Urban green spaces:a brief for action

1. The relevanceof urban green spaces1
Urbanization results in an increasing proportion of the population living in cities. In Europe it is expected thataround three quarters of the population will live in urban settings by 2020. Urban living limits access to natureand can increase exposure to certain environmental hazards, such as air and noise pollution. Many urban areas
face increasing pressure from expanding populations, limited resources and growing impacts of climate change.
These challenges must be addressed in order for cities to provide healthy and sustainable living environments.
Green spaces and other nature-based solutions offer innovative approaches to increase the quality of urban
settings, enhance local resilience and promote sustainable lifestyles, improving both the health and thewell-being of urban residents. Parks, playgrounds or vegetation in public and private places are a central component of these approaches and can help to ensure that: urban residents have adequate opportunities for exposure to nature; urban biodiversity is maintained and protected;
 environmental hazards such as air pollution or noise are reduced;
 the impacts of extreme weather events (heatwaves, extreme rainfall or flooding) are mitigated; the quality of urban living is enhanced;
 the health and well-being of residents is improved.
Urban green space is a component of “green infrastructure”2. It is an important part of public open spaces andcommon services provided by a city and can serve as a health-promoting setting for all members of the urban
community. It is therefore necessary to ensure that public green spaces are easily accessible for all populationgroups and distributed equitably within the city.

1 This brief for action is based on evidence compiled on urban green space. Nevertheless, the reflections may be relevant for any
settlement size and should also be considered for rural places.
2 In this brief urban green space is defined as all urban land covered by vegetation of any kind. This covers vegetation on private andpublic grounds, irrespective of size and function, and can also include small water bodies such as ponds, lakes or streams (“bluespaces”).

2

Urban green space is an
important investment that
local authorities can makeon behalf of citizens andtheir well-being32. Purpose and structureof this brief for action
The links between green space and health have been summarized in many publications (Hartig et al., 2014;
WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2016). The information in this brief is based on the conclusions of an expert
meeting convened by WHO, which brought together an international team of urban health and green spaceexperts to discuss the practical side of urban green space interventions. A full technical report of the expert
meeting is also available (WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2017).
This brief aims to support urban policy-makers and practitioners by translating the key findings of a review of
research evidence and practical case studies on urban green space interventions into implications for practice.
It presents lessons learned and highlights aspects to consider when designing urban green spaces to maximizesocial and health benefits.
The brief provides information about urban green spaces and their benefits (section 4); general considerations
on planning (section 5) and design (section 6), involving the community and stakeholders (section 7) and promoting use (section 8); and lessons learned on monitoring and evaluation (section 9). Section 10 describes
potential risks and challenges to be considered and avoided, and a set of key messages is provided in section
11, followed by a short list of references, further reading and helpful tools.

3. Target audience
This brief for action aims to inform: practitioners at the local level involved with the design, planning, development and maintenance of urban
green spaces;
 local decision-makers, politicians and public authorities with responsibility for urban development, environmental management, social affairs and public health; civil society organizations, local initiatives and citizens concerned with the quality of urban settings andthe quality of life at the local level.
Researchers and private land owners, companies and developers may also be interested in the reflections
shared.

4

Urban green spaces
provide opportunities
for active lifestyles

54. Urban green space interventions
and the benefits they provide
Urban green space interventions are defined asactions that significantly modify the quality, quantityand accessibility of urban green space. This can bedone by establishing new urban green spaces or bychanging the characteristics and functions of existingones.
A broad spectrum of intervention types can be implemented at different scales in private or public spaces.
These include:
Picture 1: roadside greenery and vegetation barriers
along streets or rail tracks;
Picture 2: small urban green spaces (such as gardens
or pocket parks) and playgrounds;
Picture 3: green roofs and facades;
Picture 4: parks and urban meadows;
Picture 5: greenways and corridors (such as green
trails for walking/cycling);
Picture 6: coastal, riverside or lakeside trails, linking
green with blue spaces;
Picture 7: recreational and urban gardening facilities(such as community gardens, sport andplay areas and school grounds); andPicture 8: facilitated access to urban woodlands,
forests and natural wildlife areas.

