·A~O) AF ~~ (~)E~) *6~~t~dJ')t>h~c~~~;irE~'!If: (J) 7 7 7

t- '* y :..-)"5 ~K. MAEDA: Incidence and level of aflatoxin contamination in imported foods
which were inspected by the Official Method of Japano'<'1:J• 31 ~"*,y~JJtl,ffi1j

Reprint from
Proceeding of the Japanese Associationof Mycotoxicology
No. 31

June

1990

Proc. Jpn. Assoc. Mycotoxicol. No. 31, 1990

7

.A~(7) AF ~~ (~iE~!) ~:5F1dJ)J~Jj.~c~~!±~1E!±~(7)777 ~*~/5Tj~

K. MAEDA*1:

Incidence and level of aflatoxin contamination in imported foods

which were inspected by the Official Method of Japan

1960!tf.Kt!:t1<: ~ \ -5 -I::;m:i,~ XmiJ:\~lj -C:9£~ L, -C+~7J~K&J~E,~iJ:\~~ep$7E L, t:", -c O)@:fN c:rei: -::> 1:.. 7' 7 OJ r.::f- V /' (AF) iJno!tf.~0) B;$: -c:rJ1Jl& 0) 1::.0 -:T ':I ';; rf!;Z -:rei: C:iJ) G ~ l±l ~ni: 2, 3) • C. 0) c ~ T -c: 1<:, AF fj: Aspergillus flavus ~ A. parasiticus iJ:\.iii~ T ~ =?X tt~.iii~ 0)
ep-c:~ b ~j]:rei: §i~$0)9£~~1t4) c L, -c~£m~J:.O) Fp~mH<:9£mz Veto ~, 1970!tf.tt1<: fj: :7" 0 ­r>;'jv1<: AF (1§'~~£1<:)lfT~ rr@:~mmUMdiiJ:\c G n~ et -5 K:rei: -::> t:.. 5 - 7) . B ;$:@:J1tfj: c. n~~~1<:0:ffi L, t:..J¥~@ijii8) (1971, ~~~ 128 %) 1<: r AF iJ:\~l±l ~ nt:..~£ij:~£m~ti:~4 ~jr~ ~%1<:~&:T ~ b 0) c L, -cllX ~ 1& -5 -l c. c~~g2 L

Table 1.
Cord
number

AFB 1 0)0XE~fttt (f.i~m 128 %ti:) ~J.JU*JW)

Foods which designate the inspection of aflatoxin for import into Japan

Designated foodYear andmonthpublished

Official
memorandum
number

Note
Official method of inspection in Japan
presented.

1971. 03

Kanshoku
No. 128

2

All foods in which detected
aflatoxin by the Official Methodof Japan
Imported peanuts

1971. 03

3

Imported nuts'?

1981. 02

4

Imported pulses except forsoybean and matpe

1984.12

5

Spices, buckwheat and hatomugi

1985.10

6

Imported corn which eroped
after Sept. 1988 in USA
Imported pistachio nut

1988.10

Method of inspection is according to
the cord No.1 and method of sampl­
ing presented.
Method of inspection is according toKanshoku
the cord No.1 and method of sampl­
No. 202 anding presented.
204
Eiken No. 177 Method of inspection is according to
the cord No. 1 and method of sampl­
ing is according to the cord No.3.
Eiken No. 328 Method of inspection is according to
the cord No.1 and method of sampl­
ing is according to the cord No.3.
Eiken No. 244 Official method of sampling, adjustingand inspection presented.
Eiken No. 032 Method of inspection is according to
the cord No.1 and method of sampl­
ing and adjusting presented.

1

71989.02

Kanshoku
No. 132*2. Almonds, brazil nuts, cashew nuts, hazel nuts, macadamia nuts, pistachio nuts, walnuts and giant
corn. (This list is made up of December 1989.)

KtlVf-T ~ c c b 1<:, 1971!tf.Ql~1<:~A ~ n~ -p.g1t~ c -c O)j]OI£O) AF ~ft~~.lz:~~ljtf1E~~-c:~1Jffi L,t:...

c. n G 0) ~1tfj:~1C:-71 ::J r.::f- V /' K~T ~:WF~~ft~~c V-C, 1972 !tf.1<:~.lz: ~*1 CM)"'''!':J r -t- V /~1tti:b~ C;=231 tlIt~rpr:p~rlrTfIlJ92)
Mycotoxin Research Association (92, Yamashita-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama 231)

II"

00

Table 2. Incidence and level of aflatoxin B 1 contamination in 1972*L1989 imported foods which were inspected by the Official
Method of Japan
Incidence of AF
Commodity

No. ofsamples . B 1 > 10.0
ppb
inspected
No.

Raw Shelled Peanuts
Small type
Large type22,78917,6355,154(%)

238(1.1)
235(1. 3)
3(0.0)

B 1 < 10. 0
ppb

Not
detected

No.

No.

(%)

(%)

394( 1. 7) 22, 157( 97.2)
377( 2.2) 17,023( 96.5)
17( 0.3) 5, 134( 99.6)

Level of AFB 1 in
AF contaminatedfoods (ppb)
Max

8,070
608

Av

Name and no. of exporting
country

.....

Min

182
71

0.1
0.4

USA, China, South Africa, .§.udan,
Argentina, Paraguay, Indonesia, India,
Australia, Mozambique, Brazil, Taiwan,
Zimbabwe, Thailand, Viet Nam,
Philippines, Hong Kong, Malaysia,
Venezuela, Senegal & 10 countries

Raw Nuts
AlmondPistachio Nut

8,545
3,749
2,422

57(0.7)7(0.2)
48(2.0)74( 0.9)33( 0.9)35( 1.4)

8,414( 98.4)
3,709( 98.9)
2, 339( 96.6)

128
8,030

10.6
335

0.3
0.8

USA, Spain & 6 countries
Iran, USA, Italy, Pakistan, Switzerland& 5 countries

Cashew Nut
WalnutMacadamia Nut
Hazel Nut
Brazil Nut
PulsesPeas
Kidney Beans
Lima Beans
Broad Beans
Bamboo Beans
Cow Peas
Others2(2.7)

2( 2.7)1,225( 99.8)819( 99.8)
149(100 )103(100 )70( 94.6)

1,283
417
379
156
111
92

0(0
0(0
0(0
0(0
0(0

)
)
)
)
)

1( 0.1)

1, 282( 99.9)

O( 0 )0(0)

1( 0.6)
O( 0 )
O( 0 )

66

0(0

)

O( 0

)

62

0(0

)

O( 0

)

417(100 )379(100 )155( 99.4)
111(100 )92(100 )66(100 )62(100 )

1,2£7
821
149
103
74

0(0 )
0(0 )
0(0 )
0(0

)

