Journal of Global Resources
Volume 4
ISSN: 2395-3160 (Print), 2455-2445 (Online)

January 2017

Page 1-8

1SOCIO ECONOMIC CHANGE IN URBAN MOBILITY AND LAND USE LAND COVER
USING GEO-INFORMATICS-A CASE STUDY OF AJMER CITY, RAJASTHAN, INDIA
G. S. Chauhan
Deputy Secretary, University Grants Commission,
Central Regional Office, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Email: chauhanugc@gmail.com
Sabir Khan
Department of Remote Sensing and Geo-informatics,
Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
Email:sbrkhan784@gmail.com

Abstract: Land use/ land cover is an important parameter in understanding the interactionsof the human activities with the environment and thus it is necessary for conserving natural
resources and monitoring environmental changes. Urban mobility is responsible for avariety of urban environmental issues like decreased air quality, increased surface runoff
and subsequent flooding, culmination of water quality and increased local area
temperature. The main focus of this study is to analyze urban growth and land use change
and its correlation with the demography, migration and urbanization led problems relatedwith water and environmental degradation in Ajmer city during 1975–2015. To calculate
urban growth and land use changes, satellite images are utilized in different time spans.
Five temporal data have been acquired for this study, 1975, 1985, 1995, 2005 and 2015
year of data acquired by Landsat series satellite. Supervised classification methodology
has been applied using maximum likelihood technique in (ArcGIS) 10.2 Software. By
applying classification methods to the satellite images, five main types of land use wereextracted: Built-up area, Water bodies, Agricultural land, Forest and Wasteland. Change
detection analysis shows that built-up area has been increased 28.07 % and agriculturalland decreased 27.10 % of the total study area. The city was found to have a pattern for
major expansion in three different directions: North, Northeast and South. Information on
urban mobility, land use and land cover change study is very useful to government, private
sector and urban planners for the best future plans of the city.
Key words: Land use/ land cover, Change detection analysis, RS and GIS
Introduction
Land use/ land cover is a big issue of global environment changes. Land use/ land coverhas very important role to define the interaction of human activity with the environment(Pandian et al., 2014). Economic and developmental activities had increased after 1991
that impacted urban centers in India. These have grown faster. The expansion and growthof urbanization is phenomenon that makes the changes in pattern of land use. There may
have been a great impact of these changes on ecology, especially on hydrogeomorphology, water resources and vegetation. The interest in urban and suburban areas
for diverse purposes, such as urban planning, water and land resource management,
market analysis, service allocation, etc. is result of Information on accurate urban growth.
Unfortunately, the techniques of mapping and conventional surveying are time consuming
for the estimation of urban growth and expensive. In the result of, Remote sensing and GIS
techniques is being used for direction of increased research interest to mapping andmonitoring of urban growth (Boori et al., 2015).

