108TH INTERNATIONALSEMINARREPORTSOF THE SEMINARREPORTS OF THE SEMINARTOPIC 1CURRENT SITUATION OF ILLICIT DRUG TRAFFICKING
Chairperson
Co. Chairperson
Rapporteurs
Co. Rapporteurs
Key Note Speakers

Advisers

Mr. Tahir Anwar PASHA(Pakistan)
Ms Sakiko WATANABE(Japan)Mr. LAI Yong Heng
(Malaysia)
Mr. Maring KATAKA(Papua New Guinea)
Mr. Abdul Wahhab SARKAR (Bangladesh)
Mr. Armogam GOUNDER(Fiji)Mr. Yim-Fui CHEUNG(Hong Kong)
Mr. Purushottam SHARMA (India)
Mr. Bu-Nam YANG
(Republic of KOREA)
Mr. Udaya Nepali SHRESTHA (Nepal)
Mr. Toshio KUSUNOKI(Japan)Mr. Abdallah Ali Mohammed
AL-SHIHRY(Saudi Arabia)
Mr. Muammer Yasar OZGUL (Turkey)
Mr. Boza GUERRERO(Nicaragua)
Professor Tomoko AKANE(UNAFEI)
Professor Hiroyuki YOSHIDA (UNAFEI)
Professor Kayo KONAGAI(UNAFEI)PREFACE
UNAFEI arranged 108th Seminar tovisualize the difficulties in combatingtransnational organized crime, as it has
become a major concern due to the latest
technological advances. Outlaws havebetter access to modern technology then thelaw enforcers. Organized crime groups areconscious of and ready to seize theopportunities presented to them byglobolization and the growing trends
towards trade liberalization to extend theiractivities and operation, inspite of theincreased awareness of the problem on thepart of governments. The subject oftransnational crime was discussed at
length in the seminar but given its
vastness, it was decided to divide it into
sub topics for elaborate and comprehensive
discussions. The participants took active
part in the discussion of all the four sub
topics mentioned below, but the key notespeakers contributed a lot in completingthe final report on each topic:• Current situation of illicit drugs
trafficking,• Current situation of other organizedtransnational crime,• Legal framework against organizedtransnational crime by the criminal
justice system, and• Current situation of detection andinvestigation.
The views of visiting experts have also
been incorporated in the reports. Of course,
these reports were not possible without theable advice of the two faculty members
attached with each topic.
I. INTRODUCTION
No steps can be taken to fight against
any menace unless we first gather
information and intelligence regarding its
current situation and past trends. Drugtrafficking figures very prominently intransnational organized crime. The annual

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RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 54
profits of organized crime are estimated,according to some sources, at one trillion
dollars world wide; almost as much as the
US annual federal budget (Ref.8; Vlassis,
1998). As per report of UNDCP 1994, outof it not less then 500 billion dollars is theshare of profits coming out of the drugtrade, which is about half of US$ 1,000
billion spent world wide on defense in 1991.
As per estimates of Financial Action Task
Force on Money Laundering of the G-7, thedrug market in Europe and US aloneamounted to more than US$ 122 billion in1990. In 1995 US citizens spentapproximately $ 57 billion on drugs
including $38 billion to purchase cocaine
and $10 billion on heroin from overseas
sources. In comparison with this highincome society where average per capita
annual income is $20,000, take the example
of Pakistan where average annual income
is about $500. As per UNDCP report 1994,
estimated consumer expenditure in
Pakistan on heroin alone was US$ 1.2
billion per year.
All the above figures point towards theheinousness of the situation, which is
becoming worse with every day passing.
Improved technological and administrative
infrastructure facilitates both legal andillicit trade. Increased trade andliberalization of the market space, spells
more opportunity for illegal transactions.
Evidence for this generalization may befound in the example of the European
Union. From the mid 1980s onwards, which
is noted for the single European market,
seizure of narcotics increased noticeably.
Seizure of heroin grew by 7 times in 1985
to 1994 while for cocaine it jumped by afactor of 42. These increased seizure figures
can not be attributed to stronger law
enforcement as the annual number ofdeaths from drugs also increased by 5 times
from 1982 to 1991. This suggests thatabsolute amount of drugs in Europe also
increased (Ref. 7B; Savona, 1998).
Increased seizure figures (as we shall see

196

in the following sections of this report) insource and transit countries are also not
an indicator of efficient law enforcement,
rather it could be an increased activity ofdrug trafficking as we are still unaware of
the “Dark Figure” of their successful
operations.
To embark on the subject, we must firstbe aware of the types of drugs which are
haunting the sociologists in particular andlaw enforcers in general.
II. TYPES OF DRUGS
A drug is any substance that can causea change in body or way of thinking andfeeling. Classification of drugs can be doneby adopting different criteria as to whether
they are natural, semi-synthetic or basing
on their physiological and pharmacologicalaction on the body. Drugs occurring in
nature are called natural drugs. Plants
make many drugs and store them in theirroots, bark, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds,
resinous and milky exudations. These are
crude and raw natural drugs. We canprocess these crude drugs to isolate theactive compounds in it and chemicallyconvert them into other compounds tomake them more efficacious or reduce their
ill-effects on the body. Such man-madedrugs derived from natural drugs are calledsemi-synthetics.
Drugs which are wholly man-madestarting from elements like carbon,hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur,etc, or from simple primary chemicals, are
known as synthetic drugs. Synthetic drugs,
similar in properties to the natural ones,
are produced in factories so as to makethem available in greater quantities for
medical use and at cheaper prices. These
synthetic drugs make up the shortage, as
the plants producing them are grown onlyin certain parts of the world under certain
special climatic conditions and that too inlimited areas. Natural and synthetic drugs
exist side by side. Apart from classification,

108TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINARREPORTS OF THE SEMINAR
which varies according to the origin ofdrugs, there can be many otherclassifications. As regards the effect of thedrugs on the human body and mind, thefollowing broad classification may be ofinterest:

glycerin and water and boiled down. The
substance is processed further by cooking
to evaporate the water, with the remaining
glycerin keeping the final outcome opiumpliable. The opium is further processed to
become illegal morphine or heroin.

A. Narcotic Drugs
In general, narcotics can be defined as
those which, in therapeutic doses, diminish
awareness of sensory impulses, especiallypain, by the brain. In large doses it causes
stupor (condition of insensibility), coma or
convulsions. This would include:(1) Cannabis preparation includinghashish,(2) Opium and opium alkaloids likemorphine,(3) Coca alkaloids like cocaine, and(4) Synthetic narcotic drugs like pethidine.

D. Morphine
Morphine is the principal alkaloid ofopium. Since morphine is a condensed
extract, it is three times stronger thanopium. There is wide variety of legitimate
uses for morphine as a medicinal or painrelieving agent. In its natural state,morphine is not readily soluble in water.
Therefore it is treated with sulfuric acid.
The texture is light, very similar to that ofchalk dust.

