Useful Phrases for Academic Papers
英語論文で使える表現集
1. Abstract/Introduction/Literature Review Sections[論旨の重要性を強調 (Establishing the importance of the topic)]-X is the leading cause of lung cancer in western industrialized countries.
-Xs are among the most widely used antiviral medications and…
-X is a common disease characterized by…
-The issue of X has received considerable critical attention-X is an increasingly important issue in experimental astronomy…
-Xs are some of the most potent anti-coagulants that exist…
-X is an important component in robotics and plays a key role in Y.

-The aim of this survey has been to try and ascertain what…
-The goal of this study is to investigate the differences between….
-The purpose of this research is to examine the way in which …
[研究課題と仮説の説明 (Research question or hypotheses)]
-The central question in this dissertation examines …
-This study aimed to address the following questions:-In particular, this study will examine four main research questions:-A crucial research question of this study was thus whether…
-The hypothesis that will be tested is…
2. Methods & Materials Section[研究方法の概要を説明 (Synopsis of methods and sources of data)][論旨の重要性を強調 2 (Establishing the importance of the topic

-This study was investigative and exploratory in nature.

using a time frame)]-The study was conducted in the form of a series of experiments, with

-Recent developments in X have increased the need for…
-Over the past fifty years there has been a steady increase in…
-Traditionally, Xs have employed one type of model that…
-In the last five years, there has been increasing public interest in…
-Recently, researchers have increased their scrutiny of…

data being gathered via…
-This research takes the form of a case study of the…
-Using quantitative measures, I attempt to examine the…
-Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this study.
[研究の説明 (Explaining why a method was used or rejected)]-Since the late 1970’s research into X has experienced a boom…

-A longitudinal study was used to allow a wider sample of…

-One of the most important breakthroughs of the 1990’s was…

-A qualitative method was avoided to ensure the accuracy of…

[文献検討の書き出し(Giving a synopsis of the literature)]-However, there are certain drawbacks associated with the use of…

-In the past decade, a number of studies have sought to determine…

-Previous studies in this area of research have reported…
-A considerable volume of literature has been published on X.
-Xs were reported in the later models of Y (e.g., Pinot, 1998; Gregory,& Mustafa, 2002).
-Jackson (2004: 154) demonstrates that past research into X was…

Surveys such as those carried out by Jackson (2004) showed how…
[研究課題を強調 (Highlighting a problem in the field of study)]-However, these rapid changes are having serious effects…
-Regardless of the progress in the area of X, the major problem of Ypersists.

-Despite its long clinical success, X has a number of problems in use.
-Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of…
[研究分野でのイシューを説明 (Highlighting a controversy in thefield of study)]-The X approach has a number of useful features, including…
[研究プロセスの説明 (Describe the process(using sequentialwords/adverbs))]
-In order to identify the most responsive traits, the subjects were given…

-To establish whether there were any mitigating factors…
-For the purpose of measuring weight, all subjects stood…
-Data for this study were retrospectively collected from…
-Prior to undertaking this study, measurements were taken of…
-Following this procedure, each sample was put in a…
-The resulting compound was manually mixed in a flask so that…
[研究プロセスの詳細説明 (Describe the process (usinginstruments/detailed information))]-Data analysis was carried out using Qiqqa 4.

-Comparisons between the two groups were made using t-tests…
-Using X-ray and focusing on X, it was possible to measure…
-At intervals of 2 min, 50cc of X was dissolved into Y….

-To date there has been no consensus on how…
-Some observers have drawn attention to the conflict in…
-The controversy regarding confirmation of X has raged unabated formany decades.
-Debate continues about the best strategies for the management of…
-Little information is understood about X or what key factors…
[先行研究の課題を説明 (Highlighting inadequacies of previousstudies)]- However, the relationship has not been strongly established …
- What is not yet clear is the impact of X on …
- Most studies in the field of X have only focused on …
- Results of previous studies have proved inconclusive

3. Results Section[研究目的と研究方法 (Referring to aim or method)
-To account for these two possibilities…

-The correlation between X and Y was tested and found to be…
-The first group of analyses examined the effects of…
-T-tests were used to determine the connection between…
[表やグラフのデータの説明 (Highlighting data in a table, graph, orchart)]-As Table 4 shows, there is a clear trend of…
-From the data in Figure 3.7, is can be seen that…
-The differences between X and Y are shown in Table 2.
-Data in this chart can be compared with those in Table 3, which…

[研究目的の説明 (Stating the purpose of the study)][ポジティブ・ネガティブな結果の説明 (Giving positive/negative main purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of…
-The-There was a significant positive correlation between X and Y…
results)]-There are two central objectives of this study

-The results, as shown in Figure 25, indicate that…

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Useful Phrases for Academic Papers-Post hoc analysis indicated that the two groups were…

-This discrepancy could be attributed to…

-There was no significant increase of X associated with…

-There are two likely causes for the differences between X and Y-No significant reduction in X was found compared with placebo.