1

This research paper was presented orally by the first author in the main Congressof International Geographical Union (IGC/IGU) held at Beijing, Republic of China, during 21- 25 August, 2016. The most important part of planning and utilization of natural resources
and their management is the study of land use/land cover changes (Mallupattu et al.,2013). These studies may be a ground survey and built by Satellite imagery. The Satellite
land use provides an inventory level of data indicating location and nature by changing
information (Punithavathi and Baskaran, 2011). Using GIS techniques, we can identify
Land use/ land Cover changes from Remote Sensing imagery shot in the same area indifferent times. The detection Change activity can be performed manually with the help ofvisual interpretation of the imagery. The detection techniques of digital changes have beendeveloped and digital format of Satellite imagery are available now. For resources
evaluation and planning, the use of remote sensing and GIS has increased.
Aims and Objectives
The main aim of study is to produce periodical land use and land cover map of Ajmer cityand detect the change in land use/ land cover and to analyze the population growth andgrowth direction of urban area. The study has the following objectives:
1. To prepare the land use and land cover of Ajmer city.
2. To analyze the land use land cover changes.
3. To monitor the urban expansion in different time period (1975-2015).
4. To measure the population growth and growth rate of Ajmer city at different time(1941-2011).
5. To analyze the population growth direction.
Study Area
The historic city of Ajmer is situated in the geographic centre of Rajasthan and lies about
135 km. south-west of the state capital, Jaipur. It stretches from 26˚26’ North to 26˚23’
North and 74˚36’ East to 74˚40’ East. The strategic position of this city has been the key toits long and rather turbulent history. This has a long history of about 1400 years. Ajmer has
witnessed many changes which have been significant in shaping the urban morphology of
the city. The City is strategically located between important tourist route of the state, i.e.
Jaipur- Jodhpur and Jaipur-Udaipur. Besides Ajmer has been an important education
centre in the region. Mayo College (1875), Sophia School (1919), Government College(1836) are premier institutes in the city imparting knowledge since the last century. Ajmer
city has an area of 81.70 sq. km. and a population of 572,589 (2011 census). The City issituated in the centre of Rajasthan, and is bordered by Nagaur district to the north, Jaipur
and Tonk districts to the east, Bhilwara district to the south, and Pali district to the west.
Ajmer is situated in the cradle of the Aravalli mountain ranges in the centre of RajasthanState, surrounded by three hills of Aravalli Ranges i.e. Nag hills, Madar hills & Taragarh
hills at an average elevation of 486 meters above MSL. The city has moderate climate, withdaily temperatures ranging from 26.90 C to 39.40 C in May and 7.60 C to 22.50 C in January,
the coldest month. The average rainfall is about 50 cms. and average humidity is 57 %.
The rainfall in the region is very erratic.
DATA USED AND METHODOLOGY
Data
The Landsat images have been representing the valuable records continuously since last 4
decades. These Landsat images are available now free of cost (USGS) to the scientificpublic, which gives enormous information to identify and monitor the changes in physicaland those man-made environments. The importance of pre-processing (i.e., radiometriccalibration and normalization, co-registration, data selection,) while performing reliable andaccurate changes detection analysis had been acknowledged by many studies. The
images used for this study were a selection of multi-resolution, multi sensor, and multitemporal. The specific satellite images captured by a different type of sensor used wereLandsat MSS (Multi-Spectral Scanner) for 1975, Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) for 19851995, Landsat ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus) for 2005 and 2015. There should2

be 5 to 10 year time interval between images for the investigation of Land Use/Coverchanges Levels I and II, so that these criteria should be complied with the selected images
and sensors. The availability and cloud cover of the images was one more reason to selectthese images. Whole supporting data and satellite are identified in given below table 1,
which is used for this study.

Fig.1 Location map of Ajmer city

Satellite Data
Landsat MSS
Landsat TM
Landsat TM
Landsat ETM+
Landsat ETM+

Table 1: Data used in the study
Path & Row
Dates
Spatial resolution (m)159/42
10-11-1975
79
148/4222-03-1985
30
148/42
04-11-1995
30
148/42
21-11-2005
15-30
148/42
09-11-2015
15-30

We required satellite data for this research work to estimate land use and land
cover of a large scale area. Second we needed secondary data like Survey of India
boundary shape file of Study area, toposheets of the study area, and sensors calibrations
Info (Hussain et al.,, 2014).
2014). Acquire five temporary data for this project. Five year data of3

