OECD SIDS

GLUCONIC ACID AND DERIVATIVESFOREWORDINTRODUCTION

GLUCONIC ACID AND ITS DERIVATIVESCAS N°:
Gluconic Acid, 526-95-4
Glucono-Delta-Lactone, 90-80-2
Sodium Gluconate, 527-07-1
Calcium Gluconate, 299-28-5 /18016-24-5
Potassium Gluconate, 299-27-4

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

1OECD SIDS

GLUCONIC ACID AND DERIVATIVESSIDS Initial Assessment Report
For
SIAM 18
Paris, France, 20-23 April 2004

3. Sponsor Country:

The category of gluconic acid and its derivatives:
gluconic acid,glucono-delta-lactone,
sodium gluconate,calcium gluconate andpotassium gluconate526-95-4;
90-80-2;
527-07-1;
299-28-5 /18016-24-5 and299-27-4
Belgium

4. Shared Partnership with:Japan

1. Chemical Name:

2. CAS Number:

5. Roles/Responsibilities of
the Partners:•

Name of industry sponsor/consortium•

Process used

Dr. T. Lakhanisky
Institute of Public Health – Division Toxicology
Rue J. Wytsman 16, B-1050 Brussels
Tel. + 32 2 642 5104,
Fax. + 32 2 642 5224,

6. Sponsorship History•

How was the chemical or
category brought into theOECD HPV Chemicals
Programme?

The initiative of this filing came from the industry who contacted
Belgian Authorities for Sponsorship. One substance (sodium
gluconate) of the category was already sponsored by theJapanese Government and in the process of being presented in
2004. This resulted to the co-sponsoring of the gluconic acidand its derivatives by Japan and Belgium. The industry
consortium collected existing data and conducted literaturesearch with the collaboration of the Belgian Authorities.
IUCLID dossiers were prepared by the industry consortium aswell as draft versions of the SIAR and SIAP. Belgian
Authorities peer-reviewed the documents.
no testing

2(X)

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS

GLUCONIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES
testing( )7. Review Process Prior to
the SIAM:
8. Quality check process:9. Date of Submission:
10. Date of last Update:
11. Comments:

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

3

OECD SIDS

GLUCONIC ACID AND DERIVATIVESSIDS INITIAL ASSESSMENT PROFILECAS No.

Chemical

526-95-4

D-Gluconic acid90-80-2

Glucono-deltalactone

527-07-1

Sodium
D-gluconate299-28-5
18016-24-5

Calcium
D-gluconate299-27-4

Potassium
D-gluconate

4

Structural formula

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS

GLUCONIC ACID AND DERIVATIVESSUMMARY CONCLUSIONS OF THE SIAR
Category Rationale
Gluconate derivatives are presented as a category. Gluconic acid and its mineral salts freely dissociate to the
gluconate anion and the respective cations. Glucono-delta-lactone (GDL), the 1,5-inner ester of gluconic acid, isformed from the free acid by the removal of water. On the basis of these spontaneous chemical rearrangements,
glucono-delta-lactone, gluconic acid and its sodium, calcium and potassium salts can be considered as a category,with all members sharing the same representative moiety, the gluconate anion. Manufacturing and uses of thecategory members are also interlinked. The data summarized in this report are focused on the environmental andhealth effects from the gluconate anion and read-across to the lactone but do not deal with specific effects of thecations. Thus toxicological effects related to the cationic components are not part of the present report.
Human Health
Gluconic acid and its derivatives are naturally occurring substances. In mammalian organisms both D-gluconic
acid and its 1,5-lactone are important intermediates in the carbohydrate metabolism. Gluconate is a metabolite of
glucose oxidation. The daily production of gluconate from endogenous sources is about 450 mg/kg for a 60 kg
person. A significant portion (60-85%) of parenterally administered gluconate is excreted unchanged in the urine.
The LD50 calculated after oral administration (gavage) of potassium gluconate on Wistar rats is 6060 mg/kg bw.
None of the repeated dose toxicity studies of any duration (4 weeks, 6 months, or 24 months) showed any
significant toxicological effects of gluconates. Potential side effects were attributed to high doses of cation
intake, evidenced by results from assays designed for the gluconate anion effect specifically. The NOAEL of
sodium gluconate determined from the 28 days studies on rats was equal to 1000 mg/kg bw for males and 2000
mg/kg bw for females. These compounds are neither irritant to the eye or the skin nor show sensitizing
properties.
The available in vitro and in vivo mutagenicity data with glucono-delta-lactone, sodium or calcium gluconate
were negative. No carcinogenicity studies, and no inhalation toxicity data were available for any of the gluconatesof the category.
SIDS testing requirements regarding reproductive toxicity were satisfied with histopathology of the reproductive
organs in repeat dose studies on sodium gluconate and with developmental toxicity studies on glucono-deltalactone. Indeed no changes were observed on the reproductive organs in 28 days oral studies with sodium
gluconate (dosage up to 4400 mg/kg bw) and developmental toxicity studies on GDL on different species were all
negative.
Environment
Gluconates are readily biodegradable both in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. As the sequestering tendency of
gluconates decreases rapidly upon dilution or lowering pH, their chelated metal complexes are destroyed
effectively and quickly by biological waste water treatment as well.
A closed bottle test for sodium D-gluconate showed that the Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD) was 89%
after 28 days which predicts 100% degradation; and an anaerobic study showed that 100% of sodium Dgluconate was degraded after 35 days.
Gluconic acid, its salts of sodium, potassium and calcium as well as glucono-delta-lactone are all characterisedby a low vapour pressure (from 2.41e-009 hPa to 1.58e-022 hPa, estimated from the modified Grain Method),
and a low octanol/water partition coefficient (estimated as -5.99 for the sodium salt, -7.51 for the calcium salt, 5.99 for the potassium salt, -1.87 for the free acid and -1.98 for GDL). The dissociation constant of gluconic
acid is in the range of 3.5 to 3.8. Because of their good water solubility (from 30 g/L for calcium gluconate to
590 g/L for sodium gluconate) and low Log Ko/w, no bioaccumulation effects are to be expected, the substanceswere also shown to be readily metabolised.
Estimations from a level II/III fugacity model show that the main target compartments of gluconates are water(38.8 – 49.8 %) and soil (48.9-61.2%). The calculated Henry’s law constants (1.38 x 10-4 Pa.m3/mole for GDL,
4.74 x 10-8 Pa.m3/mole for gluconic acid and 4.76 x 10-8 Pa.m3/mole for sodium gluconate) indicate a low
UNEP PUBLICATIONS

5OECD SIDS

GLUCONIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES

potential for volatilization and the estimated indirect photodegradation in the atmosphere with OH radicals (AOP (v1.91) program) gives a t1/2 between 1.7 and 4.0 hours. The good water solubility and low vapour pressure
designate water to be a major target compartment for these substances.
Acute toxicity to aquatic organisms (fish, daphnia, algae) was tested on sodium gluconate. In the range ofconcentrations tested, sodium gluconate did not show toxicity to any of the aquatic species: fish (LC0-96 hrs >100 mg/l), daphnids (NOEC 24-48 hrs > 1000 mg/l), algae (NOECr (24-72 h): 560 mg/l - ErC50 (24-72 h): >1000 mg/l)) The data from these studies were used for the other members of the category.
No terrestrial toxicity data for gluconates are available.
Exposure
Gluconic acid and its derivatives presented in this category are naturally occurring substances. In mammalianorganisms both D-gluconic acid and its 1,5-lactone are important intermediates in the carbohydrate metabolism.
Most of these compounds are listed as permitted food additives, which may be added to all foodstuffs, following
the "quantum satis" principle, as long as no special regulations restrict their use.
The manufacturing of gluconic acid is based on a fermentation process. Estimation of the worldwide industrial
production per year for all the members of the gluconate category is around 65000 - 100000 tonnes. There is no
production site in Belgium.
The typical industrial applications for the category are both dispersive and non-dispersive. The main nondispersive applications are industrial cleaning, metal surface treatment, textile bleach stabiliser and aluminium
processing.
When gluconates are used in wide dispersive applications such as chelating agents in cement set retarding,institutional and household cleaning, personal care products, pharmaceuticals and foodstuffs, their use might
result in exposure to the environment. However, when used as sequestering agents in the building industry(concrete and mortar), the gluconate ions react with calcium ions present in the cement to form an insoluble andimpermeable layer of calcium gluconate. Therefore, the gluconate is bound within the microcrystalline fibres of
cement and is not free to migrate to cause any environmental pollution. Food applications could potentiallycontribute to spreading gluconates and glucono-delta-lactone in the environment, as these products are added intheir crystalline or powder forms to food components such as meat, milk or soma at levels below 5 %w/w.
However, since the final food is meant for human consumption and mostly gets ingested, there is no realpotential for environmental distribution of gluconates from this application either.
Human exposure by all routes (including inhalation) is possible. Workers exposure will mainly be by inhalation
and by skin contact. Consumers’ exposure may be from the oral and dermal routes. Individual exposure of
consumers to gluconates is expected to be limited because gluconates are mostly used as additives in the
different consumer products typically in low dosages. Furthermore, Consumer exposure in personal careproducts, pharmaceuticals and foodstuffs applications are subject to specific regulatory provisions requiring an
authorization procedure where the evaluation of the hazardous properties as well as the actual exposure is taken
into account.

RECOMMENDATIONThe chemicals in this category are currently of low priority for further work.

RATIONALE FOR THE RECOMMENDATION AND
NATURE OF FURTHER WORK RECOMMENDED
The chemicals in this category are currently of low priority for further work because of their low hazard
potential.

6

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS

GLUCONIC ACID AND DERIVATIVESFULL SIDS SUMMARY
Gluconic acid and derivatives Category

CAS Nos: 527-07-1, 90-80-2, 526-95-4, 299-28-5 and 18016-24-5, 299-27-4
Endpoint

ChemicalSpeciesProtocolResultSodiumgluconate

N/A

No data

205-209°C(decomposition at ≥ 210°C)

Glucono-deltalactone

N/A

No data

153 °C (decomposition at ≥153°C)

Gluconic acid

N/A

No data

131 °C

Calcium
gluconate

N/A

No data120

Potassium
gluconate

N/A

No data

174-176 °C(decomposes at 180°C)

Sodiumgluconate

N/A

Glucono-deltalactone

N/A

Gluconic acid

N/A

Calcium
gluconate

N/A

Potassium
gluconate

N/A

Sodiumgluconate

N/A

No data

1.789 g/cm³

Glucono-deltalactone

N/A

No data

1.68 (relative density)

Gluconic acid

N/A

No data

1.23 g/cm³

Calcium
gluconate

N/A

No data

0.30-0.65 g/cm³ (bulkdensity)

Potassium
gluconate

N/A

No data

0.80 g/cm3 (bulk density)

Sodiumgluconate

N/A

Glucono-deltalactone

N/A

Gluconic acid

N/A

Calcium
gluconate

N/A

Potassium
gluconate

N/A

Sodiumgluconate

N/A

Glucono-deltalactone

N/A

Gluconic acid

N/A

Physical-Chemical

2.1 Melting point

2.2 Boiling point

2.3 Density at 20°C

2.4 Vapour pressure

2.5 Partition coefficient(log Pow)

613.1°C
Estimated withMPBPWIN(v1.41) programfrom US EPA(EPI v3.11)

398.5°C
417.1°C
731.1°C
613.1°C

4.53-17 hPa at 25°C
Estimated withMPBPVP (v1.41)
program from US
EPA (EPI v3.11):modified grain
method):2.41-9 hPa at 25°C
10.87-10 hPa at 25°C
1.58-22 hPa at 25°C
11.89-17 hPa at 25°C

Estimated with
Kowwin (v1.67)
Program from US
EPA (EPI v3.11)

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

-5.99
-1.98
-1.87
7

OECD SIDS
Endpoint

2.6.1 Solubility in water

2.12 Dissociation
constant

GLUCONIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES
ChemicalSpeciesProtocolResultCalcium
gluconate

N/A

-7.51

Potassium
gluconate

N/A

-5.99

Sodiumgluconate

N/A

No data

590 g/l at 25°C

Glucono-deltalactone

N/A

No data

590 g/l at 25°C

Gluconic acid

N/A

Estimated with
Water sol (v1.01)
program from US
EPA (EPI v3.11)1000 g/l at 25°C

Calcium
gluconate

N/A

No data

35 g/l at 25°C

Potassium
gluconate

N/A

No data

450-1000 g/l at 20°C

Sodiumgluconate

N/A

No data

Glucono-deltalactone

N/A

No data

Gluconic acid

N/A

No dataCalcium
gluconate

N/A

No data

Potassium
gluconate

N/A

No data

KA at 25°C= 1.99 x 10-4
pKA = 3.70

Environmental Fate and Pathway

3.1.1 Photodegradation

3.1.2. Stability in water

3.3.1.Transport
between environmental
compartments

8

Sodiumgluconate

N/A

Glucono-deltalactone

N/A

Gluconic acid

N/A

Calcium
gluconate

N/A

Potassium
gluconate

N/A

Sodiumgluconate

N/A

No data

Glucono-deltalactone

N/A

No data

Gluconic acid

N/A

No dataCalcium
gluconate

N/A

No data

Potassium
gluconate

N/A

No data

N/A

Estimated with
the Level III
Fugacity Model
programSodiumgluconatet1/2 = 3.366 Hrs
Estimated with
AOP (v1.91)
program from US
EPA (EPI v3.11)

t1/2 = 3.96 Hrs
t1/2 = 3.033 Hrs
t1/2 = 1.683 Hrs
t1/2 = 3.366 Hrs

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

The dissociation in water
expected to be complete as
the pKa is 3.70

Air: 1.2 %Water: 49.8 %Soil: 48.9 %Sediment: 0.0743 %OECD SIDS
Endpoint

GLUCONIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES
ChemicalGlucono-deltalactone

ResultN/ALEVEL3NT fromUS EPA (EPI
v3.11)

Air: 0.8 %Water: 46.8 %Soil: 52.3 %Sediment: 0.0698%

N/A

N/A

Air: 1.06-7 %Water: 38.8 %Soil: 61.2 %Sediment: 0.0345%

Potassium
gluconate

N/A

Air: 4.78-7 %Water: 42.8 %Soil: 57.1 %Sediment: 0.0638%

Sodiumgluconate

N/A

KH= 4.76-13 atm-m3/mole at
25 °C

Glucono-deltalactone

N/A

Gluconic acid

N/A

Calcium
gluconate

N/A

Potassium
gluconate

N/A

Calcium
gluconate

Sodiumgluconate

3.5. Biodegradation

ProtocolAir: 0.00821 %Water: 38.8 %Soil: 61.2 %Sediment: 0.0345 %Gluconic acid

3.3.2. Distribution

Species

Henry's law
constant
estimated withHENRY (v3.10)
program from US
EPA (EPI v3.11)

KH= 1.38-9 atm-m3/mole at
25 °C
-13

KH= 4.74
25 °C

3

atm-m /mole atNot estimatedNot estimated

N/A

Aerobic :Directive
92/69/EEC, C.4E+/- 89 % of ThOD after 28
days

N/A

Anaerobic:
DIN EN ISO
11734

100 % after 35 days

Glucono-deltalactone

See sodium gluconate

Gluconic acidSee sodium gluconate

Calcium
gluconate

See sodium gluconate

Potassium
gluconate

See sodium gluconate

Ecotoxicity
4.1 Acute toxicity tofish

Sodium gluconate

Oryzias latipes(Fish, fresh
water)

OECD Guideline
203

LC0 (96 hrs) > 100 mg/l

Glucono-deltalactone

See sodium gluconate

Gluconic acidSee sodium gluconate

Calcium
gluconate

See sodium gluconate
UNEP PUBLICATIONS

9OECD SIDS
Endpoint

GLUCONIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES
ChemicalSpeciesProtocolPotassium
gluconate

See sodium gluconate

Sodium gluconate

4.2 Acute toxicity toaquatic invertebrates

Daphniamagna(Crustacea)

OECD Guideline
202(2 studies)

NOEC (48 hrs): > 1000
mg/l
See sodium gluconate

Gluconic acidSee sodium gluconate

Calcium
gluconate

See sodium gluconate
See sodium gluconate

Selenastrum
capricornutum(Algae)OECD Guideline
201

Desmodesmus
subspicatus

4.3 Acute toxicity toaquatic plants

NOECb (0-72 h) = 560 mg/l
EbC50 (72 h): > 1000 mg/l
NOECr (24-72h) : 560 mg/l
ErC50 (24-72 h): > 1000
mg/l
NOEC (72 hrs)> 100 mg/l

Sodium gluconate

OECD Guideline
201

cell growth inhibition (72hrs): 70% inhibition at 1000
mg/l
Average specific growthrate inhibition: (72 hrs):
42% inhibition at 1000 mg/l

Glucono-deltalactone

See sodium gluconate

Gluconic acidSee sodium gluconate

Calcium
gluconate

See sodium gluconate

Potassium
gluconate

See sodium gluconate

Sodium gluconate

Pseudomonas
putidaDIN 38 412 L8

EC0 (16 hrs)> 5000 mg/l

Glucono-deltalactone

Pseudomonas
putidaDIN 38 412 L8

EC0 (16 hrs)> 500 mg/l (notreliable. See sodium
gluconate)

Gluconic acidSee sodium gluconate

Calcium
gluconate

See sodium gluconate

Potassium
gluconate

10

NOEC (24 hrs): > 1000
mg/l

Glucono-deltalactone

Potassium
gluconate

4.4 Toxicity to
microorganisms

ResultSee sodium gluconate

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
Endpoint

GLUCONIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES
ChemicalSpeciesProtocolResultToxicity
Sodiumgluconate

5.1.1 Acute oral toxicity

5.2.2 Eye Irritation

5.4 Repeated dose
toxicity

LDL0 > 2000 mg/kg bw

Dog beagle

LDL0 > 2000 mg/kg bw

Glucono-deltalactone

See sodium gluconate

Gluconic acidSee sodium gluconate

Calcium
gluconate

See sodium gluconate

Potassium
gluconate

5.2.1 Skin Irritation

Rat Crj:
CD(SD)

LD50 = 6060 mg/kg bw

Rat Wistar

Sodiumgluconate

See gluconic acid

Glucono-deltalactone

See gluconic acid

Gluconic acidRabbitDirective
79/831/EEC, B.4.
"Acute toxicity"(skin irritation)

Not irritant

Calcium
gluconate

See gluconic acid

Potassium
gluconate

See gluconic acid

Sodiumgluconate

See gluconic acid

Glucono-deltalactone

See gluconic acid

Gluconic acidRabbitDraize Test

Not irritant

Calcium
gluconate

See gluconic acid

Potassium
gluconate

See gluconic acid

Sodiumgluconate

Glucono-deltalactone

Rat Crj:
CD(SD)

Sub-acute:(gavage- 28 days)
NOAEL = 1000 mg/kg bw
male
NOAEL = 2000 mg/kg bw
femaleDog Beagle

Sub-acute (oral – 4 weeks)
NOAEL= 500 mg/kg bw

Rat Sprague
DawleyChronic (oral – 6 months)
NOAEL= not determined

Rat Sprague
DawleyChronic (oral – 24 months)
NOAEL= not determined

Gluconic acidSee sodium gluconate

Calcium
gluconate

See sodium gluconate

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

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OECD SIDS
Endpoint

GLUCONIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES
ChemicalSpeciesProtocolPotassium
gluconate

Sodiumgluconate

Glucono-deltalactone
5.5 Genetic toxicity
in vitro

See sodium gluconate
Saccharomyces CerevisiaeOECD Guideline
471

With and without metabolic
activation: negative

Salmonella
typhimurium

OECD Guideline
471

With and without metabolic
activation: negative

Saccharomyces CerevisiaeOECD Guideline
471

With and without metabolic
activation: negative

Salmonella
typhimurium

OECD Guideline
471

With and without metabolic
activation: negative

Gluconic acid
Calcium
gluconate

See sodium gluconate
Saccharomyces CerevisiaeOECD Guideline
471

With and without metabolic
activation: negative

Salmonella
typhimurium

OECD Guideline
471

With and without metabolic
activation: negative

Potassium
gluconate

5.6 Genetic toxicity
in vivo

5.8.2 Developmental
toxicity/teratogenicity

12

ResultSee sodium gluconate

Sodiumgluconate

Mouse C57BL

Single dose: negative
4-day repeated dose:
negative

Glucono-deltalactone

Mouse C57BL

Single dose: negative
4-day repeated dose:
negative

Gluconic acidSee sodium gluconate

Calcium
gluconate

See sodium gluconate

Potassium
gluconate

See sodium gluconate

Sodiumgluconate

See glucono-delta-lactone

Glucono-deltalactone

Rat wistar

NOAEL maternal tox.: > 594. mg/kg bw
NOAEL teratogen.:> 594 .
mg/kg bw

Rat SpragueDawley

NOAEL maternal tox.: >4000 . mg/kg bw
NOAEL teratogen.:> 4000.
mg/kg bw

Mouse CD-1

NOAEL maternal tox.: > 695. mg/kg bw
NOAEL teratogen.:> 695.
mg/kg bw

Mouse ICRNOAEL maternal tox.: >4000 . mg/kg bw
NOAEL teratogen.:> 4000.
mg/kg bw

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
Endpoint

GLUCONIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES
ChemicalSpeciesProtocolResultRabbit Dutch

NOAEL maternal tox.: > 780. mg/kg bw
NOAEL teratogen.:> 780.
mg/kg bw

Hamster

NOAEL maternal tox.: > 560. mg/kg bw
NOAEL teratogen.:> 560.
mg/kg bw

Gluconic acidSee glucono-delta-lactone

Calcium
gluconate

See glucono-delta-lactone

Potassium
gluconate

See glucono-delta-lactone

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

13OECD SIDS

GLUCONIC ACID AND DERIVATIVESSIDS Initial Assessment Report
1

IDENTITY

1.1

Identification of the SubstanceCategory name:
Gluconic acid and its derivatives
Acid: (C6H12O7);
Lactone: (C6H12O7 ) . (-H2O);
Salts: (C6H12O7). (Na); or (C6H12O7) . (1/2 Ca) or (C6H12O7) .(K)CAS Number:
IUPAC Name:
Molecular Formula:
Structural Formula:526-95-4
D-Gluconic acid

Molecular Weight:
Synonyms:

196.16
EINECS Number 208-401-4

CAS Number:
IUPAC Name:
Molecular Formula:
Structural Formula:90-80-2
Glucono-delta-lactone

Molecular Weight:
Synonyms:

178.14EINECS Number 202-016-5

CAS Number:
IUPAC Name:
Molecular Formula:527-07-1
Sodium D-gluconate

14

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS

GLUCONIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES

Structural Formula:

Molecular Weight:
Synonyms:

218.14EINECS Number 208-407-7

CAS Number:

299-28-5
18016-24-5
Calcium D-gluconate monohydrate
anhydrous

IUPAC Name:
Molecular Formula:
Structural Formula:

Molecular Weight:
Synonyms:

448.4
EINECS Number 206-075-8

CAS Number:
IUPAC Name:
Molecular Formula:
Structural Formula:299-27-4
Potassium D-gluconate

Molecular Weight:
Synonyms:

234.25EINECS Number 206-074-2

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OECD SIDS

GLUCONIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES

Information below originates from the Gluconate Handbook, unless specified otherwise.
Anhydrous gluconic acid is a white, odorless, crystalline powder. (Ullman's Encyclopedia, 1999). It
is a mild organic acid. The commercial form is a 50 % aqueous solution, which is a colorless tobrownish liquid. Glucono-delta-lactone is also a white solid, which in aqueous solution slowlyhydrolyses to gluconic acid until equilibrium is reached. The other members of the category aremineral salts of gluconic acid; i.e. sodium gluconate, potassium gluconate (anhydrous) and calcium
gluconate (both anhydrous and the monohydrate).
Gluconic acid and its derivatives are naturally occurring substances. Besides being naturally present
at a level up to 1% in wine, honey and other foods and drinks, sodium gluconate (E 576), potassium
gluconate (E 577), calcium gluconate (E 578), gluconic acid (E 574) and glucono-delta-lactone (E575) are all listed as permitted food additives, which may be added to all foodstuffs, following the"quantum satis" principle, as long as no special regulations restrict their use. (European Parliamentand Council Directive 95/2/EC). The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) assigned sodium
gluconate, potassium gluconate, calcium gluconate and glucono-delta-lactone the "generally
recognised as safe" (GRAS) status and permits their use in food without limitation other than good
manufacturing practice.
The Select Committee on GRAS substances has also concluded that there is no evidence in theavailable information on potassium gluconate that demonstrates or suggests reasonable grounds tosuspect a hazard to the public, should it be used as a food ingredient at levels now used for sodium
gluconate, or that might be expected in the future.

1.2

Purity/Impurities/Additives

The purity of the marketed substances may vary depending on the intended uses, but it is generally
above 97%. For food and/or medical applications the level of impurities complies with therestrictions laid down in the corresponding EU Directives.
Purity (%) of :Gluconic acid 50% solution :Glucono-delta-lactone:
Sodium gluconate:
Calcium gluconate:
Potassium gluconate:

1649-52%
99-101%
98-102%
98-104%97-103%

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
1.3

GLUCONIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES

Physico-Chemical properties
Table 1

Summary of physico-chemical properties

ChemicalPhysicalstate

Melting
point

Boiling
point

Relative
Density (at
20°C)

Vapor
pressure(at 20ºC)

Water
Solubility

octanol/waterpartitioncoefficient(LogP)

pKa

Gluconic
acid

White
solid

131 °C

Estim.
417.1 °C

1.23 g/cm³

estim.
10.87e010 hPa

Miscible
Estim.
1000 g/l at
25°C

estim.
-1.87 at
25°C

3.70

Gluconodeltalactone

White
solid

153 °C

Estim.
398.5 °C

1.68
(relative
density)estim.
2.41e-009hPa

590 g/l at
25°C

estim.
-1.98 at
25°C

3.70

Sodiumgluconate

White/off
white
solid

205-209 °C(decompose
s at ≥ 210°C)

Estim.
613.1 °C

1.789/cm³

estim.
4.53e-017
hPa

590 g/l at
25°C

estim.
-5.99 at
25°C

3.70

Calcium
gluconate

White/offwhite
solid

120°C

Estim.
731.1 °C

0.3-0.65
g/cm³
(bulk
density)estim.
1.58e-022hPa

35 g/l at
25°C

estim.
-7.51 at
25°C

3.70

Potassium
gluconate

White
solid

174-176 °C(Decompos
es at
180°C)

Estim.
613.1 °C

0.8 g/cm3(bulk
density)estim.
11.89e017 hPa

450-1000g/l at20°C

estim.
-5.99 at
25°C

3.70

1.4

Category Justification

In this report the above gluconate derivatives are presented for a preliminary assessment as acategory. Gluconic acid, as well as its mineral salts freely dissociate to the gluconate anion and therespective cations. Glucono-delta-lactone (GDL), the 1,5-inner ester of gluconic acid, is formed
from the free acid by the removal of water. (Gluconic acid also has another inner ester, the 1,4lactone, which does not belong to this category because during manufacturing process, the 1,5lactone is dominant and the 1,4-lactone is of no commercial interest.) On the basis of these
spontaneous chemical rearrangements, glucono-delta-lactone, gluconic acid and its sodium, calcium
and potassium salts can be considered as a category, with all members sharing the same
representative moiety, the gluconate anion.
As presented in the different sections below, the manufacturing and uses of the category members
are also interlinked. Gluconic acid is readily produced from glucose by mild oxidation. The
oxidation can occur chemically, electrolytically or enzymatically, but the commercial production ismainly by fermentation. The salts are produced from the acid by neutralization with thecorresponding alkaline hydroxide solution, while GDL is separated from the acid by crystallisation.

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The data summarized in this report are focused on the environmental and health relatedcharacteristics of the gluconate anion and do not deal with specific effects of the cations. Evidence
from the reviewed literature suggests that the eventual toxicity of the gluconate salts would be
attributable to the cation rather than of the gluconate moity of these substances. Acute toxicity
responses to the various gluconate salts are comparable with other salts of the same metals andlong-term toxicities seem related to the tissue deposition of these metals. Because toxicologicaleffects of these gluconates appear to be related to their cationic components, safe and acceptablelevels in foods are limited only by the nature of the specific cations (Life Science Research Office,1978). These effects, however, are not part of the present report, which focuses on the potential
hazards associated with the gluconate anion.

2

GENERAL INFORMATION ON EXPOSURE

2.1

Production Volumes and Use Pattern

Gluconates are natural substances. In mammalian organisms both D-gluconic acid and its 1,5lactone are important intermediates in the carbohydrate metabolism.
Gluconate pathway

D-glucose
NAD+

NADH

D-gluconate
ATP

ADP

6-phospho-D-gluconate

Gluconate is a metabolite of glucose oxidation. In the tissues, about 20 % of glucose may be
metabolized through this route. A rough estimate of the daily production of gluconate in humans
can be calculated by assuming that approximately 10 % of the glucose utilized by the body ismetabolized through the phosphogluconate pathway. Therefore, an individual receiving 2800 kcal
per day from an average diet, would oxidize about 275 g of glucose. Approximately 25 to 30 g ofthis amount would be oxidized through the phosphogluconate pathway to yield roughly the sameamount of gluconate. Thus, the daily production of gluconate from endogenous sources is about 450
mg/kg for a 60 kg person (Life Science Research Office, 1978).
The manufacturing of gluconic acid is based on a fermentation process.
Glucono-delta-lactone (GDL), the inner ester of gluconic acid, is formed by the removal of water.
Commercially it is produced by an aerobic fermentation process converting a carbohydrate source
into gluconic acid. After fermentation gluconic acid is separated from GDL by crystallisation.

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Sodium gluconate is the sodium salt of gluconic acid. It forms stable chelates with iron, aluminium,
calcium, zinc and other heavy metals, especially in alkaline solution. It possesses goodsequestering activity in cleaning baths and is highly stable, even in concentrated alkaline solutions.
The calcium and potassium salts are prepared from the acid. Calcium gluconate contains
approximately 9% calcium in a form that is readily absorbed by plants and animals. The potassium
salt is very soluble in water, which facilitates its use in pharmaceutical applications.
Estimation of the worldwide production per year for the members of the category:
gluconic acid (as 100% substance)

4000-6000 tonnes

glucono-delta-lactone

10000-20000 tonnes

sodium gluconate

50000-70000 tonnes

calcium gluconate

4000-6000 tonnes

potassium gluconate

1000-2000 tonnes

The primary applications of gluconic acid are based on its most important characteristic: it is a weakacid, capable of dissolving the oxides, hydroxides and carbonates of polyvalent cations, forming
water-soluble complexes without attacking metallic or nonmetallic surfaces. These characteristics
are exploited in the metal cleaning/finishing applications, aluminium and steel processing anddetergent uses. Because of its additional physiological properties, D-gluconic acid is also used infood and pharmaceutical industries. Gluconic acid salts, like the free acid, form complexes withmetal ions and the stability of these complexes increase considerably with increasing pH. In many
applications, glucono-delta-lactone (GDL) is a convenient substitute of the free acid, especiallywhere, due to the reversibility between the acid and its lactone form, a gradual change in the pH ispreferred.
The typical applications for the category can be classified as dispersive or non-dispersive,
depending on the potential for the gluconates spreading into the environment.
The main non- dispersive applications are industrial cleaning, metal surface treatment, textile bleachstabiliser and aluminium processing.
To the contrary, when gluconates are used in applications such as chelating agents in cement set
retarding, institutional and household cleaning, personal care products, pharmaceuticals andfoodstuffs, their use might result in exposure to the environment, hence, these uses will beconsidered as dispersive. However, as the following examples illustrate, the different uses of
gluconates in food and pharmaceutical applications all result in the ingestion of the substances, andsuch do not contribute to their environmental exposure.
- as food additives and processing aids:
Gluconic acid and its salts have been used in various applications in the food industry. As asequestrant, sodium gluconate finds broad application in cleaning solutions for the food industry.
Also, sodium gluconate has been used in indirect application in washing solutions for eggs,
denuding tripe, and for preventing the staining of the exteriors of canned goods by cooling andretort water. Sodium and calcium gluconate are used as nutritional supplements in sausage products
and to increase the water binding properties of the products.
Over the past ten years, there has been considerable research conducted in Japan using sodium
gluconate in order to complement sodium chloride in the proteins extraction from fish muscles.
Sodium gluconate is used as a replacement for phosphates in the processing of Surimi (minced fishmeat) to improve the whiteness and elasticity of the fish product.
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A process to improve meat tenderness was developed by scientists at the US Meat Animal ResearchCenter. The calcium activated Tenderization process uses post-mortem injected calcium to activate
the calpain tenderizing enzymes. While the original work used calcium chloride, more recent tests
showed that calcium gluconate is equally effective. (Gluconate Handbook)Sodium and potassium gluconate have a unique impact on taste perception: debittering properties
when used with artificial sweeteners, i.e. saccharine, cyclamates and aspartame.
Sodium gluconate is sometimes used as an ingredient in sugar replacement packets and dietbeverages. The artificial sweetener, Aspartame, when used alone has a defect in that its sweetness isslightly delayed in onset and tends to remain longer on the tongue; its gustatory quality can be
improved to be more sucrose-like by addition of sodium gluconate.
Potassium gluconate has been shown to suppress the sweetness of hydrolized lactose without
producing bitterness or off-flavors. (Gluconate Handbook)- in pharmaceutical applications:Sodium, potassium and calcium gluconates are used as mineral supplements in pharmaceuticalinjection solutions at concentrations up to 55 g/l. (Drug Product Database (DPD))
2.2

Environmental Exposure and Fate

Environmental exposure during production is very limited. Material lost or spilled during
manufacturing is collected and sent to the wastewater treatment plant.
The non-dispersive applications cover industrial uses, where subsequent wastewater treatment ispracticed. As an example, in metal surface treatment, sodium gluconate is an effective sequestering
agent in alkaline solutions where it forms chelates with earth metals such as calcium andmagnesium. In this case, as well as in other industrial applications, the product finally flows into thewastewater treatment plant of the user's site. Also in industrial cleaning formulations, where
gluconates are valuable complexing agents for di- or trivalent metal cations in alkaline solutions,they are washed out with clean water during the cleaning process. The washing water most likely
flows into the wastewater treatment plant of the site. These applications, as shown by the figures inthe table below represent about half of the estimated production volumes for sodium gluconate.
Non-dispersive consumption of sodium gluconate chelating agents in Western Europe and Japan in1998 (tonnes)
Western Europe

Japan

Metal surface treatment applications

5100

900

Industrial cleaners

5100

600

Cement set retardant

5100

7600

Other applications (ie, textile bleachstabiliser, aluminium processing)

1700

900

Total

17000

10000

(The Chemical Economics Handbook, 2000)

In wide-dispersive applications as well, however, the environmental impact is quite limited. Whenused as sequestering agents in the building industry (concrete and mortar), the gluconate ions reactwith calcium ions present in the cement to form an insoluble and impermeable layer of calcium
gluconate. Therefore, the gluconate is bound within the microcrystalline fibers of cement and is notfree to migrate to cause any environmental pollution.
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Food applications could potentially contribute to spreading gluconates and glucono-delta-lactone in
the environment, as these products are added in their crystalline or powder forms to foodcomponents such as meat, milk or soja at levels below 5 %w/w. However, since the final food ismeant for human consumption and mostly gets ingested, there is no real potential for environmental
distribution of gluconates from this application either.
If dispersed into the environment, the substances of the category will be found predominantly in theaquatic compartment. Indeed, on the basis of the fugacity Level II/III Fugacity Model from US
EPA, the main target compartments of gluconates are water and soil but their good water solubility
and low vapor pressure designate water as a major target compartment for these substances. For
sodium gluconate the vapor pressure at 20°C is estimated (on the basis of the modified Grain
Method) as 4.53e-017 hPa, which is negligible; the estimated values for the other members of thecategory are of the same order of magnitude (2.41e-009 hPa for glucono-delta-lactone, 10.87e-010
hPa for gluconic acid, 1.58e-022 hPa for calcium gluconate and 11.89e-017 hPa for potassium
gluconate).
Gluconic acid is a weak acid; its dissociation in water is characterized by the pKa in the range of 3.5
to 3.8. Thus, dissociation of gluconates in water is expected to be complete (Ullman’s
Encyclopedia, 1999).
Glucono-delta-lactone slowly hydrolyses in aqueous solution until a balance is reached between
gluconic acid and its lactone ester. Equilibrium of a 1 % glucono-delta-lactone solution is reachedafter 2 hours. At an initial concentration of 10 % glucono-delta-lactone, the equilibrium gluconatelactone is 80/20.
The dilution and lowering of pH decrease the stability of metal complexes and the metal ionsreleased during the complex degradation can be removed by precipitation or absorption by thesludge (Roquette Frères).
The octanol/water partition coefficient (Log K o/w) is estimated as -5.99 for the sodium salt, -7.51
for the calcium salt, - 5.99 for the potassium salt, -1.87 for the free acid and -1.98 for GDL. These
partition data represent the good water solubility of gluconates and their very low solubility inorganic solvents. The Henry constants (estimated with HENRY (v3.10) program from US EPA)
and the calculated half-life of the substances by photodegradation (estimated with AOP (v1.91)
program from US EPA) are summarized in the table below.
Henrys Law Constant at 25 deg C estimated withHENRY (v3.10) program from US EPA(EPI v3.11

Photodegradation Estimated with AOP(v1.91) program from US EPA(EPI v3.11)
HALF-LIFE

GDL

1.38e-009 atm-m3/mole

3.960 Hrs

Gluconicacid

4.74e-013 atm-m3/mole

3.033 Hrs

Calcium
gluconate

Can neither be calculated with the bond estimation
method nor with the group estimation method
because of missing values for certain bonds/groups.

1.683 Hrs

Potassium
gluconate

Can neither be calculated with the bond estimation
method nor with the group estimation method
because of missing values for certain bonds/groups.

3.366 Hrs

Sodiumgluconate

4.76e-013 atm-m3/mole

3.36 Hrs

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The tables further below present that, on the basis of a Level II/III Fugacity Model calculation fromUS EPA, the different gluconates are almost evenly distributed between the water and soil
compartments, with virtually none being adsorbed to the sediment or volatilized to the air.
Sodium gluconate:
Mass Amount (%)

Half-Life (hr)Emissions (kg/hr)

Air

1.2

6.73

1000

Water

49.8

208

1000

Soil

48.9

208

1000

Sediment

0.0743832

0Mass Amount (%)

Half-Life (hr)Emissions (kg/hr)

Air

0.00821

6.06

1000

Water

38.8

55.9

1000

Soil

61.2

55.9

1000

Sediment

0.0345224

0Mass Amount (%)

Half-Life (hr)Emissions (kg/hr)

Air

0.8

7.92

1000

Water

46.8

208

1000

Soil

52.3

208

1000

Sediment

0.0698832

0Mass Amount (%)

Half-Life (hr)Emissions (kg/hr)

Air

1.06 e-007

3.37

1000

Water

38.8

55.9

1000

Soil

61.2

55.9

1000

Sediment

0.0345224

0Gluconic acid:

Glucono-delta-lactone:

Calcium gluconate:

Potassium gluconate

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Mass Amount (%)

Half-Life (hr)Emissions (kg/hr)

Air

4.78e-007

6.73

1000

Water

42.8

208

1000

Soil

57.1

208

1000

Sediment

0.0638832

0

All these data suggest that the gluconates have a very low potential for bioaccumulation.
The low potential for bioaccumulation is supported by metabolic in vivo studies showing that
gluconate is readily catabolized or utilized for glucose synthesis (Life Science Research Office,1980).
The biodegradability capacity of the category is represented by data acquired for sodium gluconate.
In the aerobic Closed bottle test of sodium D-gluconate, (Hydrotox GmbH, 2001) the
biodegradation was 89% expressed as the Theoretical Oxygen Demand after 28 days; while underanaerobic conditions (Hydrotox GmbH, 2001b), 100% of sodium D-gluconate was determined asdegraded after 35 days. These data demonstrate that gluconates are readily biodegradable bothunder aerobic and anaerobic test conditions.
As the sequestering tendency of gluconates decreases rapidly upon dilution or lowering of pH,
metal complexes of gluconates dissociate and are quickly and effectively destroyed by biologicalwaste water treatment.
2.3

Human Exposure

Human exposure by all routes (including inhalation) is possible. However, due to the controlled
manufacturing conditions in all countries of production and the intended uses, only very limited
accidental human exposure is expected. For workers the potential routes of exposure will mainly be
by inhalation and by skin contact, whereas for consumers the main routes of exposure are oral anddermal.
2.3.1

Occupational Exposure

Gluconic acid is produced by a fermentation process. After fermentation the product is separated
from the rest of the broth by filtration, followed by demineralization and discoloration. After aconcentration step the material is crystallized to obtain glucono-delta-lactone on one side and therun off on the other side. Separation happens in a centrifuge. All these operations are carried out inclosed equipment in all countries of production. At this stage no human contact is possible otherthan during maintenance work or sample analysis in the laboratory. Maintenance operators who
have to be in touch with the product wear the usual safety equipment: protective clothes, gloves andgoggles. In the control laboratory operators wear the general safety equipment: gloves and goggles,
so exposure is minimal.
Gluconic acid is a weak acid and while it only shows weak acidic characteristics, it has to behandled as an acid. Workers involved in preparing detergent formulations based on gluconic acidare required to take all the necessary measures when handling this type of material in order to avoid
any skin or eye contact.
Sodium gluconate is manufactured from gluconic acid by neutralization with sodium hydroxide. It
can be sold as an aqueous solution or a powder crystalline form.
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The liquid aqueous solution is used mainly in concrete and mortar preparations. Liquid sodium
gluconate manufacturers sell the material in large quantities to concrete producers. The material isshipped in bulk containers to their facilities, where it is unloaded into a storage tank. From there it ispumped into a mixer where other chemicals are also added. The mixture is filled into containers ordrums in order to be supplied to concrete and mortar producers.
Workers are not in contact with sodium gluconate during the unloading and the mixing operations,since both operations are performed in closed systems.
Crystalline sodium gluconate is sold in bags. It has to be dissolved in water before further use.
Some dust may be formed at this stage during the cracking of the paper bags or the emptying of thebags into the hopper before dissolution. Exposure by inhalation or skin contact could potentiallyoccur at this stage. The product is mainly used in industrial detergent formulations and metal
surface treatment preparations. In both cases it functions as a sequestering or chelating agent after
blending with other chemicals like sodium peroxide. Companies making those preparations in large
production units have already in place efficient safety procedures, including the use of protective
clothes, gloves, masks and goggles by workers who could be in contact with the material.
Glucono-delta-lactone is the lactone form of gluconic acid. Because of its higher price it is mainly
used in food applications. It is shipped and handled in bags.
2.3.2

Consumer Exposure

Exposure of consumers even in the dispersive uses of gluconates is expected to be limited because
gluconates are mostly used as additives in the different consumer products typically in low dosages:- in concrete: 0.1-0.2% based on cement weight- in institutional and household cleaners: <5% based on formulation weight- in personal care products: <1% based on formulation weight.
- in foodstuffs: <5% based on foodstuff weightThe daily exposure of consumers to gluconates through these uses is lower than the daily
production of gluconate from endogenous sources; ie. 20-30 gr/day (Life Science Research, 1978).
Furthermore, gluconic acid, its salts and glucono-delta-lactone are also present naturally at a levelup to 0.5% in wine, honey and other foods and drinks and can be ingested as additives or nutritional
supplements in food.

