Transactions and Proceedingsof thePalaeontological Society of Japan
New Series

No. 74

Palaeontological Society of japan
June 30th, 1969

Editor: Tokio SHIK AMA
Associate Editor: Kiyotaka C!-II NZEI and Noriyuki [KEY A

Officers for 1969- 1970
President:

F uyu ji TAKA!

Councillors (*Executives ) :Ki yoshi ASANO*, Tets uro HA NAI* (Secretary ), Kotora

HATAI, ltaru HAY AM I, Koichiro [CHIKAWA , Taro KA NAYA, Kametoshi KA NMERA, Teiichi KOB AYASHI, Ken ji KO NISHI, Tamio KOTAKA, Tatsuro MATSUMOTO*, Masao M INATO, Hiroshi OZAKI * (Treas urer), Tokio SI-II KAMA *, Fuyuji
TAKA!*
Executive Committee (Chairman:
General Affa irs :Membership:

Fuy uji TAKA! )Tetsuro HANAI, Takashi HAM ADA, Yas uhicl e IwASAKI

Takashi HAMADA

Finance:

Hiroshi OZAKI, Sab uro KANNO

Planning:

Hiroshi OZAKI, Hiroshi UJIIf:

Publications
Transactions:Spec ial Papers:"Fossils" :Tokio SH IKAMA, Ki yotaka C!-II NZEl, Noriy u ki lK EYATats uro MATSUMOTO, Tomowo OZAWA

Kiyoshi ASANO, Yo l<ichi TAKAYANAG l

Fossils on the cover is Globorotalia truncatulinoides (o 'ORBIG 'Y, 1839).
The photograph was taken on a scanning electron microscope, JEOL- J SM-2, x 100.

A ll communications relating to this journal should be addressed to t h e
PALAEONTOLOGICAL SOCIET Y OF J APAN
Geological Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113, japan
Sole agent : University of Tokyo Press

Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S., No. 74, pp. 51.-80, pls. 7-9, June 30, 1969

552.

FOSSIL SPORES AND POLLEN GRAINS FROM THE NEOGENEDEPOSITS IN NOTO PENINSULA, CENTRAL JAPAN-IIA PALYNOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE MIDDLEMIOCENE YAMATODA ·MEMBER*
NORIO FUJI
Institute of Earth Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa

1il§:1f 'f:!Hj*rrm:=.*ill:fl:.TIJ!~FT- · :fEfi}-II; r! 1 WfrillA~!tJlilJPIIJWiO) TEWJ!:(J"JiiJf'tt: fii§:]t$!ifjlcll\< 5J1fii"MfrffE*IC{:t~:h""Cv'~fl:.TIJ!i!l7- ·1D¥M:.-:Jv'""C liJf'tt ~ fr-:>t~o "f@Jf:VcO)tf~ II Y'fU: L.--c, fiE:1fc'f:!li)rl' 1hiflll:.. !iiii111i'l"Jc·fJ:<b01.1~ • .Jf:O)ij£fl'!J&'l!Jt0):~7.c·, ft!ll:.~u'5:-.lj.
t-~: v' rjl*frtltrp JVjO) iJJ"pi E81\'71C -:J v' --c, 14 fo/:,:tM• G OJ 18llJ\Nic -:J v '--c, 1§-fo?iljf;.fJliC ft:f1Wr~O)tNiJiX: • m:ft ~ R)J G1H:. L., DHt--c. UJ fi llli','iij£fl'tll.'i'O) ,';9\f!X: • l'i Jll!l~i!(I"J~UJ~. t~ J: O:L11F IIIR'i0) !11i'(t IC -:J v' ""C, < ~::> L. v,ol)-·~;~ '5:- ff ·:d~oit#ftiJ J;tunder which the Yamatoda Member was
deposited in the Middle Miocene.
Further, correlation and comparison of
the conditions and environment of the
Yamatoda Member with the Wakura,
Tsukada and I'ida diatomaceous Members
distributed in the northern and central
parts of Noto Peninsula were also undertaken.

Introduction

The present writer has been studying
the fossil pollen grains and spores foundfrom the diatomaceous deposits of Neogene age in the Hokuriku Region ofCentral japan since 1960.
The present article is the second report on the palynological researches ofthe diatomaceous deposits and treats thepollen grains and spores collected from
the Middle Miocene Yamatoda Member
distributed in and around Nakajima
Town, Kashima-gun of the central partof Noto Peninsula.
The scope of the investigation basedon the microfossils is the systematic
determination of the microfossils, andthe decision of the palaeoclimatic condition and palaeoecological environment------

Acknowledgements

The writer extends his thanks to Professor Kotora HATAI of the Institute ofGeology and Paleontology, Faculty of
Science, Tohoku University, for his
advice during the course of the writer's
palynological investigation and for reading the manuscript. The writer isgreatly indebted to Professor Hidekuni
MATSUO of the Department of Geology,
College of Liberal Arts, Kanazawa University, for discussion of the palaeontological problem on the Notonakajima
flora which was given to many fossil--·~---* Received Dec. 21, 1968; read Sept. 22,
1968, at the lOOth .Meeting held at the Kana·zawa University, Kanazawa; Contribution
from the Institute of Earth Science, Kanazawa University, New series No. 8.

51

52

Norio FUJI

macroplants found from the Yamatoda
Member.
Appreciation is expressed to Professor
Yoshio KASENO of the Institute of Earth
Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kanazawa
University, for his suggestions and informations on the stratigraphical evidences and tectonic movements in thestudied area during the Middle Miocene
age. The writer takes this opportunity
to express his deepest gratitude to Dr.
Wataru ICHIKAWA and Mr. Kazuo KoJIMA of the Laboratory of Earth Sciences,
Ishikawa Scientific Institute of Education, for their valuable suggestions on
the diatom researches. Thanks are also
due to Mr. Yukio KITAMURA, who cooperated with the writer as the studentof the Institute of Earth Sciences,
Faculty of Science, Kanazawa University.
The present investigation was madepossible by a grant in Aid for the
Scientific Research from the Ministry of
Education of the japanese Government
to which the writer is grateful.
Outline of the Geology

Many diatomaceous mudstones of Neogene age are widely in the central andnorthern parts of Noto Peninsula. They
are mainly composed of homogeneous
silty mudstone characterized with thedominance of fossil microorganisms. In
the southern part of the peninsula thediatomaceous deposits are distributed
locally and their rock-facies are variable.
These diatomaceous deposits are classified into four horizons, ranging from
the Middle to Late Miocene in age.
These four horizons differ from one
another in their sedimentary environmental condition, namely, one is nonmarine in origin, whereas the otherthree are marine. The diatomaceous
deposit which is a non-marine in origin,

is only the Middle Miocene Yamatoda
Member. The Yamatoda Member is distributed locally in the western part of
Nakajima Town of the central part ofNoto Peninsula.
In and around Nakajima Town the
Neogene deposits which overlie the Early
Miocene Anamizu Formation with unconformity are classified into five members in ascending order as follows: theAraya conglomerate, Kusaki alternation,
Yamatoda diatomaceous mudstone, Hamada mudstone and Kasashio muddy
siltstone Members. These strata arelocally in and around Nakajima andSammyo in the central part of the peniusula. Each stratigraphic unit is described below, b ascending order.
The Anamizu Formation: This formation
is distributed locally along the western coastof the Nanao Bay near Nakajima, although
it occurs widely in the area west of Kasashio and Nakajima. This formation is generally classified into two parts, namely, one isof pyroxene andesite. or hornblend pyroxene
andesite, and the other consists of andesitic
pyroclastic rocks intercalated with dacitic
tuffaceous layers. This formation may be
the Early Miocene in geological age.
-----unconformity-----

Araya .conglomerate Member: This member is observed typically at Araya area ofTogi Town, and is distributed locally in theareas northernwest of Sammyo and north of
Araya. This member consists of cobble andgravel of andesite which are derived fromthe Anamizu Andesite Formation. The member interfingers with the Kusaki alternation
and Yamatoda diatomaceous mudstone Members. The thickness of this member is about
20 meters.
---interfingering with the Kusaki
and Yamatoda Members•---The Kusaki sandstone and mudstone alternation Member: The member occurs locallyat Sammyo and Kusaki areas west of Sammyo. The member has been studied by K.

552.

Spores and Pollen from the Neogene of Noto-11

J_

53

Japan
Sea

I

I

,

Kcnazaw~·
/'.I

D
0

2

§

3

llliiD

4

11!1

5

m
~

6

7

l,OOOm0
L...------'

AD~" '"[_J_"""-_:<-l!!.'-------lr--r"""1. ~·-Fig. 1. Geological map of the Nakajima area, central part of Nato Peninsula, Japan.
1: Holocene deposits, 2: Pleistocene deposits, 3: Kasashio Member, 4: Hamada Member,
5: Yamatoda Member, 6: Anamizu Formation, 7: sampling localities (After KAsENO, Y.,
HANAYAMA, R., KOJIMA, K., KITAMURA, Y. and FUJI, N.).
SuzuKI and U. KITAZAKI (1949) from theviewpoint of stratigraphy. The type locality
ia an outcrop at Kusaki of Togi Town. The
member consists of generally a sandstone
and mudatone alternation. The sandstone isa fine-grained sand::;to'1e which is derived
from a pyroxene andesite· ot' the Anainizil
Andeaite Formation · intercalated with thin
granule and lignite layers. On the other
hand the mudstone is dark blue shaly mud-stone with plant fragments. The Kusaki
alternation Member is 20 to 25 meters inthickness and contains thin layers of lignite,some of which have been worked out in Sammyo area. It has yielded rarely molluscan
fossils such as Cristaria aft. Plicata apparently indicating a fresh-water environment
in origin.

54

Norio FUJI---interfingering with the Araya
and Yamatoda Member;;----The
Yamatoda diatomaceous mudstone
Member: This member was studied by K.
SuzuKI and U. KITAZAKI (1949), W. lciiiKAWA (1950); R. HANAYAMA (1955, MS); K.
KOJIMA, W. lcHIKA\YA and Y. KAsENO(1953); Y. KASENO (1963) and H. MATsuo(1963). The member named by IcHIKAWA
is correlated with a diatomaceous mudstone
bed of the Tanoshiri mudstone MembersLirveied by SUZUKI and KITAZAKI. The
member is distributed locally at Kita-menden,
Yamatoda, Tsuchikawa and Kammachi whereare settlements distributed in the foot ofhills of Nakajima Tow~. It overlies theAnamizu Andesite Formation with unconformity. The rock-facies·is generally homogeneous fragile light bluish gray (on a fresh
surface) or light yellowish gray (on aweatheredsurface) diatomaceous clayey
mudstone intercalated with thin tuffaceous
sandstone (ca. 10 centimeters in thickness).
The member yields amount of non-marine
diatom remains as Melosira granulata, diatoms as Actinocyclus biternarius, A. quaternarius and A. septenarius of marine origin,and well preserved macroplant fossils known
as "Notonakajima Flora" (MATsuo, H.,
1963) which contains several warm climaticelements as Liquidambar miosinica, Machilus
nathorsti, Metasequoia occidentalis, Glyptostrobus europaeus, Cunninghamia protokonishii,
Keteleeria cf. ezoana and Podocarpus sp. The
member is about 15 meters in thickness.
-----unconformity----The Hamada mudstone Member:Themember has been studied first by K. SuzuKI
and U. KITAZAKI (1949), and is distributed
widely at Kamibatake, Yachi, Yamatoda,
Kammachi, Tsuchikawa and Hamada areas
west of the Noto-nakajima Station. The rockfacies is generally homogeneous dark bluishgray (on a fresh surface) or yellowish brown(on a weathered surface) mudstone intercalated with three continuous tuff layers. It
preserves molluscs as Chlamys sp., Crenellasp., Crassalellites sp., Lucina acutilineata andNassarius sp., echinusnis (Schizaster sp.);sponge spicule (APhrocallistes sp.) and silicoflagellates. The member is about 30 meters
thick.
----conformity---The Kasashio muddy siltstone Member:This member has been studied by K. Mo-CHIZUKI (1931), and is distributed in Shiozu,
Kanagasaki, Kasa3hio, Kurotsume and Shirabarna of Nakajima Town. The rock-faciesof this member is generally light yellowish
bluish gray muddy siltstone or silty mudstone. The member contains amount of diatom remains of marine origin as Actinoptychus senarius, Coscinodiscus marginatus,
C. radiatus and Stephanopyxis appendiculata
and sponge spicules. It is correlated with
the Late Miocene Wakura Member.
-----unconformity----The Pleistocene deposits: The deposits are
distributed locally in the hill between Kamm·achi and Yamatoda, and in the area situated about 500 meters of northernwest ofNoto-nakajima Station. They are classified
into two beds, namely, the lower part (1-1. 5
meters in thickness) of the deposits is gravel,
and the upper part (3. 5-4 meters in thickness) of the deposits is mud and sand. The
deposits are leaning to east side with low
angle, and cover the Yamatoda and Hamada
Members with unconformity.
The deposits which are named the Kammachi terrace deposits in Kammachi, Nakajima
Town may be correlated with the Late
Pleistocene (? the Riss;Wurm interglacial
stage) Okuhara Member which is distributed
widely in Nanao City, the central part ofNota Peninsula.

Palynological Research(1) Foreword
As already stated different kinds ofdiatomaceous deposits occur in the Noto
Peninsula, and there have yielded abundant microfossils as diatom, flagellates,
pollen grains and spores. Althoughseveral papers have been published on
the deposits, these were concentrated to552.

Spores and Pollen from the Neogene of Noto-II

stratigraphical investigations, and noliterature has appeared con.cerning thefossil pollen grains and spores until
comparatively recently. The writer has
been studying the Neogene system,
especially diatomaceous deposits, andprevious works (FUJI, 1964, 1966 & 1968)
have been summarized on the Middle
Miocene Hojuji, l'ida, l'izuka and Hijirikawa Members, and also the first d<;!tailed
report (a palynological study of the Late
Miocene Wakura Member) of fossil sporesand pollen grain!'! .from the Neogene
deposits in Noto Peninsula has been statedrecently. The present paper is thesecond report.

0x

Sample N 120 }dark green mudstone

.,."

3

!!:
Sample Nl24l!·· j

The purpose of the present study is
to interpret the significance of the pollen
grains and spores from the samples collected from the Middle Miocene Yamatoda Member, mainly in terms of palaeoclimatic condition and palaeogeographicalenvironment. These records, which arethought to reflect, in a relative mannerin general, the fluctuation of atmospheric temperature in the central partof Noto Peninsula during the Middle
Miocene, is based on the criteria gainedby the writer during his about ten years
palynological researche.s.

(2) Sampling
Among the samples analysed seven(Sample Nos. 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 12 and 17)
were collected by K. KOJIMA and R.
light bluish green} diatomaceous silty mudstone
HANA Y AMA in the summer season of
Sample 51954 from outcrops judged to be asame horizon for the analysis of thepalaeoenvironmental condition under.
} ba;k greenish graywhich the Yamatoda Member was
mudstone
Sample I
deposited. The other samples (N 13.00 meters, N 1-4.00 m., N 1-6.00 m.,
N 1-8.00 m., N 1-10.00 m., N 1-12.00
Samples 2, 6 ,a ,12,11 }light bluish greenm., N 1-15.00 m.,N 1-18.00 m., N 1Sample N 103
diatomaceous muds tone
SamPle NI04
with macroplants
20.00 m., N 1-24.00 m., N 1-30.00 in., 11
Sam pie·~ 106
samples in total) were obtained froma well drilled for the research of the
diatom earth distributed widely in
Sample N 110
Noto Peninsula. The sampling loSample Nl12
dark bluish green muds lone
calities and stratigraphical horizonsin the Yamatoda, Hamada and· KasaSample N 115
shio Members are shown in Figs. 1
and 2.
Sample NilS} groywhile tuff

"
;;:

55

block

mudstone

Sample N 1·30

Fig. 2· Columnar section of the Yamatoda
Member showing the sampling horizons.

(3) Preparation of Materials
Of the samples collected from ()utcrops, one sample consisted of three
to five pieces of rock were collected
at random along the length of one
meter, measured parallel to the stratification of the member. The rockpieces were mixed together to from

56

Norio FUJI

a composite sample which is taken here
to represent the outcrop. The present
study is based on the composite samples.
Many rock sam9les and separate specimens for reference at the writer's disposal, materially facilitated the present
work in checking the distribution andconfirming the identification of the pollen
grains and spores.
The analytical procedure of the samples is the same as was stated previously
by the writer (FUJI, 1965 and 1969). The
composite samples were treated by the
NaOH-HF-acetolysis method.
(4) Method of Study
To record the pasition of a specimen
in the slide for taxonomical and biostratigraphical studies, Maltwood's finder
or England finder were used to register
the necessary specimens in this investigation. The specimen registered in thisstudy can be easily brought under the
microscopic field whenever necessary byplacing the slide which includes the
specimen registered with the finder.
The counting is made along the chosenlines with use of a mechanical stage
and finder. All of the specimens whichappeared while traversing the slide along
the chosen line are observed and counted.
The counting is continued until 200
specimens, a11d identified. When thespecimens counted from one slide areless than 200, the counting is proceededon another slide prepared from the same
sample to count a total number of 200.
Therefore, more than 10 slides must be
prepared from each sample to count 200
specimens.
The frequency of each genus obtainedby the count of 200 specimens fromevery sample is recorded on the distributed diagram. All of the strewn slides
are examined under the same magnification 600 times in counting and 600 or

1,200 times in identification.
The slides containing the registeredspecimens are deposited in the collectionof the Institute of Earth Science, Facultyof Education, Kanazawa University (register abbreviation: EKZJ), Kanazawa
City, japan.
(5)

Description of the Pollen Grain andSpore Assemblages(a) General Statement
The present flora is composed of thespecies which are adapted to the. physicd
condition and to biological phenomena
which constitute the environment. But
the fossil assemblage of any locality
may be the total accumulati:m composedof a biocoenosis and/or a thanatocoenosis.
Therefore, to interpret the geologicaland palaeoecological significances of thefossil assemblage it is necessary to makean analysis of the fossil composition fromthe viewpoint of the presence or absence,
abundance and distribution of every
climatic element to know the palaeoclimatic condition and palaeogeographicalenvironment at the time of deposition.
(b) Stratigraphical Relations of the
Samples
The localities of the samples studied
are distributed in the present field andthe depths from the surface in the wells
drilled may be correlated to the exposures on the surface. They can beillustrated as a columnar section andfor the sake of convenience are calledhorizons in this study. Here, the termhorizon is used to denote the same ornearly same stratigraphic position orlevel within the stratigraphic unit.
The samples analysed in the present
study can be classified into 14 horizons
shown as the columnar section (Fig. 2).
(c) Description of the Assemblages
The assemblage of the fossil pollen
grains and spores found from the an-552.

Spores and Pollen from the Neogene of Noto-II

alysed 18 samples is shown in Figs. 3-8,
and is explained as follows in ascendingorder.
Sample N 1-30.00 m: This sample
which belongs to the Kusaki alternation
Member is the lowermost horizon insamples collected for the present work.
It was taken from the well drilled at
Locality No. N 1 situated at Tsuchikawa
about 3,500 meters west of Noto-nakajima
Station, Nakajima Town, Kashima-gun,Ishikawa Prefecture. A depth of thesample is about 30 meters below thepresent ground surface.
It yielded, Gymnosperm - six genera
and one family; Dicotyledon- two genera
and two subgenera; and Pteridophytaone genus. Among them, Liquidambar
and Picea are very abundant, morethan 20 per cent in frequency, being thehighest concentration in this sample.
Metasequoia,
Cunninghamia,
Glyptostrobus, Taiwania, the evergreen Quercus
and Liquidambar are the represmtativeplants of a warm temperate and subtropical regions and are denoted by "B"in Fig. 5. Fossil pollen grain of Picea
may be corresponded with Picea kaneharai, of which the modern equivalentmacroplant is presumed to be Picea
polita. The modern Picea polita is distributed in the warm temperate region
as Kyushu, Shikoku and Southwest
Honshu.
The plants denoted by B are a very
high frequency of 60 per cent in total.
The plants which are distributed in
the cold climatic region are denoted by" A" in Fig. 5, and are Larix, Abies,
Fagus and Betula. According to theresult, "A" is appeared with a very low
frequency of 6 per cent. On the contrary, the cool temperate climatic plants
denoted by "C" are 34 per cent of thetotal. The phenomena seen in the sample will be explained in later pages in57

the discussion on the palaeoclimaticcondition and palaeogeographical environment. To facilitate considerations
on the ecological environments underwhich some ancient plants lived, themodern equivalents of the fossil species
are grouped into four habitats, namely,
mixed-slope, stream-side or riparian,and lake or marshy elements. From theviewpoint of the above-mentioned significant statistics the fossil pollen grains
and spores from the sample can beclassified into uplands, mixed-slope andstream-side elements, occupying respectively 17 per cent, 51 per cent and 32
per cent.
Sample N 1-24.00 m: The sample
belongs to the Kusaki alternation Member. It was taken from the well drilled
at Locality No. N 1 and its depth isabout 24.00 meters below the present
surface.
This sample yielded four genera of
Gymnosperm (60 per cent in total frequency), five genera and two subgeneraof Dicotyledon (32 per cent in total frequency), one genus of Pteridophyta (2per cent in total frequency) and theother genera. Among them, Picea andPinus are very abundant, 34 per centand 20 per cent respectively in frequency,
being the highest concentration in thissample.
The plants (B) distributed in the warm
climatic region, plants (A) in the boreal
region and the other plants (C) are respectively 4 per cent, 57 per cent and39 per cent.
The upland, mixed-slope and streamside elements are severally 22 per cent,
64 per cent and 14 per cent.
This horizon, is characterized with the
low frequency of Liquidambar and asmall number of genus andjor family.
Sample N 1-20.00 m: The sample belongs to the middle part of the Kusaki

~ocfossilPi ceoAbies
Keteleer/oTs11ya ____ ··-- _, ________ ·---- PSeudotsuga
Fodacarpus
Taxodiaceae

Fagus. ____ u_/fT/I!__S___ __ _Salix
Quercus ( 8 . g.)

Quorcus (n. e.g./

Alnus

~

____JJI!ll'!_n~--- __ ,________ _Cary/usCastanea
Caryo

"""·
0

Zs/kovo·- _ f...o.t:..P!.n.E~ ----~- _____ -·Till a
Liquidombor~.:::......

~

Nyssa

/lex
__ }//f!_U(_JIU.f!1. _ __ _Gramineae
Nymphaeaceae

NupharMonosu/cofspo/1_ _ lfi.!!P.!_rljp_o/j_ __OsmundaPfsrldium,0'!(,

Fig. 3.

20%

Pollen diagram (1) of the Kusaki and Yamatoda Members.

Numbers refer to Figs. 1 and 2.

20'!1.

20"'

552.