India 1975, 1985, 1995, 2005 and 2015 had been acquired by Landsat series satellite. The
data has been captured imagery from the satellites is available at the USGS Website. Suchas Landsat MSS data used for 1975, Landsat TM data used for 1985 and 1995 andLandsat ETM+ data used for 2005 and 2015.
Image Pre-processing
The ArcGIS software manipulated Digital image processing. It took care while selecting thescene that the scenes should be geometrically corrected, calibrated and removed fromtheir dropouts. These data were stratified into ‘zones’, where land cover types within azone have similar spectral properties. The various image enhancement techniques were
performed on every image for improving the quality of the image such as histogram
equalization. The additional supporting data like Digital topographical maps, 1:50,000
scales, for image geo-referencing were used in this study for the land use/cover map andfor improving accuracy of the overall assessment (Boori et al., 2015).
Classification of Images
First of all, use unsupervised classification and get as many possible classes on the basisof grave levels after pre-processing, supervised classification method with maximum
likelihood algorithm in Arc-GIS 10.2 Software. The most famous, supervised classification
methods used with remote sensing image data is Maximum likelihood algorithm (MLC).
This algorithm is on the basis of the probability that a pixel belongs to a particular class. It
needs very less computational time than other methods. However, the unclassified pixels
that actually should not be, become classified and the class variability is not considered init. Ground verification of doubtful areas has been done. Having used recode option in ArcGIS, the misclassified areas have been corrected that is based on the ground truthing. To
assess the mapping accuracy, Kappa and error matrix methods were used (Boori et al,2015). These five land use/cover types are identified in the study area viz. Agricultural land,
Built-up, Water body, Forest and Waste land.
Land Use/Cover Change Detection and Analysis
A post classification detection method has been selected for performing land use/coverchange detection. For determining the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the changes
for the two decade period of 1975 to 2015, classified image pairs of both different decadedata had been compared using cross tabulation. A change matrix was introduced using
Arc-GIS software. It was compiled after changing, gaining and losing the quantitative areal
data of the overall land use/cover in each category between 1975 and 2015. Humanactivities and utilization of the landscape’s objective information were provided with thehelp of Observations of the Earth from space. Whole information was provided by theclassified images to understand the land use and land cover of the study area. The
differences between images of the same scene at different times were described andquantified by Change detection analyses. Using five date classified images might becalculated the area of different land covers and observed the changes in the span of data.
For identifying different changes happening in different classes of land use like increase inurban built-up area or decrease in vegetation land and so on, is very much helpful.
Results and Discussion
For changing land use patterns and urban growth or facilitating the assessment ofurbanization, a methodological framework by integrating Remote Sensing and GIS), metricanalysis and spatial analysis is provided by this work. Urbanization process is monitored adassessed the status of urban agglomeration with the help of Remote Sensing and GIS. The
characterization and investigation of impacts on land use/cover and environment
surrounded from settlement sprawl which is associated with accelerating urbanization are
facilitated by the temporal changes. The data of time series has been used in this study
are Landsat MSS, TM and ETM+ from 1975 to 2015. To analyze morphological growth,
started with the unsupervised and later on supervised classification is made on the satellite
image series. The percentage growth in urban growth can be seen on comparing the area4

in square kilometer. The final
fmaps produced are given in figure 2––3. In this study, theincrement in settlement by 23.67 % (28.07 sq. km) from 1975 to 2015 is found.

Fig.2
2 Urban growth and expansion of Ajmer city

CLASS
Agricultural
land
Built-up
Water body
ForestWaste land
Total

Table 2: Land use/cover area in kilometer square1975 %
1985 %
1995 %
2005 %
55.74 68.22 55.17 67.52 47.34 57.94 44.79 54.82

2015 %
33.60 41.12

6.48
4.08
13.13
3.88
81.70

30.15
3.85
13.12
1.36
81.70

7.93
4.99
16.07
4.74
100%

10.86
0.94
13.12
3.21
81.70

13.29
1.15
16.05
3.92
100%

16.12
3.49
13.13
2.38
81.70

19.73
4.27
16.07
2.91
100%

20.66
2.44
13.11
1.49
81.70

25.28
2.98
16.04
1.82
100%

36.0
4.71
16.06
1.66
100%

Land Use/Land Cover Status
A growth is shown in overall accuracy for all images, it is more than 85% when accuracy
assessment of the land use/cover classification results obtained. According to this data,near about 41.12 % (33.60 sq. km.) area of Ajmer city was under Agricultural land,4.71 %(3.85 sq. km.) under water body, 13.12 % (16.06 sq. km.) under Forest,36.0 % (30.15 sq.
km.) under Built-up
up and 1.66 % (1.36 sq. km.) under Waste land in 2015. While in 1975 thepercentage of the area
rea under these land categories such as about 68.22 % (55.74 sq. km.)under Agricultural land, 4.99 % (4.08 sq. km.) under water body, 13.13% (16.07 sq. km.)5

under Forest, 7.93 % (6.48sq. km.) under Built-up
Built up and 4.74 % (3.88 sq. km.) under waste
land refer table 2. Increasing population increased the urban area first effectively
agricultural land was decreased.

