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最終報告書

風力発電の財務コストに関する各国の事例研究
日本語版
独立行政法人 産業技術総合研究所
一般社団法人 日本電機工業会

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IEA Wind Task 26
Multi-national Case Study of the Financial Cost of Wind EnergyK /=%".

2011 ) 3 0
Work Package 1 Final Report
March 2011

$<?LPaul Schwabe: National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Sander Lensink: Energy Research Center of the Netherlands
Maureen Hand: National Renewable Energy Laboratory(9?
Athanasia Arapogianni: European Energy Association
Alberto Cena: Spanish Wind Energy Association
Karlynn Cory: National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Markus Geissmann: Swiss Federal Office of Energy
Klaus Hammes: Swiss Energy Agency
Stefan Luxembourg: Energy Research Center of the Netherlands
Angeles Mora Sanchez: Spanish Wind Energy Association
Edweard James-Smith: Ea Energy Analyses
Jan Wallach: Deutche WindGuard
Paul Wilczek: European Energy Association

The IEA Wind agreement, also known as the Implementing Agreement for cooperation in the Research, Development, andDeployment of Wind Energy Systems, functions within a framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA).
Views, findings, and publications of IEA Wind do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or of
all its individual member countries.
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ǲɲ-Éë0k-Gƕ),ȣ̝D7$3ʫȁ3˥͂14ɫƧ!G.ǳ=rÕ·Cory and Schwabe, 2010. “Wind Levelized Cost of Energy: A Comparison of Technical and Financial Variables.”
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/46671.pdf
European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) (2009). “The Economics of Wind Energy A Report by the European Wind
14

Energy Association.” March 2009. Available at
http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/publications/reports/Economics_of_Wind_Main_Report_FINAL-lr.pdf
European Wind Energy Association (EWEA). (2010). “Wind in Power: 2009 European Statistics,” The European Wind
Energy Association, February 2010. Accessed at
http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/statistics/100401_General_Stats_20 09.pdf
Harper, J.; Karcher, M.; Bolinger, M. (2007). “Wind Project Financing Structures: A Review and Comparative Analysis,”Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory report LBNL- 63434, September 2007. Accessed at
http://eetd.lbl.gov/ea/emp/reports/63434.pdf
International Energy Agency (IEA). (2006). “World Energy Outlook: 2006” International Energy Agency. Accessed at
http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/weo2006.pdf
IEA. (2008), “World Energy Outlook: 2008” International Energy Agency. Accessed at
http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2008/weo2008.pdf
IEA. (2009), “World Energy Outlook: 2009” International Energy Agency. Accessed at
http://www.iea.org/W/bookshop/add.aspx?id=388
IEA. (2010), “Projected Costs of Generating Electricity” 2010 Edition.. Accessed at
http://www.iea.org/publications/free_new_Desc.asp?PUBS_ID=2207
RECaBs. (2007). “RECaBs Interactive Renewable Energy Calculator” Renewable Energy Calculator. Accessed August 2010,at http://www.recabs.org/
Wiser, R.; Bolinger, M. (2010). “2009 Wind Technologies Market Report,” U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy, August 2010, at
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/pdfs/2009_wind_technologies_market_report.pdf

15

Å 2 Ä :NDQ+
2.1 :NDQ+üj¼÷©ÚǷʒ-4mZ3͗D7ȳͶöɯͥ{aRZn3ȑ˞0E71]bn3ɚƙK̤:G-

4 2008 ƀ3͗D7ȳͶöɯͥƴ˗1͑!GĹʗĀɯͥĎÈ (LCOE) 3mĀ1ɥ&³Ś1ɒɏKƎ,G

2.1.1 Þ^

ð¼÷÷jðÁ¤¾«

2008 ƀǶ3mZ1GͶöɯͥ3ˬÕşͅ4Ĝ˩ 3,179MW;͗ 2,756MW ȳ 423MWͿ- H
4 2007 ƀǶ3ˬÕşͅ1ť,ʢ 1.25%
1ŀ÷&ˬÕşͅ3ʢĄǘ4
4 3 *F

2000 ƀ3ˬÕşͅDFA 32%ŀ÷,GȳͶöɯͥ1DGA3-G

(6.*4 2009 ƀ1řƭx 2-1 1ʆ!D1

A6.*4 2010 ƀʈ1̛̲͏Ő!G¤Ś-GˮȲ 5

ŨÞ3̬Ƅ4Ǵ͐.15E*ņ.JG

ˬÕşͅ4Ȝģ 725MW ŀ÷&

2001 ƀE 2008 ƀ=-2008 ƀ1ȳ-ƈˬ3ȳQOoyM
2001 ƀE 2003 ƀ1,

2004 ƀE 2007 ƀ=-4 8MW ŀ÷&1̳0

H4 2003 ƀ1śǟH&͗{aRZn3̄ǕɱǓǎ˩ɩņŽ1ȿͳH&ʫȁ-G HK˚&@1 2008 ƀ1ŨÞ
H&ǝ&0ĳŚÈȉ̈ĕíƄ (FIT) 1DF

͗Ͷ̙3ƈˬǝ&1ȲɶHG.10)&

2008 ƀ3 FIT ŨÞƔ 2010 ƀ 7 ǱǶ=-1͗Ͷöɯͥ3ˬÕşͅ4Ȝģ 280MW ŀ÷,G (Danish Wind Industry Association,2010)2008 ƀ14Ͷöɯͥ1D),mZ3ʱͥöȸ̊ͅ3ʢ 20%ÆʬH,G

x 2-1 :NDQ+üj¼÷ÍÃÞ^ðó_ð̍ǛΆDanish Wind Industry Association 2010 and European Commission 2010ˮȲ 5

Rødsand II ȳͶöɯͥƯ4 2010 ƀ 8 Ǳ1̛̲͏Ő,G

16mZ4ͶöɯͥŨÞ3ƀșɶȔKŚ@,0

EU 3˞Ȩ1DH5

mZ4 2020 ƀ=-1äɣė˃SrYɅ1DGɯͥ-ʱSrYȸ̊ͅ3 30%Ǩ&@3˩ɩKʘŚ0H50E0 EU 4ß,3÷ɳĴ13äɣė˃SrY3ɶȔÓK̵ƭ!G&@3˖ü˩ɩ3ÂƭKʻý¯,FmZ4 2010 ƀ 6 Ǳ1Ĵ3˖ü˩ɩKɯ˘,G 3˩ɩ-4 2020 ƀ=-1ˬÕşͅKʢ 4 GW . $H1D),Ͷöɯͥ4 11,000 GWh 10G.¤ƦH,G =&ʱşͅ3 3 ç3 1 D7ͥöͅ3ʢ 50%K ȳ
1ˬʹ!GͶ̙EƖG.¤ƦH,G (Kemin 2010) (0>1 2009 ƀ3ɯͥͥöͅ4ʢ 6,700 MWh G2010 ƀD7 2020 ƀ3Ͷöɯͥ3ˬÕşͅ3¤ɂ4

ěȚŵ÷ɳĴ3äɣė˃SrY˖ü˩ɩ

(NREAP) 1ļ+A3-G(European Commission 2010)ʁǴɶȔ., 2008 ƀE 2012 ƀ=-1ȳͶöɯͥ3ˬÕşͅ 800 MW 3̥÷ 0E71͗Ͷöɯ3ˬ
Õşͅ 350 MW 3ǝˬŚ@EH,G
A3-

3ɶȔÓ3Ąç4

Ǡœ3ͶöɯͥƯ3ˬÕǭǝ1D),̵ƭ!:$H1D),ʦʏşͅ4 175 MW ŀ÷!G.10G

ĸǞ3˩ɩƎŬ42012 ƀ=-1 350MW 1

÷,͗şͅ 150 MW K̥÷!G&@3˩ɩKˠŚ0H50E0ȳͶöɯͥ3ˬÕşͅ 800 MW K̥÷!G.ʁǴɶȔ4 3 *3ņˠȕ0ȳͶöɯͥƯ !0J( Horns
Rev II;209 MW

2009 ƀ 9 Ǳ̛̲͏ŐͿ Rødsand II;207 MW2010 ƀʈʓŶ¤ŚͿ Anholt;400 MW

2012 ƀ

12 ǱʓŶ¤ŚͿ1DF̵ƭHG˟̡>-G

Ù 2-1 :NDQ+üj¼÷ÍÃÞ^ð (MW)

ˬÕ
şͅ

2000
²ñ

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2012
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2020
¤Ʀ

