5th AOFSRR School: Cheiron School 2011 (Sept. 26-Oct. 5, 2011)
Spring-8/RIKEN Harima, Hyogo, Japan

Overview of Synchrotron Radiation (SR)Moonhor Ree* Chemistry Department, Division of Advanced Materials Science &Polymer Research Institute Adviser for Science* Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL)

Pohang University of Science & Technology
Pohang 790-784, Korea
Tel: +82-54-279-2120, +82-(0)10-2080-2120 (mobile)
Fax: +82-54-279-3399
E-mail: ree@postech.edu
http://www.postech/ac.kr/chem/mree1

Acknowledgments :Organizing Committee Members of Cheiron School
Spring-8/JASRI; Dr. Tetsuhisa Shirakwa, President
Prof. Masaki Takata
RIKEN Harima Institute
MEXT, JapanAOFSRR
Prof. Keng Liang (NSRRC, Taiwan)
Prof. Osamu Shimomura (KEK, Japan)
Prof. Masaki Takata (RIKEN/Spring-8/U Tokyo, Japan)
Prof. Zhentang Zhao (SSRF, China)
Prof. Tetsuya Ishikawa (RIKEN/Spring-8, Japan)
Prof. Hiroshi Kawata (KEK, Japan)
2
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

Sept. 26, 2011
10:40-12:00

Outline1. Introduction- AOFSRR / Cheiron School- History of SR- SR

2. 1st-2nd Generation SR
3. 3rd Generation SR- Current Status of 3rd Generation SR Facilities- Applications in Science &Technology

4. 4th Generation SR- Current Status of 4th Generation SR Facilities- Applications in Science &Technology

5. Summary & Conclusions
M. Ree3
Cheiron School-2011

AOFSRR(Asia−Oceania Forum for Synchrotron Radiation Research)

Objectives:(1) To establish a general framework of collaboration for the developmentof science and technology, which mutually benefits advancing the research goalsof the Parties(2) To promote comprehensive cooperation in the Asia-Oceania region(3) To provide education and communication opportunities- AOFSRR Conference (per year)
1st, 24-25/11/2006, Tsukuba, Japan
2nd , 31/10-02/11/2007, Shinchu, Taiwan
3rd, 4-5/12/2008, Melbourne, Australia
4th, 31/11-02/12/2009/Shanghai, China
5th, 06-09/07/2010/Pohang, Korea
6th, 24-28/10/2011/Bangkok, Thailand- Cheiron Summer School
1st, 10-19/09/2007, SPring-8, Japan
2nd, 29/09-08/10/2008, Spring-8
3rd, 02-11/11/2009, Spring-8
4th, 09-18/10/2010
5th, 26/09-05/10/2011
M. Ree4
Cheiron School-2011

AOFSRR
Council Member
Moonhor Ree (POSTECH/PAL, Korea)
Keng Liang (JTNU/NSRRC, Taiwan)
Masaki Takata (RIKEN/JASRI-Spring8, Japan)
Richard Garrett (ANSTO, Australia)
Osamu Shimomura (KEK, Japan)

Members
Hongjie Xu (SSRF/China)
Shih-Lin Chang (NSRRC/NTHU, Taiwan)
Keith Nugent (Univ of Melbourne/AS, Australia)
Mark Breese (SSLS, Singapore)
Prayoon Songsiriritthigul (SLRI, Thailand)
G.T. Gupta (RRCAT, India)

Associate Members
Dr. Don Smith (New Zealand Synchrotron Group Ltd)
Swee Ping Chia (Univ. Malaya/Malaysia)
Tran Duc Thiep (Institute of Physics/Vietnam)

5
M. ReeAsia-Oceania Forum for SR Research
Cheiron School 2008
PLS (1994)
BEPC (1991)

2.5 GeV (- 2010)
3.0 GeV (2011- )PAL-XFEL (2014)
10.0 GeV

2.2-2.5 GeV

NSRL (1991)
0.8 GeVSSRF (2008)

