IJBSCHS[Original article]

Biomedical Soft Computing and Human Sciences, Vol.x,No.x,pp.000-000)
Copyright©1995 Biomedical Fuzzy Systems Association(Accepted on 20xx.xx.xx)

An Approach to Construct an Emotional Dialogue System
Based on Subjective Observation
Naruki SHIRAHAMA* and Torao YANARU***Department of Machine, Kitakyushu National College of Technology**Department of Electricity, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology
Abstract: This paper introduces basic concept of an emotional dialogue system and shows how toconstruct the system by computer simulation. We discuss a dialogue between two simulated persons
who know only emotional words. At first, we show Image Code Table (ICT) of mixed emotions
which are regarded as emotions in usual life, introduced by R. Plutchik[4]. Secondly, we also show
how to design an emotional dialogue system based on the theory for Subjective Observation Model(SOM)[1], which have high applicability to several kinds of fields [2], [3]. We explain the outline ofthe theory. Finally, we show several attractive dialogues by computer simulation.
Keywords
Emotion psychology, Emotion processing, Mixed emotion, Subjective observation
model, Fuzzy inference, Emotional dialog.

1. Introduction

2. Eight Pure Emotions and Image Code
DictionaryWe, human beings are almost impossible to recognize the absolute meanings of objects or the true relationships among them directly, then we usually understand the meanings concerning the objects by dropping
the order of dimension and aggregating the observed
information from several angles.
Subjective Observation Model (SOM) stands on
the philosophy that all cognition and understandings canbe done only on the observation space, mapping the objects defined on the high dimensional space onto the observation space.
And we consider a number of observation spaces
as a kind of cognition (or interpretation). The system has
two observation spaces corresponding to two persons on
dialogue. The emotional words on each observation
space dispatched to the partners are mapped on the particular observation space on which the origin of mapping
and the scaling are taken into special consideration.

We introduce and outline of Plutchik's theory. In
emotional psychology, R. Plutchik proposed a four pairemotional ring constructing by eight pure emotions (seeFigure 1) ,whose constructive idea came from the analogical inference for the three-dimensional, mixed-colormodel (Plutchik [4]).
These are regarded as four-dimensional attributes,constructing a Rectangular Basal Coordinates Frame(RBCF). And the mixed emotions which are felt in usual
human life, are supposed to be defined by the vectors on
RBCF in the form of linear combination of the coefficients. In fact, as for some mixed emotions, R. Plutchikin his paper [4], considered some intensities on the 8 pureemotions constructing a mixed emotion. So, inAnger
Expectation

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e-mail: shirahama@abc.defgij.ac.jp

Acceptance

HatredSadness
Fig.11Joy

SurpriseFear

The ring of 8 pure emotions

Biomedical Soft Computing and Human Sciences, Vol.x, No.x (20xx)

Table 1 A part of Image-Code dictionary of theMixed Emotional Words (×0.01)

Happiness

Miss BI want toattack

somebody.

MixedJoy- Ang.- Exp.- Acc.Emotional words Sad. Fear Sur. Hate.
ecstasy

9103030joy7405030

happiness

6505030

pleasant

5203030

quiet

4001030calm

3001030

Mr. A

hopefulSTART

Screen of Conciousness

O 12f 01

O 01

the similar way to him, we made an image code dictionary (see Table 1) consisting of sixty-eight mixed emotional words.

{xk }

O02
f02
×l 2

O 21.
Fig. 9An simulated example of the dialogue

4. What is nursing

We explain SOM shortly, because detail of thetheory is in the paper [1].

(k=1,2,…,68) can be expressed by the vectors

O11O

3. Outline of the Theory for Subjective
Observation Model{xk }×l1

She said to me, "I want
to attack somebody"
O 22
But her emotion maybe ironic.

Sad, sadness; Sur, surprise; Acc, acceptance

Image codes of the mixed emotions

OHe said to me "Myemotion is hopeful".
But I think he may beafraid of something.

Screen of Conciousness

Abbreviations: Ang, anger; Exp, expectation;

A lot of readers tend to think that the nurse works
busily in white in the hospital, or gives cares to patients.
People, who has deep knowledge or the concern of nursing, may notice there is more profound meaning in nursing. It is important to clarify something essential in nursing. The essence of the real work of nursing is describedin many works [3]–[5]. First of all, it should be pointed
out that it is wrong to understand nurses as doctor's supplementary followers. The reason is that both of doctors
and nurses have different original roles.
Doctor mainly plays a role to determine the origins
of lurking in a patient’s body from his body symptom,and attempts complete cure or improvement of thesymptom by medical prescriptions such as the operations
and medicines.
On the other hand, nurse's role is to consider not
only the body symptom but also the state of the mind
although nurses receive the doctor’s instruction. Nurses
provide caring for the patient, and their caring improves
the patients mentally and physically. The nurse manages all of patients, and can lead to healthy state including
the mind while the doctor can cure completely or improve a body symptom by treating a cause of disease. It

consisting of the coefficients on 4 attributes of a Normalized Rectangular Basal Coordinate (NRBC) whosesystem is denoted by, {ei }, i.e.;
xk = xk1e1 + xk 2 e2 +  + xk 4 e4 ,My emotion is(1 )***"My emotion is hopeful." Miss B replied, "I
wanted to attack somebody." Fig.9 shows an simulated
example of the dialogue in the case the coefficient
α = 1.

