The NEF Bio-ecological Nature Conservation Projectin Mountainous Region of North Vietnam

FINAL REPORT – MAMMAL GROUPREPORT PERIOD: 2018-2021

Hanoi, 01/2022

CONTENT
Pages
1. GENERAL INFORMATION

3

1.1 Group name with leader

3

1.2 Reporting persons

3

2. RESEARCH

4

2.1 Abstract

4

2.2 Background of the study

5

2.3 Literature review

5

2.4 Material and methods

7

2.5 Research results

13

2.6 Discussion

34

2.7 Literature cited36

2.8 Publications40

3. PROGRESSES OF YOUNG SCIENTITS

41

2

1. GENERAL INFORMATION
1.1 Group name and names of all members
Group name:MammalGroup leader:

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Le Duc Minh (CRES)
E-mail: minh.le.cres@gmail.com

Key researcher:

Dr. Nguyen Truong Son (IEBR)
E-mail: truongsoniebr@gmail.com

Research assistants:

Nguyen Thi Tham (Ph.D. student, VNU)
E-mail: thamnguyenctlhp@gmail.com
Ly Ngoc Tu (Master’s student, IEBR)
E-mail: ngoctu1890@gmail.com

1.2 Reporting persons
Le Duc Minh, Nguyen Truong Son, Nguyen Thi Tham, Ly Ngoc Tu

3

2. RESEARCH
2.1. Abstract
This project examines mammal diversity of karst-dwelling species in the northeastern
limestone region of Vietnam using morphological and molecular data. Based on field survey
data and results from phylogenetic analyses, recommendations for appropriate conservation
measures for better protecting threatened species are provided. In addition, the project
supports capacity building for two students, one master and one Ph.D. in field surveys,
molecular and morphological analyses, and publishing skills, which together help them
become leading scientists in the country.
In total, six field surveys were conducted in four protected areas in northeastern Vietnam,
including two trips in each of the following: Bac Me Nature Reserve, Ha Giang Province, Nam
Xuan Lac Habitat and Species Conservation Area, Bac Kan Province Chu Nature Reserve,
Tuyen Quang Province, and Phia Oac-Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang Province. We
documented 39 species of mammals in Nam Xuan Lac Habitat and Species Conservation Area,
58 in Cham Chu Nature Reserve, 51 in Bac Me Nature Reserve, and 34 in Phia Oac-Phia Den
National Park.
For the training of graduate students, Ms. Nguyen Thi Tham is entering the final year of her
doctoral program at the University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi. Using thedata collected under this project, she has published one paper in a top national journal and twoothers in international venues. Two additional papers under preparation using data generated
under this project are aimed for publication in international journals. Mr. Ly Ngoc Tu
completed his master’s degree at the Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources. During thisproject, he also published two papers in international journals and one in a national journal. He
is also involved in the two other papers under preparation. Mr. Ly Ngoc Tu is planning to enroll
in a doctoral program soon.
As a result of this project, the team has published six papers, one in a national and five ininternational journals. Two more papers are under preparation with one describing a new
species of tree shrew, genus Tupaia. Based on the collected data, we have made a number ofrecommendations for conservation related to small mammal fauna in the study area. We
recognize that small mammals have received little attention from local and central government
authorities as well as international communities in terms of protection although they play animportant role in providing critical ecosystem services. The situation needs to be changed in
the future to save this unique landscape from further adverse impact due to anthropogenic
threats.

4

2.2. Background of the study
This project examines mammal diversity of karst-dwelling species in the northeastern
limestone region of Vietnam using morphological and molecular data. Based on field survey
data and taxonomic status of existing and newly described taxa, we will recommend
appropriate conservation measures for better protecting threatened species.
The project has following objectives:-

To assess the morphological and molecular diversity of karst-dwelling mammals in
the limestone forest of northeastern Vietnam;-

To develop a list of mammal species and their distribution in the study areas;-

To recover evolutionary processes that influence the mammal community in theregion using molecular data;-

To evaluate conservation status of different threatened groups based on field survey
data;

-

To recommend conservation measures for better protect species of special concern.

2.3. Literature review
Vietnam is situated in Indochina Peninsula, which is home to very high diversity of forest
mammals. Up to now, more than 500 mammal species have been recognized in the region. In
terms of richness in species diversity and endemism, Vietnam is widely considered abiodiversity hotspot not only in Southeast Asia but also in the world (Tordoff et al. 2007,2012). However, the mammal fauna in Vietnam has experienced a steep decline in recent
decades. Specifically, one species went exinct in Vietnam in 2011 and more than 60 species
are currently listed as Vulnerable or higher in the IUCN Red List (Brook et al., 2012; IUCN,
2020), although Vietnam's forest covers moderately rised from 37% in 2006 (1970/QĐ/BNN-KL) to 41.89% in 2019 (1423/QĐ-BNN-TCLN) (Ministry of Agriculture andRural Development decision; 2006, 2020). Overexploitation mostly by hunting and snaring
has been regarded as one of the most severe threats to mammals and other vertebrates in the
country.
Northeastern limestone region of Vietnam contains large karst features surrounded by soil
mountain (Sterling & Hurley, 2005; Sterling et al., 2006). Karst towers form an extensive but
highly dissected plateau (Sterling et al., 2006). The region possesses one of the highest
concentrations of endemic species (Clements et al., 2006). There are several remarkablemammals endemic to the northeast region, including the Tonkin snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus avunculus), the Daovantien’s Limestone Rat (Tonkinomys daovantieni), andthe Cao-vit Black Crested Gibbon (Nomacus nasutus).
Field surveys between 1998 and 2011 recorded 68 small mammal species, consisting of 1
Scandentia, 10 Eulipotyphla, 35 Chiroptera and 22 Rodentia in Tuyen Quang and Ha Giang
5

provinces (Nguyen Truong Son et al., 2011). A number of new endemic small mammals
species in the kast area of the region, such as the Daovantien’s Limestone Rat Tonkinomys
daovantieni (Musser et al., 2006), Hipposideros khaokhouayensis (Vu Dinh Thong et al.,2008), the Dong Bac’s trident bat Aselliscus dongbacana (Vuong Tan Tu et al., 2015), theOrlovi's Mole Euroscaptor orlovi (Zemlemerova et al., 2016), has continued to be discovered.
Small mammal fauna in northeastern Vietnam have also been studied in some protected areas,such as Huu Lien Nature Reserve (Lang Son Province) (Lunde et al., 2007); Ba Be National
Park (Bac Kan Province) (Furey et al., 2007; Nguyen Truong Son & Vu Dinh Thong, 2008);
Tay Con Linh Nature Reserve (Ha Giang Province (Lunde et al., 2003), Na Hang Nature
Reserve (Tuyen Quang Province) (Nguyen Truong Son & Vu Dinh Thong, 2008). However,there has been little research to record small mammals in Cham Chu Nature Reserve (Tuyen
Quang Province), Bac Me Nature Reserve (Ha Giang Province), Nam Xuan Lac Species andHabitat Conservation Area (Bac Kan Province), and Phia Oac-Phia Den (Cao Bang
Province).
After reviewing extensive literature related to the mammal fauna of northeastern Vietnam, we
propose to focus on endemic and rare groups in the region. Although the groups play animportant role in elucidating the evolution as well as biogeography of this unique karst region,
they are still poorly studies. We will pay special attention to the following taxa:
Rodents:- Genus Tonkinomys (Musser et al. 2006) – This genus is endemic to northeastern Vietnam,
and only known from the limestone tower in Huu Lien Nature Reserve. Additional research
can shed light on the distribution of the species, e.g., whether it has a broader distribution ornot, and/or on the taxonomy of the poorly know genus, e.g., it has more than one species.
- In addition, the following genera, Typhlomys, Belomys, Petaurista, Euroscaptor, which are
distributed only in northeastern Vietnam, will be studied in detail.
Shrews:- Genera Crocidura, Blarinella – The genera have a high level of diversity in limestone areas
in northeastern Vietnam, listed as rare to vulnerable in the IUCN Redlist, and restricted tolimestone karst.
Bats:- Rhinolophus macrotis complex; Rhinolophus pearsonii and Rhinolophus yunanensis;
Rhinolophus paradoxolophus and Rhinolophus marshalii: the taxonomy of this group iscomplicated. They are featured distribution in limestone karst.
-

Hipposideros

khaokhouayensis,

Hipposideros

lylei,

Coelopsfrithii,

Barbastella

darjelingensis, Murina chrysochaetes: rare species and distributed in limestone karst only.

