評価調査結果要約表（英文）1. Outline of the ProjectCountry: Myanmar

Project title: Small-scale aquaculture extension for
promotion of livelihood of rural communities in Myanmar
project

Issue/Sector: Agriculture

Cooperation scheme: Technical Cooperation

Division in charge: Rural Development Dept.

Total cost: 230 million yen

Period of
Cooperation(R/D): March 6, 2010
(Period): June 8, 2009 – June 7,
2012

Partner Country’s Implementing Organization:
Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Department of
Fisheries (DoF)
Supporting Organization in Japan: None

Related Cooperation:
1-1. Background of the Project“Small-scale aquaculture extension for promotion of livelihood of rural communities in Myanmar project(SAEP)” has been officially launched in 2009 for the cooperation period of 3 years (Hereafter, referred as“the Project”). The Project selected 5 target townships in Ayeyarwady and Bago Regions and Kayin State inconsideration of criteria such as availability of water resources, the number of interested farmers in smallscale aquaculture, and accessibility from regional/ district/ township offices and fishery stations.
The objective of the Project is to increase the number of farmers who are implementing small-scaleaquaculture for the improvement of their livelihood in the target townships. To achieve the objective, smallscale fish culture including small-pond culture and rice-cum-fish culture is introduced to the farmers as
the main activities of the Project. The Project also takes the so-called farmer-to-farmer extension approachas a main strategy to promote small-scale aquaculture among rural farmers without much dependence on
governmental extension services. Since advanced farmers who are willing to transfer aquaculture technology
to other farmers play essential roles to sustain the aquaculture development, the Project trains the core
farmers on techniques of fish seed production, grow-out culture as well as intermediate culture of fish seed
(to grow small fry to fingerling size). Those core farmers that produce fish seeds are motivated to approachand teach suitable aquaculture methods to other farmers in order to extend the market for fish seeds they
produce. By establishing core farmers as local seed suppliers, the problem of inadequate seed supply will
also be solved.
At about several months from the commencement, a consultation mission was dispatched by JICA in
February 2012 to discuss the measures to improve the Project implementation. In addition, the mid-term
review was conducted by the joint team from January 30th to February 18th, 2011 for the purpose of finding
the degree on achievement based on the PDM (Project Design Matrix) and PO (Plan of Operations) andevaluating comprehensively with five evaluation criteria.
1-2. Project Overview(1) Overall Goal
Small-scale aquaculture for improvement of livelihood is disseminated in Ayeyarwady and Bago Regions
and Kayin State, and extended in other less developed areasix

(2) Project Purpose
Number of the farmers who are implementing small-scale aquaculture for the improvement of theirlivelihood is increased in the target townships.
(3) Outputs
1) Necessary conditions and techniques on the small-scale aquaculture promotion for farmers in thetarget townships are clarified.
2) Extension systems of the small-scale aquaculture for the farmers in the target townships arestrengthened.
3) “Pilot farmers” and “core farmers” are selected in the target township and “farmer to farmer”
extension approach is practiced by them.
(4) Inputs
Japanese side: Total cost 230 million yen
Expert: 6, Local cost (Estimation): 24,777,000 Yen (in total, at the time of Terminal Evaluation),
Provision of Equipment: 10,773,000 Yen (in total), Trainees received (Training in Japan):17
Myanmar side:
Counterpart: 8, Local Cost: necessary cost for the operation of the Project which includes allowance forthe project activity of local DoF staff and utility cost for the project office.
Land and Facilities: the office space in Yangon.
2. Evaluation Team
Team Leader
Small-scale Aquaculture
Aquaculture extension
Evaluation Planning
Evaluation Analysis

Members of
Evaluation TeamMr. Hideyuki Maruoka
Mr. Satoshi Chikami
Ms. Midori Shinzawa
Ms. Aika Tomimatsu
Mr. Harumi IIDA