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1,761

2,358

2,464

2,697

2,708

2,716

2,720

2,728

2,717

2,756

2,985

2,621

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11

50

50

210

423

423

423

423

423

423

856

1,339

̍ǛΆDanish Wind Industry Association 2010 and European Commission 2010

Ù 2-2 :NDQ+üj¼÷ó_ð (MW)

ˬÕ
şͅ

2000
²ñ

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2012
¤Ʀ

2020
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1,76 1

597

106

183

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8

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̍ǛΆDanish Wind Industry Association 2010 and European Commission 2010

2.1.2 s_Ç#N3N9"A
2008 ƀ1íŚH&äɣė˃SrYȰ1DF&0͗3Ͷöɯͥ{aRZn

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U{oNȳ{aRZn ĎȲ8-4

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/kWͿ3ùƭ͆ǋÆH,GĎȲ 10 ß̃ːǨ͐˫3Ǩ͐1ì̵&Ɣ4 źľÈȉKĖĕG.10
GͶ̙1ť,4 {aRZn3ƴ˗ɱˀɥƀǘ3Ǵ͐ ͦʬ˺Ǚ]bn3˚ù͆.,ƀ͐ 0.023 mZ
Zr/kW;0.0037 /kW, 0.005 o/kWͿ˚ùHG

ĎȲ8

ĎȲ9
ĎȲ10

U{oN{aRZn .4 ȳͶöɯͥƯ3ÞǸưͯ.4ê1ƈˬHGȳͶöɯͥƯ3{aRZn .
ŚʻHG 1 *3ȳͶöɯͥƯ U{oNɧ˻{db1DFƈˬH,G
1 ·7.353 mZZrɠ˖3Èȉ˚ùíƄ4 Ͷöɯͥ{aRZn93ùƭ͆K 1 kW &F 0.10 mZZr;0.013 Ϳ.&{[1°J),ŨÞH&A3-G

17ˊɱ1mZ-4 Ͷ̙ß̃ːǨ͐- 22,000 Ǩ͐3ɯͥK˖14 7 ƀE 10 ƀG Å5 3 MWFIT 4ș3D1ȪŚHGĎȲ11Ͷ̙Kˬʹ!G.!H5

3 MW Ͷ̙ß̃ːǨ͐΅Ǩ͐-ɯͥ!Gͥöͅ = 3,000 kWh
3,000 kWh × 22,000 = 66 GWh
FIT .ͦʬ˺Ǚ˚ù͆43 MW Ͷ̙ 66 GWh ɯͥ!G=-3Ǵ͐ǓƱJHG
(66 GWh × 0.25 Zr) +3Ó4ș3D10G(66 GWh × 0.023 Zr)= 18,064,200 Zr
Ǡœ3ͶöɯͥƯ3ˬÕǭǝ3&@3˚ù͆4ʽǹĀ&Ͷ̙KǑĐ!Gǝˠ3Ͷöɯͥ{aRZn1A̸ɥHG 3͆ͳ4 ǑĐH&ˬÕşͅ3 2 ÐKɣɤ!G&@3ß̃ːǨ͐ 12,000 Ǩ͐1ť 0.08 m
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ɯ{aRZn1D),ǑĐ!GľĜ

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ǝˠ3Ͷöɯͥ͏

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225 kW × 2 ļß̃ːǨ͐΅Ǩ͐-ɯͥ!Gͥöͅ = 450 kWh
450 kWh × 12,000 = 5.4 GW
ǑĐ& 225 kW Ͷ̙3ˬÕǭǝ3&@3˚ù͆4
5.4 GWh × 0.08 Zr = 432,000 Zr
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450 kW ǵɄ3Ͷ̙K˩ 175 MW KǑĐ!GľĜ1͔EHG
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ɯͥȗ3
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12

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ĎȲ11
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ð» 4 üèÀ]Ͷ̙ 1 ļ&F3{aR
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2.2 :NDQ+ 2008 VÙ½üj¼÷BL0%+;²3ͮ-4mZ1G 2008 ƀ3Ͷöɯͥ{aRZn3ɚƙK̤:G2008 ƀ1˩ɩG4śǟH&{aRZn3ſĹÓ1ļ+A3-G
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2008 ƀ1ˬʹH&Ͷ̙3ſĹŚȉşͅ4 1.9 MW -F$3gɷƑ4 80 mtz͹4 72 m -G

2008 ƀ1ˬʹH&Ͷ̙-ǰAˊɱ034 2.3 MW 3Ͷ̙-F $3tz͹4 80 m gɷƑ4 93 m G(b) BL0%+;ÖmZ3Ͷğ4ˊ1˝ğ-G&@

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ĎȲ13
ĎȲ14

Saabye, N., Risikopræmie på aktier, 2003, National Bank of Denmark
10 ƀ͐ĳŚÈȉKǋÆ!Gǝˠ3ɯͥAɰľ,G

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Hornz Rev I & II D7 Rødsand I& II 4ÞǸ̳ʋKʪ,śɠ&{aRZn-G

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ƀ 12 Ǳ 31 ǡ=-1̛̲K͏Ő!G.10G
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21

Ù 2-5 :NDQ+üj¼÷BL0%+;¶ɯͥƯ^Pc
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ɯͥ
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MW
ļ
ß̃ːǨ͐
ƀ
€/kW ($/kW)€/kW ($/kW)€/MWh ($/MWh)€/kW ($/kW)€/MWh ($/MWh)͗2007 ƀĎȲ16
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––

͗
2008 ƀ
2.3
3
2700
20
1250
(1738)–––
12 (17)3 (4)ȳ2007 ƀĎȲ17
2.3
91
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25
2844
(3953)–––
20 (28)–––ȳ
2008 ƀĎȲ18
2.3
90
3865
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3000
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Ù 2-6 :NDQ+üj¼÷çñâí¦X

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FX nFX n

ͼ
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ͼ
ͼ
ƀ
ͼ
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͗
2007 ƀ
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
–––
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5.0%
11.0%
80%
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13
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1.39
7.353

̍ǛΆEconomics of Wind Turbines, Nielsen et al. 2010ȳ2007 ƀ
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11.2%
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66%
8.8%
10
25%
1.39
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ȳ
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Ù 2-7 :NDQ+üj¼÷s_Ç#N3N9"AͥöźľÈȉ
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ɑûͥöĽŌ͆LVRT ˮȲ 6 ĽŌ͆€/MWh ($/MWh)€/MWh ($/MWh)€/MWh ($/MWh)
ß̃ːǨ͐

͗
2007 ƀ
–––
–––
–––
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͗
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44.7 (62.1)
N/A
37 (51)
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28 (39)–––70 (97)50,000ȳ2008 ƀ
44.7 (62.1)
N/A
85 (118)
50,000

ͼ

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N/A

N/A

N/A

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–––

N/A

N/A

N/A

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N/A

N/A

N/A

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ƀ͐ǰņ 25%
N/A
N/Aƀ͐ǰņ 25%
N/A
N/Aƀ͐ǰņ 25%
N/A
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ĎȲ17

22

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(Danish Wind Industry Association, 2010)
Danish Energy Agency, Energy Statistics 2007, 2008 (Danish Energy Agency, 2008) Danish Energy Agency, Energy
Statistics 2008, 2009 (Danish Energy Agency, 2009)
European Commission, National Renewable Energy Action Plans of the European Member States, June 2010 (European
Commission 2010), at http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/transparency_platform/action_plan_en.htm
Ministry of Climate and Energy, National handlingsplan for vedvarende energi i Danmark, 2010 (In English: National Action
ĎȲ21

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Nielsen et al, Economy of Wind Turbines, 2010, EUDP (Nielsen et al, 2010) (Original title, Vindmøllers Økonomi)
Saabye, N. Risikopræmie på aktier, 2003, National Bank of Denmark (Saabye, 2003)27

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G4ub`n1DF̍͆˺̵!G̶),G;Å5{aRZnˇ0/Ϳė˃ƟAG(e) s_Ç#N3N9"AȳͶöɯͥ3ͥö4

EEG 3 FIT 1D),ƱƮHG

õŀ̈ĕÈȉ4 91 /MWh;127 o/MWh
3&@õŀ̈ĕÈȉ4ƦŚ&m1͑,˧5

EEG2004 1ļ+ļǷǛ͆4 61.9 /MWh;86.0 o/MWhͿ-GȷųE3{aRZn^Pn3̖ͣ

0E71ȦȻ1ļ+ 14.5 ƀ͐ǓƱJHG.

10G(f) :Q54Q1
mg4 EEG(2004)D7 Deutsche WindGuard GmbH  ZSW 3&@1Âƭ& EEG(2008) Ɔț1͑!GʉŕɱĽġǮ1ļ+(g) G:K_jh¦XÙ 3-35 4²1̤:G LCOE çǿ1ɥ&mĀ3ñǋǼ´K˘!