6

2.4. Materials and methods
Survey time
For the first year (October 2018 – September 2019), three field surveys were conducted:- Survey 1 from 24 to 31 October 2018 in Cham Chu Nature Reserve, Nam Luong
Village, Phu Luu Commune, Ham Yen District, Tuyen Quang Province.

- Survey 2 from 12 to 19 April 2019 in Cham Chu Nature Reserve, Cao Duong Village,
Yen Thuan Commune, Ham Yen District, Tuyen Quang Province.

- Survey 3 from 24 to 31 May 2019 in Bac Me Nature Reserve (Minh Ngoc, ThuongTan, Lac Nong communes), Bac Me District, Ha Giang Province.
For the second year (October 2019 – September 2020), three additional field trips were
undertaken:- Survey 1 from 14 to 21 October 2019 in Bac Me Nature Reserve, Ha Giang Province- Survey 2 from 20 to 27 May 2020 in Phia Oac-Phia Den, Cao Bang Province- Survey 3 from 24 to 31 August 2020 in Nam Xuan Lac Habitat and Species
Conservation Area, Bac Kan Province
For the third year (October 2020 – November 2021), two last surveys were completed:- Survey 1 from 03 to 10 October 2020 in Phia Oac-Phia Den National Park,
Nguyen Binh District.

- Survey 2 from 5 to 12 November 2021 in Nam Xuan Lac Habitat and Species
Conservation Area, Bac Kan Province
Interview to select survey sites
Interviews with local communities were undertaken to gather basic information of mammal
fauna to determine suitable survey sites in the area. Interviewees include the Reserve’s staff,
forest rangers, and hunters. The survey areas and points are depicted in the diagram below.
Figure 1. Map of Northern Vietnam with the location of survey sites on provinces.

7

Specimen collection
Different types of traps were used in the survey, including box, cage, and cylinder traps andmist net. Box and cage traps are suitable for catching rodents and foxes. Sherman traps withlarger size were used to capture species of Maxomys, Niviventer, Rattus, Mus, and shrews.
Sherman traps with medium size were used for members of Crocidura, Brarinella,
Chodsigoa, Episoriculus, Hylomys, and water shrews. Tomahawk traps with large size were
deployed to collect taxa of Leopoldamys, Bandicota, Berylmys and local traps used for
Callosciurus, Dremomys, Tamiops, Menetes. Depending on habitat and surrounding
environment, traps were set on the ground or fallen tree trunks along streams. Pitfall traps
made of cups worked well with small-sized rodents, the genus Mus, and shrews of Crocidura,
Brarinella, Chodsigoa, Episoriculus, Hylomys and even larger-sized species of Niviventer.
We used 20 traps make of plastic set up along trails or observable shrew tracks. The traps
manufactured in Japan and recommended by the American Society of Mammalogists (Sikes
et al. 2011). Rodents and shrews were directed to pitfall traps by a fence made of nylon with
0.5m tall and fixed to the ground by nails every 3-4m. The fence ran through the middle ofeach trap. Each line consisted of 10-20 traps with a total length of 50-100m.
Traps were set along suitable habitat. The distance between traps depending on thecomplexity of the habitat. The more complex the closer the traps were placed. Traps were set

8

on tree branches, climbers, and on the ground. Traps were marked by bright lines (often red)and numbered. Traps were numbered to avoid being missed during checking. Baits used intraps had smell attractive to rodents from a long distance and was sticky and slowly degraded.
They consisted of a mixture of peanut butter, flour, raisin, and salted pork in a ratio of
6:2:2:1. In addition, other local baits, such as cassava, sticky rice with peanut, and dry fruit,
were also used. Thin slides of copra and banana were used with Sherman traps. In most cases,
baits were changed every day at dusk to lure nocturnal species. However, as some species arealso active during the daytime, baits were also changed in the morning during the trap
checking.
Mist nets and harp traps were deployed to collect bats (Chiroptera). Mist nets were set acrosstrails in a forest, forest edge, stream, or outside a cave. Harp traps were also placed in similarsites. We set mist nets and harp traps from 17:30-18:00 đến 22:00-23:00 and checked every
20 minutes before it turned dark. After it was completely dark, mist nets and harp traps werechecked more frequently to ensure that bats did not die because they were entangled in nets
for too long.
Transect survey
Transects were established based on topographic and forest cover maps and existing and new
trails to cover different kinds of habitat. During the transect survey, team members walked
along a transect at a speekd of 1-1.5km/hour. Surveyors listened to sound and observed target
species or their signs/tracks as well as recorded human disturbances. We noted geographic
coordinates of every encounter with target species and disturbance and took photos of any
event.
Specimen processing
All collected animals were temporarily identified and such data as age, sex, and basic
morphology were also recorded. Unidentified animals were prepared as specimens for further
study at the laboratory. Data were collected in the following steps:- Measurements: The following measurements were taken right after animals were captured(live or dead), including Head-body length (HB), Tail length (TL), length of hind foot (HF),
ear length (E), body weight (Wt), length of forearm including wrist (FA) and lower leg (TIB)(for bats). Measurements were undertaken as recommended by Lunde and Nguyen (2001).
- External morphology: Description of external morphology, such as fur color, head, eye, ear,neck, back, belly, and tail.
- Photo: Specimens were photographed from different angles and in different positions torecord external morphology, such as back, belly, head, and tail.
- DNA sampling: DNA samples were taken from representative specimens for taxonomic andphylogenetic studies.

