This report was prepared by the National Air and Space Intelligence Center withsignificant contributions from the Defense Intelligence Agency Missile and SpaceIntelligence Center and the Office of Naval Intelligence.

table of contents
Key Findings

3

Threat History

4

Warheads and Targets

6

Ballistic Missiles

8

Short-Range Ballistic Missiles

10

Medium-Range andIntermediate-Range Ballistic Missiles
Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles
Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missiles
Land-Attack Cruise Missiles
Summary

14
18
22
26
30

This report contains material copyrighted by others. No claim of copyright is made forany included works of the US Government.

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key findings
Many countries view ballistic and cruise missile systems as cost-effective weapons and symbols ofnational power. In addition, they present an asymmetric threat to US airpower. Many ballistic andcruise missiles are armed with weapons of mass destruction.
North Korea has unveiled the new road-mobile Hwasong-13 intercontinental ballistic missile(ICBM) while continuing to develop the Taepo Dong-2 (TD-2), which placed a satellite in orbit for
the first time in December 2012. An intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) and a new solidpropellant short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) are also being developed.
Iran could develop and test an ICBM capable of reaching the United States by 2015. Since 2008,
Iran has conducted multiple successful launches of the two-stage Safir space launch vehicle(SLV) and has also revealed the larger two-stage Simorgh SLV, which could serve as a test bed
for developing ICBM technologies. Since 2010, Iran has revealed the Qiam-1 SRBM, the fourthgeneration Fateh-110 SRBM, and claims to be mass-producing antiship ballistic missiles (ASBMs).
Iran has modified its Shahab 3 medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) to extend its range andeffectiveness and also claims to have deployed the two-stage, solid-propellant Sejjil MRBM.
China has the most active and diverse ballistic missile development program in the world. It isdeveloping and testing offensive missiles, forming additional missile units, qualitatively upgrading
missile systems, and developing methods to counter ballistic missile defenses. The Chinese ballistic
missile force is expanding in both size and types of missiles. China continues to field conventionallyarmed SRBMs opposite Taiwan, and is developing a number of new mobile, conventionally armed
MRBMs. Missiles such as the CSS-5 ASBM are key components of the Chinese military modernization
program, specifically designed to prevent adversary military forces’ access to regional conflicts.
China is adding the CSS-10 Mod 2 (DF-31A) to the ICBM force and future ICBMs could utilize
multiple independently-targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs). The number of Chinese ICBM nuclear
warheads capable of reaching the United States could expand to well over 100 within the next 15
years. The new JL-2 submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) is also under development.
India and Pakistan continue to develop new SRBMs and long-range ballistic missiles. The Indian
Agni IV IRBM has been flight tested twice since 2010, and India conducted the first flight test of
the Agni V ICBM in April 2012. An even longer ranged Agni VI is reportedly in the design phase.
Russia still has over 1,400 nuclear warheads deployed on ballistic missiles capable of reaching theUnited States. Although the size of the Russian strategic missile force is shrinking due to arms control
limitations and resource constraints, development of new ICBM and SLBM systems is proceeding,and Russia is expected to retain the largest force of strategic ballistic missiles outside the UnitedStates. Russia tested a new type of ICBM in 2012 and is nearing deployment of the new Bulava
SLBM. Russian officials have stated a new liquid-propellant ICBM is also under development.
Land-attack cruise missiles (LACMs) are highly effective weapon systems that can present a major
threat to military operations. At least nine foreign countries will be involved in LACM production
during the next decade, and many missiles will be available for export.