Fig.3 Land use & land cover changes map of Ajmer city
Land Use/Land Cover Change
Land use land cover change matrix is presented in table 4 from 1975 to 2015. The positive
and negative changes in the land use/cover pattern of the Ajmer city had been found which
are showed in Table 3.. Having studied in this study area, it is occurred that in the last four
decades the Agricultural land has decreased from 55.74 sq. km. in 1975 to 33.60 sq. km. in
2015. It is accounts for -27.10%
27.10% of the total study area. The Water body has decreased too
from 4.08 sq. km. in 1975 to 3.85 sq. km. in 2015 and it is accounts for -0.28%. The Water
body too has decreased from 4.08 sq. km. in 1975 to 3.85 sq. km. in 2015 and it isaccounts for -0.28% In the same way, the wasteland has decreased from 3.88 sq. km. in
1975 to 1.36 sq. km. in 2015 and accounts for 3.08%.The only increment is in built-up
built
area,
from 6.48 sq. km. in 1975 to 30.15 sq. km. in 2015 that accounts for +28.07%. Forest land
has no change in area. To explain the different land categories, land encroachment of thelast four decades, a change detection matrix had been prepared which shows
show that:6

CLASS
Agricultural land
Built-up
Water body
ForestWaste land

Table 3: Landd use/land cover Changes from 1975-2015
1975
Percent
2015
1975
Percent
Changes in(sq.km.)(sq.km.)
%
55.74
68.22
33.60
41.12
-27.10
6.48
7.93
30.15
36.0
+28.07
4.08
4.99
3.85
4.71
-0.28
13.13
16.07
13.12
16.06
-0.01
3.88
4.74
1.36
1.66
-3.08

Population Growth
Ajmer’s population was 4.85 Lakh. According to 2001 census, the population of Ajmer is
growing at a decadal growth rate of 20 % in comparison of 1991 population. The populationof Ajmer is calculated now around 572,589. The population of the Ajmer city has grown
more than three folds from 1.47 Lakh in 1941 to 5.72 Lakh in 2011 over theth last six
decades as given in table 4.
4
Year
1941
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
2011

Table 4: Population Growth of Ajmer city
Population
Average Decadal Growth147,258
196,633
49,375231,240
34,607264,291
33,051
375,593
111,302402,700
27,107
482,575
82,875572,589
90,014Growth rate (%)
33.5
17.6
14.3
42.1
7.2
20.6
18.66

Source: Census of India – 2011

Growth Direction of Ajmer City
Because of physical constraint, its development is in linear strips shape. The city was
found to have a pattern for major expansion in three different directions: North, North Eastand South. Presently, development is taking place along the major roads viz. Jaipur road,Pushkar road, pushkar Bypass and towards NasirabadNasirabad Bhilwara Bypass.

Fig.4 Growth direction of Ajmer city

7Conclusion
A significant role is played by urban sprawling development of urban societies, positive andnegative and land use changes. The urban growth of the most important historical, cultural,industrial and commercial city of India, Ajmer city was examined in this research. Remotesensing and GIS technologies supported to Satellite data and census data for monitoring
the dynamic phenomena of urbanization. The land expansion of Ajmer city is based onsocial factors such as migration economic development and population growth. The more
recent phenomenon has been orchards to built-up area, conversion of agricultural land.
This study says that majorly agricultural land was used in this study area. Cause ofurbanization work during 1975 to 2015, Agricultural land area has decreased by 27.10 %(14.62 sq. km.). Secondly the study focused on the category of land built-up area. It wasincreased by 28.07 % (23.67 sq. km.) cause of conversion in Agricultural land andWasteland. The population of the Ajmer city has grown more than three folds from 1.47
Lakh in 1941 to 5.72 Lakh in 2011 over the last six decades. The city was found to have apattern for major expansion in three different directions: North, and South. Hence, thepresent study proved that the important technologies for temporal analysis andquantification of spatial phenomena are GIS and remote sensing. These are otherwise notpossible to attempt through conventional mapping techniques. These technologies makepossible Change detection with better accuracy at low cost and in less time.
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