9- Species identification was based on the following references: The mammals of theIndomalayan Region (Corbet and Hill, 1992); Environment and Bioresources of Vietnam
Present Situation and Solutions (Le and Cao, 1998); A photographic guide to mammals ofThailand and Southeast Asia (Francis, 2001); An identification guide to the rodents ofVietnam (Lunde and Nguyen, 2001); A guide to the mammals of Southeast Asia (Francis,
2008); Checklist of Wild mammals species of Vietnam (Dang Ngoc Can et al., 2008); Faunaand flora of Vietnam-Mammals (Dang Huy Huynh et al., 2007); Mammals species of theWorld (Wilson and Reeder, 2005); Squirrels of the world (Thorington et al. 2012); Bat ofVietnam (Kruskop, 2013); Mammals of Thailand (Lekagul B., McNeely 1977); Bat of Indian(Bates and Harrison 1997); Cao Văn Sung và cs (1980); Smith et al. (2008). Horsheshoe batsof the World: (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) (Csorba, Ujhelyi, and Thomas, 2003).
Other scientific publications were also used for identification purposes, including:Marianne et al. (2017), Zemlemerova et al. (2016), Hoàng (2017), Vuong et al. (2017a,b),
Nguyen et al. (2016a,b, 2015a,b, 2013). Abramov et al. (2013); Daosavanh et al. (2013),
Zenkins et al. (2013, 2010a, b, 2009, 2007); Kawada et al. (2008, 2009, 2012), Kruskop andEger (2008), Borisenko et al. (2008), Kruskop et al. (2006), Muser et al. (2006), Vu and Tran
(2005), Lunde et al. (2004), Hendrichsen et al. (2001).
Molecular Phylogenetic Methods
Tissue samples were extracted following protocols specified in Le et al. (2006) using a
DNeasy blood and tissue kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). Extracted DNA was used for
amplification of interested genes by PCR. The PCR volume consisted of 21 μl (10 μl
mastermix (Fermentas, Burlington, ON, Canada), 5 μl water, 2 μl of each primer at 10
pmol/μl and 2 μl DNA or higher depending on the quantity of DNA in the final extraction
solution). PCR conditions will be: 95 °C for 5 min to activate the Taq; 40 cycles at 95 °C for
30 s, 45 °C for 45 s, 72 °C for 60 s; and a final extension at 72 °C for 6 min. Negative
controls were used in all amplifications to check for possible contamination. PCR products
will be subjected to electrophoresis through 1% agarose gel (UltraPureTM, Invitrogen, La
Jolla, CA). Gels were stained for 10 min in X TBE buffer with 2 pg/ml ethidium-bromide,
and visualized under UV light. Successful amplifications were purified to eliminate PCR
components using a GeneJET™ PCR Purification kit (Fermentas). Purified PCR products
were then sent to Macrogen (Seoul, South Korea) for sequencing. All laboratory work wereconducted at the Department of Genetics (Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science,
Vietnam National University, Hanoi).
We identified different levels of phylogenetic units by 1) estimating sequence divergence
between hypothesized units and 2) phylogenetic tree analysis. Below the level of species, we
looked at the level of Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESU), which are monophyletic groupsof genetically differentiated populations within a larger monophyletic species (Ryder 1986;
10Vogler and Desalle, 1994). Sequence divergence between phylogenetic units was estimatedby comparing the number of fixed differences and shared mutations, and the averagenucleotide substitutions and number of net substitutions per site (Dxy and Da, respectively,
with Jukes-Cantor correction), using DnaSP v. 5.10 (Librado and Rozas, 2009). A
permutation test (10,000 randomizations without alignment gaps) of genetic differentiation
was also be carried out using the nearest neighbor statistic (Snn) implemented in DnaSP. Snn
measures how often the most similar sequences in a dataset are from the same population.
For phylogenetic analyses, following tests for outlier loci, sequence data were aligned using
ClustalX v1.83 (Thompson et al., 1997) with default settings for complete alignment.
Phylogenetic relationships among mitochondrial and nuclear sequences were inferred using
Maximum Likelihood (ML) analyses implemented in PALM (Chen et al., 2009). The modelof sequence evolution was chosen using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), comparing
56 models for the PALM analysis (in PALM). Nonparametric bootstrapping was used toprovide a measure of statistical confidence for internal tree branches in ML analyses(Felsenstein, 2003). Phylogenetic hypotheses were estimated using Maximum Parsimony as
implemented in PAUP* v4.0b10 (Swofford, 2001) and Bayesian analysis as implemented in
MrBayes v3.2 (Ronquist et al., 2012).
Morphological data collection
Bats:
These were base fundament; FA, forearm length from the extremity of the elbow to theextremity of the carpus with the wings folded; T, tail length from the tip of tail to its basefundament; HF, hind foot from the tip of the longest digit, excluding claw, to the ex- tremityof the heel, behind the os calcis; TIB, tibia length from the knee joint to ankle; E, ear lengthfrom the lower border of external auditory meatus where it joins with the body to the tip of
pinna; TRAGUS, tragus length from the lower posterior emargination to the tip of the tragus;
and body mass (in gram).
Craniodental and mandibular measurements were taken to the nearest 0.01 mm following Son
et al. (2015): STOTL, total length of skull from the anterior rim of the alveolus of the firstupper incisor to the most projecting point of the occipital region; CCL (condyle-canine
length), from the exoccipital condyle to the most anterior part of the canine; C1C1W, greatest
width across the outer borders of the upper canines; M3M3W, greatest width across the outercrowns of the last upper molars; ZYW (zygomatic width), greatest width of the skull acrossthe zygo- matic arches; MAW (mastoid width), greatest distance across the mastoid region;
IOW (interorbital width), least width of the interorbital constriction; BCW (braincase width),greatest width of the braincase; BCH (braincase height), from the basisphenoid at the level ofthe hamular processes to the highest part of the skull, including the sagittal crest (if present);11

CM3L (maxillary toothrow length), from the front of upper canine to the back of the crownof the third molar; CP4L (upper canine-premolar length), from the front of the upper canine
to the back of the crown of the posterior premolar; ML (mandible length), from the anterior
rim of the alveolus of the first lower incisor to the most posterior part of the condyle; cm3L
(mandibular toothrow length), from the front of the lower canine to the back of the crown of
the third lower molar; cp4L (lower canine-premolar length), from the front of the lower
canine to the back of the crown of the posterior premolar; CPH (least height of the coro- noid
process), from the tip of the coronoid process to the apex of the indentation on the inferior
surface of the ramus adjacent to the angular process.
Rodents:
Values (in millimeters, mm) for total length, length of tail (LT), length of hind foot, including
claw (LHF), and length of ear from intertragal notch to crown (LE) are those we obtained in
the field and recorded in our field journals. Values for length of head and body (LHB) were
determined by subtracting length of tail from total length. Weights were obtained in the fieldwith a Pesola spring scale. Values for cranial and dental measurements were obtained by
Lunde using digital calipers accurate to the nearest 0.01 mm; however, values were round- ed
to the nearest 0.1 mm. The following cranial and dental dimensions (listed in the sequence
they appear in tables) were measured; their limits are illustrated in figure 3 and defined in
Musser and Newcomb (1983). The measurement for skull: ONL occipitonasal length (5greatest length of skull); ZB zygomatic breadth;

IB interorbital breadth; LR length ofrostrum; BR breadth of rostrum; BBC breadth of braincase; HBC height of braincase; BZP
breadth of zygomatic plate; LD length of diastema; LIF length of incisive foramina; BIF
breadth of incisive foramina; LBP length of bony palate (palatal bridge); BBP breadth acrossbony palate at first molars; PPL postpalatal length; BMF breadth of mesopterygoid fossa; LB
length of bulla; CLM1-3 crown length of maxillary molar row; BM1 breadth of first upper
molar.
Mole and Shrew:
Measurements of the external morphology included body weight (BW), head and body length(HBL), tail length (TL), forefoot length (FFL), forefoot width (FFW), and hind-foot length(HFL). The short and long diameters of the testes in the male specimens and uterine activity
in the female specimens also were recorded to determine their respective reproductive
condition. Dental abbreviations used include incisor (i), canine (c), premolar (p), and molar(m). This new mole was assigned to the genus Euroscaptor on the basis of its dental formula(i 3/3, c 1/1, p 4/ 4, m 3/3, total 44) as defined by Dobson (1883).
Fifteen skull characters were measured from the prepared skulls following Kawada et al.
12(2007) using a Mitsutoyo (Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan) digital caliper with an accuracy of
0.01 mm and compared with 70 specimens of the other species in the genus. These
measurements included the greatest length of the skull (GLS), palatal length from the anterior
tip of the 1st incisor to the posterior lip of the palate (PL), inner length of the zygomatic arch
(LZA), length of the upper toothrow (I1–M3), distance between the upper canine and 3rd
molar (C–M3), length of the upper molars (M1–M3), rostral breadth of the canines (RB),breadth between the infraorbital foramina (BIOF), breadth across the upper 2nd molars(BAM), greatest interorbital breadth (IOB), mandible length (ML), mandible height at thecoronoid process (MH), length of the lower toothrow (i1–m3), distance between the lower 1st
premolar and 3rd molar (p1–m3), and length of the lower molars (m1–m3).
2.5. Research results
Species diversity in four protected areas
Nam Xuan Lac Habitat and Species Conservation Area

Figure 1. Survey transects in Nam Xuan Lac
Survey tracks are shown in Fig. 1. In total, 39 species were detected during our surveys in theprotected area. Of these, three primates, namely the Bengal Slow Loris (Nycticebus
bengalensis), the Pygmy Slow Loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus), and the Francois’ Langur
13

(Trachypithecus francoisi) are listed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List (2021). Two
species, the Mainland Serow (Capricornis milneedwardsii) and the Stump-tailed Macaque(Macaca arctoides) are categorized as Vulnerable in the same List. However, all primates arevery rare and were recorded either in previous study and through interviews or specimens kept
at local households. We were unable to observe any of the species during the surveys. On theother hand, the Mainland Serow was encountered during the study (Table 1).
Table 1. Species recorded in Nam Xuan Lac Habitat and Species Conservation Area

No

Vietnamese name

Latin nameSourceVietnam’s Red

IUCN

Data Book

Red

2007

List
2020

1.

