Innovation for Safe andEfficient Drinking Water
Supply (Adaptation)
December 2019

Water scarcity and global warming• Global warming is expected to account for
about 20 percent of the global increase inwater scarcity this century.
• It is predicted that global warming will alter
precipitation patterns around the world, melt
mountain glaciers, and worsen the extremes ofdroughts and floods.

https://timeforchange.org/water-scarcity-and-global-warming©AGC Inc.

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Fact file of WHO

https://www.who.int/features/factfiles/climate_change/facts/en/index6.html©AGC Inc.

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Areas of Physical and Economic Water Scarcity

https://timeforchange.org/water-scarcity-and-global-warming©AGC Inc.

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Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality• Access to safe drinking-water is essential tohealth, a basic human right and a componentof effective policy for health protection.

Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality 4 th edition, WHO©AGC Inc.

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Importance of safe drinking water• Access to safe drinking-water is important as ahealth and development issue at national,
regional and local levels.
• In some regions, it has been shown thatinvestments in water supply and sanitation canyield a net economic benefit, because thereductions in adverse health effects andhealth-care costs outweigh the costs ofundertaking the interventions.

Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality 4 th edition, WHO©AGC Inc.

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Assessing the quality of drinking-water• Microbial aspects• Chemical aspects• Acceptability aspects: taste, odour andappearance

Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality 4 th edition, WHO©AGC Inc.

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Microbial aspects• Securing the microbial safety of drinking-watersupplies is based on the use of multiple
barriers, from catchment to consumer, toprevent the contamination of drinking-water orto reduce contamination to levels not injurious
to health.

Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality 4 th edition, WHO©AGC Inc.

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Chemical aspects• The health concerns associated with chemical
constituents of drinking-water differ fromthose associated with microbial contamination
and arise primarily from the ability of chemical
constituents to cause adverse health effects
after prolonged periods of exposure.

Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality 4 th edition, WHO©AGC Inc.

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Taste, odour and appearance• Water should be free of tastes and odours thatwould be objectionable to the majority ofconsumers.
• Microbial, chemical and physical constituentsof water may affect the appearance, odour or
taste of the water, and the consumer will
valuate the quality and acceptability of thewater on the basis of these criteria.

Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality 4 th edition, WHO©AGC Inc.

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Arsenic• In water, it is mostly present as arsenate (+5),
but in anaerobic conditions, it is likely to bepresent as arsenite (+3).
• However, in waters, particularly ground-waters,
where there are sulfide mineral deposits andsedimentary deposits deriving from volcanic
rocks, the concentrations can be significantlyelevated.

Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality 4 th edition, WHO©AGC Inc.

11Fluorine• Fluorine is a common element that is widelydistributed in Earth’s crust and exists in theform of fluorides in a number of minerals, suchas fluorspar, cryolite and fluorapatite.
• In some areas rich in fluoride-containing
minerals, well water may contain up to about
10 mg of fluoride per litre, although muchhigher concentrations can be found.

Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality 4 th edition, WHO©AGC Inc.

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Iron
• Iron is one of the most abundant metals inEarth’s crust. It is found in natural fresh
waters at levels ranging from 0.5 to 50 mg/l.
Iron may also be present in drinking-water asa result of the use of iron coagulants or thecorrosion of steel and cast iron pipes during
water distribution.

Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality 4 th edition, WHO©AGC Inc.

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Nitrate and Nitrite• Nitrate (NO3 −) is found naturally in theenvironment and is an important plant nutrient.
• It is present at varying concentrations in allplants and is a part of the nitrogen cycle.
• Nitrite (NO2 −) is not usually present insignificant concentrations except in a reducing
environment, because nitrate is the morestable oxidation state.

Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality 4 th edition, WHO©AGC Inc.

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Total dissolved solids• The palatability of water with a total dissolved
solids (TDS) level of less than about 600 mg/l
is generally considered to be good; drinkingwater becomes significantly and increasingly
unpalatable at TDS levels greater than about1000 mg/l.

Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality 4 th edition, WHO©AGC Inc.

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Treatment Methods for chemicals
There are many methods for chemicals such as:• Air stripping• Coagulation• Ion exchange• Precipitation softening• Activated carbon• Ozonation• Advanced oxidation Membranes• Biological treatment• UV irradiation etc.
Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality 4 th edition, WHO©AGC Inc.