UVSOR (1983)

3.5 GeV

0.75 GeVPF (1982)
2.5 GeV

INDUS I (1999)

SP-8 (1997)
8.0 GeV

0.45 GeV

Ritsumeiken (2002)

INDUS II (2006)

1.3 GeV

SAGA (2005)

2.5 GeV

1.2 GeV

SCSS (2010)
8.0 GeVTLS (1993)

SIAM
SIAM (2004)(2004)

1.5 GeV

1.2
1.2 GeVGeV

TPS (2013)
3.0-3.3 GeV
AS (2006)
3.0 GeV

SSLS
SSLS (2001)(2001)
0.7
0.7 GeV
GeV

M. Ree6

July 6-9,2010@Pohang

Cheiron School 2011

7
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

Cheiron School 2011 - Program

8
M. ReeOutline
1. Introduction- AOFSRR / Cheiron School- History of SR- SR

2. 1st-2nd Generation SR
3. 3rd Generation SR- Current Status of 3rd Generation SR Facilities- Applications in Science &Technology

4. 4th Generation SR- Current Status of 4th Generation SR Facilities- Applications in Science &Technology

5. Summary & Conclusions
9
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

Synchrotron Radiation
When moving along a curved trajectory in a speed close to that of light,
electrons emit electromagnetic radiation in tangential direction.
This kind of radiation is called synchrotron radiation since it was firstobserved at a 70 MeV synchrotron radiation machine in 1947.
The curved trajectory can be created by bending magnet, wiggler andundulator magnets in accelerators.

M. ReeCheiron School-2011

11
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

First Man-Made Synchrotron Radiation Source at GE on Apr. 24, 1947

General Electric betatron built in 1946, the originof the discovery of Synchrotron radiation.
The radiation was named after its discovery in a
General Electric synchrotron accelerator built in 1946
and announced in May 1947 by Frank Elder, Anatole
Gurewitsch, Robert Langmuir, and Herb Pollock in a
letter entitled "Radiation from Electrons in a
Synchrotron." Pollock recounts:"On April 24, Langmuir and I were running themachine and as usual were trying to push theelectron gun and its associated pulse transformer
to the limit. Some intermittent sparking had
occurred and we asked the technician to observewith a mirror around the protective concrete wall.
He immediately signaled to turn off thesynchrotron as "he saw an arc in the tube." Thevacuum was still excellent, so Langmuir and I
came to the end of the wall and observed. At first
we thought it might be due to Cherenkov radiation,
but it soon became clearer that we were seeing
Ivanenko and Pomeranchuk radiation."
12
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

First Observation of Synchrotron Radiation from Galaxy (July, 1054)
Crab Nebula: SR in Sky

The Supernova was observed byancient Korean/Japanese/Chinese
astronomers in the year 1054.
The pulsar (a star that spins veryfast) produces highly relativistic
electrons which themselves produce
synchrotron radiation (the brightcompact emission) in the magnetic
field of the Nebula (a cloud of dusts andgasses; a new star is produced from nebulae).
* Supernova is an exploding star.
At least a supernova occurs
per decade in our galaxy.
July, 1054, Observed in Korea, Japan and China
13
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

14
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

Pohang Light Source

Beam energy (GeV)

2.5

Beam energy (GeV)

2.5

Rf (MHz)

2856

Circumference(m)280.56

Klystron power (MW), max

80

Natural emittance (nm)18.9

Bunch length (ps)13

Rf (MHz)500.082

Normalized emittance(nm.mrad)150

Rf voltage (MV)

1.6

Tunes

14.28/8.18

Beam current (A)30Super-periods

12

Energy spread (%), fwhm

0.6

Total length (m)160

M. Ree30 B/L (9 IDs)
1 FEL (THz BL)

10 B/L (in plan)
41 (Total)
52 (in full capacity)

15
Cheiron School-2011

Shanghai Light Source
Storage Ring
3.5GeV,C=432m

Booster
3.5GeV,C=180m

Electron Linac
150MeV 16
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

mm

μm

nm

Å

Human hair
~ 50-100 mm wide17
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

