This
species is abundant in marly facies ofTatenosawa (Loc. 15) but none "ts com-

J:lete. Three ligament pits are ,-isible·
in a specimen (Text-figure 31. Long
ridge- I ike teeth (probably 2 ridges and
1 furrow in left and 1 ridge and two·
furrows in right valve) are also ascertained in several other specimens. The
test is generally thick. (;aping on theanterior ventral margin is unknown ..
The ear forms about 15o• at the posterior end. It bears fine striae nearlyparallel to the posterior margin.
This is distinct from G. so/enoides(HOLZAPFEL. 1888, p. 223, pl. 24, figs. 11
and 12) in flattened antero-ventral
margin and narrow posterior auricle ..
It resembles G. forbesiana o'ORmG:-o;YExplanation of Plate 26
Ptero]Jerna pauciradiata TA>IL'RA. new species
Figs. I. 2.

Left valves (Fig. 1: holotype); xl. Loc. 15. (:VI:\1 32,16. 3247).

Somapteria lwillensis TA~ICRA. new species
Fig. 3. Hinge structun~ of a right vah·e: xi. 5. Luc. J.l. (Ml\I 3244).
Figs. 4-6. Internal moulds uf left valves (with shell fragn:ents): xl. Loc. 14. (:'.Il\1:3239. 3238. 3241).
Right valve (holotype): xl. Loc. 14. (1\ll\I 32·12).
Interior of a left valve; X 1 Loc. 14. (:\t:\1 3240).
Gert•i/lia /a/enosmcensis TAML'RA. new species
Figs. H-14. Broken left val\'es (Fig. 9: holotype): xI. 5 'Loc. 15. (!'viM 3255. 3256. 3251,
3258. 3259. 3260).
Pteropenw sp.
Fig. 15. Broken right \'alvc: X 1. Loc. 3. (MM 32f;l).
Pteropenta li11gulata T.'\'I.IURA. new species
Fig. 16. Right \·alve (holotype): xL5. Loc. 15. (!\1M 3248).
Figs. 11. 18. Left va)\·es; X I. 5. Loc. 15. (.\l.M 3250. 3249).
Pteria masata11ii T A~ll"RA, new species
Figs. 19. 20. IntcriGr of the holotype left \'ah·c and its internal mould: x 1. Loc. 15.
(MM 3236).
"Pteria ·· sp.
Fig. 21. Internal mould of a right nln: (with shell fragments): X l. Loc. 14. (.MM3237).
Pteroperua? sp.
Fig. 22. Internal mould of a left val>e: X 1. Loc. 15. (\IM 3252).
Aulacomyella ? sp.
Fig. 23. Right nh·e; x 1. Loc. 15. (l\Hvi 3253).
All specimens here illustrated arc kept in the Geological Institute. Cniversitr ofTokyo.
Fig. 7.
Fig. S.

TAMURA :Upper Jurassic Pte1'iacea from the Soma Group
9

Plate 26

379.

Upper Jurassic PLeriacea }rom the Smwz Group

from the Gault of Folkstone and theLower Greens:md of Atherfield rWooos.
1905). but its ligament pits are different
from thos::! in shape and number. Compared to it the shell body is broader
and more inflated in ventral margin
below auricle in G. forbesiana from the
Sanchu·Graben <Y..>.nE, NAGAO and StttMtZl'. 1926). ( ;erl'illella? sp. from the Sakamoto jurassic (TAM eRA. 1959a) is allied
to it in general shape but G.? sp. hasa depressed anterior auricle and wide
shell.
Occurrence:-lth zone at Loc. 15.
References cited
Cox. L. R. (H135). Jurassic Gastropoda andLamellibranchia. The Geology and Palaeontology of British Somaliland. fJ/. 2.
London.
- - (1938). Jurassic :\Iollusca from Southern
Arabia collected in 1936 by ,\Ir. H. ST.
J. B. PtttLilY. Ann ..llag. Nat. lfist .. Ser.
]], l!O{.

].

- - (1940), The Jurassic Lamellibranch
Fauna of Kuchh (Cutch). PalaenlfJI(I'.
Indica. Scr. 9, 110/. 3, P/. 3.
--and At<t,El.L, W.]. (1948). A Survey ofthe 31ollus(a of the British Great Oolite
Series. Pt. I. Palaeonlogr. Soc. Lomlou.
DtETHICH, W. Q. (1910). Ensigeh·il!eia. cineneue Gcrvilliengruppe aus dem ohcren
weisscn .lura von Schwa ben. Zbl . .llin.,to/. 11.
Fu~L->.:'\1, M. (1910). Die Lemes-schkhten:

22!)

Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis dcr Jura For·mation in .'vlittcldalmaticn. Geol. Reid1s.
ll'ien. ]b .. Bd. 60. hi. 1.
HOLZAPFEL, E. (1888). Die l\lollusken der
Aachcner Kreide. Palaeo11/ogr .. Jld. 35.
htl-.<\Y. R. W. (1940), Upper Jurassk PelecY·
pods from !llexico. four. Paleo11! .. I'OI.
1·1, 1/0. 5.

