令和"（２０２０）年度入学者選抜個別（第"次）学力検査問題

外注意事

国語項

１．監督者の指示があるまで，この冊子を開いてはいけません。
２．問題冊子は，全部で&ページあり，第!〜#ページは下書用紙です。下書用紙は切り離してはいけません。
３．問題は，第$ページと第%ページの間に，はさみこんであります。
４．解答用紙は，問題冊子と別に印刷されているので，誤らないように注意しなさい。
５．解答は，必ず解答用紙の指定された欄内に横書きで記入しなさい。
６．各解答用紙には，受験番号欄が"または$か所あります。それぞれ記入を忘れないこと。
７．解答用紙は，記入の有無にかかわらず，机上に置き，持ち帰ってはいけません。問題冊子は持ち帰りなさい。
８．落丁または印刷の不鮮明な箇所があれば申し出なさい。

学科によって解答すべき問題が異なります。
説明に従って解答しなさい。
読みやすい字で書くこと。

◇Ｍ４（２３３―４８）

下 書用― １ ―

紙 （切り取ってはいけない）◇Ｍ４（２３３―４９）

下 書用

紙 （切り取ってはいけない）

５１０

１５２０（２０×２０）― ２ ―◇Ｍ４（２３３―５０）下 書用

紙 （切り取ってはいけない）

５１０１５２０（２０×２０）― ３ ―◇Ｍ４（２３３―５１）

外国語

次の英文は BBC Future（２０１８年１１月２８日）に掲載された “Is breakfast really themost important meal of the day?” （ Jessica Brown）の 記 事 を 一 部 改 変 し た も の です。この文章をよく読んで，医学科と歯学科の受験者は問題 # ， $ ， % ， &に答えなさい。保健衛生学科と口腔保健学科の受験者は問題 ! ， " ， # ，% ， & に答えなさい。解答は解答用紙の指定された欄に記入すること。
Along with old classics like ‘carrots give you night vision’ and ‘Santa doesn’tbring toys to misbehaving children’, one of the most well-worn phrases in thearsenal of tired parents everywhere is that breakfast is the most important meal ofthe day.

Many of us grow up believing that skipping breakfast is a dietary

travesty ― even if only two thirds of adults in the UK eat breakfast regularly,
according to the Association of UK Dieticians（BDA）, and around three-quarters ofAmericans.
The clue for why breakfast is supposed to be important is in its name: we’readvised to eat it to break our overnight fast.
!）“The body uses a lot of energy stores for growth and repair through the night,”
explains dietician Sarah Elder.

“Eating a balanced breakfast helps to up ourenergy, as well as protein and calcium used throughout the night.”
But there’s widespread disagreement over whether breakfast should keep its
top spot in the hierarchy of meals. As well as the rising popularity of fasting diets,
there have been concerns around the sugar content of cereal and the foodindustry’s involvement in pro-breakfast research ― and even one claim from anacademic that breakfast is “dangerous”.
So what’s the reality?

Is breakfast a necessary start to the day. . .or amarketing ploy by cereal companies?
＊＊＊
The most researched aspect of breakfast（and breakfast-skipping）has been
― ４ ―◇Ｍ４（２３３―５２）

問 題
保健衛生学科と口腔保健学科のみ!

The following words appear in bold italics in the text.

On theanswer sheet, circle the letter indicating the best definition for eachword（based on how the word is used in the text）.
involvementａ）enthusiasmｂ）motivationｄ）participationｅ）positionｃ）objection

aspectａ）benefitｂ）controversyｄ）problemｅ）purposeｃ）point

Meanwhileａ）At the same timeｂ）Brieflyｄ）On averageｅ）Sometimesｃ）In the end

outcomesａ）habitsｂ）improvementsｄ）needsｅ）resultsｃ）issues

refutingａ）claimingｂ）disprovingｄ）losingｅ）makingｃ）ignoring

potentiallyａ）doubtlesslyｂ）eventuallyｄ）obviouslyｅ）possiblyｃ）immediately

disruptedａ）blockedｂ）decreasedｄ）interruptedｅ）restartedｃ）destroyed

vulnerableａ）hungryｂ）naturalｄ）uncomfortableｅ）weakｃ）troubled

analogousａ）comparableｂ）dominantｄ）obedientｅ）relatedｃ）fundamental

conflictingａ）brokenｂ）dangerousｄ）opposingｅ）timedｃ）electrical◇Ｍ４（２３３―５３）

保健衛生学科と口腔保健学科のみ!