Properties of Synchrotron Radiation
Broad spectrum: from infrared to hard X-ray;
Wide tunability in photon energy (or wavelength) by
monochromatization: sub eV up to the MeV Range;
High Brilliance and high flux: many orders of magnitude
higher than that with the conventional X-ray tubes;
Highly collimated: radiation angular divergence angle
proportions inversely to electron beam energy (1/ γ);High level of polarizations: linear, circular, elliptical;
Pulsed time structures: tens of picoseconds pulse;…
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

Synchrotron Radiation Facilities
 Over the past 30 years, design and construction of dedicated SR
facilities have been continuously carried out all over the world.
Currently there are about 50 SR light sources in operation andabout 22 of them are third generation light sources;
Before 1970s, first generation light sources, attached to high energy
machines, were parasitically operated;
From the mid-1970s to the late 1980s, second generation light sourceswere designed and constructed as dedicated SR user facilities;
From the mid-1980s, third generation light sources have been designed
and constructed with low emittance beam and undulators;
Since the Mid-1990s, the construction of intermediate energy third
generation light sources has been the focus of efforts worldwide;
Meanwhile compact synchrotron radiation facilities have been designed
and constructed.

M. ReeCheiron School-2011

Synchrotron Radiation Facilities (in operation)
Asia-Oceania : 26

Europe : 25

America : 18

20

www.lightsources.org

21
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

Outline
1. Introduction- AOFSRR / Cheiron School- History of SR- SR

2. 1st-2nd Generation SR
3. 3rd Generation SR- Current Status of 3rd Generation SR Facilities- Applications in Science &Technology

4. 4th Generation SR- Current Status of 4th Generation SR Facilities- Applications in Science &Technology

5. Summary & Conclusions
M. Ree22
Cheiron School-2011

1st Generation SR Facilities (1)1st Generation?
Synchrotron
light sourceswere basicallybeamlines built
onto theexisting
facilities
designed forparticle physics
studies.

Energy Operation Year
(GeV)
(Status)

Facility

Location

VEPP-2M

Russia0.7

SPEAR-I(SSRL)

USA

3.0-3.5

DORIS(DESY)

Germany

3.7-5.2

SURF-II(NBS)

USA

0.28

Accum.Ring(KEK)

Japan

6.5

CESR(CHESS)

USA

5.5

VEPP-3(INP)

Russia2.2

ELSA

Germany

1.5-3.5

TRISTAN MR

Japan

6.0-301987-1995(Shutdown)

BEPC(IHEP)

China

1.5-2.8

1989-2004(Upgraded)

DCI(LURE)

France1.8

Dedicated

1965-1999(Upgraded)
1972-1992(Upgraded)
1974-1993(Upgraded)
1974-1997(Upgraded)
Partly Ded.
1979-2002(Upgraded)
1979-1985(Upgraded)
1987(Operation)

23
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

1st Generation SR Facilities (2)Facility

Location

Energy(GeV)

Operation Year
(Status)

ASTRID

Denmark

0.6

1990(Operation)

VEPP-4

Russia5.0-7.0

1994(Operation)

DAΦNE

Italy

0.51

1999
(Operation)

TSSR

Japan

1.5

Proposed

AmPS

Netherland

0.9

Planned use

EUTERPE

Netherland

0.4

Planned use

N-100

Russia2.2

Dedicated

HP-2000

Russia5.5

Partly Ded.

Beamline
BM

ID

TOT

24
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

2nd Generation SR Facilities (1)Facility

Location

Energy(GeV)

2nd Generation?

SOR-Ring

Japan

0.38

Synchrotron
light sourceswere dedicatedto theproduction ofsynchrotron
radiation andemployedelectron storagerings to harness
the synchrotron
light.

