Transactions and Proceedingsof thePalaeontological Society of Japan
New Series

No. 98Palaeonto logical Soc iety of Japan
JLlne 30, 1975

EditorTakashi HAMADA
Associate Editor Ikuwo OBATA

Officers for 1975 - 1976
Honorary President:
Presiden t :Teiichi KOBAYASHI

Tatsuro MATSUMOTO

Councillors (*Executive):*Ka zuo ASAMA, Kiyoshi ASANO, *Ki y otaka CI-II NZEI,*Takashi HAMADA, *T etsuro HANAI, *Itaru HAYAMI, Tadao KAMEl,*Kametoshi K ANMERA, *Tamio KOTAKA, *Tatsuro MATSUMOTO, Tokio
SHIKAMA, Tsu gi o SHUTO, *Yokichi T AKAYANAGI, Toshimasa TANAI,*Hiroshi U]IlE
Executive Committee:
General Affairs:

Tetsuro HAN AI, Itaru HAY AMI, Kiyotaka CHINZEI, Saburo

KANNO, Yasuhide IWASAKIMembership:

Kazuo ASAMA, Kazuhiko UEMURA

Finance:

H iroshi UJIIE

Planning:

Tamio KOTAKA, Hiroshi NODA

Publications
Transactions:Takashi HAMADA, Ikuwo OBATA

Special Papers:"Fossils":

Kametoshi KA NMERA, Ienori FUJIY AMA, Tomo\vo OZAW A

Yokichi T AKAYANAGI, Toshiaki TAKAYAMA

Fossil on the cover is the six leaves in a whorl of Trizygia obLongifoLia(GERM. & KAULF.) ASAMA from the Maiya formation (Parafusu Lina zone),
Maiya, N. E. Ja pan.

All communications relating to this journal should be addressed to the
PALAEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF J A PAN
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Sole agent:

University of Tokyo Press, Hongo, Tokyo

Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S., No. 98, pp. 55-93, pis. 5-8, June 30, 1975

646. MIDDLE-LATE EARLY CRETACEOUS PLANTS NEWLYFOUND FROM THE UPPER COURSE OF THE KUZURYU
RIVER AREA, FUKUI PREFECTURE, JAPAN*
TATSUAKI KiMURA
Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo

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t ~;::. VAKHRAMEEV 0) \" 5 l' :/ F', =:1 - P 'Y '{M!Jo/.JIR~;::IiJ~ 1..-. 1m: 1..- -Cj:rz;~~lji~~{tfr O)~lii:fuM~if>7.Jo 'ik~pM:fuW~f\*~c-t7.JI*J*M!Jo/.JIRO)M:fuW~, ~~MO)~~V7tlil:fu1RO)tlil¥IlM~;::-l-.h:f.hJ6:~"C'if> IJ, 1m: 1..- -C11['{Il£, ;@illll~Wf O)fill:fuM c ~ X. G.h 7.J
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MO)~IHg*. tc. c x. Ii. Arctopteris, Jacutopteris t.e c~J3'tro *~"C'it, iJT;:Etlil!Jo/.JMO)~$:}.; J: 0" [IiiJicfrtlil!Jo/.JW~;:: --::>\" -C~7JU 1..-~tc.~:flll:~;:: --::>\" -C~GjPJt-t 7.J c c t ~;::, TlIIJtJl~!II!*cO) ~*:}.; J: LfI*J*tlil!Jo/.Jlt~O)1m:~I;:: --::>\, '-C ~~tc.o Birisia onychioides It ~~ V7 tril[!Jo/.JIR1lfjM~lIE*c
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mainly from the Tamodani valley, a righttributary of the Kuzuryu.
This paper deals with the first palaeobotanical study of the middle to late
Early Cretaceous floras in the Hida]Innerside) Palaeofloristic Province formerly
proposed by the writer (1961, 1963).
The present writer is deeply indebted
to Dr. THOMAS M. HARRIS, Professor
Emeritus of the University of Readingfor his very helpful suggestions and criticism during the writer's stay in England.
Financial support of this study was inpart defrayed by the Grant-in-Aid forIntroduction and Acknowledgement
In 1953, the writer and Y. HAYASHI
who was a student of the Tokyo University of Education, studied the stratigraphy of the little known Mesozoic formation exposed along the upper courseof the Kuzuryu, Kami-Anama-mura (nowIzumi-mura), Ono-gun, Fukui Prefecture,and collected many fossil plant fragments* Received Sept. 28, 1974: Read Oct. 20,
1973 at the 112th Meeting of the Society atTokyo.
55

56

Tatsuaki KIMURA

Scientific Research from Ministry of
Education, Japan.
Geology and Occurrenceof fossil plants

HAYASHI named the Mesozoic formation in this area the Tamodani Formation. This formation is monoclinic in
structure, inclined gently to north, andis divisible into the following four members which are conformably set eachother:
Uppermost tuff, shale and sandstonealternation
Upper sandstone
Middle sandstone and shale alternation
Lower conglomerate

The Lower Member overlies the Permian Group and semi-schist with unconformity, and the Uppermos't Member
is characterised by the association of two
tuff beds, greyish in colour, 30-50 cm
thick, and covered unconformably withquartz-porphyry and andesite flows oflater ages.
As shown in Fig. 2, fossil plants occur
in several horizons, A-H but not theLower and the Upper Members. Nonmarine or brackish shells, though they
are of little use as stratigraphical indicators, are obtained from the lower partof the Middle Member.
In the Tetori (Tedori) Basin, the following tuff-bearing Early Cretaceous
deposits have only been known:~

Mino·Shirotori·machi(Gifu prefecture).--,---,hm

0...
, _""---'_ _'Niguregawa valley

Fig. 1.

Map shows fossil localities (A-H, AI, BI, D/)along the Tamodani and the
Hayashidani valleys, Izumi-mura, Ono-gun, Fukui prefecture.

646.

Middle-late Early Cretaceous Plants

57o.

" ;:::,~'.Il1/>\/>\"A"AA~I\":...... - 1\1\1\1\1\/'1./\~.-----.

"

1..5

Btuff

~ ~~~~,~~~~()\I'~:~~TY...\.l-I fussil beds

Fig. 2. Columnar section of the Lower Cretaceous formation exposed along theTamodani valley, and the occurrence of fossils (T. KIMURA, 1974).

Kitadani alternation of sandstone, shale
and tuff (MAEDA, 1958);
Distributed along the Omichidani
valley, a tributary of the Tetori and
the Takinami River,a tributary of theKuzuryu, overlying the thick Akaiwa
sandstone, characterised by the presence of reddish or .greenish tuffaceous
layers above (see Fig. 3) and by theexistence of the non-marine shells as
Trigonioides suzukii MAEDA, T. kodairai KOBAYASHI & SUZUKI, Plicatounio
kobayashii MAEDA, P. tetoriensis MAEDA, Nakamuranaia chingshanensis(GRABAU), etc. below. According to

MAEDA (1958), these shells (Kitadani
Fauna) were said to differ from the socalled Tetori non-marine shells described by KOBAYASHI & SUZUKI (1936)
and to be close to those of the Nagdong
Series, Southern Korea and the late
Neocomian Wakino Subgroup, theKwanmon Group, Northeastern Kyushu.
Chinaboradani alternation of tuff, shaleand sandstone (MAEDA, 1957);
About 100 m thick, overlying conformably the Nochino conglomerateand sandstone, the Akaiwa sandstone
equivalent, distributed at the upperTatsuaki KIMURA

58
o~r

KC . Kuwashima Sandstone &, Shale Alternation
AK ; Akaiwa Sandstone
K 1 ; Kitadani Sandstone,

1,'[

Shale & Tuff
Alternation

o:vr ; Omichidani Tuff. ShaleC& Sandstone Alternation(Upper Cretaceous)
Shale. S ; sandstone.
conglomerate, T ; tuff,

Q

quartz-porphyry,A

andesite

Sh1000 IIIAKo----. s

Kif

Fig. 3. Columnar section along the
Omichidani valley, Ishikawa Prefecture(after S. MAEDA, 1958).

course of the Uchinami and the Itoshiro
Rivers, both tributaries of the Kuzuryu,
characterised by the presence of reddish or dark greenish tuffaceous layers.
Oyama Formation (MAEDA, 1957);
Distributed along the upper course of
the Itoshiro River, consisting of theUpper alternation of tuff, shale andsandstone Member of 30 m thick, andthe Lower sandstone and tuff Memberof 47 m thick, conformably overlying
the thin Nobudani conglomerate which
overlies the Palaeozoic Group with unconformity and is characterised by thepresence of reddish or dark greenish
tuffaceous layers.
JUdging from the lithic characters, theUppermost Member may correspond to
the tuff -bearing formations mentioned
above, though the colour of the tuff inthe former is not reddish or dark greenish but rather greyish.
The geological age of the Uppermost
Member is presumed to be Aptian,because in the Kitadani Formation, theKitadani Fauna below is similar to thatof the late Neocomian Wakino Subgroup(A. HASE, 1960; Y. OTA, 1960) and thecoloured tuffaceous layers above aresimilar in colour to the coloured pyroclastic layers of the Shimonoseki Subgroup (so-called the Inkstone) overlying
the Wakino Subgroup, and of Silla (Shiragi in Japanese) Series overlying the
Neocomian Nagdong Group.
If the above chronological assumption
for the Uppermost Member is accepted,
the Lower to Upper Member are rightly
correlated with the late Neocomian Akaiwa sandstone widely distributed in the
Tetori Basin.

Subdivision of the so-called"Tetori Flora"
The fossil plants including Arctopteris
and jacutopteris, of the Uppermost Member, are quite different in composition
from those of the Akaiwa and the early
Neocomian Oguchi Formations and thatof the late Jurassic Kuzuryu Group_
Accordingly it is appropriate to treat
them as a flora, the Tamodani Flora.
Recently, from several new localitiesof the Akaiwa Formation, the writer andhis cooporators found a new fossil flora,
the Akaiwa Flora which was fairly different from the Oguchi Flora both inmorphological characters of cycadophytes
and ginkgos and in composition.
Accordingly, the formerly so-called"Tetori Flora" is now divisible chronologically into the followings.
Tamodani Flora:
Description; the present work

646.
Table 1.

Middle-late Early Cretaceous Plants

Stratigraphical relation between the standard area and the Tamodani
valley section, and subdivision of the so·called "Tetori Flora".
(Thickness of formation is in the average)

Geological age
and subdivisionof "Tetori
Flora"

Stratigraphy of standard area
Tetori Group
by S. MAEDA

Tetori SuperGroup by M.

(1958)KA WAJ (1961)

Tamodani(Present work)

I---

Kitadani
Sandstone.
Shale &
Tuff
Alternation

Uppermost
Tuff.
Shale &.- Sandstone

2 Upper(275 m)s:c.;: Sands((me:\Jyogadani
FormationjI,·liddle
Sandstone& Shale;: Alternation<0g(252 m)Lower
Conglomerate

AkaiwaFormation(288111)<]!KU\\'ashima
Sandstone &Shale
Alternation(400 m)Kuwashima
AlternationuGomishima
Conglomerate(50- 350 m)

Kuzuryu
Subgroup~,oGomishima
Conglomerate

59

60

Tatsuaki KIMURA

Geological age; Aptian
Akaiwa Flora:
Description; the present work in part
Geological age; late Neocomian
Remarks; the main subject will beshown in detail in the near future
Oguchi Flora: (=Kaga flora formerly
proposed by YOKOYAMA, 1889)
Description; GEYLER, 1877; YOKOYAMA, 1889; Y ABE, 1905, 1922;
OISHI, 1936. 1940, 1941; SHIMAKURA, 1937; MATSUO & OMURA,
1968; KIMURA, 1961; KIMURA, &SEKIDO, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1970,
1971, 1972, 1973, 1974 (in press)
Geological age; early Neocomian
Remarks; collected mainly from the
Kuwashima (=Kuwajima) sandstone and shale alternation and its
equivalent of the Itoshiro Group(by KAWAI) or the Itoshiro Subgroup (by MAEDA)"Kuzuryu Flora":
Description; KIMURA, 1958, 1959
Geological age; late Juras sic
The stratigraphical relation
floras is shown in Table 1.

of theseOn the Early Cretaceous floras of Japan
General remarks

We have two distinct floras in theearly Early Cretaceous, the "Ryoseki
Flora" and the Oguchi Flora or the mainpart of the" Tetori Flora". The former
includes the floras or florules of the
Omoto Formation, the Of una to Group,
the Jusanhama Group, the Kukunari and
the Ayukawa Formations, the Shiroi
Formation, the Tatsukawa Formation,
the Ryoseki Group, the Lower Monobegawa Group and the Kawaguchi Formation of early Neocomian in age.
The rich Oguchi flora has been regarded as Late Jurassic in age and the"Ryoseki Flora" as early Early Cretaceous, and the difference in composition
between both floras has been considered
to be due to the difference in age.
The writer (1961, 1963) has observedthat both floras were synchronous andthat the difference in composition was
not due to a difference in age but to thesurroundings in those days, and has
provisionally established the following
palaeofloristic provinces in the age from
Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous.
Outer side (or Outer zone) palaeofloristic province
Northeast subprovince
Soma subprovinceSouthwest subprovince
Inner side (or Inner zone) (=Hida)
palaeo floristic province
Toyora palaeo floristic province
On the other hand, based upon the
recent results of palaeobotanical studies
in the Soviet Union, together with thosein other parts of Eurasia, VAKHRAMEEV(1964, 1966) proposed the following palaeofloristic provinces extending from Jurassic to Early Cretaceous.
Siberian palaeo floristic pra vince
Indo-European palaeofloristic
province
European subprovince
Indian subprovince
East Asian subprovince
He later proposed to subdivide theSiberian province into the Lena and theAmur sub provinces (1970, 1971). The
boundary between both palaeofloristic
provinces was considered by him to haveremoved northward as the time proceeded.
The early Early Cretaceous floras of
his Indo-European province are represented by one of the" Wealden" type.
The "Ryoseki Flora" and its equivalent646.

Middle-late Early Cretaceous Plants

in the Outer side province of Japan arevery similar to the "Wealden flora" incomposition. While the Oguchi Flora in
the Inner side province of Japan is, on
the other hand, similar in composition
to the floras of VAKHRAMEEV'S Siberian
province.
Judging from floral composition, it
seems clear that the Early Cretaceous
floras of Southern Primo rye (KRYSHToFo·
VICH and PRYNADA, 1932; KRASSILOV,
1967) belong to the Indo·European pro·
vince, although they include some "stran·
gers" from the Siberian province.
Accordingly, the Oguchi Flora appears
to be isolated in the Indo·European pro·
vince. According to V AKHRAMEEV (1971),
Siberian floras existed under temperate
and moderately moist climates, whereas
those of the Indo·European province ex·
isted under more arid climates.
Now, in the case of discussing the Japa·
nese Early Cretaceous floras, it seems tobe quite necessary to introduce the recent
knowledge regarding two distinct early
Early Cretaceous floras, the "Ryoseki
Flora" and the Oguchi Flora, as mentioned
below.
The "Ryoseki Flora"
Predominant elements are Matonia·
ceous, Gleicheniaceous and Schizaeaceous
ferns. Matoniaceous ferns have not yet
been found in the "Tetori Flora" andDicksoniaceous ferns are very rare inthe" Ryoseki Flora ".
Recently W eichselia, a Matoniaceous
fern, was recorded by FUJIOKA (HUZIOKA)
from the Ryoseki Group of Kochi prefec·
ture. This genus is considered to be pe·culiar to the Indo·European province inthe early Early Cretaceous (ALVIN, 1968,
1971; DABER, 1968).
Thirteen Cladophlebis species havebeen recorded so far, most of which have

61

tri· or more pinnate fronds with verysmall pinnules often with lobed margins.
These pinnules or lobes are mostly re·flexed. Cladophlebis takezakii with un·
usually large·sized pinnules may belong
to the Osmundaceae.
It is highly probable that some speciesof Sphenopteris belong to Pachypteris or
its allies, because they represent leatherypinnules. Acrostichopteris was once re·corded by NAGAO (1926) and Y ABE (1927)
from the Yuasa Formation and later was
assigned to Sphenopteris goepperti by
OISHI (1931, 1940). New specimens, how·ever, recently obtained by KANSHA fromthe same formation, are very similar to
those described as Acrostichopteris fromthe Lower Cretaceous of Portugal, North
America and Southern Primorye, and areclearly distinguishable from Sphenopteris
goepperti or Ruffordia goepperti.
Without cuticular analyses, it is dif·ficult or even impossible to make dis·tinctions between the Cycadales and theBennettitales depending only on external
appearance of leaves, so the term cycad·
ophyte including both orders is quite
useful. Cycadophytes are represented bysuch genera as Otozamites, Ptilophyllum,
Williamsonia (or Weltrichia), Zamites,
Cycadolepis (or Deltolepis), Nilssoniopteris(or Willia11lsoniella), Zamiophyllum andNilssonia. Except for entire leaves regarded as Nilssonia orientalis, or N. ex
gr. orientalis, no species is common withthe" Tetori Flora ".
Otozamites klipsteinii is, though notabundant, a typical Wealden element.
Fairly abundant are Ptilophyllum leaves
which are variable in form, and the leaf
fragments regarded as Ptilophyllum
pecten may include such species as thosewere studied by JACOB and JACOB (1954),
and BOSE and KAsA T (1972).
Cycadolepis is an organ genus con·sidered to represent the scale leaves of62

Tatsuaki KIMURA

some bennettitalean plants. It is, however, difficult to make distinction between
this genus and the cycadean Deltolepis
which is similar to Cycadolepis on thebasis of external feature only.
No Dictyozamites leaf has been foundin the "Ryoseki Flora" and no definite
Zamiophyllum blade has been found inthe" Tetori Flora". Nilssonia leaves are
generally small in size. The leaves regarded as Nilssonia schaumburgensis represent three leaf forms, two of which
are quite different from its type specimens originally described from the German Wealden.
Quite recently V AKHRAMEEV stated asfollows: "In the Neocomian of the Siberian area, abundant are the remains ofginkgos (Ginkgo, Baiera, Sphenobaiera;
Pseudotorellia in the Amur subprovince),czekanowskias (Czekanowskia, Phoenicopsis), conifers (Pityophyllum, Podozamites) and seeds of various gymnosperms(Pityospermum, Schizolepis, Ixostrobus,
Stenorachis, etc.). The number of speciesof these gymnosperm group is considerably less than that of ferns and cycadophytes. This appears to be related to
the fact that morphological variety ofleaves of ginkgos, czekanowskias andconifers is not great, and the species
distinguished by palaeo botanists are
based, as a rule, on leaf remains. Study of
cuticles of Ginkgoales, Czekanowskiales
and conifers has revealed a great diversity of epidermal structures as comparedto morphological variety of leaves. This
will enable in the future to distinguisha large number of species especially among such genera as Ginkgo, Phoenicopsis, PityoPhyllum."
This presumption was supported by
the detailed study of KRASSILOV (1972),
who distinguished 21 ginkgoalean generaand 39 species from the Jurasso-Cretaceous of Bureja basin.