Opportunities
Opportunities to involve urban green spaceinterventions in urban planning include: development of new residential neighbourhoods,
community facilities, business parks or transport
infrastructure projects;
 regeneration projects and urban renewal
initiatives; brownfield development and rehabilitation ofindustrial areas; urban gardening/agriculture projects;
 initiatives to enhance biodiversity.

Benefits
Through improved air and water quality, bufferingof noise pollution and mitigation of impacts fromextreme events, urban green spaces can reduce environmental health risks associated with urban living.
In addition, they support and facilitate health andwell-being by enabling stress alleviation and rela­xation, physical activity, improved social interaction
and community cohesiveness. Health benefits include
improved levels of mental health, physical fitness andcognitive and immune function, as well as lower mortality rates in general (Fig. 1).
Everyone can benefit from urban green space interventions, but they can be of particular relevance forsocially disadvantaged or underserved community
groups, which often have least access to high-quality
green spaces.

6

1 2

4
5 6

7

3
8

Fig. 1. A causal model of the impacts of urban green spaces on health and well-being
Green space characteristics
Availability andaccessibility(Location, distance,
size, quantity, quality,
security…)

Aesthetic(Landscape, quality,
perception...)Amenities / equipment(Infrastructure, services…)

Management(Frequency, pesticides,
watering…)+/Green space impacts
Setting features
 Impact on land priceand rent levels
 Modification of living
environment andresidential quality

Use and function
 Active mobility
 Food production
 Gardening
 Physical activity and sports
 Relaxation and leisure Social exchange

Environmental regulation service
 Biodiversity support
 Carbon storage
 Pollution regulation
 Soil protection
 Temperature regulation
 Water regulation+/Pathways to health
Individual status
 Healthy lifestyle Immune system function
 Mental state Physical fitness

Physical environment
 Air quality
 Climate change adaption
 Diverse natural
micro-organism
and antigens

 Neighbourhood quality
 Noise Temperature Traffic emissions
 Water quality

Socialenvironment
 Living expenses
 Safety issues
 Social cohesion,interaction andparticipation+/Health status and well-being
Physical health Allergies
 Cardiovascular effects
 Injuries
 Mortality rates
 Obesity Pregnancy outcomes Vector-borne diseases

Mental health Cognitive functions
 Depression
 Psychological well-being
 Stress

Social well-being
 Isolation
 Life satisfaction
 Quality of life

Source: developed from a figure created by A. Roué-Le Gall in Milvoy & Roué-Le Gall (2015).

8

Health inequity
 Socially determined
health differentials
 Spatially determined
health differentials

5. How to approach the planningof urban green spaces
Experiences with urban green space interventions at the local level have identified a few general aspects to beconsidered within the urban planning process. This section suggests approaches for urban policy-­makers andpractitioners to consider during the process.

Be clear about the objectives of green spaceplanning.
 What type and size of urban green space is being
planned?
 What are its main functions to be?
 Which population groups are expected to makeuse of it?
 Who is responsible for its maintenance and management?
 Might the planned urban green space be a way to
upgrade a deprived area?

Make use of the urban/local planning context
and frameworks. These will ensure that planners:
 create a long-term vision of a green city within
the local authority;
 integrate urban green space infrastructure needs
in urban masterplans; consider green spaces within infrastructuralprojects (housing, transport, business parks, community and health facilities) and urban rehabilitation approaches; consider regional planning frameworks such as
green corridors and networks;
 engage the local community as part of the local
planning process.

Have a long-term perspective and remain flexible.
 Green spaces are a long-term investment: they
may need some time to establish before they are
fully usable, and they require long-term maintenance.
 The benefits of urban green spaces may only
become apparent over time.
 Urban green spaces should be planned anddesigned in a flexible way, making functional
adjustments possible to adapt to changing future
demands.

Consider green space projects to be a publichealth and social investment.
 Providing green spaces in urban settings is aninvestment in health, well-being and quality oflife, creating places for relaxation, recreation andsocial interaction.
 Urban green spaces are valuable settings forcommunity organizations to host cultural orrecreational events or provide space for (intercul­
tural) gardening.

9

Contact with nature
is an essential
component ofhealthy cities

106. How to designurban green spaces
Urban policy-makers and practitioners are advised to consider four practical implications for the planning anddesign of urban green spaces identified from the review of evidence and practice.