AladdinUSA

0.8-1.0

SRS(Daresbury)

UK

2.0

NSLS-I

USA

0.75

PF(KEK)Japan

2.5-3.0

UVSOR

Japan

0.75

MAX(LTH)

Sweden0.55

BESSY I

Germany

0.8

HESYRL(USTC)

China

0.8

PETRA-II

Germany

7.0-13

LNLS-I

Brazil1.15

1997(Operation)

INDUS-I

India

0.45

1999
(Operation)

M. ReeOperation Year
(Status)Beamline
BM ID

TOTAL

1974-1997(Shutdown)
1977(Operation)
1981-2008(Decommissioned)

1982(Operation)
1983(Operation)
1983-2003(Upgraded)
1986(Operation)
1987-1999(Decommissioned)
1991(Operation)
1995-2009(Decommissioned)25

Cheiron School-2011

2nd Generation SR Facilities (2)Facility

Location

Energy(GeV)

Operation Year
(Status)

TERAS

Japan

0.8

Dedicated

Siberia-I

Russia0.45

Dedicated

TNK

Russia1.2-1.6

Dedicated

CAMD

USA

1.2

(Operation)

Beamline
BM

ID

TOTAL

26
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

Outline
1. Introduction- AOFSRR / Cheiron School- History of SR- SR

2. 1st-2nd Generation SR
3. 3rd Generation SR- Current Status of 3rd Generation SR Facilities- Applications in Science &Technology

4. 4th Generation SR- Current Status of 4th Generation SR Facilities- Applications in Science &Technology

5. Summary & Conclusions
M. Ree27
Cheiron School-2011

3rd Generation Light Sources
 3rd generation light sources, based on advanced undulators,
Wigglers, and low emittance storage ring, are currently then main
working horses. According to the storage ring energy, it can beclassified into low-, high- and intermediate energy light sources;
High energy third generation light sources (>4GeV)：ESRF, APS, Spring8;
Low energy ones (<2.5GeV): ALS, Elettra, TLS, BESSY-II, MAX-II,
LNSL, … ;Intermediate energy ones (2.5 ~ 4.0GeV): PLS, ANKA, SLS, CLS, SPEAR3,
Diamond, SOLEIL, INDUS-II , ASP, SSRF, ALBA, NSLS-II, TPS, MAXIV, … ;In addition, further advanced third generation light sources, diffraction
limited or ultimate, are under investigations and studies. Notably,progress is very encouraging in upgrading the high energy physics
accelerators into advanced third generation light sources, such as the
PETRA-III in operation at DESY and the PEP-X proposal at SLAC.
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

Intermediate Energy Light Sources The pioneering third generation light sources generated brightradiation based on fundamental and lowest harmonic spectralline of undulator:
High energy machines were optimized at 5-25keV for hard X-ray science;
Low energy ones were designed &optimized for VUV and soft X-ray
sciences; As undulator technology well developed, its theoretical brilliancecan be achieved at higher harmonics, this leads to a few ofoutstanding properties of intermediate energy light sources;
The photon beam properties in the 5-25keV range generated withintermediate energy light sources are comparable with those from highenergy machines;
Up to 11th-15th harmonics are currently used at operating machines;
Circumference ranges from 100+m to ~800m depending on budget;
Low construction and operation costs make it a cost effective lightsource right for meeting the regional needs;
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

Intermediate Energy SR Facilities Since the beginning of 21st century, intermediate energy lightsources have been being successively put into operation;
SLS in 2001, ANKA in 2002, CLS in 2003, SPEAR3 in 2004, SAGA-LS in
2005, and another five, ASP, Diamond and SOLEIL in 2007, SSRL in 2009,
and ALBA in 2010;
One more will be operational in the coming years, SESAME probably in
2013;
NSLS-II, TPS and MAX-IV may start operation before 2015;

 Other intermediate light source plans are under consideration or
R&D in countries including Armenia (CANDLE), Poland and South
Africa; Some new proposals are still appearing, including a new one inChina;