2( 0.2)2( 0.2)
O( 0)
O( 0)

O( 0

)

0.7
2.7

0.6
2.0

0.6
1.4

123

44.2

3.0

India, Brazil, Indonesia & 11 countries
USA, China, India & 3 countries
Kenya, USA, Australia & 2 countries
Turkey, USA, China & 2 countries
Peru, Brazil, USA

~

p

8.3

Canada, USA, UK & 5 countries
USA, China, Canada & 4 countries
USA, Burma
Portugal, China, Canada & 6 countries
Thailand, China, Burma
Thailand, China, Philippines & 2 countries

~

"
~

~
~
o

~

~

*aU1 " 2L_....4:rn::. .,,"_:- :0":':"'::"''''. ,:..~. ,SpicesChilli

1,804
822

53(2.9)51(6.2)

209(11.6)
123(15.0)

1, 542( 85.5)648( 78.8)

Black Pepper
NutmegWhite Pepper
Paprika
Turmeric
CardamonPimentoGingerCelery Seed
Others*2

184
148
122
106
39
26
20
13
3
321

0(0 )
2(1. 4)
0(0 )
0(0 )
0(0 )
0(0 )
0(0 )
0(0 )
0(0 )
0(0 )

O( 0 )
26(17.6)4( 3.3)47(44.3)
5(12.8)I( 3.8)1( 5.0)I( 7.7)1(33.3)O( 0 )

184(100 )120( 81.0)
118( 96.7)
59( 55.7)34( 87.2)25( 96.2)
19( 95.0)12( 92.3)
2( 66.7)
321(100 )Buckwheat
Job's teai's'~Hatomugi)Corn (Maite)

413
29
371

0(0 )
0(0 )
2(0.5)

5( 1.2)1( 3.4)14( 3.8)408( 98.8)
28( 96.6)355( 91.9)

135

-

-

31.6
5.3
7.2
6.2
-

-

7.3
-

51.5

0.2

10.9

-

3.1
2.9
1.5
2.8
1.4
0.5
0.7
3.2
4.3
2.3
6.4

0.3
0.9
0.3
0.4
-

-

1.3
0.7

China, Korea, Pakistan, USA, India,
Sudan, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Singapor, Sri Lanka, Spain & 15 countries
Malaysia, USA, India & 3 countries
Malaysia, Indonesia, USA, Singapore
Malaysia, Indonesia, USA & 3 countries
Spain, Chile & 3 countries
India, China, USA
India, Guatemala
Jamaica, Spain
China, India
India, USA

~
~

.r-'

....toto0...

China, USA, Canada, Brazil & 3 countries
Thailand, China
USA, South Africa, Igdonesia & 5 countries*1: From September to December.:*2; Laurel leaves, mustard, mace, coriander, cumin seed, basil, sage, clove, thyme leaves, oregano & 22 spices.
- - : Found AF detected samples.

~G~l;j~m~~'9;It~.;J>~td~*G~c-ar~~~ I'Tj ~

!;"

~

i'i

~

it &- ~ Gt go~E:'~td~d7~:;T$<;;;~R

rr.··S".. Wc·~""rrGt

R~rntO~I),\rRc-~~'4'4~J;&*!;" 7l'~~<;ri'imeNeN.......
:!!!ll­

~
;Po

..1t

e

~

eN;RO!}eN'4:c-m~~> ~l\d1;J> IJ' ~l ilffij: go I'Tj r I
<=

to

('\

IIml\rr~Gd1I'Tj~~I),\r(q-a~~~~I),\r>~E:'eN*~ar;J>~ ~e : ~1t:;'7jG ~gjIG~1'Tj;J>eN~~.0'R&-riGH:}
1'Tj0.eN~"~G~iItIilc

:Jti

~

:; Jt{ Btl It ~ ~ ~ c- lii[t= m i-; ~ ii!§ go
rr r\i ::m ,G > go ri {Tf} ~ {Tf} }(p. '4 .$ -ip. c- n ~ )"~ Gt @$i (1 H:} '"rj (q 9-\\- ~ <;r )!it ~ eN G @J ri U ~ ~n,\ ~ G'.<J It -!R go

~

~

~

go

rt3t§&~~~}{p.1t)0 2l: ::m TID i'i~i'i/""'\
eN.R~cJt{~rr~~~~~.<J,lii[t=~'R)~~*~ It go ~ ~~ ~OO IJ' 9-<- ~ ~ \j: ~ ~ flt ~, ~ ~. 1mt (Tf} ~ ~ -r ~ ~~ um >t <;r~,~ '?II ~ o' ~ ~ ft 'R ft 'R IJ' ~ U ilffi I),\r~ t- G '+ H:} g­ ~ IJ' ~ .<J
G I),\r • i'i go eN· I-tt ~ ~ ~ \~, rr: '-<j ~ '"rj I),\r
Fnl ~ ~ ~ G
<a: ~

>

*

1~~JG>l),\rit~~It~*~ri.~~It~~~'*>>1'Tj~U~:; ~ I'Tj IJ' ~ G »<; G t- ~ '-<j :; ~ rt 9-<- ~It 0"' ri '"rj ~ rt rr:'RJj>>-ri>f;G Rflf*>ltnl i'i ~ i'ieN G*~IlI7!\~ ~'* )!it • . -\I­~~~&-rriltlil;J>E'"rj>t~ ~Jt{~. GtillJlt:O-tft>+"""ft ~EEr\i~iiilr I),\r G ~~G~.;J>It'7jrr~)!itm~~'4: .M~~~R~~ ~ '7j ~ Jt{ Gt ~ ~ * '4 L eN
~ -r -!R It ~ ~l to il'f}~~)!it-H# ~ rtf c- ~ ~ ~ tf r('r G G ~ rr ~go ~ ~ ~ ~ c- ~ ~ eN ~ ~
~ ~

to

10

Proc, Ipn. Assoc. MycotoxicoI.

4): "'C0){if! (B1+G 1 ~t.:ii Bl+Bz+Gl+Gz+Ml+Mz tJ:c'O)~~.m.~~ffjlJtJ:c') '"C'cls.:E>. 19706:pt'\;1(:to It q:: ~i AFB 1 ~3'!li*IU5rj iJ:(*~~ d:i 66 -CIt)tz. L t» L19801fftf(/\ '? -CiJ) G ~i AF *,-t:l:J;~ffjrj~ c.:E> OOiJ:($<, ~OO 0).1 -5 I( AFB 1fi3'!limffjlJiJ) G AF *,-t:l:J;~ffjljl(~~L t: 00 b 2t.:E>
1

7).