31

Ù 3-3 <#8üj¼÷BL0%+;¶ɯͥƯ^Pc
Ͷ̙ļǘ
ɯͥ
ˀɥƀǘ
Ʒ̍]bn
̛̲ʰƾ̊;ĳŚ̊Ϳ̛̲ʰƾ̊;Ńü̊ͿǑĐ]bn$3®3]bn

MW
ļ
ß̃ːǨ͐
ƀ
€/kW ($/kW)€/kW ($/kW)€/MWh ($/MWh)€/kW ($/kW)€/MWh ($/MWh)͗2007 ƀ
2
52,260
20
1.259 (1,750)
45.71 (63.5)–––
1.49 (2.07)–––

͗
2008 ƀ
2
52,260
20
1,373 (1,908)
46.33 (64.4)–––
1.52 (2.11)ȳȳ
2007 ƀ
2008 ƀ
N/A
5
N/A
12
N/A
3,700
N/A
20
N/A
3,230 (4,490)
N/A
123 (171)
N/A
–––
N/A
–––
N/A
–––
̍ǛΆDeutsche WindGuardÙ 3-4 <#8üj¼÷çñâí¦X̃ÖëɲɞˇŹ̍Ƿëɲɞ
̃Ö3õĜ
ˇŹ̍Ƿ3õĜ
WACC
Ǵ͐
Ȱ«ʌɞ
FX n

ͼ
ͼ
ͼ
ͼ
ͼ
ƀ
ͼ
$US/

͗
2007 ƀ
5.5
9.5
70
30
5.6
13
29.8
1.39

͗
2008 ƀ
5.5
9.5
70
30
5.6
13
29.8
1.39

ȳ
2007 ƀ
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

ȳ
2008 ƀ
6.5
12.0
70
30
6.8
15
29.8
1.39

̍ǛΆDeutsche WindGuard,

Destatis

Ù 3-5 <#8üj¼÷Çs_#N3N9"AͥöźľÈȉ
źľÈȉ˯ǥ
ſĹ FIT ĔÞ
FIT ǕʘǴ͐ʌƊñ3ñƱ˚ù͆;ʌ|bͿ
ʌƊñ3˚ù͆;ɯͥͥöͅ|bͿʌƊñ˚ù͆3ǕʘǴ͐ȿÈÙČǴ͐
ɑûͥöĽŌ͆LVRT ĽŌ͆€/MWh ($/MWh)€/MWh ($/MWh)€/MWh ($/MWh)ƀ͗2007 ƀ
––––––79 (110)20

͗
2008 ƀ
––––––78 (108)20

ȳ2007 ƀ
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

ȳ
2008 ƀ
––––––84 (117)
20

ͼ

–––

–––

N/A

–––

€/MWh ($/MWh)

–––

–––

N/A

–––

N/A

ƀ
ƀ
€/MWh ($/MWh)€/MWh ($/MWh)

16
–––
–––

16
–––
–––

N/A
N/A
N/A

16
–––
–––

̍ǛΆDeutsche WindGuard

3.2.3 <#8öRBL0%+;ÿ2008 Ārµ,Q1-1;±ê
x 3-2 E oPk3 LCOE;85 /MWh, 118 o/MWhͿ ǷĽġǮ-Ý1̤:&đɔ\bDFA˒͹.çG$3ɡɦK²1Ĳʆ!G32

x 3-2 <#8üj¼÷-1;ÿ2008 Āp³

23

3.2.4 üj¼÷¼÷-1;(a) BL0%+;dj
., LCOE 3̶KA&E,G34{aRZn3̛̲śʷ-G.ʾEHG

đɔ\b3şͅ4ƀ͐ß̃ːǨ͐ 2,630 Ǩ̢͐' oPk3ļǷ{aRZn3ß̃ːǨ͐4ƀ͐ 2,260 Ǩ͐. $HDF
A4G1½(b) ç-1;
oPk3 2008 ƀ3Ͷöɯͥ3Ʒ̍]bn4 1,373 / kW;1,908 o/ kWͿ-đɔ\bDFA 76 

/kW;106 o/kWͿ½)& LCOE 1͑,˧5 H4ʢ 3 /MWh;4 o/MWhͿȿ1ɸƎ!G(c) ìéÐæ
oPk3Ͷöɯͥ{aRZn3̛̲ʰƾ̊4đɔ\bDFAʢ 7 /MWh;10 o/MWhͿ͹ H
4ŚǴɏȏ3śǟ QOoyMũˠȕ0.1DG¤Õ̾Ħ3Ìʚ]bn3Ǥ .)&ɡɦ1DG(d) çñâí-1;
oPk3͗{aRZn.đɔ\b.3Ÿɮ4

ʢ 5 /MWh;7 o/MWhͿ-H4̍͆˺̵Ȓ̭3̶1̒į!G(e)

T-1;$3®3]bn4ƦŚ,0

3.2.5 s_F(=2EͶöɯͥ1DGɯͥ14 EEG 1ļ+ FIT ̸ɥHG oPk3Ͷöɯͥ{aRZn EEG2004 G
4 EEG2009 3-ƲJHG͔F$H²ń3ĔÞ4˟̡=H0

E1

oPk3Ͷöɯͥ{aRZnKǓ

ǎ!G&@3®3PdlOzKŨÞ!G.4ƧĲH,E"$3¤ƦA0

ĎȲ23

mg|4ũǘɏʖ 1 ¼-ĭǂ©Þ,G ÞöŃǘ3Ĝ˩Ó4 ĭǂ©Þ3&@đɔ¦Å.Ĵ3 LCOE .3Ÿ3
Ĝ˩Ó.BBɮ0GľĜAG33

x 3-3 <#8üj¼÷s_Ç#N3N9"Aÿ2008Āp³

24

3.2.6 åm*H7B
x 3-3 1ʆ&D1 5 /MWh;7 o/MWhͿ3̄ýYj{ɣ,F H4.,ß̃ːǨ

͐.̛̲ʰƾ̊3Ÿɮ1DGA3-G

3.3 
-̻L'oPk3͗QOoyM3Å4 Śȉæö 2MW 3Ͷ̙ 5 ļ-ȒƭH,G {aRZn3ß̃ːǨ͐4 2,260 Ǩ͐.ƦŚ,G 3m3ƦŚ1ļ+ LCOE 4 85 /MWh;118 o/MWhͿ.ǇŚH&

ǋÆH& FIT 1DF

/MWhͿ10G{aRZn͏ɯǨȐʿ3̄ýY

j{&Fʢ 5 /MWh;7 oǛ͆3Ó4 EEG -ˠŚH,G

Ù 3-6 <#8Ï§p³

ĹʗĀɯͥĎÈ
ʱĔÞD7ͶöɯͥǕʘ.
PdlOz͏ɯ¦Ȑʿ3̄ýY j{

25€/MWh($/MWh)͗2007 ƀ
79(110)

͗
2008 ƀ
85(118)

ȳ2007 ƀ

€/MWh
($/MWh)

79
(110)

79
(110)

N/A

84
(117)

€/MWh
($/MWh)

–2
(–3)

5
(7)

N/A

46
(64)

N/A

ȳ
2008 ƀ
135
(188)

rÕ·
BMU, Leitszenarion 2009 – Bundesministerium für Umwelt; Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit, Langfristszenarien undStrategien für den Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien in Deutschland – Leitszenario 2009 (2009)
Destatis: Statistisches Bundesamt; www.destatis.de (last access December 2009)
ĎȲ24

ĎȲ25

mg|4ũǘɏʖ 1 ¼-ĭǂ©Þ,G ÞöŃǘ3Ĝ˩Ó4đɔ¦Å.Ĵ3 LCOE .3Ÿ3Ĝ˩Ó.BBɮ0GľĜAG
Ý1̤:&D1 mg|4ũǘɏʖ 1 ¼-ĭǂ©Þ,G 3&@ʱĔÞ Ͷöɯͥ3Ǖʘ.PdlOz ̄ýY j{4 Ĵ3 LCOE .BBɮ0GľĜG