M. ReeCheiron School-2011

3rd Generation Light Sources around the World

: 21
: 1
: 4
: 4

31
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

3rd Generation Light Sources in Operation (1)Energy(GeV)

Circumference(m)

Emittance(nm.rad)Current(mA)

Straight Section

Status

1. ALS

1.9

196.8

6.3

400

12×6.7m

Operation (1993)

2. ESRF

6.0

844.4

3.7

200

32×6.3m

Operation (1993)

3. TLS

1.5

120

25

240

6×6m

Operation (1993)

4. ELETTRA

2.0/2.4

259

7

300

12×6.1m

Operation (1994)

5. PLS
(in upgrading)

2.5
(3.0)

280.56

18.6
(5.8)

200
(400)

12×6.8m(+ 12x4.2m)

Operation (1995)(2011)

6. APS

7.0

1104

3.0

100

40×6.7m

Operation (1996)

7. SPring-8

8.0

1436

2.8

100

44×6.6m, 4×30m

Operation (1997)

8. LNLS

1.37

93.2

70

250

6×3m

Operation (1997)

9. MAX-II

1.5

90

9.0

200

10×3.2m

Operation (1997)

10. BESSY-II

1.7

240

6.1

200

8×5.7m, 8×4.9m

Operation (1999)

11. Siberia-II

2.5

124

65

200

12×3m

Operation (1999)

12. NewSUBARU

1.5

118.7

38

500

2×14m, 4×4m

Operation (2000)

Light Source

32
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

3rd Generation Light Sources in Operation (2)Light Source

Energy(GeV)

Circumference(m)

13. SLS

2.4-2.7

288

5

400

3×11.7m, 3×7m,
6×4m

Operation (2001)

14. ANKA

2.5

110.4

50

200

4×5.6m, 4×2.2m

Operation (2002)

15. CLS

2.9

170.8818.1

500

12×5.2m

Operation (2003)

16. SPEAR-3

3.0

234

12

500

2×7.6m,4×4.8m,
12×3.1m

Operation (2004)

17. SAGA-LS

1.4

75.6

7.5

300

8×2.93m

Operation (2005)

18. ASP

3.0

216

7-16

200

14×5.4m

Operation (2007)

19. DIAMOND

3.0

561.6

2.7

300

6×8m, 18×5m

Operation (2007)

20. SOLEIL

2.75

354.1

3.74

500

4×12m, 12×7m,
8×3.8mOperation (2007)

21. SSRF

3.0

432

3.9

300

4×12m, 16×6.5
m

Operation (2009)

Emittance(nm.rad)Current(mA)

Straight Section

Status33
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

3rd Generation Light Sources in Operation (1)34
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

New 3rd Generation Light Sources in Operation (2)35
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

New 3rd Generation Light Sourcesin Commissioning, Construction and Plan
Light Source

Energy(GeV)

Circumference(m)

Emittance(nm.rad)Current(mA)

Straight Section

Status

22. Indus-2

2.5

172.5

58

300

8×4.5mCommi.&Opera.

23. PETRA-III

6.0

2304

1.0

100

1×20m, 8×5m

Construction(commissioning in2010)

Construction

24. ALBA

3.0

268.8

4.5

400

4×8m, 12×4.2m,
8×2.6m

25. SESAME

2.5

133.1226

400

8×4.44m, 8×2.38 Constructionm

26. TPS

3.0

518.4

1.6

400

6×12m, 18×7m

27. CANDLE

3.0

216

8.4

350

16×4.8m

28. NSLS-II

3.0

792

2.1

500

29. MAX IV

3.0

287.2

0.8

500

12×4.6m

Planned30. TSRF

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

Planned36

M. ReeConstruction
Planned

15×9.3m, 15×6.6 PlannedmCheiron School-2011

New 3rd Generation Light Sources

37
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

Third Generation Light Sources

PLS (upgraded)