Spores and Pollen from the Neogene of Noto-II

alternation Member. It was taken fromthe well drilled at Locality No. N 1 andits depth is about 20.00 meters below
the present surface.
Among the pollen grains and spores
from the sample, Gymnosperm- six genera
and one family- (25 per cent), Monocotyledon- two genera (4 per cent), Dicotyledon- eight genera and two subgenera (67per cent) and spores (4 per cent). Amongthem, Liquidambar is very abundant (27per cent) ; Picea and the deciduous
Quercus are abundant, respectively 8 percent and 16 per cent. The boreal, warm
and temperate climatic elements are respectively 4, 50 and 46 per cent. A frequency of the warm andjor subtropicalclimatic elements of this sample is thelowest numerical value in the sJ.mples
collected for this study.
On the other hand, in respect to thepalaeoecological environment, the upland, mixed-slope and stream-side elements are respectively 6 per cent, 41
per cent and 53 per cent. A frequencyof the stream-side and/or riparian elements of this sample is the highest
numerical value in the samples collected,
except for Sample N 1-18.00
The pollen-flora of this sample is represented by Liquidambar and Picea,
which are found 33 per cent and 15 percent respectively.
The sample yielded, Gymnosperm- four
genera and one family (30 per cent in
total) ; Dicotyledon - four genera and two
subgenera (60 per cent) ; Monocotyledon one genus (3 per cent) ; Pteridophyta - one
genus (3 per cent) and the other sporestwo genera (4 per cent). Among them,as mentioned above, Liquidambar is very
abundant in frequency and Picea abundant.
The cold, warm and temperate climaticelements contain 3 per cent, 70 per centand 27 per cent respectively. A fre-59

quency of the warm temperate climaticelements as the evergreen Quercus andthe subtropical climatic elements as
Liquidambar found from this sample isthe highest numerical value in the samples, except for Sample N 1-3.00 m, collected for this study.
The upland, mixed-slope and streamside elements are respectively 10 per
cent, 31 per cent and 59 per cent.
Sample N 1-15.00 m: The sample isabout 15.00 meters below the present
surface, and belongs to the middle partof the Kusaki alternation Member. The
sample yielded, Gymnosperm- four genera(37 per cent) ; Dicotyledon- eight genera
and two subgenera (51 per cent); Monocotyledon- one genus (1 per cent); sporesthree genera (1 per cent); and the otherpollen grain- one genus (1 per cent).
Among them, Picea, Liquidambar,
Carya and Abies are abundant, attaining
19 per cent, 17 per cent, 15 per cent and13 per cent respectively.
In respect to the palaeoclimatic condition, the warm, boreal and temperate
climatic plants are respectively 51 per
cent, 15 per cent and 34 per cent. On
the other hand, in this connection of thepalaeoecological environment, the upland,
mixed-slope and riparian plants are 4,
54 and 42 per cent respectively.
In this horizon, a very abundant pollen
grain or spore does not contain, andalso, it is noteworthy that the warm
andjor subtropical climatic plants are
the lowest numerical value, except for
Sample N 1-20.00 m, in the samples collected for this study.
Sample N 1-12.00m: This sample
which belongs to the upper part of the
Kusaki alternation Member yielded,
Gymnosperm- five genera (43 per cent in
total frequency) ; Dicotyledon- seven
genera and two subgenera (60 per cent)and the spores except for Pteridophyta -60

Norio FUJI

two genera (7 per cent). Among them,
Picea is very abundant, and Liquidambar
abundant in relative frequency. They
are respectively 23 per cent and 14 percent. Abies, Pseudotsuga, the evergreen
Quercus, Corylus and Carya are common,
ranging 6 per cent to 9 per cent in frequency.
The cold and/or cool, temperate, andwarm and/or subtropical climatic elements are 6 per cent, 60 per cent and34 per cent respectively. And also, on
the view point of the palaeoecological environment, the upland, mixed-slope andstream-side elements are 12 per cent, 57
per cent and 31 per cent respectively.
Sample N 1-10.00 m: The sample
belongs to the upper part of the Kusaki
alternation Member, and its depth is
10.00 meters below the present groundsurface. It yielded Gymnosperm- four
genera (33 per cent in total frequency),
Dicotyledon, five genera and one subgenus, (51 per cent), the indeterminable
pollen grain (2 per cent) and the indeterminable spore (4 per cent). Among them,
Picea is very abundant and Liquidambar,
the evergreen Quercus and Carya areabundant, occupying respectively 34 percent, 17 per cent, 12 per cent and 12 percent of t)le total. Abies is common in
relative frequency, being 6 per cent.
The warm, boreal and temperate
climatic elements are respectively 0 per
cent, 66 per cent and 34 p~r cent.
On the view point of the palaeoecological environment, it is noteworthy
that the mixed-slope plants are thehighest concentration in the samples
collected for the present study, except
for Sample N 1-3.00 m.
Sample N 1-8.00 m: This sample belongs to the uppermost horizon of the
Kusaki alternation Member, and its depth
is about 8.00 meters below the present
surface. The rock-facies of this sample

is a dark bluish green (on a fresh surface) mudstone intercalated with thindark bluish gray sandy siltstone.
The sample yielded, Gymnosperm- fivegenera (48 per cent); Dicotyledon- ten
genera and one subgenus (47 per cent);
the indeterminable pollen grains -twopollen types (3 per cent) ; and the indeterminable spore- one spore type (2 percent). Among them, Picea is 32 percent of the total and Liquidambar is 18
per .cent. The other pollen grains andspores are common (ranging from 6 percent to 9 per cent) or rare (1 per centto 5 per cent), namely, Pinus (8 per cent),
the evergreen Quercus (7 per cent):
Carya (7 per cent) and Alnus (6 percent) belong to common, and the othergrains as Abies, Salix, fuglans, Inapertipollenites and Trilitesporites rare.
The boreal (A), temperate (C) andwarm (B) plants are respectively 4 percent, 33 per cent and 63 per cent. And
also, the upland, mixed-slope and streamside elements are severally 12 per cent,46 per cent and 42 per cent.
Sample N 1-6.00 m: The sample belongs to the lowermost horizon of the
Yamatoda diatomaceous mudstone Member. Its depth is about 6.00 meters below
the present surface. This sample yielded, Gymnosperm- six genera and one
family (43 per cent of the total); Dicotyledon- eight genera, two subgenera andone family (50 per cent) ; Pteridophytaone genus (2 per cent) ; and the otherspore except for Pteridophyta- one spore
type (5 per cent). Among them, Picea
is very abundant (21 per cent of thetotal), and Liquidambar, Pseudotsuga andCarya are abundant (respectively 14, 14
and 13 per cent).
The warm and/or subtropical, boreal
and temperate climatic elements areseverally 58 per cent, 40 per cent and 2
per cent. And also, in respect to the552.

Spores and Pollen from the Neogene of Noto-II

palaeoecological environment, the upland,
mixed-slope and riparian-elements are
19 per cent, 39 per cent and 42 per cent.
Sam pie N 1-4.00 m: The sample be,longs perhaps to the middle part of the
Yamatoda Member, and its depth isabout 4.00 meters below the present
ground surface.
Thiss ample yielded, Gymnosperm- fivegenera (50 per cent of the total) ; Dicotyledon- nine genera and two subgenera(45 per cent); the indeterminable pollen
grain - nine genera and two subgenera(45 per cent); the indeterminable pollen
grain - one type (1 per cent) and Pteridophyta- one genus (4 per cent). Amongthem, Picea and Liquidambar are respectively 31 per cent and 20 per cent, andthe other pollen grains and spores arecommon.
The warm andjor subtropical, temperate and boreal elements are severally
70 per cent, 26 per cent and 4 per cent.
And also, the upland, mixedslope andstream and/or riparian elements are 7
per cent, 59 per cent and 34 per centrespectively.
Sample N 1-3.00 m: The sample belongs to the middle part of the Yamatoda Member. Its depth is about 3.00
meters below the present surface. Ityielded, Gymnosperm- six genera and one
family (73 per cent Dicotyledon -fourgenera and one subgenus (16 per cent) ;the indeterminable pollen grain - onepollen type (2 per cent) ; and the otherspore- one spore type (9 per cent).
Among them, Picea is very abundant inrelative frequency, being 50 per cent of
the total. Pinus, the evergreen Quercus
and Liquidambar are respectively 10 per
cent, 7 per cent and 6 per cent.
The boreal, warm andjor subtropicaland temperate elements are severally 4
per cent, 77 per cent and 19 per cent.
And also, the upland, mixed-slope and61

stream-side plants are 13 per cent, 74
per cent and 13 per cent respectively.
It is noteworthy that the frequency of
Picea and the warm andjor subtropicalclimatic plants found in this sample are
the highest numerical value in all of thesamples collected for this study.
Sample 2: The mixed sample is froman outcrop of Locality No. 2, situated atabout 1,000 meters northwest of Hamada,
Nakajima Town. It belongs to the upper
part of the Yamatoda Member, and also
may be correlated with Samples 6, 8, 12
and 17 explained in later pages on thatpoint of stratigraphical horizon.
This sample yielded, Gymnosperm- six
genera and one family (73 per cent of
the total) ; Dicotyledon- five genera andtwo subgenera (25.5 per cent); andPteridophyta- one genus (1.5 per cent).
Among them, Picea and Liquidanzbar arevery abundant (respectively 43 per centand 20 per cent in relative frequency).
Pseudotsuga and Pinus are abundant.
The boreal, warm and temperate
climatic elements are respectively 5 per
cent, 78 per cent and 17 per cent, andalso in respect to the palaeoecologicalenvironment, the upland, mixed-slope andstream-side plants are 10 per cent, 72
per cent and 18 per cent.
Sample 6: This mixed sample is froman outcrop of Locality No. 6 situated at
Yamatoda, Nakajima Town. It yielded,
Gymnosperm- seven genera and one
family (74 per cent of the total); Dicotyledon - three genera and one subgenus(23 per cent) ; and Monocotyledon- one
family (3 per cent). Among them, Picea
is very abundant (44 per cent). Pinus
and Liquidambar are abundant (both 12
per cent), and also the evergreen Quercus
and Taxodiaceae are common (respectively 8 per cent and 6 per cent). The
fossil spores are not found from thiscomposite sample.

62

Norio FUJI

The warm andjor subtropical (B),boreal (A) and temperate (C) climaticplants are respectively 86 per cent, 4per cent and 10 per cent. It is noteworthy that the warm and/or subtropicalclimatic plants are the highest numericalvalue in the samples collected for thisstudy, and the sample contains many
genera belonging to Gymnosperm, though
Dicotyledon is only a few genera.
The upland, mixed-slope and riparianplants are respectively 15 per cent, 64
per cent and 21 per cent.
Sample 8: This sample was collectedfrom Locality No. 8 situated at about 350
meters west of Locality No.6, Yamatoda.
The sample yielded, Gymnosperm- four
genera and one family (62 per cent of
the total) ; Dicotyledon - four genera andone subgenus (23 per cent) ; the indeterminable pollen grain- one pollen type (1per cent) ; Pteridophyta -one genus (2 percent) ; and the indeterminable spore- one
spore type (12 per cent).
Among them, Picea is very abundant(39 per cent), and also, Pinus and Inapertisporites are respectively 15 per centand 13 per cent in frequency.
The boreal (A), warm (B) and temperate (C) climatic plants are containedin the sample, attaining respectively 8
per cent, 69 per cent and 23 per cent.
The upland, mixed-slope and streamside plants are severally 17 per cent, 62
per cent and 21 per cent.
Sample 12: The mixed sample isfrom an outcrop of Locality No. 12
situated at Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town.
It yielded, Gymnosperm- six genera (67per cent of the total); Monocotyledontwo families (5 per cent); Dicotyledonseven genera and two subfamilies (23.5
per cent) ; Pteridophyta - one genus (3per cent) ; the indeterminable pollen
grain -one pollen type (0.5 per cent) : andthe indeterminable spores- two spore

types (1 per cent).
The boreal, warm and temperate
climatic plants are 5 per cent, 60 per
cent and 35 per cent respectively, andalso the upland, mixed-slope and streamside ·elements are respectively 16 per
cent, 64 per cent and 20 per cent.
Sample 17: The mixed sample iscollected from Locality No. 17 situatedat Kamihata, Nakajima Town.
It yielded, Gymnosperm- six genera andone family (53 per cent of the total);
Monocotyledon- two genera (8 per cent);
Dicotyledon- 12 genera and two subgenera(26 per cent) ; Pteridophyta - one genus(0.5 per cent) ; and the indeterminable
spores- two spore types (2.5 per cent).
Among them, Picea is very abundant(36 per cent), and Carya abundant (13per cent). The other pollen grains andspores belong to common (ranging from
5 per cent to 9 per cent) or rare (ranging 1 per cent to 4 per cent).
The boreal, warm and temperate
climatic plants are respectively 4, 58 and38 per cent, and also the upland, mixedslope and streamside elements are 10 per
cent, 59 per cent and 31 per cent. It isnoteworthy that Liquidambar is only 4
per cent of the total.
Sample I: The mixed sample is froman -outcrop of Locality No. 1 situatedabout 1,000 meters northwest of Hamada
and about 300 meters northeast of Locality
No. 2. It belongs to the lowermost partof the Hamada dark greenish gray mudstone Member. The sample is collectedin comparison with the palaeoclimaticcondition and palaeoecological environment of the Yamatoda and Kasashio
Members.
The composite sample yielded, Gymnosperm- six genera and one family (72 percent in frequency); Dicotyledon- ten
genera, two subgenera and one family(23 per cent) ; Monocotyledon-one family~rCllmo te

A
B

AP
NAP
Diatom

%

c

M

59

%
%
%
%

31

%

89
II

2
0
0

s

F
B
M

r

~

10%

\0

"'"'!'<>
~
0

=

~

"'""
§

~

F

R..

~

~

"";:s
':?

~

~

4
58
38

u
Habitat,...._

1-

42•!.

=-

~

~

Member

5

F

=- =-

~

I Kososhio

I
4J•t.

43"1.

~

~

~

44"!.)iiiiiiii

[ r

~

I

2

6
39%

40%

36"/.lPice aAbies
Keteleerio
Tsuga
Pseudotsuga
Podocarpus
Toxod laceae
Fogus
Ulmus
Salix
Quercus(everg.)
Ouercus (non ev.)
Alnus
Juglans
Cory Ius
Castanea
Cary aPterocarya
Zelkova
Cdr pinus
T iliaL iquidombar
Nyssa
/lex
Gramineae~
S tellaria
Nymphaeaceoe
NupharMyriophyllum ....._
Orchldaceae
r-Monosulcatepoll.
lnapertipo/1.
OsmundaPterldium1...
/naper tisporites rMonaporisporites
Lenticula rsporites

8

MemberHamadaMember

Yamatoda
12~~~~~~~~~~17

~

r

~
~

0

~

.,..._:::>"'

""

~

""0

r

~

~

<Q

Jo•t.

10%

10"!.

10"/,.

5
60
35

8

4
86

5

8

78
17

56

9
30

36

61

10

15

72

66

46
35

16

69
23
17

%

64
20
88

62
84

%

12

16

sp.
sp.
sp.

5
0
0

8
2
6

21

10
15

10%

20"1.

10%

65
20
94
6

18

19

19

98
2

92

10

5

92
8
2

2
5

4

8

13

20,.

"";:s
""

~

~

.,..._
0~

8
2
2

Fig. 4. Pollen diagram (2) of the Yamatoda and Kusaki Members. Numbers refer to Figs. 1 and 2; climate, A: boreal climaticelements, B: warm-temperate and subtropical climatic elements, C: cool-temperate climatic elements; habitat, U: upland, M: mixedslope, S: streamside or riparian elements. AP: arboreal pollen grains, NAP: non-arboreal pollen grains; diatom, F: fresh water, B:
brackish water, M: marine water elements (After IcHIKAWA, W., KAsENO, Y. and KoJIMA, K., 1955).

0">

c.:

64

Norio FUJI

(0.5 per cent) ; the indeterminable pollen
grains- two genera (1.5 per cent); Pteridophyta- two genera (3.5 per cent) ; and theindeterminable spore- one spore type (0.5
per cent). Among them, Picea is very
abundant (41 per cent) and Pinus abundant (13 per cent).
The boreal, warm and temperate
climatic plants are 8 per cent, 56 percent and 36 per cent, and also, the upland, mixed-slope and stream-side elements are respectively 15 per cent, 66
per cent and 19 per cent.
Sample 5: This sample is from an
outcrop of Locality No. 5 situated· about
200 meters west of Noto-nakajima Station. It belongs to the lowermost horizon of the Kasashio light bluish green
diatomaceous silty mudstone Member.
This sample is collected for the comparison with the palaeoclimatic conditionand palaeoecological environment underwhich the Yamatoda and Hamada Members were deposited in the Middle Miocene.
This mixed sample yielded, Gymnosperm- six genera and one family (67 percent); Dicotyledon -seven genera, twosubgenera and one family (28 per cent);
Pteridophyta - two genera (3 per cent) ;the indeterminable spores- two spore
types (2 per cent).
Among them, Pinus is very abundant(42 per cent) and Picea is abundant (10per cent). In the other genera or families,
the deciduous Quercus and Liquidambar
are common, attaining respectively 8 percent and 6 per cent.
The boreal (A), warm (B) and tern-·perate (C) climatic plants are 9 per cent,
30 per cent and 61 per cent, and also,
the upland, mixed-slope and stream-side
elements respectively 46 per cent, 35 percent and 19 per cent.
In comparison with the pollen frequency of the Kusaki, Yamatoda and

Hamada Members, the temperate climaticplants are 61 per cent of the total, andmost of its numerical value are occupied
by Pinus.
(6) Discussion
From an analysis of t.he fossil pollen
grains and spores a general interpretation is made of the physical conditions
prevailing during the growth of thesedimentary basin in which they were
found. In this section, the writer will
discuss the palaeoclimatic condition,
palaeogeographical environment and geological age of the stratigraphical units
based upon the palynological and fieldresearches.
(a) Palaeoclimatic Condition
The pollen and spore assemblages havebeen analysed .and from the results thegeneral characters of the paleoclimaticcondition can be presented. The methodsof analysing the assemblages for palaeoclimatic . interpretation have been proposed by ERDTMAN (1954), 'F AEGRI andIvERSEN (1963), besides palynologists.
The writer from his method for palaeoclimatic · analysis of his palynologicalresearches on the Neo!{ene deposits andHolocene deposits distributed along thecoastal region of the Japan Sea, reported
that his results had agreed well with theclimatic indications deduced by othermethods· (FUJI, 1964, 1969). The methods
used by the writer are classified into a
warmth index, and triangular and quadrilateral diagrams.
There are many references to the living. species of pollen grains and spores
which most closely resemble the fossil
species. The writer will here attempt
to reach some tentative conclusions regarding the palaeoclimatic condition
under which the Notonakajima forest
lived, judged from the occurrence ofsimilar living plants.

552.

Spores and Pollen from the Neogene of Noto-II

65

A
•;

--

I•

50%

50"·

b.

12 •HomodoM.

•17

8

50%

Fig. 5. Pollen diagram (3) : Triangular diagram showing the relationship between
cold and cool climatic (A), temperate climatic (C) and warm climatic (B) elements foundfrom several samples of. the Yamatoda Member and the other member:; distributed in
Noto Peninsula. Numbers refer to Figs. 1 and 2; b: Sunagozaka Member, e: I-Iojuji
Member, f: !'ida Member, h: present deposit of Lagoon Hojozu-gata, i: Nakayama-togeMember, j: Hijirikawa Member, k: Takakubo Member, 1: Omma Member.

The palaeoclimatic conditions of thefossil floras must be analysed by consideration of the association of their
dominant genera or species. According
to the writer's investigation, as shownin the triangular diagram (Fig. 5), quadrilateral diagram (Fig. 6) and other environmental analyses (Figs. 7 and 8), such
subtropical climatic plants as Liquidambar
and Metasequoia, and warm climaticplants as the evergreen Quercus andfrom the Middle Miocene
Yamatoda Member exceed in number ofgenera and specimens those from the
Wakura, Hijirikawa, l'ida, l'izuka, Hojuji
and Kasashio Members which belong to
the latest Middle Miocene to Late
Miocene in geological age.
In short, the latters yielded warmtemperate and subtropical climatic plants

Machilus

66

Norio FUJI

as follows: W akura Member - 8 per centto 16 per cent; Hijirikawa Member- ca.
26 per cent; l'izuka Member- ca. 20 per
cent; Kasashio Member- 30 per cent of
the total specimens, and the former 61
per cent to 85 per cent. The present
result is closely similar to the an'llyticalresult on the pollen assemblage from theSunagozaka Member which yielded Ope-rculina complanata japonica HANZAWA
and abundant marine molluscs belonging
to the so-called "Yatsuo-Kadonosawa
fauna".
With respect to the relative frequencyof the warm-temperate and subtropicalclimatic elements found throughout the
Yamatoda Member, it can be said thatthe higher the horizon is, the higher thefrequency becomes. However, the same
climatic elements from the lower andupper horizons of the Kusaki Member
which underlies the Yamatoda Member
with conformity, show a frequency lower
than from the Yamatoda Member, though
the same elements from the uppermost
and lowermost horizons of the Kusaki
Member attain a frequency higher thanfrom the Yamatoda Member. And, it isinteresting and important that the relative frequency of the warm-temperateand subtropical climatic elements from
Samples 2, 6, 8, 12 and 17 are different
at every locality, though these samples
belong to the same horizon of the Yamatoda Member. Consequently, it seems
that the change of the climatic elements
found in the Yamatoda Member suggests
the difference of plant-association at
every locality rather than the changeof palaeoclimatic condition.
Comparison between the fossil plants
and similar living equivalents whose climatic requirements are known is frequently used for climatic analysis of a
fossil flora. Where the modern relationships are known definitely, this method

is probably useful for accurate information. The plant species in Neogene arecomparatively modernized in morpholo·
gical fearures, so it is not difficult tocompare them with their living equivalents with some exceptions. The genera
comprising the Neogene floras in thejapanese Islands are mostly distributed
now in East Asia, and nearly all of thetemperate Dicotyledons genera in thefossil flora are now growing in thejapanese Islands. And, exotic genera
are sometimes common in the fossil flora.
The exotic coniferous genera as Meta-

sequoia, Glyptostrobus, Sequoia, Pseudo·
larix and Keteleeria are found throughout
the Neogene floras of japan, and they
are mostly living now· in China, andsome of them are known in the westernpart of North America. The nearest
living equivalents of the pollen-floras
from the Yamato Member and theirmodern distribution in East Asia areshown in Table 1. According to thistable, the Yamatoda pollen-flora consists
mainly of the warm-temperate and subtropical climatic genera, associatedcommonly with cool-temperate climaticelements. The dominant genera among
the warm-temperate and subtropicalclimatic ones are Liquidambar, the evergreen Quercus, Pseudotsuga and Keteleeria. Their macroremains have beenrecognized only in the Middle Miocene
floras throughout the Neogene floras of
the Hokuriku Region in where they areabundant in number of specimens.
Furthermore, such phenomenon is recognized also in the other districts of
the japanese Islands.
The modern species equivalent to thefossil warm-temperate and subtropicalclimatic plants are mostly distributed in
Formosa, Loochoo Islands, Southwestern
China and the southern part of the japanese Islands. They are not abundant in552.

Spores and Pollen from the Neogene of Noto-II

0

0

~

B

12.

6

b

2

•f

0;'

17 ·.I\!'

I...._'?

.,"'.,"'-..."'-.."'

17~...."''lt

Fig. 6. Pollen diagram (4): Quadrilateral diagram showing the palaeoclimaticcondition and palaeoecological environment
during the sedimentation of the Yamatoda
Member. Numbers refer to Figs. 1 and 2;
a: Yamatoda Member, b: Sunagozaka Member, c: Higashi-in•nai Member, d: Najimi
Member, e: Hojuji Member, f: l'ida Member, g: Wakura Member, h: l'izuka Member, i: Nakayama-toge Member, j: Hijirikawa Member, k: Takakubo Member, 1:Omma Member, AP: arboreal pollen grains,
NAP: non-arboreal pollen grains.

number of specimens in the Hojuji,
l'ida and Wakura Members of latest
Middle Miocene to Late Miocene age.
Relicts which survived from the previous
Middle Miocene age are found in thelater age.