34

Dewi Magazin: - Deutsches Windenergie-Institut, DEWI Magazin No. 32; Wind Energy Use in Germany – Status31.12.2007 (2008)
Dewi Magazin: - Deutsches Windenergie-Institut, DEWI Magazin No. 34; Wind Energy Use in Germany – Status31.12.2008 (2009)
Deutsche WindGuard: Deutsche WindGuard GmbH on behalf o Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung
Baden-Württemberg (ZSW); Vorbereitung und Begleitung bei der Erstellung eines Erfahrungsberichtes gemäß § 20 EEG(2008)
EEG 2004 - Deutscher Bundestag; Gesetz zur Neuregelung des Rechts der Erneuerbaren Energien im Strombereich (2004)
EEG 2009 - Deutscher Bundestag; Gesetz zur Neuregelung des Rechts der Erneuerbaren Energien im Strombereich und zurÄnderung damit zusammenhängender Vorschriften (2008)
European Commission, National Renewable Energy Action Plans of the European Member States, June 2010 (European
Commission 2010), at http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/transparency_platform/action_plan_en.htm

35

Å 4 Ä 'JN6
4.1 'JN6üj¼÷©Ú
4.1.1 Þ^

ð¼÷÷jðÁ¤¾«

Ͷöɯͥ3ˬʹşͅ4 2000 ƀ3 447 MW E 2008 ƀǶ3 2,121 MW 1ŀ÷ 3( 228 MW ȳͶöɯͥ3şͅ.0),G Ͷöɯͥ1DGƀ͐3ɯͥͥöͅ4 2000 ƀ3 0.8 TWh E 2008 ƀ3 4.3 TWh 1ŀ÷,G Ǟ 2008 ƀ3Uh3ʱȸ̊ͥöͅ4 119 TWh -)& ͗Ͷöɯͥ3ʁǴɶȔ4 2008 ƀ
E 2012 ƀ=-1ˬʹşͅK 2,000 MW ̥÷!G.-GͶöɯͥ{aRZn3ʱşͅ4ʢ 4,000 MW 10G
G

3ɶȔ3̵ƭ1DF

2009 ƀ14

ˬʹȽ>G4ƈˬ3

950 MW 3ȳͶöɯͥ3ÞǸ͏ŐH

2020 ƀ=-1ˬʹşͅK 6,000 MW 1!G.-GȳͶöɯͥ3ɶȔÓ4

Yƿ±3ʻýKɄ̕!G&@34 2020 ƀ=-3ɶȔÓ4
x 4-1 D7Ù 4-1, 4-2 4» EU 3äɣė˃Sr

5,178 MW -G

͗D7ȳͶöɯͥ3ʦʏˬÕşͅD7ƀ͐ŨÞşͅʁǴɱD7͍ǴɱɶȔÓ3¤ɂ-G

0E71ěƀƄ3ß,3şͅmg4ěƀǶ3mg-Gɏ1ɫƧ!:-GUh4ǠœͶ̙3ˬÕǭǝ1͑,4ɶȔÓKŚ@,0

x 4-1 'JN6üj¼÷ÍÃÞ^ðó_ð̍ǛΆStatstics Netherlands, 2010 and Rijksoverheid, 2010
2000 ƀ3ƀ͐ŨÞşͅ4 ĝƀǶ3ʦʏˬÕşͅ.ĝ

şͅ1ˬŚH& Ù 4-2 1ʆ!Ȝģƀ͐ŨÞşͅ4ǑĐ&Ͷöɯͥ{aRZn3ȜģˬÕşͅKĠL-G
ƀE 2020 ƀ=-3ěǴ͐3Ȝģƀ͐ŨÞşͅ4 ě
ʆ!ˬÕşͅ4

Ù 4-2 1ʆ&2009 ƀE 2012 ƀ=-. 20123Ǵ͐3ſĹƀ͐ŨÞşͅKʆ,G ²3˘1UhǕƃ3äɣė˃SrY˖ü˩ɩ1ļ+ˬÕşͅ3¤ɂ-G;Rijksoverheid,

2010Ϳ

36

Ù 4-1 'JN6ÍÃÞ^ð (GW)

ˬÕ
şͅ

2000
²ñ

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2012
¤Ʀ

2020
¤Ʀ

͗

0.409

0.447

0.485

0.672

0.905

1.075

1.224

1.453

1.641

1.921

2.727

6.000

ȳ

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0.108

0.108

0.228

0.228

5.178

̍ǛΆStatstics Netherlands, 2010 andRijksoverheid, 2010
Ù 4-2 'JN6®wó_

ð (GW)

ˬÕ
şͅ

2000
²ñ

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2012
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2020
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͗

0.409

0.038

0.038

0.187

0.233

0.170

0.149

0.229

0.188

0.280

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0.409

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0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0.108

0

0

0

0.619

̍ǛΆStatstics Netherlands, 2010Rijksoverheid, 2010

4.1.2 s_Ç#N3N9"A
2008 ƀ1ǝ&0 FIT ĽŌ͆˩ɩ-G SDE ˮȲ 7 ŨÞH&

3 SDE bX3-ɯͥ]bn1˟Ĝõŀ̈ĕÈȉͥöčÈȉ1÷,ǓƱJH,G
̍1fyn.ʌíÚ̱ǈʹK̸ɥ!GjnͶöɯͥ3ś͝3

E1äɣė˃SrYƴ˗93Ʒ

SDE õŀ̈ĕÈȉ3Ȃʩ>ã-ȏ˪H,G

4.2 'JN6VÙ½üj¼÷BL0%+;²3ͮ-Uh3°˘ɱ0͗D7ȳͶöɯͥ{aRZnK˷ǥ!G

4.2.1 öRüj¼÷(a) BL0%+;¶Uh4 2003 ƀ1ß̃ːǨ͐|b-Ͷöɯͥ{aRZnKǓǎ!G FIT íƄKŨÞ& 2006 ƀ=-4ß̃ːǨ͐ 18,000 Ǩ͐=-3{aRZn1ťǰ͍- 10 ƀ͐ FIT ǋÆH&

DGǓǎ4ß̃ːǨ͐ 2,200 Ǩ͐²3{aRZn1ť,˖JHG.10)&
2,000 Ǩ͐-

2008 ƀE

3 FIT 1ſĹß̃ːǨ͐4ƀ͐ʢ

$3ˊɱ0ʜı4ƀ͐ 1,6002,800 Ǩ͐-GUh3͗Ͷöɯͥ{aRZn-4 FIT Ǔǎ3˩ʙ1ɥ&đɔ{aRZnKʆ,GĎȲ 26 3{aRZn-4$3Pq`NlOz3ņĄ̄Ǖɱ1ś˖ė˃0]bn3|KˬŚ,G

34 15 MW 3ũˠȕQOoyM-°˘ɱ0Ͷöɯͥ{aRZn3ņĄ 23 MW 3Ͷ̙;gɷƑ 90 mtz͹ 60Έ80 mͿKÄ),G ̾3ĸĻ-4͹í͔ˬEH,F HE3ĸĻ-4tz͹ 4060 m 3 450800 kW Ͷ̙ˊɱ-G(b) ç-1;{aRZn3°˘ɱ0Ʒ̍]bn4 1,000 /kW;1,390 o/kWͿE 1,600 /kW;2,224 o/kWͿ=-͏FˮȲ 7
ĎȲ26

ˊ1Ʒ̍]bn͹.ß̃ːǨ͐AŅ0),G

SDE (stimulering duurzame energie): UhǕƃ3äɣė˃SrYD7ɖͥÃʬ1͑!GǓǎbXđɔ{aRZn 4Ƿçǿ-ɥ& đɔ\b Kƿ!A3-40.1ȲƧ

37

(c) ìéÐæɯͥͥöͅ1D),Ńü!GA3 9Έ12 /kWh;13Έ17 o/kWhͿ;̫ż4̲ɥ͏̛̲ʰƾ̊3ãˮ4

ŐE 5 ƀ͐3^wbŋʢ1DGͿ. ˬÕşͅ1D),Ńü!GA3 25 /kW;35 o/kWͿ
;ĸ°.ʡ
ʭ̮ʡ]bnKĠ?Ϳ-G Ɣʿ3Ó4{aRZn1D),˒ɮ0G ś͝3̛̲ʰƾ̊4ƀ͐ 2%3õĜ-ŀ÷!G.ƦŚHG(d) çñâí-1;3m-4{aRZn͏ɯ¦Ȑʿ3Ʒ̍Kēǧ&

ZnKɥ,G ;˚ù͆3ǋÆʿ-GͿǕƃ4ƀ͆|b3̃Ö 80%-̍͆˺̵!G{aRˇŹ̍Ƿɞ 15%D7̃Öɞ 6ͼK̸Ȝ.ƦŚ,Gͥö·ʇ4.,ub`n1ļ+̍͆˺̵K˖),GȰ«ʌ4 25.5ͼ-G(e) s_Ç#N3N9"A0ĔÞɅ4 .,Ýəźľ-3͍Ǵŋʢ1DGͥö̆ł- FIT õŀ̈ĕÈȉíƄ1D),̄ýYǨ),Gÿƽɱ0̥÷PdlOz3ʌíÚ̱ʘ4j{fyn.SrYƷ̍õƊ1D),ǋÆH,G