Period of
Evaluation

February 29, 2012 ~ March 17, 2012

Type of Evaluation: Terminal
evaluation

3. Results of Evaluation
3-1. Result of Achievements(1) Achievement of Outputs
Output 1: Necessary conditions and techniques on the small-scale aquaculture promotion for farmers in
the target townships are clarified.
At first, a baseline survey was conducted by the Project in order to gather data and information on socialand economic conditions of the target townships in August 2009. Result of the baseline survey was utilized
to make indicators of PDM of the Project. On the other hand, a series of interview surveys was conducted
to understand the level of small-scale aquaculture practices. The result of those surveys was utilized for the
project activities.
The Project introduced three types of small-scale aquaculture: pond culture, rice-cum-fish culture andcage culture, and identified appropriate small-scale aquaculture, which is affordable and adaptable to local
conditions in each target township. According to the result of verification, pond culture and rice-cum-fishxculture are recommended as appropriate method for all the five target townships due to its simple techniquesand low cost. On the other hand, cage culture is considered not appropriate for small-scale farmers in
Ayeyarwady Region because it needs amount of initial cost for making cage and operational cost for cage
maintenance and feed. Also, higher skills are required to operate cage culture.
In order to strengthen capacity of C/Ps in DoF and the target farmers, technical manuals and guidelines
were prepared by the Project. Those manuals and guidelines have been utilized in the series of trainings by
the Project. Regarding present condition of Output 1, indicators have been fulfilled. Therefore, Output 1
has been achieved.
Output 2: Extension systems of the small-scale aquaculture for the farmers in the target townships arestrengthened.
In order to strengthen the capacity of the local DoF officers in the five target townships, the Project
has implemented OJTs and training courses. Contents of those trainings include simplified methods formonitoring, routines of recording data, technical points of extension works for farmers, and others. (47 staffs
were trained.) The local DoF staff was required to give appropriate technical advice for farmers and conduct
regular monitoring in each township.
Since the second year of the Project, the local DoF staff has started to conduct regular monitoringalong the monitoring plan by their own. Also, those staff has given technical guidance to farmers regarding
aquaculture and has worked for preparation of workshops and trainings for farmers.
On the other hand, first version of “Guideline for Farmer to Farmer (FTF) Aquaculture Extension
Approaches” was made by the Project in August 2010. The experience of the project activities wasincorporated into the guideline. Regarding present condition of Output 2, indicators have been fulfilled.
Therefore, Output 2 has been achieved.
Output 3:“Pilot farmers”and“core farmers”are selected in the target townships and“farmer to farmer”
extension approach is practiced by them.
In the second year of the Project, core farmers were selected from pilot farmers by the Project. Selection
criteria of core farmers were; their interest and eagerness for aquaculture, social status in community andlocation for being hatchery station. One core farmer was selected from each of Yae Kyi, Pyay and Letpandan
townships, and two core farmers were selected from Paan township. In total, five core farmers were selected
and have worked in the Project.
On the other hand, a series of capacity development trainings for the target farmers regarding small-scaleaquaculture was conducted by the Project. Core farmers and pilot farmers have strengthened their capacity
to undertake aquaculture.
The core farmers in Pyay and Letpandan have already functioned as seed producer providing seeds toother pilot farmers, and they have implemented “farmer to farmer” extension (hereafter refereed as “FTF
extension”) in cooperation with DoF staff. They have taken initiative to introduce aquaculture to new
farmers. On the other hand, the core farmers in Yae Kyi and Paan have implemented FTF extension, but it isnecessary for them to reach a sufficient level.
Regarding present condition of Output 3, indicator 3-1 has been fulfilled. Indicator 3-2 has not been
fulfilled but it will be fulfilled by the end of the Project. Therefore, Output 3 will be achieved.