3

HUMAN HEALTH HAZARDS

3.1

Effects on Human Health

3.1.1

Toxicokinetics, Metabolism and Distribution

Gluconic acid, the anion of potassium gluconate, is a normal metabolic product of glucose
metabolism, 25-30 g being produced daily. For these reasons, and because potassium gluconate is
widely used therapeutically as a source of potassium in cases of hypokalemia, conventional
toxicological studies of potassium gluconate have not been regarded as necessary, explaining thelack of direct animal data on the compound. Orally administered gluconate is absorbed rapidly; a
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major part is excreted in the urine and the remainder is metabolised (Life Science Research Office,1980).
Gluconate is a metabolite of glucose oxidation in mammals. Its activity is greatest in the liver,adipose tissue, adrenal cortex, thyroid, erythrocyte, testis and the lactating mammary gland. In
these organs as much as 20 % of the glucose can be metabolized; the daily production of gluconate
from endogenous sources is about 450 mg/kg for a 60 kg person (Life Science Research, 1978).
A significant portion (60-85%) of parenterally administered gluconate is excreted unchanged in theurine (Life Science Research, 1980).
In an report evaluating the health aspects of gluconates, an in vivo excretion study is cited where it
was established that a significant portion (60-85%) of parenterally administered gluconate is
excreted unchanged in the urine (Life Science Research, 1980).
3.1.2

Acute Toxicity

Studies in Animals
Data on acute oral toxicity for sodium gluconate in rat (Mochizuki, M, Bozo Research Center 1995)(doses: 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg) and dog (Okamoto M., 1995) (doses: 1000 and 2000 mg/kg) fed bygavage showed no death at any dose, hence the minimum lethal dose was estimated > 2000 mg/kg
for both species.
Rats were fed by gavage 3000, 3600, 4320, 5190, 6210 mg/kg bw (30% (w/v) aqueous solution)
potassium gluconate and were observed for signs of toxicity during a 14-day period. One animal
died in the 5190 mg/kg bw group and four animals in the 6210 mg/kg bw group. Deaths occurred
between 5 and 21 hours after treatment. Survivors recovered gradually. The LD50 was calculated(according to the method of Weil) to be 6060 mg/kg bw. However, the effects that were observed
occurred at doses that exceed the accepted limit dose of 5000 mg/kg bw and the LD50 may berelated to high dosing (TNO, 1978).
No relevant oral toxicity data were found in the literature for the other substances of the category.
Conclusion
Studies with sodium gluconate in the rat and dog report LD50 values > 2000 mg/kg bw for both
species.
A gavage study with potassium gluconate and rats reported an LD50 of 6060 mg/kg bw.
3.1.3

Irritation

Skin Irritation
Studies in Animals

Primary dermal irritation tests with 0.5 ml of the 50% solution of gluconic acid (pH: 1.8) in 12
albino rabbits demonstrated, that – as all the effects have cleared up after a 72 hours observation
period – the test substance is not a dermal irritant (TNO, 1984).
No data were found on skin irritation for the other gluconates of the category

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Eye Irritation
Studies in Animals

In-vitro and in-vivo eye irritation tests with 0.1 ml of the 50% solution of gluconic acid (pH: 1.8) in
9 albino rabbits demonstrated, that – as all the effects have cleared up after a 72 hours observation
period – the test substance is not an eye irritant (TNO, 1984).
No data were found on eye irritation for the other gluconates of the category.
3.1.4

Sensitisation

No data are available.
3.1.5

Repeated Dose Toxicity

Studies in Animals
A 28-day study was conducted by feeding rats by gavage with sodium gluconate at doses of 0, 500,
1000, 2000 mg/kg bw in water at a volume of 1 ml/ 100g bw. No death or clinical signs ofabnormality were observed in any of the groups. Histopathological examination showed athickening of the limiting ridge of the stomach in 5 out of 12 males at 2000 mg/kg bw per day dose.
No toxic changes associated with the test article were detected. As the limiting ridge is a tissue
specific to rodents, this lesion is not toxicologically relevant for humans. Other lesions occurred
incidentally and were not treatment -related.
The NOAEL was estimated to be 1000 mg/kg bw/day for males and 2000 mg/kg bw/day for female(Mochizuki, M, Bozo Research Center, 1995a).

Another 28-day toxicity study in rats fed with a diet containing up to 5% w/w sodium gluconate(max. 4100 mg/kg bw for males and 4400 mg/kg bw for females) was conducted using a control
group receiving equivalent concentration of sodium in the form of NaCl in order to differentiate thepotential effects of high doses of sodium intake. No deaths occurred during the study period. No
revisions in the general condition, body weight, or food and water intake were observed in the
animals over the study period. No changes were observed in the investigated ophthalmologic tests,
urinalysis, hematology and blood chemistry over the study period. In addition, histopathologicalexamination indicated no adverse effects as a result of the treatment regime. Statistically significant
differences in some urinary parameters reported in animals receiving 2.5 or 5% sodium gluconate
were comparable to those observed in the NaCl control group, and were interpreted as related to thehigh sodium concentration of the diet.
The authors concluded that the NOAEL was 5% (equal to 4100 mg/kg bw per day). However, The
JECFA committee who evaluated this report has concluded that the study was not suitable for
identifying a NOAEL because of the small group sizes and the positive findings in the qualitative
analysis, even if they have acknowledged that the effects shown in the qualitative urine analyses
were related to the high sodium intake (Mochizuki, M. Bozo Research Center, 1997).
Nonetheless, this study demonstrates the lack of effects of the gluconate anion even in large doses
as the urinary effects were attributed to the high sodium intake and was therefore considered as
critical for this endpoint.

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Repeated toxicity studies were also performed on Beagle dogs with sodium gluconate administeredorally for 4 weeks at 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg bw. doses. None of the animals died during the periodof treatment in any dose group and no significantly toxicologically changes were detected in the
body weight, food intake, water intake, urinalysis, haematological test, blood chemistry analysis,
ophthalmologic test, electrocardiography, autopsy and organ weight or in histopathologicalexamination. However, increased frequency of vomiting and loose or watery stools were observedin the 1000 and 2000 mg/kg bw. dose groups, as compared to controls.
On the basis of these results, the non-toxic dose was estimated to be 500 mg/kg bw / day. However,
the toxicological effects observed (vomiting, passage of loose or watery stools) were consideredextremely slight since other tests did not show the same changes (Okamoto, M. Bozo ResearchCenter, 1995a).
Oral chronic studies with glucono-delta lactone on rats:
Glucono-delta-lactone (250, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg/kgbw. for 6 months) was orally
administered to Sprague-Dawley rats. In all dose groups, thickening of the stratified squamous
epithelium was detected at the anterior stomach, particularly the transitional area continuous withthe pyloric stomach; the frequency and severity of this thickening increased with the dose. In highdose groups, submucosal inflammatory cell infiltration was also detected, but this change was notstatistically significant. No deaths or other abnormalities were detected (Fukuhara K, 1978).
In Wistar rats fed for 24 months with a diet containing 2.5% and 10% of glucono-delta-lactone (thetotal intake of the drug : 1240-1350 mg/kgbw. in 2.5% GDL group and 4920-5760 mg/kgbw. in the
10 % GDL group), no changes were observed in the general condition throughout the period of
testing, but weight gain tended to be slightly reduced 2-3 months after the initiation of the test
feeding in 10% GDL group. There was no statistically significant difference in the number andtime of deaths between the treated and control groups. Histopathological changes accompanying
aging were observed in all groups including the controls, but no specific changes likely to be
associated with the test substance were detected (Fukuhara K, 1978a).
Repeated dose toxicity results on Sodium gluconate and Glucono-delta-lactone

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SubstancetestedSpecies

Exposureperiod/route ofadministration

Doses (mg/kg
bw/day)Results

References

Sodiumgluconate

Rat - Sprague
Dawley12 males12 females

4 weeks
Gavage0, 500, 1000,
2000

NOAEL males=
1000 mg/kg
bw/dayNOAEL females=
1000 mg/kg
bw/dayMochizuki, M,
Bozo ResearchCenter, 1995aRat- Sprague
Dawley10 males10 females

28-dayoral feeding

0, 1000, 2000,
4100

NOAEL= 4100
mg/kg bw/day

Mochizuki, M.
Bozo ResearchCenter, (1997)

Dog – Beagle
4 males
4 females

4 weeks
oral unspecified

0, 500, 1000,
2000

NOAEL = 500
mg/kg bw/day

Okamoto, M.
Bozo ResearchCenter, (1995)

Rat - Sprague
Dawley10 males10 females

6 months
oral

250, 500, 10002000, 4000

NOAEL : notdetermined

Fukuhara K.,(1978)

Rat – Wistar
30 males
30 females

24 months
oral

2.5% (1240-1350mg/kg bw) and
10 % (4920-5760
mg/kg bw)

NOAEL : notdetermined

Fukuhara K.,(1978a)Glucono-deltalactone

Conclusion
In summary, none of the repeated dose toxicity studies of any duration (4 weeks, 6 months or 24months) showed significant toxicological effects of gluconates. Potential side effects were
attributed to high doses of cation intake, evidenced by results from assays designed for the
gluconate anion effect specifically. The NOAEL of sodium gluconate determined from the 28 days
studies on rats was equal to 1000 mg/kg bw for males and 2000 mg/kg bw for females.
On the basis of these data and considering that gluconates are used as food additives permitted in
the EU following the Quantum Satis principle (no maximum level specified), further chronic
toxicity tests are considered unnecessary.
3.1.6

Mutagenicity

Studies in Animals
In vitro Studies

Sodium gluconate, glucono-delta-lactone and calcium gluconate were tested on saccharomyces
cerevisiae and salmonella typhimurium with and without metabolic activation. OECD Guideline
471 was deviated for the number of strains tested and the choice of positive controls. The
substances were tested on saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain D4) and salmonella typhimurium (3strains) with and without metabolic activation. Only 3 concentrations were tested where OECD
guideline recommends at least 5 concentrations. None of the test substances showed mutagenicity
on the strains tested.
The doses, strains used and results are shown in the table below:
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In vitro genetic toxicity results of sodium gluconate, calcium gluconate and glucono-delta-lactone
Substance tested

Strains

Concentrations(µg/ml)Cytotoxic
concentration(50%
survival)(µg/ml)ResultReference

Sodiumgluconate

Bacteria
salmonella
typhimurium
TA1535
TA1537
TA1538

0.06
0.012
0.024

0.024

negative

Litton Bionetics,
Inc. (1975)

Yeast:
saccharomyces
cerevisiae strain
D4

12.5, 25 and 50

50

negative

Bacteria
salmonella
typhimurium
TA1535
TA1537
TA15382.5, 5 (5µg/ml plate
test)

10

negative

Yeast:
saccharomyces
cerevisiae strain
D4

12.5, 25

50

negative

Bacteria
salmonella
typhimurium
TA1535
TA1537
TA153812.5, 25 and 50

50

negative

Yeast:
saccharomyces
cerevisiae strain
D4

7.5, 15 and 30

30

negative

Glucono-deltalactone

Calcium
gluconate

Litton Bionetics,
Inc. (1974)

Litton Bionetics,
Inc. (1975a)

In vivo Studies

Sodium gluconate and glucono-delta-lactone were tested for induction of chromosomal aberrationin mouse bone marrow cells after an oral single and a 4 days repeated dose administration. At least
200 metaphase cells per mouse were scored (C57BL male mice) and were examined for thepresence or absence of chromosomal aberrations (gaps, breaks, translocation, fragments, ring
chromosomes and minutes chromosomes). None of the tested substances induced chromosomal
aberration (Tatsuo Yamashita et al, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 1974).
In vivo genetic toxicity results of sodium gluconate and glucono-delta-lactone
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Substance

No animal
tested/group

Doses

Chromosomes’
aberration (%)

Conclusion

Sodiumgluconate
Single dose

3
3
3
3

control
2.5 g/kg
5 g/kg
10 g/kg

0.5
0.5
all animals died
all animals diednegative

Positive control(mitomycin C)2

5 mg/kg(intraperitoneal)

20

Sodiumgluconate
repeated dose22
3control
1.25 g/kg
2.5 g/kg

0.5
0.5 (1 animal died)
0.5 (1 animal died)

Positive control(mitomycin C)2

5 mg/kg(intraperitoneal)

30

Glucono-deltalactone
Single dose

3
3
3
3

control
2 g/kg
4 g/kg
8 g/kg0.5
0.5
0.5
all animals died

Positive control(mitomycin C)2

5 mg/kg(intraperitoneal)

20

Glucono-deltalactone
repeated dose22
3control
2 g/kg
4 g/kg1
1
1

Positive control(mitomycin C)2

5 mg/kg(intraperitoneal)

30

negative

negative

negative

Conclusion
Although in the in vitro assays the strains used, the concentration tested and positive controls
differed from OECD guideline 471, none of the test substances showed mutagenic properties on thestrains tested.
The available in vitro and in vivo mutagenicity data with glucono-delta-lactone, sodium or calcium
gluconate were negative. Furthermore gluconates are naturally present in cells. Therefore there is no
reason to evaluate the potential genotoxicity of these substances further and no genotoxic effects are
expected.
3.1.7

Carcinogenicity

No carcinogenicity studies were available for any of the gluconates of the category.
3.1.8

Toxicity for Reproduction

Studies in Animals
Effects on Fertility

SIDS testing requirements regarding reproductive toxicity were satisfied with histopathology of the
reproductive organs in repeat dose studies on sodium gluconate and with developmental toxicity
studies on glucono-delta-lactone.
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Developmental Toxicity

The only available studies reported on the developmental toxicity for the gluconates of the category
are for glucono-delta-lactone. These studies (unpublished) investigated teratogenicity following oral
daily dosing of glucono-delta-lactone in 4 species (Food & Drug Research Laboratories Unpublished data (1973).
The species, doses and results of those studies are summarized in the table below:
Developmental toxicity results of glucono-delta-lactone in the rat, mouse, hamster and rabbitSpecies

Duration of test

Exposure period

Doses

Result (maternal
and teratogen)

Wistar rat

10 days

From day 6 to day 15
of gestation

0, 5.94, 27.6, 128.0,
594.0 mg/kg

NOAEL > 594
mg/kg bw

CD-1 mouse

10 days

From day 6 to day 15
of gestation

0, 6.95, 32.5, 150,
695 mg/kg

NOAEL > 695
mg/kg bw

Hamster

5 daysFrom day 6 to day 10
of gestation

0, 5.60, 6.0, 121, 560
mg/kg

NOAEL > 560
mg/kg bw

Dutch rabbit

13 days

From day 6 to day 18
of gestation

0, 7.80, 36.2, 168.5,
780.0 mg/kg

NOAEL > 780
mg/kg

Two other studies conducted in 1978 to assess the potential teratogenicity of GDL on rats
(Fukuhara, K. 1978b) and mice (Fukuhara, K. 1978c) reported that GDL was not teratogenic when
given orally at doses > 4000 mg/kgbw.
The species, doses and results of those studies are summarized in the table below:
Species

Duration of test

Exposure period

Doses

Result (maternal
and teratogen)Sprague-Dawleyrat

10 days

From day 6 to day 15
of gestation

1000 and 4000
mg/kg

NOAEL > 4000
mg/kg bw

ICR mouse

10 days

From day 6 to day 15
of gestation

1000 and 4000
mg/kg

NOAEL > 4000
mg/kg bw

In the above experiments GDL was administered orally to female nulliparous rats and/or mice for10 days and the fetuses were observed by laparotomy on pregnancy day 21 or 18, respectively.
Several dams in each group were allowed to deliver spontaneously, and the offspring were observed
until postnatal day 21. The report does not contain specific information on the method used.
During pregnancy, no abnormalities were observed in the general condition, body weight change orfood consumption in any of the dose groups, nor were any death. In observation of dams after
laparotomy, no abnormalities were detected in the number of implantations, dead foetuses, live
offspring or mean body weight of offspring, nor was there any influence of the drug on the external
appearance, organs, or skeletons of the foetuses. Observation of the dams allowed to deliverspontaneously, protraction of the duration of pregnancy or abnormalities at birth were not observed,
nor any influence of the drug detected in the mortality rate, body weight gain, behavior, external
appearance or visceral abnormalities of the offspring during the period of nursing.

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GLUCONIC ACID AND DERIVATIVESIn summary, these negative data on the teratogenicity of glucono-delta-lactone, together with thenatural occurrence of gluconic acid in the human metabolism sufficiently support the lack ofdevelopmental toxicity for all the gluconates of the category.
3.2

Initial Assessment for Human Health

Gluconates of the category are naturally occurring substances. Most of these compounds arelisted as permitted food additives, which may be added to all foodstuffs, following the "quantum
satis" principle, as long as no special regulations restrict their use.
In mammalian organisms both D-gluconic acid and its 1,5-lactone are important intermediates in
the carbohydrate metabolism. Gluconate anion is a metabolite of glucose oxidation. The daily
production of gluconate from endogenous sources is about 450 mg/kg for a 60 kg person (Life
Science Research Office, 1978).
A significant portion (60-85%) of parenterally administered gluconate is excreted unchanged in theurine (Life Science Research, 1980)
The LD50 for potassium gluconate (oral toxicity study, wistar rat) is 6060 mg/kg bw (TNO 1978).
None of the repeated dose toxicity studies of any duration (4 weeks, 6 months, or 4 months) showedsignificant toxicological effects of gluconates. Potential side effects were attributed to high dosesof cation intake, evidenced by results from assays designed for the gluconate anion effectspecifically. The NOAEL of sodium gluconate determined from the 28 days studies on rats wasequal to 1000 mg/kg bw for males and 2000 mg/kg bw for females (Mochizuki, M. Bozo ResearchCenter, 1995a). These compounds are neither irritant to the eye or the skin (TNO, 1984). No
sensitization, acute or chronic inhalation toxicity data are available.
The available in vitro and in vivo mutagenicity data with glucono-delta-lactone (Litton Bionetics,
Inc 1974), sodium (Litton Bionetics, Inc 1975) or calcium gluconate (Litton Bionetics, Inc 1975a)
were negative. No carcinogenicity studies were available for any of the gluconates of the category.
No reproduction toxicity study was available for any of the gluconates of the category. However,negative results in the histopathology of the reproductive organs in repeat dose studies on sodium
gluconate and negative data on the teratogenicity of glucono-delta-lactone (Food & Drug
Laboratories, 1973) support the lack of reproductive toxicity for all the gluconates of the category.
On the basis of these data showing a lack of toxicity and considering that gluconates have beenrecognized direct food additives, no further tests are considered necessary.
Exposure:

The manufacturing of gluconic acid is based on a fermentation process. Estimation of theworldwide industrial production per year for all the members of the gluconate category is around65000 - 100000 tonnes. There is no production site in Belgium.
Human exposure by all routes (including inhalation) is possible. Workers exposure will mainly be
by inhalation and by skin contact. Controlled manufacturing conditions and use of safety
equipments will limit the accidental occupational exposure. Consumer exposure may be from theoral and dermal routes.
Exposure of consumers to gluconates is expected to be limited because gluconates are mostly usedas additives in the different consumer products typically in low dosages (< 5%). Furthermore,consumer exposure in personal care products, pharmaceuticals and foodstuffs applications are

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subject to specific regulatory provisions requiring an authorization procedure where the evaluationof the hazardous properties as well as the actual exposure is taken into account.

4

HAZARDS TO THE ENVIRONMENT

4.1

Aquatic Effects

Acute toxicity to fish

The acute toxicity to fish in the studies reported in the literature was tested for sodium gluconate
and glucono-delta-lactone.
Sodium gluconate was tested on fish (Oryzias laticeps) during 96 hours exposure following theprocedure of OECD guideline 203. No toxicological symptoms or death were observed at the limit
test using 100 mg/l nominal concentration. The limit test concentration was determined following a
range finding test. The measured concentration of the test substance was within +/- 20% of thenominal concentration. (Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd, 2002)
Results of unpublished acute toxicity studies on fish (species not reported), are available for sodium
gluconate (LC50 > 10 000 mg/l) and glucono-delta-lactone (LC50 = 360 mg/l) (Rübelt C., 1992).
Although poorly documented and performed, these results support the low toxicity profile of thechemicals to fish in test conditions that were not controlled/corrected for pH effects (a decrease to
pH 4 was observed in the test medium).
In summary, when correctly interpreted, these studies demonstrate that gluconates do not have any
toxic effect on fish within the concentration ranges that are environmentally relevant.
Acute toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

The details of the studies on the acute toxicity of sodium gluconate, when tested on Daphnia magna
are summarized in the table below:
Test substance: Sodium gluconate
Exposure period

Biomassloading

Concentration
testedResult

MethodReference

24-48 hours

20
daphnias/con
centration

0-1000 mg/l
(nominal)*

24 hours:
EC50: > 1000 mg/l
NOEC: > 1000 mg/l
EC100: > 1000 mg/l

OECD guideline 202

Mitsubishi
Chemical Safety
Institute Ltd,
(2002a)OECD guideline 202

Hydrotox
GmbH, (2001c)

48 hours:
EC50: > 1000 mg/l
NOEC: > 1000 mg/l
EC100: > 1000 mg/l
24-48 hours

20
daphnias/con
centration

0-1000 mg/l

EC0: > 1000 mg/l

*Measured concentrations of the test substance in the test solution were within +/- 20 % of thenominal concentration. Results were based on the nominal concentrations.
In summary, the tests suggest that gluconates (represented by sodium gluconate) do not have any
toxic effects on daphnia.
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OECD SIDS

GLUCONIC ACID AND DERIVATIVESAcute toxicity to aquatic plants (algae)

The details of the studies on the acute toxicity of sodium gluconate when tested on algae aresummarized in the table below:
Test substance: Sodium gluconate
Species

Endpoint/
Exposureperiod/Biomassloading

Concentration

Result

MethodSelenastrum
capricornutum

Biomass
andgrowthrate
72 hours/
1 x 104
cells/ml

0, 100, 180,
320, 560, 1000
mg/l (nominal)*

EbC50 (0-72 h): > 1000 mg/l
NOECb (0-72 h): 560 mg/l
Er C50 (24-48 h): > 1000 mg/l
Er C50 (24-72 h): > 1000 mg/l

OECD
guideline 201

Biomass
andgrowthrate/
72 hours/
10 x 104
cells/ml

100-1000 mg/l

Desmodesmus
subspicatus
CHODAT

Reference

Mitsubishi
Chemical
Safety Institue
Ltd. (2002b)

NOECr (24-48h): 560 mg/l
NOECr (24-72h) : 560 mg/l
Cell growth inhibition :no inhibition at 100 mg/l
70% inhibition at 1000 mg/l

OECD
guideline 201

Hydrotox
GmbH(2001d)Average specific growth rate
inhibition:no inhibition at 100 mg/l
42% inhibition at 1000 mg/l

*Measured concentrations of the test substance in the test solution were within +/- 20 % of thenominal concentration. Results were based on the nominal concentrations.
On the basis of these data sodium gluconate can be considered non toxic for algae.
Acute toxicity to micro-organisms (bacteria)

Results of a study on toxicity to bacteria (Pseudomonas putida MIGULA ) following the German
standard DIN 38 412 L8 are available for sodium gluconate (EC0 > 5000 mg/l) and glucono-deltalactone (EC0 > 500 mg/l) (Rübelt C., 1992). Although not properly designed and performed, theseresults support that gluconates do not have any inhibiting capacity on the growth of bacteria.
4.2

Terrestrial Effects

No data are available for any of the gluconate of the category, however while the fugacity modelingreveals water and soil as the main target compartments for the substances, no direct exposure is
expected to occur at any stage of the life-cycle of gluconates. Moreover, the demonstrated
biodegradability and the low intrinsic toxicity of gluconates that was observed for aquaticorganisms, the available animal toxicokinetic and metabolism data (cfr. human toxicology) andtheir role in mammalian carbohydrate metabolism may predict also a low effect on terrestrialorganisms. Therefore, no terrestrial toxicity studies would be required.

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4.3

Other Environmental Effects

4.4

Initial Assessment for the Environment

Gluconic acid, its salts of sodium, potassium and calcium as well as glucono-delta-lactone are all
characterised by a low vapour pressure and a low octanol/water partition coefficient. The
dissociation constant of gluconic acid is in the range of 3.5 to 3.8. Because of their good watersolubility and low Log Kow, no bioaccumulation effects are to be expected and the substances werealso shown to be readily metabolised.
Gluconates are readily biodegradable in aerobic and anaerobic conditions (Hydrotox GmbH, 2001
and 2001b). There is no potential of direct exposure of any environmental compartment.
Estimations from a Level II/III Fugacity Model from US EPA, show that the main target
compartments of gluconates are water and soil. The calculated Henrys’ law constants indicate a low
potential for volatilization and the estimated photodegradation (AOP (v1.91) program) gives a t1/2
between 1.7 to 4.0 hours. The good water solubility and low vapour pressure designate water to be amajor target compartment for these substances.
Acute toxicity to aquatic organisms (fish, daphnia, algae) and bacteria were performed on sodium
gluconate. In the range of concentrations tested, exceeding largely any expected environmental
exposure; sodium gluconate did not show toxicity to any of the aquatic species. Because gluconates
freely dissociate in water to the gluconate anion and their respective cation, data on sodium
gluconate are acceptable for the other members of the category.
No terrestrial toxicity data for gluconates are available.
However, the demonstrated
biodegradability and the low intrinsic toxicity of gluconates that was observed for aquaticorganisms, data on animal toxicokinetic and metabolism (cfr. human toxicology) and their role inmammalian carbohydrate metabolism may predict also a low effect on terrestrial organisms.
Therefore, no terrestrial toxicity studies would be required.
Based on the physical-chemical properties of these substances, their low toxicity profile and theirnatural presence in living organisms, no toxic effect would be expected to the environment from thegluconate anion. Release of large amounts of gluconate salts in the environment leads also to therelease of the sodium, calcium and potassium cations, which in certain circumstances may add tothe overall cation load locally affecting the ecosystem. As these effects would be largely due to thepresence of counter ions, these scenarios are not considered within the present SIAR document.
While the lowering of the pH can be observed locally upon the release of gluconates in the aquatic
environment, this change is adapted readily upon the control of the waste water stream, hence nosignificant impact on the pH of the aquatic environment can be expected in the long term. Further,as the sequestering tendency of gluconates decreases rapidly upon dilution or lowering the pH, they
are destroyed effectively and quickly by biological waste water treatment.
Environmental exposure from non-dispersive uses is supposed to be limited as waste-water
treatment is commonplace in such applications.
In wide dispersive applications, the chelating agents uses in building industry would not result inenvironmental exposure as the gluconate is bound within the microcrystalline fibers of cement andis not free to migrate to cause any environmental pollution.
Food applications could potentially contribute to spreading gluconates and glucono-delta-lactone in
the environment, as these products are added in their crystalline or powder forms to foodcomponents such as meat, milk or soma at levels below 5 %w/w. However, since the final food is
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meant for human consumption and mostly gets ingested, there is no real potential for environmental
distribution of gluconates from this application either.
The only potential exposure to the environment would result from the release of counter-ions athigh discharge concentration of gluconate salts.

5

RECOMMENDATIONS

The chemicals in this category are currently of low priority for further work because of their low
hazard profile.

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6

GLUCONIC ACID AND DERIVATIVESREFERENCES

Chenoweth, M. D., Civin, H., Salzman, C., Cohn, M. & Gold, H. (1941). Further studies on the
behaviour of gluconic acid and ammonium gluconate in animals and man. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 6,1574-1582.
Drug Product Database (DPD). Health Canada: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hpb/drugs-dpd/
Food & Drug Research Laboratories (1973). Teratologic evaluation of FDA 71-72 (glucono-deltalactone). Unpublished data, contract No FDA71-260, FDRL, Maspeth, NewYork, USA.
Fukuhara K., Emi Y., Iwanami K., Watanabe, Matsumoto K. N. (1978). Fujisawa Pharmaceutical
Co. Ltd, Central Laboratory- Osaka University. Six-month oral dose toxicity study of gluconodelta-lactone in rat.
Fukuhara K., Emi Y., Iwanami K., Watanabe N. (1978a). Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Central
Laboratory. Twenty-four months oral dose toxicity study of glucono-delta-lactone in rat.
Fukuhara, K. Fujii, N. Watanabe (1978b). Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Central Laboratory.
Teratogenicity study of glucono-delta-lactone in rat (Oral dosing).
Fukuhara, K. Fujii, N. Watanabe. (1978c). Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Central Laboratory.
Teratogenicity study of glucono-delta-lactone in mice (Oral dosing).
Gluconate Handbook. PMP-01. Fermentation Products, Inc. Chicago, Illinois). Certificate: No.
30823.
Hydrotox GmbH (2001). Closed bottle test of sodium D-gluconate, according to 92/69/EWG, C.4E. Study Number 01/1004. Prepared by Hydrotox GmbH, 2001. Unpublished, sponsored byJungbunzlauer S.A., Marckolsheim, France.
Hydrotox GmbH (2001b). Anaerobic Degradation of sodium D-gluconate, according to DIN EN
ISO 11734. Prepared by Hydrotox GmbH, 2001. Unpublished, sponsored by Jungbunzlauer S.A.,
Marckolsheim, France.
Hydrotox GmbH, (2001c). Daphnia Magna: acute immobilization test with sodium D-gluconate, ,according to 92/69/EWG, C.2 and OECD 202. Unpublished, sponsored by Jungbunzlauer S.A.,
Marckolsheim.
Hydrotox GmbH (2001d). Algae, Growth inhibition Test with Sodium D-gluconate, according to
92/69/EWG, C.3 and OECD 201. Unpublished study sponsored by Jungbunzlauer S.A.,
Marckolsheim.
Life Science Research Office (1978). Evaluation of the Health Aspects of Sodium, Potassium,
Magnesium and Zinc Gluconates as Food Ingredients, SCOGS-78, prepared for Bureau of Foods,
Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington D.C.,
Contract No. FDA 233-75-2004 (absorption and metabolism, acute toxicity, short-term studies,
teratogenicity, mutagenicity, 26 references).
Life Science Research Office (1980). Evaluation of the Health aspects of potassium gluconate as afood ingredient. Supplemental Review and Evaluation. Contract No. FDA 223-78-2100. Preparedfor Bureau of Foods. Food and Drug Administration. Department of Health and Human Services
Washington, D.C.
Litton Bionetics, Inc. (1974). Mutagenic evaluation of compound FDA 71-72 glucono-deltalactone. Prepared for Food and Drug Administration Department of Health, Education and Welfare,
UNEP PUBLICATIONS

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GLUCONIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES

Rockville, Maryland.
Litton Bionetics, Inc. (1975). Mutagenic evaluation of compound FDA 75-5 000527-07-1 sodium
guconate, FCC, Fine granular. Submitted to Food and Drug Administration Department of Health,
Education and Welfare, Rockville, Maryland.
Litton Bionetics, Inc. (1975a). Mutagenic evaluation of compound FDA 73-5 0002992 85 calcium
gluconate, FCC, Fine granular. Submitted to Food and Drug Administration. Department of Health,
Education and Welfare,Rockville, Maryland.
Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd. (2002). Acute toxicity of sodium gluconate with Medaka(Oryzias latipes). Study number A010387. Study sponsored by Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd (2002a). Acute toxicity of sodium gluconate with Daphnia
magna. Study number A010388. Study sponsored by Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd. (2002b). Growth inhibition test of sodium gluconate with
Algae (Selenastrum capricornutum). Study Number A010389. Study sponsored by Fujisawa
Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
Mochizuki M. (1995). A toxicity study of sodium gluconate (FR2531) by single oral administrationin rats. Final report No. BOZO/B-2965 from Gotemba Laboratory, Bozo Research Center, Inc.,
Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo 156, Japan.
Mochizuki M. (1995a). A 4-week oral toxicity study of sodium gluconate (FR2531) in rats. Finalreport No. BOZO/B-2966 from Gotemba Laboratory, Bozo Research Center, Inc., Setagaya-Ku,
Tokyo 156, Japan.
Mochizuki M. (1997). A 28-day toxicity study in rats fed diet containing sodium gluconate(FR2531). Final report No. BOZO/B-3731 from Gotemba Laboratory, Bozo Research Center, Inc.,
Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo 156, Japan.
Okamoto M. (1995). Single oral dose toxicity study of sodium gluconate in dog. Unpublishedreport from Gotemba Laboratory, Bozo Research Center, Inc., Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo 156, Japan.
Okamoto M. (1995a). Four-weeks oral dose toxicity study of sodium gluconate in dog.
Unpublished report from Gotemba Laboratory, Bozo Research Center, Inc., Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo
156, Japan.
Roquette Frères Commercial Brochure (2000). Lille, France.
Rübelt C. (1992). Bestimmung des ökotoxikologischen Verhaltens von Natriumgluconat und
Glucono-delta-Lacton, Institut für Hygiene und mikrobiologie der Universität des Saarlandes,
Homburg/Saar, Deutschland (unpublished, bacteria inhibition according to German standard
method DIN 38 412 L8 and toxicity to fish according to German standard method DIN 38 412 L15(equivalent with OECD 203) have been performed on sodium gluconate and glucono-delta-lactone
on behalf of Jungbunzlauer).
Tatsuo Yamashita et al. (1974). In vivo chromosomal aberration test of glucono-delta-lactone andsodium gluconate with mouse bone marrow cells. Central Research Laboratory, Fujisawa
Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
The Chemical Economics Handbook (2000). SRI International Report: Chelating Agents. By
Robert E. Davenport with Frederic Dubois, Andrew DeBoo and Akihiro Kishi. (March 2000).
TNO (1978). Determination of the acute oral toxicity of potassium-gluconate in rats. Centraal
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Instituut voor voedingsonderzoek.
TNO (1984). Primary dermal irritation and eye irritation tests with gluconic acid in albino rabbits.
Sponsor Akzo chemie (May 1984) Amersfoort, Report no.: V84.160/240061.
Ullman's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (1999), 6th Edition.

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OECD SIDS

D- GLUCONIC ACID

I

D

U

C

L

I

D

a

t

a

S

e

Existing Chemical
CAS No.
EINECS NameEC No.
Molecular Formula

ID: 526-95-4
526-95-4
D-gluconic acid
208-401-4
C6H12O7

Producer Related Part
Company:
Creation date:

Keller and Heckman LLP
02-APR-2003

t

Substance Related Part
Company:
Keller and Heckman LLP
Creation date:
02-APR-2003
Memo:

OECD HPV Chemicals Programme, SIDS Dossier, approved at
SIAM 18 (20-23 April 2004)

Printing date:
Revision date:
Date of last Update:

25-JAN-2006

Number of Pages:

41

25-JAN-2006

Chapter (profile):
Chapter: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10
Reliability (profile): Reliability: without reliability, 1, 2, 3, 4
Flags (profile):
Flags: without flag, confidential, non confidential, WGK(DE), TA-Luft (DE), Material Safety Dataset, Risk
Assessment, Directive 67/548/EEC, SIDS

40

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
1. GENERAL INFORMATION

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006

1.0.1 Applicant and Company Information
Type:
Name:
Contact Person:
Street:Town:
Country:
Phone:
Telefax:
Email:
Remark:lead organisation
The Gluconic acid and its sodium, potassium and calcium salts
and glucono-delta-lactone consortium
Jean-Philippe Montfort
Date: 02-APR-2003
Rue Blanche 251060 Brussels
Belgium+32 2 541 05 70+ 32 2 541 05 80
montfort@khlaw.beSponsor Country for this Category: Belgium; Co-sponsor
country: Japan.

12-DEC-2005
Type:
Name:
Contact Person:
Street:Town:
Country:
Phone:
Telefax:
Email:

manufacturer
FUSO Chemical Co. Ltd
Ph.D. Shinichi Sugita
Date:
Iwamoto-cho Toyo Building, 1-2 Iwamoto-cho 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku
101 0032 TokyoJapan+81 3 5820 1611
+81 3 5820 1634
Shinichi.Sugita@fusokk.co.jp

03-AUG-2004
Type:
Name:
Contact Person:
Street:Town:
Country:
Phone:
Telefax:
Email:

manufacturer
Jungbunzlauer International AG
Raphaël Singer
Date: 17-APR-2003
St. Alban-Vorstadt 90
4002 Basel
Switzerland+41 61 295 51 25+41 61 295 52 66
raphael.singer@jungbunzlauer.ch

17-OCT-2003
Type:
Name:
Contact Person:
Town:
Country:
Phone:
Telefax:
Email:

manufacturer
Roquette Freres
Johnny Pallot
Date:62080 Lestrem Cedex
France+33 3 21 63 37 40+33 3 21 63 38 50
JOHNNY.PALLOT@roquette.com

31-JUL-2003
Type:
Name:
Contact Person:
Street:Town:

manufacturer
PURAC
Ton van Dongen
PO BOX 21
4200 AA Gorinchem

Date:

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

41

OECD SIDS
1. GENERAL INFORMATIONCountry:
Phone:
Telefax:
Email:

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006

Netherlands+31 183 695 730+31 183 695 603
t.van.dongen@purac.com

03-AUG-2004
1.0.2 Location of Production Site, Importer or Formulator
1.0.3 Identity of Recipients
1.0.4 Details on Category/Template
Remark:Glucono-delta-lactone, gluconic acid and its sodium, calcium
and potassium salts have been proposed in a category, as thesalts of gluconic acid freely dissociate to the gluconate
anion and the respective cation.
Glucono-delta-lactone (GDL) is the inner ester of gluconic
acid formed by the removal of water.
When glucono-delta-lactone is used in aqueous solution, it
is slowly hydrolysed until an equilibrium is reached between
gluconic acid and its delta-lactone.

12-AUG-2004
1.1.0 Substance Identification
IUPAC Name:
Smiles Code:Mol. Formula:
Mol. Weight:

D-gluconic acid
O=C (O) C (O) C (O) C (O) C (O) COC6H12O7
196.1607-JUN-2003
1.1.1 General Substance Information
Purity type:
Substance type:Physical status:
Purity:Colour:Odour:

typical for marketed substanceorganic
solid
ca. 49 - 52 % w/w
clear, yellow to brownish (for the aqueous solution)
characteristic

Remark:Gluconic acid is a mild organic acid, neither caustic nor
corrosive and with excellent complexing ability. Gluconic
acid is prepared by fermentation of pure dextrose, whereby
the physiological d-form is produced.
The substance referred in this dossier is the aqueous
solution (ca. 50%). Purity of the marketed substance inaqueous solution is 49-52%.

42

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
1. GENERAL INFORMATION

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006

Anhydrous gluconic acid is a white, odorless, crystalline
powder.
14-NOV-2005(11)

1.1.2 Spectra
1.2 Synonyms and Tradenames
D(-)-pentahydroxy caproic acid
05-JUN-2003
dextronic acid
12-AUG-2004
glycogenic acid
12-AUG-2004
glyconic acid
12-AUG-2004
maltonic acid
12-AUG-2004
Pentahydroxy hexanoic acid
25-JUN-2003
1.3 Impurities
Purity type:typical for marketed substance

Remark:For food and/or medical applications the level of impurities
complies with the restrictions laid down in thecorresponding EU Directives.

15-JAN-2004
1.4 Additives
Remark:10-NOV-2005

For all the chemicals of the category: no additives used

1.5 Total Quantity
Quantity:ca. 4000 - 6000 tonnes produced in 2000

Remark:Estimation of the worldwide market per year (as 100%
gluconic acid). There is no production in Belgium.
UNEP PUBLICATIONS

43OECD SIDS
1. GENERAL INFORMATION
Flag:
20-OCT-2003

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006

confidential

1.6.1 Labelling
Remark:10-NOV-2005

For all the chemicals in the category: proposal of Industry:
no labelling required

1.6.2 Classification
Classified:other, as in legislation

Remark:For all chemicals of the category: proposal of Industry: noclassification required

10-NOV-2005
1.6.3 Packaging
1.7 Use Pattern
Type:
Category:type
Non dispersive use

Remark:14-AUG-2003

Data for the category: see sodium gluconate

1.7.1 Detailed Use Pattern
1.7.2 Methods of Manufacture
1.8 Regulatory Measures
1.8.1 Occupational Exposure Limit Values
1.8.2 Acceptable Residues Levels
1.8.3 Water Pollution
1.8.4 Major Accident Hazards
1.8.5 Air Pollution

44

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
1. GENERAL INFORMATION

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006

1.8.6 Listings e.g. Chemical Inventories
1.9.1 Degradation/Transformation Products
1.9.2 Components
1.10 Source of Exposure
Source of exposure: other
Remark:14-AUG-2003

Data for the category: see sodium gluconate

1.11 Additional Remarks
Remark:14-NOV-2005

Gluconic acid is readily produced from glucose by mildoxidation. The oxidation may be accomplished chemically,
electrolytically or enzymatically. Gluconic acid is used inindustry and medicine largely for its ability to form
readily soluble salts or complexes with various metals.
This solubilizing function facilitates the absorption of
cations from the intestine. In the tissues, the gluconates
readily dissociate, liberating the metallic ion.
(12)

Memo:

Regulatory status

Remark:In the European Parliament and Council Directive 95/2/EC
gluconic acid is listed as a generally permitted foodadditive (E 574) and may be added to all foodstuffs,
following the "quantum satis" principle, as long as no
special regulations restrict the use.