8 *i&Jffiil.l~~ 128 {j-O)J.lIJ*fE (1) Km5f\ Lt.:~~~K rQU::o)~~I(:toIt)-C AFB 1 ~~tb L-C

cmJE L t:",~itJ: G t: It\J

L t.:iJ:( '? -C, 8 *'"C'o) AF f1§'~~~I(x1'96 mffjlJ ~i~JE~1!E~I( L

t.:iJ:( '? -c~tb ~ nt.: AFB 1 iJ:(x1~ c t: tJ, "'C O)mffjlJ1ulf ~i~~~1\t~iJ) G~. L i: 10 ppb iJ:(£~ c
1J. ~. Table 2 liJ::.:i& L t: 8 *O)~tI\.~M~ X. t.:J::. -z:,q-@Hi 1:."- T ':J ':J »« ~ -tJ. c'O)tIIJIit5b~~~, 1972-1989.1:p0) 18 .1:pr~I<:::Ji!tu/\~1\t~~:fJffi Lt.: AF ~1\tt§,~O)~5b 7 5b §61m~, 35, 234 ~{;$:~xt~I<:::Ji!tu/\~O) AF i7§'~~, AFB 1 0) incidence cleveliJ)G~clht,:bO)'"C'2t~. t.:t:!.L$..
410) incidence (%) c level (ppb) li8*0)0~~1\t~I<:::£-::5Cf.i!i*'"C'cD~.tJ.:to, ~xt~~5bO)
1:~~ ~ tdiJi!tutb 00 ~i, ~11t~{;$:~0)$ It)J~I(PJl1~tJ.~R tJ 7JJg2 L te.. !J$I( AF iJ:(~ili ~ nt.:~£0)1:~00~ i: liJi!tuili 00 liT«-Cg2tG L, 7 /' ~" - 71 /' ~# L -Cl3JJrj L ic, ~ t: AFB 1 iJnO ppb
0J::.~tb~nt.:~~~, ~~5bcL-CJi!tutb~~O).~~L,• • ~~O)fli&~~~O)xt.c~'?t.:o ';I r~ (%) ~~T.

,q-@] AF ~1\tO)x1~ c L i: 7 £ § 61 m~O)11t£ li:lfuPj(J::.O) 2t G ~ 6 :Ifu~I({ft1iT .:E>61iJ ~ iJ) G
Ji!tuili ~ n -C ~ t: b 0) '"C' 2t 6. AF ii c. n G O)Ji!tuili ~ 0) 50.8% I( ~ i: 631 iJ ~ O)~£iJ) G~ili ~ ntc. c. n~:Ifu~J.lU 1<::: ~.:E> c 7;j. I) iJ *Jli:lfu~'"C' iii¥tu ili ~ 0) 72.7% I( ~ t: 6 ,USA, Guatemala,Venezuela, Brazil, Peru, Paraguay, Argentina, Chile 0) 8 iJ ~, 7 7 I) iJ *Jli:lfu~ '"C' liJi!tu tb ~ 0)40.0% I( ~ i: 6 South Africa, Sudan, Zimbabwe, Cameroon, Mozambique, Kenya 0) 6 iJ 00,
7V:7:1fu~'"C'~iJi!tuiliOOO)

81.2% K~t.:~ China, Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Burma, Indo­nesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam, India, Sri Lanka 0) 13 iJ~, "'CO){if!O):Ifu~(;t-e7-=-7,41*,

3 - 0 ':Jr~tJ:c') '"C'liJi!tuili~O) 21.0% I(~t.:~

Spain, Iran,Pakistan, Switzerland 0) 4 iJ mI iJ) G 0)~ £ I( AF iJ:(~ ili ~ n tc,
AF iJ:(~ tb ~ n i: 11t £ li,q-@] 0)~ 1\t'"C' x1 ~ c ts. '? t: 11t 5b0) 32. 8% !( ~ t: 6 small & large type0) raw shelled peanut, almond, pistachio nut, cashew nut, walnut, brazil nut, butter bean
(lima bean CD 1 m), chilli, nutmeg, white pepper, paprika, turmeric, cardamon, pimento,, ginger, celery seed, buckwheat, hatomugi, corn CD20mC' cD '? tz:,q-@]~1\tCDx1~ c ts '? t.:11t£0)41 '"C', !J$l( AFi7§'~iJ:(Fp~mim ~ n -CIt) ~ 11t£iJ) G~tb ~ nt.: AFB 10) incidence C level O)F~I( Ii, ~1\t~~:fJffi lA.: c ~ O)11t5bO)%ti\lct '? -C 2 -:J CD ~ 1 7"iJ:(~n66 G n
ic, ~ 17 Ii, AFB 1 CDlevel iJ:(~ < incidence 0)1~ It )11t5b C';5 ~. TtJ.:b 't raw shelled pea­nut, pistachio nut, brazil nut 0).1 '5 I(l/;)(fi ~ nt.: c ~ CD%tI\.~"'C 0) ~ ~ 1*M: L t.:~£ (-iX~5b)iJ)G~ili~nt.: AFB 1 0) levelli-¥~ 44.-335ppb, :ili~8,070ppb c~('-)o)l(.l:tLL"'Co) inci­
dence CD-¥~ Ii 3.4-5.4% c 1~ (,- ){l;ln=uiJ:(~nlh G nt.:. c. nliBJ:~Bfl~mgl(; L L (,-) ~ 1 tL 1 tLiJ:(T«-C AF 1<::: J:: '? Li7§'~~ n -Cit)i.S CD'"C'litJ.
ts L b*$~0)~i7§'~tL0)41I( AF i7§'~tLiJ:(imH:
L-C(,-)~ c. C~~~T~. Table 21<:::~~nt.: C.CD~ 17"0)11t£I<:::~T.:E>~NtJAF 0) incidence Ii
8 *CD0~~1\ti'!!(£-::5~5tJ1j( ~ nt.: 50 g 0)5tfJT~J/Sl-41l( AF ?§"~tLiJ:(im/\'9 ~ T -? /' 7. ~$.. Lt.:~*c LL, ~t.: level ~iim/\Lt.:t?~Jl!iLO) AF:I: (ng/50g) ~~Lt.:~*c LL~~IIX~~~
iJ1cD .:E> . L t.:iJ1 '? -C, C. CD ~ 1 7°1<:::~"t~ 11t£·CD AF i7§'~~.l:tte~fj1T.:E> 1<::: ~ '? -eli, ~ili ~ nt.:
AF CD incidence C level CD 'W ~ 1<::: cD ~ AF f1§' ~tL 0)imH:-¥ c 1 tL 41 0) AF :S: ~ m.~ T .:E> t.: Ih 0)~
1f.1Ji'!, '9tJ.:b't18<~~£O) lot size c sampling method, sample size c"'CO)WJ!iJ!!1Ji'!, :toJ::LJ~
fJT1Ji'!~~~ l(~x.~ c. cliili*:tJ.(,-). ~ 17 21i, AFB 1 0) level iJ:(1~ <, incidence CD~It)it£
01

