CROSSROADS Language StudioÊs Newsletter, September 201
20 1 1The

early history of recording wascharacterized by a single microphone torecord and a single speaker to transmit thesound, once recorded. Such recordings arecalled mono.
Because mono recordings use only one
speaker, for the listener there is no sense ofspace, no impression of the different sounds– for example, the instruments in anorchestra – coming from a different sourceor direction as there would be if the same
listener was in front of a real orchestra. Insuch a case the violins would sound louder
in the left ear than the right, beingpositioned, as they are, on the left of thestage, and the cellos and basses louder inthe right. The impression of the space themusical group is performing in – in a left toright sense, at least, is what stereo – as
opposed to mono – recording aims tosimulate.
There are different techniques used torecord in stereo but in all cases the final
recording is transmitted via two speakers.
The sense of space described above isachieved by the difference in volume of aparticular sound between the two speakers.
For example, in the case outlined above,
the violins in the left speaker might betwice as loud as they were in the rightspeaker. This would be enough to trick themind into thinking that the violins
occupied the left side of the ‘stereo field’. In
the case of the cellos and basses, the cellos
might be twice as loud in the right speaker
than the left with the basses maybe threetimes as loud in the right, since they are
positioned to the right of the cellos onstage.

Such an approach is enough to give a sense
space, to make the recording more ‘alive’ or‘real’ than a mono recording. However, realit certainly isn’t. In reality the listener’s
perception of a difference in volume between
the same sound in one ear than the other isonly one way the brain has in positioning
sounds in space. Sounds to the left of ourheads reach our left ear first, a split second
before the right but the time difference isenough for the brain to position the sourceof the sound. The mix of frequencies isdifferent, too: more bassy in the right ear as
the treble frequencies are absorbed to someextent by the head. Such niceties areignored in pop music recording, though inthe classical field, the time lag effect can beachieved by using two microphones.

Article by Jonathan

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SITE OF THE MONTH:
Here’s something on the “personal stereo”, the Walkman:

http://pocketcalculatorshow.com/walkman/history.html

Joshua Says: Well, we were finally convinced to have our regular B-B-Q
Party this year. To be honest, it was a bit “touch-and-go” there for a while,
but enough people, and Matthew, requested it, so here we go! As always,
I’m looking forward to seeing many of you there and I am looking forward
to having a great time, as we always do. Check out P.3 for the details.

Junko Says: Do you know you can do various activities for home-study throughour homepage? Go to our top-page and click on the links button. There you willfind about 20 links divided into 3 sections. Check them out! You can study
listening, grammar, idioms and other expressions, listen and read along, and muchmore. You can even play games! These are all free and available anytime.

Jonathan Says: Living near to the ambulance station is annoying, the moreso as Japanese ambulances keep their sirens on at all hours of the night –unlike in England where sirens only sound when the roads are busy. There,ambulances travel at over 100kph and motorists immediately pull over. Herethey are ignored with a subsequent effect on speed. And effectiveness…

Matthew Says: It’s been a busy first month for me in Japan! I noticed that
there are many abandoned bicycles around the city. So instead of buying a bicycle
I decided to recover one and fix it up myself! I bought some spray paint and acouple of spanners and after a few hours of pleasurable work I now have my own
bicycle! Brilliant! So now I can cruise around your wonderful city in style!

Arno Dit: Deja septembre, le temps passe si vite. Et pourtant il fait

toujours aussi chaud ici ! En France, septembre marque le debut de larentree des classes, le debut d'une nouvelle annee scolaire pour tous.
Une periode plutot apreciee des enfants, moins des parents,car c'est la
course dans les supermarches et tout le monde se precipite!

We are having a (late) Summer B-B-Q Party next
month here in our roof-top garden. It will be held
on Saturday, 1st of October and it starts at
6:00pm.
Everyone is invited to come along and you arewelcome to invite your friends and families to join us.
No charge, but bring along your favorite food anddrinks for a relaxing and fun time!

Hello! IÊm Nao
Naoko in In(b)1 class.
Last month, I went
went onon a trip to Bangkok,Thailand.
In Bangkok
Bangkok I went
ent to anan archaeolo
rchaeolog
haeological siteite, I
did somesome shopping
shopping, expe
experienceriencednced a Thai massage
and ate Thai food
food.
od.
Thai food is very hot and spicy, but I like
liked it!
it!
I enjoy
enjoyed my stay in Bangkok! I felt a fore
forei
reign
culture and enjoyedenjoyed a conversation withforeign people.
people. Travelingraveling is very fulfilling,fulfilling,, but I
have to speak better English because I would
like to travel to many countries.
countries.
Miho and Akane’s Adventures Overseas – a serial by S(A)3 students: Episode 6‘Isn’t that Tom?’ asked Akane. Miho didn’t answer; she just kept staring at the man.
The game finished. The Japanese congratulated each other and even a few Australians came over to shake hands. Then thetall Australian saw Miho and their eyes locked. The man’s were wide open in surprise. He elbowed his way through the crowd inthe direction of Miho. He asked her, ‘Why are you here?’ He looked amazed and delighted.
When she opened her mouth in an attempt to say something she noticed a girl come into the bar and approach Tom. It was thesame girl who was with him in the stadium, Miho thought. Miho was worried that she was his girlfriend: the girl touched hisshoulder with too much familiarity and told him she was sorry to have kept him waiting. Akane noticed her friend turn pale.
‘Who is this girl? Why didn’t you tell me your email address in Australia? Why didn’t you make contact with me?’……………..to be continued

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