67

In short, according to the writer's
research, the pollen-flora ·of the Yamatoda
Member comprises warm-temperate andsubtropical climatic plants mingled infloristic composition.
Such presumption regarding the palaeoclimatic condition during the Yamatoda
age is supported by the fossil macroplants from the Yamatoda Member.
Geologists, especially R. HANA Y AMA(1958, MS), H. MATSUO (1963) and thewriter (1966), have investigated the composition and components of the flora
from the Yamatoda Member distributed
locally at Tsuchikawa and Kammachi in
Nakajima Town. On the basis of theseinvestigations MATSUO (1963) has named
the assemblage "the Notonakajima flora" .
The plants which make up the Notonakajima flora are: Nitella notoensis,
Plenasium lignitum, Lygodium mioscandens, Pteris mioinequalis, Podocarpus sp.,
Abies honshuensis, J(eteleeria cf. ezoana,
Picea lwneharai, Pinus miocenica, Pseudotsuga
cf.
ezoana,Cunninghamia
protokonishii, Glyptostrobus europseus,
Metasequoia occidentalis, Sequoia /angsdorjii, Taiwania sp., Fokienia noloensis,
Potamogeton sp., Smilax trinervis, Najas(?) sp., Salix masamunei, Comptonia
naumanni, Pterocarya miocenica, Carpinus
subyedoensis, Castanopsis miocuspidata,
Quercus mandraliscae, Q. nathorstii, Q.
praegilva, Q. protosalicina, Q. sinomiocenicum, Zel/wva ungeri, Ficus mioretusa,
Ranunc/us mioaquatilis, Cinnamomumoguniense, Lindera paraobutusiloba, Machilus nathorsli, i\!Jagnolia miocenica,
Liquidambar miosinica, Gledistchia tanaii,
Maackia onoei, Ailanthus yezoensis,
Dodonaea japonica, Sapindus miocenicus,
Camellia
protojaponica, Temstroemia
maekawai, Alangium aequalifolium, Diospyros miokal<i, Osmanthus chaneyi,
Phyllites sp. A, P. sp. B, and Carpolithes
sp.

68

Norio FUJ/
Table 1. Modern equivalents of the Yamatoda pollen-flora and their modern disHonshu, 5: Southwestern Honshu, 6: Kyushu and Shikoku, 7: Formosa and Loochoo
China, 13: Manchuria and Primorskaya Prov. Frequency of macroplants by MATSUO,

Fossil microplants

Related fossil macroplantsfrom Yamatoda Member

Modern equivalent macroplants----------1------------1 -------------Pinus
P. thunbergii
P. miocenica
Pice aP. polita
P. kaneharai
Abies
A. homolepis
A. honshuensis
KeteleeriaK.
davidiana
K. cf. ejoana
Tsuga
T.
longibraeteata(T. miocenica)
Pseudotsuga
Taxodiaceae

Fagus

P. sp.
Cunning. protokonishii
Glypto. europaeus
Meta. occidentalis(F. antipofi)

P. japonica

C. konishii
G. pensilis
M. glyptostroboides
F. americana

Ulmus
Salix
Quercus (small)(U. longifolia)
Salix masamunei
Q. mandraliscae
Q. nathorstii
Q. protosalicina

U. lanceofolia
S. sacchalinensis
Q. longinux
Q. glauca
Q. salicina

Quercus (large)
Alnus
JuglansCorylusCastanea

Q. sinomiocenicum(A. miojaponica)(]. shanwangensis)(C. macquarii)(C. miomollissima)Q. accutissima
A. japonica]. ailanthifolia
C. heterophylla
C. mollissima

Cary aZelkova
Carpinus
Tilia
Liquidambar(C. miocathayensis)
Zelkova ungeri
C. subyedoensis
T. protojaponica
L. miosinica

C. cathayensis
Z. serrata
C. tschonoskii
T. japonica

Nyssa
!lex

(N. japonica)(I. daijimaensis)

Viburnum(I. heeri)(I. ohashii)( V. uttoensis)

I. crenata
I. pedunculosa
I. rotunda
V. brachyandrum

Podocarpus(V. sp. A)(V. sp. C)
P. sp.

V. plicatum
V. japonicum
P. macrsphyllus

Nearest species

L. formosana

552.

Spores and Pollen from the Neogene of Noto-II

69

tribution; 1: Saghalien and Kurile Is., 2: Hokkaido, 3: Northern Honshu, 4: Central
Is., 8: Korea, 9: North China, 10: Central China, 11: Southeast China, 12: Southwest

H., 1963.
Japan

1
2

3! 4
X

X

ix
ix

!x

China

7

8

51 6

- - - - ----

X

X

X

X

X

X

9 10

I-=:_

12 13

X

X

X

X

X

%amongmacro plant%amongmicro plant

16.91
1. 03
0.11
0.04

4
20
2
4

9.15
0.26
0.11

12

X

X

X

X
X

X

}

2

X

2
X

X

X

X .x

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

'
x!x

X

X

X

I X

X

X

X

X

X

0.29

X

X

X

X

0.88

X

11.64
0. 15

X

3.19

2

X

7
6
X

X

l

2

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

n
X

X

1.10
1. 47

3

0.22

14
3

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

0.15

X

---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----1-------'--------

2

6

11 18 18 17

9

4

1

6

5

4

1

70

Norio FUJI

The Notonakajima flora is composedof 29 families, which include Characeae,
thre families of ferns, four families ofConifers, and 21 families of Angiosperms.
To secure suggestive data regarding
the relative abundance of the membersof the Notonakajima flora, a leaf countof about 3,000 specimens, of cours at
random, was made by MATSUO (1963).
The results of this count are as follows:
Pinus miocenica .................... 19. 91%,
Diospyros miokaki .................. 15. 07%,
Quercus nathorstii .................. 11. 64%,
Fokienia notoensis .................. 10. 44%,
Pseudotsuga cf. ezoana .............. 9.15%,
Machilus nathorsti .................. 6. 43%,
Maackia onoei ...................... 4. 59%,
Camellia protojaponoca .............. 4.19%,
Quercus sinomiocenicum .............. 3.19%,
Magnolia miocenica . ................. 1. 69%,
Lind era paraobtusiliba .............. 1. 51%,
Carpinus subyedoensis .............. 1. 46%,
Ficus mioretusa ...................... 1. 32%,
Comptonia naumanni ................ 1. 21%,
Castanopsis miocuspidata ............ 1.10%,
Zelkova ungeri ...................... 1.10%,
Pice a kaneharai .................... 1. 03%.

In the 50 species found from the
Yamatoda Member, the 17 species listed
above amount to over 75 per cent of theplants found from the Member.
From numerical analysis of the fossil
macroplants, it seems reasonable to conclude that the Notonakajima forest wasmade up of a mixture in which theevergreen broad-leaved warm-temperate
trees were more numerous than the cooltemperate broad-leaved trees.
The comparison between the fossil
pollen grains and macroplants is shownin Table 1. Reference to the figures
given in the table shows that there issome differences between the pollen grains and macroplants. These differences
occur from such various sources as
production, dispersal and preservation.
For instance, though the ratio of pre-servation between Pinus miocenica andPicea kaneharai (macroremains as fascicle, staminate ament, pistillate coneand seed) is shown with 16.91: 1.30 in
Table, 1, it may be not concluded thatthe ratio between both trees in the
Notonakajima forest during the Middle
Miocene was similar to the ratio ofpreservation between both macroremains.
Namely, in comparison withthefoliage between Pinus and Picea, theformer is better in preservation than thelatter, for the reason that the foliage of
Pinus is longer than that of Picea. Consequently, this difference suggests that
conclusions about the palaeoclimatic condition and palaeoecological environment
must depend upon more data regarding
both fossil macroplants and microplantsfrom each flora.
With respect to the microflora, palaeobotanists must consider the productionand extent of dissemination of both thepollen grains and spores.
(i) Pollen production: Pollen output
per flower (POHL, F., 1936):
Pinus nigra ............ 1,480,000 grains,
Pice a excelsa ............ 590,000 grains.
The total pollen output in millions ofgrains (relative values equal to the product of the average pollen output of ten
year old branch systems and the numberof cubic meters of branches and stems,
less than 7 centimeters in diameter,from pure and high grade stands ;ERDTMAN, G., 1954) :Pinus silvestris .. .......... 12,500 grains,
Pice a excelsa . ............. 11,000 grains.
® Extent of dissemination: HESSELMAN (1919) exposed plates to trap pollen
grain on lightships in the Gulf of Bothnia. The experiments were carried onfrom 24th May to 26th june, 1918. In
one of the ships, 30 kilometers off thecoast, 103,037 pollen grains were trapped.
This makes an average per square milli-

552.

Spores and Pollen from the Neogene of Noto-II

meter of about 16.2 grains of which
7 were Picea, 6.8 Betula, and 2.4 Pinus.
In the other ship, 55 kilometers off thecoast, 56,075 grains were trapped, averaging 8.8 per square millimeter, of which
4.1 were Picea, 3.6 Betula, 1.1 Pinus.
Namely, Picea is generally less than
Pinus in respect to production of pollen
grain, besides the extent of dissemination,
greater is in the former than in thelatter. However, the production of thepollen grain of Conifers may vary
widely according to the size of thestrobilus; as for example in a large
strobilus ERDTMAN (1954) found 605,000
pollen grains, and in another as manyas 1,800,000. This suggests that thesize of the strobilus is related with the%number of grains it will contain andprobably also to the conditions of growth.
The Notonakajima flora which yielded
various kinds of pollen grains and spores
was probably distributed near a sedimentary basin. This inference is supportedby the following palaeobotanical evidence.
Namely, Pinus miocenica is abundant in
number of foliage, though this species
is very rare in the Tertiary flora of thejapanese Islands. It may be said in thisconnection, as the needles of Pinus can
not readily be transported widely, it
seems that Pinus found from the Yamatoda Member was one of the abundant
members of the flora that lived on theborder of the site of deposition. Accordingly, as judged by the numerical

%

100

100

90

90

;~

80
70
60
50

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80

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19
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I
\

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30

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strand

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-.o

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offingI
I

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20

Loc.

I
I
\

60

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71

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;;:-

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.
3
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0

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0

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0

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~

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17

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8

strand• : U.

@:r;AP

62

offing• : M,.a : S,*'L:NAP

5

0.

~

~

:i:
0

0

0

;;
0.

0

3:

~

...

".::<
0
3

3
0

0

0

::r

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'-

Fig. 7. Pollen diagram (5) of the Yamatoda, Hamada and Kasashio Members; A:
cold andjor cool climatic plants, B: warm-temperate and; or subtropical climatic plants,
C: temperate plants; U: upland plants in habitat, M: mixed-slope plants, S: streamside and/or riparian plants; AP: arboreal pollen grains, NAP: non-arboreal pollen grains.

72

Norio FUJI
cords of either Castanea or Fagus.
Furthermore, the Notonakajima floraincludes typical temperate plants lessthan the other Middle Miocene floras of
the Japanese Islands. The present day
climatic condition in Southern China,
Loochoo and Formosa is warm-temperateor subtropical with well distributed
precipitation, and the annual mean temperature is in excess of zo·c. However,the common occurrence of temperate
deciduous broad-leaved trees in the
Notonakajima flora indicates that sucha subtropical climatic condition may not
be necessary for their growth.
Thus, the palaeoclimatic condition of
the Notonakajima flora was evidently
far warmer in temperature than thatof the latest Middle to Late Miocene
and Pliocene floras (FUJI, 1964, 1965a-b,
1966 and 1969) distributed in the Hoku-

result of the palynological investigation,
it may be concluded that Picea was adominant tree of the Notonakajima flora.
On the basis of discussion offered in
the previous paragraphs, the climaticcondition indicated by the flora is briefly
summarized as follows. The Notonakajima flora contains a large number of
evergreen broad-leaved trees, frequently
accompanied with subtropical plants.
The flora is closely similar to the present lowland vegetation growing inCentral to Southern China, or in Loochoo
to Formosa. However, compared withmany of the Neogene floras of theJapanese Islands, the Juglandaceae andBetulaceae are represented only meagerly,
and no fossils of the Aceraceae havebeen found. The Fagaceae is well represented, but largely by the evergreen
Quercus and there are only a few re%
100
90

80
70
60

50
40
30~

20

10
0

HorizonsaMembers

-3om

-24~

Oi
g

;;;

z

z
~

z
i\i

8

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0 0= 0 0
0

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;;.;
c

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a.

Kusaki Alternation Member

o:A,

x:B,

c:c,

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•:M,

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Fig. 8. Pollen diagram (6) showing the relationship between the Kusaki, Yamatoda,
Hamada and Kasashio Members in respect of palaeoclimatic condition and palaeogeographical environment; alphabetical denotation refers to Fig. 7.

;s::

552.

Spores and Pollen from the Neogene of Nato-If

riku Region, Central Japan.
(b) Palaeogeographical Environment
To facilitate the consideration on theprobable ecological environments underwhich some ancient plants lived, themodern equivalents of the fossil species
can be grouped according to their habitats, four types of upland, mixed-slope,
stream-side or riparian, and lake ormarshy elements.
The Yamatoda pollen-flora is in number of speciments mainly comprised of
mixed-slope or mixed-slope- riparianplants, and also contains more or lessupland elements. Namely, this flora
seems to represent a mixed-slope toriparian forest. For instance, the mixedslope plants a!llount to 67 per cent infrequency on average, stream-side and/or riparian plants 22 per cent and theremainder of upland plants. That is tosay, most of the Yamatoda pollen-flora
are most abundant in lowland plants
grown near coastal areas. On the other
hand, most of the Early Miocene floras
are composed principally of elementsfrom mountain-slope, further the Late
Miocene floras are of mixed-slope type.
That the Yamatoda pollen-flora consists mainly of lowland plants is evidently related to the environment of theTable 2.

73

deposition of the plants-bearing rocks.
By a detailed research (ICHIKAWA, W.,
KASENO, Y. and KOJIMA, K., 1955) on the
diatom remains in the samples from
Localities 2, 6, 8, 12 and 17 which belong
to the same horizon of the Yamatoda
Member, it is revealed that the marine
diatom species as Actinocyclus biternarius,
A. nonarius, A. octonarius, A. quaternarius, A. quinarius, A. septenarius and A.
undenarius are frequently found at
Localities 2, 6 and 8 in the eastern halfof the area of distribution of the Yamatoda Member, while the western half,
in which Localities 12 and 17 are situated,is characterized only by such fresh-water
species as Melosira granulata.
On the other hand, with respect of thewriter's palynological analysis on thesame samples, the writer can summarize
as follows:<!) The nearer the sea is, the less thefrequency of the stream-side and/or
riparian plants bacome. This is shownby the facts that the plants living in the
coastal area and stream-side are generally
have small pollen size and little pollen
output in comparison to such upland or
mixed-slope trees as Pinus, Picea, Fagus,
Quercus and Betula which are always
dominant in marine deposits.

Volume and production of several pollen grains (After POHL, F., 1937).
M: mixed-slope, U: upland, S: stream-side or riparian.

74

Norio FUJI

® The nearer the sea is, the less thefrequency of the non-arboreal pollen
grains, of which most are living always
in the stream-side and/or riparian areas,
become.
® The farther the strand is, the more
the mixed-slope plants become, inasmuch
as these plants include plants of larger
size and higher production as Picea,
Keteleeria, Tsuga, Podocarpus, Fagus,
Ulmus, Quercus and Tilia etc. In respectof the non-arboreal pollen grains, nodoubt, the contrary phenomenon will berecognized. In short, regarding the distance from a strand, the relationship between the frequency of the arboreal andnon-arboreal pollen grains is the interrelation negative.
@ Frequency of the plants that lived
in the upland area is almost unchangeable from horizon to horizon.
The results stated above are supported by the writer's palynological researchon the present bottom-deposits of Lagoon
Hojozu in Toyama Prefecture. There-

fore, palynologists can use the results
above-mentioned in case of the inference
on the palaeogeographical environment.
As already stated the Notonakajima
flora consists of lowland plants, and isrelated to the environment of deposition.
With respect to the geological occurrenceof this flora, most of the lacustrine sediments were formed in a position very
near to the marine sedimentary basin.
Thus, judging from the palynologicalresults, the fossil diatom assemblages,
lithofacies and diversity in the thicknessof the deposits, it may be concluded that
the Yamatoda Member accumulated ina small lagoon which was connectedwith the sea. The basin in which the
Yamatoda Member was deposited seems
to have been a more or less closed embayment in the central part of Noto
Peninsula. The spread of this lagoon isshown in Fig. 9.
(c) Geological Age
The Middle Miocene Notonakajima
flora contains a large number of ever-~- ~ I':!~E~~ /, .
==--==-3_(N---".

-----..,;~. -.:_::_~;;--?'

0~-"'km~ fresh water§m"d

EEl mud, sand~ sand, grovel

D

land

eT:

Togi

N:

IOkm

Fig. 9. Palaeogeographical map during the sedimentation of the Yamatoda Member(the ~arly Kurosedanian ~tage of Middle Miocene age) (After KAsENO, Y., 1963).

552.

Spores and Pollen from the Neogene of Noto-II

green broad-leaved trees, frequently
accompanied with subtropical plants.
The flora is closely similar to the present lowland vegetation living in thesouthern part of China, Loochoo or thenorthern part of Formosa.
The Middle Miocene floras of theJapanese Islands consist largely of riparian plants which grew in hilly toriparian areas, followed by a mixedslope and a few upland plants, and also
are composed mainly of evergreen broadleaved plants with deciduous broad-leaved
trees, conifers as Keteleeria, Pseudolarix,
Cunninghamia, Taiwania, Metasequoia
and Glyptostrobus and subtropical trees.
However, the Early Miocene floras
consist mainly of the deciduous broadleaved trees as grown in temperateregions, and also, are composed principally of elements from the mountainslope, followed by the plants growing
in the mixed-slope to stream-side, which
upland and riparian elements are generally few in number.
The Late Miocene floras of the Japanese Islands consist mainly of temperate
deciduous broad-leaved trees, accompanied by several evergreen trees, and in·elude a large number of Juglandaceae,
Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Ulmaceae andAceraceae.
Compared with the Early and Middle
Miocene floras the broadleaved trees are
considerably modernized, and their living
equivalents are mostly distributed widelyin the Japanese Islands. The floras belonging to the Late Miocene in general,in number of specimens and species, arecomposed of mixed-slope or mixed-slope
and riparian plants, and also containabundant upland and mixed-slope plants.
Namely, the floras seem to represent amixed-slope to riparian forest.
Compared with the floras belonging to
the Early Miocene, Middle Miocene and75

Late Miocene ages, from analysis of thecomposition of each flora the Middle
Miocene flora is distinguishable from theother floras as already stated.
Thus, in comparison with various
floras of the Neogene age in the JapaneseIslands and from the viewpoint of stratigraphical evidense the Yamatoda pollen-flora can be nearly correlated with
the Daijima-type flora which is one of
the Neogene floras of Japan classified
by T ANAl (1963) into six types, that is,
the Ainoura-(Earliest Miocene), Aniai(Early Miocene), Daijima-(Middle Miocene), Mitoku-(Late Miocene to MioPliocene) Shinjo-(Early Pliocene) and
Akashi-type (Late Pliocene) floras. And
the geochronological position of the
Yamatoda Member seems to be Middle
Miocene.

References Cited
CouPER, R. A. (1953) : Upper Mesozoic andCainozoic Spores and Pollen Grains fromNew Zealand. New Zealand Geol. Surv.
Paleontology Bull. 22, 77 p., 3 text-figs.,
10 pis.
ERDTMAN, G. (1954) : An Introduction toPollen Analysis. 239 p., 15 text-figs., 10tabs., 28 pls., Chronica Botanica Comp.
FAEGrH, K. and IVERSEN, T. (1964): Textbook of Pollen Analysis. 237 p·, 23 textfigs., 8 pis., Munksgaad.
FUJI, N., IcHIKAWA, W. and BACHlVIAN, A.
(1964) : Fossil Diatoms, Pollen Grains
and Spores, Silicoflagellates and Arachaeomonads in the Miocene Hojuji Diatomaceous Mudstone, Noto Peninsula, Central Japan. Sci. Rept. Kanazawa Univ.,
9, 1, pp. 25-118, 30 text-figs., 3 tabs., 15
pis.
(1965a): Palynological Studies on the
Late Tertiary and Quaternary Systems
in Hokuriku District, Central Japan.
Quaternary Research, 4, 3-4, pp. 183-190,
5 text-flgG., 1 tab.
- - (1965b) : Palynological Study on the

76

Norio FUJI

Alluvial Peat Deposits from the Hokuriku
Region of Central Japan. Bull. Fac.
Educ., Kanazawa Univ., 13-14, pp. 70173, pp. 121-168, 71 text-figs., 7 tabs., 6
photographs.
- - (1968a) : A Palynological Study on theAncient Rice-Field Mould of the Manor
Chimori-no-sho (ca. the Eighth Century)
belonging to the Todai-ji Temple in Fukui City, Central Japan. Quaternary Research, 7, 3, pp. 75-98, 26 figs., 4 pls.
--and BACHMANN, A. (1968b): Fossile
Pollen, Sporen und Silicoflagellaten aus
den Hijirikawa-Schichten (Obermiozan)
der Halbinsel Noto, Zentral-Japan. Bull.
Fac. Educ., Kanazawa Univ., 17, S. 4156, 7 Abb., 2 Tab.
- - (1969) : Fossil Spores and Pollen Grainsfrom the Neogene Deposits in Noto Peninsula, Central Japan~I A PalynologicalStudy of the Late Miocene Wakura Mem-ber. Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. japan,
N. S., No. 73, pp. 1-25, 10 figs., 2 tabs.
HANAYAMA, R. (1965): Geology of the Nakajima District, Kashima-gun, Ishikawa
Prefecture (MS). Graduation Thesis of
the Kanazawa Univ., pp. 1-38, 10 textfigs., 3 tabs., 4 pls., 3 charts.
HESSELMAN, H. (1919) : Iakttligelser overskogstradspollens
spridningsformaga.
Meddel. Statens Skogsfoksanst., h. 16.
HOKURIKU QUATERNARY RESEARCH GROUP(1967) : Quaternary Deposits in theVicinity of Nanao, Noto Peninsula, Central Japan. jour. Geol. Soc. japan, 73,
1, pp. 495-510, 13 text-figs., 5 tabs.
IcHIKAWA, W. (1950): The Correlation of
the Diatom-bearing Mudstones in the
Noto Peninsula and the Vicinity of Kanazawa City. jour. Geol. Soc. japan, 56,
pp. 49-56.
- - , KASENO, Y. and KOJIMA, K. (1955):

Explanation of Plate 7
Fig. 1. Picea (Cf. P. kaneharai), lateral longitudinal view, 82 f.l; 13 meters below the present
surface at Loc. N1, Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Kusaki Member; EKZJ col!. cat. no.
20083.
Fig. 2. Picea (Cf. P. kaneharai), lateral longitudinal view, 90 f.l; 3 meters below the present
surface at Loc. N1, Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Yamatoda Member; EKZJ col!. cat.
no. 20084.
Fig. 3. Pinus (Cf. P. miocenica), oblique polar view, 49 f.l; 29 meters below the present surface· at Loc. N1, Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Kusaki Member; EKZJ col!. cat. no. 20085.
F(g. 4. Pinus (Cf. P. miocenica), lateral longitudinal view, 58 f.l; 27 meters below the present
surf11ce at Loc. N1, Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Kusaki Member; EKZJ col!. cat. no. 20086.
Fig. 5. Pinus (Aff. P. miocenica), polar view (distal face), 46 f.l; Loc. No.8, Yamatoda, Nakajima Town; Yamatoda Member.; EKZJ col!. cat. no. 20087.
Fig. 6. Podocarpus, equatorial view, 65 f.l; 19 meters below the present surface, Loc. N1, Tsu.
chikawa, Nakajima Town; Kusaki Member; EKZJ col!. cat. no. 20088.
Fig. 7.. Podocarpus, distal face, 42 f.l; 30 meters below the present surface, Loc. N1, Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Kusaki Member; EKZJ col!. cat. no. 20089.
Fig. 8. Podocarpus, lateral, longitudinal view, 36 f.l; 21 meter below the present surface, Loc.
N1, Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Kusaki Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20090.
Fig. ·9. Cf. Pinus (Cf. P. miocenica), polar view (distal face), 32 f.l; 18 meters below the present surface, Loc. N1, Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Kusaki Member; EKZJ col!. cat.
no. 20091.
Fig. 10. Podocarpus, aberrant grain, proximal face, 30 f.l; 19 meters below the present surface,
Loc . Nl, Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Kusaki Member; EKZJ col!. cat. no. 20092.
Fig. 11. 'Indeterminable pollen grain, 63 f.l; 19 meters below the present surface, Loc. N1,
Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Kusaki Member, EKZJ col!. cat. no. 20093.