<,

0

No. 31, 1990

11

Table 3. Incidence of aflatoxin B 1 contamination in 1972*L1989 imported Spanish-Runner type raw
shelled peanuts which were inspected by the Official Method of Japan
Received samples
representing each lot

Area andcountry(%)*2

No.
American continental
1 USA
2 Argentina
3 Paraguay
4 Brazil
5 Colombia
6 Venezuela

9,623((54.6»
7,647 (79.5)
875 ( 9.1)
778 ( 8.1)
320 ( 3.3)

African continental
1 South Africa
2 Sudan
3 Mozambique
4 Zimbabwe
5 Ethiopia
6 Namibia
7 Nigeria
8 Cameroon
9 Mauritius
10 Senegal
11 Tanzania

4,149((23.5»
2,711 (65.3)
1,015 (24.5)
325 ( 7.8)80 ( 1.9)
8 ( 0.2)
3 ( 0.1)
3 ( 0.1)
1 ( 0.0)
1 ( 0.0)
1 ( 0.0)

Asian area
1 China
2 Indonesia
3 India
4 Taiwan
5 Thailand
6 Viet Nam
7 Philippines
8 Hong Kong
9 . Malaysia
10 Sri Lanka

3,506((19.9»
1,898 (54.1)
722 (20.6)
641 (18.3)

Others
1 Australia
2 Switzerland
3 Unidentified

357(( 2.0»
60 (16.8)
1 ( 0.3)
296 (82.9)

*1.
*3.

1 ( 0.0)117 ( 3.3)

62 ( 1. 8)32 ( 0.9)
15 ( 0.4)
13 ( 0.4)
4 ( 0.1)
2 ( 0.0)

Total
*2.

2 ( 0.0)
1 ( 0.0)

17,635

AFB 1 2 10.0 ppb

(%)*3

No.

141( 1. 5)43( 0.6)
W( 1.1)

AFB 1 < 10. a ppb

(%)*3

No.

45) 5.8)36( 4.6)60(18.8)o(1(100 )O( 0O( 027( 0.6)2( 0.1)21( 2.1)
1( 0.3)2( 2.5)148( 3.6)7( 0.2)
139(13.7)1( 0.3)1( 1. 2)

)

O(

a )
a )

O(

0

O(

)

O( 0
O( 0
o( 0

(%)*3

No.

142( 1. 5)41( 0.5)5( 0.6)42( 13.1)
0

Not detected

9,340( 97.0)
7,563( 98.9)860( 98.3)
697( 89.6)
218( 68.1)
2(100 )

)
)

O(

a )

3,974( 95.8)
2,702( 99.7)855( 84.2)
323( 99.4)
77( 96.3)8(100 )
3(100 )
3(100 ))))

1(100 )o( a )

O( 0 )

O(

0

O(

a )

O(

0

o( 0 )
O( a )o( 0 )

1(100 )
1(100 )
1(100 )

63( 1. 8)2( 0.1)31( 4.3)
13( 2.0)
I( 0.9)6( 9.7)3( 9.4)3( 20.0)2( 15.4)2( 50.0)74( 2.1)9( 0.5)30( 4.1)
24( 3.8)

O(0)

oC 0 )

3, 369( 96.1)
1,887( 99.4)
661( 91. 6)604( 94.2)
1I6( 99.1)
48( 77.4)
29C 90.6)9( 60.0)
1I( 84.6)2( 50.0)2(100 )

4(

1.1)

13( 3.6)))

O( 0 )
O( a )
4( 1.4)
235(

1.3)

O( 0

)

8(12.9)O( 0)3(20.0)
O( 0
O( 0

)
)

13( 4.4)

340( 95.2)
60(100 )1(100 )
279( 94.2)

377( 2.2)

17,023( 96.5)

OC a )

O( 0 )

From September to December.
% with total samples of areas. ( ) j % with total samples of each area.
% with total samples of each area or each country.

((»;-c~:Q. TtJ::b -;paprika CO J: '5 1(-~iit£~~~~W L,f.:tJ\~CO~£;i,)) G~l:!:l ~ n:Q AFB 1 CO

incidence tj:3:jZ~-c 44.3% c~~'COI<:ltL--C, :CO) IeveHi-¥:!2J-c'1.5ppb, ~~-c'b 7.2ppb c
f~l'f!;JirRJ;i,)1~~~Gtlt.:.

:Q.

~-1.A 1-tJ\0)

peanut butter, ~J1~0) peanut oil tJ:c'bcC03l-17"I<:m\i-9

L t: ;i,)1-::> --C, cO) 3l -1 7" CO~£ CO AF i'5~~ffE},£T:Q incidence c

level~j:, £J;~BIT ~mJVG

L --C~':Q ~,g~***~ t.:ij: ~-;;< l- ti\1='~tJ\Ie:::~m!T:Q c c Ie::: J: IJ, **~B: L --CP:Q AF ;i,)1:!2J­12

Proc. Jpn. Assoc. Mycotoxicol.

K-7tlJXLS/Z~1t~nktk~-c0) incidence -ccl5~, ~k level-ccl5~Cc~~]ijH[cnGO)~*~w.;~llX ~!0~ 7J~ cl5 ~.

ts.;jo, Table 2 ![7J; ~ nt.: chilli, nutmeg 0) AF ?5~~i incidence (S/Z~19-21. 2%), level (S/Z
~ 3. 1-10.9 ppb, :5:rli& 31. 6-135 ppb) C b![ rli& ~ '1f;JiiPJ iJ~~206 G nt.:. enG O)1lt£!i 311 7° 1 C
3117° 2 O)%tk-c~j\ ~ '"(l' ~. Table 2 ![ Ii "C n;pnO)~]E;Mr*~ LJ> C ~ c06![ L '"(~c.~ L t:nt: 06 I[!±. e i: ~~ C ~.:t G n ~ .
QtJ:., AF ?5~O)t~~~'U::ts.~ incidence C level !i1ltgO)%tkcW:!3Fs.~1*'I[c5~ cO)~J!~~
t.:. c O)~{'*~~~O)1lt!±.i3O):ijj-ctffl G.:t, 1lt£O)%tk C AF ~alO)~1*'I[i!t ~~.:t '"(~.:t ~ ts, G~, ?1~1K.~~1ltg~~1ltc~~ccK~~~~~~AF~alUfi.~rli&.~m-ccl5~, ?
17"2 I[.~ ~ 1ltg~~1lt c ~ ~ C c K ~ ~ ~~~ ~ AF ~aI!i~.l'lt{.!£.~mC ~'.:t ~.

