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᥄೔๬ᄊᇄʎ᥄೔๬ᄊԔᨂʊɩɰʪᄉᄊɊ໐ᥱᮅʆʍκಲᓑીʱͼ৔ʊᡧႈɶʅɣɮʇɶɊ
ɼʍͥშʇɶʅɔͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թɕʍˤʼ˥ʼʱϧɧʪɲʇʡខᨂʊӁʫʅɣʪɋၔʊɊ᥄
೔๬ᄊඋʍ˳˜̉ˍ˹́ʱಐɸʪ‫۔‬ʱࡩᡑʇɶʅɊ֪֪֩Տʉʈʊʧʪͥಳͥ‫ق‬᫕ᆌʊ‫؂‬ɰɾκಲᓑીʱோ୸ɶʧɥʇɸʪʡʍʆɡʪɋ¡‫ށ‬Ԕᇊɪʨᄊʝʫɾͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʊʎɊۨ‫ܕ‬ᄊඋଶᕁʍѮᮅʊɩɣʅɊ᫕ᆌᥬͫ‫۔‬ʍᡨ‫ۏ‬԰༜ʍ˨̉˞ʇʉʩৃʪ‫׭‬ᓧ৷ʱಐɶʅɣʪɋకʊɣɮʃɪʍ᫕ᆌᥬͫ‫۔‬ʊɩɣʅʡɲ
ʍᦉթɫ‫כ‬ʩͫɱʨʫʅɩʩɊၔʊ˕ʺʆʎ௔ो΂ࡶʉɫʨͥ࠳ʍીೖʱɡɱʅɣʪɋɼ
ʍψɊ‫ˎ̃˭ࡂ۔‬ʽ˅˞ʇɶʅ‫כ‬ʩӁʫʅɣʪ˴˿ʼʺʍΟАʉʈʡρাʍીೖʱີខɶ
ʅɣɮ৕᝸ɫɡʪɿʬɥɋ¡᥄೔๬ᄊᇄʆʎɊवી ²¹ श्ʧʩɔᥬͫ‫۔‬ோ୸ʍɾʠʍ‫ܛ‬ቃᆔ਺‫ܫ‬௨ѹΟඋɕʇɶʅ ¶श᫙ʍ਺‫יܫ‬ᭂΟඋʱዒʀͫɱɊɼʍͼʆɊͥಳͥ‫ق‬ோ୸֩Տʍ՞႟ᆔʉ࠷ఆʱᆾᆔʇɶ
ʅɊ᫕ᆌᥬͫ‫۔‬ʊɩɰʪ᥄උ̍᥄ಳʍӆᆔʡɶɮʎ੿ᜓᆔʉԧ्ʇɣʂɾ᥄೔๬ᄊඋ֩Տ
ʊࡋଢ଼ʊ᫟᥸ɸʪ਺‫ܫ‬ʱ‫י‬ᭂɸʪɔ᥄උ̍᥄ಳԧ्ለኴɕʱͥಢʍ೻ʇɶʅ࠷ఆɸʪɲʇ
ʇɶɾɋಢΟඋʍ࠷ఆʊɡɾʂʅʎɊʸ˫̀ˁʊɩɰʪͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʱ˜̎˴ʇɶʅɊव
ી ²¹ श्ʎͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍ‫ܛ‬ಢႾ৤Ɋ᫕ᆌᥬͫ‫۔‬ʆʍ‫׸‬ΟАʱሯ៖ɶɊಂʊʼ˂̉˖ʇ˂
̎ˠʍႻۨ៬೿ʱᥱɷʅɊʸ˫̀ˁʊɩɰʪͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍ៨ᯌʇુɫ‫۔‬ʍ֩Տ‫׭‬ᓧ৷ʊʃɣʅාᎭɶɾɋवી ²º श्ʊɩɣʅʎɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍႾ৤̍ׄԯɊʝɾఴश्ʍ៬೿
ᏃೖʱᣐʝɧʅɊʧʩʸ˫̀ˁʊ࿶࿢ʱᏇʪɲʇʇɶɾɋ៬೿ࡩᡑ‫۔‬ʊʎɊ᥄උʊ‫ށ‬ɬʉ‫׭‬ᓧ৷ʱಐɸʪʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʱᦦ૾ɶɊঞ៌‫۔‬ʍၔ৏ʱᨁខɶʉɫʨʸ˫̀ˁʊɩɰʪͥಳ
ͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍᦞᄍ‫׭‬ᓧ৷ʊʃɣʅಂʊୖʩͬɱɾ៬೿ʱ᥼ʠʪɲʇʇɶɾɋ៬೿ʍ࠷ఆʊɡ
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ʇɶʅϴᑝϊɰʨʫʅɩʩɊʸ˫̀ˁʊɩɰʪɔͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թɕʱ˜̎˴ʇɶʅɣʪɋρश्ʊɩɣʅʎɊఴश्ʍીೖʊ‫ܛ‬ʄɬʉɫʨʡʧʩʸ˫̀ˁʊ࿶࿢ʱᏇʩɊ᥄උʊ‫ށ‬ɬʉ‫׭‬ᓧ৷ʱಐɸʪʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʱࡩᡑ‫۔‬ʊለኴʱᜓɥɋಢ៬೿ለኴʱᥱɷʅɊʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʊɩɰʪͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍᆌ࢘‫׭‬ᓧ৷ʱ୛ʪʇʇʡʊɊુɫ‫۔‬ɫோ୸‫׭‬ᓧʉӌϹᆔʉఄጐʊʃ
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㧔㧕ၫ╩ಽᜂಢ‫ؙܫ‬ಅʎॆ៵ʱᬐɣʅ ´ ዞථીʊʉʂʅɣʪɋಢ‫ؙܫ‬ಅʎɊ‫ܛ‬ಢᆔʊ߆‫ى‬ϥʍ൮ឡ߆‫ى‬ɩʧʒˀˬˌ̎˦̎ʊʧʪԔଉ‫ܙ‬ጅʊʧʩЀીɴʫɊ಍Ꮉᆔʊॎᫎɫʇʩʝʇʠɾʡʍ
ʆɡʪɋ¡ዿƌዞɔͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍႾ৤ʇ᫕ᆌᥬͫ‫۔‬ʊɩɰʪͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍ࢘᫕ɕʆʎɊಢለኴʍ˜̎˴ʆɡʪɔͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թɕʊ᫟ɸʪӉᥱ៖ᠪʱৃʪɾʠʊɊఴशʍለኴીೖʱ̂˩
˻̎ɸʪʇʇʡʊɊ᫕ᆌᥬͫ‫۔‬ʊɩɰʪ‫ᦉ׽‬թʊࡩɸʪకࠓʍ֩ՏᏀ᰺ɪʨ௟ឤʱৃʪɲ
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˞ɕɔˌ̉˩ʸࠚዒۨ‫בܕ‬Ւ‫ۿ‬ಳᗹ᫕ᆌឞᄘɕᧅԔʎ᝷ࣽ߆‫ى‬ʊʧʪ‫ܙ‬ጅɊɔᶴᶮʸ˫̀ˁ
ʊɩɰʪͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʇఖಢʍ‫۔‬ᬫ֩Տᶭ˴˿ʼʺʍΟАɕᧅԔʎಳ࿇߆‫ى‬Ɋᬀᧅ߆‫ى‬ɫ‫ܙ‬ጅʱଉঞɶɊɔᝆ៵ᶺᤤԎХ᥼ʍѮᮅʊɩɰʪᡪ‫ݫ‬ோ୸ʇ‫ق‬ᢑጫႾɕᧅԔʎᵋࣽˀˬˌ
̎˦̎ɫଉঞɶɾɋ¡ዿƍዞɔʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʍ᥄උ̍᥄ಳԧ्ɕʎɊ៬೿ࡩᡑ‫۔‬ʆɡʪʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʍ᥄උ̍᥄ಳ
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ᜓʂɾɋʝɾɊዞʍᎹʮʩʊʎ᝷߆‫ى‬ɫ‫ܙ‬ጅɶɾˉ˿˶ᶨ
ɔ϶๥Ꮋᐨɫ΂ࡶɸʪۨ‫ܕ‬᫕ᆌɕᶩʱ୤ᤓɶʅɣʪɋ¡ϒͫʍᏃೖʱᣐʝɧʅɊዿƎዞɔʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʊɩɰʪͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍ៨ᯌʇુɫ‫۔‬ʍ֩Տ‫׭‬ᓧ৷ɕʊɩɣʅʎɊʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʱ࢘᫕ɸʪᬫʍ៨ᯌʱଇԎɸʪʇʇʡ
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Фɕɔకࠓʍ֩Տʇʍ᫟Ф௨Ⴞɕɔψ˟ˠ̎ʇʍ᫟Ф௨Ⴞɕɔ֩ՏӂϹʍ˫̂̎˶̅̎˅ʇ
࢘ಙɕᧅԔʱቛ߆‫ى‬Ɋɔʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʊɩɰʪ ËÊÄÂ ͥಳͥ‫ˎ̃˭ق‬ʽ˅˞ɕɔુɫ‫۔‬ʍͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թோ୸ɕᧅԔʎ᝷ࣽ߆‫ى‬ɫଉঞɶɾɋ¡ʉɩɊಢ‫ؙܫ‬ಅʎɊ‫ܙ׸‬ጅԔଉᒓʍ૗࢙ɸʪ‫ۍ‬Ϲ̍෤᫟ጇʍ᝾ពʱϐᜟɸʪʡʍʆʎʉ
ɣɲʇʱɩఀʩɶʅɩɮɋʝɾɊಢ‫ؙܫ‬ಅʎɊʧʩ‫ݼ‬ɮʍఄʊ୯ЙʆɬʪʧɥɊঞ֩ϥʍØæã ˋʺ˞ͫʊӆ᫕ɸʪʇʇʡʊɊ
ɔᥬͫ‫۔‬ோ୸ʍɾʠʍ‫ܛ‬ቃᆔ਺‫ܫ‬௨ѹΟඋɕʍͥᧅʇ
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╙Σ┨ ৻᧛৻ຠㆇേߩℂᔨߣ㐿⊒ㅜ਄࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ
৻᧛৻ຠㆇേߩዷ㐿¡ ¡ዿƌዞʎตʍʧɥʉථીʆɡʪɋዿ ² ጱʆͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍႾ৤ʇ᫕ᆌᥬͫ‫۔‬ʊɩɰʪ࢘
᫕ʱ៥నɶɊዿ ³ ጱʆʸ˫̀ˁʊɩɰʪͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍੜᑵʇ‫׭‬ᓧ৷ʱ៵ɷʪɋᏙɣʅɊዿ ´ ጱʆʎʸ˫̀ˁʆɸʆʊ࠷ఆɴʫʅɣʪɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʊᯕϯɶɾΟඋʱ൮ឡɶɊɲ
ʫʊʧʂʅͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍႾ৤ʇੜᑵʍనሯ֊ʱ‫ۑ‬ʪɋዿ µ ጱʆʎɊɸʆʊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թɫ࠷ᬫʊ࠷ఆɴʫʅɣʪʸ˫̀ˁʆٝͥʍ‫۔‬ʆɡʪ˴˿ʼʺʱ‫כ‬ʩͫɱɊɼʍӑࡄʇુɫ‫۔‬ʍ‫۔‬ᬫ֩ՏʱᎶςɸʪɋ಍াʊɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍᤤԎХ᥼ʍѮᮅʊɩɰʪᡪ‫ݫ‬ோ୸̍‫ق‬ᢑጫႾʊʃɣʅɊ᫟᥸ɸʪ᥎शʍթ‫؂‬ʣ௔ጐʱ៥నɸʪɋ¡¡㧝㧚৻᧛৻ຠㆇേߩℂᔨߣ㐿⊒ㅜ਄࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ৻᧛৻ຠㆇേߩዷ㐿㧝㧕৻᧛৻ຠㆇേߩℂᔨዿͥʊɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎۨ‫ܕ‬ʄɮʩᶨۨ‫ܕ‬ଶᕁᶩɊಳɩɲɶ̍ᄗɩɲɶʍͥኚʆɡʪɲʇ
ʱሯ៖ɶʅɩɮɋɶɾɫʂʅɊۨ‫ܕ‬ʱ΂ϹʇɶʉɣɊۨ‫ܕ‬ʱၔ࠳ɶʉɣɊ֫ʉʪͼࡷϜඋଶᕁɊ᥄ಳँඋଶᕁɊᤤԎଶᕁʇʎᄴʉʪɋ΂Ϲʇʉʪʍʎۨ‫ܕ‬ʆɡʂʅɊɾʇɧʏᤤԎᄊ‫ق‬ᄉᄊʍɾʠʊۨ‫ܕ‬ʍၔᄊ‫ق‬ʄɮʩʱோ୸ɸʪʇɣɥʧɥʊɊۨ‫ܕ‬ʱ૜์ʇᒑɧʪʍʎ
ͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʇɶʅʎಢಡᤉшʆɡʪɋ¡ዿΠʊɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎۨ‫϶ܕ‬๥ɫ΂ϹʍɔᦉթɕʆɡʂʅɊͼ‫އ‬௔ोʣ୸Օ෤᫟ɫ˞
˙˭˖ʼ̉ʆɊ‫ݹ‬ɪʨ࠷ఆɸʪ˭̃ˎʽ˅˞ʣΟඋʆʎʉɣɋ᫕ᆌᥬͫ‫۔‬ʆᦞᄍɴʫɾႻ
࠷ʍͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʊʎᦉթʧʩʡͼ‫އ‬௔ोʊʧʪΟඋʊ᥎ɣʡʍʡ‫ݼ‬ɣɋɶɪɶႾ৤ᆔʊ
ʎͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎۨ‫϶ܕ‬๥ɫ΂ϹʍᦉթʆɊͼ‫އ‬௔ोʎɼʍɾʠʍშ݄ʱ௨ѹɶɊѮᮅோ୸ɸʪ˫ʷˍ̀˜̎˕̎ʆɡʪɋͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍ΂Ϲʇɶʅၶɣੜ‫ء‬ʆʍۨ‫϶ܕ‬๥ʇ϶๥Ꮋᐨʊᬈ࠳ɸʪʍɪɊۨఄ௔ोʣۨ‫ܕ‬Ϝඋʡ؉ʠʪʍɪʎᠳ៵ɫԔɪʫʪʇɲʬʆɡʪɫɊ
ɣɹʫʊɶʬۨ‫϶ܕ‬๥ʍ΂Ϲᆔ᫟ͮ૽ɬʍͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎɡʩৃʉɣɋ¡ዿͪʊɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍͪʃʍׄԯʎɊ
ɔᔵ΂ᔵዒ̍Մੜँ‫ބ‬ɊκʄɮʩɊ̃̎ˁ́ʊɶ
ʅˆ̃̎˦́ɕ
ʆɡʪʇɣʮʫʪɋɲʫʎ‫ށ‬Ԕᇊʍͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍׄԯʆɡʪɿɰʆʉɮɊ˕ʺʍ ÐÕÐÑ ʍͪʃʍّࠜʆʡɡʪɋᔵ΂ᔵዒʎɊۨ‫ܕ‬ɫ΂ϹʍᦉթʆɡʪʇɣɥԳ୯ɪ
ʨࡶɪʫʪɋͼ‫އ‬௔ोʣ୸Օ෤᫟ɪʨʍͫੜͬᦑʍΟඋʇɶʅ࠷ఆɴʫʪʍʆʎʉɮɊۨ
‫ܕ‬ɫ΂Ϲʍᦉթʇɶʅۨ‫϶ܕ‬๥ɫᔵ΂ᶨɡʪɣʎᔵՕᶩᔵዒʍᎃቛʆɊᔵʨʍᆌ੍ʊ‫ܛ‬ʄɣʅ΂Ϲᆔʊᜓթɸʪʇɣɥʍɫͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍ‫ܛ‬ಢׄԯʆɡʪɋ‫ݹ‬ɪʨͮɧʨʫʪΟඋʆʎʉɣʍʆɊۨ‫ܕ‬ʊʧʪՄੜँ‫ބ‬ɫᨁ᝸ʇʉʪɋۨ‫ܕ‬ʍྂ‫ۦ‬ᆔʉᢁཆᶨۨ‫ܕ‬ᢁཆᶩʱᆌ¡ ୖɶɊۨ‫ܕ‬ၵᔵʍʡʍʱՄੜँ‫ބ‬ʆጶɬͫɱʪɲʇɫᨁខɴʫʪɋ¡ᔵ΂ᔵዒ̍Մੜँ‫ބ‬ʇʍ᫟᥸ʆɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍ‫۔‬ᬫ֩ՏʊɡɾʂʅʎɊͥಳͥ‫ق‬ʍᎃቛʱӉಐɸʪɲʇɫ‫ށ‬ΟʆɡʂʅɊၔ࠳ʍఄॾɊʣʩఄʱଆɶʃɰʪʡʍʆʎʉɣʇɣɥ
࿢ʱሯ៖ɶʅɩɮ৕᝸ɫɡʪɋ‫۔‬ᬫ֩Տʇɶʅʎુɫ‫۔‬ʣ˕ʺʍͥಳͥ‫ق‬Οඋʱɼʍʝʝ
ପʀ᥈ʟʍʆʎʉɮɊោᜓ᩺០ʣᏀ᰺ɪʨࠜʲʆʡʨɥɲʇɫᨁ᝸ʆɡʪɋ¡ɔͥಳͥ‫ق‬ɕʇɣɥ‫׾‬ኋɪʨɊ˸ˤʄɮʩʍᦉթʆɡʪʇɣɥʺ˷̎ˎɫওɮɊ
ɔͥಳͥ‫ق‬ɕʍɔͥ‫ق‬ɕʊີੜɫᜓɬᦋɭʪ҂‫؂‬ɫɡʪɋሯɪʊɊ˸ˤʄɮʩɊၔᄊ‫ق‬᫕ᆌʎͥಳ
ͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍͭ‫׭‬ดʍ᝸Ꭻʆɡʪʇលʂʅʧɣɋɶɪɶͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎ֫ʉʪ˸ˤʄɮʩʆ
ʎʉɮɊ˸ˤʄɮʩʱᥱɷʅκʄɮʩʱᆾବɸʡʍʆɡʪɋɼɲʆʎκʇᎻᐨʄɮʩɊ̀
̎˖̎ʍ᯷ીɫᨁ᝸ʆɡʪɋɶɾɫʂʅͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʊʧʂʅɊంɶɣၔᄊ‫ق‬ʣᄊඋʍᖁ
ɫՄʩԎɺʪɪɿɰʆʉɮɊκಲໍ৷֊ʍ‫ޔ‬෤ʱՄʩԎɺʪɪʈɥɪɫᨁ᝸ʇʉʪɋͥಳ
ͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎۨ‫϶ܕ‬๥ʊంɶɣԫྟʱͮɧɊੜᠪ௑ᮉʱХɶɊۨ‫ܕ‬቎ϥᔵϹʍՏʄɰʱ‫ۑ‬ʪᶨΥᖲ¡ ³±±·ᶩɋκʄɮʩɫ‫ށ‬ΟʉႾᄒʍͥʃʎɊˏ̃̎˂̉ʣᄊ‫ق‬ʎ‫ݳ‬ʮʂʅʡɊᦉթʱ
ୟ᥼ɶɾɔκɕʎ฾ʪʍʆɊۨ‫ܕ‬ʍᆌ࢘ʊପᏙ৷ɫሯвʆɬʪɪʨʆɡʪɋ¡‫ށ‬Ԕᇊʍͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍԳ‫װ‬ʇɶʅಐ‫׾‬ʉ‫ࢡށ‬ಳᶨᄗᶩʍᦉթʍˏ̃̎˂̉ʎɔʼ˷˅
̀൧ɧʅ˥̅ʺʊᜓɲɥɕʆɡʩɊᖏᒓɾʀʎɔͳᄟʱᇽʬɥϥɕʱዒʀͫɱɊ᭽शʍខ
ᨂʱूɱໟ‫ݹ‬ɪʨ௕ᧈʱ᝾ᇀɸʇɣɥខ࿢ʱᨁខɶʅɣɾɋवೋᇽΟɫ៥ɣɾɔˆ̃̎˦
́ʊᒑɧɊ̃̎ˁ́ʊᜓթɺʧɕʎͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍׄԯʍͥʃʆɡʩɊͳᄟʊᥱᄍɸʪ˸
ˤʄɮʩʱᆾବɸͼʆɊˆ̃̎˦́ʉខ࿢ʱପʃɲʇʍᨁ᝸৷ɫও៬ɴʫɾɋʝɾˆ̃̎
˦́ʉខᨂʍʡʇʆۨ‫ܕ‬ʊഒɵɶʅంɶɣᄗʄɮʩʊ‫כ‬ʩᎻʟɲʇɫᨁខɴʫɾɋ¡¡㧞㧕৻᧛৻ຠㆇേߩታᘒߩ᏷
ͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʇɣɥ‫׾‬ኋʎ˃˹˙˗˫̂̎ːʇɶʅʮɪʩʣɸɮɊឱɧʪՏɫওɣɋɾ
ɿɊɼʍ‫׾‬ኋʇ‫ܛ‬ಢႾ৤ʇʍ᫙ʊɹʫɫɡʪᶨ‫׾‬ኋʎ˸ˤʄɮʩʱ᥸੍ɴɺʪɫɊ‫ܛ‬ಢႾ৤ʎκʄɮʩʱᨁខɶʅɣʪጇᶩɲʇʣ‫׾‬Գʎᇽʨʫʅɣʅʡӑࡄʎɡʝʩᇽʨʫʅɣʉ
ɣʇɣʂɾΟ਺ʡ૜ϧʂʅɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎ០ពʡɴʫʣɸɣɋ¡ͥ‫ق‬ʇɣɥ‫׾‬ኋɪʨᄉɷʪ០ពʇɶʅɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎၔ࠳ʍᄊ‫ق‬ʊၔ֊ɸʪɲʇɿʇ
ɣɥ០ពɫɡʪɋ
ɔᄊ‫ق‬ʱͥʃʊၔ֊ɴɺʅɼʍᄉᄊ᝿ාʱଞ‫ށ‬ɴɺʪૌᄬʇɣɥ០ពɕʱ
ɴʫʣɸɣɲʇʎɊʺ̉˟ˣˍʸጇʍАʱঃɣʅೋΥ‫·ح‬ɫବ஍ɶʅɣʪᶨೋΥ¡ ³±±·ãᶩɋ¡ೋΥ‫·ح‬ʎɊ០ពʍͥʃʇɶʅɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʱۨ‫ܕ‬ଶᕁʍɾʠʍٝͥʍԂఄጝʇϴᑝʄɰɊӂʅʍ៨ᯌʱͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʆព຅ɶʧɥʇɸʪ҂‫؂‬ʡବ஍ɶʅɣʪɋ‫ށ‬Ԕᇊʍवೋ
ᇊ௔ʎɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʇ‫ీ׽‬ʊᇊ‫ݹ‬ɪʨʍ๥᫙Ϝඋ៚ᔸጇɊ‫۔‬ʍᄊඋ᧖ᑝ௔ጐʣᦋᅁଶᕁ
ຫʡከඐᆔʊ‫ל‬ɰӁʫʅɬɾᶨೋΥ¡ ³±±·â»¡²´¼¡ ೋΥ¡ ³±±·ã¼¡²µ¹ᶩɋ¡ตʊɊ០ពʇɣɥʍʆʎʉɮɊႻ࠷ʊ࢘᫕ɴʫʅɬɾͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍ࠷ੳʊʎɪʉʩʍ¡ नɫɡʪɾʠɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʱʈʍʧɥʉੜ‫ء‬ʆЋʂʅɣʪʍɪʊʃɣʅనሯ֊ɸʪɲʇ
ʍᨁ᝸৷ʍ٨ᯌɫɡʪɋͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍ‫ܛ‬ಢႾ৤ʊʃɣʅʎҳʊᎶςɶɾɫɊ࠷ʎႻీ࿢
ʆʎɲʫɲɼɫٝͥฬɶɣͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʆɡʪʇఀ࠳ɸʪɲʇʎตዿʊ᭐ɶɮʉʂʅɬʅ
ɣʪɋɼʫʎͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թɫͳᄟᆔʊूɫʂʅɬɾɲʇʍ৕࿷ᆔʉᏃೖʆʡɡʪɋ¡ዿͥʊႻ࠷ʍͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʇኋɴʫʪʡʍʊʎۨఄᔵຟϹ̂˯́ʍʡʍʇӂ‫́˯̂۔‬ʍʡʍɫ؉ʝʫʅɣʪɋͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թᆌ቟ʍۨ‫ށ‬Ԕᇊʍ‫׹ܬ‬ʎɊ‫ܛ‬ᆺʇʉʂɾʍʎᄗಳ̂˯
́ʆʍಳɩɲɶ̍ᄗɩɲɶʆɡʩɊɼʫʱᎻᐨ֊ɶɾʍʎᇊʆɡʩɊɣɹʫʊɶʬۨఄᔵ
ຟϹ̂˯́ʆɡʂɾɋɲʫʊࡩɶʅɊ˕ʺʣ˴˿ʼʺʉʈʍͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎͼ‫އ‬௔ोʍΟඋʇɶʅӂ‫́˯̂۔‬ʆ࠷ఆɴʫʅɣʪɋ¡ዿΠʊɊᦉթʉʍɪΟඋʉʍɪʇɣɥ࿢ʆɡʪɋͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎ‫۔‬ᬫ֩Տʊʧʩ΂ʊᜓ௔࠱ɪʨᜓ௔࠱ʗʇɣɥ́̎˞ʆ᫕ᆌᥬͫ‫۔‬ʊϧɧʨʫɾɋɲʍɾʠ᫕ᆌᥬͫ‫۔‬ʆʍͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎɊۨ‫϶ܕ‬๥ʍᦉթʇɶʅʧʩʡͼ‫އ‬௔ोʍΟඋʣ˭̃ˎʽ˅˞ʇɣɥ৷ഓɫও
ʝʪɲʇʊʉʂɾᶨೋΥ¡ ³±±·ã»¡ ²µºᶩɋʡʂʇʡᆌ቟ʍۨɊ‫ށ‬Ԕᇊʍ‫׹ܬ‬ʆʡᇊɊᇽΟʍ̂˯́ʆ᝾ʫʏɊᦉթʱோ୸ɸʪɾʠʊᇊʍɴʝɵʝʉΟඋɫ࢘᫕ɴʫʅɣɾɋɶɾɫʂ
ʅͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎᦉթʉʍɪΟඋʉʍɪʇɣɥΠᒓ૾ͥᆔʉ٨ᯌʍॱʅఄʎɊ಍Ԟɪʨ࠷
ੳʊ‫׹‬ʮʉɣʇʡលɧʪɋ¡ͪᄰᆾʍ࿢ʇɶʅɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʊɩɰʪ˸ˤʄɮʩʍ๚ᨁɊ
ɡʪɣʎϴᑝʄɰɫɡʪɋ
ɲʫʎɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʊɩɣʅɊಳᗹ᫕ᆌʍѮᮅʱᨁខɸʪʍɪɊᄊඋଶᕁʍѮᮅʱᨁខɸʪʍɪɊʇɣɥ٨ᯌʆʡɡʪɋಢಿʍͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍ‫ܛ‬ಢႾ৤ʊ଱ɱʨʫʅɣʪʍʎκʄɮʩʆɡʩɊ˸ˤʄɮʩʎɣʮʏɼʍɾʠʍ૜์Ɋɡʪɣʎ‫ޔ‬෤ʊɸɭʉɣɋɶɪɶႻ
࠷ʍ᫕ᆌᥬͫ‫۔‬ʊɩɰʪͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍ‫ݼ‬ɮʎ˸ˤʄɮʩʇɶʅʍ৷ഓɫওɣɋ¡‫ۊ‬ᄰᆾʊɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍɊ˸ˤʄɮʩʇɶʅʍѮᮅʊີᆾɶɾ‫׹ܬ‬ɊᤤԎᶨͳᄟऐ‫ܬ‬ᶩʱᆾବɸʍɪɊ‫۔‬ӑऐ‫؂ܬ‬ɰʊᄉᄊ̍ᡪ‫ݫ‬ɸʪʍɪʇɣɥ٨ᯌɫɡʪɋ‫ށ‬Ԕᇊʍͥಳͥ‫ق‬ᦉթʆʎͳᄟʊᥱᄍɸʪ˸ˤʄɮʩʱᆾବɶʅɣɾɫɊɼʍᝒ‫ق‬ʎ΂ʊ‫۔‬ӑऐ‫؂ܬ‬ɰʆɡʂɾɋ˕ʺʍͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎᤤԎʱខᨂʊӁʫʅɣʪɋၔʊ᫕ᆌᥬͫ‫۔‬ʊʇʂʅʎɊᤤԎऐ‫ܬ‬ʇ‫۔‬ӑऐ‫ܬ‬ʆʎ๳ʠʨʫʪ‫ق‬ᢑʍ๬ཇʣ໤ᡸᒓʇʍ᫟ФɫᄴʉʪʍʆɊ‫׽‬ɷၔᄊ‫ق‬ʄɮʩʇɣʂʅʡʈʀʨʱᆾବɸʍɪʆɊ৕᝸ʇʉʪᓧՏʣ಻ϗʎᄴʉʂʅɮʪɋ¡ɲʍψʊʡɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎ˸ˤʄɮʩɊᦉթ៵Ɋ‫ב‬Ւ‫ۿ‬᫕ᆌጇɊ‫ݼ‬ᮅᆔʉខធɪʨើ
Мɫ‫׭‬ᓧʆɡʪɋ¡ϒͫʍʧɥʊɊႻ࠷ʊͳᄟ‫۔׸‬ʆ࢘᫕ɴʫʅɣʪͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍ඘৤ʣ࠷ੳʊʎनɫɡ
ʪɲʇʊ᪽ʞɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʱ᫕ᆌ֩Տʇɶʅ࠷ఆɸʪᬫʊʎɊʈʍʧɥʉͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʱୟ᥼ɶʧɥʇɸʪʍɪʱనሯʊɶɊ᫟Фᒓ᫙ʆӉᥱႾពʱሯвɶʅɩɮ৕᝸ɫɡʪɋၔ
ʊ௔ोʍ௔ጐ̍Οඋʇɶʅӂ‫۔‬ʆͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʱ࢘᫕ɸʪ‫ۿ‬ʍΟඋʍ‫׹ܬ‬ʎɊۨ‫ܕ‬ʊʧʂʅɡʪɣʎͼ‫އ‬ʇۨఄʆͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʊʃɣʅʍႾពʊआᄴɫᄉɷʉɣʧɥʊᄤੜɸʘɬ
ʆɡʪɋɶɪɶψఄʆɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʱၶɮႾពɶʅɼʫʱଆɶʃɰʪʧʩʎɊ඘৤ʇ࠷¡ ੳʍनʱʟɶʬከඐᆔʊើМɶʅ࠷ఆɸʪఄɫɊ‫ܕۨ׸‬ʍ‫ݼ‬ප৷ʱໍɪɺʪʇʡលɧʪɋ
ɾʇɧʏɊᧉऐऐ‫ܬ‬ʣᤤԎऐ‫ܬ‬ʗʍʸ˅ˑˏɫࡄపʉۨ‫ܕ‬ʆʎɊᄊඋଶᕁᆔʉఆጐʱ࢘᫕
ɶɊᦘᬦۨʆʎۨᄊۨ໤ʣಳᗹ᫕ᆌʱᨁខɸʪʇɣʂɾɲʇɫᒑɧʨʫʪɋɾɿɶɲʍ‫ܬ‬‫׹‬ʡɊͼ‫އ‬௔ोʣ୸Օ෤᫟ጇɫҳʊɲʍʧɥʉԔᯕʱଆɶʃɰʪʘɬʆʎʉɮɊɡɮʝʆ
ʡۨ‫ܕ‬ʍᔵ΂৷Ɋ΂Ϲ৷ʱࡳᨁɶɊۨ‫ܕ‬ʍՄੜँ‫ބ‬ʱ‫ܛ‬ቃʊɸʘɬʆɡʪɋ¡಍াʊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʊɩɰʪ΂Ϲɡʪɣʎʸ˅˕̎ʍ٨ᯌʊល‫ו‬ɶʅɩɲɥɋͥಳͥ‫ق‬ᦉթʎۨ‫϶ܕ‬๥ᶨ϶๥Ꮋᐨʱ؉ʟᶩɫ΂ϹʍᦉթʆɡʪɫɊۨ‫϶ܕ‬๥ɿɰɫ֫ၵʆɊɡʪ