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(2) Achievement of Project Purpose
Number of the farmers who are implementing small-scale aquaculture for the improvement of theirlivelihood is increased in the target townships.
The Project introduced three types of small-scale aquaculture; pond culture, rice-cum-fish culture andcage culture, and identified appropriate small-scale aquaculture, which is affordable and adaptable tolocal conditions in each target township. In 2011 - 2012 year, a total of 150 farmers practiced small-scaleaquaculture in the target townships including 75 farmers who newly practiced summer-rice-fish culture. Allof them are small-scale aquaculture farmers/groups that newly started aquaculture through the Project. The
number of farmers for small-scale aquaculture will increase for next season. Regarding present condition of
Project Purpose, indicators have been fulfilled. Therefore, Project Purpose has been achieved.
(3) Achievement of Overall Goal
Small-scale aquaculture for improvement of livelihood is disseminated in Ayeyarwady and Bago
Regions, Kayin State, and extended in other less developed areas.
The number of farmers for small-scale aquaculture has been increasing year by year. For 2012-2013
year. However, to achieve the Overall Goal of the Project, further expansion of small-scale aquaculture isnecessary. In this regards, several issues arise, those are as follows;●	It is not clear whether pilot farmers and encouraged farmers can continue small-scale aquaculture
even after the completion of the project support, since they have been assisted by the Project with
inputs of aquaculture.
●	In order to reduce cost borne by the famers, integrated farming should be promoted in cooperation
with other government organizations such as Myanma Agriculture Service (MAS), Irrigation
Department, Settlements and Land Records Department (SLRD), and Livestock Breeding andVeterinary Department (LBVD).
●	Core farmers in Yea Kyi, in Ayeyarwady and Paan in Kayin still need technical support to adapt theskill and the technology for seed production and FTF extension.
●	It is indispensable to prepare operational plan indicating goals, approaches, activities, budget andother resources required, and timeframe.
●	Institutional arrangement would be required to establish appropriate organizational structure and toallocate personnel, budget, etc.
Therefore, Overall Goal can be achieved if the issues mentioned above are properly addressed.
3-2. Summary of Evaluation Results(1) Relevance: HighThe aim of the Project is consistent with policies of the Government of Myanmar as well as needs of thetarget area, and Japanese official development assistance policy. And, the Project is correctly designed toachieve its purpose. Therefore, relevance of the Project is high.
(2) Effectiveness: HighThrough implementation of activities and achievement of Outputs, the Project Purpose has been alreadyachieved. Therefore, it could be said that effectiveness of the Project is high.

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(3) Efficiency: HighRegarding implementation of the Project, Inputs from Japanese side and Myanmar side are efficiently
utilized in the project activities. And, the relationship between both sides has been kept well throughimplementing activities together and organizing JCC. The Project has been well managed and implemented
without delay. Thus, the Project has been efficiently implemented.
(4) Impact: Moderate
In order to achieve the Overall Goal of the Project, further expansion of small-scale aquaculture isnecessary. In order to do so, several issues should be properly addressed including institutional arrangementof DoF. On the other hand, some positive impacts are observed along the project activities. Those positive
impacts are 1) Effectiveness of rice-com-fish culture on paddy rice farming, 2) Reflection of the result of
the verification study on rice-com-fish culture on paddy rice farming into the handbook for agriculturalextension officers/workers, and 3) 12 farmers are willing to start small-scale aquaculture with support fromlocal DoF office in Yea Kyi township.
(5) Sustainability: Moderate
Sustainability of the outcome of the Project is expected to be fair at this moment. Regarding policy andinstitutional aspect, sustainability of the project outcome will be kept. However, concerning organizationaland financial aspect, further efforts of DoF are necessary. And then, regarding technical aspect, some core
farmers still need to have capacity building to implement FTF extension.
3-3. Factors that Promoted Realization of Effects(1) Factors Concerning the Planning:
The Project progressed in three phases of technology transfer: 1) from Japanese experts to Central/
Local DoF officers, 2) from Central/ Local DoF officers to core farmers, 3) from core farmers to small-scaleaquaculture farmers. These phased implementation encouraged DoF officers and core farmers to start/extend
small scale aquaculture positively, and it contributed to the Project goal and Project Sustainability.
(2) Factors Concerning the Implementation Process
Although DoF hasn’t take a role of aquaculture extension and the Project activities were the additional
for Local DoF officers, DoF implementation structure in Region/State, District, and Township level wasarranged for the Project, so that it makes Project activities smoothly and contributed the outputs.
3-4.Factors that Inhibited Realization of Effects(1) Factors Concerning the Planning
In the Project period, core farmers improved their capacity of seed production and FTF extension throughtraining, for example, 3 core farmers experienced 2 seasons and 2 core farmers 1 season. However, it is stillnecessary to enhance their techniques and skills for stable seed production and FTF extension.
(2) Factors Concerning the Implementation Process:
N/A