n r: ~,~ AF ![ ~i Bl, B Gl, G

Ml, M 2, B2a , G 2a , GM l , Pl, RO ts c 17f1 M cl5~ ~ iJ~ cl5 z. C 0) '5 t:> 1lt£1¥i!±.J: 0) rl:t~:Im C L '"(~1t 0) )(j~ I[ t~5t ~~ l ' ~ AF ~i ~ I[ ~ ~ ~, ~t.:)(j~1lt£I[~~~JUs'~iJ~, £::if;:.Er,H[!i Bl,B2, Gl,G 2, Ml,M 2 0)6f1M-cc5~· cnGO) AF~-tEflH:1f ~

2,

2,

n

!i, B, c B2 ~t.:!i B. C B2, G l , G 2 iJ~~#Lt.:%-c?5~1lt£iJ:.G7tl~iH~t±l~n~. ts.:f3, M, c
M 2 ~i3:: C L ~~l:fo ~ LF~l!tg-?iIJ!Jt1O)Iff~ts. c'iJ~ G ~I±I ~ n~ AF -c GO ~. fJ(;/.< iJ~ 13 ~O)1lt!±.m-c AF ?5~1lt£~ffUIX~n~~L B l C fr.1j~I[ B2 ~ t.:!i B2, Gl, G 2 O)~aI~ b~~ ~ *tf=* C ts. ~. 1980
~fI\;![J\ ~ ~fftWO)~~iJ~ AFB 1 ~3;ffiIMliUiJ~ G AF ~tHiUJ[iIiIHc~fTL ~ l' ~ fJT J2L bCC![ GO ~.

1972-1989~0)18~rJJ![30:iJ~7J:.GiMtrl±l~n~~t.:u~~!±.pg1t!±.0)

AF incidence kt 2.8%-C
cIS -o ic. iMtrJ\U ~ ~!±.pg1t!±.![!i Virginia type O)j(tLfI C Spanish- Runner type O)IJ\tLfliJ~GO ~.
Table 4. Incidence percentage of aflatoxin B1 positive samples in 1972*L1989 imported Spanish.
Runner type raw shelled peanuts which were inspected by the Official Method of Japan
Area
Country
Year A.
MozamIndo­dPara- Brazi°1 Southmen- Afri.
USA Argen­canncan ASIan
guay
Africa Su an bique China nesia India
tina_*2
1972*1 0
3.6
7.3
0
0
20.0
9.7
0
0
0
1.5
0
1973
2.5
5.8
0
5.2 0.5
4.5
8.1
0
0
1974
2.2
6.2
5.9
0.5
25.0 0
53.9
0
2.6
5.2
3.8
1975
1.8
2.9
9.9
2.9
14.8
10.7 0.6
8.8
7.3
0.5
0
1976
1.3
3.0
3.4
1.1
4.1 0
1.1
1.0
2.8
0
3.6
1977
2.3
3.9
0
0.6
1.6
2.2
0
2.9
1.9
0
13.3 001978 11.4
9.6
8.3
073.8 0
17.0
0
5.9
1.2
3.1
0
1979
2.2 12.4 12.8
25.2
36.8
27.3
1.6
25.0 a
a
a
0
1980
3.4
0
1.8
3.1 15.4 34.4 0
0
3.4
1.0
1.5
1981
11.1
6.7
3.3 13.1 78.1 0.7 62.7
9.9
0
1.9
1.5 37.9
4.8
1982
0
0
2.1
40.0
0
0
0
0
1.5
1983
0
0.5
0.8
1.6
9.9
0
0
14.8
1984
1.0
2.9
1.7
1.0
0
3.4
2.9
0.8
2.0
0
1985
1.3
2.2
1.7
0.5
0.7
3.4
r.s 6.5 50.0 1.6
1986
2.0
0.8
0
1.2
2.0
9.6
0
0.8
0
3.6 . 3.6
2.2
1987
0.8
0
0
1.8
0
0.8
0
1988
1.6
0
0
0.9
4.8
0
0
0
0
1989
2.1
0
0.8
0.8
0
8.8
3.2
0
0
*1: From September to December; *2: No sample.

13

No. 31, 1990::kttf.l ~j: China, USA, Australia, Egypt, Paraguay Q) 5 tJ ~ t» G.liIfij l\ ~ :h --C l \ Q. AF ~j: <::. :hG.liIfijill~Q) 60.0% le~t':Q China,

USA, Paraguay

Q)::ktLf.ltJ)G~ill~:ht,:. L,tJ)G,::ktLfI

Q) AF incidence ~j:~t~~~1*~Q) 0.3%, 't"tJ:bi? 20~1*le't"i!{-r, .liIfijill~Jjljle~--C<b~~~
1*~tJ) 1 {?IJ L,iJ)tJl\

Paraguay ~~V::Hn\-r.n<b o. 5% *i~C'35 -:) tc.

Table 3 ~j:*ffi1i-?;-U29tJ~iJ)G.liIfijl±l~:h--C~tuJ\ttfjO).liIfijili~JjIj~~~*C'35Q. AF ~j:<::':hG.liIfijillOOQ) 65.5% le~Q19fJOOO)IJ\tLfItJ)G~ill~nt,:.jfu~Jjljle~Qc, )~ ~fJ::k~jfu~C'~j:flltr ill 00 Q) 83. 3% Ie ~ Q USA, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Venezuela 0) 5 fJ 00, ) 7 ~ fJ *~jfu~C' l;iflltr ill 00 0) 45.4% Ie ~ Q South Africa, Sudan, Mozambique,Zimbabwe, Cameroon0) 5

fJ 00, ) ~ ) jfu~ C' l;i~ ill 00 0) 90.0% Ie ~ ~ China, Indonesia, India, Taiwan, Thailand, Viet
Nam, Philippines, Hong Kong, Malaysia 0) 9 fJ OOiJ) G O)/NiltfIK AF iJ)~ill ~ nt,:. <::. n G;J\tLfIO) AF incidence 1;i*,t~~~1*~O) 3.5%, 't"tJ:bi? 612~1*C'<:l5-:)t,:.
B*0)0~~K~~<~~~*~G~~~~m~,.l\U~~~.n~O)AF~~~a~~~'t"i5)(J~c L,,,"(l;i,Table 5.

*tLfIJ:. ~ <b AF incidence iJ)I;i~tJ)le~l\fJ\ttfIi:J):iff!iL,""(l\i5.
Comparative data on the type difference of aflatoxins found in 1972*L1989
imported Spanish-Runner type raw shelled peanuts
AF contaminated samples

Area and country

No. of samples
analyzed

(%)*2

No.
American continental
U.S.A.
Argentina
Paraguay. Brazil
Venezuela

283 ( 2.9)
84 ( 1.1)
15 ( 1. 8)
81 ( 10.4)
102 ( 31. 9)

B group alone

No.

