Transactions and Proceedingsof thePalaeontological Society of Japan
New Series

No. 86

Palaeontological Society of Japan
June 30, 1972

Editor: Takashi HAMADA
A ssociate editor: Yasuhide IWASAKI

Officers for 1971 - 1972
President:

Tokio SHIKAM A

Councillors (* Executives) : Kiyoshi ASANO*, Ki yotaka CI-II NZEI *, Takashi HAMADA*,
Tetsuro HANAI*, Kotora HAT AI, Itaru HAYAMI, Koichiro ICHIKAWA, Taro
KANAYA, Kametoshi KANM ERA, Tamio KOTAKA, Tatsuro MATSUMOTO*, Hiroshi
OZAKI*, Tokio SHIKAMA*, Fu y uji T AKAI*, Yokichi T AKA Y ANAGISecretaries:

Wataru HASHIMOTO, Saburo KAN NO

Executive Committee
General Affairs : Tetsuro HANAI, Naoaki AOKIMembership : Kiyotaka CHI NZEI, Toshio KOI KE
Finance : Fuyuji T AKAI, Hisayoshi !GoPlanning : Hiroshi OZAKI, Kazuo ASAMA
Publications
Transactions:Takashi HAMADA, Yasuhide IWASAKISpecial Papers : Tatsuro MATSUMOTO, Tomowo OZAwA" Fossils":

Kiyoshi ASANO, Toshiaki TAKAYAMA

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PALAEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN
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Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N.S., No. 86, pp. 295-318, pis. 35-38, June 30, 1972

595. · FOSSIL SPORES AND POLLEN GRAINS FROM THE NEOGENEDEPOSITS IN NOTO PENINSULA, CENTRAL JAPAN-iV
A PALYNOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE LATE MIOCENE TSUKADA MEMBER*
NORIO FUJI.
Institute of Earth Science, Kanazawa University, ·Kanazawa, Japan~-t~."f:.t,Y:;l(i[rJ;p;:=:*itl'=ft:filli'l't- · 1t'ff}-N; cp:j'ifrjltfitlt!Jl1JiiJI}\:~(7):jl:*f}"j!:t1%Jf'tl::: tit~."f:~jr::.JE. <5J1ri-t .:5WJiUI:=:*Ufl-t .:51Ef3}''f:(t'~Mfl'LoJ 7 t_,, 4-@lvi, .:ti:l)m. N $ilC. L- --c, tit1tc'f:g,~;!l::!llfrii:l)~f(itr,l;i~ f::. ~s!:ti- .:5 rj:(jil[[itf~ !tJji:l) J:;f.IJI;'>;-fi~ife fi~ f::. "? v' c i:7) it'f3}-"tl'i'~li]f)E OJ*if* 'i!:
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Introduction::;js:}l'JGT) ttl!.'t1111ff-i::b ChGNM'ic:T)11.¥ttr::.
ff:fi
J'!IJ 1$has been studying the fossil pollen
grains and spores found from these diatomaceous deposits, and a part of the

Diatomaceous deposits occur at different stratigraphical horizons in the Neogene system of the Noto Peninsula, Ishikawa Prefecture, Central Japan. These
diatomaceous deposits are classified into
four horizons which range in age from
the Middle to Late Miocene. The writer* Received April 30, 1971; read June 15,
1969, at Yokohama. Contribution from theInstitute of Earth Science, Faculty of Edu·
cation, Kanazawa University, New SeriesNo. 19.

295

296

Norio FUJI

results appeared concerning the Late
Miocece Wakura diatomaceous mudstone
Member (the first report; Fun, 1969a),
the Middle Yamatoda diatomaceous mudstone Member (the second report; Fun,
1969b), and the Late Miocene Hijirikawa
diatomaceous mudstone Member (thethird report ; Fun, 1970).
The present report, the fourth of theseries, records the result of palynologi·cal analysis of the Late Miocene Tsukada diatomaceous mudstone Member, aunit which is distributed locally in Wajima City in the northern part of Not.oPeninsula, Ishikawa Prefecture.
The scope of the study, based on the
microfossils, is to make a systematic description of the microfossils, and to interpret the paleoclimatic condition andpaleogeographical environment underwhich the Tsukada Member was deposited during the Otokawa stage of theLate Miocene age. Further, an attempt
is made for correlation and comparisonof the conditions and environment of
the Tsukada Member with the Wakura,
Hijirikawa and I'izuka diatomaceous
members distributed in Noto Peninsula.
Acknowledgements
Here the writer wishes to record his
sincere thanks to Professor Kotora HATAI of the Institute of Geology andPaleontology, Faculty of Science, Tohoku
University for his kind advice during
the course of the writer's palynologicalresearches and for reading the manuscript. Thanks are due to Dr. Seiji SuGIURA, Professor of the Department ofEarth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kanazawa University, who kindly discussedwith the writer a few problems on theclay minerals found from the Tsukada
diatomaceous mudstone Member. Appreciation is expressed to Professor Yoshio KASENO of the Department of Earth
Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kanazawa
University, for his advice and information on the stratigraphy and paleogeography of the Wajima area during theLate Miocene age. Thanks are due to
Mr. Nobuomi MATSU'URA of the Kanazawa Girl's Senior High School, Kanazawa, for his suggestions on samplingfor palynological investigation and information on the stratigraphy of the
Tsukada Member. Acknowledgements
are also due to Dr. Wataru ICHIKAWA,
Professor Emeritus of the Kanazawa
University for information on the diatom
assemblage found from the Tsukada
Member and for its paleoecological implications. Finally, the writer expresses
his appreciation to the Ministry of Education of the Japanese Government for
support from the Science ExpenditureFunds.

Text-fig. 1. Geological map of the Wajima area, central part of Noto Peninsula, Central
Japan (Compiled by FUJI, 1969; after; N. MATSU'URA, 1955; N. FUJI, 1968) 1: Alluvial deposits, 2: Lower terrace deposits, 3: Middle terrace deposits, 4: Upper terrace deposits, 5:Upper mudstone part of the Tsukada Member, 6: Siliceous sandy tuff, 7: Lower mudstone
part of the Tsukada Member, 8: Coarse-grained sandstone part of the Tsukada Member, 9:Wajima-zaki Member, 10: Awakura Member, 11: Wajima Member, 12: Operculina calcareous
sandstone, 13: Nawamata Member, 14: animal fossils, 15: fault, 16: strike and dip, 17: plantfossils.

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298

Norio FUJI
Outline of the geology

Many diatomaceous muddy deposits of
Neogene age are distributed widely inthe central and northern parts of theNoto Peninsula. They are mainly composed of homogeneous silty mudstone
characterized with abundant fossil microorganisms, especially diatoms andsilicoflagellates. In the W ajima area of
the northwestern part of the peninsula,
the diatomaceous deposits are distributed very locally, and their rock-facies
are variable. In the Wajima area where
the Late Miocene Tsukada Member isdistributed the Neogene deposits areclassified into two formations and fivemembers in ascending order as follows;
the Anamizu Formation, the Nawamata
coarse-grained sandstone and mudstone
Member, Wajima sandstone, sandy mudstone and tuffaceous mudstone alternation Member, Awakura sandy tuff
Member, Wajima-zaki sandstone Member,
Tsukada diatomaceous mudstone Member and the Late Pleistocene terrace
deposits.
Some opinions about the stratigraphical succession of the Neogene deposits
in the Wajima area were stated by many
stratigraphers, namely, Yanosuke OTUKA (1946), Nobuomi MATSU'URA (1955,
MS) and Yoshio KASENO (1963). The
writer studied the stratigraphy of thisarea in the spring and summer seasonsof 1967, and collected some samples forpalynological investigation in the spring
season of 1968. The other samples wereobtained from a well drilled in this area
for the research on the diatom earth
distributed widely in the Noto Peninsula.
The sampling localities and stratigraphical horizons of the materials from the
Tsukada Member are shown in Textfigs. 1 and 2.
According to the writer's geologicalsurvey, these stratigraphical units are,as mentioned below, in ascending order ..
The Anamizu Formation: This formation,
is not only distributed in the Wajima area,.
but also widely in the northwestern and,central parts of Noto Peninsula. It is gen-·erally classified in the northwestern part ofNoto Peninsula into andesitic lava and an-desitic pyroclastic rocks intercalated withdacitic pyroclastic rocks a11d thin basalticlava. The stratigraphical succession of this.
formation is different in different localities,.
and also most of these rocks are disturbed
by crustal movements such as faults andfolds.
The fine-grained sandstone and siltstone·.
intercalated in the pyroclastic rocks of this.
formation yielded many fragments of plants,.
namely, at Konogi, lkuru and Soyama near·Anamizu Metasequoia occidentalis, Glyptostro- ·bus europaeus, Acer sp., Lindera sp., Machilus
sp. and Hemitrapa sp., and also small foraminifers from the medium- or fine-grained sand-stone. Bunolophodon was found from the'tuffaceous sandstone exposed at Hosoya(SHIKAMA, T., 1936).
Dacite developed very locally at Okamoto,.
ln'nai and Okazuka near Wajima is intercalated with a welded tuff bearing dacitic·.
tuff, and is about 85 meters in thickness.
Basalt occurs very locally at Okazuka, Yo-koji and Kirita, and lithologically is an oli- ·vine two pyroxene basalt. The lava is about
10 meters in thickness. The stratigraphicalrelationship between the dacite and basalt is
uncertain.
Andesite, overlain with unconformity by
the dacite and basalt above-mentioned, is.
generally classified into two pyroxene andesite, hypersthene andesite, augite andesite and their agglomerates. Two pyroxene·
andesite is distributed widely in the easternand southern parts of Wajima City and is.
more extensive compared with the other volcanic rocks above-noted.
................

unconformity

The Nawamata sandstone and mudstone al-·ternation Member: This member is distri-595.

Spores and pollen from the Neogene of Noto-IVc•buted widely in the northwestern part ofNoto Peninsula, namely, in the area from
Wajima City to Monzen Town and the coastal:area of western Noto Peninsula. The distribution of this member is about 7 km in
breadth from north to south, and the principal. geological structure in and around the surveyed area is the undulated folding structure•of repeated anticlinal and synclinal structures
which trend in ENE-WSW direction.
The member overlies with unconformity--dacitic pyroclastic rocks intercalated with·some welded tuff layers and basalts. These.belong to the upper part of the Anamizu
Formation in the area from the south of
Wajima Station to Nawamata. On the other
hand, in the area of Nawamata, the pyro·clastic rocks and andesite of the Anamizu
Formation are overlain by the member with
·unconformity.
The rock-facies of this member is composed_generally of an alternation of dark brown or
bluish green medium- or coarse-grained sand:stone and dark grayish brown or bluish graymudstone partly intercalated with thin con_glomerate layers.
The member yielded many fossil plants as
Metasequoia japonica, Liquidambar formosan a,
Fagus sp., Platanus sp., Maries sp., Cedrela:sp., Ficus sp., Benzoin umbellatum, siliceous
wood stumps. No marine fauna has beenfound from this member.
This member attains about 500 meters in·maximum thickness.
conformity

The Awakura sandy tuff Member: This
.member is distributed very locally in the
Wajima area, namely, Ippon-matsu Park,
Ezoana, Koise and Wajima-zaki. The type:locality of the member is an outcrop north·of Ippon-matsu Park in Wajima City.
The upper part and lower part of the.member are correlated respectively with the
Awakura tuff Member and the upper part of
the Wajima sandstone Member named by the:late Y. ChcKA (1946).
The rock-facies of this member is composed·of pumiceous tuff, pumice-bearing tuffa-ceous sandstone, sandy pumiceous tuff and299

medium- or fine-grained sandstone partly
intercalated with thin hard coarse-grainedsandstone. This member is composed of a
pumiceous facies.
The Awakura Member overlies with conformity the Wajima-zaki Member. The member is variable in thickness, that is, measuring about 40 meters at the Ippon-matsu Parkand about 10 meters at Wajima-zaki.
conformity -The Wajima-zaki sandstone Member: Thismember is distributed only at Wajima-zaki
Cape in the north part of Wajima City,
therefore, it was named as the Wajima-zaki
sandstone Member by MATSU'URA (1.955, MS).
The member is classified into three parts
lithologically, namely, the lower part is composed mainly of hard calcareous sandstoneintercalated with some nodule layers andattaining about 35 meters in thickness, themiddle part is of homogeneous calcareous
fine-grained sandstone of about 30 meters inthickness, and the upper part consists ofglauconitic coarse-grained sandstone withdark colored pebbles and attains about 5
meters in thickness.
The member yielded fossil animals, especially pelecypods and brachiopods etc. Thesefossils are as follows:
Lower part: Chlamys sp., Balanus sp., GryPhus cfr. davidsoni, G. cfr. hanzawai HATAI, G. sp., Laqueus cfr. rubellus (SowERBY), L. sp., and also plant fragments.
Middle part: Linthia nipponica Yosi-IIWARA,
Isurus hastatis (AGASSIZ), Dentalium sp.,
Balanus sp., and plant fragments .
Upper part: Chlamys crassivenia (YoKOYA·:'>IA), Lucinoma acutilineata (Co:o-;RAD), L.
sp., Turbonilla sp., and plant fragments.
Based on Linthia nipponica YosJ·IIWARA
found from the middle part, the member iscorrelated with the Tsukada Member. Thisview is supported from rock-facies, which issimilar to that of the Tsukada Member, andby that the upper part of the Wajima-zaki
Member consists of glauconitic sandstone.
This member is stratigraphically equivalent
to the lower part of the Tsukada Member.

300-interfingering with the Tsukada MemberThe Tsukada diatomaceous mudstone Member: This member is distributed very locallyat Ippon-matsu Park and Tsukada in thesoutheastern part of Wajima City. The type
locality of the member is in the Tsukada
area east of the Ippon-matsu Park.
The member is classified into two partsby the siliceous shale layer or thin sandy
tuff layer.
The lower part is of coarse-grained sandstone and calcareous; it contains many nodules. It yielded some marine molluscan fossils as Gryphus sp., Laqueus sp., Linthia nipponica and lsurus hastalis etc., and is about
40 meters in thickness.
The upper part is light yellowish brown(weathered part) or dark greenish blue (freshpart), homogeneous, massive diatomaceous
mudstone intercalated with some thin calcareous nodules and dark colored glauconitic
fine-grained sandstone layers. The megafossils are rare in the upper part, but comprised
such as, Chlamys crassivenia and Lucinoma
acutilineata etc. Microfossils such as diatoms,
sponge spicules, spores and pollen grains arecommon, that is, the homogeneous massive
mudstone of the upper part yielded. Actynoptychus undulata A.S., Coscinodiscus actinochilus EHR., C. centra/is EHR., C. elegans
GREY., C. gigas EHR., C. lineatus EHR., C.
marginatus EHR., C. aculus EHR., C. perforatus
Eim., C. radiatus EHR., Grammatophora aceanica (EHR.) GRUN.
The thickness of the upper part is about
20 meters, and that of the lower part about
40 meters.
unconformity .....
The I nabune terrace deposits: The Inabune
terrace deposits are composed of clay, and·sand and gravel. The Inabune terrace isclassified into three terrace levels according
to height above sea level, namely, (1) highterrace, (2) middle terrace and (3) lower
terrace.
The high terrace is distributed
locally in the areas west of Inabune andnorthwest of Nishi-6no, and its height isabout 80 meters above the present sea level.
The middle terrace is distributed in theareas west of Inabune and the Ippon-matsu·
Park, and is about 30 to 50 meters above the·present sea level in height.
The lower terrace is distributed at Takuda,
and Futatsuya, and its height is about 20·
meters above the present sea level. Fromthe viewpoint of height of these terraces the·lower and middle terrace deposits are correlated with the Late Pleistocene age, perhaps.
the Hiradoko transgression age in the I-Iokuriku district or the Shimosueyoshi age in.
the Kwanto district.

The Neogene deposits in the Wajima
area show gently folded structure, andthere are two synclinal basins and anti·
clinal structure, namely.
(1) K6nosu-Kekachi anticline which
has NE-SW trend in the south·
ern part of the W ajima area,(2) Wajima-Warabino "buried" anticline,(3) Tsukada syncline,(4) Wajima-zaki syncline.
Palynological research(1) Foreword
The writer has been studying the·Neogene system which occurs in Noto·
Peninsula, especially the diatomaceous.
deposits, and has already summarizedon the fossil pollen and spore assem·
blage of the Late Miocene Wakura (FUJL
1969a), Middle Miocene Yamatoda (FUJI,
1969b), and Pliocene Oginoya and Late
Miocene Hijirikawa (FUJI, 1969c) members.
The present paper is the fourth reportof the series.
The purpose of the present study is.
to interpret the significance of the pollen grains and spores found from thesamples collected from the Late Miocene
Tsukada Member, mainly in terms of
paleoclimatic condition and paleogeographical environment.

595.

Spores and pollen from the Neogene of Noto-IV(3)humus soil
gravel a sandI.

sample "TI-6.35
sample ·!
sample 2 a 13 d!afomaceous mst.

~g~gl: ~-siliceous shale
sample 5

sample6

samplea~g~gl~ '~Sample II\r diatomaceous
mst.
and sandy mst.

sample 9
sample 16STI~24
so~ pie I5STI· 25 J coarse-grained ss!.

ir

J tuff~-~.-"-,

c.

sample 14 J tuffaceous mst.asondy tuff~;...-~ ............. .,................
OpercuiJna complonala ss'

Member •I--zsa mole 10} brOI'on mst.

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Dec1te

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decile••;m"" ~JITJ :;;:':::~·~.~:~,o;"';' '""Text-fig. 2. Columnar section showing
the sampling horizons of the Tsukada,
Awakura and Nawamata members andlnabune deposits.

(2) Sampling
The samples analysed in the present
investigation were collected by the writerin the spring season of 1968. The otherthree samples (abbreviation: T -1) wereobtained from a well drilled for the
research of the diatom earth which is
distributed locally in the Wajima area.
The samples treated in connection withthe present research are 19 samples intotal. The localities and stratigraphicalhorizons in the Tsukada Member ofthese samples are shown in Text-figs.
1, 2 and 3.
Of the samples collected from some
outcrops, one sample consisted of three
to five pieces of rock ever collected at
random along the length of one meter,
measured parallel to the stratification of
the member.

Preparation of materials and methodof study
The preparation of the materials andmethod of study for the palynologicalinvestigation are the same as describedin the previous papers (FUJI, 1969a and1969c).
All of the slides containing the specimens registered in the present research
are deposited in the collection of theInstitute of Earth Science, Faculty of
Education, Kanazawa University (register abbreviation: EKZJ), Kanazawa, Ishikawa Prefecture, Central Japan.
(4) Description of the assemblages
The assemblage of the fossil pollen
grains and spores found from the analysed 19 samples is shown in Text-figs. 4
and 5, and is explained as follows indescending order.

Sample T -1-6.35:
This sample which belongs to the Inabune terrace deposits belongs to thelowermost horizon of the deposits. It
was taken from the well drilled at Lo. cality No. T -1 situated in Ippon-matsu
Park about 500 meters east of Wajima
Station of the Japanese National Railway Nanao Line, Wajima, Ishikawa Prefecture. Depth of the sample is 6.35
meters below the present ground surface.
The sample is fairly weathered and is alight yellowish brown decomposed clayey
mud. The lower part of the Inabune
terrace deposits distributed in Ipponmatsu Park becomes the decomposed
clayey mud at almost all part of theoutcrop and these deposits are probably
derived from the Tsukada diatomaceous
mudstone Member.
The decomposed
mud has been used as "Jinoko" which isa kind of powder painted on the Japanese lacquer-ware named as "Wajimanuri ".
The fossil pollen grains and spores.

Norio FUJI

302
A

up.

b

;nl ----""c-l===t
c

c

0
"'
a.
0

D
o·

'o'.

T~xt-fig. 3.
Columnar sections showing the sampling horizons and the relationshipbetween them. A: Takuda area, B: Wajima Hospital, C: Ippon-matsu Park, D: Inabune
area, E: Locality No. T -1 (the well drilled) in Ippon-matsu Park, 1, 2, 3, .... 15, 16, Tl6.35, Tl-24, T1-25: sampling horizons (refer to Text-fig. 2) ; a: sand, mud and gravel ofthe Pleistocene terrace deposits, b: mudstone, c: hard siliceous shale, d : fine- and mediumgrained sandstone, e: conglomerate, f: tuffaceous sandstone with nodules, g: alternationof sandstone and tuff, h :. tuff, i: tuffaceous sandstone, j: hard coarse-grained sandstone,k : micaceous sandy mudstone, I : tuffaceous sandy mudstone, m: Operculina calcareous
sandstone.

found from the sample are less than 200
specimens in total. The writer, therefore, can not carry out right statisticaltreatment in connection with the sample.
This sample yielded; Gymnosperm-fivegenera; Dicotyledon-six genera and two
subgenera; Monocotyledon-one family
and one genus; Pteridophyta-two genera;
two indeterminable grains. Among them,
Pinus, Nympaeaceae, Inapertipollenites
and Inapertisporites are abundant, andPicea, Abies, Tsuga, evergreen and deciduous Quercus, Alnus, Zelkova andNuphar are common. The grains suchas Taxodiaceae, Fagus, Betula, juglans,Acer, jyfyriophyllum, Tilia, Lycopodium
and Osmunda are rare in a relative
frequency.
Sample 1:
The composite sample from Locality
No. 1, situated at about 100m west of
Takuda, was examined for the present
study. Locality No. 1 (Text-fig. 1) belongs to the uppermost horizon of theupper part of the Tsukada Member. The
sample yielded, Gymnosperm-five genera(37.%); Dicotyledon-11 genera and two
subgenera (49.%) ; Monocotyledon-two
families (6%) ; spore-three genera (8.%).

595.

Spores and pollen from the Neogene of Noto-IV

Among these groups, deciduous Quercus,
Picea, Abies and Pinus are abundant andamount to 42% of the total frequency.
The fossil pollen grain of deciduous
Quercus totals 16%. Taxodiaceae andevergreen Quercus are common (ranging
from 6 to 9%), both 9%. Tsuga, Fagus.
Ulmus, Alnus, Celtis, Betula, ]uglans,Acer, Castanea, Zelkova, Tilia, Persicaria,
Gramineae, Nympaceae, Lycopodium, Os·
munda, Pteridium, Inapertipollenites andInapertisporites are rare.
As shown in some text-figures, plants
having different habitats are distingui·
shed among the treated composite sam·ple. All of these genera which are re·presentative plant of a warmer tern·
perate and subtropical region, are denoted by the component "B ", amounting
Tsu kada303

to 11%. The cooler temperate plants
denoted by " C " reach 58% of the total.
Whereas the other elements denoted by"A" amount to 31%.
Sample 2:
The mixed sample was collected froman outcrop of Locality No. 2 (Text-fig.
1), where is situated at about 200m justwest of Takuda. It belongs to the middle horizon of the upper part of the
Tsukada Member.
The sample yielded; Gymnosperm-fivegenera; Dicotyledon-12 genera and two
subgenera; Monocotyledon-two families
and one genus; spores-six genera.
Among them, Pinus is very abundant,
showing the highest concentration (20%)
in this composite sample. The genus
Member

Picea+Abies
Tsuga
Taxodiaceae
Fagus
SaliX
Ulmus
Quercus e_
Alnusd
CeltisBetulaJug fans
Pterocarya
Cary/usAcer
CastaneaCorya
Ze/kovo
StyraxMyriophyllum
Carpinus
Till aL iquidambor

Per sicar Ia
Gramineae

NupharNym phaeaceae
Lycopodium
Os munda
Pteridium
P leur ice /Ia es PPolyadosporifes
I nape rti po!/e n ite
Ina erfisporifes

Text-fig. 4. Pollen diagram (1) of the Tsukada Member.
Numbers refer to Text-figs. 1, 2 and 3.

304

Norio FUJI

Quercus is classified into two types, one
is of large size and other of small size,
based on the diameter of the pollen
grain, and the latter belongs to theevergreen type. Picea, Abies and deciduous Quercus are abundant, ranging
from 10 to 19%. Taxodiaceae is common, and the other pollen grains suchas Tsuga, Fagus, evergreen Quercus, andZelkova are rare. Gymnosperm, Dicotyledon, Monocotyledon and spore groupare 41%, 41%, 6% and 12%, respectively.
The component "A", "B" and "C"
are respectively 27, 6 and 67%.
Sample 13:
As shown in Text-fig. 1, the mixed
sample was collected from Locality No.
13, at about 500 m northeast of the Wajima Station, lppon-matsu Parle The
horizon of the sample is similar to thehorizon of Sample 2 above-mentioned.
From the mixed sample, Taxodiaceae,
Picea and Abies are very abundant, andthe pollen grain of Taxodi::tceae is thehighest frequency in the sample. Pinus
is common, amounting to 10%. The others are rare. Gymnosperm, Dicotyledon,
Monocotyledon and spores contain respectively four genera and one family(49% in total), 11 genera and two subgenera (36%), one genus and two families (10%). and three genera (5%).
The component "A", "B" and "C"
are respectively 31, 8 and 61%.
SamjJle 3:
The sample from Locality No. 3 situated at about 100m just southwest of
Locality No.2, Takuda, occupies stratigraphically the lowermost horizon of theupper part of the Tsukada Member. In
the sample, Picea and Abies are very
abundant, its frequency being 28%. The
deciduous Quercus, Pinus and Taxodiaceae are abundant, and evergreen Quer-cus is common. The other genera andfamilies shown in Text-fig. 4 are rare.
Gymnosperm, Dicotyledon, Monocotyledon and spores are respectively 55%(four genera and one family), 38% (eight
genera and two subgenera), 3% (twofamilies) and 4% (three genera).
The element "A" amounts to 27%,
element "B" to 9%, and element "C"
to 64%. The non-arboreal pollen grains
denoted by NA amounts only to 7% in
total, and the arboreal pollen grains 93%.
Sample 4:
As shown in Text-fig. 1, the mixed
sample, which was collected from Locality No. 4, at about 50 m southwest of
Locality No. 3, Takuda, was treated forthe present study. The horizon of Locality No. 4 belongs to the lowermost of
the upper part of the Tsukada Member.
The rockfacies of the sample is a siliceous shale lithologically and many field
geologists classify the Tsukada Member
into the upper and lower parts by thesiliceous shale.
The composite sample yielded; Gymnosperm-four genera and one family(42%); Dicotyledon-12 genera and two
subgenera (50%) ; Monocotyledon-two
genera (6%). Among them, Pinus isvery abundant and amounts to 20% of
the total frequency, being the highest
per centage in the composite sample.
Picea; Abies and deciduous Quercus areabundant. Tsuga, Taxodiaceae, Fagus
and Persicaria are common, and theother pollen grains such as Ulmus,
evergreen Quercus, Alnus, ]uglans, Pterocarya, Acer, Castanea, Zelkova, lvfyriophyllum, Tilia, Liquidamber, Persicaria,
Gramineae and Nympaeaceae are frequent, amounting to about 40% in the
total frequency.
The component "A", " B" and "C"
are respectively 27, 7 and 66%.

595.

305

Spores and pollen from the Neogene of Noto-TV

Tl-6.35
Pinus
Picea+Abies
Ts 11 goTaxodiaceae

Fagus
Salix
U tmus
Quercus e.
Alnusd
CeltisBetulaJug fans
Pteracarya
Cory! usAcer
Castanea
Carya
Zelkava
StyraxMyriophyllum
Carpinus
Tilia
L iquidambar
Per sica ria

I

~

I

Gramineae

NupharNymphaeaceae

Lycopodium
OsmundaPteridium
Pleu r icellaesp.
Polyadosporites
I naper tipol/enite!no ertis orites

Text-fig. 5. Pollen diagram (2) of the Tsukada, N a wamata and Awakura Members,
and the Pleistocene Inabune deposits. Numbers refer to Text-figs. 1, 2 and 3.

Sample 5:
The mixed sample from Locality No.
5, situated at about 80 m southwest of
Locality No. 4. Takuda, occupies stratigraphically the uppermost horizon of
the lower part of the Tsukada Member.
The composite sample yielded; Gymnosperm-four genera and one family,
amounting to 43%; Dicotyledon-13 genera and two subgenera, amounting to
49% ; Monocotyledon-one family, being
five per cent; spores-three genera, being
three per cent. Among them, Taxodiaceae is very abundant and the highest
per cent (20%) in the total frequency.
Deciduous Quercus and Pinus are abundant, being respectively 14 and 13%.

Picea, Abies and evergreen Quercus arecommon. Tsuga, Salix, Alnus, Betula,juglans, Acer, Castanea, Zelkova, Stylux,
Myriophyllum. Carpinus, Tilia, Persicaria,
Nympaceae, Osmunda, Polyadosporites
and Inapertisporites are rare, amounting
to about 35% in the total frequency ofthese pollen grains and spores.
The element "A" amounts to 17%,element " B " to 8% and element "C " to75%.
Sample 6:
This sample is from an outcrop of
Locality No. 6 (Text-fig. 1), situated atabout 1,300 m southwest of the Wajima
Station of the National Railway Nanao

306

Norio FUJI

Line and about 50 m west of Locality
No. 5, Takuda. From sample 6, which
occupies stratigraphically the upper horizon of the lower part of the Tsukada
Member. Taxodiaceae is very abundantand is found in 20% of the total frequency. Picea, Abies, Pinus and deciduous Quercus are abundant, ranging
from 10 to 19%. This sample yielded,
Gymnosperm-three genera and one family (45% of the total) ; Dicotyledon-16
genera and two subgenera (48%); Monocotyledon-two families (5%) ; spores-one
genus (2%). Among them, it is noteworthy that the pollen grains of Liquidambar are found from this horizon of
the Late Miocene.
On the other hand, the element " A "amounts to 23%, element "B" to 13%,and element "C" to 64%. And fromthe viewpoint of the palynological environment, the upland and mixed-slope
elements are abundant.
Sample 12:
Sample 12 belongs stratigraphically tothe middle horizon of the lower part of
the Tsukada Member, and was collectedfrom the highest level of an outcrop of
Locality No. 12, situated. at apqut .550 m
nort east of the W ajima Station, and at
northern side of lppon-matsu Parle The
horizon of Sample 11 mentioned below
situates the lowermost level of this outcrop and the interval between these twohorizons is about 20m.
Taxodiaceae is abundant, being 13%·Of the total frequency. Pinus, deciduous
Quercus, Picea and Abies are abundant,
ranging from 10 to 13%. This sample
yielded, Gymnosperm-four genera andone family, being about 40% in the totalfrequency; Dicotyle::lon-14 genera andtwo subgenera, amounting to 46% ;Monocotyledon-one genus and two families, about 10% ; spore-three genera andamounts to 5%.
On the other hand, the element " A"amounts to 22%, element" B" to 9% andelement "C" to 69%. And also. the nonarboreal grains are about 20%, ;:tnd thearboreal pollen grains about 80% of thetotal frequency.
Sample 7:
The composite sample from Locality
No. 7, situated at about 100m southwestof Locality No. 6, was examined for thepresent study. Locality No. 7 belongs
to the middle horizon of the lower partof the Tsukada Member.
The composite sample yielded. Gymnosperm-four genera and one family(46%) ; Dicotyledon-12 genera and two
subgenera (34%) ; Monocotyledon-two
families (7%); spores-6 genera (13%).
The element " B" which is representative plants of a warmer temperate andsubtropical region amounts to 5%. The
cooler temperate plants denoted by "C "reach 73% of the total frequency.
Whereas the other element "A" amounts
to 22%.
Among them. Taxodi':lceae. Pinus,
Picea and Abies are abundant in therelative frequency, and Taxodiaceae
amounts to 19% in the total frequency.
Sample 11:
As shown in Text-fig. 1. the mixed
sample was collected from Locality No. 11
at about 1200 m northeast of Locality No.
1 and northern end of Tsukada-machi.
The horizon of the sample belongs to
the middle horizon of the lower part of
the Tsukada Member. From the composite sample, Pinus, Taxodiaceae, Abies
and Picea are abundant in frequency,
namely, Pinus is very abundant (20%)
and the other pollen grains range from11 to 15%. Both type of Quercus, Alnus,
Zelkova, Persicaria and Inapertisporites

595.