threat history
Ballistic and cruise missiles present a significant threat to US and Allied forces overseas, and to
the United States and its territories. Missiles are attractive to many nations because they can beused effectively against an adversary with a formidable air defense system, where an attack withmanned aircraft would be impractical or too costly. In addition, missiles can be used as a deterrent
or an instrument of coercion. Missiles also have the advantage of fewer maintenance, training, andlogistic requirements than manned aircraft. Even limited use of these weapons could have devastatingconsequences because missiles can be armed with chemical, biological, or nuclear warheads.
The ballistic and cruise missile threat continues to increase with the proliferation of missile
technology. Over 20 countries have ballistic missile systems, and missiles likely will be a threat
in future conflicts involving US forces. Ballistic missiles have been used in several conflicts overthe last 30 years, including the Iran-Iraq war, the Afghan civil war, the war in Yemen, the 1991
and 2003 Persian Gulf conflicts, the Russian military actions in Chechnya and Georgia, and mostrecently in the conflict within Syria. Although LACMs have not yet been widely proliferated, as
many as 20 countries could possess cruise missiles in the next decade.

V-1 Prior to Impact in London

4

Guided cruise and ballistic
missiles were first used
when Germany attacked
targets in England andNorthern Europe with
V-1 cruise missiles andV-2 ballistic missiles
during World War II.
Although these missiles
were inaccurate, theiruse resulted in tensof thousands of Alliedcasualties.

The US Air Force, in cooperation with the other services, is responsible for countering the ballistic andcruise missile threat through deterrence and, if necessary, active suppression. Threat suppression
may include attacks on missile systems, both before launch and in flight, and attacks on theirsupporting infrastructure. This document includes information on some of the major current andprojected foreign ballistic and cruise missile systems.
Guided cruise and ballistic missiles were first used when Germany attacked targets in England andNorthern Europe with V-1 cruise missiles and V-2 ballistic missiles during World War II. Althoughthese missiles were inaccurate, their use resulted in tens of thousands of Allied casualties.

V-2 damage; 160 People were Killed in this Attack

V-2 Ballistic Missile

warheads & targets
Ballistic and cruise missiles can be armed with conventional or nonconventional warheads.
Conventional warheads are filled with a chemical explosive, such as TNT, and rely on the detonationof the explosive and the resulting metal casing fragmentation as kill mechanisms. Nonconventional
warheads include weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons) andnonlethal warheads, a relatively new class of warhead designed to disable equipment rather thanharm personnel. Conventional, biological, and chemical weapons can be packaged in unitary(single) warheads and in submunitions (multiple small bomblets that are released at altitude todisperse over a wide area).
Conventional warheads can be optimized for specific types of targets. For example, submunitions
can be used to create craters in an airfield runway or destroy armored vehicles. A penetrator
warhead, which uses a relatively small amount of explosive surrounded by a heavy metal casing,can pass through a hardened structure, such as a bunker, to destroy its contents.

Russian SS-25 ICBM

6

Chemical and biological weapons can bepackaged in submunitions to be dispersed
over a wide area.

Many long-range ballistic missiles and several types of LACMs carry nuclear warheads. Most ofthese warheads have an explosive force that is tens to hundreds of times more powerful than theatomic bombs used in World War II.
Chemical and biological weapons are attractive to many Third World countries because they aremuch easier to produce than nuclear weapons, and many countries with chemical and biological
warfare programs also are equipped with ballistic and/or cruise missiles. Accuracy is not very
important for these weapons when used against urban areas or large concentrations of militaryforces. Chemical and biological weapons can be packaged in submunitions to be dispersed over awide area. They are capable of producing massive casualties, inducing panic and chaos in civilian
populations, and severely degrading military operations.