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3-5. Conclusion
The evaluation results based on the five criteria indicate the same situation from other point of view.
While relevance, effectiveness and efficiency of the Project are considered to be high, the Project cast someuncertainties in the future in terms of impact and sustainability. In order to guarantee the sustainability andpromote the impact of the project activities, there are issues to be tackled by DoF such as; establishment andconsolidation of extension system of small-scale aquaculture including institutional arrangement of DoF,
preparation of operational plan for the areas of expansion of small-scale aquaculture, verification of smallscale aquaculture without the project’s support, intensive support for the core farmers, etc. It is expected thatthese issues are properly addressed by DoF in a timely manner so that the activities developed by the Project
be continued, further developed and expanded nationwide in the future.
3-6. Recommendations(1) To Establish and Consolidate Extension System of Small-scale Aquaculture
In order to achieve the Overall Goal of the Project, it is indispensable that DoF keeps and develops
by its own effort the project activities such as support to core farmers, recruitment of new farmers,
and coordination/implementation of farmer’s trainings through extension system. And, it is required toconsolidate the system through institutional arrangement such as determination of a responsible unit
and person in charge, appointment of necessary personnel to guide and coordinate overall activities, andallocation of budget, in order to promote small-scale aquaculture nationwide including in the Central Dry
Zone.
(2) To Make Operational Plan of Small-scale Aquaculture Extension
DoF should prepare multi-year operational plan of small-scale aquaculture extension in the targeted
townships by setting up a goal and target in terms of the number of farmers engaged in small-scaleaquaculture and core farmers, etc, in order to facilitate resource allocation for the extension in suchtownships. The operational plan should be based on small-scale aquaculture potential such as existence ofsmall-scale ponds, water volume, fish price, and socio-economic conditions of farmers, and include, among
others, goals, approaches, activities, budget and other resources required and timeframe.
(3) To Verify Sustainability of Small-scale Aquaculture
Farmers are developing small-scale aquaculture with the project’s assistance such as fish seeds, feeds,
and necessary equipment, etc. In this connection, it is needed to verify whether small-scale aquaculture
farmers can continue their activities even after the completion of the Project. Therefore, verification ofsmall-scale aquaculture is essential to check sustainability of the project activities by introducing monitoring
period without any assistance by the Project to farmers except for technical advice.
(4) To Consider Application of Anthropological Knowledge in Designing Project Activities.
Project activities should reflect and respect socio-economic situation as well as cultural backgroundincluding value system, of beneficiary farmers. In order to fit more adequately the intervention of the Project
to local values, which may directly generate social incentives for the activities, it should be consideredthat planning of the activities for small-scale aquaculture extension uses more intensively knowledge fromanthropologist especially in Kayin State.

xiv(5) To Conduct an Endline Survey
In order to confirm the results of the project intervention, an endline survey should be conducted basedon information of the baseline survey. Furthermore, as the activities developed by the Project have multiple
dimensions of impacts such as nutritional improvement of children, and strengthening of community
cohesion, in addition to livelihood improvement, an evaluation system including such dimensions should beincorporated into the design of the activities in the future.
(6) To Continue Support to Those Fish Farmers to Ensure Technology Adaptation
It is essential to continue providing support to those fish farmers that have been assisted by the Projecteven after the Project ends so that the farmers can firmly adapt the technology learned and continue toengage in the small-scale aquaculture in a sustainable manner.
(7) To Promote Integrated Farming
Small-scale aquaculture is considered as part of integrated farming system, including rice-cum-fishculture and chicken/pig rearing near or above the fishpond. It is recommended for DoF to promote suchintegrated farming among the small-scale farmers to contribute to their improved livelihood, in collaboration
with other relevant government agencies such as LBVD under Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries andMinistry of Agriculture and Irrigation.
(8) To Consider Additional Supports from Japan
In consideration of the above mentioned aspects, considerable efforts are needed for DoF to consolidate
and expand the small-scale aquaculture in the target areas and nationwide. In this regard, additional
assistance from Japanese side should be considered to support DoF’s efforts.
3-7. Lessons Learned(1) Consideration of Anthropological Aspects
Observed during site visits is a community system where famers donate money to monasteries, churches,
elderly people, and social welfare from the income of fish seed production and aquaculture, and participating
villagers support aquaculture activities without any payment; a situation different from usual perceptions of
economic incentive mechanism.
(2) Significance of a Verification Study
A verification study on the rice-cum-fish culture was conducted by DoF and CARTC/MAS and it
demonstrated positive results such as low-input requirement, technical adaptability and enhancement of riceproductivity. Because of such verification, MAS prepared a handbook for agriculture extension officers that
included an explanation of contribution by the rice-cum-fish culture to rice productivity improvement.
(3) Capacity Development of DoF Local Officers
One of important factor to the smooth implementation of the Project is the active participation of thelocal DOF officers in the project activities. Capability of those local officers of DoF was enhanced by the
Project through the Training of Trainers (TOT) conducted in the first year and further strengthened throughmonitoring activities. Thus, they eventually have been functioning as local extension agents. Therefore, it isnoted that capacity development of the local officers has been the key to the effective extension system.

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