B. Psychotropic Drugs
The Greek word ‘psyco’ means ‘soul’ and‘trope’ means ‘turning’, therefore, any drug
having peculiarity to effect the mind is a
psychotropic drug. These include:(i) Hallucinogens: These are both naturaland synthetics drugs like LSD (Lysergicacid Diathylamide) andTetrahydrocannibinals.
(ii) H y p n o t i c s : S e c o b a r b i t o n e ,Phenobartone.
(iii)Stimulants: These drugs induce an
excitement in the body likeamphetamines, cocaine.
(iv) Tranquilizers: Under this class would
fall drugs which are painkillers,
analgesics, sedatives, like barbiturates,
opiates.
C. Opium
Opium is obtained from the poppy plantby making incisions into the unripened
seedpod of the poppy. A milky substanceoozes out and turns reddish brown upon
contact with the air. The substance iscollected and further refined. If it isintended for illegal use, it is mixed with

E. Heroin
Heroin is another of the opiates. Publicconcern as to the opiates is focused
primarily on heroin being regarded as thechief drug of addiction globally. Heroin issynthesized from morphine and, grain forgrain is ten times more potent in its
pharmacological effects. Heroin acts as adepressant to the spinal cord. The toleranceof this drug builds up faster than any otheropiate. Consequently, the danger of drug
dependency is considerably greater. It hascome to known as the most dangerous andenslaving drug.
F. Cocaine
Cocaine is a white crystalline alkaloidthat is a potent, dangerous, and habitforming drug. It was first used scientificallyas local anesthetic in 1884. Its medical use
as an anesthetic is based on its ability tointerrupt conditions in nerves, especiallyin the mucous membranes of the eye, noseand throat. Cocaine is obtained from theleaves of coca, a bush commonly found wildin Peru and Bolivia and cultivated in manyother countries. After the coca crop is
harvested, it is processed and, generally,
shipped to Columbia for refinement into

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RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 54
cocaine. Its use is not new; for centuries
Indians of Peru and Bolivia have chewed
coca leaves, often mixed with ashes of plant
and with limestone, for pleasure and toenable them to withstand strenuous work,
walking, hunger and thirst. The chemicalin the leaves produces local anesthetic of
the stomach. The fine, white cocaine
powder, also called snow or coke, can besniffed and readily absorbed from nasal
mucous membranes. Cocaine can also beinjected in solution or smoked in achemically treated from.
G. Cannabis
Cannabis is a plant belonging to thehemp family. The genus originated fromCentral Asia and is now cultivated widelyin the Northern Temperate Zone. It isprized as the more abundant source of
mildly hallucinogenic drug present in theresin (cannabin) of the flowering tops,
leaves, seeds and stems. Cannabis is also
known by many other names: hashish
charas, bhang, ganja and marijuana. The
dried crushed product varies in potency,
depending on how and where it is grown,
prepared, used or stored. It usually issmoked in cigarettes or pipes; it also canbe sniffed, chewed, or added to foods orbeverages. Compared to opiates, cannabis
has a shorter history of abuse. Cannabis
was seen as a symbol of the liberal western
society in South East Asian countries.
H. Synthetic Drugs
Synthetic drugs existed in history since
the development of modern medical
science. Advances in chemical technology
have opened vistas to new chemical
substances which bring effects similar to
most of the naturally grown drugs. Cost
differentials have paved the way for thedevelopment of synthetic drugs. One
kilogram of heroin costs more than$100,000 in the U.S. while 1/10th of its cost
may manufacture the substance of equal
psychotropic results. Narcotic traffickers

198

have already seen the future in this as it
substantially curtails the risks in longtransportation. They would not have todepend on, weather effected, two crops ina year. Drug crops are vulnerable todestruction in the hands of law enforcers.
Land space and little horizontal mobility
are required in the manufacture ofsynthetic drugs as compared to natural
drugs.
The world of abusers is embarking on a
gradual shift to synthetic drugs. The use
and trafficking of amphetamines (full namemythylemphetamine or short ‘ICE’) and its
derivatives are now increasing all over inEurope, US and Asia. Clandestine
manufacture of amphetamines is easy andrisk free although one of its precursor
chemicals remains the plant based
ephedrine. It has thus been inevitable that
where easier and less visible method ofdrug production are invented, the illegal
syndicates will turn to them for profit.
III. SOURCE COUNTRIES FOR
DRUGSDrugs of some kind or other are produced
in some quantity in almost every part of
the world. But there are countries, whichhave become the source of supply to othercountries. These countries have surplus
production of drugs, which started there
traditionally or by design of illegal
producers. As per UNDCP database, up to
3.25 percent of arable land of somecountries is under illicit cultivation. Bargraph in figure 1 indicates countries withsuch a high ratio. Most of the source
countries are those which either had weakpolitical systems or unstable governmentsin the past. While talking about traditional
producers, China was on top, followed byIndia in the production of opium. After the
revolution, production in China has been
curtailed to a large extent and India is now
the largest producer of opium in the world.
As per INCB, 1995 figures legal production

108TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINARREPORTS OF THE SEMINAR
in India was 807,000 kilograms while in
China it was 20,190 kg. It is presumed thatsome part of the quantity of legal
production is produced clandestinely, whichfinds its way to become derivatives.
World maps on the following pages show
areas which produce different types ofdrugs (and routes also, which we will
discuss later). We can see a concentrationof producing areas for different drugs, typesof which have been shown with distinct
symbols. The prominent areas are as
follows:(1) South American concentration:
Columbia continues to lead the worldin cocaine production. Cannabis isalso produced there, shared in
production by Mexico. The cocaine
producing countries in South America
are Bolivia and Peru which arebasically coca leaves producing
countries; processing is done in
Columbia.
(2) Golden Triangle: This is the oldest
and most talked about source ofheroin and marijuana in the world.
This is a hilly tract lying in between
Mayanmar, Laos and Thailand. It isestimated that 60 percent of theworlds supply of heroin and opium
comes from this area. Mayanmar
alone is sharing 50 percent of theworld’s illicit production of opium andheroin. Laos happens to be a big
producer of marijuana along with
opium.
(3) Golden Crescent: This area is in the
shape of crescent stretching from the
Pakistan-Afghanistan boarder tonorthern part of Iran. This is also ahilly area mainly inhabited by thetribals of the countries mentioned
above. Due to stringent control byPakistan, the production has now
shifted from Pakistan to inside
Afghan boarders. Afganistan alone isproducing some 2,300 tons of opium

annually.
(4) Synthetic Drugs Producing Regions:Due to reasons already mentioned
the world is gradually shifting tosynthetic drugs and in theirproduction, China and Russia-two
chemical producing giants-areleading. In Europe also, scatteredpockets of the chemical industry canbe found in Holland, Poland and someother eastern European countries.

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RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 54
FIGURE 1
ILLICIT CULTIVATION IN THE EARLY 1990s

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108TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINARREPORTS OF THE SEMINAR
FIGURE 2
SOURCE COUNTRIES AND ROUTES(COCAINE)

Source: The NNICC Report 1994, published in 1995.

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RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 54
FIGURE 3
SOURCE COUNTRIES AND ROUTES(HEROIN)

Source: The NNICC Report 1994, published in 1995.

202

108TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINARREPORTS OF THE SEMINAR
FIGURE 4
SOURCE COUNTRIES AND ROUTES(MARIJUANA AND HASHISH)

Source: The NNICC Report 1994, published in 1995.