MIRV of the Decommissioned Soviet SS-20 IRBM

Chinese DF-15 SRBM

Iranian Qiam-1 SRBM

ballistic missiles
Operational ballistic missiles are deployed in silos, on submarines, and on land-mobile launchers.
Mobile missiles are favored by many nations because they can be hidden, greatly increasing theirsurvivability.
Many SRBMs remain intact until the warhead detonates. In longer range ballistic missiles, warheads
are contained in separating reentry vehicles (RVs). Some long-range ballistic missiles carry MIRVs,
with up to 10 RVs per missile. RVs reenter the Earth’s atmosphere at very high velocities, on theorder of 4-5 miles per second at ICBM ranges.
Ballistic missiles can use solid- or liquid-propellant rocket propulsion systems. The trend in modern
missile systems has been toward the use of solid propellants because of their reduced logisticalrequirements and simplicity of operation. However, some less developed nations have greater
access to liquid-propellant technology and, therefore, continue to develop new liquid-propellant
missiles. Russia is also developing a new liquid-propellant missile.
Multiple-stage missiles, with each stage having its own independent propulsion system, are more
efficient for longer range missions. ICBMs typically have two or three stages, with powerful liquidpropellant engines or solid-propellant motors to propel the payload toward its target, and a
postboost vehicle (PBV) with a much smaller propulsion system. A PBV can be used to improve the
RV deployment accuracy for a single-RV missile. For a missile with a MIRV payload, the PBV is used
to release RVs so that they follow different trajectories, allowing them to hit separate targets. Some
MIRV missiles can hit targets separated by over 1,500 kilometers with a single missile.
A ballistic missile with a high-quality inertial guidance system is capable of delivering an RV withina few hundred feet of the target after a flight of over 9,500 kilometers. For many missiles, accuracy

8

The trend in modern missile
systems has been toward the use ofsolid propellants because of their
reduced logistical requirements andsimplicity of operation. However,some less developed nations havegreater access to liquid-propellant
technology and, therefore, continue
to develop new liquid-propellant
missiles.

can be greatly improved by utilizing satellite-aided navigation. Missiles also can use maneuvering
RVs with terminal sensors to attain very high accuracy. The use of terminal sensors and a maneuver
capability can allow ballistic missiles to attack moving targets such as ships at sea, but an antiship
mission requires a sophisticated intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance system to support
missile targeting.
As more modern guidance technology is proliferated, countries will be able to improve the accuracy
and lethality of their missile forces. However, even a missile with a guidance system only accurateenough to hit a large city is capable of inflicting massive casualties when armed with a weapon ofmass destruction.
Many ballistic missiles carry penetration aids to improve the chances of an RV penetrating a ballistic
missile defense system. Penetration aids are devices intended to deceive or jam sensors used todetect and track missiles and RVs. They are of increasing importance to countries developing andoperating ballistic missiles.

Multiple Chinese SRBMs on Parade

Short-range ballistic missile<1,000 km (621 mi)Medium-range ballistic missile
1,000-3,000 km (621-1,864 mi)Intermediate-range ballistic missile
3,000-5,500 km (1,864-3,418 mi)Intercontinental ballistic missile>5,500 km (3,418 mi)
Submarine-launched ballistic missile
Any ballistic missile launched froma submarine, regardless of
maximum range

North Korean TD-2 ICBM/SLVshort-range
ballistic missiles
Several countries are now producing and/or developing SRBM systems, while many other countries
have purchased missiles or missile technologies from one or more of the missile producers.
The Russian SS-1c Mod 1, also called the SCUD B, has been exported to more countries than any
other type of guided ballistic missile, and has proven to be a versatile and adaptable weapon.
For example, the Iraqi SCUD missiles used during the 1991 Persian Gulf War had been modified
to double their range. North Korea has produced its own version of the SCUD B and the SCUD C,
which is an extended-range version of the SCUD B.
Although the SCUD was originally designed as a tactical battlefield support weapon, many
countries view it and other SRBM systems as strategic weapons to be used against urban areas.
Iraq used extended-range SCUD missiles as strategic weapons during both the Iran-Iraq war andthe 1991 Persian Gulf War. Other countries could modify SCUD missiles to significantly improvetheir accuracy and use them against high-value military targets and cities.
New SRBM systems are in development in several countries. China has deployed a very large
force of modern solid-propellant SRBMs in the vicinity of Taiwan, and according to Taiwanese
government officials, China has recently started to deploy a new SRBM known as the Dong Feng
16 (DF-16/CSS-11 Mod 1). In August 2010, Iranian officials hailed the successful test firing of
the liquid-fuel Qiam-1 surface-to-surface missile. Around the same time, the Iranian Minister ofDefense told reporters that the third-generation of the Fateh-110 missile had been successfully test
fired and that the system was officially delivered to the missile force in September 2010. In 2012,10

