Amber Strong Makaiau, Ph.D.
Draft 5, January 2014

Philosophical Inquiry Curriculum Guide
Course Overview, Standards & Supporting Documents
Table of Contents
Course Overview
Course Description and Rationale………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………..…...1 - 2
Role of the Teacher……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……2 - 3
Glossary of Terms………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…...3 - 5
Philosophical Inquiry Standards at a Glance…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5Standards, Benchmarks and Sample Performance Assessments
Standard One: Philosophical Community of Inquiry……………………………………………………………………………………………….... 6 - 7
Standard Two: Philosophical Dialogue………………………………………………………………………………………………………………8 - 11
Standard Three: Philosophical Inquiry Research…………………………………………………………………………………………………...12 - 14
Standard Four: Philosophical Reflection……………………………………………………………………………………………………...…….15 - 17
Supporting Documents & References
Alignment to Common Core and C3 Framework for Social Studies State Standards………………………………………………………….…..18 – 20
References………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..21
Course Description
Philosophical inquiry is a standards-based course grounded in a p4c Hawai‘i approach to education. It focuses on processes forthinking and learning, and the development of ethical relationships in and beyond school. Co-inquiring alongside their teachers, students who
participate in Philosophical Inquiry learn to actively engage in course materials to deepen their understanding of themselves and the world.
The course is designed to give students and teachers opportunities to work on:• Complex problem solving, critical thinking, good judgment, reasoning, inter-personal communication, personal reflection, groupfacilitation, note-taking, and writing skills• Ethical relationship building, and process for thinking responsibly as a member of a reflective community of inquiry• Interdisciplinary methods for conducting research1Amber Strong Makaiau, Ph.D.
Draft 5, January 2014

• Thinking philosophically about historical, economic, geographic, political science, and philosophy content, issues and concepts• Wonderment, and connecting thinking across content areas and other areas of life
• Habits of mind necessary for meaningful and purposeful engagement in their current and future schoolwork and life
Successful completion of the course is worth ½ general social studies elective credit.
Rationale for the Course
This is the 21st century. To meet the challenges of this new century, we educators must generate new visions, new horizons, and new definitions of the future.
The challenge is to teach children to cope in a world of shifting values; of rapid technological innovations; vast sources of multicultural information; political,
social, economic, environmental and global interdependencies; instant yet remote communication; and a world that one can hardly envision but one in whichchildren must be prepared to live (Department of Education, State of Hawai‘i, Curriculum Framework for Social Studies, 2008).

Philosophical Inquiry is a course that was designed to directly address many of challenges faced by students and educators in the 21st century.
Philosophical Inquiry represents a dramatic shift from traditional social studies courses which typically focus on: narrow perspectives, apredominantly Western view, studying “about” democratic citizenship, chronology as a way of organizing content, coverage, text-books, interpreting
texts, the separation of disciplines, emphasis on the past, individualism, and tests that emphasize recall (Department of Education, State of Hawai‘i,
Curriculum Framework for Social Studies, 2008). Philosophical Inquiry represents a newer paradigm of social studies coursework that values global
perspectives, multicultural views, “practicing” democratic citizenship, theme/issue based studies, depth of understanding, experience and interaction,
students constructing their own meaning from multiple resources, integration, an emphasis on connecting the past with the present, collaboration, andalternative forms of assessment (Department of Education, State of Hawai‘i, Curriculum Framework for Social Studies, 2008). Philosophical Inquiry
provides students with the skills and processes necessary for achieving 21st century student outcomes (outlined in the P21 Framework, 2009) and is
one component of an effective standards-based education that will help Hawai‘i’s students be “college and career-ready graduates” (Department of
Education, State of Hawai‘i Strategic Plan, 2011 – 2018).
The Role of the Teacher
Philosophical Inquiry teachers play an important role in shaping the student experience in the course. The pedagogy Philosophical Inquiry
teachers employ must work in tandem with the learning objectives outlined in the Philosophical Inquiry standards. One approach to teaching that
does this is the “philosopher’s pedagogy” (Makaiau & Miller, 2012). The philosopher’s pedagogy requires that teachers make six interconnectededucational commitments in their practice: 1) live an examined life; 2) see education as a shared activity between teacher and student; 3)
reconceptualize “content” as the interaction between the classroom participant’s beliefs and experiences, and the subject matter being taught; 4) see
philosophy as “the general theory of education” (Dewey, 1916); 5) make philosophy a living classroom practice; and 6) they are willing to challenge
contemporary measures for classroom assessment. Teachers who adopt a philosopher’s pedagogy to teach Philosophical Inquiry take on the role of“co-inquirer,” a classroom participant who not only facilitates the learning of others, but also is a learner himself or herself.
To take on the role of co-inquirer, it is of utmost importance that Philosophical Inquiry teachers work alongside their students to create an“intellectually safe” classroom community of inquiry. To assist them in this process there are a number of tips that Philosophical Inquiry teachers canuse to promote safe and productive philosophical dialogues in their classroom communities of inquiries. These tips include, but are not limited to:2

Amber Strong Makaiau, Ph.D.
Draft 5, January 2014

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

Maintain intellectual safety.
Encourage participation.
Pose and respond to questions that probe for reasoning and evidence.
Ensure a hearing for a full range of positions on a topic or issue.
Clarify, verify, or challenge ideas and conclusions.
Promote divergent and creative perspectives.