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RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 54
IV. CONSUMING COUNTRIESIt is a proverb that demand creates its
own supply. The world forums are thinking
along the lines that instead of putting futile
efforts in curtailing the supply, focus should
also be on reducing the demand. Abuse ofdrugs remained present since time
immemorial, but in the recent decades it
multiplied beyond geometrical dimensions.
According to the recent survey data, about
13 million Americans-6.1 percent of thetotal population-used drugs on a casual,monthly, basis in 1996. The survey data
indicates that in 1995 there wereapproximately 3.3 million chronic users of
cocaine and some 500,000 heroin addicts.
It is estimated that nearly 5 million
Americans have tried methamphetamines,
an illicit drug associated with particularly
violent aberrant behavior, in their lifetime.
There is no doubt that the United States
has a serious problem with the degree ofillegal drug use. Unfortunately, othercountries are also experiencing an increasein illegal drug use. In Pakistan the heroin
addict population is estimated to havegrown from virtually none in 1980 to 1.52
million in 1995 (as per Individual
Presentation of Pakistan). Likewise, theuse of cocaine and other illicit drugs has
substantially increased in Russia and othercountries of the former Soviet Bloc since
the breakup of the Soviet Union.
In European countries, too drugs arehitting hard and more than 20 percent of
population in some way or other is effectedby drugs. Newly disintegrated States offormer Soviet Union are fast developing adrug culture. They are not only consuming
drugs but also rapidly becoming transit
countries who reap huge profits for their
black economies. Belgium has alreadybecome a big consumer of synthetic drugs
and serves as a transit point also. In France
the situation can be imagined from the factthat in 1991, 45,000 arrests were made of
drug users which may be only 5 percent of204

the actual drug users.
Countries which remained known for
their production are switching over todomestic consumption. As per someestimates, five to ten percent of the
population of the countries comprising
Golden Crescent, Golden Triangle andGolden Wedge, have become addicts of one
type of drug or another. Countries in theimmediate vicinity of these areas are also
showing sign of high drug abuse ratios. As
quoted by the Philippines participant there
are 1.7 million drug abusers, 70 percent of
which are located in Manila. There, thetrend is mostly developing for Shabu (local
name for mehtamphetamine) among young
school and college students. Similar is thecase with the transit countries which were
known previously for their trade only.
These countries have become user-dealers.
Pakistan’s example can be quoted in thisrespect. Pakistan claims to have eradicatedpoppy production altogether with stringent
State measures, however, it still remains
a transit country for Afghan Production.
Due to this very reason Pakistan has aheroin addict population of more than 1.5
million.
The UNDCP (United Nations
International Drug Control Program) has
recently conducted a comparison of someselected countries for estimated heroinabuse and consumption expenditure on
illicit drugs. The report has been publishedin 1997 and is an eye opener forsociologists.
In recent years, the most pronounced
increase in drug abuse has been reported
for synthetic drugs. This rise includes thea b u s e o f AT S ( a m p h e t a m i n e - t y p estimulants). Some 30 million people (0.5percent of global population), more thanheroin and probably more than cocaine,
consume ATS worldwide (Ref. 5; World
Drug Report).
As per UNDCP estimates more than 440
million people world over use some kind of
drugs. Their classification may be seen in

108TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINARREPORTS OF THE SEMINAR
Table 1. Their percentage of the total world
population has also been calculated.

TABLE 1ESTIMATED NUMBER OF WORLD DRUG ABUSERS (ANNUAL
PREVALENCE) IN 1990s

Countries

Estimated Heroin
Abusers (thousands)

Australia
Italy
Pakistan
SwedenThailand
UK
USA

285
370
1,520
5
214
100
500

Consumption Expenditureon Illicit Drugs (US$ Millions)All drugs
HeroinHeroin and other opiate-type substances*
Cocaine*Cannabis*Hallucinogens**
ATS**
Sedative-type substances**

4,389
13,400
1,500
400
1,900
n/a
48,700

1,172
9,000
1,200
100
820
1,330
7,100

Estimated total(million people)

in % of total population

8.0
13.3
141.2
25.5
a30.2
227.4

0.14%
0.23%
2.45%
0.44%
0.52%
3.92%

Sources: UNDCP Annual Reports Questionnaires; UNDCP Mission Reports; UNDCP Country Profiles:
UNDCP Country Programme Frameworks; United States Department of State, International Narcotics
Control Strategy Reports: UNDCP estimates.

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RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 54
V. TRANSIT COUNTRIES AND
DRUG ROUTES
Initially producing countries used tosend drugs directly to consuming countries.
But with awareness regarding the source
countries in the effected countries, strictmeasures were adopted to block the supply.
Effective enforcement techniques
concentrated on the incoming traffic ofpassengers and cargo from producing
countries. This gave birth to thephenomena of transit countries. Traffickers
chose non-producing commercial countries
with heavy out going passenger and cargotraffic as an intermediate point to avoid
destination inspections. Today a vast webof trafficking has been created which, due
to its complicated nature, undermines theefforts of law enforcement agencies.
Since the starting point of any drug isthe source country, therefore we can plot
the transit countries and resultant routes
on the production map of the world. In themaps at Figures 2 to 5, we can see thegeneral routes of drug flow with respective
transit countries and ports.
Colombia being the leading producer of
cocaine, carries extensive drug cartels
using Mexico and Central America asstaging or trans-shipment area for U.S.bound cocaine through Southwestern andSoutheastern bordering States. As regards
European countries, Spain and Italy arestill the major entry points for cocaine,
along with Portugal. From these countries
it spreads to all of Europe through France.
Italian Mafia plays a leading role incontrolling the deliveries. Cocaine is also
air lifted from South American countries
in small but steady quantities by Nigerians
via international airline points. Austria has
further become a transit point of cocaine
for Russia.
The Asia-Pacific region is the location of
the major opium cultivation sources i.e. theGolden Triangle that includes the areas of
the northern part of Thailand, thenortheastern part of Laos and Myanmar.
206

Drugs from the Golden Triangle can be
trafficked to the world market throughIndia, China, Myanmar, and Thailand.
India is used as a transit point for opium
and heroin produced in Southeast Asia.
Narcotics from the Golden Triangle enter
India through its northeastern borderline
before being further transported to Europe
and North America. As for China, besides
facing an upsurge in opium and heroinabuse, the country has now developed as atransit route for heroin from the Golden
Triangle to Hong Kong. Traffickers havesignificantly increased the movement ofheroin through the southern borderprovinces of Yunnan, Guangxi andGuangdong to Hong Kong, taking
advantage of burgeoning commerce in theregion.
At the international level, the French
connection, the heroin smuggling routefrom Turkey to New York by way ofMarseilles, has been replaced by the
Chinese connection. Heroin from Southeast
Asia begins in the poppy fields of theGolden Triangle and continues throughHong Kong to the United States with theultimate destination as New York City. The
DEA’s reports indicated a substantial
increase in the proportion of Southeast
Asian heroin entering the U.S., and theSoutheast Asian heroin trade isincreasingly dominated by the Chinese. 56
percent of all heroin seized by U.S.
authorities was seized in New York. Of thatheroin, 70 percent was found to be ofSoutheast Asian origin (Ref. 14; Mr.
Yodmani, 1993).
In its publication of February 4, 1998,“Sankei Shinbun” a Japanese newspaper,
alerted the Japanese nation to a new
stimulant
drug“ Ya - B a ”(Methamphetamine base) in tablet form.
It is already in use in Golden Triangle andwith the courtesy of “Yakuza” it is now
being introduced in Japan. The paper has
also given an elaborate map of drug
movement in the Pacific Rim which is
reproduced in Figure 6.

108TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINARREPORTS OF THE SEMINAR
FIGURE 5
HASHISH TRAFFICKING ROUTES FROM MOROCCO

Source: The NNICC Report 1994, published in 1995.

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RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 54
FIGURE 6
SMUGGLING ROUTE FROM GOLDEN TRIANGLE

For the Golden Crescent, Pakistan
remains the major transit country as the
producing country Afghanistan is a land
locked country. Afghanistan is also using
Iran and C.I.S. for this purpose. Iran has,
therefore, become both producing andtransit country. Due to easy passage ascompared to Pakistan, Central AsianStates are now being preferred for transit
to Europe and the U.S. This is evident fromthe INCB report for 1995; and the findingsof conference of 37 countries in Europe inFebruary1995.
Trans-shipments of heroin, coming fromCentral Asian regions and Middle East
countries are also conducted by Nigerians
via air through the main international
airline points. Also Turkish crime groups
are involved in heroin trafficking from theproduction points to Germany and theUnited Kingdom, passing through theBalkan routes and Greece.