- - (1915). Jurassic Fossils from the South·ern States. :-\o. 2. jour. Paft•mll., Bd. 19,
117. 3 .
.l\IOR!tlS,]. and LYCETT. J. (1853). A mono·graph of the .l\Iollusca from the Great
Oolite. chiefly from Minchinhampton
and the Coast of Yorkshire. Palaeoutogr.
Soc. 1-ondou.
XEWTo:-.:. R. B. (1895). On a Collection of
Fossils from l\l::idagascar obtained by
the REV. R. HARO!". Q. ]. G. S., mi. 51.
T.-nttTR.-\, lVI. (1959 a). Trigoniiclac. Ostreidac. BakeYelliidae. Pteriidac, Carcliidae
and Astartidac from the Upper Jurassic
Sakamoto formation in Central Kyushu.
.Iapan. Trans. !'roc. Palaeonl. Soc. Japan.
N. S., no. 33.
Wooos. H. (1905), A Monograph of the Crc·
taceous Lamcll ibranchia of England.
l'uheontogr. Soc. London.
YABE. H., NAGAO. T. and SHl~IIZl'. S. (1926).
Cretaceous l\·lollusca from the Sanchu·
Graben in the Kwanto 31ountainland.
japan. Sci. Rep., Tolwlm Imp. L'uir .. Sendai.
japan. Ser. 2, I'O/. 9.
Sec also ARK ELI-. W.]. (1927-37) and-r-.!ASATA"'r. K. (1950) and T.\\ICRA. i\1.
(l!l:i~l b) in Trans. Proc. P.daeoll/. Soc. ]ap.w,
N. S .. uo. 36.

Trans. Proc. Palacont. Soc Japan, N'. S .. N'o. 37. pp. ~30-237. April 1. 1960

. PRESIDEl\TIAL ADDRESSSTUDIES Ot\ TRILOBITES IN LAST THREE DECADES*TEIICHI KOBAYASill
Among fossils ancient extinct organisms bear particular importance forpalaeontologists because such fossils
are monopolistic objects of their study.
Trilobites are typical of this category.
SIIIRAr<t's find of Ordovician trilobitesnear Mt. Taipaik (:kSJJil in Korea
drove me in 1926 to this mountainous
region for fossil hunting. In thosedays the Trilobita belonged to the
Crustacea and comprised 20 families orso. but now there are about 150 families
which constitute an independent classof the Arthropoda. It is indeed agreat advancement. Because I was fortunately able to participate in thisprogress, I wish to outline the resultsof this epoch in morphology, taxonomy
and descriptive work.
It was in summer, 1932, that Dr.
ST¢mMER and I were invited by Prof.
RAYMOND to his home. It was a memorable evening for me. because it was
about. the H'endepunkt in Trilohitology.
Needless to say. the late Prof. RA nto:-<o
was the well known successor of Prof.
BEECHER in this science. who had
thoroughly proventhe crustacean
nature of trilobites in 1920 and developed BHCIIER's tripartation of the
Trilobita .. Therefore I visited him at
Harvard to discuss the trilobite classification.
At that time Dr. ST¢R:..tER was engaged

in trilobite morphology. In a preliminary report (1933) he pointed out
the analogy and homology of thetrilobitan appendages with those of
the crustaceans and arachnoids respectively, emphasizing that the trilobite has only one segment of the propodite and the characteristic gill-bladeson the expodite which are quite
different from crustacean setae. It
took much more time to reconstruct
the appendages of Trentonian Ceraurus
jJ/eurexanlhemu.s out of serial sectionsof its rolled specimens. Jlis Studies on
Trilobite Morphology, Parts I to 3 weresuccessively published in 1939, 42. and
51 through which it was determinedthat trilobites have the appendages ofsame pattern as those of the Tr\\obitoidea and they are closely related
to the Chel icerata. As a result the
taxonomic position of the Trilobita
was promoted as below.
Phylum :\rthropoda
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha ST~R:..tER.
194-1
Class Trilobitoidea Sn?tntER. 1959
Class Trilobita WALCII
Subphylum Chelicerata
Subphylum Pycnogonida

It is interesting to note that the
crest of Pa/aeonto/ogia Sinica is a tailof a trilobite called Drepanura which
has long been known among the Chinese
by the name of bat-stone (Ctu:->G, 1921).
About 250 years ago Lvwvo (1698)
described Trinuclei. The first Linnean* Received Jan. l!l. 1960: read at theannual meeting of the Society at Sendai,Jan. 16, 1960.
280

Studies on Trilobites in Last Three Decades
species was Entomolitlms pamdoxus,
1745. but it was a composite species. rform of which was Agnostus pisifomzis'L~:. . -.-£). 1757. The term. Trilobites. wasproposed by \V.\LCH in l7il and 5
genera were distinguished by BrwNGl"rART in 1822. Subsequently trilobites
had been classillcd by DALMM<, E:-r~JRJCH,
l\irL!'E-EDWAIWS. BuR~lEISTER. HAI\'LE
and CoRDA. BARRA:"DE, SALTr·:r~ andothers in various manners before
BEECHER proposed his Natural Classification of Trilobita in 1897. The last one
was different from the preceding onesin that it was founded on recapitulation theory.
From ontogenetical point of view
BEECHER laid special stress on eyes andfacial sutures. His classification received wide acceptance. although its
validity \vas questioned by Po~II'ECKJ
immediately, a year after the proposal.
REED also noted that part of blindness
is the result of aphotic adaptation,although he agreed that many blind
trilobites are primitive.
Later theHypoparia were ignored by Swr-.;:>:ERTON(1915\. While Ponsr::-; reported the
proparian suture in the early larvalstage of Peltura scaraboeoides (1923),
RrcHTER (1932) considered the Proparia
to be more primitive than the Opistho~aria.