Glossary of Terms
The definition included in this glossary were taken from a number of scholarly sources, including The Philosopher’s Pedagogy (Makaiau &Miller, 2012), The Art and Craft of Gently Socratic Inquiry (Jackson, 2001), and Thinking and Education (Lipman, 1991). For the complete citations,and list of the other sources used to create the philosophical inquiry course standards see the reference section at the end of this document.
Community of Inquiry. Collectively teachers and students must work together to socially construct what Matthew Lipman (1991) calls a classroom
community of inquiry. In this classroom environment a very specific learning culture is cultivated where students and teachers “listen to one anotherwith respect, build on one another’s ideas, challenge one another to supply reasons for otherwise unsupported opinions, assist each other in drawing
inferences form what has been said, and seek to identify one another’s assumptions” (Lipman, 1991, p. 15).
Intellectual Safety. “Classrooms must be physically safe places. For dialogue and inquiry to occur they must be emotionally and intellectually safe as
well. In an intellectually safe place there re no put-downs and no comments intended to belittle, undermine, negate, devalue, or ridicule. Within thisplace, the group accepts virtually any question or comment, so long as it is respectful of the other members of the circle. What develops is a growing
trust among the participants and with it the courage to present one’s own thoughts, however tentative initially, on complex and difficult issues”(Jackson, 2001, p. 460).
Community Ball. One of the signature techniques incorporated into p4c Hawai’i classrooms is the creation of a “community ball” (Jackson, 2001, p.
461). The community ball gives each student a sense of place and purpose that supports further classroom inquiry where the learning and discovery
expands far beyond the content of the text. On one of the first days of class teachers and students work together we create a “community ball” tobegin the process of building our intellectually safe classroom community (Jackson, 1984). However, as the year progresses, the community ballbecomes a tool of instruction that is used to facilitate philosophical inquiry.1 By passing the community ball from person to person during classdiscussions, students learn how to take turns in a well-regulated group discussion. The ball gradually empowers the students to feel comfortable incalling on each other and to take ownership of their inquiry. The community ball does this by establishing making concrete certain rules andagreements necessary for a fruitful; discussion to take place: 1) only the person with the community ball can speak; 2) students and teachers always
have the right to pass; and 3) the person with the community ball chooses who speaks next. These rules for engagement help teachers and students
keep philosophical discussion at the heart of most major classroom activities.
1

For a detailed description on how to build and use a “community ball,” see Jackson, T. (2001). The art and craft of “Gently Socratic” inquiry. In A. Costa (Ed.), Developing minds: A resource book for teaching thinking (3rdEd). Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

3

Amber Strong Makaiau, Ph.D.
Draft 5, January 2014

Philosophical Questions. In the context of this philosophical inquiry course, philosophical questions have three defining features. They: 1) Use theGood Thinker’s Toolkit 2) Move beyond the “text” or use the text to question a larger issue 3) Are something students and teachers truly want tothink/wonder about with their community of inquiry.
Good Thinker’s Tool Kit. Equally important has been the development of specific tools and evaluative criteria to assist in the students in thedevelopment of rigorous inquiry within the intellectually safe community. In order to learn, identify, and evaluate the type of thinking needed tomove an inquiry to an intellectually deep level or to “scratch beneath the surface,” the students are explicitly taught and given multiple opportunities
to practice the seven cognitive components of the “Good Thinker’s Toolkit” (Jackson, 2001, pg. 463). The good thinker’s tool kit consists of sevenindicators for critical thinking which are: W- what do you mean by that? R- what are the reasons? A- what is being assumed? Or what can I assume?
I – can I infer ____ from _____? Or where are there inferences being made? T- is what is being said true and what does it imply if it is true? E – arethere any examples to prove what is being said? C – are there any counter-examples to disprove what is being said? Students are encouraged to backup any claim or insight, such as an inference, with relevant evidence or reasons to identify hidden assumptions and so on. In short, the Good Thinkers
Toolkit is a heuristic device that is designed to promote and evaluate the student’s development as responsible and critical thinkers.
Plain Vanilla Philosophical Discussion. In order to engage a classroom in philosophical discussion, students and teachers need a structure forclassroom inquiry that supports the practice of “little p” philosophy. Jackson (1989; 2001) suggests a “Plain Vanilla” format where students generate
questions, vote on the question they want to talk about, and use a set of assessment criteria to judge the progress of their community (intellectual
safety, listening, participation) and inquiry (learning something new, scratching beneath the surface of a topic, remaining focused, etc.). “Wheneverpossible, students and teacher sit in a circle during inquiry time. Students call on each other, no longer relying on the teacher to carry out this
responsibility. Each has the opportunity to speak or to pass and remain silent. In this environment inquiry will grow” (Jackson, 2001, p. 460). Plain
Vanilla discussions rely on the “questions and interests of the children and move[s] in the direction that the children indicate” (Jackson, 2001, p.
462). We have found that providing this type of structure in the classroom, along with the other activities and assessments mentioned in this section,
the students’ sense of wonder is valued and incorporated into each inquiry.
The Plain Vanilla process generally follows this sequence of events:
1. Students read (or are exposed to some sort of stimulus, such as art, music, video);
2. Each student creates a philosophical question in response to the reading (see definition above).
3. Students vote democratically on the question they want to discuss. Each student gets two votes and can place them both on the same question
or two different questions. We typically just go around the circle and let every student vote.
4. Once the question is selected, the students write a response to it. The response should have some examples, identify assumptions, seek
clarification, ask more questions…
5. The person whose question is chosen begins the inquiry. They explain where the question came from and provide the first response;
6. Students and teachers use the evaluation criteria to reflect on and evaluate the inquiry.

4

Amber Strong Makaiau, Ph.D.
Draft 5, January 2014

Philosophical Inquiry Standards at a GlanceStandard
1. Philosophical Community of Inquiry

2. Philosophical Dialogue

3. Philosophical Inquiry Research

4. Philosophical Reflection

Topics1.1 Intellectual Safety, Ethical Relationships, and Listening with Empathy
1.2 Tools for Collaborative Inquiry
1.3 Tools for Thinking and Reasoning
1.4 Ten Lenses of Philosophical Inquiry
2.1 Philosophical Dialogue in Large-Group Settings
2.2 Philosophical Dialogue in Small-Group Settings
2.3 Philosophical Text Annotations
2.4 Philosophical Inquiry Memos
2.5 Philosophical Dialogue Constructed Response
2.6 Philosophical Dialogue Evaluation
3.1 Developing Questions
3.2 Planning Inquiries
3.3 Using Evidence
3.4 Analyzing Data, Evidence, and Information
3.5 Communicating Conclusions
3.6 Taking Informed Action
4.1 Evidence-Based Philosophical Inquiry Reflection
4.2 Personal Reflection
4.3 Inquiry Research Process Reflection
4.4 Meta-Cognition
4.5 Multiple Perspectives

5

Amber Strong Makaiau, Ph.D.
Draft 5, January 2014

StrandPhilosophical Inquiry
Standard 1: Philosophical Community of Inquiry
TopicIntellectual Safety, Ethical Relationships, and Listening with Empathy
In a community of inquiry, explain and practice intellectual safety, ethical relationships(responsibility for expressing ideas that help contribute to the community’s development), andlistening with empathy.
Use a concept map to brainstorm examples and counter-examples of intellectual safety, ethicalrelationships, and listening with empathy

Benchmark SS.PI.1.1
Sample Performance Assessment (SPA)
RubricAdvanced
Concept maps include more than fiveexamples and counter-examples that
accurately apply the definition of“intellectual safety, ethical relationships,”and “listening with empathy” to a variety ofcontexts (e.g. home, school, etc.)