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-ɥ&mg4

Uh3 FIT õŀ̈ĕÈȉíƄ3˩ʙ-ɥ&đɔ{aRZn3à˘mg-G (Lensink et al., 2009, Cleijne et al., 2010)

4.2.2 ´Rüj¼÷(a) BL0%+;¶Uh3ȳͶö{aRZn-4 ƈˬ˴ėKƖ,ǰņ 50 m2 ˠȕ3QOoyMKƈˬ!G.G ƕ),°˘ɱ0ȳ{aRZn3ˬÕşͅ4 100Έ300 MW -F ʡʭ1ǋÆHGȜģɯͥͥöͅ4ß̃ːǨ͐ 3,300Έ4,000 Ǩ͐ɸƎ-G 2008 ƀ1 Prinses Amalia QOoyMřƭ& 1ʆ!mg14$3]bnȒ̭4ƛ"AĠ=H,0(b) ç-1;Ʒ̍]bn4 2,500Έ3,500 /kW;3,475Έ4,865 o/kWͿ-G
3ǘƀñ1F&˴ė3í͔Ǽ´3&@2008 ƀ1řƭ&{aRZn4$ȣ̝ɱũĺ3 V90 ĺ 2 MW Ͷ̙Kɥ,G(c) ìéÐæ̲ɥ¦Ȑʿ3̲ɥśʷ3Ū01DF ̛̲ʰƾ̊14ņ0ʄśƟœķ!G ƀ̛̲͐ʰƾ̊4 90 
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Princes

Amalia QOoyM3̍͆˺̵4{aRZnȢ1˖),G WACC 3ƦŚÓ4 ͦʬ˺Ǚ]bn3̍Ƿ]bn3̢ºÓ- H4 Nuon/Shell Ưǲ!G OWEZ .ê3Ǡœ3ȳQOoyM1ɥEH&ÓG(e) s_Ç#N3N9"A
Ǡœ3QOoyM4Ǣ MEP ˩ɩ1ļ+˚ù͆KĖ,F 97 /MWh;135 o/MWhͿ3ĳŚ
FIT ĽŌ͆KƖ,&fyn.PdlOz.,3˚ù͆̸ɥH,G(f) :Q54Q1
3mg4Ľ̴ɯ˘$3®3àɱ1ëɥ-GƥĽ1ļ+A3ƥĽ1ļ+m[-˚),G

38ƥĽ1ŸɮGľĜ4

͏ʆH&

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Cleijne, J.W., S.M. Lensink and C.J. Faasen (2010): SDE Wind op land met vollasturen en differentiatie [SDE wind onshorewith full load hours and differentation], ECN-E--10-001, Petten, January 2010.
Lensink, S.M., J.W. Cleijne, M. Mozaffarian, A.E. Pfeiffer, S. L. Luxembourg and G.J. Stienstra (2009): Eindadvies
basisbedragen 2010 [Final advice SDE premium base rates 2010], ECN/KEMA, ECN-E--09-058, Petten, November 2009.
Rijksoverheid (2010): Nationaal actieplan voor energie uit hernieuwbare bronnen, Richtlijn 2009/28/EG [National
Renewable Energy Action Plan, Directive 2009/28/EG], Den Haag, June 2010.
Statistics Netherlands (2010): online databank http://statline.cbs.nl, Voorburg/Heerlen August 2010ĎȲ29

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x 5-6 2008 ÞÓüè.#2bß̍ǛΆ Spanish Wind Energy Association (AEE)46

3m-

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$H1AJE"̢ƀ4ĎǺǛ]bn3½1DFͶ̙3]bnȿŪ,G

Ńǭ1DFͶ̙3ͦ˞A½&=&̄ǕĊȗ.ˠí3

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̋͆|3ŃüƟ°ǯ̾Ħ3ëɥė˃Ɵƛ˞.

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ƀ.A̍Ƿ.̃Ö3ȣɞ4 2 ť 8 -G

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47

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Ù 5-3 1C#Nüj¼÷BL0%+;¶ɯͥƯ^Pc
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rÕ·
AEE, Spanish Wind Energy Association (2009). “Eólica 09. Todos los datos, análisis y estadísticas del sector eólico (Julio2009)”, at http://www.aeeolica.es/userfiles/file/ANUARIO%20COMPLETO%5B1%5D.pdf

ĎȲ31

ĎȲ32

mg|4ũǘɏʖ 1 ¼-ĭǂ©Þ,G&@ ʱĔÞ ͶöɯͥǕʘ.PdlOz ̄ýY j{4Ĵ3 LCOE
.BBɮ0GľĜAG
Ý1̤:&D1 mg|4ũǘɏʖ 1 ¼-ĭǂ©Þ,G 3&@ʱĔÞ Ͷöɯͥ3Ǖʘ.PdlOz ̄ýY j{4 Ĵ3 LCOE .BBɮ0GľĜG

50

AEE, Spanish Wind Energy Association (2008). “Eólica 08. Todos los datos, análisis y estadísticas del sector eólico (Junio
2008)”, at http://www.aeeolica.es/userfiles/file/aee- publica/AEE_anuario_ingles08.pdf
AEE – Intermoney (2006) “Estudio de costes del sector eólico. Realizado por Intermoney para AEE (2006)”, at
http://www.aeeolica.es/userfiles/file/aee-publica/060612-Gen-EolicaEsp- PRAL.pdf
Comisión Nacional de la Energía (CNE). www.cne.es
European Commission, National Renewable Energy Action Plans of the European Member States, June 2010 (European
Commission 2010), at http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/transparency_platform/action_plan_en.htm
Red Eléctrica de España (REE), Spanish TSO. www.ree.es Royal Decree 661/2007.
http://www.cne.es/cne/doc/legislacion/RD_661-2007-RE.pdf Royal Decree 436/2004.
http://www.cne.es/cne/doc/legislacion/(36)RD436_2004.pdf Spanish Market Operator (OMEL). www.omel.es51Å 6 Ä 1$%Q:N
6.1 1$%Q:Nüj¼÷©ÚǷʒ-4 bQRm3͗D7ȳͶöɯͥ{aRZn.]bn3ɚƙ 0E71 2008 ƀ3͗Ͷöɯͥƴ˗3ĹʗĀɯͥĎÈ;LCOEͿK˷ǥ!G

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2008 ƀ1ŨÞH&͗{aRZn3]bnD7ɯͥͥöͅēǧ

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ĎȲ33

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N/A
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Ù 6-5 1$%Q:Nüj¼÷çñâí¦X̃ÖëɲɞˇŹ̍Ƿëɲɞ
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ɑûͥöĽŌ͆LVRT ĽŌ͆€/MWh ($/MWh)€/MWh ($/MWh)€/MWh ($/MWh)ƀ͗2007 ƀ
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rÕ·
Dagens Industri, www.di.se, 2010-03-16, Storm kring vindkraftsbolag
European Commission, National Renewable Energy Action Plans of the European Member States, June 2010 (European
Commission 2010), at http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/transparency_platform/action_plan_en.htm
E24, www.e24.se, 2010-03-16, Vindkraftsbolagen anklagas för glädjekalkyler. Nationellt nätverk för vindbruk (national
network for winduse), http://www.natverketforvindbruk.se/
Svensk Vindenergi, 2009, Vindkraftverk, – kartläggning av aktiviteter och kostnader vid nedmontering, återställande av platsoch återvinningVinkraftstatistik 2009, ES 2010:3, 2010, Swedish Energy Agency, available at