Spores and pollen from the Neogene of Noto-IV307

are common, and Tsuga, Fagus, Salix,
Celtis, Betula, ]uglans, Castanea, Myriophyllum, Carpinus, Liquidambar, Gramineae (small type), Nuphar, Nymphaeceae,
Lycopodium, Osmunda, Pleuricellaesporites and Polyadosporites are rare.
Among them, Gymnosperm-one family
and four genera, being 43% in the totalfrequency; Dicotyledon-12 genera andtwo subgenera, amounting to 44% ; Monocotyledon-two families and one genus,
being 8% ; spores-five genera, being 5%of the total frequency.
The elements "A", "B" and "C" are25, 11 and 64% respectively.

Among these pollen grains and spores,
Taxodiaceae, Pinus and Picea-Abies arevery abundant, being 20%, amount to 13
and 10% respectively. Tsuga, evergreen
Quercus and deciduous Quercus are common.
The sample yielded; Gymnosperm-fourgenera and one family, being 45% of thetotal frequency; Dicotyledon-12 genera
and two subgenera, being 41% ; Monocotyledon-two families and amounting to
6% ;. spores-three genera, being 8%.
The elements " A", " B" and •• C" arefound 27, 13 and 60% respectively fromthe composite sample.

Sample 8:
The sample is from an outcrop of Locality No. 8 (Text-fig. 1), where is situated at about 60 m southwest of Locality
No.7 of Takuda-machi. It belongs to thelower horizon of the lower part of the
Tsukada Member. The rock-facies ofthe sample is dark bluish greenish grayhomogeneous diatomaceous mudstone
with very fine-grained sand and silt.
This sample yielded; Gymnosperm-one
family and four genera, being 36% in
the total frequency; Dicotyledon-13 genera and two subgenera, being 41%;
Monocotyledon-two families, amounting
to 12% ; spores-six genera, being 12%.
Among them, Pinus, Taxodiaceae andGramineae (small grain type) are abundant, respectively 15, 12 and 10%. Picea,
Abies, deciduous and evergreen Quercus
are common, ranging from 6 to 9%.
The elements "A"," B" and" C" are18, 11 and 71% of the total frequency.

Sample 16:
This sample is from an outcrop of
Locality No. 14 (Text-fig. 1) which issituated at about 50 m east of the Wajima Hospital and at western end of the
Ippon-matsu Park.
From Sample 16, which occupies stratigraphically the lowermost horizon of thelower part of the Tsukada Member,
Pinus is found in 19% of the total frequency. Deciduous Quercus, Pinus andAbies are abundant. Tsuga, Fagus,
evergreen Quercus and Persicaria arecommon in relative frequency, ranging
from 6 to 9%.
This sample yielded, Gymnosperm-one
family and four genera, being 41% ; Dicotyledon-15% ; Monocotyledon-one genus
and one family, being 4% ; spores-two
genera, amounting to 3%.
The elements "A", ·• B" and "C" are29, 10 and 61% respectively.

Sample 9:
The sample was collected from Locality No. 9 situated at about 100m southwest of Locality No. 8 of Takuda, andbelongs to the lower horizon of the lower part of the Tsukada Member.

Sample T-1-24:
This sample was taken from 24m in
depth of the well drilled at Locality No.
T -1 situated at lppon-matsu Park.
The sample from this boring-core isa light yellowish brown clayey siltstone,
and the horizon of the sample belongs308

Norio FUJI

to the lowermost horizon of the lower
part bf the Tsukada Member.
This composite sample yielded, Gymnosperm-one family and four genera(47%); Dicotyledon-15 genera and two·subgenera (45%); Monocotyledon-two
families (5%) and spores-two genera{3%). Among them, Taxodiaceae, Pinus
and Abies type pollen grains are abundant, Acer and Carya are common. The
other grains such as Tsuga, Fagus, Salix.
Quercus, Betula and Corylus etc. are rare
in a relative frequency.
As shown in some text-figure3 plants
having different habitats are distinguished among the treated composite sample. The element " A", " B" and "C"
are re3pectively 27, 9 and 64%, and also
the non arboreal pollen grains (NAP)
and the arboreal pollen grains (AP) are
8 and 92%.
Sample 15:
This mixed sample is from an outcrop
Qf Locality No. 14 (Text-fig. 1) which issame to the outcrop of the locality{:Ollecting Samples 14 and 16. Namely,
Sample 16 was collected from the upper
part (the lower horizon of the lower
part of the Tsukada Member) of thislarge outcrop, Sample 15 from the middle part (the lowermost horizon of thelower part of the Tsukada Member) andalso Sample 14 from the lower part (themiddle horizon of the Awakura Member).
The rock facies of this sample is a lightbrownish gray coarse-grained sandstoneintercalated with thin dark bluish gre·enish gray mudstone layer.
The mixed sample yielded ; Gymnosperm-one family and four genera (37%in the total) ; Dicotyledon-14 genera andtwo subgenera (48%); Monocotyledontwo families (9%) ; spores-five genera(6%). Pinus is abundant, being 15% of
the total frequency. The element" A"," B " and " C " are 23, 9 and 68% respectively, and the arboreal pollen grain(AP) and non arboreal pollen grain are(NAPJ 80 and 20%.
Sample T -1-25:
This sample was taken from 25m in
depth of the well drilled at Locality No.
T -1 situated at lppon-matsu Park.
The sample is a light brown siltstone,
being correlated with a horizon between
the horizon of Sample 15 and that ofSample 14. The horizon of Sample T1-25 is the lowermost horizon of thelower part of the Tsukada Member.
The sample yielded; Gymnosperm-one
family and four genera (49%) ; Dicotyledon-11 genera and two subgenera(52%) ; Monocotyledon-two families (9%)
and spores-three genera (8%).
Among them, Pinus, Abies and Picea
pollen grains are very abundant, Taxodiaceae and Castanea are abundant. Deciduous Quercus, ]uglans and Zelkova arecommon, the other pollen grains andspores are rare in a relative frequency.
As shown in some text-figures theelement "A", "B" and "C" are respectively 23, 9 and 68%, and the nonarboreal pollen grains (NAP) and thearboreal pollen grains (AP) are 8 and 92%
respectively.
Sample 14:
This mixed sample was collected fromthe outcrop of Locality No. 14 (Text-fig.
1) which is located at the back of the
Wajima Hospital near the Wajima Station. The sample is belonging to the
middle horizon of the Awakura Member.
The composite sample yielded; Gymnosperm-one family and four genera (33%in the total frequency) ; Dicotyledon -12
genera and two subgenera (50%); Monocotyledon-two families (9%) ; spores-fourgenera (8%). Pinus is ver. abundant.

595.

Spores and pollen from the Neogene of Noto-IV

I

:309

100%

0

0

Text-fig. 6. Pollen Diagram (3) : Triangular diagram showing the relationship between cold and cool, temperate and warm
.climate elements found from several samples of the Tsukada, Awakura, Nawamata
Members and lnabune Deposits. Numbers
refer to Text-figs. 1, 2 and 3.

being 20%.
The component "A", "B" and "C"
are 12, 12 and 76% respectively and thearboreal pollen grains (AP) and nonarboreal pollen grains (NAP) are 77 and
23% respectively.

Sample 10:
This sample was collected from Lo·<:ality No. 10 at about 200m south ofLocality No. 9, Takuda. The mixed
sample is belonging to the uppermost
horizon of the Nawamata Member, beinga dark brown mudstone.
The composite sample yielded; Gym·
nos perm -one family and four genera (42%in the total frequency) ; Dicotyledon-9
genera and two subgenera (42%); Mono·
cotyledon-two families (8%) and sporesfour genera (8%).
The element "A", "B" and "C" are13, 28 and 59% respectively, and non ar·boreal pollen grains (NAP) and arboreal
pollen grains (AP) are respectively 17
and 83%.

Text-fig. 7. Pollen diagram (4) : Quadrilateral diagram showing the paleoclimaticcondition and paleoecological environment.
Numbers refer to Text-figs. 1, 2 and 3.

(5) Discussion
A general interpretation is made of
the physical conditions that prevailed
during the growth of the sedimentarybasin in which the flora was buried on
the basis of an analysis of the fossil
spores and pollen grains. In this section, the writer will give a discussion
on the paleoclimatic condition, paleogeo·
graphical environment and geologicalage of the stratigraphical units based
upon the palynological and field re·searches.
(a) Paleoclimatic condition
On the basis of the analysis of thepollen grain and spore assemblage thegeneral characters of the paleoclimatic

310

Norio FUJI
Horizc:-:

I

i
0

>

2,13

X:

3

>

0

4

'

-"

5

).

6
12
7

0

\

\,

>('

6
o,

'¥

~b

>(

I
o:A

X :

8

Text-fig, 8, Pollen diagram (5) : Figure
showing the relationship among cold andcool (A in Text-figs, 6 and 8), temperate(C) and warm (B) climate elements. Numbers refer to Text-figs, 1, 2, 3, 6 and 13.
AP: arboreal pollen grains.

condition can be presented. The methods for analysing the assemblages forpaleoclimatic interpretation have been
proposed by some palynologists andpaleobotanists. As shown in the triangular diagram (Text-fig. 6), quadrilateral
diagram (Text-fig. 7) and pollen diagram(Text-fig. 8), the warm and subtropicalplants denoted by " B " in some textfigures of this paper as Liquidambar andMetasequoia are yielded much less fromthe Tsukada Member than those fromthe Yamatoda and Sunagozaka members
which are ·correlated with the· Daijima
age. That is to say, the Sunagozaka
and Yamatoda members contain from 60
to 80% of the total frequency, and the
Tsukada only 9%. This result is closely
similar to those from the fossil pollen

grain and spore assemblage from the
Wakura diatomaceous mudstone Member(Fun, 1969a) which is distributed in thecentral part of Noto Peninsula. As
shown in Text-figs. 8 and 9, the warm
climate elements from the lower partof the Tsukada Member show higher
frequency than those from the upper
part, namely, the lower part amounts to
10% whereas the upper part to only 8%.
Throughout the member the change of
the warm climate elements is a negative
reciprocity to the cold and cool climate
elements such as Picea, Abies, Betulaand Fagus etc. That is to say, thewarm climate elements are common arelative frequency mentioned above, thecold and cool climate elements 23 and
29% respectively. If we examine fully
the relationship between the two climate
elements denoted by A and B, the relationship is not always a negative reciprocity. For instance, in the change between Sample nos. 5 and 4, the cold andcool climate elements are found respectively to comprise 17% (Sample No.5) and
27% (Sample No. 4), the warm climate
elements B 8% (Sample No. 5) and 7%(Sample No. 4), and also the temperate
climate elements C 75% (Sample No. 5)
and 66% (Sample No. 4). Namely, thechange of the cold and cool climate elements relates rather directly to the temperate climate elements than to thewarm climate elements.
According to the writer's researches,
as shown in the triangular and quadrilateral diagrams (Text-figs. 12 and 13),and pollen diagrams (Text-figs. 9 and 11),though the warm and subtropical plants
found from the Tsukada Member show
higher frequency than those from theOmma Member, they are numericallymuch less than those from the Hijirikawa, Wakura and Kasashio members
which are correlated to the Tsukada

595.

Spores and pollen from the Neogene of Noto-IV

Member; The warm and tropical plants·
are· found abundantly from: the. Middle·
Miocene Yamatoda; Sunagozaka' and: Ha"mada members; Though. the Tsukada;
Wakura, Kasashio and Hijii:ikawa members- belong to the same age, the Late·
Miocene Epoch, the component of thepollen-floras from the other members• is•different from that of the Tsukada Member:
This·- result may. be related• closely tothe paleoenvironment under which the
Tsukada Member was deposited. That
is to say, judging from the palynological results, litho-facies, poor contents ofplanktonic foraminifers, fossil diatom
floras- and diversity in the· thickness ofthe deposits of the Hijirikawa and Wakura members, the paleogeographicalenvironment under which the Tsukada
Member was deposited was an open embayment facing the open sea. The sea
under which. the other members except
the Tsukada Member were deposited
seem to have been a closed embayment
probably connected with the lagoon ofthat age. And as a consequence of thepaleogeographical environment mentioned· above those localities seem to havenot been subjected to the influence of acold current and/ or north. wind. As anatural course of the event, though theplants which are exotic conifers such as.
Cunninghamia, Taiwania, Metasequoia
and Glyptostrobus and evergreen broadleaved tree such as Liquidambar seemto have remained· as a relict in ·the central part of' Noto Peninsula where theHijirikawa, Wakura and Kasashio members are locally distributed; those plants
seem to have been affected· by current
and/or wind of the northern part (Tsu~kada area) of. the peninsula ..
Comparison between. the fossil plantsand the living equivalents whose climatic requirements:. are ·known is frequent~·

311:

a: C

X: B

)\

.'

\

-·o

\
:;:)

-0

\

.

\/

,.,
x!

b

)

~·
<

i•
.

~

I

2

i

~

<

_,

• f
;:

,. i ~

I

~

~

!

~

• ,_________...,
isu~adoM.

Text-fig. 9. Pollen diagram (6) : Figure
showing the cold and cool (A in Text-figs.
2; 3, 6 and 13), temperate (C) and warm(B) climate elements found from the Neogene System in the Hokuriku region.

ly used for climatic analysis. of a fossil
flora. Where· the modern relationships
are known definitely, this method is probably useful for acquring accurate information. The Neogene species- are comparatively modernized in. morphologicalfeatures; so it is not difficult to' comparethem with their living; equivalents: withsome exceptions. The genera composing
the Neogene floras- in the· Japanese Islands are mostly distributed now in East
Asia, and nearly all of the temperate·
Dicotyledons genera in the fossil flora
are now growing in the Japanese Islands.
The exotic coniferous genera are foundthroughout the Neogene floras of theJapanese.Islands; and they are now mostly living in China;. and some of them
are known in ·the western pare of' North
America.
The Tsukada pollen-flora consists
mainly of the temperate genera withsome warm and cold-,-cool· climate. elements. The. dominant genera among thetemperate- flora are Alnus, Castanea,
Quercus, Zelkova, Acer, Pterocarya and]uglans etc. Their modern- equivalent'
species::. are mostly. distributed:: in. the312

Norio FUJI··

Japanese Islands proper, especially inthe northern part of Honshu and Hokkaido. Further, the pollen-flora fromthe Tsukada Member contains the exotic
conifers such as Metasequoia and exotic
broad-leaved Dicotyledons as Liquidambar, though they are not abundant in
number of specimens and species andmay be the relicts which survived fromthe previous Middle Miocene Epoch.
Thus, according to the present writer's
investigation, the pollen flora from the
Tsukada Member is composed of amixed, mainly temperate and some warm
and told climate ·elements in' floristic
composition as already described in theprevious part of this paper .
. From the viewpoint of leaf character
analysis reported on the Late Miocene
floras from various localities in thejapanese Islands, these pollen-floras are
related to the present temperate or
somewhat warm temperate forest now
growing in the central and southernparts of the Japanese Islands, and they
seem to have grown under a warm

Explanation of Plate 35..
Fig. 1. Tilia, polar view, 25,u; Locality No. 9, Takuda, Wajima City; the lowest horizon of
the lower part of the Tsukada Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20194.
Fig. 2. Tilia, polar view, 36,u; 24m in depth of the well drilled in Locality No. T -1, Ipponmatsu Park, Wajima City; the lowermost horiz.on of the lower part of the Tsukada
Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20195.
Fig. 3. Tilia, polar view, 32,u; Locality No. 9, Takuda, Wajima City; the lowermost horizonof the lower part of the Tsukada Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20196.
Fig. 4. Tilia, polar view, 29,u; Locality No. 2, Takuda, Wajima City; the middle horizon of
the upper part of the Tsukada Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20197.
Fig. 5. Tilia, polar view, 24,u; Sample 13 from Locality No. 13, Ippon-matsu Park, Wajima
City; the middle horizon of the upper part of the Tsukada Member; EKZJ coli. cat.
no. 20198.
Fig. 6. Cf. Fagus, oblique equatorial view, 38,u; Locality No. 9, Takuda, Wajima City; thelowermost horizon of the lower part of the Tsukada Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20199.
Fig. 7 .. ]uglans, polar view, 37 ,u; Locality No. 9, Takuda, Wajima City; the lowermost horizonof the lower part of the Tsukada Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20200.
Fig. 8. ]uglans, polar view, 42,u; Locality No. 2, Takuda, Wajima City; the middle horizonof the upper part of the Tsukada Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20201.
Fig. 9. ]uglans, polar view, 40,u; 24 meters in depth of the well drilled in Locality No. T -1,
Ippori-matsu Park, Wajima City; the lowermost horizon of the lower part of the Tsukada Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20202.
Fig. 10. Inapertipollenites, polar view, 45,u; Locality No.6, Taktida, Wajima City; the upperhorizon of the lower part of the Tsukada Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20203.
Fig. 11. Fagus, oblique equatorial view, 43,u; Locality No. 1, Takuda, Wajima City; theuppermost horizon of the upper part of the Tsukada Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20204.
Fig. 12. Carya, oblique polar view, 46,u; Locality No.1, Takuda, Wajima City; the uppermost
horizon of the upper part of the Tsukada Member; EKZJ coiL cat. no. 20205.
Fig. 13. Cf. Fagus, oblique equatorial view, 36,u; Locality No. 9, Takuda, Wajima City; thelowermost horizon of the lower part of the Tsukada Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20206.
Fig. 14. Fagus, polar view, 30,u; Locality No. 2, Takuda, Wajima City; the middle horizon of
the upper part of the Tsukada Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20207.
Fig; 15. Salix, oblique polar view, 36,u; Locality No. 8, Takuda, Wajima City; the lower
horizon of the ·lower part of the Tsukada Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20208.

FUJI:

Spores and pollen from Nato

Plate 355915

.595.

Spores and pollen from the Neogene of Noto-IV

Text-fig. 10. Pollen diagram (7) : Pentagonal diagram showing the relationship-among cold and cool (A), temperate (C);and warm (B) climate elements, NAP and
AP found from the upper part of the Tsu'kada Member (1), the lower part of the
Tsukada Member (2), A wakura (3) andNawamata (4) members.

Text-fig. 11. Pollen diagram (8) : Pentagonal diagram showing the relationship;among cold and cool (A), temperate (C).and warm (B) climate elements, arboreal
pollen grains (AP) and non arboreal pollen
grains found from the Tsukada (1), Wakura(2), Kasashio (3), Hijirikawa (4) and Oginoya (5) members.

temperate climatic condition. However,
the reduction of warm and subtropicalplants evidently indicates that the tern-

313

perature had lowered in comparison withthat of the Middle Miocene Y amatoda
and Sunagozaka members (FUJI, 1969b).
The Tsukada pollen-flora somewhat
resembles the forest now growing in thecentral or northern parts of the japaneseIslands. The floristic composition of
the fossil floras of this stage, the Latest
Miocene, varies with the localities, sothat the climate at that time shows local
difference. From the viewpoint of theresult, the Tsukada pollen-flora seems
to have differed from the other pollenfloras of the same time, such as Hijirikawa and W akura floras.
(b) Paleogeographical environment
To facilitate the considerations on theprobable paleogeographical environments
under which the ancient plants grew,
the modern equivalents of the fossil species can be grouped according to their

Text-fig. 12. Pollen diagram (9) : Triangular diagram showing the relationshipamong cold and cool (A), temperate (C)and warm (B) climate elements found fromthe Yamatoda (a), Sunagozaka (b), Hojuji(e), l'ida (f), Wakura (g), Nakayama-toge(i), Hijirikawa (i) and Omma (1) members,
and the upper part (up), lower part (low).
of the Tsukada Member, and average percent (av) of the Tsukada Member.

314

Norio. FUJI

habitatsinto.four types .of upland; mixed~
slope, str.eam-side or riparian, and lakeor marshy elements.
The Tsukada pollerdlora is' composed
mainly of mixed-slope dr' mixed-slope-riparian plants in the. frequency ofspecimens, and contains upland-mixedslope plants. That is. to say,· the ·Tsukada pollenJ!ora. seems to represent amixed-slope. to riparian assemblage.
On the other hand, judging from the,lithofacies, poor contents of the othermicrofossils such as diatoms and planktonic foraminifers and diversity in the·thickness of the Tsukada Member, t,hebasin in which the member was deposited
seems to have been an open embayment
with a wide mouth facing the open sea ..
The spread of the sedimentary basin andpaleogeographical outline are shown in
Text-figs. 14 and 15.

Explanation of Plate 36
Fig. 1. Deciduous Quercus, equatorial view, 26p.; Lo.cality No. 8; Takuda, Wajima City; thelower horizon. of the lower part of the Tsukada Member; EKZJ col!. cat. no. 20209.
Fig. 2. Evergreen Quercus, equatorial view, 23p.; Locality No. 6, Takuda, Wajima City; theupper horizon. of the lower part of the Tsukada Member; EKZJ col!. cat. no. 20210.
Fig. 3. Deciduous. Quercus, equatorial view, 28p; Sample 16 from Locality No. 14, Ippon-matsu
Park, W.aiima City; EKZJ coil. cat. no. 20211.
Fig. 4. Evergreen Quercus, equatorial view, 22p; 24m in depth of the well drilled at Locality
No. T -1, Ippon-matsu Park, Wajima City; the lowermost horizon of the lower part of·
the Tsukada Member; EKZJ col!. cat. no. 20212.
Fig. 5. Deciduous Quercus, equatorial view, 27 p; 24m in depth of the well drilled at Locality
No. 1, Ippon-matsu Park, Wajima City; EKZJ coil. cat. no. 20213.
Fig. 6. Evergreen Quercus, equatorial view, 23p; Sample 13 from Locality No. 13; Ipponmatsu Park, Wajima City; the middle horizon of the upper part of the Tsukada Mem-.
her; EKZJ col!. cat. no. 20214.
Fig. 7. Deciduous Quercus, eq1.1:atorial view, 29p; Sample 15 from the lowermost horizon of
the lower part of the Tsukada Member; EKZJ col!. cat. no. 20215.
Fig. 8. Indeterminable pollen grain (?), 34p; Locality No. 8, Tsukada, Wajima City; the·lower horizon of the lower part of the Tsukada Member; EKZJ col!. cat. no. 20216.
Fig. 9. Cf. Ilex, oblique polar view, 26p; 24m in depth of the well drilled at Locality No.
T-1, Ippon-matsu Park, Wajima City; the lowermost horizon of the lower part of the·Tsukada Member; EKZJ col!. cat. no. 20217.
Fig. 10. Nuphar (?), equatorial view, 46p; 24m in depth of the well drilled at. Locality No.
T-1, Ip.pon-matsu Park, Wajima City; the lowermost horizon of the lower part of the·Tsukada Member; EKZJ col!. cat. no. 20218.
Fig. 11. Aff. Carya, oblique polar view, 40p; 24m in depth of the well drilled at Locality No.
T -1, Ippon-matsu Park, Wajima City; the lowermost horizon of the lower par of the
Tsukada Member; EKZJ coil. cat. no. 20219.
Fig. 12. Gleicheniaceae, 38p; Locality No. 5, Takuda, Wajima City; the uppermost horizonof the lower part of the Tsukada Member; EKZJ coil. cat. no. 20220.
Fig. 13. Osmunda, 48p, lateral view; Locality No. 12, Ippon-matsu Park, Wajima City; the·middle horizon of the lower part of the Tsukada Member; EKZJ col!. cat. no. 20221.
Fig. 14. Cf. Monolete type spore, 38p, lateral view; 24m in depth of the well drilled at
Locality No. T-1, Ippon-matsu Park, Wajima City; the lowermost horizon of the lower·part of the Tsukada Member; EKZJ col!. cat. no. 20222.

FUJI:

Plate 96

Spores and pollen from Nato

3

4

2

5

6

8

.595.

Spores and pollen from the Neogene of Noto-IV

315-- 37" N

/

/

''

''

/

137" E

Text-fig. 14. The paleogeographical map during
the Otokawa Stage of the Late Miocene Epoch in the
I-Iokuriku region (After Y. KASENO, 1963).
100%

Text-fig. 13. Pollen diagram (10) : Quad·rilateral diagram showing the paleoclimatic•condition, paleoecological environment, tree
pollen grains (AP) and grass pollen grains.& spores (NAP) from the Yamatoda (a);Pollen grain from the Sunagozaka (b),Higashi-in'nai (c), Najimi (d), Hojuji (e),l'ida (f), Wakura (g), l'izuka (h), Nakayama-toge (i), Hijirikawa (i), Takakubo(k) and Omma (I) members. Numbers
refer to Text-figs. 1 and 3 in the writer's
previous paper (1969a).

(c) Geological age
The correlation and age determination·of the Neogene floras have been frequently done by use of some characteriistic fossils and assemblages in the Japa.nese Islands. T ANAI (1963) classified the
Neogene floras of Japan into six types.cas described already in the writer'slPrevious papers (FUJI, 1969a, b, c).
In generic composition the Tsukada

pollen-flora is very similar to the Mitokutype flora. The Mitoku-type flora contains a few exotic elements which arefound abundantly in the Yamatoda andNoroshi floras. The exotic elements arecommonly found in the Late Miocene
floras of Europe and in the western region of the United States of America
where the modernized plants of these
exotic elements are abundant.
Thus, in comparison ·with various
floras of the Tertiary in the JapaneseIslands and from the viewpoint of stratigraphical evidences and paleontological
data, the Tsukada pollen-flora is correlated with the Mitoku-type flora, andthe member seems to be geochronologically of the Late Miocene or Earliest
Pliocene epoch .
References
CocPER, R.A. (1953) :Upper Mesozoic andCainozoic spores and pollen grains from[N orio F' UTI

316

Waj i m a-zok i: /~:.:-.
\)f----/.

Onishi13 ?"EBsea~ mud richiii

sand rich• Okamoto0

Text-fig. 15. The paleogeographical map during the sedimentation of the Tsukada
Member in the Otokawa Stage of the Late Miocene Epoch in the Wakura area of NatoPeninsula, Central Japan (after Y. KASENO, 1963).

Explanation of Plate 37
Fig. 1. Picea, lateral view, 70p.; Locality No.5, Takuda, Wajima City; the uppermost horizon.
of the lower part of the Tsukada Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20223.
Fig. 2. Pice a, lateral view, 82p.; Locality No. 7, Takuda, Wajima City; the middle horizonof the lower part of the Tsukada Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20224.
Fig. 3. Pice a, lateral view, 67 f1; 24m in depth of the well drilled at Locality No. T -1, lpponmatsu Park, Wajima City; the lowermost horizon of the lower part of the Tsukada.
Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20225.
Fig. 4. Taxodiaceae, Cf. Metasequoia, oblique lateral view, 22{1; Sample 14 from the outcropof Locality No. 14, lppon-matsu Park, Wajima City; the middle horizon of the Awakura
Member, Sample 14 was collected from the tuffaceous mudstone ·of the Awakura Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. '20226.
Fig. 5. Pice a, lateral view, 70p; 24m in depth of the well drilled at Locality No. T -1, lpponmatsu Park, Wajima City; the lowermost horizon of the lower part of the Tsukada
Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20227.
Fig. 6. Abies, late:ral view, 82p; 24m in depth of the well drilled at Locality No. T-1, lpponmatsu Park, Wajima City; the lowermost horizon of the lower part of the Tsukada
Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20228.
Fig. 7. Tricolpropollenites type pollen grain, gen. indet, equatorial_ view, 46p.; Locality No.
7, Takuda, Wajima City; the middle horizon of the lower pari: of the Tsukada Member;
EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20229.
Fig. 8. Taxodiaceae, lateral view, 38p.; Sample 15 from the lowermost horizon of the lower
part of the Tsukada Member, Locality No. 14, lppon-matsu Park, Wajima City; EKZJ
coli. cat. no. 20230.
Fig. 9. Abies, oblique ventral view, 98p.; 24m in depth of the well drilled at Locality No.
T -1, lppon-matsu Park, Wajima City; the lowermost horizon of the lower part of the
Tsukada Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20231.

FUJI : Spores and pollen from Nota

Plate 37

.

;

. .•

·,. ~. '. ,.
. ';-·.
....['.

.;~-·-....
\-~.... ~·_"i ·:.:~

.

-:.

.

. . ~.. ~ -~ .•-:...

·,:._.

..

. :.:

.. -

~:

.

··:·

; : ~ • .;.-._:•

• •

,L •

595.

Spores and pollen from the Neogene of Noto-IV

New Zealand. New Zealand Geol. Surv.
Paleont. Bull. 22, 77pp., 3 text-figs., 3tabs., 9 pis.
ERDTMAN, G. (1969) : Handbook of palynology. 486pp., 49 figs., 125 pis., Munks·
gaard.
FAEGRI, K. and IvERSEN, T. (1954) : Text·
book of pollen analysis. 237pp., 23 text·
figs., 8 pis., Munksgaard.
FUJI, N. (1964) : Palynological studies on the
Late Tertiary and Quaternary Systems in
Hokuriku District, Central Japan. Quaternary Research, vol. 4, 3,4, p. 138-190, 5
text-figs., 1 tab.
- - (1969a) : A palynological study of theLate Miocene Wakura Member. Fossil
spores and pollen grains from the Neogene deposits in Nato Peninsula, Central
Japan-I. Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. jaPan, N.S., No. 74, pp. 1-25, 2 pis., 2 tabs.,
10 figs.
- - (1969b) : A palynological study of the
Middle Miocene Yamatoda Member. Ditto-II. Ibid., No. 75, pp. 51-80, 3 pis., 9figs., 2 tabs.
- - (1969c) : A palynological study of the317

Pliocene Oginoya and Late Miocene Hijirikawa Members. Ditto-III. Ibid., No.
76, pp. 185-204, 2 pis., 2 tabs., 7 figs.
KAsE;.;o, Y. (1963) : Geology of southern
Nato Peninsula, Central Japan, with reference to the Cenozoic history. Sci.
Rept. Kanazawa Univ., vol. 8, No. 2, pp.
541-568, 11 text-figs., 1 tab., 4 pis.
- - (1965) : Geology of Nato Peninsula.
Scientific Survey of Noto Peninsula, pp.
1-84, 4 pis., 20 figs., 11 tabs., 1 geol.
map; Ishikawa Prefecture.
MATSC'GRA, N. (1955): Geology and landslide in the central area of the Wajima
District, Ishikawa Prefecture (MS). Graduation Thesis of the Kanazawa Univ., No.
15 in the Geological Institute, 76 pp., 3maps, 13 figs., 13 tabs.
0TUKA, Y. (1946) : Geoscientific observationin the northern coast of Nota Peninsula.
Shizen-kenkyu, pp. 12-17.
TAKA!, T. (1961) : Neogene floral change inJapan. jour. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Univ.,
Ser. 4, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 119-398, 32 pis.,
15 tabs., 7 text-figs.

---

Anamizu
AwakuraDaijimaEzoanaHamadaHijirikawa
Hiradoko
Hokuriku
I kuruInabuneIn'naiIppon-matsu
Ishikawa
JinokoKanazawa
Kasashio
KiritaKo-iseKonogi
KwantoMitoku'""' 7k
/~

~

""'
1=1

MY.