14-AUG-2003

1.12 Last Literature Search
1.13 Reviews

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

45

OECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006

2.1 Melting Point
Value:= 131 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(2) valid with restrictions
Data from Handbook or collection of data
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
10-AUG-2004(22)

Value:

ca. 120 - 131 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Remark:The spread in melting point values is due to the formationof intramolecular anhydrides whose presence lowers themelting point(2) valid with restrictions
Data from Handbook or collection of data
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(23)

Reliability:
Flag:
09-AUG-2004
2.2 Boiling Point
Value:= 417.1 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: calculatednoas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Remark:Estimated with MPBPVP (v1.41) program from US EPA (EPI
v3.11)(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Reliability:
Flag:
09-AUG-2004
Value:= 102 degree C

Remark:25-JUN-2003

Aqueous solution (approximately 50%)
(10)

2.3 Density
Type:
Value:

density= 1.23 g/cm³ at 20 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

46

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA
Reliability:
Flag:
09-AUG-2004

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006(2) valid with restrictions
Data from Handbook or collection of data
Critical study for SIDS endpoint
(23)

Type:
Value:

density= 1.24 g/cm³ at 20 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
09-AUG-2004

(5)

Type:
Value:

density= 1.25 g/cm³

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
09-AUG-2004

(20)

Type:
Value:

density= 1.23 - 1.25 g/cm³ at 20 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
09-AUG-2004(11)

2.3.1 Granulometry
2.4 Vapour Pressure
Value:= .00000000109 hPa at 25 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other (calculated)noas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Remark:Estimated with MPBPVP (v1.41) program from US EPA (EPI
v3.11):
Vapor Pressure Estimations (25 deg C):(Using BP: 417.09 deg C (estimated))
UNEP PUBLICATIONS

47

OECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006(Using MP: 131.00 deg C (exp database))
VP: 6.94E-011 mm Hg (Antoine Method)
VP: 8.17E-010 mm Hg (Modified Grain Method)
VP: 5.9E-007 mm Hg (Mackay Method)

Reliability:
Flag:
09-AUG-2004

Selected VP: 8.17E-010 mm Hg = 10.87E-010 hPa (Modified
Grain Method)(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

2.5 Partition CoefficientPartition Coeff.: octanol-waterlog Pow:= -1.87 at 25 degree C
Method:GLP:other (calculated)noRemark:Estimated with Kowwin (v1.67) program from US EPA (EPI
v3.11)(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Reliability:
Flag:
09-AUG-2004

2.6.1 Solubility in different media
Solubility in:
pKa:
Descr.:

Water
3.7 at 25 degree C
miscible

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(2) valid with restrictions
Data from Handbook or collection of data
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
12-AUG-2004(23)

Solubility in:
Value:

Water> 999999 mg/l at 25 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: calculatednoas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Remark:Estimated with Water sol (v1.01) program from US EPA (EPI
v3.11) :Reliability:48

Log Water Sol (moles/L) at 25 dec C=

0.7074

Water Solubility (mg/L) at 25 dec C(2) valid with restrictions=

1e+006

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA

Flag:
12-AUG-2004

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006

Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Solubility in:
Descr.:

Water
other: freely soluble

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(2) valid with restrictions
Data from Handbook or collection of data.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
12-AUG-2004
Solubility in:
Value:
pH
value:
Conc.:
Descr.:

Water
at 25 degree C= 1.8
50 vol% degree C
miscible

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
12-AUG-2004
Solubility in:
pKa:
Descr.:

Water
3.7 at 25 degree C
miscible

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
12-AUG-2004

other: ethanolslightly soluble (0.1-100 mg/L)

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(2) valid with restrictions
Data from Handbook or collection of data.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Solubility in:

(11)

(20)

Solubility in:
Descr.:

Flag:
12-AUG-2004

(22)

(23)

other: nonpolar solvents
UNEP PUBLICATIONS

49

OECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006

Descr.:

insoluble (< 0.1 mg/L)

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(2) valid with restrictions
Data from Handbook or collection of data.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
12-AUG-2004(23)

2.6.2 Surface Tension
2.7 Flash Point
2.8 Auto Flammability
2.9 Flammability
2.10 Explosive Properties
2.11 Oxidizing Properties
2.12 Dissociation ConstantAcid-base Const.: KA at 25°C= 1.99 x 10 exp-4, pKA = 3.70
Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(2) valid with restrictions
Data from Handbook or collection of data.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
09-AUG-2004(23)

Acid-base Const.: K at 25°C = 2.5 x 10e-4
Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data specified
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(2) valid with restrictions
Data from Handbook or collection of data.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
12-AUG-2004(22)

2.13 Viscosity

50

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006

2.14 Additional Remarks
Remark:Hydrogenation of gluconic acid in aqueous solution over aplatinum oxide catalyst results in a modest yield of
D-glucose, whereas the 1,5-lactone undergoes this reaction
in high yield.
The 6 functional groups of gluconic acid can, in principle,
react with a variety of reagents, such as alcohols, acids,
etc. Nevertheless, the resulting derivatives tend to bestable only if reaction is complete. Partial reaction leads
to nonuniform mixtures that are sensitive to hydrolysis;
such reactions have little significance.

07-JUN-2003

In contrast, considerable interest exists in the ability of
gluconic acid and its alkali salts to form complexes with
polyvalent cations. Some of these complexes are very
stable.
(23)

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

51

OECD SIDS
3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006

3.1.1 Photodegradation
Type:

other

Method:GLP:Test substance:other (calculated): Estimated with AOP (v1.91) program from US
EPA (EPI v3.11)
noas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Remark:Estimated with AOP (v1.91) program from US EPA (EPI v3.11)
OVERALL OH Rate Constant =HALF-LIFE =Reliability:
Flag:
12-AUG-2004

42.3224 E-12 cm3/molecule-sec

0.253 Days (12-hr day; 1.5E6 OH/cm3)

HALF-LIFE =3.033 Hrs
(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

3.1.2 Stability in Water
Type:

abiotic

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Remark:The dissociation in water is expected to be complete as thepKa is 3.70
Critical study for SIDS endpoint
(23)

Flag:
14-NOV-2005

3.1.3 Stability in Soil
3.2.1 Monitoring Data (Environment)
3.2.2 Field Studies
3.3.1 Transport between Environmental Compartments
Type:Media:
Method:fugacity model level III
otherother: calculated

Remark:Estimated with the Level III Fugacity Model program LEVEL3NT
from US EPA (EPI v3.11)
Chem Name: D-Gluconic acid
Molecular Wt: 196.16
Henry's LC : 4.74e-013 atm-m3/mole (Henrywin program)
Vapor Press : 8.17e-010 mm Hg (Mpbpwin program)

52

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS
Liquid VP
Melting Pt
Log Kow
Soil Koc

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006: 9.13e-009 mm Hg (super-cooled): 131 deg C (user-entered): -1.87 (Kowwin program): 0.00553 (calc by model)

Mass AmountHalf-Life
Emissions(percent)(hr)(kg/hr)-----------------------------------------------------Air
0.00821
6.06
1000
Water
38.8
55.9
1000
Soil
61.2
55.9
1000
Sediment
0.0345224
0_____________________________________________________
Fugacity Reaction
Advection
Reaction Advection(atm)(kg/hr)(kg/hr)(%)(%)----------------------------------------------------------Air
2.41e-016
2.2
0.193
0.07340.00642Water
1.1e-018 1.13e+003
91
37.6
3.03
Soil
6.42e-017 1.78e+003
059.3
0Sediment 4.89e-019 0.251
0.001620.00837 5.4e-005
Persistence Time: 78.2 hr
Reaction Time:80.7 hr
Advection Time:
2.57e+003 hr
Percent Reacted: 97
Percent Advected: 3.04
Half-Lives (hr), (based upon Biowin (Ultimate) and Aopwin):
Air:
6.065
Water:
55.92
Soil:
55.92
Sediment: 223.7
Biowin estimate: 3.930 (days)

Reliability:
Flag:
25-JAN-2006

Advection Times (hr):Air:100
Water:
1000
Sediment: 5e+004(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

3.3.2 Distribution
Media:
Method:air - biota - sediment(s) - soil - waterother (calculation)

Remark:Henry's law constant estimated with HENRY (v3.10) programfrom US EPA (EPI v3.11)
HENRYs LAW CONSTANT at 25 deg C = 4.74E-013 atm-m3/mole----------------------------------------------------------UNEP PUBLICATIONS

53

OECD SIDS
3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006

Soil Adsorption Coefficient estimated with PCKOC (v1.66)
program from US EPA (EPI v3.11)
First Order Molecular Connectivity Index : 5.913
Non-Corrected Log Koc : 3.7674
Fragment Correction(s):*Organic Acid (-CO-OH) : -1.7512
2
Aliphatic Alcohol (-C-OH): -3.0386
Corrected Log Koc: -1.0224
Over Correction Adjustment to Lower Limit Log Koc

Reliability:
Flag:
09-AUG-2004:

1.0000Estimated Koc: 10
NOTE:
The Koc of this structure may be sensitive to pH!
The estimated Koc represents a best-fit to the majority ofexperimental values; however, the Koc may varysignificantly with pH.
(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

3.4 Mode of Degradation in Actual Use
3.5 Biodegradation
Type:
Inoculum:Deg. product:

aerobic
other: secondary effluent of a municipal sewage plant(Breisgauer Bucht, 500000 population equivalent), 0.4 ml/l
3 mg/l related to Test substance
28 day(s)= 89 % after 28 day(s)readily biodegradable
3 day(s)= 61.13 %7 day(s)= 74.35 %14 day(s)= 66.09 %21 day(s)= 71.94 %28 day(s)= 88.88 %Acetic acid, sodium salt
3 day(s)= 67.15 %28 day(s)= 80.93 %not measured

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

Directive 92/69/EEC, C.4-E
2001
yes
other TS

Remark:The 89% degradation indicated here relates to the
Theoritical Oxygen Demand (ThOD).
Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
Sodium gluconate: 99.0-101.0%(1) valid without restriction
study conducted according to OECD guidelines, valid
test,quality assurance and GLP certificates

Concentration:
Contact time:
Degradation:
Result:Kinetic:

Control Subst.:
Kinetic:

Test substance:
Reliability:

54

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006

Flag:
14-NOV-2005

Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Type:
Inoculum:Deg. product:

anaerobic
other: Digesting sludge of a municipal sewage plant(Breisgauer Bucht, 500000 population equivalent), 2.9 g total
solids/l
303 mg/l related to Test substance
35 day(s)= 100 % after 35 day(s)readily biodegradable
1 day(s)= 8 %8 day(s)= 51 %
15 day(s)= 57 %
22 day(s)= 61 %
35 day(s)= 100 %
Benzoic acid, sodium salt
8 day(s)= 6 %35 day(s)= 100 %
not measured

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: DIN EN ISO 11734
2001
yesother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
sodium gluconate(1) valid without restriction
study conducted according to OECD guidelines, valid
test,quality assurance and GLP certificates
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Concentration:
Contact time:
Degradation:
Result:Kinetic:

Control Subst.:
Kinetic:

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005

(8)

(9)

3.6 BOD5, COD or BOD5/COD Ratio
3.7 Bioaccumulation
3.8 Additional Remarks

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

55

OECD SIDS
4. ECOTOXICITY

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006

AQUATIC ORGANISMS
4.1 Acute/Prolonged Toxicity to Fish
Type:
Species:
Exposure period:
Unit:
NOEC:
LC0:
Limit Test:

semistatic
Oryzias latipes
96 hour(s)mg/l> 100 > 100 yes

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

OECD Guide-line 2032002
yesother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
sodium gluconate : 99.6%(1) valid without restriction
study conducted according to OECD guidelines, valid
test,quality assurance and GLP certificates
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005(Fish, fresh water)
Analytical monitoring: yes"Fish, Acute Toxicity Test"(14)

4.2 Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates
Type:
Species:
Exposure period:
Unit:
NOEC:
EC100:
Limit Test:

staticDaphnia magna
48 hour(s)mg/l> 1000 > 1000 yes

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

OECD Guide-line 202
2002
yesother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
sodium gluconate : 99.6%(1) valid without restriction
study conducted according to OECD guidelines, valid
test,quality assurance and GLP certificates
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005(Crustacea)
Analytical monitoring: yes(15)

4.3 Toxicity to Aquatic Plants e.g. Algae
Species:
Endpoint:
Exposure period:
Unit:
56

Selenastrum capricornutum (Algae)
growth rate
72 hour(s)mg/lAnalytical monitoring: yes
UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
4. ECOTOXICITY

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006

NOEC:
EC50:
Limit Test:= 560 > 1000 yes

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

OECD Guide-line 201
2002
yesother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
sodium gluconate : 99.6%(1) valid without restriction
study conducted according to OECD guidelines, valid
test,quality assurance and GLP certificates
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005"Algae, Growth Inhibition Test"(16)

4.4 Toxicity to Microorganisms e.g. Bacteria
4.5 Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms
4.5.1 Chronic Toxicity to Fish
4.5.2 Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

57

OECD SIDS
4. ECOTOXICITY

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006

TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS
4.6.1 Toxicity to Sediment Dwelling Organisms
Species:otherRemark:No data available but exposure in sediment expected to be
extremely limited according to the Level III Fugacity Model
program LEVEL3NT from US EPA (EPI v3.11).

09-AUG-2004
4.6.2 Toxicity to Terrestrial Plants
Method:other

Remark:14-AUG-2003

No data available

4.6.3 Toxicity to Soil Dwelling Organisms
Type:

other

Method:other

Remark:no data available but due to the low intrinsic toxicity inaquatic organisms, it is reasonable to expect a similar low
toxic impact on terrestrial organisms

19-JAN-2004

4.6.4 Toxicity to other Non-Mamm. Terrestrial Species
4.7 Biological Effects Monitoring
4.8 Biotransformation and Kinetics
4.9 Additional Remarks

58

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006

5.0 Toxicokinetics, Metabolism and Distribution
5.1 Acute Toxicity
5.1.1 Acute Oral Toxicity
Type:Species:
Strain:Sex:
No. of Animals:
Vehicle:Doses:
Value:

LDLo
rat
Crj: CD(SD)male/female10
no data
500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg> 2000 mg/kg bw

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data
1995
no dataother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
sodium gluconate(2) valid with restrictions
Short abstract not well documented but key study for initialassessment.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(18)

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005

5.1.2 Acute Inhalation Toxicity
5.1.3 Acute Dermal Toxicity
5.1.4 Acute Toxicity, other Routes
5.2 Corrosiveness and Irritation
5.2.1 Skin Irritation
Species:
Concentration:
Exposure:
Exposure Time:
No. of Animals:
Vehicle:Result:EC classificat.:rabbit50 %Occlusive
24 hour(s)12water
not irritating
not irritating

Method:other: Directive 79/831/EEC, B.4. "Acute toxicity" (skinirritation)
1984
no data

Year:
GLP:

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

59

OECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006

Test substance:

as prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Method:Primary irritation of the skin was measured by a patch-test
technique on the abraded and intact skin of albino rabbits.
24 hours prior to applying the materials, the hair isremoved from the backs of the animals with an electricclipper in such a way to avoid abrasions.
An amount of 0.5 ml (or 0.5g in case of solids or semisolids) of the test substance is brought on the intact orabraded skin under a surgical patch measuring 1 inch x 1
inch. The patches are fixed on the application site bymeans of adhesive tape and the entire trunk of the rabbits
is wrapped with an impervious material to maintain thepatches in position and to retard evaporation of volatile
substances. 6 rabbits are treated on the intact skin, theother 6 on the abraded skin (abrasions are minor icisions
through the stratum corneum but not deep enough to disturb
the derma or to produce bleeding).
The exposure period was 4 hours and skin effects were
examined at the end of the exposure period and then after
24, 48 and 72 hours.

Result:

The resulting skin reactions are evaluated by the method ofDraize and CIVO-grading system.
The test material caused very slight erythema in the 3 outof 6 rabbits. After 72 hours, these effects had cleared upcompletely.
Individual and average skin irritation scores of gluconic
acid (50% in water)
Rabbit no

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005

Hours after patch removal
1
24
48
72
------------------------------------------------(A=erythema)(B=oedema) A-B
A-B
A-B
A-B
------------------------------------------------2059
1-0
0-0
0-0
0-0
2060
1-0
1-0
1-0
0-0
2061
1-0
0-0
0-0
0-0
2062
0-0
0-0
0-0
0-0
2063
0-0
0-0
0-0
0-0
2064
0-0
0-0
0-0
0-0
------------------------------------------------Average
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.0
_________________________________________________
gluconic acid, 50% solution in water (pH of the test
material: 1.8)
(1) valid without restriction
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

5.2.2 Eye Irritation
60

UNEP PUBLICATIONS(19)

OECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006

Species:
Concentration:
Dose:
Exposure Time:
No. of Animals:
Vehicle:Result:EC classificat.:rabbit50 %.1 ml
4 hour(s)9water
not irritating
not irritating

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

Draize Test
1984
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Method:For the in vivo eye irritation test, 9 New Zealand white
albinos rabbits were used.
The eyes of the animals are examined before testing and only
those animals without observable eye defects are used. 0.1
ml of the test substance is allowed to fall on the everted
lower lid of one eye of each rabbit; the upper and lower eye
lid are then carefully closed and subsequently held together
for at least one second before releasing. The other eye,
untreated, serves as a control.
Their eyes of 3 rabbits were not washed out after the
instillation of the test substance. The eyes of the other 6
animals are washed out with 20 ml lukewarm water after 2
seconds (3 animals) or after 4 seconds (3 animals). Theeyes are examined at 1, 24, 48, 72 hours and 7 days after
instillation of the test material or until the eye effects
have cleared up completely. Ocular reactions are scoredwith the Draize Method.

Result:

The in vitro assessment of eye irritating properties of thetest material was made in enucleated rabbit eyes, placed insuperfusion chambers at 32°C. The test material was applied
to 4 eyes and the effects were observed with a Haag-Streit
slit lamp biomicroscope, over a period of 4 hours following
the application.
Eye irritation (in vivo)-----------------------The test material generally caused slight redness and slightswelling of the conjuctivae. After 72 hours, these effects
had cleared up.
Individual scores awarded to the ocular lesions elicited by
gluconic acid (50% in water)***********************************************************
After one hour:_______________
Rabbit /cornea/Iris /Conjunctivae/Discharge/ Total
Number /opacity area//redness - chemosis// score-------/------------/----/------------------/--------/------2044/ 00/ 0 / 2
1/
0
/ 6
UNEP PUBLICATIONS

61

OECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006
2100
/ 0
0
/ 1 / 1
1
/
1
/ 11
2101
/ 0
0
/ 0 / 1
1/
0
/ 4************************************************************
After 24 hours:_______________
Rabbit /cornea/Iris /Conjunctivae/Discharge/ Total
Number /opacity area//redness - chemosis// score-------/------------/----/------------------/--------/------2044/ 0
0 / 0 / 1
1
/
0
/
4
2100
/ 0
0 / 0 / 1
1
/
0
/
4
2101
/ 0
0 / 0 / 10/0/2************************************************************
After 48 hours:_______________
Rabbit /cornea/Iris /Conjunctivae/Discharge/ Total
Number /opacity area//redness - chemosis// score-------/------------/----/------------------/--------/------2044/ 0
0 / 0 / 1
1
/
0
/
4
2100
/ 0
0 / 0 / 1
1
/
0
/
4
2101
/ 0
0 / 0 / 10/0/2************************************************************
After 72 hours:_______________
Rabbit /cornea/Iris /Conjunctivae/Discharge/ Total
Number /opacity area//redness - chemosis// score-------/------------/----/------------------/--------/------2044/ 0
0 / 0 / 0
0
/
0
/
0
2100
/ 0
0 / 0 / 0
0
/
0
/
0
2101
/ 0
0 / 0 / 0
0
/
0
/
0

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
25-JAN-2006

Eye irritation (in vitro)------------------------During the course of the 4 hours after treatment cornea
swelling was 4% and slight permeability of the superficial
epithelial cell layers of the cornea was observed. These
effects were not considered to be of any toxicologicalsignificance.
gluconic acid, 50% solution in water (pH of the test
material: 1.8)
(1) valid without restriction
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(19)

5.3 Sensitization
5.4 Repeated Dose Toxicity
Type:Species:62

Sub-acuterat
UNEP PUBLICATIONS

Sex: male/female

OECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006

Strain:
Crj: CD(SD)Route of administration: gavage
Exposure period:
4 weeks
Frequency of treatment: daily
Doses:
0, 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg bw
Control Group:
yes, concurrent no treatment
NOAEL:= 1000 mg/kg bw
NOAEL females := 2000 mg/kg bw
Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data
1995
no dataother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier
sodium gluconate(2) valid with restrictions
Secondary litterature but described in sufficient detail ina
recognised WHO report. Acceptable for initial assessment.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(17)

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005

Type:
Sub-acuteSpecies:rat
Strain:no data
Route of administration: oral feed
Exposure period:
10 daysFrequency of treatment: daily
Doses:
400 mg/kg/day
Control Group:no data specified

Sex:

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1942
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:No effect on the metabolic rate. Also, sodium and magnesium
gluconate were fed at a level of 450 mg/kg/day and themetabolic rate reduced. However, the rate returned tonormal when the gluconate feeding was discontinued. These
results suggest that the observed effects were produced by
the cations and not by the gluconate portion of themolecule.
gluconic acid(3) invalid
secondary litterature(1)

Test substance:
Reliability:
14-NOV-2005

Type:
Sub-acuteSpecies:human
Route of administration: oral unspecified
Exposure period:
3-6 daysFrequency of treatment: no data
Doses:
5-10 g/day
Control Group:no data specified
UNEP PUBLICATIONS

Sex: no data

63

OECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1941
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:Oral administration of gluconic acid at doses of 5-10 g/day
for periods varying from 3 to 6 days to five volunteers
induced no renal changes, i.e. no blood, protein, casts, orsugar was observed in the urine.
gluconic acid(3) invalid
old study(2)

Test substance:
Reliability:
14-NOV-2005

Type:
Sub-acuteSpecies:other: cats and dogs
Strain:no data
Route of administration: gavage
Exposure period:
14 daysFrequency of treatment: daily
Doses:
1 g gluconic acid (10% solution)
Control Group:no data specified

Sex: no data

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: not specified
1941
noas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Method:5 cats and 3 dogs received a daily dose of 1 g gluconic acid(10% solution) by stomach intubation for 14 days.
No changes were observed in general appearance or in theurine of either species. Several incidences of vomiting anddiarrhoea were reported in 3 of the cats. Gross examinationof the lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract,urinary bladder, ureter, and spleen of treated animals
showed that they were normal. No histological abnormalities
were observed in the livers, lungs, or kidneys. The bloodpressure of cats given intravenous injections of gluconic
acid and ammonium gluconate (500 mg/kg) fell temporarily but
returned to normal within 5 minutes.
gluconic acid(3) invalid(2)

Result:

Test substance:
Reliability:
14-NOV-2005

5.5 Genetic Toxicity 'in Vitro'Type:other: Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Salmonella
typhimurium reverse mutation assay
System of testing:bacterial and non bacterial
Concentration:
bacteria: 0.006%, 0.0012 %, 0.0024 % and yeast: 1.25%,
2.50% and 5.00%
Cytotoxic Concentration: 50% survival in bacteria calculated was at 0.0024 %test substance and 5% for yeast
Metabolic activation:with and without
Result:negative
64

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

OECD Guide-line 471
1975
no dataother TS

Remark:This study was conducted using 3 bacteria strains(salmonella typhimurium) and one yeast strain (saccharomyces
cervisiae) rather than a fourth bacteria strain as
indicators for this in vitro microbial assay with andwithout metabolic activation. Therefore, the results ofthis report on bacteria and yeast are included in the sameentry.

Test substance:
Reliability:

Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
sodium gluconate(2) valid with restrictions
OECD guideline No. 471 followed except that the study was
made on one yeast strain : saccharomyces cerevisiae, strain
D4 and 3 bacteria strains: S. typhimurium TA1535, TA1537 andTA 1538.
Positive controls different from the ones described in theOECD guideline No 471.

Flag:
14-NOV-2005

The study was made only on 3 test concentrations.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(13)

5.6 Genetic Toxicity 'in Vivo'
Type:

Result:other: in vivo chromosomal aberration test with mouse bonemarrow cells
mouse
Sex: male
C57BL
oral feed
single dose and 4 days
single dose administration : 2.5, 5 and 10 g/kg.
4 day repeated dose: 1.25 and 2.5 g/kg
negative

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1974
no dataother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
sodium gluconate(2) valid with restrictionstranslation of a report not fully documented but acceptablefor initial assessment
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(21)

Species:
Strain:Route of admin.:
Exposure period:
Doses:

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005

5.7 Carcinogenicity
UNEP PUBLICATIONS

65OECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006

5.8.1 Toxicity to Fertility
5.8.2 Developmental Toxicity/Teratogenicity
Species:
Strain:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:rat
Sex: female
Wistargavagefrom day 6 to day 15 of gestation
daily
10 days0, 5.94, 27.6, 128.0, 594.0 mg/kg
yes, concurrent vehicle> 594 mg/kg bw> 594 mg/kg bw
non teratogen

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1973
no dataother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study underglucono-delta-lactone SIDS dossier.
Glucono-delta-lactone(1) valid without restriction
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005(4)

Species:
Strain:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:mouse
Sex: female
CD-1
gavagefrom day 6 to day 15 of gestation
daily
10 days0, 6.95, 32.5, 150, 695 mg/kg
yes, concurrent vehicle> 695 mg/kg bw> 695 mg/kg bw
non teratogen

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1973
noother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study underglucono-delta-lactone SIDS dossier.
Glucono-delta-lactone(1) valid without restriction
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005

Species:
66(4)

rabbitUNEP PUBLICATIONS

Sex: female

OECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006

Strain:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:Dutch
gavagefrom day 6 to 18 of gestation
daily
13 days0, 7.80, 36.2, 168.5, 780.0 mg/kg
yes, concurrent vehicle> 780 mg/kg bw> 780 mg/kg bw
non teratogen

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1973
noother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study underglucono-delta-lactone SIDS dossier.
Glucono-delta-lactone(1) valid without restriction
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005(4)

Species:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:hamster
Sex: female
gavagefrom day 6 to day 10 of gestation
daily
5 days0, 5.60, 26.0, 121, 560 mg/kg
yes, concurrent vehicle> 560 mg/kg bw> 560 mg/kg bw
non teratogen

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1973
noother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study underglucono-delta-lactone SIDS dossier.
Glucono-delta-lactone(1) valid without restriction
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005

Species:
Strain:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:

(3)

rat
Sex: female
Sprague-Dawleyoral unspecified
from day 6 to day 15 of gestation
daily
10 days1000 and 4000 mg/kg
no data specified> 4000 mg/kg bw> 4000 mg/kg bw
UNEP PUBLICATIONS

67OECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006

Result:non teratogen

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1978
no dataother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study underglucono-delta-lactone SIDS dossier.
Glucono-delta-lactone(2) valid with restrictions
short abstract but acceptable for initial assessment
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005

Species:
Strain:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:mouse
Sex: female
ICR
oral unspecified
from day 6 to day 15 of gestation
daily
10 days1000 and 4000 mg/kg
no data specified> 4000 mg/kg bw> 4000 mg/kg bw
non teratogen

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1978
no dataother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study underglucono-delta-lactone SIDS dossier.
Glucono-delta-lactone(2) valid with restrictions
short abstract but acceptable for initial assessment
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005

(6)

(7)

5.8.3 Toxicity to Reproduction, Other Studies
5.9 Specific Investigations
5.10 Exposure Experience
5.11 Additional Remarks
Type:

Excretion

Remark:Effect of gluconic acid on the urine of human subjects:
Oral administration of gluconic acid at doses of 5-10 g/day
for periods varying from 3 to 6 days to five volunteers

68

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006
induced no renal changes, i.e. no blood, protein, casts, orsugar was observed in the urine. The results show that
gluconic acid produces no signs of renal injury, judged inthis way.
Oral administrations of 10-30 g gluconic acid showed thatthe excretion varies from 7.7 to 15 % of the dose in the 24hours, the major part of the excretion taking place within
the first few hours. The concentration in urine at 10-30 gdoses was extremely variable, ranging fro 0.03 to .4 %,usually, however, less than 0.5 %Effect of gluconic acid on the pH of the urine:

Reliability:

10 - 50 g doses gluconic acid were given at one time to 10
persons, 5 with and 5 without a urinary infection and marked
variation of the average pH of the urine examined. In
normal urine, the pH usually decined. In infected urine, adecline rarely occurred and the usual response was a rise of
the pH. A similar resistance of infected urine toacidification by intravenous injections of gluconic acid inhuman beings was reported by Bodon. (1936)(3) invalid
Secondary litterature. Old study, not well documented

14-NOV-2005

(2)

Type:

Metabolism

Remark:D-gluconic acid and its 1,5-lactone are importantintermediates in carbohydrate metabolism. These compounds
serve two important functions:(1) they contribute to the synthesis of reduced
nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), whichis required in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and steroids,
andReliability:(2) they lead to the formation of ribose-5-phosphate, which
is used in nucleic acid synthesis.
(2) valid with restrictions
Data from Handbook or collection of data.

14-NOV-2005(23)

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

69

OECD SIDS
6. REFERENCES

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006(1) Berta, L., and G. Györi. (1942). Die Wirkung vonalkalimetall-ionen auf den grundstoffwechsel. Biochem. Z.
311:81-91.
(2) Chenoweth, M. D., Civin, H., Salzman, C., Cohn, M. & Gold,H. (1941). Further studies on the behaviour of gluconic acidand ammonium gluconate in animals and man. J. Lab. Clin.
Med., 6, 1574-1582.
(3) Food & Drug Research Laboratories (1973). Teratologic
evaluation of FDA 71-72 (glucono-delta-lactone). Unpublisheddata, contract No FDA71-260, FDRL, Maspeth, NewYork, USA.
(4) Food & Drug Research Laboratories (1973). Teratologic
evaluation of FDA 71-72 (glucono-delta-lactone). Unpublisheddata, contract No FDA71-260, FDRL, Maspeth,NewYork, USA.
(5) Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., LTD MSDS.
(6) Fukuhara, T. Fujii, N. Watanabe (1978b). Fujisawa
Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Central Laboratory. Teratogenicity
study of glucono-delta-lactone in rat (Oral dosing).
(7) Fukuhara, T. Fujii, N. Watanabe (1978c). Fujisawa
Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Central Laboratory. Teratogenicity
study of glucono-delta-lactone in mice (Oral dosing).
(8) Hydrotox GmbH (2001). Closed bottle test of sodium
D-gluconate, according to 92/69/EWG, C.4-E. Study Number
01/1004. Unpublished, sponsored by Jungbunzlauer S.A.,
Marckolsheim, France.
(9) Hydrotox GmbH (2001b). Anaerobic Degradation of sodium
D-gluconate, according to DIN EN ISO 11734. Unpublished,sponsored by Jungbunzlauer S.A., Marckolsheim,
France.
(10) Jungbunzlauer International AG MSDS
(11) Jungbunzlauer International AG MSDS.
(12) Life Science Research Office (1978). Evaluation of the
Health Aspects of Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium and Zinc
Gluconates as Food Ingredients, SCOGS-78, prepared for
Bureau of Foods, Food and Drug Administration, Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington D.C., Contract
No. FDA 233-75-2004. Life Science Research
Office, Federation of American Societies for Experimental
Biology, 9650 Rockville Pike Bethesda, Maryland(absorption and methabolism, acute toxicity, short-term
studies, teratogenicity, mutagenicity, 26 references).
(13) Litton Bionetics, Inc. (1975). Mutagenic evaluation ofcompound FDA 75-5 000527-07-1 sodium gluconate, FCC, Fine
granular. Submitted to Food and Drug Administration
Department of Health, Education and Welfare,Rockville, Maryland.
70

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
6. REFERENCES

D- GLUCONIC ACID
ID: 526-95-4
DATE: 25.1.2006(14) Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd. (2002). Acutetoxicity of sodium gluconate with Medaka (Oryzias
latipes). Study number A010387. Study sponsored by
Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
(15) Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd. (2002a). Acutetoxicity of sodium gluconate with Daphnia magna. Study
number A010388. Study sponsored by Fujisawa
Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
(16) Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd. (2002b). Growth
inhibition test of sodium gluconate with Algae (Selenastrum
capricornutum). Study Number A010389. Unpublished,sponsored by Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
(17) Mochizuki, M. (1995). A 4-week oral toxicity study of sodium
gluconate (FR2531). Final report No. BOZO/B-2966 from
Gotemba Laboratory, Bozo Research Center, Inc., Setagaya-Ku,
Tokyo 156, Japan.
(18) Mochizuki, M. (1995). A toxicity study of sodium gluconate(FR2531) by single oral administration in rats. Final report
No. BOZO/B-2965 from Gotemba Laboratory, Bozo ResearchCenter, Inc., Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo 156, Japan.
(19) Primary Dermal Irritation and Eye Irritation tests withgluconic acid in albino rabbits (1984). Akzo Chemie B.V.,
Amersfoort, The Netherlands. Project Numbers B84-0061/3 andV 0284.
(20) Roquette Frères MSDS.
(21) Tatsuo Yamashita et al. (1974). In vivo chromosomal
aberration test of glucono-delta-lactone and sodium
gluconate with mouse bone marrow cells. Central ResearchLaboratory, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
(22) The Merck Index (1996).
(23) Ullman's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (1999). 6th
Edition.

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

71

OECD SIDS

D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE

I

D

U

C

L

I

D

a

t

a

S

e

Existing Chemical
CAS No.
EINECS NameEC No.
Molecular Formula

ID: 90-80-2
90-80-2
D-glucono-1,5-lactone
202-016-5
C6H10O6

Producer Related Part
Company:
Creation date:

Keller and Heckman LLP
02-APR-2003

t

Substance Related Part
Company:
Keller and Heckman LLP
Creation date:
02-APR-2003
Memo:

OECD HPV Chemicals Programme, SIDS Dossier, approved at
SIAM 18 (20-23 April 2004)

Printing date:
Revision date:
Date of last Update:

25 JAN-2006

Number of Pages:

49

25-JAN-2006

Chapter (profile):
Chapter: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10
Reliability (profile): Reliability: without reliability, 1, 2, 3, 4
Flags (profile):
Flags: without flag, confidential, non confidential, WGK(DE), TA-Luft (DE), Material Safety Dataset, Risk
Assessment, Directive 67/548/EEC, SIDS

72

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
1. GENERAL INFORMATION

D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

1.0.1 Applicant and Company Information
Type:
Name:
Contact Person:
Street:Town:
Country:
Phone:
Telefax:
Email:
Remark:lead organisation
The Gluconic acid and its sodium, potassium and calcium salts
and glucono-delta-lactone consortium
Jean-Philippe Montfort
Date: 02-APR-2003
Rue Blanche 251060 Brussels
Belgium+32 2 541 05 70+ 32 2 541 05 80
montfort@khlaw.beSponsor Country for this Category: Belgium; Co-sponsor
country: Japan.

12-DEC-2005
Type:
Name:
Contact Person:
Street:Town:
Country:
Phone:
Telefax:
Email:

manufacturer
FUSO Chemical Co. Ltd
Ph.D. Shinichi Sugita
Date:
Iwamoto-cho Toyo Building, 1-2 Iwamoto-cho 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku
101 0032 TokyoJapan+81 3 5820 1611
+81 3 5820 1634
Shinichi.Sugita@fusokk.co.jp

03-AUG-2004
Type:
Name:
Contact Person:
Street:Town:
Country:
Phone:
Telefax:
Email:

manufacturer
Jungbunzlauer International AG
Raphaël Singer
Date: 17-APR-2003
St. Alban-Vorstadt 90
4002 Basel
Switzerland+41 61 295 51 25+41 61 295 52 66
raphael.singer@jungbunzlauer.ch

17-OCT-2003
Type:
Name:
Contact Person:
Town:
Country:
Phone:
Telefax:
Email:

manufacturer
Roquette Freres
Johnny Pallot
Date:62080 Lestrem Cedex
France+33 3 21 63 37 40+33 3 21 63 38 50
JOHNNY.PALLOT@roquette.com

31-JUL-2003
Type:
Name:
Contact Person:
Street:Town:

manufacturer
PURAC
Ton van Dongen
PO BOX 21
4200 AA Gorinchem

Date:

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

73

OECD SIDS
1. GENERAL INFORMATIONCountry:
Phone:
Telefax:
Email:

D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

Netherlands+31 183 695 730+31 183 695 603
t.van.dongen@purac.com

03-AUG-2004
1.0.2 Location of Production Site, Importer or Formulator
1.0.3 Identity of Recipients
1.0.4 Details on Category/Template
Remark:Glucono-delta-lactone, gluconic acid and its sodium, calcium
and potassium salts have been proposed in a category, as thesalts of gluconic acid freely dissociate to the gluconate
anion and the respective cation.
Glucono-delta-lactone (GDL) is the inner ester of gluconic
acid formed by the removal of water.
When glucono-delta-lactone is used in aqueous solution, it
is slowly hydrolysed until an equilibrium is reached between
gluconic acid and its delta-lactone.

12-AUG-2004
1.1.0 Substance Identification
IUPAC Name:
Smiles Code:Mol. Formula:
Mol. Weight:

D-gluconic acid, .delta. -lactone
O=C ( OC (C (O) C1O) CO) C1O
C6H10O6
178.1410-AUG-2004
1.1.1 General Substance Information
Purity type:
Substance type:Physical status:
Purity:Colour:Odour:

typical for marketed substanceorganic
solid
ca. 99 - 101 % w/w
whiteneutralRemark:Glucono-delta-lactone (GDL) is the inner ester of gluconic
acid formed by the removal of water. GDL is commercially
produced by an aerobic oxidising fermentation process toconvert a carbohydrate source into gluconic acid. After
fermentation a blend of gluconic acid and GDL is separated
by crystallisation.
oxidation

74

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

crystallisation

OECD SIDS
1. GENERAL INFORMATION

D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

Glucose -----------> gluconic acid <================> GDL
1/2 O2
C6H12O6 -----------> C6H12O7
10-NOV-2005-H2O<================> C6H10O6
+H2O
(21)

1.1.2 Spectra
1.2 Synonyms and Tradenames
D(-)-Pentahydroxycaproic acid-1,5-lactone
25-JUN-2003
Glucono-1,5-lactone
25-JUN-2003
glucono-delta-lactone
25-JUN-2003
pentahydroxycaproic acid 1,5-lactone
25-JUN-2003
1.3 Impurities
Purity type:typical for marketed substance

Remark:For food applications the level of impurities complies withthe restrictions laid down in the corresponding EU
Directives.

19-JAN-2004
1.4 Additives
Remark:10-NOV-2005

For all the chemicals of the category: no additives used

1.5 Total Quantity
Quantity:ca. 10000 - 20000 tonnes produced in 2000

Remark:Flag:
10-AUG-2004

Estimation of the worldwide market.
confidential

Quantity:> 1000 tonnes produced in 1999

Remark:Estimated production capacity for glucono-delta-lactone in
UNEP PUBLICATIONS

75

OECD SIDS
1. GENERAL INFORMATION

Flag:
10-NOV-2005

D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

Western Europe.
confidential(29)

1.6.1 Labelling
Remark:For all the chemicals in the category: proposal of Industry:
no labelling required

10-NOV-2005
1.6.2 Classification
Classified:other, as in legislation

Remark:For all chemicals of the category: proposal of Industry: noclassification required

10-NOV-2005
1.6.3 Packaging
1.7 Use Pattern
Type:
Category:

type
Wide dispersive use

Remark:14-AUG-2003

Data for the category: see sodium gluconate

1.7.1 Detailed Use Pattern
1.7.2 Methods of Manufacture
1.8 Regulatory Measures
1.8.1 Occupational Exposure Limit Values
1.8.2 Acceptable Residues Levels
1.8.3 Water Pollution
1.8.4 Major Accident Hazards
1.8.5 Air Pollution

76

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
1. GENERAL INFORMATION

D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

1.8.6 Listings e.g. Chemical Inventories
1.9.1 Degradation/Transformation Products
1.9.2 Components
1.10 Source of Exposure
Source of exposure: other
Remark:14-AUG-2003

Data for the category: see sodium gluconate

1.11 Additional Remarks
Remark:In the European Parliament and Council Directive 95/2/EC
glucono-delta-lactone is listed as a generally permitted
food additive (E 575) and may be added to all foodstuffs,
following the "quantum satis" principle, as long as no
special regulations restrict the use.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) assigned
glucono-delta-lactone the "generally recognised as safe"(GRAS) status and permitted its use in food without
limitation other than good manufacturing practice (21 CFR,
§184.1318).

10-AUG-2004
1.12 Last Literature Search
12-AUG-2004
1.13 Reviews

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77

OECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATAD-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

2.1 Melting Point
Decomposition:

yes at = 153 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data specified
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(2) valid with restrictions
Data from Handbook or collection of data.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
12-AUG-2004(30)

Decomposition:

yes at = 153 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
12-AUG-2004(4)

Value:

ca. 153 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data specified
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
12-AUG-2004(22)

Value:
Decomposition:ca. 153 degree C
yes at > 180 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data specified
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
12-AUG-2004
2.2 Boiling Point
Value:= 398.5 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: calculatednoas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Remark:Estimated with MPBPWIN (v1.41) program from US EPA (EPI
v3.11)

78

UNEP PUBLICATIONS(13)OECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA
Reliability:
Flag:
10-AUG-2004

D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

2.3 Density
Type:
Value:

relative density= 1.68

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
10-AUG-2004

(4)

Type:
Value:

bulk density= 800 kg/m3

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
10-AUG-2004
Type:
Value:

bulk density
ca. 800 kg/m3

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no datanoas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
10-AUG-2004

(13)

(22)

2.3.1 Granulometry
2.4 Vapour Pressure
Value:= .00000000241 hPa

Method:GLP:Test substance:other (calculated)noas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Remark:Estimated with MPBPVP (v1.41) program from US EPA (EPI
v3.11):UNEP PUBLICATIONS

79

OECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA

Result:Reliability:
Flag:
10-AUG-2004

D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

Vapor Pressure Estimations (25 deg C):(Using BP: 398.51 deg C (estimated))(Using MP: 153.00 deg C (user entered))
VP: 2.5E-010 mm Hg (Antoine Method)
VP: 1.81E-009 mm Hg (Modified Grain Method)
VP: 1E-006 mm Hg (Mackay Method)
Selected VP: 1.81E-009 mm Hg = 2.41E-009 hPa (Modified
Grain Method)
Selected VP: 1.81E-009 mm Hg = 2.41E-009 hPa (Modified
Grain Method)(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

2.5 Partition CoefficientPartition Coeff.: octanol-waterlog Pow:= -1.98
Method:GLP:other (calculated)noRemark:Estimated with Kowwin (v1.67) program from US EPA (EPI
v3.11)(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Reliability:
Flag:
10-AUG-2004

2.6.1 Solubility in different media
Solubility in:
Value:

Water= 590 g/l at 25 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(2) valid with restrictions
Data from Handbook or collection of data
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
10-AUG-2004
Solubility in:
Value:

other: alcoholca. 10 g/l at 25 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data specified
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(2) valid with restrictions
Data from Handbook or collection of data.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
12-AUG-2004
80

(30)

(30)
UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATAD-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

Solubility in:
Value:
pH
value:
Conc.:

Water
ca. 500 g/l at 20 degree C= 4
1 vol% degree C

Remark:pH = 2.6 after 2 hours (equilibrium with gluconic acid of
the 1% solution is reached after 2 hours)(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Reliability:
Flag:
10-AUG-2004(13)

Solubility in:
Value:
pH
value:
Conc.:

Water
ca. 500 g/l at 20 degree C
ca. 4
1 vol% degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Remark:Reliability:
Flag:
10-AUG-2004

pH: approximately 4 at 1%, approximately 2.6 after 2 hours(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(22)

Solubility in:
Value:

Water= 590 g/l

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
10-AUG-2004(4)

Solubility in:
Value:

Water
ca. 900 g/l at 20 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(2) valid with restrictions
Data from Handbook or collection of data
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
12-AUG-2004(32)

2.6.2 Surface Tension

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

81

OECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATAD-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

2.7 Flash Point
2.8 Auto Flammability
2.9 Flammability
2.10 Explosive Properties
2.11 Oxidizing Properties
2.12 Dissociation ConstantAcid-base Const.: pKA = 3.70
Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(2) valid with restrictions
Data from Handbook or collection of data
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
10-AUG-2004(32)

2.13 Viscosity
2.14 Additional Remarks

82

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS

D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

3.1.1 Photodegradation
Type:
Deg. products:

air
not measured

Method:GLP:Test substance:other (calculated): Estimated with AOP (v1.91) program from US
EPA (EPI v3.11)
noas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Remark:Estimated with AOP (v1.91) program from US EPA (EPI v3.11)
OVERALL OH Rate Constant =Reliability:
Flag:
12-AUG-2004

32.4111 E-12 cm3/molecule-sec

HALF-LIFE =0.330 Days (12-hr day; 1.5E6 OH/cm3)
HALF-LIFE =3.960 Hrs
(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

3.1.2 Stability in Water
Type:

abiotic

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Remark:When glucono-delta-lactone is used in aqueous solution, it
is slowly hydrolysed until a balance is reached between
gluconic acid and its delta-lactone. (see attacheddocument).
At an initial concentration of 10% glucono-delta-lactone,
the equilibrium gluconate-lactone is 80/20.
At 25°C, glucono-delta-lactone in solution in water at aconcentration of w/w 0.75% has an equilibrium pH of 2.5-2.7.