(%)*3

B & G groups
together
No.

(%)*3

1 (100 )

238 (84)
60 ( 71)
6 ( 40)81 (100)
90 ( 88)
1 (100)45 (16)24 (29)9 (60)o ( 0)
12 (12)o ( 0)

African continental
South Africa
Sudan
Mozambique
Zimbabwe
Cameroon

175 ( 4.5)
9 ( 0.4)
160 ( 15.8)
2 ( 0.6)
3 ( 5.4)
1 (100 )167 ( 95)
6 ( 67)158 ( 99)
1 ( 50)1 ( 33)
1 (100)3 (33)
2 ( 1)
1 (50)
2 (f?7)o ( 0)

Asian area
China
Indonesia
India
TaiwanThailand
Viet Nam
Philippines
Hong Kong
Malaysia

137 ( 3.9)
11 ( 0.6)
61 ( 8.4)
37 ( 5.8)
1 ( 0.8)
14 ( 22.6)
3 ( 9.7)
6 ( 40.0)
2 ( 15.4)
2 ( 50.0)134 ( 98)
9 ( 82)61 (100)
37 (100)
1 (100)13 ( 93)
3 (100)6 (100)2 (100)2 (100)

17 (

4.8)

17 (100)o ( 0)

612 (

3.5)

556 ( 91)56 ( 9)OthersTotal

8 ( 5)---------------­- - -- - - - - _..._ .

*1. From September to December.
*2. % with inspected samples.
*3: % with aflatoxin contaminated samples.

3 ( 2)

2 (18)o ( 0)o ( 0)o ( 0)
1 ( 7)o ( 0)o ( 0)o ( 0)o ( 0)

Proc. jpn, Assoc. Mycotoxicol.

14

Table 6.

Ratio of aflatoxin derivatives in 1972*-1989 imported Spanish-Runner type raw shelled peanuts
AF B group alone

AF B & G groups together

Area and country
No. of sample

B1

B2

No. of sample B 1

B2

G1

Gz

American continental area
USA
Argentina
Paraguay
BrazilVenezuela

183
40
3
66
73
1

83±7: 17±787±6: 13±6: 227885±6: 15±6
80±7 : 20±7
: 8
92

35
18
9

44±18 : 9± 9 : 37±15 : 1O±8
52±18 : 9±10 : 32±13 : 7±7
40±12 : 6± 4: 45±12: 9±3832±15: 12±10: 38±18: 18±8

African continental area
South Africa
Sudan
Mozambique
Zimbabwe
Cameroon

60
1
56
1
1
1

84±7: 16±7:118984±7: 16±7
: 15
85
: 13
87
: 19
81

6
2
1
1
2

33±12 : 5±4
: 4
40
: 12
43
12
2
: 5
32

Asian area
China
Indonesia
India
TaiwanThailand
Viet Nam
Philippines
Hong Kong
Malaysia

83
6
37
20
1
7
3
5
2
2

83±8: 17±890±5: 10±584±8: 16±878±8: 22±8
: 6
9481±6 : 19±6: 178387±5: 13±5
: 21
79
: 18
82

2
1

57
71

: 12
: 19

: 27
: 8

4
2

1

42

5

: 47

6

326

83±8: 17±84343±18 : 9± 9: 38±15 : 10±8

Total

: 49± 9: 13±9
: 7
: 49
: 14
: 31
: 57
: 29
:10
: 53

* . From September to December.

Table 4 ti;J\~fj 0) AF incidence ~i/iIftr)\1flX C C le:lfu~1.j1j, ~.rmOOJjIl Ie ~ c?h i: ~ 0) -z: ciS z. ts::to, ~.rmOOJjJj-Z: ti$:t~1t~¢~7J~l )1"n ~ 300 QU::.O) 10 7J 00 ~xl~ eLk:.. ~ tc, :lfu~JjJj-Z: ti:@i-:lfu~c c K, ~~'t" ~ AF ~I±lOOO)'t"«'Z"~~?ht::. i/iIftr)\Jj\~fjO) AF f15"~~~.rm00C c Ie, ~ i:
. :lfu~Ccle, ~Gle~)\1flXCcleltt(~~tT~§8':rr::en;enO) AF incidence ~1~Hmi&:~~Ue~-:5 ~ 7t1tic:5HJT L.t::. ~~OO 0) AF incidence Ie tiT' - 3l ~(n) = 135, 7t1ticlt(F) =7. 409 -Z:~~CD7:J\"~ (SSjN)= 124. 682 et lJ ~* ~ <. :X'1JZ't".'5!i'f$ (p)<O. 001 CD~*7J~1~ G ht::. ~ t:::lfu~CD AF
incidence Ie ti, T'- 3l ~ (n)=54, 7t1ticlt (F)=O. 718 -Z:~~CD7t1tic (SSjN) =6. 340 et lJ ~;J\ ~<• xIJZ't"~Iit$(p»0.2 CD~*7J~~Ght::.
c. n G CDiMf*~*,tfr"9 6 c, ;J\~*1l!CD AF f15"~li~ggOOFJJle:t3l) L rl'iJ l )fr;'git1:;6~~~!06 G nt::!e ~7J) 7J) V G1", c. n G CD 00 Ie et -o 'Z"mID<: ~ h L l).'5 T j I) .iJ *~, T 7 I) 7J *~, T:; T CD 3 :lfu~FJJ-Z:ii1f~~tjJ2?h G ntJ7J) -:> tz: c. CD'W~ eLL, c. n G 3 :lfu~1C~2?h G n.'5 ;Jt$.,~~ Table 3 cTable 4 7J) G ~~J[Z ~ z; c 7J~-Z: ~ .'5. ~ 1 ,~Ii, l) 1"n CD:lfu~ ~ AF incidence CDji ~ fE; l) 00 CD;J\tt*1l!7J~~¢CD54-80%~ r5?h'Z" l).'5. ~ 2 ;;!Hi lY9nCD:lfu~ ~ AF incidence CDrl'iJ l )007J) G CDi/iIftr)\7J~
19801fRlC ts. -:> 'Z"~P ~ t: iiw 11: ~ nt~tt:#j Ie ciS .'5. c.. n G 7J~:5l) ~ -:> 'Z":lfu~CD AF f15"~iiSJZ:lSj11:;~~1" 3~FJJCD AF incidence !e1f~tt7J~~!t,{~G~lJJ< tJ-:>t::~CDc~;tGn.'5. lXle181fFJJCDi/iIftr
A1flXAFincidence ii, T'-3l~(n)=135, 7t1ticlt(F)=2.058 C'L~~CD7t1tic (SSjN) = 124. 682

et lJ ~*

~ <, xtJZ't" ~ Iit$ (p) ti 0.05-0.01 -z: ciS -:> iz. 't"tJ V tJ, AF incidence tii/ilftr)\1flXFJJ!e ~1f~'t4:7J~~216 G nk:.. c.. n G CDftj[i~HiI9721f7J) G101fFJJCD AF incidence ~ ~ c 16 t::iMf* c1-f

No. 31, 1990
~L15

t: 10, 11).