What do the following words, which are underlined in the text, referto?

Answer using one to five English words that can replace theunderlined word
（s）.
１）it

２）the two４）it

５）do it３）they全学科"

According to the text, decide whether the following statements aretrue（T）or false（F）. For each statement circle the correct answer on
the answer sheet.
１）According to the article, more than ７０％ of adults in the UK and US eat
breakfast regularly.
２）According to one US study of ５０，０００ people, those who eat breakfast tend
to have a lower BMI than those who do not.
３）The US study also found that consumption of breakfast foods can lead to ahigher risk for diabetes.
４）According to Alexandra Johnstone, smokers typically skip breakfast.
５）A ２０１６ review of １０ studies concerning breakfast and weight management
could not confirm whether eating breakfast can help prevent obesity.
６）Intermittent fasting has been proven to help people lose weight and stayhealthy.
７）A study published in ２０１８ investigated the effects of intermittent fasting
on men with pre-diabetes.
８）According to Courtney Peterson, the men who ate all their calories
between ９：００ and １５：００ were able to lower their blood pressure with the helpof medicine.
９）In Peterson’s study, one group of subjects didn’t take any calories after ３PM.
◇Ｍ４（２３３―５４）

１０）According to one academic, eating breakfast is dangerous because it can
gradually lead to insulin resistance and type ２ diabetes.
１１）According to Fredrik Karpe, ‘carbs’ are necessary to jumpstart yourmetabolism.
１２）A randomised control trial involving ３６ people found that both people withand without diabetes tend to skip breakfast.
１３）The researchers involved in the randomised control trial concluded thatbreakfast is important to regulate our body clock.
１４）Peterson seems to suggest that the timing of eating dinner may be a more
important factor for our health than whether we eat breakfast or not.
１５）Peterson claims that our blood sugar control is worst late in the day.
１６）According to Peterson, playing two songs at the same time is good foryour blood sugar and blood pressure levels.
１７）The researchers from the University of Surrey and University of Aberdeen
recommend eating breakfast earlier for better weight control.
１８）The article states that the UK study on the breakfast habits of young
people encouraged other countries to find similar results.
１９）Mary Beth Spitznagel seems to think that eating breakfast improves
concentration.
２０）Spitznagel argues that what we eat for breakfast is very important.
２１）Research by the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organisation suggests that eating a high-protein breakfast canhelp people eat less later in the day.
２２）The results of research conducted at Tel Aviv University suggest thateating sugary foods for breakfast might not be a big problem.
２３）The results of the review of ５４ studies imply that eating cake forbreakfast would be better for our health than skipping breakfast.
２４）Elder implies that stable blood sugar levels depend on weight and hungerlevels.
◇Ｍ４（２３３―５５）

医学科と歯学科のみ!

Briefly（in 10 to 25 words）answer the following questions in yourown words, using complete English sentences. Base your answers on
the information presented in the article.

１）Summarise the results of the study involving ５２ obese women taking partin a １２―week weight loss programme.

２）Summarise Fredrik Karpe’s arguments against the position that eating
breakfast is “dangerous”.

３）What may be good to eat for breakfast and why? Give two examples fromthe text.

全学科"

下線部!と"を日本語に訳しなさい。

全学科#

朝食が最も重要な食事であるという考え方に対する否定的な見解とその根拠を，この記事の内容に即して，以下のキーワードをすべて用いて日本語で４００字以内にまとめなさい。なお，キーワードは初出の際に四角く囲むこと。
例） 体 重体重糖分夕食◇Ｍ４（２３３―５６）

its links to obesity.

Scientists have different theories as to why there’s arelationship between the two.
!）

In one US study that analysed the health data of ５０，０００ people over sevenyears, researchers found that those who made breakfast the largest meal of theday were more likely to have a lower body mass index（BMI）than those who ate alarge lunch or dinner.