208

Due to the consolidated interaction
among Russian, Chinese and Vietnamesegangs, Austria has become a transit
country for heroin coming from the Central
Asian regions and for cocaine arriving via
Central Europe and Russia. In the Southof Europe, Albania has replaced the
traditional transit route used throughYugoslavia for drug trafficking. France isa transit route for hashish originating inSouthwest Asia and North Africa.
In the Netherlands local networks are
becoming the main producers of synthetic
drugs in Europe. From here these areexported through new routes leading outof the European Union, utilized also for the
trade in marijuana and hashish which isstill flourishing. Several internal routes aredesigned to transit synthetic drugs
produced in the Netherlands andamphetamines produced in Poland to
Sweden, Finland, and other European
countries by Dutch, Belgian and Polishnetworks. Also, Belgium is a consumer

108TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINARREPORTS OF THE SEMINAR
market for synthetic drugs and thetrafficking is carried out throughcooperation between rooted networks of
Belgian and Dutch citizens.
VI. MODUS OPERANDI OF DRUG
TRAFFICKING
The methods used to transport illicit
drugs are often very ingenious. Traffickers
use a variety of means to transport drugs
including automobiles equipped withconcealed compartments, planes, buses,
trains, legitimate delivery services, boats,fishing trawlers, ocean-going vessels, etc.
Drugs are smuggled by couriers using
various concealment methods such asconcealment in traveling suitcases, hiding
among personal belongings, body packing,swallowing methods, etc. In addition to
moving large shipments of the drugs, small
quantities are often moved through themail.
The most popular method used isconcealment in traveling suitcases orovernight bags. Swallowing is also popular
especially among African couriers. Some ofthem are able to swallow several hundred
grams of drugs in balloons or condoms. The
record seizure obtained in the swallowing
method was 158 condoms with anestimated gross weight of 1,060 grams ofheroin. Other methods used, include
concealment in a carton of soap by pressing
heroin into the form of soap bars;
concealment in the case of an electricalcord, in the core of lace’s roll; concealment
in post-cards, envelopes, books, postal
parcels, etc.
With the invention of latest techniquesin the field of detection, like electronic
screening, dog sniffing, etc., the traffickers
are resorting to new methods every day.
Bulk exporting materials are stuffed withsmall quantities of drugs. Double walled
hollow export containers which look likenormal containers are also used which canpass the screening test easily. Countries

having vast international coastlines areoften seen having influx through small
vessels and boats. Air dropping is anothermethod used in the U.S. and Australia forcocaine and heroin respectively. A very
novel method is in vogue in Saudi Arabia,
where camels are being used. Trained
camels are taken out of Saudi Arabia to
Iraq and Jordan and after loading themwith drugs they are set stray without any
driver. Since the camels know theirdestination, they reach safely home withthe merchandise. In this way there is norisk of human arrest.
VII. DRUG TRAFFICKING MAFIA
Huge margins of profit in drug trade,
paved the way for the emergence of big
drug syndicates and cartels. Formulationof syndicates and cartels was also
necessary to organize the criminal activity
because of a continuous exposure to law
enforcement agencies. It was first felt bySicilian Mafia that crime could be better
managed viz a viz the criminal justicesystem, if they were themselves properlyorganized. Mushroom growth of organizedcrime groups to reap the profits of drugtrade necessitated the need of mutualinteraction hence transnational groups,
syndicates and cartels.
Existence of La Cosa Nostra (LCN) in
the United States is no hidden truth. Large
networks of LCN families, which are
named for famous leaders i.e. Genovese,
Gambino, Colombo, etc; is involved in all
the narcotics imported and consumed in
U.S. The LCN, particularly families
operating in the Miami area, havenumerous criminal contact with theColombian cocaine cartels. The LCN also
works closely with the Sicilian Mafia in the
distribution of drugs.
Although more than 500 Colombian drugtrafficking organizations have connections
with Colombian cartels, the two largest are
the Medellin and Cali cartels, named after209

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 54
the cities near which their operations are
centered. The cocaine cartels alignthemselves with various paramilitary andguerrilla organizations to protect theirdrug distribution networks. The
participant from Colombia mentioned that
action against these cartels has been taken
and most of them are behind bars now. An
action in the past was taken also when withthe help of the Colombian Government, in
1992, FBI under cover operation “GreenIce” which resulted into 152 arrests. Those
were the members of Colombian Cartels
and were arrested from Italy (29), UK (3),Spain (4) and USA (112). In this operation
seven of the top ranking financial
managers of the Cali Cartel were also
hauled up with US$ 44 million worth ofassets (Ref.5; World Drug Report).
The cartels smuggle cocaine into theUnited States through a variety ofgeographic areas. In the mid-1980s, as law
enforcement pressure on drug trafficking
in Florida grew, the cartels began to shift
their emphasis to Mexico. From Mexico
drugs are easily being shipped into
California. Currently, large shipments ofcocaine enters the United States throughLos Angeles, San Diego and Miami.
Besides the LCN there are othercriminal organizations that originated in
Italy and have operations in the UnitedStates. These organizations are: theSicilian Mafia, the ‘Ndrangheta, and theCamorra. Although these are still primarily
located in Italy, all three organizations are
involved in international drug trafficking
and have various operations in the UnitedStates and Europe.
Galicians in Spain and the Mafia in Italy
have specialized as cocaine importers andmain suppliers for Europe. Local criminalgroups in the Netherlands and Belgium
have specialized in production and exportof synthetic drugs in and outside theEuropean Union. Nigerians and Eastern
European criminal networks (headed by
the Russian Mafia) have developed their210

activity of delivery service for a wide rangeof products and customers. The former
have started importing cocaine for the
Colombian cartels, extending further toheroin from Southeast Asia. The latter, due
to the geographic position and theextension of the territory available, havediversified the products from drugs (bothheroin and cocaine) to arms, alien andprostitutes smuggling, and in return
exporting cars and synthetic drugs from
Europe.
“Russian Organized Crime” refers not
only to organized crime groups operatingin Russia, but rather more broadly
encompasses two general components.
First, Russian organized crime refers toorganized crime groups operating in or
headquartered in countries in Eastern
Europe and Asia that were formerly partof the Soviet Union and the Soviet Bloc,
which for example would include Russia,
Poland, Hungary, Georgia, Armenia,
Kazakhistan, Ukraine and others.
Secondly, Russian organized crime refers
to organized crime groups operating in over
50 countries outside Russia. They arefirmly entrenched in the Former Soviet
Union and Soviet Bloc countries, and are
expanding to the United States, theCaribbean, South America, Israel and the
Middle East. In the 1990’s narcotics
consumption has increased in Russian andother former Soviet Bloc countries. Thereis evidence that Russian organized crimegroups are responsible for much of the drugtrafficking and have formed alliances with
South American drug trafficking
organizations and Italian organized crimegroups to handle distribution of narcotics
in the former Soviet Bloc countries.
Triads are relatively large criminalorganized groups operating in Hong Kong(in collaboration with snakeheads) the
People’s Republic of China and Taiwan.
Like other organized crime groups theiractivities include, but not limited to drugtrafficking. They have links with

108TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINARREPORTS OF THE SEMINAR
European, American and other Asiangroups. Most of the Pacific Rim drug trade
is conducted by them or their links. An
estimated 70 percent of the Golden
Triangle trafficking is in their hands.
Japanese Boryokudan are notorious fortheir influence and well-integratedorganization, but their activities are mostly
restricted to domestic distribution
n e t w o r k s . H o w e v e r, n o w t h e y a r eembarking upon this lucrative businessand have started developing links withother international crime syndicates.
All other countries have local organizedgroups which operate in very secretive
ways to hide their hierarchy andmembership to avoid the risk of exposure
to law. They, however, maintain links with
big syndicates internationally for the
disposal of merchandize. Iqbal Mirchi and
Dawood groups in India; Ayub Afridi and
Iqbal Beg groups in Pakistan are such
examples (as quoted by respective
participants). These small groups normally
maintain their base outside the homecountry preferably where there is no
extradition treaty.