FUJI;

Spores and Pollen from the Neogene of Noto-II

1

7

8

Plate 7

552.

77

Spores and Pollen from the Neogene of Noto-II

On the Miocene Non-marine Diatoms inthe Vicinity of Nakajima-machi, Noto
Peninsula, Central Japan. jour. Ceo!.
Soc. japan, 61, pp. 381-386, 2 text-figs.,
2 tabs.
- - and KASENO, Y. (1963): Diatomaceous
Deposits of Noto, Japan. 45 p., 5 textfigs., 3 pis., 4 geol. maps, Ishikawa-ken.
KASENO, Y. (1963): Geology of Southern
Nato Peninsula, Central Japan, with Reference to the Cenozoic History. Sci.
Rept. Kanazawa Univ., 6, 2, pp. 541-568,
11 text-figs., 1 tab., 4 pis.
MAcKo, S. (1957) : Pollen Grains and Spores
from Miocene Brown Coals in Lower
Silesia -1-. Prace Wroclawskiego Towarzystwa Naukowego, Travaux de laSocietie des Sciences et des Letters de
Wroclaw, Ser. B, 96, pp. 1-108, 5 textfigs., 3 tab3., 57 pis.
MATsuMoTo, R. (1957).: Geology of theSammyo and Takahama Districts, Hakuigun, Ishikawa Prefecture (MS). Graduation Thesis of the Kanazawa Univ., pp.
1-34, 8 figs., 1 tab., 7 photographs, 1 tab.,
3 charts.

Ainoura-type
Akashi-type
Anamizu Formation
Aniai-type
Araya Member
Daijima-type
Hakui
Hamada Member
Higashi-in'nai Member
Hijirikawa Member
Himi
Hojuji Member
Hokuriku Region
l'ida Member
l'izuka Member
Kamibatake
KammachiKanagasaki
Kanazawa
Kasashio Member
Kashima-gun
Kita-menden

;f§

iill

~

EJl 1::1 ~1C 7]( #\ Jfj
j;iif t: {'i ~

'Hl.
il
;j~

i~

mm
.~~~j

~

llF
Ill !fi*r:~ rAJ~

:7]\

.f~

~

Jll

~

y;t {±. o;.'f ~~t IL'Ii till )7

~11

IU

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f!&

~

Ffl
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~

lllJ
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l~.lf

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MATSUO, H. (1963) : The Notonakajima
Flora of Noto Peninsula. Tertiary Floras
of japan, Miocene Floras. Collaborating
Association to Commemorate the 80th
Annivasary of the Geological Survey ofJapan, pp. 219-243, 16 pis., 4 figs., 2 tabs.
MocHIZUKI, K. (1928) : Preliminary Notes
on the Palaeogeography and Geomorphological Development in Southern Noto
Peninsula. Geogr. Review japan, 4, pp.
1044-1664.
PoHL, F. (1937): Die Pollenerzeugung derWindbliitler Eine vergleichende Untersuchung mit Ausblicken auf den Bestaubungshaushalt tierbliitiger Gewachse unddie pollenanalytische Waldgeschtsforschung. Beih. Bot. Centralbl., Abt. A, LVI.
SuzuKI, K. and KITAZAKI, U. (1949): Fundamental Consideration of the Geology of
Coal. Misc. Rept. Research Inst. Natural
Resources, 13, pp. 39-58.
TANAI, T. (1961) : Neogene Floral Change
in Japan. jour. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ.,
Series IV, 11, 2, pp. 119-398, 7 text-figs.,
15 tabs., 32 pis.

Kurosedanian stage
Kurotsume
Kusaki Member
I,J: ;;j;: P,~
Mitoku-type
1!&1 ~
Mt. H6datsu-san:¥: ~ ilJ
Mt. Sekid6-sanTi mJJ LIJ
Najimi Memberi·?1 ~ Yd. JIJf
Nakajima Town
9~ ,\}; lllJ
Nakayama-toge Member rj1 111 ill~ 171
Nanao Bayt
)If. i:~jNanao City-t I~ rli
Noto-nakajima Station n~ :ft 1=1=~ ~'tb UJJ\
Noto PeninsulafiE~ .=11: ,I~'J
Okuhara Member
Jf! I* Ftr
Omma Member~f: NJ
SammyoE)JShinj6-type
WH ft ~
ShiozuJ-1,'{
i,f:Shirahama
Jc'J
mSunagozaka Member
ii:P
:!JU~
Takakubo Member
iWi
NJ
Tanoshiri Member
IJJ J JJL ni

*

+
rn

78

Norio FUJI

Explanation of Plate 8
Fig. 12. Pinus (Cf. P. miocenica), lateral longitudinal view, 53 p.; Loc. No. 5, Noto-nakajima
Station, Nakajima Town; Kasashio Member; EKZJ coil. cat. no. 20094.
Fig. 13. Pinus (Aff. P. miocenica), lateral longitudinal view, 66 p.; Loc. No.2, Kammachi, Nakajima Town; Yamatoda Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20095.
Fig. 14. Podocarpus, distal face, 22 f'; 6 meters below the present surface at Loc. N1, Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Yamatoda Member; EKZJ coil. cat no. 20096.
Fig. 15. Podocarpus, distal face, 27 p.; 3 meters below the present surface at Loc. N1, Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Yamatoda Member; EKZJ coil. cat. no. 20097.
Fig. 16. Podocarpus, distal face, 52 p.; 30 meters below the present surface at Loc. N1, Tsuchika wa, Nakajima Town; Kusaki Member; EKZJ col!. cat. no. 20098.
Fig. 17. Podocarpus, distal face, 62 p.; 19 meters below the present surface at Loc. N1, Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Kusaki Member; EKZ] coli. cat. no. 20099.
Fig. 18. Tsuga, distal face, 64 p; Loc. No. 6, Yamatoda, Nakajima Town; Yamatoda Member;
EKZJ col!. cat. no. 20100.
Fig. 19. Osmunda, lateral longitudinal view, 42 I'; 18 meters below the present surface at Loc.
N1, Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Yamatoda Member; EKZJ col!. cat. no. 20101.
Fig. 20. Taxodiaceae, gen. indet., equatorial view, 30 p.; 4 meters below the present surface
at Loc. N1, Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Yamatoda Member; EKZJ col!. cat. no. 20102.
Fig. 21. Carya, polar view, 43 p.; Loc. No. 1, Kammachi, Nakajima Town; Hamada Member;
EKZJ coil. cat. no. 20102.
Fig. 22. Carya, polar view, 38 p.; Loc. No. 5, Noto-nakajima Station, Nakajima Town; Kasashio
Member; EKZ] coil. cat. no. 20103.
Fig. 23. Liquidambar, equatorial view 40 p; Loc. No. 5, Noto-nakajima Station, Nakajima Town;
Kasashio Member; EKZJ coil. cat. no. 20104.
Fig. 24. Liquidambar, oblique equatorial view, 40 p., Loc. No.5, Noto-nakajima Station, Nakajima
Town; Kasashio Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20105.
Fig. 25. Cf. Pteridium, proximal face, 32 1,; Loc. No. 1, Kammachi, Nakajima Town; Hamada
Member; EKZJ col!. cat. no. 20106.
Fig. 26. Betula, polar view, 36 p.; Loc. No.5, Noto-nakajima Station, Nakajima Town; Kasashio
Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20107.
Fig. 27. Acer, oblique polar view, 26 ,u; 10 meters below the present surface at Loc. N1, Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Kusaki Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20108.
Fig. 28. Zelkova, oblique polar view, 40 ,u; Loc. No. 17, Kamibata, Nakajima Town; Yamatoda
Member; EKZJ coil. cat. no. 20109.
Fig. 29. Liquidambar, oblique equatorial view, 38 p; 15 meters below the present surface at
Loc. N1, Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Kusaki Member; EKZJ coil. cat. no. 20110.
Fig. 30. Liquidambar, oblique polar view, 38 p; 30 meters below the present surface at Loc.
N1, Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Kusaki Member; EKZJ coil. cat. no. 20111.
Fig. 31. Indeterminable pollen grain, polar view ( ?) , 27 p.; 18 meters below the present surface
at Loc. Nl, Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Kusaki Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20112.
Fig. 32. Tricolpopollenites, oblique equatorial view, 24 p; Loc. No. 8, Yamatoda, Nakajima
Town; EKZJ coil. cat. no. 20113.
Fig. 33. Tricolpopollenites, equatorial view, 35 I'; Loc. No. 1, Kammachi, Nakajima Town;
Yamatoda Member; EKZJ coil. cat. no. 20114.

FUJI:

Spous and Pollen /Tom, the Neogene of Noto-II

Plate 8

32
33

552.

Spores and Pollen from the Neogene of Noto-II

Togi Town
Tsuchikawa
Tsukada Member

~_.~·

lt'l

:1:
~

* ..

IBJ
ill

III

Fli

Wakura Member
Yachi
Yamatoda Member

79
;tr~

xr m

'§-

I~

llJPIIl!rl

Explanation of Plate 9
Pig. 34. Pterocarya, polar view, 43 p.; Loc. No. 17, Kamibata, Nakajima Town; Yamatoda Mem.
ber; EKZJ col!. cat. no. 20115.
Fig. 35. Pterocarya, polar view, 43 p.; Loc. No. 1, Kammachi, Nakajima Town; Hamada
Member; EKZJ col!. cat. no. 20116.
Fig. 36. Cf. Carya, polar view, 30 p.; Loc. No. 17, Kamibata, Nakajima Town; Yamatoda
Member; EKZJ col!. cat. no. 20117.
Fig. 37. Tilia, polar view, 28 p.; Loc. No. 1, Kammachi, Nakajima Town; Hamada Member;
EKZJ col!. cat. no. 20118.
Fig. 38. Gory/us, polar view, 26 f'; Loc. No. 17, Kamibata, Nakajima Town; Yamatoda Mem.
ber; EKZJ col!. cat. no. 20119.

80

Norio FUJI

Fig. 39. Cf. Alnus, polar view, 30 p.; Loc. No. 17, Kamibata, Nakajima Town; Yamatoda Member; EKZJ coil. cat. no. 20120.
Fig. 40. Carya, polar view, 43 p; 6 meters below toe present surface at Loc. N1, Tsuchikawa,
Nakajima Town; Yamatoda Member; EKZJ coil. cat. no. 20121.
Fig. 41. Carya, polar view, 50 fl; 24 meters below the present surface at Loc. N1, Tsuchikawa,
Nakajima Town; Yamatoda Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20122.
Fig. 42. Carya, oblique polar view, 48 p.; Loc. No. 17, Kamibata, Nakajima Town; EKZJ coil.
cat. no. 20123.
Fig. 43. Carya, oblique polar view, 52 p; 10 meters below the present surface at Loc. N1,
Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Kusaki Member; EKZJ coil. cat. no. 20134.
Fig. 44. Liquidambar, oblique polar view(?), 38 p; Loc. No.5, Noto-nakajima Station, Nakajima
Town; Kasashio Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20135.
Fig. 45. Liquidambar, oblique polar view, 40 p; 6 meters below the present surface at Loc. N1,
Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Yamatoda Member; EKZJ coil. cat. no. 20136.
Fig. 46. Liquidambar, oblique equatorial view, 38 p; Loc. No. 17, Kamibata, Nakajima Town;
Yamatoda Member; EKZJ coil. cat. no. 20127.
Fig. 47. Liquidambar, oblique equatorial view, 38 p.; 8 meters below the present surface at Loc.
N1, Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Yamatoda Member; EKZJ coil. cat. no. 20128.
Fig. 48. Liquidambar, oblique equatorial view, 40 p; 20 meters below the present surface at
Loc. N1, Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Kusaki Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20129.
Fig. 49. Liquidambar, polar view, 38 p; 8 meters below the present surface at Loc. N1, Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Kusaki Member; EKZJ coil. cat no. 20130.
Fig. 50. Liquidambar, oblique equatorial view, 36 p; Loc. No. 2, Kammachi, Nakajima Town;
Yamatoda Member; EKZJ coil. cat. no. 20131.
Fig. 51. Stellaria, oblique polar view, 30 fl; Loc. No. 8, Yamatoda, Nakajima Town; Yamatoda
Member; EKZJ coil. cat. no. 20132.
Fig. 52. Stell aria, polar view, 32 p; 18 meters below the present surface at Loc. N1, Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Kusaki Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20133.
Fig. 53. Nyssa, polar view, 33 p.; Loc. No. 17, Kamibata, Nakajima Town; Yamatoda Member;
EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20134.
Fig. 54. Quercus (deciduous), equatorial view, 32 p.; Loc. No. 12, Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town;
Yamatoda Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20135.
Fig. 55. Quercus (deciduous), equatorial view, 32 p; 12 meters below the present surface at
Loc. N1, Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Kusaki Member; EKZJ coil. cat. no. 20136.
Fig. 56. Quercus (evergreen), equatorial view, 23 p.; Loc. No.5, Noto-nakajima Station, Nakajima Town; Hamada Member; EKZJ coil. cat. no. 20137.
Fig. 57. Quercus (evergreen), equatorial view, 24 p.; Loc. No. 1, Kammachi, Nakajima Town;
Hamada Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20138.
Fig. 58. Cf. Quercus (evergreen), equatorial view, 20 1,; 4 meters below the present surface at
Loc. N1, Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Yamatoda Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20139.
Fig. 59. !lex, equatorial view, 22x 26 p.; Loc. No. 12, Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Yamatoda
Member; EKZJ coil. cat. no. 20140.
Fig. 60. Dyadosporites, lateral view, 38 p; Loc. No. 2, Kammachi, Nakajima Town; Yamatoda
Member; EKZJ coil. cat. no. 20141.
Fig. 61. Geranium, polar view, 75 p; 6 meters below the present surface at Loc. N1, Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Yamatoda Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20142.
Fig. 62. Tricolporopollenites, equatorial view, 34 p.; 18 meters below the present surface at Loc.
N1, Tsuchikawa, Nakajima Town; Kusaki Member; EKZJ coli. cat. no. 20143.
Fig. 63. Osmunda, lateral view, 52 p.; Loc. No. 5, Noto-nakajima Station, Nakajima Town; Hamada Member; EKZJ coil. cat. no. 20144.

FUJI:

Spores and Pollen from the Neog ene of Noto-II

Plate 9

37

34

38

35

45

44

49

47

48

50

52

55

54

60

61

62

53

Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N.S., No. 74, pp. 81-88, June 30, 1969

553.

NOTES ON THE STRATIGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIONS OF
SOME PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERAL SPECIES IN
THE KAZUSA GROUP, BOSO PENINSULA*NAOAKI AOKIInstitute of Geology and Mineralogy, Tokyo University of Education

m-W$,1';';, J:W~RH:.t<>lt 7.:> "' <-?iPOJi¥iQli1:1'f1LEflfi]OJJi?litL"r=1~"151"1fiiZ:-?v'"C: !J:<Jt;"~J:Ihtri(.l:'~.:.-c ~>t-1t.:.~*.liill:-l'Jl!!tOJ/-¥iQlt'£:tfi'L!P.5J"1if c lbMI: L i}};f:.t.*,li;Jiz:;J;;it 7.:> ~~.lftltOJi~l:.t~::?~iii T 7.:> f-:~0) i1f JfSf c L- -c, Pulleniatina, Sphaeroidinella ;);; J:: V: Globorotalia ~0)
8 f!iOJJ:~t~ll~I*JOJ,m:l±',~xrJL-?~~~:!1''~::!:-FJlllH:~r:!~-t 7.:>.
1'f
lEi ~H*marine fossils. The planktonic foraminifera, in particular, furnish more reliable
and useful data because of their temperature-sensitive character in distribution. The Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary,supposedly indicating the beginning of
the Quaternary cold climate, was drawn
at the base of the lowermost one of thecold water horizons, that is, at the baseof the Uvigerina akitaensis Zone (ASANO,
et al., 1957).
With the recent progress in the studyof the uppermost Cenozoic planktonic
foraminifera, determination of these two
important boundaries, as well as theworld-wide zonation of the Pliocene andPleistocene, is being proceeded by meansof the vertical range, phylogenetical
relation and morphological mutation of
the planktonic foraminifera (BANDY,
1964; BANNER and BLOW, 1965 and 1967;
BOLLI and BERMUDEZ, 1965; BOLLI, 1966b ;INGLE, 1967; PARKER, 1967). The workis carried on with taxonomic splitting
and strict re-definition of the previously
described species, and with propositionof new taxa.
In this paper, the stratigraphic distributions of some selected planktonic for-Introduction
The base of the Pliocene in Boso, central Japan, has been accepted as thebase of the Kazusa Group for the reason
that some faunal changes, such as theextinction of the so-called Miocene forms
and the appearance of the modern ones,
were believed to occur in this horizon(ASANO et al., 1957-1958). A rapid increase of Globorotalia injlata in abundance is recognized at a short distanceabove the base of the Group. This
species was considered to have appearedin the basal Pliocene. The MiocenePliocene boundary is represented by unconformity in many depositional basinsof Japan. Such relationship is also thecase with Boso, which is another reason
for drawing the boundary conventionallyat the basal unconformity of the Kazusa
Group from the viewpoint of tectonics
and lithofacies variation.
The upper limit of the Pliocene in
Boso has been discussed on the basis of
the paleoclimatic interpretations of* Received Dec. 26, 1968; read Sept. 22,
1968 at Kanazawa.
81

82

Naoaki AOKI

aminiferal species within the Kazusa
Group are presented as the basic material
for considering the upper and lower
boundaries of the Pliocene in the Boso
Peninsula.
All of the so-called guide species forzonation and correlation are exclusively
dominant in the tropical-subtropical regions, whereas these are generally veryrare and discontinuous in occurrence in
the Boso sections. Moreover, the rangeof occurrence and the presence or absenceof such warm water species in Boso areevidently influenced by the climaticfluctuation and deterioration of the Quaternary period, as seen particularly inthe upper half of the Kazusa Group.
The basal part of the Group in theeastern coastal sections east of the Isumi
River is also very poor in the planktonic
foraminifera. In spite of some hundreds
grams of rock material examined, usually one to a few individuals of one of
the index species are obtained from eachsample.
Newly re-collected samples
added little to improve the present data.
Owing to the rare and restricted occurrences, the results obtained from thestudy of the vertical range, coiling pattern and distributional trend of theplanktonic foraminiferal species are notconclusive, so that they are preliminarily
reported here in order to located theapproximate position of these boundaries
in Boso and to focus the future precise
works on these horizons in question.
The material from the lower part of
the Kazusa Group in the eastern coastal
sections supplied very important dataon the Lower Pliocene faunas and theinitial appearance of the modern forms.
These horizons are missing or verymuch condensed in the Yoro River (thetype section) and the western sections.
Therefore, the stratigraphic subdivisionof the Kazusa Group is shown by thebenthonic foraminiferal zones in theeastern coastal area as the standard
succession (AOKI, 1968). The study ofthe planktonic foraminifera from theunderlying Miura and Hayama Groups
has not been completed yet, so that it
is not mentioned in this paper.

Pulleniatina species
BANDY (1963a, b) studied the changeof the coiling direction of Pulleniatina
obliquiloculata during Late Miocene toPleistocene in the Philippines, and showed the interesting results: two phases
each of sinistral and dextral coilings of
the Pulleniatina species are alternately
recognized there. And, he proposed tosettle the Miocene-Pliocene boundary at
the base of the 2nd sinistral coiling zone.
BOLLI (1966a), HUANG (1967), MATOBA(1967) and TAKAYAMA (1967) reported
the similar coiling pattern of Pulleniatina
in Java, southern Taiwan, Choshi andBoso, respectively. BANNER and BLOW
(1967) subdivided the Pulleniatina species
into 5 taxa, which had long been accepted as conspecific with P. obliquiloculata.
They succeeded in the planktonic foraminiferal zonation of these ages based
partly on the phylogenetical relations ofthese Pulleniatina species. Thus, thespecies of this genus appear to be oneof the important planktonic foraminiferal
indices for the Miocene-Pliocene boundary.
In Boso, Pulleniatina obliquiloculata
appears first in the middle part of the
Gyroidina-Melonis Zone of the Isumi
River and East Coast sections, and its
occurrence ranges upwards to the uppermost zone of the sections.
It is interesting to note that the all
specimens obtained from the GyroidinaMelonis and the overlying Gyroidina cf.
orbicularis Zones have sinistrally coiled

553.

Stratigraphic distribution of planktonic foraminifera

83

""

8

~

CJJ

~

:::>

§

CJJ

H

H

CJJ

~

~
0

~

:::>
0'

"" ~
"" iii~~H

150 M

MANDANO40

CRIBROELPHIDIUM CLAVATUMlOOCASSIDULINA SUBGLOBOSA150CASSIDULINA SUBCARINATA250UVIGERINA AKITAENSIS

230

BULIMINA ACULEATA

150

H

H
:::>

H

H

:::>
I><

8

"'

:

&i
~

CJJ

~

H

~

!;;J

CJJ
CJJ

r:l0

~ s ~ ~P'l

NONIONELLA STELLA

z

~

~

ZONES

0

8

8

APPROXIMATE
THICirnESS

~

H

P'l
0

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0
CJJ

"" :::>"" ""
ffi

8

8

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:I1

8

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:

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:

l
..

!

.: ..:
CJJ

~
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ffi

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BULIMINA-BOLIVINA

1,000+BULIMINA STRIATA

700

GYROIDINA CF. ORBICULARIS

250

~~

~

1-

s
GYROIDINA-MELONIS
Fig. 1.

500+

fs

I

H
0

s

~

..

1)1

i

.

Stratigraphic distributions of some planktonic foraminifera!
species in the Kazusa Group. Boso Peninsula.
S: sinistral coiling, D : dextral coilingtests. This character continues to theupper part of the Gyroidina cf. orbicularis
Zone or to the basal part of the Bulimina
striata Zone, then changes to dextral
coiling. So far as my observation goes,
however, specimens of the both coilingdirections are intermingled in the interval ranging from the uppermost part of
the Gyroidina cf. orbicularis Zone up to
the lower part of the Bulimina-Bolivina
Zone. Tnerefore, it seems probable thatthe sinistral coiling changes to the dex-

tral through a short interval of therandom coiling as already mentioned by
HARTONO (1964) and TAKAYAMA (1967).
The dextral coiling remains unchanged
up to the higher horizons of the sections.
In the Kazusa Group of the Yokohama
area, across Tokyo Bay from western
Boso, the sinistrally coiled specimens of
Pulleniatina obliquiloculata appear firstin the middle part of the Nojima Formation, and this coiling direction continues up to the middle part of the over-84

Naoaki AOKI

lying Ofuna Formation, from which upwards the test becomes dextrally coiled.
Pulleniatina is almost absent in the upper part of the Kazusa Group in Yokohama, but it frequently occurs at thetype locality of the Kakio Formation.
Dextrally coiled specimens have neverbeen found in the basal part of theGroup or in the underlying horizons.
Therefore, the lower limit of this sinistral zone of Pulleniatina cannot be determined in either of the areas examined.
MATOBA (1967) already recognized thesinistrally coiled zone of Pulleniatina,
with its upper and lower boundaries
sharply defined, in the basal part of the
Iioka Formation in the Choshi area,
about 80 km northeast of the eastern
coast of Boso. TAKAyAMA (1967) also
reported the same zone from the baseof the Obitsu River section, central partof the Boso Peninsula.
All of the Boso specimens of Pulleniatina seem to be morphologically conspecific with P. obliquiloculata. Some ofthe sinistrally coiled specimens from the
Gyroidina-Melonis Zone are more trochospiral and less involute in coiling than
the typical (TODD, 1964; BANNER and
BLOW, 1967).