Proficient
Concept maps include five examples andcounter-examples that accurately apply thedefinition of “intellectual safety, ethicalrelationships,” and “listening with empathy”
to two different contexts (e.g. home, school,
etc.)

Topic

NoviceConcept maps do not include five examples andcounter-examples that accurately apply thedefinition of “intellectual safety, ethicalrelationships,” and “listening with empathy to
two different contexts (e.g. home, school, etc.)

Tools for Collaborative Inquiry
Create a tool for mediating participation (teacher-to-student, student-to-teacher, student-tostudent), listening, and intellectual safety in the community of inquiry.
Create “community ball” with peers and use it to orally respond to questions about self andthinking

Benchmark SS.PI.1.2
Sample Performance Assessment (SPA)
RubricAdvanced
You used more than one example to describe
yourself and more than one example toelaborate on the qualities of your thinking
while physically participating in theconstruction of the “community ball.”Partially Proficient
Concept maps include less than fiveexamples and counter-examples that
accurately apply the definition of“intellectual safety, ethical relationships,”and “listening with empathy” to two
different contexts (e.g. home, school, etc.)

Proficient
You used one example to describe yourself
and one example to illustrate qualities of yourthinking while physically participating in theconstruction of the “community ball.”Partially Proficient
You either used one example to describe
yourself or one example to illustratequalities of your thinking while physicallyparticipating in the construction of the“community ball.”NoviceYou did not describe yourself and your thinking
while physically participating in theconstruction of the “community ball.”Topic

Tools for Thinking and Reasoning

Benchmark SS.PI.1.3

Identify, explain and apply the seven reasoning tools of The Good Thinker’s Tool Kit (what doyou mean by, reasons, assumptions, inferences, truth and implications, examples/evidence, andcounter-examples/counter-evidence) to make progress in a philosophical inquiry.

Sample Performance Assessment (SPA)

RubricAdvanced
There is an abundance of evidence that I

I created a “Good Thinker’s Tool Kit Handbook,” which included a the definition, question
stem, and applied example of each reasoning tool in the Good Thinker’s tool kit (what do you
mean by, reasons, assumptions, inferences, truth and implications, examples/evidence, andcounter-examples/counter-evidence) and I used this Handbook during a variety of classactivities (“Plain Vanilla” inquiries, philosophical research projects, reflections, etc.)
Proficient
There is evidence that I accurately applied

Partially Proficient
There is some evidence that I applied some6NoviceThere is very little evidence that I applied theAmber Strong Makaiau, Ph.D.
Draft 5, January 2014
accurately applied all of the seven reasoning
tools in the Good Thinker’s Tool Kit to eachand everyone of our class activities (“Plain
Vanilla” inquiries, philosophical research
projects, reflections, etc.)

most of the seven reasoning tools in the Good
Thinker’s Tool Kit to a variety of classactivities (“Plain Vanilla” inquiries,
philosophical research projects, reflections,
etc.)

Topic
Benchmark SS.PI.1.4
Sample Performance Assessment (SPA)

RubricAdvanced
I identified more than two lenses ofphilosophical inquiry that related to the text(s).
I used direct textual evidence to support eachlens I identified. I used examples and reasons
to explain how and why each lens is connectedto the text(s).

Proficient
I identified at least two lenses ofphilosophical inquiry that related to thetext(s). I used direct textual evidence tosupport each lens I identified. I usedexamples and reasons to explain how andwhy each lens is connected to the text(s).

of the seven reasoning tools in the Good
Thinker’s Tool Kit to some class activities(“Plain Vanilla” inquiries, philosophicalresearch projects, reflections, etc.)

seven reasoning tools in the Good Thinker’s
Tool Kit to some class activities (“Plain
Vanilla” inquiries, philosophical research
projects, reflections, etc.)

Ten Lenses of Philosophical Inquiry
Apply the five sub-fields of philosophy (epistemology, logic, metaphysics, ethics, or aesthetics)
and the five spheres of social studies (social, political, economic, interaction between humans
and the environment, and cultural) to analyze texts and make progress in philosophical inquiries.
Identify at least two lenses of philosophical inquiry (social, political, economic, culture,interaction between humans and the environment, ethics, epistemology, metaphysics, aesthetics,
and logic) that relate to the text(s). Use examples and reasons to explain how and why each lensis connected to the text(s).
Partially Proficient
NoviceI identified at less than two lenses of philosophical
I did not identify at least two lenses ofinquiry that related to the text(s). I may or may notphilosophical inquiry that related to thehave used direct textual evidence to support eachtext(s).
lens I identified. I attempted to use examples andreasons to explain how and why each lens isconnected to the text(s).

7Amber Strong Makaiau, Ph.D.
Draft 5, January 2014

StrandStandard 2: Philosophical Dialogue

Philosophical Inquiry

Topic

Philosophical Dialogue in Large-Group Settings
Initiate and participate in large-group philosophical inquiries (e.g. Plain Vanilla) in which
community members use intellectually safe dialogue to explore (not debate) complex topics,
texts and issues of their interest related to history, politics, civics, economics, geography, andphilosophy.
Initiate and participate in a Plain Vanilla philosophical discussion:
1. Read/observe/listen/experience a stimulus (e.g. text).
2. Generate philosophical questions.
3. Vote on a focus question.
4. Engage in philosophical dialogue about the question by applying the tools for thinking andreasoning, building on others’ ideas, expressing thoughts clearly, and maintaining an
intellectually safe community of inquiry.
5. Reflect on progress made (addressing community and inquiry)

Benchmark SS.PI.2.1
Sample Performance Assessment (SPA)

RubricAdvanced
In our community of inquiry we read a text,
each student generated a philosophicalquestion, we voted on the question we
wanted to inquire about, more than threefourths of the students used the Good
Thinker’s Tool Kit actively engage inphilosophical dialogue with one another, andone hundred percent of the students
evaluated the community (intellectual safety,
listening and participation) and the inquiry(use of the Tool Kit, focus, and student
interest).
Topic
Benchmark SS.PI.2.2
Sample Performance Assessment (SPA)

Proficient
In our community of inquiry we read a text,
each student generated a philosophicalquestion, we voted on the question we wanted
to inquire about, more than half of thestudents used the Good Thinker’s Tool Kit
actively engage in philosophical dialogue with
one another, and one hundred percent of thestudents evaluated the community (intellectual
safety, listening and participation) and theinquiry.