Opium (tons)
Heroin (tons)
Hashish (tons)

1994
14.3606.020
178.290

VIII. CONFISCATION AND
PROSECUTION SITUATION
During the course of group discussions
and individual presentations, participants
gave statistics on their countries in respect
to drugs. Since each country has a different
system of maintaining the statistics, it was
not possible to compare those figures in one
analysis table. Moreover, in every region,different types of drugs, with different andlocal names, are confiscated. There aredifferent criminal justice systems which
depict prosecution figures in their own
styles. It was, therefore, thought proper todiscuss the statistics separately for eachcountry.
In Pakistan, seizure figures remained
staggering over the years. A determined
Government and efficient Anti-Narcotic
Force rooted out opium production in its
producing areas in 1995, therefore, thefigures for that year are large because of
the extensive operations. After that the
seizures figures are mainly of interceptionof drugs coming from Afghanistan fordomestic use, as well as for further transit.
The following table shows the confiscationof drugs for last three years and for 1997
(Jan. to Oct.) in Pakistan.

1995
107.2339.416
294.525

1996
7.377
5.763
189.136

1997(Jan-Oct)
6.448
3.443
92.322For the same period the arrests of defenders are as follows:

Opium
HeroinHashish1994
3,157
23,69627,281

1995
3,366
24,92031,3991996
2,736
21,51029,2101997(Jan-Oct)
1,998
11,942
22,133211

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 54
Indian Statistics are available for 1992 to 1996 regarding the seizure of narcotics
through the courtesy of that participant:Opium (kg)
Heroin (kg)
Hashish (kg)Arrests

1992
1,918
1,153
6,621
12,850

1993
3,011
1,088
8,238
13,723

1994
2,256
1,011
6,992
15,452

1995
1,339
1,678
3,073
14,673

1996
2,875
1,257
n/a
13,554

The following are the figures for Saudi Arabia from 1992 to 1996 which were presented
by the participant from that country:

Opium (kg)
Heroin (kg)
Hashish (kg)Arrests

1992
28
89
3,723
5,515

1993
12
157
1,949
5,628

1994
17
206
2,472
6,589

1995
30
112
1,972
8,278

1996
155
324
1,809
10,328The participant from Nicaragua mentioned that drugs were not much of a problem in
his country, but still there were 989 cases in 1996 (716 in 1995) and 2,757 kgs of cocaine
was seized in 1997. Seizure of cocaine in 1996 and 1995 was 398 kgs and 1,512 kgs
respectively. Recently there were some cases of heroin too, resulting into the seizure of
2 kgs.
Figures for Nepal regarding drugs seizure and persons arrested as quoted by theparticipant are as follows:
1993
Cannabis (kg) 2,448.2
Hashish (kg)517.9
Heroin (kg)18.1
Opium (kg)0.4
Arrests
687

1994
2,482.5
1,273.6
17.1
4.4
785

1995
5,521.2
2,133.4
7.3
0.2
810

1996
2,271.3
1,917.3
10.0
0.4
788

1997
1,898.3
790.5
10.4
0.7
452

Amount of seized drugs in Japan as supplied by the Japanese participants is depictedin the following table, while the numbers of suspects in Japan are at Table 2:
1992
Stimulant
166 kg
Heroin12
Cocaine
33
Cannabis resin
11
Cannabis (leaf)
232
LSD
0.6 (*1000t)

212

1993
97
15
26
30
607
0.6

1994
314
10
36
95
94
1

1995
88
8
36
131
208
2,261

1996
652
4
37
145
173
4

108TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINARREPORTS OF THE SEMINAR
Statistics provided by other participants
are placed in the Appendix A. Somecountries such as Fiji, Madagascar,
Mongolia and Tonga have only a few drugs
related cases.
The United Nations have compiled acomparative list of countries regarding
seizure figures along with the top ranking
30 countries in respect of different drugs.
The lists are placed in the Appendix A. The
UNDCP in its latest report published in
1997 (Ref.5; World Drug Report) have madea comparison of selected countries
regarding persons arrested on drug
charges. To make the figures comparable,
the number of arrests have been converted
into a per 100,000 population basis.

Persons Arrested on Drug Charges on per 100,000 people basis (1994)
Australia
313.0
Colombia
3.1
Italy
450.0
Pakistan
49.2
Sweden103.0
Thailand
205.0
UK
150.0
USA
539.0

213

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 54
TABLE 2
NUMBER OF DRUG SUSPECTS IN JAPAN
1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

15,062

15,252

14,655

17,101

19,420smuggling

65

43

33

17

22

production

0

1

0

6

1

possession

4,749

4,814

4,504

5,824

6,797

transferring

2,495

2,499

2,256

2,242

2,398

use

7,752

7,884

7,850

9,001

10,191

1

11

12

10

11

total

331

363

343

334

275

smuggling

77

75

55

52

42

production

1

0

0

13

0

possession

145

181

193

179

147

transferring

68

75

67

61

64

use

33

20

20

26

17

others

8

2

8

1

5

1,635

2,051

2,103

1,555

1,306

cultivation

19

25

21

16

40

possession

1,094

1,452

1,571

1,154

1,010

transferring

421

478

380

277

174

6

2

0

4

total

90

131

222

172

141

cultivation

69

62

128

111

102

smuggling

15

20

45

14

14

possession

6

49

38

34

24

transferring

0

0

7

6

0

others

0

0

4

7

1

STIMULANT
total

othersNARCOTICS

CANNABIS
total

others
OPIUM

214

108TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINARREPORTS OF THE SEMINAR
FIGURE 7
DRUG SEIZURES BY REGION, 1985-1995.

Source: World Drug Report, a UNDCP publication, 1997.

215

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 54
IX. AMOUNT OF GAINS FROMDRUGSFor the major producers like Bolivia,
Peru, Afghanistan and Myanmar, illicit
drug exports make up a large percentageof export revenues. For example, since1986, Bolivian coca-cocaine exports are
believed to have represented between 28
and 53 percent of the value of total exportsthat include the value of coca-cocaine
exports, or between 39 and 112 percent of
those that exclude them. In Afghanistan
and Myanmar, it is highly likely that thepercentages are higher since neither
country has important legitimate exports.
Pakistan has a larger economy, still illicit
drug exports in 1992 are thought to haveamounted to US$1.5 billion; a sum equal
to one-fifth of the US$7.2 billion of exports.
Countries such as Mexico and Thailand
have fairly diversified economies withmany sources of foreign exchange; thus,
while the illicit drug industry certainly
affects their economies, the impact is likely
to be less prominent than for the countries
mentioned previously.
Sale of drugs, and laundering profits
from these sales, undoubtedly contributes
to the size of an underground economy. In
many countries illegal drug expenditures
are thought to account for the largest shareof the illegal markets. Total illicit drug
expenditures at the retail level in the
U.S.A. alone were estimated at US$50
billion per annum in the mid-1990s. If theworld drug trade were taken into
consideration, the estimated amount oflaundered money would range from
US$300 billion to US$500 billion (Ref.6;
Marine, 1998). The extent of money in drug
business can be well visualized from thefact that one time US cover operation
against Cali Cartel resulted in the seizureof US$ 44 million worth of assets (Ref.12;
Mr. Proctor, 1993).
Hong Kong has seized HK$53 million
worth of assets during the period 1989-97.