ɣʎࠚዒɶʅᦉթɸʪʇɣɥɲʇʆʎʡʀʬʲʉɮɊψʍʸ˅˕̎ʇʍ˧̎˞ˠ̎ˍ˙˭ʍͼʆᦉթɫ࢘᫕ɸʪɋۨ‫ܕ‬Ꮐ༔᫕ᆌʎɊ˴́˗̍ʸ˅˕̎Ɋ˴́˗̍ˑ˅˕̎ʉʡʍʆ
ɡʩɊۨఄ௔ोɊۨ‫϶ܕ‬๥Ɋऐ๥‫ۍ‬ϹɊ๥᫙Ϝඋʍ˧̎˞ˠ̎ˍ˙˭ʊʧʪʡʍʇ᝿࠳ɸ
ʪ៵ᒓʡɣʪᶨÉæíîôêïè¡³±±´»¡·º­¡¸µ®¶ᶩɋೋΥ‫·ح‬ʎɊۨ‫ܕ‬ଶᕁʍ΂ϹʇɶʅɊۨ‫϶ܕ‬๥Ɋۨ‫ܕ‬ϜඋɊ᥄උ֩‫׽‬Ꮋ‫׹‬Ɋۨఄᜓ௔ʱ଱ɱʅɣʪᶨೋΥ¡ ³±±·â»¡¶ᶩɋ¡ͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʊɩɣʅʎۨఄ௔ो̍ۨఄᜓ௔ʱ‫ݼ‬ɮʍʸ˅˕̎ʍͥʃʇᒑɧʪɪɊͼ৔ᆔʉʸ˅˕̎ʇ᝾ʪɪʎᠳ៵ɫԔɪʫʪʆɡʬɥɋۨఄ௔ोʎ϶๥Ꮋᐨʇ͹ʲʆۨ‫ܕ‬Ꮐ༔᫕ᆌʍ΂Ϲʇᒑɧʨʫʪ‫׹ܬ‬ʡɡʪɋʇʩɡɧɹɲɲʆʎɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʊɩɣʅʎۨఄ
௔ो̍ۨఄᜓ௔ʎɊᦉթʍோ୸ᒓ̍Ꮋᐨᒓʇ΂Ϲʇɣɥ͸ᮅᆔʉ৷ഓʱପʂʅɣʪʡʍʇ
ɶʅɩɮɋʃʝʩɼʫɽʫʍ‫۔‬ʣۨ‫ܕ‬ʍၤ຤ʊʧʩɼʍ๚ᨁʍᦒɣʎɡʪʡʍʍɊۨఄ௔
ोʎ͸ఄʍ঱Ձʱೖɾɶৃʪʇᒑɧɾɣ²ɋ¡๥᫙Ϝඋʱʈʍʧɥʊϴᑝʄɰʪɪʡᠳ៵ɫɡʬɥɋɲɲʆʎɊۨ‫ܕ‬Ϝඋʇɼʫϒ‫ݹ‬ʍϜඋʊԔɰʅϴᑝʄɰɾɣɋۨ‫ܕ‬ʊഒɵɶɊۨ‫ܕ‬ʍၔᄊ‫ق‬ʱᄉᄊɸʪɊۨ‫ܬ‬ᄊඋʍϜඋᶨ‫ݼ‬ɮʍ‫ࡷͼ׹ܬ‬᭖ᎲϜඋᶩʎۨ‫ܕ‬Ϝඋʇɶʅͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍͼ৔ᆔʉ΂ϹʇϴᑝʄɰɊɼʫ
ϒ‫ݹ‬ʍɊ‫ᧅݹ‬ɪʨ៚ᔸɴʫɾ‫ށ‬Ϝඋʣۨ‫ܕ‬ၔᄊ‫ق‬ʱ‫ݹܕ‬Ɋໟ‫ݹ‬ʊᡪ‫ݫ‬ɸʪ٦቎ጇʎɊ᥸உɸʪʸ˅˕̎ʍͥʃʇɶʅᒑɧʪʍʆɡʪɋ‫ށ‬Ԕᇊʍ‫׹ܬ‬ʎɊۨ‫ܕ‬Ϝඋʎͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍͥʃʍ΂Ϲʆɡʪᶨ‫׺‬ᄑѪ‫ ¡ᦿރ‬³±±·ᶩɋ˕ʺʍ‫׹ܬ‬ʎɊÐÕÐÑ Οඋʍ‫ב‬Ւᒓʎۨ‫ܕ‬ᄉᄊᒓʇͼࡷϜඋʊԔɰʨʫɊͼࡷϜඋʊʃɣʅʎɊÐÕÐÑ ʍᢵఙʊɡʂɾఄຫʆᝒ‫ق‬ʱᄉᄊɶʅɣʪۨ‫ܕ‬ʊഒɵɶɾΟඋᒓʆɡʪʇɴʫʅɣʪɋ¡¡㧞㧚ࠕࡈ࡝ࠞߦ߅ߌࠆ৻᧛৻ຠㆇേߩน⢻ᕈ¡㧝㧕⃻࿷ߩࠕࡈ࡝ࠞߦߣߞߡߩ৻᧛৻ຠㆇേߩᗧ⟵ߣน⢻ᕈᦋ‫ א‬²¶ शʚʈʍ᫙ʊʸ˫̀ˁʱ‫כ‬ʩऍɮ௔ຟᏀ༔შ݄ʎ‫ށ‬ɬɮ‫ݳ‬ʮʂɾɋʝɹʸ˫̀ˁʍᏀ༔ᔵᄒ֊௔ጐʊʧʩɊʸ˫̀ˁɫˆ̃̎˦́Ꮐ༔ʇӖʒᏃʒʃɮఄ‫؂‬ʊᤉ୳ɶ߂ʠɾ
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ۨఄ௔ोʍ̂˯́ʊʡʧʪʆɡʬɥɋɾʇɧʏ‫ށ‬Ԕᇊʍ‫׹ܬ‬Ɋᇊʎோ୸ᒓʍ৷ഓɫওɮɊᄗಳʎ΂ϹʍѮᮅɫওɣɋ¡¡ ɲʇʆɡʪɋʸ˫̀ˁʍᤤԎʎ൧๥ۨీϐɪʨᇁ‫ݳ‬ʮʨɹᏙɮࡸ௦ʍ᥄ᄊၑɪᨾᄊၑʇɣ
ɥͥตᄊ‫ق‬ʆ֯ʠʨʫʅɣʪɋɼʍͫɊɼʍͥตᄊ‫ق‬ᤤԎʍͳᄟʊ֯ʠʪˍʽʸɴɧϵͬɶʅɣʪʍʆɡʪɋɼʍᏃೖɊʸ˫̀ˁᏀ༔ʎͳᄟᏀ༔ʍͼʆ๚ᨁʱϵͬɴɺɊɣʮʥʪ
‫؝‬᥆֊ɡʪɣʎ‫؝‬ᐈ֊ᶨîâóèêïâíêûâõêðïᶩɫ᥼ʲɿʍʆɡʪɋ¡²ºº± शϐϒᬆථ᥵៬௨ʇᏀ༔ᔵᄒ֊௔ጐɫࡶӁɴʫɊӖʒʸ˫̀ˁʱͳᄟᏀ༔ʊᏎ‫׹‬ɶʧɥʇɸʪթɬɫ࠳ᇗɶʅɬɾɋ³±±² शʊ୚૾ɴʫɾɊʸ˫̀ˁκʊʧʪʸ˫̀ˁʍ᫕ᆌ
ʺˡˍʸ˗ˬʆɡʪɊÏÆÑÂÅᶨʸ˫̀ˁʍ᫕ᆌʍɾʠʍం˧̎˞ˠ̎ˍ˙˭ᶩʊɩɣʅ
ʡɊˆ̃̎˦̀˒̎ˍ˽̉ʗʍᏎ‫׹‬৙‫؂‬ɫనሯʊ૟ʀԎɴʫʅɣʪᶨ‫ށ‬೔¡ ³±±´ᶩɋɲʫʨ
ʍթɬʎʸ˫̀ˁᏀ༔ʍ‫؝‬᥆֊ʱᯨɣหʠɊᥤᤉɴɺʪɬʂɪɰʊʉʪɪʡɶʫʉɣɋɶ
ɪɶႻ‫ۦ‬ʝʆʍʇɲʬɊථ᥵៬௨ʇᏀ༔ᔵᄒ֊ɫʸ˫̀ˁʊᝓᨂʍूɣᏀ༔ીᫎʇᤤԎʍଞ‫ށ‬ʱʡɾʨɶʅɣʪʇʎលɣ᭐ɣɋɼʫʎˆ̃̎˦́֊ɫ෤ϥʆɡʪʇӉʊᓩߒʆɡʪ
ʇɣɥΠᮅ৷ʱପʂʅɣʪɪʨʆɡʪᶨÉæíîôêïè¡³±±´»¡·ºᶩɋͳᄟऐ‫ܬ‬ʗʍᤤԎʎంɾʉऐ‫ܬ‬෤ϥʆɡʩɊҳ᥼‫۔‬ʣીᫎɸʪऐ‫ܬ‬ʊ‫ב‬ӁʆɬʪɲʇʆɊ‫ݹ‬ᡩ႘ৃ‫ͫ؂‬ʱಜহʆɬʪɋ
ɶɪɶ‫ీ׽‬ʊɊˆ̃̎˦́Ꮐ༔ʊᏎ‫׹‬ɴʫʪɲʇʎ‫׎‬ɶɣዪΝʊɴʨɴʫʪɲʇʆʡɡʪɋ
‫۔‬ӑऐ‫ܬ‬ʆʡᤤӁ‫ق‬ʇʍዪ‫׹‬ɫᄉɷʪɋᓩߒɪʨвᠷɴʫɊంɾʉ෤ϥʱԢᄍʆɬʫʏʧ
ɣʍɿɫɊɼʍʧɥʉᧉ‫׹‬ʍʧɣᎻʞ‫׹‬ʮɺɫৃʨʫʪʇʎᬈʨʉɣɋʸ˫̀ˁʎంɾʉ
ᤤԎᄊඋʣᤤӁϐಌᄊඋʱЀʩԎɸ৕᝸ʊᥖʨʫʅɣʪɋͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎɊ᥄ಳ᫕ᆌʣۨ
‫ܕ‬ʇᏃʒʃɮɲʇʆɊᝓᨂʍूɣɊñóð®ñððó ʉᶨᡨ‫࢜ۏ‬ʊᝊᆯɸʪᶩᏀ༔ીᫎʊᡧႈɸʪ
‫׭‬ᓧ৷ʱኂʠʅɣʪɋ¡¡ ˆ̃̎˦́Ꮐ༔ʗʍ৊टɫዿͥʍѮᮅɿʇɸʪʇɊዿΠʍѮᮅʎۨ‫ܕ‬ଶᕁɊۨ‫ܕ‬Ꮐ༔᫕ᆌʍᨁ᝸৷ʍԎႻʆɡʪɋɲʫʝʆʸ˫̀ˁ᠈‫۔‬ʆʎᏀ༔᫕ᆌʣᤤԎʎ‫ࡂ۔‬ɡʪɣʎ‫۔‬๥Ꮐ༔ʍᆌ࢘ʊɩɰʪ௮ᓬʆᨁខɴʫɊۨ‫ܕ‬ʍᏀ༔Ɋۨ‫ܕ‬ଶᕁʇʍ᫟᥸ʆៜʨʫʪɲʇʎʚ
ʇʲʈʉɪʂɾɋʸ˫̀ˁ᠈‫۔‬ʆʎ඘ɶʅͼ‫އ‬ᭂිᆔ৷ഓɫওɮɊͼ‫އ‬௔ोʊʧʪ˞˙˭˖ʼ̉ʍ௔ጐʣΟඋɫͼ৔ʆɡʂɾɋͼ‫އ‬ʍ٨ᯌɫព຅ʆɬʉɣ‫۔‬ɫ‫ݼ‬ɮɊۨఄʍ٨ᯌɫ
‫כ‬ʩͫɱʨʫʊɮɪʂɾʇɣɥɲʇʡɡʬɥᶨ‫׺‬ᄑഅͥ¡ ³±±·»²¸¶ᶩɋɲʍɾʠۨ‫ܕ‬ଶᕁʣۨ‫ܕ‬Ꮐ༔᫕ᆌɡʪɣʎۨ‫ܕ‬ഓआʍព໤ʇɣɥᆌ੍ʎɬʮʠʅঐɪʂɾɋɼʫɫ᥎शɊۨ‫ܕ‬ʍ᫕ᆌɫంɾʉ៨ᯌʇɶʅໜͫɶʅɬɾʍʆɡʪɋɼʍႾᄒʎɊͼ‫އ‬௔ोʍ঱Ձʍ‫֊ݳ‬ʇᓧՏʍϵͬɊ๥΂֊ʇۨఄԔි֊ʍ᥼࢘ጇʆɡʪɋ¡¡ ʝɾ୸Օ௔ጐʊɩɣʅʡɊᡨ‫ۏ‬԰༜ʣ‫ב‬Ւ‫ۿ‬᫕ᆌʍও៬ʇʡ᫟᥸ɶʅɊᖲʍഒɊˉ˵˻ˡ˜ʹʍ΂Ϲ৷ʣ‫ב‬Ւɫᨁខɴʫʪʧɥʊʉʂʅɬʅɣʪɋɲʍʧɥʉၤ຤‫֊ݳ‬ʍͼʆɊʸ˫̀ˁ᠈‫۔‬ʊɩɣʅʡɊۨ‫϶ܕ‬๥ᔵ᣸ɫᔵ΂ᆔʊۨ‫ܕ‬᫕ᆌʊ‫כ‬ʩᎻʡɥʇɸʪΟАɫ݇ɧʅɬʅɣʪɋɲʍੜ‫ء‬ʆʎɊႻ‫ۦ‬ʍʸ˫̀ˁʎɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թɫ‫ל‬ɰӁʫʨʫɊ࢘᫕ɸ
ʪު෤ʇʡលɧʧɥɋ¡¡ ϒͫʍᓗ౔ʡᣐʝɧɊႻ‫ۦ‬ʍʸ˫̀ˁʆʎͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎตʍʧɥʉੜᑵʱପʃʇᒑɧ
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¡ ዿͥʊʸ˫̀ˁѮʍ᫕ᆌ៨ᯌʍҥҳΟ᮴ʆɡʪᡨ‫ۏ‬԰༜ʊ‫׹‬ᔸɸʪɋᡨ‫ۏ‬԰༜ɫʸ˫̀ˁʍ‫ݼ‬ɮʍ‫۔‬ʆ᫕ᆌͫʍͼ৔៨ᯌʆɡʪɲʇʎ᫙ᦒɣʉɣɋͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թɫ಍ᡨ‫࢜ۏ‬ʱᇀଢ଼ʍ˕̎ˈ˙˞ʇɶৃʪɪʈɥɪʎᠳ៵ɫɡʬɥɫɊᡨ‫࢜ۏ‬ʍ૗ৃ‫ͫ؂‬ጇʱᥱɷʅᡨ‫ۏ‬԰༜ʊᢁɸʪɲʇʎሯɪʆɡʬɥɋᡨ‫ۏ‬԰༜ʊ᫟᥸ɶʅͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎɊ᥄ಳ᫕ᆌʊᢁɸʪɋʸ˫̀ˁʆʎκ‫ף‬ʍ‫ݼ‬௦ʎ᥄ಳ϶๥ʆɡʩɊᧉऐʧʩʡ᥄ಳʆᡨ‫࢜ۏ‬ʍՁ‫׹‬ɫᱝɣɋͥಳ
ͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎ᥄ಳᧅʆʍ૗ৃ‫ͫ؂‬Ɋࢂඋ෤ϥʍଞ‫ށ‬ɊκʄɮʩɊۨ‫϶ܕ‬๥ʍʾ̉˧̅̎˷̉
˞ʇɣʂɾ᥄ಳ᫕ᆌʊ৕᝸ʉ᝸Ꭻʱ؉ʲʆɩʩɊ᥄ಳᧅʆʍᡨ‫ۏ‬԰༜ʊ‫ށ‬ɬʉᡧႈʱɸʪ
ʇಜহʆɬʪɋ¡¡ ዿΠʊɊۨ‫ܕ‬ʱ΂ϹʊɶɾɊɡʪɣʎۨ‫ܕ‬ʊ࿶࿢ʱঞʅɾᦉթʍପʃੜᑵʆɡʪɋͫᥙ
ɶɾʧɥʊɊ᥎शۨఄԔි֊ʍ໐ʫɫ࠳ᇗɶɊʧɥʣɮۨ‫ܕ‬ଶᕁʍ಻ϗɫ௨ɣʃʃɡʪɋ
ͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎ᥄ಳᧅʍۨ‫ܕ‬ଶᕁʊ࿶࿢ʱঞʅʪɲʇʆɊɲʫʝʆʸ˫̀ˁʆʎঐɣშʆ
ɡʂɾᧅԔʱও֊ɸʪɬʂɪɰʇʉʪ‫׭‬ᓧ৷ɫɡʪɋ᫟᥸ɶʅɊۨఄԔි֊ʇ᥸թɴɺʫ
ʏɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎɊূಿʍʧɥʉͼ‫އ‬௔ोʍ˞˙˭˖ʼ̉ʍΟඋʊ϶๥ʱթ‫ى‬ɸʪԎҳʇɶʅʍۨఄᜓ௔ɪʨɊ϶๥ʍˡ̎ːʊড়ɧʪۨఄᜓ௔ʗʍᤉ୳ʱাଆɶɸʪʆɡʬɥɋ¡¡ ዿͪʊɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թɫۨ‫ܕ‬ʍ˸ˤʄɮʩʣᏀ༔᫕ᆌʱХ᥼ɸʪੜᑵʆɡʪɋʸ˫̀ˁʊɩɣʅʎɳɮ಍᥎ʝʆᡨ‫ۏ‬԰༜ʍ‫כ‬ʩᎻʞʣ᥄ಳ᫕ᆌʍͼ৔ɫ௟ᓑɊвѪɊ๬ጇʍ቎ϥ᫕ᆌʆɡʂɾɾʠɊᏀ༔᫕ᆌᆔѮᮅʎʈʀʨɪʇɣɥʇা‫ۋ‬ɶʊɴʫʪ҂‫؂‬ɫɡʂɾᶨʡ
ʀʬʲ቎ϥ᫕ᆌʍᨁ᝸৷ʎᤏខɸʘɬʆʉɣɫᶩ
ɋͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʊɩɰʪ˸ˤʄɮʩʎɡɮ
ʝʆʡκʄɮʩʍɾʠʍ‫ޔ‬෤ʆɡʪɫɊʸ˫̀ˁʆʎᥤʊɲʍ˸ˤʄɮʩʍ᝸ᎫɫӁʂʅɣʪɲʇɊɡʪɣʎ˸ˤʄɮʩʇκʄɮʩɫᏃʒʃɰʨʫʅɣʪɲʇʍੜᑵɫ‫ށ‬ɬɣʇᒑɧʨʫʪɋ˸ˤʄɮʩʱୟ᥼ɸʪɲʇʆɊ᥄ಳᏀ༔ʍ‫ݼ‬ප֊Ɋ‫י‬Ӂ‫ͫ؂‬Ɋ᥄ಳँඋʣͼࡷ᭖ᎲϜඋʍଶᕁʊʡʃʉɫʪɲʇɫಜহɴʫʪɋ¡¡ ዿ‫ۊ‬ʊɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎᤤԎʍଞ‫ށ‬ʇ‫ݼ‬ធ֊ʊᡧႈɸʪ‫׭‬ᓧ৷ɫɡʪɋ‫۔‬ӑऐ‫ܬ‬ʊ๚ʘʅໟ‫ݹ‬ऐ‫ܬ‬ʎᱝɣ‫י‬ᆯʱಜহʆɬɊ᥄ಳᧅʍ‫י‬Ӂ‫ͫ؂‬ɊᏀ༔ીᫎʊʃʉɫʪɋɾɿɶɊɸ
ʆʊᥙʘɾʧɥʊɊˆ̃̎˦̀˒̎ˍ˽̉ʍʸ˫̀ˁ᥄ಳᧅʗʍম᮰ʊʎฬᡥ͸ᮅɫɡʪɲʇʊʎີੜɶʉɰʫʏʉʨʉɣɋʝɾᤤԎʍીᫎʎɡɮʝʆʡͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍᏃೖʡɾ
ʨɴʫʪ‫׭‬ᓧ৷ɫɡʪʡʍʆɡʂʅɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʱᤤԎଶᕁʍ૜์ʇɶʅʍʞϴᑝʄɰʪʘɬʆʎʉɣɋ¡¡ ዿΤʊɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎˎʽ̉˖̎ഓआʍព໤ʊʡᡧႈɶৃʪɋˎʽ̉˖̎ʗʍ᧖઄ʎʸ˫̀ˁʍ᫕ᆌʊɩɣʅʡͭ‫׭‬ดʍɊԔᨂීఀᆔʉ᧖઄Ο᮴ʆɡʪɋʸ˫̀ˁʍ᥄ಳᧅʆ
ʍާ৷ʍʾ̉˧̅̎˷̉˞Ɋۨϴ‫ͫ؂‬ʎɼʫᔵϹᨁ᝸ʉ៨ᯌʆɡʪʇʇʡʊɊᯨ௶ࠪӂвᬬɊ᥄උᄉᄊɊκ‫ף‬٨ᯌɊ௟ᓑጇɊ‫ݼ‬ᮅʊʮɾʂʅʧɣম᮰ʱʡɾʨɸʇᒑɧʨʫʅɣʪɋ
ͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʱᥱɷʅާ৷ʍ‫י‬Ӂ‫ͫ؂‬ɊᓧՏ‫ͫ؂‬ɊᎻᐨ֊ɫ᥼ʟɲʇʍੜᑵʎ‫ށ‬ɬɣɋ¡¡ ዿӇʊ᥄ಳʍ᭽शʍ٨ᯌʗʍࡩড়ʆɡʪɋ‫ށ‬Ԕᇊʍͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʊɩɣʅʎɊۨ‫ܕ‬ʊഒɵɶʅంɶɣಳᶨᄗᶩʄɮʩʊ‫כ‬ʩᎻʟᖏᒓʍᓑીɫᨁខɴʫɾɋႻ‫ۦ‬ʍʸ˫̀ˁʆʎɊ
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˪˿˵˙˟‫ۿ‬ʍκ‫ף‬ථીʱ‫ט‬రɶʅɊᖏᒓɫκ‫ף‬ʍ‫ݼ‬௦ʱ֯ʠʪɋɶɪɶၔʊ᥄ಳᧅʆʎ
ᖏᒓɫ҇ɰʪࢂඋ෤ϥɊ૗ৃ෤ϥɫ֝Ԕʊʉɣɋ᥄ಳᧅʊໍ๨ʱʡɾʨɸʊʎɊᖏᒓɫɣ
ɬɣɬʇ҇ɰʪ‫ܬ‬ʱЀʩԎɸɲʇɫ৕᝸ʆɡʪɋۨ‫ܕ‬Ꮐ༔ʍଶᕁʣκʄɮʩʱᥱɷʅɊͥ
ಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎۨఄʍ᭽शʊࢂඋ෤ϥɊ૗ৃ෤ϥɊᇽᠪʣ૮᜖ʱͮɧʪʆɡʬɥɋ¡㧞㧕ࠕࡈ࡝ࠞߢ৻᧛৻ຠㆇേࠍዷ㐿ߔࠆ਄ߢߩ⇐ᗧὐԳ᮴ʆʎɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թɫʸ˫̀ˁʊʇʂʅପʃੜᑵʱྂ‫ۦ‬ᆔ‫׭‬ᓧ৷ʇɣɥឍ࿢ɪʨʝ
ʇʠɾɋɶɾɫʂʅԳ᮴ʍ᠈࿢ʎͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʱࡶӁɸʫʏɊ৕ɹᆌႻɸʪʇɣɥʮɰʆ
ʎʉɣɋ࠷ᬫʊʎͥᕓᆔʉɊɼɶʅʸ˫̀ˁʊ‫ۓ‬ಐʍ಻ϗʊʧʩɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʆಜহɴ
ʫʪ՞ೖɫᆌႻɶʉɣɲʇʎɡʩৃʪɋ¡ʝɹԳ୯ʇɶʅɊɸʆʊᥙʘɾʧɥʊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎۨ‫ܕ‬᫕ᆌʣ᥄ಳ᫕ᆌʍͨᓧᙪʆʎ
ʉɣɋʝɶʅʣᤤԎଞ‫ށ‬ʍᲈຫʍವʆʎʉɣɋɼʫɽʫʍીೖʱ଱ɱʪʊʎɊψʍ௔ጐʣΟඋʇʍͫ૜ʉᎻʞ‫׹‬ʮɺʊʧʪɶɪʉɣɋ¡ɲʫʝʆͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎɊ˕ʺɊ˴̂̎ˍʸɊ˫ʹ̀˪̉Ɋ˸̉ˊ́ጇʸˎʸ᠈‫۔‬ʱͼ৔ʊ᫕ᆌᥬͫ‫۔‬ʊᎶςɊࡶӁɴʫʅɬɾɋ‫ށ‬ԔᇊʉʈఖಢʎʡʀʬʲʍɲʇɊ೅֪ʸˎʸ᠈‫۔‬ʇʸ˫̀ˁʆʎ‫׽‬ɷ᫕ᆌᥬͫ‫۔‬ʇʎɣʂʅʡɪʉʩ಻ϗʊᦒɣɫɡʪɋɲʍ࿢ʱᒑ઄ɶɊʸ˫̀ˁɴʨʊʎ‫۔׸‬ʍΟ਺ʱ֝Ԕᒑ઄ʊӁʫʅͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍ֩Տʱᜓɥ৕᝸ɫɡ
ʪɋ˸̉ˊ́ʍͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʱ៵ɷɾ៵ᒑʊɩɣʅΥᖲᦶᭀʎɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎࡋ्ʍᱝ
ɣᭂᗹථ᥵ʱʡʃુɫ‫۔‬ʍ᥄ಳʱԳ୯ʇɶʅીዒɶɾ˸˝́ʆɊɼʍʝʝʆʎ˸̉ˊ́ʍ
ʧɥʉ቎ϥʊᦞᄍʆɬɹɊ֫Ꭳʉ‫ࡄל‬ʎ‫ۏ‬᭐ʆɡʪʇಅɣʅɣʪᶨΥᖲ¡ ³±±·ᶩɋͥಳͥ‫ق‬ᦉթʍʸ˫̀ˁʗʍᦞᄍʱᒑɧʪᬫʊʎɊʸˎʸʍͼʆʡʟɶʬ˸̉ˊ́ʍʧɥʉ‫۔‬ʍᏀ᰺ɫ‫ב‬ᒑʊʉʪɪʡɶʫʉɣ¡ ɋ¡ዿͥʍᄤੜ࿢ʇɶʅɊʸ˫̀ˁʎɊુɫ‫۔‬ʍᦋ‫א‬ʣႻ‫ۦ‬ʍ೅֪ʸˎʸ᠈‫۔‬ʇ๚ʘʅᡨ‫ۏ‬ʍूɫʩʣ኏्ɫ༈ԬʆɡʩɊᄊඋʍᆌᦑ्ʡϵɣɲʇɫɡʪɋ˵̂ˡʸ˶᫕ᆌᆾ෋
ᶨÎÅÈôᶩጇʍବ෋ʆʡనʨɪʉʧɥʊʸ˫̀ˁʎᡨ‫ۏ‬ɫ಍ʡ༈Ԭʉۨ‫ܕ‬ʆɡʪɋ᥄ಳᏀ༔
ʍ‫ݼ‬ප֊Ɋ᥄ಳँඋʍᆌᦑɊၔᄊ‫ق‬ʍ᫕ᆌጇʡᬈʨʫʅɣʪɋϵɣࢂࠜ႟Ɋሀɣव‫ۮ‬Ͻ‫ا‬ɊÉÊ×°ÂÊÅÔ ʣ੡೮ᅖʍ੡೮႟ʍᱝɴጇɊᏀ༔ᆌ࢘ʍԳ୯಻ϗɫ֝Ԕʊ௨ʂʅɣʉɣʇʡល
ɧʪၤ຤ʆɡʪɋ¡ዿΠʊɊʸ˫̀ˁʆʎূಿۨ‫ܕ‬ଶᕁʎʚʇʲʈᜓʮʫʅɲʉɪʂɾɪɊ࠷ఆɴʫʅʡી
ՑАɫɡʝʩʉɣʇɣɥၤ຤ʆɡʪɋ᥎शʊʉʂʅۨఄԔි֊ɫ᥼ʲʆɣʪʇʎɣɧɊ‫ݼ‬ɮʍ‫ۨ׹ܬ‬ఄ௔ो̍ۨఄᜓ௔ʎК࿷ʇɶʅঐϹʆɊᓧՏɫϵɣɋۨఄɊۨ‫ܕ‬ɫ΂Ϲʇʉʂʅۨ‫ܕ‬ଶᕁʱᜓɥʇɣɥɲʇʎʚʇʲʈʉɪʂɾɾʠɊۨ‫϶ܕ‬๥ʊʡۨఄᜓ௔࠱ʊʡɲʍ
ᮅʆʍᓧՏʣᏀ᰺ɫ΋ɶɣɋۨ‫ܕ‬ଶᕁᆔʉΟඋɫᜓʮʫɾ‫׹ܬ‬ʆʡɊɼʍ‫ݼ‬ɮʎˇˡʸʍ˥˿̉˯̎ᦉթʉʈʍʧɥʊࠜഊ̍឴ᅸ૗ॱឮʉʈʍɊ቎ϥˑ˅˕̎ʍʺ̉˫˿ᶨጮၑᶩ
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ॱឮɫ‫ݼ‬ɪʂɾɋၔᄊ‫ق‬ʍ٦‫ق‬᫕ᆌ̍ऐ‫֊ܬ‬ʣᄉᄊɊᡪ‫ݫ‬ʍɾʠʍᏘᏙᆔʉᦉ‫ډ‬ʣ᫟ͮʇɣʂɾᏀ᰺ʎ΋ɶɣɋ¡ዿͪʊɊʸ˫̀ˁʆʎӂᕓᆔʊᦉᤤ̍ίᥱʺ̉˫˿ʱԞʠʇɶʅᏀ༔ʺ̉˫˿ɫಠ௨ѹʆɡʪɋɲʫɫ‫۔‬ӑऐ‫؂ܬ‬ɰʆɡʫɊᤤԎऐ‫؂ܬ‬ɰʆɡʫɊऐ‫؂ܬ‬ɰᄉᄊʍԧ᎜ʇʉʪɋ
ၔʊ᥄ಳᧅʆʎɊऐ‫ܬ‬ʗʍʸ˅ˑˏʍ٨ᯌɫᢰɬʪɋʸ˫̀ˁʆʎӑᬛ‫۔‬ʡ‫ݼ‬ɣɋӑᬛ‫۔‬ʆʎᬛͫᤤᥡʍᏀᣈɫᫎɮʉʪɾʠɊᤤᥡˉˏ˞ʣᤤᥡీ᫙ɫ‫ށ‬ɬɮʉʪɋɲʍʧɥʊᄉ
ᄊۨɪʨ໤ᡸऐ‫ܬ‬ʝʆʍᣁ᭏ɫᬦᏒɶʅɣʪɲʇʊʺ̉˫˿ʍಠ௨ѹɫՒʮʩɊዪΝՏʱପʂɾၔᄊ‫ق‬ʍ᫕ᆌʎࡄపʆʎʉɣɲʇʱងਫɶʅɩɮʘɬʆɡʪɋ¡ϒͫͪ࿢ʍԧ᎜ɪʨɊʸ˫̀ˁ᠈‫۔‬ʆʎͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թɫࡶӁɴʫʅʡɊሀಜ᫙ʆીೖɫ
ԎʪʇɣɥʮɰʆʎʉɣɲʇʱႾពɸʘɬʆɡʪɋɶɾɫʂʅͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʗʍ‫۔‬ᬫ֩Տʊɡɾʂʅʎᫎಜᆔʉឍ࿢ɪʨ‫כ‬ʩᎻʟ৕᝸ɫɡʪɋ¡಍াʊɊ֩Տʇʍ᫟᥸ʆលɧʏɊʸ˫̀ˁ᠈‫۔‬ʍ‫ݼ‬ɮʆʎɊͳᩂɊÊÎÇ ʍম᮰ʍওɣɔᡨ
‫ۏ‬԰༜ૌᄬಅɕ
ᶨÑÓÔÑᶩʣ˾̎̃˙˧ʍ˟ˠ̎ʍম᮰ʍওɣˑ˅˕̎๗ʍឞᄘɫጐ࠳ɴʫɊ
୸Օ֩៬ɫ᥼ʲʆɣʪɋɲʍʧɥʉ‫۔‬ᬫ෤᫟ʣท፥ʍ˟ˠ̎ʍম᮰ɫওɮ҇ɮʡʇʆጐ࠳
ɴʫɾ᫕ᆌʣ୸Օʍ೘Ꮋʞɫࠓ‫ۦ‬ɶʅɣʪʇɲʬʊɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍʧɥʊુɫ‫۔‬ʣʸˎʸʍᏀ᰺ʊ‫ܛ‬ʄɣɾၵᔵʍᆌ੍ʣχᎻʞʱ୸Օʇɶʅପʀ᥈ʟ‫׹ܬ‬ʊʎɊঞ៌‫۔‬ʍ᫕ᆌឞᄘʣ୸Օ೘Ꮋʞʊɥʝɮϴᑝʄɰʪ৕᝸ɫɡʪɲʇʱᄤੜɶʉɰʫʏʉʨʉɣɋʝɾͼ‫އ‬௔ोʍΟඋʇɶʅ࠷ఆɸʪ‫׹ܬ‬ɊӆӉᧅ᫏௑ᮉɫ᥼ʠʨʫɊᡦ௔Ο਺ʍ‫׎‬ɶɣʸ˫̀ˁ᠈‫۔‬ʍ‫׹ܬ‬Ɋ௔ोᧅӑʊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թ᫟᥸ʍంɾʉᎻᐨʱឮᑝɶɊκ‫ى‬ʱ᧖ᑝɸʪɲʇʎ‫ۏ‬᭐ɫ‫ݼ‬ɣɲʇʊʡᄤੜɶʅɩɮʘɬʆɡʪɋପᏙ৷ʍឍ࿢ɪʨʡకࠓʍᎻᐨʇʍ᥸உʣಐ
՞ໍᄍɫᨁ᝸ʆɡʪɋ¡ͳᩂʣท፥˟ˠ̎ʍম᮰Տɫওɣʸ˫̀ˁʊɩɣʅʎɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʊࡩɸʪ០ពʱૠ
ଠɸʪɲʇʡᨁ᝸ʆɡʪɋᝆՕᨅϊɬʆ૸Ӂᡦ᧖ऑΟඋጇʇ០ពɴʫʪɲʇɫʉɣʧɥʊ
ີੜɶʉɰʫʏʉʨʉɣɋ‫ܛ‬ಢʎκʄɮʩʆɡʩɊ˸ˤʍோ୸ʆʎʉɣɲʇʱ៥నɸʘɬ
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᫟ɸʪපɍʉ௔ጐʊࡩɸʪҥҳ᮵ϴϊɰɊɼɶʅᭂͼ૸ͬᆔʉ୸Օʇ᥸թɸʪ৕᝸ɫ‫ށ‬ɬɮʉʪʇɶʅɣʪɋɲɲʆɣɥ˃˹̉˰̎̉ʇʎɊၔ࠳ʍᆾᆔʱᦑીɸʪɾʠʊၔ࠳ʍۨ
‫ܕ‬ʆᜓʮʫʪᶨ‫؝‬ԥʊᄍੜɴʫɾᶩͥ᥸ʍໍթᶨ૸ӁᶩʍӂϹʱବɶʅɣʪɋɲʍ‫׹ܬ‬Ɋঞ࿷ʍɲʇʇɶʅɊ˃˹̉˰̎̉ʍᇁ૜ఄʍ‫ࡄל‬ᓧՏʣ‫ב‬Ւʎ٨ʮʫʉɣɋʝɾɊɲʍʧɥʉʸ˭̃̎˗ʎɡɮʝʆʡɊၔ࠳ʍᆾᆔɊۨ‫ܕ‬ʊᬈ࠳ɶʅᦞᄍɴʫʪʡʍʆɡʩɊ౓ᦊ
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ۨ‫ܕ‬᫙ʍᇁΣᝆࠬ৷ʱໍɪɶɊۨఄᜓ௔ʍࡩԂɶɥʪጳ‫ې‬ӑʆӁ৤ʊ௨Ⴞɴʫɾૌᄬʗʇ
ᑝɬ୳ɧʨʫʉɰʫʏʉʨʉɣʇɶʅɣʪɋᦋ‫א‬ʍ‫ݼ‬ɮʍ᥄ಳ᫕ᆌૌᄬɫనʨɪʊɶʅɬ
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ಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎɊʡʇʡʇʎᜓ௔ʣ௔ጐʇʎʝʂɾɮԠʍตҮʆթɣʅɣɾ϶๥ɾʀʍᦉթ
ʊɊ௔ຟࡂʱᆾବɶɾ࠱ҍɫ๨ʄɣɾɲʇʊׄ࿢ɫɡʪʇᒑɧʨʫʪɋɼʍͫʆɊۨ‫ܕ‬ʍၔ৷ʣᢁཆʱ֝ԔʊໍᄍɶʉɫʨɊँ‫ބ‬ʱӿʨɶʅɊɼʫɽʫʍۨ‫ܕ‬ʍᯐʇʉʪၔᕫɡʪ
ᄊ‫ق‬ʣ௮֊ʱ‫۔‬ӑʎʡʇʧʩͳᄟʊᥱᄍɸʪʡʍʇɶʅᓑʅͫɱʪᦉթʆɡʪɋϺʆʡɣɣɪʨͳᄟʊ‫ݫ‬ʫʪᄊ‫ق‬ʱЀʩԎɸɲʇɿɰɫᆾᆔʆʎʉɣɶɊɾʂɾ ² ʃʍၔ࠳ʍᄊ‫ق‬ʊۨ‫ܕ‬ɫКࠓɸʪɲʇʆʡʉɪʂɾᷛ‫۔‬ᬫ᥄೔උ֩҇֩ϥ¡ ³±±¸ᷝɋ¡ɲʍʧɥʉၔ৏ʱʡʃͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʱᥱɷʅુɫ‫۔‬ɫ֩Տɸʪ‫׭‬ᓧ৷ʍ ² ʃʇɶʅʎɊÎ×Ñ ʊɩɰʪ૪ԟʍࡩᡑʇʉʂɾɔ˃˹̉˰̎̉ɕʸ˭̃̎˗ʊࡩɶʅɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍၔ৏ʆɡʪɊɔᔵ੾ʆɬʪМђɡʪۨ‫ܕ‬ᢁཆʱ᝾ʃɰɊՒँ̍ᡪ‫ˆ̉ʹ˜ˇ̎˴̍ݫ‬ʉʈʱᥱɷʅɼʍМђʱᱝʠʅɣɮ˭̃ˑˏɕ
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᜖֩Տ˭̃ˎʽ˅˞ɔࠚዒۨ‫בܕ‬Ւ‫ۿ‬ಳᗹ᫕ᆌឞᄘɕᶨÑóðëæäõ¡çðó¡Ñâóõêäêñâõðóú¡×êííâèæ¡Åæ÷æíðñîæïõ¡êï¡Êôðíâõæå¡ÂóæâôᶨÑâ×êÅÊÂᶩᶩʎɊऐ‫ܬ‬ɪʨᦘɮ᭏ʫɾ᥄ಳۨ‫϶ܕ‬๥ʍᓧՏ‫ͫ؂‬ʇɼʫʱோɧʪᎻᐨʍও֊ʱᆾᆔʇɶɊ϶๥‫ב‬Ւʊʧʪಳᗹ᫕ᆌᶨфɍʍಳᗹӑʆʍ˴ʺ˅̃˭̃ˎʽ˅˞ʍ࠷ఆጇᶩʇପᏙᆔ᥄උʍ౓‫ו‬ʊɪɪʪໍթʱᜓɣɊɼʫʨʱ᥸
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ʂʅʎɊূಿɪʨໍթʱᔵ΂ᆔʊᜓʂʅɣʪʡʍɊͥ࠳ʍᢁಢᶨɩᨅᶩʱᔵԳʆᄍੜɶʅ
ɣʪɲʇጇʍ‫ܛ‬ཇʱЀʩɊʣʪ๨ʍɡʪκ̍ˆ́̎˭ʱᦦ૽ɸʪχᎻʞʱ୚ᄍɸʪɲʇʊ
ʧʩɊɼʍাʍପᏙ৷ʍ‫ͫ؂‬ʱ‫ۑ‬ʂʅɣʪɋ¡¡ ЇɺʅɊ˴˿ʼʺʍͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʊࡩɸʪ ËÊÄÂ ʍ֩ՏʊɩɣʅʡɊၔ࠳ۨ‫ܕ‬Ɋၔ࠳ᄊ‫ق‬ʱΟԳʊᦦ࠳ɸʪɲʇʎɺɹʊɊͥಳͥ‫ق‬Οլࢋʇʇʡʊᔵ΂ᆔʉˆ́̎˭ʊࡩɶʅோ
୸ɸʪɲʇʊʧʩɊ˟ˠ̎΂Ϲʍໍթʊʉʪɲʇʍʉɣʧɥँ‫ބ‬ʱɶʅɣʪɋ¡¡㧔㧕ᣢሽᯏ㑐ߩᵴ↪¡ ʸ˫̀ˁʆʍᄊඋ᫕ᆌʱᒑɧʪᬫʊɊంɾʉ෤᫟ʱЀʪʍʆʎʉɮɊకࠓʍ෤᫟ʍಐ՞
ໍᄍɫପᏙ৷ʍឍ࿢ɪʨᨁ᝸ʆɡʪɋ˴˿ʼʺʱАʊʇʂʅʡɊɸʆʊ‫ݼ‬ɮʍ˴ʺ˅̃˫
ʷʺˠ̉ˏ෤᫟Ɋ૮᜖ோ୸෤᫟ጇɫࠓ‫ۦ‬ɶʅɩʩɊɡɧʅͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍୟ᥼ʊᬫɶʅɲ
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ʫʨʍ෤᫟ʇʎԠʊంɾʉ෤᫟ʱឮዒɸʪ৕᝸৷ʎϵɣɋͥಳͥ‫ق‬Οլࢋʎᦉթʍୟ᥼ᒓ
ʆɡʩɊ˫ʷˍ̀˜̎˕̎ʆɡʪʇɲʬɊకࠓʍ෤᫟ʱໍ৷֊ɸʪɲʇʊີՏɸʘɬʇʍ
ˉ̉ˑ˭˞ʱ˯̎ˏʊɩɣʅɣʪɋ¡¡ Ⴛ์ᬤʆʎɼʍ᫟Фకࠓ෤᫟ʎ຅ɶʅ‫ݼ‬ɣʡʍʆʎʉɣɫɊɲʍ˭˿˙˞˫ʿ̎˶ᆔʉ
ͥಳͥ‫ق‬ΟլࢋʍໍᄍʊʧʩɊ௔ो᫟Ф෤᫟ʱ߂ʠʇɸʪ‫ݼ‬ɮʍ෤᫟ɫᄊඋଶᕁʊ᫟ɶɊ
ಢಿೖɾɸʘɬ঱Ձʱଉɥၤ຤ɫথીɴʫʪɲʇɫಜহɴʫʪɋ¡¡⴫ 4㧦৻᧛৻ຠࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ৻ⷩ㧔৻᧛৻ຠ੐ോዪឭଏ㧕
䉫䊦䊷䊒ฬ