Partially Proficient
In our community of inquiry we read a text,
most of the students generated aphilosophical question, we voted on thequestion we wanted to inquire about, a few
of the students used the Good Thinker’s
Tool Kit actively engage in philosophicaldialogue with one another, and a few of thestudents evaluated the community and theinquiry.

NoviceIn our community of inquiry we read a text, a
few students generated philosophical questions,
we voted on the question we wanted to inquire
about, the class expected the teacher to engage
in philosophical dialogue, and there was noevaluation of the community and the inquiry.

Philosophical Dialogue in Small-Group Settings
With diverse partners in a variety of small-group settings (e.g. one-on-one, through social
media) initiate and participate in a range of collaborative, and deliberative philosophicaldialogues about complex topics, texts, and issues related to history, politics, civics, economics,
geography, and/or philosophy.
a. Generate questions while reading a Philosophy for Teens article.
b. Explore your questions with your peers and family (using face-to-face dialogue or inwriting via social media).
c. Write. Start by stating your question/s. What new connections or realizations did you
make in relationship to your questions? How does any of this connect to you and theworld that you live in? Do you now see a different perspective or point of view? Make
sure to incorporate ideas and comments from your peers and family in your response.

8

Amber Strong Makaiau, Ph.D.
Draft 5, January 2014
RubricAdvanced
I started with a question that I wondered
about while reading the Philosophy for
Teens article. I used a specific life story toclearly communicate how the question, idea,
or concept that I chose to focus on in myargument was both meaningful andconnected to my life. I discuss how myquestion can be looked at from multiple
perspectives. I use specific quotes from mypeers and family to discuss multiple
perspectives and points of view in myreflection. I end with more questions.

Proficient
I started with a question that I wondered about
while reading the Philosophy for Teens article.
I clearly communicated how the question,idea, or concept that I chose to focus on wasmeaningful or connected to my life. I discuss
how my question can be looked at frommultiple perspectives. There is evidence of mypeers and family’s ideas and comments in myresponse.

Topic

Record thoughts and questions in order to analyze primary and secondary text-based sources(cite specific textual evidence) that develop thinking and dialogue for philosophical inquiries.
Write down thoughts and questions while analyzing a text before philosophical dialogue. Make
sure to:a. Apply the Good Thinker’s Tool Kit
b. Relate personal experiences or understanding of the world to content in textc. Think about your own thinking
d. Make connections
e. Respond to diverse points of view and determine what additional points of view are needed
to deepen the inquiry

Sample Performance Assessment (SPA)

Topic
Benchmark SS.PI.2.4

NoviceI did not communicate how the question, idea,
or concept that I chose to focus on in myreflection was meaningful or connected to mylife. It is clear that I didn’t discuss thePhilosophy for Teens article with anyone.

Philosophical Text Annotations

Benchmark SS.PI.2.3

RubricAdvanced
All of my comments and questions apply
several aspects of the Good Thinker’s Tool
Kit, and make connections to my life. Thereis ample evidence that my selfunderstanding, and understanding of theworld developed because of this activity.
There is evidence that I thought about myown thinking in my comments andquestions, and that I used my reflections todevelop new comments and questions.
Many of my comments or questions identify
and respond to diverse points of view, and I
determine what additional points of view areneeded to deepen the inquiry.

Partially Proficient
I started with a question that I wondered
about while reading the Philosophy for
Teens article. I had difficulty communicating
how the question, idea, or concept that I
chose to focus on in my reflection wasmeaningful or connected to my life. The
connection was undeveloped, forced or
unclear. There is very little evidence that I
discussed the Philosophy for Teens article or
my question with my peers or family.

ProficientMore than half of my comments and questions
apply the Good Thinker’s Tool Kit. Many of
my comments and questions makeconnections to my life, and my understandingof the world. There is evidence that I thought
about my own thinking in my comments andquestions. Many of my comments or questions
identify and respond to diverse points of view.

Partially Proficient
Few of my comments and questions apply
the Good Thinker’s Tool Kit. A majority ofthe questions and comments I raise are forbasic comprehension of the text. Few of mycomments and questions make connections
to my life, and my understanding of theworld. I struggled to think about my own
thinking in my comments and questions. My
comments and questions mostly makeobservations about the text or author.
Few of my comments or questions identify
and respond to diverse points of view.

NoviceI do not apply the Good Thinker’s Tool Kit. My
comments and questions don’t connect to mylife, and my understanding of the world. I did
not think about my own thinking in mycomments and questions. None of mycomments or questions identify and respond todiverse points of view.

Philosophical Inquiry Memos
Write structured memos (notes) to record thinking and dialogue during philosophical inquiry(cite specific spoken and text-based evidence).

9

Amber Strong Makaiau, Ph.D.
Draft 5, January 2014
Sample Performance Assessment (SPA)

RubricAdvanced
I wrote extensive memos (notes) both during
and after our philosophical dialogue thatrecorded my thoughts and questions as wellas those of my peers. I cited specific spoken
evidence (including direct quotes with thenames of my peers) that I found interestingor important.

During our philosophical dialogue write memos (notes). Record your thoughts and questions, aswell as those of your peers. Make sure to cite specific spoken evidence that you find interestingor important.
Proficient
I wrote memos (notes) during ourphilosophical dialogue that recorded mythoughts and questions as well as those of mypeers. I cited specific spoken evidence that I
found interesting or important.

Topic

NoviceI wrote a few memos (notes) during ourphilosophical dialogue that recorded some of
my thoughts.

Philosophical Dialogue Constructed Response
Use the questions, complex ideas, concepts, and textual information explored during
philosophical dialogue to a write a logically sequenced argument that includes a precise
knowledgeable claim (thesis), the acknowledgment of assumptions embedded in the claim,
reasons and evidence from multiple sources (e.g. textual, multimedia) to support the claim, andthe identification of counterclaims.
Pick one idea or concept that was discussed during philosophical dialogue and write aconstructed response. Be sure to include:a. CLAIM- Use concise language to write a one-sentence claim.
b. ASSUMPTION(S) - Next, acknowledge the assumptions embedded in your claim.
c. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE - Then, support your claim with textual evidence (e.g.
direct quotes from the readings or our inquires) and reasons that explain why theevidence supports your claim. Be sure to use multiple texts (three to exceed) tosupport your claim.
d. COUNTER-EXAMPLES - Finally, acknowledge any counter-examples to yourclaim.