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N. SHIRAHAMA and T. YANARU: An Approach to Construct an Emotional Dialogue System

can be said that the nurse will cure the sick person while
the doctor is struggling with diseases. The nurse is embracing the entire medical treatment of the patient while
doctor's purpose is direct for the cause of illness.
On the nurse's role, Patricia Benner, who is an
American authority of the nursing practice theory, insiststhat only the nursing practice with a deep sympathy tothe patient (caring) should be nurse's role [3]. Moreover,Kiyoko Ikegawa explains that the basis of nursing is a
deep human love[4]. These opinions of two leaders innursing can be greatly approved. However, it doesn'tmean that nursing is conducted only by the human love.
It is necessary to combine “Human love” with theknowledge of nursing and the technology of nursing
though a deep human love is necessary for the source ofbehavior of nurses. An ideal nurse sincerely accept thepatient who is originally others, and the nurse should
fight the sickness together with the patient, and do her
best nursing act as she can do. The example is given in
bellow [5].
The elderly woman of hardly breathing has been
carried by an ambulance to a certain hospital. The chief
nurse who had been waiting for receiving the patient in astretcher was surprised when she tried to take off thesheet which wrapped this elderly woman. It is becausethat the woman was wrapped by dirt, and the skin seems
peel off, and few layer of the skin is nearly fallen. Thechief nurse carried the stretcher to the stall shower without do anything, then scraped the dirt of the whole body.
The elderly woman was not able to do the skin respiration because there was no one around taking care of her,and she may have no bath for a long time and was painful.
The elderly woman was carried to the room, then, after
the shower the chief nurse rubbed her waist and her bodyin order to reduce even a little the pain of the elderly
woman who continues hard breath and was showing her
body painful. After a while, the elderly woman who shuther eyes for long time and behaved faintly, then suddenly
conscious, and muttered, "Thank you."
The author thinks that this is true nursing. This chief
nurse feels patient's suffer assuming she has the same
pains, and is naturally doing nursing (deep care) that improves the patient. This is the one based on the humanlove. On the other hand, at once the chief nurse saw thiselderly woman, she immediately noticed that the elderlywoman had a pain since she could not do the skin respiration, then performed a care which excludes her suffer.

It is one of the nursing techniques to do the shower. This
is intuitive expression of the knowledge of nursing. In aword, it can be said that the true nursing is an applicationof the nursing technique based on the human love.
This kind of act cannot be done except the nurse.
Doctors don't have such a kind action that they rub thebody and waist of their patients. On the other hand, even
if the family members have very love, they don't have thenursing technique. Then the family cannot remove thecause of disease, or improve the symptom. It is therefore
emphasized that the true nurse has both of these important elements, i.e., “Heart and Knowledge.”

5. Conclusion
We have applied the basic theory behind our subjective observation model to an emotional dialogue system. The simulations suggest that it is possible to use thesystem to mathematically extract human's emotionalviews against another person. This study is in its infancy;
a lot of subjects for research have not yet been studied.
However, it is considered that the idea of this research
will be very useful for construction of artificial emotional
dialog system in the near future, or for creating some
new type of processing system containing subjective
emotional functions in the background.
References[1] Shirahama, N., Yanaru, T., Yoshida, K. and Nagamatsu, M.: “An Emotion Processing System Basedon Fuzzy Inference and Subjective Observations”,
Soft Computing in Human-Related Sciences, CRC
Press, 1999.
[2] Shirahama, N., Yanaru, T., Yoshida, K. and Nagamatsu, M. “A Basic Concept of Human Cognitive
Model Ba.sed on Subjective Observation”, Biomedical Fuzzy and Human Sciences, Vol.2, No.1, pp.
37–44., 1996.

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Biomedical Soft Computing and Human Sciences, Vol.x, No.x, (20xx)

Photographof
the first author

Naruki SHIRAHAMA
He received the M.E degree in electricalengineering from Kyushu Institute ofTechnology in 1994. He has been working as a research assistant at Kitakyushu
National College of Technology. His present research interests include the application of Subjective Observation Model.
He is a member of BMFSA.

Photographofthe secondauthor

Torao YANARU
He received the M.E degree in electricalengineering from Kyusyu Institute ofTechnology, Kitakyusyu in 1967, and theDr. degree of engineering in 1982. He has
worked as a prof. of dept. of electricalengineering, faculty of engineering at KIT.
He worked as an associate prof. of information scientific center at KIT from 1975
to 1988, and worked as a prof. of dept. ofartificial intelligence engineering at KITfrom 1989 to 1991. His present researchinterests include development of the emotion processing system based on the theory for subjective observation model. He
is a member of BMFSA, Society of Fuzzy
Theory and Systems, and so on.

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