Put the green space close to people.
 Establish street greenery, urban gardens andgreen trails in close vicinity to urban residents,
and use public open spaces for greenery.
 As a rule of thumb, urban residents should be
able to access public green spaces of at least
0.5–1 hectare within 300 metres’ linear distance(around 5 minutes’ walk) of their homes.
 Ensure access to urban green space of sufficientquality for all population groups and users (universal access).
 Use greening opportunities in other sectors andprojects (greening of schools, business areas,
shopping areas, housing estates and similar) andpromote private green areas.

Plan for a diversity of urban green space
types, responding to diverse demands.
 Consider various types of urban green space– street greening, small and large parks, greenways, nature playgrounds and so on – to satisfy
different needs.
 Make use of biodiversity, using different plants tocreate diverse settings.
 Do not over-design urban green spaces to support only very specific functions or attract only
specific users – they should facilitate activitiesby all population groups.

Consider simple design features to improve the
comfort of urban green space use.
 Establish clearly visible entrance or access areas.
 Use signing within parks or for greenways andtrails.
 Prepare for different seasons (lighting, drainage,
materials).
 Consider safety issues (lighting, visibility, accessibility).
 Supply infrastructural features such as benches,
waste bins, toilets and so on.

Think of the maintenance needs of the urban
green space.
 Regular maintenance is necessary so that end
users perceive the urban green space as safe,
clean and cared for.
 Combat signs of vandalism and antisocial beha­
viour quickly.
 Use maintenance-friendly designs, avoiding theneed for expensive and/or complex maintenancerequirements.
 Use plant species with no or small allergic potential – especially native species with fewer maintenance needs.
 Apply ecological maintenance practices and avoid
potential health risks.

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7. How to ensure adequate
targeting, stakeholder collaborationand community engagement
Urban green space interventions improve the quality of life for the whole city, and a wide range of community
groups and stakeholders need to be involved in their planning. Such interventions provide opportunities speci­
fically to support disadvantaged or underserved areas and to reach out to individual population groups.

Green spaces can be used to target specificuser groups and create health and social benefits.
 Local data on urban green space quantity andquality can be used to guide equitable planning.
 Adequate provision of urban green spaces within disadvantaged areas can provide a means ofimproving health promotion and social integration
for specific target groups.
 Green space functions and equipment can be
tailored to specific target groups, but should not
exclude other functions or population groups.

Community participation in the planning,
design and maintenance of urban green spaces
is important to assure that local needs are met.
 Planning for people is planning with people – thecommunity should be involved from the beginningto create urban green spaces that match theneeds of local residents.
 Sufficient time and funding should be arranged tofacilitate community engagement in the planningphase.
 Active involvement of local residents in building
urban green spaces increases their identification
with and use of the space.

12

 Practitioners should nevertheless clarify that
community engagement is not a recipe for satisfying all demands and requirements from all
population groups, and that the best compromisemust be found.

Collaboration with stakeholders and othersectors can help urban green space interventions to be more effective.
 Multisectoral collaboration (including, for example, environment, transport, health, social affairs,
police and so on) can help to maximize urban
green space benefits and prevent unintended
negative impacts.
 Partnerships with local businesses and organizations can help to fund the establishment of new
urban green spaces (especially on private land)and support maintenance.
 Collaboration with environmental experts, academic institutes and research centres aids effective planning, monitoring and evaluation of urban
green space interventions.
 Within local authorities, urban green spaces
should be considered across regional and local
planning processes to achieve a higher impact.

Community
participation
assures use andacceptance ofurban green
spaces13

8. How to promote the useof urban green spaces
Outreach and promotion activities are of paramount importance to ensure that urban green spaces are used bya diversity of population groups and provide a setting for all local residents.
All urban green space interventions should apply a dual approach through which physical changes (such as
creating new or improving existing green space) are accompanied by social promotion activities. Such promotion activities can be very diverse and include: promotion of urban green space through websites, onsite signs, brochures and similar;
 facilitated activities and public events such as family days, sports events, festivals and markets; small-scale group activities such as guided walks or green gyms;
 local champions and celebrities, who are very effective for promoting the use of urban green spaces
and engaging the local community; setting up or collaborating with local organizations to (help) run and maintain the urban green
spaces or to use them for their activities (such as urban gardening allotments).