,Jlh

~~1C

j~

fE

~
ljZ-

}II

I*

::it. F>i{110. tilfffi f,t
lit l*l-:;J>:r.t:~E }II
ttl!. OJ¥}}~

r.R'1i.i':l!if:JRm fE!]\{;;I~

Jl:t

;;j:

f'R:J

*
{!@

Nanao
Nawamata
Nishi-6no
NoroshiNato
Omma
OkamotoOkazukaOtokawa
SoyamaSunagozaka
TakudaTsukadaWajimaWajima-nuri
Wajima-zaki
WakuraWarabino
Yamatoda
Yokohama
Yokoji

{:;

~

~

X.

E§::k!llf

m WI

"'"'
~to

::k

WiJ

!llil

=-·.t:.

"''
ii§'

~

*J*
:%(
I!

ill

li.:P-J-t/i
Of;
:%(

fE
fE

~"li ,li¥J'"ii!il;~~(ifi,li¥JJiill!
;j'Q

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!frl'
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l/,

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:318

Norio FUJI

Explanation of Plate 38
FiJ. 1. Photograph showing contact of pollen grain body and bladders of Picea from Locality·No. 9, Takuda, Wajima City; x 600; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20232; A: bladder, B: pollen
grain body, C: contact part.
Fig. 2. Photograph showing sporoderm pattern of pollen grain body of Picea from Locality
No.9; x880; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20233; A: bladder, B: pollen grain body.
Fig. 3. Microphotograph showing contact of pollen grain body and bladders of Picea from
24m in depth of the well drilled at Locality No. T--1, Ippon-matsu Park, ·Wajima City;x 640; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20234; C & D: bladder, E: pollen grain body; F: contactarea.
Fig. 4. Photomicrograph ·showing sporoderm pattern, especially sexine, of bladder of Abies
from 24m in depth of the well drilled at Locality No. T-1; x 640; EKZJ coli. cat. no.
20235; D: bladder, E: body.
Fig. 5. Photomicrograph showing sporoderm pattern of ·pollen grain body and marginal ridgeof Abies from horizon above mentioned; EKZ] coli. cat. no. 20236; x 640; E: pollen grainbody, M: marginal ridge.
Fig. 6. Photomicrograph showing contact of bladders and pollen grain of Abies from horizonrefered to Fig. 4; x 800; EKZ] coli. cat. no. 20237; C: bladders, D: contact area.
'Fig. 7. Photograph showing colpus of the deciduous Quercus from Sample 15 of Locality No.
14, Ippon-matsu Park, Wajima City; x 1360; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20238.
Fig. 8. Photomicrograph showing pollen aperture of Tilia from Locality No. 9, Takuda,
Wajima City; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20239; x 1200.
Fi.g. 9. Photomicrograph showing .pollen .aperture of Tilia from locality above mentioned;x 1200; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20240.
Fig. 10. 'Photomicrograph showing pollen grain aperture of Tilia from Locality No. 9, Takuda,
Wajima City; x 1040; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20241.
Fig. 11. Photomicrograph showing pollen aperture of Tilia from Locality No. 9; x 1200; EKZJ
coli. cat. no. 20242.
Fig. 12. Photomicrograph showing pollen grain aperture of Tilla from 24·m in depth of thewell drilled at Locality No. T -1, Ippon-matsu, Wajima City; x 1200; EKZ] coli. cat. no.
20243.
Fig. 13. Photomicrograph showing pollen aperture of Cf. Tilia from 24m in depth of thewell drilled at Locality No. T -1; x 800; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20244.
Fig. 14. 'Photomicrograph showing pollen aperture of Carya from Locality No. l, Takuda,
Wajima City; x 800; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20245.
Fig. 15. Photomicrograph showing pollen aperture of Carya from Locality No. 1; x 800; EKZ]
coli. cat. no. 20246.
Fig. 16. Photomicrograph showing pollen aperture of lnapertipollenites type pollen grain
showing in Fig. 10, from Locality No.6, Takuda, Wajima City; x 1040; EKZJ coli. cat.
no. 20203.
Fig. 17. Photomicrograph showing pollen aperture of Jnapertipollenites type pollen grain
showing Fig. 10; x 480; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20203.
Fig. 18. Photograph showing pollen aperture of ]uglans from 24m in depth of the welldrilled at Locality No. T -1, Ippon-matsu, Wajima City; x 480; EKZ] coli. cat. no. 20247;
A: profile of aperture, B: oblique view of aperture of Tilia.

FUJI:

Spores and pollen from Noto

Plate 98

B

2

A

5

7

c

6

8

10

12

14

13

16

11

17

A

15

18

Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S., No. 86, pp. 319-324, pl. 39, June 30, 1972

596.

A PROBLEMATICA FROM THE MlZUHO-TO
OF NIIG AT A PREFECTURE·~
KOTORA HAT AI and HIROSHI NODA

Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Faculty of Science,
Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan---~--~-?/iifi.\;\V;Uffilf.i.l\t'ti!f problematica tc·::l\,,"C:----%Jri~V;HI§~'iJJ&1~1/ii'j1:fi!T,

iJl'ctiJU-.iJfctc1£i!-t
problematica ~1'6!~1 L t:" ::_ 0) problema$<[i!iUmi.J>fJ:f!i!fi:!\~~iJ~1TL-, 5:JjljO)*iitO)i/ifn;'l£)!El-, ill!;-bllffif.\ll*ltj(}JliJ~ l=j:lJl!\O)~!H~r-i:fi J:: fJ Pf.l±', L- t:•Mtica f'i-:Li€:-6 24cm,
4cm-c-,
0i!Jf]IiiU V ¥J~~tJ: l-jilljfl\IJlifiO)f~~%'i-f'i1Hir.~"Jl:-;t~"c tL ~ O)!j\'fi'!& ~, lllt!!!il~fi. ff.!JJ!i, i4itll#ik 0) fil!.O) ~:E_!I7ij £> ~ v'f'i J!!r;~:J"-Wl ~ L-1~{- '3 tJ:J3l.i*t6!Ht L- t:f.-}:!J!:, £, {) x.1 O)iljl!HJ O)~fmlt:fi-c·, Urolophidae ;f~[O) Uro/ophus jamaicensisO)f;j(t:C~fl!ltc®l!~1f L- tH' <b O)l:' Kubikichthys raris tor:~ 110~'1'11 ~h "C v' :"J: v ')/iii~. :ji[rfill:l:·c<t~ Uh;iii•ll-t:"

i:m:J:t:+IJC · '!lf!Rraji]

ment of Geology, Faculty of Science,
Kanazawa University for kindly donat·
ing the specimen for study. Mr. Shini·chi SAKURAI of our Institute of Geology
and Paleontology, Faculty of Science,
Tohoku University, for his informationon the geology of the area, and Messrs.
Kimiji KUMAGAI and Shohei OTOMO andMrs. Kimiko SHIBUY A of the Instituteof Geology and Paleontology, for theirkind assistance.

Introduction and acknowledgments

A fossil problematica impressed in a
black, finely laminated, well consolidated
mudstone was found in the debris below
a cliff in the upper reaches of the Noo·River at Kurosawa, Noo·machi, Nishi·
Kubiki-gun, Niigata Prefecture, by Mr.
Hajime MD RASA w A of the Department·Of Geology, Faculty of Science, Kanaza·
wa University. The stratigraphic posi·tion of the problematica is said to be
the middle part of the Hiuchiyama For·mation, according to verbal information•Of the collector. As the specimen was
found among the fallen rocks of the.cliff, its being derived from the cliff
seems to be without doubt, and its stra·
ltigraphic position is as indicated in
Text-figure 1.
At this place the writers wish to thankMr. Hajime MURASAWA of the Depart·

The problematica

The problematica is an impression ina fine grained, black colored, finely la·minated, hard mudstone. It consists ofabout five longitudinal grooves, each ofdifferent length, separated by triangular
to flatly rounded interspaces, with nu·
merous well sculptured scale-like impressions in the groove3 and on theinterspaces as well as scattered in different parts of the specimen; four

* Received May 6, 1971; read June 27, 1971
:at Nara.
:319

Kotora HAT AI and Hiroshi NODA

320
Geol.ogez<(

FORMATIONSNADACHIFORMATION

Thickness(m)100+Columnarsection

~

C1

<(

>-

KAWAZUME FORMATION

520z

MIZO-O

850

~

10
1-

Lithic character

FORMATION

Block hard siltstone::c

Rhythmic thin alterna-e;·,·::~:.:·:.: :.-::··<<.:.:. YANAGIZAWA SCildston:::>

lsurus cf. hastalis
Sordinops sp.

hard siltstone

Kubikichth:ts roris,n.gen.et n.sp.

650

NISHIHIYAMA

UPPER

300

-

FORMATION

LOWER

300

UPPER
HI UCHIYAMA

400~~:-~:~_:_

0

MIDDLE450---====----- Silicified hard siltst0111----------=--=---------===
-

LOWER

300

Bose unknown

0

N

-

Fine laminated black

MASEGUCHI FORMATIONw

Delecto~cten ~~:Mizuhopectencf•. poroplebejus·------ tion of sandstone and------- siltstone<(0

Remarkable
fossils

FORMATION

Nautilus sp.

..._::_ Andestic green color.
ed lapilli tuff

Text-fig. 1. Stratigraphic sequence of the formations in the area of Noo-machi,
Nishi-Kubiki-gun, Niigata Prefecture (according to Shinichi SAKURAI, 1971 MS.).

parallel-sided rather, short, incomplete
bands are preserved at the distal end.
All the grooves and interspaces are
gently curved longitudinally. The specimen measures about 24 em in total
length and about 4 em in maximum
width. The details of the features aredescribed below.
The grooves, about five in number
and of different lengths, the longest isabout 22 em in length, each groove is
v-shaped in profile, with the sides ofalmost equal inclination though someare more or less steeper than others,
each groove is provided with scaly sculpture consisting of 8-10 rows of tuberculated (positive) or pitted (negative)
structures. These structures are squarely rounded slightly elevated (negative)
or originally apparently depressed button-like structures, arranged in closely
set rows extending outward in v-shaped
grooves and terminating in threads,
where the tubercular structures become
obliterated. Each scale is about 5 mm
in width and about 4-5 mm in length,

being almost as wide as long. These
scaly structures occur in each groove
as well as in the spaces separating· eachgroove from one another. The scaly
structures and grooves are best preserved, probably in almost original form,.
on the left part of the specimen, whereas towards the right the grooves becomeless extensive, and are disturbed considerably, and at such places the scaly
structures loose their (probable) orientation and are impressed in the rock at
random, that is to say, some overlap·
others, many are oriented in different
directions, and some singular ones are·found situated away from the grooves.
or interspaces and without definite orientation. Most of the scaly structures.
appear v-shaped whereas some are foundto be inverted v-shape with their axis
pointing in different di~ections. The
spac~s between the grooves, especiallyin the area between the central to rightlateral parts, are disturbed, being roughened by random scales, blurred as if
by rubbing and in part cracked and596.

Problematica from Niigata

partially overlapping as if subjected topressure.
At the anterior-most part of the spe·cimen there are about four parallel-sided,
almost flat, somewhat deformed struc·tures, two are sculptured with parallel
grooves and ridges and .the other two
with tuberculations on their .surfaces.
The former sculpture consists of roundbottom grooves and roundly elevatedridges each of almost equal width, andthe latter of apparently longitudinallyarranged rows of rounded, slightly ele·
vated tubercles. .The structures seemto have been deformed by some pres·sure subsequent to burial and before
consolidation.

Interpretation
It seems that various views can be
expressed concerning the nature of the
problematica at hand. One view is thatthe structure impressed in the black
mudstone may be a part of some kindof a reptile as a lizard that had eitherdrowned or drifted to sea after death.
to be buried in soft black mud. The
problematica may represent some kindof a plant that was drifted from land
to be buried in the muddy sea bottom.
The fossil impression may represent
some kind of fish, possibly one that is
now extinct in the present seas. The
impression may possibly be the remainsof two different kinds of organisms, oneof the scales and the other of the twodifferent kinds of blades. The two dif·ferent kinds of blades may be parts ofsome kind of plant such as Zostera (theone with · longitudinal furrows andridges), or the detached broken. bonesof some kind of marine or terrestrial
animal.
A remote guess may be the impres-321. sion of the dorsal part of a shark-tait(Hexanchidae) or possibly the impressionof part of the skin of some kind of
shark.
.From the description and illustrationof the problematical fossil at hand it
seems evident that its origin is organic.
and not inorganic. Among organisms
able to make such peculiar features,.
several probably remote views were expressed above. However, from the features preserved as impressions in theblack mudstone, any one of the possibilities of its origin. mentioneg above
may be remote, here it should be addedthat the impression as preserved is mostprobably not in its original state and thedescribed details strongly suggest thatthe organism that made the impression
was subjected to certain agencies after
death and before burial, such as turning:over more than once, as indicated by
the preserved features.
The writers after taking into consideration each of the possibilites mentioned above, have come to the conclusion that the present problematica represents a part of the tail of a ray,the body having either been decayed or
devoured by some predaceous marine'organism, and the detached tail subjected to turning-over by agencies subsequent to its detachment.
The longitudinal grooves are considered to represent the dorsal border of
the tail which was covered on its surface and sides with numerous small
scaly structures,
The longitudinal grooves mentioned
already are thought to represent the'dorsal and probably also lateral bordersof the tail, which entire surface was covered with small scaly structures whose
tubercular and thread-like structures
were originally covered with the skinof the ray. The short, parallel-sides"

:322

Kotora HAT AI ·and Hiroshi NODA

:blaae-like struCture situated .at the distal·end of the spedmen is considered to be
the spine of the ray, and the ·longitudinal furrows and ridges were probably
covered with skin, ·and in the furrows·may have been organs for poison. The
blade-like structure with tubercular·scul'pture is thought to be not a blade-shaped
spine but the body part of the original·tail, and its appearance ·as a blade-likespine is due to that it is covered in part·by the spine as the result of lateral pressure subsequent to its burial.
If the present specimen is to be considered to represent the tail of somekind of sting-ray, such as Urolophus
jamaicensis CUYlER, (Urolophidae), an
Atlantic species living on sandy .and
muddy sea bottoms (MCCORMICK, ALLEN
and YOUNG, 1964, p. 271-272, fig. on p.
"272), then it must be stated that rays
with which the present fossil one canbe identified are not known to the wri'ters. The Atlantic sting-ray is a peculiar
one in having scale-like covering bodyand tail and there is a spine situatednear the distal end of the tail. For thereasons stated and for the taxonomic
value of the fossil, a form genus andspecies becomes necessary in the light·that the fossil cannot be identified with.any living form. The initiation of aform genus and species name for thefossil at hand will aid in determining·the taxonomic relation of it to living.and other fossil forms, and also for the
purpose of biostratigraphy should more
specimens be found from different hori_zons and localities and also for aid in
the interpretation of the paleoecological.conditions of the sedimentary basin inwhich it once lived. For the reasons;stated the form genus and species name
·Of Kubikichthys raris n. gen. & n. sp. is·proposed. The form genus is tenta<tively placed in the Family Urolophidae.

Among the sting-rays recorded from
the Mizuho-T6 deposits of Japan (HATAI& KOTAKA, 1962; HAT AI, MURATA and
MASUDA, 1965; HAT AI, 1966), none are
known as to shape and characters of
the tail, although their spines have been
described and illustrated. Among thespines known of the sting-rays, Dasybatus masudae HATAI and KATAKA, 1962shows a remote resemblance with theblade-like spine of Kubikichthys mris,
although in the latter nothing is knownof whether lateral denticles or spines
are developed, whereas they are small
but well developed in Dasybatus masudae. Further the shape and charactersof the tail of Dasybatus masudae is unknown. No other recorded Japanese
Mizuho-To sting-ray spines show resemblance with the spine of the present
species.
Among the Recent species of stingrays known from the seas of the Japanese Islands, none seem to show suchcharacteristic scale-like sculpture as thefossil ray under consideration. Many
species of rays are illustrated and remarked upon by MCCORMICK, ALLEN
and YoUNG (1964), and among them only
Urolophus jamaicensis shows some re·semblance with the present one, although differing in details. No other·Recent species is known to the writers
to be comparable with the present fossil
in details of the spine and sculpture of
the tail skin.

Associated fossils and geological age
In association with and in the stratigraphic position in the Hiuchiyama Formation were found abundant discoid
pyrite concretions measuring up to
about 10 em in diameter and occupying
almost the same horizon, well preserved

596:

Prob'le.matica from Niigata,

specimens of Gen-no-ishi (Pseudo-gaylussite, that is, calcite after gaylussite,according to HrKI, 1915), or hammer
stones, fragmental remains of plantleaves, fish bones and fish scales, asea-weed called Hijikia (verbal information from Dr. Hidekuni MATSUO of the
Kanazawa University), and numerous
more or less deformed cephalopod shells(Nautilus). No other kinds of fossils
were found.
None of the fossils found in association with Kubikichthys raris serve fordetermination of the geological age, butfrom a slightly higher horizon suchmolluscs as Delectopecten peckhami(GABB) and lvlizuhopecten cf. paraplebejus (NOMURA and HATAI) occur, andthese point to the middle-upper part of
the Early Mizuho, therefore the underlying Kubikichthys is slightly older.

References
HATAr, K. (1.966): Some fossil stingraysfrom Northeast Japan. Saito Ho-on Kai
Mus., Res. Bull., no. 34, p. 1.5-18, 1 pl.
- - and KoTAKA, T. (1962):
Dasybatus------

Hiuchiyama
Kawazume
Kubiki
Maseguchi
Mizoo
Miyagianfrom the Japanese Miocene. Trans. Proc ..
Palaeont. Soc. japan, N. S., no. 45, p ..
201-205, pl. 30.
HATAI, K., MuRATA, M. and MAsUDA, K ..
(1965) : A sting ray and eagle ray·from the Tatsunokuchi Formation (Plio-cene) in Sendai City, Miyagi Prefecture,.
Japan. Ibid., no. 57, p. 34-37, 5 figs.
HIKI, T. (1915): On the Genn5-ishi. Mem ..
Coli. Engineering, Kyoto Imp. Univ., voLl, no. 2, p. 55-58, 1 pl.
McCoRMICK, H. W., ALLEN, T. and YouNG,
W. (1964) : Shadows in the sea. Sidgwick & jackson, 415 pp., numerous illustrations.
0BRUCHEV, D. V. (1967): Fundamentals of
paleontology, vol. 11, Agnatha, Pisces.
Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., 825 pp., numerous.
illustrations.
Revised Edition of Illustrated Encyclopediaof the Fauna of Japan.
Hokuryu-kan
Pub[. Co., 107+1898 pp., 5213 figs.
SAKURAI, S. (1971 MS) : Geology of the·southern part of Nishi-Kubiki-gun, Niigata Prefecture, Graduate Thesis of theInsittute of Geology and Paleontology,.
Faculty of Science, Tohoku University.
TANAKA, S. and ABE, S. (1955): One thousand species of important fish. Morihoku
Pub/. Co., 294 pp. + 12, numerous illustra-tions.

---* rr *"'Lli
Jll

II

~

lJ•X.

:IIlli

1-1
~

iP!;

7~

l)j(

/?i'i

-

--·

----·

MizuhoNadachi
Nishihiyama
Noo
Oidean---~--------

f.i,li,

llffi
45

JL

j1Ij

~

/It:

4.
w pf!r

.,.,
1~

LLi

324

Kotara HATAI and Hiroshi NODA---------------------------------------------------------------------

Explanation of Plate 39
Fig. 1. Entire view of Kubikichthys raris, n. gen. & n. sp., in natural size. Note the different
lengths of the grooves, the blurred condition and interspaces of the grooves.
Fig. 2. Scaly structure covering the body (?) and tail portions of Kubikichthys raris, x 5,
Note the detail sculpture of the scales and the terminal parts. Also to be noticed isthe position of the scales in the grooves and in the interspaces.
Fig. 3. Views of the blade-like spines with longitudinal grooves and ridges; shown at thelower and upper middle part of the photograph, x 5.
Figs. 2 & 3. Enlarged parts of Fig. 1. Impressed in black, finely laminated mudstone.

HAT AI and NODA :P1·oblemalica from Niigata

Plate 39

Tra!ls. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S., No. 86, pp. 325-339, pis. 40, 41, June 30, 1972

597.

ON THE SURFACE ORNAMENTATION OF THE PENNATAE
TRIGONIIDS, AND ON THREE NEW SPECIES OF THE
TRIGONIIDS FROM THE HIMENOURAGROUP, KYUSHU, JAPANMASA YUKI TASHIRO
Shokey Highschool, Kumamoto

Pennatae trigoniids O)~jlij~~O)~{I::;C.i!l:!rm/\lHlfifEO) 3 f-fifll!~C"?v'"C: B:;if>:ilf,:O) pennatae trigoniids O)~~r.1L?+Ii!l:!im/\!Hlfifli:O)fi~ i=f:!,L.,~c. {-O)~Jlii~f!mll~nX:N:~c{~'- 5 ~fiE!~
fl::;~~ffiil' M~~ L..t.:f.!15!b 1:. ;11, G 0) 3 1m Apiotrigonia, Heterotrigonia, Microtrigonia v:l:Frenguelliella vC!;'i{t) L..t.:Y;IJ~~~t,, disk 0) L ~Rbv:l:4'1·k pX:jjt*JJW!IC~§Ei¥'J~r.~pX:~ ;11,,
area O)~f!mv:l:f.i~C.liJ ~~(!!,~~~ll~ff-i"o Heterotrigonia ~;f1fc~ht.: area O)nJl:MtJ~
Rb~c{tJt.:~mRhil~ Apiotrigonia .sp Microtrigonia O)Jll(:jjt~vc 'b ~v'il:/:!',JJI.i" ~ 1:. C. il~(!!, ~ o;z Heterotrigonia 0) disk IC.~It ~~(<.la':Jt.~:~f!m~fl::;i:l: Apiotrigonia, Microtrigonia C.

<&fCJi"~o L..t.:il~-:>"C,

1:;11,G3~ra,ICv:l:lL1r'vr.Wt~tJ:H'M*il~(!!,IJ, t;'flr. Mic_rotrigoniav:l:Apiotrigonia .l 1J 57-il>;h,t.: 1:. C. IH~U)f.l: (!!, ~o 1:. 0) pennatae trigoniids cV~iJJ,iv:l:~-'t G< Frenguelliella ICY!ffi~§B !...., Trigoniinae ~C:IJQ 5 ..-:: ~ i~fi\~it;It.: C. ,'[l;i,:bh ~ il;, nX:N:~
O)~~llv:l:J!k!J;fO) L~Hb~ff-TO)i:,tr !....~ i:hG~-ffl L.. "C,~Jf!IR'f.!I.~~~T"'~ il' C.,l[l;l,:btL ~ o 1:. ;11, G 0)/fJH)::IJQ X. G;11, Mi:!im/\!HfMEO) 3 f)ffi Ap. utoensis, H et. himenourensis, M.

imutensis ~llcil!JG i.-t.:o "*. t.: Ap. minor var. nankoi NAKANO C. Ap. O.bliquecostata
NAKANO v:l:'*ir Ap. obsoleta NAKANO c. Ap. minor (YABE and NAGAO) O)~fi~
451:(!!,~50
Jfl tt .IE z

trigonia to the generic rank. NAKANO(1956) stated that Apiotrigonia should
be a member of the, subfamily Vaugoniinae · KOBAYASHI, 1954, because thecostae on the disk g_radually change
from concentric to L-shap'e through a
V-stage like in Vaugonia,'CRICKMAY, 1930.
SKA w ARKO (1968) regarded Apiotrigonia
as a genus of Vaugoniinae. On theother hand, KOBAYASHI (1954) suggested
that Heterotrigonia was derived from the
Trigoniinae LAMARCK, 1819, because it
has distinct radial costellae on the area.
NAKANO (1961) referred Heterotrigonia
to the Trigoniinae on account of radial
sculptures on the area. HAY AMI and
NAKANO (1968), in their numerical tax-

Introduction and acknowledgement
The Upper Cretaceous pennatae trigoniids in Japan are interesting bivalves. NAKANO (1957) classified theminto three genera, i. e., Apiotrigonia Cox,
1952, Microtrigonia NAKANO, 1957 andHeterotrigonia Cox, 1952. Apiotrigonia
was originally established by Cox (1952)as a subgenus ·of Megatrigonia vAN
HOEPEN, 1929. SAVELIEV (1958), LIWEROWSKAJA (1960) and ]ONES (1960) supported Cox's classification of Apiotrigonia. KOBAYASHI (1954) promoted Apio-* Received May 12, 1971; read Sept. 12,1970 at Tokyo.

325

326

Masayuki TASHIRO

onomic study on the Trigoniidae, suggested· that Apiotrigonia should be related to Heterotrigonia. In. Treatis~ oninvertebrate paleontology, Cox (1968)
classified Heterotrigonia as a subgenus·.ofApiotrigonia, but NAKANO (1970) placed
Heterotrigonia in the Nototrigoniinae
SKA W ARKO, 1963.
I have collected numerous pennatae
trigoniid specimens from the Himenouragroup in Kyushu as well as several trigoniid species from the Mikasa sandstone in Hokkaido, the Futaba group. in
Joban district and the Izumi group in
Shikoku. Here, the relationship among
three pennatae genera in Japan is discussed, and the following four species
from the Himenoura group of Uto peni-

Text-fig. L

nsula and Shimo-koshiki island are described.
Apiotrigonia obspleta NAKANO
Apiotrigonia utoensis TASHIRO, newspecies
Heterotrigonia himenourensis TASHIRO,
new species
Microtrigonia imutensis TASHIRO, newspecies
I wish to express my sincere thanks
to Emeritus Prof. T. KOBAYASHI of the
University of Tokyo for his kind reading the manuscript. I am also much indebted to Dr. M; TAMURA, AssociateProf. of Kumamoto University for hiskind guidance. I thank Associate Prof.
M. NAKANO of Hiroshima University forhis continuous encouragement. I am

Umbonal characters of Japanese pennatae trigoniids.

a. Apiotrigonia undulosa NAKANO, b. Ap. minor (YABE an.d NAGAo), c. Ap. postonodosa NAKANO, d. Ap. obsoleta NAKANO, e. Ap. utoensis TASHIRO, n. sp. f. Ap.
cfr. obsoleta NAKA:-<o, g. Heterotrigonia himenourensis TASHIRO, n. sp., h. MicrotriScale: 1 mm.
gonia amanoi NAKANO.

597.

Pennatae trigoniids

also· grateful to Mr. M. OTSUKA of
Oyano Senior Highschool in Amakusa
county for supplying me pennatae trigoniid specimens.
__(The specimens (KE) in this study are
kept in the Faculty of Education, Kumamoto University.)

Umbonal characters of pennatae
trigoniids

According to NAKANO (1957), the L
costae on the disk of Apiotrigonia developed from concentric costae througha Vaugonia-like V -stage. He also observed Frenguelliella-like concentric costae on the surface of immature specimens of Heterotrigonia subovalis (JIMBO)(NAKANO, 1961).
The umbonal traits of the Japanesepennatae trigoniids are shown in Textfig. 1. Though the number of costae
and costellae on the surface of theirimmature valves differs among these
species, they have common traits asfollows:
Shell resembles typical species ofFrenguelliella LEANZA, 1942 or Trigonia
in outline; marginal carina is well elevated and accompanied by a shallow
marginal sulcus (carina! depression) ;dorsal carina low but distinct; area wide,

Text -fig . 2.

3'27

triangular, ornamented with concentric
plain costellae which extend into eswt~
cheon; median groove on area shallow;. escutcheon narrow, with concentric plain
costellae; disk ornamented with plain
and regular concentric costae; marginal
sulcus has fine plain costellae, which areconcentric near umbo but gradually
become vertical, and each costella on
the sulcus joins with a costa of disk on
one side and a costella of area on theother (see Text-figs. 1 and 2).
The junction of the costae on the disk
and the costellae on the sulcus are first
concentric but gradually become Vshaped.
It, however, can hardly be
warranted that the V -shaped costation
reveals "Vaugonia stage". The subradial costae called " posterior series n on
the disk of these trigoniids represent
themselves quite independently of Vshape. The costae are at first short andtuberculate, appear near the marginal
carina and are later linked with thecostellae of the sulcus.
In the samestage, the concentric costae of the disk
and costellae of escutcheon become stout
rapidly and begin to show traits characteristic of respective species.
Ornamentation of area

Japanese pennatae trigoniids can beFrenguelliella-like umbonal pa rt.

A: Apiotrigonia obsoleta NAKANO,
C: Microtrigonia amanoi N AKANO .

B: Ap. undulosa NAKANO ,(scale, 1 mm).

328

Masayuki TASHIRO

sorted into three group by the morphological characters of their area as follows:
I. Group with obliqe costellae
This group comprises minor, postonodosa, and amanoi. (Text-fig. 3-C, D andE).

amanoi subgroup: The area is relatively
wide for pennatae trigoniids ; costellaeof the area first concentric but gradually change oblique and tuberculate.
Microtrigimia amanoi, Micr. minima,
and Micr. imutensis n. sp. belong tothis subgroup.

minor subgroup : Costellae on the area,
first concentric, gradually become oblique on the dorsal half of the area,
the costellae on the other half of area
being concentric as far as the point
where they disappear. Apiotrigimia
minor, Ap. undulosa, Ap. hironoensis,
Ap. orikiensis, Ap. futabaensis, and Ap.
ashizawaensis belong to this subgroup.
postonodosa subgroup: Costellae of thearea are concentric in immature valve,
but suddenly become oblique and continue through the mature stage; they
are tuberculate. Ap. postonodosa belongs to this subgroup.

II. Group with concentric costellae
The area of Ap. utoensis n. sp. andAp. obsoleta is ornamented with concentric or vertical costellae. The costellaein the former are no less distinct in theadult sta.ge·. Those in the latter are
distinct in the younger stage but soon
disappear in adult. Ap. crassoradiata
may be a member of this group (seeText-fig. 3-A and B).
III. Group with radial costellae
Heterotrigonia species belong to thisgroup. In Het. subovalis and Het. liimenourensis n. sp., radial costellae on the
area· suddenly appear at the outskirts

Text-fig. 3.

Ornamentation of area on Japanese pennatae trigoniids.

Concentric-group; A: Apiotrigonia utoensis TAS!-IlRO, n. sp.
B: Apiotrigonia obsoleta NAKANO,
Oblique-group;
C: Apiotrigonia minor (YABE & NAGAO),
D: Apiotrigonia postonodosa NAKANO,
E: Microtrigonia amanoi NAKANO.
Radial-group;
F: Heterotrigonia himenourensis TASHIRO, n. sp.
Scale: 5 mm.

597.

Pennatae trigoniids

Qf the area in immature stage. In these·species the radial costellae exist only
·on one side of the marginal half of thearea. In the type-species of Heterotrigonia from British Columbia however.
they exist on the whole area.
In several mature specimens of Ap.
minor and Micr. imutensis n. sp. fromthe Himenoura group, the radial threads
appear on the posterior parts of area
{see, Pl. 40, Figs. 9b and 15, Text-figs.
3-c, and 9). Fine radial wrinkles appear
often on the area of immature Ap. minor(Pl. 40, Fig. 14), Ap. obsolela (Text-fig.
1-d), and lvlicr. amanoi (Text-fig. 1-h).
Apiotrigonia and Microtrigonia appear
to have a latent character to possessradial threads or wrinkles on the area.
According to SKA w ARKO (1970) in Ap.
calderoni (AGUILERA) from the Upper
Jurassic of Mexico no rib is present on
the area except its proximal part, where.a few radial riblets are visible. NAKANO{1961) observed radial riblets on the areaof a mature specimen of Ap. newcombei{PACKARD) from the Haida formation of
British Columbia in the collection ofThough NAKANO
Kyoto University.
stated that the specimen might be amember of Heterotrigonia having radial329

costae on the area, it seems to me thatthe specimen represents a mature formof Apiotrigonia like the same stage ofAp. minor mentioned above.
This radial latent or visible characteron the area of Apiotrigonia and lvficrotrigonia evidently shows an intimate
relationship with the radial costellae on
the area of Heterotrigonia.