Some SRBM developers
have already begun todevelop countermeasures
such as maneuvering
RVs, and are expected tocontinue countermeasuredevelopment.

srbm
Iran claimed to have also successfully flight tested a fourth-generation Fateh-110. Iran has also
flight tested an ASBM variant of its Fateh-110 missile. A seeker has likely been added to the missile
to improve the system’s accuracy against sea-based targets.
Recent conflicts have highlighted missile defense capabilities and provided the incentive forcontinued missile defense development, in turn, motivating ballistic missile developers to pursue
missile defense countermeasures. Some SRBM developers have already begun to develop
countermeasures such as maneuvering RVs, and are expected to continue countermeasuredevelopment.

Pakistani Hatf-9 SRBM Launch

SS-21 Iskander-E SS-1c
Mod 1

Indian Dhanush SRBM Launch

SS-1c
Mod 2

Prithvi

Agni I

Hatf-I

Shaheen I

CSS-6

CSS-7

CSS-8

Iranian Fateh-110 SRBM

Chinese CSS-6 SRBM

Pakistani Ghaznzvi SRBM Launch

Developmental Pakistani Abdali (Hatf-2) SRBM

srbm

		
MISSILEPROPELLANTCHARACTERISTICS
DEPLOYMENTMODEMAXIMUM
RANGE (km)Number of
Launchers (By Country)*

RUSSIA				
Fewer than 200
SCUD B (SS-1c Mod 1)
LiquidRoad-mobile
300
SS-1c Mod 2
LiquidRoad-mobile240+
SS-21 Mod 2
Solid
Road-mobile70
SS-21 Mod 3
SolidRoad-mobile
120
SS-26
Solid
Road-mobile
300
Iskander-E
Solid
Road-mobile
280
CHINA				More than 200
CSS-11 Mod 1
Solid
Road-mobile
800+
CSS-6 Mod 1
Solid
Road-mobile
600
CSS-6 Mod 2
Solid
Road-mobile
850+
CSS-6 Mod 3
SolidRoad-mobile725+
CSS-7 Mod 1
Solid
Road-mobile
300
CSS-7 Mod 2
Solid
Road-mobile
600
CSS-8
Solid/Liquid
Road-mobile150
CSS-9 Mod 1
Solid
Road-mobile150
CSS-9 Mod-X-2
Solid
Road-mobile260
CSS-14 Mod-X-1
Solid
Road-mobile
150
CSS-14 Mod-X-2
Solid
Road-mobile
280
CSS-X-16
Solid
Road-mobile
200
CSS-X-15
Solid
Road-mobile
280
NORTH KOREA				SCUD B
LiquidRoad-mobile
300
SCUD C
LiquidRoad-mobile
500
Toksa
Solid
Road-mobile120
ER SCUD
LiquidRoad-mobile
700-995