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Electrodialysis (ED)• ED is a kind of “Ion exchange” method.
• ED is used to transport salt ions from one
solution through ion-exchange membranes toanother solution under the influence of an
applied electric potential difference.
• This is done in a configuration called an
Electrodialysis cell.

©AGC Inc.

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Description of ED
Drinking water

Discharge

Contaminatedwater©AGC Inc.

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ED process flow

©AGC Inc.

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Actual equipment©AGC Inc.

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Applications of ED• Table salt production• Demineralization in the food industry• Industrial wastewater reclamation• Desalination (tap water)• Acid recovery• Substitutional reactions©AGC Inc.

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Advantages and Disadvantage
Advantages
 High water efficiency
Water reuse ratio: ≧90%
 High energy efficiency
No high pressure pump required Good combination with solar power
Disadvantags
 High initial cost
High quality electrodialyzer needed Challenge is to lower the initial cost by localization.

Example of electrodialyzer

Ion-exchange membrane©AGC Inc.

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Introduction of a project in India• Challenges in India

Occurrence of health damage by using polluted
groundwater as drinking waterSerious escalation in groundwater level down by
pumping up a large amount of groundwater

Photo: World Resource Institute©AGC Inc.

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How widespread is Groundwater Salinity?

256 million
people livingin effectedland area

< 480 ppm
480 - 960 ppm
960- 1920 ppm> 1920 ppm(F. Weert, 2009) and (Central Ground Water Board, India, Annual Report, 2009-2010)

11+ Stateseffected
35% of total
land area11

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Proposed product / technology• ED purification system using photovoltaic
generation and ion exchange membrane• Improvement of groundwater use efficiency• Cost reduction by local production of non-core
parts©AGC Inc.

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Purification of Groundwater for Drinking Water
Ion Exchange Membranes

Well Pump

FilterElectrodialysis(ED)

Disinfection

Tap Water

Desalination

 Separate and desalt total dissolved solids (TDS) in groundwater Decrease nitrate in groundwater

Safe drinking water©AGC Inc.

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The key to success in India• Rental of water purification system to ruralcommunities and installation of water ATM(prepaid system)• Selling purification systems to water vending
machine suppliers (EPC) and daily
maintenance and maintenance (O&M)• Providing EPC, O&M service of water
purification system to bottled water
manufacturers※EPC: Engineering, Procurement & Construction
O&M: Operation & Maintenance©AGC Inc.

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Contribution to India and the World• Prevention of health damage by purifying
groundwater contaminated with nitrate etc.
• Mitigation of groundwater level down
• Substantial improvement of groundwater useefficiency• Achieving universal and equal access to safe
and inexpensive drinking water©AGC Inc.

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SDGs Business Verification Survey with the Private Sector for Electrodialysis
Purification System for Safe and Efficient Drinking Water Supply
AGC Inc. （Tokyo）
Challenges in target country
・Occurrence of health damage by using polluted
groundwater as drinking water・Serious escalation in groundwater level down bypumping up a large amount of groundwater

SDGs
ロゴ

SDGs
ロゴ

Proposed product / technology
・Electrodialysis purification system using
photovoltaic generation and ion exchange
membrane・Improvement of groundwater use efficiency
・Cost reduction by local production of non-core parts

Contents of this project• Contract period: July 2019 – July 2021
• Target area: India (Jalgaon Province, Maharashtra, and surrounding areas)• Project Outline: Aim to improve access to safe and inexpensive drinking water.
Introduce electric dialysis purification systems using solar power and ion
exchange membranes to residents in rural areas of India where groundwaterpollution and groundwater levels are becoming worse. Purification groundwatercontaminated with nitrate etc. and improve water use efficiency.

Business model to achieve
・Rental of water purification system to rural communities

and installation of water ATM (prepaid system)
・Selling purification systems to water vending machine
suppliers (EPC) and daily maintenance and maintenance(O & M)・Providing EPC ・ O & M service of water purification
system to bottled water manufacturers

Electrodialysis waterpurification system

Contribution to issues in target countries throughbusiness development
・Prevention of health damage caused by purification ofgroundwater contaminated with nitrate etc.
・Mitigation of groundwater level down
・Substantial improvement of groundwater use efficiency
・Achieving universal and equal access to safe and inexpensive
dinking water

Created on February 8, 2019

6 th India Water week 201931

Japan ambassador at AGC booth©AGC Inc.

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Green Climate Fund
Detail information: https://www.greenclimate.fund/home©AGC Inc.

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