Ornaments on the disk

The anterior series of costae in Ap.
minor from the Himenoura group is
shown in Text-fig. 4: The concentricand horizontal shapes (A and B) are
general shapes in AjJ. minor; the undulated shape (F) is similar to the seriesof Ap. undulosa; Ap. obliquecostata, Ap.
orikiensis, and Ap. futabaensis resemble
those of the specimens of the oblique
shape (C); V-shape (D) and chevron
shape (E) are as yet unkown in Japan;
obsolete shape (G) is akin to the seriesof Ap. obsoleta. As there are intermediate shapes between these 7 shapes in
Ap. minor, their distinction is somewhat
artificial.
Ap. postonodosa changes its shapeB

E

Text-fig. 4.

D

G

Variation of anterior series in Apiotrigonia minor (YABE & NAGAo).

A: concentric shape. B: horizontal shape. C: oblique shape.
E: chevron shape. F: undulate shape. G: obsolete shape . . • .

D: V-shape.

Masayuki T ASH!RO330

of anterior series through growth, asshown in Text-fig. 5. A similar change
is observable in Heterotrigonia subovalis
from the Mikasa sandstone of Hokkaido.
In Late Cretaceous pennatae trigoniids
such as Microtrigonia amanoi, M. minima
and M. imutensis n. sp·., the anterior
series is almost effaced except for theumbonal part, and the disk is ornamented with subradial tuberculate costae
which bifurcate near the antero-ventral
margin. These species closely resemble
Heterotrigonia himenourensis as regards
the ornamentation of disk (see, Textfigs. 6-C, F and 8).
Text-fig. 6 shows such a morphologicalchange occurred on the disk of pennatae trigoniids through geological ages.
Heterotrigonia closely resembles Apiotrigonia (including Microtrigonia) as
regards each morphological character ineach series of the disk. These morphological changes on the disk of Ap.
Postonodosa and Het. subovalis represent
an example of palingenesis.

On the taxonomic position of. pennatae trigoniids
Though Apiotrigonia is closely related
to Heterotrigonia, I am inclined to leave
Heterotrigonia as a distinct genus, instead of regarding it as a subgenus of
Apiotrigonia, because distinct differencein evolutional tempo exists between thetrunks of Apiotrigonia and Heterotrigonia (see, Text-fig. 6). Microtrigonia
is undoubtedly a derivative of Apiotri-

gonia as already suggested by NAKAN(}(1957).
In the immature stage of Megatrigonia ..
Jotrigonia VAN HOEPEN, 1929, and Vau-·
gonia, concentric costae change gradually into sinuate or V-shaped ones as.
seen in Meg. obesa VAN HOEPEN, I. crassitesta vAN HOEPEN, and V. v-costata·(LYCETT), but the costae on the disk ofpennatae trigoniids develop into L-shape,
without passing through the sinuate orV-shaped stage as already mentioned in.
detail. The immature stages of Haidaia·
CRICKMAY, em. KOBYASHI and TAMURA,
1955, and Latitrigonia KOBAYASHI, 195T
are similar to those of pennatae· trigoniids.
in the concentric costae and costellae on.
the surface, but Haidaia differs fromthese trigoniids in the crenulated costae•on the disk as in Myophorella lHaidaia)
pulex TAMURA (TAMURA, 1959a). Latitrigonia is distinguishable from these·
trigoniids by the tuberculate costae on
the disk as in Lat. pyramidalis KOBA·YASHI and TAMURA. Immature pennatae·
trigoniids are very similar to Frenguelliella tanourensis TAMURA from the.
Carnic Tanoura formation of Kumamoto (TAMURA, 1959b) in shell-outline
and concentric ribs.
On the other hand, mature pennatae·
trigoniids resemble the typical Rutitrigonia VAN HOEPEN, 1929 from the Albianof Zululand in the rostrated outline andsubconcentric costae of the disk, but
Rutitrigonia differs from pennatae trigoniids in the smooth escutcheon andabsence of the posterior series on the
disk. Nototrigonia Cox, 1959 and Cal-0
10 111111

Text-fig. 5.

Morphological change in the ontogeny of Apiotrigonia postonodosa NAKANO·

597.

Pennatae trigoniids

litrigonia Cox, 1964 fairly resemble He·
terotrigonia in the radial costellae of
the area and the rostrated outline. How·ever, the marginal sulcus in the former extends as far as postero-ventral
margin with increasing width, and thecostae on the disk change from oblique
to concentric.
Insofar as I can see the collection athand, pennatae trigoniids may be a·derivative from Frenguelliella, because
Frenguelliella-like costae and costellae.are present on the immature valve of
pennatae trigoniids as mentioned above.
If the radial costation on the area is
one of the important traits in the tax·onomy of Trigoniinae (KOBAYASHI, 1954,
NAKANO, 1961, 1970), pennatae trigoniids.are probably related to the Trigoniinae
primarily, because the distinct radialcostellae (Heterotrigonia) and the latent
radial threads or wrinkles (Apiotrigonia.and Alicrotrigonia) are recognizable on
their areas as stated already.
Adultpennatae trigoniids have an extraordinary shape for the Trigoniinae. In
my opinion, pennatae trigoniids should
be an independent subfamily.

Systematic description
Family Trigoniidae LAMARCK, 1819
Genus Apiotrigonia Cox, 1952
Type species:
Trigonia sulcataria
LAMARCK, 1819.
Remarks:- The area of this genus is ofminor subgroup, postonodosa subgroupin oblique-group (I), or the shapes in·COncentric-group (II) (see Text-fig. 3).
Radial threads or wrinkles frequently.appear on the area.
Species of this_genus are fairly variable in the numberof costae and costellae on the surface.and in the shape of anterior series as

331seen in Ap. minor or Ap. postonodosa(see Text-figs. 4, 5). However, the outline of the shell and the shape of immature valve (or umbonal part of theshell) are rather uniform in this genus.
Many species of Apiotrigonia have hitherto been reported from severallocatities in japan by many authors: ]IMBO(1894), YEHARA (1915, 1923), HAYASAKA(1921), Y ABE and NAGAO (1925), Y ABE(1927), NAGAO and 0TATUME (1938),
AMANO (1957), NAKANO (1957), SAITO(1963) and MAEDA and KA W ABE (1966),
as listed below:
Apiotrigonia minor (YABE and NAGAO) (Trigonia subovalis var. minor Y. & N.),
Apiotrigonia minor var. nankoi NAKANO,
Apiotrigonia undulosa NAKANO,
Apiotrigonia obliquecostata NAKA"O,
Apiotrigonia crassoradiata NAKANO,
Apiotrigonia obsoleta NAKANO,
Apiotrigonia postonodosa NAKANO,
Apiotrigonia tuberculata NAKA!\0,
Apiotrigonia ashizawaensis SAITO,
Apiotrigonia futabaensis MAEDA and KA \VABE,

Apiotrigonia hironoensis MAEDA and KAwABE,

Apiotrigonia orikiensis MAEDA and KAWABE.

In my opinion, Ap. minor var. nankoi
and AjJ. obliquecostata are synonymouswith Ap. minor and Ap. obsoleta respectively. Ap. tuberculata is a memberof Microtrigonia. Several species fromthe Futaba group of joban district such
asAp. ashizawaensis, Ap.futabaensis, Ap.
hironoensis, and Ap. orikiensis are probably varieties of Ap. minor, and hence
they are synonymus with Ap. minor.
Apiotrigonia obsoleta NAKANO, 1957
Plate 41, Figs. 1-8, 12, 13 .
1957. Apiotrigonia obsoleta NAKANO, japan
jour. Geol. Geogr., Vol. 28, Nos. 1-3,
p. 114, pl. 9, figs. 5-7.

Masayuki TASHIRO

332
ALBIAN

Text-fig. 6. Morphological changes of pennatae trigoniids through geological ages.
A: Apiotrigonia minor (YABE and NAGAO), B: Ap. postonodosa NAKANO, C: Microtrigonia amanoi NAKA:\"0, D: Heterotrigonia diversicostata (WHITEA \'ES) (after NAKANO,
1961), E: Het. subovalis (JIMBO), F: Het. himenourensis TASHIRO, n. sp.

1957. Apiotrigonia minor (YABE and NAGAO)
var. nankoi NAKANO, Ibid. pp. 113-114,
pl. 9, figs. 1-4.

Remarks:- The area of this species issmooth except for the umbonal part withconcentric costellae (see Text-fig. 3-B).
The anterior series is gradually effaced
through growth. On some specimens
the series begins to disappear at about
3 mm height of the shell. On someother specimens the series is distinct
as far as the shell about 15 mm high.
1\1 easurements:

The latter specimens are referable toAp. minor var. nankoi, according to
NAKANO's description (1957). As intermediate specimens are usually found in
the collection from the same locality,
Ap. minor var. nankoi is probably avariety of this species. The specimensfrom the Izumi group of Awaji island
are smaller than my specimens. In thetrigoniids from the Izumi group of Kii
peninsula, which are referable to thisspecies (Pl. 41, Figs. 13, 14, Text-fig. 1-f),
about 3 oblique and tuberculate costellae(in mm)-Specimen

----

!

i

-

--~~--

LengthKE 1891 left valve
KE 1892 left valve
KE 1893 left valve
KE 1894 left valve
KE 1895 right valve
KE 1896 right valve
KE 1897 left valve
KE 1898 left valve
KE 1899 right valve!

Thickness

h.

L1. 0

3. 6
2.5
10.5
15.0
5.4
10.5
9.5
11. 2
11.8
5.4

-----·----~-KE 1890 right valve~-----Height. 20.7
20.6
16. 7
20.0
16. 8
17. 7
16.0
15.0
14.2
11.5

20. 7
20.6
16. 7
20.0
16.8
17. 7
16.0
15.0
14. 2
11. 5

4.6
3. 7
4.8
3.9
4.0
4.0
3.0
3. 7
3.5

---·-

h. : Height of the shell where the anterior series· begins to disappear.

597.

Pennatae trigoniids

Text-fig. 7. Ap£otrigonia utoensis
TASHIRO, new species.

appear near the outskirts of area in theumbonal shell (or immature valve). But
the costellae soon vanish.
Occurrence :-Black siltstone of theUpper(?) formation of Himenoura groupat Okoshiki and Hiraiwa, Ohda-machi,
Uto city (Uto peninsula), Kumamotopref. Black siltstone of the middle formation of the same group .at Wadanohana, Takado, Ryugatake-machi Amakusa county, Kumamoto prefecture.

Apiotrigonia utoensis TASHIRO,

new species
Plate 41, Figs. 9-11, Text-fig. 7.

Description:- Shell small, trigonalovate, inequilateral, moderately inflated;
anterior margin rounded, passing gradually into broadly arched ventral margin; dorsal margin fairly long andgently convex; siphonal margin weakly
arched or nearly straight; umbo small,
Measurements:-

333

somewhat prominent, orthogyrous orslightly prosogyrous, situated at about athird to a fourth of the length from anterior; disk ornamented with two seriesof costae except for about 13 umbonal
concentrics; anterior series consisting of
15 or more plain costae which are first
concentric and straight in later stage andoccasionally flexed near anterior margin;posterior series which occupies about athird of the area of disk, consisting ofabout 9 tuberculate subradial costae, of
which about 4 anterior ones graduallyfade towards venter ; marginal and escutcheon carinae effaced except nearumbo, and median groove observable
only near umbo; area rather wide, ornamented with fine concentric or transverse costellae, generally wavy, about
15 of which lying in a distance of 5 mm;
escutcheon narrow, with about 15 plaintransverse costellae; a lunule-like narrow
fiat area exists under the antero-umbonal part, with fine concentric costellae.
Observation and remarks :-Umbonalfeatures of this species are shown in
Text-fig. 1-e. The ornamentation of thearea .is indicated in Text-fig. 3- A. The
orthogyrous or rather prosogyrous umboof this speci.es is extremely unusual forthe species. of Apiotrigonia in ] a pan.
However, Ap. newcombei (P ACKAR.D) fromthe Queen Charlotte Island (PACKARD,
1921) is similar to this species in theorthogyrous umbo.
Comparison:- This species is similar
to Ap. sulcataria (LAMARCK) from the
Cenomanian of France and Ap. pennata(SOWERBY) from the Cenomanian of En-(in mm)Specimen

LengthThickness

Height-------------KE 1881 right valve (Holotype)KE 1882l~ft valv-=__ (Paratype~---~

14.9
22.0

11.2
16. 9

.

4. 0

I

6. 8

--c----- --·----·--

334

Masayuki TASHIRO

gland (LYCETT, 1872-1879) in the tuber.culate costae of the posterior series on
the disk, but this species differs fromthe two foreign species by its concentricor transverse costellae on the area andthe orthodetic or prosodetic umbo. Ap.
newcombei differs from this species inrespect to its smooth area and plain-costae of the posterior series.
Occurrence:- Black siltstone of theUpper formation (?) of the Himenouragroup at Okoshiki and Hiraiwa, Ohdamachi, Uto city, Kumamoto prefecture.
Genus Heterotrigonia Cox, 1952

genus was reinvestigated in detail by
NAKANO (1957, 1961) .
List of the species:Trigonia diversicostata WHITEA VES, 1876.
Haida formation (Up. Albian?) of Queen
Charlotte series; British Columbia.
Trigonia subovalis JIMBO, 1894. (Trigonia
sawatai YEHARA, 1923.) Cenomanian toSantonian; Central Hokkaido, Japan.
Heterotrigonia granosa NAKANO, 1957. Santonian; Middle formation of Himenouragroup; Amakusa, Kyushu, Japan.
Heterotrigonia himenourensis TASHIRO, newspecies. Upper (?) formation (Campanian?) of Himenoura group; Uto peninsula, Kyushu, Japan.

Type species : - Trigonia' mversicostata
WHITEAVES, 1876

Remarks:- This genus differs from
Apiotrigonia and Microtrigonia in having radial costellae on the area. This

Text-fig. 8. H eterotrigonia himenourensis
TASHIRO, new species.

Measurements:-

Heterotrigonia himenourensis
TASHIRO, new species
Plate 41, Figs. 14-16, Text-fig. 8.

Description:- Shell s m a II, trigonalovate, inequilateral, moderately inflated,
greater in length than height; anterior
margin convex, ventral margin weakly
arched; dorsal margin nearly straightor weakly concave; siphonal marginrounded; umbo small, slightly prominent,
opisthogyrous, situated at about a fourthof the length from anterior ; marginal
carina weak, with a tuberculate costella;dorsal carina and median groove obscure
except near umbo; disk ornamented withtuberculate subradial costae, about 18 in
number, 7 or so of which in the anterior
half of disk are bi- or trifurcated in
ventral part ; area ornamented with 6
or so tuberculate radial costellae except
near umbo; escutcheon rather wide, or-(in mm)---------~~~

Specimen
KE 1884 right valve (Holotype)KE 1885 right valve (Paratype)

Length ____ ,HeightThickness

14. 9
11. 2

10.9
8. 7

4. 1
3.5

I
I

597.

Pennatae trigoniids

namented with about 15 tuberculatecostae of which the first 5 or so are.concentric, the ·next 8 or so transverse,
and the other 3 or so oblique.
Observation and remarks:- The radialcostellae on the area appear at about
3 mm from the beak. This immature
Frenguelliella-Jike stage is about 3 mm
in height. The umbonal and dorsal ornamentations of this species are shownin Text-figs. 1-g, 3-F. The remarkabletraits of this species are the absence ofanterior series, bi- or trifurcated costae-on the anterior half of the disk, anddistinct and concentric riblets near theumbo. It seems that these traits dis<:riminate this as a species of Heterotrigonia.
Comparison:- Heterotrigonia granosa
NAKANO from the Middle formation ofHimenoura group is closely similar tothis species in respect of its tuberculatecostae and costellae on the surface, its
radial costellae of the area, and the·smaller size of its shell. However, inHet. granosa the area occupied by umbonal concentrics is narrower than thecorresponding area of this species, bi·Or trifurcated costae of the disk are in·distinct, the anterior series .on the disk
exists, and the radial costellae on the .
area are about 3 in number.
Occurrence:- Black siltstone of theUpper formation(?) of Himenoura groupat Okoshiki and Hiraiwa, Ohda-machi,
Uto city, Kumamoto prefecture.

Genus Microtrigonia NAKANO, 1957
Type species : Microtrigonia amanoi
NAKANO, 1957.

Remarks:-The posterior series ofMicrotrigonia is tuberculate, and extends
as far as the antero-ventral part of the335

disk. Costae of the series very often
bifurcate on the anterior half of the
disk. The anterior series of this genus
is subdued, and exists only in umbonal
region. Microtirgonia may be a derivative from Ap. postonodosa or some related species, as already suggested by
NAKANO (1957).

List of the species:Microtrigonia amanoi NAKANO, 1957.

Maestrichtian; Upper formation of Himenouragroup; Shimo-koshiki island, Kyushu,
Japan.
Microtrigonia minima NAKANO, 1957. Maestrichtian; Shichi shale of Izumi group ;Awaji island, Shikoku, Japan.
Apiotrigonia tuberculata NAKANO, 1957. Maestrichtian; Shichi shale of Izumi group;
Awaji island, Shikoku, Japan.
Microtrigonia imutensis TAsHIRO, new species. Maestrichtian; Upper formation ofHimenoura group ; Shimo-koshiki island,
Kyushu, Japan.

Text-fig. 9. Microtrigonia imutensis
TASHIRO, new species.

Microtrigonia imutensis TASHIRO,
new species
Plate 40, Fig. 26, Text-fig. 9,

Descriptioll :-Shell medium to small,
trigonal-ovate, greater in length thanheight; anterior margin rounded ; ven-

336

Masayuki TASHIRO

tral margin weakly arched; dorsal
margin nearly straight or somewhat
sinuate ; siphonal margin well rounded ;umbo improminent,orthogyrous or slight-

ly opisthogyrous, situated about a fourthof the length from anterior; mediangroove, and marginal and dorsal carinae
obscure except near umbo; umbonal

Explanation of Plate 40
Apiotrigonia minor (YABE and NAGAO)
Fig. 1. Lateral view of left valve (KE. 1904); Wadanohana, Ryugatake-machi, Amakusa county, Kumamoto pref.
Fig. 2. Ditto, (KE. 1905) ; Loc., Ditto.
Fig. 3. Ditto, (KE. 1906); Loc., Ditto.
Fig. 4. Lateral view of right valve (KE. 1907) ; Loc., Ditto.
Fig. 5. Ditto, (KE. 1908); Loc., Ditto.
Fig. 6. Ditto, (KE. 1909); Loc., Ditto.
Fig. 7. Ditto, (KE. 1910); Loc., Ditto.
Fig. 8. Ditto, (KE. 1911); x 1.5; Loc., Ditto.
Fig. 9a. Ditto, (KE. 1912); x 1.5; Loc., Ditto.
Fig. 9b. Postero-dorsal view of same specimen.
Fig. 10. Lateral view of right valve (KE. 1913); x 1.5; Loc., Ditto.
Fig. 11. Lateral view of imperfect left valve (KE. 1913); x 1.5; Loc., Ditto.
Fig. 12. Ditto, (KE. 1915); x 1.5; Loc., Ditto.
Fig. 13. Ditto, (KE. 1916) ; x 1.5; Loc., Ditto.
Fig. 14. Rubber external cast of immature right valve (KE. 1924) ; x 6; Loc., Ditto.
Fig. 15. Postero-dorsal view of right valve (KE. 1917); x 2; Loc., Ditto.
Fig. 16. Dorsal view of right valve (KE. 1918) ; x 2; Loc., Ditto.
Fig. 17. Ditto, (KE. 1919); x 1.5; Loc., Ditto.
Apiotrigonia ,undulosa NAKA0<0
Fig. 18. Rubber external cast of immature right valve (KE. 1925) ; x 2; Sakuradani, Hironomachi, Futaba county, Fukushima pref.
Fig. 19. Rubber external cast of right valve, Postero-dorsal view (KE. 1926); x 2; Loc.,
Ditto.
Apiotrigonia postonodosa NAKANO
Rubber external cast of right valve (KE. 1927) ; x 2; Kamihira, Kawaura-machi,
Amakusa county, Kumamoto prefecture.
Fig. 21. Rubber external cast of left valve (KE. 1928); x2; Loc., Ditto.
Fig. 22. Rubber external cast of immature left valve (KE. 1929) ; x 4; Loc., Ditto.
Figs. 23a, 23b. Rubber cast of immature left valve (KE. 1931) ; x 6; Loc., Ditto.
Fig~ 20.

Microtrigonia imutensis TASHIRO, new species
Fig. 24. Rubber external cast of right valve, Holotype (KE. 1887) ; x 1.5; Ukimizu of Imuta,
Kashima-mura (Shimokoshiki island), Satsuma county, Kagoshima prefecture.
Fig. 25. Dorsal view of Holotype. x 1.5.
Microtrigonia amanoi NAKA'-'0
Fig. 26. Rubber external cast of left valve (KE 1933) ; x 1.5; Ukimizu of Imuta, Kashimamura, Satsuma county, Kagoshima prefecture.
Figs. 27a, 27b. Lateral and dorsal views of left valve, Rubber cast (KE. 1934); x 1.5; Loc.,
Ditto.
Fig. 27c. Umbonal view of the same specimen; x 3.

T ASH! RO :Pennatae Trigoniids

Plat e 40

3
1

4

14

7

5

2

27a

22

27b

27c

597.
Measurements:-

Pennatae trigoniids

337(in mm)Specimen__
L_en_gth _KE 1887 right valve (Holotype)KE 1888 right valve (Paratype)

2~ 2

_I_

HeightThickness

1

14.3

5.0

1~0
10.3
3.2
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - · -- ------------'--------'--- ----

part ornamented with fine crowded concentric costae and costellae, about 15 in
number; disk with two series of costae;anterior series consisting of about 5 plain
subhorizontal costae observable only
near the umbonal concentrics; posterior
series consisting of about 23 subradial
tuberculate costae which extend as far
as anterior ventral part, of which about
8 anterior ones are gradually bent towards anterior; area narrow for the
genus, ornamented with about 18 tuberculate costellae, of which the first 5 or
so are concentric, and the others gradually become oblique and weak; siphonal part of area nealy smooth; escutcheon with about 18 transverse tuberculate costellae, each of which joinswith a costellae of area.
Observation and remarlzs :-This species resembles Ap. utoensis rather than
the type species of Microtrigonia, in
crowded costae and costellae near umbo.
This immature Frenguelliella-like stage
is about 6 mm in height. In several adultspecimens, fine radial threads appear on
the posterior part of area.
Comparison :-This species is different
from l\lficr. amanoi from the same lo·cality in more numerous subradial costae
on the disk, smooth area of the posterior
region, many crowded concentrics near
the umbo, and a well rounded siphonal
margin. Younger stage of this species(about 10mm in height) is very similar toAp. minor as regards the ornamentationof disk. The fine radial threads in thearea as seen in this species are observable in the mature stage of Ap. minor.

Occurrence:- Black siltstone of theUpper formation of Himenoura groupat Ukimizu of Imuta, Kashima-mura(Shimo-koshiki island), Satsuma county,
Kagoshima prefecture.

References
AMAI"O, M. (1957) : Upper Cretaceous molluscan fossils from Shimokoshiki-jima,
Kyushu. Kumamoto jour. Sci., Ser B,
Sec. 1, Ceo/., Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 51-67, 1
map, pis. 1, 2.
Cox, L. R (1952) : Notes on the Trigoniidae,
with outline of a classification . of thefamily. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, Vol.
29, pts. 2, 3, PP- 45-70, 2 pis.
- - (1964): New genera and subgenera of
Trigoniidae from Australia and Madagascar. Ibid., Vol. 36, pt. 1, pp. 49-52,
pl. 2.
- - (1969) : Family Trigoniidae. in Treaties
on Invertebrate Paleontology, MooRE edit.,
Pt. N, Mollusca 6, Vol. 1, Geol. Soc.
Amer. & . Univ. Kansas, pp. N476-N488,
figs. D66-D75.
HAYA~ll, I. and NAKA:--10, M. (1968):
A consideration on the numerical taxonomy inpalaeontology, taking the Trigoniidae as
an example (in Japanese). Sci. Rept.,
Fac. Sci., Kyushu Univ., Vol. 8, No. 4,
pp. 191-236.
HA YASAKA, I. (1921) : On a collection Of
the Cretaceous fauna from Russian Sachalin. Rec. Ceo!. Comm. Russ. Far East,
No. 12, p. 4, pl. 1.
}l:V!BO, K. (1894) : Beitrage zur Kentniss
der Kreideformation von Hokkaido.
Palaeont. Abh., N. F., Bd. 2, Hft. 3, pp.
1-48, pis. 1-9.
}oNEs, L. D. (1960) : Lower Cretaceous (AI-

338

Masayuki T ASH! RObian) fossils from southwestern Oregon
and their paleontographic significance.
jour. Paleont., Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 1.52160, pl. 29.
KoBAYASHI, T. (1954): Studies on the Jurassic trigonians in Japan. Part 1, Preliminary notes. japan. jour. Ceo!. Ceogr.,Vol. 25, Nos. 1, 2, pp. 61-80.
- - and TAMURA, M. (1955):
The Myophorellinae from North Japan. Studies
on the Jurassic trigonians in Japan. Ibid.,
Vol. 26, Nos. 1, 2, pp. 93-103, pis. 5, 6.
LIWEROWSKAJA, E. V. (1960) : Stratigraphy
and fauna of the Upper Cretaceous Formation in the east coast of Penshina Bay.
Palaeont. Bull., 2, Leningrad, pp. 231261, pis. 1-6.
----- ·----LYCETT, ]. (1872-79) : A monograph of the
British fossil trigoniae.
Palaeontogr.
Soc. London, Vol. 245, 19 pp., 41+4 pis.
MAEDA, S. and KAWABE, T. (1967): Apiotrigo~ia from the Futaba group in the
Joban District, North Japan. Prof. H.
SHII3ATA Memorial Vol., pp. 420-430, pl.
1, tab. 1.
NAGAO, T. and 0TATUME, K. (1938) : Molluscan fossils of the Hakobuchi sandstoneof Hokkaido. jour. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido
Imp. Univ., Vol. 4, Nos. 1, 2, pp. 31-56,
pis. 1-4.
NAKANO, M. (1957) : On the Cretaceous pennatae trigonians in Japan. japan. jour.
Ceo/. Ceogr., Vol. 28, Nos. 1-3, pp. 107120, pis. 8, 9.
---~-·------

Explanation of Plate 41
Apiotrigonia obsoleta NAKANO
Fig. 1. Lateral view of left valve (KE. 1891) ; x 1.5; Okoshiki, Ohda-machi, Uto city (Utopeninsula), Kumamoto prefecture.
Figs. 2a, 2b. Lateral and dorsal views of imperfect right valve (KE. 1890); x 1.5; Loc.,
Ditto.
Fig. 3. Lateral view of right valve (KE. 1899); x 1.5; Loc., Ditto.
Fig. 4. Lateral view of left valve (KE. 1893); x 1.5; Loc., Ditto.
Figs. 5a, 5b. Lateral and dorsal views of left valve (KE. 1892); x 2; Loc., Ditto.
Fig. 6. Umbonal view of .left valve (KE. 1900); x4; Loc., Ditto.
Fig. 7. Umbonal view of right valve (KE. 1901); x4; Loc., Ditto.
Fig. 8. Postero-dorsal view of left valve (KE. 1903) ; x 4; Loc., Ditto.
Apiotrigonia utoensis TASHIRO, new species
Figs. 9a, 9b, 9c. Lateral, dorsal, and postero-dorsal views of left valve, Holotype (KE. 1881) ;x 2; Okoshiki, Ohda-machi, Uto city, Kumamoto prefecture.
Figs. lOa, lOb. Lateral and dorsal views of right valve, Para type (KE. 1882) ; x 2; Loc.,
Ditto.
Fig. 11. Umbonal view of right valve, Paratype (KE. 1883); x 4; Loc., Ditto.
Apiotrigonia cfr. obsoleta NAKANO
Fig. 12. Rubber cast ef external left valve, Lateral view (KE. 1935) ; x 2.
Fig. 13a, 13b. Postero-dorsal views of left valve, Rubber external cast (KE. 1936).
Specimens of this species are collected by TAMURA from the Izumi group in Kii peninsula.
Heterotrigonia himenourensis TASHIRO, new species
Figs. 14a, 14b. Lateral and dorsal views of right valve, Holotype (KE. 1884) ; x 2; Okoshiki,
Ohda-machi, Uto city, Kumamoto prefecture.
Fig. 14c. Postero-dorsal view of Holotype; x 5.
Fig. 14d. Antero-marginal view of Holotype; x 2.
Figs. 15a, 15b. Lateral and dorsal views of right valve, Paratype (KE. 1885); x 2; Loc.,
Ditto.
Fig. 16. Antero-marginal view of imperfect right valve (KE. 1886); x 2; Loc., Ditto.

T A S H! RO :Pennatae Trigoniids

Plate 41

6

4

7

5a

2a

5b

12

3

13a

2b

13b
9a
11

9b

14a

15b
14b

lOa
16

lOb

14d

14c

597.

Pennatae trigoniids- - (1961a) : Note on Heterotrigonia subo·
valis (limbo).
Trans. Proc. Palaeont.
Soc. japan, N. S., No. 42, pp. 55-62, pl. 9.
- - (1961b) : On the Trigoniinae.
jour.
Sci., Hiroshima Univ., Ser. C, Vol. 4, No.
1, pp. 71-94, pl. 8.
- - (1970) : Notes on the Trigoniinae andthe Nototrigoniinae. Res. Bull. HiroshimaInst. Techno!., Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 91-108,
tab. 1.
PACKARD, E. L. (1921): Trigoniae from the
Pacific Coast of North America. Univ.
Oregon Pub/., Vol. 1, No. 9, pp. 1-35, pis.
1-11.
SAITO, T. (1962):
The Upper Cretaceous
System of Ibaraki and Fukushima Pref.,Japan. (Part 2),. Bull. Fac. Arts & Sci.,
Ibaraki Univ., Nat. Sci. No. 13, pp. 5187, pls. 1-8.
SAVELIEV, A. A. (1958): Lower Cretaceous
trigoniids from Manghyschlack and Western Turkmenia. Leningrad VNIGRI,
125, pp. 1-386, pis. 1-58.
SKAWARKO, S. K. (1963): Australian Mesozoic trigoniids. Bur. Miner. Resource,
Geophys., Australia, Bull. No. 67, pp. 142, pis. 1-6.
- - (1968) : Aptian (Lower Cretaceous)'Apiotrigonia' from the Melli go quartzite,
Dampier Peninsula, W. A. Ibid., No. 108,
pp. 227-233, pl. 33.
- - (1970) : An Upper Jurassic Apiotrigonia
from Mexico. Bol. Soc. Geol. Mexicana,Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 75-78, pl. 1.
TAMURA, M. (1959a) : Trigoniidae, Ostrei-

Amakusa
Hiraiwa
Imuta
MikasaOhda
Okoshiki
Ryugatake

:;:;.
.if

11!
E

iMI iF i:H
~
~J

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iill

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ti

'r

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339

dae, Bakevelliidae, Pteriidae, Cardiidae,
and Astartidae from the Upper Jurassic
Sakamoto Formation in Central Kyushu.
Japan. Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. japan.
N. S., No. 33, pp. 23-32, pl. 5.
- - (1959b) : On Kumatrigonia, a new subgenus of Frenguelliella, and a Tosapecten
from the Carnic Tanoura Formation in
Kyushu, Japan. Mem. Fac. Educ., Kumamoto Univ., Vol. 7, pp. 212-218, pl. 1.
VAN HoEPEN, E. C. N. (1929): Die Krytofauna van Soeloeland, 1. Trigoniidae.
Pal. Navorsing Nas. Bloemfontein, VoL
1, Pt. 1, pp. 1-38, pis. 1-7.
YABE, H. (1927) : Cretaceous stratigraphyof the Japanese Islands. Sci. Rept., Tohoku Imp. Univ., 2nd Ser., Vol. 11, No.
1, pp. 27-100, pis. 3-9.
- - and NAGAO, T. (1925) : New of littleknown Cretaceous fossils from North
Sachalin (Lamellibranchiata and Gastropoda). Ibid., Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 111-124.
pis. 28, 29.
YEHARA, S. (1915) : The Cretaceous Trigoninae from Miyako and Hokkaido.
jour., Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 35-44, pls. 1, 2.
- - (1923a) : Cretaceous trigoniae from
Amakusa Island, Prov. Higo, Kyushu,
Japan. jour. Geol. Soc. Tokyo, Vol. 30,
No. 356, pp. 1-12, pis. 4-7.
- - (1923b): Cretaceous trigoniae fromSouth-Western Japan. japan. jour. Geol.
Geogr., Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 59-84, pis. 813.