Benchmark SS.PI.2.5

Sample Performance Assessment (SPA)

RubricAdvanced
I brought together multiple questions, ideas,
or concepts discussed in our philosophicaldialogue to develop a clear one-sentenceclaim (argument). Using sound reasoning I
correctly identified more than one
assumption embedded in my claim. I
supported my claim with logical reasons andevidence (concrete details, quotations, andin-text citations). My evidence came fromthree or more different texts (in-classreadings, an additional scholarly source,inquiry memos). I identified and explained
more than one counter-example related to myclaim.

Partially Proficient
I wrote minimal memos (notes) during ourphilosophical dialogue that recorded mythoughts and questions as well as those of
my peers.

Proficient
In response to a question, idea, or concept
discussed in our philosophical dialogue I
developed a clear one-sentence claim(argument). Using sound reasoning I
correctly identified an assumption embedded
in my claim. I supported my claim withlogical reasons and evidence (concrete details
and quotations). My evidence came from two
or more different texts (in-class readings, anadditional scholarly source, inquiry memos).
I identified and explained at least one
counter-example related to my claim.

Partially Proficient
In response to a question, idea, or concept
discussed in our philosophical dialogue I
developed a one-sentence claim (argument). I
tried to identify an assumption embedded in
my claim but it is unclear and illogical. I
supported my claim with reasons andevidence. My evidence came from one of thetexts (in-class readings, an additional scholarly
source, inquiry memos). I tried to explain atleast one counter-example related to my claim
but my reasoning was confusing.

10

NoviceI did not develop a claim in response to aquestion, idea, or concept discussed in ourphilosophical dialogue. I did not identify anassumption embedded in my claim. I did notsupport my claim with reasons and evidence. I
did not identify a counter-example related to
my claim.

Amber Strong Makaiau, Ph.D.
Draft 5, January 2014
Topic

Philosophical Dialogue Evaluation
Evaluate progress made during philosophical dialogue by identifying specific examples ofstrengths and challenges of the community (e.g. intellectual safety, listening, participation) andstrengths and challenges of the inquiry (e.g. level of interest, focus, use of the Good Thinker’s
Tool Kit).
Use your inquiry memos and your own thinking to evaluate the progress made during ourphilosophical dialogue. Evaluate our community (intellectual safety, listening, participation) and
our inquiry (level of interest, focus, use of the Good Thinker’s Tool Kit, and the degree to which
we challenged our thinking). Use the following questions to guide your response:
a. COMMUNITY STRENGTHS- What do we do well as a community?
b. COMMUNITY CHALLENGES -What do we need to improve on as a community?
c. INQUIRY STRENGTHS - What was a strength of our inquiry?
d. INQUIRY CHALLENGES - What was a challenge in our inquiry?

Benchmark SS.PI.2.6
Sample Performance Assessment (SPA)

RubricAdvanced
I used more than one specific example (frommy inquiry memos or memory) to support
my written evaluation of each of thefollowing areas:a. Community strengths
b. Community challengesc. Inquiry strengths
d. Inquiry challenges

Proficient
I used at least one specific example (from myinquiry memos or memory) to support mywritten evaluation of each of the following
areas:
a. Community strengths
b. Community challengesc. Inquiry strengths
d. Inquiry challenges

Partially Proficient
I did use specific examples to support mywritten evaluation of some of the following
areas:
a. Community strengths
b. Community challengesc. Inquiry strengths
d. Inquiry challenges

11

NoviceI did not write an evaluation of each of thefollowing areas:a. Community strengths
b. Community challengesc. Inquiry strengths
d. Inquiry challenges

Amber Strong Makaiau, Ph.D.
Draft 5, January 2014

StrandStandard 3: Philosophical Inquiry Research

Philosophical Inquiry

Topic

Developing Philosophical Questions
Construct philosophical questions (using the Good Thinker’s Tool Kit) that are personally
meaningful and relevant to the topic/focus question of a history, politics, civics, economics,
geography, and/or philosophy inquiry.
Construct philosophical questions about a philosopher to learn more about their philosophy andthe lens(es) of philosophical inquiry that they are most clearly connected to.

Benchmark SS.PI.3.1
Sample Performance Assessment (SPA)
RubricAdvanced
I constructed more than ten philosophicalquestions that used the Good Thinker’s Tool
Kit (only one “W” question), related to myinterests, and deepened my inquiry into thephilosophy and philosophical lens connectedto the philosopher that I am inquiring about.

Proficient
I constructed at least ten philosophicalquestions that used the Good Thinker’s Tool
Kit (a few “W” questions), related to myinterests, and deepened my inquiry into thephilosophy and philosophical lens connectedto the philosopher that I am inquiring about.

Topic

Sample Performance Assessment (SPA)

Topic
Benchmark SS.PI.3.3

NoviceI constructed a few questions to help me
understand the philosophy and philosophicallens connected to the philosopher that I am
inquiring about.

Planning Philosophical Inquiries
Determine the kinds of sources will be helpful in answering philosophical questions taking into
consideration multiple points of view, the types of sources available, and the potential use of thesources in relationship to the topic/focus question guiding the history, politics, civics,
economics, geography and/or philosophy inquiry.
Determine the kinds of sources that will best help you answer the philosophical questions thatyou generated about the philosopher that you are inquiring about. Make sure to consider:a. multiple points of viewb. the types of sources availablec. and the relationship between the source and my particular inquiry

Benchmark SS.PI.3.2

RubricAdvanced
I used more than five sources (three primary& two secondary). I used multiple types ofsources (e.g. visual, quantitative, qualitative)
from different authors. It was clear that thesources I used connected to the questions I
asked. I had a bibliography for all sources.

Partially Proficient
I constructed at less than ten philosophicalquestions that used the Good Thinker’s Tool
Kit, and that deepened my inquiry into thephilosophy and philosophical lens connectedto the philosopher that I am inquiring about.

Proficient
I used at least five sources (three primary &two secondary). I used at least two types ofsources (e.g. visual, quantitative, qualitative)
from different authors. It was clear that thesources I used connected to the questions I
asked. I had a bibliography for all sources.