216

In Pakistan also the Anti-Narcotics Forcehas up to now frozen assets worth Rs 3,612
million (US$82 million) from 60 notorious
drug traffickers in the country. In 1995
India also confiscated local and foreign
currency worth Rs 200 million (US$5
million) which was considered illgotten,
irrespective of its source. Income tax
authorities in India also seized assets
worth Rs 4,580 million (US$115 million)
due to unexplained source of income. In
Japan, property worth 99.2 million yen has
so far been confiscated (from July 1992 toSeptember 30 1997) as the proceeds of drugtrafficking and the like, while another 23.3
million yen has been frozen for confiscation.
X. CONCLUSION
From the foregoing analysis of the drug
situation, we can feel the magnitude of the
problem. No wonder that the issue finds
its place at the top, whenever crime isdiscussed. International forums are verymuch concerned and millions of dollars arebeing spent in gathering the statistics
regarding the drug situation prevailing in
the world. It is only after knowing thegravity of the problem that steps can betaken with the proportionate intensity.
Effective measures and recommendations
for eradication of the drug menace could
have been suggested here, but in theopinion of the members, it was not in thepurview of Topic 1. This collection of
information may, therefore, be taken as afood for thought to formulate future drug
fighting strategies.
REFERENCES
1. A l l t h e p a p e r s o f I n d i v i d u a lpresentations by the participants ofU N A F E I ’s 1 0 8 t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l
Seminar.
2. All the presentations of speakers
during the General Discussion Sessionsof the Seminar.
3. Report of International Narcotics

108TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINARREPORTS OF THE SEMINAR
Control Board for 1996; a U.N.
publication, 1997.
4. The National Narcotics Intelligence
Consumers Committee Report for 1994,
on the Supply of Illicit Drugs to theUnited States; a DEA publication,
1995.
5. World Drug Report, United Nations
International Drug Control Program,a United Nations publication, 1997.
6. “The Threats Posed by Transnational
Crimes and Organized Crime Groups
and United States Responses” by Mr.
Frank Marine from the United States,
a visiting expert for the 108th
International Seminar, 1998.
7. “Recent Trends of Organized Crime inEurope: Actors, Activities and Policies
against Them” and “The
Organizational Framework ofEuropean Crime in the Globalization
Process” by Dr. Ernesto Ugo Savona
from Italy, a visiting expert for the108th International Seminar, 1998.
8. “Current Problems in the Combat ofOrganized Transnational Crime” by
Mr. Dimitri Vlassis from the United
Nations, a visiting expert for the 108th
International Seminar, 1998.
9. “The Evolution of Drug Trafficking in
the Pacific Rim” by Mr. Lau Yuk-kuen
from Hong Kong, a visiting expert forthe 108th International Seminar, 1998.
10. “Drug Trafficking, Illegal Trafficking of
women and Children, Fire Arms
Smuggling and Currency
Counterfeiting (Philippines)” by Mr.
Severino H. Gana Jr., International
Director of the Asia Crime Prevention
Foundation, 1998.
11. “Organized Crime in India, Problems
and Perspectives” by Mr. Madan Lal
Sharma from India, a visiting expert
for the 108th International Seminar.
12. “Organized Crime in the United States
and the Legal Tools Used to Fight it”
by Mr. George W. Proctor from theUnited States, a visiting expert for

92nd International Training Course,
Resource Material Series number 43,
a UNAFEI publication, 1993.
13. “Narcotics and Laundering in France”
by Mr. Pierre Dillange from France, avisiting expert for 92nd International
Training Course, Resource Material
Series number 43, a UNAFEI
publication, 1993.
14. “Quest for Effective Methods ofOrganized Crime Control” by Mr.
Chavalit Yodmani from Thailand, avisiting expert for 92nd International
Training Course, Resource Material
Series number 43, a UNAFEI
publication, 1993.

217

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 54
APPENDIX A[BANGLADESH]
STATISTICS ON CASES, ACCUSED AND SEIZURE FROM 1990 TO 1997 AS
DETECTED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF NARCOTICS CONTROL
Drugs
HeroinCocaineCharashOpium
Marijuana
Marijuana plants
Marijuana Cigarette
Illicit Distillation
Country Liquor
Foreign Liquor
Foreign Liquor
Foreign Liquor
Foreign Liq.(Beer)
Indian C.S
Indian F.L.
Rect.Sprit
Den.Sprit
Hilly Liquor
Phensidyl
Phensidyl
Mretosanjibini
Tari(Todi)
Pachwai
Pethidine
Tidi Zeshic
Bhang
Bhang plant
Beladona
Zauwa
BakharBaklarSp.Medicine
MaddakAlcholist
NishadalAlcohol
Others
Total
218

Unit
Kg
Kg
Kg
Kg
Kg
No.
No.
Litres
Litres
LitresQuartsBottlesCan
Bottles
Litres
Litres
Litres
LitresBottles
LitresBottles
Litres
LitresAmpules
AmpulesKg.
No.
Litres
LitresKg.
Can.
BottlesKg.
No.
Kg.
Litres
Kg.

Cases
1467
12
76
40
6448
190
02
6590
195
252
519
119
39
42
26
777
129
12
2159
52
23
541
102
54
133
21
03
01
100
19
02
08
09
75
01
09
01
20248

Accused
1875
19
78
34
5947
191
02
5910
191
294
492
100
36
14
09
757
126
08
1400
24
14
490
101
57
135
10
02
01
90
17
03
10
13
75
01
09
00
18535

Seizures
81.94
7.46
43.88
21.84
12099.69
349170.00
53715.00
106685.90
2683.031742.18
4601.47
2749.00
24710.00
869.50465.5533548.81
1502.46
127.00223013.50
8215.25
1360.37
24338.14
1595.00
22865.00
23500.00
1031.77
96.00
23.00
229406.60
122.60108755.00
2574.00
9.26
30.00
360.00179.11
20.75

108TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINARREPORTS OF THE SEMINAR[FIJI]CASES UNDER

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

Drug Ordinance Act

236

326

396

352

352

1997
(Jan-Jun)218[INDIA]Year
Qty(kg)OPIUM
CASES
Qty(kg)HEROINCASES
Qty(kg)
HASHISH
CASES

1990
2114
506
2193
764
6388
753

1991
2145
566
622
1158
4413
335

1992
1918
1286
1153
2779
6621
2516

1993
3011
1679
1088
3303
8238
2827

1994
2256
1171
1011
3331
6992
2672

1995
1339
871
1678
3236
3629
2691

1996
2875
977
1257
3043
6520
2593

[MADAGASCAR]
No. of Cases
About Drugs

1995
66

1996
91

1997
33

[MALAYSIA]ARREST
CASES UNDER
Sec.39B
Sec.39A(2)Sec.39A(1)Other Sec.