I. BỘ NHIỀU RĂNGSCANDENTIA Wagner, 1855

1. Họ ĐồiTupaiidae Gray, 1825

Đồi

Tupaia belangeri (Wagner, 1841)

II. BÔ LINH
TRƯỞNG2. Họ Cu li
2.

Cu li nhỏ3.

Cu li lớn3. Họ Khỉ4.

Khỉ vàng

5.

Khỉ mặt đỏ

6.

Vooc đen má trắng

7.

Lorisidae Gray, 1821
Nycticebus pygmaeus Bonhote,
1907
Nycticebus bengalensis(Lacépède, 1800)

VU

EN

LR

LC

L

Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann,
1870)

L

Macaca arctoides (I. Geoffroy,
1831)

VU
PV

Trachypithecus francoisi(Pousargues, 1898)
Talpidae G. Fischer, 1814Chuột chũiEuroscaptor sp.

IV. BỘ DƠI

CHIROPTERA Blumbach, 1779

5. Họ Dơi quả

Pteropodidae Gray, 1821Dơi chó cánh dài

EN

Cercopithecidae Gray, 1821

4. Họ Chuột chũi

9.

VU
M

EULIPOTYPHLA Gregory, 1910

Dơi chó cánh ngắnLC

PRIMATES Linnaeus, 1758

III. BỘ ĂN SÂU BỌ

8.

L

EN
PV, L

PV,M

Cynopterus brachyotis (Muller,

LC

1838)

L

Cynopterus sphinx (Vahl, 1797)

L

14

EN

LC

6. Họ Dơi lá mũi10.

Dơi lá đuôi11.

Dơi lá mũi péc xôn

12.

Dơi lá tô ma

13.

Dơi lá nam á
7. Họ Dơi lá mũi

14.
15.
16.

Dơi nếp mũi quạ

Rhinolophidae Gray, 1825
Rhinolophus affinis Horsfield,
1823

L

Rhinolophus pearsonii Horsfield,
1851

LC
L,M

Rhinolophus thomasi Andersen,
1905

LC
M

Rhinolophus microglobosus
Csorba and Jenkins, 1998

LC
M

Hipposideridae Lydekker, 1891
Hipposideros armiger (Hodgson,
1835)

LC
L, M

Dơi nếp mũi vương

Hipposideros diadema (Geoffroy,

miện

1813)

Dơi nếp mũi xám

LC

LC
L

Hipposideros larvatus (Horsfield,
1823)

LC
M

8. Họ Dơi muỗiVespertilionidae Gray, 182117.

Dơi muỗi xám

Pipistrellus javanicus (Gray, 1838)

L

LC

18.

Dơi ống tai trònMurina cyclotis Dobson, 1872

M

LC

VI. BỘ ĂN THỊTCARNIVORA Bowdich, 1821

9. Họ CầyViverridae Gray, 182119.

Cầy vòi hương

20.

Cầy vòi mốc

21.

Cầy hương

22.

Cầy gấm
10. Họ Cầy lỏn23.

Cầy lỏn tranh

24.

25.

Paradoxurus hermaphroditus

LC(Pallas, 1777)
Paguma larvata (C. E. H. Smith,
1827)

LC
L

Viverricula indica (Geoffroy
Saint-Hilaire, 1803)

LC
PV

Prionodon pardicolor Hodgson,
1841

VU
L

Herpestidae Bonaparte, 1845
Urva javanica (Geoffroy

LC

Saint-Hilaire, 1818)

QS

Cầy móc cua

Herpestes urva (Hogdson, 1836)

L

12. Họ chó

Canidae Gray Fischer, 1817Lửng chóV. BỘ MÓNG GUỐCNGÓN CHẴN

LC

Nyctereutes procyonoides (Gray,
1834)

LC
PV

ARTIODACTYLA Owen, 1848

15

LC

26.

27.

13. Họ Lợn rừngSuidae Gray, 1821

Lợn rừng

Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758

14. Họ Hươu nai

Cervidae Goldfuss, 1820

Mang thường
15. Họ Trâu bò

28.

29.

Sơn dương

1785)
Bovidae Gray, 1821
Capricornis milneedwardsii David,
1869
Pteromyidae Brand, 1855

Sóc đen31.

Sóc bụng đỏ

32.

Sóc mõm hung33.

Sóc chuột hải nam

Petaurista philippensis (Elloit,
1839)
1817
Ratufa bicolor (Sparrman, 1778)
1779)

NT
LC

L,M

Dremomys rufigenis (Blanford,
1878)

LC
L,M

Tamiops maritimus (Bonhote,
1900)

LC
L,PV

Rhizomys pruinosus Blyth, 1851

19. Họ Chuột

Muridae Illiger, 181135.

Chuột nhắt nhà

Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758

36.

Chuột núi37.

Chuột hươu bé

38.

Chuột mốc lớn

Đon

L, PV

Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas,

Dúi mốc lớn

39.

LC

Sciuridae Fischer de Waldheim,

Spalacidae Gray, 1821

20. Họ Nhím

VU

PV

18. Họ Dúi
34.

NT
QS

16. Họ Sóc bay

30.

LC
L

RODENTIA Bowdich, 1821

17. Họ Sóc câyLC

Muntiacus vaginalis (Boddaert,

VI. BỘ GẶM NHẤMSóc bay lớn

QS

L,M,PV

LC

L

LC

Leopoldamys edwardsi (Thomas,

LC

1882)

M

Niviventer fulvescens (Gray, 1847)

M

Berylmys bowersi (Anderson,
1879)

LC
LC

L,M

Hystricidae G. Fischer, 1817
Atherurus macrourus (Linnaeus,
1758)

LC
L

Note: L – Literature; QS – Direct observation; PV – Interview; M – Specimen
IUCN Red List: EN – Endangered; VU – Vulnerable; NT – Near Threatened; LC – Least
Concern

16

Bac Me Nature Reserve

Figure 2. Survey transects in Bac Me
Survey tracks are shown in Fig. 2. In total, 51 species were identified during our surveys in
the protected area. Among them, two species are considered Critically Endangered, i.e., the
Tonkin Snub-nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus avunculus) and the Sunda Pangolin (Manis
javanica), and four are listed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List (2021), including theBengal Slow Loris (Nycticebus bengalensis), the Pygmy Slow Loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus),
Andersen’s Roundleaf Bat (Hipposideros pomona), and the Large-spotted Civet (Viverra
megaspila). Six others, namely the Northern Pig-taild Macaque (Macaca leonina), theClouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), the Leopard (Panthera pardus), the Binturong(Arctictis binturong), the Asiatic Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus), and the Mainland Serow(Capricornis milneedwardsii), are categorized as Vulnerable. All of the above species were
extremely very rare and documented only through our interviews with local people, except for
the Andersen’s Roundleaf Bat, whose specimens were collected. It is noted that a populationof tree shrew, genus Tupaia, a population of mole, genus Euroscaptor, a population of17

white-toothed shrew, genus Crocidura, a population of pipistrelle microbat, genus Pipitrellus,
are distinctly different from their congeners (Table 2). Their taxonomic status is currently being
investigated by our group.

Table 2. Species recorded in Bac Me Nature ReserveNo

1.

Vietnamese name

Latin nameI. BỘ NHIỀU RĂNGSCANDENTIA Wagner, 1855

1. Họ ĐồiTupaiidae Gray, 1825

Đồi

Tupaia sp.

III BỘ LINH TRƯỞNG

PRIMATES Linnaeus, 1758

3. Họ Cu li

Lorisidae Gray, 1821

2.

Cu li lớn3.

Cu li nhỏSourceIUCN Red
List

M

Nycticebus bengalensis (Lacépède,
1800)
Nycticebus pygmaeus (Bonhote,
1907)

PV

EN

PV

EN

4. Họ KhỉCercopithecidae Gray, 18214.

Khỉ đuôi lợn

Macaca leonina (Blyth, 1863)

PV

VU

5.