In contrast to the Siberian and the" Tetori" floras, ginkgoaleans are very
few in the " Ryoseki Flora" as was formerly mentioned by KOBAYASHI (1942);
only doubtful Baiera browniana (OISHI,
1940) and Czekanowslzia? sp. have been
known from the Ryoseki Group.
In the Late Jurassic and the Early
Cretaceous floras of the Indo-European
province, ginkgoaleans are also quite
few; a single species of Pseudotorellia
from the English Wealden (W ATSON,
1969); two species from India describedby SEWARD (1919) based on imperfectspecimens;
Ginkgoites rajmahalensis(SAH, 1952, 1953 ; MEHTA and SUD, 1953;
SAH and JAIN, 1965) from the Jurassicof Rajmahal Hills; and Ginkgoites feistmantelli (BOSE and DEV, 1958) and?Baiera sp. (BOSE, 1957) known only fromthe Early Cretaceous of Jabalpur; only
Ginkgo pluripartita and Sphenobaiera sp.
from the Lower Cretaceous of Southern
Primorye (KRASSILOV, 1967).
Frenelopsis cfr. hoheneggeri from the
Ayukawa Formation resembles closely
the forms from the European Wealden
and the Potomac Formation. Brachyphyllum japonicum is known from various
localities. But the exact attribution ofboth species is still uncertain, as theircones for distinguishing genera and species have not yet been obtained.
Nageiopsis of uncertain affinity andPodozamites are both rare in the "Ryoseki Flora".
VAKHRAMEEV (1971) emphasized that
the Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous
floras in the Indo-European province had
existed under arid climate, in striking
contrast to those in the Siberian province.
The above would also be indicated by
the association of red formations andcarbonate-bearing layers in the depositsof this province at that time.
According to BOWER (1961), the char-

646.

iVliddle-late Early Cretaceous Plants

acteristics of xerophytes are as follows:a) The leaf-area is reduced. and its
texture is often fleshy to serve forwater storage (especially on thedry areas of the Old World).
b) The leaf-reduction goes along witha corresponding distension of thestem (especially on the dry areasof the New World).
c) In some cases the stem swells toan almost spherical form, by whichmeans greatest possible proportionof bulk to surface area is attained.
d) A spiny or thorny character iscommon.
e) Many possess extensive and deeproot systems and root hairs arecharacterised by high osmotic pressures.
f) Thickened epidermal walls and cuticle and the leathery texture ofleaves are common.
g) Hairiness or waxy surface of leaves
is common.
h) The stomata are frequently sunkin deep pits.
i) A lengthwise rolling of the leaf iscommon.
j) Some leaves occupy a verticalrather than a horizontal plane due
to a bending of the petiole.
As previously stated, in most of theferns, pinnules are small-sized, often
lobed; the surface of pinnules and lobes
are strongly convex and the leaf-margin
is reflexed; most of the long pinnules ofMatoniaceous ferns have lengthwise rolling; in cycadophytes and some fern-likeplants, leathery leaves are predominant;entire or nearly entire cycadean or bennettitalean leaves are also predominant;cuticular characters are little known,
because of the ill-preservation of fossilmaterial.
In the Wealden flora of England re-63

described by WATSON (1969), Nilssonia
schaumburgensis shows thickened cuticle
and has small-sized stomata with unicellular trichome bases around, but stomata
are not sunken; in Bec1lelesia sulcata andPseudotorellia heterophylla, stomata aresunken and surrounded by thick-walled
cells; in most of the ferns and Pachypteris lanceolata, leaf-margins are reflexed.
Many barrel-shaped
bennettitaleanstems are known from the Early Cretaceous of England (STaPEs, 1915) andNorth America (FONTAINE, 1889). Thesemanoxylic stems are not known either
from the Siberian province or from the
Tetori Supergroup.
Prof. HARRIS told the writer that theWealden floras of England were not exactly in an arid climate, but in the one
where there was a good period of rain
and a very pronounced dry, hot period.
The plant characters indicating xeric
conditions, and the occurrence of redlayers in the Ryoseki Group, leads to aconclusion that the" Ryoseki Flora" existed under an edaphic condition similar
to that of other Wealden floras. and amore arid condition than that is indicatedfor the" Tetori Flora ".
According to "Geological Materials in
China" (1956, 1958), red formations are
predominant in the Jian-de and the Pantou Series of Southern China, whereas
in the Mishan and the Mulin Series ofNortheastern China, there are coal intercalations but is no red formation.
SMILEY (1969) distinguished eight floral
zones extending from Albian to Maestrichtian in North Alaska by his detailed
field work, and mentioned that each florule had existed on the coastal plain
under a temperate and moderately humid
climate, this seems true also for the Early
Cretaceous floras of the Kolyma basin(SAMYLINA, 1964, 1967). It seems certainthat the environment of the "Ryoseki

64

Tatsuaki KIMURA

Flora" was quite different from that ofNorth Alaska and the Kolyma basin.
In China, the Mishan and the Mulin
floras have been assigned to Late
Jurassic in age. VAKHRAMEEV (1965, p.
152) inferred the age of both floras tobe early Early Cretaceous, because both
floras resembled in composition the Early
Cretaceous floras of nearby Southern
Primorye and the geological structure of
the Mulin Series is very similar to thatof the adjacent early Lower Cretaceouscoal-bearing formation along the Suifun
river.
The writer agrees with VAKHRAMEEVin the age of both floras. Among the
Chinese Early Cretaceous floras, those of
the Mishan, Mulin, Nenjiang, He-gang,
Hua-shan and Sha-he-tze Series and thatof Shan-dong peninsula are more like the" Tetori Flora" than the "Ryoseki Flora"
in composition. On the other hand, theJian-de flora in the western part of Zhejiang and the Pantou flora in the westernpart of Fujian are similar to the "Ryoseki Flora".
SZE (1956) divided the late Mesozoic
floras of China into two, i. e. the earlier
Mishan flora and its equivalents which
he considered to be of Dogger-Maim age,and the later Pantou flora and its equivalent which he regarded as of Wealdenage.
The writer, however, believes thatthese Chinese floras are synchronous andof early Early Cretaceous age, and represent a heterogeneous vegetation likethe relation between the "Tetori" andthe" Ryoseki" Floras of Japan.
The rich Early Cretaceous floras ofSouthern Primorye were recently studied
by KRASSILOV (1967), representing afloral succession extending from Berriasian to Albian age. Floras of the Taukhin (Berriasian) and the Kljuchev (Valanginian) Formations include elements bothof the "Tetori" and the "Ryoseki"
Floras; those of the Old Sutschan andthe Ussuri (Barremian) are similar to the"Ryoseki Flora ", although both include
Dictyozamites cordatus.
Dictyozamites species have been known
from South America (MENENDEZ, 1966;
ARCHANGELSKY and BALDONI, 1972),
Italy(BARNARD,
1965),
Yorkshire(HARRIS, 1969), Bornholm (NATHORST,
1889; FLORIN, 1931 and others), India(OLDHAM, 1863; MORRIS, 1863; FEISTMANTEL, 1877 and others), Southern
Primorye (KRYSHTOFOVICH, 1929, 1933;
KRYSHTOFOVICH and PRYNADA, 1932 ;SAMYLINA, 1964; KRASSILOV, 1967), Malaysia (KoN'No, 1967), Nagdong (Y ABE,
1905; T ATEIWA, 1929; OISHI, 1936, 1940),
Oguchi, the main part of "Tetori"(YOKOYAMA, 1889; OISHI, 1936, 1940;
KIMURA, 1961; KIMURA and SEKIDO,
1966, 1967), Kiyosue (TAKAHASHI and
NAITO, 1950) and Lena basin (V AKHRAMEEV, 1970).
The Oguchi Flora, main partof the " Tetori Flora"
The writer considers the age of the
Oguchi Flora to be synchronous or nearlyso with the "Ryoseki Flora" for thereasons previously mentioned (1973),
but its composition is quite different
from the " Ryoseki Flora".
The known early Cretaceous or JurassoCretaceous floras in the Siberian province
are from the following areas;
East Siberia; Zeia river (LEBEDEV, 1963),
Bureja basin (V AKHRAMEEV and DOLuDENKO, 1961), Tul and Uda rivers(V AKHRAMEEV and LEBEDEV, 1967),
South Yakutsk (VASSILEVSKAJA and
GENKINA, 1961), Lena basin (V ASSILEVSKAJA, 1958, 1959; V ASSILEVSKAJA
and PAVLOV, 1963; VAKHRAMEEV, 1958,

646.

Middle-late Early Cretaceous Plants

1962, 1970;

SAMYLINA, 1956, 1963 ;KIRICHKOVA and SLASTENOV, 1968 ;KIRICHKOVA and BUDANTSEV, 1967)
and Kolyma basin (SAMYLINA, 1964,1967).
West Siberia; left side of the Yenisey
river (MOGUCHEVA, 1963)
In addition to the above, coeval floras
or florules are known from New Siberian
Islands,Franz Josef Land, Svalbard (Spitzbergen). Among these, the floras of Zeia,
Tul, Uda and Bureja areas were includedin the Amur subprovince, and the othersin the Lena subprovince. The boundary
between both subprovinces is along the
Stanovoy Range (V AKHRAMEEV, 1971).
According to V AKHRAMEEV, characteristic genera and species of the early
Early Cretaceous of the Siberian province are as follows:
Lena subprovince; Cladophlebis argutula(HEER) FONTAINE, C. atyrkanensis(HEER), C. lenaensis V ACHRAMEEV,
C. pseudolobifolia V ACHRAMEEV, C.
angarensis V ACHRAMEEV, Coniopteris
burejensis (ZALESSKY) SEWARD, C.
nympharum (HEER) V ACHRAMEEV, C.
onychioides V ASSILEVSKAJA and KARAMURSA, C. setacea (PRYNADA) VACHRAMEEV, C. saportana (HEER) VACHRAMEEV, Jacutopteris lenaensis VASSELEVSKAJA, Gleichenia lobata V ACHRAMEEV, Gonatosorus ketovae V ACHRAMEEV, Aldania auriculata SAMYLINA,
A. umanskii VACHRAMEEV and LEBEDEV, A. vaehrameevi SAMYLINA, Ano71lozamites angularis HEER. Ctenis
burejensis PRYNADA, C. nana SAMYLIN A, C. tygyensis V ASSILEVSKAJA andABRAMovA.
He£lungia
amurensis(NOVOPOKROVSKY) PRYNADA, H. sangarensis V ASSILEVSKAJA, Jaeutiellaamurensis (NOVOPOKROVSKY) SAMYLINA, Neozamites verehojanensis V ACHRAMEEV, Nilssonia lobatidentata V AS-

65

SILEVSKAJA, Pterophyllum aeuta (V ASSILEVSKAJA) V ACHRAMEEV, P. polynovii(PRYNADA) KRASSILOV, P. tyrmensis(PRYNADA) KRASSILOV, Ginkgo paradiantoides SAMYLINA, Sphenobaiera
angustiloba HEER, Podozamites gramineus HEER, Rhipidiocladus fiabellata
PRYNADA.
Amur subprovince; Cladophlebis argutula(HEER) FONTAINE, Coniopteris burejensis (ZALESSKY) SEWARD, C. nympharum
CHEER) V ACHRAMEEV, C. onyehioides
VASSILEVSKAKA and KARA-MuRsA, C.
saportana (HEER) V ACHRAMEEV, Anomozamites angulatus HEER, Ctenis burejensis PRYNADA, Heilungia amurensis(NOVOPOKROVSKY) PRYNADA, Pterophyllum polynovii (PRYNADA) KRAsSILOV. P. tyrmensis (PRYNADA) KRAsSILOV, Ginkgo paradiantoides SAMYLINA, Sphenobaiera angustiloba HEER,
Czekanowskia rigida HEER, Phoenieopsis angustifolia HEER, Podozamites
gramineus HEER, Rhipidiocladus fiabellata PRYNADA.

V AKHRAMEEV (1971) mentioned that the
Neocomian Siberian floras had existed
under temperate and moderately humid
climates, instead of more arid climates
under which coeval Indo-European floras
had developed, for the following reasons:1)
2)

Insertion of rich coal layers.
Wide distribution of pycnoxylic
wood remains with well-developed
annual rings.
3) No manoxylic wood remains orarborescent ferns which were
well-developedintheIndoEuropean province during Neocomian time.
4) Abundant occurrence of deciduous ginkgoaleans and Podozamites
leaves which would fall in acertain season similar to recent
Ginkgo leaves.

66

Tatsuaki KIMURAIn the Neocomian of Siberian province,
most Cladophlebis species represent bipinnate fronds with large-sized pinnules
lacking reflexed margins; such Cladophlebis species are known from the Older
Mesozoic floras and the Oguchi Flora inJapan.
The main locality of the Oguchi Flora
is now the upper course of Mekkodani,a tributary of the Tetori (=Tedori) river.
Characteristics of the Oguchi Flora are as
follows:
1) Abundant occurrence of older
type Cladophlebis species representing bipinnate fronds withlarge-sized pinnules lacking reflexed margins.
2) Occurrence of older type Todites
species.
3) Abundant occurrence of various
Dicksoniaceous ferns and suchcycadophytes as Dictyozamites,
Ctenis, Nilssonia and Nilssoniocladus (KIMURA and SEKIDO, inpress).
4) Abundant occurrence of various
ginkgoaleans and Podozamites
leaves.
5) No Matoniaceous fern has beenfound.
6) Among the cycadophytes, except
for entire or nearly entire leavesof Nilssonia orientalis or N. ex
gr. orientalis, there is no known
species in common with the" Ryoseki Flora".
Judging from the composition and thecharacteristic external features of individual species, the Oguchi Flora is very
similar to the Early Cretaceous floras of
the Siberian province, and not to the"Ryoseki Flora" of Japan and the late
Neocomian floras of Southern Primorye;some Coniopteris, Gleichenites (or Gleichenia), Sphenopteris, Cladophlebis, Nils-

sonia, Ctenis, Ginkgo and Podozamites
species are common or similar to those of
the Early Cretaceous floras of Siberia.
KIMURA and SEKIDO (1969) foundNeozamites which is considered to be
one of the characteristic of Siberianfloras. A Ctenis species (KIMURA and
SEKIDO, MS) is indistinguishable from
Ctenis burejensis, one of the elements of
the Siberian floras. Recently Podozamites
reinii and its allies have been describedfrom the Lena and the Kolyma basins(V ASSILEVSKAJA and PAVLOV, 1963 ;LEBEDEV, 1965; GENKINA, 1966). This
species is one of the characteristic elements of the" Tetori Flora".
Xenoxylon latiporosum is a pycnoxylic
wood and no manoxylic wood has beenfound in the" Tetori Flora".
It is highly probable that the Oguchi
Flora existed under a temperate andmoderately humid climates, because of
the characters mentioned above, the fairly
rich association of coals, and lack of red
formations as is the case also with the
Early Cretaceous floras of the Siberian
province.
The material from the Oguchi Formation and its equivalents is only of impressions, and unfortunately no cuticularpreparation is available at the present
time.

Brief notes on the late Neocomian
Akaiwa Flora
Along the Tamodani section, four
plant beds were noticed but the lowest
one produced indeterminable fragments
only. Among the collection, the following
species have been identified; Equisetitessp., Birisia onychioides, Adiantites sp. B,
Cladophlebis ex gr. denticulata, Onychiopsis elongata, Nilssonia cfr. oriental is,N. dr. nipponensis, Pseudotorellia sp.,

646.

Middle-late Early Cretaceous Plants

Ginkgoites sp., Podozamites reinii and P.
sp. Leaves of ferns, Ginkgos and Podozamites are abundant but cycadophyte
leaves less common.
Equisetites sp. is represented only by
several tubers which are so close to thosefrom the Early Cretaceous of Siberia ingeneral outline rather than those fromthe Oguchi Formation.
Birisia onychioides was fomerly regarded as Coniopteris onychioides. This
species is widely spread in the Siberianpalaeofloristic province over the Early
Cretaceous except early half of Neocomian. Cladophlebis shinshuensis originally illustrated by T ATEIW A (1929) fromthe Chin-ju (Shinshu in Japanese) Formation, the Nagdong Group (or Kyongsang Group) is now identical with thisDicksoniaceous species. Adiantites sp. B
is represented by incomplete leaf fragments. Onychiopsis elongata is rather
poorly represented than abundant in theearly Early Cretaceous in Japan. In
Siberia, this genus is said to appear since
Aptian (V AKHRAMEEV, 1971).
Nilssonia cfr. orientalis is represented
by a single small fragment of N. orientalis
var. minor type lamina. N. cfr. nipponensis is also represented by several
fragments and resembles some specimens
regarded as N. schmidtii. These cycadophytes are commonly smaller in size thanthose from the late Jurassic Kuzuryu
Group and also from the Oguchi Formation_
Ginkgoes are represented by many
isolated leaves which strongly remind usof Pselldotorellia and by many fragmentsof Ginkgoites leaves. Podozarnites reinii
is less abundant than in the Oguchi Formation_ Podozamites sp. has more longer
leaves than the former.
This flora is quite similar in composition to the rich flora of the Akaiwa
Formation newly found by the writer in67

cooperation with the staffs of the Komatsu
City Museum, Ishikawa Prefecture, fromthe southeastern slope of Mt. Hakusan
and the Osugidani valley, a tributary of
the Tetori (KIMURA and SEKIDO, MS).
The Akaiwa flora is characterised by
the predominance of ginkgoalean andPodozamites leaves like the Oguchi Floraand is quite different in composition fromthe early Early Cretaceous "Ryoseki
Flora" and Aptian-Albian floras of theOuter side palaeofloristic province ofJapan.
It is clear that the Akaiwa Flora existed
in the Inner side palaeofloristic provinceof Japan, but its floral composition became fairly different from that of the
Oguchi flora as shown below;
1) Diversity of ferns was decreased_
Only Dicksoniaceous ferns wererather prominent.
2) Diversity of cycadophytes wasdecreased. Nilssonia leaves werechanged in form arid were reducedin size.
3) Ginkgoes were predominant anddiverse in form. Ginkgodillm leaves
were increased in size. Pseudotorellia species appeared for the firsttime.
4) Podozamites leaves were also predominant and diverse in form, andnew type of this genus, such as P_
angllstifolius appeared.
5) Conifers were rather rare as well as
the Oguchi Flora, but the coniferous
wood, Xenoxylon latiporosum waspredominant.
Except several new types, it is clearthat the species of the Akaiwa Flora aremostly the descendants or the survivors
from those of the Oguchi Flora. The
palaeobotanical detail of the Akaiwa
Flora will be shown by KIMURA and
SEKIDO in the near future.

Tatsuaki KIMURA

68
Note on the Aptian
Tamodani Flora

Most of specimens were obtained fromtwo tuff beds as shown in Fig. 2. Amongthe collection, the following species havebeen identified; Osmundopsis? sp., Gleichenites aff. porsildi, Arctopteris sp.,jacutopteris sp., Adiantites sp. A, Cladophlebis cfr. pseudolobifolia, Sphenopteriskochibeana, Sphenobaiera? sp., Pseudotorellia sp., Ginkgodium ? sp., Podozamites
sp. cfr. P. eichwaldi, Pityophyllum sp.
and Conites sp.
No cycadophyte has been noticed in
the collection. Ferns are abundant but
quite different in composition from thoseof the Middle Member and also from the
Akaiwa Formation. Osmundopsis? sp. isclose to Osmundopsis efimoviae originallydescribed by SAMYLINA (1964) from the
Early Cretaceous Zyrianka coal basin in
general appearance of pinnae andpinnules. jacutopteris sp. has long perpendicular pinnules and is quite close to]. lenaensis originally described by
VASSILEVSKAJA (1960) from the Early
Cretaceous of Lena basin. Arctopteris
sp. is rather close to A. kolymensis
SAMYLINA than A. rarinervis SAMYLINA
which was formerly regarded as Cladophlebis huttoni in North Alaska (FONTAINEin WARD, 1905; KNOWLTON, 1914; SAMYLINA, 1964).
Gleichenites aff. porsildi is widely
known from the Early and Late Cretaceous of Arctic region. The present specimens are so similar to this species
originally described by SEWARD (1926)
in external morphology. Adiantites sp.
A is close to Adiantites sewardi originally described by Y ABE (1905) from the
Nagdong Group and also to Adiantopteris
grandis VACHRAMEEV (1968) from the
Early Cretaceous of Southern Primorye

Cladophlebis cfr.
in general outline.
pseudolobifolia is similar to some specimens regarded as C. pseudolobifolia originally described by V AKHRAMEEV from the
Early Cretaceous of Lena basin. Sphenopteris kochibeana is indistinguishable
from the original specimen described by
YOKOYAMA as Adiantites kochibeana(1889) from Kuwashima of the Oguchi
Formation. Recently this species wasfound from Mongolia (JANICHEN andKAHLERT, 1972) under its original generic
name.
Ginkgo leaves are abundant but notclearly distinguishable because of illpreservation of material. Podozamites
leaves are represented by such small
leaves as Podozamites sp. cfr. P. eichwaldi
which is common to the Early Cretaceousof Siberia. Pityophyllum sp. is represented
by detached needle-like leaves in crowds.
Such leaves are commOn to the Early
Cretaceous of Siberia, too. Conites sp.
is too imperfect to identify.
This flora is quite distinct and new toJapan, and is similar to the late Early
Cretaceous floras of Arctic region incomposition.
No common species has been noticed
between this flora and the Early Cretaceous floras of th.e Outer side palaeofloristic
province of the Japanese Islands. The
presence of this flora would support theexistence of the Inner side palaeofloristic
province extending to the late Early
Cretaceonus in Japan.

Systematic Description
Equisetales
Genus Equisetites STERNBERG, 1833

Equisetites sp.
PI. 5, fig. 1

646.