Globorotalia truncatulinoides
Globorotalia tosaensis was first described from the so-called Lower Pliocene
Nobori Formation, Shikoku, southern
japan (T AKAYANAGI and SAITO, 1962),
as differing from the closely related C.
truncatulinoides in having the following
features:(1) the less lobulate and more completely
circular outline in the axial view,(2) the slightly more protruded umbilicalside,(3) the less angulate periphery without
a distinct peripheral keel,(4) the slightly smaller number of low
and broad chambers in the final
whorl (typically four in number according to the original authors),(5) the more oblique and more curved
septal sutures on the dorsal surface,and(6) the usually thicker-walled test.
Some workers (BANNER and BLOW, 1965;
HUANG, 1966; PARKER, 1967; ASANO,
1968a, b) consider that C. tosaensis isphylogenetically an ancestral from of G.
truncatulinoides.
BANNER and BLOW
(1965) stated that the first appearance of
G. tosaensis marks the base of the Zone
N. 21, the Upper Pliocene, and that theoffshoot of G. truncatulinoides from theG. tosaensis stock occurs at the base of
the Zone N. 22, which precisely corresponds to the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary. As these two related species are
regarded as important guide fossils, thespecimens formerly assigned to C. truncatulinoides from Boso were re-examinedin view of the world-wide applicabilityof this hypothesis.
G. tosaensis is a very rare species in
the Boso Peninsula, as it is at its type
locality. Its lowermost occurrence inBoso is the middle part of the Gyroidina
cf. orbicularis Zone of the East Coastand the lsumi River sections. In thishorizon the typical form of this species
is associated with the thin-walled specimens which are characterized by thewell-developed peripheral keel and arevery similar to C. truncatulinoides.
These two forms are sinistrally coiled
below the middle horizon of the Bulimina
striata Zone.
G. tosaensis is very rare in the bathyalzones (Bulimina-Bolivina zones) of thelower half of the Kazusa Group, andthe thin-walled specimens are also foundtogether.
The G. tosaensis-truncatulinoides group

553.

Stratigraphic distribution of planktonic joramin1:jera

increases in abundance in the upper halfof the group above the Uvigerina akitaensis Zone and it is more frequenet in
the Cassidulina zones. In these horizons,
the thin-walled form becomes more common and gradually changes to have themodernized morphology of G. truncatulinoides. Usually, thin- and thick-walled
specimens appear to occur together, andthe latter form, G. tosaensis, ranges upwards at least to the Mandano Zone.
MATOBA (1967) reported the analogous
range of occurrence and frequency distribution of these two species from theKazusa Group distributed in the Choshiarea.
The dextral coiling of the G. tosaensistruncatulinoides group is prevalentthroughout the interval from the Bulimina striata Zone up to the uppermost
part of the sections. The sinistrally
coiled specimens are sporadically foundin several horizons.
G. tosaensis or G. truncatulinoides isvery rare in Yokohama. The form of
G. tosaensis occurs in the Ofuna andNakazato Formations, but G. truncatulinoides is found in the Nakazato, Iimuro
and Kakio Formations.
These evidences of distribution would
present some questions about the specificseparation and the range of morphological variations of these two forms. It isclearly observed that many of the specimens from the lower horizons have generally the characteristics of G. tosaensis,
and that the higher the horizons in the
Kazusa Group, the larger becomes thenumber of modernized G. truncatulinoides
specimens. However, the above-mentioned features of G. tosaensis cannot serve
as practical diagnoses of specific separation, because of the co-existence of thetwo extreme forms of different features.
The thickness of wall depends on theecology as already pointed out by BOLLI

85(1964) and BOLLI and BERMUDEZ (1965).
Considering the results presented by BE:(1964), some other characters and thegeneral appearance of the so-called ·c.
tosaensis seem to depend partly on thissecondary thickening of the wall. The
obliqueness of the dorsal sutures may
be the only favorable criterion superficially recognized in my material for
vertical two-fold divisicn of the G. tosaensis-truncatulinoides lineage. The sutures of the specimens from the lower
horizons are oblique and slightly morecurved, whereas those from the upper
are radial in general (PARKER, 1967). .
The morphological changes from " G.
tosaensis" to G. truncatulinoides occur
progressively in Boso. Any abruptchange in morphology which may serve
as a stratigraphic marker has neverbeen detected in the thick sequence ofthe Kazusa Group. If the previous definition of these two species was followed, the evolutional changes from "G.
tosaensis" to " G. truncatulinoides" cannot be recognized in the Boso material,and it seems to be probable that thetwo forms fall within the normal variation range of G. truncatulinoides. In
that case, G. tosaensis is interpreted as
the deep water variant of G. truncatulinoides. For instance, I believe that
" G. tosaensis " and " G. truncatulinoides_"illustrated from the Choshi area (MATOBA, 1967) would belong to the same
species. It requires a more precise
specific definition before further discussion is made on the morphological evolution of G. tosaensis-truncatulinoides
group and a chronologie correlation is
attempted. Owing to the insufficiencyof adequate material, any more commentor specific emendation cannot been givenon these two species.
In any case, it can be said that " G.
tosaensis " and G. truncatulinoides may

Naoaki AOKI86

not be very useful index species for thezonation and correlation of the Upper
Pliocene to Lower Pleistocene of central
Japan. Moreover, the inital appearanceof G. truncatulinoides (s. 1.) is probably
much influenced by the water temperature condition and depth of the basins(BOLLI, 1964; PARKER, 1967; HUANG,
1967).

Globorotalia crassaformis
and G. inflata
Specimens of the Globorotalia crassaformis-injlata group are found throughout the whole sections. These are veryrare or almost absent in the basal partof the Gyroidina-Melonis Zone where theplanktonic foraminifera are scanty. The
morphology is variable and the m:1jorityof specimens belongs to G. crassaformis
or the transitional form to G. inflata.
Specimens of the more typical G. injlata appear in the middle part of the
Gyroidina-Melonis Zone and the numberof individuals gradually increases upwards. So, G. injlata is more common
and is one of the important constituentsof the planktonic foraminiferal faunasin every horizon of the Bulimina-Bolivina
and the higher zones.
G. crassaformis and G. injlata are bothconstantly sinistrally coiled in the Kazusa Group, but the dextrally coiled
specimens of G. injlata are occasionallyfound among the large number of thesinistral specimens.

form and belongs to group 3 of PARKER(1962).

Splzaeroidinella species
Occurrence of Sphaeroidinella is also
very rare in Boso. Sphaeroidinella subdehiscens and the morphologically transitional form between S. subdehiscens andS. dehiscens are rarely found below the
middle horizon of the Gyroidina-Melonis
Zone. In this horizon typical S. dehiscens
occurs initially and ranges in occurrence
upwards into higher horizons.
In Yokohama, Sphaeroidinella is seldomfound in the Kazusa Group. S. dehiscens
is found in the middle part of the Nojima Formation.

Globorotalia tumida

Globorotalia tumida (s. 1.) is sporadical
in occurrence, but is found in almost
the whole range of the examined sections, excluding the basal part of the
Gyroidina-Melonis Zone and some cold
water horizons in the upper part of the
Kazusa Group.
This species appears to be consistently
sinistrally coiled throughout; however,dextrally coiled specimens were recognized in the samples from the following
horizons:(1) the middle part of the GyroidinaMelonis Zone,(2) the upper part of the Cassidulina
subcarinata Zone, and(3) the lower part of the Nojima Formation, Yokohama.

Globorotalia hirsuta

Globorotalia hirsuta makes its initial
appearance in the upper part of the

Bulimina striata Zone and occurs sporadically in the Kazusa Group. The Boso
specimen is smaller than the typical

Remarks on the Boundaries
The Gyroidina-Melonis Zone and thethe Gyraidina cf. orbicularis Zone in thelower part of the Kazusa Group arecharacterized by the following events in553.

Stratigraphic distribution of planktonic foraminifera

the planktonic foraminiferal faunas:(1) the sinistral coiling of Pulleniatina
obliquiloculata,(2) the initial appearance of Sphaeroidinella dehiscens,(3) the initial appearance of Globorotalia
tosaensis,(4) the increase in frequency of Globorotalia injlata, and(5) the absence of the so-called Miocene
zone index (except the basal part ofthis interval).
According to BANDY's scheme (1963a,
1964) of the planktonic foraminiferal
zonation, these characters make this interval roughly correspond to the Lower
Pliocene, and the Sphaeroidinella dehiscens dehiscens datum (=Miocene- Pliocene
boundary of BANDY) can be expected in
the lower part of the Gyroidina-Melonis
Zone or in the horizon not far below it.
Therefore, it would be better to place
the boundary at the base of the Kazusa
Group tentatively until further details
become known.
According to another scheme proposedby BANNER and BLOW (1965) and PARKER(1967), the Bulimina-Bolivina zones in thelower and middle parts of the Kazusa
Group are largely included in the Upper
Pliocene. Up to the present there has
been no useful zone index to determine
the base of the Pliocene in Boso. Globigerina nepenthes, Sphaeroidinella seminulina and other planktonic species arefound in the Kiyosumi Formation andthe equivalent Zushi Formation of theMiura Group (SAITO, 1962-1963, and myobservation). However, these species
are no longer regarded as an index of
the Upper Miocene. The morphologicaltransition from Sphaeroidinella subdehiscens to S. dehiscens may be the only
important criterion for decision of the
Miocene-Pliocene boundary in Boso.
The Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary can-87

not be determined exactly in Boso bymeans of the morphological evolution of
the Globorotalia tosaensis-truncatulinoides
group (BANNER and BLOW, 1965; PARKER
1967). At present, the correlation withthe planktonic foraminiferal zonation
proposed in the tropical regions cannot
be made for this horizon in Boso.
Acknowledgements-! wish to express mythanks to Prof. Wataru HASHIMOTO of theTokyo University of Education for his encouragement and guidance,

References
AoKI, N. (1968): Benthonic foraminiferal
zonation of the Kazusa Group, Boso
Peninsula. Pal. Soc. japan, Trans. Proc.,
N. S., no. 70, p. 238-266, pl. 27.
AsANO, K. (1968a) : An address at the annual meeting of the Pal. Soc. Japan.
(1968b): Considerations on the Pliocene
Series. Fossils, no. 16, p. 8-17.
AsANO, K., et al., (Boso Research Group)(1957) : Chronological divisions of the
Cenozoic stratal groups of the Boso Peninsula. Foraminifera, no. 7, p. 32-37.
- , (Boso and Miura Research Group)(1958) : Cenozoic correlation of the Miuraand Boso Peninsulas by means of planktonic foraminifera. Foraminifera, no. 9,
p. 34-39.
BANDY, 0. L. (1963a) : Cenozoic planktonic
foraminiferal zonation and basinal development in Philippines. Am. Asn. Petr.
Geol., Bull., v. 47, no. 9, p. 1733-1745.
(1963b): Miocene-Pliocene boundary in
the Philippines as related to late Tertiary
stratigraphy of deep-sea sediments.
Science, v. 142, no. 3597, p. 1290-1292.
(1964): Cenozoic planktonic foraminiferal zonation. Micropal., v. 10, no. 1,
p. 1-17.
- - and WADE, M. E. (1967) : MiocenePliocene-Pleistocene boundaries in deepwater environments. Progress in Oceanography, v. 4, p. 51-66.
BANNER, F. T. and BLow, W. H. (1965):

88

Naoaki AOKIProgreGG in the planktonic foraminiferal
biostratigraphy of the Neogene. Nature,v. 208, no. 5016, p. 1164-1166.
- - and - - (1967) : The origin, evolution
and taxonomy of the foraminiferal genu0
Pulleniatina CusliMAN, 1927. Micropal.
v. 13, no. 2, p. 133-162, pl. 1-4.
BE, A. W. H. (1964) : Shell growth and structure of planktonic Foraminifera. Science,v. 145, no. 3634, p. 823-824.
BoLLI, H. M. (1964) : Observations on thestratigraphic distribution of some warm
water plantonic foraminifera in the young
Miocene to Recent. Eclogae Ceo/. Helv.,
v. 57, no. 2, p. 541-552.
- - (1966a) : The planktonic foraminifera
in Well Bodjonegoro-1, of Java. Eclogae
Ceo/. Helv., v. 59, no. 1, p. 449-461, pl. 1.
- - (1966b) : Zonation of Cretaceous to Pliocene marine sediments based on planktonic foraminifera.
Asoc. Venezolana
Ceo/. Miner. y Petr., Bol. lnjorm., v. 9,
no. 1, p. 3-32.
- - and BERMUDEZ, P. J. (1965): Zonation
based on planktonic foraminifera of middle Miocone to Pliocene warm-water sediments. Asoc. Venezolana Ceo/. Miner. y
Petr., Bol. Inform., v. 8, no. 5, p. 121149.
HARTONo, H. M.S. (1964) : Coiling directionof Pulleniatina obliquiloculata trochospiran. var. and Cloborotaria menaridii. Ceo/.
Surv. Indonesia, Bull., v. 1, no. 1, p. 5-12.
HuAG, T. (1966) : Planktonic foraminiferafrom the S6machi Formation, Kikaijima,
Kag03hima Prefecture, Japan. Pal. Soc.
japan., Trans. Proc., N. S., no. 62, p. 217233, pl. 27-28.
- - (1967) : Late Tertiary planktonic foraminifera from southern Taiwan. Tohoku
Univ., Sci. Rep., ser. 2, v. 38, no. 2, p.
165-192, pl. 15-16.
Choshi
HayamaIimuro
Iioka
Isumi
Kakio
Kazusa

~~

.:Cf-

Zi'S

LIJ

fill
fili

( :~:

..:::£

[YiJ

;;I£

l;fJ~

tili

~I".

.J-.

~:.l~

INGLE, ]. C. (1967): Foraminiferal biofacies
variation and the Miocene-Pliocene boundary in southern California. Bnll. Am.
Pal., v. 52, no. 236, p. 217-371, pl. 33-43.
MATOBA, Y. (1967): Younger Cenozoic foraminiferal assemblages from the Choshi
District, Chiba Prefecture. Tohoku Univ.,
Sci. Rep., ser. 2, v. 38, no. 2, p. 221-263,
pl. 25-30.
PARKER, F. L. (1962) : Planktonic foraminiferal species in Pacific sediments. Micropal., v. 8, no. 2, p. 219-254, pl. 1-10.
- - (1967): Late Tertiary biostratigraphy(Planktonic Foraminifera) of tropicalIndo-Pacific deep-sea cores. Bull. Am.
Pal., v. 52, no. 235, 115-186, pl. 17-32.
SAITO, T. (1962) : Note on Clobigerina
nepenthes ToDD, 1957. Pal. Soc. japan,
Trans. Proc., N. S., no. 48, p. 331-342, pl.
51-52- - (1963) : Miocene planktonic foraminifera from Honshu, Japan. Tohoku Univ.,
Sci. Rep., ser. 2, v. 35, no. 2, p. 123-209,
pl. 53-56.
TAKAYAMA, T. (1967) : First report on nannoplankton of the upper Tertiary and
Quaternary of southern Kwanto region,
Japan. Ceo/. Bundesanst. Wien, ]b., Bd.
110, p. 169-198.
TAI<AYANAGI, Y. and SAITO, (1962): Planktonic foraminifera from the Nobori Formation, Shikoku, Japan. Tohoku Univ.,
Sci. Rep., Spec. Vol., no. 5, p. 67-106, pl.
24-28.
ToDD, R. (1964): Planktonic foraminiferafrom deep-sea cores off Eniwetok Atoll.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 260-CC, p.
1067-1100, pl. 289-295.
- - (1966) : Smaller foraminifera from Guam.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 403-I, p. 141, pl. 1-19.

Kiyosumi
Nakazato
NoboriNojimaOf una
Yoro
Zushi

'I-·

iii

l1i
111

ill
7Y.
..5'..

[!f

I:L

!t:l)

j(

iH1

jt'£

0/5
:::f·

ill

Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N.S., No. 73, pp. 89-111, pls. 10, 11, June 30, 1969

554.

LOWER PERMIAN BRACHIOPODS FROM NAKAKUBO,
WEST -CENTRAL SHIKOKU, JAPAN*
JUICHI YANAGIDA
Department of Geology, Kyushu University
and

MOTOME HIRATA
Hirata Geological Laboratory

I'LI[tJjl§rt' Yi:i'ii>Y 1 1d~fi;j:: 'I'· IY!'"' '"' .L,i:t,~l!'l'~l:Ef!i : llli J·l·i II *?'HJ~=CI)·-~~]!',\ J:i-¥1dtl\t~ll iH·tri' !-\11 hr.i 14 Hf'2,i,'i\1JIJ L. .:U-::" ~ ~t. Gn)'di:JJi ftT:ill+Cl)!il'iliX: ~;,tCI) !§, <fj:, rJllliJ Cl) r'(ill'"' I"' A ;if,;t)}i(~:ftj; J: tHJfiLLi$f~ O)l]';i[)i: f!iit:li flfCI) '(-~t, G c \'til~i~:Hi!J:CI){-,-9(~":· J: 1J ,;(/1', lt-::JW~~'h! '210~-J L..

t.s: Wlf!i:~ {, t,' ~ t-:: T 7- A J:lli.J)!,i(CI) (1-Jlli. <'lfi~~jl§[fi)CI) -,,'/ill'"''"' A i(;JN':If;'~JE'fiift:TI t:'i"i' :::. {, Jl<!illlillt.s: v' L.J!J:Ud.ffi 'i' .\\UI', L. 7 0o ~ G f::.-=. CI)JJJIIJEHiiUili'J' f::. ';'f.'ti? :::: i*:b~t. 0 4 f-ffiCI) 7 7; ~ 7 itT:!
t.J;, 1.-•---:5J.t.{,:iLHI:t::LII/1·1if)('/fO) Pseudoschwagerina minatoi ::JHi })( {~i:t;J:Lf~hf::.:XJ.tt'i5 it. 0 ?\-Jlli.CI)r·:·fll'"''" A it' 1 i!Ik {'i~~.'i'i~&--::5 f:T 0 Till-e ;6 {J c.:. c t.J• G, IJ)'~ )Ef!iit1'i l\'f'O)iJ;]'ftt.J;i:J;:HJJ"r ?'-<- '"' !lt'C <6 0 ~ c t.J;IIJHij'fi c t.s: -:>t-::f»ll IL1 /i -o· -'f HI /)(; fil

Nakakubo Formation** at about 1 km
west of Nakakubo, Yanadani-mura, Kamiukena-gun, Ehime Prefecture. The
Nakakubo Formation is geologicallylocated in the northern zone of the Chichibu terraine which consist mostly of the
Carboniferous to Permian formations.
There are two lenticular limestones indifferent horizons at Nakakubo, locating
in a close distance of about 50 m witheach other. Their general attitudes are
N 800 W strike with nearly vertical dip.
Each of them is a thin limestone in lessthan 10m thick, extending about 30-50m
from east to west. The western limestone, which is superficially lower, islarger than the other. They often intercalate thin pyroclastic rocks which
generally merge into limestones. The
limestones are whitish grey and massive,

Introduction

Because of the rare occurrence offossil brachiopods in the Lower Permianof Japan, a species assemblage herein
described from the Outer zone of Southwest Japan is of special interest. No
brachiopod fossils of the Early Permian
age h'3.ve as yet been described systematically from the Outer zone of Southwest Japan. The brachiopod fauna described in this paper was found from afossiliferous limestone of the Permian* Received Jan. 4, 1969; read Jan. 26,
1968, at the Annual Meeting, at the Kyushu
University, Fukuoka.
** The detailed stratigraphic de~criptionsof the Nakakubo and other formations in thisarea will be reported by HIRATA in near
future.

89

Juichi YANAGIDA andlMotome HIRATA

90

Onogahara Formation
Nakakubo

I : · ·j Nanokawa

F.

:)( Brachiopod-fossil
locality-Fault33

F. .t11P' limestone"€fP Basic intrusion

Fig. 1. Map showing the locality of brachiopods and the general outline ofgeology of the Nakakubo area (a part of the unpublished geological map of HIRATA).
Onogahara Formation: Lower to Middle Permian; mainly consists of sandstones,
slates, pyroclastic rocks, limestones, and thin bedded cherts ; limestones
generally contain fusulinaceans.
Nakakubo Formation: Lower Permian: mainly consists of sandstones, slates, andpyroclastic rocks often intercalated with small lenticular limestones anddolomitic limestones; limestones partly contain fusulinaceans, brachiopods,
corals, pelecypods, and gastropods.
Nanokawa Formation: ? Lower to ? Middle Permian; mainly consists of phyllites.

and consist of bioclastic calcarenite, including abundant fusulinaceans andbrachiopods, and small amount of corals,
crinoids, pelecypods, and gastropods.
The brachiopods, however, are restricted
in occurrence only in the western larger
limestone. HIRATA (1958) once found
the fusulinaceans from these limestones
and recorded Parafusulina sp. from theeastern limestone and Triticites sp. fromthe western one. Later, HIRATA (1961)
found a rich brachiopod fauna alongwith gastropods from the western limestone and recorded the followings :Spirifer sp., Squamularia sp., Rhyncho-

nella spp., Enteletes ? sp., Meekella sp.,
Leptaena ? sp., Pleurotomaria ? sp.. The
materials dealt with in this paper are
based on HIRATA's former collections andour new collections.
The species assemblage herein described consists mainly of the Lower
Permian elements. Most of the species
have their equivalent species or close
allies commonly found in the Lower
Permian of Asian continent. Very few
species are allied with species in theLower Permian of South America.
Apart from brachiopods it is very important that the limestones contain554.

Lower Permian Brachiopods from Shikoku

abundant fusulinaceans in association
with brachiopods. The following sp::ocies
are recognized: Pseudoschwagerina minatoi KANMERA, Triticites aff. T. pusillus(SCHELLWIEN),
Schwagerinastabilis(RAUSER-CERNOUSSOVA), Nankinella kawadai (IGO). These fusulinaceans are allcommon to those of the Pseudoschwagerina minatoi zone of the Yayamadakelimestone of the Kuma massif of central
Kyushu.
Repository.-The specimens describedin this paper under the designation of
GK-0 will be deposited in the TypeSpecimen Room, Department of Geology,
Faculty of Science, Kyushu University,
Fukuoka. Those designated MH will be
kept in the Type Specimen Room of
Kochi Prefectural Museum.
ilclmowledgements.-We Wish to express our sincere gratitudes to Professor
Ryuzo TORIY AMA who kindly read thetypescript of this paper. We are muchindebted to Mr. Tomowo OzAwA whokindly gave valuable suggestions on
identifying fusulinaceans and took pictures of them.