Attached doc.:
Reliability:
Flag:
25-JAN-2006

When an alkaline product is added, the equilibrium is upset
and all the lactone is converted into acid.
hydrolysis rate of GDL at pH 6 and 7 (see attached document)(4) not assignable
Data from commercial brochures. No data on method used.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(5) (23)

3.1.3 Stability in Soil
3.2.1 Monitoring Data (Environment)
3.2.2 Field Studies
UNEP PUBLICATIONS

83

OECD SIDS
3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS

D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

3.3.1 Transport between Environmental Compartments
Type:Media:
Method:fugacity model level III
otherother: calculated

Remark:Estimated with the Level III Fugacity Model program LEVEL3NT
from US EPA (EPI v3.11)
Chem Name: D-Gluconic acid, .delta.-lactone
Molecular Wt: 178.14
Henry's LC : 1.38e-009 atm-m3/mole (Henrywin program)
Vapor Press : 1.81e-009 mm Hg (Mpbpwin program)
Liquid VP: 3.34e-008 mm Hg (super-cooled)
Melting Pt : 153 deg C (user-entered)Log Kow: -1.98 (Kowwin program)
Soil Koc: 0.00429 (calc by model)-----------------------------------------------------Mass AmountHalf-Life
Emissions(percent)(hr)(kg/hr)-----------------------------------------------------Air
0.8
7.92
1000
Water
46.8
208
1000
Soil
52.3
208
1000
Sediment 0.0698
8320_______________________________________________________------------------------------------------------------------------Fugacity
Reaction
Advection
Reaction
Advection(atm)(kg/hr)(kg/hr)(percent)(percent)------------------------------------------------------------------Air
2.59e-013
461
52.7
15.4
1.76
Water
1.19e-014
1.03e+003
308
34.2
10.3
Soil
4.95e-013
1.15e+003
038.3
0Sediment 8.91e-015
0.383
0.00920.01280.000307____________________________________________________________________
Persistence Time: 220 hr
Reaction Time:250 hrAdvection Time:
1.83e+003 hr
Percent Reacted: 88
Percent Advected: 12
Half-Lives (hr), (based upon Biowin (Ultimate) and Aopwin):
Air:
7.92
Water:
208.1
Soil:
208.1
Sediment: 832.3
Biowin estimate: 3.586 (days-weeks )Advection Times (hr):84UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS

Reliability:
Flag:
10-AUG-2004

D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

Air:
100
Water:
1000
Sediment: 5e+004(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

3.3.2 Distribution
Media:
Method:air - biota - sediment(s) - soil - waterother (calculation)

Result:Henry's law constant estimated with HENRY (v3.10) programfrom US EPA (EPI v3.11)
HENRYs LAW CONSTANT at 25 deg C = 1.38E-009 atm-m3/mole---------------------------------------------------------Soil Adsorption Coefficient estimated with PCKOC (v1.66)
program from US EPA (EPI v3.11)
First Order Molecular Connectivity Index: 5.575
Non-Corrected Log Koc: 3.5876
Fragment Correction(s):2Aliphatic Alcohol (-C-OH): -3.0386
1
Ester (-C-CO-O-C-) or (HCO-O-C) : -1.3089
Corrected Log Koc : -0.7599
Over Correction Adjustment to Lower Limit Log Koc :Reliability:
Flag:
10-AUG-2004

1.0000Estimated Koc: 10(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

3.4 Mode of Degradation in Actual Use
3.5 Biodegradation
Type:
Inoculum:
Concentration:
Contact time:
Degradation:
Result:Kinetic:

Control Subst.:
Kinetic:
Deg. product:

aerobic
other: secondary effluent of a municipal sewage plant(Breisgauer Bucht, 500000 population equivalent), 0.4 ml/l
3 mg/l related to Test substance
28 day(s)= 89 % after 28 day(s)readily biodegradable
3 day(s)= 61.13 %7 day(s)= 74.35 %14 day(s)= 66.09 %21 day(s)= 71.94 %28 day(s)= 88.88 %Acetic acid, sodium salt
3 day(s)= 67.15 %28 day(s)= 80.93 %not measured
UNEP PUBLICATIONS

85

OECD SIDS
3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS

D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

Directive 92/69/EEC, C.4-E
2001
yes
other TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
The 89% degradation indicated here relates to the
Theoritical Oxygen Demand (ThOD)
Sodium gluconate: 99.0-101.0%(1) valid without restriction
study conducted according to OECD guidelines, valid
test,quality assurance and GLP certificates
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
10-NOV-2005
Type:
Inoculum:(11)

Deg. product:

anaerobic
other: Digesting sludge of a municipal sewage plant(Breisgauer Bucht, 500000 population equivalent), 2.9 g total
solids/l
303 mg/l related to Test substance
35 day(s)= 100 % after 35 day(s)readily biodegradable
1 day(s)= 8 %8 day(s)= 51 %
15 day(s)= 57 %
22 day(s)= 61 %
35 day(s)= 100 %
Benzoic acid, sodium salt
8 day(s)= 6 %35 day(s)= 100 %
not measured

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: DIN EN ISO 11734
2001
yesother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
Sodium gluconate(1) valid without restriction
study conducted according to OECD guidelines, valid
test,quality assurance and GLP certificates
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Concentration:
Contact time:
Degradation:
Result:Kinetic:

Control Subst.:
Kinetic:

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
10-NOV-2005(12)

3.6 BOD5, COD or BOD5/COD Ratio
3.7 Bioaccumulation
3.8 Additional Remarks
86

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
4. ECOTOXICITY

D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

AQUATIC ORGANISMS
4.1 Acute/Prolonged Toxicity to Fish
Type:
Species:
Exposure period:
Unit:
NOEC:
LC0:
Limit Test:

semistatic
Oryzias latipes
96 hour(s)mg/l> 100 > 100 yes

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

OECD Guide-line 2032002
yesother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
sodium gluconate : 99.6%(1) valid without restriction
study conducted according to OECD guidelines, valid
test,quality assurance and GLP certificates
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
10-NOV-2005(Fish, fresh water)
Analytical monitoring: yes"Fish, Acute Toxicity Test"

(16)

Type:
Species:
Exposure period:
Unit:
LC0:
LC50:
LC100:
Limit Test:

other
other: no data
48 hour(s)mg/l= 250 = 360 = 400 no

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: DIN 38 412 L15
1992
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:Due to the hydrolysis of the glucono-delta-lactone togluconic acid, the pH was reduced and therefore the LC50 and
LC100 observed are not related to the toxicity of thesubstance but rather due to the non physiologic conditions(pH= 4).
Glucono-delta-lactone(3) invalid
short abstract, no data on species, unphysiologic
conditions, no OECD guidelines(26)

Test substance:
Reliability:
10-NOV-2005

Analytical monitoring: no data

4.2 Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates
Type:
Species:
Exposure period:

staticDaphnia magna
48 hour(s)(Crustacea)
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87

OECD SIDS
4. ECOTOXICITY

D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

Unit:
NOEC:
EC100:
Limit Test:

mg/l> 1000 > 1000 yes

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

OECD Guide-line 202
2002
yesother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
sodium gluconate : 99.6%(1) valid without restriction
study conducted according to OECD guidelines, valid
test,quality assurance and GLP certificates
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
10-NOV-2005

Analytical monitoring: yes

(17)

Type:
Species:
Exposure period:
Unit:
EC50:
Limit Test:

staticDaphnia magna
24 hour(s)mg/l= 305 no

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: DIN 38 412 -L 30
1997
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:At 200 mg/l, all daphnia kept their swimming capabilities.
At 250 mg/l, 7 daphnia kept their swimming capabilities.
At 333 mg/l, none of the daphnia kept their swimming
capabilities.

(Crustacea)
Analytical monitoring: no data

The EC calculated for glucono-delta-lactone was 305 mg/l.
The report also refers to the GD value = dilution level
where minimum 90% of the daphnia survived

Test condition:

Test substance:
Reliability:= > Due to the GD value = 5 (at 200 mg/l 100% daphnia
survived); glucono-delta-lactone was considered to be weak
toxic.
Species: daphnia magna
Biomass loading: 2 groups of 5 daphnias
Test concentration : 1 g/l
T°: 20°C
PH: 3.17
glucono-delta-lactone(3) invalid
short abstract, no OECD guidelines

10-NOV-2005(27)

4.3 Toxicity to Aquatic Plants e.g. Algae
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D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

Species:
Endpoint:
Exposure period:
Unit:
NOEC:
EC50:
Limit Test:

Selenastrum capricornutum (Algae)
growth rate
72 hour(s)mg/lAnalytical monitoring: yes= 560 > 1000 yes

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

OECD Guide-line 201
2002
yesother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
Sodium gluconate: 99.6%(1) valid without restriction
study conducted according to OECD guidelines, valid
test,quality assurance and GLP certificates
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
10-NOV-2005"Algae, Growth Inhibition Test"

Species:
Endpoint:
Exposure period:
Unit:
EC50:
Limit Test:

Scenedesmus subspicatus (Algae)
biomass
72 hour(s)mg/lAnalytical monitoring: no data
> 1000 no

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: DIN 38412 - L33
1997
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:GA = smallest dilution where inhibition of biomass
production is reduced by 20% = > GA= 2
Dilution1
2
3

Test condition:

Test substance:
Reliability:
10-NOV-2005

Measured value
11.3
6.02
13.4
6.46
13.3

(18)

pH
% inhibition30-15*-36.7** negative value = increase of the biomass production
Incubation: 72 h
T°: 23°C.
Measurement of chlorophylle fluorescence: lambda = 450- 685
nmConcentration of test: 1 g/l
pH= 3.09
Glucono-delta-lactone(3) invalid
short abstract, no OECD guidelines(24)

4.4 Toxicity to Microorganisms e.g. Bacteria
Species:

Pseudomonas putida(Bacteria)

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D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

Exposure period:
Unit:
EC0:

16 hour(s)mg/l> 500 -

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: DIN 38 412 L8
1992
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:0-500 mg/l: stimulation of growth> 500 mg/l: inhibition of growth due to the highconcentration of glucono-delta-lactone that hydrolyses into
the acid and reduces the pH (3.2-3.3).
Exposure period: 16 h (+/- 1 h incubation)
Temperature: 21°C
Limit test: yes
2 range of concentration tested:
0-500 mg/l
> 500 mg/l
The pH was corrected to reach a value between 6 and 8.
Glucono-delta-lactone(3) invalid
short abstract, no OECD guidelines(25)

Test condition:

Test substance:
Reliability:
10-NOV-2005

Analytical monitoring: no data

4.5 Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms
4.5.1 Chronic Toxicity to Fish
4.5.2 Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates

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D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS
4.6.1 Toxicity to Sediment Dwelling Organisms
Species:otherRemark:No data available but exposure in sediment expected to be
extremely limited according to the Level III Fugacity Model
program LEVEL3NT from US EPA (EPI v3.11).

10-AUG-2004
4.6.2 Toxicity to Terrestrial Plants
Method:other

Remark:14-AUG-2003

no data available

4.6.3 Toxicity to Soil Dwelling Organisms
Method:other

Remark:no data available but due to the low intrinsic toxicity inaquatic organisms, it is reasonable to expect a similar low
toxic impact on terrestrial organisms.

10-AUG-2004

4.6.4 Toxicity to other Non-Mamm. Terrestrial Species
4.7 Biological Effects Monitoring
4.8 Biotransformation and Kinetics
4.9 Additional Remarks

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D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

5.0 Toxicokinetics, Metabolism and Distribution
In Vitro/in vivo:
Type:
Species:

In vivo
Absorption
rat

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1979
noas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Method:Radioactivity was measured in the blood of normal andalloxan diabetic rats, after oral administration of[U-14C]gluconate and [U-14C]glucono-delta-lactone (0.8g/kg), respectively.

Result:

Test substance:
Reliability:
14-NOV-2005

Radioactivity was also measured in the intestinal contents
and feces 5 h after ingestion of the radioactive materials.
glucono-delta-lactone is absorbed more rapidly from theintestine than sodium gluconate. A higher retention intissues and a greater loss in urine was also observed afteradministration of the lactone. Incorporation into liver
glycogen is also higher from the lactone than from thegluconate, particularly in diabetic animals.
Initial oxidation occurred after 7 h with the gluconate and
4 h for the lactone. The oxidative turnover of lactone andgluconate was significantly enhanced in diabetic animals.
The better utilisation in diabetic metabolism is in part
explainable by a rise of glycolitic intermediates in theliver, which are decreased in starvation and diabetes.
glucono-delta-lactone(4) not assignable
Secondary literature(28)

5.1 Acute Toxicity
5.1.1 Acute Oral Toxicity
Type:Species:
Strain:Sex:
No. of Animals:
Vehicle:Doses:
Value:

LDLo
rat
Crj: CD(SD)male/female10
no data
500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg> 2000 mg/kg bw

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data
1995
no dataother TS

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Test substance:
Reliability:

D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

Flag:
14-NOV-2005

Sodium gluconate(2) valid with restrictions
Short abstract not well documented but key study for initialassessment.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint
(19)

Type:
Species:
Strain:Sex:
Vehicle:Doses:
Value:

LD50
rat
no datano datano datano data= 5940 mg/kg bw

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1973
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Test substance:
Reliability:

glucono-delta-lactone(4) not assignable
These are only results reported in another review paper.
other data are available
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
14-NOV-2005
Type:
Species:
Strain:Sex:
Vehicle:Doses:
Value:

LD50
mouse
no datano datano datano data= 6800 mg/kg bw

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1973
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Test substance:
Reliability:

glucono-delta-lactone(4) not assignable
These are only results reported in another review paper.
other data are available.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
14-NOV-2005
Type:
Species:
Strain:Sex:
Vehicle:Doses:
Value:

LD50
rabbitno datano datano datano data= 7850 mg/kg bw

Method:Year:
GLP:

other: no data specified
1973
no data
UNEP PUBLICATIONS

No
(33)

No
(33)

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OECD SIDS
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D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

Test substance:

as prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Test substance:
Reliability:

glucono-delta-lactone(4) not assignable
These are only results reported in another review paper.
other data are available.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
14-NOV-2005
Type:
Species:
Strain:Sex:
Vehicle:Doses:
Value:

LD50
hamsterno datano datano datano data= 5600 mg/kg bw

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1973
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Test substance:
Reliability:

glucono-delta-lactone(4) not assignable
These are only results reported in another review paper.
other data are available.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
14-NOV-2005

No
(33)

No
(33)

5.1.2 Acute Inhalation Toxicity
5.1.3 Acute Dermal Toxicity
5.1.4 Acute Toxicity, other Routes
5.2 Corrosiveness and Irritation
5.2.1 Skin Irritation
Species:other: no data on glucono-delta-lactone. See gluconic acid

10-AUG-2004
5.2.2 Eye Irritation
Species:other: no data on glucono-delta-lactone. See gluconic acid

10-AUG-2004

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D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

5.3 Sensitization
5.4 Repeated Dose Toxicity
Type:Sub-acuteSpecies:rat
Strain:
Crj: CD(SD)Route of administration: gavage
Exposure period:
4 weeks
Frequency of treatment: daily
Doses:
0, 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg bw
Control Group:
yes, concurrent no treatment
NOAEL:= 1000 mg/kg bw
NOAEL :
= 2000 mg/kg bw

Sex: male/female

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data
1995
no dataother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
Sodium gluconate(2) valid with restrictions
Secondary litterature but described in sufficient detail ina recognised International Organisation report. Acceptable
for assessment.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(20)

Test substance:
Reliability:

Flag:
14-NOV-2005

Type:
Chronic
Species:rat
Sex: male/female
Strain:Sprague-Dawley
Route of administration: oral unspecified
Exposure period:
6 months
Frequency of treatment: no data
Doses:
250, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg/kg
Control Group:no data specified
Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1978
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:In all dose groups, thickening of the stratified squamous
epithelium was detected at the anterior stomach,
particularly the transitional area continuous with thepyloric stomach, and the frequency and severity of thisthickening increased with dose. In high dose groups,
submucosal inflammatory cell infiltration was also detected,
but this change was not statistically significant. The
above changes seemed to represent irritation due to thedrug.

Test condition:

No other abnormalities likely to be associated with the drug
were detected, and there was no death.
10 males and 10 females tested.
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D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006
During the period of treatment, observation of the generalcondition, measurement of body weight and food consumption
and urinalysis were carried out.
At the end of treatment, animals were sacrificed, and blood
specimen were collected for hematological and chemical
analyses.

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005

Major organs were observed grossly, weighed and examinedhistopathologically.
glucono-delta-lactone(2) valid with restrictions
only abstract, no data on control group, GLP, method,
frequency of exposure
Critical study for SIDS endpoint
(7)

Type:
Chronic
Species:rat
Sex: male/female
Strain:WistarRoute of administration: oral feed
Exposure period:
24 months
Frequency of treatment: no data
Doses:
2.5 % (1240-1350 mg/kg bw) and 10% (4920-5760 mg/kg)
doses (30 males and 30 females tested)
Control Group:no data specified
Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data
1978
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:In test diet groups, no abnormalities were observed in thegeneral condition throughout the period of testing, butweight gain tended to be slightly reduced since 2-3 months
after the initiation of the test feeding in 10% GDL group.
There was no statistically siginificant difference in thenumber of deaths
and the time to death between the test diet and the control
groups.

Test condition:

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
96

Histopathological examination showed changes accompanying
ageing were observed in all groups including the control,
but no specific changes likely to be associated with thetest diet were detected. Tumor development occurredconsiderably frequently, but tumor induction by the drug was
not detected.
The rats were fed with pellets containing 2.5% and 10 %concentration of glucono-delta-lactone. The total intake ofthe drug during testing was 1240-1350 mg/kg bw for the group
receiving 2.5% GDL and 4920-5760 mg/kg bw for the group
receiving 10 % in the pellets.
glucono-delta-lactone(2) valid with restrictions
only abstract, no data on control group, GLP, frequency of
exposure
Critical study for SIDS endpoint
UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY

D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

14-NOV-2005

(6)

Type:
Chronic
Species:rat
Strain:no data
Route of administration: other: diet
Exposure period:
26 weeks
Doses:
0 and 500 mg/kg bw
Control Group:no data specified
NOAEL:> 500 mg/kg bw

Sex: male/female

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1962
noas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:No reported adverse effects and no histopathologicalfindings.
glucono-delta-lactone(3) invalid
only secondary litterature + old study

Test substance:
Reliability:
14-NOV-2005

(2)

Type:
Sub-acuteSpecies:human
Strain:no data
Route of administration: oral feed
Exposure period:
3-6 daysFrequency of treatment: daily
Doses:
80-170mg/kg/day
Control Group:no data specified

Sex: no data

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1941
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Method:Oral doses of GDL (80-170mg/kg/day) were administered to 5
healthy human subjects for 3-6 days.
There was no sign of renal injury as judged by examining
urine for protein, casts, blood cells, pus cells and sugar.
glucono-delta-lactone(3) invalid
old study

Result:
Test substance:
Reliability:
14-NOV-2005(1)

5.5 Genetic Toxicity 'in Vitro'Type:other: Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Salmonella
typhimurium
System of testing:bacterial and non bacterial
Concentration:
bacteria: 0.25%, (2.5 µg/ml) and 0.50% (5 µg/ml) (0.50%
plate test) and yeast: 1.25% (12.5 µg/ml) and 2.50% (25µg/ml)
Cytotoxic Concentration: 50% survival in bacteria calculated was at 1% (10µg/ml) test substance and 5% (50 µg/ml) for yeast
Metabolic activation:with and without
Result:negative
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D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

OECD Guide-line 471
1974
noas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Method:A. Toxicity:
The solubility, toxicity and doses for all chemicals were
determined prior to screening.
Each chemical was tested for survival against strains
TA-1537 and D4 over a range of doses to determine the 50%
survival dose. Bacteria were tested in phosphate buffer, pH
7.4 for one hour at 37°c on a shaker.
Yeasts were tested in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 for 4 hours
at 30°c on a shaker. The 50% survival curve and the 1/4 and1/2 50% doses calculated. If no toxicity was obtained for achemical with a given strain, a maximum dose of 5% (w/v) wasused.
The doses calculated for the tests in buffer were applied tothe activation tests. The solubility of the test substanceunder treatment conditions was measured and GDL is soluble
in 0.067 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 (solvent used for thiscompound)--------------------------------------------B. Plate tests
Approximately 10 exp9 cells from a log phase culture of eachstrain were spread over the surface of a minimal plate, anda measured amount of the test chemical was placed in thecenter of the test plate.
In activation tests, the test chemical was added to thecells, and an aliquot of the mixture was spread on thesurface o fhte test plate. The reaction mixture (0.1 ml)
plus tissue extract was then spotted on hte surface of theplate.
The plates were incubated for 4 days at 37°C, andscored. Positive andsolvent controls were run with each assay.
-----------------------------------------------C. Suspension tests
1. Nonactivation
Log phase bacteria and stationary phase yeast cultures weregrown in complete broth, washed and resuspended in 0.9%
saline to densities of 1 x 10 exp9 cells/ml and 5 x 10 exp7
cells/ml respectively. Tests were conducted in plastic
tissue culture plates. Cells plus chemicals were added to
the wells to give a final volume of 2 ml. The solvent

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D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006
replaced the test chemical in the negative controls.
Treatment was at 30°C for 4 hours for yeast tests and at
37°c for one hour for bacterial tests. All flasks wereshaken during treatment. After treatments, the plates were
set on ice. Aliquots of cells were removed, diluted insterile saline (4°c) and plated on the appropriate complete
media. Undiluted samples from flasks containing thebacteria were plated on minimal selective medium inreversion experiments. Samples from a 1/10 dilution oftreated cells were plated on the selected media forenumeration of gene conversion with strain D4.
Bacterial plates were scored after incubation for 48 hours
at 37°C. The yeast plates were incubated at 30°C for 3-5
days before scoring.
2. Activation

Remark:Result:
Test condition:

Bacteria and yeast cells were grown and prepared as
described in the nonactivation tests except that the celldensities were increased approximately 5 x for working stock
suspensions. Measured amounts of the test and control
chemicals plus 0.25 ml of the stock cell suspension wereadded to a 30 ml plastic tissue homogenate. All flasks wereincubated at 37°C with shaking.
This study was conducted using 3 bacteria strains(salmonella typhimurium) and one yeast strain (saccharomyces
cervisiae) rather than a fourth bacteria strain as
indicators for this in vitro microbial assay with andwithout metabolic activation. Therefore, the results ofthis report on bacteria and yeast are included in the sameentry.
Glucono-delta-lactone was not genetically active, either
directly or in the presence of organ homogenates, in any of
the in vitro assays employed in this evaluation.
Strains

tested:Yeast: Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Strain D4
Bacteria: Salmonella typhimurium, strains: TA1535, TA1537,
TA1538-----------------------------Reaction mixture:
Component:
Final concentration/ml
TNP (sodium salt)
6 µM
Isocitric acid
49 µM
Tris buffer, pH 7.4
28 µM
MgCl2
1.7 µM
Isocitric dehydrogenase
6.3 units
Tissue homogenate or cell fraction-------------------------------Tissue homogenates and supernatants:
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OECD SIDS
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D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006
The tissue homogenates and supernatants (9000 g) wereprepared from tissues of mouse (ICR random bred adultmales); rat (Sprague-Dawnley adult males) and monkey (Macaca
mulatta adult males)--------------------------------Positive controls in direct and activation assays:
Non activation:
ChemicalSolvent

Probable mutagenic
specificity

Ethylwater or saline
base-pairmethanesulfonate (EMS)
substitution
2-nitrofluorene(NF)
dimethylsulfoxide
frameshift
Quinacrine orwater or saline
frameshiftquinacrinemustard (QM)***************************
Activation:
ChemicalSolvent

Probable mutagenic
specificity
Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) water or saline
base-pair
substitution
2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) dimethylsulfoxide frameshift--------------------------------------------Concentration of positive controls:
Non activation:
TA-1535 EMS 0.05ml/plate
TA-1537 QM 0.25mg/plate
TA-1538 NF 0.25 mg/plate
Activation:
TA-1535 DMN 25 µM/plate
TA-1537 AAF 1.25 mg/plate
TA-1538 AAF 1.25 µg
Test substance:
Reliability:

glucono-delta-lactone(2) valid with restrictions
OECD guideline 471 requires that 5 strains of bacteria at
least are tested: 4 strains of S. typhimurium (TA1535,TA1537
or TA97 or TA97a, TA98, TA100) and E. Coli WP2 uvrAor E.
Coli WP2uvrA (pKM101) or S.typhirmurium TA102.
The study was made on one yeast strain : saccharomyces
cerevisiae, strain D4 and 3 bacteria strains: S.
typhimuriumTA1535, TA1537 and TA 1538
Positive controls are different from the controls describedin OECD guideline 471.

Flag:
100

At least 5 concentrations should be tested, the substancewas only tested on 3 concentrations.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint
UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY

D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

25-JAN-2006(14)

5.6 Genetic Toxicity 'in Vivo'
Type:

Result:other: in vivo chromosomal aberration test with mouse bonemarrow cells
mouse
Sex: male
C57BL
oral feed
single dose and 4 days
single dose administration : 2, 4 and 8 g/kg
4 day repeated dose: 2 and 4 g/kg
negative

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1974
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Method:After receiving the single dose and the repeated dose test
substance, the animals were sacrified at 24 hours (single
dose) and 27 hours after last administration (4-days
repeated dose). 0.3 ml of 500 µg/ml colchicine wasintraperitoneally injected to each mouse at one hour before
sacrifice so that the metaphase cells could be observed.

Species:
Strain:Route of admin.:
Exposure period:
Doses:

After the bone marrow cells were washed, treated and fixedwith a fixing solution (1:3 acetic acid:ethanol solution),the cells were suspended and dripped on a slide glass andstained with Giemsa solution and examined.
Examination:

Result:At least 200 metaphase cells per mouse were examined for thepresence or absence of chromosomal aberrations (gaps,
breaks, translocation, fragments, ring chromosomes andminutes chromosomes)
Single dose administration:
At 8 g/kg, all mice died.
MMC induced chromosomal aberrations in at least 20% of bonemarrow cells.
GDL induced chromosomal aberrations in thecells at a frequency of about 0.5% comparable to thecontrol.
4-day repeated dose administration:
MMC induced chromosomal aberrations at about 30% cells.
The frequency of cells with chromosomal aberrations was 1 %or less in the test groups which is comparable to thecontrol group.
Induction of chromosomal aberration by GDL was
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Test condition:

D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006
not detected after in vivo single and repeated dosetreatment.
Animals:
Male C57BL/6 mice aged 12 or 13 weeks
Materials:
Test substance: GDL dissolved with 0.9%
physiological saline solution and orally administered at adose of 1ml/mouse
Positive control: MMC (mitomycin C) dissolved with 0.9%
physiological saline solution and administeredintraperitoneally at a dose of 0.5 ml/mouse------------------------------------------------Single dose administration :------------------------------------------------Control (physiological solution) :group 1 - 3 animals
MMC:
group 1 - 2 animals - 5 mg/kg (intraperitoneal)
GDL :group 1 - 3 animals - 8 g/kg
group 2 - 3 animals - 4 g/kg
group 3 - 3 animals - 2 g/kg-----------------------------------------------4-day repeated dose administration :------------------------------------------------Control (physiological solution) :group 1 - 2 animals
MMC:
group 1 - 2 animals - 5 mg/kg (single dose intraperitoneal)

Test substance:
Reliability:

Flag:
14-NOV-2005

GDL :group 1 - 3 animals - 4 g/kg
group 2 - 2 animals - 2 g/kg
glucono-delta-lactone(2) valid with restrictions
Translation of a report. No data on GLP, guidelines,
conditions, mitotic index, but sufficient for initialassessment.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(15)

5.7 Carcinogenicity

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D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

5.8.1 Toxicity to Fertility
5.8.2 Developmental Toxicity/Teratogenicity
Species:
Strain:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:rat
Sex: female
Wistargavagefrom day 6 to day 15 of gestation
daily
10 days0, 5.94, 27.6, 128.0, 594.0 mg/kg
yes, concurrent vehicle> 594 mg/kg bw> 594 mg/kg bw
non teratogen

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1973
noas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:

The administration of up to 594 mg/kg bw of GDL to pregnant
rats for 10 consecutive days had no clearly
discernible effect on nidation or on maternal or fetal
survival. The number of abnormalities seen in either softor skeletal tissues of the test groups did not differ fromthe number occurring spontaneously in the sham-treatedcontrols.

Test condition:

Positive control: 250 mg/kg Aspirin

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005

Body weights were recorded on days 0, 6, 11, 15 and 20 of
gestation. On day 20, all dams were subjected to caesarean
section and the numbers of implantation sites, resorption
sites, and live and dead fetuses were recorded.Body weightsof the live pups were also recorded.The urogenital tract ofeach dam was examined in detail for anatomical normality.
All the fetuses were examined grossly for the presence of
external congenital abnormalities. 1/3 of the fetuses ofeach litter underwent detailed visceral examinations
employing the Wilson technique. The remaining 2/3 werecleared in KOH, stained with alizarin red S dye and examined
for skeletal defects.
glucono-delta-lactone(1) valid without restriction
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(3)

Species:
Strain:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:

mouse
Sex: female
CD-1
gavagefrom day 6 to day 15 of gestation
daily
10 days0, 6.95, 32.5, 150, 695 mg/kg
yes, concurrent vehicle
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D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:> 695 mg/kg bw> 695 mg/kg bw
non teratogen

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1973
noas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:

The administration of up to 695 mg/kg bw of GDL topregnant mice for 10 consecutive days had no clearly
discernibleeffect on nidation or on maternal or fetal
survival. The number of abnormalities seen in either softor skeletal tissues of the test groups did not differ fromthe number occurring spontaneously in the sham-treatedcontrols.
Positive control: 150 mg/kg Aspirin

Test condition:

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005

Body weights were recorded on days 0, 6, 11, 15 and 17
ofgestation.On day 17, all dams were subjected to caesarean
section and the numbers of implantation sites, resorption
sites, andlive and dead fetuses were recorded.Body weightsof the live pups were also recorded.The urogenital tract ofeach dam was examined in detail foranatomical normality.All
the fetuses were examined grossly for the presence
ofexternal congenital abnormalities.1/3 of the fetuses ofeach litter underwent detailedvisceral examinations
employing the Wilson technique.The remaining 2/3 werecleared in KOH, stained with alizarinred S dye and examined
for skeletal defects.
glucono-delta-lactone(1) valid without restriction
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(3)

Species:
Strain:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:rabbitSex: female
Dutch
gavagefrom day 6 to 18 of gestation
daily
13 days0, 7.80, 36.2, 168.5, 780.0 mg/kg
yes, concurrent vehicle> 780 mg/kg bw> 780 mg/kg bw
non teratogen

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1973
noas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:

The administration of up to 780 mg/kg bw of GDL to pregnant
rabbits for 13 consecutive days had no clearly discernible
effect on nidation or on maternal or fetal survival.
Thenumber of abnormalities seen in either soft or
skeletal tissues of the test groups did not differ from thenumber occurring spontaneously in the sham-treated controls.

104

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY
Test condition:

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005

D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006
Positive control: 2.5 mg/kg 6-aminonicotinamide dosed onday 9.
On day 0, each doe was given an injection of 0.4 mlof human chorionic gonadotropin (400 IU) via the marginalear vein. 3 hours later, each doe was inseminatedartificially with 0.3 ml of diluted semen using
approximately 20 x 10exp6 motile sperm. Beginning on day 6
until day 18, the females were dosed by oral intubation.
Body weights were recorded on days 0, 6, 12, 18 and 29 ofgestation. On day 29, all does were subjected to caesarean
section andthe numbers of corpora lutea, implantation sites,
resorption sites, and live and dead fetuses were recorded.
Body weights of the live pups were also recorded. The
urogenital tract of each animal was examined in detail fornormality.All the fetuses were examined grossly for thepresence of external congenitalabnormalities.The live fetuses of each litter were placed in
an incubator for 4 hours for evaluation of neonatal
survival. All surviving pups were sacrificed and examinedfor visceral abnormalities. All fetuses were then cleared in
KOH, stained with alizarin red S dye and examined forskeletal defects.
glucono-delta-lactone(1) valid without restriction
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(3)

Species:
Strain:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:hamster
Sex: female
no datagavagefrom day 6 to day 10 of gestation
daily
5 days0, 5.60, 26.0, 121, 560 mg/kg
yes, concurrent vehicle> 560 mg/kg bw> 560 mg/kg bw
non teratogen

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1973
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:

The administration of up to 560 mg/kg bw of GDL topregnant hamsters for 5 consecutive days had no clearly
discernible effect on nidation or on maternal or fetal
survival. The number of abnormalities seen in either softor skeletal tissues of the test groups did not differ fromthe number occurring spontaneously in the sham-treatedcontrols.
Positive control: 50 mg/kg Aspirin

Test condition:

Body weights were recorded on days 0, 6, 8, 10 and 14 of
gestation. On day 14, all animals were subjected tocaesarean section and the numbers of implantation sites,
UNEP PUBLICATIONS

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OECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005

D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006
resorption sites, and live and dead fetuses wererecorded.Body weights of the live pups were also recorded.
The urogenital tract of each dam was examined
in detail for anatomical normality. All the fetuses were
examined grossly for the presence of external congenital
defects. 1/3 of the fetuses of each litter underwent
detailed visceral examinations employing the Wilson
technique. The remaining 2/3 were cleared in KOH, stainedwith alizarin red S dye and examined for skeletal defects.
glucono-delta-lactone(1) valid without restriction
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(3)

Species:
Strain:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:rat
Sex: female
Sprague-Dawleyoral unspecified
from day 6 to day 15 of gestation
daily
10 days1000 and 4000 mg/kg
no data specified> 4000 mg/kg bw> 4000 mg/kg bw
non teratogen

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1978
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:During pregnancy, no abnormalities were observed in
the general condition, body weight change or foodconsumption in any of the dose groups, nor were the deaths.
In observation of dams after laparotomy, no abnormalities
were detected in the number of implantations, dead fetuses,
live offspring or mean body weight of offspring, nor was
there any influence of the drug on the external appearance,
organs, or skeletons of the fetuses. Observation of the dams
allowed to deliver spontaneously, protraction of theduration of pregnancy or abnormalities at birth were notobserved, nor any influence of the drug detected in themortality rate, body weight gain, behavior,external
appearance or visceral abnormalities of the offspring during
the period of nursing.
GDL was administered orally to female nulliparous rats for
10 days and the fetuses were observed by laparotomy on
pregnancy day 21. Several dams in each group wereallowed to deliver spontaneously, and the offspring wereobserved until postnatal day 21.
glucono-delta-lactone(2) valid with restrictions
Short abstract but acceptable for initial assessment
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(9)

Test condition:

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005

106

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5. TOXICITY

D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

Species:
Strain:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:mouse
Sex: female
ICR
oral unspecified
from day 6 to day 15 of gestation
daily
10 days1000 and 4000 mg/kg
no data specified> 4000 mg/kg bw> 4000 mg/kg bw
non teratogen

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1978
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:During pregnancy, no abnormalities were observed in
the general condition, body weight change or foodconsumption in any of the dose groups, nor were the deaths.
In observation of dams after laparotomy, no abnormalities
were detected in the number of implantations, dead fetuses,
live offspring or mean body weight of offspring, nor was
there any influence of the drug on the external
appearance,organs, or skeletons of the fetuses. Observationof the dams allowed to deliver spontaneously, protraction of
the duration of pregnancy or abnormalities atbirth were notobserved, nor any influence of the drug detected in themortality rate, body weight gain, behavior,external
appearance or visceral abnormalities of the offspring during
the period of nursing.
GDL was administered orally to female nulliparous mice for10
days and the fetuses were observed by laparotomy on damson
pregnancy day 18. Several dams in each group wereallowed todeliver spontaneously, and the offspring wereobserved until
postnatal day 21.
glucono-delta-lactone(2) valid with restrictions
Short abstract but acceptable for initial assessment
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(8)

Test condition:

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005

5.8.3 Toxicity to Reproduction, Other Studies
5.9 Specific Investigations
5.10 Exposure Experience
5.11 Additional Remarks
Type:

Biochemical or cellular interactions

Remark:

GDL was reported to inhibit competitively mannosidase andglucosidase isolated from rat epididymis and limpet tissue
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OECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY

D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006(Levvy et al. 1964). These findings were confirmed usingacid alpha-glucosidase from rabbits (Palmer, 1971).

Reliability:

GDL is a non-competitive inhibitor of polysaccharide
phosphorylase in in vitro assays (Tu et al., 1971)(3) invalid
only secondary litterature

07-JUN-2003

(31)

Type:

Excretion

Remark:16 persons (7 with urologic conditions) received doses of 5
g glucono-delta-lactone every 2 hours up to total doses of
15-25g daily for 2 days usually followed by a 2-day control
period, then 10-25 g doses every 2 hours up to total dosesof 20-50 g for an additional day.

Reliability:

No consistent changes in the pH of the urine weredetectable. However, diarrhea was observed in 11 of the 16
patients. No other adverse effects were reported.
(3) invalid
Secondary litterature

14-NOV-2005

108

(10)

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
6. REFERENCES

D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006(1) Chenoweth, M. D., Civin, H., Salzman, C., Cohn, M. & Gold,H. (1941). Further studies on the behaviour of gluconic acidand ammonium gluconate in animals and man. J. Lab.
Clin. Med., 6, 1574-1582.
(2) Evaluation of the Health aspects of glucono-delta-lactone asa food ingredient (1981). Prepared for Bureau of Foods,
Food and Drug Administration. Department of Health andHuman Services, Washington, D.C.
(3) Food & Drug Research Laboratories (1973). Teratologic
evaluation of FDA 71-72 (glucono-delta-lactone). Unpublisheddata, contract No FDA71-260, FDRL, Maspeth, NewYork, USA.
(4) Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., LTD.
(5) Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., LTD. Brochure on
glucono-delta-lactone.
(6) Fukuhara K., Emi Y., Iwanami K., Watanabe N. (1978a).
Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Central Laboratory.
Twenty-four months oral dose toxicity study of
glucono-delta-lactone in rat.
(7) Fukuhara K., Emi Y., Iwanami K., Watanabe, Matsumoto K. N.
(1978). Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Central
Laboratory-Osaka University. Six-month oral dose toxicity
study of glucono-delta-lactone in rat.
(8) Fukuhara, K., T. Fujii, N. Watanabe (1978c). Fujisawa
Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Central Laboratory. Teratogenicity
study of glucono-delta-lactone in mice (Oral dosing).
(9) Fukuhara, T. Fujii, N. Watanabe (1978b). Fujisawa
Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Central Laboratory. Teratogenicity
study of glucono-delta-lactone in rat (Oral dosing).
(10) Gold, H. & Civin, H. (1939). Gluconic acid as a urinary
acidifying agent in man. J. Lab. Clin. Chem., 24, 1139-1146.
(11) Hydrotox GmbH (2001). Closed bottle test of sodium
D-gluconate, according to 92/69/EWG, C.4-E. Study Number
01/1004. Unpublished, sponsored byJungbunzlauer S.A., Marckolsheim, France.
(12) Hydrotox GmbH (2001b). Anaerobic Degradation of sodium
D-gluconate, according to DIN EN ISO 11734. Unpublished,sponsored by Jungbunzlauer S.A., Marckolsheim, France.
(13) Jungbunzlauer International AG MSDS.
(14) Litton Bionetics, Inc. (1974). Mutagenic evaluation ofcompound FDA 71-72 glucono-delta-lactone. Prepared for Foodand Drug Administration Department of Health, Education andWelfare, Rockville, Maryland.
(15) Litton Bionetics, Inc. (1975). Mutagenic evaluation of
UNEP PUBLICATIONS

109OECD SIDS
6. REFERENCES

D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

compound FDA 71-72 glucono-delta-lactone. Submitted to Foodand Drug Administration Department of Health, Education andWelfare, Rockville, Maryland.
(16) Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd. (2002). Acutetoxicity of sodium gluconate with Medaka (Oryzias
latipes). Study number A010387. Study sponsored by
Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
(17) Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd. (2002a). Acutetoxicity of sodium gluconate with Daphnia magna. Study
number A010388. Study sponsored by Fujisawa
Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
(18) Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd. (2002b). Growth
inhibition test of sodium gluconate with Algae (Selenastrum
capricornutum). Study Number A010389. Study sponsored by
Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
(19) Mochizuki, M. (1995). A toxicity study of sodium gluconate(FR2531) by single oral administration in rats. Finalreport No. BOZO/B-2965 from Gotemba Laboratory, Bozo
Research Center, Inc., Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo 156, Japan.
(20) Mochizuki, M. (1995a). A 4-week oral toxicity study of
sodium gluconate (FR2531). Final report No. BOZO/B-2966from Gotemba Laboratory, Bozo Research Center, Inc.,
Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo 156, Japan.
(21) Roquette Frères (2000). Product brochure on properties of
glucono-delta-lactone. Lille, France.
(22) Roquette Frères MSDS.
(23) Roquette Frères. Product brochure on sodium gluconate andgluconic acid.
(24) RUbelt C. (1997). Bestimmung des ökotoxikologischen
Verhaltens von Natriumgluconat und Glucono-delta-Lacton.
Institut für Hygiene und mikrobiologie der Universität desSaarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Deutschland. Unpublished, algae
inhibition according to German standard method DIN 38 412
L33, on behalf ofJungbunzlauer.
(25) Rübelt C. (1992). Bestimmung des ökotoxikologischen
Verhaltens von Natriumgluconat und Glucono-delta-Lacton.
Institut für Hygiene und mikrobiologie der Universität desSaarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Deutschland. Unpublished, bacteria
inhibition according to German
standard method DIN 38 412 L8 and toxicity to fish according
to German standard method DIN 38 412 L15 (equivalent with
OECD 203) have been performed on sodium gluconate andglucono-delta-lactone, on behalf of Jungbunzlauer.
(26) Rübelt C. (1992). Bestimmung des ökotoxikologischen
Verhaltens von Natriumgluconat und Glucono-delta-Lacton.
Institut für Hygiene und mikrobiologie der Universität des110

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
6. REFERENCES

D-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE
ID: 90-80-2
DATE: 25.1.2006

Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Deutschland. Unpublished, toxicity
to fish according
to German standard method DIN 38 412 L15 (equivalent with
OECD 203). On behalf of Jungbunzlauer).
(27) Rübelt C. (1997). Bestimmung des ökotoxikologischen
Verhaltens von Natriumgluconat und Glucono-delta-Lacton.
Institut für Hygiene und mikrobiologie der Universität desSaarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Deutschland. Unpublished document,
toxicity to daphnia according toGerman standard method DIN 38 412 L30, on behalf ofJungbunzlauer.
(28) Tharandt, L., Hubner, W. & Hollman, S. (1979). Investigationof the metabolic conversion of D-gluconate andD-glucono-d-lactone in normal and alloxan -diabetic rats. J.
Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem., 17, 257-267.
(29) The Chemical Economics Handbook (2000). SRI International
Report: Chelating Agents. By Robert E. Davenport with
Frederic Dubois, Andrew DeBoo and Akihiro Kishi (March
2000).
(30) The Merck Index (1996).
(31) Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives andcontaminants. Prepared by the 30th meeting of the Joint
FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.
(32) Ullman's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (1999). 6th
Edition.
(33) WHO (1999). JECFA evaluation of Glucono-delta-Lactone andthe Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium and Sodium Salts of
Gluconic acid, in Safety Evaluation of Certain Food
Additives, WHO Food Additives Series 42, prepared by the
51st meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food
Additives, World Health Organisation, Geneva (absorption,
distribution and excretion, acute toxicity, short-term
toxicity, long-term toxicity, reproductive and developmental
toxicity, genotoxicity, observations in humans, 24
references)

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OECD SIDS

SODIUM GLUCONATE

I

D

U

C

L

I

D

a

t

a

S

e

Existing Chemical
CAS No.
EINECS NameEC No.
Molecular Formula

ID: 527-07-1
527-07-1
sodium gluconate
208-407-7
C6H12O7.Na

Producer Related Part
Company:
Creation date:

Keller and Heckman LLP
02-APR-2003

t

Substance Related Part
Company:
Keller and Heckman LLP
Creation date:
02-APR-2003
Memo:

OECD HPV Chemicals Programme, SIDS Dossier, approved at
SIAM 18 (20-23 April 2004)

Printing date:
Revision date:
Date of last Update:

25-JAN-2006

Number of Pages:

66

25-JAN-2006

Chapter (profile):
Chapter: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10
Reliability (profile): Reliability: without reliability, 1, 2, 3, 4
Flags (profile):
Flags: without flag, confidential, non confidential, WGK(DE), TA-Luft (DE), Material Safety Dataset, Risk
Assessment, Directive 67/548/EEC, SIDS

112

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
1.GENERAL INFORMATIONSODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006

1.0.1 Applicant and Company Information
Type:
Name:
Contact Person:
Street:Town:
Country:
Phone:
Telefax:
Email:
Remark:lead organisation
The Gluconic acid and its sodium, potassium and calcium salts
and glucono-delta-lactone consortium
Jean-Philippe Montfort
Date: 02-APR-2003
Rue Blanche 251060 Brussels
Belgium+32 2 541 05 70+ 32 2 541 05 80
montfort@khlaw.beSponsor Country for this Category: Belgium; Co-sponsor
country: Japan.