Satsuma
Shimo-koshiki-jima
TakadoUkimizu
Uto
Wadanohana

iii

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il'li

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Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S., No. 86, pp. 340-359, pis. 42, 43, June 30, 1972

598. MARINE DIATOM FLORA OF THE PLIOCENETATSUNOKUCHI FORMATION IN FUKUSHIMAPREFECTURE*
ITARU KOIZUMIInstitute of Geological Sciences, College of General Education,.. .
Osaka University

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ri\i~Yil-. i!;ll=l/~l'j:IO)'*ftllUI~ (11f) 0)1li!~JI.JiX:, ~if~. :71'::f!Hr.-::>v'"C5ffi"'-, 2~fifill Stephanopyxis horridus .i> J: rJ. Rhaphoneis tatsunokuchiensis :a:-~eU\X L-t.:o 1]':!*~!UilfMfil' G L-il,!ll11'.5'~ h*

The first report on the Pliocene marine diatoms was by REINHOLD (1937)
who described their stratigraphical distribution in the Miocene and Pliocene
sequence of Java. Many important contributions have been added since then,and they are summarized as follows:
North America: The stratigraphicaldistribution in California of marine species of the genus Denticula in the Miocene and Pliocene was reported by
SIMONSEN and KANAYA (1961). The uppermost Miocene and Pliocene diatoms
were described by WORNARDT (1967).
Alaska: The Pliocene diatoms of the
Pribilor Islands, Alaska, were reported
by HANNA (1970).
Soviet Far East: Marine diatoms including 8 new species of the Miocene

Introduction
The Tatsunokuchi Formation (Iw AI,

1949), distributed along the Pacific sideof northeast Japan, is characterized by
its tuffaceous, blue, soft siltstone, intercalated with tuff, sandstone and conglomerate, and also by the yield of manykinds of fossil marine animals and plantremains (HATAI and NonA, 1968). There
has been, however, no report on the
diatom flora of the formation. Diatoms,
because of their natural characteristics,
are particularly useful in the field of
biostratigraphy and paleogeography.

* Received June 1, 1971; read June 27,
1970, at Mito.
340

598.

Diatom flora of the Tatsunokuchi Formation
14o'~~

~~42°
I

38°

:z
<:(

lJ.J

u
0

u
<:(

Q.

341

and Pliocene in Soviet Far East werereported by JousE: (1961), and subsequently she (JousE:, 1962) compiled arange chart of the more important species from the late Miocene to Recent.
The zonal subdivisions of the Neogeneof Sakhalin and Kamchatka by meansof diatoms were described by SHESHUKOVA-PORENTZKAY A (1959, 1967).
japan: The difference between theupper Miocene and Pliocene diatom assemblages in northern Japan was definedby KOIZUMI (1966). Seven diatom zones
were recognized on the basis of four
categories comprising 18 marine planktonic species in the Neogene sequenceof northeast japan by KOIZUMI (1968).
The progress and present status of
the younger Cenozoic diatom biostratigraphy in the circum north Pacificregion was described by KANA YA and
KO!ZUMI (1970).
The purpose of this paper is to describe the diatom assemblage of the Pliocene Tatsunokuchi Formation in Fukushima Prefecture to establish a local
criteria with which other diatom assemblages can be compared. The assemblages are geographically and stratigraphically subdivided into four groups by
statistical analysis based on the joint
occurrences of the species. This is thefirst of the serial reports on the Pliocene marine diatoms of the Tatsunokuchi Formation.

Legend
x 36

Lac.

~

K.

..

H.

ar.

Wlil J.
Scale
()

Skm

-----------~----·--·---

Text-fig. l. Geological map showing thelocations of the samples of the Tatsunokuchi Formation, Fukushima Prefecture. x :Locality of the molluscan fauna, Loc. : Locality of samples studied and locality number, T : Tatsunokuchi Formation, K : Kuboma Formation, H : Hatsuno Formation,
J: Jurassic strata.

Itaru KOIZUMI

342

South

North

Isobe

Okuma
....------"---,·--~·-· 3•

Legend

3

DA.

os

Odaka

E:]c
E:]o

3--------.
-~

Tomioka

3~~340:; G0---~--- 2

•

2

E3E
Kizaki36,~·'··~c····1

1?1Sica~~~:
2

10

~ lS1

B'j H

1

E3 1

0

[E]J

Text-fig. 2. Columnar sections showing the stratigraphic position of the samples studied.
A : siltstone, B : fine-grained sandstone, C : medium-grained sandstone, D : coarse-grainedsandstone, E : conglomerate, F : pumiceous part, G : lithic marl and sandstone concretion,
H: irregular surface and sand pipe, I: molluscan fossils, J: position of samples studied.

Stratigraphic notes

The stratigraphy of the Soma-Futaba
district, Fukushima Prefecture, situatedon the east side of the Futaba Faults(TOKUNAGA, 1927), has been studied bymany geologists (e. g. TOKUNAGA, 1948;
MITA, 1951; HIRAYAMA, 1953; KITA·MURA et al., 1955 ; SUGAI et al., 1957;
SUZUKI, 1968; ISHIDA et al., 1969). However, the opinions are diversed among
them about stratigraphic classification of
the Miocene and Pliocene strata in thepresent area, and the writer follows
KITAMURA et al. (1955) and ISHIDA etal. (1969).
The samples examined in the present
study are from the middle to upperparts of the Tatsunokuchi Formation
distributed in the Soma-Futaba district.
The stratigraphic positions of the samples are shown in Text-fig. 2, and theirlocalities are plotted in the geologicalmap (Text-fig. 1). Brief outlines of the
Pliocene stratigraphy of the present area
and the geologic age of the samples are
given in the following.

Stratigraphy (in ascending order)
Kuboma Formation (30-60 m) : The type
locality is the environment of Kayakura,Soma City (KITAMURA et. al., 1955). The
formation, distributed in a narrow belt
along the east side of the Futaba Faults,
consists of coarse grained sandstone,
massive fine grained sandstone, bluishgray siltstone and light gray tuff intercalated with lignite layers. The top of
the formation is defined by loose sand.
The formation is in fault or unconformable contact with the older Hatsuno
Formation or with Jurassic strata.
Tatsunokuchi Formation (80-150m) : The
type locality of the formation is the
Tatsunokuchi gorge, a tributary of theHirose River, in the western part of
Sendai City located north of the present
area. The main body of the formation
extends from its type locality to thepresent area and can be traced in thefield. The faunal similarity (HAY ASAKA,
1956 ; SUGAI et al., 1957; KAMADA and
HAYASAKA, 1959; HAYASAKA and HANGAl, 1966), especially the occurrence ofFortipecten takahashii, endorses paleontologically the contemporaneity between

598.

Diatom flora of the Tatsunokuchi Formation

the formation in the present area andthat in the Sendai City area. The Tatsunokuchi Formation in the present
area consists mainly of bluish gray,massive fine-gra·ined sandstone and siltstone, intercalated with coarse-grainedsandstone and pumiceous tuff layers(10-30 em). The general geologic structure of the formation is monocline dipping at nearly 5° eastward, though withsomewhat steep dip near the Futaba
Faults. The formation rests on the
Kuboma Formation with conformity.
The geologic age of the samples studied
As already mentioned, the diatom samples of the present study were collectedfrom the Tatsunokuchi Formation distributed in the Soma-Futaba district, but
traced continuously throughout its distribution. The geologic age of the
Tatsunokuchi Formation in and around
Sendai City based upon the different
kinds of fossils is generally accepted tocorrespond to the Early Pliocene or to
the lower part of the Miyagian (HAT AL
1962; HAT AI and MASUDA, 1966).
The under mentioned fossils besides
the stratigraphic evidences are useful
in determining the geologic age of theformation in the present area. Namely,
the occurrence of Acila (Truncacila)
insignis, Fortipecten takahashii, Glycymeris cf. nakamurai, lvfercenaria chitaniana, Patinopecten ibaragiensis andTurritella cf. ikebei in Namie-machi indicates the Pliocene age (HAY ASAKA, op.
cit.; HAY ASAKA and HANG AI, op. cit.).
The mollucan fauna containing suchspecies as Fusitriton oregonensis, Nemocardium (Keenaea) samarangae, Neverita(Glossaulax) didyma, Tectonatica janthostomoides and Venericardia (Cyclocardia)
ferruginea from Tomioka-machi is of
Early Pliocene in age according to KAMADA and HAY AS AKA (op. cit.).

343

Method of study
The method of study once describedby the writer (KorzuMr, 1968) is followedin the present study, except for being
improved by counting 400 diatom valvesfor each sample instead of 200 valves
as done previously.

Diatom flora of the Tatsunokuchi
Formation
Among the 23 samples from the Tatsunokuchi Formation, the distributionof the 74 diatom taxa distinguished isshown in Chart 1. Of these 74 taxa, 25
are judged to be benthonic and tychopelagic species.
Although no freshwater forms are given in the chart,such species as Cocconeis disculus, C.
placentula, Cyclotella chaetoceros, Gymbella sinuata and Epithemia zebra occur
rarely. Judging from the previous records of occurrences of the distinguished taxa, 24 are now extinct in the
Pacific area.
Most of the taxa in the chart havebeen used in current works (e. g. SIMONSEN and KANA YA, op. cit. ; jous:E, op.
cit.; MUCHINA, 1965; MERTZ, 1966; KOIZUMI, op. cit.; SHESHUKOVA-PORENTZKA YA, op. cit.) in characterizing theupper Miocene and Pliocene diatom assemblages of the Circum-Pacific regions.
The chronologie range of each species
will be mentioned in the chapter offloral reference. As indicated in thechart, the flora is largely dominated by
Denticula kamtschatica and D. seminae.
D. kamtschatica was found by SIMONSEN
and KANA Y A (op. cit.) only in the Pliocene samples from Califor:nia, but its
first appearance dates back to the Miocene (KOIZUMI, op. cit.; SHESHUKOV A-

ltaru KOIZUMI

344~··· 36134133 3 1 22 3 1 21 3
kuma

Tomioka

Actinocyctus curvatulus
A.

A.
A.
A.

divisusehrenberg/
ellipticus v.moronensis
elongatus.

Actinoptychus spiMdens
undulatusA.

A.

undulatus v.minor

Amphora_ costa Ia
Arachnoidiscus ehrenberoi
Asteromphalus darwinii

A.

2
2
1
1

2

1

1

19 13
5
6

2

3
4

Cladogramma calilornica
Cocconeis cal i I ornicum

1

c.
c.

costatascutellum
Coscinodiscus excentricus
tacustrisc.
lineatus
c.

c.
c.
c.
c.
c.

.

noduli fer

oculus-iridis

pustulatus

1
3

4
9
1
3
3
6
3
8 11 1011112smith/

Fragilariopsis cylindrus
Grammatophora angulosa
robust aG.

( x1ii"l

.•
.••

1

1

1
2

2

2

4

1

1
28
1

1

3

5
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2
1

1

1

1
2

3
3

3

3

10
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1
4

2
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..
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3
1

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3

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1
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4
2

2
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2 23

1
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6 10
7
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2
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8

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4
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1
2
2
3
4
5
5
4
4 36 70 45 60 38 33 57 35 40
38 7.2 192 201 235128 215 112 105129
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
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1
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2
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1
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1
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1
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1
1
1

1

1

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1

1

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2

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1
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1

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.2

3

2
1

1
1

4

4

7
1

3
1
1
1
1
8 19

6
1
1
1
6

7

2
2

1

1
1
1

1

1
1

1

6
1
1
1
1

3
3

2
1 37 45

1
1
2
1

2
1
2

1
5
13 20

14

1
2
2
1
1

3
1

1
2
1 24

3

4

1
1
1

1

2
2
10

19

18

2

1

2

3
5
3

1

1
1
2

5

4

1

1

63 68 38
65 52 89
4
4
2
• 44 19 20
2
4
2
5
10 13
3
5
3
6
9
5
3
1
5
2
6
Z8
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3
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5
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6

..
.

3
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3

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1

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Hyalodiscus obsoletus
Melosira atbicans
sulcataM.
sulcata v. biseriata
M.
Navicula jamalinensis v.simisevultus
Nitzschia extinctaN.
reinholdii
N.
siculafossilisN.
Planktoniella sol
Porosira ·glacialis
Pseudopodoaira elegana
Pyxidicula weyprechtii
Rhabdonema arcuatum
Rhaphoneia amphiceroa
R.
lschaboensis v.angusta
ischaboensis v.linguilormisR.
margaritalimbata
R.
aurirellaR.
tatsunokuchiensis (n. sp.)R.
Rhizosolenia bergonii
Stephanopyxis schenckiis.
turrishorridus (n.sp.)s.
turn's v.cylindriuss.
Thalassionema nitzschioides
T.
nitzschioides vars.
Thatassiosira ant1quaT.
convexa
T.
decipiensT.
gravida and f. fossilisT.
hya/inaT.
kryophilaT.
nidulusT.
nordenskiOidi
oestrupiT.
T.pacifica
zabelinae
T.

1
2
3

1
1
1

1

2

1

Hem/discus cuneiformisH.
weinflogi

Chart 1.

1
1
2

1
2
3
7
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
4
2
1
4
4
3
3
5
3
6
• 3 7 110 67 96 73 57 17 52
6
8 54 53 61
12
3 58 1 5 27 46 29 88 76 108 131 107 130

steltaris
sublineatus
Oenticula kamtschatica
D.
seminae
Diploneis seiuncta f. constricta

Total valves
Diatom numbers

2
4
5

1
2

1
1
1

1
1

7

c.
D.

1
5
1
1

marginatus1

s I7 I8
h-h1
3

2

2

1

.

Sacteriosira fragilis
Biddutphia aurita

1

1
1

•

robustus

2

1

IKi~aki

I•obe

Odaka
3

mptes

1
3
2
2
2
42 83 75 42
71 80 97 155
11
5
3
9
31
9 19 10
1
3
3
19 16
8 12
5
3
4 11
4
1 4
3
1
1
4
2
7
4
J1 15 24
2
4
5
2
1
1
2
1
1

1

4
1
46 27
61 130
2 17
39 17
1
2
4
4
4
6
3
2
5
2
13
6
5
2
1
1
3

i ·~

1
29
89
11
30
8
8
2
3
3
6
3
1

11
2
18
63
2
58
1
5
6
7
1
7
5
9 15
1
1

6
2
10
62
3
56
1
6
9
5

2

1

4
1
1

3
3
1
3

9 30
2
5
17 68
48 102
1 4
48 19
1
8
8
8
3 22
2
3
2
4 10
17
7
2
7

2

1
1
1
2
2
1 10

1
4

1
2
15
3
29 14
94 23
2
6
21 24
2
12 12
20
6
4
2
1
2
6
6
9
1
2

2
1
18
7
35 20
2
3
20 20
1
16 12
7
2
2
3
2
1
1

2
1
1
3
2
1
1
20 14 31 34 34
95 50 45 112 81
1
5
2
9
3
33 29 47 20 21

13
3
2
1
2
2
2
6
3
1
2

8
7
4
8
1
3
1
1
2
4
6 16
1

6
6
5
7
1
3
1
1
6
3
6 10
1
1
1
2
1

400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400
0.4 1.4 1.5 4.0 3D 5.3 4.6 8.0 5.0 9.1 12.8 12.8 9.1 1.1 2.7 16.0 4.9 16.0 3.6 10.7 4.9 3.6 2.1

Chart showing the distribution of the marine diatoms of the Tatsunokuchi
Formation. The asterisked species are now extinct in the Pacific.

598.

Diatom flora of the Tatsunokuchi Formation

PORENTZKA Y A. op. cit.). D. seminae, awell known cold-water or boreal species·of the north Pacific plankton flora, is the·only living representative of the marine
Denticula, and is considered a descen·dant of D. kamtschatica (Joust, op. cit.).
The first appearance of D. seminae wasreported by SHESHUKOVA-PORENTZKA YA{op. cit.) from Kamchatka to be in the
Pliocene. The next frequent fossil spe·cies are of the genus Thalassiosira.
'Except for T. convexa that is a Pliocene:guide fossil in cores from the equatorial
Pacific, four Thalassiosira species, T.
.antiqua, T. gravida f. fossilis, T. nidulus:and T. zabelinae, appear in the late
Miocene and extend up to the Pliocene'in northeast Japan (KOIZUMI, op. cit.)
and in Sakhalin and Kamchatka (SHESHUKOVA-PORENTZKAYA, op. cit.). The
first appearance of T. hyalina, T. hyophila and T. nordenskioldi is in the Plio•cene.
The sequential changes in the com-binations of these extinct and marine·planktonic species are not given in the
distribution chart (Chart 1). The fea·tures of the diatom assemblage in the
Tatsuncikuchi Formation, therefore, are·considered to be due to environmental-changes throughout the depositionaltime, with evolutionary changes playing:a minor role.
According to the Code of Stratigra·phic Nomenclature (American Commis:sion on Stratigraphic Nomenclature,1961), a body of rock strata characteri:zed by a certain assemblage of fossils,
which are mainly controlled by varia·tions of the environment in the present-case, is called an assemblage zone. With-in an assemblage zone, organisms whichmost frequently occur together aregrouped into a fossil association, which·in some cases can be interpreted as a
·Jossil community. A fossil community345

is a fossil assemblage in which nearly
all the specimens belong to the same
ecological community according to F AGERSTROM (1964).
In the present study, the fosssil associations are defined by a statisticaltechnique. There are several statisticaltechniques available for grouping thevariables for forming fossil associations.
The cluster analysis, developed in numerical taxonomy (MICHENER and SOKAL,
1957; SOKAL and SENATH, 1963; HAY AMI
and NAKANO, 1968), is used here to establish the fossil associations. Thismethod was first applied to ecologicalanalysis by KAESLER (1966), and subsequently for analysis of the ecology ofliving and subfossil animals (e. g. MADDOCKS, 1966 ; MELLO and BUZAS, 1968 ;Samples 100~omioka 33 :
Okuma
Qk.

A

Ok.

~-21I

34

Ok.

2-3 1
36

I

Odaka

1)

ok.

1_,1

Od.

1)

K.

1o

Od.

3-2 1
11

K.

I

I
I

I.

3-1
6 I

I.

7

Od.

c I.

I

a I

I

Od.

2

Ok.

2_,1
g-1 I

I.

0

1

T.
T.

B

2-2

I.

g)

ok.

1-31

I.

g)

Jaccard
90
80

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

Coefficient
70
60

fl--

I

11
I
I
I

-

~

I

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

50

I

'--

I
I
I

~~
I

I

¥-h-~

Text-fig. 3. Dendrogram showing the similarities of the samples based upon the
Jaccard Coefficient computed from the occurrence data for diatom species.

A
B
Cluster-..samples T.33 Ok.2-2 Ok3 Ok.l-2 T.34 Ok23 T.36 Od.l-1 Ok.l-1 Od13 K.10 Od32 K.11 Od3·1 1.6 1.7
The number of total species so

C~e,

11

11b

BO
40 4,1'I

25

0

Actinocyclus ellipticus v.
elongatusA.
·c; Coscinodiscus
lineatus
C1J
a. c.
noduli fer;;>,.........

cD

1.6 Od2 01<.2·1 1.9·1 1.9·3 01<.1·3 1.9·2.... ~====:;> ~

""

<:>:>
>l'>-

0>

Vl
C1J

Vl

iii

Hemidiscus cuneiformis

Nitzschia fossilis
Plankton/ella sol
0
Rhizosolenia bergonii....
Thalassiosira convexa
IVl Bacteriosira fragi/is
C1J Biddulphia aurita
u Fragilariopsis cy/indrus-C!J
Nitzschia extincta~~ Porosira glacial is0
Pyxidicula
weyprechti i.00Thalassiosira gravida and f.
0
hya/inau.... TT..
kryophila<(
nordenskioldi
T.
Actinocyclus ehrenberg/
Actinoptychus splendens
undulatusA.
undulatus v.
A.
Amphora costata
u

·a.

~

!;:>

~

~

§
~
......

Cocconeis cali fornica

costatascutellum
Coscinodiscus lacustrisu
C1J
a. Diploneis seJuncta f.
smithiD.
Vl
Grammatophora angulosa
urobus tac: G.
Melosira a/ bicans
0sulcata.c M.
su/cata v.
c: M.
Navicula jamalinensis v.
C1J
al Rhabdonema arcuatum
Rhaphoneis amphiceros
ischaboensis v.
R.
/schaboensis v.
R.
margaritalimbata
R.
surire/1 aR.
ta tsunokuchi en sis
R.
Arachnoidiscus ehrenberg/
Vl
C1J

-

C.
C.

-

Text-fig. 4. Figure showing the number of total species and the occurrence records of characteristic species within~ach sample arranged in order of clusters.
Bar thickness indicates frequency of occurrence within a sample,

598.

Diatom flora of the Tatsunokuchi Formation

1SHIZAKI, 1968, 1969; UJIIE and KUSU·
KA w A, 1969). In the paleoecological analysis, so far as the writer is aware, Fox{1968) used the same method to establish
the fossil associations within each assemblage zone of the upper Ordovician
Richmond Group.
In the present study, the Q-mode analysis (sample by sample comparison) is
performed to group the aggregate of
the samples having similar associationsof species. Similarity coefficient between
the pair of samples was calculated for
the Jaccard Coefficient. The Jaccard
Coefficient (Sj) is given by the equation

where NJK is the entire number of species contained in the samples being compared, NiK and NJk are the number of
species either present or absent in thesamples. Positive but not negative
matches and mismatches of the species
are taken into account in the coefficient.
The clustering method used in computing the dendrogram is the unweighted
pair group method with simple arithmetic averages, and this is finally modified by the short-circuit method described by HAYAMI and NAKANO (op.
cit.).

The results of the analysis are shownin the dendrogram of Text-fig. 3. At the
0.60 level there are six clusters, two of
which are composed of one sample respectively. The first of these singlesample "clusters" joins the first large
c1 uster, and the second joins the fourthlarge cluster at a level lower than thechosen 0.60 phenon line. Consequently,
four clusters, A, B, C and D, can be
distinguished. As can be seen from Textfig. 2, the clusters are discriminated reasonably in the view point of geography347

and also stratigraphy. Cluster A isgeographically restricted to the southern
region of the present area, consisting ofsamples which spread throughout thevertical level. The residuary clusters
distribute in the northern region, in
which cluster B is nearly restricted to
the lower part, cluster C to the middle
part and cluster D to the upper part ofthe stratigraphic column respectively.
The division mentioned above of theclusters (Text-fig. 3) appears to reflect
the species association of the same environmental
conditions (Text-fig. 4).
Paleoecological interpretation of thefossil assemblages should be based on
the closeness of the assemblages to theoriginal assemblages that are composedof preservable organisms. The resemblance of the Pliocene assemblage tothe modern community may be very
close. A classification of the modern
diatom thanatocoenoses in the Pacificand the areal distribution of the assemblages were reported by KANA YA and
KOIZUMI (1966), and Russian students (e.
g. ]OUSE, 1962; BELYAEVA, 1963; ]OUSE
et. al., 1969). The definition of the diatom
assemblages at the present follows Jous:E:
et. al. (op. cit.) in that the cold-waterelements can be classified under smaller
categories.
Cluster A consists of species and varieties judged to be indigenous to the areaof the Central and Equatorial watermasses, which are called the warmwater forms. Cluster B consists of species mainly indigenous to the arctoboreal area, that is, the Bering Sea andthe Sea of Okhotsk where the surface
water is of lower salinity. Cluster C ischaracterized by the decrease in thenumber of total species, which appears
to affect the number of benthonic elements. Cluster D is characterized byhaving many benthonic species.

Itaru KOIZUMI

348

Summary

During the Early Pliocene marinetransgression, the Tatsunokuchi Formation was deposited in a fairly wide embayment extending along the eastern
margin of the Abukuma massif in Fukushima Prefecture (HANZA WA, 1950). The
Tatsunokuchi sea deposited in the present area fine grained silts or sandy
silts containing many diatom valves.
After the deposition of these materials,
a marine regression occurred and terrestrial sediments were deposited in the
Sendai area.
The general interpretation of the environment when the Tatsunokuchi sediments were deposited had been basedon the molluscan fossils. According to
HAYASAKA (op. cit.), and KAMADA and
HAYASAKA (op. cit.), the molluscan faunain the present area is characterized byhaving such typical cold Oyashio elements as Nucula tenuis, Spisula polynyma voyi and Peronidia venulosa, but
no species restricted to the warm-waterof southwest Japan. It was also statedby those authors that the molluscan
fauna was composed of pure marine or
stenohaline species of rather wide bathymetrical range.
The present study reveals a distinct
difference in the combinations of the
diatom species. In the southern part ofthe present area the fossil diatom association consisted of warm-water elements which might be due to a warm
paleo-Kuroshio Current during Tatsunokuchi time. In the northern part of thearea the association of diatom species
mainly consists of open-water elementsthat changed to shallow-water elements
near at the end of Tatsunokuchi time.
The diatom assemblage of the Tatsunokuchi Formation is in response bothto the environmental conditions and thegeneral evolutionary trends of the diatoms. And they seem to be chronologically restricted to the lower Pliocene.
Description of two new species
Family Discoideae SCHUTT, 1896
Subfamily Coscinodiscoideae
SCHUTT, 1896
Tribe Melosirae ScHUTT, 1896
Genus Stephanopyxis EHRENBERG, 1845
Stephanopyxis horridus KorzuMr, n. sp.
Pl. 42, figs. 1a-2b
Syn.

As Stephanopyxis schenckii KANA YA,
1959: Sr-IESHUKOVA-PORENTZKAYA, 1.967,
pl. 1, fig. 1., pl. 7, figs. 4a, a, pl. 1.3,.
figs. 2a, a.

Description: Valve circular, 35-53 fi
in diameter, arched as high as valve
diameter. Areolae closed, coarse, hexagonal, covering the valve surface, attaining nearly equal-size, numbering about
2 in 10 f.1, and arranged in three systemsof straight tangential sculptures. On
entire valve, short spines present at thecorners of areolae. The marginal brimbears spines extending from the cornersof marginal areolae, 3-4 in 10 f.1, on thehyaline margin, 3-4 f.1 in width.
Holotype: The position of a specimenby the England Finder (RIEDEL and
FOREMAN, 1961) is ]48-0N, in slide no.
7145, 40 f.1 in diameter, from Joe. no.
Odaka 1-1.
Para type: The position of a specimenby the England Finder, T44-0E; in slide
no. 7123, 35 f.1 in diameter, from Joe. no.
Isobe 9-1.
Remarks: The new species resembles
Stephanopyxis schencbi but differs from

598.

Diatom fiom of the Tatsnnoktwhi Formation

it in not having petal-shaped areolae on
the brim and hyaline margin. SHESHUKOVA-PORENTZKAY A (op. cit.) states thatthe specimens that were identified with
Stephanopyxis schenckii in the Pliocene
samples from Etholonskaya suit, Rekinnikskaya Bay, Kamchatka, lack the petalshaped areolae on the brim and the hyaline. The new species is distinguishedfrom Stephanopyxis ferox (GREV.) RALFS,
1861 : in SCHMIDT, 1888, Atlas, pl. 130,
fig. 15, by the coarser areolae.
Occurrences in the present materials:
Rare in many samples. The new species
may be one of the marker taxa of the
Pliocene age.
Family Fragilarioideae ScHUTT, 1896
Subfamily Fragilarieae SCHUTT, 1896
Tribe Fragilariinae ScHUTT, 1896
Genus Rhaphoneis EHRENBERG, 1844
Rhaphoneis tatsunokuchiensis349

by the England Finder, U33-0W ; inslide no. 7107, 28 p in length, from loc.
no. Okuma 2-3.
Remarks~· The new species resembles
Rhaphoneis mediopunctata MARTA, 1968:
p. 143, pl. 41, figs. 16-27, and its variety
matraensis MARTA, p. 144, pl. 42, figs.
1-5, from which it differs by the small
size of the valve.
Occurrences in the present materials:
Very rare in the three samples studied.
The species are found commonly throughout the Pliocene of northeast Japan.
Acknowledgments
The writer is greatly indebted to Dr.
Taro KANA YA formerly of the Tohoku
University for his constant advice andencouragement. Thanks are due to Dr.
Hisao NAKAGAWA of the Tohoku University for his information on the stratigraphy. The writer also thanks Prof.
Kotara HATAI of the Tohoku University
for his critical reading of the manuscript.

KOIZUMI, n. sp.
Pl. 42, figs. 3, 4Floral references

Description: Valve lanceolate-rhombicor lanceolate, with produced apices. The
length of the apical axis 20-36 p, transapical axis 5-10 p. Valve surface flat,
covered with large sub-rectangularpuncta, 6-8 in 10 p. Puncta in weakly
radiating curved lines on both sides ofa narrowed linear pseudoraphe, and areinterrupted by the sub-marginal hyaline
line extending parallel to the valve margin. The number of longitudinal parallel rows of puncta is about 6.
Holotype: The position of a specimenby the England Finder, T44-4; in slide
no. 6717, 22 p in length, from loc. no.
Tomioka 36.
Para type: The position of a specimen

The references are given for thosetaxa of the Tatsunokuchi Formationthat are judged to be marine planktonic
tropical and arcto-boreal forms, and extinct forms in the Pacific. They arearranged alphabetically. The taxa which
are treated in HUSTEDT (1927-) are referred directly to HUSTEDT (ojJ. cit.). As
for the taxa which are not treated in
HUSTEDT (op. cit.), the references to theoriginal descriptions as far as possible
are made.
Additional references are
selected from the descriptions and illustrations which were particularly helpful
for the present identifications. Synonyms
are mentioned only in the case that they
are not cited in the previous works.