ĎȲ35

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68

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69

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ĎȲ58

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73

rÕ·
AWEA, (2010). “U.S. Wind Energy Industry Breaks All Records, Installs Nearly 10,000 MW in 2009, Manufacturing
Investment, Jobs Still Lag,” American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) news release, January 26, 2010, at
http://www.awea.org/newsroom/releases/01-26- 10_AWEA_Q4_and_Year-End_Report_Release.html
AWEA. (2009). “American Wind Energy Association Annual Wind Industry Report. Year Ending 2008,” American Wind
Energy Association (AWEA), at http://www.awea.org/publications/reports/AWEA-Annual-Wind-Report-2009.pdf
Bolinger, M. (2010). “Revealing the Hidden Value that the Federal Investment Tax Credit and Treasury Cash Grant Provide
to Community Wind Projects,” Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory technical report LBNL-2909E, January 2010, at
http://eetd.lbl.gov/EA/EMP/reports/lbnl-2909e.pdf
Capewind (2010). “Cape Wind Signs Agreement to Buy Siemens 3.6-MW Offshore Wind Turbines”, Cape Wind (Capewind)news release, March 31, 2010, at http://www.capewind.org/news1086.htm
Chadbourne and Parke (2009). “Trends in Tax Equity for Renewable Energy,” Project Finance NewsWire, Chadbourne andParke, January 2009, at http://www.chadbourne.com/files/Publication/810dde60-3c78-4a9a-9c5da5fae8014b4f/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/51fc06c5-1407-48ac-9dff- a605de0f58e1/pfn0109.pdf
Chadbourne and Parke (2007). “The Tax Equity Market,” Project Finance NewsWire, Chadbourne and Parke, April 2007, at
http://www.chadbourne.com/files/Publication/572b04b4905e-48e1-8f6b-0f520c4f2615/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/573bdc6c-ff85-4f99-b4d0- 25a845907bcc/pfn0407.pdf
Cory, K.; Schwabe, P. (2009). “Wind Levelized Cost of Energy: A Comparison of Technical and Financing Input Variables,”National Renewable Energy Laboratory Technical Report NREL/ TP-6A2-46671, October 2009, at
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/46671.pdf
DOE (2010). “General Loan Guarantee Program Frequently Asked Questions”, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), accessed
April 2010, at http://www.lgprogram.energy.gov/faq2.htm
DOE (2008). “20% Wind Energy by 2030: Increasing Wind Energy’s Contribution to U.S. Electricity Supply,” U.S.
Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, July 2008, at
http://www.20percentwind.org/
EIA (2009). “Annual Energy Outlook 2010 Early Release with Projections to 2030,” U.S Department of Energy, Energy
Information Administration (EIA) website, accessed February 2010, at http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/excel/aeotab_16.xls
102Federal Reserve (2010). “Historical Rates for Euro Area”, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System website,
accessed February 2010, at http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h10/hist/dat00_eu.htm
GE (2010). “1.5 MW Wind Turbine Technical Specifications”, GE Energy (GE) website, accessed April 2010, at
http://www.gepower.com/prod_serv/products/wind_turbines/en/15mw/specs.htm
Harper, J.; Karcher, M.; Bolinger, M. (2007). “Wind Project Financing Structures: A Review & Comparative Analysis,”
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory technical report LBNL- 63434, September 2007, at
http://eetd.lbl.gov/ea/ems/reports/63434.pdf
Justice, S. (2009). “Private Financing of Renewable Energy – A Guide for Policymakers," UNEP Sustainable Energy FinanceInitiative, Bloomberg New Energy Finance, Chatham House, December 2009, at
http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/files/15542_1209_financeguide.pdf
Schwabe, P.; Cory, K.; Newcomb, J. (2009). “Renewable Energy Project Financing: Impacts of the Financial Crisis andFederal Legislation,” National Renewable Energy Laboratory technical report NREL/TP-6A2-44930, July 2009, at74

http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy09osti/44930.pdf
USOWC (2009). “U.S. Offshore Wind Energy: A Path Forward,” U.S. Offshore Wind Collaborative (USOWC), October
2009, at http://eetd.lbl.gov/EA/EMP/reports/63434.pdf
Wiser, R.; Bolinger, M. (2009). “2008 Wind Technologies Market Report,” U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy, July 2009, at http://eetd.lbl.gov/ea/ems/reports/2008-wind-technologies.pdf
Wiser, R.; Bolinger, M. (2008). “Annual Report on U.S. Wind Power Installation, Cost, and Performance Trends: 2007,” U.S.
Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, May 2008, at
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/pdfs/43025.pdf

75

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_ÓKÞö0ľĜ4myTnˬŚ1DFˀɥƀǘ1ˬŚ!G

calculations

åm

Ǵ͐
Loan duration
 ― źľ͆ë
Loan - market interest ratefyn3ëɲSoft loan advantagẽÖëɲɞReturn on debt
ƛ˞.HG̍Ƿëɲɞ;źľ3¤ƦŃüɞbZ÷ʙ
K͕Ϳ
Required return on equity, excl
market volatility risk adderźľ3¤ƦŃüɞbZ÷ʙ
Market volatility risk adderƛ˞.HGƷ̍̍Ƿ3Ȝģëɲɞ
Net required return on
investment equity
ĸÛ3̍ǷƯǲȖ
Local equity ownership̍Ƿ3õĜ;ĸÛ̍Ƿ3ƯǲȖK͕Ϳ
Equity share, excl local equity
ownership̍Ƿ3õĜ3Ĝ˩Total equity sharẽÖ3õĜ3Ĝ˩
Debt shareĴG4̮̽Ǖƃ3Ȱ«ʌɞ
Corporate tax rate – national orfederalźɨǻG4ŵǕƃ3Ȱ«ʌɞ
Corporate tax rate- municipal or
state
Ȝģʌɞ
Net tax rateÙČǴ͐
Depreciation periodÔ̣ȽǴ͐3Ĝ˩aY½ªÚÌ
Ͱ͆D7ëőǓƱKĠ?

͆ë3Ó43̉ư1D),ŃJGfyn3ëɲ.4 ̃Öëőɞ3ɈŀõƊʱͳ-GǴ͐1ȢƀƖEHG͆ëQOoyM3̍ǷƷ̍ŞȨ@Gëɲɞ

ÒÞ͆3õĜ-˘!]bnʕ¥ɱźľ1đ÷̍Ƿëɲɞ
K̓G̥÷bZKƵǍ!G.Kɶɱ.&A3
͏ɯ¦Ȑʿ-40{aRZnƷ̍Ş93̍Ƿëɲɞ;̍ǷƷ̍ŞȨ@GźľŃüƟ3b
ZKĠ?Ϳ
ĸÛ3ƯǲȖ1͑!Gè3˞´KƵǍ!G&@ʱƷ̍]bn.̍͆˺̵]bn
Ǩ&@1ƻæ!G̍Ƿ3õĜ

źľ1G¤Ʀń3ŃübZKʾƬ!
G&@1÷ʙ!GõĜ

ĸÛ3̍Ƿ3ƯǲȖ0E71ʱ
Ʒ̍]bn̍͆˺̵]bnǨ&@1ƻæ!G̍Ƿ3õĜ3Ĝ˩ʱƷ̍]bn.̍͆˺̵]bn
Ǩ&@3̃Ö3õĜ

ĸÛD7ĸÛ²ń3Ʒ̍ŞǋÆ&̍Ƿ3ʱͳ̮̽ŉǕƃ{aRZn1
˹!ʌɞ3Ĝ˩fyn1DFɠ˖źľ͆ëDF½
͆ë3ƖEHGȢƀƖEHG͆ë̍Ƿ1͑!Gëɲ3õĜ

̍Ƿëɲɞ.źľ3ŃüƟKʾƬ!GmZ-̸ɥė˃;ǰ½ 20ͼͿ ǘÓ4ê̪Þö!GͶ̙ Ǔƾ˙ʹ Py ʚɡ ̍͆˺̵ʗ3]bnǨ&@1Ʒ̍!G̍Ƿ3
ʱͳ

Þö!G̍Ƿ3õĜ1ļ+˩ʙÓ;{aRZn3ʱ]bn 100%E̍Ƿ3õĜ
KƊ&ÓͿ
ͼ-˘ʆ 3Ó4ê̪Þö!GĸǞˇȬ¿{aRZn1˹
!ʌɞ3Ĝ˩

ͼ-˘ʆ źɨǻ
4ê̪Þö!G̮̽Ǖƃ.ĸǞŵǕƃ3Ȱ«ʌɞ3Ĝ˩{aRZn3ÕĦK̍͆˺̵·˩D7ʌ͆ťʘ.,ÙČ!Gƀǘ3Ĝ˩%-˘ʆ ̮̽ǕƃĠ?
ǘÓ4ê̪Þö!G

79

ɻ

ŵʗKĠ?