[仮説を導く (Suggesting a general hypothesis)]-None of the differences measured were statistically significant.

-Therefore, it is possible/probable/likely that X and Y are…

-Only trace amounts of X were found to be present in…

-Hence, it could be hypothesized that…

[興味深い結果の説明 (Reporting interesting or surprising)] results)]-This finding, while preliminary, suggests that X is an agent of…

-Interestingly,
X was shown to have…
-The value of X suggests that a link may exist between…

-Surprisingly, there was no correlation found between X and Y.

[結果の応用を説明 (Discussing wider implications)]-The most striking observation to emerge from the data analysis was…

-These results help us to understand how X and Y are connected.

-The most striking finding of this experiment was…

-These results provide wider support for the hypothesis that…

[実験・調査結果の説明 (Reporting results from interviews, surveys,-One of the larger issues emerging from these findings is…

and questionnaires)]-Forty-six
individuals returned the questionnaires…
-An implication of these findings is the potential for…
[後続研究への展望 (Suggesting future work)]-Respondents were asked to indicate whether…

-There is abundant space for further progress in analyzing…

-In response to the question “____?” 53 percent indicated that…

-At present, several questions remain unanswered.

-The majority of those who responded to this item said that…

-A further study with more focus on X should be done to investigate…

-Just under half of the participants expressed the belief that…

-Further studies of X that account for these variables need to be[結果の要約 (Summary and transition)]undertaken.

-Together these results provide crucial insights into…

5. Conclusion (End of Discussion Section)-In summary, these results indicate that…

[研究目的を再度説明 (Restating the aims of the study)]-The results in this chapter point to…The next chapter therefore moves
on to discuss…
-Overall, these results imply that…
4. Discussion Section-This study set out to determine that X had implications on…
-In this investigation, the goal was to assess the efficacy of…
-This paper argued that X was important in determining Y.
-Further studies of X that account for these variables need to be[研究目的や研究的疑問への言及 (Referencing literature or researchundertaken.

aim/question)]

学術資料検索サイト集 Journal Search Tools and Resources-As mentioned in the review of literature, there are many studies that…
-One
initial objective was to determine what kind of…
- Google Correlate: Uses web search activity data to find queries with-It was hypothesized that participants dealing with Alzheimer’s would…

a similar pattern to a target data series.

-In the review of the literature, little to no data was found to connect…

(https://www.google.com/trends/correlate)-A strong relationship between X and Y was reported in the literature.

-Wolfram Alpha: Computational knowledge engine that answers[予想外の結果に対する説明 (Stating unexpected outcome)]

factual queries directly by computing the answer from externally-Surprisingly, X was found to have no additional DNA markers in the…

sourced "curated data.”-This finding was unexpected and suggests that there is…

(https://www.wolframalpha.com/)-Contrary to expectations, this study located no significant differences-Virtual LRC.com: A Google alternative safe search engine for students

between…

offering information and reference sites: art, social sciences, social-One unanticipated finding was that X was…

issues, social problems, history, biography, magazines, newspapers,[先行研究の結果への言及 (Referencing previous literatureencyclopedias, science, math, chemistry, biology, and dictionaries.

(supports/contradicts hypothesis)](http://www.virtuallrc.com/arts/search/search.pl?Mode=Tips)-These results match those mentioned in earlier studies of X….

-AcademicIndex.net: A scholarly search engine and web directory for-This finding further supports the argument that X is…

college students.

-These findings corroborate the ideas of Jackson and Coll (2011), who(http://www.academicindex.net/)

maintained that….

-Digital Library of the Commons Repository: Provides free and open-However, the findings of the current study are not consistent withaccess full-text articles, papers, and dissertations. This site contains anprevious research.

author-submission portal; an Image Database; the Comprehensive-This result has not previously been described in similar studies.

Bibliography of the Commons; a Keyword Thesaurus, and links to-These findings differ from Ronald’s 1994 estimate of X, but are

relevant reference sources on the study of the commons.

broadly consistent with earlier studies.

(https://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/)[研究結果に対する説明 (Giving an explanation for the results)]-There are several possible explanations for such a result.

論文執筆・ジャーナル投稿に関するその他豊富な資料は-Anotherpossible explanation for this might be…


英文校正ワードバイス ライティングリソース-These differences can be explained in part by the colors of X and Y.
-It seems likely that these results are in fact due to…

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