In 1935 l point~d out the polyphyletismof the Propnria as well as the Hypoparia
by the fact that Cambrian proparians
or hypoparians reveal little relationshipnot only among themselves. but also tolater proparians or hypoparians. Therefore I had to conclude that BEECJJER's
three orders are not natural groups.
Although the facial suture is one of
the most important criteria, the naturalclassification must be founded on combinatimz of ello!utional characters. Eachbiocharacter developed in one or more

2:31

trends. two of which happened to beeven opposed.
A trilobite groupdeveloped along the trend of a character slowly. but the development wasquicker in another group. Thus theevolution of trilobites is complicated.
For the natural classification not only
morphological and ontogenetical evidences, but also specio-temporal distribution must be brought into consideration beca•.tse the parallelism of thetrilobite evolution among palaeogeographic provinces cannot be overlooked.
Furthermore it was concluded thatat least four groups of trilobites had
already appeared in the early Cambrianperiod. Therefore their Pre-Cambriandivergence is pre-palaeontological. The
four pn/aemztologica/ stocks were theAgnostida, Redlichida <or Mesonacida).
Corynexochida and Ptychoparida which
formed the four primary orders in myclassification in 1935. The secondary
orders are later groups which appearedso sporadically that their origin is
obscure.
Subsequently in 1936 the invalidityof the Proparia was vindicated by thediscovery of a proparian off-shoot of
the Olenidae in the Lower Ordovician
of Argentina. In the same year STuBBLEFIELD discussed cephalic sutures ingreat detail and concluded that the
proparian condition might be regarded
as arrested development. WurTEHotJsE
t1936, 39) on the other hand recongnized 7 Cambrian stocks of trilobites. In
applying ]AEKEL's terms (1909), he combined his Agnostida and Eodiscida into
the Miomera and the remaining fiveinto the Polymera. Then. REssER (1938)
segregated his Agnostida out of the
Trilobita inclusive of eodiscids. On
the contrary, I monographed theagnostids (1939) and eodiscids (1944)
with the result it was concluded that

232

Teiiclzi Ko !J.4 Y.·lSHI

the two constitute my Agnostida which
represent the most specialized distinctive order of the Trilobita.
After the rejection of the tripartation.
STt/JRMER (1948} applied BEEcHER's orders
to his classification. beside Protoparia
which was a homonym of S"·I;-;1\ERTol'\'s(1915). He took the olenellid anaprotaspid for the incipient form, but recently WliiTri="GTo;-; (1957) pointed outthat the smallest olenellid larvae so far
known are meraspid cephala, insteadof protaspids. BEECHER's orders were
accepted still later in some text-books(l'viooRE, LALICKER and FISCHER. 1952:
SHROCK and TwENBOFEL, 1953). ~atural­ly closer studies were made on cephalicsutures by many students. R... sETTI(1952) distinguished 7 types of sutures
among early Cambrian trilobites towhich two later Cambrian types wereadded. More types are known at present, but at the same time it has been
ascertained that the same suture typeoccurs in the three polymeric orders.
About 30 years ago the classificationof Cambrian trilobites was so ambiguous that even specialists arranged themin the alphabetical order by genericnames. Especially, little was known ofintergcneric relationship among thoseof Asia or the Pacific province. This
was the reason why I made a special
study on Cambrian genera and families.
Though very tentative, in 1935 I classified the Cambrian trilobites into 34
families which were grouped into theabove ,t primary orders in addition to
the DikelocPphalida.
Lately the interfamily relationshipwas examined by HENNINGS~IoE;-; \1951)
with special reference to the. outlineof the glabella and its furrows. although the relation of the glabella to themajor cephalic configuration, I think,would be no less an important criterion. He obtained 1~ supzrfamil ies. twothirds of which were derivatives fromthe Conocoryphacea. Then, HuPF: (1953,55) combined the Eodiscoidae andAgnostoidea into the Miomera and theother 24 superfamilies into the Polymera. In the latest classification elaborated by IhRRINGToN et a!. (19:19) thecomprehensive Polymera or Conocoryphacean derivatives are divided into
several orders and suborders. In seeing
this scheme in Treatise on bwerlebrate
Paleontology I was rather astonished tofind that the result agrees with mine
so well in the fundamental frame as
seen below.

Treatise. 1959.

Author. 193:0 .

