倉田奨励金研究報告書｜2018 年度（第 50 回）助成■受領№1366

Integrated energy-environment-public health-economy assessment of the LowEmission
Development Strategies (LEDS) in the major urban areas in Japan

代表研究者

Hooman Farzaneh

Platform of Inter/TransdisciplinaryEnergy Research,
Kyushu University

Associate Professor

1．Objectives of research program

instruments available, based on the analysis of theJapan’s energy industry faces a wide range ofpractical experience with LEDS and related

challenges, including the reliance on imports ofprocesses to date in the selected cities in Japanfossil fuels through the immediate nuclear powerwith more than one million inhabitants. In the firstphase-out and further focusing on reducing andphase of the research, activities focused on

decarbonizing its energy system. Initiatives areevaluating the existing LEDS and clean energy

underway to decentralize the power sector inpolicy developments, countermeasures, and challenges

Japan from the centralized fossil-based systems toin selected cities. In the second phase, activities

the distributed ones. Implementation of the Low

concentrated on designing strategic plans that

Emission Development Strategies (LEDS) canachieve more significant benefits in selected cities.

enable the decentralization of the electric power
sector in Japan. This research project was

2．Contents of the research

conducted in continuation of our previous1) Robust quantitative modeling approach: In thisfunded research projects (JSPS Grant-in-Aid

investigation, to be able to quantify the multiple

for Scientific Research (C) General (16K00650)

benefits (energy, environment, health, and economy),and (Asia-Pacific Network under Collaborative

the concept of LCS (Low-Carbon Society) has

Regional Research Program) and to develop andbeen used. To this aim, a city-level CGEdemonstrate a new strategic planning mechanism(computable general equilibrium) model has been

for achieving multiple benefits of LEDS in thedeveloped based on the general equilibrium theory

selected cities in Japan, together with a robust[1]. The CGE model includes two main parts:

analytical framework that can be used to assess

supply and demand. On the supply side, thethose benefits during the development andmicroeconomic principles have been utilized toimplementation process. To this aim, the specificdevelop a concept that would represent thetarget was set to design and develop an analyticalbehavior of an urban energy system in a market

approach which helps policymakers and relevantwith perfect competition. The local government,

stakeholders to determine opportunities for LEDS

as a decision-maker in this market, strives forand also to address the main appropriate policy

maximum satisfaction (or utility) of delivering

倉田奨励金研究報告書｜2018 年度（第 50 回）助成
certain energy service to the end-users, such as

to evaluate the existing LEDS and clean energy

providing required electricity at the end-user level.

policy developments in each city.

On the demand side, a spreadsheet simulation
model based on the bottom-up end-user method3)Benchmarking: To reflect the results obtained

and the Avoid-Shift-Improve (A-S-I) approach hasfrom the quantitative analysis and in order tobeen applied to the end-user levels in order tomeasure the socioeconomic and environmental

assessofimpacts of the planned LEDS and monitor thesocioeconomic, technological, and demographic

success of sustainability interventions in thedevelopments

andselected cities in Japan, we have developed aemissions of the citywide energy system in acomposite index that consists of a unique set of 4

multi-sectoral context. Evaluating the publicdimensions (energy and climate, City planning,

health benefits of clean energy development in thesocial welfare, and economic), so-called “ Urban

selected cities was based on the concentration-response

Sustainable Development Index (USDI). This

(C-R) functions of the health effects include

index benchmarks the selected cities based on 13

premature mortality and exacerbation of healthindicators related to energy and climate, city

conditions such as asthma, respiratory disease, andplanning, local economy, and social welfare.

heartfromEnergy and climate-related indicators include

epidemiological research. The C-R functions have

GHG emissions, air pollution (NOx, PM10, andbeen used to link the estimated changes inPM2.5) and final energy consumption. City

concentrations to several health endpoints. The

planning indicators include clean water accessibility,

C-R functions were used to connect the expectedpublic transport development, waste collectionchanges in concentrations to several healthand management, and urban green space area.

endpoints by introducing the impact function ofThe Local economy and social welfare progress arehealth effects.

assessed by measuring the local GDP, labor

theeffectdisease,onofdifferent

energywhich

scenarios

consumption

werecollected

productivity, unemployment rate, life expectancy,
2)Data gathering: Required detailed data were

public health, and education. The values of thecollected from the local energy office andindicators are aggregated based on the Min-Max

academic organizations in selected cities. We

method for a final ranking. Among selected cities,organized several collaboration trips to theTokyo performs reasonably well in USDI withselected cities to visit our research collaborators

an almost equal share of different indicators,

and related stakeholders to obtain insight into

indicating that Tokyo Metropolitan Government

specific proposed LEDS, including scale, challenges,

developed and successfully implemented a number

and plans in their cities, and to ensure commonof policies and subprograms including the Tokyo

understanding and consensus by all parties

Metropolitan Environmental Security Ordinance,involved. The baseline scenarios were developed

the Tokyo Climate Change Strategy, and finallybasedthethe Tokyo Metropolitan Environmental Mastermetropolitan environmental master plans, cap,