350

ltaru KOIZUMIMost of the species are illustrated asindicated in brackets.
Actinocyc!us ellip 1 £cus GRuN. v. moronensis(DEBY) KoLBE, 1954: p. 21, pl. 3, figs.
29, 30. Remarks: A broken specimen
from the sample of Tomioka 36 fully
agrees with the figures of KoLBE (/.c.)
as well as with the individuals from theoriginal material from Moron (as Actinocyc!us (Cestodiscus) moroniensis BRUN,
1891 : p. 6, pl. 19, fig. 2). As far as
known today, the geologic range of thevarity is middle-upper Miocene.
Actinocyclus elongatus GRu!\". in VAN HEURCK,
1880: pl. 125, fig. 15; KoLBE, 1955, p.
164, pl. 2, fig. 20.
Asteromphalus darwinii EHR., 1844: in ScHMIDT, 1876, Atlas, pl. 38; ·fig. 16; KoiZUMI, !968, pl. 32, fig. 7; HANNA, 1970,
p. 180, fig. 90. Remarks: The observed
specimens seem to be close to A. darwinii
as described and illustrated by GREVILLE(1860, p. 116, pl. 4, figs. 12, 13). The
outline of the hyaline area is slightly
concave. The species has been previously reported only from the upper
Miocene-Pliocene. (Pl. 43, fig. 5)
Bacteriosira fragilis GRAN, 1900: in HusTEDT, 1929, Kieselalg. I, p. 544, fig. 310;
SHESHUKOVA-PORENTZKAYA, 1967, p. 202,
pl. 33, figs. 3a, b. Remarks: The species appears in the Far East during the
Pliocene, and becomes an imporiant
member of the flora of the neritic zoneof the arcto-boreal region since the Pleistocene.
Biedu!phia aurita (LYNG.) BREB. and Goo.,
1838: £n HusTEDT, 1930, Kieselalg. I, p.
846, fig. 501.
C!adogramma californica EHR., 1854: in VAN
HEURCK, 1881, pl. 83, figs. 8, 9; KANAYA,
1959, p. 87, pl. 6, fig. 1; WoRNARDT,
1967, p. 42, fig. 64; KOIZUMI, 1968, pl.
32, fig. 19. Remarks: The known geological age of the species is upper Miocene.
Coscinodiscus lineatus EHR., 1938: in HusTEDT, 1928, Kieselalg. I, p. 392, fig. 204;
REINHOLD, 1937, p. 97, pl. 11, fig. 7;
LOII:'.IAN, 1941, p. 68, pl. 12, fig. 10; CUPP,

1943, p. 53, figs. 15a-c; KoiZUMI, 1968,
pl. 32, fig. 26 (not fig. 27). Remarks :Diameter of valve 30-60 p.. The rows ofpolygonal areolae in straight lines arearranged on three regular tangential
systems, so that all the lines of the
areolae appear to be parallel to the diameter. Areolae slightly smaller at themargin than in the central area of thevalve, 3-6 in l.O p. at center and 7 at
margin. Valve margin strong, radiallystriated and with distinct spinulae.
Coscinodiscus nodulijer ScHMIDT, 1878: in
HUSTEDT, 1928, Kieselalg. I, p. 426, fig.
229; KoLBE, 1954, p. 33, pl. 3, figs. 3537; HENDEY, 1964; p. 77, pi. 22, fig. 10.
Coscinodiscus pustulatus MANN, 1907: p. 257,
pl. 48, fig. 3; HANNA, 1970, p. 185, figs.
12, 19-24. Remarks: The species was
originally described from 1866 fathoms
in the Bering Sea. HANNA (l. c.) states,
however, that " it is entirely possiblethat it came from an exposed subsurface
outcrop of strata of Pliocene age andnothing like it has been in any of thecollections of living marine diatoms I
have made in the Arctic and sub-Arctic".
(Pl. 43, fig. 12)
Denticula kamtschatica ZABELINA, 1934: in
SI:VIONSE:'\ and KANAYA, 1961, p. 503, pl.
1, figs. 14-18; SIIESHUKOVA-PORE"'TZKA YA, 1967, p. 300, pl. 47, figs. 9a, b, pl.
48, figs. 4a- ; KoiZUMI, 1968, pl. 34,
figs. 7-10. Remarks: The species isfound quite frequently in the samples of
the upper Miocene and Pliocene age, andalso from the upper part of the middle
Miocene Onnagawa Formation and its
correlative formations in northeast Japan.
(Pl. 42, figs. 12, 13)
Denticula seminae SIMONSEN and KANA YA,
1961: p. 503, pl. 1, figs. 26-30; SHESHL'KOVA-PORE"'TZKA YA, 1967, p. 301, pi. 47,
figs. lla- , pl. 48, figs. 6a-r. Remarks:
The species is frequently present also in
the Pliocene strata of the Usti-Kamchatka, according to SHESHUKOVA-PORENTZKAYA (/.c.). (Pl. 42, figs. 5a, 5b, 6)
Fragilariopsis cyclindrus (GRUN.) KRIEGER,
1954: in HUSTEDT, 1958, p. 162, pl. 11,

598.

Diatom flora of the Tatsunokuchi Formation

figs. 145, 146; HASLE, 1965, p. 34, pl. 12,
figs. 6-12, pl. 14, figs. l.-10, pl. 17, figs.
2-4. Remarks: The observed specimens
were 10-35 p long, 3-6 p wide and had
12-13 costae in 10 fl· The keel puncta
were seen as coarsened continuations of
the costae. The straight and parallel
margins of the valve, the broadly rounded apices, the apical axis isopole, thestraight transapical costae confined to
the rectangular part of the valve andthe more weakly silicified, oblique costaeof the semicircular part characterize thespecies as stated by HAsLE (/.c.). [Pl.
42, figs. 8, 9)
Hemidiscus cuneijormis WALL., 1860: in
HusTEDT, 1930, Kieselalg. I, p. 904, fig.
542.
Hemidiscus weissflogi (GRUN.) HusT., 1955:
HUSTEDT, p. 11, pl. 1, figs. 6, 7. Remarks : The specimens in the present
materials have all the appearance of
HusTEDT's original description and figures. Broad ellipsoidal valve, 16-32 p inapical axis and 14-24 p in transapicalaxis, with tangential undulation. Radiallyarranged areolae, 10-14 in 10 p, which
form a closed net of polygonal meshes.
On one side of the valve, the areolae
are distinctly smaller, and before themedian ventral striae, 16-20 in lOp, there
is a small and shallow hyaline area witha faint pseudonodule. Marginal spines
distinct, with interspaces of about 3 p..
[Pl. 43, fig. 14)
Hyalodiscus obsoletus SHESHUK., 1964: SHE·SHUKOVA-PORENTZKA YA, p. 71, pl. 1, fig.
1, SHESI-JUKOVA·PORENTZKA YA, 1967, p.
71, pl. 1, fig. 1, SHESI-JUKOVA-PORENTZ·KA YA, 1967, p. 131, pl. 12, fig. 2. Remarks: Valve circular, 25-30 p. in diameter, strongly concave, and depressedin center, 10 p in diameter. Areolae andstructure absent over valve surface, except distinct the marginal zone. The
brim consists of a marginal zone ofsmall areolae, 16-20 in 10 p., and small
dotted, about 25 in 10 p., margin lt.L inwidth. According to SHESHUKOVA·PORE·
NTZKA YA (l. c.), this species has a long351

geologic range of middle Miocene-Pliocene, in the Sakhalin and Kamchatka
regions. [Pl. 43, fig. 13)
Melosira albicans SI-IESHUK., 1964; SI-IESHU·
KOVA·PORENTZKAYA, p. 69, figs. 1, 2, pl.
1, fig. 3; SHESHUKOVA-PORE:'-:TZI<A YA,
1967, p. 124, pl. 10, figs. 2a, a, pl. 11,
figs. 1a, a. Remarks: Valve small circular, 10-18 p in diameter, surface flatwith raised margin. Valve surface punctate, puncta usually in radiating lines,
often somewhat irregularly scattered in
the center, 14-16 puncta in 10 p.. Valvemargin well defined, with short striae,
14-18 in 10 p, and among them strong
spinules are conspinules, 6-8 in 10 p.
Known previously only from the typematerial of the Pliocene age in Ust-Kamchatka. [Pl. 43, figs. 1, 2)
Navicula jamalinensis CL. v. simisevultus(BRUN) CL., 1895; in SHESHUKOVA-PORE·
NTZKAYA, 1967, p. 238, pl. 45, fig. 5.
Remarks: Geologic age and locality ofthe type material, stated to be Sendai,
but precisely unknown.
SHESHUKOVA·
PoRENTZKAYA (/.c.) rarely found thisspecies in the Pliocene Etholonskaya
Formation, Penjnskaya Bay, Kamchatka.
Nitzschia cfr. extincta Koz. and SHESHUK.,
1967; in SIIESHUKOVA-PORENTZKA YA, p.
303, pl. 47, fig. 12. Syn., Nitzschia pliocena (BRU:-.1) MERTZ, 1966; p. 30, pl. 6,
figs. 14-20. Remarks: Vah•e ellipticalto lanceolate, with acutely rounded nonrostrate ends, 18-36 p long, 4-7 p. wide.
Canal raphe eccentric, keel puncta regularly spaced, 13-16 in 10 p. Pseudonodulu present between the two keel puncta
in the middle. Transapical costae present
in number equal to keel puncta.
Bymeans of dark field illumination, therows of poroids 2, poroids 3-4 in 10 fl·
The species has been reported to have along geologic range of middle MiocenePliocene. [Pl. 42, figs. lOa-llb)
Nitzschia reinholdii KANA YA (MS) : in KANAYA and KoiZUMI, 1970, p. 58. Syn.,
Fragilaria pliocena BRuN, 1891: p. 28, pl.
14, fig. 7, pl. 17, fig. 7; REINHOLD, 1937,
p. 104, pl. 12, fig. 18. Nitzschia plio-

352

Itaru KOIZUMI

cena (ERe:--;) WoRNARDT, 1.967: p. 88,
figs. 212, 213.
Fragilariopsis pliocena(BRu:-;) SuEsi-IUK., 1967: SI-IEsi-IUKOVA·
POREt\TZKAYA, p. 305, pl. 47, fig. 13, pl.
48, fig. 7; Ko1 zu;vu, 1968, pl. 34, figs. 1315; KAr-;A YA, 1970, pl. 40, figs. 7, 8. Remarks: The observed valves are lanceolate, with more or less bluntly rounded
ends, 60-85 f1 in the length and 10-14 f1
in width. The keel puncta and the transapical costae are present in equal number, 11-13 in 10 fl· The puncta in thetransapical costae, 20-24 in 10 [I arranged
in double rows. The species is closely
related to Nitzschia marina GRUN., in
VAi'\ HEURCK, 1880: pl. 57, figs. 26, 27;
KoLBE, 1954, p. 40, pl. 3, figs. 38-40,
from which differs in the outline ofthe valves and the finer transapicalcostae. The species has been reported
previously from the upper MiocenePliocene age. (Pl. 42, figs. 14a-15cJ
Nitzschia fossilis KANAYA (MS) :in KANAYA
and KoiZUMI, 1970, p. 59. Remarks:
The species shows a resemblance with
Pseudoeunhtia doliolus (WALL.) GRUi'\.,1880: Hcs·moT, 1932, Kieselalg. II, p.
258, fig. 737: KoLBE, 1954, p. 43, pl. 3,
fig. 41, from which it differs by thetransapical axis isopole. In the present
samples, the valves are identified withthose of the species lanceolae with subacute apices. Length of valve 40-60 p.
width 7-10 [t, 11-14 keel puncta and transapical costae in 10 fl·
Pseudonodulu
present between the two keel puncta inthe middle. The keel puncta are perceptible in dark field illumination ascoarsened continuations of the transapical costae. Under the same condition,
the puncta in the transapical costae areof two alternating rows, 20-24 in 10 fl·
The species has been recoorded so far
only from the Pliocene. (Pl. 42, figs.
14a-15cJ
Planl<toniella sol (WALL.) ScHUTT, 1893: in
HusTEDT, 1928, Kieselalg. I, p. 465, fig.
295; HASLE, 1960, p. 1, pl. 3, figs. 19,20;
BEL YAEVA, 1968, p. 111, pl. 5, figs. 1., 2.
Remarks:
In the present study, theperipheral wing-like extension was notseen on any specimens identified withthe species. The species was distinguished from Coscinodiscus excentricus EHR.,
1839 : in HusTEDT, 1928, Kieselalg. I, p.
388, fig. 201, by having indistinct internal
memberance opening and by lacking aring of marginal spines.
Porosira glacialis (GRUN.) Jif>RG., 1905: in
HusEDT, 1928, Kieselalg. I, p. 315, fig.
153; Joust, 1957, pl. 3, figs. 4a, a; Joust,
1962, pl. 2, fig. 1, pl. 79, fig. 11. Remarks: The valves are broadly concave,
20-30 fl in diameter. Areolae, 12-14 in
10 p, arranged in indistinct fasciculae
whose radial rows are somewhat sinuousand parallel to middle rows.
Pseudopodosira elegans SIIESHUK., 1964: SHE·
SI-IUKOVA-PORENTZKAYA, p. 75, pl. 1, fig.
3, pl. 2, figs. 4, 5; SHESHUKOVA-PORENTZKA YA, 1967, p. 178, pl. 24, fig. 3, pi.
25, fig. 4. Remarks: Valves are circular,
15-20 f1 in diameter, flat, and with slightly swollen sharply defined narrow brim ;valve surface hyaline but the central
part of the valve bears a few distinct
small papilleas. The brim consists ofjagged margin and the same size marginal spinulae, 5-7 in 10 p, in front ofeach projecting part of jagged margin.
According toSI-IESHUKOVA-PORENTZKA YA(!. c.), the known geological occurrenceof the species in the Sakhalin and Kamchatka is in Miocene and Pliocene. (Pl.
43, figs. 3, 4)
Pyxidicula weyprechtii GRUN., 1884: in HusTEDT, 1927, Kieselalg. I, p. 300, fig. 138.
Remarks: The species is known only
from the Arctic Sea near the Franz
Josef Land according to HusTEDT (1. c.).
Rhaphoneis ischaboensis (GRuN.) MERTZ v.
angusta MERTZ, 1966: p. 26, pl. 5, figs.
49-51.
Remarks : Found so far only
from the type material, Pisco Formation,
upper Miocene, Peru, South America.
Rhaphoneis ischaboensis (GRuN.) MERTZ v.
linguiformis MEinz, 1966: p. 27, pl. 5,
figs. 54-56. Remarks: Previously foundonly from its type locality.
Rhaphoneis margaritalimbata MERTZ, 1966:

.598.

Diatom flora of the Tatsttnokuchi Formation

p. 27, pl. 6, figs. 1-3. Remarks : The
species has been reported previously only
from the Pisco Formation, upper Miocene
South America.
Rhizosolenia bergonii PERAG., 1892: in HusTEDT, 1929, Kieselalg. I, p. 575, fig. 327;
]oust, MuKHINA and KozLovA, 1969, p.
31, pl. 13, fig. 7; MUKH!NA, 1969, p. 54,
pl. 2, fig. 5. Remarks: In the present
study, the species is distinguished from
Rhizosolenia praebergonii MucH., 1965:
Mu~HINA, p. 24, pl. 2, figs. 3, 4; KOIzu:-.n, 1968, p. 217, pl. 34, figs. 20, 21, by
the very finely striate cylindrical valve,striae 18-20 rows in 10 f-1. and 18 puncta
in 10 f', and a spine which is long, slender and usually straight. (Pl. 42, fig. 7)
Stephanopyxis schenckii KANAYA, 1959: p. 67,
pl. 2, figs. 2-4; SHESHUKOVA-PORENTZKA YA, 1967, p. 136, pl. 3, fig. 2, pl. 13,
figs. 2B, r. Hom., Stephanopyxis schenckii KA:"A YA, in part, SHESHUKO\"APOREI'TZKAYA, 1967, pl. 1, fig. 1, pl. 7,
figs. 4a, a, pl. 13, figs. 2a, a. Remarks:
Valves were found in the sample of Tomioka 36. The species is characterized
by the brim bearing petal-shaped areolae,short spines at the corners of the areolae,
and the hyaline margin. The species isa characteristic one in the middle Miocene. In the present study, the observed
specimens may be ones intermixed.
Thalassiosira antiqua (GRL"='i.) CL., in SI!ESHUKOVA-PORENTZKA YA, 1967: p. 143, pl.
14, figs. 3a, a; KOIZU~II, 1968, pl. 35, fig.
11. Syn., Coscinodiscus antiuus (GRu;--;.)
RAT., 1889: WoRl'\ARDT, 1967, p. 20, fig.
23.
Remarks:
The valves resemble
Coscinodiscus excentricus EIIR., fromwhich they are distinguished by that thecentral part of the valve bears many
papilleae, which are distinct but smaller
than ordinary areolae, and by the distinct
border. The species has been reported
previously from the middle MiocenePliocene.
Thalassiosira convexa MucH., 1965: MuKHINA,
p. 22, pl. 11, figs. 1, 2. Remarks: Valvecircular, 30-40 f-1. in diameter, convex andwith narrow margin, 2-3 f-1. in width.

353

Areolae almost of same size throughout
the valve surface, 8-12 in 10 f-1. except incenter where they are rare, and irregularly arranged. Areolae fascicularly arranged, subdividing the valve surface
into undulated sectors, the areolae running parallel to the lateral longest row ofeach sector. Margin distinct with striae,.
10-12 in 10 f-1. and strong one almost alternately arranged, 5-7 in 10 I-'·
The
species has been found so far only fromthe Pliocene. (Pl. 4:3, figs. 15a-16b)
Thalassiosira gravida CL., 1.896: in HussEDT,
1928, Kieselalg. I, p. 325, fig. 161; CuPP,
1943, p. 48, fig. 11; HENDEY, 1964, p. 86,
pl. 1., fig. 7; HASLE, 1968, p. 196, figs. 3,.
'1. Remarks: In the present study, unequally arched valves with coarser areolae
are frequently observed, these may be
the resting spores of the species. Diameter of valve 25-40p. Polygonal areolae
about 5 in 10 f-1., arranged in irregularly
radial rows. Central area bears manyclustered papilleae. Marginal spines, 810 in 1.0 p, conspicuous with one larger
spine. (Pl. 43, figs. lla, ·nb)
Thalassiosira gravida CL. f. jossilis ]oust,
1959: in ]oust, 1961., p. 63, pl. 1, fig. 9 ;.
SHESHUKOVA-PORENTZKAYA, 1967, p. 1.47,
pl. 15, figs. la-B. Remarks: Valve circular, 25-35 /1 in diameter, swollen, as.
high as 2/3 to 1/2 of valve diameter, andwith a hyaline brim at the base of valve
mantle. Areolae penta to hexagonal withclose and ordered mesh, sometimes elongated to radial in midway. Arranged
radially, 5-6 areolae in 10 p and withsecondary concentric structure.
The
brim at the base of the valve mantle
consists of a slope extending from the
mantle, and a hyaline margin. Marginal
minute puncta, 8-10 in 10 f-1., 3 in 1.0 (.1visible at inside, at the edge of the slope,
no stronger spines. The range of thespecies is from the upper Miocene to·
Pliocene. (Pl. 43, fig. 10)
Thalassiosira hyalina (GRUN.) GRt:N., 1897:
in HusTEDT, 1928, Kieselalg. I, p. 323,
fig. 159; ]oust, 1962, pl. 2, fig. 4. Remarks: The individuals have, as shown..

354

Itaru KOIZUMIon JousE's illustration (l. c.), coarser
areolae, 13-15 in 10 f.l, than in the description given by HusTEDT (I. c.), 25 in
10 f.l· It has not been found in rocks
older than the Pliocene. (Pl. 43, fig. 7JThalassiosira kryophila (GRUN.) }RG., 1905:
in HusTEDT, 1928, Kieselalg. I, p. 324,
fig. 160; SllESHUI<OV A-PORENTZKA YA,
1967, p. 146, pl. 14, fig. 6; KOIZU:VII,
1968, p. 218, pl. 35, figs. 14, 15. Remarks :The known geologic range of the species
is from the Pliocene to Recent. (Pl. 43,
fig. 9J
Thalassiosira nidulus (TEMP. and BRUN)
JousE, 1961: p. 63, pl. 3, figs. 4, 5; SHESHUKOVA-PORENTZI<AYA, 1967, p. 1.40, pl.
11, figs. Sa, a, pl. 14, figs. 1a, a; KmZUMI, 1968, pl. 35, figs. 21, 23. Remarks:
Individuals, 20-30 p in diameter areslightly convex and circular. The valve
consists of three parts; central part ofthe valve, 10-17 p in diameter, round topolygonal areolae arranged radially withsecondary concentric rows, 6-8 in 10 p;
distinct marginal edge, flat, hyaline, 35 p in width; and on the hyaline marginal edge, coronal ring with long thorn,
3-4 in 10 p, which characterizes thisspecies. The previous records of occurrences are only from the upper MiocenePliocene. (Pl. 43, fig. 6J
Thalassiosira nordenskioldi CL., 1875: in
HusTEDT, 1928, Kieselalg. I, p. 321, fig.
157; JousE, 1962, pl. 2, fig. 6, pl. 62, fig.
2, pl. 79, figs. 3-5; HASLE, 1968 p. 196,
figs. 2, 4, 8. Remarks : The species ischaracterized by a mucous thread at thecentral depression of the valve and thedistinct sub-marginal circlet of spinulae.
The species has not been found in rocks
older than the Pliocene. (Pl. 43, fig. 8J
Thalassiosira zabelinae JousE, 1961 : p. 66,
pl. 2, figs. 1-7; SIIESHUI<OVA-PORENTZKA YA, 1967, p. 149, pl. 16, figs. 2a-F;
KoiZUMI, 1968, p. 219, pl. 35, figs. 27, 28.
Remarks : The species has been reported
previouly only from the upper MiocenePliocene. (Pl. 43, figs. 17a, 17bJ

References
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Jzd. Akad. NaukS. S. S. R., p. 103-124, pls. 5. Moscow.
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CuPs, E. E. (1943) : marine plankton diatomsof the west coast of North America.
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FAGERSTROM, J. A. (1964) : Fossil communities in paleoecology: Their recognitionand significance. Ceo!. Soc. Amer., Bull.,vol. 75, no. 1~, p. 1197-1216, 4 figs., pls.
5.
Fox, W. T. (1968) : Quantitative paleoecologic analysis of fossil communities in
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76, no. 6, p. 613-640, 12 figs., 6 tabs.
Gil EVI LLE, R. K. (1860) : A monograph of
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no. 5, p. 167-234, 105 figs., 2 maps.
HANZA WA, S. (1950) : Tertiary paleogeography of North Japan. Short Papers!CPS, no. 2, p. 74-98, 4 maps.
HASLE, G. R. (1960) : Phytoplankton and598.

Diatom .flora of the Tatsunokuchi Formation

cilate species from the tropical Pacific.

Skr. Norske Vidensk.-Akad. I. Mat.-Nat.
Kl., no. 2, p. 1-50, 44 figs., 3 tabs., pis.
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psis. Skr. Norske Vidensk.-Akad. I. Mat.Nat. K!., n. ser., no. 21, p. 1-49, 1 fig.,
1 tab., pis. 1-17.
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Mag. Bot., val. 15, no. 3, p. 193-201, 16
figs., 1 tab.
HATAI, K. (1962) : Mizuho-To. Sci. Rep.
Tohoku Univ., 2nd ser. (Ceo!.), spec.
vol., no. 5, p. 329-348.
- - and MAsUDA, K. (1966) : The stratigraphic position of Trilophodon Sendaicus MATsc~roTo in the Mizuho-To of
Sendai City, Miyagi Prefecture. Saito
Ho;on Kai Mus., Res. Bull., no. 35, p. 110, 1 tab., pl. 1.
- - and NoDA, H. (1968) : Cylindrical structures from the Tatsunokuchi Formation(Early Miyagian) in Sendai City, Miyagi
Prefecture. Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc.
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HAYA~II, I. and NAKA:\'0, M. (1968) : A consideration on the numerical taxonomy inpalaeontology, taking the Trigoniidae as
an example.
Sci. Rep. Fac. Kyushu
Univ., val. 8, no. 4, p. 191-236, 10 figs.,
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HAY ASAKA, S. (1956) : Pliocene mollusca
from the Futaba district, Fukushima
Prefcture, Japan. Saito Ho-on Kai Mus.,
Res. Bull., no. 25, p. 13-20, pl. 1-2.
- - and HANGAr, T. (1966) : A new localityof Fortipecten takahashii (YoKOYA:\IA) in
Fukushima Prefcture, with reference toits associated fauna.
Saito Ho-on Kai
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HENDEY, N. I. (1964) : An introductory account of the smaller algae of British
coastal waters. Fishery Investigations.
Ser. 4, part 5, Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms), 317, p., 9 figs., 8 tabs. 45, London.

355

HrHA YAMA, K. (1953) : "Taga Group" innorthern region of the Joban coal-field.

Ceo!. and Mine. Inst. Tokyo Univ. Educ.,Res. Bull., no. 2, p. 25-30, 3 figs., 1 tab.
(in Japanese with English abstract)
HusTEDT, F. (1927-) : Die Kieselalgen Deutschlands, Oesterreichs und der Schweiz
mit Beriicksichtigung der tiber Landen
Europas sowie der andrenzen den Meeresgebiet : in Dr. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreichs und der Schweiz. vol. 7, Teil I,
sec. 1-5, 920 p., 542 figs., 1927-1930; TeilII, sec. 1-5, 736 p., ll05 figs., 1931-1937;
sec. 6, 108 p., 73 figs., 1959; Teil III, sec.
1-3, 556 p., 4ll figs., 1961-1964, not yet
completed, Leipzig.
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und dem Siidatlantik. Deut. Antark. Exp.
1938-1939. Bd. 2, sec. 3d., p. 103-188,
pis. 3-13.
ISIIIDA, T., 0IKE, S., 0:\'0DEHA, s., TAKEUTI, S., NAKAGAWA, H., NA'iASAKA, 0.
and MATSUYAMA, T. (1969) : Quaternarychanges in the sea level in the Tohoku
region, Japan. in Quaternary system ofJapan. Monogr. 15, p. 37-83, 23 figs., 6
tabs., Tokyo. (in Japanese with English
abstract)
IsiiiZAKI, K. (1968) : Ostracodes from Uranouchi bay, Kochi Prefecture, Japan.

Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ., 2nd ser. (geol.),
vol. 40, no. 1, p. 1-45, 17 figs. 1 tab., pis.
1-9.
- - (1969) : Ostracods from Shinjiko andNakanoumi, Shimane Prefecture, Western Honshu, Japan. Ibid., val. 41, no.
2, p. 197-224, 16 figs., no. 2, p. 197-224,
16 figs., 2 tabs., pis. 24-26.
IwAr, ]. (1949) : Stratigraphy of the Cenozoic formations of Sendai and the environs. Chikyu Kagaku (Earth Science),
no. 1, p. 1-5, 1 tab. (in Japanese)]oust, A. P. (1957) : Diatoms in the surface
layer of the sediments in the Sea of
Okhotsk. Tr. Inst. Okeana!., Akad. NaukS. S. S. R., val. 22, p. 164-220, 13 figs., 2

356

Itaru KOIZUMI

tabs., pis. 3. (in Russian)- - (1961) : Marine diatoms of the Miocene
and Pliocene in Soviet Far East. Bot.
Mater. Spor. Rast., Bot. Inst., Akad.
Nauk S. S. S. R., vol. 16, p. 59-70, 3 tabs.
(in Russian)- - (1962) : Stratigraphic and paleogeographic studies in the northwestern part of
the Pacific Ocean.
I zd. Akad. NaukS. S. S. R., 258, p., 69 figs., 31 tabs., pis.
1-5. Moscow. (in Russian with English
abstract)- - , l\1uciii1\A, V. V. and · KozLovA, 0. G.
(1969) : Diatoms and silicoflagellates inthe surface layer of sediments. in The
Pacific Ocean, microftora and microfaunain the Recent sediments of Pacific Ocean.
Akad. Nauk S. S. S. R., p. 7-47, 19 figs.,

Explanation of Plate 42(All figures x 1.000)
Figs. la, lb. Stephanopyxis horridus KoiZUMI, slide no. 7123, T44-0E,* 35tt in diameter, from
Isobe 9-l. lb, with the focus lower than la.
Figs. 2a, 2b. Stephanopyxis horridus KoiZU:VII, slide no. 7145, J48-0N, 40 f! in diameter, from
Odaka 1-1. 2b, with the focus lower than 2a.
Fig. 3. Rhaphoneis tatsunokuchiensis Koizu:vrr, slide no. 7107, U33-0W, 28 p in length, from
Okuma 2-3.
Fig. 4. Rhaphoneis tatsunokuchiensis KoiZUMI, slide no. 6717, T44-4, 22 p in length, from Tomioka 36.
Figs. 5a, 5b. Denticula seminae SIMONSEN and KANA YA, slide no. 7113, F41-4, 22 p in length,from Okuma 1-3.
Fig. 6. Denticula seminae SIMONSEN and KANA YA, slide no. 7128, G45-3N, 30 p in length,from Odaka 1-3.
Fig. 7. R hizosolenia bergonii PERAG., slide no. 7145, N38-0S, 67 f1 in length, from I so be 9-1.
Fig. 8. Fragilariopsis cyclindrus (GRUN.) KRIEGER, slide no. 6703, J42-4N, 36 fl in length,from Tomioka 34.
Fig. 9. Fragilariopsis cyclindrus (GRUN.) KRIEGER, slide no. 7133, W48-4N, 10 ,u in length,from Isobe 6.
Figs. lOa, lOb. Nitzschia cfr. extincta Koz. and SI·mSI!UK., slide no. 7149, 045-3S, 35 p inlength, from Isobe 9-3. lOb, by means of the dark field illumination.
Figs. 11a, 11b. Nitzschia cfr. extincta Koz. and SIIESHUK., slide no. 7127, H47-4N, 19 p inlength, from Odaka 1-3. llb, by means of the dark field illumination.
Fig. 12. Denticula kamtschatica ZABELINA, slide no. 7127, H47-4N, 195 in length, from Odaka
1-3.
Fig. 13. Denticula kamtschatica ZABELINA, slide no. 7111, J41-2S, 21 p. in length, from Okuma
1-1.
Figs. 14a-14c. Nitzschia fossilis KANAYA (MS), slide no. 7113, 041-0S, 45 p in length, from
Okuma 1-3. 14b, with the focus lower than 14a. 14c, by means of the dark field illumination.
Figs. 15a-15c. Nitzschia fossilis KANA YA (MS), slide no. 7113, H40-3, 58 f.l in length, from
Okuma 1-3. l5b, with the focus lower than 15a. 15c, by means "i. dark field illumination.
Figs. 16a-16c. Nitzschia reinholdii KANA YA (MS), slide no. 7111, K" ~-1, 85 p in length, from
Okuma 1-1. 16b, with the focus lower than 16a. 16c, by 11' ,ans of the dark field illumination.
*:

The position of a specimen in a strewn slide read by the ,..,;ngland Finder (RIEDEL and
FOREMAN, 1961).

KOIZUMI:

Diatom of the Tatsunokuchi format ion

Plate 42

4

3

lb

la

~
5a

~
5b

~

~

2a

I

t1

'

~

(:=·

9

f)

lOa

8

14a

14b

12

lla

llb

15a

15b

7

6

.

~·=
E=!

13

lOb

14c

15c

16a

16b

16c

598.