Middle-late Early Cretaceous Plants

Description of SPecimens: The collection consists of a number of tubers.
These are oval, 1.5 cm long, 7 mm wideand have an irregularly wrinkled surface.
They are attached in opposite pairs to
slender rhizomes which are only faintly
visible.
Remarks: From the early Lower Cretaceous Oguchi Formation, YOKOYAMA(1889) originally described Equisetum
ushimarense with circular tubers. They
seem to be different from the present
ones in shape.
The writer and SEKIDO (1967) describedsome tubers together with rhizomes andaerial shoots from the same formationas Equisetites ushimarensis (YOKOYAMA)OISHI, but they differ from the present
ones in that their apical portion is divided
into four lobes (leaves ?) with acuminate
apices.
The present tubers are rather close to
those described by Y ABE (1905, p. 43, pI.
3, fig. 10) from the early Lower Cretaceous Nagdong Group, Korea as
Equisetum ushimarense, both in external
appearance and in form.
Equisetum burejense originally described by HEER (1876, p. 99, pI. 22, figs.
5-7) and represented by rhizomes withtubers which sometimes jointed eachother like beads, is similar in form to
the present tubers.
Some imperfect tubers illustrated by
V ASSILEVSKAJA and PAVLOV (1963) as
Equisetites burejensis (HEER) KRYSHTOFOVICH (pI. 1, fig. 2) and its variety
parvula VASSILEVSKAJA (pI. 1, fig. 3),
both from the Lower Cretaceous of Lenabasin, are also similar in form to thepresent ones. SAMYLINA (1964) described
two types of tubers as Equisetites sp. A(p. 47, pI. 1, figs. 6, 7) and sp. B (p. 48,
pI. 1, figs. 8, 9) from the Lower Cretaceous of Kolyma basin. They are somewhat
different from the present ones in having

69

roundish form in the former and moreelongated and irregularly attached to therhizomes in the latter.
It is difficult to identify such tubers as
mentioned above, unless they represent
some characteristics.
Horizon & Occurrence: C-Tamodani.
Common.
Depository: TC-9026, TC-9029B-1.
Filicales
Osmundaceas
Genus Osmundopsis HARRIS, 1931
Osmundopsis? sp.
PI. 5, figs. 2-5; Fig. 4-1a, b

Description of SPecimens: Several
imperfect sterile pinna fragments andan ill-preserved fertile pinna fragment
were examined. Unfortunately the sterileand fertile fragments are separate.
PI. 5, fig. 2 (TH-029) shows an imperfect sterile pinna with pinnules which
are triangular in shape, directed forwards, set closely, attached to the pinna
axis with whole base; margins shallowly
lobed as shown in PI. 5, fig. 3 (TH -031),
but entire in the apical ones; nerves
rather Sphenopteris-type as shown in
Fig. 4-1a than that of Cladophlebis;
midnerve distinct in the proximal half,sending off secondaries forking once but
not forking so in apical pinnules.
PI. 6, fig. 4 (TG-Oll) shows an illpreserved penultimate pinna with small
ultimate pinna bearing fertile pinnules.
Fertile pinnules remotely set; laminae
strongly reduced and bear many circularsporangia on both sides of supposed
midnerve as shown in PI. 5, fig. 5 enlarged.
Preservation is tOO poor to show sporangial details. Fig. 4-1b shows the
lobed margins of pinnules.

Tatsuaki KIMURA

70

Remarks: This genus was originallydefined by HARRIS as follows; "sterile
leaf bipinnate, a Cladophlebis; fertile leaf
trip innate, ultimate branches with nolamina, but bearing tufts of pear-shapedsporangia. Wall of apical part of sporangium indurated, dehiscence by a longitudinal stomium. The type species,
Osmundopsis sturi (RACIBORSKI) is repesented by fertile pinnae resembling
those of Osmunda. The specimens werenamed Osmundites but this is essentiallya genus of stems, and I consider it available to make a new genus for the leaves. "It is much probable that both sterileand fertile leaves here described belong
to the same plant although they occurred
separately. If so, the present specimens
would belong to HARRIS' genus though
the writer was unable to'show the detailof the sporangia I character fully.
Horizons & Occurrence: G, H-Tamodani. Not rare.
Depository: TG-Oll, TH-002, TH-013,
TH-016, TH-029, TH-031.

Gleicheniaceae
Genus Gleichenites GOEPPERT, 1836

Gleichenites aff. porsildi SEWARD
PI. 7, figs. 1-3, 5; PI. 8, fig. 2; Fig. 4-4a, bCompare:1926. Gleichenites porsildi SEWARD; p. 76, pI.
6, figs. 18, 19, 24, 30.
1935. Gleichenites porsildi SEWARD; SEWARD
and CONWAY, p. 5, pI. 1, fig. 5.
1956. Cladophlebis (Gleichenites) porsildi SE.
WARD; BELL, p. 63, pI. 14, fig. 4; pI.
19, fig. 4; pI. 21, figs. 2, 3.

Description of SPecimens: Many pinna
fragments were obtained, but they do
not show the' size of the whole frond.

Ultimate pinnae set rather closely, thedistance being 1 cm as shown in PI. 7,
fig. 1 (TG-039), long and narrow, nearlyparallel-sided, attached alternately to theslender penultimate pinna axis at an angleof 45 degrees, pinna apex unknown.
Pinnules set closely but not contiguous
at base, mostly uniform in size, long andnarrow, linear sometimes falcate, 6 mmlong and 1 mm wide, nearly parallelsided, gradually narrowing towards thebluntly pointed apex, attached to the
pinna axis at wide angle with wholebases which are often constricted withrounded basal corners or sometimes
strongly decurrent; upper surface mostly
convex, and the lower concave; margin
entire (PI. 7, fig. 2) or broadly undulated(PI. 8, fig. 2), often reflexed; nerves
indistinct, midnerve persisting to the tip,
giving off the secondaries which aresparse, directed forwards, mostly once
forking but sometimes twice.
The sori can not be seen directly because the present specimens are, for themost part, represented by the convex
upper surface of laminae. Judging fromthe depressions on the upper surface ofthe lamina, they are circular, fairy large,
0.4-0.45 mm across measured on impression, each consisting of 4-6 sporangia
with a possible slender central placenta,
forming a single row, 3-5 in number oneach side of the mid nerve as partly shownin Fig. 4-4b. Unfortunately the writer
could not get the balsam transfer preparation because of being little organic
material preserved there.
Remarks: There seems to be little
evidence to justify to include the present
specimens in Gleicheniaceae, but theirgeneral appearance as described above
would strongly remind us of rather
Gleicheniaceous affinity than Cyatheaceous.
About 65 Gleichenia species among646.

Middle-late Early Cretaceous Plants

which some one third were instituted by
HEER, have been known, and 24 speciesof them are overlapping with those ofcorresponding Gleichenites species ofwhich about 50 in number have been
known. Besides the above two genera,
Gleicheniopsis and Gleichenoides with afew species have also been known.
According to the result of the writer's
examination of these species describedby various authors, he found, in thesecondary nerves strongly directed forward, the arrangement of sori and theoutline of pinnules, that the most closest
specimens to him were some of those of
Gleichenites porsildi originally establishedby SEWARD (1926) from the Lower Cretaceous of Greenland and also of Western
Canada.
The original specimens, however, havethe following features which have notbeen recognizable in the present specimens; 1) many "dichotomously forking
stems" each with a bud or a bud scarat an angle, occurred in association withfronds, though whether these stems andfronds belong to the same plant has notbeen proved, 2) the existence of fronds
with longer pinnules, 2.5-3cm long though
SEW ARD considered it might be possible toseparate them from this species whenmore material had been found, 3) longer
sori, 1.8 mm in diameter, 4) the occurrence of another type of fertile
pinnules having small depressions or small
groups of sporangia above the anadrome
branch of a secondary nerve as wasin his text-fig. 4, 5) the distinction
between sterile and fertile pinnules isfairy clear.
BELL'S specimens from Western Canada
are also comparable with the present
ones in general appearance of pinnules,
though BELL'S pinnules are all sterile
and are larger than those of the present
ones.

71

As indicated the present specimens do
not agree fully with SEWARD'S Gleichenites porsildi and may ultimately besatisfactorily distinguishable, but for thepresent it seems best to call them
Gleichenites aff. porsildi.
Horizons & Occurrence: G, H-Tamodani. Common.
Depository: TG-012, TG-024, TG-033,
TG-035, TG-037, TG-039, TG-040, TG042, TH-009.
Dicksoniaceae
Genus Birisia SAMYLINA, 1972

Birisia onychioides (V ASSILEVSKAJA,
and KARA-MuRSA) SAMYLINA
PI. 5, figs. 6-9; PI. 6, figs. 1-4;
Figs. 4-2a-d1878. Dicksonia gracilis HEER; p. 13, pI. 3,
figs. 8-14.
1929. Cladophlebis shinshuensis T ATEiWA;
pia te, fig. 24.
1940. Cladophlebis shinshuensis T ATEiWA;OiSHi, p. 285, pI. 20, figs. 5, 6; pI. 21,
figs. 5, 5a, 6, 7.
1957. Coniopteris onychioides V ASSiLEVSKAJA& KARA-MuRSA; KRYSHTOFOViCH, p.
231, fig. 201.
1958. Cladophlebis shinshuensis T ATEiWA;
Ki:VlURA, p. 166, pI. 25, figs. 1, 2; textfig. 1.
1958. Coniopteris onychioides V ASSiLEVSKAJA& KARA-MuRSA; VAKHRAMEEV, p. 77,
pI. 3, fig. 6; pI. 4, figs. 1-3; pI. 5, figs.
1, 2; pI. 6, figs. 3, 4.
1963. Coniopteris onychioides VASSiLEVSKAJA& KARA-MuRSA; VASSiLEVSKAJA &PAVLOV, pI. 11, fig. 3; pI. 19, figs. 5,
6; pI. 31, figs. 6-8, 9a.
1964. Coniopteris onychioides V ASSiLEVSKAJA& KARA-MuRSA; SAMYLlNA (pars), p.
60, pI. 8, fig. 2; pI. 9, figs. 1, 3, 5.
1970. Coniopteris onychioides V ASSiLEVSKAJA& KARA-MuRSA; ABRAMOV A, p. 38, pI.
1, figs. 3-5.

72

Tatsuaki KIMURA

1972. Birisia onychioides (V ASSILEVSKAJA &KARA-MuRSA) SAMYLINA; p. 100.

Unfortunately the present writer has
been unable to have an opportunity torefer to the original description of thisspecies by VASSILEVSKAJA and KARAMURsA (1957) and the subsequent one
by VASSILEVSKAJA (1958).
Description of SPecimens: Fronds aresupposed to be fairly large in size, atleast trip innate ; pinnae and pinnules arevariable in size and form according totheir position on the frond.
PI. 6, fig. 1 shows a large proximal
ultimate pinna, more than 15 cm long, 5
cm wide at the middle portion, but
abruptly tapering towards the acuminate
apex. Apical pinnules small, long andnarrow, tapering gradually towards theacuminate apex, with entire or shallowly
lobed margin, set closely, attached to the
pinna axis with whole base at an acuteangle. Midnerve straight, persisting to
the tip, sending off several simple secondaries at an acute angle. Other pinnules
are long and narrow, nearly parallelsided, some reaching about 5 cm long, 45 mm wide, then narrowing gradually
towards the acuminate apex, attached tothe pinna axis at an angle of 45-50
degrees.
Margin deeply pinnatified,segments triangular in form, directed
forwards, acutely pointed at apex, as
Fig. 4-1~7. (Unless otherwise referred
to, all enlarged twice). 1; Osmundopsis ?
sp.; 1a: showing triangular pinnules onanterior portion of pinna, and nervation(TH-OZ9). 1b: large pinnules with shallowly lobed margin (TH-031). Z; Birisia
onychioides (V ASSILEVSKAJA & KARAMURSA) SA,\'IYLINA; Za: showing anterior
pinnule with entire margin and nervation(TDY -001). Zb: anterior small pinnule with
lobed margin, each lobe has Coniopteristype sorus at the tip (TDY-001).
Zc:
posterior large, long and narrow pinnulewith lobed margins (TD-001). Zd: variationof lobes on the large pinnules (x 3) (TD001). 3; Arctopteris sp.; showing theshape of pinnule with serrate margins andnerva tion in part ( xl) (TG-019). 4;
Gleichenites aff. porsildi SEWARD; 4a:
showing the shape of small pinnules withshallowly lobed margins (TG-046). 4b:large pinnules with decurrent bases, andwith scars of circular sori (TG-035). 5;
Cladophlebis ex gr. denticulata (BRONGNIART) FONTAINE; 5a; showing the outlineof pinna and pinnules (x 1) (TDX-001).
5b; nervation (TDX-001). 6; Cladophlebis
cfr. pseudolobi/olia V ACHRAMEEV ; 6a:showing circular pinnules and nervation(TH-01Z). 6b; another form of pinnule andnervation (TH-01Z). 7; Sphenopteris kochibeana (YOKOYAMA) OISIII; 7a; showing apart of pinna and the outline of pinnules.
7b; nervation (x 4) (TF-007).

646.

Middle-late Early Cretaceous Plants

shown in PI. 6, figs. 2, 3 and Figs. 4-2cd. Each segment receives one simple
secondary nerve, giving off 2-3 simple
laterals as shown in Figs. 4-2c.
PI. 5, fig. 6 shows an apical portion ofa delicate penultimate pinna. Ultimate
pinnae long and narrow, nearly parallelsided, narrowing gradually towards theacuminate apex, attached to the slenderpenultimate pinna axis at an angle of 30
degrees, then bending outwards, setclosely, overlapping each other laterally.
Distal pinnules small, triangular in form,
directed forwards, acutely pointed atapex, attached to ultimate pinna axis
with whole base, margin entire. Midnerve faintly preserved but persisting to
the tip with 2-3 simple secondaries asshown in Fig. 4-2a. Posterior pinnules
larger than the distal, long and narrow,tapering gradually towards the acute or
acuminate apex. Margin shallowly lobed,
each lobe receives acutely one secondary
nerve mostly forking once. Small sori
are recognizable at the tips of apicallobes in some reduced pinnules at the
distal portion of ultimate and penultimate
pinnae as shown in Fig. 4-2b. The arrow
in PI. 5, fig. 6 shows a pinnule with such
sori and fig. 7 shows it enlarged.
PI. 6, fig. 4 shows a similar specimen
to the above. Pinnules on the distal
portion of ultimate pinnae are reduced
and bear the sori at the tips of apicallobes.
PI. 5, fig. 8 shows a fertile portion of apenultimate pinna. Ultimate pinnae rather
remotely set because of reduction of
pinnules. Fertile pinnules small. lower
ones with 4-7 lobes, upper ones with 1-3,
each lobe bearing a Coniopteris-Iike sorus
at the tip, as shown in PI. 5, fig. 9
enlarged.
Comparison & Remarks: The present
specimens are very close to the specimenS described by V AKHRAMEEV (1958),

73

VASSILEVSKAJA and PAVLOV (1963) andABRAMOVA (1970) from the Lower Cretaceous of Lena basin, and some of thosedescribed by SAMYLINA (1964) from theKolyma basin, as Coniopteris onychioides.
VAKHRAMEEV illustrated seven penultimate pinnae and one ultimate pinna ofvarious positions on the frond. They are
indistinguishable with the present specimens of corresponding position, especiallyof the fertile ones. though some of theultimate pinnae of the former are set
more remotely.
VASSILEVSKAJA and PAVLOV illustrated
seven specimens. They are also close to
the present ones, especially to the fertile
ultimate pinnae and the long and narrow
pinnatified sterile pinnules, though someof the ultimate pinnae as in their pI. 31,
fig. 6. are set more remotely. Their pI.
31, fig. 8 shows a penultimate pinna with
two sterile and four fertile ultimate
pinnae in organic connection. The sterilepinnules are long and narrow, deeply
pinnatified as those in the present PI. 6,
fig. 2. The fertile ones are also long andnarrow, deeply pinnatified and bear thesori at the tips of reduced segments, 1012 in number on the proximal ones, more
reduced in number on the apical. It isclear that such long and narrow pinnules
also become fertile as well as small andshallowly lobed ones, though this casehas not been recognized in the present
specimens.
In 1972, SAMYLINA instituted the new
genus Birisia to the Dicksoniaceous fernswith sterile pinnules of Cladophlebidiumtype and fertile pinnules of Coniopteristype. She described four species under
this new genus among which one was new.
SAMYLIMA excluded some of the specimens derived from the Kolyma basin,
which she (1964) had formerly assigned
to Coniopteris onychioides, from Birisia
onychioides and included them in her

74

Tatsualci KIMURA

Birisia aculata (1964, p. 60, pI. 8, figs. 3,4) and Birisia alata (PRYNADA), the typespecies (ibid., pI. 8, fig. 1; pI. 9, fig. 4).
The rest (ibid., pI. 8, fig. 2; pI. 9, figs. 1,3, 5) are close to the present ones.
SAMYLINA (1972, p. 100) included her
specimen (1964, pI. 9, fig. 2) in Birisia
onychioides but its general appearance
would rather recall her B. alata or B.
aculata than B. onychioides. At the sametime, she excluded her pI. 9, fig. 5 from
B. onychioides, but so far as her figure
shows, it appears to resemble the longand narrow, pinnatified sterile pinnulesof B. onychioides. At any rate, thepresent writer agrees well with her
dealing to establish the new genus forthe ferns representing both Cladophlebidium-type sterile pinnules and Coniopteristype sori to separate them from Coniopteris.
ABRAMOVA (1970) showed two pinna
fragments showing clear nervation, as
Coniopteris onychioides, which were also
externally very close to the present ones.
In 1958, from the same locality, thewriter described a fern with Cladophlebidium-type sterile pinnules as Cladophlebis
shinshuensis originally illustrated by
T ATEIW A from the Lower Cretaceous of
Nagdong Group, Korea. Now it is evident
the writer's Cladophlebis shinshuensis issynonymous with Birisia onychioides becausesuch Coniopteris-type fertile
pinnules as described above are represented in organic connection with thesterile Cladophlebis shinshuensis.
The writer believes that the original
specimens of Cladophlebis shinshuensis
and those described by OISHI (1940, pI.
20, figs. 5, 6; pI. 21, figs. 6, 7; pI. 21, fig.
5 reproduced from one of the original
specimens), are also synonymous with
Birisia onychioides, though in the Korean
specimens, fertile pinnules have not beenfound yet.

OISHI (1940) stated that Cladophlebis
shinshuensis resembled Polypodium oregonense FONTAINE from the Jurassic ofOregon, but they are quite different as
their sori are near the sides of the
mid nerve and not marginal.
Among other similar looking Early
Cretaceous ferns are Birisia alata(PRYNADA) SAMYLINA and B. aculata
SAMYLINA, Cladophlebis alata FONTAINE
from Alaska and C. alberta (DAWSON)BELL from Western Canada.
Horizon & Occurrence: D-Tamodani.
Abundant.
Depository: TD-0001, TD-0001B, TDOOOlD, TDY -001, TDY -002, TDY -004,
TD-9143, TD-9149, TD-9151, TD-9152,
TD-9159, TD-9174, TD-9174B, TD-9185,
TD-9192.

Pteridaceae
Genus Arctopteris SAMYLINA, 1964
Arctopteris sp.
PI. 8, fig. 1; Fig. 4-3.