ᵴേ⁁ᴫ

㐿ᆎ੍▚
ᐕᐲ

Chiyambi Chanzeru
Dry Fish Group
Chalera Mushroom
Group
Chikunkhiro Vegetable
Projectᵴേ஗ṛ

2003-04

Salimaᵴേਛ

2003-04ᵴേਛ

4

Bvumbwe Milk Coop.

5

Mbadzi Dairy Club

1
2
3

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

䊜䊮䊋䊷
ᢙ

ᡰេర

ᡰេ㗵
䋨MK䋩

Fish Drying &Processing

28

JICA

700,000.00

Lilongwe

Mushroom products

29

JICA

600,000.00

2003-04

Lilongwe

Vegetable

40

JICA

400,000.00

ᵴേਛ

2003-04

ThyoloMilk Processing

570

JICA

1,600,000.00

ᵴേ஗ṛ

2003-04

Lilongwe

Dairy

10

GoM

300,000.00

Iponga Cotton
Production & Ginning
Kunthembwe Nsinjiro
Processingᵴേ஗ᱛ

2003-04

Karonga

Cotton Production &Ginning

500

GoM

3,000,000.00

ᵴേਛ

2003-04

Blantyre

Groundnut flower

20

GoM

200,000.00

ᚲ࿷࿾

ᵴേౝኈ

BCA Carpentry Groupᵴേਛ

2003-04

Blantyre

Furniture making

17

GoM

300,000.00

BCA Concrete Block
MakersMwaiwathu Poultry
Club
Chinangwa Growing
Club

ᵴേ஗ᱛ

2003-04

Blantyre

Brick Making

28

GoM

300,000.00

ᵴേ஗ᱛ

2003-04

Chiladzulu

Poultry

GoM

800,000.00

ᵴേ஗ṛ

2003-04

Zomba

Cassava Growing

10

GoM

130,000.00

Mwai Dairy Farmers

ᵴേ஗ᱛ

2003-04

Zomba

Dairy

6

GoM

485,000.00

Chimwamwe Dairy
Club
Musaononge RiceClub
Hara Water Users
Association
Bvumbwe Vegetable
Growers Associationᵴേਛ

2003-04

Blantyre

Dairy

5

GoM

476,000.00

ᵴേ஗ᱛ

2003-04

Zomba

Rice Milling

10

GoM

600,000.00

Polished and Packed
Rice

631

JICA

500,000.00

Khumbo Oil Refineryᵴേਛ

2004-05

Karongaᵴേਛ

2004-05

ThyoloVegetable Processing

350

JICA

30,000.00

Oil Extraction from
Seeds

2,100

JICA

606,000.00

ᵴേਛ

2004-05

Blantyre

Mloza Bee Keepingᵴേ஗ṛ

2004-05

MulanjeHoney Processing

70

JICA

40,000.00

Bwanje Valley RiceGroup
MitunduAgro-Business
Processing
Business Clubs
Benga Rice Producers
and Marketing
CooperativeMill
Kasitu Rice MillingGroup
Nankhaka Cassava
Group
Wowve Water Users
Associationᵴേਛ

2005-06

Dedza

Polished and Packed
Rice

2,063

GoM

1,576,031.00

ᵴേਛ

2005-06

Lilongwe

Various processed
products

488

JICA

300,000.00

ᵴേ஗ṛ

2005-06

Nkhotakota

Polished and Packed
Rice

20

GoM

2,852,657.00

ᵴേਛ

2005-06

Nkhotakota

Polished and Packed
Rice

136

GoM

603,580.00

ᵴേਛ

2005-06

Lilongwe

Cassava Flour

30

JICA

60,000.00

ᵴേਛ

2005-06

Karonga

1,500

GoM

474,241.00

25

Lufilya Rice Groupᵴേ஗ṛ

2005-06

Karonga

1,046

GoM

640,851.00

26

Kaporo Oil Palm
Farmers Associationᵴേ஗ṛ

2005-06

Karonga100

JICA

200,000.00

18
19

20

21
22
23
24

Polished and Packed
Rice
Polished and Packed
Rice
Palm oil Extraction

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Limphasa Rice
SchemeRumphi Cassava
Producers andMarketing Associationᵴേਛ

2005-06

Nkhata-bay

Polished and Packed
Rice

586

GoM

603,580.00

ᵴേਛ

2005-06

RumphiCassava Flour

225

JICA

60,000.00

29

Muona Rice Millingᵴേ஗ṛ

2005-06

Nsanje11

GoM603,580.00

30

Mmbuazi Rice Millᵴേ஗ṛ

2005-06

Nsanje10

GoM

1,578,403.00

31

Likangala Rice Millᵴേ஗ṛ

2005-06

Zomba

1,300

GoM

1,853,580.00

32

Zumulu WUA Rice Millᵴേ஗ṛ

2005-06

Machinga270

GoM

2,852,657.00

Katengeza Cane
Furniture Group
Village Factory 䋨sameas No.4䋩
Tikoleraneko Paper
Works
Mkondezi Wine Making
Project
Zipatso Orange JuiceGroup
Biriwiri Potato Chips
MakingTiwirizane Bee
Keeping
Malabada Concrete
Block Making
Talandila Women'sGroup
Kamwendo Cooking
Oil
Gemstone Cutting
Matingᵴേਛ

2006-07

Dowa

15

JICA

200,000.00

JICA

500,000.00

27
28

33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41

ᵴേਛ

2006-07

Lilongweᵴേਛ

2006-07

Mzimbaᵴേਛ

2006-07

Nkhatabayᵴേਛ

2006-07⸳⟎ਛ⸳⟎ਛ

Polished and Packed
Rice
Polished and Packed
Rice
Polished and Packed
Rice
Polished and Packed
Rice
Furniture making
Various processed
products
Postcards from Cow
Dung