Diatom flora of the Tatsunokuchi Formation

Moscow. (in Russian with English abstract)
KAESLER, R. L. (1966) : Quantitative reevaluation of ecology and distribution of
Recent Foraminifera and Ostracoda of
Toclos Santos bay, Baja California, Mexico.
Kansas Univ., Paleont. Contr.
paper 10, p. 1-50, 23 figs., 14 tabs.
KAMADA, Y. and HAYASAKA, S. (1959):
Remarks on a fossil marine fauna from
Tateishi, Fukushima Prefecture. Paper,
Saito Ho-on Kai Mus., Res. Bull., no. 28,
p. 17-28, pl. 1-2.
KANAYA, T. (1959) : Miocene diatom assemblages from the Onnagawa Formationand their distribution in the correlative
formations in northeast Japan. Sci. Rep.
Tohoku Univ., 2nd ser. (Ceo!.), vol. 30,
p. 1-130, 2 figs., 7 charts, 1 tab., pis. 11.
- - (1970) : Some aspects of pre-Quaternary
diatoms in the Oceans. In FUNNELL,
B. M. & RIEDEL, W. R. edit. MicroPaleontology of the Oceans, Cambridge Univ.
Press, p. 545-565, 5 figs., pis. 6.
- - and KoiZUMI, I. (1966) : Interpretationof diatom thanatocoenoses from the northPacific applied to a study of core V20130 (Studies of a deep-sea core V20-130.
part 4). Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ., 2ndser. (Ceo/.), vol. 37, no. 2, p. 89-130, 6
figs., 1 chart, 4 tabs.
- - and - - (1970) : The progress in theyounger Cenozoic diatom biostratigraphy
in the circum north Pacific region. jour.
Mar. Ceol., val. 6, no. 2, p. 47-66.
KITAMURA, N., SHIBATA, T. and UEDA, A.
(1955) : Geology of the neighbouring
area of Matsukawa-Ura. in Studies on
the ecology and sedimentation of Matsukawa-Ura, Soma city, Fukushima Prefecture. Inst. Ceo[ Paleont., Tohoku
Univ., Contr., no. 45 p. 84-96, 6 figs. (inJapanese with English abstract)
KoiZUMI, I. (1966) : Tertiary stratigraphy
and diatom flora of the Ajigasawa district, Aomori
Prefecture,northeast
Japan.
Inst. Ceo/. Paleont., Tohoku
Univ., Contr., no. 62, p. 1-34, 10 figs.,
pis. 1-8. (in Japanese with English summary)857- - (1968) : Tertiary diatom flora of Oga
peninsula, Akita Prefecture, northeast
Japan. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ., 2nd ser.
(Ceo!.), vol. 40, no. 3, p. 171-240, 15 figs.,
2 chart, 2 tabs., pis. 32-35.
KoLBE, R. W. (1954) : Diatoms from equatorial Pacific cores. Sew. Deep-Sea Exp.,
Rep., Sew. Deep-Sea Exp., Rep., val. 6,
no. 1, p. 1-49, 7 figs., 4 tabs., pis. 4.
- - (1955) : Diatoms from equatorial Atlantic cores. Sew. Deep-Sea Exp., Rep., vol.
7, no. 3, p. 151-184, 6 figs., 2 tabs., pis.
1-2.
LOH:\IA:-.', K. E. (1941) : Diatomaceae, part 3.
in Geology and biology of north Atlantic
deep-sea cores, between Newfouncllancl
and Ireland.
U.S. Ceo!. Surv., Prof.
Papers, 196-B, p. 5-14, 55-86, pis. 1-2,
11-17.
MADDOCKS, R. F. (1966) : Distribution patterns of living and sub-fossil poclocopicl
ostracodes in the Nosy Be area, northeastern Madagascar. Kansas Univ., Paleont.
Contr. Papers, paper 12, p. 1-72, 63 figs.,
12 tabs.
MAN!':, A. (1907) : Report on the diatoms ofthe "Albatross" voyage in the Pacific
Ocean, 1888-1904. U.S. Nat/. Herb., Contr.,
vol. 10, part 5, p. 221-442.
MELLO, ]. F. and BuzAs, M.A. (1968) : Anapplication of cluster analysis as a method of determining biofacies.
jour.
Paleont., val. 32, no. 3, p. 747-758, 6 figs.,
4 tabs.
MERTZ, D. (1966) : MikropaUiontologische
und Sedimentologische Untersuchung der
Pisco Formation Siidperus.
Palaeontograpnica, Bel. 118, Abt. B, p. 1-51, 2 figs.,
7 tabs., pis. 1-7.
MICHE:\'ER, C. D. and SoKAL, R. R. (1957) :A quantitative approach to a problem inclassification. Evolution, no. 11, p. 130162.
MITA, M. (1951) : Report on the geology ofnorth-Futaba district in J oban coal-field,
Fukushima Prefecture. Ceo!. Surv. japan,
Rep., no. 140, p. 1-43, 10 figs., 17 tabs.
(in Japanese with English abstract)
MucHINA, V. V. (1965) : New species ofdiatoms from the bottom sediments ofltaru KOIZUMI

358

the equatorial region of the Pacific Nov.
Sys. Plant. non Vas. Bot. Inst. Akad.
Nauk S. S. S. R., p. 22-25, pis. 1-2. (inRussian)- - (1969) : Biostratigraphy of sediments
and questions of paleogeography of thetropical region of the Pacific and Indian
Oceans. in Micropaleontology and organogenous sedimentation in the Oceans.
INQUA (VIII). p. 52-84, 8 figs., pis. 2.
lzd. Akad. Nauk S. S. S. R. Moscow. (inRussian with English abstract)
REINHOLD, TH. (1937) : Fossil diatoms of
the Neogene of Java and their zonal
distribution.
Nederland en Kolonien-- -Geol. Mijnb. Genoot., Verh., Geol. ser.,vol. 12, p. 43-132, pis. 21.
RIEDEL, W. R. and FoREMAN, H. P. (1961) :Type specimens of North American
Paleozoic Radiolaria.
jour. Paleont.,
vol. 35, no. 3, p. 628-632, 8 figs.
ScHMIDT, A. (1874-1959) : Atlas der Diatomaceen-Kunde. vol. 1-120, pis. 480.
SHESHUKOVA-PORENTZKA YA, B. c.
(1959) :Fossil diatom flora of south Sakhalin.
Leningr Univ., Bioi. ser., no. 15, part 3,
p. 36-55, pis. 4. (in Russian)- - (1967) : Neogene marine diatoms of
Sakhhalin and Kamchatka. Izd. Leningr.
Univ., 327 p., 8 figs., 19 tabs., pis. 50,-------------------------------------------------------Explanation of Plate 43(All figures x 1000)

Fig. l. Melosira albicans SHESHUK., slide no. 7111, M39-1E, 10 p in diameter, from Okuma 1-1.
Fig. 2. Melosira a/bicans SHESHUK., slide no. 7111, T39-3E, 13 p. in diameter, frpm Okuma 1-1.
Fig. 3. Pseudopodosira elegans SHESHUK., slide no. 7114, T42-3N, 18 p. in diameter, from Okuma, 1-3.
Fig. 4. Pseudopodosira elegans SHESHUK., slide no. 7137, G47-3, 19 p. in diameter, from Isobe
7.
Fig. 5. Asteromphalus darwinii EHR., slide no. 7145, ]43-0E, 25 p. in diameter, from Isobe 9-1.
Fig. 6. Thalassiosira nidulus (TEMP. and BRUN) ]ousE:, slide no. 7107, H41-0NE, 20 p. indiameter, from Okuma 2-3.
Fig. 7. Thalassiosira hyalina (GRUN.) GRUN., slide no. 7153, Q45-1, 27 p. in diameter, from
Isobe 10.
Fig. 8. Thalassiosira nordenskioldi CL., slide no. 7107, M41-2, 21 p. in diameter, from Okuma
2-3.
Fig. 9. Thalassiosira kryophila (GRUN.) ]RG., slide no. 7119, E40-0S, 23 p. in diameter, from
Odaka 3-2.
Fig. 10. Thalassiosira gravida CL. f. fossilis ]ousE:, slide no. 7115, F41-0E, 27 p. in diameter,from Okuma 1-2.
Figs. lla, llb. Thalassiosira gravida CL., slide no. 7128, M37-1S, 34 p in diameter, from
Odaka 1-3. llb, with the focus lower than 11a.
Fig. 12. Coscinodisus pustulatus MANN, slide no. 7124, L40-2S, 37 p. in diameter, from Odaka
1-1.
Fig. 13. Hyalodiscus obsoletus SHESHUK., slide no. 7111, 038-4, 26 p. in diameter, from Okuma
2-3.
Fig. 14. Hemidiscus weissflogi (GRUN.) RusT., slide no. 7107, S35-0W, 23 p. in length, from
Okuma 2-3.
Figs. 15a, 15b. Thalassiosira convexa MucH., slide no. 7113, R38-3, 33 p. in diameter, from
Okuma 1-3. 15b, with the focus lower than 15a.
Figs. 16a, 16b. Thalassiosira convexa MucH., slide no. 7117, E46-0W, 30 p. in diameter, from
Odaka 3-1. 16b, with the focus lower than 16a.
Figs. 17a, 17b. Thalassiosira zabelinae ]ovzE:, slide no. 7104, ]32-0SE, 46 p. in diameter, from
Okuma 2-1. 17b, with the focus lower than 17a.

KOIZ UMI :Diatom of the Tatsunokuchi formation

Plate 43

0
'

'

1

2

3

4

6

~ ;;'t!f~;;; .
8

7

lla

5

9

10

llb

12

13

14

15a

14b

598.

Diatom flora of the Tatsunokudhi Formation

Leningrad (in Russian with English
abstract)
SIMONSEN, R. and KANA YA, T. (1961) : Notes
on the marine .species of the diatom
geaus Denticula Kiitz. Int. Revue ge-s.
Hydrobiol., vol. 46, no. 4, p. 498-513, 1
fig., 2 tabs., 2 maps, pl. 1.
SoKAL, R. R. and SNEATH, P. H. A. (1963) :Principles of numerical taxonomy. 359 p.
San Francisco
SUGAI, K., MATSUI, H., SATO, s., "KITAGAWA, Y., SASAKI, M., and KAWACHI, H.
(1957) : Explanatory text of the Joban
coal field. Geological maps of the coal
fields of japan I. Ceo!. Surv. japan. 154
p., 58 figs., 59 tabs., pis. 7. (in Japanesewith English abstract)
SuzuKI, K. (1968) : Explanatory text of the
Fukushima Prefecture. 34 p., 3 tabs.
Fukushima Prefecture. (in Japanese)
ToKUNAGA, J. (1948) : Taga Group in the

Abukuma
Fukushima
FutabaHats uno.HiroseKayakura
KubomaKuroshio

~iiJ

m

Jft

Ill~

Jih

'J.J..

·'\\~

fJJ

!JFf

rE.
i*!i
fi
?d
!A f* r::J
!!!,
i~JI

359

neighbouring area of _ Tomioka-machi,
Joban -coal-.field. Res. /nsf. Nat. Resour.,Misc. Rep., vol. 12. (in Japanese)
ToKUNAGA, :S. (1927) : Gelllogy of the Joban
coal-field. Mem. Fac. Sci. Eng., Waseda
Univ., no. 5, p. 1-316, pis. 10. (in Japanese)
UmE:, H. ·and KusUKAWA, T. (1969) : Analysis of foraminiferal assemblages from
Miyako and Yamada bays, northeasternJapan. Nat/. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, Bull., vol.
12, no. 3, p. 735-772, 11 figs., 4 tabs.,
pis. 5.
VAN HEURCK, H. (1880-1885) : Synopsis des:diatomees de Belgique. Anvers. Atlas,
3 p., pis. 132, 1880-1881; text, 235 p.,
1885.
WoRNARDT, W. W. (1967) : Miocene andPliocene marine diatoms from California.
·Calif. Acad. Sci., Occasional Papers, no_63, p. 1-108, 217 figs.

Namie-machi'Onna.gawa
Oyashio
Sendaiift ii IIIJ
Jll
17:.

:Soma~Futaba;fll~-)lJ..~

~Jl

~~ij

fill

..L,

Tatsunokuchi
ii
Tomioka-machi 1t;

r=l

I
[iii]

I:::I

lliJ

Trans. Proc. Palaeont, Soc. Japan, N. S., No. 86, pp. 360-368, pis. 44, 45, June 30, 1972

599.

CTENIS SPECIES FROM THE ITOSHIRO SUB-GROUP(LOWER CRETACEOUS), THE TETORI GROUP,CENTR~L HONSHU, JAPAN*
TATSUAKI KIMURA
Mejiro Gakuen Woman's Junior College

andSHIN JI SEKIDO
Science Educatiop Centre, Ishikawa Prefecture~l&~!W:filrttslllii\!Hl!J\OJ Ctenis f!Jl: :fiJII*:fiJII;ml}lf§~=t;t-J·Jf€~, =f·l&III:Ji:iJiEOJI§f-J·~J:
iJifl':~::ffi'T 7.J:fiilttJ3illi.~!W~£!Jl(P)6- · 1[)6-]L~fB~n!iP ~ffifill Ctenis nipponica '1!::~.\t L..t.:
OJ't'i\~ill!G¥1Fa·i"7.Jc c ~IC, ~:b-lt'L Ctenis kaneharai 'l!::fl})l~~L... "!t.:~IJOJlfif.ic]j.~;j1,7.J c. sp. (n.sp.?) 'l!::il~il'&L..t.:. f{rf!Jlc L..td~t.<$:OJ-$v'i196l&f., *mc.J:-?'L, ;f:T=fOJ~r,~v':l:~-?t.:il~ C. kaneharai YoKOYAMA c L..'Lil~ill!G¥1H5·L..t:~OJ-c:·~7.J. :t.""OJ~OJl*~
ICJ:-? 'L, ~JtOJ:%Y!fil$OJAJJH~t.,d~*~~il~~~;h,, c;h,~~JtOJ?'~~ii'~~JJl9i' L..'L, ~:'M
~OJt~*l':l:, T't'lr:f!t,W.~~jgil,~il~ill!G¥1l"i!r~n'L1t'7.l 50:ff5'kOJ Ctenis f!JlOJv'·Ht.c ~-¥!1:
L.. id:V';:: c :Q;a~ ~ il' c tJ;-? t.:. *~l':l: Anthrophyopsis, Quervainia t.&. c c c ~ IC~~;I;:Jlm'l!::
7f-T Cycadales 0)-~-e, Cycadales J;l.?'j.OJ~'"C~~;I;:Jlm'l!::7f-T Dictyozamites, Senia,
Sagenopteris, Glossopteris, Yabeiella tJ: c c c ~ IC, ~::{fi'lct'f:llf:il~~ o J: '5 I:: it~~ ~n7.J.

/l:fti~A~ · lilf'f~{Xgun, Ishikawa prefecture, the equivalentof the Kuwashima formation (Lowest ofLower Cretaceous), the Itoshiro SubGroup, the Tetori Group.
We thank the members of the Komatsu City Museum, Ishikawa prefecture
for their kind help in collecting fossilmaterial.

In 1961, the senior writer KIMURA des·cribed two Ctenis fronds which weredifferent in external appearance fromeach other, under the name of Ctenis
kaneharai YoKOYAMA. Many good Ctenis
fronds since then collected have led us
into the result that most of them apparently belong to a new species, Ctenis
nipponica here described, though depending only on their external morphology.
All specimens here described were
derived from the upper course of the
Mekkodani, Ozo, Oguchi-mura, Ishikawa-

Description of the species
Cycadales
Genus Ctenis LINDLEY & HUTTON, 1834

* Received Dec. 22, 1971; read June 3, 1972

Besides the most part of angiosperms

at Utsunomiya.

360

599.

Ctenis species

and some of pteridophytes, Anthrophyopsis NATHORST, 1879, Ctenis LINDLEY &HUTTON, 1834, Dictyozamites (OLDHAM)MEDLICOTT & BLANFORD, 1879, Furcula
HARRIS, 1932, Glossopteris BRONGNIART,
1828, Quervainia HARRIS, 1932, Sagenopteris PRESL, 1838, Senia KHAN, 1969 andYabeiella OISHI, 1931, are fossil genera
known to have leaves representing networked nervation with various extent.
Their palaeogeographical distribution,
especially in Ctenis, Dictyozamites, Glossopteris and Yabeiella seems to be signiiicant.
Among them, Anthrophyopsis, Ctenis
and Quervainia are now believed to be-cycadean frond, Dictyozamites to be bennettitalean, some of Glossopteris andmost of Sagenopteris to be pteridospermous, and Furcula (some authors believe
it to be some dicotyledon leaflet), Senia{from the Upper Permian of India) andYabeiella are still problematical in theirtaxonomic position.
Regarding the Ctenis, though we havenot taken an opportunity to see the ori:ginal description by LINDLEY & HUTTON,-our specimens agree well with the definition stated since by SEWARD (1917),
HARRIS (1932, 1964) and FLORIN (1933):as follows ; " Leaf once pinnate, pinna
usually with entire margins, inserted
1aterally on the rachis ; pinnae with no
midrib but with several more or less-parallel veins which anastomose andwhich reach the margins of the pinnae."
From the Mesozoic so far as we know,·more than 50 Ctenis species have hitherto
been described and most of them havebeen able to be referred here for the·comparison with ours. Among thefollowing, asterisked species have been
distinguished with support by their·Cuticular character.
The following species have large
fronds and have long and narrow, ribbon-

361

like large pinnae, generally more than
3.5 em in maximum width:
Ctenis approximatus JACOB & SHUKLA (Middle Jurassic? of Afghanistan)
C asplenioides (ETTINGSHAUSEN) ScHENK;
1868 (in SEWARD, 1917, Lower Jurassicof Hungary)
C. grandifolia FONTAINE, 1896 (in WARD,
1905, Middle Jurassic? of Oregon andCalifornia)
C. hungarica STAUB, 1896 (in SEWARD; 1917,
Lower Jurassic of Hungary)*C. latepinnata FLORIN, 1933 (Upper Triassicof Sweden)·*C. taxa FLORIN, 1933 (Upper Triassic of
Sweden)*C. stewartiana HARRIS, 1932 (Lower Jurassicof Greenland and Sweden)*C. cfr. stewartiana HARRIS, 1964 (Middle
Jurassic of Yorkshire)

The following three species havetoothed, deeply dissected margin aroundand deeply serrated only on the lower
side respectively :*Ctenis exilis HARRis, 1964 (Middle Jurassicof Yorkshire)
C. harrisif VAKI-IRAMEE\", 1971 (Lower Cretaceous of Stanovoy Range)
C. stanovensis VAKHRAl\-IEEV, 1971 (Lower
Cretaceous of Stanovoy Range)

Such pinnae as having toothed or
deeply serrated margin appear to deviate
from the generic definition of Ctenis, butaccording to HARRIS (1964), in cuticularnature, C. exilis resembles certain· other
Ctenis species, being intermediate between C. kaneharai and C. stewartiana.
The following nine species are respectively characteristic in their pinna form :*Ctenis nathorsti MoLLER, 1902 (in FLORIN,
1933, Rhaeto-Liassic of Sweden) C. nana
SAMYLINA, 1963 (Lower Cretaceous of
Eastern Siberia) are both smaller in size
and rectangular and ovate in pinna form
respectively.

362

Tatsuaki KIMURA and Shinji SEKIDO

C. gracilis TsAo, 1965 (Upper Triassic of
Kwangtung, China) and C. takamiana
OISHI & HuZIOKA, 1938 (Upper Triassicof Nariw'a, Japan and Llantenes, Argentina) have Anomozamites-type pinn·ae.
C. remoitinervis RAciBORSKI, 1894 (in SEWARD, 1917, Lower Jurassic. of Poland)
has pinnae attached to the upper surfaceof rachis as in Nilssonia.
C. imbricata Fo:--~TAINE·, 1889 (Lower Cretaceous Potomac) represents the pinnabases imbricated on the rachis.
C. yabei OISHI·, 1932 (Upper Triassic of Na.. riwa) .has characteristic···ovate pinnae.
C. formosa V AKHRAMEEV, 1961 (Lower Cretac·eous .of Bureja basin) a'nd C. latiloba
KRYSHTOFOVICH & PRYNADA, 1932 (Lower Cretaceous of Eastern Siberia and Ussuriland) are moderate in size but havealso characteristic ear-like lobed pinnae.

The following species have characteristic triangular pinnae respectively :Ctenis auriculata FoNTAINE, 1.896 (Middle
Jurassic? of Oregon)
C. burejensis PRYNADA, 1934 (in VAKI1RA·
MEEV & DOLUDENKO, 1961., Jurasso-Cretaceous of Bureja basin)
C. burejensis PRYNADA f. typica PRYNADA,
1945 (in SAMYLINA, 1963, Lower Cretaceous of Eastern Siberia)
C. latifolia (BRONGNIART) SEWARD, 1904 (inBROi\"GKIART, 1828, Middle Jurassic of
Yorkshire)
C. uwatokoi TOYAMA & OISHI, 1935 (Upper
Jurassic of Northeastern China and Mongolia).

The foHowing four ·also have characteristically rectangular pinnae which
are truncated in the latter two :Ctenis chaoi SzE, 1933 (Lower Jurassic ofChina)
C. constrictus JAcOB & SHKULA, 1955 (Middle
Jurassic? of Afghanistan)C. pleschkovii GENKINA, 1963 (Middle Jurassic of Eastern Ural)C. uralensis GENKINA, 1963 (Middle Jurassicof Eastern Ural).

The following species have long ancJl.
narrow, generally parallel-sided, ribbonlike pinn·ae, mostly With expanded or
decurrent bases with various extent except C. kaneh·arai which sometimes havepinnae with contracted both basal maxgins. Pinnae are more or less falcate:in sDme species :*Ctenis sulcicaulis (PHILLIPs) WARD, 1905(Type spec'ies) (Middle Jurassic of Y arkshire; Middle Jurassic? of Oregon;.
Lower Jurassic ? of Afghanistan; Lower··cretaceous of Eastern Siberia). C. falcata
has been included in this type species as.
synonym on accdunt of its priority.
C. afghanensis JACOB & SHKULA, 1955 (Middle Jurassic? of Afghanistan)
C. borealis (DAWSON) BELL, 1956 (Lower·
Cretaceous of Western Canada)
C. chinensis Hsu, 1954 (Middle Jurassic? ofChina)*C. fal!ax NATHORST, 1879 (in HARRIS, 1932,.
Upper Triass'ic of Sweden and Greenland)(FLORIN 'rriade HARRIS' ·Greenland specimen synonymous with his new speCies.
C. minuta)
C. intermedia (KRYS!-ITOFOVICH & PRYNADA)PRYi\"ADA, 1937 (in SAMYLINA, 1963,.
Lower Cretaceous of Eastern Siberia)
C. japonica OisHI, 1932 (Upper Triassic ofNariwa)*C. kaneharai YoKOYAMA (Middle Jurassic·of Yorkshire; Upper Jurassic of Northeastern China; Lower Cretaceous Ito-·shiro)*C. minuta FLORIN, 1933 (Upper Triassic of
Sweden and Greenland)*C. nilssoni (NATHORST) HARRIS, 1932 (Upper
Triassic of Greenland and Sweden)
C. orovillensis FoNTAINE 1896 (in WARD~
1905, Middle Jurassic? of Oregon; in 1961 ..
VAKHRAMEEV & DOLUDENKO describedi
C. cfr. orovillensis from the Jurasso-Cretaceous of Bureja basin)
C. prmtica DELLE, 1967 (Middle Jurassic of
Transcaucasia)*C. reedi HARRIS, 1947 (Middle Jurassic of'Yorkshire)
C. yamanarii KAWASAKI, 1926 (Lower Juras•-

599.

Ctenis species

sic of Korea)

C. yokoyamai KRYSHTOFOVICH & PRYNADA,
1932 (Jurasso-Cretaceous of Siberia, andUssuriland).

Besides the above, we knew the following Ctenis species had been described·by various authors, but unfortunately
we could not give any comment on themfor we had no more detailed information:about them :Ctenis abbreviata BRAUN, 1843, C. angusta.BRAUN, 1843, C. angustissima PRYNADA (inVAKHRAMEEV & DOLUDENKO, 1961), C. ano:mozamioides LEE, 1964, C. cracoviensis RA.ci'BORSKI, 1894, C. grandis SAPORTA, 1879, C.
.inconstans BRAUN, 1843, C. lunzensis STUR,
1885, C. marginata BRAUN, 1843, C. neurop..teroides DAUGHERTY, 1941, C. patagonica•CAZAUBON, 1947 (in HERBST, 1965), C. permiana HowsE, 1890, C. potockii STUR, 1888
;and its varieties, C. renaulti ZALLESKY, 1928
:and C. wardii FONTAINE, 1896.

We could also refer the specimens-described as Ctenis sp. or Ctenis? sp. by
BELL (1956), GENKINA (1963), HARRIS·(1932), ]ONES & JERSEY (1947), KAWASAKI (1925), OISHI (1932), OISHI & TAKA-HASHI (1936), SRIVASTAVA (1954), SZE·(1931), TESLENKO (1970) and YOKOYAMA·(1906) to the present study. Ctenis sp.
derived from Raniganj coal-field, theLower Gondwana, India by SRIVASTAVA.is an imperfect impression but is of
special interest in its oldest represen·tative of Ctenis-type leaflet so far as we.know.

Ctenis nipponica KIMURA & SEKIDO,
sp. nov.
Pl. 44, figs. 1, 2 ; Pl. 45, figs. 1, 2 ;Text-fig. 1

J.961. Ctenis kaneharai: KIMURA, p. 29, Pl.
6. fig. 2 (non fig. 1)

363

Diagnosis: Frond fairly large, 14 em
in width, unknown in length, pinnate.
Rachis slender 1-6 mm across measured
on impression, the ornamentation or
striation of its surface not clear. Pinnae
apparently subopposite or opposite, attached to the lateral sides of the rachis
with wide angle, nearly perpendicular
to 60 degrees, set closely or narrowlY
spaced, parallel-sided but increasing
their width gradually to the apical portion and narrow quickly to meet at anangle of about 50-60 degrees instead of
gradual tapering, pinna base mostly contracted ; 8 em in length and 2-3 em wideat the widest portion. Nerves are numerous, parallel except near the basewhere they are somewhat divergent andoften conspicuously decurrent, and ending at the margin, about 8 in number
per em at the base, often forking andare reticulate forming elongate meshes.
Description of specimens: Many fragments of fronds have been collectedfrom the same locality. Unfortunately
they are all impressions of the frond,so no organic substance has preserved.
Pl. 44, fig. 1 shows probably middle
portion of a frond with slender rachis
sending off the pinnae nearly perpendicularly, with somewhat contracted bothbasal margins and with conspicuously
decurrent nerves at the base.
Pl. 45, fig. 1 shows a similar specimen
to the above but having pinnae directed
a little forwards a:n.d recurving backwards. Pl. 45, fig. Z clearly shows thecharacteristic apical portion of pinnae
enlarged and Pl. 44, fig. 2 shows enlarged
basal part of nerves. Text-fig. 1 shows
two typical pinna forms of this new
species.
Comparison and discussion: This species is characterised in the pin:p.a form
which is parallel-sided or increasing
graduallY in width towards the abruptly

364

Tatsuaki KIMURA and ShinJ'i SEKIDO

B

Text-fig. 1. Pinna outline of Ctenis nipponica KIMURA & SEKIDO sp. nov., A; copiedfrom the paratype KM-61.328, B; from theholotype KM-57101.

tapering apex, with more or less con·tracted both bases and in the conspi·
cuously decurrent nerves at the base.
Among the species formerly described,
as stated above, the species which should
be compared with ours would be both
C. kaneharai and C. yokoyamai. In 1906,
YoKOYAMA originally described C. kaneharai based on single imperfect specimen
without pinna apices from Northeastern
China. He compared his new species
witn C. zeyshneri RACIBORSKI, 1892
(Lower Jurassic of Poland) to which
we have not been referred yet. YoKOY A·
MA's specimen is similar in form to a
specimen described by the senior author(KIMURA, 1961, Pl. 6, fig. 1). In 1933OISHI mentioned that YOKOYAMA's spe·
cies was also comparable with C. orovillensis and in 1940 he described similar
specimen without pinna apices as C.
kaneharai from Kuwashima, a classicalfossil-plant locality of the Itoshiro Sub·Group. In 1950 and 1964, HARRIS gave
C. kaneharai an emended diagnosis based
upon well-preserved specimens derived
mainly from Yorkshire. They are aslarge as the original specimen in size,

frond reaching 30-40 em in width. In
contracted pinna bases, our specimens
agree with the above mentioned C. kaneharai, but as formerly pointed out by
HARRIS (1964), our species is quite dif·ferent from C. kaneharai, for the margins narrow quickly to meet at an angleof about 50-60 degrees instead of gradually tapering and meeting at 15-20
degrees in C. kaneharai.
Original specimen of C. yokoyamai isimperfect, without apical portions of
pinnae. A specimen described by KRASSILOV (1967, Pl. 52, fig. 1) from Ussuriland as C. yokoyamae is rather smaller
in size and is similar in pinna form toours, but it differs from ours in moreor less decurrent basiscopic margins.
Conspicuously decurrent nerves attheir bases are another characteristicfeature of our species. Such feature isalso seen in C. reedi and some of pinnaeof C. lwneharai, but the former is easily
distinguishable from ours in having longand narrow pinnae. As there are noother recorded species which show acloser resemblance any more, a new
species is instituted here to accommodate our fronds and the name Ctenis
nipponica is proposed.
Occurrence: Common.
Reg. Nos.: KM-57101 (Holotype), KM61327 and KM-61328 (Paratype), KM61329, KM -61337.

Ctenis kaneharai YOKOYAMA
1906. Ctenis kaneharai: YoKOYAMA, p. 29,
Pl. 9, figs. 1, 1a.
1933. Ctenis kaneharai: YABE & OISHI, p. 32.
1940. Ctenis kaneharai: OisHI, p. 296, Pl. 24,
fig. 1.
1950. Ctenis kaneharai HARRIS: p. 1001, Textfigs. 1-3, 4B.
1961. Ctenis kaneharai KIMURA: p. 29, Pl. 6.
fig. 1 (non fig. 2)

599.