12-DEC-2005
Type:
Name:
Contact Person:
Street:Town:
Country:
Phone:
Telefax:
Email:

manufacturer
FUSO Chemical Co. Ltd
Ph.D. Shinichi Sugita
Date:
Iwamoto-cho Toyo Building, 1-2 Iwamoto-cho 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku
101 0032 TokyoJapan+81 3 5820 1611
+81 3 5820 1634
Shinichi.Sugita@fusokk.co.jp

03-AUG-2004
Type:
Name:
Contact Person:
Street:Town:
Country:
Phone:
Telefax:
Email:

manufacturer
Jungbunzlauer International AG
Raphaël Singer
Date: 17-APR-2003
St. Alban-Vorstadt 90
4002 Basel
Switzerland+41 61 295 51 25+41 61 295 52 66
raphael.singer@jungbunzlauer.ch

17-OCT-2003
Type:
Name:
Contact Person:
Town:
Country:
Phone:
Telefax:
Email:

manufacturer
Roquette Freres
Johnny Pallot
Date:62080 Lestrem Cedex
France+33 3 21 63 37 40+33 3 21 63 38 50
JOHNNY.PALLOT@roquette.com

31-JUL-2003
Type:
Name:
Contact Person:
Street:Town:
Country:

manufacturer
PURAC
Ton van Dongen
PO BOX 21
4200 AA Gorinchem
Netherlands

Date:

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113

OECD SIDS
1.GENERAL INFORMATION
Phone:
Telefax:
Email:SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006+31 183 695 730+31 183 695 603
t.van.dongen@purac.com

03-AUG-2004
1.0.2 Location of Production Site, Importer or Formulator
1.0.3 Identity of Recipients
1.0.4 Details on Category/Template
Remark:Glucono-delta-lactone, gluconic acid and its sodium, calcium
and potassium salts have been proposed in a category, as thesalts of gluconic acid freely dissociate to the gluconate
anion and the respective cation.
Glucono-delta-lactone (GDL) is the inner ester of gluconic
acid formed by the removal of water.
When glucono-delta-lactone is used in aqueous solution, it
is slowly hydrolysed until an equilibrium is reached between
gluconic acid and its delta-lactone.

12-AUG-2004
1.1.0 Substance Identification
IUPAC Name:
Smiles Code:Mol. Formula:
Mol. Weight:
Petrol Class:sodium gluconate[Na]OC (=O) C (O) C (O) C (O) C(O) COC6H11NaO7
218.14other: N/A

Attached doc.:
03-AUG-2004

sodium gluconate.bmp

1.1.1 General Substance Information
Purity type:
Substance type:Physical status:
Purity:Colour:Odour:

typical for marketed substanceorganic
solid
ca. 98 - 102 % w/w
white/ off white
none

Remark:Sodium gluconate is the sodium salt of gluconic acid. It
forms stable chelates with iron, aluminium, calcium, zincand other heavy metals, especially in alkaline solution. It
possesses good sequestering activity in cleaning baths andis highly stable, even in concentrated alkaline solutions.

03-AUG-2004
114

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
1.GENERAL INFORMATIONSODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006

1.1.2 Spectra
1.2 Synonyms and Tradenames
D-Gluconic acid, monosodium salt
02-MAY-2003
sodium pentahydroxy-capronate
17-APR-2003
1.3 Impurities
Purity type:typical for marketed substance

Remark:For food applications the level of impurities complies withthe restrictions laid down in the corresponding EU
Directives.

19-JAN-2004
1.4 Additives
Remark:10-NOV-2005

For all the chemicals of the category: no additives used

1.5 Total Quantity
Quantity:ca. 50000 - 70000 tonnes produced in 2000

Remark:Estimation of the worldwide market per year. There is no
production in Belgium.
confidential

Flag:
03-AUG-2004
Quantity:> 32000 tonnes produced in 1999

Remark:Estimated production capacities for gluconates in Western
Europe.

10-NOV-2005(40)

Quantity:= - 5500 tonnes produced in 1998

Remark:Japanese production of gluconic acid and salts (sodium salt
basis)(39)

10-NOV-2005
1.6.1 Labelling
Remark:For all the chemicals in the category: proposal of Industry:
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OECD SIDS
1.GENERAL INFORMATION

10-NOV-2005

SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006

no labelling required

1.6.2 Classification
Classified:other, as in legislation

Remark:For all chemicals of the category: proposal of Industry: noclassification required

10-NOV-2005
1.6.3 Packaging
1.7 Use Pattern
Type:
Category:type
Non dispersive use

Remark:The listed uses cover all the members of the category.
The main non dispersive applications are industrial
cleaning, metal surface treatment, textile bleach stabiliser
and aluminium processing.For potential volumes, see under
1.10 Source of exposure.

03-AUG-2004
Type:
Category:

type
Wide dispersive use

Remark:

The wide dispersive applications are chelating agents incement set retarding, institutional and household cleaning,
personal care, pharmaceuticals and foodstuffs. For potential
volumes, see under 1.10 Source of exposure

03-AUG-2004
1.7.1 Detailed Use Pattern
1.7.2 Methods of Manufacture
1.8 Regulatory Measures
1.8.1 Occupational Exposure Limit Values
1.8.2 Acceptable Residues Levels
1.8.3 Water Pollution

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1.GENERAL INFORMATIONSODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006

1.8.4 Major Accident Hazards
1.8.5 Air Pollution
1.8.6 Listings e.g. Chemical Inventories
1.9.1 Degradation/Transformation Products
1.9.2 Components
1.10 Source of Exposure
Source of exposure: Human: exposure by production
Exposure to the:Substance
Remark:Source:Reliability:
Flag:
05-AUG-2004

Gluconic acid is produced by a fermentation process using
dextrose as a raw material. After the fermentation process
the product is separated from the rest of the broth byfiltration, followed by demineralization and discoloration.
After a concentration step the material is then crystallized
to obtain glucono-delta-lactone on one side and the run off
on the other side. Separation happens in a centrifuge. The
run off material is gluconic acid. It can be sold as such ortransformed into sodium gluconate by neutralization withsodium hydroxide.
All these operations are carried out in closed equipment. At
this stage no human contact is possible but in case of somemaintenance work or sample analysis done in the laboratory.
Maintenance operators who have to be in touch with the
product wear the usual safety equipment: protective clothes,
gloves and goggles. In the control laboratory operators wear
the general safety equipment: gloves and goggles.
Roquette Frères(4) not assignable
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Source of exposure: Human: exposure of the operator by intended use
Exposure to the:Substance
Remark:Sodium gluconate is sold as a liquid aqueous solution as
well as in a powder crystalline form.
The liquid aqueous solution is being used mainly in concreteand mortar admixtures. Liquid sodium gluconate manufacturers
sell the material in large quantities to concrete admixture
producers. The material is shipped in bulk containers totheir facilities, where it is unloaded into a storage tank.
From there it is pumped into a mixer where other chemicals
are also added. The mixture is filed into containers ordrums in order to be supplied to concrete and mortar
producers.
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1.GENERAL INFORMATIONSODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006

Workers are not in contact with sodium gluconate during theunloading and the mixing operations, since both operations
are done in completely closed systems. Companies involved in
the production of this type of mixtures are aware of therisks related to chemicals and their handling. Therefore
workers as well as laboratory operators have to wear safety
equipment in order to avoid skin or eye contact: protective
clothes, gloves and goggles.
Crystalline sodium gluconate is sold in bags or big bags. It
has to be dissolved into water before further use. Some dust
may be formed at this stage during the cracking of the paperbags or the emptying of the big bags into the hopper before
dissolution. The product is mainly used in industrial
detergent formulations and metal surface treatment
preparations. In both cases it functions as a sequesteringor chelating agent after blending with other chemicals .
Companies making those preparations in large production
units are used to use chemicals and therefore have alreadyin place efficient safety procedures, including the use ofprotective clothes, gloves, masks and goggles by workers andlaboratory operators who could be in contact with thematerial.
Gluconic acid is also used in detergent formulations. Since
it shows an acidic function although weak, it has to behandled as an acid. Companies involved in preparing
detergent formulations are aware of the risks linked withhandling this type of material. Therefore all the necessary
measures are taken in order to avoid any skin or eye
contact, as described in the previous paragraph.
Glucono-delta-lactone also called GDL is the lactone form of
the gluconic acid. Because of its higher price it is mainly
used in food applications as a slowly released acid. It is
shipped and handled in bags or big bags. Because it is only
converted into acid by a very slow hydrolysis process, itdoes not show as such any acidic function. It can be handled
by using the usual safety measures taken on any
food-manufacturing site: hygienic clothes and gloves.
Western European and Japanese consumption of sodium
gluconate chelating agents in metal surface treatment
applications in 1998 (tonnes/year):
EU: 5100
JP: 900
Western European and Japanese consumption of sodium
gluconate chelating agents as industrial cleaners in 1998
(tonnes/year):
EU : 5100
JP : 600
Western european and Japanese consumption of sodium
gluconate chelating agents in other applications in 1998
(ie, textile bleach stabiliser, aluminium processing)
118

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
1.GENERAL INFORMATIONSODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006(tonnes/year):
EU: 1700
JP: 900
Western European and Japanese consumption of sodium
gluconate chelating agents as cement set retarder(tonnes/year):

Source:Reliability:
Flag:
05-AUG-2004

EU : 5100
JP : 7600
Roquette Frères(4) not assignable
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Source of exposure: Human: exposure of the consumer/bystander
Exposure to the:Substance
Remark:Exposure of consumers in the dispersive uses of gluconatesis expected to be extremely limited because gluconates aremost of the time only additives, not main ingredients in the
products where they are used.
Typical dosages:-sodium gluconate in concrete: 0.1-0.2% based on cement
weight-sodium gluconate in institutional and household cleaners:<5% based on formulation weight-sodium gluconate in personal care products: <1% based on
formulation weight.
- glucono-delta-lactone in foodstuffs: <3% in dairy andbakery products,<1% in meat and seafood products and other foodapplications
The daily exposure of consumers to gluconates is lower thanthe daily production of gluconate from endogenous sources.

Source:Reliability:
Flag:
05-AUG-2004

Furthermore, gluconic acid and glucono-delta-lactone arealso present naturally at a level up to 1% in wine, honeyand other foods and drinks like kombucha.
Jungbunzlauer International AG(4) not assignable
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Source of exposure: other: human
Exposure to the:Substance
Remark:Gluconate is a metabolite of glucose oxidation in mammals.
The activity is greatest in the liver, adipose tissue,
adrenal cortex, thyroid, erythrocyte, testis and thelactating mammary gland.
In these tissues, as much as 20 % of the glucose may be
UNEP PUBLICATIONS

119OECD SIDS
1.GENERAL INFORMATIONSODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006

metabolized through this route. In contrast, thephosphogluconate pathway is little utilised in muscle
tissue. Gluconate formation increases during active
lipogenesis and carbohydrate intake and decreases during
starvation or periods of inanition.

Reliability:
Flag:
10-NOV-2005

A rough estimate of the daily production of gluconate can becalculated by assuming approximately 10 % of the glucose
utilized by the body to be metabolized through thisalternative pathway: An individual receiving 2800 kcal per
day from an average diet, would oxidize about 275 g of
glucose. Approximately 25 to 30 g of this amount would beoxidized through the phosphogluconate pathway to yieldroughly the same amount of gluconate. Thus, the daily
production of gluconate from endogenous sources is about 450
mg/kg for a 60 kg person. The body can easily cope withthis load since only a small amount of 6-phosphogluconate isfound in the liver (approximately 10 mg/kg). This reflects
the efficiency of the liver in the conversion of gluconate.
(2) valid with restrictions
Secondary literature. Abstract of a report from a recognised
institution
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(19)

Source of exposure: Environment: exposure from production
Exposure to the:Substance
Remark:Source:Reliability:
Flag:
05-AUG-2004

Environmental exposure during production is very limited.
Material lost or spilled during manufacturing is collected
and sent to the wastewater treatment plant, where it iscompletely degraded.
Roquette Frères(4) not assignable
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Source of exposure: Environment: exposure from intended use
Exposure to the:Substance
Remark:In the application as a sequestering agent in the building
industry (concrete and mortar), the gluconate ion reacts
with calcium ions present in the cement to form an insoluble
and impermeable layer of calcium gluconate. Therefore, thegluconate is bound within the microcrystalline fibers of
cement and is not free for any environmental pollution.
When used in detergent formulations, sodium gluconate or
gluconic acid are valuable as complexing agent for di- or
trivalent metal cations in alkaline industrial cleaning
solutions. Since they are washed out with clean water during
the cleaning process, they necessarily flow into thewastewater treatment plant of the site, where the bacteria
will transform the easily biodegradable gluconate ion.
In metal surface treatment sodium gluconate is an effective
sequestering agent in alkaline solutions where it chelates
earth metal such as calcium and magnesium ions. In this case

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1.GENERAL INFORMATIONSODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006

as in the detergent application the product finally flows
into the wastewater treatment plant of the user's site forfurther biotransformation.

Source:Reliability:
Flag:
05-AUG-2004

In food applications glucono-delta-lactone is added in a
crystalline or powder form to the other food components suchas meet or milk or soja at levels below 5 %w/w. There is noneed for an environmental evaluation in this case since thefinal food is anyway ingested.
Roquette Frères(4) not assignable
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

1.11 Additional Remarks
Memo:

Regulatory status

Remark:In the European Parliament and Council Directive 95/2/EC
sodium gluconate is listed as a generally permitted foodadditive (E 576) and may be added to all foodstuffs,
following the "quantum satis" principle, as long as no
special regulations restrict the use.

14-AUG-2003

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) assigned sodium
gluconate the "generally recognised as safe" (GRAS) status
and permitted its use in food as a sequestrant without
limitation other than good manufacturing practice (21 CFR,
§182.6757).

1.12 Last Literature Search
1.13 Reviews

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OECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATASODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.1.2006

2.1 Melting Point
Value:= 205 - 209 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(2) valid with restrictions
Data from Handbook or collection of data
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
05-AUG-2004(11)

Value:
Decomposition:ca. 170 - 175 degree C
yes at ca. 196 - 198 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
05-AUG-2004(17)

Decomposition:

yes at >= 210 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Remark:Reliability:

Decomposes before melting(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
05-AUG-2004
2.2 Boiling Point
Value:= 613.1 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: calculatednoas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Remark:Estimated with MPBPWIN (v1.41) program from US EPA (EPI
v3.11)(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Reliability:
Flag:
09-AUG-2004
2.3 Density
Type:
Value:
122

density= 1.789 g/cm³
UNEP PUBLICATIONS(8)OECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATASODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.1.2006

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
05-AUG-2004

(8)

Type:
Value:

bulk density
ca. 850 kg/m3

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used.

05-AUG-2004
Type:
Value:

bulk density
ca. 850 kg/m3

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used.

05-AUG-2004

(32)

(17)

2.3.1 Granulometry
2.4 Vapour Pressure
Value:= 0 hPa at 25 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other (calculated)noas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Remark:Estimated with MPBPVP (v1.41) program from US EPA (EPI
v3.11):
Vapour pressure estimations (25°C, using estimated boilingpoint: 613.05°C and entered melting point = 210.00°C)

Result:Reliability:
Flag:

VP: 1.18E-022 mm Hg (Antoine Method)
VP: 3.4E-017 mm Hg (Modified Grain Method)
VP: 1.05E-012 mm Hg (Mackay Method)
Selected VP: 3.4E-017 mm Hg =4.53e-017 hPa (Modified Grain
Method)(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint
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123

OECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATASODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.1.2006

03-AUG-2004
2.5 Partition CoefficientPartition Coeff.: octanol-waterlog Pow:= -5.99
Method:GLP:other (calculated)noRemark:Estimated with Kowwin (v1.67) Program from US EPA (EPI
v3.11)(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Reliability:
Flag:
03-AUG-2004

2.6.1 Solubility in different media
Solubility in:
Value:
pH
value:
Conc.:
Descr.:

Water= 590000 mg/l at 25 degree C= 6.5 - 7.5
10 vol% at 25 degree Cvery soluble (> 10000 mg/L)

Method:GLP:Test substance:
Stable:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4
yes

Reliability:(2) valid with restrictions
Data from Handbook or collection of data
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
12-AUG-2004
Solubility in:
Value:

Water= 590 g/l at 25 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used.

05-AUG-2004(8)

Solubility in:
Value:
pH
value:
Conc.:

Water= 600 g/l at 20 degree C= 6.5 - 7.5
10 vol% degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:
Stable:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4
yes

124

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2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA
Reliability:

SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.1.2006(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used.

05-AUG-2004(17)

Solubility in:
Value:
pH
value:
Conc.:

Water
ca. 600 g/l at 25 degree C= 6.5 - 7.5
10 vol% degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:
Stable:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4
yes

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used.

05-AUG-2004(32)

Solubility in:
Value:
Descr.:

other: alcohol< .1 mg/l at 20 degree C
insoluble (< 0.1 mg/L)

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used.

05-AUG-2004(18)

Solubility in:
Value:
Descr.:

other: ether< .1 mg/l
insoluble (< 0.1 mg/L)

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used.

05-AUG-2004(9)

2.6.2 Surface Tension
2.7 Flash Point
2.8 Auto Flammability
Value:> 200 degree C

Remark:Source:Reliability:
02-MAY-2003

ROQUETTE MSDS : 400 °C (GG - CLOUD)
Jungbunzlauer International AG MSDS
(3) invalid

2.9 Flammability
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125OECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATASODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.1.2006

2.10 Explosive Properties
2.11 Oxidizing Properties
2.12 Dissociation ConstantAcid-base Const.: pKa= 3.70
Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataother TS

Remark:The dissociation in water is expected to be complete as the
pKa values of gluconic acid found in literature range from
3.5 to 3.8.
gluconic acid(2) valid with restrictions
Data from Handbook or collection of data.

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
12-AUG-2004

Critical study for SIDS endpoint(42)

2.13 Viscosity
2.14 Additional Remarks

126

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3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYSSODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006

3.1.1 Photodegradation
Type:

air

Method:GLP:Test substance:other (calculated): Estimated with AOP (v1.91) program from US
EPA (EPI v3.11)
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Remark:Estimated with AOP (v1.91) program from US EPA (EPI v3.11)
OVERALL OH Rate Constant =38.1277 E-12 cm3/molecule-sec

HALF-LIFE = 0.281 Days (12-hr day; 1.5E6 OH/cm3)
Reliability:
Flag:
12-AUG-2004

HALF-LIFE = 3.366 Hrs(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

3.1.2 Stability in Water
Type:

abiotic

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataother TS

Remark:The dissociation in water is expected to be complete as the
pKa values of gluconic acid found in literature range from
3.5 to 3.8
gluconic acid(2) valid with restrictions
Data from Handbook or collection of data
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(42)

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
10-NOV-2005

3.1.3 Stability in Soil
3.2.1 Monitoring Data (Environment)
3.2.2 Field Studies
3.3.1 Transport between Environmental Compartments
Type:Media:
Method:fugacity model level III
otherother: calculated

Remark:Estimated with the Level III Fugacity Model program LEVEL3NT
from US EPA (EPI v3.11)
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127

OECD SIDS
3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYSSODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006

Mass Amount (%)
Half-Life (hr)Emissions (kg/hr)---------------------------------------------------------Air
1.2
6.73
1000
Water 49.8
208
1000
Soil 48.9
208
1000
Sediment0.0743
8320___________________________________________________________
Fugacity Reaction
Advection
Reaction Advection(atm)(kg/hr)(kg/hr)(%)(%)----------------------------------------------------------Air
2e-020
720
70 24
2.33
Water 3.17e-018
968
291
32.3 9.69
Soil 1.15e-016951
031.7 0Sed. 2.36e-018
0.361
0.00867
0.012 0.000289___________________________________________________________
Persistence Time: 195 hr
Reaction Time: 221 hr
Advection Time: 1.62e+003 hr% Reacted: 88% Advected: 12
Half-Lives (hr), (based upon Biowin (Ultimate) and Aopwin):
Air: 6.732
Water: 208.1
Soil: 208.1
Sediment: 832.3
Biowin estimate: 3.517 (days-weeks)

Reliability:
Flag:
12-AUG-2004

Advection Times (hr):Air: 100
Water: 1000
Sediment: 5e+004(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

3.3.2 Distribution
Media:
Method:air - biota - sediment(s) - soil - waterother (calculation)

Remark:Henry's law constant estimated with HENRY (v3.10) programfrom US EPA (EPI v3.11)
HENRYs LAW CONSTANT at 25 deg C = 4.76E-013 atm-m3/mole---------------------------------------------------------Soil Adsorption Coefficient estimated with PCKOC (v1.66)
program from US EPA (EPI v3.11)
NOTE: THE METAL (Na, Li or K) HAS BEEN REMOVED TO ALLOWESTIMATION!
First Order Molecular Connectivity Index : 5.913

128

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3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYSSODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006

Non-Corrected Log Koc : 3.7674
Fragment Correction(s):* Organic Acid (-CO-OH) : -1.7512
2 Aliphatic Alcohol (-C-OH) : -3.0386
Corrected Log Koc : -1.0224
Over Correction Adjustment to Lower Limit Log Koc: 1.0000
Estimated Koc: 10

Reliability:
Flag:
05-AUG-2004

NOTE:
The Koc of this structure may be sensitive to pH! The
estimated Koc represents a best-fit to the majority ofexperimental values; however, the Koc may vary significantlywith pH.
(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

3.4 Mode of Degradation in Actual Use
3.5 Biodegradation
Type:
Inoculum:Deg. product:

aerobic
other: secondary effluent of a municipal sewage plant(Breisgauer Bucht, 500000 population equivalent), 0.4 ml/l
3 mg/l related to Test substance
28 day(s)= 89 % after 28 day(s)readily biodegradable
3 day(s)= 61.13 %7 day(s)= 74.35 %14 day(s)= 66.09 %21 day(s)= 71.94 %28 day(s)= 88.88 %Acetic acid, sodium salt
3 day(s)= 67.15 %28 day(s)= 80.93 %not measured

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

Directive 92/69/EEC, C.4-E
2001
yes
as prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Method:The bottles were kept in the dark for 28 days.

Concentration:
Contact time:
Degradation:
Result:Kinetic:

Control Subst.:
Kinetic:

T° remained between 20-20.5°C.
On days 3, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28, at least duplicate bottles
were removed for determination of dissolved oxygen and pH.
If the oxygen concentration of duplicate bottles differed
more than 0.4 mg/l, a third bottle was measured to makesure.
At the end of test, dissolved oxygen concentration in all
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129

OECD SIDS
3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS

Remark:Result:SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006

remaining bottles was measured.
The 89% degradation indicated here relates to the
Theoritical Oxygen Demand (ThOD)
Blanks:Maximum deviation between parallels = 8.9%
Oxygen consumption after 28 days = 0.79-1.18 mg/l.
pH : 7.2 at the beginning and 6.7 at the end of the test.
---------------------------------Sodium gluconate:
Maximum deviation between parallels = 4.6% at day 3.
Biological degradation : 61% of ThOD after 3 days andmaximum degradation = 89% of the ThOD at day 28.
pH : 7.2 at the beginning and 6.7 at the end of the test.
Oxygen concentration during test never felt below 5.9 mg/l---------------------------------------Reference item (sodium acetate):

Test condition:

Maximum deviation between parallels = 3.8% at day 14.
Biological degradation : 67% after 3 days
pH : 7.2 at the beginning and 6.7 at the end of the test.
Verification of identity:
TOC of the test item was compared to TOC of sodium
D-gluconate from Aldrich (Cat N° 18,633-3, lot 50824
50323012). The results matched.
Inoculum: the inoculum was used on the day of collection.
Stock solutions: according to OECD 301D
Mineral medium: 20 ml of each stock solutions A-D were added
to 10 litres deionised water and made up to 20 litres. The
medium was areated for 30 minutes and held in darkness for
24 h (t° 20°C-20.5°C).
Test item : 16 test bottles (concentration = 3 mg/l.) with
0.4 ml/l inoculum were filled bubble-free and incubated in
the dark at 20°C.
Reference item: reference item bottles containing sodium
acetate stock solution (concentration= 4 mg/l) with 0.4 ml/l
inoculum were also filled and incubated in the dark at
20°C.

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
10-NOV-2005
Type:
Inoculum:130

A blank was also prepared without any stock solution.
Sodium gluconate: 99.0-101.0%(1) valid without restriction
study conducted according to OECD guidelines, valid test,
quality assurance and GLP certificates
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(13)
anaerobic
other: Digesting sludge of a municipal sewage plant(Breisgauer Bucht, 500000 population equivalent), 2.9 g total
UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYSSODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006

Deg. product:solids/l
303 mg/l related to Test substance
35 day(s)= 100 % after 35 day(s)readily biodegradable
1 day(s)= 8 %8 day(s)= 51 %
15 day(s)= 57 %
22 day(s)= 61 %
35 day(s)= 100 %
Benzoic acid, sodium salt
8 day(s)= 6 %35 day(s)= 100 %
not measured

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: DIN EN ISO 11734
2001
yes
as prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Method:Washed digested sludge containing very low amounts ofinorganic carbon (IC), is diluted to 1-3 g/l total solids
concentration and incubated in the absence of oxygen at 35+/- 2 °C in sealed vessels with the test item at aconcentration of 20-200 mg/l total organic carbon (TOC) for
35 days.

Concentration:
Contact time:
Degradation:
Result:Kinetic:

Control Subst.:
Kinetic:

The increase in headspace pressure in the test vessels
resulting from the production of carbon dioxide and methane
is measured.

Remark:Result:A considerable amount of CO2 will be dissolved in water ortransformed to hydrogen carbonate or carbonate under theconditions of the test. This IC is measured at the end of
the test. The amount of microbiologically produced biogas
carbon is calculated from the net biogas production and the
net DIC formation in excess over blank values.
At day 35, the average degradation percentage is 66% but thevalue shown includes the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC).
Test item:
The percentage biodegradation is calculated from the total
carbon transformed to biogas and DIC and the measured or
calculated amount of carbon added as test item.
The test item was degraded to 50% by day 8 and to 66% by day
35. The summing up of the net-mass carbon in the liquor
shows that the test item is completely anaerobicallydegraded after 35 days.
The pH at the end of the test was 6.8 in every bottle.
Bottles with blanks showed a pH of 7.1-7.2.
-----------------------------------------Reference (sodium benzoate)
The degradation of the reference item took some time to getstarted. Between days 18 and 22 this lag-phase was over andthe curve reached 67% by day 35. After considering the DIC
in the liquor, the reference item was also anaerobically
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131OECD SIDS
3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYSSODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006

degraded completely in 35 days.
Test condition:

The pH at the end of the test was 6.8 in every bottle.
T° range: 34.7°C-35.4°C
The inoculum was kept for 24 h at 35°C before use.
Test item: 0.121 g/400ml
Reference item: sodium benzoate (0.069 g/400 ml)

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
10-NOV-2005

Blanks: 3 additional test bottles were prepared with 10 ml
deionised water.
sodium gluconate(1) valid without restriction
study conducted according to OECD guidelines, valid test,
quality assurance and GLP certificates
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(14)

3.6 BOD5, COD or BOD5/COD Ratio
3.7 Bioaccumulation
3.8 Additional Remarks

132

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4. ECOTOXICITY

SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006

AQUATIC ORGANISMS
4.1 Acute/Prolonged Toxicity to Fish
Type:
Species:
Exposure period:
Unit:
NOEC:
LC0:
Limit Test:

semistatic
Oryzias latipes
96 hour(s)mg/l> 100 > 100 yes

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

OECD Guide-line 203 "Fish, Acute Toxicity Test"
2002
yes
as prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:Measured concentrations of the test substance were within+/- 20% of the nominal concentrations. Results were basedon the nominal concentrations.

Test condition:(Fish, fresh water)
Analytical monitoring: yes

No toxicological symptoms nor any death were observed at 100
mg/l (limit test).
A range finding test (5 fish/vessel/concentration) was
conducted before the definitive test (only 2 concentrations
were set based on toxicological data) and determined theconcentration range in the definitive test: 0 and 100 mg/l
(limit test)
Biomass loading: 10 fish/concentration
T°: 24 +/- 1°C
Dissolved oxygen concentrations were over 60% of thesaturation value (8.25 mg/l/24.0°C)
pH : min: 7.1 - max : 7.6
Light: fluorescent light. 16 hours light/8 hours dark

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
10-NOV-2005

Analytical method: HPLC
sodium gluconate : 99.6%(1) valid without restriction
study conducted according to OECD guidelines, valid test,
quality assurance and GLP certificates
Critical study for SIDS endpoint
(22)

Type:
Species:
Exposure period:
Unit:
LC0:
LC50:
LC100:

other: no data
other: no data
48 hour(s)mg/l= 10000 > 10000 = 50000 -Method:Year:other: DIN 38 412 L15
1992

Analytical monitoring:

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SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006

GLP:
Test substance:

no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:

The potential toxicity observed here ( LC100 = 50 000) is
due to the high concentration of the substance that changed
the test conditions.
(3) invalid
Report not complete. No data on species. Unphysiologicalconditions and not conform to OECD guidelines(33)

Reliability:
10-NOV-2005

4.2 Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates
Type:
Species:
Exposure period:
Unit:
NOEC:
EC100:
Limit Test:

staticDaphnia magna
48 hour(s)mg/l> 1000 > 1000 yes

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

OECD Guide-line 202
2002
yes
as prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:Measured concentrations of the test substance in the test
solution were within +/- 20% of the nominal concentration in
all concentrations. Results were based on the nominal
concentrations:(Crustacea)
Analytical monitoring: yesEC(50) 0-24 hours: > 1000 mg/l
NOEC 0-24 hours: > 1000 mg/l
EC100 0-24 hours: > 1000 mg/l

Test condition:

EC(50) 0-48 hours: > 1000 mg/l
NOEC 0-48 hours: > 1000 mg/l
EC100 0-48 hours: > 1000 mg/l
Species:Daphnia magna from the National Institute for Environmental
Studies, Japan.
Growth step: female juvenile (less than 24 hours)
Biomass loading: 20 daphnids/concentration (5daphnids/vessel)
T°: 20 +/- 1°C
Light: fluorescent light, 16 hours light (below 800 lux)/8hours dark
Analytical method: HPLC
Dissolved oxygen concentration: >= 60% of the saturation

134

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SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006
Dilution water (Elendt M4) recommended by OECD guidelines
for testing of chemicals No. 211 was used.

Flag:
10-NOV-2005

A range-finding test (2 vessels/concentration, 10
daphnids/concentration) was conducted before the definitive
test and enabled the nominal concentrations of thedefinitive test : 0 and 1000 mg/l (limit test)
sodium gluconate : 99.6%(1) valid without restriction
study conducted according to OECD guidelines, valid test,
quality assurance and GLP certificatesconfidential, Critical study for SIDS endpoint
(23)

Type:
Species:
Exposure period:
Unit:
EC0:
Limit Test:

staticDaphnia magna
48 hour(s)mg/l> 1000 yes

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

OECD Guide-line 202
2001
yes
as prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Method:study conducted in accordance to OECD guideline 202.

Test substance:
Reliability:(Crustacea)
Analytical monitoring: yes

A limit test with 1000 mg/l was conducted: a solution of
100.5 mg in 100 ml or 1005 mg/l was prepared and distributed
to 4 beakers. pH andoxygen concentration were measured and 5 daphnia were put
into each beaker.
Controls: 4 beakers with 20 ml dilution water + 5 daphnia
each.
The vessels were held for 48 h in an incubator at 20°C incomplete darkness.
After 24 and 48 h, the swimming capability of the daphnia
was observed. An animal not swimming within 15 seconds
after gently moving the beaker was considered immobile.
After 48 h, the oxygen concentration and the pH was
measured.
The stability of the investigated concentration of sodium
D-gluconate during testing was also examined via enzymatic
analysis. The test concentration did not decrease during
the test period.
Result:At 1000 mg/l, all daphnia kept their swimming capability.

Test condition:

EC0 (24 h) > 1000 mg/l
EC0 (48 h) > 1000 mg
Test organisms:
Daphnia magna Straus origin from a clone breeding of the
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SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006
German Federal Environmental Agency, department V 3.2.
Quality Assurance takes place in regular intervals using a
concentration range of Potassium dichromate. Last quality
check was January 2001 and EC50 was between 1.16and 2.32
mg/l (required: 0.6-2.4 mg/l).
For testing, daphnia of the age of 2-23 h were used. Before
using, the new young Daphnia were held at 20°C for 2 hours
to ensure that none of them was younger than 2 h.
Verification of identity : TOC of the test item was comparedto TOC of sodium D-gluconate from Aldrich (Cat N° 18,633-3,
Lot 50824 50323012). The results matched.
pH difference between beginning and end of test = 0.2 units.
Oxygen concentration was 95% of the start concentration.

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
10-NOV-2005

T° in the incubator was stable at 20°C during the test
period.
sodium gluconate: 99.0-101.0%(1) valid without restriction
study conducted according to OECD guidelines, valid test,
quality assurance and GLP certificates
Critical study for SIDS endpoint
(15)

Type:
Species:
Exposure period:
Unit:
EC0:

staticDaphnia magna
24 hour(s)mg/l> 1000 -Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: DIN 38 412 -L 30
1997
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:At 1000 mg/l, all daphnia kept their swimming capability.

Test condition:

Reliability:
10-NOV-2005(Crustacea)
Analytical monitoring: no data

EC0 (24 h) > 1000 mg/l
Species: daphnia magna
Biomass loading: 2 groups of 5 daphnias
Test concentration: 1 gr/l
T°: 20°C
pH: 6.54(3) invalid
Abstract, no data on purity of substance, test conditions.
not compliant with OECD guidelines.
(36)

4.3 Toxicity to Aquatic Plants e.g. Algae
Species:
Endpoint:
Exposure period:
136

Selenastrum capricornutum
growth rate
72 hour(s)(Algae)

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4. ECOTOXICITY

SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006

Unit:
NOEC:
EC50:
Limit Test:

mg/l= 560 > 1000 yes

Analytical monitoring: yes

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

OECD Guide-line 201 "Algae, Growth Inhibition Test"
2002
yes
as prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:Results were based on the nominal concentrations (measured
concentrations were +/-20% of the nominal concentrations)

Cell growth inhibition at 1000 mg/l = 25.4 %Growth rate inhibition (24-48 h) at 1000 mg/l = 7.6%
Growth rate inhibition (24-72 h) at 1000 mg/l = 9.0 %50% growth inhibition concentration by comparison of areas
under the growth curves:
EbC50 (O-72 h): > 1000 mg/l
NOECb (0-72 h): 560 mg/l---------------------------------------------------50% growth inhibition concentration by comparison of growth
rates:
ErC50 (24-48 h): > 1000 mg/l.
ErC50 (24-72 h): > 1000 mg/l.
NOECr (24-72h) : 560 mg/l
NOECr (24-48h) : 560 mg/l
Color of the test solutions were observed with naked eye andthe cell shapes of algae were observed through themicroscope. The test solutions were green at 24 hours after
the start of exposure. Afterwards, the color of the test
solutions showed a tendency to get more greenish with thepassage of time.

Test condition:

No unusual cell shapes of algae and no agglutination wereobserved at the end of exposure and the algae looked normalcompared to the control.
Test concentrations (nominal): control, 100, 180, 320, 560,
1000 mg/l.
A range-finding test was conducted before the definitive
test to enable the above-mentioned concentration range inthe definitive test.
Measured concentrations of the test substance in the test
solutions at the beginning of exposure were +/-20 % of thenominal concentrations.
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SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006
Biomass loading: 1 x 10 Exp4 cells/ml
T° range: 23+/- 2°C
Illumination: 4000 lux - continuous(+/- 20% at the surfaceof the test solutions)
Exposure procedure: static

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
10-NOV-2005
Species:

Analytical method: HPLC
sodium gluconate: 99.6%(1) valid without restriction
study conducted according to OECD guidelines, valid test,
quality assurance and GLP certificates.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(24)

Endpoint:
Exposure period:
Unit:
NOEC:
EC50:
Limit Test:

other algae: Desmodesmus subspicatus CHODAT (strain No 86.81
SAG)
growth rate
72 hour(s)mg/lAnalytical monitoring: yes= 100 > 100 yes

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

OECD Guide-line 201 "Algae, Growth Inhibition Test"
2001
yes
as prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Method:Study conducted in accordance to OECD guideline 201.
However, for test 2, the procedure has been modified bycovering the test vessels with glass petri dishes to prevent
contamination by micro-organisms.
The flasks were incubated in a water bath for 3 days andilluminated with 4 parallel set universal white fluorescenttubes of approximately 65 cm above the level of the tested
media.
Min/max t° was recorded on a daily basis.
After 24, 48 and 72 hours, cell concentration was determinedusing a microscope with a counter chamber (8 fields
counted).

Result:138

The stability of the investigated concentration of sodium
D-gluconate during testing was also examined via enzymatic
analysis. A decrease of the test concentration in test 1
was observed.
test 1 : 1000 mg/l
not valid - a decrease of the test item concentration wasobserved and therefore the test could not meet the stability
UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
4. ECOTOXICITY

SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006
requirements.
Cell growth inhibition : 85%
Average specific growth rate inhibition: 55%--------------------test 2 : 100 mg/l and 1000 mg/l
Cell growth inhibition : no inhibition at 100 mg/l
70% inhibition at 1000 mg/l
Average specific growth rate inhibition: no inhibition at
100 mg/l
42% inhibition at 1000 mg/l----------------------------------------

Test condition:

Cell concentration increase in controls: factor 65.9 after
72 h
T° range:
Test 1: 22.7-24.8°C
test 2: 23.4-27.9°C
Illumination: 8900-9300 lux.
pH maximal difference between 0 and 72 hours: 0.3
Sample preparation: stock solution in redistilled water.
Verification of identity : TOC of the test item was comparedto TOC of sodium D-gluconate from Aldrich (Cat N° 18,633-3,
Lot 50824 50323012). the results matched.
3 days before starting the tests, algae samples weretransferred to Erlenmeyer flasks under sterile conditions.
The stock solutions were also sterilised.
Inoculum concentration: 10 x 10E4 algae/ml----------------------------------------------Test 1 = limit test:
1000 mg/l (pH of stock solution = 7)
3 flasks with test item and 6 flasks without test item wereprepared.
Test 2All the media used were sterilised. Flasks, graduatedcylinders and pipettes were also sterilised before using.