Description of SPecimen: PI. 8, fig. 1
shows a single imperfect ultimate pinna
only obtained, with several pinnules
faintly preserved, none of which showing
complete.
Pinnules set closely, continuous at baseeach other, long triangular in shape, 11.5 em long, 4 mm wide at base, attachedby their whole bases to the pinna axis
with 45 degrees, falcate in their distal
halves, united at base by a decurrence of
their base, margin serrated. Midnerve
distinct persisting to the acutely pointed
apex. Secondaries faintly preserved but
Cladophlebis-type, crowded, with an acuteangle to the midnerve, once forking near
the base, basal ones usually forking.
On the lower side of pinnules, one or75646. Middle-late Early Cretaceous Plants
more lateral nerves go off from thepinna axis as shown in Fig. 4-3.
Fructification not known.
Remarks: Though the full characterof this fern can not make clear becauseof ill-preservation, it is highly probablethat the present specimen belongs to
Arctopteris by representing the characteristic feature of this genus in that somesecondary nerves directly from the pinna
axis on the lower side of the base ofpinnules.
SAMYLINA (1964) instituted this genus
on the material derived from the Lower
Cretaceous of the Kolyma basin, placed
it in Pteridaceae based on some wellpreserved fertile leaves and described
Arctopteris kolymensis, A. rarinervis andA. sp.
She included Cladophlebis huttoni
FONTAINE from the Lower Cretaceous of
Alaska (FONTAINE in WARD, 1905, p. 161,
pIs. 41-43; KNOWLTON, 1914, P 48, pI. 6,
fig. 3) into her Arctopteris rarinervis.
The present specimen, though fragmental and also fairly imperfect in preservation, resembles closely some sterileleaves of Arctopteris kolymensis in general
aspect.
HOl'izon & Occurrence: G-Tamodani.
Rare.
Depository: TG-019.
Filicaies Incertae Sedis
Genus Jacutopteris VASSILEVSKAJA, 1960
Jacutopteris sp.
PI. 7, fig. 4

Description of SPecimen: Two imperfect pinna fragments are obtained. PI.
7, fig. 4 shows a part of pinna with
pinnules. Pinnules long and narrow, 1.8
cm long, attached to the slender pinna
axis at wide angle or perpendicularly

with their slightly expanded whole bases,
2.7 mm wide, sickle-shape, narrowing
gradually towards the acutely pointed
apex. Midnerve distinct, strong, straightly persisting to near the apex, sending
off the secondaries which are directed
forwards, mostly once forking, but thebasal one twice. Margin shallowly lobed,
each lobe directed forwards. The uppersurface strongly convex and the marginreflexed, so the pinnules appear to set
remotely except the basal part of pinnules.
Fructification not known.
Remarks: V ASSILEVSKAJA (1960) instituted this genus and described Jacutopteris lenaensis (p. 63, pI. 1, figs. 1-10;
pI. 2, figs. 1-9) from the Lower Cretaceousof the Lena basin.
Externally the present specimens
resemble closely the sterile pinnules of
Jacutopteris lenaensis originally described
by VASSILEVSKAJA and later by VASSILEVSKAJA and PAVLOV (1963, pI. 5, fig.
1) and VASSILEVSKAJA and ABRAMO VA(1966, p. 75, pI. 1, figs. 4, 5), though thesesterile pinnules are all entire and thesecondary nerves are more densely
crowded.
In some of fertile pinnules of Jacutopteris ienaensis, margins are shallowly
lobed as was shown in original specimens (pI. 2, figs. 3, 8, 9). It would be
probable that the present shallowly lobed
pinnules were just before producing thesori. The writer feels that the present
specimens belong to Jacutopteris.
Horizon & Occurrence: F-Tamodani.
Rare.
Depository: TF -002, TF -005.
Genus Adiantites GOEPPERT, 1836
Adiantites sp. A
PI. 7, fig. 5; PI. 8, fig. 4

Description of SPecimens:

Many

76

Tatsuaki KIMURA

detached fan-shaped pinnule fragments
were obtained_ PI. 7, fig. 5 shows a partof some pinnules of which upper margin
apparently crenulated. Nerves numerous,
fine, uniform, united below at the base,radially spreading and dichotomously
forking.
Pinnules variable both in size andform. PI. 8, fig. 4 shows a part of larger
pinnule with deeply crenulated upper
margin. Fructification not known.
Remarks: Without the pinnule fragment as shown in PI. 7, fig. 5, showing
fan-shaped in outline, dichotomously
forking nerves and crenulated upper
margin as is seen in Adiantites sewardi
originally described by Y ABE (1905) bothfrom the Lower Cretaceous NagdongGroup and the Oguchi Formation, eventhe generic assignment could not have
made.
Depending only on the external resemblance to the recent Adiantum, morethan one hundred species have so far
been described not only from the Mesozoic
but also from the Palaeozoic strata, butby the later studies, some of them havebeen removed to different fern groups.
Unfortunately the present specimens
are too imperfect to compare them specifically. VASSILEVSKAJA (1963) had proposed a new generic name Adiantopteris
instead which has since been followedby Russian palaeobotanists.
Horizons & Occurrence: G, H-Tamodani. Common.
Depository: TG-004, TG-005, TG-008,
TG-009, TG-020, TG-036, TH-009, TH010.
Adiantites sp. B
PI. 7, figs. 6, 7

Description of Specimens:
Severalpinna fragments with pinnules whichlook like some ginkgoalean leaves, were
examined. PI. 7, fig. 6 shows one of thetwo pinnae with pinnately arranged
pinnules to the pinna axis, though imperfect. Pinnules triangular to fan-shaped,
appear to have short petioles. Lateral
margins entire, apical margin entire or
shallowly lobed. Nerves numerous dichotomously forking everywhere, as shownin PI. 7, fig. 7 enlarged, the density 20
per cm at the basal half but twice at theapical margin. Fructification not known.
Remarks: The present specimens
recall some ginkgoalean leaves but the
pinnately arranged pinnules show apparently their attribution to the fern
genus Adiantites.
The present specimens resemble inform those described as Adiantites
yuasensis YOKOYAMA from the Lower
Cretaceous Ryoseki Group (YOKOYAMA,
1894, p. 216, pI. 21, fig. 15; OISHI, 1940,
p. 235, pI. 47, figs. 6-8; pI. 48, fig. 5) andas Adianto pteris yuasensis (YOKOYAMA)KRASSOLOV from the Lower Cretaceousof Southern Primorye (KRASSILOV, 1967,
p. 123, pI. 20, figs. 3-6). But the present
specimens differ from Adiantites yuasensis
in less lobed apical margin and densely
crowded nervation in the former.
Also comparable specimens with thepresent ones are those described as
Adiantites toyoraensis OISHI from theUpper Jurassic Kiyosue Group and theLower Cretaceous Ryoseki Group (OISHI
1940. p. 235, pI. 7, figs. 2, 2a, 3, 4, 4a) andrecently from Mongolia (jANICHEN and
KAI-ILERT, 1972, p. 967, pI. 2, figs. 1, 2).
But Adiantites toyoraensis differs fromthe present ones in that the pinnules are
semicircular in shape.
More similar specimens to the present
ones are those illustrated by V ASSILEVSKAJA and PAVLOV as Adiantites polymorpha VASSILEVSKAJA from the Lower
Cretaceous of the Lena basin (1963, pI.

646. Middle-late Early Cretaceous Plants
33, figs. 4-6) and as Adiantopteris gracilis(VASSILEVSKAJA) V ASSILEVSKAJA also
from the Lena basin (Ibid., pI. 19, fig. 9 ;V ASSILEVSKAJA, 1966, p. 53, pI. 1, fig. 4).
Adiantites sp. A described here, would
be rather close to Adiantites sewardi andto Adiantopteris grandis originally described by V AKHRAMEEV (1968, p. 13, pI.
4, figs. 2-4).
Horizons & Occurrence: C, D-Tamodani. Common.
Depository: TC-9019B, TDX-006,
TDX-007, TDX-007B.
Genus Onychiopsis YOKOYAMA, 1889
Onychiopsis elongata (GEYLER)YOKOYAMA
PI. 6, figs. 6, 7
1877. Thyrsopteris elongata GEYLER; p. 224,
pI. 30, fig. 5; pI. 31, figs. 4-5.
1877. ? Adiantites GEYLER; p. 225, pI. 30,
figs. 2b, 3.
1877. Sphenopteris gaepperti DUNKER (pars);
SCHENK, p. 210, pI. 30, figs. 2, 2a.
1883. Thyrsopteris elongata GEYLER; SCHENK,
p. 263, pI. 54, fig. 1.
1889. Dicksonia gracilis YOKOYAMA; p. 24,
pI. 1, figs. 5, 5a; pI. 12, fig. 13.
1889. Dicksonia acutiloba YOKOYAMA; p. 24,
pI. 1, figs. Ib, 2, 2b.
1889. Onychiopsis elongata YOKOYAMA; p. 27,
pI. 2, figs. 1-3, 4a-c.
1890. Onychiopsis elongata YOKOYAMA; NATHORST, pp. 4, 8, 10, 11, pI. 5, fig. 3;
p. 12, pI. 2, fig. 6; pp. 13, 14, pI. 6,
fi. 5.
1894. Onychiopsis elongata (GEYLER) YOKOYAMA; SEWARD, p. 59, pI. 2, fig. 2.
1894. Onychiopsis elongata (GEYLER) YOKOY AMA; p. 215, pI. 20, fig. 8; pI. 21,
figs. I, 4.
1905. Onychiopsis elongata (GEYLER) YOKOY AMA; Y ABE, p. 22, pI. 1, figs. 9-14;
pI. 3, fig. 15.
1913. Onychiopsis elongata (GEYLER) YOKOYAMA; YABE, p. 3, pI. 1, figs. 1-5.

1929. Onychiopsis

mantelli

77(BRONGNIART)

plate, fig. 7.
1931. Onychiopsis psilotoides (STOKES &WEBB) WARD; OISHI, p. 4, pI. I, figs.
6-10.
1935. Sphenopteris(Onychiopsis)
elongata(GEYLER) OISHI; p. 83, pI. 6, fig. 2.
1940. Onychiopsis elongata (GEYLER) YOKOYAMA; OISHI, p. 228, pI. 6; pI. 7, fig. 7.
1958. Onychiopsis elongata (GEYLER) YOKOY AMA; KIMURA, p. 14.
1958. Onychiopsis elongata (GEYLER) YOKOY AMA; V AKHRAMEEV, p. 72, pI. I, figs.
4-6; pI. 2, fig. 4.
1960. Onychiopsis elongata (GEYLER) YOKOY AMA; NISHIDA, p. 190, pI. I, fig. 4.
1963. Onychiopsis elongata (GEYLER) YOKOYA:'vIA; SAMYLINA, p. 74, pI. 3, fig. 4.
1963. Onychiopsis elongata (GEYLER) YOKOYAMA; VASSILEVSKAJA & PAVLOV, pI.
31, figs. 3, 4, 9b.
NATHoRsT; TATEIWA,

Description of SPecimens: Several ultimate pinna fragments referable to thiswell-known species were obtained, twoof which were shown in PI. 6, figs. 6, 7.
A more detailed description of this species based on good fertile and sterilematerial will be given by the writer in
the near future.
Rema/"ks: In Japan, this species has
been known from the Nishi-Nakayama
Formation, Yamaguchi Prefecture regarded as late Liassic to the Albian
Yatsushiro Formation, Kumamoto Prefecture. According to V AKHRAMEEV(1971), this genus has not been recordedin the Neocomian beds of Siberia andhas penetrated into the Siberian area in
Aptian, though its occurrence is scarce.
This species is one of the most abundant elements both of the Early Neocom ian Ryoseki and Oguchi Floras. Depending only on the sterile material, it
is fairely difficult or impossible to distinguish this species from Onychiopsis
psilotoides (STOKES and WEBB) WARD
and O. mantelli (BRONGNIART) NATHORSTTatsuaki KIMURA

78

and their allies widely known from theLower Cretaceous of both hemispheres.
In the case of small fragments, thisspecies is also indistinguishable fromthose of Birisia onychioides.
Horizons & Occurrence: C, D-Tamodani. Not rare.
Depository: TC-9028, TC-9029B, TDX002, TD-9017.
Genus Cladophlebis BRONGNIART, 1849
Cladophlebis ex gr. denticulata(BRONGNIART) FONTAINE
PI. 5, fig. 11; PI. 6, fig. 5;
Figs. 4-5a-b
1890. Cladophlebis sp.
1, figs. 1-3,

NATHORST;

p. 4, pI.

Description of SPecimens: PI. 5, fig. 11
shows an imperfect pinna fragment,
which is lanceolate in outline, more than
4 cm long, 1.5 cm wide at the widest
portion. Pinnules arranged catadromicin order, variable in shape according totheir position on pinna, triangular inform, falcate. Margin entire, upper margin concave or straight, lower margin
strongly convex, attached to the rachis
by their whole base, continuous eachother at base. Midnerve distinct persisting to the tip, secondaries faintly preserved, sparse, once forking on their way
as shown in Figs. 4-5a and 5b. The
lowest one on catadromic side, is extremely smaller in size, its midnerve
originates from the joint of pinna axis.
The lower ones smaller in size, getting
Iarger towards the middle part of pinna,
then reducing the size again gradually
towards the pinna apex.
PI. 6, fig. 5 derived from the upperhorizon shows a pinna fragment withbroader pinnules. Midnerve faintly preserved but persisting to the, tip withdichotomously once forking secondaries.
This specimen somewhat differs from theformer specimen in the form of pinnules,
but it is difficult to draw a sharp border
between both specimens here described.
Fructification not known.
Remarks: Bipinnate steril fronds with
pinnules which are triangular in shape,
falcate, with once forking secondaries,
have often been included Cladophlebis
denticulata. Moreover very similar leaves
have been named Cladophlebis argutula(HEER) FONTAINE, C. frigida (HEER)SEWARD, C. vaccensis WARD, C. williamsoni (BRONGNIART) BRONGNIART, Pecopteris atyrkanensis HEER, etc.
Regarding sterile fern fronds, theirclassification now results in confusion
which seems to be a matter of course.
Having nothing to do more about thepresent specimens, so far the time being
the writer is obliged to refer it to comprehensive species Cladophlebis, denticulata, though the specimens describedunder this specific name are fairly variable in general outline of pinnae and pinnules owing to their ages and localities.
Externally one of the present specimens (PI. 5, fig. 11) resembles very closely
those described by NAT HORST from theLower Cretaceous Ryoseki Group, Kochi
Prefecture as Cladophlebis sp., and later
referred to Cladophlebis denticulata by
OISHI (1940).
Horizons & Occurrence: D, G-Tamodani. Not rare.
Depository: TDX-OOl, TG-001.
Cladophlebis dr. pseudolobifolia

VACHRAMEEV
PI. 5, fig. 12; PI. 8, fig. 3;
Figs. 6a-b

Compare:1958. Cladophlebis pseudolobi/olia

VACHRA-646.

Middle-late Early Cretaceous Plants/,IEEV; p. 95, pI. 16, figs. 1-3; pI. 17,
figs. 2, 3.
1963. Cladophlebis pseudolobi/olia V ACHRAMEEV; SAMYLINA, p. 78, pI. 7, figs. 14a; pI. 20, fig. 8a.

Description of SPecimens: Frond unknown in size, at least bipinnate. Pinnae
8 mm wide, nearly parallel-sided, setclosely, overlapping each other laterally;
pinnules variable in form. probably due
to their position on pinna, semicircular.
finger-shape, rhombic or rhomboidal, 3.5mm long and 3 mm wide at the middle
portion, nearly perpendicular to the pinna
axis, 1 mm across, with contracted base,sometimes slightly directed forward, margin entire mostly with rounded apex;
midnerve distinct at lower half but radially branching at upper half of pinnule,secondaries dichotomously forking twice.
Figs. 4-6a and 6b redrawn from theimperfect pinna fragment shown in PI. 8,
fig. 3 show various forms of pinnules;
semicircular in Fig. 4-6a, and larger one
with contracted base in Fig. 4-6b.
PI. 5, fig. 12 shows two rows of pinnae
on which finger-shape pinnules are set
perpendicularly to the pinna axis. Fructification not known.
Remarks: In external morphology andnervation of pinnules, the present specimens are close to those originally described by VAKHRAMEEV from the Lower
Cretaceous of Lena basin as Cladophlebis
pseudolobifolia, and followed by SAMYLINA also from the Lower Cretaceous of
the Aldan river area. In Siberian specimens, pinnules are not so constricted
at base, and between the secondaries,
laminae are reduced in width at themargin, so the present specimens would
not be fully in accordance with Cladophlebis pseudolobifolia.
Other rather similar leaves are Lobifolia novopokrovskii (PRYNADA) RASSKAZOVA and LEBEDEV and L. ajakensis

79(LEBEDEV) RASSKAZOV A and LEBEDEV
from the Lower Cretaceous of Bureja
basin and the Aldan river area respectively, but our material is too poor forsatisfactory comparison.
Horizons & Occurrence: G, H-Tamodani. Common.
Depository: TG-006, TH-OOl, TH-007,
TH-008, TH-016, TH-023, TH-025, TH026, TH-028, TH-035.
Genus Sphenopteris (BRONGNIART)STERNBERG. 1825
Sphenopteris kochibeana(YOKOY AMA) OISHI
PI. 5, fig. 10; Fig. 4-7a-b
1889. Adiantites kochibeanus YOKOYAMA; r.
29, pI. 1, figs. 7, 7a.
1940. Sphenopteris kochibeana (YOKOYAMA)OISHI; p. 242.
1972. Adiantites kochibeanus YOKOYAl\IA;
JANICIIEN & KAIILERT, p. 966, pI. 1,
figs. 1, 4; pI. 4, fig. 2; text-fig. 1.

Description of SPecimen: Judging froma single fragment of frond as shown in
PI. 5, fig. 10, frond probably tripinnate.
Ultimate pinnae lanceolate in outline,
slightly falcate, 2.2 cm long, 8 mm widemeasured at the middle portion, setclosely together, overlapping each otherlaterally, attached to the delicate penultimate pinna axis at an angle of 40
degrees. Pinnules rhombic or rhomboidal
in outline, directed forwards, margin
mostly entire but upper halves often
shallowly lobed or coarsely serrated;nerves faintly preserved, but the writer
was able to detect traces of the typical
Sphenopteris-type.
Figs. 4-7a and 7bshow the outline of pinnules and nervation respectively.
Remarks: The present specimen isreferable to that originally described by

Tatsuaki KIMURA80

YOKOYAMA as Adiantites kochibeanus
from the Oguchi Formation of Kuwashima, in the delicate habit of frond,
outline of pinnules and the nervation,
though according to YOKOYAMA margins
were said to be entire.
Comparable specimens with the present
one are those described by SAMYLINA(1964, p. 70, pI. 2, fig. 1; pI. 11, figs. 4-6)
as Sphenopteris sp. from the Lower
Cretaceous of the Kolyma river area, butthey differ from the present one inhaving more pinnatified pinnules inproximal portion of pinnae and longer
pinnae than the latter.
Sphenopteris acrodentata FONTAINE
described by BELL (1956, p. 68, pI. 22,
figs. 4, 6; pI. 23, fig. 2) is another comparable one, but it differs from the present one in representing rather roundish
pinnules.
It is highly probable that the present
specimen would represent the sterile pinnae of such a fern as Coniopteris nympharun (HEER) VACHRAMEEV.
Horizon & Occurrence: F -Tamodani.
Rare.
Depository: TF -007.
Nilssoniales
Genus Nilssonia BRONGNIART, 1825

Nilssonia sp. cfr. N. nipponensis
YOKOYAMA

lower margin strongly convex; nerves
simple, parallel, nearly perpendicular to
the rachis, 3 per mm in density.
Remarks: Among numerous Nilssonia
species, comparable with the present
specimens are the following ones whichhave laminae irregularly dissected into
triangular segments; Nilssonia acuminata(PRESL) GOEPPERT, N. acutiloba (HEER)PRYNADA, N. compta (PHILLIPS) BONN,
N. cOlnptula HEER, N. curvifolia JACOB
and SHUKLA, N. glossinervis PRYNADA,
N. kendalli HARRIS, N. magnifolia SAMYLINA, N. nipponensis YOKOYAMA, N. polymorpha SCHENK, N. prinadai VACHRAMEEV, N. schaumburgensis (DUNKER)
NATHORST, N. schmidtii (HEER) SEWARD,
N. serotina HEER and N. sp. LEBEDEV(1965, p. 93, pI. 24, figs. 2-4).
Depending only on external appearance,
the present specimens resemble closely
Nilssonia nipponensis which abundantly
occurs from the Oguchi Formation and
the Kuzuryu Group in the Tetori basin,
though it is fairly difficult to distinguishbetween N. nipponensis and N. serotina.
The present specimens as well as being
imperfect, are smaller in size than thosedescribed from the Oguchi Formationand the Kuzuryu Group, so the writerhesitates to refer them to YOKOYAMA'S
species.
Horizons & Occurrence: C, D-Tamodani. Not rare.
Depository: TC-9205, TD-9017.

PI. 7, fig. 9

Description of SPecimens:

Severalimperfect fragments were obtained.
Laminae apparently cover the upper surface of rachis. PI. 7. fig. 9 shows thebasal part of lamina, though the petiole
is missing; lamina irregularly segmented,
each segment triangular in shape, rather
small in size, continuous at base, upper
margin nearly straight or concave, but

Nilssonia cfr. orientalis HEER
PI. 7, fig. 8

Description of SPecimens: PI. 7, fig. 8
shows apparently an apical portion oflamina showing a notch as usual in mostof Nilssonia leaves; nerves simple, parallel, 2-3 per mm in density, making awide angle to the rachis.

646.

Middle-late Early Cretaceous Plants

Another specimen not illustrated here
shows a Nilssonia lamina which cover~the· upper surface of rachis, but unfortunately both ends and also both margins
are missing. Lamina appears to be thinin texture, not segmented but entire;nerves simple, parallel, perpendicular
to the rachis, 2 per mm in density.
Remarks: Among numerous Nilssonia
species hitherto described, comparablewith the present specimens are following
species which have perfectly entire or
mostly entire laminae over leaves; Nilssonia canadensis BELL, N. grossoformis
MA TSUO, N. inouei YOKOYAMA, N. orientalis HEER, N. orientalis HEER var.
minor FONTAINE, N. ozoana YOKOYAMA,
N. revoluta HARRIS, N. saighanensis
SEWARD, N. simplex OISHI, N. taeniopteroides (HALLE) var. bifurcata PROSVIRJAKOVA, N. tenuinervis SEWARD, N. thomasi HARRIS, N. vittaefonnis PRYNADA,
N. sp. HARRIS (1964, p. 39, text-fig. 16),
N. sp. PROSVIRJAKOVA (1966, p. 97, pI.
19, figs. 1-2), etc.
It is very difficult or impossible torefer such imperfect specimens as thepresent ones to known species depending
only on external appearance, unless they
have some characteristic features. Under
such circumstances, the attribution to
the present ones is not expected, but itwould be true that they are very close
to those described by YOKOYAMA, fromthe Oguchi Formation as Nilssonia orientalis (1889, p. 40, pI. 14, figs. 4-9).
Horizon & Occurrence: D-Tamodani.
Rare.
TDX-008A.
Depository: TDX-005,
TDX-008B.