Khỉ vàng

Macaca(Zimmermann,

PV

LC

6.

Voọc mũi hếchRhinopithecus avunculus (Dollman,PVCR

mulatta

1780)
1912)

IV. BỘ ĂN SÂU BỌ

EULIPOTYPHIA Gregory, 1910

5. Họ Chuột chù

Soricidae G. Fischer, 18147.

Chuột chùCrocidura sp.

M8.

Chuột chù nhà

Suncus murinus (Linnaeus, 1766)

K, QS

6. Họ Chuột chũiTalpidae G. Fischer, 1814

18

LC

9.

Chuột chũiEuroscaptor sp.

V. BỘ DƠICHIROPTERA Blumbach, 1779

7. Họ Dơi quả

Pteropodidae Gray, 1821

10. Dơi chó cánh dài
8. Họ Dơi lá mũi
11. Dơi lá nam á
12. Dơi lá mũi nhỏ
9. Họ Dơi nếp mũi
13. Dơi nếp mũi quạ
14. Dơi nếp mũi xám
15. Dơi nếp mũi xinh
16. Dơi nếp mũi ba lá
17. Dơi muỗi sọ dẹt
18. Dơi lá pec-xon

M

Cynopterus sphinx (Vahl, 1797)

LC

M

LC

M

LC

M

LC

M

LC

M

EN

M

LC

Rhinolophidae Gray, 1825
Rhinolophus microglobosus Csorba
and Jenkins, 1998
Rhinolophus

pusillus

Temminck,

1834
Hipposideridae Lydekker, 1891
Hipposideros armiger (Hodgson,
1835)
Hipposideros larvatus (Horsfield,
1823)
Hipposideros pomona
Aselliscus

stoliczkanus(Dobson,

1871)
Pipitrellus sp.

PVRhinolophus pearsoni (Horsfield,

M

LC

PV

LC

1851)

VI. BỘ ĂN THỊTCARNIVORA Bowdich, 1821

10. Họ Mèo

Felidae Fischer de Waldheim, 1817

19. Mèo rừngM

Prionailurus

bengalensis(Kerr,

1792)

20. Báo gấm

Neofelis nebulosa (Griffith, 1821)

PV

VU

21. Báo hoa mai

Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)

PV

VU

Arctictis binturong (Raffles, 1821)

PV

VU

Paguma larvata (C. E. H. Smith,PVLC

11. Họ Cầy
22. Cầy mực
23. Cầy vòi mốc

Viverridae Gray, 1821

1827)

19

24. Cầy giông sọc

Viverra megaspila (Blyth, 1862)

PVEN

25. Cầy giông

Viverra zibetha Linnaeus, 1758

PV

LC

Viverricula

PV

LC

PV

VU

26. Cầy hương
12. Họ Gấu
27. Gấu ngựa13. Họ Chồnindica(É.

Geoffroy

Saint-Hilaire, 1803)
Ursidae Fischer de Waldheim,
1817
Ursus thibetanus G. Cuvier, 1823
Mustelidae Fischer, 1817

28. Chồn bạc má bắc

Melogale moschata (Gray, 1831)

PVLC

29. Triết bụng vàngMustela kathiah Hodgson, 1835

PV

LC

PV

LC

PV

VU

VII. BỘ MÓNG GUỐCNGÓN CHẴN
14. Họ Lợn rừng30. Lợn rừng15. Họ Trâu bò
31. Sơn dương
VIII. BỘ GẶM NHẤM16. Họ Sóc

ARTIODACTYLA

Owen, 1848

Suidae Gray, 1821
Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758
Bovidae Gray, 1821
Capricornis

sumatraensis(Bechstein, 1799)
RODENTIA Bowdich, 1821
Sciuridae Fischer de Waldheim,
1817

32. Sóc bay lông tai

Belomys pearsonii

M

DD

33. Sóc đen

Ratufa bicolor (Sparrman, 1778)

PVNT

34. Sóc bay trâu

Petaurista philippensis (Elliot, 1839)

PV

LC

PV,M,QSLC

Callosciurus inornatus (Gray, 1867)

M

LC

Dremomys(Blanford,PV

LC

maritimus

PV,M,QS

LC

35. Sóc bụng đỏ
36. Sóc bụng xám
37. Sóc mõm hung38. Sóc chuột hải nam

Callosciurus

erythraeus(Pallas,1779)

rufigenis

1878)
Tamiops(Milne-Edwards, 1867)20

17. Họ Dúi

Spalacidae Gray, 1821

39. Dúi mốc lớn

Rhizomys pruinosus Blyth, 1851

18. Họ ChuộtPVLC

Muridae Illiger, 1811

40. Chuột núi đuôi dài

Leopodamys

sabanus(Thomas,PV

1887)
41. Chuột nhắt nương
Chuột
42.

đồng

Trung Quốc43. Chuột hươu lớn
44. Chuột mốc lớn
45. Chuột khổng tửMus pahari Thomas, 1916

M

LC

–

M

LC

Leopoldamys edwardsi (Thomas,

PV

LC

Berylmys bowersi (Anderson, 1879)

PV

LC

NiviventerM

Nam Apodemus

draco(Barrett

Hamilton,1900)

1882)

cf.

confucianus(Milne-Edwards, 1871)

46. Chuột hươuNiviventer sp.

PV

47. Chuột thường

Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758)

QS

LC

48. Chuột bóng

Rattus nitidus (Hodgson, 1845)

M

LC(Linnaeus,

PV

LC

Hystrix brachyura (Linnaeus, 1758)

PV

LC

PV

CR

19. Họ Nhím
49. Đon
50. Nhím đuôi ngắnHystricidae G. Fischer, 1817
Atherurus

macrourus

1758)

IX. BỘ TÊ TÊ

PHOLIDOTA Weber, 1904

20. Họ Tê tê

Manidae Gray, 1821

51. Tê tê gia va

Manis javanica (Desmarest, 1822)

Note: L – Literature; QS – Direct observation; PV – Interview; M – Specimen
IUCN Red List: EN – Endangered; VU – Vulnerable; NT – Near Threatened; DD – Data
deficient21

Cham Chu Nature Reserve

Figure 3. Survey transects in Cham Chu
Survey tracks are shown in Fig. 3. In total, 58 species were identified during our surveys in
the protected area. Among them, two species are considered Critically Endangered, i.e., the
Tonkin Snub-nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus avunculus) and the Caovit Gibbon (Nomascus
nasutus), and four are listed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List (2021), including theBengal Slow Loris (Nycticebus bengalensis), the Pygmy Slow Loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus),
Andersen’s Roundleaf Bat (Hipposideros pomona), and the Francois’ Langur (Trachypithecus
francoisi). Four other others, namely the Stump-tailed Macaque (Macaca arctoides), theAsiatic Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus), the Greater Hog Badger (Arctonyx collaris), and theMainland Serow (Capricornis milneedwardsii), are categorized as Vulnerable. All of the above
species were directly observed during our surveys and documented only through our22interviews with local people, except for the Andersen’s Roundleaf Bat, whose specimens werecollected. It is noted that a population of mole, genus Euroscaptor, a population of Asiatic
water shrew, genus Chimarogale, a population of the Old-World leaf-nosed bat, genus
Aseliscus, and two populations of white-bellied rats, genus Niviventer, are morphologicallydistinct from other members of their genera (Table 3). Their taxonomic status is currently
under investigation.
Table 3. Species recorded in Cham Chu Nature Reserve
No
Vietnamese name

1.

2.
3.

5.
6.
7.

information

I. SCANDENTIA Wagner, 1855

1. Họ Đồi1. Tupaiidae Gray, 1825

Đồi

Tupaia belangeri (Wagner,
II. PRIMATES Linnaeus, 1758

2. Họ Cu li

2. Lorisidae Gray, 1821

Cu li lớnCu li nhỏKhỉ mặt đỏ
Khỉ vàng
Voọc mũi hếchVoọc đen má trắng

Vượn cao vit
III. BỘ ĂN SÂU BỌ
5. Họ Chuột voi

M

1841)

II. BỘ LINH TRƯỞNG

4. Họ Vượn8.

Latin nameI. BỘ NHIỀU RĂNG3. Họ Khỉ4.