Partially Proficient
I used less than five sources (three primary& two secondary). I stuck to one type ofsource (e.g. visual, quantitative, qualitative)
from different authors. At times it was
unclear as to whether the sources I usedconnected to the questions I asked. I had abibliography for all sources.

NoviceI did not use any resources for research.

Using Evidence
Gather information from multiple sources and formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively, as well aswords) representing a wide range of views to respond to philosophical inquiry questions, and use
evidence from those sources to develop claims, while attending to the relevance of the claim to
the topic/focus question guiding the history, politics, civics, economics, geography, and/or
philosophy inquiry

12Amber Strong Makaiau, Ph.D.
Draft 5, January 2014
Sample Performance Assessment (SPA)

RubricAdvanced
I used evidence from multiple sources toconstruct answers to my philosophicalquestions. I made sure that the claims in myanswers were fully developed, addressed thequestions, and were accurate. I included
quotes and in-text references in my answers.
I used reasons and evidence to explain why
or why not the answers to my questions
related to the focus of my inquiry. I
generated more questions.

Use the sources gathered to answer each of the philosophical questions that you generated about
the philosopher that you are inquiring about. Make sure to analyze your answers to determine
what they teach you about the philosophy of your philosopher and the lens of philosophicalinquiry that their philosophy is most clearly connected to.
Proficient
I used evidence from multiple sources toconstruct answers to my questions. I madesure that the claims in my answers were fully
developed, addressed the questions, and were
accurate. I used reasons and evidence toexplain why or why not the answers to myquestions related to the focus of my inquiry.

Topic

Sample Performance Assessment (SPA)

Topic
Benchmark SS.PI.3.5

NoviceI answered a few of my questions, but I didn’t use
evidence from my sources to support my claims.
It seemed like I didn’t know what my question
was asking. I did not make any relationships
between the answers to my questions and thefocus of my inquiry.

Analyzing Data, Evidence, and Information
Analyze responses to philosophical inquiry questions (data, evidence, and other information
gathered), and apply findings to construct a thesis (claim), which addresses the inquiry’s focus
question.
Based on the analysis of the data/evidence/information that you used to answer yourphilosophical inquiry questions, construct a thesis statement that explains both the philosophy
and lens of philosophical inquiry that is most closely connected to the philosopher you areinquiring about.

Benchmark SS.PI.3.4

RubricAdvanced
You determined, which information was
MOST relevant to your inquiry and you usedaccurate and logical reasoning to categorizethat information and construct a logical andoriginal one sentence claim that explains
both the philosophy and lens ofphilosophical inquiry that is most closely
connected to the philosopher you areinquiring about.

Partially Proficient
I used evidence from a few sources toconstruct answers to my questions. I didn’t
always make sure that the claims in myanswers were fully developed, addressed thequestions, and were accurate. I used reasonsand evidence to explain why or why not the(some of the) answers to my questions
related to the focus of my inquiry.

Proficient
You used accurate and logical reasoning tocategorize the information you gathered andyou constructed a one sentence claim that
explains both the philosophy and lens ofphilosophical inquiry that is most closely
connected to the philosopher you are inquiring
about.

Partially Proficient
You used accurate reasoning to categorize
your information, but it is clear that a lot of
information is not relevant to your inquiry.
You attempted to construct a once sentenceclaim that explains both the philosophy andlens of philosophical inquiry that is mostclosely connected to the philosopher you areinquiring about, but your claim was unclear
and confusing.

NoviceYou did not engage in the process of
categorizing your information. You did notconstruct a thesis statement.

Communicating Conclusions
Communicate progress made in the inquiry by constructing an organized (logically sequenced)
explanation to the inquiry’s topic/focus question, which introduces a claim (thesis statement),
provides sound reasoning, inferences, and evidence (examples, and details with significant andpertinent information and data) to support the claim, and, which acknowledges the strengths andweaknesses of the explanation by addressing opposing view points.

13

Amber Strong Makaiau, Ph.D.
Draft 5, January 2014
Sample Performance Assessment (SPA)

RubricAdvanced
I wrote an insightful and well-organizedscholarly paper that explains both thephilosophy and lens of philosophical inquiry
that is most closely connected to thephilosopher that I was inquiring about. My
paper has an introduction that discusses
underlying assumptions embedded in myclaim, body paragraphs that provide soundreasoning, inferences and evidence(including in-text references) to support myclaim, and a conclusion that acknowledges
the strengths and weaknesses of my
explanation by addressing opposing
viewpoints.

Write a scholarly paper that explains both the philosophy and lens of philosophical inquiry thatis most closely connected to the philosopher you are inquiring about. Make sure to:a. introduce your claimb. provide sound reasoning, inferences, and evidence to support the claimc. acknowledge the strengths and weaknesses of your explanation by addressing
opposing viewpoints
Proficient
I wrote an organized scholarly paper that
explains both the philosophy and lens ofphilosophical inquiry that is most closely
connected to the philosopher that I was
inquiring about. My paper has an introduction,body paragraphs that provide sound reasoning,inferences and evidence (including in-text
references) to support my claim, and aconclusion that acknowledges the strengths
and weaknesses of my explanation byaddressing opposing viewpoints.

Topic

NoviceI wrote a paper that explains both thephilosophy and lens of philosophical inquiry
that is most closely connected to thephilosopher that I was inquiring about. My
paper has an introduction, body paragraphs anda conclusion.

Taking Informed Action
Apply findings from the philosophical inquiry research process to take action in the classroom,
school, online, and/or in an out-of-school civic and/or political context.
Develop a plan for applying what you learned from your inquiry to solve a problem in yourpersonal life and document how you implemented your plan, and reflect on the outcomes ofyour actions.

Benchmark SS.PI.3.6
Sample Performance Assessment (SPA)

RubricAdvanced
I developed a plan for applying what I
learned in my inquiry to solve a problem in
my personal life. I wrote in a journal to
document and reflect on the changes that
occurred in my life because of the plan I
developed. I made modifications to my plan
based on my reflections.

Partially Proficient
I wrote a paper that explains both thephilosophy and lens of philosophical inquiry
that is most closely connected to thephilosopher that I was inquiring about. My
paper has an introduction, body paragraphsthat provide reasoning, and evidence tosupport my claim, and a conclusion that
acknowledges the strengths and weaknessesof my explanation.