Agnostida KonAYASIII...
. ......... .
. Agnostida. .. Mesonacida (or Redlichida)
Red lichida RICHTER ...................... .
Corynexoch ida KonA YASII 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corynexochida
Ptychopariida Swi:-<:-IERTON...........
.Ptychoparida
Ptychopariina RICHTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. (Ptychoparida)
Asaphina SALTER .............................. DiJ.:elorephalida (from Ptychoparida.
Hl36)

Illaenina ]AANr;sso;-.: .......................... Proetacca (from Pty•:hoparicla)
llarpi1ia \VmTTINGTOl' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Harpacea (ditto.)
Trinucleina Swll'NERTON ...................... Trinuclarea (ditto.)
Phacopida SALTER . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Phacopacea)
Pharopina STRt.:VE....... . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . Pharopacea (uiiknown origin)
Cheiruridae (ditto.)
Cheirurina liARRINGTOl' and LEANZA . . . . . . . .
.
.dd.
\ E111.:nnun ae ( 1tto.)

Studies on Trilobites in Last Three Decades
Cal;;menina Swii':\ERTo:-.: ...................... Calymenacca (from l'tychoparida)
Lichida MooRE .................................. Lichadea (from Mesonacida or
Zacanthoidae ')Odontopleurida \VHITTI:"C.TO:\ . . .
. ...... Odontoplcuridat: (ditto.)

It is obvious that palaeontology de·pends on palaeontography which depends in turn on fossils. Silicified
material is a favourite of palaeontologists as it can yield by observations
a great deal of unexpected data especi~lly on the ventral morphology andontogeny. During my stay at the U.S.
l\ational ~luseum I saw some beautiful
brachiopods extracted by Dr. Coor"R.
In 1935 he sent me a photograph ofsilicified trinucleid which he had foundin Yirginia. :-.iext year free trilobitesfrom the Upper Ordovician of Perce.
Quebec were illustrated in a paper by
CooPER and KI:\DLE. This line of investigation was greatly improved in
the United States. One cannot but
admire a free carapace with a hypostoma. especially of a larval form.
Although I do not intend to go into
details oi descriptive works at thistime. they were developed in various
trends in these 30 years. Namely. many
ancient type specimens in Norway, Bohemia and other countries were precisely
restudied: the Olenidac, Odontopleuridae and other selected families thoroughly revised: large faunas in Britain.
Sweden, Esthonia. Rheinland, SouthFrance and other classical areas monographed: and innumerable new trilobites described from Palaeozoic areas
which had previously been littel or not
well investigated.
1\'luch we owe to PouLsE:-: and TRoELJs·
so!\' for the knowledge of the rich
Arctic faunas. Some 30 species oftrilobites had been known from theAndine province before 1935 when I
described the Kainella faunule of Prairie

Catamarca, but according to HARRI::\GTO::\and LEA::\Z.\ t1957) the Ordovician ofArgentina comprises at present morethan 130 species. Likewise, only about
3:1 species were known from the Cambrian of Siberia before the Atlas of/heleading forms of fossil faunas in USSR,
Vol. 1. Cambrian ll940) in which LERMO:\TO\'A took part. Since 195\l, however. newgenera proposed for Cambrian trilobitesfrom Siberia and Central Asia havenumbered some 70 in total. lt ispredicted that described trilobites from
Australasia are only a small part ofthose which really existed (0PII< et al.
1957).
A monumental work was publishedby WALCoTT as early as in 1913 for the
Cambrian faunas of China. Trilobitesof Eastern Asia were further amplified
by MA!\'SVY, REED, YAIIE. StJ:-;, SAITO,
SHE:-o:G, \V ANG, Ermo, REsSER and others
and recently by Hso, Lu. CHANG, C111E!\'.
CHI), H:<IANc.. y, and others. In japan
trilobites arc uncommon but Conmoceplw!us and a few others were describedby 11.-\~IADA, leo, 0KL:uo and others. It
is a remarkable fact that the AsiaPacific faunas contain quite distinct
genera and families. the Eoasidaspidae
by PoLETAYEVA for example.
Here the trilobitology is reviewed inconnection with geology.
BENSo!\''s
discovery of Cambrian trilobites in New
Zealand (1956) is crucially important
for the reason that Ordovician has been
the oldest dated rock among the Pacificislands.
Similarly, BuRAv."s' find of
trilobites at Tarutau. Southwest Thailand is invaluable in that the isle isthe southernmost Cambrian locality of234

