A p p l i c at i o n N ot e

AES3, AES/EBU
AES3: Audio Engineering Society Standard #3
EBU: European Broadcasting Union
The AES3 interface was already specified in 1985 and it wasmade a standard in 1992. Ever since the standard is recurrently updated and adapted to advanced requirements. From
there the standard is very universal and it‘s applicability ismanifold. On the other side this makes it somewhat complex.

Specifications• 2 channels• balanced transmission• XLR connector• audio data up to 24Bit / 192kHz• cable length: 100m and more
• impedance: 110Ohm (± 20%)• level: 2 - 7 Vpp at the output side of a unit
(at 110 Ohm, without long wiring)• large channel status informationwww.nti-audio.com

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Comparing AES3 and AES/EBUThe AES3 digital audio interface and the AES/EBU digital audio
interface only differ in this one detail: the EBU (European Broadcasting Union) standard regulates that coupling transformers aremandatory at each interface be it sending or receiving side. This is
only optional with the AES3 standard.
Functionality
One aim developing the AES3 standard was to allow for digital
data transmission the reuse of the cable network well established
for analog audio signal transmission, a network often hunderds ofkilometres long in facilities as broadcast studios. These are balanced cables and they allow signal transmission with frequencies
up to about 10 MHz with cable length up to 300m if appropriate
signal equalization is performed. To transmit digital signals overthese analog audio cables some conditions have to be met, butthey can easy be fulfilled:• The signal has to be free of a DC component as transformers
may be within the transmission chain.
• The signal itself must carry clock information as there are no
separate lines to feed the bit clock and sample clock.
• Reversal of polarity should not have any influence on retrievalof the audio information.
These conditions can be met by a bi-phase-mark coding scheme.

Figure:With Bi-Phase-Mark coding each bit boundary is marked by switching over signal polarity.
To distinguish a digital ´1´ from digital ´0´ an additional transition is inserted in the middleof a ´1´ bit. This code is proof against polarity reversal and it contains no DC component.
So it can pass transformers. Even long ´0´ or ´1´sequencies within the bit stream containrecurrent alternations in signal state. So the bit clock is easily recovered.

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A p p l i c at i o n N ot eWith AES3 each sample of one audio channel is part of the socalled subframe. A subframe consists of 32 bits arranged in thisformat:

Figure:The AES3 subframe. Transmission of bits takes place as numbered. One may imaginate
the subframe be shifted out the paper to the right.

• Audio data: 20 bits are available for audio data. If more bits are
required 4 Aux bits (auxiliary bits) can broaden sample resolution. Independent from sample resolution the most significant
bit (MSB) is located at leftmost position (bit position 27). Bit
positions not used are filled with zeros.
• AUX: Mostly the 4 Aux bits serve to broaden audio sample
resolution to 24 bits or they are set to zero. Only occasionally the 4 bits serve to transmit an additional low quality audio
signal, typically a speech (tally) signal.
• Parity Bit (P): This bit serves to detect transmission errors. It’sdigital value is set on the transmitting side the way to get an
even number of ´1´s in the range of bits 4 -31. The receiver
tests if an even number of ´1´ reached it’s input. If not it messages a parity error.
• Validity (V): Primary this bit was intended to mark invalid or
defective sample values. This bit when low indicates that thesample value is valid. Samples flagged invalid should not betaken into account for further processing e.g. for digital to analog conversion (D/A).
Common practice is a somewhat different disposal of the validity
bit. A CD-player in most cases can perfectly correct a sample error
but sometimes a correction is impossible. In this case the validity
bit is set to ´1´.
Digital interfaces may also transport compressed audio data as
MP3, Dolby Digital . It´s not possible to convert back such data
directly to analog by digital to analog conversion . So also withcompressed data the validity bit is set to ´1´.
• User Bit (U): With each subframe one userbit is transmitted(see paragraph “Important terms for further information).
• Channel Status (C): AES3 channel status comprises 24 byteor 24byte* 8 bit/byte = 192 bit of information. As each subframe includes just one channel status bit a block of 192 subframes is required until the full channel status information istransmitted. The start of a channel status block is flagged by aspecial SYNC pattern used to indicate the start of a subframe.

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A p p l i c at i o n N ot eFigure:Just one bit of 192 bits channel status information is transmitted per subframe. At asample frequency of 48 kHz transmitting all this bits takes 4ms.

• Synchronisation (SYNC): Bi-Phase-Mark coding implies bit
clock information, but subframe clock isn’t part of this coding
scheme. Now as only one (balanced or unbalanced) signal line
is available also this clock must be extractable from the signal.
For this purpose each subframe starts with a SYNC header consisting of 4 bits. Three different types of headers are defined,
named preambles in technical terminology, each indicating special positions in the serial data stream:• X-Preamble: start subframe channel A• Y-Preamble: start subframe channel B• Z-Preamble: start subframe channel A and at the same time
start of a 192 bit channel status block
Preamble bits are coded a way violating the bi-phase-mark coding
rule. The receiver so is enabled to distinguish the preamble bitsfrom ordinary coded bits.
Two subsequent subframes - we talked about subframes only
until now - form a AES3-FRAME. As each subframe transports
the signal of one channel the AES3-frame makes available two
separate channels named A and B. So the AES3 framework can
be charged with a stereo signal. Channel A takes the left part ,channel B the right one of the stereo signal.

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Both channels A and B can of course not only accept stereo signals but 2 totally independent mono signals of same sampling
frequency. This causes the channel nomination to be different
from L (left) and R (right). Likewise it is possible to combine thetransmission capacity of both channels to transmit a single signalbut now with advanced sampling rate (96kHz, 192kHz). This technology is called S/MUX mode, double wire mode or according theAES “Single Channel Double Frequency” mode. (for more details
see the appendix “1C2F Mode” in the Digilyzer user manual)
Important to keep in mind: As each of the two frame channels
is “embedded” in it’s appropriate subframe each disposes of it’s
own channel status and user data!

Channel Status
Channel status information can be tailored for two different usergroups: professionals and consumers. Applications within thesetwo groups are very different and so are the channel status information associated. From there for each user group a subcode list
(also called format) exists, defining how channel status bits haveto be interpreted.
• Consumer Area: Channel status data serve to prevent copyingof copyrighted audio material in excess of one copy.
• Professional Area: Here practice demands for reliable information about quality, type and source of the signal. Further information on synchronization is asked.

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A p p l i c at i o n N ot eFigure:
The first bit within the block of channel status bits determines how further channel status
information has to be interpreted, as consumer or as professional data. Devices as NTi
Audio’s Digital Audio Analyzer DL1 automatically display as plaintext the bit interpretation.

By agreement AES3 interfaces transmit channel status information in the professional format. Consumer format comes into operation with interfaces like S/PDIF and TOSLINK. Anyhow it is notmade impossible to transmit channel status data via AES3 interfaces according to the consumer format. Consequence may beat the worst that a device will completely deny operation on theincoming audio data.
Cable
Standard balanced analog audio cable is widespread since a longtime. One may come across very different types with impedances ranging from 40 Ohm to 110 Ohm, most of the older ones withimpedances below 70 Ohm. So frequently one will encounter balanced cables not matching the 110 Ohm specification for digitalaudio cable.
Nevertheless it may be possible to transmit digital audio via up
to 80m of those mismatched cables without cable equalization.
Transmission up to 300m is possible in the case of good equalization. Greater distances can be bridged using cables complying
with the 110 Ohm specification. Up to 240m can be bridged without and more than 750m with cable equalization. Connector pinning coincides between analog and digital cables: Pin1 = screen,
PIN2 = signal (+), PIN3 = signal (-). .

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