Systematic descriptions
Family Brachythyrididae FREDERICKS,
1919 (1924)
Genus Tangshanella CHAO, 1929
Type-species.- Ta ngsha nella
kaipingensis CHAO, 1929
Remarks.- The genus Tangshanella
was orginally described by CHAO (1929,
p. 57) with Tangshanella lwipingensis as
the type-species. It has been hitherto
known that the occurrence was restrictedin the Tangshan limestone of the Upper
Carboniferous Penchi Series of North
China. In his definition of Tangslwnella

91

CHAO described the very fine radiating
striae on the shell-surface and showed
them by a figure (pl. 7, fig. 14). However, it is impossible to recognize themicroornament in his figure, which
only shows the dichotomous characterof costae. Other figured specimens also
show the same character. In Japanesemateri:1ls we could not observe thecharacter even in well preserved ones.
CHAO's description on this character isvery exceptional case and it may haveno generic value. Tangshanella differsfrom Purdonella in having the denticularridges on interarea and dental plates
reduced to teeth ridges. Tangslwnella
is distinguished from Choristites by its
characteristic internal structure of pedicle
valve. The latter has long, stout, andparallel dental plates.
Tangshanella nakakuboensis, sp. nov.
Pl. 10, figs. 12-14; text-figs, 2Materials.-l-Iolotype, GK-0 30230 (Pl.
10, figs. 12a-c). Available materials consist of 39 specimens of which 29 are
the pedicle valves and other 10 are thebrachial ones. A pedicle valve, GK-0
30237, was serially sectioned to show theinternal structures.
Descriptions.-Shell of medium size,transversely suboval in outline, greatest
width at about mid length of shell;
pedicle valve convex with largest convexity at umbo; beak pointed and slightly incurved ; median sulcus well developed, broad and shallow at anterior margin,
median deepest part very narrow anddistinct along its all length; cardinal
extremities rounded; interarea high andslightly concave with fine denticularridges of 2 or 3 in distance of 1 mm andbroad delthyrium, occupying about one
third of hinge at its base; postero-lateral

92

Juichi YANAGIDA and Motome HIRATA

slopes slightly concave; brachial valve
much wider than length, strongly convex, longitudinally uniformly convex;
median fold broadly convex and highly
elevated; lateral slopes slightly convex
without clear boundaries between medianfold. Pedicle valve ornamented by wellrounded costae, increasing in number bybifurcation; first bifurcation occurs at
about one third or one quarter lengthof shell from beak, costae often bifurcate
again anteriorly; about 15 to 20 costae
on each lateral slope and about 10 insulcus of adult specimen; intercostal
furrows sharp and their widths muchnarrower than costae; costae gradually
decrease strength postero-laterally andshell-surface almost smooth near cardinal
extremities; very fine, tightly arranged
growth-striae with some stronger ones
at intervals often observable at anterolateral part of valve. Brachial valve
similarly ornamented to opposite valve.
Pedicle valve interior with weak dental
plates reduced to teeth ridges as shownin Fig. 2.
Dimensions of the holotype and other5 specimens in mm and degree.-0,5 emFig. 2. Transverse serial sections ofa pedicle valve, GK-D 30237.

1(Holotype)

2

3

4

5

6

(pedicle valve)
length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.5
29.0
44.0
width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31.6 ca.33
ca.45
thickness... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.0
18.0
12.0
apical alnge ............................ ca. 56o ca. 65° ca. 70olength along curvature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29.0
39.0
60.0
height of interarea......................
5.0
7.0
6.0
width of delthyrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5
7.0
6.0
delthyrial angle ........................ ca. 55° ca. 60° ca.60ogreatest width of median ;;ulcus ........ ca. 12
ca. 1220.0(brachial valve)
length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25.0
width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37.0
thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.0length along curvature .......................................... ca. 30
greatest width of median fold .................................... ca. 14

23.0
28
7.0
ca.28
ca. 14

30.0
ca.42
11.0
ca.40
ca. 16

554.

Lower Permian Brachiopods j1·om Shikoh~

Remarks.-Tangshanella nakakuboensis
is superficially similar to T. kaipingensis
CHAO from the Penchi Series of Kaiping
coal basin, Chihli, North China, but inthe former the umbonal region is more
slender and umbonal slope is more concave than those of the latter. Costae on
pedicle valve gradually taper the strength
postero-laterally and become faint orcompletely disappear near the hinge in
the Japanese species. While the speci·
mens illustrated by CHAO have the distinct costae even near the hinge. Comparison cf the brachial valves between
Japanese and Chinese species shows thatthe former clearly differs from the latterin following features: the umbonal re·gion of the Chinese species is highly
convex and anteriorly the profile is nearly fiat; the profile of the Japanese species
shows the uniformly strong arch, andconsequently the median portion is mostinflated. The figured Chinese specimen(CHAO, 1929, Pl. 7, fig. 14) of brachialvalve has a strong median fold, which
is clearly distinguishable from each lat·era! part along its whole length. The
Japanese species also has a strong medianfold which is, however, only separablefrom each lateral part at anterior halfof the valve.
Family Uncinulidae
RzHONSNITSKA Y A, 1956
Subfamily Hypothyridininae
RZHONSNITSKA YA, 1956
Genus Uncinunellina GRABAU, 1932

Type-species.-Uncinulus theobaldi
WAAGEN, 1884
Remarks.- Uncinunellina was incompletely defined by GRABAU (1932) with
Uncinulus theobaldi W AAGEN (1884, p.

9 d')425-427) as the type-species. In his definition of the genus the external characters were only concerned. The internal
characters of Uncinulus theobaldi was
originally insufficiently described by
WAAGEN. He only emphasized large,
diverging dental plates recognized in
the pedicle valve.
WANG, ]ING, and FANG (1964, p. 391392) redescribed Uncinunellina and pointed out some distinguishing internal
characters based on the Chinese materials
such as posteriorly developed and distantly disposed dental plates in pedicle
valve, and slender crura and long median
septum without septalium and cardinal
process in brachial valve, but gave nofigures of them. It is rather difficult tocompare in detail the internal charactersof Chinese materials ·of Uncinunellina
with those of the japanese ones. Internal
structures of seven Japanese specimens
including two brachial valves were examined by their serial sections and it
was confirmed that the dental plates are
generally welding to wall or obsolete. In
this point of view Japanese materials
are more or less different from those of
W AAGEN's Uncinulus theobaldi and some
Chinese species referred to Uncinunellina.
However, the dental plates treated as
the generic character by WANG, ]ING,
and FANG make a suggestion that the
Chinese materials also have those very
close to shell wall. The brachial valve
interiors of the Japanese materials arecharacterized by completely separated
hinge plate without making septalium
same as in the Chinese materials. They
are also characterized by very low obsolescent median ridges. They are oftenvery obscure by burying in the strongly
swollen valves. WANG et al. pointed
out long median septum as one of thegeneric character of Uncinunellina.
However, some variations are recognized

94

Jnichi YANAGIDA and Motome HIRATA

in the internal structures among theJapanese materials. The Japanese materials also completely lack the cardinal
process like the Chinese materials.
Taking these characteristics of theJapanese materials into consideration
they clearly possess the generic characters of Uncinunellina diagnosed by
WANG, JING, and FANG.
Uncinunellina shilwkuensis, sp. nov.
Pl. 11, figs. 1; text-figs. 3-4

Materials.-I-Iolotype, GK-D 30244 (Pl.
10, figs. la-d). A large number of specimens are available under the heading.
Internal structures were examined andshown by the serial sections of two
specimens, GK-D 30245 and GK-D 30246.
Descriptions.-Shell small to medium,transversely subpentagonal in outline
with unequally convex valves; pedicle
valve slightly convex with largest convexity at umbo; umbo small, weakly
convex with erect beak; very shallow
median sulcus at anterior half, rapidly
becoming broad near anterior margin
where it acutely bends with angles ofnearly 90° and continues to large linguiform extension ; length of linguiform
extension often attains same with thatof pedicle valve; lateral sides sharply

Dimensions of the holotype and other 3
specimens in mm and degree.-truncated by short length; pedicle valve
exterior ornamented by numerous subround costellae with rare bifurcation onposterior half of valve, 16-18 in 10 mm
at about mid portion of valve and about
10 on median sulcus; narrow subangulargrooves between costellae tend to become
deep as costellae increase their widths
anteriorly and at frontal margin grooves
revealed as sharp incisions. Brachialvalve transversely less convex than longitudinal with largest convexity at umbo;
umbo strongly convex with beak completely concealed by ventral umbo;
median fold low, broad, only distinguishable at anterior half of valve; anterior
part of fold sharply bends toward linguiform extension showing acute margin of
fold; ornament of brachial valve also
consists of numerous costellae with quite
similar characters to those of opposite
valve; commissure on truncated partfinely zigzag.
Interior of pedicle valve usually without dental plates, but rarely thin andshort ones in umbonal part, reducing toteeth. Brachial valve interior withstrong hinge plates lacking connecting
plate between them; sockets deep withprominent inner socket ridges; median
septum very short, only recognizable asa short ridge, but scarcely distinguishable or absent at all in swollen valve.

1(Holotype)

length .................................................. 13.5
width .................................................. 17.5
thickness ................................................ 13.2
cardinal angle ...................................... ca. 85olength along curvature of pedicle valve ................ 25.0
length along curvature of brachial valve ................ 16.0
width of median sulcus and fold at anterior margin .... 12.3
number of costellae on sulcus and fold .................. 11
length of linguiform extension of pedicle val vc ........ 10.0

2

3

14.2
13.1
15.0
15.5
9.4
11.0
ca. 85° ca. 100°
20.0
15.0
16.0
9.5
9.5
10
10
ca. 5.5
9<

4
13.2
18.5
11.0
ca.85o
ca.20
13.5
12
8<

554.

Lower Permian B1·achio1J0ds from Shikokn

0.5 em

95

0.5cm

Fig. 3. Transverse serial section s of acomplete specimen, GK-D 302,15. Note thehinge plates lacking connectin g plate between them and very low median sept um
in brachial va lve .

F ig. 4. Transverse serial sections of abrachial va lve, GK-D 30246.

Remarlz s.-Uncinunellina shilwlzuensis
superficially resembles
Uncinunellina
wangenheimi (PANDER) from the Schwagerina limestone of Ural by its pentagonal outline, strongly elongate linguiform extension, strongly vaulted frontal
view of brachial valve, and subtriangularlateral profile. But the internal structures of the latter are unknown. Uncinunellina wangenheimi, however, is clearly
distinguished from Uncinunellina shilzo lzuensis by its much larger size, fewer
and coarser costellae. In Asian continent
Uncinunellina wangenheimi was described by GRABAU (1936) from the Lower
Permian of Maping limestone of Kueichow. Externally the Ch!nese specimens

also resemb le the Japanese ones. But
the formers a re clearly distin g uishable
from the latters by their same external
characters with the Russian specimens.
In addition to them GRABAU described
well developed dental plates which are
genera lly absent or only obsoletely recognizable in the Japanese specimens.

Family Enteletidae W AAGEN, 1884
Subfamily Enteletinae WAAGEN, 1884
Genus Enteletes FISCHER
DE W ALDHEIM, 1825

96

Juichi YANAGIDA and Motome HIRATA
Type-species.-Enteletes glabra
FISCHER DE W ALDHEIM, 1830
Enteletes gibbosu.s CHRONIC, 1949
Pl. 11, fig. 12

Enteletes gibbosus CHRONIC, NI':WELL'
CHRONIC, and RoBERTs, Geol.
Soc.
America, Mem. 58, pp. 92-93, pl. 16,
figs. 9a-14.
1966. Enteletes gibbosus, HAYASAKA and
KATO, jour. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Univ.,
vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 281-286, pl. 34, figs.
1-4, pl. 35, figs. 1-4.

1953.

Materials.- Internal structures were
examined by the serial sections of a
specimen, GK-D 30259. More than 20
specimens are available under the heading.
Descriptions.-Shell small, nearly equalin length and width, highly biconvex
with brachial valve more convex andlarger than pedicle valve and with shorthinge line. Pedicle valve moderately
convex, posterior half more strongly
convex than anterior one with largest
convexity at umbo; beak bluntly pointed
and strongly incurved; interarea concave, very narrow, low, and obsolete;posterior lateral sides very steep, becoming flattened near commissure and highly
concave along commissure; mediansulcus broadly appears at about quarterof shell-length from beak, shallow androunded posteriorly, increasing in widthand depth toward anterior margin where

Dimensions of 3 specim~ns in mm.-sulcus deep, angular, and dorsally strongly projects. Brachial valve strongly convex with largest convexity at umbo;
umbo broad and beak incurved, slightly
projecting beyond hinge; lateral sides
similar to opposite valve; median foldoriginates at about a sixth of valvelength from posterior margin, becoming
wider and higher anteriorly and sharply
elevated near anterior margin. Bothvalves ornamented by angular acuteplicae, usually counting 3 on each sideof sulcus and fold,· decreasing strength
toward lateral margins and outermost
ones of each valve faintly visible oroften undistinguishable; each furrow
between plicae usually of similar widthand sharpness with plicae at same
growth-stage ;anterior
commissure
characterized by sents very acute zigzag
line; very fine striae on both valves, increasing in number by bifurcation, 7 tos:in distance of 1 mm at about 3mm frombeak and about 5 in same distance nearanterior margin ; growth lines usually
faint but sometimes 1 or 2 prominent
ones at a distance near anterior margin.
Pedicle valve interior with long, slender, and parallel dental plates and median
septum; brachial valve interior withcurved crural plates and a low median
septum.
Remarks:- The Nakakubo specimens
are characterized by strongly inflated
valves, ornamentation with prominent

1(complete shell)length ............................................ 13.5
width ............................................ 13.0
thickness ........................................ 14.6
length along curvature of pedicle valve .......... 24.5
length along cuavature of brachial valve ........ 22.0
number of lateral plicae .......................... 3
length of hinge line .............................. 5.9

2(ped. valve)3(br. valve)

14.1
14.5
9.4
23+

14.3
14.9
7.9

3
ca.7

3
ca. 6.5

554.

Lower Permian Brachiopods from Shikoku

and very few plicae, high and acutefold, and anteriorly strongly incised
median sulcus. Based on these characteristics the Nakakubo species is apparently referable to the South American
species Enteletes gibbosus CHRONIC.
Slight difference of the Nakakubo specimens from the South American ones ison their generally smaller size. In thispoint of view we first threw doubt on
identifying the former to the latter.
However, all of the external characteristics of the Nakakubo specimens arequite common with the others and moreover they also include few incomplete
larger specimens. Their internal characters are also in harmony with the SouthAmerican ones. Thereupon we concluded
without doubt that the Nakakubo specimens and the South American ones belong to one and the same species.
Enteletes gibbosus was also recordedin Japan by HAYASAKA and KATO (1966)
from the Lower Permian Miharanoro
Formation, Hiroshima Prefecture, Innerzone of Southwest Japan in association
with fusulinaceans. Although the majority of the Miharanoro specimens
seems to be slightly larger than the
Nakakubo ones, their external and internal characteristics are quite equivalent
with each other.
Among the known species of Enteletes
in the Tethyan province there are few
which have globose shells. But all ofthem are clearly distinguished from E.
gibbosus by the difference of shell outline, number and nature of lateral plicae,
mode of growth of median sulcus andfold, and proportion between pedicle andbrachial valves.

Family Elythidae FREDERIKS,
1919 (1924)

97

Genus Phricodothyris GEORGE, 1932
Type-species.- Phricodothyris lucerna

GEORGE, 1932
Phricodolhyris f.p.
Pl. 10, figs. 6-8

Materials.-More than 40 specimens,
including several fragmentary ones, areavailable. Internal structures of pedicle
and brachial valves were respectively
examined by serial sections of specimens,
GK-D 30289 and GK-D 30296.
Descriptions.-Shell medium to large
biconvex with pedicle valve more convex
than opposite, transversely suboval withgreatest width at about mid length ofshell; pedicle valve highly convex inposterior portion with Elevated umbo:
beak highly incurved, slightly projecting
over deltidium; hinge line short, about
three fifth of shell-width; cardinal extremities rounded ; width of interarea
less than a half of shell:width with very
narrow delthyrium at mid of it; mediansulcus shallow and broad, originating at
slightly anterior to umbo and becoming
wider and deeper anteriorly. Brachialvalve uniformly convex with largest inflation at mid length of it; umbo broadly
pointed with beak slightly incurved beyond hinge; broad and very low medianfold only distinguishable at about anterior third of valve; anterior commissure uniplicate. Both valves ornamented
by closely arranged weak growth lines,
about 10 to 12 in 5 mm in adults; veryfine biramous spine bases anteriorly set
on each growth line, 5 to 6 in 1 mm on
mid valve. Pedicle valve interior without dental plates and median septum.
None of distinguishable structures observed in brachial valve interior.

Juichi YANAGIDA and Motome HIRATA

98

Dimensions of 2 specimens in mm and degree.-1(pedicle valve)

length .............................................. ·...... ca. 23
width .................................................... ca. 27
thickness .................................................... 8.5
apical angle ...................................... : ......... 85°
length of hinge line ........................................ 15
length along curvature .................................. ca. 30

Remarks.- The Nakakubo specimens
are all characterized by distinct mediansulci and folds on pedicle and brachialvalves respectively. In the Asian continent the specimens of Phricodothyris
toriyamai YANAGIDA from the Lower
Permian of Thumnammaholan, central
Thailand, strongly resemble the Nakakubo specimens, especially in having
distinct median sulci. But the Thailand
specimens are clearly distinct from thelatter in lacking median folds on anterior
parts of brachial valves. In South China
Ph. extensa (GRABAU) and Ph. kwangsiensis (WANG) from the Maping limestone
are similar to the present species in their
outlines and especially in having median
depression and median sulcus respectively. The distinction between these
two species and the present one is thatthe former two completely lack the
median fold. Moreover, their both valves
are ornamented by coarse, strong concentric bands of growth, while the Japanese species has fine and closely spaced
ones. It is worthy of note that variations
in outline are recognizable in the Nakakubo specimens. There exist some intermediate forms between transverse andless transverse ones.
Phricodothyris cf. P. asiatica (CHAO)
Pl. 10, figs. 9, 10Compare.1929.

Squamularia asiatica CHAO, Palaeont.
Sinica, ser. B, val. 11, fisc. 1, p. 91,

2(brachial valve)
21

25
5

15

ca.25

pl. 11, figs. 12-14.
Squamularia asiatica, GRABAU, Ibid.,ser. B, val. 8, fasc. 3, p. 71, pl. 5,
figs. 3, 4.
1965. Neophricodothyris asiatica, CHAO, Acta
Palaeont. Sinica, val. 13, no. 3, p. 436,
pl. 5, figs. 10, 11.
1967. Phricodothyris asiatica, YANAGIDA,
Geol. Palaeont. Southeast Asia, val. 3,
pp. 75, 76, pl. 14, figs. 1, 2, 5, 7.
1936.

Materials.- Two small, umbonally broken pedicle valves, GK-D 30287 and
GK-D 30288, are available with following
dimensions respectively: length, 6 mm+,
7.1 mm+; width, 7.2 mm, 80 mm; thickness, 2.9 mm, 3.4 mm.
Descriptive remar!?s.-She!! small, suborbicular, nearly equal in length andwidth or slightly wider than long. Pedicle valve slightly convex with transverse profile more convex than longitudinal one; cardinal extremities remarkably rounded ; posterior part highly
elevated; hinge about a half length ofgreatest width; greatest width at about
mid valve; interarea narrow, low, andhighly concave; no distinct mediansulcus, only revealed as narrow faintdepression from umbo to anterior margin.
Pedicle valve ornament with concentric
growth bands, about 4 in 2 mm at mid
valve, and very fine biramous spine
bases along anterior margins of growthbands, about 8 to 10 in 1 mm at mediananterior part.
The Nakakubo specimens are only
represented by incomplete pedicle valves

554.

Lower Permian Brachiopods from Shikoku

99

and their internal structures are unknown. But they are strongly comparable with those of the Chinese Lower
Permian Phricodothyris asiatica (CHAO)
in their characteristically rounded outlines, small sizes, and broad distinct
concentric bands with fine spine bases.

to become narrow toward anterior margin; large, loosely arranged, doublebarreled spine bases on growth-bands.
In these points of views the Nakakubo
species is clearly identifiable with Phricodothyris echinata from the Upper
Carboniferous Penchi and Lower Permian
Taiyuan Series of North China.

Phricodothyris echinata (CHAO)Family Spiriferinidae DAVIDSON, 1884

Pl. 10, figs. 4, 5Genus Callispirina COOPER
and MuiR-WOOD, 1951

1929.

Squamularia echinata CHAO, Palaeont.
Sinica, ser. B, vol. 11, fasc. 1, pp.
86-89, pl. 8, figs. 17-19.

Materials.- Two small pedicle valves,
GK-D 30289 and GK-D 30290, with following dimensions respectively: length,
9.5 mm, ca. 9 mm ; width, 9.5 mm, ca.
9 mm ; thickness, ca. 4 mm, ca. 4 mm.
Descriptive remarks.-Shell small, subcircular, nearly equal in length andwidth, transversely more convex thanlongitudinal. Pedicle valve highly convex with rounded cardinal extremities;
umbo strongly convex with beak highly
incurved over narrow delthyrium hingeslighly shorter than a half of shell-width;
greatest width at about mid valve; interarea narrow and moderately concave;median sulcus completely absent. Pedicle
valve ornamented by slender concentricbands of growth and very fine, rounded
double-barreled spine bases on eachgrowth-band, counting about 4 in 1 mm
on anterior surface; growth-bands anteriorly more tightly arranged than mid
valve.
The Nakakubo specimens have thefollowing external characteristics which
CHAO (1929) diagnosed as the specificcharacters of Ph. echinata: subroundpedicle valve with nearly equidimensionalor rather slightly elongate outline; weak,generally broad growth-bands which tend

Type-species.-Spiriferina ornata
W AAGEN, 1883
Callispirina aff. C. ornata (W AAGEN)
Pl. 10, figs. 11, 16

Compare.1883.

Spiriferina ornata WAAGEN, Palaeont.
Indica, ser. 13, vol. 1, fasc. 2, pp. 505506, pl. 50, figs. 1-2.

Materials.-Available specimens arecomposed of 11 incompletely preserved
ones, including 10 pedicle valves and abrachial valve.
Descriptions.-Shell small, strongly biconvex with pedicle valve more convex
than opposite one, and subround inoutline. Pedicle valve strongly inflated,highly convex with transverse profile
more convex than longitudinal one andlargest convexity at posterior half;cardinal extremities rounded; largest
width at mid length of valve; length of
hinge line about five seventh of shellwidth; interarea highly concave withnarrow high delthyrium at mid portion;
surface of interarea longitudinally very
finely striated; distinct edges of deltidial
plates along lateral margins of delthyrium; median sulcus wide, smooth,making shallow depression with mediandeepest part slightly incised; each lateral

.Juichi YANAGIDA and Motome HIRATA

100

•1

Dimensions of 4 specimens inmm and degree.-2(pedicle valves)

8.2
length
width
10.4
5.2
thickness ....................................
length along curvature ...................... ca.15
length of hinge line
6.5
height of interarea ..........................
3.0
width of delthyrium ........................ ca. 1.3
width of sulcus or fold at anterior margin ..
4.0
ca. 85•
apical angle
angle of cardinal extremities ................ ca. uo·••0•••••••••••••••••••••••

0

•

••

••

0

••

0

•

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

•

••

••

••

••

•

••

••

••

••

0

•••••••••••••••

•

•

•

0

••

•••••••••

slope ornamented by 3 or 4 subangular
simple costae; microornaments on valve
not recognizable· because of poor stateof preservation. Brachial valve moderately inflated with largest convexity at
posterior half; umbo strongly incurved;
median fold very strong, smooth, andsubangular on posterior half, rapidly
increasing width and strength toward
anterior margin where it makes muchrounded crest; each lateral slope ornamented by 4 subangular simple costae;
microornaments not visible. Internal
structure not preserved at all.
Remarks.-The Nakakubo specimens
are characterized by nearly equidimensional outlines, strongly inflated valves,
high and moderately concave interareas,
broad, shallow and smooth median sulcus,
high strong median fold, and few remarkable costae. In these points they
resemble Callispirina ornata (W AAGEN)
from the Middle Permian of Salt Range.
Callispirina ornata, however, is distinguishable from the Nakakubo species byhaying more rounded cardinal extremities<md the stronger costae. The mediansulcus of C. ornata is sharply incised on
the bottom. That of the Nakakubo
species is less angulate and rather shallow.
The general outline and radial ornamentation of the Nakakubo species

10.2+
ca. 12
7.3
15+
7.8
ca. 5
2.9
5.2
ca. 130•34(brachial valve)
7.5
8+
3.5
10.0
5.3
2.2
0.9
3.5
ca . so·ca. 120•

7.8
8.9
5.0
ca.ll
ca . 73.6
ca. 150•
ca.85•

closely resemble those of some speciesof Punctospirifer. For example P. inflatus CHRONIC and P. adstrictus CHRONIC
from the Lower Permian CopacabanaGroup of Peru are the highly similar
species. The Peruvian specimens, however, are principally distinguishable fromthe Nakakubo ones by having the imbricate growth lamellae. Although theshell surface of the Nakakubo specimens
are more or less exfoliated, it is impossible to recognize even the trace ofgrowth lamellae on rather well preserved
specimens. This means that the Nakakubo specimens fundamentaUy have nosuch imbricate structure an,d are ornamented only by very fine gr-owth lines
which were now completely lost by exfoliation.
Family Spiriferidae KING, 1846
Genus Neospirifer FREDERIKS,
1919 (1924)
Type-species.-Spirifer fasciger

KEYSERLING, 1846
Neospirifer cf. N. fasciger(KEYSERLING)
Pl. 10, fig. 15

Compare.-

554.
1846.