Teiichi KoBA Y.·lSHI

Eurasia and at the same time these are
the oldest fossils in the BurmeseMalayan geosyncline (1957).
A copious Lower Cambrian fauna\vas described from the Anti-Atlas by
HuPE (1952). It is interesting to see inthe type section of Amouslek that
Neoredlichia occurs in the midst of theolenelloid zones. In Australia on thecontray Redlichia is said to be earliest
Middle Cambrian except in South
Australia where it occurs in the Lower
Cambrian (0PIK et al. 1957). Prior tothis, SArro (1933) suggested that the
Rerllichia stage in North Korea is lowest
Middle Cambrian since it. is underlain
by the Protolenus bed with discon.formity. SAITo's species was. however. latereliminated from Protolenus. s. str. In
South China on the other hand it wasclarified that various protolenoids evolved parallel to redlichids.
It is certain that t.he redlichids
migrated from Eastern Asia to North
Africa in the Olenellian epoch throughthe Hin:alayan trough. Probably Atlantic Bailiel/a took the same path, because it is reported from South France.
Kashmir. Tonkin-Yunnan border, Korea.
North China and Central Siberia. It is
more certain that the Dorypygidae
entered into Northern Europe from
Eastern Asia through Central Asia
(1\·sHI N, 1953), because the family iswell represented in Kazakstan andWest Siberia. It is understandable
that Centrop/eura could migrate fromthe Atlantic province to New Siberia
and Central Siberia, but how Centropleura reached Australia from Asia
remains a puzzle.
As discussed elsewhere (1949), it isremarkable that the occurrence ofGlyptagnostus reticulatus in four continents indicates the oldest world instant in the geological age. Because

0/enus, J!editzaspis and Gtyptagnostus occur in Korea all in dark carbonaceous
limestones along the axis of the Yokusen geosyncline. I suggested that their\Vide Eurasiatic dispersal was madepossible with the aid of oceanic currents comparable to the Sargass sea of
today (1943-44). It was emphasized
further that the axial zone of theAppalachian geosyncline was the routeof migration from the Atlantic to theCordilleran or the Andean province(1957). WII.so:"-1 fl957) noted also thecosmopolitan Olenidae in dark argillaceous geosynclinal sediments andjointly v>ith LocK~IA:-<. he (1958) elucidated the evolution and distribution of
the Cambrian trilobites in North
America. in classifying their habitats
into the cratonic. intermediate and extracratonic realms.
Incidentallv, it is notewo:·thy that
Asap!wpsis, Tailnmgs/wnia. Synlwmalonotus
Corrmocep!Jalus.
Crotalo(.·ep!talus.
Thysanope!te/!a, Dechenella and someother genera provide undeniable evidence for sea connection from Eastern
Asia to Europe or Australasia in theOrdovician. Gotlandian or Devonian
period.
Now I recollect RA n1o:-:o's address
on Pre-Cambrian LUe '1935) in which hespoke oi the diversity of naked pelagic
animals in the late Pre-Cambrian period
and their armouring at the transition
to the Cambrian clue to their benthonicadaptation on shallow bottom and thesuperiority in struggle for existence
which took place by over·population.
This interpretation applies to trilobites
as well as other animals. Fossil records in the transitional epoch are still
meager, but medusae and annelids werelately discovered in South Australia
far belmv the archaeocyathid limestone(GLAss;-.;ER, 1959). In my opinion theStudies on Trilobites m Last Tlzree Decades
Proterozoic glaciations causing changesof hydrosphere not only in areal extension but also in variation of environments. most probably favoured thisimportant step in the development ofaquatic life. It is also rem=mberedthat the Neo-Cryptozoic eon is comparable with the whole Phanerozoic eon
in time length (1944-45).
At all events four primary sto.:ks oftrilobites appeared in the early Cambrian epoch among which the shortest
survivors were the Redlichida. probably
followed by the Corynexochida andthen by the Agnostida. It is. however,
an important problem. whether the
Corynexochida really disappeared before the Ordovician period. because theorder flourished most in the insufficiently explored Asio-Pacific province andbecause the phylogenetic position of
the Damesellidae. Leiostegiidae andKomaspiidae remains unsolved. The
origin of cheirurids. phacopids. odontopleurids and lichicls is still unknown.
In view of the resemblance of the Eoacidaspidae to the Corynexochida. however. I think future researches in the
Asio-Pacific province may throw lighton the derivation of certain secondarystocks from the primary.
The rise and fall of trilobite families
took place on the largest scale during
the late Cambrian and early Ordovician
epochs. All of the Cambrian families
died out by the end of the Ordovician
period, \Vhile some forerunners of the
post-Cambrian families appeared alreadyin the latter part of the Cambrianperiod. The evolution of trilobites is
so highly complicated that it can hardly be unified by any theory. Hov·:ever.
the rule of effacement. that is, thateffacement advances from the distal tothe proximal part of a shield (1939).
applies not only to the \Iiomera. but

also to the Polymera. Rules on hypertrophy of the axial lobe and cauclalization of post-cephalic segments also
meet with few exception. In the future.
combination of such rules will make itpossible to decipher the tangled historyof evolution.
I shall close my speech \Vith a few
words of reference to some new compilations. GRABAU and SHr:-.rER·s Index
Fossils of North America was completely
revised and reillustrated by SHIMER and
SHRocK (19,14).
Publications of thiskind were compiled for the Cambrianof U.S.S.R. by VoLoGort.; (1940\. for the
Palaeozoic of Western Siberia by
KuALFr:-1 (19551 and for Fossil Inverteln·ates of China b~v Academia Sinica(1957). These two Soviet publications
contain many new genera and species
by LERMO)';TOVA and others. ST¢R:-.II'R(1949) and HuP~ tl953) presented achapter on Trilobita respectively in
GRASsE·s Traite de Zoologic Tom. 6 \1949)
and PtvETEAt:'s Traite de Pa!eontologie
Tom. 3 (1953). HvPt's Classification desTrilobites (1953, 55) and HARRr:o;cyo;-.; andothers' Trilobita in MooRE's Treatise(1959) give the most comprehensive information on the class but for Asiatic
genera it is hoped more supplementary
information will be gathered to complete our knowledge.
References

CHA:o;G. H. T. (19:ll). Lapidarium Sinirum.
etc. 1lfem. Geol. SmT. China, Ser. JJ,

Xo.