AF iJ1~lli ~ ntuNstfl612 ~1*0) AF {IJ~~~lli ~ nt: AF O)fI~iJ:. G B 1 ~ B 2 161 ~ ~ IC~lli~n-3B~l)v-7°~ AF {IJ~, ;joJ:LF B1 ~ B 2, Gl,G 2 iJ1~td(~t±l~n-3B'G~")v-7°~ AF {IJ~IC7H:r-cTable5 IUr- L tc. IJ,tLflO) AF(IJ~ll-'C 0)91%, TtJ:b t:>556~1*iJ1B ~" )v­
7"m AF (IJ~<: 0 -:> iz: L1J:. t, i-«""( O)~i!Em 0)1J,tL81C B ~" )V-7°~ AF {IJ~;61~~66 G nt:..
-15, B· G f)V-7°m AF {IJ~li~f*.O) 9%, TtJ;fJt:>56~f*I(Ti¥tJl);61, -'CO) 80.4% Ii)~ ~ j]*Ilm:f;fu~<:.fj:lli~nt:.. L.tv:!:~ggmlC"::H)""(~-3C, ) ~ ~ j]*Ilm:f;fu~Q) 60% Ic§t:'Q
USA, Brazil, Argentina 0) 3 j] ~, ) 7 ~ j] *Ilm:f;fu~ 0) 80% I( § t: -3 South Africa, Sudan,
Mozambique, Zimbabwe 0) 4 j] 00, );;):f;fu~ 0) 22.2% I( § t: Q China, Thailand 0) 2 j] 00;6:.
GO)lj,tLfllC B· G ~")V-7"m AF {IJ~;61~~66 GtLt:.. B· G ~")V-7"m AF {IJ~li*IlmICDiITfT-3 ~i!E00 O)tj,tLfI;6:. G ~ t±l ~ tL-c l) Q ;61, );;) j;fu~ O);lfii$IC DiITf T -3 ~i!E~ O)lj,tLfI;6:. G !i.fj:t±l~
u. 16:. -:> tz,:fl<;~iJ1s~0)~~m<:B~")v-7°~ AF {IJ~~£~tfUIXTtLli B1 ~[qJ~IC B2 O)MlIll~t~t1n-3 L. ~ ~ t: -3. B· G f )v-7°~ AF {IJ~jt£~tJnXTnl! B1 ~ rEJ~IC B2 , G h G 2 O)MlIll~ t~t1-3 L. ~ ~ ts -3. AF O)*,t!~ Ciegler (1973) ;61* ~ 66t:. duckling lextT -3 LD so (mg/kg) 0)
f.ij l )Jlml(7JjgcT~1,li B 1 (0. 3-0. 4) =M 1 (0. 32) >G 1(0. 78) >M 2 ( 1. 23) >B 2 (1. 7) >G 2 (3. 45) ~ tJ
Table 7. Mean level of aflatoxins in aflatoxin contaminated, 1972*L1989 imported Spanish-Runner typeraw shelled peanuts which were inspected by the Official Method of Japan
Area andcountry

AF B group alone, ng/50 g (ppb)

AF B & G groups together, ng/SOg (ppb)

No. ofNo. ofsamplesampleAmerican conti­ 235 10, 400( 207) 1, 940( 39)
45 7,050(141) 1,060( 21) 8,200(164)
nental area
24
8,350(167)940( 19) 5,550(111)USA
60 10,800C 216) 1,400( 28)95,700(114)713( 14) 8,320(166)
Argentina
6529( 11)105( 2)
Paraguay
81 5, 840( 116) 1,020( 20)
Brazil12 5,460(110) 1, 560( 31) 14,200(284)87 14,000( 281) 3, 260( 65)
Venezuela
1 86.800(1,740) 7,040(141)
African conti­
752( 15) 7,290(146)
167 4, 850( 97)859( 17)
8 3, 250( 65)
nental area
South Africa
6
102(
2.0)
8( 0.2) 3 1, 260( 25)115( 2) 1, 490( 30)Sudan
2202( 4)61( 1)
240( 5)
158 4, 390( 88)721( 14)
Mozambique
1
365(
7)
64( 1)
1
740( 15)138( 3) 3, 370( 67)
Zimbabwe
1 1, 260( 25)185( 4)
2 10,500(211) 2, 710( 54) 21,500(430)
Cameroon
1 114,000(2,280) 26,000(520)Asian area
China
Indonesia
India
TaiwanThailand
Viet Nam
Philippines
Hong Kong
Malaysia

131
9
61
37
1
12
1
6
2
2

12,500( 254) 2, 110( 42)
215(
4.3)
25( 0.5)
14,600( 292) 1,780( 36)
4, 840( 97) 1,540( 31)
21,700( 434) 1, 340( 27)
12,400( 248) 2, 860( 57)
73,800(1,480) 10,700(214)20,400( 408) 1,900( 38)22,000( 440) 5,490(110)75,700(1,510) 20,800(417)*1. From September to December.
*2: No sample.

G2
2, 530( 51)
1,030( 21)1,800( 36)5,980(120)2, 150( 43)187( 4)107( 2)
1,nO( 34)

6,320(126)

3 23,700(474) 6,580(132) 16.100(322) 3, 340( 67)
2 15,800(316) 4, 130( 83) 1, 690( 34)383( 8)

1 39,500(790) 4,900( 98) 44,900(898) 5,920(118)16

Proc. Jpn, Assoc. Mycotoxicol,
Table 8.

Statistic evaluation of the incidence and the level of aflatoxin B 1 in 1972*L1989 imported
Spanish-Runner type raw shelled peanuts which were inspected by the Official Methodof Japan_._=.:...~-.-:..=:=-==:=-----::.==:.-~

Area andcountry

No. ofsampleMax level of
AFB 1
ng/50 g*2 (ppb)

Americancontinental
USA
Argentina
Paraguay
Brazil% of AF.% of AFB1 % ofcontaminatedcontaminated rejected
sample*3,4
sample*3,5 kernel in thesample'"!