1902.

1912.

1929.

1965.

1963.

Lower Permian Brvchiopods from Shikoku

Spirifer fasciger KEYSERLING, Reisenach Petschora Land, p. 231, pl. 8,
figs. 3, 3a, 3b.
Spinfer fasciger Tscr-IERNYSCHEW,
Mem. Com. Ceo!., pp. 141-143, pl. 38,
figs. 3, 4; pl. 49, fig. 1.
Spirifer fasciger, MANSUY. Mem. Serv.
Ceo!. Indochine, vol. 1, fasc. 2, pp.
57-59, pl. 5, figs. 5a, b.
Spirijer fasciger, CHAO, Palaeont. Sinica, ser. B, voi. 11, fasc. 1, pp. 8-11,
pl. 1, figs. 8-9, pl. 2, figs. 1-7.
Neospirifer fasciger, HAYASAKA, Coil.
Essays in Commem. Tenth Aniv. Shimane Univ., pp. 42-44, pl. 1, figs. 1-7, pl.
2, figs. 1, 2.
Neospirifer fasciger YANAGIDA, Mem.
Fac. Sci., Kyushu Univ., vol. 14, no.
2, pp. 71, 72, pl. 8, figs. 1-7, pl. 9,
figs. 1-3.

Descriptive remarks.- Only a single
poorly preserved specimen of pedicle
valve, GK-D 30274, with dimensions:width, 36.5 mm; length, 22.5 mm; thickness, 10.5 mm; height of interarea, ca.
27 mm, width of delthyrium, ca. 5 mm.
Shell medium, uniformly convex withtransverse convexity much larger thanlongitudinal one; hinge line straight,
nearly equal to largest width, situating
at about slightly posterior to mid lengthof valve; cardinal extremities subrectangular; umbo acutely elevated withslightly incurved beak; interarea low,
weakly concave, and ornamented by very
fine, closely arranged denticular ridges,
about 5 in 1 mm; delthyrium large, suggesting its basal part about a quarter
length of hinge line ; median sulcus distinct, sharp at umbo, becoming broad,deep, and round bottomed anteriorly;
median sulcus covered by costae, about
20 costae suggested at anterior margin
on median sulcus; each lateral slope
ornamented by numerous costae withstrong fasciculation of 5 rounded fascicles, becoming weak toward cardinal101

extremity; each fascicle consists ofabout 3 or 4 costae near anterior margin;
mode of increment of costae on mediansulcus and lateral slopes unknown.
The Nakakubo specimen is unfortunately poor in preservation and detailed
external characters are unknown. However, the outline of shell, shape of median sulcus, number and brief characterof fasciculation of costae are closely
suggestive of those of Neospirifer fasciger (KEYSERLING) of the Permian of
the Tethyan province.
Family Notothyrididae LIKHAREV, 1960
Genus Rostranteris GEMMELLARO,
1898 (1899)
Type-species.- Dielasma adrianense
GEMMELLARO, 1894
Subgenus Rostranteris s. st.
Rostranteris (Rostranteris) cf. R. (R.)
nucleolus (KUTORGA)
Pl. 11, fig 8

Compare.1902.

1931.

Notothyris nucleouls, Tscr-IERNYSCHEW.
Mem. Com. Ceo/., voi. 16, no. 2, pp.
464-466, pl. 42, figs. 9-12.
Notothyris nucleolus, GRABAU. Nat.
Hist. Central Asia, voi. 4, pp. 111-113,
pl. 8, fig. 7.

Material.- A small relatively wellpreserved specimen, GK-D 30275, withfollowing dimensions : length, 10.5 mm ;width, 8.3 mm; thickness, 7.5 mm.
Descriptive remarks.-Shell small, uniformly biconvex, and elongate suboval
in outline; hinge line much shorter thanmaximum width; anterior commissure
intraplicate. Pedicle valve slightly moreconvex than brachial one with largest
convexity on posterior half; umbo point-

102

Juichi YANAGIDA and Motome HIRATA

ed with beak slightly incurved ; mediansulcus originates at about mid length ofshell as a broad, shallow, and smooth
depression, becoming slightly wider anddeeper toward anterior margin; broad
plica, on each side of sulcus occurring at
mid length of shell; largest convexityof bracial valve at its mid portion; itcharacterized by very low fold nearanterior margin, a couple of short low
plicae on lateral slopes, and very fine
growth lines near anterior margin; internal structures unknown.
Although a small specimen is available
at the present and only the external
characters are examined, the Nakakubo
specimen is almost identifiable to thoseof Russian Lower Permian Rostranteris(R.) nucleolus (KUTORGA) redescribed indetail by TSCHERNYSCHEW (1902). Under
the name of Rostranteris (R.) nucleolus(KUTORGA) many forms were recorded
from several places of the Permian ofEurope and Asia. Among them thosewhich have strongly convex pedicle
valves do not probably belong to Rostranteris (R.) nucleolus. Because theoriginal specimen of KuTORGA shown by
TSCHERNYSCHEW (pl. 42, fig. 9) clearly
reveals the pedicle valve slightly moreconvex than or almost equal to thebrachial valve. The variation in external
and internal characters is not known.
Such being the case we would like torestrict at present R. (R.) nucleolus(KUTORGA) to the species which isespecially characterized by similarly convex both valves.

Rostranteris (Rostranteris) sp.
Pl. 11, fig. 7

Descriptive remarks.- An incomplete
shell, GK-D 30276, with following dimensions: length, 12.1 mm; width, 9.2 mm;

thickness, 5.4 mm. Shell small, weakly
biconvex with pedicle valve slightly
more convex than brachial one, andelongate oval in outline. Pedicle valve
uniformly convex with posterior half
relatively more convex than anterior
one; umbonal region not preserved but
posterior curvature suggests moderately
incurved umbo; maximum width at mid
length of valve; median sulcus broadand very shallow, originating at slightly
posterior to mid length of valve as afaint depression; both sides of sulcus
bordered by low rounded costae, subparallel with each other, occurring at posterior half of valve. Brachial valve
transversely more convex than longitudinal; umbo pointed; very low fold onanterior third of valve; a pair of weak
costae near anterior margin, making
smooth shallow depressions between fold ;anterior commissure weakly intra plicate;internal structures unknown.
Unfortunately it is impossible to recognize the variation on external charac.ters of this species because only an
incomplete specimen is now available.
But as far as it is concerned it seems
that there is no overseas form which
has close similarity to the Nakakubo
specimen. It is charactarized by rather
weakly convex valves and slightly intraplicate anterior commissure with very
low but distinct median sulcus and subparallel costae, and low fold on brachialvalve. The Nakakubo species is comparable with Rostranteris (Rostranteris)
mediteranea (GEMMELLARO) from thePermian of Sicily in having a distinct
median sulcus and subparallel costae.
But the Sicilian species is much convex
than the Nakakubo one and is clearly
distinguishable from the other. The
Sicilian species Rostranteris (R.) exilis(GEMMELLARO) is also similar to the
Nakakubo species in its outline and554.

Lower Permian Brachiopods from Shikoku

having less convex valves for the genus.
The former, however, is distinguishable
from the latter by its very short mediansulcus and costae which are only recognizable at anterior margin.
Family Chonetidae BRONN, 1862
Subfamily Chonetinellinae
MUIR-WOOD, 1962
Genus Neochonetes MUIR-WOOD, 1962
Type-species.-Chonetes
dominus KING, 1938
Neochonetes sp.
Pl. 11, figs. 2, 3

Materials.-An incomplete brachialvalve and its external mould, GK-D
30277 and GK-D 30278, respectively, andan incomplete pedicle valve, MH 502 F,
are available. Dimensions of pedicle
and brachial valves are respectively as
follows: length, 6.1 mm, 8 mm; width,
10 mm, 15.5 mm ; thickness, ca. 1.5 mm,
ca. 1.5mm.
Descriptive remarks.- Shell small, valves slightly concavo-convex with hingeequal to maximum width; ventral sulcus
we:1kly developed, broadly originatingnear umbo and anteriorly making a faintdepression; width of ventral sulcus atanterior margin about a half length of
maximum width; pedicle valve slightly
convex with llrgest convexity at umbo;
ears well developed with cardinal extremities nearly to or slightly less thanrectangle ; pedicle valve exterior. finely
costellate, .about 4 in 1 mm near anterior
margin; brachial valve slightly concave
without median fold; ears well demarcated; exfoliated surface with fine, radiallyarranged capillae, about 5 rows in 1mm
near anterior margin; internal structures

103

unknown.
We first doubted whether the Nakakubo species clearly belongs to Neochonetes or not because only two incomplete
specimens are available. The species of
Lisochonetes also have the similar external characters to the present species.
But we referred the Nakakubo specimens to a species of Neochonetes by thefollowing reasons: They have the hingeline as the widest part of the shell but
the transverse prolongation is only alittle for the remainder; median sulcusof the pedicle valve is broad and appeared as a very weak depression ;slightly concave brachial valve has no
median fold ; shell surfaces of the twovalves are more or less exfoliated andclearly capillate but these capillae are
principally distinguishable from thosewhich are recognizable on species of
Lisochonetes when they are decorticated.
The external characters of the Nakakubo species are almost equal to thoseof the north Chineses Upper Carboniferous Penchian and Lower Permian Taiyuan species described by CHAO (1928)
under the name of Chonetes carbonifera
KEYSERLING especially in having transversely subrectangular outline and indistinguishably weak median sulcus. It
is highly possible that both Chinese andJapanese specimens belong to one andthe same species.
Family Marginiferidae STEHLI, 1954
Subfamily Marginiferinae STEHLI, 1954
Genus Marginifera WAAGEN, 1884·
Type-species.- Marginifera typic a
W AAGEN, 1884
? Marginifera sp.
Pl. 11, figs. 5, 6

104Juichi YANAGIDA and Motome HIRATA

Materials.-Two small incomplete pedicle valves, GK-D 30279 and GK-D
30280, with following dimensions respectively: length, 7.8mm, 7.0mm; width,
7.7 mm, 6.7 mm ; thickness, ca. 3.5 mm,
ca. 3.4 mm.
Descriptive
remarks.- Shell
small,
strongly convex with suggestion of slightgeniculation, and suboval to subround inoutline; umbo pointed; beak slightly
incurved over hinge ; ears incompletely
preserved, suggesting small ones ; widest
part of shell at about mid length ofshell. Pedicle valve ornamented by quincuncially arranged erect spines, clear
rugae on posterior surface, and weakcostellae on anterior surface.
Since the present specimens are very
incomplete, their generic position israther doubtful. Their brief external
characters are seemingly suggestive ofgenera of overtoniinae. The external
characteristics of Krotovia and Avonia
are respectively similar to those of thepresent forms in external configuration,
especially in arrangement of spines.
But clear rugae on visceral disc distinguish the Nakakubo specimens fromthose of Krotovia in which rugae are
only distributed on ears and hinge slopes.
Quincuncial distribution of spines onvisceral disc and lack of concentric broadband also distinguish them from thoseof Avonia. Avonia has no rugae on
visceral disc. Judging from these characteristics and anteriorly costellate charcter of the present specimens, it is highly
possible to compare them with somespecies of Marginifera which have thesimilar external characters.
In external characters the Nakakubo
species is similar to those Asian species,
such as Marginifera lopingensis (KAYSER)
and M. jisuensis CHAO respectively from
the Middle and Upper Permian of China,
M. banphotensis YANAGIDA from the. Upper Permian of Thailand, and M.
spinoscostata (ABICH) from the Permianof Armenia.

Family Linoproductidae STEHLI, 1954
Subfamily Linoproductinae STEHLI, 1954
Genus Cancrinella FREDERIKS, 1928
Type-species.- Pro ductus cancrini
DE VERNEUIL, 1845
Cancrinella sp.
Pl. 10, figs. 1-3

Materials.- A fragmentary and an exfoliated pedicle valves, GK-D 30282 andGK-D 30283 respectively, and an external mould of brachial valve, GK-D 30281.
Dimensions of the latter two specimens
are as follows, respectively: length, ca.
22.4 mm, 14.0 mm; width 21.5 mm, 14.3mm ; length of hinge line, 19.0 mm, 10.9mm.
Descriptive remarks.- Shell medium.
Pedicle valve subround and moderately
convex; hinge line slightly shorter thanwidest part of valve; widest part at
about mid valve; ear small; umbo moderately convex with beak slightly incurved
beyond hinge ; rugae numerous acrossvisceral disc and venter, usually weak
but rather prominent in umbonal region,
flanks, and ears; flanks spreading;costellae rounded, increasing in number
by bifurcation, 2 or 3 in 1 mm near anterior margin; bifurcation usually takes
place at immediately anterior to spine;
spines not numerous, suberect on anteriorly swollen costellae, and arranged inquincunx. Brachial valve slightly anduniformly concave without apparent
geniculation; ears small and fiat; valvesurface costellate and rugose, especially
/

554.

Lower Permian Brachiopods from Shikoku

remarkable on visceral disc with small
dimples.
Although they are too incomplete todetermine the species, the Nakakubo
specimens are characterized by the ornamentation of pedicle valve and theconcavity of brachial valve. The fragmentary pedicle valve mainly consistsof the majority of visceral disc and apart of venter and flanks. Rugae areremarkably developed on visceral discand also they are clearly crossing venter.
Costae always increase in number bybifurcation and the majority of bifurcation occur at immediately anterior ofspines. It is very characteristic that noclear geniculation is found on the brachial valve and it is uniformly concave.
The geniculation is only slightly suggestive near anterior margin. If weconsider these characteristics above
mentioned, it is suggestive that the
Nakakubo specimens resemble those of
American Pennsylvanian to Permian
species, such as Cancrinella boonensis
SHUMARD and C. altissima KING.
Linoproductidae gen. et sp. indet.
Pl. 11, fig. 4

Material.- A
fragmentary
pediclevalve, GK-D 30284, with following dimension: length, ca. 16 mm; width, ca.
18mm.
Descriptive remarks.- Shell small, hemispherical, highly
anduniformly
convex, transversely more convex thanlongitudinal; hinge line may much shorter than greatest width of valve; widest
part at about mid valve; umbo pointed,
slightly incurved ; ears not clearly ascertained and suggested very small ; flanks
convex. Pedicle valve ornaments of finecapillae, 5 to 6 in 1 mm on anterior surface, and numerous flexuous rugae,105

covering all over pedicle valve and becoming stronger anteriorly; spines not
ascertained.
Although this pedicle valve is too poor
to know its complete shape and external
ornamentation, it may clearly be distinguishable from any other known
forms by the following peculiar external
characters: hemispherical outline anduniformly convex valve; very fine capillae and flexuous, numerous rugae acrossthe whole pedicle valve. Among thelinoproductids the similar forms to the
Nakakubo specimen are those of Lower
Carboniferous Fluctuaria, Undaria, andPermian Compressoproductus. The Nakakubo from is apparently distinguishable
from those of Fluctuaria and Undaria
by its hemispherical outline, highly andevenly convex valve, and very fine capillae. The latter two genera have elongate
oval outline and ornamented by costellae.
Fluctuaria is also characterized by its
prominent rugae. Undaria is much lessconvex than the Nakakubo form.
Permian cosmopolitan genus Compressoproductus resembles the Nakakubo form
in its external ornamentation, but theformer may be distinguished from thelatter by having elongate trigonal outline
and highly less convex pedicle valve.
Family Echinoconchidae STEHLI, 1954
Subfamily Echinoconchinae STEHLI, 1954
Genus Echinaria MuiR-WOOD and
COOPER, 1960
Type-species.- Productus semipunctatus
SHEPARD, 1838
Echinaria sp.
Pl. 11, figs. 9-11

lvlaterials.- A fragmentary

external

106

Juichi YANAGIDA and Motome HIRATA

mould of brachial valve, GK-D 30285,
an incomplete pedicle valve, MH 502 P,
and a posterior part of immature specimen, GK-D 30286.
Descriptive remarks.- Shell medium.
Pedicle valve broadly sulcate with tapering umbo. Pedicle valve exterior ornamented with broad, slightly raised
concentric bands, originating near umbo;
each band posteriorly smooth, anterior
two thirds covered by numerous veryfine spines. Brachial valve slightly concave with broad, low median fold on
visceral disc, becoming broader and more
prominent anteriorly. Brachial valve
exterior ornamented by narrowly arranged concentric bands with fine spines inrows on them.
The three fragmentary specimens atpresent are undoubtedly identifiable asa species of Echinaria. They are moreor less similar to those of Calliprotonia
in external. configuration. But the former may be distinguished from the latterby the following characteristics: Posteriorly preserved pedicle valve and theexternal mould of fragmentary brachialvalve suggest that their complete shells
are larger than average size of Calliprotonia; each concentric broad band on
pedicle valve is slightly raised, that ofCalliprotonia is flattened to the contrary;closely arranged concentric bands onbrachial valve have the same character,those of Calliprotonia are anteriorly replaced by remarkable lamellae.
Among specimens described by CHAO
(1927) under the name of Echinoconchus
punctatus (MARTIN) from the Chinese
Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian,
figured ones (Pl. 6, figs. 7, 8, 15, 16) fromthe Taiyuan Series are similar to the
Nakakubo specimens. Pedicle valve of
the former has ornamentation withraised remarkable bands of growth allover the surface. Brachial valve exteriorof the Taiyuan specimens also ornamented by the closely similar concentricbands and spine rows just similar to the
Nakakubo specimens. The only difference between Japanese and Chinese
specimens is. the median fold on brachialvalve. According to CHAO, it is only
observable on anterior surface in the
Taiyuan specimens. That of the Nakakubo specimens is apparent, originating
on posterior part of visceral disc. North
Chinese and Japanese species, however,may be closely comparable with eachother.

Correlation

Th:: species assemblage of brachiopods
described above is the Early Permian inage. As a whole the Nakakubo fauna
has an affinity with the Early Permian
faunas of the Tethyan province and,especially, the closest affinity with theUpper Carboniferous or the Lower
Permian fauna of China. However, it isnoteworthy that the Nakakubo fauna
includes, at the same time, the Early
Permian element of South American
aspect.
Tangshanella nakakuboensis, sp. nov.,
is closely related with T. kaipingensis
CHAO from the Upper Carboniferous
Penchi Series of North China. T. nakakuboensis is the only species of thisgenus which is known outside China.
Uncinunellina shikokuensis, sp. nov., isnearest to Uncinunellina wangenheimi(PANDER) from the Lower Permian
Schwagerina limestone of Ural. The
same species was also described by GRABAU from the Lower Permian Maping
limestone of Kweichow, South China.
Enteletes gibbosus CHRONIC is the elementof the Peruvian Lower Permian fauna.
It is important that this species occurs

554.

Lower Perrn,ian BrachioJJods from Shikoh~

in two distant localities of Southwest
japan. One is from the Lower Permian
Miharanoro Formation, Inn er zone, andother is from Na kakubo. Phricodothyris
cf. P. asiatica (CHAO) is closely referable
to P. asiatica which is common in the
Penchi Series of North China and theLower Permian Wangchiapa limestoneof Kweichow, South China . Phricodothyris
echinata (CHAO) is the representative
species of both Penchi and Taiyuan
Series of North Chin:1._ Callispirina aff .

I'i g. 5.

107

C. ornata (WAAGE r) is closely relatedwith CallisjJirina ornata from the Middle
Permian of Salt Range. Neospirifer cf.
N. fasciger (KEYSERLING) closely resembles
Neospirifer fasciger whichranges from Upper Carboniferous toUpper Permian in the Tethyan province
and is very common in the Penchi and
Taiyuan Series of North China. Rostmnteris (R.) cf. R. (R.) nucleolus (KuTORGA) is very similar to Rostranteris(R.) nucleolus rcdescribed by TSCI-IER-

Fus ulinacean s pecies associating with brac hiopod s . A ll fig ures are x 10.
1, 2. S chwage r in a stabitis ( R AUS ER-C ERNO ussovA ) (commo n )3. Triti cite s aff. T. pu sillus (Sc HEL W I EN) ( less common)'1. N ankinella kawadai (leo) ( rare)
5. Pseudoschwagerin a minatoi K ANM ER A (co mmon)

108

Juichi YANAGIDA and Motome HIRATA · ·NYSCHEW from the Lower Permian of
Ural.
Outside brachiopods, it is very characteristic that abundant fusulinaceans always associate with them. These fusulinaceans are quite common in specificassemblage to those of the Pseudoschwagerina zone of the Yayamadakelimestone of southern Kyushu (KANMERA,
1958). The following four species arecommon to the Nakakubo and Yayamadake faunas : Pseudoschivagerina minatoi
KANMERA, Triticites aff. T. pusillus(SCHELLWIEN),
Schwagerinastabilis(RAUSER - CERNOUSSOVA),
Nankinella

kawadai (IGO).
Among them Pseudoschwagerina minatoi and Schwagerinastabilis are most abundant species. They
are very characteristic to the Pseudoschwagerina minatoi zone, the upper halfof the Pseudoschwagerina zone, of the
Yayamadake limestone.
In summarizing, the specific assemblages of brachiopods and fusulinaceansof the Nakakubo limestone are strongly
similar to those of the Taiyuan Seriesof North China and the Maping Seriesof South China. Both are the Early
Permian in age. The Nakakubo limestone is certainly correlted with the

Explanation of Plate 10
1-3: Cancrinella sp. . ........................................................... p. 104
1. External mould of a brachial valve (GK-D 30281), x 2.
2. Ventral view of an incomplete pedicle valve (GK-D 30283), x 1.
3. Ventral view of an incomplete pedicle valve (GK-D 30282), x 1.
Figs. 4, 5, Phricodothyris echinata (Cl-rAo) ......... : .................................. p. 99
4a, b. Respectively ventral and posterior views of an incomplete pedicle valve (GK-D
30290), X 3.
Figs. 6- 8. Phricodothyris sp. . ....................................................... p. 97
6a-c. Respectively lateral, ventral, and posterior views of an incomplete pedicle valve(GK-D 30292), x 1.5.
7a, b. Respectively posterior and ventral views of an incomplete pedicle valve (GK-D30291), X 1.25.
8. Incomplete brachial valve (MH 502 G1), x 1.25.
Figs. 9, 10. Phricodothyris cf. P. asiatica (CHAO) .................................... p. 98
9. Ventral view of an incomplete pedicle valve (GK-D 30288), x 3.
10. Ventral view of an incomplete pedicle valve (GK-D 30287), x3.
Figs. 11, 16. Callispirina aff. C. ornata (WAAGEN) .................................... p. 99
lla-c. Respectively lateral, ventral, and posterior views of an incomplete pedicle valve(GK-D 30263)' X 2.5.
16. Dorsal view of an incomplete brachial valve (GK-D 30269), x 2.5.
Figs. 12-14. Tangshanella nakakuboensis, sp. nov ...................................... p. 91
12a-c. Respectively lateral, posterior, and ventral views of the holotype (GK-D 30230),x1.5.
13a, b. Respectively ventral and posterior views of an incomplete pedicle valve (GK-D30233, X 1.5.
14. Dorsal view of an incomplete brachial valve (GK-D 30234), x1.25.
Fig. 15. Neospirifer cf. N. fasciger (KEYS ERLING) ..................................... p. 100
15a-c. Respectively lateral, ventral, and posterior views of a pedicle valve (GK-D 30274),
X 1.5.
Photo::; by YANAGIDA, with whitening.
Figs.