2.

BEECHER, C. E (1897). Outline of a ~atural
Classification of the Trilobite~. Am. jour.
Sci . ..J. Vol. 3. So. 13.

Bo:sos, \\'. N. (1956). Cambrian Rocks andFossils in New Zealand, (PreliminaryXote). El Sistem!l Cambrico. etc. Symposium. Pt. 2. XX Cmtgr. Geol. Intem . .lfexico.

Gt.AS5Z"ER. l\1. F. (1959), The Geology andTeiichi KOBAl'ASH!
!.ate Precambrian Fauna of the Ediacara
Fossil Reserve:. Rec. South Austr. Mus.
Vol. 13.
HENI"Il'GS~IOE:". G. (1951). Remarks on theClassification of Trilobites. Norsk geol.
tidsskr. 20.
IIAMADA, T. (1959), Gotlandian Shcl!r Fauna
from Sot!lhwest Japan. 1. Coronocephalus
kobayashii, a new species from the Kuraoka District. Kyusyu. fapau. four. Ceo/.
Geogr. Fof. 30.
HARRI:-;GTO~. H. J. et al. (1959), Trilobita.
in MooRE's Treatise on bwertebrate /'ale·
ontology, Pt. 0, .1rtllropoda I.
HARRI:"GTON and LEA:"ZA, A. F. (1957), Ordovician Trilobites of Argentina. Dept. ofGeol Unit•. of Kansas. Sp. Pub/. l.
llL'PE, P. (1952). Contribution il !'Anti-Atlas
Marocain . •\'otes et Jllcm. No. 103 ..C:en·.
gco/. Illaroc.
- - (1953, 55). Classification des Trilobites.
Ann. de /'a/. Tom. 39. 41.
IVSIII:", N. K. (1953). !\·Iiddle Cambrian Trilo·
hiles of Kazakstan, Pt. 1. Ak~d. Nauk
Kazal~sfan USSR.
J..\EKEL, .0. (1909), Ueber die Agnostiden.
Zeitscll. deutsch. geol. Gesell. Bd. 61.
J EGOROV A, L. I. et al. (1955). Trilobita in
L. L. KII.·\I.Fil'i's Atlas r~( important formsof the fauna and .flora of feVest Siberia, Tom.
1.
KoB.\Y,\5111, T. (1935). The Cambro-Ordo\'i·cian Format ions and Faunas of South
Chosen. Palaeontol. Pt. 3. Cambrian
Faunas of South Chosen with special
Study on the Cambrian Trilobite Generaand Families. jour. Fac. Sci., Imp. Unit•.
Tokyo. Sec. 2. Fol. 4. Pl. 2.
- - (1936). Proparian Genus of the Olenidae and its Bearing on the Trilobite
Classification. Proc. Imp. Acad. Vol. 12.
- - (1939, ·H). On the Agnostids·. Pt. 1: On
the Eodiscids. four. r'ac. Sci., Imp. Unit·.
Tokyo, Sec. 2. Vol. 5. Pt. 5, Vol. 7. Pt. 1.
- - (194,1~45), Concept of Time in Geology.
Proc. Imp . .-lead. Tokyo, Vols. 20-21.
- - (1949). Thl' Glyptagnnstus llemera. theoldest Wnrlcl Instant. Japan. four. Geol.
Ceogr. Fol 21.
- - (1955). Th(• Ordovician Fossils fromthe lvicKay Group in British Columbia.
\Vestern Canada. with a Note on the
Early Ordovician Palaeogeography. four.
Fac. Sci .. Unit•. Tokyo. Sec. 2, Vol. 9. Pt.
3
Lr:R:o-IONTOVA, E. V. (19·10), Arthropoda, in
VOLOGDI:". A. et al. Alias of the leading
forms of 1/ze fossil faunas of the USSR. 1.
Cambrian.
LOCH:\IAN·BALK, C. and Wlt.sor-;, ]. L. (1958).
Cambrian Biostratigraphy in North
America. four. of Pal. Vol. 32, No. 2.
Lt:. Yen-IIo (1957). Trilobita, in Index Fossilsof Clziua. Im-ertebrales. Vol. 3, compiledby Acad. Sinica.
OP11.;, A. et al. (1957). The Cambrian Gcolo·
gy of the Australia. Comm. of Australia,
Bur. of Jl!in. Resources. Bull. No. 49.
PO:\IPECKJ, J. F. (1898). Ueber Calymene
BRONGNI.ART. Neues fahrb. fiir Min. usn·.
.lahrg. 1898. Bd. 1.
PoUI.sE;o.;, C. (1923), Bornholms Olenus!agog deres Fauna. /)enm. geol. Unders. Ser.
2. No. 40.
R.\SETTI, F. (1952), Ventral Cephalic Suturesin Cambrian Trilobites. 1Im. four. Sci.
Vol. 250.
HAYJ\IOND, P. E. (1920). The Appendages,
Anatomy and Relationships of Trilobites.
Conn. !lead. At·ts Sci. :Hem. Vol. 7.
- - (1935), Pre-Cambrian Life. /Ju/1. Geol.
Soc. Am. Vol. ·16.
REED. F. R. C. (1898). Blind Trilobites. Geol.
Jlag. Vol. 5.
RICHTER, R. (1932). Crustacea, in llandu·iir/erbuch der Naturu·. 2/e Aufl.
SAITO, K. (1933). The Occurrence of Pro/o/emts in the Cambrian Rocks of North
Korea. ,Tapa;,, fmlr. Geol. Geogr. Vol. 10.
ST¢RMER. L. (1933). Arc the Trilobites relat·
ed to the Arachids? Am. four. Sci. Vol.
26.
- - (1939. 42. 51), Studies on the Trilobite
Morphology, Pts. 1-3. Norsk l!f!o/. tidsskr.
19. 21. 29.
- - (1944). On the Relationship and Phylo·
geny of Fossils and ){eccnt Arachnomorpha. Norsk Vide11sl~-t1/md. Oslo,Skr. 1. Mal. Natun'. Kl. 19·11. No 5.
- - (1959). Arthropoda and Trilohitoidea,