Estimatedamounts contain­
ing one AF
kernel (g)*3

9,623

226,000 4,520

0- 8.60- 4.40.02082-0.02623

1,500- 1,900

7,647
875
778
320

132,000 2,640
314
15,700134,000 2,680
226,000 4,520

0- 2.20- 3.90-30.60-73.70- 1. 30- 3.00-21.10-30.60.00693-0.01065
0.00678-0.02064
0.06517-0.10141
0.20558-0.30442

3,800- 5,800
1,900- 5,900
390­
610
130­
190

Africancontinental
South Africa
Sudan
Mozambique

4,149

194,000 3,870

0-10.90- 1. 60.02875-0.03874

1,000- 1,400

2,711
1,015
325

2,280
46
194,000 3,970
740
150- 2.00-65.50- 2.50- 0.60- 5.00- 0.90.00102-0.00430
0.10659-0.14563<0.01174

9,300-39,000
270­
380
3,400<

Asian area
China
Indonesia
India

3,506
1,898
722
641

403,000 8,070
629
31,400403,000 8,070
46,500931

0-11.20- 2.90-38.90-21.10- 5.50- 1. 40-18.80- 5.00.02604-0.03648
0.00193-0.00734
0.05064-0.08454
0.03130-0.06105

1,100,- 1,500
5,400-21,000
470­
790
660- 1,300

Total

17,635403,000

0- 9.00- 3.00.02562-0.02991

1,300- 1,600

8,070*1. From September to December.
*2. A v number of kernels in 50 g sample is 125.
*3. Estimate of 95 % confidence interval.
*4. Min detectable concentration of AFB 1 is 5 ng/50 g (0.1 ppb),*5. AFB 1 detected 500 ng/50 g (10.0 ppb) and over.

~ 12). Table 6 ~i AF i'lJ~/j\tLfI;7j~G~IH ~ hI:::. AF O)lt~ B ~.. )v-7°~ C B . G ~.. )v-7°~1r5tVj--Cffi;Gt:::,bO)(:'z5~.

~gg/E1Cl::.~~~i~~06G:hI:::.;7j~B~··)v-7°~

AF i'lJ~/j\tLflO)Bl: B 20)SjZ±§]J3':1tJJ15-li 83 ; 17 (:' B 2 ~i B 1 0) 20% ;fjIt, ~ <--c t 43% *~-z:' z5"J 1:::'0 -jj, B· G f )v­
7'~ AF i'lJ~/J\tLfI;7j~G~IH ~ :hI:::. B 1:B2:G1:G2 O)SjZ±§]S1tJJ15-~i 43:9:38: 10 (:' z5"J I:::.. c. 0)-5-; B 1 101{lt,(:, LD 50 O)~lt, G 1 ~iSjZ±§]-z:' B 1 0) 88% i'§~:I:;7j~~#G--Clt\t:::.. G;7j~L ~IH~

ht:::. B· G ~"}v-7'~O) 51% 1r Gl;7j~ B 1 ~ tJ~±§](:' 184%, ~~ 455% ~lt\ AF i'lJ~;7j~ USA,
Argentina, Brazil, South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Thailand ggO)lj\tLfl1r~~06Ghl:::..
EI *0)0~~1t#dr£~~, ffrJA~1til'Jj1r/j\tLfI;7j~ G~l:!:i ~ hI.: AF level O)SjZ~tul~~gg/E1.l11
lr Table 7 lrffi; G 1:::.. c. O)~li5tfJT~MO) 50 g (SjZ±§] 125 ttO);j\tLfI) irmA G 1:::.f1j~tto) AF fi(ng/50 g) c c. h~£trm~ G I:::. 0 7 r 0) AF f1j~ (ppb) ~ffi;'t b O)-z:' z5 ~. s *0) AF f1j~:I§t£ 1rX'j't ~ ;ijgiffU ~i 10 ppb, 'ttJ:b t;,5tfJT~M;7j~G 500 ng/50 g J2LI:.O) AFB 1 ;7j~~ tI:l ~ hl:::.:I§t£ Ii

c ts ~. G 1:::.;7j~"J --C, C. h G 0)Ij\tLfllrx-1 G --CffrJA~1C. O)!lL1iil;7j~JfZ G :hI:::. 0) ~i ~~1Ti1&!lL15t0)X'j~

0) c. c (:' z5 ~. J&i*181frJJ1r AF iJ~~l:!:i ~ :hluj\ttflO) 38. 4% iJ~1TiI&!lL15t0)x-1~c tJ"J I:::..
EI *0)05E~1t7!tr£~ ffrJA/j\ttfltr ~ ~~~~~O) AF i'lJ~~tikffi G --C Table 8 1rffi; G I:::..
AF i'lJ~O)t~~ctJ~ AF level O):Jll~1®:ii Mozambique .2J3i·0)'t«--C0)1:gg/Etr;tolt'L pg/50gO)${:ft(:' AFB 1 iJ~~tI:l ~:hl:::. 0) 1rX'jG --C, AF incidence O)=W~~tJ't AF i'lJ~tLO)m;ff$li1:<o»:gg/E 1r cl::.
~ tJ~iJ~~~06 G :hI:::.. 'ttJ:b t;" :':PtJ < c b AF ?Jj~tt;7jn ttQJ.J::rleA't ~ sample
size Ii Brazil gg(:' 130..... 190 g, South Africa ~(:' 9,300..... 39,000 g c m~ ~ ~1, 0 .

No. 31, 1990

17

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Blount, W. P.: Turkeys 0. Brit. Turkey Federation) 9 (2), 52, 55, 61, 77 [in Goldblatt, L. A.:"Aflatoxin" p. 1 (1969), Academic Press, New York.])!J4:,*~£m!:E~: ~£m!:EliffJ'l, 21, 452 (1971).
Aibara, K., Maeda, K.: "Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins '88" p. 243 (1989), Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Wogan, G. N., Newberne, P. M.: Cancer Res., 27, 2370 (1967).
Stoloff, L.: "Mycotoxins in Human and Animal Health" p. 24 (1977), Pathotox Publ., Park
Forest South, Illinois.
Schuller, P. L., van Egmond, H. P., Stoloff, L.: "Proc. Int. Symp, Mycotoxins" p. 111 (1983),
Printed in Arab Republic of Egypt by General Organization for Govt. Printing Offices, Cairo.
Van Egmond, H. P.: "Joint FAO/WHO/UNEP Second International Conference on Mycotoxins"
p, 1 (1987), Agenda Item 9, Bangkok, Thailand, 28 Sept. to 3 Oct. 1987.
lIljt~ 128 -'% : jt£m4:liffJ'l, 21, 564 (1971).
7.k®:JJo.=.: jt£m4:liff~, 31, 945 (1981).
1WEB~-: 71 ::I r =f y;/, 17, 26 (1983).
mrfE~-: ~4:!Jt1, z (3), 9 (1986).
Ciegler, A.: "Handbook of Microbiology, Vol. 3, Microbial Products" p. 525 (1973), CRC Press,
Boca Raton, Florida.