1996
1,284 (800)992 (753)
1,220 (987)
8,705 (7,352)

1997
1,753 (1,045)
1,081 (831)
1,606 (1,305)
7,806 (6,570)

1996
100 kg
164 kg0.002
42.97 kg
210.22 kg
1,423.58 kg
692,886 tablets
20,276 tablets
1.21 kg
2.80

1997
138.72 kg
159 kg76.85 kg
191.99 kg
3,737.03 kg
1,291,338 tablets
38,289 tablets
2.00 kg-

SEIZUREDRUG TYPE
Raw Opium
Opium
MorpineHeroin Base
Heroin No.3
Cannabis
Psycitropic Pill
Ecstacy Pill
Shabu
Cocaine

219

220

810

788

452

4571

1995

1996

1997

Total;

3773

385

888

842

209

9

39

42

559

53

63

116

29

4

-

10

333

309

150

17300 276

1898

2271

5521

705

50

158

505

Nepalese
Foreigner
Cannabis
Fiscal Year No. of Person Arrested Male Female Male Female Kg Gm. Mg.
1991
520
451
20
45
4
545 494 742
1992
529
395
34
95
5
2133 324 760
1993
887
570
22
92
3
2448 194
1994
785
844
43
95
3
2482 470 500

5478300 260

790

191

2133 428

874

800

372

131

Hashish
Kg. Gm. Mg.
709 767 417
958 105 590
517 897 550
1273 617 138

92

10

489

7

Kg.
8
21
18
17

754

358

989

320

340

700

985

245

HeroinGm. Mg.
424 937
395 488
147 810119 177(1991 TO 1997 UP TO SEPTEMBER)

6

-

-

-

Kg.
0
0
4

783

749

440

205

-

-

-

-

Opium
Gm. Mg.
171
737
4
477
-

Others103 gm Bhang 8850 ml Phensedyl
2 kg of Bhang
Phensedyl 2898 Bottles
Bhang 1 kg., Nitrazepam; 542 Pieces,
Matulani Powder 14 kg, 32 gm;
Dalzepam 954 Tablets;
Valium Rose 12 Tab; Phensedyl 245
Bottle; Nitrosen 178 Tab; Nitravale 8
Tab; Codine Sulphele 159 Tab;
Tidgesic Inl. 1789 Voll.
Phansedyl 3088 bottle; Tidlgesic Inj.
4087 voll; Nitrazepam 588 pieces;
Oxazepam 90 pieces; Nitrosen 3071
Tab; Bhang 11 kg. 500 gm; Morphin
175 bottle; \vallum 10 tab; andTidlgesic 238 pieces.
Tidlgesic Inj. 7508 voll; Tidl. Tab. 40
Phensedyle 801 bottle; Nitrazepam
1214 tab; Vitration 120 tab; Roblgesic
25, Nitrosen 2148 Tab; Calmpoze Ini.
100 voll; Vellum 142 Tab; Nitrovale
120 tab; Lorazepam 158 Tab.
Mlthllerogy mlthaln 100 voll;Dizepam 53 Tab. + Inj 1 Aspallne 4 cc;
Cannabis seeds 250; Cannabis dust 8kg; Phorkas 1, Cough Syrup 1;
Nitrosil Tab. 804; Bruphine Inl. 14;
Exolnon 79 cc Acellc Acid 280 Litres;
Dormention Tab. 180;Codlne Sulpher
Tab. 20; Hlplyach 14.
Phynsedyle-837 bottle; Tidlgesic Inl.
4054 Voll; Codine Sulphate 4971,
Nitrazepam Tab. 2188; Brufen-2,
Nitrosen Tab. 2300, Nldll-1, Remisl
Syringe-47; Dalzepam Inj. 4 pieces.
Nitravel 60.

NUMBER OF PERSONS ARRESTED AND QUANTITIES OF DRUGS SEIZED[NEPAL]RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 54

108TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINARREPORTS OF THE SEMINAR[NICARAGUA]ILLEGAL DRUG TRAFFICKING CASES
YEARS
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997

CASES
245
485
500
965
986
716
989
730

CLEARED CASES
480
495
963
986
716
988
728

SEIZURE OF DRUGSYEARSCOCAINE

CRACK

1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997

535.936 kg
762.642456.447
96.2091,337.754
1,512
398.4442,757.926

– g
–
–
–
455
1,069
3,531
6,406

MARIJUANA
PLANT SEED
–
20c.
–
1,052
–
–
1,124
31,068
–
519
9,808
–
882
92,534–765
53,776–
1,884
53,52815.5
553
20,70017
Lb

HEROIN
– kg
–
–
–
–
1
2

[PAPUA NEW GUINEA]
YEAR
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996

No of Incidents
45
67
53
116
255
242
320
333
1113
949
849
1444

221

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 54[PHILIPPINES]
ARREST
No of Persons Arrested
No of Foreigners Arrested

1995
1,425
15 (2 killed)

1996
1,311
27 (1 killed)

CONFISCATIONS/SEIZURES
HeroinCocaineMethamphetamine (Shabu)
Marijuana Leaves
Marijuana Plants
Marijuana Seedings
TOTAL MARKET VALUE

1995
014,424 gms
207,593 gms
1,754,956 gms
6,808,473 pcs
22,847,193 pcs
P1.76 BILLION

1996
2,534 gms
1,392 gms
280,699.24 gms
964,062.10 gms
9,164,052 pcs
2,997,065 pcs
P2.044BILLION[KOREA]
Breakdown by the Type of Violations and Drug-Related Laws(1994-1996)
Drugs
Type of violation
Manufacturing
Smuggling
Trafficking
Cultivation
Consumption
Possession
Not specified
Total

Narcotics
Cannabis
Psychotropic drugs
1994 1995 1996 1994 1995 1996 1994 1995 1996
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
9
10
17
9
9
3
1
6
52
73
77
18
12
19
33
22
11
424
733
755
1,121 1,029 1,098
123
105
76
20
18
9
885
951
804 1,021 1,682 2,400
24
17
17
349
264
169
99
102
239
114
50
83
106
173
206
142
168
201
1,314 1,135 1,235 1,499 1,516 1,272 1,742 2,767 3,682

Seizure of Drugs from Abroad (1993-1996)
1993
1994
1995
1996
number seized number seized number seized number seizedDrugsof cases quantity of cases quantity of cases quantity of cases quantity
metham-phetamine
11
1.6 kg13
3.9 kg24
7.6 kg30
13.9 kg
cocaine4
23.0 kg
2
37 g
1
0
5
766.8 gheroin2
22.4 kg3
1.0 kg3
3.5 kg4
1.8 kgraw opium6
3.2 kg5
2.9 kg3
2.1 kg20.47 kg
marijuana
1
5.4 g
3
143 g
1
0.5 g
6
3,155.8 g
Year

222

108TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINARREPORTS OF THE SEMINAR
Breakdown of Seizures of Drugs from Abroad by Source (1996)
Source/Transit
country
China
Japan
TaiwanHong Kong
Pakistan
United States
Philippines
ThailandKazakstan
Nigeria
New ZealandColombia
Argentina
BrazilDrugs
methamphetamine
ephedrine HCI
raw opiummethamphetamine
methamphetamine
methamphetamine
heroinraw opiumcocainemarijuana
methamphetamine
heroinheroinmarijuanamarijuana
cocainecocainecocainenumberof cases
19
2
1
5
2
1
1
3
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

smuggled
quantity
18.0 kg
70 kg
397 g
5 kg
80 g
486 g
765 g
70 g
50 g
46.8 g118.5 g160 g
1 kg
3.1 kg
75 g
980 g
25 g
400 g

seizedquantity
12.7 kg
47 kg
397 g
0.79 kg31.05 g300 g696.3 g70 g
46.3 g19.8 g93.4 g95 g
1 kg
3.1 kg
36 g
300 g
17 g
400 g

[THAILAND]COMPARATIVE DRUGS SEIZURE STATISTICSROYAL THAI POLICE 1995-1997
TYPE OF DRUGSHEROIN
MORPHINEOPIUMCANNABISKRATOMAMPHETAMINEPRECURSORSVOLATILE SUBSECSTASY
COCAINE
OTHERSTOTALNUMBER OF CASES
1995
1996
1997
35,741 18,123
14,854
14
0
3
2,778
2,200
3,405
49,590 31,167
29,384
873
1,006
1,932
20,064 29,909
65,9448
10
369
37,142 24,317
28,002
10
47
94
2
1
3
74
82
232
146,296 106,862
144,222DRUGS SEIZED (KGS)
1995
1996
1997
362,32
226,29259,23
0.02
0.00
1.84
1,366.51 640.65
1,422.16
42,276.5 42,597.42 58,696.30
774.57249.882,957.13776.01
939.422,432.85
4,900.36 449.44
184.36
1,148.90 719.40
1,053.47
1.93
0.06
0.40
0.10
0.30
1.81
394.7068.26
75.25
52,001.92 45,891.12 67,084.78