Source of

Nycticebus bengalensis

PV(Lacépède, 1800)
Nycticebus pygmaeus

PV

Bonhote, 1907

Conservation
status(IUCN)LC

EN
EN

3. Cercopithecidae Gray, 1821
Macaca arctoides (Geoffroy,

PV

1831)
Macaca mulatta

QS(Zimmermann, 1780)
Rhinopithecus avunculus

PV(Dollman, 1912)
Trachypithecus francoisi

PV(Pousargues, 1898)

VU
LC
CR
EN

4. Hylobatidae, Gray, 1871
Nomascus nasutus Ogiby,
1840
III. EULIPOTYPHLA Gregory,1910
5. Erinaceidae G. Fischer, 1814

23

PV

CR

9.

10.
11.
12.

13.

Hylomys suillus Müller, 1840

6. Họ Chuột chù

6. Soricidae G. Fischer, 1814Chuột chù nướcChimarogale sp.

M

Crocidura attenuataMChuột chù đuôi đenChuột chù nhà

15.
16.
17.

18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.

Milne-Edwards, 1872
Suncus murinus (Linnaeus,
7. Talpidae G. Fischer, 1814Chuột chũi miền bắcEuroscaptor sp.

Cynopterus sphinx (Vahl, 1797)
Eonycteris spelaea (Dobson,
Macroglossus sobrinus

9. Họ Dơi lá mũi

9. Rhinolophidae Gray, 1825

Dơi lá mũi péc-xôn
Dơi lá mũi nhỏDơi lá tô-ma
10. Họ Dơi nếp mũi

M
MAndersen, 1911
Sphaerias blanfordiDơi lá quạt

M

1871)

Dơi quả núi cao

Dơi lá nam á

LC

1779

Dơi chó cánh dài

Dơi lá đuôiLC

IV. CHIROPTERA Blumbach,
8. Pteropodidae Gray, 1821Dơi ăn mật hoa lớnLCM

8. Họ Dơi quảDơi quả lưỡi dài

M

1766)

7. Họ Chuột chũiIV. BỘ DƠI

14.

MChuột voi đồi

Rhinolophus affinis Horsfield,

M

M

1823
Rhinolophus microglobosus

M

Csorba and Jenkins, 1998
Rhinolophus paradoxolophus

M

Bourret, 1951
Rhinolophus pearsonii

M

Horsfield, 1851
Rhinolophus pusillus

M

Temminck, 1834
Rhinolophus thomasi
Andersen, 1905
10. Hipposideridae Lydekker,
1891

24

M

LC
LC
LC
LC

LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC

24.
25.
26.
27.

Dơi nếp mũi ba láDơi nếp mũi quạDơi nếp mũi xám
Dơi nếp mũi xinh
11. Họ Dơi Muỗi28.

Dơi tai nam á
11. Họ Dơi ma

29.

Dơi ma bắc
X. BỘ ĂN THỊT12. Họ Mèo

30.

31.
32.
33.
34.

Mèo rừng

36.

Hipposideros armiger
Hipposideros larvatus
Hipposideros pomona K.

Cầy lỏn tranh
Cầy móc cua
15. Họ Gấu

LC
LC
EN

Vespertilionidae Gray, 1821
Myotis chinensis (Tomes,

M

1857)

LC

11. Megadermatidae H. Allen,
1864
Megaderma lyra E. Geoffroy,

M

1810

LC

V. CARNIVORA Bowdich, 1821
12. Felidae Fischer deWaldheim, 1817
Prionailurus bengalensis (Kerr,

PV

1792)

Paguma larvata (Smith, 1827)

Cầy hương

M

Andersen, 1918

Cầy vòi mốcCầy gấm

M(Horsfield, 1823)

13. Viverridae Gray, 1821

Cầy vòi đốm

M(Hodgson, 1835)

13. Họ Cầy

14. Họ Cầy lỏn
35.

M

Aseliscus sp.

Paradoxurus hermaphroditus

QS
QS(Pallas, 1777)
Prionodon pardicolor

PV

Hogdson, 1842
Viverricula indica (Geoffroy

QS

Saint-Hilaire, 1803)

LC

LC
LC
LC
LC

14. Herpestidae Bonaparte,
1845
Herpestes javanicus (Geoffroy

QS

Saint-Hilaire, 1818)
Herpestes urva (Hogdson,
1836)
15. Ursidae Fischer deWaldheim, 1817

25

QS

LC
LC

37.

38.
39.
40.
41.

Gấu ngựa

Ursus thibetanus Cuvier, 1823

16. Họ Chồn16. Mustelidae Fischer, 1817Lửng lợn

Arctonyx collaris Cuvier, 1825Chồn vàngChồn bạc má bắcTriết bụng vàngMartes flavigula (Boddaert,

PV

PV
QS

1785)
Melogale moschata (Gray,

M

1831)
Mustela kathiah Hodgson,

QS

1835

VU

VU
LC
LC
LC

VI. BỘ MÓNG GUỐC VI. ARTIODACTYLA Owen,

42.

43.

NGÓN CHẴN

1848

17. Họ Lợn rừng17. Suidae Gray, 1821

Lợn rừng

Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758

18. Họ Hươu nai

18. Cervidae Goldfuss, 1820

Mang thường
19. Họ Trâu bò44.

Sơn dương

VII. BỘ GẶM NHẤM20. Họ Sóc
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.

Sóc đenSóc bay lông chân
Sóc bụng đỏ
Sóc bụng xám
Sóc mõm hungPV

Muntiacus vaginalis

LC

LC(Zimmermann, 1780)
19. Bovidae Gray, 1821
Capricornis milneedwardsii

PVDavid, 1869

VU

VII. RODENTIA Bowdich, 1821
20. Sciuridae Fischer deWaldheim, 1817
Ratufa bicolor (Sparrman,

QS

1778)
Belomys pearsonii (Gray, 1842)
Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas,

QS
QS

1779)
Callosciurus inornatus (Gray,

QS

1867)
Dremomys rufigenis (Blanford,
1878)

26

QS

NT
DD
LC
LC
LC

50.

Sóc chuột hải nam
21. Họ Dúi

51.

Dúi mốc lớn
22. Họ Chuột

52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.

Chuột nhắt câyChuột su-riChuột hươu béChuột lang-bi-an

LC

21. Spalacidae Gray, 1821
Rhizomys pruinosus Blyth,

PV

1851

LC

22. Muridae Illiger, 1811
Chiropodomys gliroides (Blyth,

M

1856)
Maxomys surifer (Miller, 1900)
Niviventer fulvescens (Gray,

M
M

1847)
Niviventer langbianis

M(Robinson et Kloss, 1922)
Niviventer sp1.

ChuộtNiviventer sp2.

Đon

QS

1900)

Chuột

23. Họ Nhím
58.

Tamiops maritimus (Bonhote,

LC
LC
LC
LC

M
M

23. Hystricidae G. Fischer,
1817
Atherurus macrourusPV(Linnaeus, 1758)

LC

Note: L – Literature; QS – Direct observation; PV – Interview; M – Specimen
IUCN Red List: EN – Endangered; VU – Vulnerable; NT – Near Threatened; LC – Least
Concern27

Phia Oac-Phia Den National Park

Figure 4. Survey transects in Phia Oac-Phia Den
Survey tracks are shown in Fig. 4. In total, we detected 57 species in the survey area. Of thespecies identified, two are considered Endangered in the IUCN Red List (2021), namely the
Bengal Slow Loris (Nycticebus bengalensis) and the Andersen’s Roundleaf Bat(Hipposideros pomona). Five others, namely the Stump-tailed Macaque (Macaca arctoides),the Schreiber’s Bent-winged Bat (Miniopterus schreibersi), the Sambar (Rusa unicolor), theAsiatic Black Bear

(Ursus thibetanus), and the Mainland Serow (Capricornis

milneedwardsii), are categorized as Vulnerable. All of the species were documented through28

literature review, except for the Asiatic Black Bear recorded through interviews with local
people (Table 4).
Table 4. Species recorded in Phia Oac-Phia Den National ParkNo

Latin nameI. BỘ NHIỀU RĂNGSCANDENTIA Wagner, 1855

1. Họ ĐồiTupaiidae Gray, 1825

1. Đồi2.