źɨǻ

ɻ

ǘÓ

ŵʗK

­

MQ+/Q;

ó-1;

˛̭ȐʿǋÆ!Gʰƾʚɡ]bn
Manufacturer-provided
maintenanceã̾bgjy1DG˩ɩɱʰƾʚɡ]bn
Scheduled maintenance byinternal staffÔéƀƄG4$3Ɣ1̥÷]bn0-˛̭ȐʿǋÆ!Gʰƾʚɡ]bnaY½ªÚÌ
3]bn4̫żQOoyM3ˬʹ]bn1Ġ=H,G&@ éǴ4e1
0G4"-G{aRZnƯǲʿ3bgjy
1DGŚǴɱ0QOoyM3ʰƾʚɡ]bn

ń̾^wbŋʢExternal service contracts®3˻̃Ȑʿ1DGŚǴɱ0Q
OoyM3ʰƾʚɡ]bn

̛̲]bnOperation costs

QOoyM3̲ɥ1ƛ˞0ƀ͐]bnɏȏInspectionsͶ̙ɏȏ3&@˻̃ȐʿK͡
;ˇʇ-A˫3^wb˻̃Ȑʿ-A0ľĜͿ˩ɩń3Îɡ
Unscheduled repairs̛̲ʰƾ̊;ĳŚͿũ˩
O&M costs, fixed subtotal̛̲ʰƾ̊;ŃüͿũ˩
O&M costs, variable subtotalʚɡAdministrationÌ͘
Insurance˩ɩń3Îɡ.ʰƾʚɡ

bgjy1DGQOoyM3ŚǴɱ^wb.,¤ƦHGâ¿ɱ0]bn ĳŚ|b;/kWͿG4Ńü|b;/kWhͿ-˘ʆ˻̃¦ȐʿDGQOoyM3ŚǴɱ^wb.,¤ƦHGâ¿ɱ0]bn ĳŚ|b;/kWͿG4Ńü|b;/kWhͿ-˘ʆ
SCADA KĠ?QOoyM3ƴ˗ɱ̲ɥ3&@3]bn- ʚɡ]bn-40
;H1*,4ê̪˷ǥͿ ǘÓȥ̂¤ɂ3]bnKĠ?
gzo3Ľġ;2~4 ƀȢͿ ̾Ħ3ƴ˗ɏȏ;Ͷ̙ 1 ļ&F 2 ƀȢ1 1 ǡͿKĠ? ɏȏ3Ǩ͐Ȃ4/kW |b-ˬŚ
˙ʹ3ǖ͞ Ňȥɛȯ$3®3ńį1DGʡʭǛ͆Grid charges

ʡʭ93̮ʡ0E71̲ɥKǓ
ǎ!G31ƛ˞.HGƀ͐Ǜ͆˫3ʡʭǛ͆ʡʭ3]bn;ĳŚ̊Ϳ
Grid costs, fixedʡʭ3]bn;ŃüŃüͿ
Grid costs, variable^Pn3̋̉
Site lease˫3ĳŚ̛̲ʰƾ̊3ũ˩
˫3Ńư̲̈ʰƾ̊3ũ˩
QOoyM̛̲3ʚɡ
D7ɴɽ3]bn
QOoyM.$3̛̲3
bZD7$3Ɛͬ1ÕG&@1ǓƱ:ƀ͐Ì͘Ǜ˫ͮɶ3]bn3ãˮëɥ-0ľĜ4ʱͳ-˘!
˫ͮɶ3]bn3ãˮëɥ-0ľĜͳ-˘!
ʬ ƈə ˇü̙;D7ɗǛͿʗKĠ?
üɤÌ͘ Ǐŝ̎Ù úɍ˚ÙD7ɢĿ̙.)&QOoyM1ɷǅ͑Ê!Gè3Ì͘
_4HKşͅ|b3]bn.
, G4SrY]bn.,Þö!G.-G

˫3ͦʬ˺ʛ]bn
QOoyMKˬʹ&ĵ
ĸ3Ưǲʿ1ǓƱʱͳşͅ|b3ʌ͆
Capacity-based taxes{aRZnşͅ;ƀ͐/kWͿ1ļ+{aRZnǓƱƀ͐ʌͳ

ȸ̊ͥöͅElectricity consumptionͥö3ˇŹȸ̊

ɢĿɂŚ ˰Èʗ
Environmental measurements,
evaluations, etc.

QOoyM3˴ė0E7
1̛̲Kʰƾ!G31ƛ˞0ƀ
͐ɢĿɂŚ.˰È80

Ͷ̙ 1 ļ1¯ǓƱľĜAʱͳǓƱľĜAʱ]bn.,-Þö!G
ͼ|b3ʌ͆4˫3Z`n-ƀșŃü30Ńǘ.,Þö,G.
1ȲƧ -4şͅ|b3ʌ͆Kʆ!
 $3Ó4ê̪Þö!G
ʡʭ.3ĝǴD7ɯͥƯ3̒üʗ3&@ _4HEKşͅ|bG4
SrY]bn.,Þö!G.G
_4HEKşͅ|bG4Sr
Y]bn.,Þö!G.-G®3ƀ͐]bn;ĳŚ̊Ϳũ˩Other annual costs, fixed
subtotal̛̲ʰƾ̊;Ńü̊Ϳũ˩Other annual costs, variable
subtotalƀ͐]bn;ĳŚ̊Ϳ
Annual costs, fixedƀ͐]bn;Ńü̊Ϳ
Annual costs, variable˫3ĳŚɢĿɂŚǛ͆˫3ͥöȸ̊]bn

˫ͮɶ3Ĝ˩˫ͮɶ3]bn3ãˮëɥ-0ľĜ4ʱͳ-˘!
˫ͮɶ3]bn3ãˮëɥ-0ľĜ4ʱͳ-˘!

˫ͮɶ3Ĝ˩Ts_-1;ƀ͐źľđ÷]bn
Annal market participation feeͦʬ˺Ǚ]bn
Balancing costsÔʕ¥ɱͥöźľ1đ÷!G&@3ƀ͐]bnͶöɯͥKěǨ͐.1ͥöʡ
ʭ1ǅʯ!G&@3]bnʱͳæö¤ɂ1͑!Gś͝3ŀç]bn

ŋʢ]bn;ĕƊǛ͆ʗͿ
Contract costs (transaction fees,etc)®3]bn3ʱͳ
Subtotal other costsɑûͥöĽŌ͆
Reactive power
LVRT ĽŌ͆Low voltage ride throughźľͥöÈȉ
Market price electricityźľ˯ǮÈȉ
Market price certificatesŋʢ3ʰƾ1ƛ˞0ƀ͐ǓƱͳ

FIT ĔÞ
Feed-in tariff revenue®3ĔÞ3ʱͳ
Subtotal other revenuesÇ ― ­ô\­ô\źľđ÷]bn ͦʬ˺Ǚ]bn ŋʢ]bn3Ĝ˩ʡʭ3ͥĶ˺ǙKşǦ1!GĽ
Ō͆
ʡʭ3ŘŚƟʄÌ3&@3ĽŌ͆QOoyM1ǓƱJHG
ƀ͐ſĹźľͥöÈȉQOoyM1ǓƱJHG
äɣė˃SrYůƟ˯Ǯ3ƀ͐ſĹźľÈȉ
FIT 1DGĔÞ ̫ż4{aRZn]bn3ǓƱ3&@3ŀçǓƱ. ŏƎ0̍ǷëɲɞK
ʄÌ!G31Ä ͥö3źľÈ
ȉKĠ?ľĜAG
˫3®3ĔÞ3Ĝ˩ô\aY½ªÚÌźľ̲ɥʿʡʭ̲ɥʿ1ǓƱ/kW ]bn4ȜƉ0ͦʬ˺ǙźľK̫, G43]bnͥö3źľÈȉ1Ġ=H,G&@ çͣ!G3İͤ0ľĜAG _4HE3]bn
Kşͅ|b3]bn., G4S
rY]bn.,Þö!G.-G
/kWh -˘!ĕƊǛ͆

/kWhǘÓ4ê̪Þö!G/kWhǘÓ4ê̪Þö!G/kWh/kWh Ǖʘ1DF G4źľ|b-ˬŚHGľĜG ǘÓ4ê̪
Þö!Gâ¿ɱ0ʑĸ {aRZn3ˠȕ QO
oyMĩȐ̛̲K͏Ő&ƀƄ1
ŷęHG ͥö3źľÈȉ;ĽŌ͆Ϳ
G4ĳŚÈȉĜ˩;ͥȥǛ͆KĠ?)1÷
,AD ǘÓ4ê̪ÞöHG






ʌƊñǆ͕.,3 ʌ|b3ñƱ˚ù͆Upfront tax-based investment
subsidy – as a before-tax creditÔ΃΃΃ʌƊñ 3ʌǆ͕1ť!GñƱ˚ù͆ ƕ),3͆ͳ4ʌƊñ|b-{aRZn1̸ɥHG