9. How to monitor and evaluate
urban green space interventions
It is vital to monitor and evaluate urban green space interventions to: assess whether the intervention provides the intended benefits; and find out whether certain population groups benefit less, or could even be negatively affected byunintended side-effects.

Effective monitoring and evaluation starts at the beginning of a project by reflecting on the indicators thatshould be used to document the project outcomes, and by incorporating monitoring and evaluation activities in
the project timeline and budget.

14Ensure that monitoring is considered from the start and that appropriate budget is allocated.
 Consider the use of existing data at the local level to reduce the need for new data collection.
 Be realistic about the impacts of the intervention and how they can be measured.
 Collect baseline data prior to project implementation to compare the results before and after theintervention.
 Consider the time frame for the project outcomes to be realized (environmental impacts may occur
more quickly than social or health impacts).

The impacts on both users and non-users should be considered.
 Include non-users in assessment surveys to understand why they make no use of the urban green
spaces.
 Identify potential conflicts between different user groups with different needs.
 Ensure that monitoring identifies whether the urban green space has activated new users or whether
visitors simply used other green areas before.

Mixed monitoring methods should be used.
 Quantitative data collected through surveys, observations or measurements can provide valid andcomparable information on use and impacts of urban green spaces.
 Qualitative data compiled through interviews is helpful to explore the meaning of urban green spaces to an individual, and to understand personal preferences and concerns.

Aspects to consider in monitoring and evaluation

As health is affected by a wide range of factors, complex methods are required to assess and monitor thehealth impact of urban green space actions. Some health and well-being parameters can be taken from established and validated surveys; these include perception of/self-reported quality of life and well-being, perception of restoration and relaxation in green spaces, and self-reported health status.
Unless there is professional support from health experts, local projects should take particular care when using
objective health parameters (such as body mass index or cardiovascular disease) to document the impact of
their interventions.

15

Green space impacts to consider in monitoring and evaluation include the following (Table 1).

Table 1. Impacts to consider in monitoring and associated questions
Impacts

Suggested questions to pose to establish the information

Environmental/
ecological impacts

 What is the impact of the urban green space on air quality, noise or urban heat
exposure?
 Does it support water management and reduce risk of flooding?
 Does it support contact to nature?
 Does it enhance biodiversity?

Lifestyle impacts

 Does the urban green space support/increase physical activity levels?
 Does it enable active transport by foot or bike?
 Does it increase the time people spend outdoors?
 Are more people using the urban green space?
 Does it support healthy lifestyles and active recreation?

Social impacts

 Does the urban green space support or enhance social cohesion?
 Does it promote social interaction and exchange?
 Does the development of a green space support gentrification processes leading todisplacement of local residents?

Equity impacts

 Do all population groups make use of and benefit from the urban green space?
 If not, who are those groups that benefit least or even face disadvantages?
 Does the urban green space enable different functions for different user groups?

Some practical tips and tools to support monitoring and evaluation are listed below.
 Observational data of urban green space use are a relatively simple and cost-efficient way to assess what
type of people are using it, how many are doing so and for what purposes.
 Existing audit and observational tools – such as the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment
guides (CABE, 2004; 2006; 2009) or the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC)
tool (RAND Corporation, 2017) – can be used but may need to be modified for the context.
 Engaging with local networks and organizations is a useful way to collect feedback from the community
and urban green space users.
 Collaborating with academic institutes and research centres can assist with the delivery of effective monitoring and evaluation.

16

Public spaces canbe used to add
vegetation andgreen features17

10. How to prevent and manage
potential challenges and conflicts
It is important to be aware that unintended side-effects and conflicts can occur with any urban green spaceintervention (Table 2). These should be considered during the planning process and monitored after implementation to enable early detection and countermeasures.
Experience from urban green space intervention case studies shows that such challenges can be tackled
through adequate planning and maintenance and effective communication with local users.