10

-

Wine making

10

JICA

200,000.00

MwanzaJuice making

418

JICA

200,000.00

2006-07

Ncheu

Potato Chips

12

GOM

5,530,820.00

2006-07

Mulanjehoney & Wax

20

GOM

4,238,760.00

Concrete Block
Macking

20

GOM

4,123,588.00

Mango Juice Making

15

GOM

2,333,691.00

50

GOM

2,233,691.00
2,300,000.00⸳⟎ਛ

2006-07

Blantyre⸘↹ਛ

2007-08

Salima⸘↹ਛ

2007-08

Mchinji

GroudNuts Cooking
Oil
Gem Stone Cutting &Polishing-⸘↹ਛ

2007-08

Mzimba

16

GOM

43

Chitheche Cassava

⸘↹ਛ

2007-08

Nkhatabay

Starch Product

20

GOM

2,733,691.00

44

Chilonbo Macadamia⸘↹ਛ

2007-08

Neno

Roasted Nuts

128

GOM

3,633,691.00

45

Thyolo Tomato
Processing⸘↹ਛ

2007-08

Thyolotomato products-

GOM

2,833,691.00

46

Mloza Oil Refinery⸘↹ਛ

2007-08

Lilongwe

Groundnut oil-

GoM

2,233,691.00

42

ว⸘

12,94358,621,474.00¡⵬⺰㧦ャ಴ଦㅴߩ஥㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆ⽼ᄁᡰេߣຠ⾰▤ℂ¡᫕ᆌᥬͫ‫۔‬ʊɩɰʪɔ᫕ᆌ௔ጐʇɶʅʍͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թɕʆʎɊۨ‫ܕ‬Ꮐ༔ʍໍ৷֊Ɋᭃᄍ
෤ϥʍՄԎʉʈʊՒɧɊᤤԎଶᕁɫɼʍᨁ᝸ʉ௔ጐᆾᆔʍͥʃʇʉʂʅɣʪɋɲɲʆʎɊ
ɼʍթɬʱՒᥴɶʅɣʪ૮᜖ᆔʉѮᮅʇ቎ϥᆔʉѮᮅʊʃɣʅ඘ឍɶɊρাʍͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʊɩɰʪᡪ‫ݫ‬ோ୸Ɋ‫ق‬ᢑጫႾʉʈʗʍோ୸ʍ‫׭‬ᓧ৷ʱ៵ɷɾɣɋ¡¡㧔㧕ᛛⴚ⊛ߥᄌൻ ―ICT5ߩ᥉෸ߣャㅍࠦࠬ࠻ߩૐਅ―ᥬͫ‫۔‬ʍବࡶᒓʍͼʊʎɊɲʍᤤԎଶᕁʱಳᗹ̂˯́ʆʧʩ૮᜖ᆔʊʡ‫׭‬ᓧʊɶɾʍɫ
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ʊʧʪ‫۔ݹ‬ʗʍᡪ‫ݫ‬ʎɊಳᗹ̂˯́ʆʍ᡻పʍ‫׭‬ᓧ৷ʱቌٖɸʪʇɲʬʇʉʂɾɋɪʃʅ
ʎɊ࡬᫏٦቎ʇɣʮʫʪࡷ᝿ාʍ٦቎ɫၔ࠳‫۔‬ʍၔ࠳ᄊ‫ق‬ʍᤤԎʱ૜ɫɰʅɣɾɫɊਇण
ᆔʉ᡻పʇɶʅીዒɸʪʊʎᇁড়ʍ‫כ‬ঃᨃɫሯвɴʫʪɲʇɫ৕᝸ʆɡʩɊ‫ݼ‬ɮʍᥬͫ‫۔‬ʆᆌ࢘ʎ᝾᥈ʠʉɪʂɾɋɶɪɶɊÔÐÉÐ ʍᆍ‫ܬ‬ʊʧʩ᭖Ꮂ᝿ාʆʡᤤԎʍ‫כ‬ตɭɫ‫׭‬ᓧʇʉʩɊ‫قݼ‬ኚࡸᨃᡪ‫ݫ‬ʗʍᦐʱ᫕ɣɾɋʝɾɊɲʫʨʱԢᄍɶʅɊÏÈÐ ʡፍ֫ʊ᡻ప
ʱ૜ɫɰʪɲʇɫ‫׭‬ᓧʇʉʩɊᡪ‫֩ݫ‬Տɫ˲˿̉˜ʹʸໍթʍͥᧅʊʉʪʉʈʍ‫֊ݳ‬ɫᢰɬʅɣʪɋ¡
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‫֊ۿށ‬ɶɊͳᄟʍၑ໐ʍऺᏺʎূಿʍʧɥʉᣁ᭏ʊ๚Аɶɾ௶ᨅϹ᎘ɫࣖ‫ݘ‬ɶɊᣁ᭏ʊɪ
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ཀ௨ѹɊ᯦ᜓ‫ॱܬ‬ឮʉʈʍʺ̉˫˿˭̃ˎʽ˅˞ୟ᥼ʍ‫ށ‬ɬʉીೖʆʡɡʪɋɲʍɲʇʎ
ᥬͫ‫۔‬ɪʨʞɾҳ᥼‫۔‬ऐ‫ܬ‬ɫʧʩ᣸᥎ʊʉʂɾɲʇʆʡɡʩɊÅðéâ¡Åæäíâóâõêðï ʊʡᥬͫ‫۔‬ʍಜহɫᭂʝʂɾɋɶɪɶɊɲʍʧɥʉ૮᜖ᆔʉˆ̃̎˦̀˒̎ˍ˽̉ʍ‫֊ݳ‬ɫɡʪʊʡɪɪʮʨɹɊҳ᥼‫۔‬Ѯʍऐ‫ܬ‬᫕௓ʎɊØÕÐ ʊɩɣʅʡᥬͫ‫۔‬ʍಜহᥱʩʊʎ᥼ʲʆɣʉɣᶨËðôæñé¡ Æ¯¡ Ôõêèíêõû¡ ³±±·ᶩɋɲɲʊʡᥬͫ‫۔‬ѮɪʨɊુɫ‫۔‬ʍͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʗʍಜহɫᱝʝʪᎫۨɫɡʪʇʡᒑɧʨʫʪɋ¡¡㧔㧕 ␠ળ⊛ߥᄌൻ ―ⅣႺᗧ⼂ߩ㜞឴ߣડᬺߩ␠ળ⊛ߥ⽿છߩჇᄢ―ท፥ʍ ÏÈÐ ʍ᫙ʆʎɊ˫ʽʸ˞̂̎˟ʊʧʪ቎ϥ̍შ݄᝿ጳʱᒑ઄ɶɾᦞ৷Мഓʍ౓‫ו‬ʊʧʪӆฬʉ᡻పɫ᥼ʠʨʫʅɣʪɋɲɲʆʎɊ
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୳ɕɫੜᠪɴʫɊɼʍɾʠʍ˃˹˧ˍ˜ʹ̍˩́˝ʹ̉ˆʇɶʅಳ๥ʍ˞̂̎ˡ̉ˆʡᜓʮʫʅɣʪɋ¡ɲʫʨʍթɬʊ᥸թɶɊᄊۨʍ᥄๥ʣ໤ᡸᒓʆɡʪऐ๥̂˯́ɪʨʎɊˣ˙ˏ́ʉʈʍ
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ʊ᥎ɣ᫟Фʊɡʪʇᒑɧʨʫʪɋ˫ʽʸ˞̂̎˟ʍթɬʎɊ໤ᡸᒓɊᄊۨʍಳ๥ʱʡऍɬ
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ʫʏʉʨʉɣɋ᥄๥ʍᄉໍ๬ཇʱ௑‫ٴ‬ɸʪʊʎɊᯨ௶ʍᔵᏋᓧՏʍʞʆʉɮɊ᥄๥ᔵ᣸ʆ
ʎᄉᄊʆɬʉɣψʍ໤ᡸᡦʣˋ̎˩ˏʱᢗӁʆɬʪᢁᨅՏʡ৕᝸ʆɡʪɋ᥄๥ʎʝɾɊ᥄
උᄉᄊ৷ʱ‫ͫ؂‬ɴɺʪɾʠɊႻᨅʆᢗӁɶʉɰʫʏʉʨʉɣ᥄උ૸Ӂᡦʡ৕᝸ʇɶʅɣʪɋ
ɲʍʧɥʉΟ਺ɫɡʪʍʆɊ᥄๥ʍ᫟৔ʱɊ໤ᡸʱҰᢷɸʪɾʠʍᄉᄊɪʨɊऐ‫ܬ‬ʊɩɣʅ᭚᝸ɫɡʪ᥄ᄊၑʍᄉᄊʗʇԕʩಌɧʪɲʇɫ৕᝸ʇʉʂʅɣʪɋ௔ोʍ᥄උ௔ጐfૌᄬ௮ಅʆʎɊ‫۔‬ӑʇ‫۔‬ᬫऐ‫ܬ‬ʍ͸ఄʱࡩᡑʊɶʅɊМഓዪΝՏɫɡʩɊ‫ق‬ᢑʍвាɴʫɾ᥄
ᄊၑʍᄉᄊʊ‫ށ‬ɬʉ᫟৔ɫૠʮʫʅɣʪɋӂϹʇɶʅʎɊʝɹၔ࠳ʍ᥄ᄊၑʊʃɣʅ‫۔‬ᬫऐ‫ܬ‬ʆʍ᭚᝸ʱ᝾ɬʮʠɾͫʆɊตʊМഓዪΝՏɫɡʩɊɪʃᕩᢑʉ᥄ᄊၑʍᄉᄊʱଶᕁ
ɸʪʇɣɥૌᄬɫʇʨʫʅɣʪᶨÎðÊ¡³±±²ᶩɋ¡᥄๥ʎɊ᥄ᄊၑʱ‫۔‬ӑऐ‫ܬ‬ʇ‫۔‬ᬫऐ‫ܬ‬ʍʈʀʨʊʡᡪ‫ݫ‬ʆɬʪɫɊ‫۔‬ᬫऐ‫ܬ‬ʗʍ᫟৔ʱ
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⋵ߪ‫ޔ‬ዋߥߊߣ߽ 1960 ᐕઍ߹ߢߪ‫ߚߞ⸒ߣࠇߎޔ‬໡ຠ૞‛ࠍᜬߚߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ࠣ࡜ࠥߣ⸒߃߫‫ߩ࠹࡯࠮ࡦࠛߪߢࠕࡇࠝ࠴ࠛޔ‬ᩱၭߢ⍮ࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅ‫ࠄ߆࠹࡯࠮ࡦࠛޔ‬ណขߐࠇࠆ࠺ࡦࡊࡦࠍ♖⵾ߒߚ‫ޔߪޠ࡚࠴ࠦޟ‬ㄘ↥ຠߣߒߡ࿖ౝᏒ႐ߦឭଏߐࠇࠆ‫࡯࠮ࡦࠛߒߛߚޕ‬࠹ടᎿຠߩᏒ႐ߪ޽߹ࠅᄢ߈ߊߥ޿਄ߦ‫ޟߢࡃࡌࠕࠬࠖ࠺ࠕޔ‬๧߿㚅ࠅ߇ࠃ޿‫ߪߩࠆࠇߐߣޠ‬ࠪ࠳ࡑ↥߿࠴ࡖࡏ㧔ࠝࡠࡒࠕᎺධ⷏ࠪࠚࡢ⋵㧕↥ߩࠦ࠴࡚ߢ޽ࠅ‫ߪ࡚࠴ࠦߩ↥ࠥ࡜ࠣޔ‬ᔅߕߒ߽ᅢ߹ࠇߥ޿‫ޕ‬ࠪ࠳ࡑߣࠥ࠺ࠝߩਔ⋵߇ࠦ࡯ࡅ࡯↥࿾ߣߒߡ⍮ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚߩߪ‫ߩ߆ߟߊ޿ޔ‬ℂ↱߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬1920 ᐕઍߦਔ⋵ߣߘߩ๟ㄝ㧔ᒰᤨߩࠪ࠳ࡕᎺ㧕ࠍᴦ߼ߡ޿ߚ⾆ᣖߩ࠺ࠫࡖ࠭ࡑ࠴࡮ࡃ࡞
࠴ࡖߪ‫ߩࠕࡇࠝ࠴ࠛ߇࡯ࡅ࡯ࠦޔ‬ਥⷐߥャ಴૞‛ߦߥࠆߎߣࠍ੍⷗ߒߡ‫ޔ‬㗔ౝߢࠦ࡯ࡅ࡯ᩱၭ
ߩ᥉෸ߦദ߼ߚ‫ޕ‬ᒰᤨߩࠪ࠳ࡑ⋵ߪੱญኒᐲ߇ૐߊ‫࡯ࡅ࡯ࠦޔ‬ᩱၭߦㆡߒߚ᫪ᨋ߇ᄙߊᱷߞߡ
޿ߚ‫ࠕ࡝࠲ࠗߦࠄߐޕ‬ァߦࠃࠆࠛ࠴ࠝࡇࠕභ㗔ᦼ㧔1936-41 ᐕ㧕ߦߪ‫ޔ‬ਔ⋵ߣࠕ࠺ࠖࠬࠕࡌࡃ
ߣࠍ⚿߱ᐙ✢㆏〝߇ᢛ஻ߐࠇߚ‫ⷐߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬࿃߇㊀ߥߞߡ‫ߦࠕࡇࠝ࠴ࠛޔߪࠝ࠺ࠥߣࡑ࠳ࠪޔ‬߅ߌࠆઍ⴫⊛ߥ໡ຠ૞‛ߩ↥࿾ߣߒߡߩ࿾૏ࠍ▽ߊߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎࠇߦኻߒߡ࿖㆏ߩᑪ⸳࡞࡯࠻߆ࠄᄖࠇߚࠣ࡜ࠥ⋵ߩㄘ᧛ߪ‫ޔ‬໡ຠ૞‛ߩ↥࿾ߣߒߡߪ㕖Ᏹߦਇ೑ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ࠄ߆ࡃࡌࠕࠬࠖ࠺ࠕޕ‬ᑧ߮ࠆ࿖㆏ߪ‫ߩ࠹ࠠ࡞ࠜ࠙ޔ‬ᚻ೨ߢࠣ࡜ࠥ⋵ߦ౉ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߒ߆ߒࠣ࡜ࠥ⋵ߩᄢㇱಽߪ‫ޔ‬࿖㆏ߩߔߋධࠍ
ᵹࠇࠆࡢࡆᎹߦ㓒ߡࠄࠇߡ‫‛ޔ‬ᵹߩ਄ߢߪ‫ޟ‬ቅ┙‫⁁ޠ‬ᘒߩ߹߹ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᒰᤨࡢࡆᎹߦ߆߆
ࠆᯅߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬࿾రߩ㕍ᐕߚߜ߇ࠛࡦ࠮࡯࠹ߩ
⪲ߣ⨍ߢ╱ࠍ૞ࠅ‫߿ੱޔ‬ኅ⇓‫ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬ㄘ૞‛ࠍߩߖߡᎹࠍᷰߒߚ‫ޕ‬Ꮉ߇Ⴧ᳓ߔࠆ㔎ᦼߩ
ᓔ᧪ߪ․ߦෂ㒾ࠍ઻޿‫߇╱ޔ‬ォⷒߒߡኅ⇓߇ᱫߧߎߣ߽ߒ߫ߒ߫ߢ‫ੱߪߦᤨޔ‬๮߇ᅓࠊࠇ
ࠆߎߣ߽޽ߞߚߣ޿߁‫ޕ‬౮⌀ 㧦ࠕ࠺ࠖࠬࠕࡌࡃߩ㕍ᨐᏒ႐‫ޕ‬ධㇱ⻉᳃ᣖᎺ߆ࠄㆇ߫ࠇߡ߈ߚᨐ‛߇ୖᐶߦⓍߺ਄ߍࠄࠇ
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ߎߩ⁁ᴫߦᄢ߈ߥᄌൻࠍ߽ߚࠄߒߚߩ߇‫ࠥ࡜ࠣޔ‬㆏〝ᑪ⸳දળߣ๭߫ࠇࠆ૑᳃⚵❱ߩᵴേߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬දળߪ‫ߦࡃࡌࠕࠬࠖ࠺ࠕࠄ߆⋵ࠥ࡜ࠣޔ‬⒖ࠅ૑ࠎߛੱ߮ߣ߇‫ޔ‬᡿ㇹߩ᧛ߦ㆏〝߿ቇᩞࠍᑪ⸳ߔࠆ⋡⊛ߢ⚿ᚑߒߚ߽ߩߛ‫ߩ⋵ࠥ࡜ࠣޕ‬ㄘ᧛ߪ⃻㊄ⒿᓧߩᚻᲑ߇ਲߒ޿ߚ߼‫ޔ‬ᄙߊߩ⧯⠪߇ࠕ࠺ࠖࠬࠕࡌࡃࠍߪߓ߼ߣߔࠆㇺᏒߦ⒖ࠅ૑ߺ‫ޔ‬໡ᬺߦᓥ੐ߒߚࠅ᡽ᐭ⡯ຬߣߥߞߡ↢⸘ࠍ┙ߡߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬ᓐࠄߪߘࠇߙࠇ‫ߦ᧛ޔ‬ᱷߒߡ߈ߚኅᣖ࡮ⷫᣖߦㅍ㊄ߒߡ޿ߚ߇‫ߢߌߛࠇߘޔ‬ߪ㘻߈⿷ࠄߕ‫ޔ‬੕޿ߦ㊄ࠍ಴ߒวߞߡ㆏〝ࠍ૞ࠆߎߣࠍᕁ޿ߟ޿ߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠥ࡜ࠣޕ‬㆏〝ᑪ⸳
දળߪ 1962 ᐕߦ⚿ᚑߐࠇ‫ޔ‬1969 ᐕ߹ߢߦߪࡢࡆᎹߦ᨞߆ࠆ㋕ᯅࠍቢᚑߐߖߡ‫❑ࠍ⋵ࠥ࡜ࠣޔ‬ᢿߔࠆ 136 ࠠࡠࡔ࡯࠻࡞ߩ㆏〝ࠍቢᚑߐߖߚ‫ޕ‬1970 ᐕઍߦ౉ࠆߣ‫⋵ޔ‬ౝߩㄘ᧛ߢ↢↥ߐࠇߚ࡙࡯ࠞ࡝ߩᧁ᧚߿࠴ࡖ࠶࠻߇‫ߩߎޔ‬㆏〝ࠍㅢߞߡࠕ࠺ࠖࠬࠕࡌࡃࠍߪߓ߼ࠛ࠴ࠝࡇࠕߩฦ࿾ߦ
ㅍࠅ಴ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ‫↥ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬ຠߪ‫⋵ޔ‬ౝߩㄘኅߦߣߞߡ⾆㊀ߥ⃻㊄෼౉ࠍ߽ߚࠄߒ
ߚߛߌߢߪߥߊ‫ߩ᧚ᧁ߿࠻࠶ࡖ࠴ޔ‬ᵹㅢߦ㑐ࠊࠆ໡ੱߣߒߡ↢⸘ࠍ┙ߡࠆ⠪߽Ⴧ߃ߚ‫ޕ‬
1980 ᐕߏࠈ߹ߢߦ‫ࠥ࡜ࠣޔ‬㆏〝ᑪ⸳දળߪࠣ࡜ࠥ⋵ౝߩㄘ᧛ࠍ⚿߱ 450 ࠠࡠࡔ࡯࠻࡞એ਄ߩ㆏〝✂ࠍቢᚑߐߖߚ‫ޔߒߛߚޕ‬ߎࠇߛߌߩ੐ᬺࠍ૑᳃ߩജߛߌߢታ⃻ߒߚࠊߌߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬หදળߪ‫ߩࠕࡇࠝ࠴ࠛޔ‬᡽ᐭ⚵❱ߢ޽ࠆ࿖㆏ᐡߣ੤ᷤߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᛛⴚ߿ᯏ᧚ߩ㕙ߢᚻෘ޿ᡰេࠍᒁ߈಴ߔߎߣߦ
߽ᚑഞߒߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬หදળ߇࿖㆏ᐡ߆ࠄ
ᓧࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚᡰេߪ‫✚ޔ‬ᑪ⸳⾌ߩ
35-40㧑ߦ⋧ᒰߔࠆߣ⷗ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬౮⌀ 2㧦ࡢࡆᎹߦ᨞߆ࠆ㋕ᯅ¡ࠣ࡜ࠥ㆏〝ᑪ⸳දળߪ‫ޔ‬1988 ᐕߦࠣ࡜ࠥ⥄ഥ㐿⊒දળߣᡷ⒓ߒ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷߽ᵴേࠍ⛯ߌߡ޿ࠆ‫ᦨޕ‬ㄭߢߪ㆏〝ߩᑪ⸳ࠍ߅ߎߥࠊߕ‫ޔ‬ᢎ⢒߿ HIV/AIDS ኻ╷‫ޔ‬ㄘᬺᝄ⥝ߣ޿ߞߚಽ㊁ߦജࠍ౉ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ㄘᬺᝄ⥝ߩಽ㊁ߢหදળߩ㑐ଥ⠪߇᦭ᦸⷞߒߡ޿ࠆߩߪ‫ޔ‬ᣢሽߩ㆏〝✂ࠍ↢߆ߒߚᨐ᮸ᩱၭߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᨐ᮸ᩱၭߢߪ㐳ࠄߊࠪ࠳ࡑ⋵ߩᓟႲࠍ᜙ߒߡ߈ߚࠣ࡜ࠥ⋵ߛ߇‫ᦨޔ‬ㄭߢߪ࡝ࡦࠧߩ↢↥߇‫ޔ‬ᓢ‫゠ߦޘ‬㆏ߦਸ਼ߞߡ߈ߚࠃ
߁ߦᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ࠣ࡜ࠥ㆏〝ᑪ⸳දળ㧔ࠣ࡜ࠥ⥄ഥ㐿⊒දળ㧕ߩ੐଀ߪ‫߽ᦨߢࠕࡇࠝ࠴ࠛޔ‬ᚑഞߒߚ૑᳃⚵❱ᵴേߛߣ⸒߃ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬዁᧪ߦะߌߡ⺖㗴߇ߥ޿ࠊߌߢߪߥ޿‫߫߃ߣߚޕ‬㆏〝ᑪ⸳ߦ઻ߞߡ᜛ᄢߒ
ߚ࡙࡯ࠞ࡝ߩᬀᨋߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ᄖ᧪᮸ߢ޽ࠆ࡙࡯ࠞ࡝ߪ࿯ფࠍ∋ᑷߐߖ‫ޔ‬㐳ᦼ⊛ߦߪ࿯࿾ߩ↢↥ᕈࠍ⪺ߒߊૐਅߐߖࠆߣ޿߁⷗⸃߽޽ࠆ‫ࠍ↥↢ߩ࡝ࠞ࡯࡙ޔߡߞ޿ߣ߆ޕ‬೙㒢ߔࠇ߫࿾ၞ⚻ᷣߦߪᄢ߈ߥᛂ᠄ߣߥࠆߛࠈ߁‫ߩ࡝ࠞ࡯࡙ޕ‬ᬀᨋࠍ⛯ߌߥ߇ࠄ‫ޔ‬หᤨߦ࿯ფߩ଻ో߽ⴕ߁߿ࠅᣇ‫ޔ‬ߟ߹ࠅᜬ⛯⊛ߥᨋᬺߩᣇᴺࠍ⏕┙ߒߡࠁߊᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬

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╙Υ┨ ࠛ࠴ࠝࡇࠕߦ߅ߌࠆ৻᧛৻ຠㆇേߩ⺖㗴ߣᚒ߇࿖ߩදജน⢻ᕈ㧝㧚ࠛ࠴ࠝࡇࠕߩ৻᧛৻ຠㆇേߩ⺖㗴ߣ੹ᓟߩᣇะᕈ

ʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʊɩɣʅͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʱ࢘᫕ɸʪʊɡɾʩɊ΂ʊ௔ोʇɣɥӆᆔʉோ୸ໍթ
ʱᥱɷʅ࢘᫕ɸʪɲʇʊ࿶࿢ʱঞʅɾ‫׹ܬ‬Ɋʈʍʧɥʉ៨ᯌɫᒑɧʨʫʪʍɪʊʃɣʅಢ
ጱʆᒑࡗɸʪɋɾɿɶɊ๥᫙ᢁಢʍከඐᆔթ‫ى‬ɡʪɣʎ ÏÈÐ ʉʈʊʧʪऐ๥᥸உʉʈʊ
ʧʪ࢘᫕ʊʃɣʅʎល‫ו‬ɴʫʅɣʉɣɲʇʎΜʠɳႾពɣɾɿɬɾɣɋ¡¡៨ᯌᶱᶺɔͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թɕʍᆾᆔʇႾ৤ʍӉಐ֊ʱ‫ۑ‬ʪɔ֩ᠳʍ‫ܬ‬ɕʱՄឮɸʪ¡¡ɔͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թɕʍលᗼʍ᮰ɬʊʎও࿥ʉʺ̉˧˅˞ɫɡʪɋɶɪʡɼʍʺ̉˧˅˞ʊ
ʎ࿣௔ᒓʊີᆾɴʫపɣӑࡄɫӑ‫ۦ‬ɶʅɣʪɋɼʫʎᄍៜʍៜؕʍʧɴʡ૜ϧʂʅɣʪɫɊ
ɔͥಳʊͥၔᄊၑɕʇɣɥᆾ෋ђɫᆴʩ᥈ʝʫʅɣʪɾʠ᫕ᆌʊɪɪʮʪ௔ຟʍ˃˹˙˗˫̂̎ːʊʉʩపɣɋۨ‫ܕ‬቎ϥᶨˉ˵˻ˡ˜ʹᶩ᫕ᆌʱɸɸʠɊకࠓʍᄊၑᢁཆʱໍᄍɶ
ʅಳʍໍ৷֊ʊࡉͮɶɾΟАʡɡʪͥఄɊᆌ࢘ᥬͫ‫۔‬ʍɣɮʃɪʍΟАʆʎੜ‫ۑ‬ɶɾɲʇʇʎԠʍႾពʊɣɾʪΟАʡ௣᝾ɴʫʪʇʍ‫ؙܫ‬ɫɡʪɋɾʇɧʏɊ
ɔʑʇʃʍಳɫʑʇʃ
ʍʡʍʱЀʫʏʧɣɕɲʇɿɰɫͥᑵᆔʉᆾᆔʇʉʩɊۨ‫ܕ‬ʍၔᄊ‫ق‬ʄɮʩʊᄤʝʂʅɶ
ʝɣۨ‫ܕ‬ʍໍ৷֊ʊʎᇀଢ଼ᏃʒʃɣʅɣʉɣΟАɊಢಿʎۨ‫϶ܕ‬๥ʣۨఄᜓ௔ʍ΂ࡶ৷ʱᱝʠʪʎɹɫɊͼ‫އ‬௔ोʣ᫕ᆌோ୸Ꮋᐨʊᦋ्ʊКࠓɸʪ҂‫؂‬ʱᄉʞԎɶɾʩɊᦉթʇɶ
ʅᏘᏙɸʪՏᨃʱดɣʅɣɾʩɸʪΟАɫɡʪʇʍବ஍ʡɴʫʅɣʪɋ¡ၔʊɊʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʆʎᆖच௔ිʍᏎຟɊʉʨʒʊᤄΟ቎ϥ΂ᑵ௔ිʍᏎຟɫᫎʨɮᏙɣ
ɾɲʇʡম᮰ɶɊ௮֊ᆔ̍ำ‫װ‬ᆔʉᓗ౔ɪʨɔͫϴͬᦑɕᆔʉිߒᆔੜ৲຅࠳ථ᥵ɫ቎ϥӂᕓʊᜓɬ༠ʂʅɣʪʍɫၔᫎʆɡʪɋɼʍ቎ϥᆔථ᥵ʍͬʆɊၔʊۨ‫϶ܕ‬๥ʣۨ‫ᜓܕ‬௔ʍ‫ۓ‬ಐʍၔ৏ʱᄉɪɶɊɼʫʨʱ΂Ϲʊɶɾ΂ࡶᆔʉ᫕ᆌʱ࢘᫕ɶʅʥɮͫʊʎɊ
ɔͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թɕʍᆾᆔʇႾ৤ʱҰԔʊӉಐɶɊ࠳ಜᆔʊ൮ឡ̍൮ាʆɬʪɔ֩ᠳʍ‫ܬ‬ɕʱឮɰʪ
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वೋࠩদ‫۔‬ᬫ Ð×ÐÑ ௔ጐࠜϥ‫׾‬។ϥᫎᶨҮ‫ށ‬ԔᇊᇽΟᶩʊʧʪͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թ¡ͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍᆾᆔ¡²ᶩ૗ৃʍ‫ͫ؂‬ᶨۨ‫ܕ‬᫙ʍ૗ৃഓआɫूɫʪͼʆɊۨ‫ܕ‬ʍ૗ৃ‫ͫ؂‬ʱ‫ۑ‬ʪᶩ¡³ᶩۨ‫϶ܕ‬๥ɫۨ‫ܕ‬ʊ៓ʩʱʡʃᶨۨ‫ܕ‬᫕ᆌʍኴඐʍᆾ෋ᶩ¡ͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍႾ৤¡²ᶩ̃̎ˁ́ʊɶʅˆ̃̎˦́¡ۨ‫ܕ‬ʍၔᕫʱᄉɪɶɾᄊ‫ق‬Ɋ௮֊ʉʈʊᱝϊՒМђʱʃɰʅˆ̃̎˦́ʊᥱᄍɸ
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៬ɫ৵ᥴʊ࢘᫕ɶɊᇀଢ଼ᡦ௔ோ୸ʉʈʍᡦ௔ோ୸‫୸ۿ‬Օɫ࠷ఆ์ᬤʊɡʪʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʆʎɊ௔ो᫙୸Օʱ࠷ఆɸʪ‫۔‬ᬫ֩Տ෤ථɫΟඋʱ࢘᫕ɸʪ‫׹ܬ‬Ɋϒͬʍ࿢ºʱᄤੜɸʪ৕᝸ɫɡʪɋ¡¡ǋ¡ ͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎɔऐ‫ܬ‬Ꮐ༔ҥҳ‫ۿ‬ɕʍᦉթɪɔ௔ोோ୸‫ۿ‬ɕʍᦉթɪᶿ¡ท፥ʍ୸Օʎऐ‫ܬ‬Ꮐ༔ҥҳ‫ۿ‬ʆࡷɴɣ௔ोථ੍ɫ‫៬ܛ‬ʇʉʂʅɣʪɋͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎಢಿۨ‫϶ܕ‬๥ʣ๥᫙ʍ΂ࡶɸʪʡʍʆɡʩɊ৕ɹɶʡ௔ोʍᝆՕᨅʊКଝɸʪʡʍʆʎʉɣɋ
ɶɪɶɊʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʍʧɥʊᰓᧉʸ˝ʹˏʸ˯˦ϒ‫ݹ‬ʊҰԔʉ‫۔‬ӑऐ‫ܬ‬ɫথીɴʫʅɩʨ
ɹɊᤤԎऐ‫ܬ‬ʡᬈʨʫʅɣʪ‫۔‬ɊɸʉʮʀɊऐ‫ܬ‬෤ᓧɫಠીဒʉ቎ϥථ᥵ʊɡʂʅʎɊɣ
ɬɩɣऐ‫ܬ‬Ꮐ༔ࡶӁ‫ۿ‬ʆӑᆌᆔʊၔᄊ‫ق‬ʱথીɶɾʩɊɼʍᄉᄊ໤ᡸථ᥵ʱᏢପɶʅʥɮ
ɲʇʊʎᬈᄟɫɡʪʇᒑɧʨʫʪɋɼɲʆɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʗʍ௔ोோ୸ʱ࢘᫕ɸʫʏɊ௔
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হ੡ɫᱝɣʍɫႻၤʆɡʪɾʠɊɔᔵ΂ᔵዒfՄੜँ‫ބ‬ɕʍႾ৤ʣᎃቛɫӉಐɴʫʪɲʇɫ
‫ۏ‬᭐ʆɡʪɲʇɫΜ੍ɴʫɥʪɋɼʍɾʠʊʎɊુɫ‫۔‬ʍۨఄᜓ௔ʍ෤ᓧʇ঱Ձ̍ۨ‫ܕ‬᫕ᆌΟАʉʈʱҰԔࠜʘʪಢᦶለиʍ୯ЙʊʧʩɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍႾ৤ʱϹৃɶʉɫʨʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʆᦉᄍʆɬʪ࠷ᢑᆔ୯ഛʱʆɬʪʧɥʉ௔ጐ຅࠳ᒓʍᓑીɫ៨ᯌʇʉʪɋ¡¡Ǎ¡ ၔᄊ‫ق‬ʍ៖࠳ʍϴᑝʄɰ¡ท፥ʍ˟ˠ̎ʍ᫟৔ΟʍʑʇʃʊɊၔᄊ‫ق‬ʍ៖࠳ʍ៨ᯌɫɡʪɋท፥ʆʎɊ‫ق‬ᢑʱвាɶᄊ‫ق‬ʍҥᕩ֊ʱ᥼ʠʪɲʇʊʧʩɊʝɾɊɼʍ៖࠳‫ܛ‬ཇʱԧ्֊ɸʪɲʇʊʧʩɊ‫۔‬๥ᄉໍʍ‫ͫ؂‬ʇᄊඋʍᆌ࢘ʊࡉͮɸʪʡʍʇɶʅɊၔᄊၑʍ៖࠳ʎከඐᆔʊᜓʮʫʪɋͥఄɊ
ͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍ࠷ఆΟАʆʎɊၔᄊ‫ق‬ʍ៖࠳‫ܛ‬ཇɫɡʝʩనሯʆʉɣΟАʡɡʪʇʍବ஍
ɫɡʪɋͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʱ࢘᫕ɸʪͫʆɊ‫ق‬ᢑʍвӂʇ‫ͫ؂‬ʎᓇ᝸ʉ៨ᯌʆɡʪʍʆɊɲɥ
ɶɾᨁ᝸৷ʱ៖ᠪɴʫʪʧɥʊɸʪɲʇɫ៨ᯌʆɡʪɋ¡ɶɪɶʉɫʨɊʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʆʎ‫ق‬ᢑвាʇ៖ាԧ्ɫͥᕓᆔʊᓪঐʆɡʪɶɊ‫ق‬ᢑጫႾʇɣɥ඘৤ɫͥᕓ໤ᡸᒓʍ᫟৔ʊʡऔᙙʉʇɲʬɫ᝾‫ל‬ɰʨʫʪɋɼʍɾʠɊ‫ق‬ᢑጫႾʍੜᠪʱ‫ᦉ׽‬թʍͼʆ‫ͫ؂‬ɴɺʪɲʇʱᆾ෋ʊɸʪɲʇɫ៨ᯌʆɡʪʇɣɧʪɋ¡¡ǎ¡ ˴ʺ˅̃˫ʷʺˠ̉ˏʇʍ᫟Ф¡ท፥ʍ˟ˠ̎ʍ᫟৔ʎ˴ʺ˅̃˫ʷʺˠ̉ˏᶨࡷ‫ף‬ᨅᛧᶩʍ૨ɣʊʡɡʪɋ˴˿ʼʺʆ
ʎ௔ोʍ࠷ఆɸʪͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʎͥᧅʆɔϵᨅԢʆᛧᢁɫ‫ל‬ɰʨʫʪχᎻʞɕʇɶʅႾព
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Ǐ¡ కࠓʍ᫕ᆌΟАʍͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թ֊¡ͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʆᢁᨅЙͮʱৃʪɲʇɫ੍࠳ɴʫʪ‫׹ܬ‬Ɋకࠓʍ࠷ᐠʱюʩ‫ל‬ɰഒଝʊɸ
ʪʍɫᥱणʆɡʪɋɸʪʇకࠓʍҥቻΟАɫɡɾɪʡͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʊʧʂʅીೖɫͫɫʂ
ɾɪʍʧɥʊើМɴʫʪ‫׹ܬ‬ɫɡʪɫɊᦉթɫʉɮʇʡᇁঞʍીೖʱ‫י‬ʠʅɣʪɲʇʡᒑ
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ᇄʣࣾ᥄උ᥄ಳ᫕ᆌࢋɫ࠷ᢑᆔʊᦉթʱ࢘᫕ɶʅʥɮɲʇɫ੍࠳ɴʫʪɋુɫ‫۔‬ʍ᥄ಳᆌ࢘ʍᏀ᰺ʡᣐʝɧɊɡʪɣʎᮧ‫۔‬ʍ ²º·± शϐʍˑ˴ʼ́ᦉթʊӉᥱʊʞʨʫʪʧɥʊɊͥ
ಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʡɔᔵዒಳʍᓑીɕʍɾʠʍᦉթɊၔʊɊӑᆌᆔʉᆌ࢘ʊ࿶࿢ʱঞʅɾᦉթʊ
ϴᑝʄɰʨʫʪɲʇɫᨁ᝸ʆɡʪɋលɣ୳ɧʪʇɊ᥄උ᥄ಳ᫕ᆌᇄʊɊ᥄ಳʍᆌ࢘์ᬤʱ
Ԕᯕʆɬʪବ෋ʣ‫ܛ‬ཇʱឮɰʪЀඋɫᨁ᝸ʆɡʪʇᒑɧʨʫʪɋɲʍ‫׹ܬ‬ʍ᥄ಳʎᜓ௔ಳ
ʱ੍࠳ɸʪɫɊʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʍ‫׹ܬ‬Ɋᜓ௔ಳʎ Ñæâôâïõ¡Âôôðäêâõêðï ʱବɸɋʝɾɊӌϹᆔʉବ෋ʎ֩ᠳʍ‫ܬ‬ʍ᫟Фᒓ᫙ʍከඐᆔʉᠳ៵ʆথીɴʫʪʡʍʆɡʪɫɊɾʇɧʏɊʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʍ᥄ಳɡʪɣʎᜓ௔ಳʱϒͬʍͪʃʍ᥄ಳʊᯕ‫֊ۿ‬ɸʪɲʇʡᒑɧʨʫʧɥɋ¡ǋᔵዒᆌ࢘‫᥄ۿ‬ಳᶨôæíç®óæíêâïäæ¡ðóêæïõæå¡åæ÷æíðñæå¡ñæâôâïõ¡âôôðäêâõêðïᶩ¡ǌᆌ࢘ᥬͫ์ᬤʊɡʪ᥄ಳ¡ ᶨåæ÷æíðñêïè¡ñæâôâïõ¡âôôðäêâõêðïᶩ¡Ǎাᆌ์ᬤʊɡʪ᥄ಳᶨöïåæóåæ÷æíðñæå¡âïå¡çððå®êïôæäöóêõú¡ñæâôâïõ¡âôôðäêâõêðïᶩ¡ɲʍͪʃʍ᥄ಳʊԔᯕɶɾͫʆɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʱɔᔵዒಳᓑીɕᦉթʇʇʨɧʅୟ᥼ɸʪ
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ʉᓧՏɫ᝸៰ɴʫʪɋʝɾɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍᠳ៵ʍͼʆၔጅɸʘɬɲʇʎɊۨ‫϶ܕ‬๥ɫᔵʨʱᎻᐨ֊ɴɺʉɫʨɊɲʫʨʍᓧՏʱ΂Ϲᆔʊথીɶʅɣʪʇɣɥ࿢ʆɡʪɋɲʫɫͥ
ಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʱӑᆌᆔᆌ࢘ʇលʮɶʠʅɣʪᠳ៵ʆɡʬɥɫɊۨ‫϶ܕ‬๥ɫᜓ௔ˋ̎˩ˏʗʍʸ˅ˑˏɊऐ‫ܬ‬ʗʍʸ˅ˑˏʱ΂Ϲᆔʊ႘ৃɶɊ‫ق‬ᢑጫႾʇᏢପʊɪɪʮʪ૮᜖ᆔ̍Ꮋᐨ
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ᶨ²ᶩۨ‫ܕ‬ၔᄊʍᄊၑʆɡʪʇၔ࠳ɸʪՏ¡ᶨ³ᶩ‫ق‬ኚʉʈʱͥ࠳ʊᏢପɸʪᶨၔ࠳‫ق‬ኚʍኚࠍʍӖᄉᄊʍᏢପᶩ¡ᶨ´ᶩۨ‫ܕ‬ʍᄉᄊጫႾʱ࠷ఆɶᏢପɸʪՏᶨАɊȾȾᄊȹȹʇលʂɾ‫׹ܬ‬Ɋȹȹʎ৕ɹ¡ ¡ ȾȾۨ‫ܕ‬ʆᄉᄊɴʫɾʇɣɥвាɫϪɥᶩ¡ᶨµᶩࠪ࠳ЙᏋɸʪᄉᄊՏ¡ᶨ¶ᶩऐ‫ܬ‬թ‫؂‬ʱ៖ᠪɶᡪᣈ᫕କɸʪՏ¡ᶨ·ᶩ٦‫ق‬Ւँ̍ϊՒМђ‫ͫ؂‬ɸʪᎻᐨՏʇ૮᜖Տ¡ʉʈ¡¡ᔵዒಳɫথીɴʫʪᦋ኏ʎ‫ݼ‬පʆɡʪɋɼʫʨʍᦋ኏ʍۨ‫ܕ‬৷ʉʩၔ৏ʊɪɪʮʪ᝾ᠪ
ʱɊᜓ௔෤᫟ʣለኴ෤᫟Ɋऐ‫ܬ‬᫟ФᒓɊʉʨʒʊɊۨ‫ܕ‬Ꮋᐨʍ᫙ʆᘡከɴɺʪɲʇɫɊͥ
ಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʱᥱɷʅɊʾ˗ˀ˪ʸɫ‫۔‬ӂϹʇɶʅ႘ৃɸʪᇽᆔᡦᄊʆɡʪɋ¡ɲʨʨʍᦋ኏ʎɊǌʊԔᯕɴʫɾಳɫǋʍಳʊᆌ࢘ɶʅʥɮᦋ኏ʆɡʪɶɊǍʊԔᯕɴʫɾಳɫǌɪʨǋʍಳʊᆌ࢘ɶʅʥɮᦋ኏ʆɡʪɋఄຫ៵ᆔʊʎɣɮʃɪʍఄຫʣૌᄬɫ
ᒑഛɴʫʪɫɊǋ‫᥄ۿ‬ಳʍకࠓʍҥቻҳᰣΟАʱၔ࠳ɶʉɫʨɊǌʣǍ‫ۿ‬ʍ᥄ಳʊາ‫ו‬՞ೖɫԎಿʪʧɥʉఄຫɫᒑɧʨʫʪɋၔʊɊǍʍ᥄ಳʎᯨ᎑ࠪӂвᬬʍሯዒʱ৵լʇɸʪ
᥄ಳۨ‫ܕ‬ʆɡʩɊၔᄊၑʱথીɸʪϒԳʍ቎ϥᆔʺ̉˫˿ɊၔʊɊ࿋཯ఆឮʣɾʠ๽ʉʈ
ʍ᥄උᄍ๬ʱࠪ࠳ᆔʊሯвɸʪʺ̉˫˿Ɋ᥄ᦐʉʈʍʸ˅ˑˏʱ‫ͫ؂‬ɴɺʪʺ̉˫˿ʍ௨
ѹɫԳ୯ʇʉʪ‫׹ܬ‬ɫ‫ݼ‬ɣʇ੍࠳ɴʫʪʍʆɊɼʫʨʍ‫ܛ‬ᆺ௨ѹɫͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʊʈʍʧ
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‫ܛ‬ʄɣɾۨఄԔිʱ‫៬ܛ‬ʊɶɾ᫕ᆌឞᄘጐ࠳ʍχᎻʞʊ‫ݳ‬ಂɴʫɾɋ¡ऐ‫ܬ‬Ꮐ༔ʱ‫ܛ‬ቃʇʎលɥʡʍʍɊʾ˗ˀ˪ʸ‫۔‬ӑʆʎϧᏎᆔʉၑɍί୳ʡࠓ‫ۦ‬ɸʪ࠳ಜऐʎ‫۔‬ӑӂ‫ܕ‬ʊᆌᦑɶʅɣʪɫɊͥఄɊۨ‫ܕ‬ʍၔᄊ‫ق‬ʱ૨ɧʪऐ‫ܬ‬ʎᰓᧉʸ˝ʹˏʸ˯˦ʍऐ‫ܬ‬ɊɡʪɣʎɊࣾᧉʍऐ‫ܬ‬ϒ‫ݹ‬ʊʎऐ‫ܬ‬ɫথીɶʅɣʪʇʎលɣɫɾɣၤ຤ɫɡʪɋ¡᫕ᆌឞᄘʱጐ࠳ɶʅɣɮ‫׹ܬ‬ɊၔʊɊ᥄උ᫕ᆌʍԔᨂʊɩɣʅʎɊЀၑԠឞᄘʇۨ‫ܕ‬Ԡ
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ʩɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʱࡶӁɸʪͫʆᨁ᝸ʉ਺‫ܫ‬ʱ୯ЙɶʅɣʪɋɲʫʎɊԳዞʆʡភʫʨʫ
ʅɣʪɔࠛ࠴ࠝࡇࠕߩᐸ⇌㧦ᘠⴕߣㄘ↥‛ߩ଻⼔‫‛↢ޔ‬ᄙ᭽ᕈߩ in-situ㧔ේ૏⟎ߢߩ㧕଻ోࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ᶨᥱኋɊÆõéêðñêâï¡ Éðîæ¡ Èâóåæïô¡ Ñóðëæäõᶩᶨ᷐µ³ ‫ב‬ဆᶩɕʇ‫׾‬ϊɰʨʫɾɊʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʊɩɰʪႻۨ‫ۓ‬ಐʍ᥄උၔᄊЀၑɊᄊ‫ق‬ʱၔ࠳ɸʪ ¶ ̋शለኴ˭̃ˎʽ˅
˞ᶨ³±±·®³±²±ᶩʆɡʩɊ˫˿̉ˏۨႼშ݄‫ܛ‬ᨅʍᡦ௔ᆔோ୸ʱ‫ל‬ɰɾʡʍʆɡʪɋۨႾᆔ
ᜟቌᶨÈæðèóâñéêäâí¡ÊïåêäâõêðïôᶨÈÊᶩ
ᶩ²±ʍ᫕ᆌʇ౓‫ו‬ʆɊɲʫʝʆऐ‫ܬ‬᫟ФᒓʍᏀ᰺ᆔᇽ
᝾ʊଝʂʅɣɾ‫ق‬ᢑʍጫႾʱͥᕓ֊ɶɾʡʍʱᜟቌɶɊۨ‫ۓܕ‬ಐၔᄊ‫ق‬ʱ࠳ᑵɸʪԧ्ᆔɊ
ຫᆔଶᕁථ᥵ʍሯዒʆɡʪɋɸʉʮʀɊۨ‫ۓܕ‬ಐ᥄ᄊၑʍ‫ق‬ᢑвӂʇᏢପʊʎɊ໤ᡸᒓʊ
ࡩɸʪ៥నᡭϙɫ৕᝸ʇʉʪɫɊÈÊ ʎɼʍ៥నᡭϙʱೖɾɸɾʠʍ਺‫˴ܫ‬ˣ̎ˎ˷̉˞˚̎́ʇɶʅ଻ɧʨʫʪɋ៍ɶɮʎɊዿƍዞʍ ´ ʱ‫ב‬ဆᯓɣɾɣɋ˭̃ˎʽ˅˞ʍᦋ኏ʆɊ
ۨ‫ۓܕ‬ಐʍ᥄ᄊၑʍၔ࠳ʱ ´ ์ᬤʊʮɾʂʅ࠷ఆɶʅɣʪᶨዿƍዞᜟ ¸ ‫ב‬ဆᶩɋ¡ۨ‫ۓܕ‬ಐʍ᥄ᄊၑʉʨʒʊऐ‫ܬ‬৙‫؂‬ʍၔ৷ʍɡʪ᥄ᄊၑʱၔ࠳ɸʪោʞʎͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʱ࢘᫕ɸʪͫʆʡ‫ב‬ဆɴʫʪΟАʇɣɧʪɋዪΝՏʍɡʪ᥄ᄊၑʱၔ࠳ɸʪɲʇʎ‫۔‬ӑ‫ו‬ʒ‫۔‬ᬫऐ‫ܬ‬ʗʍᦞ৷ʱើМɸʪᬫʊ৕᝸ʉԳ୯಻ϗʇɶʅᒑɧʨʫʪɋʝɾɊ᥄ᄊၑʍᄉ
ᄊʱଶᕁɸʪΟඋʎɊঞ៌ᨁ᝸᥄ᄊၑʍᡪᣈʇɶʅʍऐ‫ܬ‬ɫၔ࠳ɴʫʪɲʇɫԳ୯ʆɡʪɋ¡᥄උ᥄ಳ᫕ᆌᇄʍ᥄උᄊ‫ˆ̉ʹ˜ˇ̎˴ق‬Х᥼ࢋʆʎɊᤤԎʱੜᠪɶʅ ³± ɪʨ ³² Ѐᆾʱၔ࠳ɶʅɣʪɋ΂ʉʡʍʎɊ˥̀ˉ˙˞˩̎̉Ɋ˨˾ˉ˴˷Ɋ̂̉ː˴˷Ɋˊ˴Ɋˡ˂̎Ɋ̀̉˞Ɋˉ̎˨̎Ɋ̅˕Ɋ˗˹Ɋˎ̉ˎ˹̎Ɋ˅˵̉Ɋ˰˙˧̎ʉʈɫɡʪɋ¡ɴʨʊɊˁˠ˖‫۔‬ᬫ᫕ᆌुᶨÄÊÅÂᶩʣͳᄟᩂᜓʡ‫׽‬ኚʍ៬೿ʱ᥼ʠʅɩʩɊ˜˫Ɋˉ˶˄Ɋ˥̀ˉ˙˞˩̎̉Ɋˉ̎˨̎ᶨʸ̅ˋᶩɊ˞ʼ˸̃ˉˍᶨʼʿ˿˂̍˲˿ᶩɊˊ˴ᶨ˫
˴˿ᶩʍᶶ΂᝸ᄊ‫ق‬ʱࡩᡑʊɊМഓʍᥨన৷ሯвɊ‫ق‬ᢑʍሯвɊ‫כ‬ঃʍϖς෤ථʍሯዒʉ
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཯ʊ৕᝸ʉ๬ᢁཆጫႾʍឍ࿢ɪʨɊʝɾɊᄉᄊ᥄ࡂвᠷʍឍ࿢ɪʨʡɊᜓ௔ɫɼʫʨʍ෤
ᓧʱೖɾɶʉɫʨ࿋཯ᎻᐨʱᓑીɸʪχᎻʞʱ৕᝸ʇɶʅɣɾɋËÊÄÂ ʍோ୸ʎɲʍᜓ௔ˍˏ˜˶ʍථጶʊ‫؂‬ɰʨʫɾʮɰʆɡʪɫɊ‫۔‬ᬫऐ‫؂ܬ‬ɰʍ˞˴˞ʍ᭚᝸ʡᯑ‫֊ۦ‬ɶɾ์ᬤʆɊࠪ࠳ᆔʉᄉᄊᨃʍሯвʇஅԎʱ‫ۑ‬ʪɾʠʊɊ‫۔‬ӑʍᤤԎඋᒓɫ øðóæåâ ʆᎻᐨɴʫ
ɾɔ˟ʻˆ˖̍˲˿֩‫׽‬Ꮋ‫׹᥸׹‬ϥɕʊ҇ɬɪɰɾΟАʡɡʪɋᕼ֣۞ᕾʍʧɥʊ‫۔ݹ‬ᢁಢɫ᫟ͮɶʉɮʇʡɊᤤԎ‫؂‬ɰʍᄊۨʱথીɸʪ‫׭‬ᓧ৷ɫɡʪɲʇʱቌٖɸʪɫɊɼʍ‫ܬ‬‫׹‬ʎ‫ق‬ᢑጫႾʣᜓթјႾʍ৑े֊ʉʈ֩‫׽‬Ꮋ‫׹‬ɫೖɾɸ঱Ձɫᨁ᝸ʆɡʪʇᒑɧʨʫʪɋ¡¡´ᶩ¡ ‫۔‬ᬫऐ‫ܬ‬៚ࡶ‫ۿ‬ᄊۨথી¡ऐ‫ܬ‬ᶺ¡ ¡¡ᄉᄊ‫۝‬ᶺ¡ᄉᄊᆾᆔᶺ¡ ¡‫۔‬ᬫऐ‫¡ܬ‬˲̂‫۔‬ᬫ኶༫ʊᥴʣɪʊӁॏʆɬʪۨ࿢¡¡ᄉᄊʍ΂ʉଉɣ૜ᶺ¡ᤤԎ৙‫¡؂‬‫ݹ‬ᢁ᎘Ϝඋʉʨʒʊʾ˗ˀ˪ʸκϜඋࡂ¡΂ʉ‫ق‬ᢑጫႾʍଉɣ૜ᶺ¡ ‫۔‬ᬫऐ‫ܬ‬ʍ‫ق‬ᢑ‫ܛ‬ཇʇᜓթјႾʊᦣࠩɶɾᏀ‫¡΂ډ‬¡ ۨ‫ܕ‬ʍၔᄊ‫ق‬ʍথીʱᒑɧʪ‫׹ܬ‬ʊऐ‫ܬ‬ʇʍ᫟Фʎࡋଢ଼ͭ‫׭‬ԔʆɡʪɫɊ᥎शʍʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʆᯑᗾʉΟАʇɶʅ‫כ‬ʩͫɱʨʫʪᕼ֣۞ᕾʍԔᨂʱΟАᒑࡗɶʅʞʪɋɲʍΟАʎ‫۔‬ᬫऐ‫ܬ‬ɫ႟ҳɶʅ៚ᆌɸʪথʆɊЀၑᄉᄊɫᓑીɴʫʅɣʪΟАʆɡʩɊऐ‫ʺܬ‬ˡˍʸ˗ˬʊʧʪ᫕ᆌΟАʇɣɧʪɋʝɾɊऐ‫۝ܬ‬ɪʨᒑɧʪʇɊʸ˝ʹˏʸ˯˦ʍऐ‫۝ܬ‬ʊ᫟ʮʪթ‫؂‬ʆɡʪɋ᫕ᆌ‫ב‬Ւᒓʍ᫟᥸ʆលɥʇɊфκᏀ‫ࡂ᥄ډ‬ʇऐ‫ܬ‬ɫͼ৔ᆔʉ঱Ձʱଉʂ
ʅɩʩɊ௔ोᜓ௔ʎɼʫʨʱோ୸ɸʪᝆࠬᆔʉ঱ՁʱଉʂʅɣʪΟАʆɡʪɋ¡ۨ‫ܕ‬ʍၔᄊ‫ق‬থીʊ᫟ʮʪͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍ࢘᫕ʊ᫟ʮʪ៨ᯌʱቌٖɸʪӑࡄʱ؉ʲʆɣʪʍʆϒͬʊ඘ଟɶɊ៨ᯌʍ೘Ꮋʞʱ௨Ⴞɶʅʞʪɋ¡ᕼ֣۞ᕾʊɪɪʮʪ࠷ੳԔ೒ʎɊËÊÄÂ ʾ˗ˀ˪ʸΟլ૗ɫ࠷ఆɶɾɔʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʊɩɰʪ᥄ᄊၑᤤԎ‫ق‬ଶᕁʊɩɰʪ‫ق‬ᢑጫႾɩʧʒ៖ាˍˏ˜˶ʍථጶʊɪɪʮʪ៬೿‫ؙܫ‬
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ಅɕᶨ³±±¶ श ¹ ಏᶩʍᕼ֣۞ᕾԔᨂʱ‫ב‬ᒑʊɶɾɋʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʍᕼ֣۞ᕾʍ಍᥎ʍթ‫؂‬ʎตʍ˰̎ˎʍ‫ې‬ʞឧΟʊ᝸᎜ɶɾʇɩʩʆɡʪɋ¡ʾ˗ˀ˪ʸɫ‫۔‬ᬫऐ‫؂ܬ‬ɰʊ‫۔‬ᬫᆔ᭚᝸ʱགɾɸͫʆɊᄉᄊʇЙᏋʱଉɥʮɰʆɡʪɫɊ
ऐ‫ܬ‬შ݄ʍ᝿ጳɪʨᒑࡗɸʪʇϒͬʍʧɥʉ᫕ᆌ៨ᯌɫᒑࡗɴʫɥʪɋ¡¡ͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʱᒑɧʪ‫׹ܬ‬ʍከඐᆔѮᮅᶺ¡²ᶩ¡‫۔‬ᬫᆔऐ‫ܬ‬ʍ᭚᝸ʎ݇Ւɶʅɣʪ҂‫؂‬ɫɡʩɊʾ˗ˀ˪ʸɫ‫۔‬ᬫᆔ᭚᝸ʊࡩড়ʆɬʪ
ଉɣ૜ʊʉʩɥʪʇᒑࡗɴʫʪɋ¡³ᶩ¡˲̂‫۔‬ᬫ኶༫ᶨʸ˝ʹˏʸ˯˦૗‫ۦ‬ᶩɫʸ˅ˑˏ˳ʺ̉˞ʆɡʩɊɲʍ˳ʺ̉˞ʱᢰ
࿢ʊᄉᄊ‫۝‬ɫথીɴʫʪʇᒑࡗɴʫʪɋ¡´ᶩ¡ˀ̃˵ʸࣾ௔ोɫዒۨ಻ϗʱᄉɪɶʅɊంɶɣऐ‫ܬ‬შ݄ʊࡩԂɸʪ೯ᤈʉᜓ௔ʍࡩড়
ʱʇʂʅɣʪɋᜓ௔ʍ঱Ձʱ൮ឡɸʪᏀ᰺ᆔᇽ᝾ɫᘡከɴʫʪ҂‫؂‬ʊɡʪɋ¡µᶩ¡ρাʍᏢପᆌ࢘ʱᒑɧʪ‫׹ܬ‬ʍ៨ᯌʡనሯʇʉʂʅɬʅɣʪɋ¡¡ͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍࡶӁɩʧʒ࠷ఆʊ᫟Фɶɥʪ៨ᯌ࿢ᶺ¡ᕼ֣۞ᕾʎɊˀ˿̉˖ʍᏀ‫ډ‬๖Ϲʣ૮᜖‫ݥ‬ʉʈɊႻ‫ۦ‬ʍʇɲʬᏀ‫ډ‬ɫϜඋᆔʉ‫׹ܬ‬ɫ‫ݼ‬ɣɋʝɾԞಜ૸ᢁɫ᭖ᎲфԠ᥄ࡂʆʎʝɪʉɣɬʫʉɣͫɊ‫۔‬ᬫऐ‫ܬ‬ʆ᝸๳ɴʫʪ‫ق‬ᢑጫႾʉʈɊ᭖ᎲфԠ᥄ࡂʆʎࡩԂʆɬʉɣʍɫ࠷ੳʆɡʪɋূʂʅɊᄉᄊʇ໐ᥱʱᏃʕͼ᫙ʊɊ᥄උ֩‫׽‬Ꮋ‫׹‬ʉʈʍͼ᫙Ꮋᐨɫς‫ۦ‬ɸʪΟАʡρʍʇɲʬኍಐʆɡʩɊ࡬ʨ‫ݹ‬ᢁʣ‫۔‬ӑʍᢁᄊࡂʉʈ‫۔‬ᬫऐ‫ܬ‬ʇʸ˅ˑˏʍɡʪᏀ‫΂ډ‬ɫ΂ϹʇʉʂʅɣʪΟАʆɡʪɋ¡ʉɩɊ‫ݹ‬ᢁ᎘ʍϜඋɫ᫟ͮɺɹɊకࠓʍᄊ‫ق‬ɫ‫۔‬ᬫऐ‫ܬ‬ʊᏃʒʃɮАʎ௣‫ۦ‬ɶʅɩʩɊ
˦̂ۨఄʆ‫ށ‬ᴹʱ̃̎ˏ˞ɶɾՒँ‫ق‬ʱ᥄ಳާ৷ɫЀʂʅɣʪʍɫۨ‫ܕ‬ʍ‫׾‬ᄊʇʉʩఊᜓ
ᒓɫᡶʂʅʥɮΟАʡɡʪɋۨ‫ܕ‬ʆ‫ވ‬උɶʅɣʪᖏᒓɫɲʍᡪ‫ݫ‬ʊஉʮʩᭃᄍʍՄԎʊʡʉʂɾɋɴʨʊʎɊʸ˝ʹˏʸ˯˦ʆᡪ‫ݫ‬ɶʅɣɾާ৷ɫɊՒँ‫ق‬ʱᡪ‫ݫ‬ɶɊႻ‫ۦ‬ʆʎʸ˷̀ˁʉʈʊኌ϶ɶɾʾ˗ˀ˪ʸκ‫؂‬ɰʊᡪ‫ݫ‬ɶʅɣʪʧɥʉᆌ࢘ΟАʡɡʪɋ¡ท፥ʊኌ϶ɶɾʾ˗ˀ˪ʸκʎɊɔ᭏௣ɶɾʾ˗ˀ˪ʸκɕʇលʮʫʪʚʈ‫ށ‬ղɣʪʇɣ
ʮʫɊ̅ˍ̉˞̉ ÅÄ ʍͥធʎʾ˗ˀ˪ʸκʆᢆʮʂʅɣʪᧉऐʡɡʪɋɼɲʆʎɊʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʍ΂ᯨʆɡʪ˜˫ʍऐ‫ܬ‬ɫথીɴʫɊʾ˗ˀ˪ʸ‫ډ۔‬ᕑ኶ɫᇀᜓУʱ᧖ѹɴɺɾɲʇʱ‫ޔ‬෤ʊɊɼʫʝʆᤤԎᄍʇɶʅʎᒑɧʨʫʉɪʂɾᵋ˜˫ɫኹ࿷ᤤԎ‫ق‬ᆾʊ௦ɧʨʫ
ʪʧɥʊʉʂɾΟАʡɡʪɋ¡‫۔‬ᬫऐ‫ܬ‬ʇ᥸ᏃɸʪɲʇʆɊᄉᄊ૜์ʊʎ‫ݳ‬ಂɫʉɣʡʍʆʡɊϊՒМђʍɪɪʪАɫɡʪʍʆɊɼʫʨʍΟАɪʨᄊۨথીʊᏃʒʃɰɊ‫ق‬ᢑጫႾʣၔᄊ‫ق‬ʇɶʅ៖࠳ɸʪɲʇ
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ʱጐ࠳ɶʅʥɮɲʇɫ๳ʠʨʫʪɋ¡‫ق‬ᢑጫႾʇɶʅʎɊ฾ᄤ᥄ᙪʡ៨ᯌʆɡʪɋʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʆʎˊ˴ʱͼ‫؂۔‬ɰʊᤤԎɶᄉᄊଞ‫ށ‬ʱ৙‫؂‬ɶʅɣɾɫɊͼ‫۔‬ʍ฾ᄤ᥄ᙪʍ٨ᯌɪʨͼ‫˴ˊᝒ۔‬Ւँᄊ‫ق‬ɫ‫ݫ‬ʫɹɊᤤԎᨃɫ༜ࡸɶɾɋ
ɲʫʨʊࡩԂɸʪʊʎɊ᥄උ௑ᕩ౓‫ىו‬ɫഔ‫ܚ‬ବࡶʊঞɾʪ৕᝸ɫɡʪɶɊ
᥄උោ᰺‫ܬ‬ʍೖɾɸ঱Ձʡ‫ށ‬ɬɣɋ࠳ಜᆔʉ൮೿Ϲԧʱථጶɸʪɲʇʡ൮ឡɴʫʧɥɋ¡¡µᶩ¡ ዿ µ ʍ៨ᯌʎɊᄉᄊʣᡪᣈথીʱвᬬɸʪͫʆɊకࠓʍᨅᛧᡷϊԧ्ʱɣɪʊከඐᆔ
ʊ‫כ‬ʩ᥈ʟɪʇɣɥ៨ᯌʆɡʪɋ¡Ⴛၤʆʎ᭖Ꮂ᥄ࡂʗʍᡷϊʎɊ಍ࡉʩʍࡷ‫ף‬ᨅᛧ෤᫟ʊԥᦑɸʪʍʊ ³± ˃̃᭏ʫʅɣʪ
᥄ࡂɫӂϹʍ ´¹ᶥʱ֯ʠʪʇʍ‫ؙܫ‬ɫɡʩ‫ۏ‬᭐ʉѮᮅʡɡʪɋʸ˅ˑˏʍ៨ᯌʱଂɧʉɫ
ʨɊ̃̎ˁ́ ÏÈÐ ʇɶʅ ²ººº शʊឮዒɴʫɾ Âôôðäêâõêðï¡ ðç¡ Æõéêðñêâ¡ Îêäóðçâêïâïäæ¡Êïôõêõöõêðïôᶨʾ˗ˀ˪ʸࡷ‫ף‬ᨅᛧ෤᫟֩ϥᶩʎႻ‫ ۦ‬³¸ ʍ˷̉˦̎ᨅᛧ෤᫟ɫՒᆷɶʅɣ
ʪɋфɍʍࡷ‫ף‬ᨅᛧ෤᫟ʍۨ‫ܕ‬ʆʍ࢘᫕ʎɊøðóæåâ ̂˯́ʊோॉʱᑝɬɊோॉᫎ̍̃̎
̉ଉঞ̍ϥឞɪʨʉʪΟլ૗ʱථɧʅɣʪʍɫႻၤʆɡʪɋᡷϊʎʚʇʲʈʍ‫̎́ˆ׹ܬ‬˭ఄॾʱ୚ᄍɶʅɩʩɊ˷̉˦̎᫙ʍᇁΣ᥸ञᡭϙʱԫྟɸʪɪɾʀʆ᥏༔႟ʱͫɱʅɣ
ʪɋ᥏༔ಜ᫙ʎ᥄උໍթʍ‫׹ܬ‬ʆ ² शɪʨ᥏༔ɫ߂ʝʪɋᡷϊʎɊ˩ˎˣˏ৙‫؂‬ʍɡʪᒓʱࡩᡑʊɊ᭖Ꮂ᥄ࡂʱࡩᡑʊᡷϊʱᜓʂʅɣʪɋᡷϊᯍʎфκʍ‫׹ܬ‬Ɋ¶±±ÆÕÃ ɪʨ´±­±±±ÆÕÃ ʆɊԢ႟ʎۨ‫ܕ‬ʣӑࡄʊʧʂʅᄴʉʩ ºᶥɪʨ ³µᶥʇʉʂʅɣʪɋ¡៖࠳ɴʫɾҥᕩၔᄊၑʱᄉᄊ̍Ӗᄉᄊɸʪͫʆࡷ‫ף‬ᨅᛧ෤᫟ᶨÎÇÊᶩʱᎻᐨ֊ɸʪɲʇ
ʎᨁ᝸ʆɡʪɋ‫ీ׽‬ʊɊᡰᘡдᄍ᥄උ֩‫׽‬Ꮋ‫׹‬ɫᎻᐨɴʫʅɬʅɣʪႻၤʆʡɡʪʍʆɊ
ɼʀʨʍᛧᢁʡͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍͼʆከඐᆔʊໍᄍɸʪɲʇɫୟ‫ޢ‬ɴʫʪɋ¡ᡷϊᯍʍᇁᦒʡɡʪɫɊÎÇÊ ʍᡷϊᯍʎࡷɴɮфɍʍ᥄ࡂʍюʩӁʫʊʎᦞɶʅɣʪɫɊ
Ꮋ‫׹‬ʍ৕᝸ʉᢁᨅʱЙᏋʆɬʉɣɋʝɾɊͥᕓʍᩂᜓʎ ²±±ᶥʍଉвʱ᝸๳ɸʪɫɊʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʆʎۣۨʎ‫۔‬ಐʆɡʪʍʆଉвʇɶʅʎ‫כ‬ʩ૨ʮʫʉɣʍʆᩂᜓʍᛧᢁʎᦞɶʅɣ
ʉɣɋɼʍɲʇʱᣐʝɧɾͫʆɊᡰᘡдᄍ᥄උ֩‫׽‬Ꮋ‫׹‬ʎᡷϊʱᜓʉʂʅɣʪɋ¡¡¶ᶩ¡ ዿ ¶ ʍ៨ᯌʎɊ‫ق‬ᢑጫႾʊ᫟ʮʪऐ‫؂ܬ‬ɰԎᖻጫႾʍᎻᐨ֊ʆɡʪɋ¡ʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʍ໤ᡸᒓऐ‫ܬ‬ʎɊఖಢʍ໤ᡸᒓऐ‫ܬ‬ʇʎ๚ʘʪɲʇɫԎɬʉɣʚʈɊ‫ق‬ᢑʊ᫟ɸʪੜᠪʎऔᙙʆɡʩɊʝɾ᝿ഓʊʧʂʅМഓʍ‫ݳ‬թʡ‫ށ‬नʊɡʪʮɰʆʎʉɣɋɶɪ
ɶɊʉɣʮɰʆʎʉɣɋɾʇɧʏɊ΂ኣၑʍ˜˫ʊ᫟ɶʅʎɊ
ɔ˴̉ˡ˹ɕʇលʮʫʪͥጇ˜˫ʍ‫כ‬ʩ૨ɣɫɡʪɋɸʆʊɊʸ˖̍˜˫ᶨ˝ˬ˿˒ʺ˞᥎ᬯᶩʇɪ˦˙˗˽f˜˫ᶨ˦
˙˗˽वׄᶩɊˁ˿ˉ̂̍˜˫ʉʈɊ‫׽‬ɷ˜˫ʆʡຝʍʍʩఄɫᄴʉʩ‫ء‬ʊʡম᮰ɸʪɋɲ
ʫʨʍ‫ء‬ងʊ᫟ʮʪ‫ق‬ᢑʎ‫ۥ‬шᆔʊާ৷ʍੜᠪʊʧʂʅɣʪɋɶɾɫʂʅɊ‫ق‬ᢑʱ‫ͫ؂‬ɴɺʪీʊާ৷ʍ‫ב‬ᄘʎ‫ݳށ‬ᨁ᝸ʊʉʪɋ¡ऐ‫ܬ‬ʊɩɰʪ‫ق‬ᢑɫ‫ݹ۔‬ɪʨ٨ᯌʊɴʫʪʍʎɊ‫۔‬ᬫऐ‫ܬ‬ʇଢ଼࿢ʱʡʂɾీʆɡʪɋʾ
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˗ˀ˪ʸʍ᥄ᄊၑɫ‫۔‬ᬫऐ‫ܬ‬ʊଢ଼࿢ʱɴʨʊ‫ݼ‬ɮପʃʇɊ᝿ഓʱ୪ɧɾʩɊথၤʱ୪ɧɾ
ʩʉʈԎᖻጫႾɫ৕᝸ʇʉʪɋɲʍ‫׹ܬ‬ʎɊ‫۔‬ᬫऐ‫ܬ‬᫟Фᒓʣɼʫʨʊ៍ɶɣᜓ௔᫟Фᒓɫከඐᆔଉɣ૜ʊʉʩɊۨ‫϶ܕ‬๥ʊ٩ᘔ౓‫ו‬ɴɺʅʥɮɲʇɫᨁ᝸ʆɡʬɥɋ¡ᄉᄊѮᮅɿɰʆʎʉɮɊ໐ᥱʍ์ᬤʆʡ‫ݼ‬ɮʍ៨ᯌɫɡʪɋ᥄උោ᰺‫ܬ‬ᶨАɧʏ˷́ˁ
ˋ᥄උោ᰺‫ܬ‬ʉʈᶩʍᯨ‫ق‬Ւँᧅ᫏ʆʎ࠷᰺ᆔʊˎ˹˶̍ཷၑ̍˗˙˭ˏ̍˟˿ʺˇ̎́̍
˓́˂˶˅˙˃̎ʉʈʱោЀɶʅɣʪɫɊ˧˙ˇ̎ˎ̉ˆɫ٨ᯌʆ٦‫֊ق‬ʊ៨ᯌɫɡʪɋˉ̉˜ˠʊɸʪჸʣɼʫʊ‫׹‬ɥᨅ࢙ᝒʍᘥɫ‫۔‬ӑʆᄉᄊɶʅɣʉɣɲʇɫ៨ᯌʆɡʪʇʍ
‫ؙܫ‬ʡɡʪɋԎᖻጫႾʍϹԧʱᎻᐨᆔʊʃɮʪͫʆɊɲʫʨʍ៨ᯌʎᨁ᝸ʆɡʪɋ¡¡·ᶩ¡ ዿ · ʍ៨ᯌʎɊᄉᄊʣԎᖻʍႻၤʇ૗ৃ‫ͫ؂‬ʍႻၤʱሯ៖ʆɬʪ‫ܬ‬ʱᎻᐨɸʪɲʇʆ
ɡʪɋ¡ऐ‫ܬ‬ɫ֝Ԕʊᆌᦑɶʅɣʉɣԧ᎜ɫɡʪͼʆɊҥᕩ᥄ᄊ‫ق‬ʱЀʂʅʡऐ‫ܬ‬ʍ᭚᝸ʊᦞɶ
ʅɣʉɰʫʏ‫ݫ‬ʩͫɱʊʎᔷʨʉɣɋʝɾɊҥᕩ᥄ᄊ‫ق‬ʍ៖࠳ԧ्ʱጐ࠳ɶʅʡूɮ៖ᇽ
ɴʫʉɰʫʏɊۨ‫ܕ‬ʍၔᄊ‫ق‬ʍᇽ‫्׾‬ʎʉɣɋ¡ʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʊʎɊɸʆʊુɫ‫۔‬ʍቾᄑᇊʍΟАʱ‫ב‬ᒑʊ᥄උቡʱ࠷ఆɶʅɣʪ࠷ᐠɫɡ
ʪɋ᥄උቡʎ࢘ቌʇʺ˯̉˞ʍ ³ ಢዒʅʆᜓʉʮʫɊ࢘ቌʆʎ‫ۨ׸‬ʍោ᰺‫ܬ‬Ɋ֩‫׽‬Ꮋ‫׹‬Ɋ᥄උ᫟᥸Ϝඋʉʈ ²±± ϒͫʍ‫ۍ‬ϹɫԎ࢘ɶɊለኴીೖɊၑᄊᎶςɊ٦‫࢘ق‬ቌʍ ÑÓ ʱᜓʂɾɋɲɥɶɾ‫ق‬ើϥʎɊҥᕩ᥄ᄊၑʍ‫ق‬ᢑጫႾʍᏢପʇ‫ͫ؂‬ʍХ᥼ʇʉʪʍʆɊ࠳ಜᆔʊ
Ꮋᐨɴʫʪɲʇɫಙʝɶɣɋ¡ɴʨʊɊ‫ق‬ើϥᔵϹʱۨ‫϶ܕ‬๥ɫከඐᆔʊ‫ב‬Ւʆɬʪʧɥʉɔ‫ב‬Ւ‫ۿ‬ɕʆᜓʉɧʪʧɥ
ʊᎻᐨɸʪɲʇɫʆɬʫʏɊۨ‫϶ܕ‬๥ʍྂ‫ۦ‬ੜᠪʱ᧷ીɸʪ෤ϥʇʉʪɋʝɾɊ‫ق‬ើϥɫ࠳ಜᆔʊ᫕ѻɴʫʪʧɥʉᓧՏʍɡʪۨ‫ܕ‬ʊɩɣʅʎɊᦐᣈ௨ѹʉʈʍ቎ϥᆔʺ̉˫˿௨
ѹΟඋʇ᥸թɶʅɊʮɫ‫۔‬ʍɔᦐʍᰢɕʍᏀ᰺ʱᎶςɸʪɲʇʡ൮ឡɴʫʧɥɋ¡ɡʪɣʎɊۨ‫ܕ‬ʍ˩ˎ˽̉ʱথીɸʪᠳ៵ʱໍ৷֊ɸʪʉɪʆɊ቎ϥᆔԔඋʱথીɸʪ
ᦋ኏ʇɶʅϴᑝʄɰɊۨ‫ܕ‬ӂϹɫၔᄊ‫ق‬ʊɪɪʮʪɔ˜̎˴̍˧̎˅ɕʇʉʪʧɥʉථ੍
ʡ൮ឡɸʪɲʇʡᒑഛɴʫʧɥɋɼʍɾʠʊʎɊ᥄ᄊၑՒँʣឍҴ᫕ᆌʉʈʱከඐᆔʊ᥸
թɴɺʪɲʇʊʉʬɥɋ¡㧞㧚ࠛ࠴ࠝࡇࠕߩ৻᧛৻ຠㆇേߦኻߔࠆᚒ߇࿖ߩදജ