81aY½ªÚÌ{aRZnƷ̍ʱͳ3õĜ.,ʆ!
̲ɥéƀ1̸ɥHGʌ|b3ñƱ˚ù͆3õĜ H.ĝ õĜ{aRZn3ʱͳ;oͿG4ˬÕşͅ&F3]bn;o/kWͿ1̸ɥHG 3ʌʌƊƔǆ͕.,3 ʌ|b3ñƱ˚ù͆;ÅΆÙČͿUpfront tax-based investment
subsidy – as an after-tax
deduction (e.g. depreciation)ñƱ˚ù͆
Upfront cash investment
subsidyfyn3ëɲSoft loan advantageĸÛ3̍ǷƯǲȖ
Local equity ownershipÙČǴ͐
Depreciation period΃΃΃ʌƊƔ 3ʌǆ͕1ļ+ñƱ˚ù͆ ƕ),3͆ͳ4ʌƊƔ|b-{aRZn1̸ɥHG{aRZnß¿1Ĉ@GõĜ.,ʆ! ñƱ˚ù͆3ʱͳ|b3PdlOz4{aRZn1
DGʌƊñ1̸ɥHG ƕ),{aR
Zn1ťÈÓ͹;{aRZn3é
ƀ3˹ʌ͆ͳKûȁɱ1GͿ !:,3ʌíÚ̱KĖćɜ{aRZn.!G G4{aRZnƯǲʿĝƀ3ʌǆ͕Kǲû1ëɥ-Gˣ·ʇKƾ*
4 _̻Ƹ-G ʌǆ͕4Ĵ̮̽ʌ13≯ɥHG;ƕ),ŵźɨǻ
|-40Ϳ{aRZnƷ̍ʱͳ3õĜ.,ʆ!
̲ɥéƀ1̸ɥHGÝ˖ʌǆ͕ H.
ĝ õĜ{aRZn3ʱͳ;oͿG4ˬÕşͅ&F3]bn;o/kWͿ
1̸ɥHG 3ʌ|b3PdlOz4{aRZn1DGʌƊƔ1̸ɥ
HG !:,3ʌíÚ̱KĖćɜ{aRZn.!G; G4{aRZn
Ưǲʿĝƀ3ʌǆ͕Kǲû1ëɥ-Gˣ·ʇKƾ*4 _̻Ƹ-Gʌǆ͕4Ĵ̮̽ʌ13≯ɥHG;ƕ),ŵźɨǻ|-40Ϳ{aRZnƷ̍]bnʱͳ1Ĉ@GõĜ.,ʆ! ñƱ˚ù͆3ʱͳ

fyn3ëɲ.4 ̃Öëőɞ3ɈŀõƊʱͳ-G
ĸÛ3ƯǲȖ1͑!Gè3˞´KǁG&@{aRZn3ÕĦK̍͆˺̵·˩D7ʌ͆ťʘ.,ÙČ!Gƀǘ3Ĝ˩̮̽ŉǕƃ{aRZn1
˹!ʌɞ3Ĝ˩fyn1DFɠ˖źľ͆ëDF½͆
ë-3̣Ƚė˃mZ-̸ɥė˃;ǰ½ 20ͼͿĸǞˇȬ¿{aRZn1˹
!ʌɞ3Ĝ˩

ͼ-˘ʆşͅ|b3ʌ
Capacity-based taxes
FIT ĔÞ;ÅΆɯͥͥöͅ|
b3PdlOzͿ
Feed-in tariff revenue (e.g.
production based incentives)Ô/kW -ʆHGƀ͐ʌͳ

FIT ǕʘǴ͐
Feed-in tariff policy period

FIT G4ɯͥ˚ù͆ǓƱ
JHGʱǨ͐

aY½ªÚÌȢƀǓƱ: D7ƀșŃü!Gşͅ|b3ʌͳ
â¿ɱ0ʑĸ {aRZn3ˠȕ QO
oyMĩȐɱ̲ɥK͏Ő&ƀƄ
1ŷęHG ͥö3źľÈȉ;ĽŌ͆Ϳ
G4ĳŚÈȉĜ˩;ͥȥǛ͆KĠ?)1
÷,AD Ǩ͐ÇœǛ͆íƄK̸ɥ,GĴ;oPkʗͿ4 ƀ͐3ǘÓ;Å
$Hƀ͐K̫ ,Ś,0,AͿKÞö!G{aRZn1ƦŚHGʪȽɱƕŎǴ͐K̔0ʜı 3Ǵ͐ɮ0H5 FIT
3ǓƱ|Aɮ0),Gė˃ƟĴG4̮̽Ǖƃ3Ȱ«ʌɞ
Corporate tax rate – national orfederalźɨǻG4ŵǕƃ3Ȱ«ʌɞ
Corporate tax rate – municipal
or state

­l

ͼ-˘ʆ

źɨǻ

ɻ

ŵʗKĠ?



FIT G4ɯͥͥöͅ|b
3PdlOz1DGĔÞ ̫
ż4{aRZn3]bnK̸31˞ȨHGŀçǓƱ1
ŏƎ0̍ǷëɲɞK÷&Ó ͥ
ö3źľÈȉK÷GľĜA
G

82

G
G
ɯͥͥöͅ|b3ʌƊñǆ͕Production-based before-tax
credits

ͶöɯͥKùƭ!G&@3ɯͥͥöͅ|b3;!0J( kWh΃΃΃&F3Ϳʌǆ͕;ʌƊñ1̸ɥ
HGͿ ƕ),H4ʌƊñ|b-{aRZn1̸ɥH
Gɯͥͥöͅ|b3ʌƊñǆ͕3ǕʘǴ͐
Production-based before-tax
credit: policy period
ɯͥͅ|b3ʌƊƔǆ͕
Production-based after- tax
deductionsƀ͐ʌƊñǆ͕̸ɥHGǴ͐3Ĝ˩ɣɤļɵ3ǆ͕;ʌƊƔͿǕʘǴ͐Production-based after- tax
deductions: policy periodɑûͥöĽŌ͆
Reactive power bonus
LVRT ĽŌ͆Low voltage ride throughźľÈȉ˯Ǯ
Market price certificatesƀ͐ʌƊñǆ͕̸ɥHG
Ǵ͐3Ĝ˩

÷̬ÙČ
Accelerated DepreciationÙČǴ͐
Depreciation periodͶöɯͥKùƭ!G&@3ɯͥͥöͅ|b;!0J( kWh ΃΃΃&F3Ϳʌǆ͕;ʌƊƔ1̸ɥ
HGͿ ƕ),H4ʌƊƔ|
b-{aRZn1̸ɥHG

ʡʭ3ͥĶ˺ǙKË̯!G&@3ĽŌ͆
ʡʭ3ŘŚƄʄÌ3&@3ĽŌ͆źľG4Ǖƃ3Ǖʘ1D),ˬŚH& QOoyM
3äɣė˃SrYůƟ˯Ǯ
3ƀ͐ſĹźľÈȉ
ÕĦ3͆ͳK̍͆˺̵ ·˩D
7ʌ͆ťʘ.,ÙČ!G˩ɩ{aRZn3ÕĦK̍͆˺̵·˩D7ʌ͆ťʘ.,ÙČ!Gƀǘ3Ĝ˩

FIT ǕʘǴ͐3Ĝ˩ÓK1Þö!

΃{aRZn3ʌ͆ǓƱñ1ʌƊñ|b-̸ɥHGɯͥͥöͅ|b3ʌǆ͕;/kWhͿ ƕ),{aRZn1ťÈÓņ;{aRZnéƀ3˹ʌ͆ͳKûȁɱ1GͿ !:,3ʌíÚ̱K
ĖGćɜ{aRZn.!G G
4{aRZnƯǲʿĝƀ3ʌǆ͕Kǲ
û1ëɥ-Gˣ·ʇKƾ*4 _̻Ƹ!G ʌǆ͕4Ĵ̮̽ʌ13≯
ɥHG;ƕ),ŵźɨǻ|-40ͿƦŚH&{aRZn3ˀɥƀǘ²ã.
!G
΃{aRZn3ʌ͆ǓƱƔ1ʌƊñ|b-̸ɥHGͥöͅ|b3ʌǆ͕;kWh Ϳ !:,3ʌíÚ̱ʘKĖ
Gćɜ{aRZn.!G G4{
aRZnƯǲʿĝƀƄ3ʌǆ͕Kǲû
1ëɥ-Gˣ·ʇKƾ*4 _̻Ƹ!G ʌǆ͕4Ĵ̮̽ʌ13≯ɥ
HG;ƕ),ŵźɨǻ|-40ͿƦŚH&{aRZn3ˀɥƀǘ²ã.
!G

/kWh/kWh/kW _4ɮ0Gźľ-;!0J(ěʍ3źľÈȉ-Ϳ̆ł&!:,3˯Ǯ3ȼĜ÷̓ſĹźľÈȉKÞö!GěƀƄ3ÙČͳ4̍ɤ3ˀɥƀǘ3éǴD
FBB͹ ƀ͐|b-éǴƷ̍ʱͳ
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