Ginkgoales
Genus Sphenobaiera FLORIN, 1936
Sphenobaiera? sp.

81

PI. 8, fig. 8

Description of SPecimens: Many detached leaf fragments were obtained.
Leaves long and narrow, ribbon-like,tapering gradually towards the base;upper surface of lamina sometimes convex as shown in PI. 8, fig. 8; nervesparallel through the most part of lamina
but dichotomously forking near the base,
20 per cm in density. PI. 8, fig. 8 shows
two leaves which seem to converge below
the broken end.
Remarks: There is no favourable
proof to assign the present specimens toSphenobaiera, though their general appearance recall such leaves as those of
Sphenobaiera longifolia (POMEL) FLORIN
known from the Lower Cretaceous of
the Lena basin and the Kolyma riverarea.
Horizons & Occurrence: G, H-Tamodani. Common.
Depository: TG-007, TH-014, TH-022,
TH-027.

Genus Pseudotorellia FLORIN, 1936
Pseudotorellia sp.
PI. 8, figs. 5, 6

Description of SPecimens: Many detached leaves were obtained. Leaves
spatula-shape, 3.5 cm long, 0.7 cm wideat the widest portion near the apex asshown in PI. 8, fig. 5; nerves 25 per cm
in density, often dichotomously forking
at the basal part as shown in PI. 8, fig. 6.
Remar/?s: The present
specimens
agree well with the form definition given
by FLORIN (1936, p. 142). Among 14
Pseudolorellia species hitherto described,
the present specimens agree in form withsome of those described by V AKHRAMEEVand DOLUDENKO as Pseudotorellia crassifolia (PRYNADA) DOLUDENKO (1961, p.

Tatsuaki KIMURA

82

114, pI. 56, figs. 4, 5) from the JurassoCretaceous of the Bureja basin.
Later according to LUNDBLAD (1968,
p. 190), it was said that this species
without showing cuticles should be excluded from Pseudotorellia because thisgenus was defined by FLORIN withspecial reference to its epidermal characters.
Pseudotorellia nordenskiOldi (NATHORST) FLORIN described by ORLOVSKAJA(1962, p. 1438, pI. 1, fig. 2) from theJurassic of Kazakhstan is similar inform to the present ones.
Pseudotorellia angustifolia DOLUDENKO
described by KRASSILOV in his monographregarding Ginkgoales and Czekanowskiales of the Bureja basin (p. 58, pI. 20,
fig. 9; pI. 21, figs. 2-5; text-fig. 10) is
another allied form to the present ones,
but it differs from the latter in coarser
nervation.
It may be inappropriate to identify aleaf with an unknown cuticle as belonging
to the genus Pseudotorellia (see LUNDBLAD, 1968), but there is no better nameto give to the present leaves.
Horizons & Occurrence: C, D, G-Tamodani. Common.
Depository: TC-9027, TC-9027B, TD9147, TDX-004, TG-002, TG-010, TG-030.

Remarks: The present specimen is too
imperfect to refer to the specifically identified ginkgoalean species, but externally
it resembles such leaves as those ofGinl<go singularis described by SAMYLINA(1964, p. 141, pI. 5, fig. 5) from the Lower
Cretaceous of the Zyrianka coal basin.
Horizon & Occurrence: D-Tamodani.
Rare.
Depository: TD-9030.
Genus Ginllgodium YOKOYAMA, 1889

Ginl<godium ? sp.
PI. 8, fig. 7

PI. 8, fig. 7 shows an imperfect ginkgoalean leaf fragment composed of twosegments. The segment on the rightside appears to be narrower than anotherbecause its left half is buried under thematrix. Faintly preserved nerves makeit difficult to show their detail. Several
specimens were examined but they were
all too imperfect to refer to known
ginkgoalean species.
Horizon & Occurrence: G-Tamodani.
Not rare.
Depository: TG-013, TG-017.
Podozamitales

Genus Ginkgoites SEWARD, 1919

Genus Podozamites BRAUN, 1843

Ginkgoites sp.

Podozamites reinii GEYLER

PI. 8, fig. 9

PI. 7, fig. 10

Description of SPecimen: PI. 8, fig. 9shows a deeply segmented ginkgoaleanleaf fragment of which four irregularsegments are represented and one is now
buried in the matrix. Segments various
in width, more than 5 cm long; nerves
coarse, 20 per cm in density, dichotomously forking at basal third.

1877. Podozamites reinii GEYLER; p. 229, pI.
33, fig. 4a; pI. 34, figs. 1, 2, 3b, 4, 5a.
1889. Podozamites reinii GEYLER; YOKOYAMA,
p. 50, pI. 3, figs. 6a-c; pI. 4, figs. Ib,
3b; pI. 6, figs. 2, 3b-d, 4-7, 8a-d; pI.
9, fig. 12a; pI. 12, fig. 4.
1905. Podozamites reinii GEYLER; Y ABE, p.
16, PI. 4, fig. 6.
1929. Podozamites reinii GEYLER; TATEIWA,

646.

Middle-late Early Cretaceous Plants

plate, fig. 11.
1940. Podozamites reinii GEYLER; OISHI, p.
408, pI. 44, figs. 1-3.
1957. Podozamites reinii GEYLER; KRYSI-ITO·
FOVICI-I, p. 357, figs. 351-2.
1963. Podozamites reinii GEYLER; V ASSILEVSKAJA & PAVLOV, pI. 28, fig. 2.
1966. Podozamites reinii GEYLER; V ASSILEVSKAJA, p. 68, pI. 6, figs. 3, 4.
1967. Podozamites reinii GEYLER; KIMURA &SEKIDO, p. 417, pI. 2, fig. 2; pI. 3, fig. 3.
1967. Podozamites reinii GEYLER; SAMYLINA,
p. 152, pI. 8, fig. 9a.

Comparison & Remarks: KIMURA and
SEKIDO (1967) made the measurement on
many leaves of this species obtained
from the Oguchi Formation, making it
clear that this species showed considerable variation in the form of leaves (p.
418, fig. 2).
Adding the formerly known occurrence
from the Oguchi Formation and the
Nagdong Group, this species has recently
been known from the Upper N eocomian
Akaiwa Group (KIMURA and SEKIDO, MS)
and the Lower Cretaceous of both the
Lena basin and the Kolyma river area
(VASSILEVSKAJA and PAVLOV, 1963;
VASSILEVSKAJA, 1966; SAMYLINA, 1967).
According to V AKHRAMEEV (1971, p. 82,
table 1), this species is a member ofAptian-Albian floras in the Lena and theAmur palaeofioristic subprovinces and has
not yet been recorded from the Neocomianof Siberia.
Podozamites dr. reinii described by
LEBEDEV (1965, p. 126, pI. 24, fig. 6) fromthe Lower Cretaceous of the Zeia riverarea, though it was a single imperfectspecimen, is externally indistinguishable
from the original specimens described by
GEYLER.
Based on a single leaf, KRYSHTOFOVICH
and PRYNADA (1932) described Podozamites subreinii from the Nikanian Series,
Southern Primorye (in the "Selected

83

Works of A. N. KRYSHTOFOVICH", vol.
2, 1962, p. 164, pI. 2, fig. 6). This species
resembles closely P. reinii in generalform, but smaller in size, 1.5 cm long and

8 mm wide at the widest portion. The
writer has not encountered such a small
specimen in his good collection.
V ASSILEVSKAJA stated the occurrenceof Podozamites reinii from the Nikanian
Series (1966, p. 69), but KRASSILOV
adopted P. subreinii in his voluminous
description of the Lower Cretaceous floraof Southern Primorye (1967, p. 51).
Accordingly the writer is now not sureof the exact information on the occurrenceof Podozamites l'einii from the Lower
Cretaceous of Southern Primorye.
The writer has also learned the occurrence of this species from the Lower
Cretaceous of the West Siberia Lowland,but unfortunately having not been acquainted with the work by KIRICHKOVA and
TESLENKO (1962), the writer could notrefer to it.
This species showing wide variation in
the size and the form of leaves, it isoften difficult to distinguish it externallyfrom similar species as described below.
Podozamites eichwaldii SCHIMPER illustrated by V ASSILEVSKAJA and PAVLOV(1963, pI. 27, fig. 4; pI. 28, fig. 3; pI. 30,
fig. la) from the Lower Cretaceous ofLena basin, has long oval leaves, 5.5 cm
long, 1.6 cm wide. Such leaves being
constantly more slender in habit thanthose of Podozamites rein ii, Podozamites
eichwaldii appears to be distinct fromthe former.
Podozamites issykkulensis originallydescribed by GENKINA (1966, p. 112, pI.
56, figs. 6-10; pI. 57, fig. 1) from theOlder Mesozoic of Issyk-Kul basin, would
be similar in form to P. reinii, but theformer is different from the latter inthat the nerves are not astringent at
the pointed apex in the former.

84

Tatsuaki KIMURA

Podozamites latifolius HEER illustrated
by VASSILEVSKAJA and PAVLOV (pi. 29,
fig. 2B; pi. 30, fig. 1B) from the Lower
Cretaceous of Lena basin and by LEBEDEV(1965, p. 124, pi. 32, figs. 1-3; pi. 33; pi.
34, fig. 5) from the Lower Cretaceous of
the Zeia river area, is similar in form
to P. rein ii, but P. latifolius has leaves
which taper in their upper half.
The general appearance of leaves inboth P. issykkulensis and P. latifolius
reminds us of those of P. griesbachi origi·
nally described by SEWARD (1912, p. 36,
pi. 4, fig. 58; pi. 6, fig. 79) from theJurassic of Afghanistan and by OISHI(1932, p. 12, pi. 3, fig. 12) from the Older
Mesozoic of Maizuru coal-field, Japan.
V ASSILEVSKAJA and PAVLOV (1963)
illustrated more three Podozamites species
from the Lower Cretaceous of Lena basin
as follows; Podozamites olenekensis VASSILEVSKAJA (pi. 30, fig. 3) has long oval
leaves, 8.5 cm long, 2.7 cm wide, which,in the ratio of L/W, are similar td thoseof P. eichwaldii mentioned above; Podozamites ovalifolius VASSILEVSKAJA (pi.
16, figs. 6, 7) has extraordinally small
leaves, 1.3 cm long and 7 mm wide, which
resemble closely that of P. subreinii;
Three imperfect large leaves were illustrated under the specific name of Podozamites striatus VELENOVSKY (pi. 29, figs.
1, 2), which are almost indistinguishable
externally from those of P. reinii.
Though the above mentioned species
have all been established depending only
on their external morphology, it should
be noted that oval or long-oval Podozamites
leaves as P. reinii and its allies, occur
not only from the Lower Cretaceous
Oguchi and Akaiwa Formations andNagdong Group, but also from the coevalof both the Lena and the Amur palaeofloristic provinces, Siberia.
KOBA YASHI (1951) mentioned the closely
associated occurrence of Podozamites

reinii, and the wood Xenoxylon latiporosum (CRAMER) GOTHAN. As was mentioned by KIMURA and SEKIDO (1967),
the writer found a thick stem sending
off several shoots with leaves which werereferable to Podozamites reinii, from the
Oguchi Formation, but unfortunately its
anatomy could not be made out becauseof ill-preservation.
DELLE (1967) described the Middle
Jurassic flora from Tkvarchelian coalbasin, Transcaucasia with the descriptionof Xenoxylon latiporosum, but this flora
did not contain such Podozamites leaves
as P. reinii or its allies but P. dr. lanceolatus.
Horizons & Occurrence: D, E-Tamodani, C-Hayashidani. Common.
Depository: TD--9032, TD-9170, TD9163, TDX-010, TDX-Oll, TDX-012, TE9032, HC-9009, HC-9010.

Podozamites sp. dr. P. eichwaldii
SCHIMPER
PI. 8, fig. 10

Description of SPecimens: Several
long oval-shaped leaf fragments as shownin Plate 8, fig. 10, were examined.
Laminae 3-3.5 em long or more, 0.8-1 cm
wide measured at the middle portion;
both ends ronuded; nerves simple,
parallel, crowded, converging to bothends, 60 per cm in density.
Remarks: The present specimens differ from those of Podozamites reinii inrepresenting smaller and more longer
leaves than the latter.
The present specimens strongly recall
those of Podozamites eichwaldii known
from the Upper Jurassic to the Lower
Cretaceous of Spitzbergen, East Siberia,
Mongolia, Northeast China and Alaska.
Horizon & Occurrence: H-Tamodani.

646.
Common.
Depository:

Middle-late Early Cretaceous Plants

TH·004, TH-020.
Coniferales

Genus Pityophyllum NATHORST, 1897
Pityophyllum sp.
PI. 7, fig. 11; PI. 8, fig. 11

Description of Specimens: Many detached coniferous leaves as shown in
PI. 8, fig. 11 were obtained. They are
all imperfect fragments, elongate-lanceolate in outline, linear or sickle-shaped,
unknown in length and 1.9 mm in width,tapering gradually towards an acuminate
end but the other end is semicircular inform as shown in PI. 7, fig. 11. Midnerves are faintly preserved. Other indications of, transversely wrinkled lamina,
two marginal veins and longitudinal
striations marking the position of row
of stomata as stated by SEWARD (1919,
p. 381), were not recognized.
Remarks: The generic term Pityophyllum has been employed for detached,long and narrow, coniferous leaves, andhas been known from the Upper Triassic
to the Cretaceous, but some of whichhave been confused with the leaves of
Neocalamites.
So far as the writer knows, six speciesof Pityophyllum have been described.
They are separated mainly by the widthof lamina. The widest is, as the specificname indicates, Pityophyllum latifolium
TURTANovA-KETovA from the Upper
Triassic of Issyk-Kul basin (TuRTANovAKETOVA, 1960; GENKINA, 1966), reaching
6 mm wide. Pityophyllum nordenskioldi(HEER) NA THORST, which has been described from the Upper Triassic or the
Lower Jurassic to the Lewer Cretaceousof Spitzbergen, Sweden, Issyk-Kul basin
and its environs, Northeastern China,

85

Western Canada and Eastern Siberia by
variou3 authors, is intermediate, 3-6 mm
wide.
More narrow, 1.5-2.5 mm are both
Pityophyllum angustifolium (NATHORST)
MOLLER from the Upper Triassic or the
Lower Jurassic of Sweden and Issyk-Kul
basin (NATHORST, 1878; MOLLER, 1903;
JOHANSSON, 1922; GENKINA, 1966), andPityophyllum staratschini (HEER) NATHORST from the Lower Jurassic of
Sweden and the Lower Cretaceous of
Eastern Siberia (NATHORST, 1897; SAMYLINA, 1967). The above mentioned species
are different in width from the present
specimens which are constant in the
maximum width, 1.9 mm.
Pityophyllum longifolium (NATHORST)
MOLLER, from the Upper Triassic andthe Lower Jurassic of Sweden and Japan(NATHORST, 1876, 1878; BARTHOLIN, 1894;
MOLLER, 1903; OISHI, 1931, 1932, 1935;OISHI and TAKAHASHI, 1936) and fromthe Lower Cretaceous of Western Canada(BELL, 1956), is also a narrow type, but
it differs from the present specimens inthat the fomer leaves are extremely
long, hence the specific name.
So far as the width is concerned, themost comparable species might be Pityophyllum lindstromi NATHORST, of whichlaminae are 1-2 mm wide, described fromthe Jurassic to the Lower Cretaceous of
Spitzbergen, Amur, Eastern Siberia(NATHORST, 1897; KRYSHTOFOVICH,1910,
1914, 1915; SAMYLINA, 1963; V ASSILEVSKAJA, 1966), but it differs also in generaloutline of leaves from the present specimens which are more shorter in lengthand elongate-lanceolate in form.
The detached leaves described by
YOKOYAMA (1889, p. 63, pI. 9, fig. 12b)
under the name of Pinus nordenskioldi
HEER, from the Oguchi Formation of
Kuwashima, is indistinguishable from thepresent specimens.

86

Tatsuaki KIMURA

Though NATHORST (1897) and SEWARD(1919) considered that such detachednarrow coniferous leaves as above mentioned, have no real botanical value, it isnoted that the narrower form of Pityophyllum are characteristic in the Lower
Cretaceous time of Eastern Siberia andthe Tetori basin.
Horizon & Occurrence: H-Tamodani.
Common.
Depository: TH-018, TH-021, TH-034.
Specimens are all deposited at the
Department of Astronomy and Earth
Sciences, Tokyo Gakugei University.
Regarding the registered number of thedepository, the first letter T indicates
the Tamodani valley and H the Hayashidani valley, and the second letter stratigraphical horizon yielding fossils collated
to that in Fig. 2.

References
ABRAMOVA, L. N. (1970): Early Cretaceous
flora from Zygansk and the adjacentarea of the Lena basin. Paleont. Biostr.,
29, p. 36-57, 10 pIs. (in Russian).
ALVIN, K. L. (1968) The spore-bearing organsof the Cretaceous fern Weichselia. J.
Linn. Soc. (Bot.), 61, p. 87-92.
- - (1971): Weichselia reticulata (STOKES& WEBB) FONTAINE from the Wealdenof Belgium. Mem. Inst. roy. Sci. nat.
Belgique, No. 166, p. 1-33, 9 pIs.
ARCHANGELSKY, S. & BALDONI, A. (1972);
Revision de las Bennettitales de laFormacion Baquero (Cretacico Inferior),
Provincia de Santa Cruz. 1. Hojas. Rev.
Museo de La Plata, N. S., Torno 7, p.
195-265, 16 pIs.
BELL, W. A. (1956):
Lower Cretaceous
floras of Western Canada. Ceo!. Surv.
Canada, Mem. 285, p. 1-153, 85 pIs.
BOSE, M. N. (1957):
Some fragmentary
plant fossils from Marsinghpur district,
Madhya Pradesh, India. Palaeobotanist,
6(2), p. 49-50, 1 pI.

Explanation of Plate 5
Fig. 1. Equisetites sp. Two tubers oppositely disposed and nearly perpendicular to a slenderrhizome buried in the rock matrix. x 2, TC-9026.
Figs. 2-5. Osmundopsis? sp.
2. An imperfect pinna with triangular pinnules. x 2, TH-029.
3. An imperfect pinna, pinnules with shallowly lobed margins. x 2, TH-031.
4. Showing a part of fertile frond; A: rachis, B: a pinna with small fertile pinnules.
xl, TG-Oll.
5. Fertile pinnules enlarged from Fig. 4B, x 3.
Figs. 6-9. Birisia onychioides (VASSILEVSKAJA & KARA-MuRsA) SAMYLINA
6. Apical portion of a penultimate pinnae. x 1,TOY-001.
7. Enlarged from portion indicated by arrow in Fig. 6, showing lobed laminae withsmall sori at the tips of lobes. x 4.
8. Fertile part on the apical portion of a penultimate pinna. x 2, TO-9174B.
9. Enlarged from the lowest pinna in Fig. 8. x 6.
Fig. 10. Sphenopteris kochibeana (YOKOYAMA) OISHI Showing an imperfect frond with two
pinnae; A: the apex of pinna, B: slender rachis. x 2, TF-007.
Fig. 11. Cladophlebis ex gr. denticulata (BRONGNIART) FONTAINE Showing an imperfectpinna fragment. xl, TOX-OOL
Fig. 12. Cladophlebis efr. pseudolobi/olia V ACHRAMEEV Showing the shape of pinnules." x 4,
TH-026.

K I MURA:

Early Cretaceous plants from Fukui

Plat e 5646.