The researchers argued that breakfast helps increasesatiety, reduce daily calorie intake, improve the quality of our diet ― since
breakfast foods are often higher in fibre and nutrients ― and improve insulin
sensitivity at subsequent meals, which can be a risk for diabetes.
But as with any study of this kind, it was unclear if that was the cause ― or if
breakfast―skippers were just more likely to be overweight to begin with.
To find out, researchers designed a study in which ５２ obese women took partin a １２―week weight loss programme. All had the same number of calories overthe day, but half had breakfast, while the other half did not.
What they found was that it wasn’t breakfast itself that caused the"）participants to lose weight: it was changing their normal routine. The women who
said before the study that they usually ate breakfast lost ８．
９ kg when they stopped
having breakfast, compared to ６．
２ kg in the breakfast group. Meanwhile, those
who usually skipped breakfast lost ７．
７ kg when they started eating it ― and ６ kg
when they continued to skip it.
#）

If breakfast alone isn’t a guarantee of weight loss, why is there a link between
obesity and skipping breakfast?
Alexandra Johnstone, professor of appetite research at the University ofAberdeen, argues that it may simply be because breakfast―skippers have beenfound to be less knowledgeable about nutrition and health.
“There are a lot of studies on the relationship between breakfast eating andpossible health outcomes, but this may be because those who eat breakfast choose
to habitually have health―enhancing behaviours such as not smoking and regularexercise,” she says.
― ５ ―

◇Ｍ４
（２３３―５７）

A ２０１６ review of １０ studies looking into the relationship between breakfast andweight management concluded there is “limited evidence” supporting or refuting
the argument that breakfast influences weight or food intake, and more evidence isrequired before breakfast recommendations can be used to help prevent obesity.
＊＊＊
Intermittent fasting, which involves fasting overnight and into the next day, isgaining ground among those looking to lose or maintain their weight or improvetheir health.
One pilot study published in ２０１８, for example, found that intermittent fasting
improves blood sugar control and insulin sensitivity and lowers blood pressure.
Eight men with pre-diabetes were assigned one of two eating schedules: either
eating all their calories between ９：００ and １５：００, or eating the same number ofcalories over １２ hours. The results for the ９：００―１５：００ group were found to be on
par with medicine that lowers blood pressure, according to Courtney Peterson, thestudy’s author and assistant professor of nutrition sciences at the University ofAlabama at Birmingham.
!

Still, the study’s small size means more research is needed on its possible

long-term benefits.
If skipping breakfast（and other food outside of a restricted time slot）could
potentially be good for you, does that mean breakfast could be bad for you? One
academic has said so, arguing that breakfast is ‘dangerous’: eating early in the day
causes our cortisol to peak more than it does later on. This causes the body to
become resistant to insulin over time and can lead to type ２ diabetes.
But Fredrik Karpe, professor of metabolic medicine at Oxford Centre for
Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, argues this isn’t the case.

Instead,higher levels of cortisol in the morning are just part of our body’s natural rhythm.
Not only that, but breakfast is key to jumpstarting our metabolism, he says.
“In order for other tissues to respond well to food intake, you need an initial trigger
involving carbs responding to insulin.

Breakfast is critical for this to happen,”

― ６ ―

◇Ｍ４
（２３３―５８）

Karpe says.
A randomised control trial published last year involving １８ people with, and １８people without, diabetes found that skipping breakfast disrupted the circadianrhythms of both groups and led to larger spikes in blood glucose levels after eating.
Eating breakfast, the researchers conclude, is essential for keeping our body clock
running on time.
Peterson says those who skip breakfast can be divided into those who either
skip breakfast and eat dinner at a normal time ― getting the benefits ofintermittent fasting, if not breakfast ― or those who skip breakfast and eat dinnerlate.
“For those who eat dinner later, their risk of obesity, diabetes andcardiovascular disease goes through the roof. While it seems breakfast is the mostimportant meal of the day, it might actually be dinner,” she says.
“Our blood sugar control is best early in the day. When we eat dinner late,that’s when we’re most vulnerable because our blood sugar is worst.