IUCN Red

Vietnamese name

Tupaia belangeri (Wagner, 1841)

II. BÔ LINH TRƯỞNG

PRIMATES Linnaeus, 1758

2. Họ Cu li

Lorisidae Gray, 1821

Cu li lớn

1758)

3.

Khỉ mặt đỏ

Macaca arctoides (I.Geoffroy, 1831)4.

Khỉ vàng

LC

EN

L

Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann,
1870)

VU
LC

L

III. BỘ ĂN SÂU BỌ

EULIPOTYPHLA Gregory, 1910

4. Họ Chuột chũiTalpidae G. Fischer, 1814Chuột chũiEuroscaptor sp.

IV. BỘ DƠI

CHIROPTERA Blumbach, 1779

5. Họ Dơi quả

Pteropodidae Gray, 1821

Dơi ngựa nâu

L

L

Cercopithecidae Gray, 1821

6.

List

Nycticebus bengalensis (Boddaert,

3. Họ Khỉ5.

SourceM

Rousettus leschenaultii (Desmarest,
1820)

LC
L

6. Họ Dơi lá mũi

Rhinolophidae Gray, 18257.

Dơi lá đuôiRhinolophus affinis Horsfield, 1823

L

LC

8.

Dơi lá tai dài

Rhinolophus macrotis Blyth, 1844

L

LC

9.

Dơi lá mũi péc xôn

10.

Dơi lá mũi nhỏ

11.

Dơi lá tô ma

12.

Dơi

Rhinolophus cf. microglobosus

7. Họ Dơi lá mũi

Hipposideridae Lydekker, 1891

Dơi mũi ba lá đôngAselliscus dongbacanus Tu, Csorba,

13.

Rhinolophus pearsonii Horsfield,
1851

LC
M

Rhinolophus pusillus Temminck,
1834

LC
L

Rhinolophus thomasi Andersen,
1905

LC
L

29

L

bắc

Gorfol, Arai, Son, Thanh &Hassanin, 201514.

Dơi nếp mũi quạ

15.

Dơi mũi hai màu

16.

Dơi nếp mũi xám

17.

Dơi nếp mũi xinh
8. Họ Dơi muỗi18.

Dơi muỗi nâu

19.

Dơi muỗi mắt

20.

Dơi muỗi Ca-do-ra21.

Dơi tai sọ cao

22.

Hipposideros armiger (Hodgson,
1835)

LC
L

Hipposideros bicolor (Temminck,
1834)

LC
L

Hipposideros larvatus (Horsfield,
1823)

LC
L

Hipposideros pomona K. Andersen,
1918

EN
L

Vespertilionidae Gray, 1821
Pipistrellus coromandra (Gray,
1838)

LC
L

Pipistrellus tenuis (Temminck,

LC

1840)

L

Hypsugo cadornae Thomas, 1916

L

LC

Myotis cf. siligorensis(Horsfield, 1855)LDơi tai bắc việtMyotis lanige (Peters, 1870)

LDơi mũi ống cánhHarpiocephalus harpia

lông(Temminck, 1840)

L24.

Dơi ống tai trònMurina cyclotis Dobson, 1872

L

LC

25.

Dơi mũi ống

Murina huttoni (Peters, 1872)

L

LC

26.

Dơi mũi ống nhỏ

23.

27.
28.

29.
30.

31.

Csorba, 2009

L

Murina chrysochaetes

vàngEger, Lim 2011

L

Kerivoula hardwickii (Horsfield,
1824)

LC
M

Dơi mũi nhẵnKerivoula kachinensi Bates etMi-an-maal., 2004

Dơi mũi nhẵn lớn

Kerivoula titania Bates et al., 2007

9. Họ Dơi cánh

Miniopteridae Dobson, 1875

Dơi gập cánh dài

LC

Murina eleryi Furey, Thong, Bates,Dơi mũi ống lôngDơi mũi nhẵn

LC

LC
L
L

Miniopterus schreibersi (Kuhl,
1819)

VU
L

VI. BỘ ĂN THỊTCARNIVORA Bowdich, 1821

10. Họ Mèo

Felidae Fischer de Waldheim, 1817

30

LC

32.

Báo lửa

33.

Mèo rừng
11. Họ Cầy34.

Cầy vòi mốc35.

Cầy vòi đốm36.

Cầy hương

37.

Cầy gấm
12. Họ Cầy lỏn38.

Cầy lỏn tranh

39.
40.

Prionailurus bengalensis (Kerr,
1792)

LC
L

Viverridae Gray, 1821
Paguma larvata (C. E. H. Smith,
1827)

LC
L

Paradoxurus hermaphroditus(Pallas, 1777)

LC
L

Viverricula indica (É. Geoffroy
Saint-Hilaire, 1803)

LC
L

Prionodon pardicolor Hodgson,
1841

LC
L

Herpestidae Bonaparte, 1845
Herpestes javanicus (É. GeoffroyLCCầy móc cua

Herpestes urva (Hogdson, 1836)

LLC

13. Họ ChồnMustelidae Fischer, 1817

Rái cá thường

Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758)

L

NT

PV

VU

L

LC

Gấu ngựa
NGÓN CHẴN

Ursidae Fischer de Waldheim,
1817
Ursus thibetanus Cuvier, 1823
ARTIODACTYLA Owen, 1848

15. Họ Lợn rừngSuidae Gray, 1821

Lợn rừng

Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758

16. Họ Hươu nai

Cervidae Goldfuss, 1820

43.

Mang thường

44.

45.

L

L

V. BỘ MÓNG GUỐC42.

Horsfield, 1827)

NT

Saint-Hilaire, 1818)

14. Họ Gấu
41.

Catopuma temminckii (Vigors andMuntiacus vaginalis (Zimmermann,

LC

1780)

L

Nai

Rusa unicolor (Kerr, 1792)

L

17. Họ Trâu bò

Bovidae Gray, 1821Sơn dương

Capricornis milneedwardsii David,
1869

VU
VU

L

VI. BỘ GẶM NHẤMRODENTIA Bowdich, 1821

18. Họ Sóc bay

Pteromyidae Brand, 1855

46.

Sóc bay trâu

Petaurista philippensis (Elloit, 1839)

L

LC

47.

Sóc bay lông tai

Belomys pearsonii (Gray, 1842)

L

DD

31

48.

Sóc bay sao
19. Họ Sóc cây49.

Sóc đen50.

Sóc bụng đỏ

51.

Sóc mõm hung52.

Sóc chuột hải nam

Petaurista elegans (Müller, 1840)

L

NT

1817
Ratufa bicolor (Sparrman, 1778)
Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas,
1779)

LC
M

Dremomys rufigenis (Blanford,
1878)

LC
M

Tamiops maritimus (Bonhote,
1900)

LC
PV

Spalacidae Gray, 1821

Dúi mốc lớn

Rhizomys pruinosus Blyth, 1851

21. Họ Chuột

Muridae Illiger, 181154.

Chuột nhắt nhà

55.
56.

57.

LC

Sciuridae Fischer de Waldheim,

20. Họ Dúi
53.

L

M,PV

LC

Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758

L

LC

Chuột hươu bé

Niviventer fulvescens (Gray, 1847)

M

LCChuột mốc lớn

Berylmys bowersi (Anderson, 1879)

L,M

LC

22. Họ Nhím

Hystricidae G. Fischer, 1817

Đon

Atherurus macrourus (Linnaeus,
1758)

LC
L

Note: L – Literature; QS – Direct observation; PV – Interview; M – Specimen
IUCN Red List: EN – Endangered; VU – Vulnerable; NT – Near Threatened; LC – Least
Concern
Molecular phylogenetic analysis
Our analyses using three different methods, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, andBayesian inference, and based on three genetic markers, two mitochondrial 12S, cytochromeb, and one nuclear Rag1, show that the mole population from Cham Chu Nature Reserve isdistinctly different from all other congeners in the genus Euroscaptor. Three samples
collected from the Reserve were also reciprocally monophyletic and most closely related to E.
orlovi, a species described in 2016. In addition, a population from Tay Con Linh Nature
Reserve (highlighted in bold) was also distinct from other members of the genus (Fig. 1). Our
results show that the diversity of the genus is currently underestimated and northern Vietnam
might harbor a high-level cryptic diversity of the genus.