Table 2. Potential challenges and suggested solutions
Potential challenge/conflict

Suggested solutions

Conflict between users andcompetition for space Early community engagement Providing adequate urban green space to allow for parallel functions
catering to different groups Mixing determined use of urban green space with specific equipment
features for certain activities, with spaces that are less structured andallow all kinds of activities

Degradation of urban green
spaces due to overuse Providing local urban green space close to people’s homes to distributethe demand pressure Restricting planning to functions that match the size and capacity of
the urban green space Ensuring adequate and frequent maintenance and cleaning Avoiding the establishment of “event places” that attract too manycustomers (unless the size is sufficient for this)Community dissatisfaction withurban green space features/
services Early community engagement
 Involving local residents in design and construction
 Managing expectations during the planning phase, making clear that it
will not be possible to meet all requests
 Clarifying at an early stage that urban green space interventions needtime to deliver their full benefits

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Potential challenge/conflict

Suggested solutions

Safety issues, antisocial
behaviour, vandalism and fearof crime Ensuring adequate and frequent maintenance to avoid the impressionthat the place is not taken care of Providing adequate lighting to improve safety perceptions
 Scheduling regular patrol walks by local police Involving local residents in planning, building and maintaining theurban green space to increase the sense of ownership
 Making the urban green space lively and used at different times of theday, such as by promoting social events and recreational use

Gentrification and replacementof residents with low
socioeconomic status
Increase of health risks related
to urban green spaces

 Cooperating with urban and housing managers to avoid significant rent
increases caused by public green space investment
 Distributing green space investments evenly between city districts
 Inspecting and maintaining urban green spaces and associatedequipment regularly Providing walkable paths for elderly and physically impaired people tominimize the risks of falls
 Using plant species that do not produce large amounts of allergic
pollen or poisonous fruit or leaves
 Informing users about potential health risks related to the use of urban
green spaces (such as ultraviolet exposure or vector-borne diseases
like ticks) and how to avoid them Considering protection from potential risks arising from water bodies
and blue spaces such as lakes, wells and rivers

Uncertain or reduced budgets
for maintenance of urban green
spaces Ensuring a low-maintenance design
 Looking at innovative models of funding (such as community ownershipmodels like land trusts, foundations or cooperatives)
 Ensuring local political support early on Working with community groups, nongovernmental and otherorganizations to support maintenance1911. Key messages
1

Urban green spaces provide multiple
benefits and constitute a necessary
feature of healthy settlements.

Green space interventions have been used to improve
environmental conditions, protect and improve biodiversity, promote outdoor activities and active lifestyles, increase social interaction and exchange, andprovide healthy urban conditions for good physicaland mental well-being. When designed well, urban
green spaces can be universally accessible, providing
benefits for all members of the urban community.
Even small-scale greening interventions can deliver
health, social and environmental benefits in a cost-efficient way – not many public health interventions
can achieve all of this.

Green spaces benefit cities and urban qualityof life because they can: deliver positive health, social and environmental outcomes;
 upgrade the social and environmental quality of disadvantaged and deprived areas; make cities more liveable and enjoyable; contribute to the positive image of cities/
city branding or identity.

20

2

The benefits of urban green spaces
can be maximized through adequate
planning, design and evaluation.

Urban green space interventions are most effective when a dual approach is used, coupling aphysical improvement to the urban environment
with a social engagement and participation
element promoting the use of green spaces andreaching out to different local users.
Urban green spaces are most sustainable when
they are supported and implemented by various sectors and stakeholders. Cross-sectoralcollaboration within local authorities and with
community groups/private actors can help theinterventions to deliver on multiple outcomes.
Planning and design of urban green spaceinterventions should actively involve the local
community and the intended end users. This will
ensure community engagement and the delivery of interventions that serve the needs of thecommunity.
Urban green space must be considered as apart of the whole urban planning process andthe wider green infrastructure network. Urban
greening interventions should be embedded inlocal planning frameworks and masterplans, andbe reflected in other sector policies (such as
housing, transport, health, sustainability, biodiversity and so on).

3
Although there are some short-term effects,
green space interventions need to be considered
as an urban investment that delivers the strongest benefits over a longer time period.
The use of urban green spaces and the related
benefits need to be evaluated to inform futureplanning and to ensure that existing green
spaces are reviewed and adapted to meet thecommunity’s needs (Fig. 2).

Local authorities are responsible forprotecting and maintaining existing
urban green spaces.