Middle-late Early Cretaceous Plants- - (1959): Occurrence of two characteristic Wealden ferns in the Jabalpur
Series. Nature, 183, p. 130-131.
- - and SUKH DEv (1958): Studies of thefossil flora of the Jabalpur Series fromthe South Rewa, Gondwana basin, I.
Cycadopteris, Nipaniophyllum and Cinkgoites. Palaeobotanist, 7(2), p. 143-154,
3 pis.
- - and KAsAT, M. L. (1972): The Genus
Ptilophyllum in India. Palaeobotanist, 19(2), p. 115-145, 14 pis.
BOWER, F. O. (1961): Botany of the living
plant (Fourth Edition). London MacMillan & Co., p. ix+I-699.
DABER, R. (1968): A Weichselia-StiehleriaMatoniaceae community within the
Quedlinburg Estuary of Lower Cretaceous age. j. Linn. Soc. (Bot.), 61, (384),
p. 75-85.
DELLE, G. V. (1967): The Middle Jurassic
flora of the Tkvarchelian coal-basin(Transcaucasia). Paleobotanika, 6, p. 53132, 25 pis. (in Russian).
FEISTMANTEL, O. (1877):
Flora of the
Jabalpur Group (Upper Gondwanas), in
the Son-Narbada region. Palaeont. Indica,Ser. 11, Vol. 2, Pt. 2, p. 1-25, 14 pis.
FLORIN, R. (1936): Die fossilen Ginkgophyten
von Franz-Josef Land. I. Spezieller Teil.
Palaeontogr., B, Bd. 81, p. 71-173, 31 pis.
- - (1936):
Ibid., II. Allgemeiner Teil.
Ibid., Bd. 82, p. 1-72, !l pis.
FONTAII'E, W. N. (1889): The Potomac orYounger Meszoic flora. U. S. Ceol. Surv.,
Mon. 15, Pt. 1, Text, p. 1-377; Pt. 2,
180 pis.
- - in WARD (1905): Status of the Mesozoic
floras of the United States. Ibid., Mon.
48, Pt. 1, Text, p. 1-616; Pt. 2, Atlas,
45 pis.
GENKINA, R. Z. (1966):
Fossil flora andstratigraphy of the Lower Mesozoic
deposits of the Issyk-Kul basin (Northern
Kirghizia). Moscow, p. 1-148, 61 pis. (inRussian).
GEYLER, H. T. (1877): Ueber Fossile Pflanzen
aus der Juraformation Japans. Palaeontogr., Bd. 24, p. 221-232, 4 pis.
HARRIS, T. M. (1931): The fossil flora of87

Scoresby Sound, East Greenland.
I.
Cryptogams (exclusive of Lycopodiales).
Medd. Crtjmland, Kjobenhavn, 85, 2, p. 1104, 18 pis.
- - (1964): The Yorkshire Jurassic flora.
II. Caytoniales, Cycadales and Pteridosperms. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London,p. 1-185, 7 pis.
- - (1969): Ibid., III. Bennettitales. Ibid.,
p. 1-186, 7 pis.
HASE, A. (1960): The Late Mesozoic formations and their molluscan fossils inWest Chugoku and North Kyushu, Japan.
j. Sci., Hiroshima Univ., Ser. C, Vol. 3,
No.2, p. 281-342, 5 pis.
HEER, O. (1874): Die Kreide-Flora derarctischen Zone. K. svenska Vetensk.Akad. Handl., Stockholm, Bd. 12, No.6,
p. 1-138, 38 pis.
- - (1876): Beitriige zur Jura-Flora Ostsibiriens und des Amurlandes. Mem. Acad.
Imp. Sci., St.-Petersb. (7), 22, 12, p. 1122, 31 pis. (Fl. Foss. Arct., 4-2).
- - (1878): Beitrage zur fossilen Flora
Sibiriens und des Amurlandes. Ibid.,(7), 25, 6, p. 1-58, 15 pis. (Fl. Foss.
Arct., 5-2).
Institute of Geology, Academy of China and
Editorial Committee of "Geology ofChina" (1956): Geological Materials in
China (Draft). Kexue Publ., Peking, p.
1-693 (in Chinese).
(1958): Ditto (Sequel). Ibid., p. 1-190(in Chinese).
JACOB, K. and JACOB, C. (1954): Cuticularstudy of Indian Ptilophyllum fronds
from Cutch and Jabbulpore. Ceol. Surv.
India, N. S., 38(1), p. 1-34, 10 pis.
JAIINICHEN, H. and KAHLERT, H. (1972):
Ober eine mesozoische Flora aus derMongolischen Volksrepublik. Ceol., 21(8), p. 964-990, 6 pis.
KIMURA, T. (1958): Mesozoic plants fromthe Tetori Series, Central Honshu, Japan.
Pt. 1. Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan,
N. S., 29, p. 166-168, 1 pI.
- - (1958): On the Tetori flora (Pt. 1);
Mesozoic plants from the Kuzuryu Subgroup, Tetori Group, Japan. Bull. Sen.
High Sch., Tokyo Univ. Educ., II-2, p. 1-

88Tatsuaki KIMURA

47, 4 pis.
- - (1959): On the Tetori flora (Pt. 2);
Addition to the Mesozoic plants fromthe Kuzuryu Sub-group, Tetori Group,Japan. Ibid., III, p. 104-117, 2 pis.
- - (1961): Mesozoic plants from the
Itoshiro Sub-group, the Tetori Group,
Central Honshu, Japan (Pt. 2). Trans.
Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S., 41, p.
21-32, 3 pis.
_ . (1967): On the Middle-Upper Jurassic
and Lower Cretaceous floras.
Kaseki(Fossils), Nosl. 9-20, p.14-24(inJapanese).
- - (1973): Distribution of Mesozoic plants
Ibid., Nos. 25-26, p. 9-44 (in Japanese).
- - (1974): Late early Cretaceous flora of
the Tetori basin. Chigakukenkyu, Kyoto,_25(1-6), p. 159-169 (in Japanese).
- - (1974): Notes on the early Cretaceous
floras of Japan. Bull. Tokyo Gakugei
Univ. (in press).
- - and SEKlDO, S. (1963): On the Tetori
flora. A summary notes on the Itoshiro
flora, with special reference to theMesozoic floristic provinces of the Japanese Islands. Kaseki (Fossils), No.6,
p. 35-46 (in Japanese).
- - and - - (1965): Some interesting Ginkgoalean leaves from the Itoshiro Subgroup, the Tetori Group, Central Honshu,
Japan. Mem. Mejiro Gakuen Woman's Jr.
Call., Vol. 2, p. 1-4, 2 pis.
- - and - - (1966): Mesozoic plants fromthe Itoshiro Sub-group, the Tetori Group,

Central Honshu, Japan. Ibid., Vol. 3, p.
1-7, 4 pis.
- - and ._- (1967): Some Mesozoic plantsfrom the Itoshiro Sub-group, the Tetori
Group, Central Honshu, Japan. Prof. H.
SHIBATA Mem. Vol., p. 416-419, 3 pis.
- - and - - (1971): The discovery of the
Cycad-like leaflets with toothed margin
from the Lower Cretaceous Itoshiro Subgroup, the Tetori Group, Central Honshu,
Japan. Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan,
N. S., 84, p. 190-195, 1 pI.
- - and - - (1972): Ctenis species fromthe Itoshiro Sub-group (Lower Cretaceous), the Tetori Group, Central Honshu,
Japan. Ibid., 86, p. 360-368, 2 pis.
- - and - - (1974): Bipinnate cycadean
fronds newly found from the Lower
Cretaceous Itoshiro Sub-group, the Tetori
Group, Central Honshu, Japan. "Symposium on Morphological and Stratigraphical
Palaeobotany", Birbal SAllNI Inst. Palaeobot., Spec. Publ., No.2, p. 23-27, 3 pis.
- - and - - (1975): Nilssoniocladus n. gen.
(Nilssoniaceae n. fam.), newly foundfrom the early Lower Cretaceous ofJapan. Palaeontogr. (in press).
KIRICHKOVA, A.1. and BUDANTSE\', L. U.
(1967): A new finding of the Lower
Cretaceous flora with Angiosperms in
Yakutia. Bot. Zh. USSR, 52(7), p. 937949 (in Russian).
- - and SLASTENOV, J. L. (1968): Stratigraphy of continental Aptian and Albian

Explanation of Plate 6
Figs. 1-4. Birisia onychioides (VASSILEVSKAJA & KARA-MuRsA) SAl'vIYLI?>!A
1. A large proximal ultimate pinna fragment, tapering abruptly towards the acuminate
apex. Pinnules long and narrow except ones on the apical portion. xI, TDY -004.
2. Showing the shape of pinnules on the proximal portion of a frond. x 2, TD-OOOL
3. Showing the deeply lobed pinnules on the proximal portion of a frond. x 4, TD-OOOL
4. Showing a distal ultimate pinna, pinnules small and with entire margins. x I, TDY- 002.
Fig. 5. Cladophlebis ex gr. denticulata (BRONGNIART) FONTAINE Showing a pinna fragmentwith broader pinnules than those shown in PI. 5, fig. 11. x 2, TH-OOL
Figs. 6-7. Onychiopsis elongata (GEYLER) YOKOYAMA
6. A proximal pinna fragment. x 2, TG-9028.
7. A distal pinna fragment. x 2, TDX-002.

KIMURA:

Early Cretaceous plants from F~~kuiPlate 6

646.

Middle-late Early C1-etaceous Plants

deposits of Verchojansk foredeep andVilui syneclise. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR,
181(13), p. 171-174 (in Russian).
KOBAY ASHI, T. (1939): The geological ageof the Mesozoic land floras in WesternJapan discussed from the stratigraphicalstandpoint. japan. jour. Ceol. Ceogr.,Vol. 16, Nos. 1-2, p. 75-103.
- - (1942): On the climatic bearing of the
Mesozoic floras in Eastern Asia. Ibid.,
Vol. 18, p. 157-196.
- - (1951): Geology of Mt. Hakusan andits surrounding area. Ishikawa Pre/., p.
1-18, 1 pI. (in Japanese).
- - and SUZUKI, K. (1936): Non·marine
shells of the Jurassic Tetori Series inJapan. japan. jour. Ceol. Ceogr., Vol.
14, Nos. 1-2, p. 35-52.
KON'NO, E. (1967): Some younger Mesozoic
plants from Malaya. Palaeont. SE Asia,
Tokyo, Vol. 3, p. 135-164, 3 pis.
- - (1968):
Addition to some younger
Mesozoic plants from Malaya.
Ibid.,
Vol. 4, p. 139-155, 4 pis.
KRASSILOV, V. A. (1967): Farly Cretaceous
flora from Southern Primorye and its
significance for stratigraphy. Moscow,
p. 1-248, 93 pis. (in Russian).
- - (1972): Mesozoic flora from the Bureja
river region (Ginkgoales and Czekanowskiales). Moscow, p. 1-116, 34 pis. (inRussian).
KRYSHTOFOVICH, A. (1910): Jurassic plantsfrom Ussuriland. KRYSHTOFOVICH'S selected works, Moscow (1966), p. 51-66, 3
pis. (in Russian).
- - (1915): Jurassic plants from the river
Tyrma (Amurland). Trav. Mus. Ceol.
Min. Pierre Ie Crand Acad. Imp. Sci., 8,
p. 79-124, 7 pis.
- - (1916): Material for the Jurassic floraof Ussuriland. Trav. Mus. Ceol. Min.
St.-Petersb., 2, 4, p. 81-140, 5 pis.
- - (1933): Baikal Formation of the Angara
Group. Trans. Ceo!. Prosp. Servo USSR,
Moscow, 326, p. 1-136. 17 pis.
- - (1957):
Paleobotanika (Text-book).
Leningrad, p. 1-650.
- - and PRYNADA, V. (1932): Contribution
to the Mesozoic flora of the Ussuriland.

89

Bull. Ceol. Prosp. Servo USSR, Moscow,
51, p. 363-373, 2 pis.
LEBEDEV, E. L. (1965): Late Jurassic flora
from Zeia and boundary between Jurassic
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Nauk, Moscow, 125, p. 1-142, 36 pis. (inRussian).
- - and RASSKAZOVA, E. S. (1968): A new
genus of the Mesozoic ferns-Lobi/olia.
Ceol. Inst. Acad. Sci. USSR, 191 (Mesozoic plants), p. 56-69, 3 pis. (inRussian).
LUNDBLAD, B. (1968): The present status of
the genus Pseudotorellia FLORIN (Ginkgophyta). jour. Linn. Soc. (Bot.), 61, 384,
p. 189-195.
MAEDA, S. (1957): Stratigraphy and geological structure of the Tetori Group along
the Uchinami and Itoshiro rivers, Fukui
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741, p. 357-365 (in Japanese).
- - (1957): The Tetori Group in the Oyama
area, Itoshiro village, Fukui Prefecture.
Ibid., 747, p. 664-668 (in Japanese).
-_. (1958): Stratigraphy and geologicalstructure of the Tetori Group in the
Hakusan district (Pt. 1; Stratigraphy),
Ibid., 64, 758, p. 583-594 (in Japanese).
MATSuO, H. and OMURA, K. (1966): Socalled "Tetori Series" in the Tetorigawa Area. Ann. Sci. Kanazawa Univ.,
3, p. 77-97 (in Japanese).
MEHTA, K. R. and SUD, J. D. (1953): On
Some ginkgoalean leaf impressions fromthe Rajmahal Hills. Palaeo botanist, 2,
p. 51-54.
MENE:-iDEZ, C. A. (1966): Fossil Bennettitales
from the Tico flora, Santa Cruz province,
Argentina. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Ceol.,12(1), p. 1-42, 19 pis.
MOLLER, H. (1903): Bidrag till Bornholms
fossila flora (Rhat och Lias). Gymnospermar. K. svenska Vetensk. Akad.
Hand!., Stockholm, 36, 6, p. 1-56, 7 pis.
NAGAO, T. (1926): A note on the Mesozoic
formation in Arita-gun, Provo of Kii.
jour. Ceol. Soc. japan, 33, 399, p. 378384 (in Japanese).
NATHORST, A. G. (1876): Bidrag till Sveriges
fossila flora. K. svenska Vetensk. Akad.

90

Tatsuaki KIMURA

Hand!., 14, p. 1-82, 16 pIs.
- - (1878): Om floran Skanes KolfOrande
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9 pIs.
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K. Akad. wiss. Wien
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- - (1897) : Zur mesozoischen Flora Spitzbergens. K. svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handl.,
30, 1, p. 1-77, 6 pIs.
NISHIDA, M. (1960):
Lower Cretaceous
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OISIll, S. (1931): Fossil plants from Japanand Korea. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Imp. Univ.,
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- - (1932): The Jurassic plants from
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- - (1940): The Mesozoic floras of Japan.
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- - (1941): On the occurrence of a Dipteridaceous fern from the Tetori Series ofToyama prefecture. Ibid., Vol. 6, No.2,
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- - and TAKAllASHI, E. (1936): The Rhaetic
plants from Province Nagato. A supplement. Ibid., Vol. 3, No.2, p. 115-133,
1 pI.
OLDHAM, T. and MORRIS, J. (1863): The
fossil flora of the Rajmahal Series,
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Ceol. Surv.
India Mem., Palaeont. Indica, Ser. 2d, Pt.
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OMURA, K. (19'i3): Stratigraphical study of
the Cretaceous System of the Hida
mountainous district, Central Japan.
Ann. Sci., Kanazawa Univ., Vol, 10, p.

Explanation of Plate 7
Figs. 1-3. Cleichenites aff. porsildi SEWARD
1. An imperfect penultimate pinna with rather closely set ultimate pinnae. x 2, TG-039.
2. Showing closely set ultimate pinnae with long, narrow and linear pinnules. x 2,
TG-042.
3. Showing pinnules with convex surface, and with broadly undulated margins. x 4,
TH-005.
Fig. 4. Jacutopteris sp. Showing long and narrow pinnules with shallowly undulated
margins. x 2, TF -005.
Fig. 5. Adiantites sp. A (left) and Cleichenites aff. porsildi SEWARD (right) Left; Showing
an imperfect pinnules of Adiantites sp. A. xl, TH-009. Right; Imperfect pinna fragments of Cleichenites aff. porsildi.
Figs. 6-7. Adiantites sp. B
6. Showing one of pinnately arranged pinnules which are fan-shaped and with entire
or shallowly lobed apical margin. x2, TD-007B.
7. An imperfect detached pinnule like the above. x 2, TDX-005.
Fig. 8. Nilssonia efr. orientalis HEER Showing apical notch of lamina. x 2, TDX-005.
Fig. 9. Nilssonia sp. efr. N. nipponensis YOKOYAMA Showing basal portion of lamina irregularly segmented. x 2, TD-9017.
Fig. 10. Podozamites reinii GEYLER Showing a shoot fragment with imperfectly preserved
leaves. xl, HC-9009 (Hayashidani valley, this horizon HC is on equivalent of TC).
Fig. 11. Pityophyllum sp. Showing detached long-Ianceolate and linear or falcate leaves
with single midnerve; A: probably apex. B: probably basal part of a leaf. x 2, TH-021.

KIMURA:

Early Cretaceous plants frorn F~()c~~iPlate 7

646.

Middle-late Early Cretaceous Plants

107-154 (in Japanese).
ORLOVSKAJA, E. R. (1962): The finds ofPseudotorellia and Eretmophyllum in theJurassic deposits of Kazakhstan. Bot.
Zh. USSR, Tom 47, No. 10, p. 1437-1445,
4 pIs. (in Russian).
OTA, Y. (1960): The zonal distribution of
the non-marine fauna in the Upper
Mesozoic Wakino Sub-group. Mem. Fac.
Sci., Kyushu Univ., (D), Ceol., 9(3), p.
187-209.
PROSVIRJAKOVA, Z. P. (1966): Jurassic floraof Mangwishlak and its significance forstratigraphy. Akad. Nauk, USSR, p. 1173, 35 pIs. (in Russian).
SAIl, S. C. D. (1952): Occurrence of Cinkgoites
in the Rajmahal Series of Bihar. Curro
Sci., 121, p. 129-130.
- - (1953): On some species of Cinkgoites
from the Jurassic of the Rajmahal Hills,
Bihar. Palaeobotanist, 2, p. 55-58,- - and JAIN, K. P. (1965):
Cinkgoites
rajmahalensis sp. nov. from the Rajmahal
Hills, Bihar, India. Ibid., 13(2), p. 155157, 1 pI.
SAMYLINA, V. A. (1956): Two new types ofginkgophyta from the Lower Cretaceousof the Aldan river. Bot. Zh. USSR, Tom
41, No. 10, p. 1525-1527, 1 pI. (in Russian).
- - (1963): Mesozoic flora of the lower
course of the Aldan river. Trudy bot.
Inst. Acad. Nauk, SSSR, ser. 8 (Palaeobot.), 4, p. 59-138 37 pIs. (in Russian).
- - (1964): On the Lower Cretaceous flora
from the middle part of Sikhota-Alin.
Bot. Zh. USSR, Tom 49, No.9, p. 12861287, 1 pI. (in Russian).
- - (1964): Mesozoic flora of the area tothe west of the Kolyma river (Zyryanka
coal-basin), Pt. l. Paleobotanika, 5, p.
41-78, 18 pIs. (in Russian).
(1967): Ditto, Pt. 2. Ibid., 6, p. 136173, 37 pIs. (in Russian).
- - (1972): Birisia-New genus Cretaceous
ferns of Siberia. Bot. Zh. USSR, Tom
57, No.1, p. 94-102, 2 pIs. (in Russian).
SEWARD, A. C. (1894): The Wealden flora,
Pt. l. Thallophyta-Pteridophyta. Catalogue of Mesozoic plants in the Dept. of
Ceology, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), p. 1-

91179, 11 pIs.
- - (1895): Ibid., Pt. 2. Gymnospermae.
Ibid., p. 1-259, 20 pIs.
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Ann. South Afr. Mus., 4, p. 1-122, 14 pIs.
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Surv. Mem., Palaeont. Indica, N. S., Vol.
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--- (1913): A contribution to our knowledge of Wealden floras. Ceol. Soc.
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p. xvi + 1-543.
- - (1926): The Cretaceous plant-bearing
rocks of Western Greenland. Roy. Soc.
London Philos. Trans., Vol. 215B, p. 57174, 9 pIs.
- - and CONWAY, V. M. (1935): Additional
Cretaceous plants from Western Greenland. K. svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handl.,
Vol. 15, p. 1-51, 6 pIs.
SHI~IAKCRA, M. (1937):
Studies on fossil
woods from Japan and adjacent lands.
Contribution I-II. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Imp.
Univ., 2nd ser. (Ceo!.), 18, p. 267-310,11
pIs.; 19(1), p. 1-73, 15 pIs.
SMILEY, C.]. (1969): Floral zones and correlations of Cretaceous Kukpowruk andCorwin Formations, Northwestern Alaska.
Amer. Ass. Petro Ceol. Bull., 53(10), p.
2079-2093.
STOPES, M. C. (1915): The Cretaceous flora.
Pt. 2. Lower Greensand (Aptian) plantsof Britain. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), p.
1-360+36, 31 pIs.
SZE, H. C. (1956): Older Mesozoic plantsfrom the Yenchang Formation, Northern
Shensi. Palaeont. Sinica, N. S., A, 5(139).
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TATEIWA, 1. (1929): Geological atlas ofTyosen (Korea), No. 10, Keishu-EisenTaikyu and Wakwan Sheets, 1/50000.
Ceo!. Surv. Tyosen (Korea).
VAKHRA:'IEEV, V. A. (1958): Stratigraphy
and fossil plants from the Jurassic andCretaceous deposits of the Vilui basin
and Verchojansk foredeep. Reg. Stra~gr.
SSSR, 3, p. 1-128, 32 pIs. (in Russian).