Test substance:

2 concentrations test: 100 mg/l and 1000 mg/l (pH of stock
solution = 7)
3 flasks with 100 mg/l, 3 flasks with 1000 mg/l and 6 flasks
without test item.
Sodium gluconate: 99.0-101.0%
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Reliability:

SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006

Flag:
10-NOV-2005(1) valid without restriction
The substance has only been tested at 100 and 1000 mg/l
because this test has been made on the basis of an older
test according to a German norm. The inhibition level was
thus expectable and the test concentrations limited to 100
and 1000 mg/l.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(16)

Species:
Endpoint:
Exposure period:
Unit:
EC10:

Scenedesmus subspicatus (Algae)
biomass
72 hour(s)mg/lAnalytical monitoring: no data
> 1000 -Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: DIN 38412 - L33
1997
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:GA = smallest dilution where inhibition of biomass
production is reduced by 20% = > GA= 1
Dilution1
2
3

Test condition:

Reliability:
10-NOV-2005

Measured value
16.1
17.4
19.3

% inhibition
3.0
-4.8*
-16.3** negative value = increase of the biomass production
Incubation: 72 h
T°: 23°C.
Measurement of chlorophylle fluorescence: lambda= 450- 685
nmConcentration of test: 1 g/l
PH= 5.84(3) invalid
Abstract, not compliant with OECD guidelines(34)

4.4 Toxicity to Microorganisms e.g. Bacteria
Species:
Exposure period:
Unit:
EC0:

Pseudomonas putida
16 hour(s)mg/l> 5000 -Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: DIN 38 412 L8
1992
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:0-40 mg/l: no effect
80-5000 mg/l: stimulation of growth> 5000 mg/l: no stimulation of growth but not toxic
Exposure period: 16 h (+/- 1 h incubation)
Temperature: 21°C
Limit test: yes

Test condition:

140(Bacteria)
Analytical monitoring: no data

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
4. ECOTOXICITY

Test substance:
Reliability:

SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006
3 range of concentration tested:
0-40 mg/l
80-5000 mg/l
> 5000 mg/l
sodium gluconate(3) invalid
Abstract, not compliant with OECD guidelines

10-NOV-2005(35)

4.5 Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms
4.5.1 Chronic Toxicity to Fish
4.5.2 Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates

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SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006

TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS
4.6.1 Toxicity to Sediment Dwelling Organisms
Species:otherRemark:No data available but exposure in sediment expected to be
extremely limited according to the Level III Fugacity Model
program LEVEL3NT from US EPA (EPI v3.11)

31-JUL-2003
4.6.2 Toxicity to Terrestrial Plants
Method:other

Remark:14-AUG-2003

No data available.

4.6.3 Toxicity to Soil Dwelling Organisms
Method:other

Remark:no data available but due to the low intrinsic toxicity inaquatic organisms, it is reasonable to expect a similar low
toxic impact on terrestrial organisms

19-JAN-2004

4.6.4 Toxicity to other Non-Mamm. Terrestrial Species
4.7 Biological Effects Monitoring
4.8 Biotransformation and Kinetics
4.9 Additional Remarks

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SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006

5.0 Toxicokinetics, Metabolism and Distribution
In Vitro/in vivo:
Type:
Species:
Doses, males:
Doses, females:
Vehicle:Route of administration:
Exposure time:

In vivo
Absorption
rat
no datano datano dataoral unspecified
5 hour(s)Test substance:

as prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Method:Radioactivity was measured in the blood of normal andalloxan diabetic rats, after oral administration of[U-14C]gluconate and [U-14C]glucono-delta-lactone,
respectively.

Result:

Test substance:
Reliability:
10-NOV-2005

Radioactivity was also measured in the intestinal contents
and feces 5 h after ingestion of the radioactive materials.
glucono-delta-lactone is absorbed more rapidly from theintestine than sodium gluconate. A higher retention intissues and a greater loss in urine was also observed afteradministration of the lactone. Incorporation into liver
glycogen is also higher from the lactone than from thegluconate, particularly in diabetic animals.
Initial oxidation occurred after 7 h with the gluconate and
4 h for the lactone. The oxidative turnover of lactone andgluconate was significantly enhanced in diabetic animals.
The better utilisation in diabetic metabolism is in part
explainable by a rise of glycolitic intermediates in theliver, which are decreased in starvation and diabetes.
sodium gluconate(4) not assignable
Secondary litterature(38)

In Vitro/in vivo:
Type:
Species:
Doses, males:
Doses, females:
Vehicle:Route of administration:

In vivo
Excretionother: no data
no datano datano datai.p.

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data
1962noas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:A significant portion (60-85%) of parenterally administeredgluconate is excreted unchanged in the urine. However,gluconate is readly catabolized (Wang et al., 1962) or
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Reliability:
10-NOV-2005

SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006
utilized for glucose synthesis, mainly from CO2 derived fromcarbon 1 and from glucogenic compounds derived from carbons
2 through 6 of the gluconate (Stetten and stetten, 1950;
Stetten and Topper, 1953). Renal excretion of gluconate
appears to be by tubular secretion (Herken et al., 1975)(3) invalid
Short abstract, secondary litterature, no data on test
conditions, species, method used.
(20)

5.1 Acute Toxicity
5.1.1 Acute Oral Toxicity
Type:Species:
Strain:Sex:
No. of Animals:
Vehicle:Doses:
Value:

LDLo
rat
Crj: CD(SD)male/female10
no data
500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg> 2000 mg/kg bw

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data
1995
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:No death in males or females in any of the dose groups,
minimum lethal dose estimated > 2000 mg/kg
One female passed loose stools in 1000 mg/kg dose group, andall males and females passed loose or diarrheal in 2000 mg/g
dose group but all animals recovered on the next day.
Body weight:
All males and females in all dose groups showed similar
time-course changes in body weight.

Flag:
10-NOV-2005

Autopsy:
no abnormalities detectedsodium gluconate(2) valid with restrictions
Short abstract not well documented but key study for initialassessment
Critical study for SIDS endpoint
(25)

Type:
Species:
Strain:Sex:
No. of Animals:
Vehicle:Doses:
Value:LDLo
dog
Beaglemale/female2
no data
1000 and 2000 mg/kg> 2000 mg/kg bw

Test substance:
Reliability:

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SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data
1995
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:No deaths were observed in 1000 or 2000 mg/kg dose groups.
No changes likely to be associated with the test article
were detected in observation of the general condition, bodyweight, food intake, hematological test, blood chemistry
analysis, autopsy or weighing of organs.

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
10-NOV-2005

No toxicity was shown at the single dose of 2000 mg/kg(maximum dose that could be administered by gavage to beagle
dogs)
sodium gluconate(2) valid with restrictions
Short abstract not well documented but can be a key study
for initial assessment.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(30)

5.1.2 Acute Inhalation Toxicity
5.1.3 Acute Dermal Toxicity
5.1.4 Acute Toxicity, other Routes
Type:Species:
Strain:Sex:
No. of Animals:
Vehicle:Doses:
Route of admin.:Value:

LDLo
rabbitno datano data1
water
3270, 4360, 6540, 7194, 7630, 7848, 8720
i.v.
= 7630 mg/kg bw

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

no data1939
noas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:At the non lethal doses, no particular symptoms are observed
except a reduction of the temperature of 2.5°C at the end of
injection (3270 m/kg bw) and at higher non lethal doses canreach 3°C.
Diffuse shaking and slight muscular contractions were also
observed at the non lethal doses which stopped when theinjection is interrupted.
At the highest non lethal dose (7194 mg/kg bw), a growing
weakness of the animal was observed (difficulty to stand on
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SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006
its legs) during injection and it disappeared progressively
after the injection.
At the lethal doses, no serious observed cardiologicaleffects were detected. A high reduction of the body t° wasnoted (up to 5.8°C), a higher number of the respiratory acts
(not for dose 7848 mg/kg bw). Muscular contraction and highweakness.
Respiration and heart rythms progressively slowered anddeath occurred at 15 to 24 hours after injection.

Test substance:
Reliability:
10-NOV-2005

Autopsy and histological examinations only revealed slightcongestion in all organs. The author explains that death isprobably related to the depresive effect of the test
substance on the activity of central nervous system.
sodium gluconate(4) not assignable
Short abstract, secondary litterature, old study.
(10)

5.2 Corrosiveness and Irritation
5.2.1 Skin Irritation
Species:other: no data on sodium gluconate. See gluconic acid

06-AUG-2004
5.2.2 Eye Irritation
Species:other: no data for sodium gluconate. See gluconic acid

06-AUG-2004
5.3 Sensitization
5.4 Repeated Dose Toxicity
Type:Sub-acuteSpecies:rat
Strain:
Crj: CD(SD)Route of administration: gavage
Exposure period:
4 weeks
Frequency of treatment: daily
Doses:
0, 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg bw
Control Group:
yes, concurrent no treatment
NOAEL:= 1000 mg/kg bw
NOAEL females := 2000 mg/kg bw
Method:Year:146

other: no data
1995
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Sex: male/female

OECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY
GLP:
Test substance:
Result:SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4
No death or clinical signs of abnormality were observed inany of the groups.
Histopathological examination showed a thickening of thelimiting of the border of the stomach in 5/12 males at 2000
mg/kg bw per day. No toxic changes associated with the test
article were detected.
As the limiting ridge is a tissue specific to rodents, thislesion is not toxicologically significant for humans. Other
lesions occurred incidentally and were not related totreatment.
The qualitative urinary analysis showed increased
prevalences of urinary ketone bodies, urobilogen andphosphate sedimentation and increased urinary protein
concentrations in all treated animals justified byinterference in the assay.

Test condition:

The non-toxic dose was estimated to be 1000 mg/kg/day formales and 2000 mg/kg/day for femal
Animals : 12 males and 12 females - 6 weeks of age
Route : gavage of sodium gluconate in water at a volume of
1ml/100g bw
Satellite groups of 4 rats of each sex were included todetermine the plasma concentration of sodium gluconate.
Body weights and food consumption were measured on day 1 andevery third or fourth day of the study.
Ophthalmological examinations were performed on all animals
at the start of the study and on 6 rats of each sex pergroup at week 4.
Haematological and clinical chemical parameters were
measured at the end of treatment on blood collected fromfasted surviving rats on all animals at necropsy.
Qualitative and quantitative urinary examinations (urinarypH, protein, ketones and glucose content) were performed on
6 rats of each sex from each group at the end of treatment
and water intake was measured over 24 hours.
The weights of the brain, pituitary, thyroids, salivary
glands, thymus, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys,adrenals, testes, prostate, seminal vesicles, ovaries, anduterus were recorded.
Detailed histopathological examinations were performed on
cerebrum, heart, lung, cecum, liver, kidney, testis,
epididymis, prostate and eye on all control animals and
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Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
10-NOV-2005

SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006
those receiving 2000 mg/kg bw per day and on all grosslesionsodium gluconate(2) valid with restrictions
Secondary litterature but described in sufficient detail ina recognised WHO report. Acceptable for assessment.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint
(26)

Type:
Sub-acuteSpecies:rat
Sex: male/female
Strain:
Crj: CD(SD)Route of administration: oral feed
Exposure period:
28 daysFrequency of treatment: daily
Doses:
0, 1000, 2000, 4100 mg/kg bw for males (and 0, 1000,
2000, 4400 mg/kg bw females)
Control Group:
other: 1.35% w/w NaCl (equivalent to the sodium
concentration of the group receiving 5% sodium
gluconate)
NOAEL:= 4100 mg/kg bw
Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data
1997
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Remark:The JECFA committee (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food
Additives) who has evaluated this report concluded that thisstudy is not suitable for identifying a NOAEL because of thesmall group sizes and the positive findings in thequalitative analysis.
No death occurred during the study period. No changes in
the general condition, body weight or food and water intake,were observed in the animals over the study period. No
revisions were observed in the investigated ophthalmologic
tests, urinalysis, heamatology and blood chemistry over the
study period. In addition, histopathological examination
indicated no adverse effects as a result of the treatment
regime.

Result:Statistically significant differences in some urinaryparameters (no specific data in the report) were reported inanimals receiving 2.5 or 5% sodium gluconate when comparedwith those on basal diet; however, these differences werecomparable to those observed in the NaCl control group andappeared to be related to the high sodium concentration of
the sodium gluconate.
Qualitative measurements of urinary protein showedsignificantly increased concentrations in females at
2.5 and 5% sodium gluconate when compared with those on
basal diet. Males at 5% showed a tendency for increased
urinary protein concentrations, while the concentrations
in males at 2.5% were not affected. The author reported thatthe increases in urinary protein were due to assay
interference, however, the report does not provide detailed
information.
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SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006
Qualitative measurements of urinary ketone bodies also
showed increases in males at 2.5% sodium gluconate.

Source:Test condition:

The authors concluded that the NOAEL was 5%(equal to 4100 mg/kg bw per day). The JECFA committee who
evaluated this report has considered that effects shown inthe qualitative urine analyses are related to the highsodium intake arising from the sodium gluconate.
Glucono-delta-Lactone and the Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium
and Sodium Salts of Gluconic acid, in Safety Evaluation of
Certain Food Additives, WHO Food Additives Series 42,
prepared by the 51st meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert
Committee on Food Additives, World Health Organisation,
Geneva, 1999 (absorption, distribution and excretion, acutetoxicity, short-term toxicity, long-term toxicity,
reproductive and developmental toxicity, genotoxicity,
observations in humans, 24 references).
Animals : Sprague-Dawley SPF rats [Crj:CD (SD)] in groups of
10 males and 10 females
Oral feed: 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5 % w/w or 0, 1000, 2000, 4100
mg/kg bw for males (and 0, 1000, 2000, 4400 mg/kg bw
females) sodium gluconate and 1.35 %w/w sodium chloride(equivalent to the sodium content of diet containing 5%
sodium gluconate) in order to differentiate the potential
effects of high doses of sodium intake.
Body weights and food consumption were measured on day 1 andevery third or fourth day of the study. food-efficiency wascalculated from the body-weight gain and food consumption.
Ophthalmological examinations were performed on all animals
at the start of the study and on 6 rats of each sex pergroup at week 4.
Haematological and clinical chemical examinations were
performed on all animals at necropsy.

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
10-NOV-2005
Type:

Qualitative and quantitative urinary examinations (urinarypH, protein, ketones and glucose content) were performed at
the end of treatment and water intake was measured over 24
h. The weights of the brain, pituitary, thyroids, salivary
glands, thymus, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys,adrenals, testes, prostate, seminal vesicles, ovaries, anduterus were recorded. Detailed histopathologicalexaminations were performed on cerebrum, heart, lung, cecum,
liver, kidney, testis, epididymis, prostate and eye from all
animals at 0% and 5 % sodium gluconate and the NaCl control
group and on all gross lesions.
sodium gluconate(2) valid with restrictions
Secondary litterature but described in sufficient detail ina recognised WHO report. Acceptable for assessment.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(27)
Sub-acute
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ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006

Species:dog
Strain:BeagleRoute of administration: oral unspecified
Exposure period:
4 weeks
Frequency of treatment: no data
Doses:
0, 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg
Control Group:
yes
NOAEL:= 500 mg/kg

Sex: male/female

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data
1995
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:None of the animals died during the period of treatment inany dose group.
Statistically significant increased frequency of vomiting
and passage of loose or watery stools in 1000 and 2000 mg/kg
dose groups was observed, as compared to controls.
No significantly toxicologically changes were detected in
the body weight, food intake, water intake, urinalysis,hematologic test, blood chemistry analysis, ophthalmologic
test, electrocardiography, autopsy and organ weight or inhistopathological examination.
The non-toxic dose under the conditions of this testing wastherefore estimated to be 500 mg/kg/day. However, thetoxicological effects observed (vomiting, passage of loose
or watery stools) were considered extremely slight sinceother tests didn't show the same changes.

Test condition:
Animals : groups of 4 males and 4 females
Route : oral unspecified
Observation on the general conditions of the animals wasnoted daily before and after dosing during treatment.
Ophthalmological examinations were performed on all animals
1 week before dosing and at the third week of the study.
Qualitative and quantitative urinary examinations (urinarypH, protein and glucose) were performed on weeks 2 and 1
before dosing and on weeks 2 and 4 during the study.
Haematological and clinical chemical parameters were
measured at the end of treatment on blood collected fromfasted surviving rats on all animals at necropsy.
The weights of the brain, pituitary, thyroids, salivary
glands, thymus, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys,adrenals, testes, prostate, seminal vesicles, ovaries, anduterus were recorded.
Detailed histopathological examinations were performed on
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Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
10-NOV-2005

SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006
the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, spinal cord,
sciatic nerve, aorta,heart, larynx, trachea, lung, tongue,esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon,
rectum, submandibular gland, sublingual gland, parotid
gland, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, pituitary, thyroid,parathyroid, adrenal, thymus, spleen, submandibular lymph
node, mesenteric lymph node, kidney, urinary bladder,
testis, epididymis, prostate, mammary gland, skin, eye,optic nerve, lacrimal gland, bone marrow of sternum andfemur and femoral muscl
sodium gluconate(2) valid with restrictions
Abstract not sufficiently detailed but could be acceptable
for an initial assessment.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint
(29)

Type:
Sub-acuteSpecies:dog
Strain:BeagleRoute of administration: oral feed
Exposure period:
1 weekFrequency of treatment: daily
Doses:
1500 mg/kg
Control Group:
yes

Sex: no data

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data
1997noas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Method:Sodium gluconate was administered to beagle dogs (3 animals
per group) in dosageof 0 and 1500 mg/kg as an additive to food or in capsulesfor 1 week.
Vomiting and fecal properties were compared between two
methods of administration and confirmed.

Result:

Test substance:
Reliability:

As a reference article, 405 mg/kg of sodium chloride (NaCl)
was administered likewise.
None of the animals died during the period of observation inany dose group.
Passage of loose stools only was detected in the sodium
gluconate diet group,and vomiting and loose stools weredetected in the capsule group. Only vomiting was detectedin the NaCl containing diet group and the capsule group.
The above findings suggested that vomiting was caused byphysical stimulation by massive administration of the test
article in capsules or caused by sodium chloride in the test
substance. Loose stools seemed to be related to homeostatic
adjustment to increased osmolarity following administrationof a solution of the test article.
sodium gluconate(3) invalid
Short abstract on a comparison of 2 methods ofadministration of sodium gluconate.
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DATE: 25.01.2006

10-NOV-2005

(28)

Type:
Sub-acuteSpecies:rat
Strain:no data
Route of administration: oral feed
Exposure period:
10 daysFrequency of treatment: daily
Doses:
450 mg/kg/day
Control Group:no data specified

Sex: no data

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data1942
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:metabolic rate reduced. However, the rate returned tonormal when the gluconate feeding was discontinued. Also,
gluconic acid fed at approximately 400 mg/kg per day had noeffect on the metabolic rate. These results suggest thatthe observed effects were produced by the cations and not by
the gluconate portion of the molecule.
Evaluation of the Health Aspects of Sodium, Potassium,
Magnesium and Zinc Gluconates as Food Ingredients, SCOGS-78,
prepared for Bureau of Foods, Food and Drug Administration,
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington
D.C., Contract No. FDA 233-75-2004, Life Science Research
Office, Federation of American Societies for Experimental
Biology, 9650 Rockville Pike Bethesda, Maryland, 1978
(absorption and methabolism, acute toxicity, short-term
studies, teratogenicity, mutagenicity, 26 references).
sodium gluconate(4) not assignable
Short abstract, secondary litterature, old study, no data on
sample size
(1)

Source:Test substance:
Reliability:
10-NOV-2005

5.5 Genetic Toxicity 'in Vitro'Type:other: Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Salmonella
typhimurium reverse mutation assay
System of testing:bacterial and non bacterial
Concentration:
bacteria: 0.006%, 0.0012 %, 0.0024 % and yeast: 1.25%,
2.50% and 5.00%
Cytotoxic Concentration: 50% survival in bacteria calculated was at 0.0024 %test substance and 5% for yeast
Metabolic activation:with and without
Result:negative
Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

OECD Guide-line 471
1975
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Method:A. Toxicity:
The solubility, toxicity and doses for all chemicals were
determined prior to screening.

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Each chemical was tested on the strains over a range ofdoses (10, 1.0, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 %) to determine theconcentration that lead to 50% survival. Bacteria were
tested in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 for one hour at 37°c on a
shaker. Yeasts were tested in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 for
4 hours at 30°c on a shaker. The 50% survival curve and the
1/4 and 1/2 50% doses calculated. If no toxicity was
obtained for a chemical with a given strain, a maximum doseof 5% (w/v) was used.
The doses calculated for the tests in buffer were applied tothe activation tests. The solubility of the test substanceunder treatment conditions was measured and sodium
gluconate is insoluble in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)--------------------------------------------B. Plate tests (overlay method)
Approximately 10 exp9 cells from a log phase culture of eachstrain were added to test tubes containing 2.0 ml of molten
agar supplemented with biotin and a trace of histidine. For
nonactivation tests, the 3 dose levels of the test compound
were added to the tubes and poured over the surfaces of
selective agar plates.
In activation tests, the 9000 x g tissue supernatant andrequired cofactors (core reaction mixture) were added to theoverlay tubes. 3 dose levels of the test chemical were added
to the tubes, which were mixed and content poured over thesurface of a minimal agar (selective medium) plate andallowed to solidify.
The plates were incubated for 48 to 72 hours at 37°C, andscored for colonies growing on each plate. Positive andsolvent controls were run with each assay.
------------------------------------------------------C. Suspension tests
1. Nonactivation
Log phase bacteria and stationary phase yeast cultures weregrown in complete broth, washed and resuspended in 0.9%
saline to densities of 1 x 10 exp9 cells/ml and 5 x 10 exp7
cells/ml respectively. Tests were conducted in plastic
tissue culture plates. Cells plus chemicals were added to
the wells to give a final volume of 1.5 ml. The solvent
replaced the test chemical in the negative controls.
Treatment was at 30°C for 4 hours for yeast tests and at
37°c for one hour for bacterial tests. All flasks wereshaken during treatment. After treatments, the plates were
set on ice. Aliquots of cells were removed, diluted insterile saline (4°c) and plated on the appropriate complete
media. Undiluted samples from flasks containing thebacteria were plated on minimal selective medium inreversion experiments. Samples from a 1/10 dilution oftreated cells were plated on the selected media for
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ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006
enumeration of gene conversion with strain D4.
Bacterial plates were scored after incubation for 48 hours
at 37°C. The yeast plates were incubated at 30°C for 3-5
days before scoring.
2. Activation

Remark:Result:Bacteria and yeast cells were grown and prepared as
described in the nonactivation tests. Measured amounts ofthe test and control chemicals plus 0.25 ml of thestock-cell suspension were added to wells of the Linbro
plate containing the appropriate tissue fraction andreaction mixture. All flasks (bacteria and yeast) wereincubated at 37°c in an oxygen atmosphere with shaking. The
treatment times, dilutions, plating procedure and scoring of
the plates were the same as described for non activation
tests.
This study was conducted using 3 bacteria strains(salmonella typhimurium) and one yeast strain (saccharomyces
cervisiae) rather than a fourth bacteria strain as
indicators for this in vitro microbial assay with andwithout metabolic activation. Therefore, the results ofthis report on bacteria and yeast are included in the sameentry.
A. Salmonella typhimurium:
1. Plate tests: negative
2. Nonactivation suspension tests: negative
3. Activation suspension tests: negative (the 0.0024% dosewith TA-1538 using mouse lung tissue fraction and the doseswith TA-1537 usring rat lung tissue fraction were repeatedbecause of low population counts.
-------------------------------------------------B. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
1. Non-activation suspension tests: negative (the 2.50% dose
was repeated because of a low mutant plate count.
2. Activation suspension tests: negative
Conclusion:

Test condition:

The test compound sodium gluconate did not exhibit genetic
activity in any of the assays employed in study.
Strains tested:
Yeast: Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Strain D4
Bacteria: Salmonella typhimurium, strains: TA1535, TA1537,
TA1538-----------------------------Reaction mixture:

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ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006
Component:
Final concentration/ml
TNP (sodium salt)
6 µM
Isocitric acid
49 µM
Tris buffer, pH 7.4
28 µM
MgCl2
1.7 µM
Homogenate fraction
equivalent to 25 mg
of wet tissue-------------------------------Tissue homogenates and supernatants:
The tissue homogenates and supernatants (9000 g) wereprepared from tissues of mouse (ICR random bred adultmales); rat (Sprague-Dawnley adult males) and monkey (Macaca
mulatta adult males)--------------------------------Positive controls in direct and activation assays:
Non activation:
ChemicalSolventEthylmethanesulfonate (EMS)

water or saline

Probable mutagenic
specificity

base-pair
substitution
2-nitrofluorene(NF)
dimethylsulfoxide
frameshift
Quinacrine mustard (QM) water or saline
frameshift***************************
Activation:
ChemicalSolvent

Probable mutagenic
specificity
Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)
water or saline
base-pair
substitution
2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) dimethylsulfoxide frameshift
8-Aminoquinoline (AMQ)
dimethylsulfoxide frameshift
Concentration of positive controls:
Non activation:
TA-1535 EMS 10µl/plate
TA-1537 QM 20 µg/plate
TA-1538 NF 100 µg/plate
Activation:
TA-1535 ANTH (DMN ?) 100 µM/plate
TA-1537 AMQ 100 µg/plate
TA-1538 AAF 100 µg/plate

Test substance:
Reliability:

No information is reported on the positive control origin
and criteria used for determining the positive result.
sodium gluconate: no data on purity of substance(2) valid with restrictions
OECD guideline No. 471 followed except that the study
was made on one yeast strain : saccharomyces
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cerevisiae, strain D4 and 3 bacteria strains: S. typhimurium
TA1535, TA1537 and TA 1538
Positive controls different from the ones described in theOECD guideline No 471

Flag:
25-JAN-2006

The study was made only on 3 test concentrations.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(21)

5.6 Genetic Toxicity 'in Vivo'
Type:

Result:other: in vivo chromosomal aberration test with mouse bonemarrow cells
mouse
Sex: male
C57BL
oral feed
single dose and 4 days
single dose administration : 2.5, 5 and 10 g/kg
4 day repeated dose: 1.25 and 2.5 g/kg
negative

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1974
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Method:After receiving the single dose and the repeated dose test
substance, the animals were sacrified at 24 hours (single
dose) and 27 hours after last administration (4-days
repeated dose). 0.3 ml of 500 µg/ml colchicine wasintraperitoneally injected to each mouse at one hour before
sacrifice so that the metaphase cells could be observed.

Species:
Strain:Route of admin.:
Exposure period:
Doses:

After the bone marrow cells were washed, treated and fixedwith a fixing solution (1:3 acetic acid:ethanol solution),the cells were suspended and dripped on a slide glass andstained with Giemsa solution and examined.
Examination:

Result:At least 200 metaphase cells per mouse were examined for thepresence or absence of chromosomal aberrations (gaps,
breaks, translocation, fragments, ring chromosomes andminutes chromosome)Single dose administration:
At 10 and 5 g/kg, all mice died.
At 2.5 g/kg, observation could be made only on 2
animals(preparation of the chromosome specimen failed).
MMC induced chromosomal aberrations in at least 20% of bonemarrow cells.
Sodium gluconate induced chromosomal aberrations in thecells at a frequency of about 0.5% is comparable to thecontrol. (1 gap and 1 minute chromosome for 283 cells).

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SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006*******************************************************
4-day repeated dose administration:
At 1.25 and 2.5 g/kg, one mouse died in each group.
MMC induced chromosomal aberrations at about 30% cells.
The frequency of cells with chromosomal aberrations was 0.5%
in the test groups which is comparable to the control group.

Test condition:

Conclusion: Induction of chromosomal aberration by sodium
gluconate was not detected after in vivo single and repeateddose
treatment.
Animals:
Male C57BL/6 mice aged 12 or 13 weeks
Materials:
Test substance: sodium gluconate dissolved with 0.9%
physiological saline solution and orally administered at adose of 1ml/mouse
Positive control: MMC (mitomycin C) dissolved with 0.9%
physiological saline solution and administeredintraperitoneally at a dose of 0.5 ml/mouse------------------------------------------------Single dose administration :------------------------------------------------Control (physiological solution) :group 1 - 3 animals
MMC:
group 1 - 2 animals - 5 mg/kg (intraperitoneal)
Sodium gluconate :group 1 - 3 animals - 10 g/kg
group 2 - 3 animals - 5 g/kg
group 3 - 3 animals - 2.5 g/kg-----------------------------------------------4-day repeated dose administration :------------------------------------------------Control (physiological solution) :group 1 - 2 animals
MMC:
group 1 - 2 animals - 5 mg/kg (single dose intraperitoneal)
Sodium gluconate :group 1 - 3 animals - 2.5 g/kg
group 2 - 2 animals - 1.25 g/kg
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Test substance:
Reliability:

sodium gluconate: no data on purity of the substance(2) valid with restrictions
Translation of a report not fully documented but sufficientfor initial assessment

Flag:
10-NOV-2005

Critical study for SIDS endpoint(37)

5.7 Carcinogenicity
5.8.1 Toxicity to Fertility
5.8.2 Developmental Toxicity/Teratogenicity
Species:
Strain:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:rat
Sex: female
Wistargavagefrom day 6 to day 15 of gestation
daily
10 days0, 5.94, 27.6, 128.0, 594.0 mg/kg
yes, concurrent vehicle> 594 mg/kg bw> 594 mg/kg bw
non teratogen

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1973
noother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study underglucono-delta-lactone SIDS dossier.
Glucono-delta-lactone(1) valid without restriction
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
10-NOV-2005(4)

Species:
Strain:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:
Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:
158

mouse
Sex: female
CD-1
gavagefrom day 6 to day 15 of gestation
daily
10 days0, 6.95, 32.5, 150, 695 mg/kg
yes, concurrent vehicle> 695 mg/kg bw> 695 mg/kg bw
non teratogenother: no data specified
1973
noother TS
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5. TOXICITY
Remark:Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
10-NOV-2005

SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006
Data for the category: see details of study underglucono-delta-lactone SIDS dossier.
Glucono-delta-lactone(1) valid without restriction
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(4)

Species:
Strain:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:rabbitSex: female
Dutch
gavagefrom day 6 to 18 of gestation
daily
13 days0, 7.80, 36.2, 168.5, 780.0 mg/kg
yes, concurrent vehicle> 780 mg/kg bw> 780 mg/kg bw
non teratogen

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1973
noother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study underglucono-delta-lactone SIDS dossier.
Glucono-delta-lactone(1) valid without restriction
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
10-NOV-2005(5)

Species:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:hamster
Sex: female
gavagefrom day 6 to day 10 of gestation
Daily
5 days0, 5.60, 26.0, 121, 560 mg/kg
yes, concurrent vehicle> 560 mg/kg bw> 560 mg/kg bw
non teratogen

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1973
noother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study underglucono-delta-lactone SIDS dossier.
Glucono-delta-lactone(1) valid without restriction
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
10-NOV-2005

Species:
Strain:Route of administration:(4)
rat
Sprague-Dawleyoral unspecified
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Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:from day 6 to day 15 of gestation
daily
10 days1000 and 4000 mg/kg
no data specified> 4000 mg/kg bw> 4000 mg/kg bw
Non teratogen

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: No data specified
1978
no dataother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study underglucono-delta-lactone SIDS dossier.
Glucono-delta-lactone(2) valid with restrictions
short abstract but acceptable for initial assessment
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
10-NOV-2005

Species:
Strain:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:mouse
Sex: female
ICR
oral unspecified
from day 6 to day 15 of gestation
daily
10 days1000 and 4000 mg/kg
no data specified> 4000 mg/kg bw> 4000 mg/kg bw
non teratogen

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1978
no dataother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study underglucono-delta-lactone SIDS dossier.
Glucono-delta-lactone(2) valid with restrictions
short abstract but acceptable for initial assessment
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
10-NOV-2005

5.8.3 Toxicity to Reproduction, Other Studies
5.9 Specific Investigations
5.10 Exposure Experience
Type of experience:
160

(6)

Human - Exposure through Food
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OECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY
Remark:SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006

01-AUG-2003

On the basis of a re-evaluation of data previously
considered by JECFA and new data on the short-term toxicity
of sodium gluconate, the Committee extended the previous
ADI'not specified' for glucono-delta-lactone to a group ADI
forglucono-delta-lactone and the calcium, magnesium,
potassium,and sodium salts of gluconic acid.
(43)

Type of experience:

Human - Exposure through Food

Remark:Gluconic acid and its salts have been used in various
applications in the food industry. As a sequestrant,
sodiumgluconate finds broad application in cleaning solutions forthe food industry. Also, sodium gluconate has been used inindirect application in washing solutions for eggs,
denuding
tripe, and for preventing the staining of the exteriors ofcanned goods by cooling and retort water. Sodium andcalcium gluconate have been utilized as a partial
replacement for sodium chloride in sausage products. The
emulsifying and water binding properties of the sausage aswell as the nutritional properties were improved.
Over the past ten years, there has been considerable
research conducted in Japan using sodium gluconate tocomplement sodium chloride in the extraction of proteinsfrom fish muscle. Surimi, which had excellent whitenessandgood elasticity, was produced by replacing the phosphates
inthe process with sodium gluconate.
A process to improve meat tenderness was developed byscientists at the US Meat Animal Research Center. The
calcium activated Tenderization process uses post-mortem
injected calcium to activate the calpain tenderizing
enzymes. While the original work used calcium chloride,more recent tests showed a calcium gluconate compound
equally effective.
Sodium and potassium gluconate have a unique impact on
taste
perception. The gluconates perform a debitterant function
when used with artificial sweeteners, i.e. saccharine,
cyclamates and aspartame.
Sodium gluconate is sometimes used as an ingredient insugar
replacement packets and diet beverages. The artificial
sweetener, Aspartame, when used alone has a defect in thatits sweeteness is slightly delayed in onset and tends toremain longer on the tongue. The gustatory quality of
aspartame is improved to be more like sucrose with theaddition of sodium gluconate.
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Potassium gluconate has been shown to suppress the
sweeteness of hydrolized lactose without producing
bitterness or off-flavors.

14-AUG-2003

Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Company, has conducted research on
the reduction of sodium in foods. Fujisawa scientists havedeveloped a "low sodium" type product that combines sodium
chloride with potassium gluconate. Extensive tests haveshown its functionality in various food products.
(12)Type of experience:

Human - Medical Data

Remark:Sodium gluconate is also used in pharmaceutical injection
solutions in concentrations up to 55 g/l.
Company

Product
Sodium gluconate
Content---------------------------------------------------Abbott
Laboratories
Normosol R Inj
5.02 g/l
Normosol R W 5%
5.02 g/l
dextrose Inj
BaxterPlasmalyte 148
5.02 g/l
Plasmalyte 148
5.02 g/l
in 5% dextrose inj
B. Braun
Medical Isolyte S
5.00 g/l
Isolyte S
5.00 g/l
with 5% dextrose inj
Isolyte S pH 7.4 5.00 g/l
Hyperlyte
43.6 g/l
Pharmaceutical
Partnersof Canada
Lypholyte - Liq IV
55 g/lhttp://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hpb/drugs-dpd/
10-NOV-2005(2)

5.11 Additional Remarks
Type:

other

Remark:Opinion of the SCF in Reports of the Scientific Committee
for Food, Twenty-fifth series (1991), First series of foodadditives of various technological functions (opinion
expressed on 18 May 1990)
Gluconate and glucono-delta-lactone:
Consideration of these substances may be based on themetabolic evidence as intermediates of normal glucose
metabolism in mammalian species. There is considerable
experience with gluconates in man and animals. A single
long-term test at one dose level showed no evidence of
carcinogenicity for the lactone. Teratogenic tests have

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ID: 527-07-1
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shown no abnormalities in 4 species. In view of their rolein the glucose metabolism in mammals the Committee agrees
with the group ADI not specified established by JECFA

10-NOV-2005

(31)

Type:

other

Remark:Opinion of the Select Committee on GRAS substances:
Gluconates are useful as nutritional supplements since theirhigh solubility allows relatively rapid absorption of thecations. Evidence suggests that any possible toxicity is afunction of the cation rather than of the gluconate portionof these substances. Thus, the acute toxic responses to thevarious gluconate salts are comparable with other salts ofthe same metals and long-term toxicities seem related to thetissue deposition of these metals. These observations could
have been anticipated because gluconic acid is a normal
metabolic product of glucose. The amount of gluconic acidproduced endogenously is many times greater than the largest
amounts likely to be consumed from food. Because thetoxicological activities of these gluconates appear to be afunction of their cationic components, safe and acceptablelevels in foods are limited only by the nature of thespecific cations. Based on the foregoing, the SelectCommittee concludes that there is no evidence in theavailable information on sodium gluconate, potassium
gluconate, magnesium gluconate and zinc gluconate that
demonstrates or suggests reasonable grounds to suspect a
hazard to the public when they are used at levels that are
now current or that might reasonably be expected in the
future.

17-OCT-2003(3)

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6. REFERENCES

SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006(1) Berta, L., and G. Györi (1942). Die Wirkung vonalkalimetall-ionen auf den Grundstoffwechsel. Biochem. Z.
311:81-91.
(2) Drug Product Database (DPD). Health Canada.
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hpb/drugs-dpd/(3) Evaluation of the Health Aspects of Sodium, Potassium,
Magnesium and Zinc Gluconates as Food Ingredients, SCOGS-78,
prepared for Bureau of Foods, Food and Drug Administration,
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington
D.C., Contract No. FDA 233-75-2004, Life Science Research
Office, Federation of American Societies for Experimental
Biology, 9650 Rockville Pike Bethesda, Maryland, 1978
(absorption and methabolism, acute toxicity, short-term
studies, teratogenicity, mutagenicity, 26 references).
(4) Food & Drug Research Laboratories (1973). Teratologic
evaluation of FDA 71-72 (glucono-delta-lactone). Unpublisheddata, contract No FDA71-260, FDRL, Maspeth,NewYork, USA.
(5) Food & Drug Research Laboratories (1973). Teratologic
evaluation of FDA 71-72 (glucono-delta-lactone). Unpublisheddata,contract No FDA71-260, FDRL, Maspeth,NewYork, USA.
(6) Fukuhara, K. Fujii, N. Watanabe (1978b). Teratogenicity
study of glucono-delta-lactone in rat (Oral dosing).
Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Central Laboratory.
(7) Fukuhara, K. Fujii, N. Watanabe (1978c). Teratogenicity
study of glucono-delta-lactone in mica (Oral dosing).
Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co.
Ltd, Central Laboratory.
(8) FUSO Chemical Co. Ltd. MSDS
(9) FUSO Chemical Co. Ltd. MSDS.
(10) Gajatto, S. (1939). Pharmacological research on sodium
gluconate. Arch. Farmacol. Sper., 68, 1-13.
(11) Gluconate Handbook. PMP Fermentation Products, Inc. Chicago,
Illinois. Certificate: No. 30823. Not dated.
(12) Gluconate Handbook. PMP Fermentation Products, Inc. Chicago,
Illinois. Not dated.
(13) Hydrotox GmbH (2001). Closed bottle test of sodium
D-gluconate, according to 92/69/EWG, C.4-E. Study Number
01/1004. Unpublished, sponsored by Jungbunzlauer S.A.,
Marckolsheim, France.
(14) Hydrotox GmbH (2001b). Anaerobic Degradation of sodium
D-gluconate, according to DIN EN ISO 11734. Unpublished,sponsored by Jungbunzlauer S.A., Marckolsheim, France.
(15) Hydrotox GmbH (2001c). Daphnia Magna: acute immobilization
164

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6. REFERENCES

SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006

test with sodium D-gluconate, according to 92/69/EWG, C.2
and OECD 202. Unpublished, sponsored by Jungbunzlauer S.A.,
Marckolsheim.
(16) Hydrotox GmbH (2001d). Algae, Growth inhibition Test with
Sodium D-gluconate, according to 92/69/EWG, C.3 and OECD
201. Unpublished study, sponsored by Jungbunzlauer.
(17) Jungbunzlauer International AG MSDS
(18) Jungbunzlauer International AG MSDS.
(19) Life Science Research Office (1978). Evaluation of the
Health Aspects of Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium and Zinc
Gluconates as Food Ingredients, SCOGS-78, prepared for
Bureau of Foods, Food and Drug Administration, Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington D.C., Contract
No. FDA 233-75-2004, Life Science Research
Office, Federation of American Societies for Experimental
Biology, 9650 Rockville Pike Bethesda, Maryland(absorption and methabolism, acute toxicity, short-term
studies, teratogenicity, mutagenicity, 26 references).
(20) Life Science Research Office (1980). Evaluation of the
Health aspects of potassium gluconate as a food ingredient.
Supplemental Review and Evaluation. Contract No. FDA
223-78-2100. Prepared for Bureau of Foods. Food and Drug
Administration. Department of Health andHuman Services Washington, D.C.
(21) Litton Bionetics, Inc. (1975). Mutagenic evaluation ofcompound FDA 75-5 000527-07-1 sodium gluconate, FCC, Fine
granular. Submitted to Food and Drug Administration
Department of Health, Education and Welfare,Rockville, Maryland.
(22) Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute (2002). Acute toxicity
of sodium gluconate with Medaka (Oryzias
latipes). Study number A010387. Study sponsored by
Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
(23) Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd (2002). Acutetoxicity of sodium gluconate with Daphnia magna. Study
number A010388. Study sponsored by Fujisawa
Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
(24) Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd. (2002b). Growth
inhibition test of sodium gluconate with Algae(Selenastrum capricornutum). Study Number A010389. Study
sponsored by Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
(25) Mochizuki, M. (1995). A toxicity study of sodium gluconate(FR2531) by single oral administration in rats. Final report
No. BOZO/B-2965 from Gotemba Laboratory, Bozo ResearchCenter, Inc., Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo 156, Japan.
(26) Mochizuki, M. (1995a). A 4-week oral toxicity study of
sodium gluconate (FR2531) in rats. Final report No.
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6. REFERENCES

SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006

BOZO/B-2966 from Gotemba Laboratory, Bozo Research Center,
Inc., Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo 156, Japan.
(27) Mochizuki, M. (1997). A 28-day toxicity study in rats fed
diet containing sodium gluconate (FR2531). Final report No.
BOZO/B-3731 from Gotemba Laboratory, Bozo Research Center,
Inc., Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo 156, Japan.
(28) Nagashima Y. (1997). One-week oral dose toxicity study of
sodium gluconate in dog. Unpublished report from Gotemba
Laboratory, Bozo Research Center, Inc., Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo
156, Japan.
(29) Okamoto M. (1995). Four-weeks oral dose toxicity study of
sodium gluconate in dog. Unpublished report from Gotemba
Laboratory, Bozo Research Center, Inc., Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo
156, Japan.
(30) Okamoto M. (1995). Single oral dose toxicity study of sodium
gluconate in dog. Unpublished report from Gotemba
Laboratory, Bozo Research Center, Inc., Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo
156, Japan.
(31) Opinion of the SCF in Reports of the Scientific Committee
for Food, Twenty-fifth series (1991), First series of foodadditives of various technological functions (opinion
expressed on 18 May 1990).
(32) Roquette Frères MSDS
(33) Rübelt C. (1992). Bestimmung des ökotoxikologischen
Verhaltens von Natriumgluconat und Glucono-delta-Lacton.
Institut für Hygiene und mikrobiologie der Universität desSaarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Deutschland. Unpublished, toxicity
to fish according to German standard method DIN 38 412 L15(equivalent with OECD 203). On behalf of Jungbunzlauer.
(34) Rübelt C. (1997). Bestimmung des ökotoxikologischen
Verhaltens von Natriumgluconat und Glucono-delta-Lacton.
Institut für Hygiene und mikrobiologie der Universität desSaarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Deutschland. Unpublished, algae
inhibition according to German standard
method DIN 38 412 L33. On behalf of Jungbunzlauer.
(35) Rübelt, C. (1992). Bestimmung des ökotoxikologischen
Verhaltens von Natriumgluconat und Glucono-delta-Lacton.
Institut für Hygiene und mikrobiologie der Universität desSaarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Deutschland. Unpublished, bacteria
inhibition according to German standard method DIN 38 412
L8. On behalf of Jungbunzlauer.
(36) Rübelt, C. (1997a). Bestimmung des ökotoxikologischen
Verhaltens von Natriumgluconat und Glucono-delta-Lacton.
Institut für Hygiene und mikrobiologie der Universität desSaarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Deutschland. Unpublished, algae
inhibition according to German standard method DIN 38 412
L33, on behalf ofJungbunzlauer.
166

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
6. REFERENCES

SODIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 527-07-1
DATE: 25.01.2006(37) Tatsuo Yamashita et al. (1974). In vivo chromosomal
aberration test of glucono-delta-lactone and sodium
gluconate with mouse bone marrow cells. Central ResearchLaboratory, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
(38) Tharandt, L., Hubner, W. & Hollman, S. (1979). Investigationof the metabolic conversion of D-gluconate andD-glucono-d-lactone in normal and alloxan-diabetic rats. J.
Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem., 17, 257-267.
(39) The Chemical Economics Handbook (2000). SRI International
Report: Chelating Agents. By Robert E. Davenport with
Frederic Dubois, Andrew DeBoo and Akihiro Kishi (March
2000).
(40) The Chemical Economics Handbook (2000). SRI International
Report: Chelating Agents. By Robert E. Davenport with
FredericDubois, Andrew DeBoo and Akihiro Kishi (March 2000).
(41) The Merck Index (1996)(42) Ullman's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (1999). 6th
Edition.
(43) WHO (1999). JECFA evaluation in Glucono-delta-Lactone andthe Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium and Sodium Salts of
Gluconic acid, in Safety Evaluation of Certain Food
Additives, WHO Food Additives Series 42, prepared by the
51st meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food
Additives (absorption, distribution
and excretion, acute toxicity, short-term toxicity,
long-term toxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity,
genotoxicity, observations in humans, 24 references).