There’smore research to do, but I’m confident you shouldn’t skip breakfast and havedinner late.”
She says we should think of our circadian rhythm as an orchestra.
“There are two parts of our circadian clock. There’s the master clock in thebrain, which we should think of as analogous to a conductor of an orchestra, andthe other half is in every organ, which has a separate clock,” she says.
And that ‘orchestra’ is set by two outside factors: bright light exposure and oureating schedule.
“If you’re eating when you’re not getting bright light exposure, the clocks that
control metabolism are in different time zones, creating conflicting signals as towhether to rev up or down.”
It’s like two halves of an orchestra playing different songs, Peterson explains,
and this is why eating late impairs blood sugar and blood pressure levels.
Researchers from the University of Surrey and University of Aberdeen are
halfway through research looking into the mechanisms behind how the time we eat― ７ ―◇Ｍ４（２３３―５９）

influences body weight. Early findings suggest that a bigger breakfast is beneficial
to weight control.
＊＊＊
Breakfast has been found to affect more than just weight. Skipping breakfast
has been associated with a ２７％ increased risk of heart disease, a ２１％ higher riskof type ２ diabetes in men, and a ２０％ higher risk of type ２ diabetes in women.
One reason may be breakfast’s nutritional value ― partly because cereal isfortified with vitamins. In one study on the breakfast habits of １，
６００ young people
in the UK, researchers found that the fibre and micronutrient intake, including offolate, vitamin C, iron and calcium, was better in those who had breakfast
regularly. There have been similar findings in Australia, Brazil, Canada and theUS.
Breakfast is also associatedwith

improved

brain

function,including

concentration and language. A review of ５４ studies found that eating breakfast
can improve memory, though the effects on other brain functions wereinconclusive.

However, one of the review’s researchers, Mary Beth Spitznagel,says there is “reasonable” evidence breakfast does improve concentration ― there
just needs to be more research.
“Looking at studies that tested concentration, the number of studies showing abenefit was exactly the same as the number that found no benefit,” she says.
“And no studies found that eating breakfast was bad for concentration.”
What’s most important, some argue, is what we eat for breakfast.
High-protein breakfasts have been found particularly effective in reducing foodcravings and consumption later in the day, according to research by the AustralianCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation.
While cereal remains a firm favourite among breakfast consumers in the UKand US, a recent Which? investigation into the sugar content of ‘adult’ breakfast
cereals found that some cereals contain more than three quarters of therecommended daily amount of free sugars in each portion, and sugar was thesecond or third highest ingredient in seven out of １０ flaked cereals.
― ８ ―◇Ｍ４（２３３―６０）

But some research suggests if we’re going to eat sugary foods, it’s best to do"）it early. One study found that changing levels of the appetite hormone leptin in the
body throughout the day coincide with having our lowest threshold for sweet foodin the morning, while scientists from Tel Aviv University have found that hunger isbest regulated in the morning. They recruited ２００ obese adults to take part in a
１６-week-long diet, where half added dessert to their breakfast, and half didn’t.
Those who added dessert lost an average of ４０ lbs（１８ kg）more ― however, thestudy was unable to show the long-term effects.
A review of ５４ studies found that there is no consensus yet on what type of
breakfast is healthier, and concluded that the type of breakfast doesn’t matter as
much as simply eating something.
＊＊＊
While there’s no conclusive evidence on exactly what we should be eating andwhen, the consensus is that we should listen to our own bodies and eat when we’rehungry.
“Breakfast is most important for people who are hungry when they wake up,”Johnstone says.
For instance, research shows that those with pre-diabetes and diabetes may
find they have better concentration after a lower-GI breakfast such as porridge,
which is broken down more slowly and causes a more gradual rise in blood sugar
levels.
Every body starts the day differently ― and those individual differences,
particularly in glucose function, need to be researched more closely, Spitznagelsays.
!

In the end, the key may be to be mindful of not over-emphasising any single

meal, but rather looking at how we eat all day long.
“A balanced breakfast is really helpful, but getting regular meals throughout
the day is more important to leave blood sugar stable through day, that helps
control weight and hunger levels,” says Elder.
“Breakfast isn’t the only meal we should be getting right.”
― ９ ―

◇Ｍ４
（２３３―６１）