92

Tatsuaki KIMURA(1962): New early Cretaceous cycadophyta from Yakutia. Paleont. Zh. USSR,
3, p. 123-129, 2 pis. (in Russian).
- - (1964): Jurassic and early Cretaceous
floras of. Eurasia and the palaeofloristic
provinces of this period. USSR Acad.
Sci. Trans., 102, p. 1-261 (in Russian).
(1966): Jurassic floras of the USSR.
Palaeobotanist, Vol. 14, Nos. 1-3, p. 118123.
- - (1968): New Mesozoic ferns. Ceoi.
Inst. Acad. Sci. USSR Trans., 191, p. 716, 4 pis. (in Russian).
- - (1970): First discovery of Dictyozamites(Bennettitales) in the Mesozoic of Siberia.
Paleont. Zh. USSR, 4, p. 120-123 (inRussian).
- - (1971): Development of the early
Cretaceous flora in Siberia. Ceophyt., 1(1), p. 75-83.
- - and DOLUDENKO, M. P. (1961): Upper
Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous flora of
the Bureja basin and its significance forstratigraphy.
USSR Acad. Sci. Ceoi.
Inst. Trans., 54, p. 1-135, 40 pis. (inRussian).
- - and LEBEDEv, E. L. (1967): Palaeobotanical characteristics and age of coal-bearing beds of Far East (interfluve of
Uda and Amur rivers). Izuv. Akad. Nauk
SSSR, ser. Ceol., 2, p. 120-133 (inRussian).
- - , DOBRUSKINA, I. A., ZAKLINSKAYA, E. D.
and MEYEl', S. V. (1971): Palaeozoic
and Mesozoic floras of Eurasia and phytogeography of this time. USSR Acad. Sci.
Trans., 208, p. 1-424 (in Russian).
VASSILEVSKAJA, N. D. (1957): Three new
types of ferns from the Lower Cretaceousof the lower course of the Lena river.
Sbor. Stat. Palaeont. biostr., Leningrad,3, p. 69-76, 2 pis. (in Russian).
- - (1960): A new fern genus- jacutopterisgen. nov. from the Lower Cretaceous ofNorthern Yakut. Ibid., 22, p. 63-67, 2
pis. (in Russian).
--- (1966): Some early Cretaceous plantsof Jigans\( district (Lena coal-basin).
Tr. NIlCA, 15, p. 50-76, 7 pis. (inRussian).
- - (1967): Early Cretaceous ferns from
Lena-Olenek district (Lena basin). Ibid.,
17, p. 58-78, 8 pis. (in Russian).
--- and PAVLOV, V. V. (1963): Stratigraphy
and flora from Cretaceous beds of LenaOienek region of Lena coal-basin, II.

Explanation of Plate 8
Fig. 1. Arctopteris sp. Showing a pinna fragment with imperfectly preserved pinnules. x 2,
TG-019.
Fig. 2. Cleichenites aff. porsildi SE\\'ARD Showing circular scar·s of sori on each side of
midnerve. x 3, TG-024.
Fig. 3. Cladophlebis cfr. pseudolobi/olia V ACHRAMEEV Showing variable form and theSphenopteris-type nervation of pinnules. x 2, TH-012.
Fig. 4. Adiantites sp. A Showing a pinnule with crenulated apical margin. x 2, TH-010.
Figs. 5-6. Pseudotorellia sp.
5. Showing rounded apex. x 2, TC-9027B.
6. Showing cuneate base. x 2, TC-9027.
Fig. 7. Cinkgodium? sp. Showing the leaf divided deeply into two segments. xl, TG-017.
Fig. 8. Sphenobaiera? sp. Showing a part of leaf fragments. xl, TG-007.
Fig. 9. Ginkgoites sp. Showing deeply segmented leaf fragment. xI, TD-9030.
Fig. 10. Podozamites sp. cfr. P. eichwaldi SCHI~IPER Showing two fragments of leaves. x 2,
TH-004.
Fig. 11. Pityophyllum sp. and Cladophlebis cfr. pseudolobi/olia VACIIRAMEEV Showing longlanceolate and linear Pityophyllum leaves and hvo pinnules of Cladophlebis cfr. pseudolobi/olia. x 2, TH-034.

KIMU RA:

Early Cretaceous plants j?·om Fukui

Plate 8

646.

93

Middle-late Early Cretace01tS Plants

Problems of oil and gas content beds in
Arctica. Ibid., 105(11), p. 1-96, 49 pis.
(in Russian).
- - and Al3RA!\IOVA, L. N. (1966): Material
for the knowledge of the early Cretaceous flora of Lena basin. Ibid.,16, p. 7396, 8 pis. (in Russian).
WATSON, J. (1969):
A revision of the
English Wealden flora, 1. CharalesGinkgoales. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.),Geot., 17(5), p. 209-254.6 pis.
YABE, H. (1905):
Mesozoic plants from
Korea.
Jour. Coil. Sci., Imp. Univ.
Tokyo, 22(8), p. 1-59, 4 pis.
_ . (1913):
Mesozoische Pflanzen vonOmoto. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Imp. Univ.,

Akaiwa
ill';
'"'
'fi
Ayukawa'
JII
wli
Chinabotadaniro IJII ilii] 1j.
Chinju (Jinju)
1-1-1sFujianfi'ii~
Hakusanill~
1j.
Hayashidani
1*
He-gang
M,}
lim
Hida
~qI
~
t~ ,
Hua-shanill
Itoshiro
S
E
fflI£
Izumi
7'R
5¥ll
}t
Jian-def.E\
JusanhamamTr'-oKami-Anama
.m
/\
1::
Kawaguchi
1=1
)II
1j.
Kitadani
;It
Kochi
?Ei
Komatsut~'j'
Kukunari/\hX:
T
Kuwashima (Kuwajima) :¥f~
jjj'{
Kuzuryu"""
1L'!!.
Kwanmon'*1
Kyongsang (Gyeongsang) ~fbi
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ill
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)11
4m
flB
'~
Mulin
lSi

=

ro

r,

2nd ser. (Geol.), 1(4), p. 59-64, 1 pI.
- - (1922): Notes on some Mesozoic plantsfrom Japan, Korea and China, in thecollection of the Insti tute of Geology
and Palaeontology of the Tohoku Imperial
University. Ibid., 7(1), p. 1-28, 4 pis.
- - (1927): Cretaceous stratigraphy of theJapanese Islands. Ibid., 11(1), p.27-100,
7 pis.
YOKOY AMA, M. (1889): Jurassic plants from
Kaga, Hida and Echizen. Jour. Coil.
Sci., Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 3(1), p. 1-66, 14
pis.
- - (1894): Mesozoic plants from Kozuke,
Kii, Awa and Tosa. Ibid., 7(3), p. 201231, 9 pis.

Nagdong (Naktong)
Nenjiang
Nobudani
NochinoOf una to
OguchiOmichidani
Omoto
Osugidani
Oyama
PantouRyosekiSha-he-tze
Shan-dong
Shimonoseki
Shinshu (=Chinju)
Shiragi (Silla)
Silla
Soma
Takinami
Tamodani
Tatsukawa
Tetori (Tedori)ToyoraUchinami
Yuasa
Zhejiang

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94

PROCEEDINGS OF THE PALAEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF JAPAN

B *tl~4'fo~~~ 115 @I{?1j~I:t., 1975 ~ 6}j 14

B (±) I;:.,;'fi'f-*~I~j'fl) ('i£Wilm) ICio\',-c1*J1l1i~;h.t.: (~~:'i!t 58 i'!).
OOA~;Jt~'v A • =~*~W-ft;rr lU'o vt 7.> tl~4'fo(})~~-1. fVi~~ .. tIiIJ*.Ii!*~· E#-fil-' i.l;u.lIli=

B *i1li(})~1L~ll:f~IH;:.-?\"-C (})-~~ .. i¥J~f*:~~1:i1lijRl1!ij'fl)(})~~=*t&ItX~t;:.-?\,'-C ....... .
.......... . ........ ·9:"H!:tl$?Xll~ . l1!iH!lAr

A new Heterophyllia from the Kanto Massif, Japan .. H. IGO & F. KOBAYASHI (f1;;W'C)
Halysites 7t~LI:(})~~* .......... WilH;Ii1:zij1]
m:lt!!i£: Syringopora, Favosites:t,; .t If Halysites()) tabula ~j€!;j(-;-7.> .••......••• WilH;Ii1:zij1]
Ontogenetic development of the Recent
Acrhelia and Galaxea (Scleractinia) ....
...... K. MORI, A. OMURA & K. MINOURAA Recent coralline sponge from the Palau
Island and its fossil relatives .... K. MORI
Two conularids from the Dzhulfian bed in
the Abadeh region, Central Iran...... .
.............. M. MURATA & F. GOLSHANI
mj'fl)~I:J:llt:lt!!3'(t{ll1mmt~JIIi£:~,vA*c.~JEm..

.................................. EBIR*iIifitflmOOJjll:fi£:(}) Pterotrigonia sakakurai (YEHARA) C Trigonioides I;:'-?\"-C .... EBH ~{I:E73 =\'- (Crassostrea Jm) (})JfJJmc~1m ..... .
..................................•l1!iliiilili
Correlation of south and southeast Asian
Neogene formations by mollusca ....... .
................................. T. SHUTO
On a Paleogene Anadara from the Kiuragi
formation in the Karatsu coal-field ....
..............
. .. T. SHUTO & Y. IKEDA
r$tlJIl!,Emlill8.Ii!Jj(}) Vicarya I;:.-?\,'-C ......

. ............... ...... . ...... ·~EB:llt-ll~
Gaudryceras (})*$1Ct;:'-?\"-C-7~ .... -'JZ!f5I.jR
Evolution of structure development of somescaphitoid ammonites from Japan ..... .
................................ K. TANABE
A record of Mortoniceras from Goshonoura. ......... T. MATSUMOTO & M. TASHIRO::t:-'JZt!flt'E (DSDP Leg XL) iJ,t?l*llil.~;h.td /~ '7 A:A•••.•••••••••.•..••.••••• • ~*~ll~

Albian ammonites from the Central Andes...... 1. OBATA, K. SHIBATA & Y. OGAWA
Miocene nautiloid from Nagano and Niigata Prefectures, Japan .......... H. NODA
Devonian conodonts from the Fukuji Group,
Hida Massif, Central Japan ........... .
.... Hy. IGo, T. KOIKE & Hh. IGO (f1;;W'C)
Carboniferous conodonts from the Ichinotani Group, Hida Massif, Central Japan.............. Hy. IGO & T. KOIKE (f1;;WC)An armored worm from the Miocene Yoko-oformation, Nagano Prefecture, Japan ..
.................... H. HATAI & H. NODA
;R~I:~~=*i£:iE~ 4~~, Sawamuraia, Katahiraia ftl!. • •. . • . • . . . .• . ••.••••.••• •/J'ttMOn some species of Fucales from the Tertiary of Japan ................ W. ISHIJIMA
On two alga-like fossils from the Cretaceous of Brazil ............. W. ISHIJIMA
Gigantopteris M4'foll:f(})7t1JH;:' -?\" -C .. ~rJ3'-!ij
Addition to the Early Cretaceous flora
from the Akaiwa formation, Tetori Supergroup, Central Japan......... .. .. .. .. ..
.................. T. KIMURA & S. SEKIDO
A study of leaf compressions of Buxus
protojaponica ................. K. UEMURA(!IP' ~7 p - '7 q:.(})~fli!(})~*;5 7.> {I:EM4'fo ...
#- ft::fC. . .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. ... *1

a*

7

p -;

'7 ........................ 1111l#-fiiUl~JfJ . ~~JIl!,m:lt!!~(})~M4'foll:f.~......... .
........................ ·iJiWil-!ij . tl~ ~B*(})~=*M4'fo*lE~ ............... ·.Wil-!ijTrans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S., No. 98, pp. 95-104, pl. 9, July 30, 1975

647.

TWO NEW NON-MARINE SPECIES OF BIVALVIA FROM
THE LOWER CRETACEOUS OF SOUTHWEST JAPANYOSHIHISA OHT A
Department of Earth Sciences, Fukuoka Universityof Education, Fukuoka 8ll-41

rt5ill~L!IU:::IfW~=tlcFJ,O)=~flK."?~'-C: rfllli3.illl:*-aPJ, )110, 'ffi'!£@J: I), f.J:*
Polymesoda (Isodomella) shiroiensis (YABE and NAGAO) C ~nt-:.to)~, 1*~*slElf
v;::~ L. <i*~ L. t-:.~*-C·~l1t L. td-a:lf!:, 1~~O)1i.:l*iJ' G Eomiodon tinae v;::}m,-t Q .::: c iJ:gJ'I
GiJ,v;::t.c-:>t::. o Vt-:>-C Isodomella ~1"l.illl:f4O)~v;::[jj(Il1:d-=o "1.t-:., -aPJ, )110, ~J\:fi~O)t0)11, I. shiroiensis c 11%11:0)* ~~, 7J.M, ~~O)ge~O)1§1fit, H/L ~-C·~t.c Q O)-c'~fI
L. -C120JIJ L.t-:.o i31t@iJ' G~flIl ffi:J;£i (1926) 11, Myopholas efr. semicostata ~jjcjl~ L.
-C ~'Q iJ:, S *-C·o)l3:I:tI"l~f~O)ft!J.O):ithJfliiJ' GgeJi!. ~:h -C ~,t.ciJ' -:> t-:.o 4-1ill-aPJ}~iJ' GfJH.rj,O)to)~ge>% L.t-:.iJ;,ll1T~C.l:t~-tQ c~t.cQ,#,iJ;~~'o)-C· Myopholas O)rfrflc L.-C~~L.t-:.occ:;t8r~:~

Genus Isodomella KOBAYASHIIntroductionand SUZUKI, 1939

This paper contains a result of thepalaeontological studies on the Lower
Cretaceous Ryoseki fauna in Japan.
I describe, in this paper, two new
species under the genera Isodomella andMyopholas on the basis of my new col·lections.
Before entering into the description, I
wish to express my sincere thanks toProfessor Tatsuro MATSUMOTO for his
invaluable advice and critical reading of
this manuscript. Also I am indebted to
Dr. Itaru HA YAMI for his invaluablesuggestions.

Type-species: Cyrena shiroiensis Y ABE
and NAGAO, 1926, from the Lower Cretaceous of Japan.
Diagnosis: Shell small to mediumsized for the Eomiodontinae, equivalve,inequilateral, subtrapezoidal, provided
with a prominent posterior carina; umbo
prominent, rising high above hinge
margin, recurved, more or less prosogyrous, anterior to mid-length; lunule weakly
impressed; escutcheon indistinct; surface
marked with concentric ribs which areoften restricted to the umbonal region asin Astarte (s. s.) in the juvenile stage but
nearly smooth except for somewhat
rugose growth-lines in the adult stage;
hinge essentially similar to that of
Eomiodon, as formulated below:

Description
Subfamily Eomiodontinae
HA YAMI, 1965

AlII

AI (3a)All* Received Oct. 28, 1974; read Oct. 19,

3b
2

5b
4b

PIlI
PIl

cardinal teeth divergent from the beak,1974 at Nagoya.

95

96

Yoshihisa OHTA

flattened at the top, stout but 3a rather
obscure or weak, 5b clearly separated
from nymph; lateral slopes of cardinals
transversely crenulated; anterior lateral
teeth shorter than posterior ones, PI commonly absent, cross-striation undevelopedon lateral teeth; pallial line simple;
umbonal cavity comparatively shallow.
Discussion: Y ABE and NAGAO noted
the presence of three cardinal teeth ineach valve, regarding the dentition of thisspecies as cyrenoid. However, as described above, the left valve has only two
cardinals 2 and 4b, the cardinal 1 isabsent, and the hinge structure is certainly of lucinoid type. While they did notnote on the transverse crenulation on thesides of cardinals which is distinct evenin the syntype (no. 22451).
KOBA YASH! and SUZUKI (1939, p. 219220) established Isodomella as a sectionof the genus Polymesoda on the basis ofCyrena shiroiensis Y ABE and NAGAO(1926) in describing the characters as" the species reveals the typical mode of
dentition in Polymesoda, and furthermore
the outline of the shell and the entire
pallial line reveal its close approach to
the Isodoma section of the genus. However, compared to Polymesoda cyrenoides(DESHA YES) from the Eocene formationof the Paris basin, which is the type of
the Isodoma section, the hinge teeth aremuch more prominent and the posterior
lateral teeth tolerably longer in thisspecies". The Recent species Polymesoda
caroliniana (Bose), the type-species of
the genus, which lives in the warm
streams of North America, has threestrong cardinals in each valve and apallial line with deep, narrow sinus. The
present species is not referred to thegenus Polymesoda, because the left valve
has only two cardinals and the cardinals
in each valve have strong crenulation on
their sides and the pallial sinus is entire.

SUZUKI and OYAMA (1943) suggested
that Isodomella KOBA YASH! and SUZUKI(1939) may be a section of subgenus
Geloina GRAY, 1842, without mentioning
the reason. As Isodomella has the dentition of a lucinoid type, it is not related
to the subgenus Geloina of the Corbiculidae.
The presence of the dentition of alucinoid type, an Astarte-like sculpturein the juvenile stage, and a habitat ofbrackish to marine environments indicatethat the present species is certainly
assigned to the subfamily Eomiodontinae
HA YAMI, 1965, including the genera
Eomiodon Cox, 1935, Myrene CASEY, 1955,
Protocyprina VOKES, 1946, Costocyrena
HAYAMI, 1965, and Pseudasaphis MATSUMOTO, 1938.
Isodomella is distinguished from
Eomiodon Cox, 1935 (type-species: E.
indicus Cox, 1935) by the following
significant points. The cardinal 5b of
the former is strong and clearly separated
from nymph, but that of the latter isweak and connected with nymph. The
former has a weak but distinct lateral
PIlI and the strong crenulation on thesides of cardinals, but these are absent
in the latter. Furthermore, the former
has no distinct escutcheon.
In many characters, this genus is very
similar to Myrene CASEY, 1955 (the typespecies: M. fittoni CASEY, 1955), but theconstruction and feature of laterals aredifferent between them. Namely, thelateral teeth AO, PO and lateral crossstriation are absent in the former.
In the presence of the cardinal crosscrenulation and lateral PIlI, this genus isalso easily distinguishable from Protocyprina VOKES, 1946 (the type-species:
Astarte libanotica FRASS; 1878).
Costocyrena HA YAMI, 1965 (typespecies: C. matsumotoi HAY AMI, 1965)
and Pseudasaphis MA TSUMOTO, 1938

647.

Two New Non-rn,arine Bivalvia, Lower Cretaceous(type-species: P. japonicus MATSUMOTO.
1938) which have radial ribs on theirwhole surfaces, are characteristic generain the Eomiodontinae. The present genus
has many common characters with them,but it is readily be distinguishable fromthem by thed ifferences in the surface
sculpture and cardinal crenulation.
For the above-mentioned reasons, I
propose to include the emended genus
Isodomella in the Eomiodontinae.

Isodomella matsumotoi sp. nov.
Plate 9, figs. 1-13; Text-figs. 1, 3..

Material: The holotype is a rightvalve (GF. Y147) collected from the
Yoshimo formation at loco Y51, Yoshimo,
Shimonoseki City, Yamaguchi Prefecture.
Paratypes (GF. Y106-108, YllO-1l3, Y127135, Y142-146. Y148) were collected fromthe same locality and other paratypes(GF. K2552-2556) from the Kawaguchi
formation at loco K123, Fukami, Sakamoto Village, Yatsushiro County, Kumamoto Prefecture. All are collected bymyself and are now kept in Fukuoka
University of Education and indicated in
2aText-fig. 1.

2bIsodomella matsumotoi sp. nov.

1. Right valve, showing the outline of shelland the surface ornamentation of the adultstage. 2. Showing the internal feature ofleft (2a) and right (2b) valves.

97

this paper with the prefix GF.
The fossil localities (S401, Y51 and K123)
and their stratigraphical positions areshown in the map and columns of myprevious paper (ORTA, 1973, figs. 1-2).
Description: Shell medium-sized,
equivalve, inequilateral, trigonally ovate
to sub trapezoidal in outline, moderately
inflated; test fairly thick; umbo prominent, prosogyrous, placed at about onethird of the length of the shell from theanterior end; antero-dorsal margin comparatively short, faintly concave in frontof umbo, passing gradually into anteroventral margin; postero-dorsal margin
long, gently convex or nearly straight;
siphonal margin short, obscurely delimited
from the posterodorsal margin by anobtuse angle, turning angularly to theventral margin; ventral margin broadly
arcuate, passing gradually into the anterior margin; a blunt carina extends fromthe umbonal region to the posteroventral corner; lunule moderate in width,
rather shallow, weakly defined; escutcheon indistinct; ligament external, notmnch elongated; surface ornamented withconcentric furrows and distinct lamellae
with fine growth-lines; hinge plate fairly
broad especially in the adult shells;
dentition characterized by much modified
lucinoid cardinal teeth having strong
trigon ian cross crenulation and corbiculoid elongated lateral teeth: cardinal 2
fairly stout, opisthocline, separated from
All, only posterior side crenulated; 4bmoderately thick, obliquely elongated,prosocline, both sides fairly strongly
crenulated ; 3a comparatively small, tubercular. opisthocline, represented by aterminal thickening of AlII ; 3b especiallylarge, very stout and broad, acline orslightly prosocline, both sides strongly
crenulated ; 5b prosocline. separated fromnymph, only anterior side crenulated;
anterior lateral teeth linearly elongated98

Yoshihisa OHTA

along the antero-dorsal margin, but AI
and AlII ill-defined from the margin of
hinge plate; posterior lateral teeth PIr
and PIlI remote from cardinal teeth,
longer than anterior laterals; PI notdefined; no prominent transverse crenulation on lateral teeth; nymph comparatively wide; adductor scars fairly strong-

Iy impressed, comparatively large, subovate, subequal in size, placed near theends of the lateral teeth; pallial line notsinuated but somewhat abruptly bent
upwards below the posterior adductor
scar; pedal scar not clearly impressed;
umbonal cavity comparatively shallow;
ventral margin smooth internally.