223

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 54[TONGA]
Offences in 1997
Growing ofIndian Hemp
Possession ofIndian Hemp

Offence
Under In- Pending
Report Rejected Convict Acquitted Undetected vestigation Trial
7

–

1

–

–

3

3

17

1

4

–

–

6

6

[TURKEY]
TYPE
Hashish
HeroinMorphine baseOpium
CocaineAcetic anhydride
Synthetic drugs
TOTAL

CASE
1,618
519
5
26
40
7
74
2,289

in 1996
QUANTITY
12,294 kg
4,422
1,157
233
13
42,450259,097 unit
319,666

ACCUSED
3,287
1,650
24
58
122
29
160
5,330

[VIETNAM]
1993-1997
Discoverd
trial

confiscated224

15,176 cases
8,015

24,453
10,414

heroinopium
hashishmethamphetamine

persons
death penalty
life imprisonment
10-20 years
7-10 years
less than 7 years

46
53
450
389
8,629
170 kg7,108 kg
10,718 kg
234 kg

108TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINARREPORTS OF THE SEMINAR
Amount of Seized Cocaine (top 30 ranking country/area) by UN
kg
U.S.A.
Colombia
MexicoPeru
Bolivia
PanamaSpain
Venezuela
BrazilNetherlands
Dominica
EcuadorCanadaArgentina
Chile
Italy
Portugal
Germany
Nicaragua
Virgin Islands
U.K.
FranceBelgium
Jamaica
Honduras
PolandRussiaCuba
Costa Rica
Switzerland
Total

1993
110,963
32,20045,835
8,872
9,055
2,870
5,351
2,866
6,608
3,720
905
1,195
4,469
2,042
997
1,101
219
1,052
458
NO REPORT
709
1,721
2,892
83
48
107
1,038
3,364
460
334
268,643

1994
100,845
72,244
22,113
10,634
10,021
5,177
4,016
6,035
12,028
8,200
2,898
1,790
8,357
2,236
1,226
6,657
1,719
767
1,338
NO REPORT
2,262
4,743
479
125
930
526
1
238
1,411
295
294,001

1995
100,001
31,03522,70822,661
8,497
7,169
6,897
6,650
5,815
4,896
4,391
4,284
3,598
3,146
2,900
2,557
2,116
1,846
1,507
1,194
970
874
576
570
409
383
372
372
361
262
251,119

225

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 54
Amount of Seized Cannabis (top 30 ranking country) by UN
kg
Paraguay
South Africa
India
MexicoU.S.A.
Netherlands
Azerbaijan
Ghana
Colombia
CanadaLaos
SenegalMalawi
Sri Lanka
JamaicaThailandBelgium
MoroccoNorwayNigeria
ArmeniaU.K.
EcuadorVenezuela
BrazilGermany
PolandKazakhstan
Peru
Nepal
Total

226

1993
11,541
1,707,807
94,584
494,665
392,850
110,049
NO REPORT
1,018
548,780
93,365405,115
1,939
4,785
487,896
51,45485,986
3,010
265,375
NO REPORT
7,462
NO REPORT
11,976
110
526
NO REPORT
8,524
2,966
288
424
2,448
5,282,124

1994
12,756
7,451,558
1,261,230
528,425
373,982
290,477
77,21428
207,712
95,631
9,517
1,392
4,864
51,53833,56585,446
34,76040,516
6,711
19,733
132
11,582
161
9,989
18,837
21,660
164
3,504
404
2,482
10,620,042

1995
2,203,691
1,426,831
816,490780170479,722275,035
255,203
209,507206,260
149,265
91,62179,77571,27559,44954,69845,205
38,10435,80819,456
15,25815,033
14,15913,946
13,685
11,731
10,436
10,087
8,329
6,443
5,521
7,507,621

108TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINARREPORTS OF THE SEMINAR
Amount of Seized Cannabis resin (top 30 ranking country) by UN
kg
Pakistan
Spain
MoroccoNetherlands
U.K.
CanadaFranceBelgium
TurkeyIran
IrelandItaly
U. S.A.
MexicoColombia
PolandPortugal
Kenya
Germany
LebanonIndia
LesothoJordanDenmark
Nepal
Algeria
Kazakhstan
Barbados
Malaysia
KuwaitTotal

1993
189,000
160,169
106,289
28,173
41,53157,30844,84032,20734,3674,512
4,200
10,661
11,4005,427
6,595
52,655NO REPORT
4,245
18,287
7,979
NO REPORT
4,332
1,278
518
1,028
NO REPORTNO REPORTNO REPORT
158
848,420

1994
189,252
219,176
97,04843,22951,51336,36955,89025,166
31,218
7,618
1,461
18,12872,15173
1740,393
4,033
39,872
1,726
9,433
501
1,169
NO REPORTNO REPORT
125
979,025

1995
357,691
197,024
110,245
79,98545,67840,35939,20332,582
17,36015,854
15,52914,922
13,623
13,477
12,51010,001
6,334
5,707
3,809
3,760
3,629
2,979
2,911
2,414
2,133
1,921
1,522
922
965
632
1,059,859

227

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 54
Amount of Seized Heroin (top 30 ranking country) by UN
kg
Pakistan
Turkey
China
Iran
India
U. K.
U.S.A.
Italy
Germany
Hungary
Spain
ThailandFranceHong Kong
Netherland
Saudi Arabia
Switzerland
MexicoBulgaria
GreeceZambiaColombia
Belgium
SlovakMalaysia
Macedonia
CanadaIsraelVenezuela
Cambodia
Total

228

1993
4,000
2,342
4,459
1,984
1,074
655
1,423
630
1,095
413
604
2,538
386
128
916
206
179
62
557
153
18
44
76
4
216
78
154
87
13
NO REPORT
26,692

1994
6,444
2,172
4,086
865
1,011
745
2,089
1,151
1,590
812
824
1,295
499
446
246
112
225
297
474
285
NO REPORT
95
137
4
212
NO REPORT
62
118
15
6
29,1291995
10,760
3,456
2,380
2,075
1,678
1,336
1,146
940
933
568
546
518
499
411
351
324
213
203
198
173
153
145
129
121
119
111
106
94
81
80
31,107

108TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINARREPORTS OF THE SEMINAR
Amount of Seized Opium (top 30 ranking country) by UNkg
IranPakistanThailand
India
China
MyanmarUzbekistan
KyrgyzLaos
Azerbaidjan
Kazakhstan
MexicoSaudi Arabia
Malaysia
Colombia
TurkeyBelarusSingapore
U. A.E.
U.S.A.
Japan
KuwaitRussiaPeru
UkraineCambodia
Egypt
Germany
Macedonia
Tunisia
Total

1993
63,941
4,500
2,530
2,908
3,354
2,416
241
NO REPORT
369
NO REPORTNO REPORT
129
17
11
281
50
10
7
43
1,551
13
17
14
NO REPORT
120
NO REPORT
95
232
2NO REPORT
85,270

1994
117,095
14,663
606
2,256
1,776
1,689
226
NO REPORT
293
12
435
149
74
69
128
91
882
2
161
Å|
34
25
784
581
NO REPORT
1
49
36
NO REPORT
0.03
144,517

1995
126,554
109,420
18,124
1,339
1,110
1,061
835
727
696
255
245
223
156
155
144
122
89
80
62
42
33
30
27
24
23
19
17
15
14
13
261,723229