Ctenis species

1964. Ctenis kaneharai: HARRIS, p. 112, Text·
figs. 48, 49.

Remarks: As formerly mentioned,
Y AKOYAMA's original specimen fromthe plant bed considered to be Upper
Jurassic at Nien-tsu-kou, Sai-ma-chi,Shen-ching-Sheng, Northeastern China,
is imperfect one with several pinnae
lacking the apical portion.
Many fragments of Ctenis frond havebeen collected from the present locality,
most of which have clearly been distinguished from C. lwneharai in representing pinna apices which are abruptly
tapering. We named them Ctenis nipponica.
The rest lacking apical portion of
pinna are so close in general appearance
to the original one and also OISHI's one
from Kuwashima that we'd like to keepthem under the name of C. kaneharaz,
together with one specimen formerly
described (KIMURA, 1961, Pl. 6, fig. 1)
until further evidence will be in hand.
HARRIS' specimens from Yorkshire
have pinnae with tapering apices meeting at 15-20 degrees. He gave C. kaneharai an emended diagnosis based upon
his good preserved material. Were theapical portion of pinna lacking in hismaterial, they would closely agree withthe ones from China and Japan.
It seems to be quite questionable whether the Japanese pinnae described under
the name of C. kaneharai have apices
like those of Yorkshire pinnae, or not.
Occurrence: Not rare.
Reg. Nos.: KM-59101, KM-61325, KM61326.
Ctenis sp. (n. sp. ?)Pl. 44, fig. 3 ; Pl. 45, fig. 3 ; Text-fig. 2E

Description of specimen: Pl. 44, fig. 3
shows a part of frond of a single spe-

365
A

B

D
Text-fig. 2. Pinna outline of Ctenis sp.
(n. sp. ?) and those of allied species, A; Ctenis
burejensis PRYNADA f. typica PRYNADA COpied from SAMYLINA, 1963, Pl. 11, fig. 1.
B; Ctenis burejensis PRYNADA from VAKHRA·
MEEV & DOLUDENKO, 1961, Text-fig. 26. C;
Ctenis auriculata FoNTAINE from WARD, 1905,
Pl. 29, fig. 1. D; Ctenis uwatokoi ToYA:I!A& OisHI from SzE & Hso, 1954, Pl. 49, fig.
2. E ; Ctenis sp. (n. sp. ?) KIMURA & SEKIDO
from KM-61450.

cimen examined. Frond pinnate withfairly thick rachis, 5 mm across measured on impression, sending off subopposite pinnae perpendicularly from its
upper lateral sides. Pinnae narrowly
spaced,· long-triangular in shape about
5 em long, with the acutely pointed apex
meeting at angle of 50 degrees and withmore or less contracted both margins or
decurrent basiscopic margin, about 2 em
wide at the base.
Nerves delicate,numerous, 8 per em in density at thebase, radiating towards the entire margin
except most of the median part, often
forking dichotomously forming meshes
elongated in the longitudinal direction
as shown in Pl. 45, fig. 3.
Remarks: judging from long-triangular pinnae, fairly thick rachis and366

Tatsuaki KIMURA and Shinji SEKIDO

delicate nerves being not decurrent attheir bases, it can not be consideredthat this specimen is within the variation of Ctenis nipponica newly describedhere.
The known species which should becompared with the present specimen,
might be Ctenis auriculata and' C. burejensis and its forma typica, but theydiffer in havi"ng fairly coarser nervationfrom the present one. Ctenis uwatokoi
originally described by TOY Al'yiA & OISHI(1935) from Northeastern- China andMongolia, is another allied species. but
it differs from the present one in thatmost of pinnae have broadly roundedapices.
Then finally the· present specimen
seems to· be scientifically new, but thereason for making our hesitation for
instituting the second now species here,
is because of only a single and unsatisfactory specimen now in hand.
Text-fig. 2 shows two. pinnae of thepresent. frond together with those ofallied species mentioned above.
Occurrence: Rare.
Reg. No.: KM-61450.
References
BELL, w: A. (1956) : Lower Cretaceous floras
of Western Canada. Ceo!. Surv. Canada,Mem. 285, pp. 1~153+10, pls. 1-85.
BRONGNIA-RT,. A. (1828-1838) : Histoire desvegetaux fossiles, ou recherches botaniques et: geologiques sur les vegetaux ren•fermes dans•les divers couches du globe.

Paris, 1 (1828-1837}, pp. 1-488+ 12, pls.
1-171; ? (1837-1838), pp. 1-72, pls. 1-28.
DOLUDENKO, M.P. & Ts. I. SvANIDZE(1969):
The late Jurassic flora of Georgia. Ceo!.
lnst. Sci. USSR. Trans. 178, pp. 1-116,
pls. 1-81 (in Russian).
FLORIN, R. (1933) : Studien i.ieber die cycadales d'es mesozoicums nebst erorterungen i.ieber die spaltoffnungsapparate derbennettitales. K. svenska Vetensk Acad.,
Handle., Stockholm, 12(5), pp. l.-1.34, pis,
1-16.
FoNTAINE, W. N. (1889) : The Potomac or
younger Mesozoic flora. US Ceo!. Surv.
Mon., Washington, 15, pp. 1-377, pis. 1180.
GENKINA, R. Z. (1963) : Fossil fl.ora from theMiddle Jurassic coaly formations in the
Eastern Ural coal-field.
Acad. Sci.,
USSR, Moscow, pp. 1-115, pis. 1-51 (inRussian)
HARRIS, T: M'. (1932) : The fossil flora of
Scoresby Sound, East Greenland. Pt. 2.
Medd. Greenland, Kjobenhavn, 85(3), pp.
1-112, pls, 1-9;
- - (1946) : Notes on the Jurassic flora .of
Yorkshire, 34-36. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
Ser. 11, 13, pp. 649-662, 1-5 figs.
(1950): Ditto., 46-48. Ibid., Ser. 12, 3,
pp. 1002-1030, figs. 1-9.
- - (1964) : The Yorkshire Jurassic flora.
II. London, pp. 1-191, 1-7 pis.
HERBST, R. (1965) : La flora fosil de Ia formacion Roca Blanca, provincia Santa
Cruz, Patagonia con consideracion geologic as y estratigraficas. Univ. Nac. Tucuman,. 12, pp. 7-101., 4. pis.
JACOB, K. & B. N. SHUKLA (1955) : Jurassic
plants from. the Saighan series of Northern Afghanistan and their palaeo-climatological and palaeo-geographical signi-

Explanation of Plate 44
Fig. 1. Ctenis nipponii;a KI-MURA & SEKIDO sp. nov. : Paratype, KM-61327, showing the
middle portion, of a frond,. natural. size.
Fig. 2. Ctenis nipponica KIMURA & SEKIDO sp. nov.: Holotype, KM-57101, showing the nervation, enlarged from. the holotype, x 3
Fig. 3.. Ctfmis sp. (n. sp, ?). : KM-61450, showing a part of a frond, in. natural siz.e.

KIMUR A and SEKIDO:

Ctenis spectes

Plate 44

59·9-.

Ctenis species

ficance. Mem. Geol. Surv. India, NS,
Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 1-64, pis. 1-13.
.JoNES, 0. A. & N. J. DE JERSEY (1947). : Theflora of the Ipswich coal measures-morphology and floral succession.
Univ.
Queensland, Geol., Vol. 3, Nos. 3, 4, pp.
1-88, pis. 1-10.
KAWASAKI, S. (1925) : Some older Mesozoic
plants in Korea. Geol. Surv. Korea, Vol.
4, No. 1, pp. 1-71, 47 pis.
- - (1926) : Addition to the older Mesozoic
plants in Korea. Ibid., No. 2, pp. 1-35,
pis. 1-11.
KrMURA, T. (1961) : Mesozoic plants fromthe Itoshiro sub-group, the Tetori group,
Central Honshu, Japan, Pt. 2. Trans.
Proc. Palaeont. Soc. japan, N. S., No. 41,
pp. 22-32, pis. 4-6.
KHAN, A.M. (1969) : Senia reticulata, a newplant fossil from the Raniganj rocks of
the Talchir coal-field, Orissa, India. ].
Sen Mem. Vol., Calcutta, pp. 335-337, 1
pl.
KRASSILOV, V. A. (1967) : Lower Cretaceous
flora of Southern Primorie and its stratigraphical significance. Moscow, pp. 1364, pis. 1-93 (in Russian)
KRYSHTOFOVICH, A. N. (1933) : Baikal formation of the Angara group. Trans.
Geol. Prosp. Serv. USSR. Moscow 326,
pp. 1-136, pis. 1-17 (reprint, in Russian)- - & V. PRYNADA (1932) : Contribution
to the Mesozoic flora of the Ussuriland.
Bull. U. Geol. Prosp. Serv. USSR, 51(22),pp. 363-374, 2 pis. (reprint, in Russian)
OISHI, S. (1931) : On Fraxinopsis Wieland
and Yabeiella OISHI gen. nov. japan,
jour. Geol. Geogr., Vol. 8, No. 4, pp.
259-267, 1 pl.
- - (1932) : The Rhaetic plants from the
Nariwa district, Okayama Pref., Japan.
jour. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Imp. Univ., Ser.
4, Vol. 2, Nos. 3, 4, pp. 257-379, pis. 1953.
- - (1940) : The Mesozoic floras of Japan.
Ibid., Vol. 5, Nos. 3, 4, pp. 123-480, pis.
1-48.
- - (1951) : Illustrated catalogue of EastAsiatic fossil plants. Kyoto, pp. 1-235,
pis. 1-53. (in Japanese)367- - & E. T AKAI-IASHI (1936) : The Rhaetic
plants from Province Nagato. A supplement. jour. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Imp_.
Univ., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, No.2, pp, 113-133,
1 pl.
SAMYLINA, V. A. (1963) : The Mesozoic floraof the lower course of the Aldan river.
Paleobotanika, Moscow, 4, pp. 59-139, pis.
1-37. (in Russian with English summary)
SEWARD, A. C. (1917) : Fossil plants. III.
Cambridge, pp. 1-656+ 18, figs. 377-629.
SRIVASTAVA, P. N. (1954): Studies in the
Glossopteris flora of India : 1. Some new
fossil plants from the Lower Gondwanasof the Raniganj coal-field, India. Palaeobotanist, No. 3, pp. 70-77, 3 pis.
SzE, H. (1931) : Beitrage zur Iiasischen flora
von China. Mem. Nat. Res. Inst. Geol.
Nanking, Vol. 12, pp. 1-85, pis. 1-10.
- - & R. Hso (1954) : Typical fossil plants
in China. Peking, pp. 1-99, pis. 1-69.
TEsLENKO, Ju. V. (1970) : Jurassic stratigraphy and flora of Western and Southern
Siberia and Tuba. Inst. Sib. Nat. Sci.
USSR, Ser. Paleont. & Stratigr., 42, pp.
pp. 1-213, pis. 1-52 (in Russian)
ToYAlV!A, S. & S. OISHI (1935) : Notes onsome Jurassic plants from Chalai-nor,
Prov. Hsingan, Manchoukuo. jour. Fac.
Sci., Hokkaido Imp. Univ., Ser. 4, Vol.
3, No. 1, pp. 61-77.
TsAO, C. (1965) : Fossil plants from the
Siaoping series in Kaoming, Kwangtung.
Acta Palaeont. Sin., Vol. 13, No. 3, pp.
510-528, pis. 1-6. (in Chinese with English description)
VAKHRAMEEV, v. A. & E. v. BLli"OVA (1971):
New early Cretaceous flora from the
Stanovoy Range. jour. Palaeont., Moscow,
71-1, pp. 88-94, 2 figs. 1 pl. (in Russian)- - & M.P. DoLUDENKO (1961) : Upper
Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous floras of
the Bureja Basin.
Trud. Geol. Inst.
Acad. Nauk USSR. Moscow, 54, pp. 1136, pis. 1-60. (in Russian)
WARD, L. (1905) : Status of the Mesozoic
floras of the United States. Mon. U.S.
Geol. Surv., Washington, 48, pp. 1-616,
pis. 1-45.
YABE, H. & S. OISHI (1933) : Mesozoic

868

Tatsuaki KIMURA and Shinji SEKIDO
plants from Manchuria. Sci. Rept. Tohoku Imp. Univ., 2nd. Ser. (Geol.), Vol.
12, No. 2B, pp. 195-238, pis. 30-35.

YoKOYAMA, M. (1906) : Mesozoic plantsfrom China. jour. Colt. Sci., Imp. Univ.
Tokyo, Vol. 21, Art. 9, pp. 1-39, pis. 1-12.

-------··

Ishikawa
Itoshiro
Kuwashima
Mekkodani

E
E
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~

)II
f(it

s

18,

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1§-

NariwaOguchi-mura
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Tetori

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Explanation of Plate 45
Fig. 1. Ctenis nipponica KIMURA & SEKIDO sp. nov. : Paratype, KM-61328, showing the middle portion of a frond, natural size.
Fig. 2. Ctenis nipponica KIMURA & SEKIDO sp. nov. : Holotype, KM-57101, showing the pinna
apices, enlarged from the holotype (KIMURA, 1961, PI. 6, fig. 2), x 1.5
Fig. 3. Ctenis sp. (n. sp. ?) : showing the nervation, enlarged from KM-61450, x 2
All specimens here described are deposited in the Komatsu City Museum, Ishikawa Prefecture.

K I MURA

and SEKID O :Ctenis species

Plate 45

Trans. Proc. Palaeont, Soc. Japan, N. S., No. 86, pp. 369-374, pl. 46, June 30, 1972

600.

COLAN!A DOUVILLE! (OZAWA), A FUSULINID FORAMINIFERAFROM THE NORTHERN KITAKAMI MOUNTAINS, N. E. JAPANDONG RYONG CHOI
Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Faculty of Science,
Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan::lt.i'l~;lt.J:.l.lJttU: IJ i!f L- t-::*Jjiifl!.h ft:ti Colania douvillei (OzA \\'A) (;:: "? 1, • -c : ;Jt.l'i!Ut..l:Llitl[i. J: fJ f'i*J.iiill:P,o) i!E/1:',$11'6-f;J:j;.~o.:, -c y t.: <, N eoschwogerinids fC.~ L- -c f:l:, N eoschwogerina sp. lJt.<Y Yabeina sp. 7.1;~-TFJfi.PG 9<11Gh-cv<~:d7);l,."(:Ji:,~o ~:fl·i.i;T~11JI'Il1111J!(Jjj
H;ft.JII~I#i!Ifc.-cft:tit!K~rp

Colania douvillei (OZAWA) ~l*!f:t..J-::O)l:~~~c.ITcif&~-9~0;ft.;'fJl;ft.J:l.lJtt!J.i.lEO)t,}Jiifl!1U: l-c f'ilfHJJO),ic·E~l:· (!;, ~, Col ani a douvillei (OzA \\"A) {;J:,
r!=IJ'fll~,t.- A *J:ftll ~jffi:if,i· ~ J: '-'' tl'!Uil\ft:ti C. t.: ·o -c v• ~, 13 :;j(l: 1<11 G h~IU~ fJ l:·f:J:, Neoschwagerinids C. L- -c f'i, F,=H\~;ft.l}JIO):;i(iJZi[\~LU (Neoschwagerina craticulifera? ~ 1:lET~) C. :J:l<f;:: :ltJ!:;ft.!!iiijO) ifti:Jl[1.0) --:Jl:· Ji:, ~"*. t-:, m:ft.]il[;lt.J:LlJJ:l[l. 7.1:, Cancellina-MinoellaColania-Lepidolina bioseries l:·~;ffl&-?lt Gh .:S mHiill!l1'::E.~IK t;::fti-9· ~ '!Ii.l:v • -o k" "5 ll)J G i.P
fc.t.: -::> t-:
t~
lit!
0

*

0

Although the Palaeozoic deposits developed in the northern part of the Kitakami Mountains are seemingly to be
Permian in age from the lithologic nature, at least so far as their major parts
are concerned, fossils are very few.
These deposits have been accordingly
stratigraphically little investigated up
to the present.
In this short note new occurrence offusulinid foraminifera, Colania douvillei(OZAwA) will be presented, which was
actually discovered by the present
author with Parafusulina sp. and coralfragments from a lenticular limestone,
dark gray in colour, cropping out at aleft bank of a river, about 700 m east of
the Kitagawame primary school, when
he recently made an excursion along theriver Nagasawa, in the vicinity of Ha-

nawa-mura (village), Shimohei-gun (county), Iwate prefecture. the central part of
the Northern Kitakami Mountains. Geology of the area is composed of the alternation of chert and slate. The limestone from which the fossils were foundout is about 7 m in thickness, is observed
to be intercalated in the thickly bedded
black slate formation.
As a matter of fact, the discovery offusulinid foraminifera in this area above
stated. is not new, since Y. ONUKI and
H. Kuoo (1954) have already reported
the occurrence of Neoschwagerina sp.
and Parafusulina sp. from the same
area, although the present author is notquite sure, whether or not the locality
mentioned by them is same as the oneby the author. Further, Y. ONUKI (1969}
described the presence of Neoschwagerina sp. at Fukushi, Toyomane-cho(town), and Yabeina sp. from Wainai.
Niizato-mura (village), Shimohei-gun* Received Jan. 20, 1972; read Nov. 22, 1970
at Hiroshima.
369

370

Dong Ryong CHOI

(county) of the same prefecture.
However, all these fossils were merely
listed up by those authors, and detailsof the fossils are unknown for us at
the present. The present note will beeventually the first report on descriptionof fusulinid fossils from the northernpart of the Kitakami Mountains. The
finding of such neoschwagerinid may
be somewhat interesting, since this is
one of the recorded northern limit of
distribution in respect to such younger
neoschwagerinid in Japan.
Colania douvillei (OZAwA) is widely
discovered in the upper Permian throughout Japan, and has been regarded to
be one of the remarkable fusulinid elements of the Eastern Tethys Sea region.
Nevertheless, two bioseries seem to havebeen distinguished in Japan amongst
Neoschwagerininae. One of which isrepresented by such genera as Cancellina-Minoella-Colania-Lepidolina,
while
the other one is by Maklaya-Neoschwagerina, especially Neoschwagerina craticulifera type- Yabeina, especially Yabeina
globosa type series. Such two types ofbioseries are also traced in Japan insomewhat different geographical province. By the finding of Colania douvillei (OZAWA) from the Northern Kitakami Mountains, it has become more
obvious that the Kitakami Mountains
belong to the district characterized by
the former bioseries. It is also worthyof note that none of species belonging
to the latter bioseries which is typicallyfound in the central Japan, as Akasaka

HANAWA-MURA

42.

Ki taeawame
Hanawa-:nura

0

1000m

Text-fig. L

Map showing the sampled locality.

600.

Colania douvillei

district, is found until present m the
Kitakami Mountains.
Before going into description, the author wishes to express his sincere thanks
to Professor M. MINATO and Professor
M. KA TO for their kindness in reading
manuscript and valuable suggestions.
Description of species

Family Verbeekinidae STAFF &WEDEKIND, 1910
Subfamily Neoschwagerininae'DUNBER & CONDRA, 1928
Genus Colania L'EE, 1934, emend.
OZAWA, 1970
Colania douvillei (OZAwA)
Pl. 46, figs. 1-6

1906. Neaschwagerina glabasa DouviLLE, pl.
17, pl. 18, figs. 1 & 2.
1912. Neaschwagerina glabasa: DEPRAT, p.
51, pl. IV, figs. 1-4.
1925. Neaschwagerina dauvillei: OzAWA, pl.
3, fig. 6; art. 6, pp. 55-57, pl. 11, figs.
5 & 6.
1935. Neaschwagerina dauvil/ei: GeBLER, pp.
111-113, pl. 6, fig. 2; pl. 8 figs. 6 & 10(non pl. 7, figs. 7, 8, 10 & 11).
1936. Neaschwagerina dauvillei: HuzrMOTO,
pp. 114-115, pl. 23, figs. 1-5.
1947. Neaschwagerina dauvillei: ToRIYAMA,
pp. 78-79, pl. 17, fig. 8.
1956. Neaschwagerina dauvillei: CHEN, pp.
58-59, ;pl. 13, figs. 3-7; pl. 14, fig. 7.
1958. Neaschwagerina dauvillei: ToRIYAMA,
pp. 223-227, pl. 41, figs. 9-13; pl. 42,
figs. 1-6.
1958. Neaschwagerina dauvillei: SAKAGAMI,
pp. 92-93, pl. 4, figs. 7-10.
1959. Neaschwagerina dauvillei: NoGA:VII, pp.
74-75, pl. 1, figs. 18-20.
1959. Gijuella dauvillei: MINATO & HoNJo,
table 3, no. 14; pp. 309 & 313.
1960. Neaschwagerina dauvillei: KANUMA, pp.

371

70-71, pl. 13, figs. 5, 6 & 7.
1961. Neaschwagerina dauvillei: NoGAMI, pp.
180-183, pl. 5, figs. 1-5.
1961. Neaschwagerina dauvillei: SADA, pp.
123-125, pl. 12, figs. 1-8.
1963. Neaschwagerina dauvillei: HANZAWA &MURATA, pl. 17, figs. 1-10.
1963. Neaschwagerina dauvi!lei: SHENG, pp.
102 & 235-236, pl. 33, figs. 1-7.
1970. Catania sp. sp. nov., OzAWA, pl. 1,
figs. 2, 6-7; pl. 7, figs. 5-7.
1970. Catania dauvillei: ·OZAWA, pp. 36-38,
pis. 3-6.

Material: UHR 19350-UHR 19385. Deposited in the Department of Geology
and Mineralogy, Faculty of Sci~nce,
Hokkaido University.
Lectotype: R. TORIY AMA (1958) sele"
cted the lectotype of this spedes as
DouviLLE's Neoschwagerina globosa i!"lustrated as fig. 1, on pl. 18 in 1906.
Description: Shell is large, fusiformwith bluntly rounded poles and weakly
convex mid-portion. Mature shell may
possess more than 17 volutions. On
account of ill·orienltation ·of thin sections
and result of erosion out of the volutions of the specimens at hand, exact
size of shell is un'known. Still, illustrated specimen (fig. 3) shows to possess
probabLy 15 to 16 volutions and estimated about 10. 4 mm in length and5.2 mm in width. The shell expands
uniformly and .tightly throughout thegrowth of the she!.!. Height of volution
in the outer volutions is 100 to 150 microns.
Size of proloculus is not correctly
measured, since no well oriented sections
are available for study, although it may
be larger than 60 microns at least in
diameter.
Spirotheca is composed of tectum andkeriotheca. Keriothecal structure is notwell observable in certain part of spirotheca but is distinct in other part of it.

:372Dong Ryong CHOI

The spirotheca gradually increases inthickness ; 10 to 15 microns in the inner
volutions, and 40 to 45 microns in the·outer volutions.
Transverse septu~a are slender andregularly spaced throughout the shell.
The distal margin of them reaches the
top of the parachomata. Incipient secondary transverse septula appear fromthe middle to the outer volutions.
Septa are numerous.
Initial axial·septula begin to appear from the fifth
to the sixth volution. So-called 1 typeof them from the nineth, and 21, 21 + s,
are observable in the outermost few
volutions.
Remarks: The present form is in·duded in the genus Colania by its large,slightly inflated fusiformed shell withregularly spaced slender transverse septula, ill-developed secondary transverse
septula.
In application of the classification of
Neoschwagerininae proposed by M. MINATO & S. HONJO (1959 & 1966), upon
the basis of the axial septula, the pre·sent form shows to possess similar axial
septula as Colania douvillei (OZAwA),
collected from the " Gifuella " zone at
Akasaka. Compared to the previously
described Neoschwagerina douvillei bymany authors, the present form repre·
sents relatively primitive natures especially in development o.f . axial septula,relatively thick spirotheca and small
proloculus inspite of having larger shellthan any other forms hitherto described.
Neoschwagerina okuboi described by
R. MORIKAWA and Y. SUZUKI (1961) from
Akasaka may be highly probable to besynonymous with Colania douvillei.
Colania kotsuboensis CHOI, from thesouthern Kitakami Mountains provides
well developed axial and transverse
septula than Colania douvillei. In thispoint these two forms are safely dis-

criminated.
The present form is readily distinguishable from Colania gifuensis and C.
amicula in possessing larger shell withwell developed natures of axial andtransverse septula.
Colania douvillei (OzAWA) has neverbeen found out up to date in the Southern Kitakami Mountains, althoughfusulinid fauna there has thoroughly
examined by many workers.
References cited
CHEN, S. (1956) : Fusulinidae of South Chinapart 2. Palaeont. Sinica, new ser. B, no.
6, pp. 17-71, pis. 1-14.
DEPRAT, J. (1912) : Etude des Fusulinides
de China et d'lndochine et classification
des calcaires a fusulines.
Indochine
Service Geol., Mem., vol. I, fasc. 3, pp.
1-76, pis. 1-9.
DouviLLE, H. (1906) : Les calcaires a fusulines de l'lndochine. Soc. Geol. France,
Bull., Ser. 4, tome 6, pp. 576-587, pis. 17& 18.
GuBLER, T. (1935) : Les Fusulinides dupermien de l'Indochine, leur structure etleur classification.
Soc. Geol. France,
Mem., new ser., tome 11, fasc. 4, no. 26,
pp. 1-173, pis. 1-8.
HANZAWA, S. & MURATA, M. (1963): The
paleontologic and stratigraphic considerations on the Neoschwagerininae andVerbeekininae, with the description ofsome fusulinid foraminifera from the
Kitakami Massif, Japan. Sci. Rept. Tohoku Univ. Sendai, 2nd Ser. (Geol.), vol.
35, no. 1, pp. 1-31, pis. 1-20.
HUZI:VIOTO, H. (1936) : Stratigraphical andpalaeontological studies of the Titibu
system of the Kwanto-Mountainland,part 2, palaeontology. Sci. Rept. Tokyo
Bunrika Daigaku, Sec. C, vol. 1, no. 2,
pp. 29-125, pis. 1-26.
KANUMA, M. (1960) : Stratigraphical andpaleontological studies of the Southernpart of the Hida Plateau and the northeastern part of the Mino Mountainland,

600.

Colania douvillei

central Japan. part 2, paleontology, no.
4. Bull. Tokyo Gakugei Univ., vol. 11,
pp. 55-83, pis. 10-13.
MINATO, M. & HONJO, S. (1959): The axial
septula of some Japanese Neoschwagerininae with special reference of the phylogeny of the subfamily Neoschwagerininae DUNBER & CONDRA, 1928. jour.
Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ., Ser. 4, Geol.
& Mineral., vol. 10, pp. 305-336, pis. 1-6.
- - & - - (1966) : <I>HJIOreHHH 00,llCeMeiiCTBa Neoschwagerininae. Eonpocbt MUicponaJZeoH.moJZozuu, vol. 10, pp. 109-124,
pis. 1-3.
MoRIKAWA, R. & SuzuKI, Y. (1961): Fusulinids from the Akasaka limestone (part2). Sci. Rept. Saitama Univ., Ser. B,
vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 43-74, pis. 4-22.
NoGAMI, Y. (1959) : Fusulinides from the
Maizuru Zone, Southwest Japan. Part 2.
Derived Fusulinides. Mem. Coli. Sci.,
Univ. Kyoto, Ser. B, vol. 26, no. 2, art.
1, pp. 67-82, pl. 1.
- - (1961) : Permische Fusuliniden aus dem
Atetsu-Plateau Siidwestjapan. Teil 1,
Ibid., Ser. B, vol. 27, no. 3, art. 1, pp.
159-232, pis. 1-7.
ONUKI, Y. (1969) : Geology of the Kitakami
Massif, Northeast Japan.
Contr. Inst.
Geol. & Paleont. Tohoku Univ., no. 69,
pp. 1-239 (in Japanese).
- - & Kuoo, H. (1954) : Identification of
Permian system in the northern Kitakami Mountains. jour. Geol. Soc. japan,
vol. 60, pp. 361-362 (in Japanese).
OzAWA, T. (1970a) : Notes on the phylogeny
and classification of the superfamily Ver-373

beekinoidea.
Mem. Fac. Sci., Kyushu
Univ., Ser. D, Geol., vol. 20, no. 1, pp.
pp. 17-58, pis. 1-9.
- - (1970b) : Variation and relative growthof Colania douvillei (OZAWA) from theRat Buri limestone. Contr. Geol. & Paleont. Southeast Asia, 79, vol. 8, pp. 1942, pis. 3-6.
OzAwA, Y. (1925):
Palaeontological andstratigraphical studies on the PermoCarboniferous limestone of Nagato. Part
II, Palaeontology. jour. Colt. Sci., Imp.
Univ. Tokyo, vol. 45, art 6, pp. 1-90, pis.
1-14.
SADA, K. (1961) : Neoschwagerines from the
Yukawa group in the Atetsu Limestone
Plateau.
jour. Sci., Hiroshima Univ.,
Ser. C, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 117-129, pis. 1114.
SAKAGAMI, S. (1958) : Fusulinids from theupper Permian conglomerate of the northern part of Itsukaichi, Tokyo-to, Japan.
jour. Hokkaido Gakugei Univ., vol. 9, no.
2, pp. 72-97, pis. 1-4.
SHENG, J. C. (1963) : Permian fusulinids ofKwangsi, Kueichow and Szechuan. Palaeont. Sinica, New Ser. 10, pp. 1-119,
120-247, pis. 1-36.
TORIYAMA, R. (1947) : On some fusulinids
from Tosayama, Koti-Ken, Shikoku, witha note on the stratigraphical range of
Neoschwagerina. japan jour. Geol. Geogr.,
vol. 20, nos. 2-4, pp. 63-82, pis. 16 & 17.
- - (1958) : Geology of Akiyoshi. Mem.
Fac. Sci. Kyushu Univ., Ser. D, Geol.,
vol. 7, pp. 1-264, pis. 1-48.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----------Niizato-mura
Fukushi±*'r ~ tt
Hanawa-mura
Kitagawame
Nagasawam1t..~ tt

~t

Ill

:Ei:

I§

iR

Shimohei-gun
Toyomane-cho
Wainair 1!1-1 fJt 'm;~.\ll: Fa9 tf~ lllJ
til ;J:I: r"l374

Dong R.yong CHOI

Explanation of plate 46
Colania douvillei (OZAWA)
Fi-g. 1. Slightly parallel sagittal section. xlO, UHR 19360.
Fig. 2. Deep parallel section, revealing the development of the axial septula. x 10, UHR
19379.
Fig. 3. Tangential section. Note -the secondary transverse septula in .the ·outer volutions.
x 10, UHR 19356a.
Fig. 4. Enlarged photograph of a parallel section, which shows the especially well developed
keriotheca in the wall. x-100, UHR 19356b.
Fig. 5. Enlarged photograph of fig. 3, showing the nature of primary and secondary transverse septula. x 100.
Fig. 6. Parallel section. x 10, UHR 19384.
Locality: Kitagawame, Hanawa-mura, Shimohei-gun, Iwate prefecture, Northern Kitakami
Mountains.

CHOI:

Plate 46

Colania douvillei

4

5

375

Palaeontological Society of Japan Special Papers No. 16-Tertiary Molluscan Fauna
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Uni v ersity of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
Program
1. Symposia
Species di v ersit y as rela te d to habitat; Ecolog ical substructure of natural communities;
E volutionary biology of populat ion s; Coe vol ut ion of animals and plants; Continenta ldrift and its evol ut ion a ry con sequences ; E vo lu t ionary d ev elopment of form and symmetr y; E volu t ionary sig ni fica nce of prot e in s ; Compu te r revolution in systematics;
Ph y logen y of Proti sta ; Ori g in and evolution of eucaryot ic cells; Ultrastructure, biochemistr y, and gene tic s of Fung i ; N umeric a l ta x onom y ; E volution of pheromonal
mechanisms.
2. Special interest groups
3. Env ironmental sy m posium
a. Alpine biota, b . desert biota, c. grassland s biota, d . marine biota, e. tropical biota.
4. Contributed pape rs~Iilli> J: U~§' ( 311 7"FIHJ.l( 1 ~J.:Ji*J ) O)tJ~Wf1 1972 1f:.;f:"i <: oField trips
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Dr. Paul D. HuRD, Jr., Co-Chairman
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Department of E ntomology
National Mus eum of N atural History
Smithonian Institut ion
Washington, D.C. 205 60, U.S.A .
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Transactions and Proceedings of the PalaeontologicalSociety of Japan

June 30, 1972

New Series No. 86

CONTENTS
TRANSACTIONS
595. FUJI, Norio: Fossil spores and pollen grains from the Neogene deposits
in Noto Peninsula, Central Japan- IV. A palynologiccal study of theLate Miocene Tsukada Member
295
596. HAT AI, Kotara and NODA, Hiroshi: A Problematica from the MizuhoTo of Niigata Prefecture ... . ....... . . .....
319
597. TASHIRO, Masayuki: On the surface ornamentation of the pennatae trigoniids, and on three new species of the trigoniids from the Hime·
noura Group, Kyushu, Japan ......... . .... . .
325598. KOIZUMI, Itaru: Marine diatom flora of the Pliocene Tatsunokuchi
Formation in Fukushima Prefecture . .... ... .........
340
599. KIMURA, Tatsuaki and SEKIDO, Shinji : Ctenis species from the Itoshiro
Sub-group (Lower Cretaceous), the Tetori Group, Central Honshu,
Japan ........... ...
360
600. CHOI, Dong Ryong: Colania do uvillei (OZAWA), a fusulinid Foraminifera,
from the Northern Kitakami Mountains, NE Japan .. .... .. ... . . . . . .. 369
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