Measurements in mm:v~ GF.

v
.;

/I
/I

v

~>"

Specimen

LengthHeightHIL

Y 147 (Holotype; right valve)
Y 148 (Paratpye;)
Y 146 ()
Y 145 ()
Y 144 (
)

28.0
26.0
31. 5
24.0
22.0

21. 0
20. 0
22.0
17.0
17.0

O. 75
O. 76

Y 143 (Y 142 (Y 106 (Y 107 (Y 108 (

19.0
24.0
16.5
10.0
23.5

15.0
17.0
13.0
8.0
16.0

0.80
0.68

12.0
18.5
27.0
18.5
20.0

11.0
15.0
19.0
15.0
15.0

0.91
0.81
O. 70
0.81
O. 75

19.5
25.0
19.0
23.0
28.0

15. 0
20.0
15.0
16.0
21. 0

O. 76

28.0
25.0
22.0
24.0
25.0

21. 0
18.0
18.5
16.0
16.0

0.84
O. 66
0'64

24.0
27.0
14.0

15.0
20. 5
10.0

0.62
O. 75
O. 71

0.69
O. 70
O. 77

"';l.

v

V

I!

V

v
V
v

If

/I

r/ If
If

V
V'1f
V

II

V

If

Y 110 (Y III (Y 112 (
Y 113 (Y 127 (

If

; right into mould)
If

/I

/I

; lift int. mould); right int. mould)

II

/I

If

/I

)

/I

)
)
)

JI

If

If

; left valve)

Y 128 (Y 129 (Y 130 (Y 131 (Y 132 (

If

If

)

If

If

)

V'I!

Y 133 (Y 134 (./ If
Y 135 (V GF. K2552 (V If K2553 (

If

ViI

1/

1V

V

If
If
I!

vI!

L-

V

I!

1/

I.-

If

V-

If

K2554 (
K2555 (
K2556 (

)
)

)

If

; left into mould); left valve)If); left int. mould); left valve); left into mould); left valve)
If

)

O. 78
O. 70
O. 78

0.80
O. 78
0.69
O. 75

O. 75
O. 72

647. Two New Non-marine Bivalvia, Lower Cretaceous
Variation: In addition to the above
indicated 28 specimens, many specimensfrom Yoshimo and other areas at hand
are referable to the present species.
Most of these specimens are little deformed secondarily except some specimens from Kawaguchi. The average ofthe ratio of H/L is about 0.74, but theratio varies apparently to a tolerable
extent as shown in the measurements
and Text-fig. 2. However, there is atrend that the ratio decreases from thejuvenile stage to the adult one. In otherwords, outline of the juvenile stage isrounded trigonal while that of the adultstage sub trapezoidal as shown in Textfig. 3. The position of umbo which isindicated by the ratio of L' /L varies also
to a fairly wide extent, ranging from one25"

99

fourth to two-fifths as shown III Textfigs. 3 and 4.
Discusssion: KOBA Y ASH! and SUZUKI(1939, pI. 14, figs. 1-9) identified ninespecimens from the Yoshimo formation
with Polymesoda (Isodomella) shiroiensis(Y ABE and NAGAO) from the Shirai formation of the Sanchu Graben in the
Kwanto Massif. I have examined the
syntype (no. 22451) of Cyrena shiroiensis
Y ABE and NAGAO, from the Shirai formation at Bomekizawa, Ohinata Village,
Minamisaku County, Nagano Prefecture,
which is now kept in Tohoku University,and the specimens (GF. S4010-4013) fromthe same formation at lac. S401, Shirai,
Ueno Village, Tano County, Gunma Prefecture (call. OHTA). As a result, the average of the ratio of H/L of Isodomella-/.

+)('~O
,.
X
• •.•

20
,

..

.,.' :.0 .. _x~fl-"j\Y.' ~o

.
"

~
,

t; 10

",

o x•

/'

0

5

o

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Length in mm

Text-fig, 2. Diagram showing the relation
between height (H) and length (L),Sample composed of 40 individuals of Isodomella matsumotoi sp. nov. from the localities Y51 and K123, and 12 individualsof Isodomella shiroiensis from the loco S401
and the illustrated specimens by Y ABE andNAGAO (1926). Isodomella matsumotoi sp.
nov. . : specimen from tne Yoshimo formation. 0: specimen from the Kawaguchi
formation. Isodomella shiroiensis (Y ABE
and NAGAO) X: specimen from the Shiroi
formation. "Cyrena" shiroiensis var. alata
YABE and NAGAO (= Isodomella shiroiensis(YABE and NAGAO))+: specimen fromthe Shiroi formation.

Text-fig. 3. The morphogenetic changeof the outline of shell of Isodomella matsumotoj sp. nov.

Yoshihisa OHTA

100

•
.
-- ..
.
..
.
..
• ):$'-. ....:-e •.:) S~X ---.- --- a 10---- _-.--;----..

_/t-;;<~-_/~.:--~~~-~~.

~

o

5

15

10

20

25

30

Length in mm
Text-fig. 4.

Diagram showing the relation between the length of shell (L)and the one from the umbo to the anterior end (U) .

• : Isodomella matsumotoi sp. nov.; x : Isodomella shiroiensis (YABE and NAGAO) ;+ : "Cyrena" shiroiensis var. alata (YABE and NAGAO) (= Isodomella shiroiensis(YABE and NAGAO».

shiroiensis (Y ABE and NAGAO) (=Cyrena
shiroiensis Y ABE and NAGAO) is about
1.00 as shown in Text-fig. 2. In thejuvenile stage there is a strong resembrance between the present species
and Isodomella shiroiensis in the outlineof shell and the ratio of H/L as shown

Text-fig. 5. The morphogenetic changeof the outline of shell of Isodomella shiroiensis (Y ABE and NAGAO).

in Text-figs. 2, 3 and 5. However, in theadult stage the former is easily distinguished from the latter in that the former
is larger, sub trapezoidal instead of subtrigonal in outline, and has a smaller
ratio of H/L than the latter.
YABE and NAGAO (1926, pI. 2, fig. 26;
pI. 3, figs. 15, 28) discriminated Cyrena
shiroiensis var. alata from Cyrena shiroiensis by the reasons that its umbo ismedian and its outline is sub trigonal.
However, I agree with KOBAYASHI andSUZUKI (1939, p. 220) in considering that
Cyrena shiroiensis var. alata is synonymous with Cyrena shiroiensis (= Isodomella
shiroiensis), because the former is included within the variation of Isodomella
shiroiensis as shown in Text-figs. 4 and 5.
MAEDA (1959) described Polymesoda(Isodomella) kobayashii from the Tochio
alternation of sandstone and shale in the
Akaiwa formation at Kamitakara Village,
Yoshiki County, Gifu Prefecture. MAEDA(1959, p. 158) noted the presence of threecardinal teeth in each valve, interpretingthat the dentition is of corbiculid type.

647.

Two New Non-ma1'ine Bivalvia, Lower Cretaceous

However, the left valve has only two
cardinals 2 and 4b, without cardinal 1
and, thus, the hinge structure is a kindof lucinoid type. Therefore, P. (I.)
kobayashii should not be assigned toPolymesoda of the Corbiculidae. Furthermore, as it has neither cardinal 5b nor
cardinal crenulation, it is not referred to
Isodomella, but it may be related to thegenus Crenotrapezium HA YAMI, 1958.
MATSUMOTO and KANMERA (1952) and
MATSUMOTO (1954) listed Polymesoda(lsodomella)shiroiensis(Y ABE andNAGAO) from the Yoshimo and Kawaguchi formations without any description,
but their specimens may be referred tothe present species.
The specific name is dedicated to Prof.
Tatsuro MATSUMOTO who kindly suggested me to study the Mesozoic nonmarine Bivalvia.
Occurrence: Black shale of the Yoshimo formation at loc. Y51, Yoshimo,
Shimonoseki City, Yamaguchi Prefecture,and black shale of the Kawaguchi formation at a road-cut (K123) between
Kawaguchi and Shimofukami, Sakamoto
Village, Yatsushiro County, Kumamoto
Prefecture.
Family Myopholadidae Cox, 1964
Genus jI,IIyopholas DOUVILLE. 1907
Type-species: Pholadomya multicostata

AGASSIZ, 1842 (original designation).
Myoplwlas carinatus sp. nov.
Plate 9, figs. 17-21

101

Alaterial: The holotype is a left internal mould (GF. Y450) collected from the
Yoshimo formation at loc. Y51, Yoshimo,
Shimonoseki City, Yamaguchi Prefecture.
Paratypes (GF. Y 451-458) from the same
locality. The holotype and one of theparatypes (GF. Y452) are well preserved.
Description: Shell of small size, inequilateral,elongate-ovate with slight tendency
to be rostrate posteriorly; umbo broadly
rounded and scarcely protruding, situatedabout one-third of the shell length fromthe anterior end, and incurved to slightly
prosogyrous beak; inflation of shell strong
below umbo and maximum convexity
lying near the mid-height below theumbo; thickness decreases gradually
toward the posterior end; fairly strong
carina from umbo to posteroventral angle,delimiting fairly broad. elongate andpartly concave posterior area, while
weaker radial ridge delimits small anterior area on the other side of umbo;
sharp edge of thickening of dorsal margin
that projects into cavity of valve gives
rise to groove extending parallel withposterior carina on internal mould; valve
margin closed or with a narrow posterior gape; escutcheon long, narrow,bordered by a distinct ridge; ornamentof anteromedian part of surface marked
with radial and concentric ribs withtubercles at their intersection, while
radial ribs on anterior part of surface
stronger and more widely separated than
median ones, and of posterior part ofsurface weakly ribbed or almost smoothwith fairly strong concentric ribs only;
hinge feature, adductor scars and pallial
line not clear.

Measurements in mm:
Specimen

LengthHeight

1/2 Thickness

GF. Y 450 (Holotype, left int. mOUld)
GF. Y 452 (Paratype, right valve)

42.0
32.0

21. 0

11. 0

16.0

7.0

102

Yoshihisa OHTA

Variation: The variation on the present species is not exactly known, but ayoung specimen (Y 452, Fig. 18) is- lessinflated and has a weaker posterior carina
than the adult one (Y450, Fig. 17).
Comparison: In many characters thepresent species is closely allied to Myopholas multicostata (AGASSIZ, 1842), thetype-species of the genus, from the Kimmeridgean of Switzerland. A sharp edgeof thickening of dorsal margin and amode of sculpture are also known in thelatter species. But the latter has somesubmedian ribs of secondary strength in
the inters paces of ribs and is larger andmore inflated than the former.
M.
ledouxi DOUVILLE, 1907, from the Albianof France is similar to the present
species in the outline and surface ornamentation, but is again larger and more
inflated. M. minor HA YAM!. 1972, fromthe Lower Jurassic of Southeast Asia,
may also be related to the present
species. The latter has, however, astrong carina and not so many radialribs as compared with the former.
The present species seems to be comparable with Myopholas cfr. semicostata(AGASSIZ) of YABE and NAGAO, 1926,
from the Shiroi formation with regard to
many characters, but the posterior carina
appears to be stronger than in the latter
species, and in the former surface ofanteromedian part is covered with rowsof minute granules at the intersection ofradial and concentric ribs in contrast tosmooth radial ribs in the latter species.
The present species is fairly similar to
Burmesia lirata HEALEY, 1908, from the
Rhaetian of Southeast Asia in the elongate-ovate outline, the surface ornamentation and the edentulous hinge, but isclearly distinguishable from the latter by
the absence of spoon-like condrophore
extending into shell cavity from below
the beak. It has only concentric ribs on

the posterior area, but the latter hasconcentric folds and subordinate radial
threads.
The present species is fairly similar
to the cosmopolitan species, Pholadomya(s. s.) candida SOWERBY, 1819, the typespecies of the genus, ranging from Upper
Triassic to Recent, in the elongate-ovate
outline and the pustulation of surface
ornamentation. However, the latter isstrongly inequilateral and widely gaping
at the posterior end and its dorsal
umbonal ridge is not prominent as compared with the former.
The present species is more or lesssimilar to Neoburmesia iwakiensis Y ABEand SATO, 1942, from the Upper Jurassic
Soma group in Japan in the surface ornamentation and strong carina, but theterminal beak, the elongate-oblong outlineof shell and the wide posterior gape are
diagnostic to the latter.
Occurrence: Rather rare in the impure
limestone beds consisting of gregareous
Ostrea sp. of the Lower Cretaceous
Yoshimo formation at loco Y51, Yoshimo,
Shimonoseki City, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

Summary of the Results

From the above described observationsof new collections from the Shiroi,
Yoshimo and Kawaguchi formations, thefollowing articles are led as a conclusion.
1. "Cyrena" shiroiensis Y ABE andNAGAO is a member of the subfamily
Eomiodontinae and not that of the family
Corbiculidae as YABE and NAGAO (1926)
and KOBAYASHI and SUZUKI (1939) haveconsidered respectively.
2. Isodomella, which was established forthis species as a section of Polymesoda
by KOBA YASHI and SUZUKI (1939), is
emended in this paper as a genus of
Eomiodontinae.

647.

Two New Non-marine Bivalvia, Lower Cretaceous

3. KOBAYASHI and SUZUKI (1939) identified the specimens from Yoshimo with
Isodomella shiroiensis (Y ABE and NAGAO).
However, they are clearly distinguishedfrom I. shiroiensis from Shiroi in theoutline and the size of shell and theratio of H/L. Therefore, a new species,
Isodomella matsumotoi, is established
for the specimens from Yoshimo and
Kawaguchi.
4. Another set of specimens from the
Yoshimo formation represents a new
species which resembles Myopholas dr.
semicostata from the Shiroi formation in
the outline, size and inflation of the shell,
but is distinguished in the strong carina
and dissimilar surface ornamentation.
References
CASEY, R. (1955): The Neomiodontidae, a
new family of the Arcticacea (Pelecypoda). Proc. Malac. Soc. London, 31,
208-222, pis. 1-2.
Cox, L. R. (1935): The Triassic, Jurassic
and Cretaceous Gastropoda and Lamellibranchia of the Attock district. Palaeont. Indica, N. S., 20, (5) 1-27, pis. 1-2.
HAYAMI,1. (1965): Lower Cretaceous marine
pelecypods of Japan. Mem. Fac. Sci.,
Kyushu Univ., Ser. D, Geology, 17, (2)73-150, pis. 7-21.
- - (1972): Lower Jurassic Bivalvia fromthe Environs of Saigon. Geol. Palaeont.
Southeast Asia, 10, 214-216, pI. 37, figs.
1-6.
KOBAYASHI, T. and SUZUKI, K. (1936): Nonmarine shells of the Naktong-Wakino
Series. Japan. Jour. Geol. Geogr., 13, (34) 243-257, pis. 27-29.
_ .. and - - (1937): Non-marine shells of
the Jurassic Tetori Series in Japan.
Ibid., 14, (1-2) 33-51, pis. 4, 5.
- - and - - (1939): The brackish Wealden
fauna of the Yoshimo beds in provo
Nagato. Ibid., 16, (3-4) 213-224, pis. 13,
14.
MAEDA, S. (1959): On two species of Poly-103

mesoda from the Tetori Group in the Hida
Mountainland, Central Japan. Trans.
Proc. Pal. Soc. Japan, N. S., (36) 157-160,
pI. 17, figs. 1-11.
MATSUMOTO, T. (1938): Geology of the
Goshonoura Island, Amakusa, with specialreference to the Cretaceous stratigraphy.
Jour. Geol. Soc. Japan, 45, (532) 1-47, pis.
1-2.
- - ed. (1954): The Cretaceous System of
the Japanese Islands. Japan. Soc. Promotion Sci. Rep., Tokyo, 1-324, pis. 1-36.
- - and KANMERA, K. (1952): Guide bookfor geological excursions.
The lower
valley of the Kuma. Dept. Geol. Kyushu
Univ., 1-71 (in Japanese).
MOORE, R. C. [Editor] (1969): Treatise on
Invertetebrate Paleontology. Part N, 2,
491-952, Geol. Soc. America, Inc. andUniv., Kansas.
OHTA, Y. (1973): Pelecypod family Neomiodontidae from the Lower Neocomian ofJapan. Bull. Fukuoka Univ. Education,
22, (3) 245-273, pis. 1-3.
SUZUKI, K. and OYAMA, K. (1943): Uberblicktiber die Corbiculiden Ostasiens (Materialien zur Monographic der Ostasiatischen
Corbiculiden 1), Venus, 12, (3-4) 138-149.
TAMURA, M. (1960): A note on Neoburmesia, a peculiar Jurassic pelecypod, withdescription of mytilids and myacids fromthe Upper Jurassic Soma Group in Japan.
Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S.,(38) 275-283, pI. 32, figs. 21-24.
VOKES, H. E. (1946): Cotributions to thepaleontology of the Lebanon Mountains.
Republic of Lebanon, Pt. 3. The plecypod fauna of the "Olive Locality"(Aptian) at Abeih. Bull. Amer. Mus.
Nat. History, 87, (3) 139-216, pis. 1-10.
WOODS, H. (1909): A monograph of theCretaceous Lamellibranchia of England.
Palaeontogr. Soc. London, 2, (6) 217-260,
pis. 35-44.
YABE, H. and NAGAO, T. (1926): Cretaceous
Mollusca from the Sanchu-Graben in the
Kwanto Mountainland, Japan. Sci. Rep.
Tohoku Imp. Univ., 2, 24. pI. 1, fig. 5;
pI. 2, figs. 11, 11a; pI. 3, figs. 21, 27, 27a,
27b.

104

Yoshihisa OHTA

YABE, H. and SATO, (1942): A new Bivalve
from the Jurassic Torinosu Series of the

Bomekizawa
FukamiKawaguchi
Shimofukami

1*13:;f;:1R
~

7J(

)11

p

Abukuma Mountainland.
Proc. Imp.
Acad. Tokyo, 1S(5), 251-254, text·figs. 1-3.

Shiroi
TochioYoshimo

T~7J(

Explanation of Plate 9
Figs. 1-13. Isodomella matsumotoi n. sp.
vi l. Right valve, holotype (GF. Y147) x l.S
v 2. Right internal mould, paratype (GF. Y142) x 2.0
1/3. Right valve, para type (GF. Y146) x l.6
v 4. Right internal mould (GF. YllO) , younger specimen x l.3
v 5. Right internal mould (GF. Y1ll), younger specimen x 0.9
V6. Right internal mould, para type (GF. Y103) x l.6
V 7. Right internal mould, paratype (GF. Yll2) x l.6\/S. Left valve, paratype (GF. Y12S) x l.0
1/ 9. Left valve, para type (GF. Y130) x l.2
r.
../10. Left valve, paratype (GF. Y135) x l.2~-<:J. L
1l. Left internal mould, para type (GF. &107) xl. 7
V 12. Left internal mould, paratype (GF. K2554) x 2.0
V 13. Bivalved internal mould, para type (GF. Yll3) x l.5
Figs. 14-16. Isodomella shiroiensis (YABE and NAGAO)[/14. Left internal mould (GF. S4010) x 0.9
vi5. Left internal mould (GF. S4012) x 2.0
v'16. Left internal mould (GF. S40ll) x 2.0
Figs. 17-2l. Myopholas carinatus n. sp.
V 17. Left internal mould, holotype (GF. Y 450) xl. 7
V IS. Right valve, paratype (GF. Y452) x l.0
r/ 19. Left internal mould (GF. Y451) x 1.0, / 20. Left valve (GF. Y 453) xl. 7
V2l. Left external mould (GF. Y 457) xl. 7

S
l1J.1
±

I=t

*ffJ:
.El§

oHT A : Two new non-marine Bivalvia, Lower Cretace o~~sPlate 9

105
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Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeon tologicalSociety of Japanjune 30, 1975

New Series No. 98

CONTENTS
TRANSACTIONS
646. KIMURA, Tatsuaki:

Middle-late Early Cretaceous Plants newly found fromthe Upper Course of the Kuzury u River Area, Fukui Prefecture, japan

55

647. OI-ITA , Yoshihisa: Two new Non-marine Species of Biva lvia from the Lower..

Cretaceo us of Southwest japan ..... . ................................

95

PROCEEDINGS ........ . .. .... .... .... . ............ .. ......................... .

94