YANAGIDA and HIRATA:

Lower Permian Brachiopods

Plate 10

554.

Lower Permian Brachiopods from Shikoku

P,seudoschwagerina minatoi zone of the
Yayamadake limestone and with theupper part of the Pseudoschwagerinazone (upper Sakmarian) in the international correlation.

References
BROIL!, F. (1916) : Die Permischen Brachiopoden von Timor. Pt. 12, Paliiontologie
von Timor, 7, 1-104, pls. 1u5-127.
CAMPBELL, K. S. W. (1953) : The fauna of
the Permo-Carboniferous Ingelara bedsof Queensland. Univ. Queensland Press,
4, (3), 3-30, pls. 1-7.
CHAO, T. G. (1965): BepxHeKaMeHoyroJibHblie
BpaxHonouhl ueHTpaJibHOif qacTH AsToHoMHOif oenaCTH BHyTpeHHeif MoHrOJIHH.
Acta Palaeont. Sinica, 13, (3), 420-443,
pls. 1-5. (in Chinese with Russian Summary).
CHAO, Y. T. (1927): Productidae of China.
Part 1; producti. Palaeont. Sinica, [BJ,
5, fasc. 2, 1-191, pls. 1-16.
·- - (1928): Productidae of China. Part 2;
Chonetinae, Productinae and Richthofeninae. Ibid., [B], 5, fasc. 3, 1-81, pls. 1-6.
- - (1929) : Carboniferous and Permian spiriferids of China. Ibid., [BJ, 11, fasc. 1,
1-101, pls. 1-11.
DIENER, C. (1896) : The Permian fossils of
the Productus shales of Kumaon andGurhwal. Palaeont. Indica, [15], 1, part4, 1-54, pls. 1-5.
- - (1903) : Permian fossils of the central
Himalayas. Ibid., [15], 1, part 5, 1-204,
pls. 1-10.
- - (1908a): The Permocarboniferous faunaof Chitichun, no. 1. Ibid., [15], 1, part3, 1-105, pis. 1-13.
- - (1908 b) : Anthracolithic fossils of Kashmir and Spiti. Ibid., [15], 1, part 2, .195, pls. 1-8.
- - (1911) : Anthracolithic fossils of the
Shan states. Ibid., n.s., 3, (4), 1-74,
pis. 1-7.
GEMMELLARO, G. G. (1898-99) : La fauna dei
calcari con Fusulina della Valle del109

fiume. Sosio nella provincia di Palermo.
Molluscoidea. Giorn. Sc. Nat. Econ. Palermo, 22, 1-109, pls. 1-12.
GRABAU, A. W. (1931) : The Permian ofMongolia. Nat. Hist. Central Asia, 4,
1-665, pis. 1-35.
- - (1932) : St!ldies for students -Brachio
poda III. Sci. Quart. Nat. Univ. Peking,
3, (2)' 75-112.
- - (1934): Early Permian fossils of China
I. . Palaeont. Sinica, [BJ, 8, fasc. 3, 1168, pls. 1-11.
- - (1936) : Early Permian fossils of China
II. Ibid., [B], 8, 1-320, pis. 1-31.
HAYASAKA, Ichiro (1933): On the Upper
Carboniferous fauna from the Nabeyama
region, Totigi Prefecture, Japan. Mem.
Fac. Sci. Agr., Taihoku Imp. Univ., 6,(2), 9-44, pls. 3-14.
--. (1960) : On the occurrence of Neospirifer fasciger (KEYSERLING) in Japan, anda note on some Permian brachiopods fromaround Kesen-numa City, Northeast Japan.
Coll. Essays in Commemor. Tenth Anniv.
Shimane Univ. (Nat. Sci.), 34-57, pls. 1-3.
HAYASAKA, Ichiro and KATO, Makoto (1966):
On Enteletes gibbosus CHRONIC (AnUpper Palaeozoic fauna from Miharanoro,
Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. 3rd note).
jour. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Univ., 13, (3),281-286, pls. 34, 35.
HILL, D. (1950) : The Productidae of theArtinskian Cracow fauna of Queensland.
Univ. Queensland Press, 3, (2), 1-27, pls.
1-9.
HIRATA, Motome (1958): Some importantnew facts from the Chichibu zone of thecentral part of Shikoku. Earth Science(Chikyu Kagaku), (36), 22-24.
HuANG, T. K. (1932) : The Permian formations of north China. Mem. Geol. Surv.
China, [A], (10), 1-140, pls. 1-6.
IsHIZAKI, Kunihiro (1962) : Stratigraphicaland Palaeontological studies of the Onogahara and its neighbouring area, Kochi
and Ehime Prefectures, Southwest Japan.
Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ., [2], 34, (2), 95185, pls. 7-12.
KANMERA, Kametoshi (1958): Fusulinids of
the Yayamadake limestone of the Hikawa

noJuichi YANAGIDA and Motome HIRATA

Valley, Kumamato Prefecture, Kyushu,
Japan. Pt. 3-Fusulinids of the Lower
Permian. Mem. Fac. Sci., Kyushu Univ.,[D], 6, (3), 153-215, pis, 24~35.
KAsHIMA, Naruhiko (1960): The new localities of fossils in the Onogahara district,
Ehime Prefecture.· jour. Geol. Soc. japan,
66, {172)'. p. 52.
KEYSERLING, A. G. (1846): Wissenschaftliche Beobachtungen auf einer Reise in das
Petschora-Land .in Jahre 1843. Geognostische Beobachtungen, L Palaeontologische
Bemerkungen, 151-336; pis. 1-22, St.
Petersi:>U.rg.
.KozLowsKI, R. (1914): Les brachiopodes duCarbonifere superieur de Bolivie. Ann.
Pa!eont., 9, 1-97, pls. 1-11.
MANsu.Y, H. (1912): Etude geologique deYunnan o~ientai, II. Paleontologie. Mem.
Serv. Geol. Indochine, 1, fasc. 2, 1-146,
pis. 1-25.
MuiR-WooD, H. M. and CooPER, G. A. (1960):
Morphology, classification and life h.abitsof the Productoidea (Brachiopoda). Geol.
Soc. America, Mem., 81, 1-447, pis. 1-135.
MuiR-WooD, H. M. (1962) : On the morphology and classification of the brachiopod
Suborder Chonetoidea. 1-132, 17 pis., Brit.
Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London.
NEwELL, N.D., CHRONIC, J. and RoBERTS,
T. G. (19.53): Upper Palaeozoic of Peru.
. Geol ...So.c. Amer., Mem., 58, 1-230, pis.
5-43,
NoRTH, F. J, (1920) :On Syringothyris
WINCHELL, and .certain ·Carboniferous
brachiopoda referredtoSpirije'rina

Explanation of Plate 11
L Uncinunellina shikokuensis, sp. nov ............................................ p. 93
la-d. Re:opectively dorsal, anterior, ventral, and lateral views of the holotype (GK-D30244), x2.
,
Figs. 2, 3. Neochonetes sp ............................................................ p. 103
2. External mould of a brachial valve (GK-D 30278), x 3.
3. An incomplete pedicle valve (MH 502 F), x3..
Fig.
4. Linoproductidae gen. et sp. indet. ............... , ............................ p. 105
4a, b. Respectively ventral and posterior views of an incomplete pedicle valve (GK-D30284), X 1.5.
Figs. 5, 6. ? Marginifera sp; ................................................... ·...... p. 103
5; Ventral view of an incomplete pedicle valve (GK-D 30280), x 3.
6. Ventral view of an incomplete pedicle valve (GK-D 30279), x 3,
Fig. 7,
Rostranteris (Rostranteris) sp. . .............................................. p. 102
7a-d. Respectively dorsal, lateral, ventral, and anterior views of ari incomplete specimen (GK-D 30276), x 3.
Fig.
8. Rostranteris (Rostranteris) cf. R. (R.) nucleolus (KuTORGA) ................ p. 101
8a-d. Respectively anterior, ventral, dorsal, and lateral Views of a specimen (GL:_:D
30275), X 3.
. .
Figs. 9-lL ·Echinaria sp ............................................. .'................ p. 105
9a, b. Respectively lateral and ventral views of an incomplete pedicle valve (MH 502
P), X 1.7.
10. Ventral view of an incomplete pedicle valve (GK-D 30286),. x2.5, ·11. Rubber replica of an incomplete brachial valve (GK-D ~30285), ·x 1.5.
Fig.
12. Enteletes gibbosus CHRONIC ............................... ·.... : .............. p. 95
12a-e. Respectively anterior, ventral, lateral, posterior, and dorsal views of a specimen(GK-D 30256)' X 2.
Photos by YANAGiDA, with whitening.
Fig.

YANAGIDA and HIRATA:

Lower Permian Brachiopods

Plate 11

554.

Lower Permian Brachiopods from Shikoku

D'ORBIGNY. Quart. jour. Geol. Soc., 76,
162-227, 11-13.
PAVLOVA, Y. Y. (1966): Revision of theGenus Neophricodothyris (Order Spiriferida). Intern. Geol. Rev., 8, (1), 8488. (English translation).
TscHERNYSCHEW, Th. (1902) : Die Obercarbonischen Brachiopoden des Ural and desTiman. Mem. Com. Geol., 16, (2), 1-749,
pis. 1-63.
WAAGEN, W. (1882-1885) : Salt Range fossils. Productus Limestone fossils brachiopoda. Palaeont. Indica, [13], 1, part 4,
329-770, pis. 25-86.
WANG, Y., ]ING, Y. G. and EANG, D. W.
(editors) (1961): Chinese brachiopod

Yanadani-m ura
Kamiukena-gun
Onogahara
Nakakubo
Nanokawa

111

fossils, part II. 355-777, pis. 59-136. (inChinese).
Y AKOWLEW, N. (1912) : Die Fauna der oberen Abtheilung der palaeozoischen Ablagerungen in Donez-Bassin. Mem. Com.
Geol., n. s., 79, 1-41, pis. 1-5.
YANAGIDA, Juichi (1963) : Brachiopods fromthe Upper Permian Mizukoshi Formation,
central Kyushu. Mem. Fac. Sci., Kyushu
Univ., 14, (2), 69-78, pis. 8-10.
- - (1967) : Contributions to the geology
and palaeontology of Southeast Asia, 35.
Early Permian brachiopods from northcentral Thailand. Geology and Palaeon·
tology of Southeast Asia, 3, 46-97, pis.
11-23, Univ. Tokyo Press.

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Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S., No. 74, pp. 112-115, June 30, 1969

SHORT NOTE
15.

TWO INTERESTING FOSSIL SPECIMENS FROM THE
UPPER PALEOZOIC SYSTEM IN JAPAN*
RIUJI ENDOt and RYUJI MORI
Department of Earth Science, Tokyo College of Domestic Science

Introduction

Cla~s CEPHALOPODA

Last summer (1968) we received twointeresting fossil specimens from theUpper Paleozoic system in japan. Oneof them belongs to the Orthoceracoid
cephalopod which was collected by Kazuo
OucHI on the eastern slope of Takakurayama, about 7 km northwest of Yotsukura, Fukushima Prefecture. OUCHI
kindly forwarded it to us for study.
Another specimen is Calamites sp. collected by members of the Earth Science
Researching Party of the Tokyo Collegeof Domestic Science, from the Lower
Carboniferous Onimaru series at the
Yukisawa valley, Rikuzen-Takata City,
lwate Prefecture.
Discoveries of these two fossil specimens are very notable, because the yieldof Orthoceracoid specimen is the firstrecord in Japan, and the collection of
Calamites specimen from the japanese
Carboniferous formations is also for the
first time so for as known up to now.
Therefore, we wish to present somedescriptions in this short paper.

Order NAUTILOIDEA ZITTEL

Descriptions* Received Dec. 26, 1968.

Genus Pseudorthoceras GIRTY, 1911
Pseudorthoceras ouchii, new species
Fig. 1

Description:-The holotype is 125 mm
long, 15 mm in diameter near the top,and 3 mm near the base, thus the apicalangle being 6°. The tip of the initialstage and living chamber are not known.
The cross section of the conch, apparently, was somewhat dorso-ventrally depressed, but a comparatively large partof the ventral side of the upper portion
has weathered away. The surface ofconch apparently unmarked. The location of the siphuncle is rather eccentric,
its distance from the ventral wall of theconch being rather small. The numberof camerae in a length equal to the diameter of the conch is 2.5. Where thediameter of specimen is 9 mm and where
the septa are 4 mm apart, one of thesiphuncle segment has a maximum diameter of 4.2 mm at mid height, constrictting to 2.5 mm at its passage throughthe septum. The resultant form of thesiphuncle segments is globular. The
septa and siphuncle are thickened very

112

554.

Fossils from the Upper Paleozoic

slightly with the deposition of calcareous
matrix.
The present specimen is found in association with Paradin yanagisawai ENDO
and MATSUMOTO. The specific name isgiven in honor of Kazuo Oucm, collectorof the present fossil specimen.
Comparison:- This species may be referable to Pseudorthoceras splendens
CLIFTON from the Permian Leonard
series in U.S. A., but it is distinguishedby the much slender conch with rather
acute apical angle. Moreover, in theJapanese specimen, 2.5 camerae occur ina length equal to the diameter of theconch, while in P. splendens the number
is four or six.
Formation and locality :-Locality No.
T7, Kashiwadaira formation of Takakura-yama group, Upper Permian; G2valley on the eastern slope of Takakurayama hill, 7 km northwest of Yotsukuracho, Iwaki City, Fukushima Pref.
Holotype :-GI., Tokyo Col. Domest. Sci.
No. 585.
Class Articulatae
Order Eq uisetales
Genus Catamite SucKOW
Calamites sp., Undet.
Figs. 2, 3

Even though the present specimen is
too fragmentary to deserve a specificname, we shall describe it as for as
possible considering it important fromthe paleogeographical standpoint.
Description:- The specimen on handis 55 mm long, 42 mm in diameter at the
middle. The surface of the specimen ischaracterized by the presence of longitudinally striated fine ridges which aresomewhat · rounded ; these ridges arecounted 14-15 in a transversal space of
1 em. Because of rather poor preserva-

113

tion, articulated nodes and leaf scars arevery indistinct. However, by making avery careful observation one may beable to ascertain their presence, as will
be seen in the illustration of fig. 3.
Formation and Locality:- Onimaru
series, Lower Carboniferous; Yukisawa
valley, Rikuzen-Takata City, Iwate Prefecture.
Figured specimen :-GI., Tokyo Col.
Domest. Sci., No. 586.
References
AsAMA, Kazuo (1956) : Permian plants from
Maiya in Northern Honshu, Japan: Proc.
japan Acad., Vol. 32, No. 7, pp. 469-471.
CLIFTON, R. L. (1942) : Invertebrate faunas
from the Blaine and the Dog creek formations of the Permian Leonard series:
jour. Paleont., Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 694-695,
pis. 102-103.
ENDO, Seido (1955) : Illustrations of plantfossils in Japan; Sangyo Book Co., pl. 10.
HALLE, T. G. (1929) : Palaeozoic plants fromCentral Shansi: Palaeont. Sinica, Ser. A,
Vol. 11, fas. 1,
KAWASAKI, Shigetaro (1927, 1934). The
flora of the Heian System Vol. VI, Pts. 1& 2: Govern-General of Chosen.
MILLER, A.K. and Walter YouNQUIST, (1947):
Lower Permian cephalopods from the
Texas Colorado River valley: Mollusca,
Art. 1, Univ. Kansas Paleont. Contr., pp.
1-15, pis. 1-3.
TACHIBANA, Koichi (1950): Devonian plants
first discovered in Japan: Proc. japan
Acad., Vol. 26, pp. 54-60, 8 Text-figs.
UEDA, Fusao (1963) : The geological structure of the Permian and the Triassic
Systems in Toyoma and Maiya districts,
Southern Kitakami Massif, Notheast
Japan: jour. Toyo Univ., General Educ.
Nat. Sci., No. 4, pp. 1-78, 19 pis.
Y ANAGISAWA, Ichiro (1967) : Geology andPaleontology of the TakakurayamaYaguki area, Y otsukura-cho, Fukushima
Pref.: Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ., 2nd Ser.,
Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 63-112, pis. 1-6.

114

Fig. 1. Pseudorthoceras ouchii, new species, x 1. 2. A weathered natural vertical section,
showing parts of the siphuncle. Upper part of the specimen cut vertically through thecenter of the siphuncle. Locality No. T7, Kashiwadaira formation of the Ta:kakurayama
group, Up. Permian; G2 valley on the eastern slope of Takakurayama hill, 7km northwest of Yotsukura-cho, lwaki-City, Fukushima Pref. GI., Tokyo Col. Domest. Sci., No. 585.
Figs. 2, 3. Calamites sp., x 1. 2.
2. A specimen fragmentary preserved, shows very fine edges and furrows.
3. A brocken cast of the preceding specimen, showing the articulated nodes and leaf
scarls at its lowest part. Onimaru series, Lower Carboniferous; Yukisawa valley, Rikuzen-Takata City, Iwate Pref., Gl., Tokyo Col. Domest. Sci., No. 586.

554.

Fossils from the Upper Paleozoic

2

1

115

Trans . Proc. Palaeont . Soc. Japa n, N. S., No. 74, pp . 116- 118, June 30, 1969

A TRIBUTE TO THE MEMORY OF DR. RIUJI ENDOHARUYOSHI FUJIMOTO
Emerit us Professor, Tokyo Univers ity of Education

Dr. Riuji ENDO, my respected fri end,
used to boast of his fin e health, until
earl y February this year when he wasafflicted with pn eumon ia and was sent
to the Cancer Center at Otsuka. Under
the treatment of Dr. KuROKA WA, he wason the road to recovery a nd we all felt
relieve::!, bu t his condi tion took a bad
turn s·1ddenl y, and on April the 1st hepassed :1way at the age of seventy-seven.
The news of his death fill ed me withdeepes t gr ief. I don't know how to expr ess my condolences.
ln 1923, Dr. ENDO wa s graduated fromt he Instit ute of Geology and Paleontology,
Faculty of Science, Tohoku University.

As a student he was engaged in thestud y of the Paleozoic system in the
Kitakami Mounta ins under the g uidanceof Prof . Hisakatsu YABE, and disclosed
the presence of the Lower Carbon ife rous
coral limestone beneath the Fusu linalimeston e.
Upon g radu ation, he entered the South
Manchuria Ra ilway Company. Later heserved at the Bu jun (Fushun) Middl e
School for a short period, but in 1927
he assumed th e professorship a t the
Manchurian College of Education in I-Ioten ( Iukd en). In the meanwhile, hedevoted him self to the geological studyof Manchuria, with specia l r efer ence to
Early Paleozoic fossi ls, and collected
g reat quantiti es of valuable fossil specimens. In 1929 he wen t to the UnitedStates, bringin g these materials withhim , and studied at the U. S. National
Museum in vVashington under the guidance of Drs. E. D. ULRICH, Ray SmithBASSLER and C. E. RESSER. The r esultsof this stud y were published in the fol lowing two papers:
The Ozarkian a nd Ordo vic ian formations
and fossil s of So uth Manchuria, Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus., 1932, No. 164, pp. 1152, 35 pis., 5 ma ps .
The Sinian a nd Cambrian formations andfoss ils of South Manchuria, Bull . Educ.
I nst. , S.M. R y . Co., 1937, N o. 1, pp.
1- 474, 73 pi s .

His work established the foundationof the Paleozoi c stratigraphy and pale-

116

117
ontology of Manchuria, and won admiration from the academic world. For his
accomplishments, he was granted thedegree of Doctor of Science from Tohoku
University in 1933.
In 1931 he traveled to European countries and visited institutes and laboratories in various parts of Europe.
Through these trips he obtained castsof type specimens of Early Paleozoic
fossils that had been collected in Eastern
Asia by KOKEN, GOTTSCHE, MONKE and
BERGERON. He thus prepared himself
well for the future study.
The Manchurian College of Education
was closed in 1933, but by that time thefoundation of Manchoukuo was solidified
and the construction of the Central:Vluseum in Shinkyo (Hsinkin) was inprogress. In 1939 Dr. ENDO was placedin this museum as the head curator of
the Department of Natural History,
which enabled him to resume his researches as well as to supervise themuseum activities. During this period,
he wrote a large number of excellent
papers on the Paleozoic system in Manchuria and Shantung Province. Of these
papers, the one entitled "On a correlation of the upper Cambrian formations
between Manchuria and Shantung", published in Vol. 13 of the Report of thejapan Science Association, was especiallyremarkable, and won a prize from the
Association in 1940.
When World War II came to an end
in 1945 the Central Museum, to which
Dr. ENDO dedicated a long time of his
life, had been severely demolished. In
1947 Dr. ENDO became a professor at theNortheastern University, Republic ofChina, but he had to fight his way
through the bitters of life all the time.
Nevertheless, his unyielding spirit urged
him to keep on studying. In Honkeiko(Penchifu) he made a discovery of Peco-pteris samara psis OGURA, a plant fossil
valuable to science.
In june 1948, he returned to japan
penniless, and he worked temporarily at
the U.S. Geological Survey Tokyo Office.
Then in june 1949, he was engaged by
Saitama University as a professor at theFaculty of Science and Literature, whichgave him the opportunity to pursue thelife of researcher and teacher again.
Here the second period of his research
activities began. The theme of his study
was Paleozoic to Mesozoic calcareous
algae, which had never been studied byanybody else till then. He continued
this study for the last twenty years andobtained good results, which were reported in nineteen papers and four ofthem were published later in a volume
in commemoration of his retirement from
Saitama University.
Dr. E:--;oo's life as a scientific researcher
in Manchuria and at Saitama University
was as if he was reclaiming waste land
to pave the way for the successors.
This can be accomplished only by a manof ability and strong will, just like Dr.
ENoo himself. Dr. ENoo was also an
excellent educational administrator. In
1953 he was the dean of the Faculty of
Science and Literature, Saitama University, and in 1954 he became the Universty's president. In 1959 he was electedto the membership of the 5th term of
the Science Council of japan. Also, in
the Geological Society of japan and the
Palaeontological Society of japan he successively filled various posts such as thecouncilor and the executive committee
chairman. In 1960 Dr. ENDO retired
from the presidency of Saitama University at the expiration of his term, andaccepted the offer of a position as aprofessor at the Tokyo College ofDomestic Science. Since then, he has
been enjoying his life as an educator

118
tue, are amounting to a great number
and they will proceed with their studies
to prove themselves to be good successors to Dr. ENDO.
I am convinced that Dr. ENDO was a
happy man, having been successful inhis career as scholar and educator.
May his eternal sleep be peaceful.

of girls and a researcher of calcareous
algae.
Reviewing Dr. ENDO's life in retrospect, we realize that his surpassing
ability and tireless efforts led him toattain the expected goal. His scientificachievements are brilliant, and his disciples, benefited by his learning and vir-

8 :<j;:j!j~~!¥!~~5JI]ii}O)jjj{ff,lj~~
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Transactions and Proceedings of the PalaeontologicalSociety of Japanjune 30, 1969

New Series No. 74

CONTENTS
TRANSACTIONS
552.

FuJI, Norio: Fossil Spores and Pollen Gra ins from the Neogene Deposits
in Noto Peninsula, Central japan- ll A Pa lynological Study of the
Middle Miocene Yamatoda Member . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

553.

554.

AOKI, Naoaki:

51

Notes on the Stratigraphic Distributions of Some Plank-

tonic Foraminiferal Species in the Kazusa Gro up, Boso Peninsu la . . . . . .

81

YANAGIDA, juichi and HIRATA, Motome: Lower Permian Brachiopods
from Nakakubo, West Central Shikoku, japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

89

SHORT NOTE
15.

ENDO, Ri uj i and MORI, Ryuji:

Two Interesting Fossil Specimens fromthe Upper Paleozoic System in japan.... . ........... . . .. . .... .. . ...... 112

A Tribute to the Memory of Dr. Riuji ENDO by I-Iaruyoshi FUJ IMOTO . . ........ 116