Proficient
I developed a plan for applying what I learned
in my inquiry to solve a problem in mypersonal life. I wrote in a journal to document
and reflect on the changes that occurred in mylife because of the plan I developed.

Partially Proficient
I developed a plan for applying what I
learned in my inquiry to solve a problem in
my personal life. I wrote in a journal to
document the changes that occurred in mylife because of the plan I developed.

14

NoviceI developed a plan for applying what I learned
in my inquiry to solve a problem in my personal
life, but I did not get around to implementing
my plan.

Amber Strong Makaiau, Ph.D.
Draft 5, January 2014

StrandStandard 4: Philosophical Reflection

Philosophical Inquiry

Topic

Evidence-Based Philosophical Inquiry Reflection
Draw evidence from literary or informational texts, philosophical dialogue, research, and/or selfknowledge to support oral and written reflection.
Write a reflection about a quote provided. Draw evidence from the text and/or self-knowledge tosupport your thinking.

Benchmark SS.PI.4.1
Sample Performance Assessment (SPA)
RubricAdvanced
In my written reflection I drew evidence
form texts and self-knowledge to support
my thinking.

Proficient
In my written reflection I drew evidence
form texts or self-knowledge to support
reflection.

Partially Proficient
I wrote a reflection but there are no
specific examples from the text or selfknowledge to support my thinking.

Topic

NoviceI did not write a reflection.

Personal Reflection
Analyze, reflect, and generate a conclusion about how meaningful and connected specificknowledge is to self-understanding and/or understanding of the world.
At the end of class, analyze, reflect and generate a conclusion about what you learned byexplaining how meaningful and connected the class was to your self-understanding and/or
understanding of the world.

Benchmark SS.PI.4.2
Sample Performance Assessment (SPA)

RubricAdvanced

ProficientPartially Proficient

NoviceIn my written reflection I thought about my own
thinking and communicated my findings by:•Connecting what I learned to my life or theworld I live in.
•Using textual evidence AND ideas/quotes fromclassmates/teacher to support my response.

In my written reflection I thought about my own
thinking and communicated my findings by:•Connecting what I learned to my life or the world
I live in.
•Using textual evidence OR ideas/quotes fromclassmates/teacher to support my response.

In my written reflections I thought about my own
thinking during and communicated my findings by:•Connecting what I learned to my life or theworld I live in.

I did not complete a written reflection.

Topic

Philosophical Inquiry Research Process Reflection
Use examples and/or counter-examples to reflect on each step of the philosophical inquiry
research process including what went well, what needs to improve, and goals for future
inquiries.
Apply your work from each step of the philosophical inquiry research process (questioning,planning the inquiry, using evidence, analyzing data/evidence/information, communicatingconclusions, and taking informed actions) to reflect on and evaluate what went well, what you
need to improve on, and to set goals for a future research project.

Benchmark SS.PI.4.3
Sample Performance Assessment (SPA)

RubricAdvanced

ProficientPartially Proficient

15

NoviceAmber Strong Makaiau, Ph.D.
Draft 5, January 2014
I used more than one example or counterexample to reflect on each step of thephilosophical inquiry research process(questioning, planning the inquiry, using
evidence, analyzing
data/evidence/information, communicatingconclusions, and taking informed actions)and to evaluate what went well, what I needto improve on, and to set goals for a future
research project.

I used at least one example or counterexample to reflect on each step of thephilosophical inquiry research process(questioning, planning the inquiry, using
evidence, analyzing
data/evidence/information, communicatingconclusions, and taking informed actions) andto evaluate what went well, what I need to
improve on, and to set goals for a future
research project.

Topic

Sample Performance Assessment (SPA)

Proficient
In my written reflection I thought about myown thinking and communicated my findingsby:•Connecting what I learned to my life or
the world I live in.
•
Describing a new perspective of point ofview•
Using textual evidence OR ideas/quotes
from classmates/teacher to support myresponse.

Topic

Partially Proficient
In my written reflections I thought about myown thinking during and communicated myfindings by:•Connecting what I learned to my life or
the world I live in.
•
Describing a new perspective or pointof view.

NoviceI did not complete a written reflection.

Multiple Perspectives
Identify and respond thoughtfully to diverse perspectives/points of view and determine what
additional information, points of view, self-knowledge or research is required to deepen theinquiry.
Write about a new perspective or point of view that you developed during a Plain Vanillaphilosophical dialogue and determine additional information, points of view, self-knowledge
or research that would help you deepen your inquiry into the topic that was discussed.

Benchmark SS.PI.4.5
Sample Performance Assessment (SPA)

RubricAdvanced

I reflected on most steps of the philosophicalinquiry research process (questioning, planning
the inquiry, using evidence, analyzing
data/evidence/information, communicatingconclusions, and taking informed actions).

Meta-Cognition
Think about your own thinking during the philosophical inquiry process and communicate
findings (orally or through writing) with others.
At the end of a philosophical inquiry class, think about your own thinking and write a responseto each of the following questions:a. How does what you learned today connect to your life and the world you live in?
b. Do you see a different perspective or point of view?
c. Use textual evidence AND ideas/quotes from classmates/teacher to support yourresponse.

Benchmark SS.PI.4.4

RubricAdvanced
In my written reflection I thought about myown thinking and communicated my findingsby:•Connecting what I learned to my life or
the world I live in.
•
Describing more than one newperspective or point of view.
•
Using textual evidence AND
ideas/quotes from classmates/teacher tosupport my response.

I used at least one example to reflect on most
steps of the philosophical inquiry research
process (questioning, planning the inquiry,
using evidence, analyzing
data/evidence/information, communicatingconclusions, and taking informed actions)and to evaluate what went well, what I needto improve on, and to set goals for a future
research project.

ProficientPartially Proficient

16

NoviceAmber Strong Makaiau, Ph.D.
Draft 5, January 2014
In my written reflection I thought about my own
thinking and communicated my findings by:•
Describing more than one new perspective orpoint of view that I developed during ourphilosophical dialogue.
•
Determining more than one additional pieceof information, point of view, self-knowledge
or research that would help me deepen myinquiry into the topic we discussed.

In my written reflection I thought about my own
thinking and communicated my findings by:•
Describing one new perspective or point ofview that I developed during our philosophicaldialogue.
•
Determining at least one additional piece of
information, point of view, self-knowledge or
research that would help me deepen my inquiry
into the topic we discussed.