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OECD SIDSCALCIUM GLUCONATE

I

D

U

C

L

I

D

a

t

a

S

e

Existing Chemical
CAS No.
EINECS NameEC No.
Molecular Formula

ID: 299-28-5
299-28-5
calcium gluconate
206-075-8
C6H12O7.1/2Ca

Producer Related Part
Company:
Creation date:

Keller and Heckman LLP
02-APR-2003

t

Substance Related Part
Company:
Keller and Heckman LLP
Creation date:
02-APR-2003
Memo:

OECD HPV Chemicals Programme, SIDS Dossier, approved at
SIAM 18 (20-23 April 2004)

Printing date:
Revision date:
Date of last Update:

25-JAN-2006

Number of Pages:

39

25-JAN-2006

Chapter (profile):
Chapter: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10
Reliability (profile): Reliability: without reliability, 1, 2, 3, 4
Flags (profile):
Flags: without flag, confidential, non confidential, WGK(DE), TA-Luft (DE), Material Safety Dataset, Risk
Assessment, Directive 67/548/EEC, SIDS

168

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1. GENERAL INFORMATIONCALCIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-28-5
DATE: 25.01.2006

1.0.1 Applicant and Company Information
Type:
Name:
Contact Person:
Street:Town:
Country:
Phone:
Telefax:
Email:
Remark:lead organisation
The Gluconic acid and its sodium, potassium and calcium salts
and glucono-delta-lactone consortium
Jean-Philippe Montfort
Date: 02-APR-2003
Rue Blanche 251060 Brussels
Belgium+32 2 541 05 70+ 32 2 541 05 80
montfort@khlaw.beSponsor Country for this Category: Belgium; Co-sponsor
country: Japan.

12-DEC-2005
Type:
Name:
Contact Person:
Street:Town:
Country:
Phone:
Telefax:
Email:

manufacturer
FUSO Chemical Co. Ltd
Ph.D. Shinichi Sugita
Date:
Iwamoto-cho Toyo Building, 1-2 Iwamoto-cho 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku
101 0032 TokyoJapan+81 3 5820 1611
+81 3 5820 1634
Shinichi.Sugita@fusokk.co.jp

03-AUG-2004
Type:
Name:
Contact Person:
Street:Town:
Country:
Phone:
Telefax:
Email:

manufacturer
Jungbunzlauer International AG
Raphaël Singer
Date: 17-APR-2003
St. Alban-Vorstadt 90
4002 Basel
Switzerland+41 61 295 51 25+41 61 295 52 66
raphael.singer@jungbunzlauer.ch

17-OCT-2003
Type:
Name:
Contact Person:
Town:
Country:
Phone:
Telefax:
Email:

manufacturer
Roquette Freres
Johnny Pallot
Date:62080 Lestrem Cedex
France+33 3 21 63 37 40+33 3 21 63 38 50
JOHNNY.PALLOT@roquette.com

31-JUL-2003
Type:
Name:
Contact Person:
Street:Town:
Country:

manufacturer
PURAC
Ton van Dongen
PO BOX 21
4200 AA Gorinchem
Netherlands

Date:

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169

OECD SIDS
1. GENERAL INFORMATION
Phone:
Telefax:
Email:CALCIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-28-5
DATE: 25.01.2006+31 183 695 730+31 183 695 603
t.van.dongen@purac.com

03-AUG-2004
1.0.2 Location of Production Site, Importer or Formulator
1.0.3 Identity of Recipients
1.0.4 Details on Category/Template
Remark:Glucono-delta-lactone, gluconic acid and its sodium, calcium
and potassium salts have been proposed in a category, as thesalts of gluconic acid freely dissociate to the gluconate
anion and the respective cation.
Glucono-delta-lactone (GDL) is the inner ester of gluconic
acid formed by the removal of water.
When glucono-delta-lactone is used in aqueous solution, it
is slowly hydrolysed until an equilibrium is reached between
gluconic acid and its delta-lactone.

12-AUG-2004
1.1.0 Substance Identification
IUPAC Name:
Smiles Code:Mol. Formula:
Mol. Weight:

calcium-di- 2,3,4,5,6 - pentahydroxy hexanoate anhydrous[Ca](OC(=O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)CO)OC(=O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)COC12H22O14Ca
430.4

20-OCT-2003
IUPAC Name:
Mol. Formula:
Mol. Weight:

calcium-di- 2,3,4,5,6 - pentahydroxy hexanoate monohydrate
C12H22O14Ca.H2O
448.4

Remark:12-AUG-2004

CAS No for calcium gluconate monhydrate is 18016-24-5.

1.1.1 General Substance Information
Purity type:
Substance type:Physical status:
Purity:Colour:Odour:

typical for marketed substanceorganic
solid
ca. 98 - 104 % w/w
white/off-white
none

Remark:Calcium gluconate is the calcium salt of gluconic acid,
which is obtained from glucose (dextrose) by fermentation.

170

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1. GENERAL INFORMATIONCALCIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-28-5
DATE: 25.01.2006

Gluconic acid is produced naturally as a main metabolism
product via the decomposition of glucose in foods such as
wine or honey.
09-AUG-2004
1.1.2 Spectra
1.2 Synonyms and Tradenames
calcium gluconate
11-JUN-2003
mono calcium di-D(-)-pentahydroxycapronate
11-JUN-2003
1.3 Impurities
Purity type:typical for marketed substance

Remark:For food and/or medical applications the level of impurities
complies with the restrictions laid down in thecorresponding EU Directives.

15-JAN-2004
1.4 Additives
Remark:10-NOV-2005

For all the chemicals of the category: no additives used

1.5 Total Quantity
Quantity:ca. 4000 - 6000 tonnes produced in 2000

09-AUG-2004
1.6.1 Labelling
Remark:For all the chemicals in the category: proposal of Industry:
no labelling required

10-NOV-2005
1.6.2 Classification
Classified:other, as in legislation

Remark:For all chemicals of the category: proposal of Industry: noclassification required
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1. GENERAL INFORMATIONCALCIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-28-5
DATE: 25.01.2006

10-NOV-2005
1.6.3 Packaging
1.7 Use Pattern
Type:
Category:

type
Wide dispersive use

Remark:14-AUG-2003

Data for the category: see sodium gluconate

1.7.1 Detailed Use Pattern
1.7.2 Methods of Manufacture
1.8 Regulatory Measures
1.8.1 Occupational Exposure Limit Values
1.8.2 Acceptable Residues Levels
1.8.3 Water Pollution
1.8.4 Major Accident Hazards
1.8.5 Air Pollution
1.8.6 Listings e.g. Chemical Inventories
1.9.1 Degradation/Transformation Products
1.9.2 Components
1.10 Source of Exposure
Source of exposure: other
Remark:14-AUG-2003

Data for the category: see sodium gluconate

1.11 Additional Remarks
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1. GENERAL INFORMATIONCALCIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-28-5
DATE: 25.01.2006

Memo:Regulatory status

Remark:In the European Parliament and Council Directive 95/2/EC,
calcium gluconate is listed as a generally permitted foodadditive (E578) and may be added to all foodstuffs,
following the "quantum satis" principle, as long as no
special regulations restrict the use.
the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) assigned calcium
gluconate the "generally recognised as safe" (GRAS) status
and permitted its use in food without limitation other than
good manufacturing practice.

14-AUG-2003
1.12 Last Literature Search
1.13 Reviews

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OECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATACALCIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-28-5
DATE: 25.01.2006

2.1 Melting Point
Value:= 120 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Test substance:
Reliability:

Calcium gluconate monohydrate: -H2O(2) valid with restrictions
Data from Handbook or collection of data
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
09-AUG-2004(2)

2.2 Boiling Point
Value:= 731.1 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: calculatednoas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Remark:Estimated with MPBPVP (v1.41) program from US EPA (EPI
v3.11)(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Reliability:
Flag:
09-AUG-2004
2.3 Density
Type:
Value:

bulk density
ca. 300 - 650 kg/m3

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
09-AUG-2004(9)

2.3.1 Granulometry
2.4 Vapour Pressure
Value:= 0 hPa at 25 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other (calculated)noas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Remark:Estimated with MPBPVP (v1.41) program from US EPA (EPI

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2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATACALCIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-28-5
DATE: 25.01.2006

v3.11):

Result:Reliability:
Flag:
09-AUG-2004

Vapor Pressure Estimations (25 deg C):(Using BP: 731.14 deg C (estimated))(Using MP: 320.57 deg C (estimated))
VP: 8.69E-034 mm Hg (Antoine Method)
VP: 1.19E-022 mm Hg (Modified Grain Method)
VP: 5.84E-017 mm Hg (Mackay Method)
Selected VP: 1.19E-022 mm Hg or 1.58E-022 hPa (Modified
Grain Method)(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

2.5 Partition CoefficientPartition Coeff.: octanol-waterlog Pow:= -7.51 at 25 degree C
Method:GLP:other (calculated)noRemark:Estimated with Kowwin (v1.67) program from US EPA (EPI
v3.11):(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Reliability:
Flag:
09-AUG-2004

2.6.1 Solubility in different media
Solubility in:
Value:
pH
value:
Conc.:

Water= 30 g/l at 20 degree C= 6 - 8.5
1 vol% degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
09-AUG-2004(9)

Solubility in:
Value:

Water= 35 g/l at 25 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:

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2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATACALCIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-28-5
DATE: 25.01.2006

09-AUG-2004(4)

Solubility in:
Descr.:

other: alcohol
insoluble (< 0.1 mg/L)

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
09-AUG-2004(9)

2.6.2 Surface Tension
2.7 Flash Point
2.8 Auto Flammability
2.9 Flammability
2.10 Explosive Properties
2.11 Oxidizing Properties
2.12 Dissociation ConstantAcid-base Const.: pKa=3.70
Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataother TS

Remark:The dissociation in water is expected to be complete as the
pKa values of gluconic acid found in literature range from
3.5 to 3.8
gluconic acid(2) valid with restrictions
Data from Handbook or collection of data
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(20)

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
12-AUG-2004

Acid-base Const.: pKa = 1.22
Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1964
noas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:

(4)

176

not assignable
UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA

Flag:
09-AUG-2004

CALCIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-28-5
DATE: 25.01.2006

Secondary litterature. Old study
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(16)

2.13 Viscosity
2.14 Additional Remarks
11-JUN-2003

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177OECD SIDS
3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYSCALCIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-28-5
DATE: 25.01.2006

3.1.1 Photodegradation
Type:

air

Method:other (calculated): Estimated with AOP (v1.91) program from US
EPA (EPI v3.11)
noas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

GLP:
Test substance:
Remark:OVERALL OH Rate Constant =Reliability:
Flag:
12-AUG-2004

76.2553 E-12 cm3/molecule-sec

HALF-LIFE =0.140 Days (12-hr day; 1.5E6 OH/cm3)
HALF-LIFE =1.683 H(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

3.1.2 Stability in Water
Type:

abiotic

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data
1993
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Remark:Stability constant for Ca2+ (25°C, µ=0.1) with gluconic
acid = 1.22
(2) valid with restrictions
Data from Handbook or collection of data
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005

(19)

Type:

abiotic

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data
1962
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Remark:Reliability:

Stability constant of Calcium with gluconic acid : pK= 1.22
(4) not assignable
Secondary litterature. Old study(16)

14-NOV-2005

3.1.3 Stability in Soil
3.2.1 Monitoring Data (Environment)
3.2.2 Field Studies

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3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYSCALCIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-28-5
DATE: 25.01.2006

3.3.1 Transport between Environmental Compartments
Type:Media:
Method:fugacity model level III
otherother: calculated

Remark:Estimated with the Level III Fugacity Model program LEVEL3NT
from US EPA (EPI v3.11)
Chem Name: D-Gluconic acid, calcium salt (2:1) Molecular
Wt: 430.38
Henry's LC : 6.74e-029 atm-m3/mole (calc VP/Wsol)
Vapor Press : 1.19e-022 mm Hg (Mpbpwin program)
Liquid VP: 9.97e-020 mm Hg (super-cooled)
Melting Pt : 321 deg C (Mpbpwin program)
Log Kow: -7.51 (Kowwin program)
Soil Koc: 1.27e-008 (calc by model)
Mass AmountHalf-Life

Emissions---------------------------------------------------(percent)(hr)(kg/hr)Air
1.06e-007
3.37
1000
Water
38.8
55.9
1000
Soil
61.2
55.9
1000
Sediment 0.0345
2240_______________________________________________________
Fugacity
Reaction
Advection (atm)(kg/hr)Air
1.57e-032 5.12e-005
Water
7.13e-035 1.13e+003
Soil
4.17e-033 1.78e+003
Sediment 3.17e-035 0.251

Advection Reaction(kg/hr)(percent)(percent)2.49e-006 1.71e-006 8.3e-008
91.1
37.6
3.04
0
59.3
0
0.001620.00837
5.4e-005

Persistence Time: 78.3 hr
Reaction Time:80.7 hr
Advection Time:
2.58e+003 hr
Percent Reacted: 97
Percent Advected: 3.04
Half-Lives (hr), (based upon Biowin (Ultimate) and Aopwin):
Air:
3.367
Water:
55.92
Soil:
55.92
Sediment: 223.7
Biowin estimate: 3.848(days )

Advection Times (hr):Reliability:

Air:
100
Water:
1000
Sediment: 5e+004(3) invalid
Limited reliability because the Henry's LC can neither becalculated with the bond estimation method nor with the
UNEP PUBLICATIONS179OECD SIDS
3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYSCALCIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-28-5
DATE: 25.01.2006

group estimation method because of missing values forcertain bonds/groups.
The Henry's LC is therefore estimated by VP/Wsol.
However, this program does not use the entered solubility(30 g/l) but the solubility determined by the WATERNT
program (1000 g/l) for the estimation of the Henry's LC thatis then used in the LEVEL3NT program.
Indeed the Henry's LC estimated with the entered solubility
is:Henrys LC [VP/WSol estimate using EPI values]:
HLC: 2.246E-027 atm-m3/mole

25-JAN-2006

Whereas the Henry's LC estimated with the solubility
determined by the WATERNT program is:Henrys LC [VP/WSol estimate using EPI values]:
HLC: 6.739E-029 atm-m3/mole

3.3.2 Distribution
Media:
Method:air - biota - sediment(s) - soil - waterother (calculation)

Remark:Henry's law constant estimated with HENRY (v3.10) programfrom US EPA (EPI v3.11)
Can neither be calculated with the bond estimation method
nor with the group estimation method because of missing
values for certain bonds/groups.
-------------------------------------Soil Adsorption Coefficient estimated with PCKOC (v1.66)
program from US EPA (EPI v3.11)
First Order Molecular Connectivity Index : 12.487
Non-Corrected Log Koc : 7.2631
Fragment Correction(s):2Aliphatic Alcohol (-C-OH): -3.0386
2
Misc (C=O) Group (aliphatic attach) :-2.4000
Corrected Log Koc . : 1.8245

Reliability:
Flag:
09-AUG-2004

Estimated Koc: 66.76(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

3.4 Mode of Degradation in Actual Use

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DATE: 25.01.2006

3.5 Biodegradation
Type:
Inoculum:Deg. product:

aerobic
other: secondary effluent of a municipal sewage plant(Breisgauer Bucht, 500000 population equivalent), 0.4 ml/l
3 mg/l related to Test substance
28 day(s)= 89 % after 28 day(s)readily biodegradable
3 day(s)= 61.13 %7 day(s)= 74.35 %14 day(s)= 66.09 %21 day(s)= 71.94 %28 day(s)= 88.88 %Acetic acid, sodium salt
3 day(s)= 67.15 %28 day(s)= 80.93 %not measured

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

Directive 92/69/EEC, C.4-E
2001
yes
other TS

Remark:The 89% degradation indicated here relates to the
Theoritical Oxygen Demand (ThOD).

Concentration:
Contact time:
Degradation:
Result:Kinetic:

Control Subst.:
Kinetic:

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005
Type:
Inoculum:

Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
Sodium gluconate: 99.0-101.0%(1) valid without restriction
study conducted according to OECD guidelines, valid
test,quality assurance and GLP certificates
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(7)

Deg. product:

anaerobic
other: Digesting sludge of a municipal sewage plant(Breisgauer Bucht, 500000 population equivalent), 2.9 g total
solids/l
303 mg/l related to Test substance
35 day(s)= 100 % after 35 day(s)readily biodegradable
1 day(s)= 8 %8 day(s)= 51 %
15 day(s)= 57 %
22 day(s)= 61 %
35 day(s)= 100 %
Benzoic acid, sodium salt
8 day(s)= 6 %35 day(s)= 100 %
not measured

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: DIN EN ISO 11734
2001
yesother TS

Concentration:
Contact time:
Degradation:
Result:Kinetic:

Control Subst.:
Kinetic:

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Remark:Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005

Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
sodium gluconate(1) valid without restriction
study conducted according to OECD guidelines, valid
test,quality assurance and GLP certificates
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(8)

3.6 BOD5, COD or BOD5/COD Ratio
3.7 Bioaccumulation
3.8 Additional Remarks

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ID: 299-28-5
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UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
4. ECOTOXICITYCALCIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-28-5
DATE: 25.01.2006

AQUATIC ORGANISMS
4.1 Acute/Prolonged Toxicity to Fish
Type:
Species:
Exposure period:
Unit:
NOEC:
LC0:
Limit Test:

semistatic
Oryzias latipes
96 hour(s)mg/l> 100 > 100 yes

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

OECD Guide-line 2032002
yesother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
sodium gluconate : 99.6%(1) valid without restriction
study conducted according to OECD guidelines, valid
test,quality assurance and GLP certificates
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005(Fish, fresh water)
Analytical monitoring: yes"Fish, Acute Toxicity Test"(11)

4.2 Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates
Type:
Species:
Exposure period:
Unit:
NOEC:
EC100:
Limit Test:

staticDaphnia magna
48 hour(s)mg/l> 1000 > 1000 yes

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

OECD Guide-line 202
2002
yesother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
sodium gluconate : 99.6%(1) valid without restriction
study conducted according to OECD guidelines, valid
test,quality assurance and GLP certificates
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005(Crustacea)
Analytical monitoring: yes(12)

4.3 Toxicity to Aquatic Plants e.g. Algae
Species:
Endpoint:
Exposure period:
Unit:

Selenastrum capricornutum (Algae)
growth rate
72 hour(s)mg/lAnalytical monitoring: yes
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ID: 299-28-5
DATE: 25.01.2006

NOEC:
EC50:
Limit Test:= 560 > 1000 yes

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

OECD Guide-line 201
2002
yesother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
sodium gluconate : 99.6%(1) valid without restriction
study conducted according to OECD guidelines, valid
test,quality assurance and GLP certificates
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005"Algae, Growth Inhibition Test"(13)

4.4 Toxicity to Microorganisms e.g. Bacteria
4.5 Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms
4.5.1 Chronic Toxicity to Fish
4.5.2 Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates
TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS
4.6.1 Toxicity to Sediment Dwelling Organisms
Species:otherRemark:No data available but exposure in sediment expected to be
extremely limited according to the Level III Fugacity Model
program LEVEL3NT from US EPA (EPI v3.11) on sodium gluconate

14-AUG-2003

4.6.2 Toxicity to Terrestrial Plants
Method:other

Remark:14-AUG-2003

No data available

4.6.3 Toxicity to Soil Dwelling Organisms
Method:other

Remark:no data available but due to the low intrinsic toxicity in

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ID: 299-28-5
DATE: 25.01.2006
aquatic organisms, it is reasonable to expect a similar low
toxic impact on terrestrial organisms.

09-AUG-2004
4.6.4 Toxicity to other Non-Mamm. Terrestrial Species
4.7 Biological Effects Monitoring
4.8 Biotransformation and Kinetics
4.9 Additional Remarks

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ID: 299-28-5
DATE: 25.01.2006

5.0 Toxicokinetics, Metabolism and Distribution
In Vitro/in vivo:
Type:
Species:

In vivo
Toxicokinetics
other: mice, dogs and monkeys

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data
1962noas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:

The pharmacologic and toxic properties of calcium kinate
gluconate, calcium gluconate, and calcium chloride have beenstudied in mice, dogs, and monkeys. The pharmacologic
properties appeared to be based on the calcium concentration
except for acute intravenous tolerance where calcium kinate
gluconate was better tolerated than calcium gluconate.
Calcium kinate gluconate and calcium gluconate injections
produced transient decrease in blood clotting time, but
increased platelet counts were observed only following
calcium kinate gluconate injections. The calcium kinate
gluconate effect on blood probably was attributable to thepresence of calcium and kinic acid.

Reliability:

No toxic properties of calcium kinate gluconate and calcium
gluconate were observed in a 6-month tolerance study indogs. Good clinical tolerance of calcium kinate gluconate
was reported on over 200 cases.
(3) invalid
old comparative study not compliant with OECD guidelines,
for reference only

14-NOV-2005(1)

5.1 Acute Toxicity
5.1.1 Acute Oral Toxicity
Type:Species:
Strain:Sex:
No. of Animals:
Vehicle:Doses:
Value:

LDLo
rat
Crj: CD(SD)male/female10
no data
500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg> 2000 mg/kg bw

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data
1995
no dataother TS

Test substance:
Reliability:

sodium gluconate(2) valid with restrictions
Short abstract not well documented but key study for initial

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Flag:
14-NOV-2005

CALCIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-28-5
DATE: 25.01.2006
assessment
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(15)

5.1.2 Acute Inhalation Toxicity
5.1.3 Acute Dermal Toxicity
5.1.4 Acute Toxicity, other Routes
Type:Species:
Strain:Sex:
No. of Animals:
Vehicle:Doses:
Route of admin.:

other
dog
no datano data18
no datano datai.v.

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

other
1940
no
as prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Method:18 adult dogs were used. The animals received 10 mg/kg bw
morphine sulfate subcutaneously 30 minutes before injectionof the calcium salt was began. The calcium solutions (0.205
M) were injected through a cannula into the femoral vein atvarying rates.
A blood sample was taken from the femoral vein just prior tocannulation and a second at death by direct cardiac
puncture.
The concentration of calcium in the serum was determined by
the method of Kramer and Tisdall (Kramer, B., and Tisdall,
F. F.: A simple techniqe for the determination of calcium
and magnesium in small amounts of serum, J. Biol. Che. 47:
475, 1921).

Result:

Test substance:
Reliability:

Electrocardiograms from Lead II were taken at frequentintervals during the injection.
Appreciably larger quantities of calcium given as
gluconate-idonate or calcium gluconate was necessary to
produce death than are needed when calcium is given as thechloride. It is possible that the difference between thechloride and the sugar acid salts can be explained in partby the different amounts of calcium ions they yield.
Calcium gluconate-idonate and calcium gluconate differ very
little in their toxicity for dogs.
calcium gluconate, calcium gluconate-idonate and calcium
chloride(3) invalid
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14-NOV-2005

CALCIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-28-5
DATE: 25.01.2006
very old study not compliant with OECD guidelines(17)

5.2 Corrosiveness and Irritation
5.2.1 Skin Irritation
Species:other: no data on calcium gluconate. See gluconic acid

10-AUG-2004
5.2.2 Eye Irritation
Species:other: no data on calcium gluconate. See gluconic acid

10-AUG-2004
5.3 Sensitization
5.4 Repeated Dose Toxicity
Type:Sub-acuteSpecies:rat
Strain:
Crj: CD(SD)Route of administration: gavage
Exposure period:
4 weeks
Frequency of treatment: daily
Doses:
0, 500, 1000, 2000 mag/kg bw
Control Group:
yes, concurrent no treatment
NOAEL:= 1000 mg/kg bw
NOAEL females := 2000 mg/kg bw

Sex: male/female

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data
1995
no dataother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
sodium gluconate(2) valid with restrictions
Secondary litterature but described in sufficient detail ina
recognised WHO report. Acceptable for initial assessment
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(14)

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005

Type:
Chronic
Species:rat
Strain:no data
Route of administration: gavage
Exposure period:
70 daysFrequency of treatment: 6 days/weekly
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Sex: no data

OECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY
Doses:
Control Group:

CALCIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-28-5
DATE: 25.01.2006
400 mg calcium/kg bw
no data specified

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data1940
noother TS

Result:

All the animals that received the equivalent of 2 g/kg bw
calcium died after a single dose.
Administration of 1 g calcium /kg bw as calcium chloride
produced death after one or two doses and 4 animals from thecalcium gluconate-idonate group receiving the equivalent of
1 g calcium survived throughout the experience.
At a dose of 0.4 g calcium/kg bw, 5 out of 10 animals
survived in the calcium chloride group while all the animals
receiving calcium gluconate-idonate survived. 2 of the
gluconate animals died (at 56 and 63 days) but the entire
gluconate-idonate group was still alive.
The heart, kidney, and liver tissue examinations did notshow any abnormality which could be ascribed to the effectof the drug.

Test condition:

Test substance:
Reliability:

Toxicity of calcium chloride is higher than calcium
gluconate-idonate or calcium gluconate. Calcium gluconate
and calcium gluconate-idonate differ very little in their
toxicity.
Calcium gluconate-idonate, calcium chloride and calcium
gluconate were all given in amounts equivalent to 0.4 g
calcium per kg bw daily in solution for the
gluconate-idonate and chloride salts and in heavy suspension
for calcium gluconate. Calcium gluconate-idonate andcalcium chloride were also tested at levels equivalent to 1
and 2 g calcium/kg bw /day.
Each group of animals contained 10 animals except the one
receiving the equivalent of 1 g calcium/kg bw calcium
gluconate-idonate which contained 20 animals.
calcium gluconate, calcium gluconate-idonate and calcium
chloride(3) invalid
very old study not compliant with OECD guidelines

14-NOV-2005(17)

5.5 Genetic Toxicity 'in Vitro'Type:other: saccharomyces cervisiae and salmonella
typhimurium reverse mutation assay
System of testing:bacterial and non bacterial
Concentration:
bacteria: 1.25%, 2.50 %, 5.00 % and yeast: 0.75%,
1.50% and 3.00%
Cytotoxic Concentration: 50% survival in bacteria calculated was at 5.00 % test
substance and 3.00% for yeast
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ID: 299-28-5
DATE: 25.01.2006

Metabolic activation:
Result:with and without
negative

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

OECD Guide-line 471
1975
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Method:A. Toxicity:
The solubility, toxicity and doses for all chemicals
were determined prior to screening.
Each chemical was tested for survival against the specificstrains over a range of doses (10, 1.0, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001%) to determine the 50% survival dose. Bacteria were tested
in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 for one hour at 37°c on a
shaker.
Yeasts were tested in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 for 4 hours
at 30°c on a shaker. The 50% survival curve and the 1/4 and1/2 50% doses calculated. If no toxicity was obtained for achemical with a given strain, a maximum dose of 5% (w/v) wasused. The doses calculated for the tests in buffer wereapplied to the activation tests. The solubility of the test
substance under treatment conditions was measured andCalcium gluconate is not completely soluble at treatment
concentrations in a suspension 10% saline.
--------------------------------------------B. Plate tests
In the non activation procedure, approximately 10 exp9 cells
from a log-phase culture of the bacterial indicator strains
were spread over the surface of a minimal plate, and ameasured amount of the test chemical was placed in thecenter of the test plate.
In activation tests, the test chemical was added to thecells, and an aliquot of the mixture was spread on thesurface of the test plate. The reaction mixture (0.1 ml)
plus tissue extract was then spotted on the surface of theplate.
All plates were incubated for 4 days at 37°C, and thenscored. Each compound, (test, positive and solvent controls
were run with each assay.
-----------------------------------------------C. Suspension tests
1. Non activation
Log phase bacteria and stationary-phase yeast cultures of
the indicator organisms were grown in complete broth, washedand resuspended in 0.9% saline to densities of 1 x 10 exp9
cells/ml and 5 x 10 exp7 cells/ml respectively.

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Tests were conducted in plastic tissue culture plates. Cells
plus chemicals were added to the wells to give a final
volume of 1.5 ml. The solvent replaced the test chemical in
the negative controls. Treatment was at 30°C for 4 hours
for yeast tests and at 37°c for one hour for bacterial
tests. All flasks were shaken during treatment.
After treatments, the plates wereset on ice. Aliquots ofcells were removed, diluted in sterile saline (4°c) andplated on the appropriate complete media. Undiluted samples
from flasks containing the bacteria were plated on minimal
selective medium in reversion experiments. Samples from a
1/10 dilution of treated cells were plated on the selected
media for enumeration of gene conversion with strain D4.
Bacterial plates were scored after incubation for 48 hours
at 37°C. The yeast plates were incubated at 30°C for
3-5days before scoring.
2. Activation

Result:Bacteria and yeast cells were grown and prepared as
described in the non activation tests. Measured amounts ofthe test and control chemicals plus 0.25 ml of thestock-cell suspension were added to wells of the Linbro
plate containing the appropriate tissue fraction andreaction mixture. All flasks (bacteria and yeast) wereincubated at 37°c in an oxygen atmosphere with shaking. The
treatment times, dilutions, plating procedure and scoring of
the plates were the same as described for non activation
tests.
A. Salmonella typhimurium:
1. Plate tests: negative
2. Nonactivation suspension tests: negative
3. Activation suspension tests: negative (some tests using
mouse and rat tissues with TA-1538 appeared slightly
increased but were not considered positive. One high dosewith primate tissue was repeated. The results were
negative. The positive and negative control values for
TA-1537 and TA-1538 tests were lower than usual.
No information or discussion are reported on the resultsfrom the positive controls, nor on their origin (samelaboratory ?)-------------------------------------------------B. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
1. Non-activation suspension tests: negative
2. Activation suspension tests: negative (A higher thannormal spontaneous background at the TRY locus was observedin these tests.)
Conclusion: Calcium gluconate did not exhibit genetic
activity in any of the assays employed in study.
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Test condition:

CALCIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-28-5
DATE: 25.01.2006
Strains tested:
Yeast: Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Strain D4
Bacteria: Salmonella typhimurium, strains: TA1535,
TA1537,TA1538-----------------------------Reaction mixture:
Component:
Final concentration/ml
TNP (sodium salt)
6 µM
Isocitric acid
49µM
Tris buffer, pH 7.4
28 µM
MgCl2
1.7 µM
Tissue homogenate fraction
72 mg-------------------------------Tissue homogenates and supernatants:The tissue homogenatesand supernatants (9000 g) were prepared from tissues ofmouse (ICR random bred adult males); rat (Sprague-Dawnley
adult males) and monkey (Macaca mulatta adult males)--------------------------------Positive controls in direct and activation assays:
Non-activation:
ChemicalSolvent

Probable mutagenic
specificity

Ethyl
methanesulfonate (EMS)
2-nitrofluorene(NF)
Quinacrine mustard (QM)

water or saline

base-pair
substitution
dimethylsulfoxide frameshiftwater or saline
Frameshift***************************
Activation:
ChemicalSolvent

Probable mutagenic
specificity
Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)
water or saline
base-pair
substitution
2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) dimethylsulfoxide Frameshift
Concentration of positive controls:
Non activation:
TA-1535 EMS 10µl/plate
TA-1537 QM 20 µg/plate
TA-1538 NF 100 µg/plate

Test substance:
Reliability:

192

Activation:
TA-1535 DMN 50 µM/plate
TA-1537 AAF 100 µg/plate
TA-1538 AAF 100 µg/plate
calcium gluconate(2) valid with restrictions
OECD guideline 471 recommend 5 strains of bacteria at least
to be tested: 4 strains of S. typhimurium (TA1535,TA1537 or
UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
5. TOXICITYCALCIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-28-5
DATE: 25.01.2006
TA97 or TA97a, TA98, TA100) and E. Coli WP2uvrA or E. Coli
WP2uvrA (pKM101) or S.typhirmurium TA102.
The study was made on one yeast strain : saccharomyces
cerevisiae, strain D4 and 3 bacteria strains: S.
typhimuriumTA1535, TA1537 and TA 1538
Positive controls different from the ones recommended inOECD guideline 471.

Flag:
25-JAN-2006

At least 5 concentrations should be tested, the study only
test 3 concentrations.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(10)

5.6 Genetic Toxicity 'in Vivo'
Type:

Result:other: in vivo chromosomal aberration test with mouse bonemarrow cells
mouse
Sex: male
C57BL
oral feed
single dose and 4 days
single dose administration : 2.5, 5 and 10 g/kg.
4 day repeated dose: 1.25 and 2.5 g/kg
negative

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1974
no dataother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier
sodium gluconate(2) valid with restrictionstranslation of a report not fully documented but acceptablefor initial assessment
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(18)

Species:
Strain:Route of admin.:
Exposure period:
Doses:

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005

5.7 Carcinogenicity
5.8.1 Toxicity to Fertility
5.8.2 Developmental Toxicity/Teratogenicity
Species:
Strain:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:

rat
Sex: female
Wistargavagefrom day 6 to day 15 of gestation
daily
10 days0, 5.94, 27.6, 128.0, 594.0 mg/kg
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Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:yes, concurrent vehicle> 594 mg/kg bw> 594 mg/kg bw
non teratogen

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1973
noother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study underglucono-delta-lactone SIDS dossier.
Glucono-delta-lactone(1) valid without restriction
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005(3)

Species:
Strain:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:mouse
Sex: female
CD-1
gavagefrom day 6 to day 15 of gestation
daily
10 days0, 6.95, 32.5, 150, 695 mg/kg
yes, concurrent vehicle> 695 mg/kg bw> 695
non teratogen

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1973
noother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study underglucono-delta-lactone SIDS dossier.
Glucono-delta-lactone(1) valid without restriction
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005(3)

Species:
Strain:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:
Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:
194

rabbitSex: female
Dutch
gavagefrom day 6 to 18 of gestation
daily
13 days0, 7.80, 36.2, 168.5, 780.0 mg/kg
yes, concurrent vehicle> 780 mg/kg bw> 780 mg/kg bw
non teratogenother: no data specified
1973
noother TS
UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY

Remark:Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005

CALCIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-28-5
DATE: 25.01.2006
Data for the category: see details of study underglucono-delta-lactone SIDS dossier.
Glucono-delta-lactone(1) valid without restriction
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(3)

Species:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:hamster
Sex: female
gavagefrom day 6 to day 10 of gestation
daily
5 days0, 5.60, 26.0, 121, 560 mg/kg
yes, concurrent vehicle> 560 mg/kg bw> 560 mg/kg bw
non teratogen

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1973
noother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study underglucono-delta-lactone SIDS dossier.
Glucono-delta-lactone(1) valid without restriction
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005(3)

Species:
Strain:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:rat
Sex: female
Sprague-Dawleyoral unspecified
from day 6 to day 15 of gestation
daily
10 days1000 and 4000 mg/kg
no data specified> 4000 mg/kg bw> 4000 mg/kg bw
non teratogen

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: No data specified
1978
no dataother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study underglucono-delta-lactone SIDS dossier.
Glucono-delta-lactone(2) valid with restrictions
short abstract but acceptable for initial assessment.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005
Species:mouse
UNEP PUBLICATIONS(5)

Sex: female
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OECD SIDS
5. TOXICITYCALCIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-28-5
DATE: 25.01.2006

Strain:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:ICRoral unspecified
from day 6 to day 15 of gestation
daily
10 days1000 and 4000 mg/kg
no data specified> 4000 mg/kg bw> 4000 mg/kg bw
non teratogen

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1978
no dataother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study underglucono-delta-lactone SIDS dossier.
Glucono-delta-lactone(2) valid with restrictions
short abstract but acceptable for initial assessment.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005(6)

5.8.3 Toxicity to Reproduction, Other Studies
5.9 Specific Investigations
5.10 Exposure Experience
Type of experience:

Direct observation, clinical cases

Remark:In cases of hypocalcemia in premature neonates, treatmentbyintraveinous administration of calcium gluconate is given(scalp-vein infusion).
The author reports observation of localised skin necrosisofthe scalp on 4 premature infants out of 45 who received
calcium gluconate infusions via scalp veins. The
infusions lasted up to 15 days with frequent changes of thecannulation sites. All the lesions developed at the siteofthe last infusion, usually during the first 48 hours after
removal of the needle. The necrosis never appeared during
the infusion.
The areas of necrosis were 2-4 cm2 and were treated by wet
dressings and healed well after 15 to 40 days.
The author assumes that this local necrosis appearing after
the last infusion (which is usually the longest) is
probablydue 1) to the long duration which may lead to phlebitis, 2)

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5. TOXICITYCALCIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-28-5
DATE: 25.01.2006
a minor degree of leakage during the infusion,and 3) a
sudden extravasation which occurs after removal of theneedle.

14-AUG-2003

Advise is given as to avoid administration of calcium
gluconate into scalp veins except for the most stringent
indications and if unavoidable, it is suggested that theinfusion site is changed frequently(21)

Type of experience:

Human - Medical Data

Remark:Calcium gluconate is the treatment of choice in case ofhydrofluoric acid burns.
Calcium gluconate is used in calcium supplements.
Company
Product
Calcium gluconate content----------------------------------------------------------Adams Labs Ltd
Calcium gluconate Tab 10gr
648 mgAstraZeneca Canada Inc
Calcium gluconate 10% Inj 100 mg/ml 100
mg/ml

20-OCT-2003

Pharmetics Inc Calcium gluconate tablets USP 650 mg 60 mg
D.C. Labs Ltd
Calcium gluconate Tab 650 mg
650 mgPharmaceutical Partners of Canada
Calcium gluconate Injection USP 10% 94
mg/ml
Abbott Laboratories Ltd
Calcium gluconate Inj 100mg/ml 100 mg/ml
Novopharm Ltd Calcium gluconate Tab 650 mg
650 mgHall Laboratories Ltd
Calcium gluconate Tab 648 mg
648 mgProfessional Veterinary Laboratories
Dextrose Calcium Gluconate Magnesium Phos
100 g / 500 ml
And many others at
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hpb/drugs-dpd/

5.11 Additional Remarks

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OECD SIDS
6. REFERENCESCALCIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-28-5
DATE: 25.01.2006(1) Coulston, F., Hulmue, N.A., Milens, L.E. & Minatoya, H.
(1962). Comparison of parenterally administered calcium
kinate gluconate with calcium gluconate and calcium
chloride. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 4, 492-503.
(2) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (1996). 77th Edition.
(3) Food & Drug Research Laboratories (1973). Teratologic
evaluation of FDA 71-72 (glucono-delta-lactone). Unpublisheddata, contract No FDA71-260, FDRL, Maspeth,NewYork, USA.
(4) Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., LTD MSDS.
(5) Fukuhara, T. Fujii, N. Watanabe (1978b). Fujisawa
Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Central Laboratory. Teratogenicity
study of glucono-delta-lactone in rat (Oral dosing).
(6) Fukuhara, T. Fujii, N. Watanabe (1978c). Fujisawa
Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Central Laboratory. Teratogenicity
study of glucono-delta-lactone in mice (Oral dosing).
(7) Hydrotox GmbH (2001). Closed bottle test of sodium
D-gluconate, according to 92/69/EWG, C.4-E. Study Number
01/1004. Unpublished, sponsored by Jungbunzlauer
S.A., Marckolsheim, France.
(8) Hydrotox GmbH (2001b). Anaerobic Degradation of sodium
D-gluconate, according to DIN EN ISO 11734. Unpublished,sponsored by Jungbunzlauer S.A., Marckolsheim, France.
(9) Jungbunzlauer International AG MSDS.
(10) Litton Bionetics, Inc. (1975a). Mutagenic evaluation ofcompound FDA 73-5 0002992 85 calcium gluconate, FCC, Fine
granular. Submitted to Food and Drug Administration Department of Health, Education and Welfare,Rockville,
Maryland.
(11) Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd. (2002). Acutetoxicity of sodium gluconate with Medaka (Oryzias
latipes). Study number A010387. Study sponsored by Fujisawa
Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
(12) Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd. (2002a). Acutetoxicity of sodium gluconate with Daphnia magna. Study
number A010388. Study sponsored by Fujisawa PharmaceuticalCo., Ltd.
(13) Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd. (2002b). Growth
inhibition test of sodium gluconate with Algae (Selenastrum
capricornutum). Study Number A010389. Study sponsored by
Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
(14) Mochizuki, M. (1995). A 4-week oral toxicity study of sodium
gluconate (FR2531). Final report No. BOZO/B-2966 from
Gotemba Laboratory, Bozo Research Center, Inc., Setagaya-Ku,
Tokyo 156, Japan.
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UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
6. REFERENCESCALCIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-28-5
DATE: 25.01.2006(15) Mochizuki, M. (1995). A toxicity study of sodium gluconate(FR2531) by single oral administration in rats. Final report
No. BOZO/B-2965 from Gotemba Laboratory, Bozo ResearchCenter, Inc., Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo 156, Japan.
(16) Sawyer, D.T. (1964). Metal - gluconate complexes, Chem.
Rev.64: 633-643.
(17) Smith, E. R. B. (1940). A comparison of the effects of large
doses of calcium gluconate-idonate, calcium gluconate, andcalcium chloride. J.Lab. Clin. Med, 5, 1018-1021.
(18) Tatsuo Yamashita et al. (1974). In vivo chromosomal
aberration test of glucono-delta-lactone and sodium
gluconate with mouse bone marrow cells. Central ResearchLaboratory, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
(19) U.S. Dept. of Commerce (1993). NIST Critical Stability
Constants of Metal complexes Database.
(20) Ullman's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (1999). 6th
Edition.
(21) Weiss, Y., Ackerman, C & Shmilovitz, L. (1975). Localized
necrosis of scalp in neonates due to calcium gluconate
infusions: a cautionary note. Pediatrics, 56, 1084-1086.