¡㧝㧕ᚒ߇࿖ߩ࿖೎េഥ⸘↹ߣߩ㑐ଥͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʊФʪோ୸ɫɊ‫ݹ‬լᇄɫЀીɸʪુɫ‫۔‬ʍ‫۔‬Ԡ୸Օឞᄘʇ௨‫׹‬ɶʅɣʪɲ
ʇʎɊ֩Տʱ᥼ʠʪͫʆᨁ᝸ʉ࿢ʆɡʪɋႻ‫ۦ‬Ѐીͼʍࡩʾ˗ˀ˪ʸ‫۔‬Ԡ୸Օឞᄘᶨഛᶩ
ʊɩɣʅʎɊᯨ᎑ࠪӂвᬬʍሯዒʱ‫ށ‬ɬʉᆾ෋ʇɶʅ୤ɱɊ᥄උ̍᥄ಳ᫕ᆌɊᄉໍᄍ๬ʍ
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ጫႾɊ௟ᓑɊвѪɊ቎ϥᏀ༔ʺ̉˫˿ʍ ¶ Ԕᨂʱᨁ࿢ˑ˅˕̎ʇɶʅឮ࠳ɶʅɣʪɋͥಳ
ͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍୟ᥼ʎɊɲʫʨʍᨁ࿢ˑ˅˕̎ʍͼʆɔ᥄උ̍᥄ಳ᫕ᆌɕʊϴᑝʄɰʨʫʪɋ¡ʝɹɊሯ៖ɸʘɬ࿢ʎᨁ࿢ɫɔ᥄උɕʆʎʉɮɔ᥄උ̍᥄ಳ᫕ᆌɕʆɡʪɲʇʆɡʪɋ
ɲɲʆលɥ᥄ಳ᫕ᆌʇʎɊ᥄උʊՒɧʅɴʝɵʝʉᄉឞ‫ͫ؂‬ጐʱ؉ʠɾւଟᆔʉ‫כ‬ʩᎻʞʱ؉ʟʡʍʆɊᯨ‫ق‬Ւँʣ᥄ᄊၑ໐ᥱԧ्ʍও֊Ɋ˴ʺ˅̃˅̂ˎ˙˞ጇʱໍᄍɶɾᢰඋ
ࡂோ୸ጇʡ؉ʝʫʪɋʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʆʎ֤௦ϒͫʍ᥄ࡂɫ ² ˮ˅˕̎́ϒͬʍᒙЀᮅከɶɪପɾʉɣၤ຤ʆɡʩɊ᥄උɿɰʆᡨ‫ۏ‬ၤੳɪʨᓴָʆɬʪ‫י‬Ӂཆʱሯвɸʪʍʎ‫ۏ‬᭐ʆɡʪɫɊψఄɊ᥄ಳᧅʆʎ᥄උϒ‫ݹ‬ʍᄉឞ૜์ɫʚʇʲʈʉɣɲʇʡΟ࠷ʆɡʪɋɲʍɾʠɊ
ᯨ᎑ࠪӂвᬬʍ࠷ႻʍɾʠʊʡɊ᥄ಳᧅʊɩɰʪ‫י‬Ӂཆʍ‫ݼ‬ප֊ʣͥตᄊ‫ق‬ϒ‫ݹ‬ʍϊՒМђʍՄԎɊᄊ‫ق‬ʍ໐ᥱʍХ᥼ʊʧʪ˴̎ˇ˙˞ʸ˅ˑˏʍ௑‫ٴ‬ʇɣʂɾខ࿢ɫᨁ᝸ʆɡʪ
ʇɣɥʍɫɊ‫۔‬Ԡ୸ՕឞᄘʍᢵఙʆɡʩɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʡɲʍʧɥʉ௮ᓬʆϴᑝʄɰʨʫ
ʪʡʍʆɡʪɋ¡ʡɥͥʃʍខ࿢ʎɊ୸Օʍᨁ࿢Ԕᨂʍ‫ᦥݳ‬ʱᒑɧʪɲʇʆɡʪɋુɫ‫۔‬ʍ୸ՕឞᄘʎɊ
ʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʊɩɣʅ ³±±¶ शɪʨ ³±²± शʝʆʍ ¶ श᫙ʱࡩᡑʊጐ࠳ɴʫɾዿ ³ ตᡨ‫ۏ‬԰༜ឞᄘʆɡʪɔᡨ‫ۏ‬தམʍɾʠʍՒᥴᆔɪʃପᏙᆔʉ᫕ᆌឞᄘ㧔Ñíâï¡ çðó¡ Âääæíæóâõæå¡ âïå¡Ôöôõâêïæå¡Åæ÷æíðñîæïõ¡õð¡Æïå¡Ñð÷æóõú¡ ᶨÑÂÔÅÆÑᶩᶩɕᶨዿƍዞ‫ב‬ဆᶩʊຣʂʅጐ࠳ɴʫ
ʅɣʪɋÑÂÔÅÆÑ ʎɊዿᶱตᡨ‫ۏ‬԰༜ឞᄘʇɶʅ᥄උ᫕ᆌʊʧʂʅᄊඋ֊ʱၕঃɸʪ௔ጐᶨɔ ᥄ උҳ ࡶ ‫ ँۿ‬උ ᫕ ᆌ ɕÂÅÍÊ ᶩʱ ୤ɱɾ Ôöôõâêïâãíæ¡ Åæ÷æíðñîæïõ¡ âïå¡ Ñð÷æóõú¡Óæåöäõêðï¡ ÑóðèóâîᶨÔÅÑÓÑᶩʧʩʡɊʧʩ๥᫙ᧅ᫏᫕ᆌʣᤤԎଶᕁɊឍҴ᫕ᆌʱᥱɷ
ɾᏀ༔ીᫎʊʧʪᡨ‫ۏ‬԰༜ʊ࿶࿢ʱঞʅʅɣʪɋʝɾ ÕÊÄÂÅΦʊɩɣʅ“Ꮐ༔ીᫎʍՒᥴ
֊”ɫ˜̎˴ʍͥʃʇʉʂʅɣʪɲʇʊʡႻʫʅɣʪʇɩʩɊ᥎शʸ˫̀ˁӂϹʊɩɣʅʡ
Ꮐ༔ીᫎʱ৙‫؂‬ɸʪ໐ʫɫՒᥴɶʃʃɡʪɋρাɊʾ˗ˀ˪ʸ‫۔‬ӑʆʎ ³±²± शϒᬆʍዿ ´ตᡨ‫ۏ‬԰༜ឞᄘʍጐ࠳ʊ‫؂‬ɰʅཇѹɫ᫕߂ɴʫʪɲʇʊʉʬɥɫɊʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʍ௔ຟϹԧʣᏀ༔ၤ຤ɫႻ‫ۦ‬ʍ҂‫؂‬ʍʝʝୟኌɸʫʏɊીᫎʱᥱɷɾᡨ‫ۏ‬԰༜ʱ৙‫؂‬ɸʪ҂‫؂‬ɫɴʨʊওʝʪɲʇɫΜ੍ɴʫɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍᨁ᝸৷ʎᱝʝʪʇ৲ʮʫʪɋ¡㧞㧕ᣢሽߩදജߣߩ㑐ଥᢛℂ¡Ⴛ‫ ۦ‬ËÊÄÂ ɫ᥼ʠʅɣʪ᥄උ̍᥄ಳ᫕ᆌԔᨂʍ֩ՏʎɊ᥄උቡʍ࠷ఆʊՒɧʅɊˀ̃˵ʸࣾʱͼ৔ʊ᥄උ૮᜖ʍ᫕ᆌʇ౓‫ו‬ʱለኴ෤᫟ʇ᥄๥ɫ֩҇ɶʅᜓɥ ÇÓÈ ʱோ୸ɸʪ᥄
๥ோ୸Ϲԧও֊˭̃ˎʽ˅˞ʣ࿋཯૮᜖ʍ౓‫ו‬ʱᆾବɶɾ࿋཯᥄උ௑‫ˎ̃˭ٴ‬ʽ˅˞Ɋ϶๥‫ב‬Ւʊʧʪ൛೔вӂʇᄉឞ‫ͫ؂‬ʱ‫ۑ‬ʪ˯̂˜̍ˈ˿‫ב‬Ւ‫ۿ‬൛೔ጫႾ˭̃ˎʽ˅˞ɫɡʪɋʝɾɊʸ˶˥˿ࣾʆʎ໐‫ܕ‬ጫႾʊʧʪᄉឞ‫ˎ̃˭ͫ؂‬ʽ˅˞ɫ᫕߂ɴʫʅɣʪɋψఄɊુɫ‫۔‬ʍ ÐÅÂ Μጣɫᦋ‫ ¶ א‬श᫙ʆ᎜ ³±ᶥ԰༜ɴʫɊËÊÄÂ Μጣʡ ¹ᶥϒͫ԰༜ɴʫʪၤ຤
ͬʆɊంɾʊ‫ށ‬᝿ාʉ૸Ӂʱɸʪʍʆʎʉɮకࠓʍ֩Տ˭̃ˎʽ˅˞ʇૌᄬᆔʉ᥸உ᫟Ф
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ʱථጶɶʅɣɮɲʇɫɊᦉթɫ՞ೖʱᄉʟͫʆᨁ᝸ʆɡʪɋʝɾɊಳᗹ̂˯́ʆʍໍթʊ
ʎɊಳᗹ᫕ᆌʣ᥄උ૮᜖ԔᨂʊᬈʨɹɊۨఄʆໍթɸʪ ËÐÄ× ᬡ‫ى‬ʇʍ᥸உʡᨁ᝸ʉ᝸Ꭻ
ʇʉʪɋɲʍɾʠɊËÐÄ× ᬡ‫ى‬ʊʡͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍᎃቛʱᎶςɶʃʃɊໍթʍʸʺ˝ʸʱԎɶʅʡʨɥɲʇɫಙʝɶɣɋ¡㧟㧕ઁ࠼࠽࡯ߣߩ㑐ଥᢛℂ¡ʾ˗ˀ˪ʸ‫۔‬ʱோ୸ɶʅɣʪΠ‫۔‬᫙ோ୸˟ˠ̎ʣ‫۔‬ᬫ෤᫟ʎ Åðïðó¡ Âôôêôõâïõ¡ Èóðöñ
ᶨÅÂÈᶩʇɣɥ୸ՕӂϹʱ៬௨ɸʪ˟ˠ̎ˆ́̎˭ɩʧʒԔᨂɳʇʍ Õæäéïêäâí¡Øðóìêïè¡ÈóðöñᶨÕØÈᶩʱᎻᐨɶɊ֩៬ɶʅ୸ՕʱᜓʂʅɣʪɋʝɾɊ‫׸‬ˑ˅˕̎ʊɩɰʪ୸ՕʎɊ
Ôæäõðó®øêåæ¡âññóðâäéæôᶨÔØÂÑôᶩʱথીɶХ᥼ɸʪʧɥʊʾ˗ˀ˪ʸ௔ोʇ˟ˠ̎ˆ́̎ ˭ ʍ ᫙ ʆ ៬ ௨ ɫ ᥼ ʠ ʨ ʫ ʅ ɣ ʪ ɋ ᥄ ಳ ᫕ ᆌ Ԕ ᨂ ʊ ᫟ ɶ ʅ ʎ Óöóâí¡ Æäðïðîêä¡Åæ÷æíðñîæïõ¡âïå¡Çððå¡ÔæäöóêõúᶨÓÆÅ¡§¡ÇÔᶩʇɣɥ ÕØÈ ɫᎻᐨɴʫʅɩʩɊɲʍͼʊಂʊ‫ނ‬࿷ᢁཆጫႾɊၐᄧ̍ᦈၐ๥Ɋཾ཯Ɋ໐ᥱɊᯨ᎑ࠪӂвᬬʍ ¶ ʃʍˋˬˑ˅˕̎ˆ
́̎˭ɫɡʪɋͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թɫɲʫʨʍˋˬˆ́̎˭ʍʈɲʊঞʅʎʝʪɪʎˆ́̎˭ӑʆʍ֩ᠳʱ᝸ɸʪɫɊ֩Տʍୟ᥼ʊɩɣʅʎ ÓÆÅ§ÇÔ ʊɩɣʅ਺‫ܫ‬ӉಐʱᜓɣɊψ˟ˠ̎ɪʨʍˉ˷̉˞ʱৃʅɩɮɲʇɫᓇ᝸ʆɡʪɋʝɾ ÅÈÂ ʊʎ๥᫙ˑ˅˕̎ோ୸ʣ᭖Ꮂ
ϜඋଶᕁԔᨂʱˁ˦̎ɸʪ Ñóê÷âõæ¡ Ôæäõðó¡ Åæ÷æíðñîæïõ¡ âïå¡ ÕóâåæᶨÑÔÅ§ÕᶩʇɣɥÕØÈ ʡɡʩɊ˴ʺ˅̃˅̂ˎ˙˞ʣ˴˙˗̉ˆ˫ʷ̉˟Ɋ‫ق‬ᢑጫႾ̍៖ាʊɪɪʪ֩Տ
ʊʃɣʅʎɊɲʀʨʍˆ́̎˭ʊɩɣʅ਺‫ܫ‬Ӊಐɴʫʪɲʇɫ‫ݼ‬ɣɋɲʍɾʠɊͥಳͥ‫ق‬ᦉթʍୟ᥼ʊɡɾʂʅʎɊψ˟ˠ̎ɪʨʡ៖ᇽʱ‫ל‬ɰψ˟ˠ̎ʊʧʪோ୸ʇʍᇁΎ՞ೖʱᆌ୷ɸʪɾʠʊɊ͸ఄʍˆ́̎˭ʇ਺‫ܫ‬Ӊಐɸʪɲʇɫ৕᝸ʆɡʪɋÓÆÅ§ÇÔ ʇ ÑÔÅ§Õʍ᫙ʆʡᇁΣʍ਺‫ܫ‬ί୳ʎ৕ɹɶʡໍᆌʆʎʉɣɫɊ͸ˆ́̎˭ʍ‫ܬ‬ʊɩɣʅᠳ៵ʱऍɬ
ᢰɲɸ৕᝸ɫɡʪɋ¡ુɫ‫۔‬ʍ୸Օʎ˭̃ˎʽ˅˞‫ۿ‬ɫͼ৔ʆɡʪɫɊᖓ‫۔‬ʱͼ৔ʇɸʪทࣾ˟ˠ̎ʎ
ÔØÂÑô ʗʍᤉ୳ʱ΂ࡶɶʃʃᡦ௔ோ୸‫୸ۿ‬Օʱଞ‫ށ‬ɶʅɬʅɩʩɊʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʊɩɣʅʎࣾ௔ो̍ᧂ௔ोʗʍίϊᨅʱᆾᆔʇɶɾ Ñóðõæäõêðï¡ðç¡Ãâôêä¡Ôæó÷êäæôᶨÑÃÔᶩʇɣɥᡦ
௔ோ୸ɫᯑᗾʉϬʒʱ᝾ɺʅɣʪɋʝɾɊɲʫʝʆુɫ‫۔‬ʍʸ˫̀ˁோ୸ʍ ÐÅÂ ΜጣʍϬʒʇ๚ʘʪʇɊท፥˟ˠ̎ʎ୸Օᨃʱ৵ᥴʊϬʏɶʅɣʪɋɲʍʧɥʉၤ຤ʍͼʆɊુɫ‫۔‬ʍ୸Օ˭̃ˎʽ˅˞ɫψ˟ˠ̎ʍ୸Օʇ֩៬ɶʅ࠷ఆɴʫʪɲʇɫɊɼʍʺ̉˧˅˞
ʱ಍‫֊ށ‬ɸʪɲʇʊʃʉɫʪʇលɧʪɋʝɾɊ˭̃ˎʽ˅˞‫୸ۿ‬Օʱ࠷ఆɸʪ‫׹ܬ‬ʊᇁ૜‫۔‬௔ोɫᡥଉɸʪ̀ˁ̂̉˞ˉˏ˞ʎɊψ˟ˠ̎ʍᡦ௔ோ୸ʊʧʂʅᢀʮʫʪɲʇʊʉʪ
ɾʠɊলʨʍႾពɫᨁ᝸ʆɡʪɋಂʊɊ˭̃ˎʽ˅˞‫ۿ‬ʍ૮᜖֩ՏʎɊɼʍ᝿ාɪʨ˧ʺ̃˙˞ᆔʉ˸˝́ʱথીɸʪɲʇʊ΂ᇖɫᑝɪʫʅɩʩɊˏˇ̎́ʸ˙˭ʊʎᇁ૜‫۔‬௔ोʇψ˟ˠ̎ʍᢁᨅɫͭ‫׭‬ดʆɡʪɋɲʍɾʠɊψ˟ˠ̎ʇʍ֩៬ʱ‫ۑ‬ʩʃʃɊۨఄʊɩɰ
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ʪΜጣ‫˷ᜓܙ‬ˁˡː˶ʇʍ௨‫׹‬৷ʱʇʂʅɣɮɲʇɫᨁ᝸ʇʉʪɋ¡˧̀࠹លʊϐᜟɴʫʪ ÐÆÄÅᶨÅÂÄᶩʍ‫ܬ‬ʆᜓʮʫʅɣʪ୸Օ֩៬ʍᠳ៵ʍͥʃʊɊ៬
೿‫ؙܫ‬ɩʧʒ˸ˡ˕̀̉ˆ̍ើМ૜ຫʍᏎͥɫɡʩɊͼʆʡ៬೿‫ؙܫ‬ಅʍӉಐʎɊʡʂʇ
ʡࡄపʉ‫כ‬ʩᎻʞʍͥʃʆɡʪɋಢ‫ؙܫ‬ಅʡψ˟ˠ̎ʇӉಐɴʫʪɲʇʊʧʩɊ‫۔‬ᬫ቎ϥʊɩɰʪͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʗʍႾពɫूɫʩɊુɫ‫۔‬ʍோ୸ʡʧʩಙʝɶɣఄ‫؂‬ʊʃʉɫʪʇ
ɣɧʪɋ¡㧠㧕දജో૕ߩࡈ࡟࡯ࡓࡢ࡯ࠢߣዷᦸ
¡ͫឧʍʧɥʊɊુɫ‫۔‬ʍ୸Օ௔ጐʣకࠓʍ֩Տʇʍ௨‫׹‬৷ʱʇʩɊψ˟ˠ̎ʍோ୸ʇ֩
៬ɶʅᦉթʱ࠷ఆɸʪɲʇʇЇɺʅɊͼᫎಜᆔʊʎʾ˗ˀ˪ʸ௔ोʍ௔ጐ̍ԧ्ʍͼʊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍᎃቛʇ෤ᓧʱථጶɶʅɣɮɲʇɫᨁ᝸ʆɡʪɋ¡˭̃ˎʽ˅˞‫ۿ‬ʍໍթʎɊͥ࠳ಜ᫙ʆᏃೖʱԎɶʅࠬᏃɸʪΟඋʊʎᦞɶʅɣʪɫɊᫎ
ಜ᫙ᏘᏙɸʪɲʇɫ๳ʠʨʫʅɣʪԧ्ʱឮឞɸʪ‫׹ܬ‬ʊʎɊ˭̃ˎʽ˅˞ಜ᫙ʱᢲɧɾ
ӂϹʍˆ˿̉˟˝ˌʺ̉ɫ৕᝸ʇʉʪɋၔʊɊ˭̃ˎʽ˅˞ʍͼʆዒʀͫɱɾΟඋɫɊ˭̃ˎʽ˅˞ᎹΛাʡᏘᏙɴʫʪɾʠʊʎɊΜጣʍ૜ঞʅɊΟඋϹԧʍପᏙ৷Ɋᆾᆔʍ๮Ꮩ
৷ɫ৕᝸ʇʉʩɊɲʫʨʱ࠷ႻɸʪɾʠʍૌᄬʱΟԳʊ˝ˌʺ̉ɸʪɲʇɫಙʝɶɣɋӌϹᆔʊʎɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թɫ ÕÊÄÂÅΦʍɾʠʍͥᦋ৷ʍ˃˹̉˰̎̉ʆᎹʮʪɲʇʉɮɊ˲˞˶ʸ˙˭ʍᄉឞ‫ͫ؂‬ጐɫʾ˗ˀ˪ʸ௔ोʍ௔ጐʇ᥄ಳʍໍ৷֊ʊᫎಜᆔʊ঱ዒʃɾʠ
ʊɊʾ˗ˀ˪ʸѮʆ៬ᦑɶɥʪᢁᨅʣκಲʍପᏙ৷ʣુɫ‫۔‬ʍ୸Օʍ૸Ӂᯍʱ੍࠳ɶɾͫ
ʆᦉթʱዒʀͫɱʪɲʇʇɊ˞˙˭˖ʼ̉ʇሀಜᆔʉ˃˹̉˰̎̉ʸ˭̃̎˗ʊʧʪ৵ᥴ
ʉˏˇ̎́ʸ˙˭ʊᬑʪɲʇʉɮɊӌϹᆔʉᄊ‫ق‬ʍીՑΟАʇɣʂɾીೖʇԧ्ථጶʱᇗ
࠷ʊከʞͫɱʅɣɮɲʇʍʆɬʪΟඋ࢘ಙʱቌɸɲʇʆɡʪɋၔʊɊሀಜᆔʊʎીೖɫಜ
হʆɬʉɣۨᦐʉໍթʍ‫׹ܬ‬ʊʎɊ௔ຟᆔʉˉ˵˙˞˷̉˞ʡᨁ᝸ʉ᝸Ꭻʇʉʪɋ¡ψఄɊ˭̃ˎʽ˅˞ʍ˝ˌʺ̉ʊʎɲʫʝʆବ஍ɴʫʅɬɾʧɥʉᄤੜ࿢ɫ௦‫ݼ‬ɮɡʪɫɊ˭̃ˎʽ˅˞ɫ᝖ᭉʊʉʩɸɭʪʇɊଉঞᒓɫϐʮʂɾᬫʊɼʍ৲੍ɫᏘ૭ɴʫʊɮ
ɮʉʩପᏙ৷ʣ๴ᄍ৷ʱϵͬɴɺʪɾʠɊ˭̃ˎʽ˅˞ɫӿʩɸɭɾ˝ˌʺ̉ʊʉʨʉɣ
ɲʇʡᨁ᝸ʆɡʪɋɲʍ࿢ɫɊ˭̃ˎʽ˅˞ʍ᭐ɶɣ࿢ʆʡɡʪɋ¡㧡㧕ࠛ࠴ࠝࡇࠕߦ߅ߌࠆ JICA ৻᧛৻ຠࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻²³¡¡ʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʊɩɰʪɔͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թɕʍթɬʇɶʅɊ³±±· श ²² ಏʊʸ˯˿᥄උԾ‫ށ‬ᔱʱ؉ʟ᥄උ᥄ಳ᫕ᆌᇄ᫟Фᒓɫ˕ʺʆʍ ÐÕÐÑ ʍខࡗʱᜓʂɾɋɲʫʊʧʂʅ΂ʊ᥄උ᥄¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡²³