38
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

Brilliance Improvement

39
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

Main Figures of Merit of 3rd Generation Light Sources Undulator average spectral brilliance
Emittance;
Beam current;
Energy spread; Beam quality
Beam position stability;
Intensity stability;
Energy stability;
Beam lifetime;
Availability, reliability and MTBF Time structured and polarized radiation
Bunch fill patterns and short bunch schemes;
Various ID applications;M. ReeCheiron School-2011

Third Generation Light Sources Properties of third generation light sources;
Higher brilliance: up to 1017~1021photons/s/mm2/mrad2/0.1%BW;
Higher flux: up to 1015~1017photons/s/0.1%BW;
Sub-micro orbit stability: beam position and divergence stability down tosubmicron and sub-microradian;
Large number and various kinds of insertion devices: EU, PMW, PMU,
EPU, HU, INVU, CPMU, SW, SU, …;
Top-up operation: keeping operating current constant at 0.1-1% level;
Partially coherent (vertical direction): vertical diffraction limited;
Short pulse radiation: picoseconds to sub-picoseconds;
High reliability-availability operation: availability is better than 95%;
Ultra-low emittance: pushing for 1 nm-rad emittance by using damping
wigglers

M. ReeCheiron School-2011

3rd Generation Light Source• ~ 2.0 GeV is the boarder line for VUV and X-ray
machines;(Note that 800 MeV vs. 2.5 GeV at NSLS)• User number : ~ 20% (VUV) vs. 80% (X-ray)• Required beam time /Experiment :~ 80 % (VUV) vs. 20 % (X-ray)
42
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

PLS-II

Beamines & Science
Insertion Device (20)9A_9A_U-SAXS8D_8C1_POSCO
Bending Magnet (20)9B_8C2_HRPD
8C_3C1_XAFS I
e9C_10C_XRS II
8A_8A1,2_SPEM,PES II
9D_9C_XNMM
7D_7C_XAFS II
9
10A_Nanoscopy(건설중)8
7C_1B2_XM I
10C_10A_HFXAFS
7B_Diagnostic II
10
7A_6B_MX I
7
10D_7B1_PES I
6D_7B2_XM
11A_Micro-MX (계획)II
6C_Bio-imaging(건설중)11B_11B
11
6
PLS-II
6A_HE-MS(계획)Storage
11D_IR(계획)Ring
12
5D_5C2_GIST
5

5C_4A_HFMX
5A_5A_HFXS

1
4

4D_4B1_PES II
1B_Diagnostic I
4C_4C2_SAXS II
2
3
4B_5C1_XMD
1C_High energy(계획)4A_3A1,2_ARPES,ARU
1D_10B_KIST-PAL
PS
3D_3C2_XRS I
2A_2A1_MS
3C_4C1_SAXS I
2C_TR-XAFS (계획)3A_11A_RXS
2D_6C_MX II

M. ReeLong ID (LI)
Short ID (SI)BM

43

Cheiron School-2011

SR Applications in Science• Spatial Science vs. Time-Domain Science• Spectroscopy Science• Scattering Science• Microscopy (Imaging) Science• Science & Technology Fields:
Physics, Chemistry, Materials , Biology, Medicine,
Pharmaceutics, Environmental, Agriculture, Information
Technology, Displays, Mechanical Engineering ……….
(almost all fields of Science and Technology)
44
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

Applications of PLS in Science and Industry
Semiconductors
MechanicalIron 전자
Medicals기계철강반도체 EngineeringSteel의학
Surface 1%
3%
4%
표면과학
4%
Science4%
Environmental환경
Science 2%
837
Physics물리
837과제
Proposals(10%)
10%(’07년)

화학Chemistry
(22%)
22%

(2007)

제]

Bio-Science
생명
(15%)
15%

Materials
재료
(35%)
35%

Users’ publications:ca. 900
Average Impact Factor:
3.8

Bio-

생명,1%
Science
[1과제]

(1%)

Accepted Proposals/year: 800-850
Acceptance Rate/year: 50-70%
Users/year:
3,000(came to PLS for exps.)
M. Ree45

Cheiron School-2011• There are dramatic increased demands from life
science research, for example, big three statistics(ESRF, APS, Spring-8) in structural biology.
• One may note that cases of PLS and TLS are also
outstanding results.
• The overall users are about 100,000 in the world.