Studies on Trilobites m Last Three Decades
in :\<looRE's Treatise 011 lm·ertebrate Pal·
aem1t. Pt. 0. Arthropoda. 1.
STL'BBLEFIELD.
H. H.
(1915).
Cl'phalic
Sutures and their Bearing on Current
Classification of Trilobites. Biof. Re1:.
Vol. 11.
Swt~;>;ERTON.

H. H. (1915). Suggestions fora Revised Classification of Trilobites.
Ceo/. Jfag. N. Ser. Vol. 2.

F. W. (1936. 39). The Cambrian
Faunas of ~ortheastern Australia, Pt,..
1-3. Jiem. Queensland ;l/us. Vol. 11.
Wtt!TTI:'-:GT0:--1, H. B. (1957). The Ontogenyof Trilobites. Bioi. Rev. Vol. 82.
WILSO:'-:, J. L. (1957). Geograp!n- of Olcnid
Trilobite Distribution and its Influence
on Cambro-Ordovician Correlation. Am.
Jour. Sci. Vol. 255.

WHITEHOUSE,PROCEEDINGS OF THE PALAt:O~TOLOGTCAL SOCIETY
OF JAPANr H *IS1=.#r'f::f>;IJEI.f1!34 if..ll{{J'-0J l:t. l9li0 iJ:: 1 Yi.................................. :fic/1: M

16 El ;t,; J: 0'( 17 13 Jtt~t:kc'J~J!Il-:f:ffii.ll!!~~'f;IS':t.~~j:f{~::.:h1.- ·-c!Jfl!tli U.:.. (~~1!; 49 i't) 1p~i.:.:t.;H '5

13 *~ Verbeekininae. J\eoschwagerininae.
Sumatrininac t::?I;-"C ............ i"".lil[ii\:;{~

f.l!-[if. ~·j~. ;1/lf&i~~V'i.:.UF.illltllifHiiXc.l) il!i I)"('ff-..................... .. m~.lli7-.~*·(i;
iil/i. ilit
Studies on Trilobites in last three decades.. .. .....
. ........ T. Kon.\YASlli~~ J]lj ~/If itil f"<~ 9 lillll'ltt~-tm4:!JJ~r:~ Ci1~1=.4Wtl!ir~) :.:.mmn... -c.

.................................. :::::;,t;: 1.€~~~~e&v>M~~d)~m*B~R~d)~m.:cd)m&'+fr-J . .tl!!I'l!'+o'-J7tmi;:.~-c ..... .

c.

.................... · .. · · .... -'~iRIEJ19f!F1:if1i. . -~~~1~~.tvlajor Biotops of the J\yukawa Group ....

{?;H · 1f'.Mfi%·N.~~J1:

iH~Jj~~md)~m C;J>\~)...

J::'fifiiEit*cJ)fi:{i'll1 ............... -Ul!.iB&~;.l~:J-:jl::".¥-l:*d)7 ;;< 1J :r;.:.J: .'5~~1:' ..... -~Jll/,J'UI

f< C~*l~)Some :1\'ew Species of Fusulinids from theNorthern Part of Yamaguchi Prefecture......................... M. KAWANO!3 *i!ft Fusulininat: .................. ~!HJ!117-.:m!3 *llE Schwagerininae .... ~Jllt-:1'!11 · jl1ljji'rij~J;ili;
Japanese Okelae/la .................. -t~ ~~Phylogeny of Verbeekininac ....... f~ t\'~1::1 +:ffi Ozawaininae. Staffelllininac .... .