32

Figure 5. Bayesian phylogram based on three genes, 12s, cytochrome b and Rag1. Three
specimens collected from Cham Chu Nature Reserve and one from Tay Con Linh Nature
Reserve (highlighted in bold) are included. Other sequences are obtained from GenBank.
In addition, our molecular analyses also discover a new population of the tree shrew, genus
Tupaia, with samples collected from several sites across northern Vietnam, including Bac Me
Nature Reserve in Ha Giang Province. This population is morphologically similar to T.

33belangeri. Genetically, the new population is most closely related to others from China andMalaysia, but distinctly different from them.

Figure 6. Bayesian phylogram based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Samples
collected from Cat Ba, Lang Son, and Ha Giang (Bac Me Nature Reserve) are highlighted inbold. Other sequences are obtained from GenBank.

2.6. Discussion
The results of our study show that Nam Xuan Lac Habitat and Species Conservation Area has
the lowest species richness with 39 species followed by Bac Me Nature Reserve with 51
species. Cham Chu Nature Reserve and Phia Oac-Phia Den National Park harbor 58 and 57
species, respectively. In terms of cryptic diversity, Cham Chu and Bac me have the greatest
potential. The former is home to several distinct populations of different genera, including
one of genus Euroscaptor, one of Asiatic water shrew, genus Chimarogale, one of the
Old-World leaf-nosed bat, genus Aseliscus, and two of white-bellied rats, genus Niviventer. On
the other hand Bac Me potentially possesses the cryptic diversity of tree shrew, genus Tupaia,
mole, genus Euroscaptor, white-toothed shrew, genus Crocidura, and pipistrelle microbat,
genus Pipitrellus. More research should be conducted in both protected areas to uncoveradditional diversity.
Previous studies on small mammal fauna in the northeastern limestone region primarily
focused on documenting species composition and assessing population status throughinterviews, observation. As a result, the taxonomy status of most mole populations in theregion remains poorly understood. The combination of different scientific methods including34

semi-structured interviews, internal and external morphological analysis, and molecularapproaches is necessary to provide more accurate and useful information on mole diversity andfor the development of appropriate conservation measures for the species.
Our research group is currently examining these taxonomic issues and at least local populationsof two genera, Euroscaptors and Tupaia, are shown to be genetically and morphologicallydistinct. Two papers are under preparation to describe the cryptic diversity in the groups.
Moreover, other distinct populations are also being studied by our group and the results will be
published in the near future.
Our surveys also raise several conservation issues. Large mammal fauna in the protected area
have severely declined and hardly detected during our surveys, except the Mainland Serow on
one occasion in Nam Xuan Lac Habitat and Species Conservation Area. In addition, allCritically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable were virtually only recorded throughinterviews and literature review. We only observed the Vulnerable Mainland Serow and theEndangered Andersen’s Roundleaf Bat. The latter was captured in Bac Me and Cham Chu
nature reserves. It is therefore important to establish conservation programs for the Mainland
Serow in Nam Xuan Lac and for the Andersen’s Roundleaf Bat in Bac Me and Cham Chu. If
urgent conservation measures are not implemented, the species will soon be extirpated fromthe area due to heavy pressures from human activities.
Our surveys did not yield many specimens of several common species – Callosciurusinornatus (two specimens collected in Bac Me NR), Rhizomys pruinosus (only one specimen
in Cao Duong, Cham Chu NR). We had not recorded any information on the occurrence inareas close to human inhabited places, rice lands, and oranges. However, we observed many
individuals of these species in the local houses of local people. The situation suggests thesurvey sites have been heavily impacted by human activities, such as orange production,
agricultural expansion, forest loss, mining, and especially the high level of hunting. The
species considered area in this study warrant further investigation to verify their conservation
status and assess anthropogenic threats.
On the other hand, small mammal faunas have received little attention from government
authorities and conservation communities. For example, conservation status of several newly
described species, such as the Daovantien’s Limestone Rat (Tonkinomys daovantieni) and theOrlov’s Mole (Euroscaptor orlovi), have not been evaluated. Particularly, moles have been
neglected although they play a critical role in maintaining vital ecological services. The species
are especially threatened because of the lack of data on their conservation status and theirvulnerability to human impacts. It is therefore essential to conduct an in-depth study to better
understand diversity, distribution, and anthropogenic threats to the taxa using robust scientificmethods to better protect the species from further decline.

35

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2.8. Publications
1. Bui, H.T., Ly T.N., Vu D.T., Le M.D., Nguyen T.T., Nguyen S.T. 2019. Supplementary dataof insectivores (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla) in Vietnam. Journal of Biology 41: 393-407.
2. Bui, H.T., Motokawa M., Kawada S., Abramov A.V., Nguyen S.T. 2020. Skull variation in
Asian moles of the genus Euroscaptor (Eulipotyphla: Talpidae) in Vietnam. Mammal Study
45: 265-280.
3. Görföl, T., Kruskop S.V., Vuong T.T., Estók P., Nguyen S.T., Csorba G. 2020. A new genus
of vespertilionid bat: the end of a long journey for Joffre’s Pipistrelle (Chiroptera:
Vespertilionidae). Journal of Mammalogy 101: 331-348
4. Nguyen, T.T., Ly T.N., Vu D.T., Bui H.T., Nguyen D.D., Abramov A.V., Kruskop S.V., Le
M.D., Nguyen S.T. 2020. First study of small mammals of Cham Chu and Bac Me NRs,
northeastern Vietnam. Russian Journal of Theriology 19: 193-209.
5. Endo, H., Nguyen T.S., Nguyen D.D., Sasaki M., Kimura J., Oshida T., Yago M., Ly N.T.,
Nguyen T.T., Motokawa, M. 2021. Zoogeographical barriers causing discontinuous
osteometrical variations in the northern treeshrew skulls. Journal of Veterinary Medical
Science 83: 1534-1544.
Two additional manuscripts on the taxonomic status of the new populations of genera Tupaia
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and Euroscaptor are under preparation.

3. PROGRESS OF YOUNG SCIENTISTS
Ms. Nguyen Thi Tham is a Ph.D. student at Vietnam National University. She has abackground in genetics, but now has participated in all the field trips in northeastern Vietnam.
She has improved her field skills substantially. Ms. Tham has also learned a great deal ofsmall mammal morphology during the course of the project. Her writing skill has also beenstrengthened through writing scientific reports and papers. During the project, Ms. Tham has
published three papers, one in a top national journal as a co-author, and two in international
journals, one as the first author and one as co-author under the supervision the group leader
and the key researcher. She is now leading a new study of the genus Tupaia in Vietnam with
Mr. Ly Ngoc Tu, another student of the project, and another study on the genus Euroscaptor.
The studies review morphological and molecular data of all species of the genera in Vietnam
and proposes a new taxonomic status for new populations in northern Vietnam. The datacollected under the scope of the project play a crucial role in this work. The manuscript will
be submitted to an international journal in the first quarter of 2022. Ms. Tham is planning tosubmit and defend her doctoral dissertation by the end this year.
Mr. Ly Ngoc Tu is a post-master student at IEBR. Before this project, Mr. Tu has been doinga lot of field work and has an extensive knowledge of small mammal morphology. Since
taking part in this project, his writing skill has also been strengthened through writing
scientific reports and papers. He has also learned more about molecular analyses andmolecular evolution. This year, during this project he published three papers in prestigious
international and national journals based on the results of the project. Mr. Ly Ngoc Tu isplanning to continue his academic study by pursuing a doctoral degree in the near future.

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