46
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

ESRF Scientific Output
863 refereed publications in 2000
(registered – > 85% are “real”ESRF publications)1201 refereed publications in 2001 (registered)~ 40 papers in NATURE and SCIENCE~ 50 papers in Physical Review Letters/Europhysics Letters~ 90 papers in Physical Review

1106 refereed publications in 2002 (registered)
1206 refereed publications in 2003 (registered)47
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

48
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

49
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

Outline
1. Introduction- AOFSRR / Cheiron School- History of SR- SR

2. 1st-2nd Generation SR
3. 3rd Generation SR- Current Status of 3rd Generation SR Facilities- Applications in Science &Technology

4. 4th Generation SR- Current Status of 4th Generation SR Facilities- Applications in Science &Technology

5. Summary & Conclusions
M. Ree50
Cheiron School-2011

Scientific Demands
Coherency
Atomic and nanoscale imaging (Cells & Viruses, Nano-materials etc.), Others
Femto-second science
Real-time reaction with high repetition rate
(Chemical reaction, Photo-induced phase transition etc.)
Nano beam
Condensed matter physics under extreme conditions

Performances
Brilliance : brighter by 2 orders
Pulse width : shorter by 2 orders
compared to those of 3rd generation SR

New Light Source• X-Ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL)• Energy Recovery Linear-Accelerator (ERL)

4th Generation
SR
51

M. ReeCheiron School-2011

X-Ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL)
Self Amplification of Spontaneous Emission (SASE)

52
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

XFELs around the World
Project

Type

Location

Country e-Beam (GeV) Photon (nm)Status

LEUTL

SASE

APS

USA

0.22

660-130

Since 2001

TTF I

SASE

DESY

Germany 0.3

125-85Since 2002

SDL DUV-FEL

HGHG SDL/NSLS

USA

400-100

Since 2002

FLASH (TTF)

SASE

DESY

Germany 1.0

12 - 6Since 2006

SCSS Prototype SASE

SPring-8

Japan

0.25

150-50Since 2006

LCLS

SASE

SLAC

USA

14.5

0.15

in 2009

SACLA

SASE

SPring-8Japan80.1 (0.05)

in 2011

Euro XFEL

SASE

DESY

Germany 17.5

0.05

in 2014

PAL XFELPSI XFEL
SPARC
FERMI
DUV/Soft X-ray

SASE
SASE
SASE
HGHG
HGHG

PohangPSIINFN Frascati
Trieste
SINAP

Korea
Swiss

0.06
0.1
500
10
>3

in 2014(in 2016)
in 2007
in 2011approved

Soft X-ray FEL

HGHG BESSY

Germany 2.3

64 - 1.2

proposal

SPARX

HHG

Italy

1-2

1.5

proposal

4GLS

HGHG Daresbury

GB

0.6

100 - 19

proposal

ARC-EN CIEL

HHG

France0.7

1

proposal

INFN Frascati

Saclay

Italy
Italy
China

0.145

10
5.8
0.15
1.2
0.8-1.3

53
53

Leading XFEL Facilities
SP8-XFEL
SPring-8
2010
Beam Energy : 8 GeV
Facility Length : 0.7 km, 390 M$

LCLS, Stanford, 2009
(First XFEL demonstration on April 10, 2009)

Beam Energy : 15 GeV
Facility Length: 2 km

E-XFEL, Hamburg, DESY, 2014

Beam Energy : 20 GeV
54
Facility Length : 3 km, 1500 M$

Pohang
PLS-II
DBA, 3 GeV, 5.8nm.rad, 20 ID BLs

Korea
PAL-XFEL
Linac Energy : 10 GeV
X-ray Wavelength : 0.06 nm
Project Period : 2011 ~ 201455