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ಳ᫕ᆌᇄӑʆʎɔͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թɕʍ‫׾‬Գʍ៖ᇽ्ʎᱝɣɋɾɿɶɊӑࡄʍႾពʊʃɣʅʎ
ʏʨʃɬɫɡʩɊᄊ‫ق‬᫕ᆌʇ‫ق‬ᢑጫႾʊ҂௸ɶʅɣʪ҂‫؂‬ɫɡʪɋ¡ҳʊʡᎶςɴʫʅɣʪʧɥʊɊఴश्ʧʩɊ᥄උ᥄ಳ᫕ᆌᇄʍӅಟฬू ËÊÄÂ ࡬᫏ࡂɫɊ
ቾᄑᇊʍΟАʱ‫ב‬ᒑʊ᥄උቡʱ࠷ఆɶʅɣʪɋ᥄උቡʎ࢘ቌʇʺ˯̉˞ʍΠಢዒʅʆᜓʮ
ʫɊ࢘ቌʆʎ‫ۨ׸‬ʍោ᰺‫ܬ‬Ɋ֩‫׽‬Ꮋ‫׹‬Ɋ᥄උ᫟᥸Ϝඋʉʈ ²±± ϒͫʍ‫ۍ‬ϹɫԎ࢘ɶɊለኴ
ીೖɊၑᄊᎶςɊ٦‫࢘ق‬ቌʍ ÑÓ ʱᜓʂɾɋ᥄උቡʍˉ̉ˑ˭˞ʎɊ³±±´ शʊ௔ोʍ‫ܛ‬ಢఄᨌʇɶʅ୤ɱʨʫɾɔ᥄උ᫕ᆌҳࡶ‫ँۿ‬උ֊ᶨÂÅÍÊᶩɕʍીೖʱ‫۔‬๥ʊቌɶɊҥᕩ᥄ࡂʍಂʉʪՖՏʱХɸɲʇʊɡʪɋɲʍ᥄උቡʍ࠷ఆʡɔͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թɕʍୟ᥼૜์ʇɶʅ
ᒑɧʨʫʅɣʪɋఴश्ʎ࡬᫏ࡂɫͼ৔ʇʉʩɊËÊÄÂ ΂ࡶʆ࠷ఆɴʫɾɫɊρश्ɪʨʎ࡬᫏ࡂʍବࡶʍʡʇ᥄උ᥄ಳ᫕ᆌᇄʊঃɬᏘɫʫɊΜ࠳ʧʩʡ࠷ఆɫᦅʫɾʡʍʍᶱಏ
ʊ᫕ѻɴʫɾᶨΜ࠳ᶩɋ¡ɔͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թɕʊФʪ ËÊÄÂ ૮᜖֩Տ˭̃ˎʽ˅˞ʎ ³±±¸ श ¹ ಏʊ᝸៰ɫ୯ԎɴʫɊ
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୯Йʇ૮᜖ோ୸ᶨ˧˙ˇ̎ˎ̉ˆʍ૮᜖ጇᶩʱᜓɥʡʍʆɊ᫕߂ɪʨ ´ श᫙ʆӂ‫´ ۔‬± ˁ૗ʍ˭̃ˎʽ˅˞ˋʺ˞ʱথીɶɾɣʇᒑɧʨʫʅɣʪɋႻ‫ۦ‬ʍʇɲʬ᥄උ᥄ಳ᫕ᆌᇄʍͼʊͥಳͥ‫ˎ̃˭ق‬ʽ˅˞Οլࢋʱឮዒɸʪʇɣɥఄ‫؂‬ʆ᥼ʟʇ৲ʮʫʪɋʝɾɊʸʺ˝ʸʎͬɪʨͫɫʂʅɬɾʡʍʆʎʉɮɊͼ‫އ‬௔ोʊɡʪΟլࢋɫঃʂ঒ʩͫɱɾʡʍɿɰʊ
ʉʂʅɶʝɥɲʇʊʉʪɲʇɫળ৤ɴʫɊ˧ʺ̃˙˞ᆔʊʆʡۨ‫ܕ‬ʍᢁཆʱᆌ᝾ʆɬʪχᎻʞʣκʄɮʩʍោʞʱӁʫʪɲʇɫ৕᝸ʇᒑɧʨʫʪɋႻ‫ۦ‬ʍ௔ो෤ථʆʎɊ˭̃ˎʽ
˅˞ʊᄔ៰ʆɬʪɲʇᔵϹɊʚʇʲʈʍʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʍ᥄ಳ϶๥ɫᇽʨʉɣʇɣɥၤ຤ɫ‫ݼ‬Ԕʊ੍࠳ɴʫʪɋ¡᥄උ᥄ಳ᫕ᆌᇄʱʎɷʠʇɶʅɊʾ˗ˀ˪ʸ௔ोѮɫಜহɶʅɣʪɲʇʎɊ
ɔͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թɕʱᥱɷʅ᥄ᄊ‫ق‬ʍϊՒМђɫᱝʠʨʫɊ᥄๥૗ৃʍेͫɱʊʃʉɫʂʅɣɮɲʇʆɡ
ʪɫɊુɫ‫۔‬ɫ᥄ಳۨ‫ܕ‬᫕ᆌʍខ࿢ʱ؉ʠʅ˭̃ˎʽ˅˞ʱ࠷ఆɸʪ‫׹ܬ‬ʎɊ಍Ꮉᆔʊ᥄
ಳʍʾ̉˧̅̎˷̉˞ʇʉʂʅɣɮɲʇɫಜহɴʫʪɋ¡ԧ्ᆔʊʎɊʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʎۨఄԔිɫᆌᦑɶʅɩʩɊۨఄ௔ोʍᔵᄒ्ɫᱝɣɋۨఄ௔
ोʗʍ˃˹˧˩́ʡ֝Ԕʊ‫׭‬ᓧʉɲʇɪʨɊɲɥɶɾႻၤɫҥϴʊ҇ɮɪʡᇽʫʉɣɫɊ
ɲʫʎ‫ܕۨ׸‬ʊʧʂʅၤ຤ɫᄴʉʩ࠷ᬫʍ˭̃ˎʽ˅˞࠷ఆʱᥱɷʅ൮ឡɫ৕᝸ʆɡʪɋ¡㧢㧕ᚒ߇࿖߆ࠄߩ৻᧛৻ຠㆇേᡰេ
㧔㧕ᧄ㇌ߦ߅ߌࠆ৻᧛৻ຠㆇേ⎇ୃߩ޽ࠅ߆ߚߦߟ޿ߡ⹜᩺
ͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʊʎ‫ݼ‬පʉႾពɫɡʪɲʇʎɲʫʝʆʡ‫ݼ‬ɮବ஍ɴʫʅɩʩɊʝɾಢ‫ؙܫ‬ಅʆʡɼʍʧɥʉႾពʊ‫ܛ‬ʄɣʅԔ೒ɫɴʫʅɣʪɋۨ‫ܕ‬ଶᕁʍɾʠʍಙʝɶɣԧ्ʎɼ
ʫɽʫʍۨ‫ܕ‬ʍၤ຤ᶨᔵ࿷̍቎ϥ̍Ꮐ༔̍௮֊ʉʈᶩʊʧʂʅᄴʉʪɾʠɊͥᑵᆔʊʎɼ
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ʫɽʫʍۨ‫ܕ‬ʆ൮ឡɴʫʪʘɬʆɡʪɋɶɪɶʉɫʨɊુɫ‫۔‬ʍͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʱʑʇʃʍ
‫ב‬ဆʇɶɾۨ‫ܕ‬ଶᕁʍ֩Տʱ࢘᫕ɸʪ‫׹ܬ‬ʊʎɊɲʍᦉթɫુɫ‫۔‬ʍۨ‫ܕ‬ʇɣɥၔ฽ʉၤ
຤ʍͼʆʈʍʧɥʊ࢘᫕ɴʫɾɪʱɼʍ‫ܬ‬ʊɩɣʅᎶςɸʪɲʇʍੜᑵʎ‫ށ‬ɬɣɋɼɲʆ
٨ᯌʇʉʪʍʎɊʈʍʧɥʊુɫ‫۔‬ʍᏀ᰺ʱϧɧʪɪʇɣɥɲʇʆɡʪɋ¡ͥᕓʊᜓ௔࠱Ɋၔʊͼ‫އ‬௔ोʍᜓ௔࠱ʎɊ‫۔‬ʍΟඋʇɶʅ˞˙˭˖ʼ̉ʆᄘͥᆔʉΟඋʱୟɶ᥼ʠʅɶʝɥ҂‫؂‬ɫওɣɋ࠱ҍʍՏʍওɣʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʆʡɼʍ҂‫؂‬ʎ᝾ʨʫʪɋಢ
ᦶለиʎᜓ௔࠱ɫ϶๥ʇ‫׽‬ɷᆾᏺʊɾʂʅɊʇʡʊោᜓ᩺០ʱɶʉɫʨЀʩͫɱɾͥಳͥ
‫ᦉق‬թʍᏀ᰺ʱɼʫɽʫʍ‫۔‬ʊɩɰʪκʄɮʩʍ‫ב‬ᒑʊɶʅʡʨɥʇɣɥ࿢ʆੜᑵɫ‫ށ‬ɬɣʇᒑɧʨʫʪɋʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʊᬈʨɹɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʊ᫟Фɸʪಢᦶለиʍˡ̎ːʎρাʇʡᱝɣɲʇɫΜ੍ɴʫʪɋɶɾɫʂʅɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍ֩Տʱఖಢᆌʍ᥄ಳ᫕ᆌʍၔ৏
ɡʪʡʍʇɸʪɾʠʊʎɊ‫ށ‬Ԕʱͼ৔ʇɶɾಢᦶʍۨ‫ܕ‬ʆለиɫ࠷ఆɴʫʪ‫׹ܬ‬ʍˉ̎ˏʍɡʩఄʊʃɣʅϒͬʍ࿢ʊᄤੜɸʪɲʇɫಙʝɶɣɋ¡‫ށ‬ԔᇊɫɊᇊʍ௔ጐʇɶʅͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʱᜓʂʅɣɾీʎለиʎʇʡɸʫʏɊ௔ጐʍ࠹
ϧʍᕫনʱɩʒʪֵᬜɫɡʂɾɋɶɪɶɊ³±±´ शϒᬆʎʡʎʣᇊʇɶʅʎ௔ጐʇɶʅୟ᥼
ɶʅɣʉɣɾʠɊɡʪ኏्࠸ឍᆔʊۨ‫ܕ‬ଶᕁʍͥ૜์Ɋʝɾʎำ‫װ‬ʇɶʅʍͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʱ௟ಲʇɶʅᎶςɸʪʇɣɥខ࿢ʱ‫ށ‬Ԕᇊʍ‫ל‬ឦ‫ۍ‬Ϲʆɡʪ ÏÑÐ ຫκᔵ᣸ɫପʀɥʪʡ
ʍʇʉʂʅɣʪɋʝɾɊ‫ށ‬Ԕᇊ‫ݹ‬ʍΟАʡ؉ʠɾথʆለиʱᜓʉɥɲʇʊʧʂʅͥಳͥ‫ق‬ʱ‫ࡸݼ‬ʉʩʇʡ࠸ឍខɶʅᥬͫ‫۔‬ʊኌᤉɸʪɲʇʊʃɣʅʡɊवೋ๤ᔵ᣸ɫᮂӆॾʉɫʨᆌលɴʫʅɩʩɊ‫׭‬ᓧ৷ʎᱝʝʂʅɣʪɋ¡ɼɲʆɊɲɲʆʎɊၔʊለиʍࡩᡑᒓʊʧʂʅɊͥಳͥ‫ق‬ʍΟАʱᯌಲʇɶʅʈʍʧɥ
ʊᄴʉʂʅ૨ɥɪʊʃɣʅᒑࡗɶɾɣɋ¡ʝɹɊͼ‫އ‬௔ोʍ঱κɫͼ৔ʍለиʆɡʫʏɊΟАʍខࡗᧅԔʱ˷ʺ̉ʇɶɾለиӑࡄʆ֝Ԕʆɡʪʇᒑɧʨʫʪɋᖏऴʍ᫕ᆌࠜʊ᫟ɸʪ᠘ᑵʇɊ௟࠺ӑʆʍ̅̎˅ˍ˽˙˭ጇʱ‫כ‬ʩӁʫʫʏɊۨ‫ܕ‬ଶᕁʍԧ्ʱࠜʕˉ̎ˏʇɶʅҰԔʊીʩዒʃɋ¡ͥఄʆɊΑࣾʊɩɰʪͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʱͼ৔ʇɶɾӑᆌᆔᆌ࢘ʍΟАɪʨࠜʒɊ᫕ᆌᥬͫ
ۨ‫ܕ‬ʍɼʫɽʫʍ٨ᯌʊ‫כ‬ʩᎻʟͼ‫ᜓܟ‬௔࠱ʱᓑʅʪɲʇʱᆾ෋ʇɸʪʍʆɡʫʏɊ‫ށ‬Ԕᇊʍខࡗʎिʃɪʊ‫ᦦ׎‬ɶʅᏇʩ᥈ʞɊ๬еʣࡷ‫۔‬ʉʈψᇊʍӑᆌᆔᆌ࢘ʍ࠷Ⴛɶʅɣʪ
ۨ‫ܕ‬ʍខࡗʡ˭̃ˆ˿˶ʊՒɧʪɲʇɫಙʝɶɣɋɲʍ࿢ʆʎɊಢ‫ؙܫ‬ಅʍ༐ϊᢁ௶ʊᎶςɴʫʅɣʪ੠ᇽᇊం܏ऐ̍ᡋഒಳʍΟАʡɊ៧ɫʺˡˍʸ˗ˬʱʇʩɊᜓ௔ʣ֩‫׽‬Ꮋ‫׹‬ʉʈ˫ʿ̎˴́ʉᎻᐨɫʈʍʧɥʊ᫟ʮʂɾɪʱቌɸɲʇɫʆɬɊ௟ಲʇɶʅໍᄍʆɬʪ
‫׭‬ᓧ৷ɫ‫ށ‬ɬɣɋʉɩɊËÊÄÂ ˭̃ˎʽ˅˞ʍˁʼ̉˕̎˧̎˞ɫ‫ב‬Ւɸʪ‫׹ܬ‬ʎၔʊ˭̃ˎʽ˅˞˴ˣˎ˷̉˞ᶨÑÄÎ ጇᶩɩʧʒើМʊ᫟ɸʪ᠘ᑵʱӁʫʪɲʇɫಐ՞ʆɡʪ
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ɶɾɫʂʅɊρাʍಢᦶʆͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թ᫟Фʍˉ̎ˏʱ࠷ఆɸʪ‫׹ܬ‬Ɋϒͬʍᦦ૾ᓉɫ
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܏ʉʈɫыᝆۨʇʉʬɥᶩ¡ ᶽ¡ ˭̃ˎʽ˅˞ଉঞᒓࡩᡑ¡ᶴᶩɔ᫕ᆌʇʎϺɪɕʇɣɥഒಢ٨ᯌʍᠳ៵ʱͼ৔ʊ‫ב‬ՒᒓʍΣɣʍᏀ᰺ʱί୳ɶɊુɫ‫۔‬ʍӌϹᆔʉۨ‫ܕ‬ʊࡩɸʪʺ̉˭˙˞ʱᥱɷɾ࠷ᣊᆔለиɋӌϹᆔʊʎɊۨ‫ܕ‬ଶᕁᜓ௔ʊʃɣʅɊ‫ᧅݹ‬ᒓʆɡʪᜓ௔ɫʈʍʧɥʉខ࿢ʆ᫟ͮɸʪɲʇɫ৕᝸ɪʇɣɥɲ
ʇʊʃɣʅᒑɧʪಲ௶ʱ୯Йɸʪ¡ ᶽ¡ ɼʍψͥᕓࡩᡑᶨÏÈÐ ʱ؉ʟᶩ¡ᐴʩ᥏ɶʊʉʪɫɊለи‫ى‬ʊʎɊ௔ोѮɫ˴˅̃ʍ௔ጐʆ຅ʝʂɾᄊ‫ق‬Ɋ຅ʝʂɾʣʩ
ఄʱۨ‫ܕ‬ʍ᫟ФᒓʊଆɶʃɰʪʍʆʎʉɮɊɼʫɽʫʍۨ‫ܕ‬ʊ‫׹‬ʂɾʣʩఄʆᒑɧʅʡʨ
ɧʪʧɥɊɲʫʝʆʍુɫ‫۔‬ʆʍោᜓ᩺០ʣᏀ᰺ɪʨࠜʲʆʡʨɥɲʇɫ‫ܛ‬ಢʇʉʪɋɼ
ʍɾʠʊʡɊट‫۔‬াʈʍʧɥʊ‫۔׸‬ʍ௔ጐʉʩ᫕ᆌឞᄘʍͼʆЋʂʅʡʨɧʪɪʱੜᠪɶ
ʅ‫ݼ‬පʉΟАʱ୯ቌɸʪɲʇɫಜহɴʫʪɋ‫ీ׽‬ʊɊۨ‫ܕ‬ଶᕁʇɣɥ˭̃ˑˏʱ૮᜖ኌᤉ
ɶʅɣɮʍʆɡʫʏɊુɫ‫۔‬ʆʍ‫ވ‬௝ΟАʡЇɺʅᜓ௔࠱ʊϧɧʅɣɮ৕᝸ɫɡʪʇᒑɧ
ʨʫʪɋ¡‫ీ׽‬ʊɊËÊÄÂ ‫ݹۦ‬෤᫟ጇʆʡͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʊʎ‫ݼ‬පʉѮᮅɫɡʩɊᥬͫ‫۔‬௔ोʍ᝸ಙ
ɪʨʞʪʇᤤԎଶᕁʣᄊ‫ق‬᫕ᆌʍѮᮅʎᨁ࿢ԔᨂʊʉʪɲʇʎΛពɶʃʃʡɊ˭̃˞˕ʺ
˭ʇɶʅʎӑᆌᆔۨ‫ܕ‬ଶᕁʍᦉթʆɡʩκಲᓑીʇᜓ௔ʍ˃˹˧ˍ˜ʹ̍˩́˝ʹ̉ˆʍѮᮅɫɡʪɲʇʱ਺‫ܫ‬ʇɶʅӉಐɴʫʪɲʇɫಜহɴʫʪɋɲʍʧɥʉᇽ᝾ʎɊ֫Ꭳʊ૮
᜖ኌᤉʆɬʪ৷ഓʍʡʍʆʎʉɮɊ᫟Фᒓʍ˴ʺ̉˟ˑ˙˞ʍ٨ᯌɫഒಢʊɡʪɲʇʱႾ
ពɶʅˉ̎ˏ᝸ಙʱЀીɸʪɲʇʡᨁ᝸ʆɡʪɋ¡ɴʨʊʎɊท፥ʍ˟ˠ̎ɫ‫כ‬ʩᎻʲʆɣʪ૜ຫʇʍᇁᦒ࿢ʱ᫟Фᒓʊ៥నʆɬʪϹԧʡ৕᝸ʆɡʪɋ¡
㧔2㧕ᣣᧄߩ૗ࠍવ߃ࠆߩ߆
ુɫ‫۔‬ʍ૮᜖֩Տʍͼʆʡۨ‫ܕ‬ଶᕁʊ᫟ɸʪ֩Տɫ‫ݼ‬ɮᜓʮʫʅɩʩɊɼʍͼʆʎુɫ‫۔‬ʍۨ‫ܕ‬᫕ᆌʍᏀ᰺ʱᥬͫ‫۔‬ʊᄉɪɼɥʇɣɥោʞɫʉɴʫʅɣʪɋɶɪɶɊɲɲʆᒑɧ
ʉɰʫʏɣɰʉɣʍʎɊೖɾɶʅુɫ‫۔‬ʆᜓʮʫʅɬɾۨ‫ܕ‬᫕ᆌɊၔʊͼ‫އ‬௔ोʣۨఄ௔
ोɫ΂ɾʪʸ˅˕̎ʇʉʂʅ࠷ఆɶʅɬɾۨ‫ܕ‬᫕ᆌʎ᥄ࢡཪಳʱᡋɪʊɶʅɬɾʍʆɡʬ
ɥɪɊʇɣɥᅃ٨ʊጏɧʪɲʇʆɡʪɋ¡²º·± शϐϒಿ௦ตʊʮɾʪӂ‫۔‬Ᏼ‫׹‬᫕ᆌឞᄘʊɩɣʅʎɊᐴʩ᥏ɶᧉऐʇ᥄ಳʇʍഓआ
ʍషฬɫឱɧʨʫɊ‫ۣ۔‬ʍ‫ۮ‬᜜ɡʪᆌ࢘ɫාᎭɴʫʅɬɾɋɶɪɶʉɫʨɊ‫ݼ‬ɮʍ‫᥄׹ܬ‬
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ಳᧅʎ᫕ᆌʍଝ࿢ʇʎʉʩৃʉɪʂɾɋ᥄ಳʍଶᕁጐʇɶʅɊ᥄೔උʱ؉ʠɾۨ‫ܬ‬ᄊඋʍଶᕁʇψۨ‫ܕ‬ɪʨʍϜඋ៚ᔸɫᜓʉʮʫʅɬɾɋɶɪɶɊɲʫʨʍ௔ጐʊʧʂʅۨ‫ܕ‬ʇɶʅʍໍ৷֊ɫ࠷Ⴛɶκ‫ף‬ʍ݇Ւʱʞɾʧɥʉ᥄ಳᧅʎᮂणʊࡸʉɣɋɾɶɪʊ‫ݼ‬ɮʍۨఄʊɩɣʅɊ϶๥ʍ૗ৃʎ݇‫ށ‬ɶɊᭃᄍʍ‫ܬ‬ʡͥీᆔʊʎሯвɴʫɾАʡ‫ݼ‬ɍɡʪɋɶɪɶ
ʉɫʨɊᫎಜᆔʊ᝾ɾʇɬʊɊᧉऐʍ໤ᡸᒓʱԳ୯ʇɶɾۨ‫ܬ‬ᄊඋʍଶᕁʣϜඋ៚ᔸʱͼ৔ʇɶɾ‫ݹ‬ಿ‫ۿ‬᫕ᆌʆʎɊಢಿᆔʊۨ‫ܕ‬ʇɼɲʊ౫ʨɸ϶๥ʍᄉໍʱ‫ͫ؂‬ɴɺʉɣด࿢ʱ
ପʂʅɣɾʇʡɣɧʪɋ¡ࠩ‫ז‬ᶨ²ºº²ᶺ¶³®·³ᶩʎɊીՑΟАʇɶʅɶʏɶʏᎶςɴʫʪ‫ࢡށ‬ᄗʊɩɰʪͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʱԔ೒ɸʪɲʇʊʧʂʅɊᦉթʍۨ‫ܕ‬ʊɩɰʪខ࿢ɪʨʍើМʱោʞʅɣʪɋɼʫʊʧ
ʪʇɊʝɹɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʊɩɣʅ᥄උʍۨ‫ܕ‬ʊࡩɸʪ՞ೖʊࡩɶʅᦋ‫ށ‬ʉಜহɫ᝾ʨʫ
ɾɲʇɫବ஍ɴʫʅɣʪɋɸʉʮʀɊ᥄ࡂʍ૗ৃᥟ‫ו‬ʱ‫ܛ‬ቃʇɶɾ ÏÑÄ ᦉթᶨരഈ൧ɧ
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උ૗ৃʆʎʉɣᶩʎӂ‫۔‬ᆔʊ᝾ʅɳɮव‫ۮ‬ᆔʆɡʩၔጅʊʎМɶʉɪʂɾɋዿΠʎɊᬤ࢜᫙ഓआʍଞ‫ށ‬ʍ٨ᯌʆɡʪɋ̀̎˖̎ʍᇻरᄗᫎᔵ᣸ɫɊ
ɔূಿೖၑɿɰʆᏀ‫ډ‬ɶʅɣɾᎻ
‫ى׹‬ʇɊంɶɮ˃ˤˉʱӁʫɾᎻ‫ى׹‬ʇʍ᫙ʊ૗ৃʍഓआɫशɍूɫʂʅɣʂɾɋɼʫʊ
ʃʫʅʉʲʇʉɮᎻ‫ى׹‬ʍͼʍवጇ੡ɫᙙʫʅɮʪɋ‫ۍ‬Ꮓ৔ʊᖏऴ˨˩ɫӁʂʅɮʪɕʇ
ᥙʘɾᶨᇻर¡ ²º¹¹ᶺࠩ‫ ¡ז‬²ºº²ᶺ·² ʊঃᄍᶩɋዿͪʎɊ᥄ᄊՒँʍᒑɧఄʍ٨ᯌʆɡʩɊ
ͼ‫۔‬ʇʍ‫ॶ׹‬Οඋʍឮዒʊʧʪಲ௶ʍ៬ᦑɫᜓʮʫʅɣʪɲʇʱɊ‫۔‬ᬫί໐ʍខ࿢ɪʨከ
ඐᆔʊើМɸʪɪɊӑᆌᆔۨ‫ܕ‬ɩɲɶɪʨʍˬ̂ʇ᝾ʪɪʱɬʂʀʩʇଆɴɧʪ৕᝸ɫɡ
ʪʇɣɥବ஍ʆɡʪɋ¡Ⴛ‫ۦ‬Ɋ‫ࢡށ‬ᄗʎఖᄑऐʊ‫׹‬ЇɶɾɫɊɼʍᇀԳʊ๬Ԣිʍͥᧅʱ‫כ‬ʩ૕ɶɊɔʑʒɬɡʥɕ
ʇɣɥ‫ࣽࢡށ‬ʍۨ‫ܕ‬ᢁཆʱಐ՞ʊɪʃᔵঽᆔʊໍɪɺʪ‫׭‬ᓧ৷ʍɡʪͥಳͥ‫ق‬াʍ᫕ᆌʱ
ාᎭɶʅɣʪɋɲʍʧɥʉۨ‫ܕ‬ʍშ݄ᢁཆʍପᏙᆔʉԢᄍʊۨ‫϶ܕ‬๥ɫʈʫɿɰ΂Ϲᆔʊɪɪʮʫʪɪʇɣɥខ࿢ɫͥಳͥ‫ق‬ʱۨ‫ܕ‬ଶᕁʇɶʅϧɧʪᬫʊ᝸๳ɴʫʪɋ¡‫ࢡށ‬ᄗʍАʊʡɡʅʎʝʪɫɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍׄ࿢ʊɡʪʡʍʎɊɼʍঞీʍఖಢӂϹʍᏀ༔ၤ຤ʣ໤ᡸᒓʍˡ̎ːʱ૳୴ɶʃʃɊɶɪɶɊ৕ɹɶʡͼ‫އ‬ʍ௔ጐʇฯ៬ʱ୪ɧʪ
᫕ᆌʱ࠷ఆɶʅɲʉɪʂɾɲʇʊɡʪɋ̀˔̎˞ˬ̎˶ʊຜɮీϐʊɡʂʅᄒऑᬎʎɊ༦
ວɫɼʍʡʂʇʡ‫ށ‬ɬʉۨ‫ܕ‬ᢁཆʆɡʪɲʇʱᔵងɶʉɫʨʡɊᬯଢ଼ɸʪԠो༦ວʇʎᄴ
ʉʩɊۨ‫ܕ‬ʍɾʠʊʈɥԢᄍɸʪɪʍँ‫ބ‬ʱᜓʂʅɬɾɋɼɶʅɊԠोʇʎᄴʉʪۨ‫ܕ‬ᢁཆʇɶʅɊᄒऑࢯʱᡑ৏ʇɶɾᄑ۞ᯞ౔ʱԢᄍɶʧɥʇɶɾʍʆɡʪɋ¡༽ऑᬎᄗʎ᥎ᬯʍᄗʇ‫׹‬ЇɶɾɫɊ‫׹‬ЇʊʇʡʉʂʅɊʝʀʄɮʩʍࡩᡑጳ‫ې‬ɫू‫֊ܕ‬ɸʪʍʆʎʉɮɊᜓ௔ɫᦘɮʉʂɾɲʇʊʧʂʅɊ϶๥ʊʇʂʅʍۨ‫ܕ‬ʍ඘৤ɫʧʩࡷɴ
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Ѯʍ᝸๳ʎᦉթʆʎʉɮͥಳͥ‫ق‬ʍͥ‫ق‬ʊ᫟৔ʱᑝɣʅɩʩɊᄴʉʂɾ᫟৔ɫɾʝɾʝᏃ
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ۨఄԔිɫ᥼ʟͼʆɊۨ‫ܕ‬ଶᕁୟ᥼ʍɾʠʊʎɊۨఄԔිʍ࠷ᢑᆔʉ᥼࢘ʊ৕᝸ʉۨఄ
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ɼʍɾʠʊʎᜓ௔ʍςӁ̍୸Օɫ৕᝸ʉɲʇʡႻ࠷ʆɡʪɋͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʊɩɣʅۨఄ௔
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ۨ‫ܕ‬ଶᕁʱଉɥκɍʍˣ˙˞̅̎˅থીʱோ୸ɶɊᏃೖᆔʊۨ‫ܕ‬ʍᔵຟᓧՏʱᱝʠɾѮᮅɫɡʪɋʾ˗ˀ˪ʸʱʎɷʠʇɸʪʸ˫̀ˁʊɩɣʅɊͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʱ࢘᫕ɸʪɲʇʱᥱ
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‫׭‬ᓧ৷ɫɡʪɫɊɼʍɾʠʊʎከඐᆔʉ௔ोʍςӁɫᨁ᝸ʇʉʩɊɼʍΟАʱለиʱᥱɷʅቌɶʅɣɮɲʇɫ‫ށ‬ԕʆɡʪɋɼʍੜ‫ء‬ʆɊূಿɪʨʍુɫ‫۔‬ʍ᫕ᆌ୸Օʍˁʼ̉˕̎
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ʝʍኌᤉʎ‫ۏ‬᭐ʆɡʂʅʡͥʃʍ˸˝́ʇɶʅᎶςɸʪɲʇʎ‫׭‬ᓧʆɡʬɥɋ
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ËÊÄÂ ʎᫎशʊʮɾʂʅɊɲʇɴʨͥಳͥ‫ᦉق‬թʍ֩Տʇᠠʮʉɮʅʡ࠷ᢑᆔʊಳᗹଶ
ᕁʱோɧʪ૮᜖֩Տʱ࠷ఆɶʅɬɾɋɼʍ‫ݼ‬ɮʎ೅֪ʸˎʸʊ᝾ʨʫʪɋɼʍͼʆʡၔʊ˕ʺʊɩɣʅʎɊಳᗹଶᕁʊɩɣʅ௔ोɫೖɾɸ঱Ձʇɶʅʍ‫ق‬ᢑጫႾʍ૮᜖‫ͫ؂‬ʊ᫟ɶʅᤤԎऐ‫ܬ‬ʱੜᠪɶɾ֩ՏɫᜓʮʫʅɣʪɋɸʉʮʀɊ˕ʺʆʎ๬ᄊၑʎ‫۔‬๥ʍᨁ᝸ʉᯨ
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๬ᄊၑʣՒँ‫ق‬ʍ༐Ւၑʣ฾ᄤɶʅɣʪᙪ‫ق‬ጇʍಐ࠿ၑᢑɫ໤ᡸᒓʍѪ॓ʣᤤԎͫʍឍ࿢
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One Village One Product Movement
andRural Development