Plan that collectively aimed at reducing theand trade programs and climate change strategies

energy-related GHG emissions of urban facilities.

ona

comprehensivesurveyon倉田奨励金研究報告書｜2018 年度（第 50 回）助成In addition to the reduction of GHG emissionshydrogen generation from Supercritical Waterand the consumption of energy, these policies set aGasification (SCWG) of wet biomass feedstock,

target to increase the ratio of renewable energyhydrogenconsumption to about 20% by 2030. The

electrolysis, and a fuel cell to convert hydrogenstrategies that are incorporated within theseto electricity and heat. As indicated by results,policies, such as mandatory emission reductions,the proposed HRES can generate about 47.3

stakeholder interaction, and predefined emission

MWh of electricity and about 2.6 tons oftargets should be considered as the most effectivehydrogen per annum, using the annual wet

in terms of alleviating environmental pollution

biomass consumption of 98 tons, with awithin the boundaries of an urban environment.

Levelized Cost of Energy (electricity and heat)

The aggregated USDI scores for the top threeof the system at 0.38 $/kWh [3]. The

megacities of Tokyo, Yokohama, Osaka, wereimplementation of the proposed HRES in theestimatedrespectively.

selected residential area has GHG emissions

Detailed information can be found here=>

reduction potential of about 21 tons of CO2-eq

http://farzaneh-lab.kyushu-u.ac.jp/USDI/USDI.html#/

per year.

at0.93,0.85,0.84,

generation

fromsolarwater• Fukuoka) Implementation of the stand-alone4)Case study analysis: In addition to evaluating

microgrid system that can be used in order tothe existing LEDS, we examined the following low

meet the electrical load requirement in aemission scenarios:

Japnese standard building in Kasuga City. The• Yokohama)Smarttheproposed system consisted of the solar PV (2.65

next-generation energy infrastructure, whichkW), wind power (2.01 kW) battery (14.86 kW),enablesofdiesel generator (3.6 kW), converter (2.8 kW).

renewable energy and smart-grid application to

The total cost of the proposed system wasreduce CO2 emissions in this city. The results

estimated at USD 42,300. The LCOE of therevealed that, emissions mitigation throughproposed system was estimated at 0.88 $/ kWh

implementation of this scenario accounted for[4].

theCitylarge-scaleProjectasintroduction

21% of GHG emission and 25.4% of total air• Osaka): Implementation of a Hybrid Renewablepollutions by promoting the city’s energy

Energy System (HRES) consists of a combination

performance in both the electricity supplyof the solar PV, wind turbine, fuel cell,system and the end-user level [2].

electrolyzer,• Fukushima) Implementation of an innovativehydrogen-based

HybridRenewablehydrogentank,battery,andbiomass generator to satisfy the electricity

Energydemand of a target residential region in Osaka

System (HRES), which can be used to provide

with average daily electricity consumption ofelectricity, heat, hydrogen, and water to the4300 kWh As indicated by results, the grid-tied

small community (80 households around power

HRES can generate about 49% of the total

station in Shinchi-machi) in this prefecture. The

electricity demand in the target residential area,

HRES introduced in this scenario was based onwith a Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of thethe integration of solar power generation,system at 0.36 $/ kWh.

倉田奨励金研究報告書｜2018 年度（第 50 回）助成

３．Publication of research results
Books:[1] Farzaneh, H. (2019). Energy systems
modeling: Principles and applications.
ISBN: 978-981-13-6220-0, Springer.
[2] Farzaneh, H. (2018). Devising a clean
energy strategy for Asian cities. ISBN:
978-981-13-0781-2, Springer.
Peer-review Jurnal papers:[3] Farzaneh, H. (2019). Design of a hybrid
renewable energy system based onsupercriticalwater

gasificationofbiomass for off-grid power supply inFukushima. Energies, 12(14), 2708
[4] Yoshida,
OptimalY.,

Farzaneh,designofaH.

(2020).

stand-alone

residential hybrid Microgrid system forenhancing renewable energy deployment
in Japan. Energies, 13(7), 1737.
[5] Farzaneh, H., De Oliveira, J. A.,
McLellan, B., & Ohgaki, H. (2019).
Towards

alowemission

transportsystem: Evaluating the public health andenvironmental
12(19), 3747

benefits.

Energies,