'I'{:

Wj

:l~

iii'i

Cretaceous Foraminifera from llokkaido.
Japan .................... Y. T.\KAY.-\:'-:.-\Gt
Danian Foraminifera from Kushiro and
Nemuro Provinces . . .
. .. K. :is ... :--:oHydrozoa 1.:..!lll.-t '5.!: ~&~bit '5 ftii Ezom:tinia
sltotombetsuensis n. gen. et n. ;;p. !:::."?\.. 'L.............................

"~*

][

Summary of the Associated Occurrence on
Vicarya and T'icaryella in lhe 1apaneseTertiary .................. : ... Y. KAI\IAD.\
The .Miocene l\-lolluscan Fossils from theArea Southwest of Hirosaki City, Aomori Prefecture. Japan .......... T. lWAI
On !\'lorphogenesis of Nanaochfamys ..... .
..................... K. ;\L\Sl1DA
Taxodont Pelecypods from the l\Iiyazaki
Gmup ((l:;;v'C) .................... T. Sllt....roCuspidaria from the Miyazaki Group (~wD
. ........................ T. SH~TO

Proceedi11gs

238

Similarities of the Turritellid Phylogeny
in the Later Cenozoic ........ K. KoTAKA
t ,h~ ~ lfi'i!JlljJm!lEirlkf.f>l!W~ftEt;'fl:::. --?~.

-c.. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. 'ff!l!f =::f'JI
Kote on Some Fulgorarid Fossils from theBoso and Miura Peninsulas, with Des·
cription of a New Species .. S. 11.-\L\S,\J\A
Large Sized Oysters from the Japanese
Pleistocene and their Paleoeclogical Implications .................. S. HAYASAKA
On Some Type Ammonites from the Gulf
Coast Cretaceous .......... T. MATSU~JOTO
Spiralc de quelques Ammonites (f~lbi:) ..
· ............ ·· ·· ·· .... ·· ·· ....... J. 0BATA:fi'frH,ftQ) Gongylodont hingement
FamilyLoxoconchidac I'C."?t•C: .......... :ft4j:-flfl11>................................ T. Kt~!l'HA
l'vlesozoic Plants from the Itoshiro SubGroup II. Bennettitales (2) (Mesozoic
Plants from the Tctori Group, Central
Honshu, Japan Part IV) ............... .
................ T. KIMURA and S. SEKIDO~tiliil!!it
Cycadeoidea Q),flifil\ Cycadeoidea
Endoana n. sp. 1.:.--:>~ ·C: .......•. -~* Ji
Some Miocene Floras from the Southern
Part or Tohoku District. Japan. On the
Floras from the Shichiku and Ryozen
Formations .................... K. SczcKt
On the Genus Populus .............. S. E:xoocm~ijtlll ~li :b =- rr.1:1......... Lt.JR 11~

On the fractured Bones of Fossil Toad ..
....................... Y. IIASF.G.\ \\'"
Discovery of the Fossi I A!egalobatraclms
from Shikoku ......................... .
.......... T. SIIII\AMI\ and Y. H.\SF.GA\\'A;l:lrili!Htll " Velomorplw" ( ~~~) .... Jhil r.1 J.irr
Leaf Form E\·olution Explained by Retar..................... K. AsA~IA
dationSome Cycadocarpidium from the Upper
Triassic Formations in Yamaguchi Pre·
fecture. japan (t\:;;iil;) .............. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. Ko:,l':xo and G. !\1\ITO
On the Form-genus Cladophlebis BRO:"G·!"I ART in the Japanese Islands ....... .

1951 ;f. 10 )'jl 8 J: IJ 1960 {p 1 J'jl6 H ~"CQ)~

n fHIJitiXO)ii!i 'J -c.-b.o,A.*~

f.lt!OJ.iil

Durham, J. \\'. Jilllfi&fJ:l.1.111 1=1 TJtf

:CILLI ~.tRI!

1:1..jj: M:filfli\j!E~~:Jt:ii:t~

mH!i3Z.=nl;l'flilfiiXJ'$

film iwt»ilinm ·P.

Lemone, D. D. 1t*4~1\f;}c;Jff,li_=:rj•tJ'#f.=.

i'Jlttt.ffi=

Sadlick. W.

lfUIWI!!Jf!
*ilfi'/lt!E

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m4J~tft'i'i'flli]~Rj

Wiedman, j. P.

JR?:=ti- fo);lllilitl:rr*~if!~

Nagappa, Y.

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Kirk. E. OEc)
Recside .

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NEWS
The Tenth Pacific Science Congress of the Pacific Science Association!;!:. Honolulu

Q) Univcrsit~· of Hawaii 1.:.:t.;1. ·'"Cff1l;k'fO)tY,JJQ) <(, c "C National Academy of Scit·nccs.
Washington, D.C..!: Bernice P. Bishop l\luscum cQ)JU!U-c l!lGl Jj·.s J-J 21 1Jfl·,:_,!1)] G
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I. 1920. Honolulu, Hawaii
II. 1923. Melbourne and Sydney, Australia
III. 1926. Tokyo, Japan
IV. 1929. Batavia and BandoC'ng. JavaY. 1933. Victoria and Vancouver,
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