䋳䋰-08- 2007 at AU , Addis Ababa
for JAICAF/JICA/Japanese Embassy OVOP seminar

Yoshiaki Nishikawa(Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University )Introductory Questions
 What do you know about One Village One

Product movement?

 Do you have One Village One Product

Movement or similar initiatives in yourcountry?
2 

OVOP in original movement
 There was no intension to produce one

product in each village!! Rather, it was a
movement to produce confidence andpride in every village through humanresources development.
 Movement started from village people and(local) government strongly supported
the movement as government strategy tovitalize rural community in sustainable
manner.

Objectives of Presentation
 To introduce the history andconcepts of One Village One Product
Movement
 To explain the difference/relations
between industry promotion andlocal/regional development
 To consider possible role ofgovernment to promote themovement4 

Contents of Presentation 䋱䋮History of One Village One

Product Movement in Oita, Japan 䋲䋮Application and Interpretation of
OVOP in Developing Countries 䋳䋮Possibility of Further Applicationin African Context

5History of One Village One Product
Movement (Pre-history)
 There were many less favoured areas

where expansion / intensification offarming was not possible.
 Migration of young people to urban areas
and ageing of population happened inmany rural areas.
 Oldest son of a family and his wife needto stay in villages = no choice 1960- Many self study groups wereformed in various part of rural Japan History of One Village One Product
Movement (community discussions) All night discussions (Yonabe-Dangi) andformation of human networks started.
Local officials were invited to themeetings.
 Members were young farmers, young
generation of local merchants, wives of
farmers and fishermen = those who could
not escape from rural areas.
 Main topic was if our place is not worth
staying or possible to make living out of
our environment. = recognition of crisis

Origin of OVOP

Oyama Town NPC movement 䋱
NPC (New Plums and Chestnuts) Movement.
Started in 1961.
 Background: mountain areas with small farmlands with poverty(170,000 yen/year cf:
400,000 yen needed for culturally fulfilled life)=Not possible to follow national policy of large
scale agriculture and rice based farming.
=Decrease in consumption of basic foods such as
rice and wheat


8

 

Origin of OVOP

Oyama Town NPC movement 䋲 Strategy: Highly differentiated agriculture

small amount, high quality products withrarity value, processing and marketing Examples:
Fruits growing = seasonal = can takevacationMushroom and herbs = regular harvest =monthly income
Watercress and herbs = short growing
period = good for side business
Herbs, blossoms and mushrooms = small
and light = women participation
9

Origin of OVOP

Oyama Town NPC movement 䋳 NPC(Neo Personality Combination)

Movement. From 1965
 Slogan:Let’s plant plums and chestnuts
and go to Hawaii!!
 By leaving hometown and staying in adifferent environment enables people tosee hometown from outsiders’ perspective
and get new ideas and inspirations for
town’s development.
 1967-1996 951 people visited Hawaii outof 4,226
Other destinations were Israel, USA andGermany10 

Prototype of OVOP Movement by Oyama
Village in Oita䂾╙৻ᰴ䌎䌐䌃ㆇേ (“New Plum and Chestnuts Movement”)
Innovative conversion from traditional paddy
growing to development of commercial agricultural
product using geographical features and local
initiative movement 䋨1961--䋩䂾╙ੑᰴ䌎䌐䌃ㆇേ 䋨”Neo Personality Combination Movement”䋩
Innovative community revitalization movement bypromotion of HRD and social activities withpromotion of industries (1965 --)䂾╙ਃᰴ䌎䌐䌃ㆇേ 䋨”New Paradise Community Movement”䋩
Innovative activities of cultural promotion andimprovement of community life with economic
empowerment (1969 --)䋨slide made by Igusa, APU)11The Origins of
One Village One Product Movement
 Ex-Governor Hiramatsu of Oita Prefectureadvocated the movement in 1979 basedon his face-to-face communication withlocal (bottom-up) leaders during his vicegovernorship from 1975 to 1979.
 OVOP was not a policy but a movement=Movement started in many local
communities in Oita independent of (oreven against) government policy and theGovernor integrated these initiatives into
his development policy.
12

 

Three Key Concepts of
One Village One Product Movement
1. Think Globally, Act LocallyStarting from local activities, using local resources
with distinct local flavors and cultures, products
were created and marketed.
 2. Independence and Creativity
Local people / enterprises are key actors andgovernments are supporters.
 3. Human Resource Development
Through communications, leaders were facilitatedand networks were created with challenging
spirits.
13

OVOP movement as a kind of local
development movement
 Different from small & medium enterprises(SMEs) development, rural industry
development and export promotion inwhich certain local areas are not involvedor specified.
 Local areas as a subject of movement, and
it is not appropriate to use local areas as ameans to produce export products bysupporting local unique product in theprocess of OVOP movement.

14

 

OVOP movement as a movement
whose subject is local people
 OVOP movement is not a top-down projectthat is carried out by donors or central
government from outside, but a movement
whose subject is local people.
 In OVOP movement, local people are thesubject of movement, and government is a
facilitator to support or build thatenvironment. The subject of OVOP
movement can be local people, communitybased organizations, local government andlocal enterprises.
15

OVOP is not the movement for merely
producing goods “mono zukuri”
 Developing unique product (“mono zukuri”)

is an essential factor in OVOP movement.
 However, OVOP movement should not be
considered simply as production of goods(“mono zukuri”).
 The movement aims at human resources
development (“hito zukuri”) through“mono-zukuri”. OVOP movement stimulates
local people, helps them improve theirawareness and attempts to empower local
community.
16

 

Location and Characters of Oita Prefecture

1

km
000

rt
apa

Tokyo

Oita Prefecture

Mountainous
1.2 mil people
6300 km2 190/ km2

17

Examples of outputs related to OVOP









Human Resources developmentgroups and festivals to understand and revitalize local
resources
Facilities
parks, training facilities, information centers in big
cities, information networks etc.
Environment
natural forests, traditional landscapes, historicalbuildings etc.
Culturefestivals, traditional products including local recipes
Products
agriculture, fisheries, processed foods, flowers, NTFPs(imported wine with local label)

18

 

List of Regional Principal Products

Slide made by Igusa, APU
19

Reconfirmation of the Concepts
Production of specific products was not theobjective.
 Connection between the products and the locality
was emphasized.
 Technical assistance from outsiders including local
government was a clue for success.
 Information attached to the products was a key
factor of success in products.
Final goal was to create people who can recognize
this process and implement for themselves.

20

 

One Village One Product Movement
Revisited Many prefectures tried to adopt the ideaof OVOP in their policies but failed.
 In 2003, One Village One Product

Movement was officially dropped fromprefectural strategy in Oita. Now,
prefectural governement promote Local
Production and Local Consumption
Movement.
 Still activities bearing the spirits ofmovements continued.
21

Interim Questions
 What would be the driving force forcontinuation of movement/activities in Oita
even after the change of local government?

22

 

Local Resources as Driving Force

What are Local Resources?

Existing in the region.
 Utilized primarily by people of the region.
 Not transferable thus being treated as scarcity .


ExamplesNatural resources including landscapes Cultural and historical resources including
festivals
 Traditional foods including their recipes ++Human resources

23

Local Resources in OVOP It is not possible to produce large

quantity of commodity under Oita
environment. (by Hiramatsu)
 Producing something is different frompromoting the production throughassistance from local government.
 Government needs to promote theregions which attract people from outside
like magnetic fields. (by Hiramastu)

24

 

Perception on Local Resources Start from what we have : starting fromwhat we are lacking will promote further
dependence from outside (e.g. subsidies) People decide what to be utilized andproduced: making products by people andsupporting such initiatives by governments
are different stages
 Stick to locality is important : without
specific information on localities associatedwith localities, products need to overcome
international competitiveness (e.g. motorcars or computers)
25

Example of OVOP

Sanwa-Shurui (A Shochu Company)
 Facts
 Brewing Company whose main products

are Shochu (Japanese liquor) Company started in 1958 with merger ofthree small companies under the situationof decrease in sales of traditional ricewine.
 In 1979, they started to produce the mostselling product called ‘Iichiko’

26

 

Example of OVOPHow Sanwa-Shurui used Local Resources Local resources utilized:

Water and Air. (Barley was 100
imported.) Local resources utilized was an
comfortable environment for the alcohol.
 This perception is the critical point oflocal resource utilization!!
 Marketing Tactics employed:
Information carried with the alcohol =Scenery of home / country-side

27

Impact of Shochu Companies to region
 Implication of Iichiko to the region:

Success of production and marketing
enabled to produce 100 % local resource
alcohol product called Nishino-hoshi inwhich all barley materials are producedby nearby farmers.
 This feedback to the area is clearly
different from SME development approach.

28

 

Example of OVOP

Yufuin Town Movement 1
 Hot spring village back of Beppu(the most abundant hot spring in Japan)
 Background:No big hotels with entertainment, but
beautiful rural landscapes and farming Strategy:

Use local resources of agriculture andenvironment : Village development forcommunity residents and tourists
29

Example of OVOP

Yufuin Town Movement 2
KURORT project = whole town to be therecreational hot spring town
Idea came from Germany based on overseas
study visit by hotel owners
 Examples: Utilization of geothermal resources forfarming : Small scale and multi-items farming‘Ordinance on Comfortable Town Development’(Incoherency with Central Government Policy /Regulation)
 Results: Four million people a year visit the townof 12,000 residents.


30

 

Contents of Presentation 䋱䋮History of One Village One

Product Movement in Oita, Japan 䋲䋮Application and Interpretation of
OVOP in Developing Countries 䋳䋮Possibility of Further Applicationin African Context

31

Transfer of OVOP to
Developing Countries
 Thailand, Cambodia and many Asian

countries, Malawi and some countries inAfrica and Jamaica in Central America
introduced OVOP ideas either directlyfrom Oita Prefecture or through JICA andJETRO.
 Human Resources Development as overall
goal is shared by all cases.
 In practice, most cases emphasized the
products development to be marketedworld-wide, utilizing local resources
and/or local initiatives.
32

 

Assessment of OVOP Idea Transfer to
Developing Countries
 The name of ‘One Village One Product

Movement’ is very famous.

 The concepts and detail history are nottransferred.
 In Oita, One Village One Product
Movement developed the capacity ofpeople who are able to contribute to thepromotion of their regions.
This aspect is compatible with the conceptof technical cooperation. BUT HOW??

33

Problems encountered in OPOV
movement in Developing Countries
 Most cases concentrate only making

specific products (especially mainly forexport) without much emphasis on
regional vitalization.
 Initiatives by central governments aremuch strong compared with local
initiatives.
 Shortage of capable leaders, institutional
capacities and coordination among
concerned government organizations.
 Movements are sometimes remained asmeans of political campaign.
34

 

What were the Problems in transfer?
 The concept of OVOP has beentransferred from politicians to politicians
and from government officials togovernment officials, both of them were
not main actors of the movement in Oita.
 When applied as policy or projects, shortterm (economic) outcome is necessary,
which is not compatible with core value of
OVOP movement since it is a continuous
process of development.
35

What are possible solutions, then ?
 Recognizing the importance of transition ofprimary actors of the movement fromgovernment to private sectors andresidents is critical. (Rather OVOP
movement in Oita started solely fromprivate sector!!) In other words, governments are not theactors but the providers of ‘Mechanisms’ or‘Places’ for other stakeholders to meet andact. (How to find early stages of movement
and facilitate them is important.)36 Contents of Presentation 䋱䋮History of One Village One

Product Movement in Oita, Japan 䋲䋮Application and Interpretation of
OVOP in Developing Countries 䋳䋮Possibility of Further Applicationin African Context

37

Opportunities and Challenges

Key Role of Local Government
 Regional development has rarely been

conducted in Africa, and when done, there
have been few successes. The power ofcentral government is strong, while local
government is given little authority andlocal finance is weak.
 Generally speaking, “villages” in Africa, unitof “mura”(village)-“okoshi”(development),
have seldom been working as
administrative unit, so that it may well be
expected that organization of local people
would involve some difficulties.
38 

Opportunities and Challenges

Harmony with PRSP and CAADP In regard to cooperation, many countries inAfrica make PRSP on which World Bank and
IMF have considerable influence.
 Consequently, in introducing such a
movement as OVOP movement based onJapanese experience, it is vital to place
OVOP movement appropriately inaccordance with a development frameworkof the country concerned such as PRSP andalso CAADP as a region.

39

Opportunities and Challenges

Dual Approach for Implementation
 If OVOP movement is promoted as anation-wide project of central government,
the role of prefectural government in thecase of OVOP movement in Oita can beplayed by central government in Africancountries.
 On the other hand, Africa can utilize OVOP
movement by allocating some
responsibilities to local government in its
implementation, in order to enhance thecapabilities of local government throughpractical involvement.
40

 

Initiatives by Residents
Support by Government
Decision and Implementation
by local government(endorsed by central government)
Technical and information support
for production and marketing

Platform for human network and development
for continuation of initiatives

Support for initial marketingsuch as promotion fair and antenna shop

Some Questions for Next step forwardObjectives of OVOP: SMEs, Products or Regions ?

Emphasis in Application : Promotion of Market Economy,
Poverty Reduction or Sustainability?

Responsible Organization : Central Government, Local
Governments or Networks ?

Target Market: Local, National or Global ?



Evaluation Criteria : Process (Participation) or Products(Outputs) ?
42

 

What can OVOP do for African ruraldevelopment?
 OVOP can be a driving force forsustainable rural community
development, different from donor driven
projects or SMEs.
 Cooperation to OVOP initiatives willcertainly contribute to sustainablecommunity development and local
government capacity building through the
products improvement and marketing
innovation.

Importance of government roles for
introduction of the OVOP initiatives
Central government need to allow local
governments to carry out appropriate support
activities to local communities depending on
different situations even if each activities areslightly different from the policy of Central
government.=true capacity building of local
governments
 Products making and marketing are notresponsibility of the government, but networkingof activities and information sharing including
market information are the role ofgovernments.=Balance between self-reliance andgovernment intervention 

Final Questions
 How were your ideas about One Village One

Product Movement changed after listening tothis lecture?
 Do you think you can apply the concept of

One Village One Product movement in yourcountry, and if so, how do you recommend to
your government the introduction of theinitiatives in the context of your country?
45

Thank you very much for your attention.

Special Thanks are to APO and Professor Igusa of APU forallowing me to use their slides.

46 

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