Local authorities may lack the financial means toestablish new or modify existing green spaces, ormunicipally owned land that can be devoted to public
open spaces may be limited. In this situation, it ismost important to protect existing urban green spa­
ces and make them accessible to as many residents
as possible. Especially in disadvantaged urban areas,
further reduction of green areas may result in negative social and health effects and should be avoided.

Fig. 2. Green space action cycle

Engage the local
community / assess useof green space / identify
local needs

Review effects of green
spaces on local environment,
lifestyle, health and well-being,and social equity

Build, modify and adequately
maintain urban green spaces
with required functions

Promote the use ofurban green spaces
to all local residents

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References and further reading
CABE (2004). A guide to producing park and green space
management plans. London: Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (http://webarchive.
nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110118095356/http:/www.
cabe.org.uk/publications/producing-parks-and-greenspace-management-plans, accessed 23 March 2017).
CABE (2006). Green space strategies: a good practice guide.
London: Commission for Architecture and the Built
Environment (http://www.envia.bl.uk/handle/
123456789/4351, accessed 23 March 2017).
CABE (2009). Open space strategies: best practice guidance.
London: Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (http://www.designcouncil.org.uk/resources/
guide/creating-open-space-strategy-guide-bestpractice, accessed 23 March 2017).
FAO (2016). Guidelines on urban and peri-urban forestry.
Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations (http://www.fao.org/forestry/urbanforestry/
87034/en/, accessed 23 March 2017).
Hartig T, Mitchell R, de Vries S, Frumkin H (2014). Natureand health. Annu Rev Public Health. 35:207–28.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Ecosystems andhuman well-being: synthesis. Washington DC: Island
Press (http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/
Synthesis.html, accessed 23 March 2017).
Milvoy A, Roué-Le Gall A (2015). Aménager des espacesde jeux favorables à la santé. La Santé en Action.
434:38–9 (http://inpes.santepubliquefrance.fr/SLH/
sommaires/434.asp, accessed 31 March 2017).

RAND Corporation (2017). SOPARC online app: system forobserving play and recreation in communities [online
tool]. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation (http://www.
rand.org/health/surveys_tools/soparc.html, accessed
23 March 2017).
Sensory Trust (2013). Creating accessible and engaging
outdoor experiences [website]. Bodelva: Sensory
Trust (http://www.sensorytrust.org.uk/information/
factsheets/outdoor-access-1-paths.html, accessed 23
March 2017).
US EPA (2016). Recommendations for constructing roadsidevegetation barriers to improve near-road air quality.
Washington DC: United States Environmental Protection
Agency (https://www.epa.gov/air-research/recommendations-constructing-roadside-vegetation-barriersimprove-near-road-air-quality, accessed 23 March2017).
WHO Regional Office for Europe (2016). Urban green spaces
and health: a review of evidence. Copenhagen: WHO
Regional Office for Europe (http://www.euro.who.int/
en/health-topics/environment-and-health/urbanhealth/publications/2016/urban-green-spaces-andhealth-a-review-of-evidence-2016, accessed 23 March2017).
WHO Regional Office for Europe (2017). Urban green spaceinterventions and health: a review of impacts andeffectiveness. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office forEurope (http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/
pdf_file/0010/ 337690/FULL-REPORT-for-LLP.pdf?ua=1,
accessed 15 May 2017).

Natural England (2003). Accessible natural green spacestandards in towns and cities: a review and toolkit for
their implementation. Peterborough: Natural England(http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/
publication/65021, accessed 23 March 2017).

Photo credits
Cover: © Fotolia/yotrakbutda; p. 3: © Sarah Burgess; p. 4: © Julia Nowacki; p. 7: © Anne Cleary (photo 1); p. 7: © Matthias Braubach (photo 2); p. 7: © Sarah
Burgess (photo 3); p. 7: © Daniel Gulliksson (photo 4); p. 7: © Victoria Tetley, vjt photography (photo 5); p. 7: © Matthias Braubach (photo 6); p. 7: © Anne
Cleary (photo 7); p. 7: © Fiona Wishart (photo 8); p. 10: © Victoria Tetley, vjt photography; p. 13: © Fotolia/eyeQ; p. 14: © Sarah Burgess; p. 23: © Chris Rance
Design and layout: 4PLUS4.dk

22

Put the green
space close topeople23

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