In my written reflections I thought about my own
thinking during and communicated my findings by:•
Describing more than one new perspective orpoint of view that I developed during ourphilosophical dialogue.

17

I did not complete a written reflection.

Amber Strong Makaiau, Ph.D.
Draft 5, January 2014

Alignment of Philosophical Inquiry Standards to the Common Core, The College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies
Standards, and Philosophy for Children Hawai‘i
PhilosophicalInquiryStandard

Common Core Standard

The College, Career, and Civic
Life (C3) Framework for Social
Studies Standards

Philosophy forChildren Hawai‘i(Jackson, 2001)

1.1

ELA – Speaking and Listening, Comprehension and Collaboration (11-12.SL.1)

C3 – Dimension 2 & 4Intellectual Safety andCommunity (p. 460)

1.2

ELA – Speaking and Listening, Comprehension and Collaboration (11-12.SL.1)

C3 – Dimension 2 & 4

Making a “Community
Ball” (pp. 460 - 461)

C3 – Dimension 1, 3, 4“The Good Thinker’s Tool
Kit” (pp. 463 - 464)

“Plain Vanilla” (pp. 462 463)

1.3
1.4

2.1

ELA – Speaking and Listening, Comprehension and Collaboration (11-12.SL.1)

C3 – Dimension 1 - 4

2.2

ELA – Speaking and Listening, Comprehension and Collaboration (11-12.SL.1)

C3 – Dimension 1 - 4

2.3

ELA – Reading History, Key Ideas & Details (11 – 12.RH.1)
ELA – Writing History, Research to Build and Present Knowledge 11- 12.WHST.8 & 11 -12.WHST.9)
ELA – Speaking and Listening, Comprehension and Collaboration (11-12.SL.1)

C3 – Dimension 1, 3, 4

2.4

ELA – Reading History, Key Ideas & Details (11 – 12.RH.1)
ELA – Writing History, Research to Build and Present Knowledge 11- 12.WHST.8 & 11 -12.WHST.9)
ELA – Speaking and Listening, Comprehension and Collaboration (11-12.SL.1)

C3 – Dimension 1, 3, 4

2.5

ELA – Reading History, Integration of Knowledge and Ideas (11-12.RH.7)
ELA – Writing, Text, Types, and Purposes (11-12.W.2)
ELA – Writing History, Text, Types, and Purposes (11-12.WHST.1)
ELA – Writing History, Research to Build and Present Knowledge 11- 12.WHST.8 & 11 -12.WHST.9)
ELA – Speaking and Listening, Comprehension and Collaboration (11-12.SL.1)
ELA – Writing History, Range of Writing (11 -12.WHST.10)

C3 – Dimension 1, 3, 4

2.6

18

C3 – Dimension 2 & 4

Reflecting on the inquiry(pp. 464 – 465)

PhilosophicalInquiryStandard

Common Core Standard

The College, Career, and Civic
Life (C3) Framework for Social
Studies Standards

3.1

ELA – Writing History, Research to Build and Present Knowledge 11- 12.WHST.7)

C3 - Dimension 1 & 2

3.2

ELA – Writing History, Research to Build and Present Knowledge 11- 12.WHST.7)

C3 - Dimension 1 & 2

3.3

ELA – Reading History, Integration of Knowledge and Ideas (11-12.RH.7 and 11 – 12.RH.9)
ELA – Writing History, Text, Types, and Purposes (11-12.WHST.1)
ELA – Writing History, Research to Build and Present Knowledge 11- 12.WHST.7, 11- 12.WHST.8 & 1112.WHST.9)
ELA – Speaking and Listening, Comprehension and Collaboration (11-12.SL.1)

C3 - Dimension 3 & 2

3.4

ELA – Reading History, Integration of Knowledge and Ideas (11-12.RH.7 and 11 – 12.RH.9)
ELA – Writing History, Text, Types, and Purposes (11-12.WHST.1)
ELA – Writing History, Research to Build and Present Knowledge 11- 12.WHST.7, 11- 12.WHST.8 & 1112.WHST.9)
ELA – Speaking and Listening, Comprehension and Collaboration (11-12.SL.1)

C3 - Dimension 2 & 4

3.5

ELA – Reading History, Integration of Knowledge and Ideas (11-12.RH.7 and 11 – 12.RH.9)
ELA – Writing History, Text, Types, and Purposes (11-12.WHST.1)
ELA – Writing History, Research to Build and Present Knowledge 11- 12.WHST.7, 11- 12.WHST.8 & 1112.WHST.9)
ELA – Speaking and Listening, Comprehension and Collaboration (11-12.SL.1)

C3 – Dimension 2 & 4

3.6

C3 – Dimension 4

4.1

ELA – Writing, Research to Build and Present Knowledge (11-12.W.9)
ELA – Writing History, Research to Build and Present Knowledge (11- 12.WHST.9)
ELA – Writing History, Range of Writing (11 -12.WHST.10)

C3 – Dimension 3 & 4

4.2

ELA – Writing History, Range of Writing (11 -12.WHST.10)

C3 – Dimension 3 & 4

4.3

ELA – Writing History, Range of Writing (11 -12.WHST.10)

C3 – Dimension 1, 3 & 4

19

Amber Strong Makaiau, Ph.D.
Draft 5, January 2014
Philosophy forChildren Hawai‘i(Jackson, 2001)

PhilosophicalInquiryStandard

Common Core Standard

The College, Career, and Civic
Life (C3) Framework for Social
Studies Standards

4.4

ELA – Writing History, Range of Writing (11 -12.WHST.10)

C3 – Dimension 1, 3, & 4

4.5

ELA – Speaking and Listening, Comprehension and Collaboration (11-12.SL.1)
ELA – Writing History, Range of Writing (11 -12.WHST.10)

C3 – Dimension 1, 3, & 4

20

Amber Strong Makaiau, Ph.D.
Draft 5, January 2014
Philosophy forChildren Hawai‘i(Jackson, 2001)

Amber Strong Makaiau, Ph.D.
Draft 5, January 2014

References
Jackson, T. (2001). The art and craft of gently Socratic inquiry. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Lipman, M. (1991). Thinking in education. Victoria, Australia: Cambridge University Press.
Makaiau, A. S. & Miller, C. (2012). The philosopher’s pedagogy. Educational Perspectives, 44(1 & 2), 8 – 19.

21