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OECD SIDSPOTASSIUM GLUCONATE

I

D

U

C

L

I

D

a

t

a

S

e

Existing Chemical
CAS No.
EINECS NameEC No.
Molecular Formula

ID: 299-27-4
299-27-4
potassium gluconate
206-074-2
C6H12O7.K

Producer Related Part
Company:
Creation date:

Keller and Heckman LLP
02-APR-2003

t

Substance Related Part
Company:
Keller and Heckman LLP
Creation date:
02-APR-2003
Memo:

OECD HPV Chemicals Programme, SIDS Dossier, approved at
SIAM 18 (20-23 April 2004)

Printing date:
Revision date:
Date of last Update:

25-JAN-2006

Number of Pages:

39

25-JAN-2006

Chapter (profile):
Chapter: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10
Reliability (profile): Reliability: without reliability, 1, 2, 3, 4
Flags (profile):
Flags: without flag, confidential, non confidential, WGK(DE), TA-Luft (DE), Material Safety Dataset, Risk
Assessment, Directive 67/548/EEC, SIDS

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1. GENERAL INFORMATIONPOTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006

1.0.1 Applicant and Company Information
Type:
Name:
Contact Person:
Street:Town:
Country:
Phone:
Telefax:
Email:
Remark:lead organisation
The Gluconic acid and its sodium, potassium and calcium salts
and glucono-delta-lactone consortium
Jean-Philippe Montfort
Date: 02-APR-2003
Rue Blanche 251060 Brussels
Belgium+32 2 541 05 70+ 32 2 541 05 80
montfort@khlaw.beSponsor Country for this Category: Belgium; Co-sponsor
country: Japan.

12-DEC-2005
Type:
Name:
Contact Person:
Street:Town:
Country:
Phone:
Telefax:
Email:

manufacturer
FUSO Chemical Co. Ltd
Ph.D. Shinichi Sugita
Date:
Iwamoto-cho Toyo Building, 1-2 Iwamoto-cho 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku
101 0032 TokyoJapan+81 3 5820 1611
+81 3 5820 1634
Shinichi.Sugita@fusokk.co.jp

03-AUG-2004
Type:
Name:
Contact Person:
Street:Town:
Country:
Phone:
Telefax:
Email:

manufacturer
Jungbunzlauer International AG
Raphaël Singer
Date: 17-APR-2003
St. Alban-Vorstadt 90
4002 Basel
Switzerland+41 61 295 51 25+41 61 295 52 66
raphael.singer@jungbunzlauer.ch

17-OCT-2003
Type:
Name:
Contact Person:
Town:
Country:
Phone:
Telefax:
Email:

manufacturer
Roquette Freres
Johnny Pallot
Date:62080 Lestrem Cedex
France+33 3 21 63 37 40+33 3 21 63 38 50
JOHNNY.PALLOT@roquette.com

31-JUL-2003
Type:
Name:
Contact Person:
Street:Town:
Country:

manufacturer
PURAC
Ton van Dongen
PO BOX 21
4200 AA Gorinchem
Netherlands

Date:

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OECD SIDS
1. GENERAL INFORMATION
Phone:
Telefax:
Email:POTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006+31 183 695 730+31 183 695 603
t.van.dongen@purac.com

03-AUG-2004
1.0.2 Location of Production Site, Importer or Formulator
1.0.3 Identity of Recipients
1.0.4 Details on Category/Template
Remark:Glucono-delta-lactone, gluconic acid and its sodium, calcium
and potassium salts have been proposed in a category, as thesalts of gluconic acid freely dissociate to the gluconate
anion and the respective cation.
Glucono-delta-lactone (GDL) is the inner ester of gluconic
acid formed by the removal of water.
When glucono-delta-lactone is used in aqueous solution, it
is slowly hydrolysed until an equilibrium is reached between
gluconic acid and its delta-lactone.

12-AUG-2004
1.1.0 Substance Identification
IUPAC Name:
Smiles Code:Mol. Formula:
Mol. Weight:

potassium penta-hydroxy hexanoate anhydrate[K]OC(=O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)COC6H11O7K
234.2520-OCT-2003
1.1.1 General Substance Information
Purity type:
Substance type:Physical status:
Purity:Colour:Odour:

typical for marketed substanceorganic
solid
ca. 97 - 103 % w/w
white
none

06-AUG-2004
1.1.2 Spectra
1.2 Synonyms and Tradenames
potassium penta-hydroxyhexanoate anhydrate
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1. GENERAL INFORMATIONPOTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006

06-AUG-2004
1.3 Impurities
Purity type:typical for marketed substance

Remark:For food and/or medical applications the level of impurities
complies with the restrictions laid down in thecorresponding EU Directives.

09-AUG-2004
1.4 Additives
Remark:10-NOV-2005

For all the chemicals of the category: no additives used

1.5 Total Quantity
Quantity:ca. 1000 - 2000 tonnes produced in 2000

Flag:
06-AUG-2004

confidential

1.6.1 Labelling
Remark:For all the chemicals in the category: proposal of Industry:
no labelling required

10-NOV-2005
1.6.2 Classification
Classified:other, as in legislation

Remark:For all chemicals of the category: proposal of Industry: noclassification required

10-NOV-2005
1.6.3 Packaging
1.7 Use Pattern
Type:
Category:type
Non dispersive use

Remark:14-AUG-2003

Data for the category: see sodium gluconate

Type:

type
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OECD SIDS
1. GENERAL INFORMATIONPOTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006

Category:

Wide dispersive use

Remark:14-AUG-2003

Data for the category: see sodium gluconate

1.7.1 Detailed Use Pattern
1.7.2 Methods of Manufacture
1.8 Regulatory Measures
1.8.1 Occupational Exposure Limit Values
1.8.2 Acceptable Residues Levels
1.8.3 Water Pollution
1.8.4 Major Accident Hazards
1.8.5 Air Pollution
1.8.6 Listings e.g. Chemical Inventories
1.9.1 Degradation/Transformation Products
1.9.2 Components
1.10 Source of Exposure
Source of exposure: other
Remark:14-AUG-2003

Data for the category: see sodium gluconate

1.11 Additional Remarks
Memo:

Regulatory status

Remark:Potassium gluconate is the potassium salt of gluconic acid,obtained from glucose by fermentation.
In the European Parliament and Council Directive 95/2/EC,
potassium gluconate is listed as a generally permitted foodadditive (E577) and may be added to all foodstuffs,
following the "quantum satis" principle, as long as no

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1. GENERAL INFORMATIONPOTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006

special regulations restrict the use.
The US Food and Drug Administation (FDA) assigned potassium
gluconate the "generally recognised as safe" (GRAS) status
and permitted its use in food without limitation other thanthe current good manufacturing practice.
06-AUG-2004
1.12 Last Literature Search
1.13 Reviews

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2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIESPOTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006

2.1 Melting Point
Decomposition:

yes at = 180 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data specified
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(2) valid with restrictions
Data from Handbook or collection of data
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
12-AUG-2004(20)

Value:

ca. 174 - 176 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
12-AUG-2004(12)

2.2 Boiling Point
Value:= 613.1 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: calculatednoas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Remark:Estimated with MPBPWIN (v1.41) program from US EPA (EPI
v3.11)(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Reliability:
Flag:
09-AUG-2004
2.3 Density
Type:
Value:

bulk density
ca. 800 kg/m3

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no datanoas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
09-AUG-2004(12)

2.3.1 Granulometry
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2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIESPOTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006

2.4 Vapour Pressure
Value:= 0 hPa at 25 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other (calculated)noas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Remark:Estimated with MPBPVP (v1.41) program from US EPA (EPI
v3.11):

Result:Reliability:
Flag:
06-AUG-2004

Vapor Pressure Estimations (25 deg C):(Using BP: 613.05 deg C (estimated))(Using MP: 174.00 deg C (user entered))
VP: 3.11E-022 mm Hg (Antoine Method)
VP: 8.94E-017 mm Hg (Modified Grain Method)
VP: 2.39E-012 mm Hg (Mackay Method)
Selected VP: 8.94E-017 mm Hg = 11.89E-017 hPa (Modified
Grain Method)(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

2.5 Partition CoefficientPartition Coeff.: octanol-waterlog Pow:= -5.99
Method:GLP:other (calculated)noRemark:Estimated with Kowwin (v1.67) program from US EPA (EPI
v3.11)(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Reliability:
Flag:
06-AUG-2004

2.6.1 Solubility in different media
Solubility in:
Value:
pH
value:
Conc.:

Water= 450 g/l at 20 degree C
ca. 6.8 - 8.3
10 vol% at 20 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:
Deg. product:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4
not measured

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from an MSDS. No data on method used.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
06-AUG-2004(12)
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2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Solubility in:
Value:

Water= 1000 g/l at 25 degree C

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(4) not assignable
Data from Commercial brochure
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
12-AUG-2004

POTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006(8)

Solubility in:
Descr.:

Water
other: freely soluble

Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data specified
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Reliability:(2) valid with restrictions
Data from Handbook or collection of data
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Flag:
12-AUG-2004(20)

2.6.2 Surface Tension
2.7 Flash Point
2.8 Auto Flammability
2.9 Flammability
2.10 Explosive Properties
2.11 Oxidizing Properties
2.12 Dissociation ConstantAcid-base Const.: pka = 3.70
Method:GLP:Test substance:other: no data
no dataother TS

Remark:The dissociation in water is expected to be complete as the
pKa values of gluconic acid found in literature range from
3.5 to 3.8
gluconic acid(2) valid with restrictions
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
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2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
12-AUG-2004

POTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006(23)

2.13 Viscosity
2.14 Additional Remarks

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3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYSPOTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006

3.1.1 Photodegradation
Type:

air

Method:GLP:Test substance:other (calculated): Estimated with AOP (v1.91) program from US
EPA (EPI v3.11)
noas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Remark:Estimated with AOP (v1.91) program from US EPA (EPI v3.11)
OVERALL OH Rate Constant =Reliability:
Flag:
12-AUG-2004

38.1277 E-12 cm3/molecule-sec

HALF-LIFE =0.281 Days (12-hr day; 1.5E6 OH/cm3)
HALF-LIFE =3.366 Hrs
(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

3.1.2 Stability in Water
Type:

abiotic

Remark:The dissociation in water is expected to be complete as the
pKa values of gluconic acid found in literature range from
3.5 to 3.8(2) valid with restrictions
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(23)

Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005

3.1.3 Stability in Soil
3.2.1 Monitoring Data (Environment)
3.2.2 Field Studies
3.3.1 Transport between Environmental Compartments
Type:Media:
Method:fugacity model level III
otherother: calculated

Remark:Estimated with the Level III Fugacity Model program LEVEL3NT
from US EPA (EPI v3.11)
Chem Name: Potassium gluconate
Molecular Wt: 234.25
Henry's LC : 2.76e-023 atm-m3/mole (calc VP/Wsol)
Vapor Press : 8.94e-017 mm Hg (Mpbpwin program)
Liquid VP: 2.66e-015 mm Hg (super-cooled)
Melting Pt : 174 deg C (user-entered)

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3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS
Log Kow
Soil KocPOTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006: -5.99 (Kowwin program): 4.2e-007 (calc by model)

Mass AmountHalf-Life
Emissions(percent)(hr)(kg/hr)------------------------------------------------Air
4.78e-007
6.73
1000
Water
42.8
208
1000
Soil
57.1
208
1000
Sediment 0.0638
8320_________________________________________________
Fugacity
Reaction
Advection
Reaction Advection(atm)(kg/hr)(kg/hr)(percent)(percent)-----------------------------------------------------------Air
1.18e-026 0.000393
3.82e-005 1.31e-005 1.27e-006
Water 2.01e-028 1.14e+003
342
37.9
11.4
Soil
9.94e-027 1.52e+003
050.7
0Sediment 1.5e-028 0.424
0.01020.01410.00034____________________________________________________________
Persistence Time: 266 hr
Reaction Time:
300 hrAdvection Time:
2.34e+003 hr
Percent Reacted: 88.6
Percent Advected: 11.4
Half-Lives (hr), (based upon Biowin (Ultimate) and Aopwin):
Air:
6.732
Water:
208.1
Soil:
208.1
Sediment: 832.3
Biowin estimate: 3.481(days-weeks)

Advection Times (hr):Air:100
Water:
1000
Sediment: 5e+004
Reliability:(3) invalid
Limited reliability because the Henry's LC can neither becalculated with the bond estimation method nor with thegroup estimation method because of missing values forcertain bonds/groups.
The Henry's LC is therefore estimated by VP/Wsol.
However, this program does not use the entered solubility(500 g/l) but the solubility determined by the WATERNT
program (1000 g/l) for the estimation of the Henry's LC thatis then used in the LEVEL3NT program.

25-JAN-2006
3.3.2 Distribution
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211OECD SIDS
3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYSPOTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006

Media:
Method:air - biota - sediment(s) - soil - waterother (calculation)

Remark:Henry's law constant estimated with HENRY (v3.10) programfrom US EPA (EPI v3.11)
Can neither be calculated with the bond estimation method
nor with the group estimation method because of missing
values for certain bonds/groups.
--------------------------------------------------Soil Adsorption Coefficient estimated with PCKOC (v1.66)
program from US EPA (EPI v3.11)
NOTE: THE METAL (Na, Li or K) HAS BEEN REMOVED TO ALLOWESTIMATION!
First Order Molecular Connectivity Index : 5.913
Non-Corrected Log Koc : 3.7674
Fragment Correction(s):*Organic Acid (-CO-OH): -1.7512
2
Aliphatic Alcohol (-C-OH): -3.0386
Corrected Log Koc: -1.0224
Over Correction Adjustment to Lower Limit Log Koc :Estimated Koc:

Reliability:
Flag:
09-AUG-2004

1.000010

NOTE:
The Koc of this structure may be sensitive to pH!
(2) valid with restrictions
Accepted calculation method
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

3.4 Mode of Degradation in Actual Use
3.5 Biodegradation
Type:
Inoculum:Deg. product:

aerobic
other: secondary effluent of a municipal sewage plant(Breisgauer Bucht, 500000 population equivalent), 0.4 ml/l
3 mg/l related to Test substance
28 day(s)= 89 % after 28 day(s)readily biodegradable
3 day(s)= 61.13 %7 day(s)= 74.35 %14 day(s)= 66.09 %21 day(s)= 71.94 %28 day(s)= 88.88 %Acetic acid, sodium salt
3 day(s)= 67.15 %28 day(s)= 80.93 %not measured

Method:Directive 92/69/EEC, C.4-E

Concentration:
Contact time:
Degradation:
Result:Kinetic:

Control Subst.:
Kinetic:

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3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYSPOTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006

Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

2001
yes
other TS

Remark:The 89% degradation indicated here relates to the
Theoritical Oxygen Demand (ThOD)
Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
Sodium gluconate: 99.0-101.0%(1) valid without restriction
study conducted according to OECD guidelines, valid
test,quality assurance and GLP certificates
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005
Type:
Inoculum:(10)

Deg. product:

anaerobic
other: Digesting sludge of a municipal sewage plant(Breisgauer Bucht, 500000 population equivalent), 2.9 g total
solids/l
303 mg/l related to Test substance
35 day(s)= 100 % after 35 day(s)readily biodegradable
1 day(s)= 8 %8 day(s)= 51 %
15 day(s)= 57 %
22 day(s)= 61 %
35 day(s)= 100 %
Benzoic acid, sodium salt
8 day(s)= 6 %35 day(s)= 100 %
not measured

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: DIN EN ISO 11734
2001
yesother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
sodium gluconate(1) valid without restriction
study conducted according to OECD guidelines, valid
test,quality assurance and GLP certificates
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Concentration:
Contact time:
Degradation:
Result:Kinetic:

Control Subst.:
Kinetic:

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005(11)

3.6 BOD5, COD or BOD5/COD Ratio
3.7 Bioaccumulation
3.8 Additional Remarks

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4. ECOTOXICITYPOTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006

AQUATIC ORGANISMS
4.1 Acute/Prolonged Toxicity to Fish
Type:
Species:
Exposure period:
Unit:
NOEC:
LC0:
Limit Test:

semistatic
Oryzias latipes
96 hour(s)mg/l> 100 > 100 yes

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

OECD Guide-line 2032002
yesother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
sodium gluconate : 99.6%(1) valid without restriction
study conducted according to OECD guidelines, valid
test,quality assurance and GLP certificates
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005(Fish, fresh water)
Analytical monitoring: yes"Fish, Acute Toxicity Test"(14)

4.2 Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates
Type:
Species:
Exposure period:
Unit:
NOEC:
EC100:
Limit Test:

staticDaphnia magna
48 hour(s)mg/l> 1000 > 1000 yes

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

OECD Guide-line 202
2002
yesother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
sodium gluconate : 99.6%(1) valid without restriction
study conducted according to OECD guidelines, valid
test,quality assurance and GLP certificates
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005(Crustacea)
Analytical monitoring: yes(15)

4.3 Toxicity to Aquatic Plants e.g. Algae
Species:
Endpoint:
Exposure period:
Unit:
NOEC:
214

Selenastrum capricornutum (Algae)
growth rate
72 hour(s)mg/lAnalytical monitoring: yes= 560 UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
4. ECOTOXICITYPOTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006

EC50:
Limit Test:> 1000 yes

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

OECD Guide-line 201
2002
yesother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
Sodium gluconate: 99.6%(1) valid without restriction
study conducted according to OECD guidelines, valid
test,quality assurance and GLP certificates
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005"Algae, Growth Inhibition Test"(16)

4.4 Toxicity to Microorganisms e.g. Bacteria
4.5 Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms
4.5.1 Chronic Toxicity to Fish
4.5.2 Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates

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4. ECOTOXICITYPOTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006

TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS
4.6.1 Toxicity to Sediment Dwelling Organisms
Species:otherRemark:No data available but exposure in sediment expected to be
extremely limited according to the Level III Fugacity Model
program LEVEL3NT from US EPA (EPI v3.11).

09-AUG-2004
4.6.2 Toxicity to Terrestrial Plants
Method:other

Remark:14-AUG-2003

No data available

4.6.3 Toxicity to Soil Dwelling Organisms
Method:other

Remark:no data available but due to the low intrinsic toxicity inaquatic organisms, it is reasonable to expect a similar low
toxic impact on terrestrial organisms

19-JAN-2004

4.6.4 Toxicity to other Non-Mamm. Terrestrial Species
4.7 Biological Effects Monitoring
4.8 Biotransformation and Kinetics
4.9 Additional Remarks

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5. TOXICITYPOTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006

5.0 Toxicokinetics, Metabolism and Distribution
In Vitro/in vivo:
Type:
Species:No. of animals, males:
Doses, males:
Vehicle:Route of administration:

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

In vivo
Absorption
rat
9
2.1 and 6.4 mEq/kg/day
no dataoral unspecified

other: no data specified
1975
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Result:1. After oral administration of 2.1 mEq/kg of potassium
gluconate and potassium chloride, the potassium ion
concentrations in the serum in both the potassium gluconate
and potassium chloride groups started to increase, reachedthe maximum in 3 hours and recovered to the initial value in
9 hours. During this time, the potassium ion concentrationin the urine increased with time, reached the maximum in 6
hours and recovered almost to the normal level in 10 hours.
The concentration of the potassium ion in the serum and theurine increased more by potassium gluconate than bypotassium chloride.
2. Distribution of the potassium ion in the organs in 3 and7 hours after oral administration of 2.1 mEq/kg of potassium
gluconate and potassium chloride was examined and anincrease in the potassium ion contents in the liver,kidneys, heart, cerebrum, diaphragm and serum were observed.
The potassium ion contents in the kidneys and the serum
were larger in the potassium gluconate group than in thepotassium chloride group whereas there was no differences
detected in the potassium ion contents in the other organs
between the two groups. Also, the distribution of thepotassium ion in the organs was found larger when examinedin 3 hours after the administration than when examined in 7
hours after the administration.
3. With the continuous oral administration of 6.4 mEq/kg ofpotassium gluconate and potassium chloride, potassium
concentrations both in the serum and the urine increased andreached the maximum on the 3rd day, but the concentrations
decreased thereafter and maintained a constant value.
During this time, urinary excretion increased with thenumber of days for medication. The increase inconcentrations of potassium ion in the serum and the urine
induced by potassium gluconate was almost the same as theone induced by potassium chloride. However, the urinary
excretion increased more with potassium gluconate than withpotassium chloride. Also, the continous administration ofpotassium gluconate and potassium chloride did not cause
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5. TOXICITYPOTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006
changes in the concentrations of the sodium ion in the serum
and in the urine.
4. When 2.1 mEq/kg and 6.4 mEq/kg of potassium gluconate andpotassium chloride were daily administered to aldosteronized
rats having reduced concentrations of the potassium ion in
the serum and the urine, concentrations of the potassium ion
both in the serum and the urine recovered to the normal
level in all cases. There was no difference observed in thestate of recovery between the potassium gluconate groups andthe potassium chloride groups. Urinary excretion increased
in all groups. Further, when the administration of thedrugs was withheld, the concentrations of the potassium ion
in the serum and the urine decreased but the rate ofdecrease was faster in the potassium gluconate group thanthe potassium chloride.
Concentration of the sodium ion in the serum and urine did
not change during and after administration of potassium
gluconate and potassium chloride.

Test condition:

Many studies relating to the in vivo variations of gluconic
acid in potassium gluconate used as a potassium supplement(Stetten and Steen 1950, Stetten and Topper 1953) showedthat gluconic acid did not only migrates in the body in its
original form but also transforms to a nucleic acid,glycogen and glucose, or may change to CO2 and be excreted
during the expiratio
Wistar male rats were used.
They were raised in thermo-hygrostat metabolic cages whereroom temperature was kept at 23+/- 1 °C and the humidity was
kept at 55 +/- 5%. After oral administration of potassium
gluconate / potassium chloride, the potassium ion contents
in the serum, organs and urine were measured by a flame
spectrometer.

Reliability:

The tests were conducted using 3 rats to a group and theaverage value was designated as the value.
(2) valid with restrictions
report not well documented. No GLP.

14-NOV-2005
In Vitro/in vivo:
Type:
Species:
Doses, males:(22)
In vivo
Toxicokinetics
rat
2.3 g/kg bw

Method:Year:other: no data specified
1957

GLP:
Test substance:noas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Remark:Quantitative nutritional studies on water-soluble,chemically defined diets have been conducted by Greenstein

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5. TOXICITY

Reliability:
14-NOV-2005

POTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006
et al. (1957). Their basal diet, containing the equivalentof 23 g of potassium gluconate per kg, was supplemented withvarious amino acid mixtures and fed (daily intake ofpotassium gluconate about 2.3 g/kg body weight assuming an
average animal weight of 100 g) to Sprague-Dawnley rats for
60-100 days without evidence of adverse effects.
(3) invalid
secondary litterature, old study(9)

5.1 Acute Toxicity
5.1.1 Acute Oral Toxicity
Type:Species:
Strain:Sex:
No. of Animals:
Vehicle:Doses:
Value:

LD50
rat
Wistarmale/female50
water
3000, 3600, 4320, 5190, 6210 mg/kw bw= 6060 mg/kg bw

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1978
no dataas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Method:After some preliminary observations, the test compound wasgiven by gavage, as a 30% (w/v) aqueous solution to groupsof five males and five females in single doses.
After treatment, the rats received stock diet and tap water
ad libitum. They were observed for signs of intoxication
during a 14-day period, after which autopsies were carriedout on the survivors.

Remark:Result:

The LD50 was calculated according to the method of Weil.
We note that the doses of the test substance were high andand the observations made at the highest doses (from which
the LD50 was determined) occur above the accepted limit doseof 5000 mg/kg bw. Those results could therefore be linked tothe high dosage.
Within a few hours after dosing, the rats showedsluggishness, humpback behavior and severe diarrhoea.
Deaths occurred between 5 and 21 hours after treatment.
Afterwards the survivors recovered gradually and looked
quite healthy again at the end of the observation period.
Macroscopic examination of the survivors at autopsy revealed
no treatment-related gross alterations.
Dose
Mortality---------------------------------------------------------Solution
test substance
Number%(ml/kg)(g/kg)
males
females--------------------------------------------------------UNEP PUBLICATIONS

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5. TOXICITYPOTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006
10.0
12.0
14.4
17.3
20.7

Test condition:

3.00
3.60
4.32
5.19
6.21

0/5
0/5
0/5
1/5
4/5

0/5
0/5
0/5
1/5
3/5

0
0
0
20
70

From the mortality figures, the LD50 of potassium gluconate
was calculated to be 6.06 g/kg bw with 5.64 and 6.51 as the
95 % confidence limit.
Young adult albino rats (wistar derived) from theInstitute's colony were used.
Body weights:
Males : from 240 to 382 g
Females: from 156 to 206 g

Flag:
14-NOV-2005

Rats were housed in groups of five in screen-bottomed,
stainless steel cages, in a well-ventilated room, maintained
at 23-25°C. Before dosing the rats were fasted overnight(2) valid with restrictions
No data on method, GLP etc.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint
(21)

Type:
Species:
Strain:Sex:
No. of Animals:
Vehicle:Doses:
Value:

LDLo
rat
Crj: CD(SD)male/female10
no data
500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg> 2000 mg/kg bw

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data
1995
no dataother TS

Test substance:
Reliability:

sodium gluconate(2) valid with restrictions
Short abstract not well documented but key study for initialassessment
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(18)

Reliability:

Flag:
14-NOV-2005

5.1.2 Acute Inhalation Toxicity
5.1.3 Acute Dermal Toxicity
5.1.4 Acute Toxicity, other Routes
Type:Species:
Strain:Sex:
220

other: intestinal toxicity
dog
no datano data
UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY
No. of Animals:
Vehicle:Doses:
Route of admin.:POTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006
7
no data
tablets containing 10 meq (2.3g), 15 meq (3.5 g) and 30 meq(7.0 g) potassium gluconate.
other: tablets of test substance fixed in the ileum or distal
jejunum

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

no data1967
noas prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4

Method:Tablets of potassium gluconate, potassium citrate andpotassium chloride were fixed within the ileum or distal
jejunum of dogs so that their dissolution and absorption
occurred within a limited segment of the intestine. Tablets
containing 10 meq potassium gluconate (2.3g) were implanted
in 2 dogs, 15 meq (3.5 g) in three dogs and 30 meq (7.0 g)
in 2 dogs. The dogs were killed 5 to 7 days later andmicroscopic examinations performed on all tissue surrounding
the tablet site.
Minimal superficial hemorrhage was noted at two sites (offive) where 30 meq potassium gluconate had been given and in
one (of ten) site with 15 meq potassium gluconate tablets.
The pathology was much less marked than with potassium
chloride.
(3) invalid
secondary litterature, old study.
(1)

Result:Reliability:
14-NOV-2005

5.2 Corrosiveness and Irritation
5.2.1 Skin Irritation
Species:other: no data on potassium gluconate. See gluconic acid

10-AUG-2004
5.2.2 Eye Irritation
Species:other: no data on potassium gluconate. See gluconic acid

10-AUG-2004
5.3 Sensitization
5.4 Repeated Dose Toxicity
Type:Sub-acuteSpecies:rat
Strain:
Crj: CD(SD)Route of administration: gavage
UNEP PUBLICATIONS

Sex: male/female

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OECD SIDS
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ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006

Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL:NOAEL females :4 weeksdaily
0, 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg bw
yes, concurrent no treatment= 1000 mg/kg bw= 2000 mg/kg bw

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data
1995
no dataother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
sodium gluconate(2) valid with restrictions
Secondary litterature but described in sufficient detail ina
recognised WHO report. Acceptable for assessment.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(17)

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005

5.5 Genetic Toxicity 'in Vitro'Type:other: Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Salmonella
typhimurium reverse mutation assay
System of testing:bacterial and non bacterial
Concentration:
bacteria: 0.006%, 0.0012 %, 0.0024 % and yeast: 1.25%,
2.50% and 5.00%
Cytotoxic Concentration: 50% survival in bacteria calculated was at 0.0024 %test substance and 5% for yeast
Metabolic activation:with and without
Result:negative
Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:

OECD Guide-line 471
1975
no dataother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
This study was conducted using 3 bacteria strains(salmonella typhimurium) and one yeast strain (saccharomyces
cervisiae) rather than a fourth bacteria strain as
indicators for this in vitro microbial assay with andwithout metabolic activation. Therefore, the results ofthis report on bacteria and yeast are included in the sameentry.
sodium gluconate(2) valid with restrictions
OECD guideline No. 471 followed except that the study was
made on one yeast strain : saccharomyces cerevisiae, strain
D4 and 3 bacteria strains: S. typhimurium TA1535, TA1537 andTA 1538.

Test substance:
Reliability:

Positive controls different from the ones described in theOECD guideline No 471.
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5. TOXICITY

Flag:
14-NOV-2005

POTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006
The study was made only on 3 test concentrations.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(13)

5.6 Genetic Toxicity 'in Vivo'
Type:

Result:other: in vivo chromosomal aberration test with mouse bonemarrow cells
mouse
Sex: male
C57BL
oral feed
single dose and 4 days
single dose administration : 2.5, 5 and 10 g/kg. 4 day
repeated dose: 1.25 and 2.5 g/kg
negative

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1974
no dataother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study under sodium
gluconate SIDS dossier.
sodium gluconate(2) valid with restrictionstranslation of a report not fully documented but acceptablefor initial assessment
Critical study for SIDS endpoint(19)

Species:
Strain:Route of admin.:
Exposure period:
Doses:

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005

5.7 Carcinogenicity
5.8.1 Toxicity to Fertility
5.8.2 Developmental Toxicity/Teratogenicity
Species:
Strain:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:rat
Sex: female
Wistargavagefrom day 6 to day 15 of gestation
daily
10 days0, 5.94, 27.6, 128.0, 594.0 mg/kg
yes, concurrent vehicle> 594 mg/kg bw> 594 mg/kg bw
non teratogen

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1973
no dataother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study under
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OECD SIDS
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Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005

POTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006
glucono-delta-lactone SIDS dossier.
Glucono-delta-lactone(1) valid without restriction
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Species:
Strain:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:mouse
Sex: female
CD-1
gavagefrom day 6 to day 15 of gestation
daily
10 days0, 6.95, 32.5, 150, 695 mg/kg
yes, concurrent vehicle> 695 mg/kg bw> 695 mg/kg bw
non teratogen

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1973
noother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study underglucono-delta-lactone SIDS dossier.
Glucono-delta-lactone(1) valid without restriction
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005(4)

Species:
Strain:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:rabbitSex: female
Dutch
gavagefrom day 6 to 18 of gestation
daily
13 days0, 7.80, 36.2, 168.5, 780.0 mg/kg
yes, concurrent vehicle> 780 mg/kg bw> 780 mg/kg bw
non teratogen

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1973
noother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study underglucono-delta-lactone SIDS dossier.
Glucono-delta-lactone(1) valid without restriction
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005

Species:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
224

(4)

(4)
hamster
Sex: female
gavagefrom day 6 to day 10 of gestation
UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
5. TOXICITYPOTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006

Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:daily
5 days0, 5.60, 26.0, 121, 560 mg/kg
yes, concurrent vehicle> 560 mg/kg bw> 560 mg/kg bw
non teratogen

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1973
noother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study underglucono-delta-lactone SIDS dossier.
Glucono-delta-lactone(1) valid without restriction
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005(4)

Species:
Strain:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:rat
Sex: female
Sprague-Dawleyoral unspecified
from day 6 to day 15 of gestation
daily
10 days1000 and 4000 mg/kg
no data specified> 4000 mg/kg bw> 4000 mg/kg bw
non teratogen

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: No data specified
1978
no dataother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study underglucono-delta-lactone SIDS dossier.
Glucono-delta-lactone(2) valid with restrictions
short abstract but acceptable for initial assessment.
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005

Species:
Strain:Route of administration:
Exposure period:
Frequency of treatment:
Duration of test:
Doses:
Control Group:
NOAEL Maternal Toxity:
NOAEL Teratogenicity:
Result:(6)
mouse
Sex: female
ICR
oral unspecified
from day 6 to day 15 of gestation
daily
10 days1000 and 4000 mg/kg
no data specified> 4000 mg/kg bw> 4000 mg/kg bw
non teratogen
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ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006

Method:Year:
GLP:
Test substance:other: no data specified
1978
no dataother TS

Remark:Data for the category: see details of study underglucono-delta-lactone SIDS dossier.
Glucono-delta-lactone(2) valid with restrictions
short abstract but acceptable for initial assessment
Critical study for SIDS endpoint

Test substance:
Reliability:
Flag:
14-NOV-2005(7)

5.8.3 Toxicity to Reproduction, Other Studies
5.9 Specific Investigations
5.10 Exposure Experience
Type of experience:

Human - Medical Data

Remark:Reliability:
20-OCT-2003

Potassium gluconate is used clinically to replenish
potassium in patients experiencing hypokalemia. The usual
adult dose is about 9 gr in equal portions after meals andat bedtime (Physicians' Desk Reference, 1978).
(4) not assignable(2)

Type of experience:

other

Remark:Circumferential small-bowel ulcers have been associatedwiththe irritant effects of potassium chloride used inpotassium
replenishment therapy (Morgenstern et al., 1965).
Potassium gluconate appears to be less irritating in thisrespect. This has been tested by fixing tablets within theileum or distal jejunum of dogs so that absorption would
occur within a limited segment of the intestine (Boley etal., 1967).
The dogs were sacrificed after 5-7 days and all tissues
surrounding the tablet site were examined microscopally.
No
remarkable gross changes were seen at any of the sites
wherepotassium gluconate was implanted. Minimal superficial
hemorrhage was noted in 40% of the sites where tablets
containing 7.0 g potassium gluconate where used; 10% of thesites with 3.5 g tablets; none of the sites with 2.3 g
tablets. While histologic changes were minimal, theauthors
suggested that high concentration of potassium ions was
not

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14-AUG-2003

completely without physiologic and anatomic effect on thebowel. Pathological changes were less with potassium
gluconate tablets than with potassium chloride tablets atthe same dose level.
(3) invalid
secondary litterature, old study.
(2)Type of experience:

Direct observation, clinical cases

Remark:Potassium gluconate in syrup was tested:

Reliability:

1 aromatized syrup (oral route) : a soup spoon corresponds
to 9.5 mEq of potassium or 0.375 g
Patients suffering from cardiac insufficiency (and subject
to different saluretics) were given potassium gluconate insyrup for 6 months. From these numerous clinical material,
10 cases were observed and studied on the ionic side.
In 4 cases, the patients were already given saluretics withan insufficient potassium recharge but without signs ofpotassium deficiency.
In 4 other cases, patients were not given recently
saluretics.
The 2 last cases concerned patients entered into theservicewith a clinical and biological picture of potassium
deficiency.
All were subjected to a hospital regime without salt whichbrings for 24 hours (average) 40 mEq potassium. Thisaverage has been calculated on one week taking into accountthe loss of nutrition due to cooking.
Control of the treatment:------------------------Minor consideration was given to the dosage of electrolytes
in blood as a normal kaliemia or a slightly high kaliemia
coincidates oftenly with an hypokalicytia, and, under sometherapeutic circumstances, ie. injection of intraveinous
glucose, an hypokaliemia can show a positive potassium
result.
Therefore, the balance method was used.

The admissions are

represented by 40 mEq food requirements to which is added
the quantity of potassium ingested in the form of syrup.
The outlets are established on the basis of urinary
potassium determined each day in the 24 hour urine. The 10%
fecal potassium as well as sweat potassium from patients(none of them have shown important sudoral crises) were nottaken into account. However, frequent plasmatic dosages
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OECD SIDS
5. TOXICITYPOTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006
were undergone and except for 2 cases, there was no
perturbation.
Observations:------------The product is remarkably tolerated. No digestive
intolerance was observed which is appreciable for apotassium therapy applied per os. Also, no surcharge
accident and no metabolic trouble were observed.
The doses varied between 3 and 6 soup spoons per day, which
represent a potassium intake of 28-56 mEq. The therapy
started several days after the beginning of the diuretic
treatment in order to prevent an oveload accident in thecase of marked oliguria.
The efficiency of potassium gluconate was clearly
demonstrated by 2 cases where clinically evident
hypokalemiais spectacularly improved after a few days of treatment.
(3) invalid

Reliability:
09-AUG-2004(5)

Type of experience:

Human - Medical Data

Remark:Potassium gluconate is used in potassium supplements
Company

Product

Potassium gluconate
Content----------------------------------------------------------Pharmetics Inc
Potassium gluconate 550 mg tablets USP
92 mg
Trophic Canada Ltd

Potassium gluconate Tab 1g

Pharmascience Inc

PMS- Potassium gluconate solution
20 meq/15

ml
General Nutrition Canada Inc
Timed Release Potassium 100mg
mg
Rheingold Food International Ltd
Potassium Tab 99 mg

1 g

100
99 mg

And many others at http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hpb/drugs-dpd/
20-OCT-2003
5.11 Additional Remarks
Type:other: Opinion of the Select Committee on GRAS substances on
the health aspects of using potassium gluconate as a foodingredientRemark:The Select Committee on GRAS substances has concluded that
there is no evidence in the available information on
potassium gluconate that demonstrates or suggests reasonable

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UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
5. TOXICITYPOTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006
grounds to suspect a hazard to the public should it be used
as a food ingredient at levels now used for sodium
gluconate, or that might be expected in the future.

Reliability:

Indeed, potassium, the cation of potassium gluconate, is an
essential nutrient. It is widely distributed in foods and
2-6 g are consumed by adults daily from all sources.
Gluconic acid, the anion of potassium gluconate, is a normal
metabolic product of glucose metabolism, 25-30 g being
produced daily. For these reasons, and because potassium
gluconate is widely used therapeutically as a source ofpotassium in cases of hypokalemia, conventional
toxicological studies of potassium gluconate have not been
regarded as necessary, explaining the lack of direct animal
data on the compound. Orally administered gluconate isabsorbed rapidly; a major part is excreted in the urine andthe remainder is metabolized.
(4) not assignable

09-AUG-2004(3)

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6. REFERENCES

POTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006(1) Boley, S. J., Schultz, S. Schwartz, A. Katz, and A. C.
Allen (1967). Potassium citrate and potassium gluconate
versus potassium chloride. Experimental evaluation ofrelative intestinal toxicity. J. Am. Med. Assoc.
199:215-217.
(2) Evaluation of the Health Aspects of Potassium Gluconate as afood ingredient (1980). Supplemental review and Evaluation.
Prepared for Bureau of Foods, Food and Drug Administration,
Department of Health and Human Services Washington, D.C.
(3) Evaluation of the Health Aspects of Potassium Gluconate as afood ingredient - Supplemental review and Evaluation.
Prepared for Bureau of Foods, Food and Drug Administration,
Department of Health and Human Services Washington, D.C.
1980
(4) Food & Drug Research Laboratories (1973). Teratologic
evaluation of FDA 71-72 (glucono-delta-lactone). Unpublisheddata, contract No FDA71-260, FDRL, Maspeth,NewYork, USA.
(5) François G. (1962). Potassium reload during diuretic
treatments with a gluconate syrup. Hospital Intern at
Marseille.
(6) Fukuhara, T. Fujii, N. Watanabe (1978b). Fujisawa
Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Central Laboratory. Teratogenicity
study of glucono-delta-lactone in rat (Oral dosing).
(7) Fukuhara, T. Fujii, N. Watanabe (1978c). Fujisawa
Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Central Laboratory. Teratogenicity
study of glucono-delta-lactone in mice (Oral dosing).
(8) Gluconate Handbook. PMP-01 Fermentation Products, Inc.
Chicago, Illinois. Certificate: No. 30823.
(9) Greenstein, J.P., Birnbaum, S.M., Winitz, M., Otey, M.C.
(1957). Quantitative nutrional studies with water-soluble
chemically defined diets.
(10) Hydrotox GmbH (2001). Closed bottle test of sodium
D-gluconate, according to 92/69/EWG, C.4-E. Study Number
01/1004. Unpublished, sponsored byJungbunzlauer S.A., Marckolsheim, France.
(11) Hydrotox GmbH (2001b). Anaerobic Degradation of sodium
D-gluconate, according to DIN EN ISO 11734. Unpublished,sponsored by Jungbunzlauer S.A., Marckolsheim,
France.
(12) Jungbunzlauer International AG MSDS.
(13) Litton Bionetics, Inc. (1975). Mutagenic evaluation ofcompound FDA 75-5 000527-07-1 sodium gluconate, FCC, Fine
granular. Submitted to Food and Drug Administration
Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Rockville,
Maryland.
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6. REFERENCES

POTASSIUM GLUCONATE
ID: 299-27-4
DATE: 25.01.2006(14) Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd. (2002). Acutetoxicity of sodium gluconate with Medaka (Oryzias
latipes). Study number A010387. Study sponsored by
Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
(15) Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd. (2002a). Acutetoxicity of sodium gluconate with Daphnia magna. Study
number A010388. Study sponsored by Fujisawa
Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
(16) Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd. (2002b). Growth
inhibition test of sodium gluconate with Algae (Selenastrum
capricornutum). Study Number A010389. Study sponsored by
Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
(17) Mochizuki, M. (1995). A 4-week oral toxicity study of sodium
gluconate (FR2531). Final report No. BOZO/B-2966 from
Gotemba Laboratory, Bozo Research Center, Inc., Setagaya-Ku,
Tokyo 156, Japan.
(18) Mochizuki, M. (1995). A toxicity study of sodium gluconate(FR2531) by single oral administration in rats. Finalreport No. BOZO/B-2965 from Gotemba Laboratory, Bozo
Research Center, Inc., Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo 156, Japan.
(19) Tatsuo Yamashita et al. (1974). In vivo chromosomal
aberration test of glucono-delta-lactone and sodium
gluconate with mouse bone marrow cells. Central ResearchLaboratory, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
(20) The Merck Index (1996).
(21) TNO (1978). Determination of the acute oral toxicity ofpotassium-gluconate in rats. Centraal Instituut voor
voedingsonderzoek.
(22) Tomizawa S. (1975). Studies on the absorption, distribution
and excretion of potassium ion after oral administration ofpotassium gluconate in rats.
(23) Ullman's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (1999). 6th
Edition.

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