PAL-XFEL

56

Energy Recovery Linac (ERL)57
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

PF(KEK) - ERL

At the case of 8 keV photon energy

58
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

Functions of X
FEL(SASE), XFEL-O & ERLXFEL(SASE),
XFEL-OERL

XFEL-O

SASE-FELSR

averagebrilliancepeakbrilliance

repetition
rate (Hz)

coherent
fractionbunchwidth(ps)

# of
BLs

RemarkXFEL(SASE)~1022~24~1033

100~10K

100%

0.1

few

One-shot measu
rement

~1027

~1033

~1M

100%

1

few

Single mode
FEL

ERL

~1023

~1026

1.3G

~20%

0.1~1

~30

Non-perturbed
measurement

3rd-SR~1020~21

~1022

~30

Non-perturbed
measurement
59

XFEL-O（Option)~500M(brilliance : photons/mm2/mrad2/0.1%/s @ 10 keV)

0.1%

10~100Next Generation

3rd Generation

60
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

Applications
Applicationsof
ofXFELXFEL
ininScience
Science

X-Ray
Laser

XFEL
ERL
Ultra-small
Ultra-small- Coherent beam source- Higher flux beam source- Smaller size beam source- Pulse beam source (∼ fs)
Ultra-fast
Ultra-fast

4th Generation(XFEL, ERL)

3rd Generation

2nd Generation
1st Generation
X-ray Tube

61

Outline
1. Introduction- AOFSRR / Cheiron School- History of SR- SR

2. 1st-2nd Generation SR
3. 3rd Generation SR- Current Status of 3rd Generation SR Facilities- Applications in Science &Technology

4. 4th Generation SR- Current Status of 4th Generation SR Facilities- Applications in Science &Technology

5. Summary & Conclusions
M. Ree62
Cheiron School-2011

Summary and Conclusions
 The development of third generation light source is still active andgrowing. There will be about 8 new ones operational before 2015.
 Intermediate energy light sources, such as Diamond, SOLEIL,
ASP, Indus-2, ALBA, SSRF, CANDLE, NSLS-II, TPS, MAX-IV havebeen the focus of the recent development, the cost-effective
feature makes them very suitable for meeting regional scientificneeds of doing cutting-edge studies in various fields.
 Future development is very promising, not only the high energy
physics machines will be converted to advanced light sources,
like PRTRA-III and PEP-X, but also the ultimate storage ring lightsource is also very competitive.
 Two 4th generation facilities (XFEL) are in operation and more
facilities are coming soon, and thus one may expect unforeseen
results. ERL and XFELO are other new approaches in competingwith the 4th generation machines Users are very much diversified and expanding rapidly to otherresearch areas
M. ReeCheiron School-2011

M. Ree’s Group (POSTECH)
1. Research Fields<Polymer Physics>- Nanostructures and Morphology- 3D Single Molecule Structure- Polymer Chain Conformation- Surface, Interfaces- Electric, dielectric, optical,
thermal, mechanical properties- Sensor properties<Polymer Synthesis>- Functional polymers- Structural polymers- Polypeptides, DNA, RNA

http://www.postech.ac.kr/chem/mree

Scattering / Reflectivity:
Synchrotron X-Ray, Neutron, Lasers♦ Polymers for Microelectronics,
Displays, &Sensors♦ Polymers for Implants &Biological Systems♦ Proteins & Polynucleic acids (DNA, RNA)

2. Group Members
15 Ph.D. candidates
2 Postdoctors
2 Technicians
4 Scientists (PLS: Coworkers)
64

Polymer Synthesis & Physics GroupSpring-8

Daegu

65

66 4

Thank you very muchfor your attention !!!

67
M. ReeCheiron School-2011