Fewer than100

INDIA				Fewer than 75
Prithvi I
LiquidRoad-mobile
150
Prithvi II
LiquidRoad-mobile
250
DhanushLiquidShip-based
400
Agni I
Solid
Road-mobile
700
PAKISTAN				
Fewer than 50
Hatf-9Solid
Road-mobile
60
Hatf-1Solid
Road-mobile
50
Shaheen I
Solid
Road-mobile
750
Ghaznavi
Solid
Road-mobile
250
IRAN				Fewer than100
Fateh-110
Solid
Road-mobile
200-300
Shahab 1
LiquidRoad-mobile
300
Shahab 2
LiquidRoad-mobile
500
CSS-8 (M-7)
Solid/Liquid
Road-mobile
150
Qiam -1
LiquidRoad-mobile
unknown
SYRIA				Fewer than100
SCUD D
LiquidRoad-mobile
700
Note: All ranges are approximate.
* The missile inventory may be larger than the number of launchers; launchers can be reused to fire additional missilesmedium-range &intermediate-range
ballistic missiles
New MRBM and/or IRBM systems are in development in China, North Korea, Iran, India, andPakistan. These are strategic systems, and many will be armed with nonconventional warheads. Allof these countries except Iran have tested nuclear weapons. Neither Russia nor the United States
produce or retain any MRBM or IRBM systems because they are banned by the Intermediate-Range
Nuclear Forces Treaty, which entered into force in 1988.
China continues to maintain regional nuclear deterrence, and its long-term, comprehensive militarymodernization is improving the capability of its ballistic missile force to conduct high-intensity,
regional military operations, including “anti-access and area denial” (A2/AD) operations. The
term A2/AD refers to capabilities designed to deter or counter adversary forces from deploying toor operating within a defined space. Currently, China deploys the nuclear armed CSS-2, CSS-5 Mod
1, and CSS-5 Mod 2 for regional nuclear deterrence. China is also acquiring new conventionallyarmed CSS-5 MRBMs to conduct precision strikes. These systems are likely intended to hold at-riskor strike logistics nodes, regional military bases including airfields and ports, and naval assets.
Notably, China has likely started to deploy the DF-21D, an ASBM based on a variant of the CSS-5.
North Korea has an ambitious ballistic missile development program and has exported missiles
and missile technology to other countries, including Iran and Pakistan. North Korea has also
admitted its possession of nuclear weapons. It has displayed new IRBMs and older No Dong MRBMs
in recent military parades.

14
Iran’s Shahab 3
and Sejjil can reachtargets at a distanceof about 2,000 km.

mr/irbm
Iran has an extensive missile development program, and has received support from entities in
Russia, China, and North Korea. The Iranian Shahab 3 MRBM is based on the North Korean
No Dong missile. Iran has modified the Shahab 3 to extend its range and effectiveness, withthe longest range variant reportedly being able to reach targets at a distance of about 2,000
km. Iran also claims to have mass-produced Shahab 3 missiles. Iranian solid-propellant rocket
and missile programs are also progressing. Iran has conducted multiple launches of the Sejjil,a solid-propellant MRBM with a claimed range of 2,000 km. In addition, Iran has conducted
multiple launches of the Safir, a multi-stage SLV that can serve as a test bed for long-range
ballistic missile technologies.
India continues to develop and improve its ballistic missiles. All of India’s long-range missiles
use solid propellants. Indian officials have stated that the Agni II MRBM is deployed. The
Agni III IRBM has been flight tested four times since 2006, and has been pronounced ready for
deployment. The Agni IV IRBM has been flight tested twice since 2010, with the 2011 launch
successful.
Pakistan continues to improve the readiness and capabilities of its Army Strategic Force Commandand individual strategic missile groups through training exercises that include live missile firings.
Pakistan has tested its solid-propellant Shaheen 2 MRBM six times since 2004, and this missile
system probably will soon be deployed.
Indian Agni IV IRBM Launch

CSS-2

CSS-5

Shahab 3

Agni II

Agni IIINo DongGhauriShaheen 2

Chinese CSS-5 MRBM Road-Mobile Launcher

Indian Agni III IRBM

Iranian Sejjil MRBMNorth Korean No Dong MRBM

mr/irbm

CHARACTERISTICSMISSILENUMBER			OF STAGESPROPELLANTDEPLOYMENTMODEMAXIMUM
RANGE (km)NUMBEROF LAUNCHERS*

China					CSS-21LiquidTransportable
3,000
5 to 10					(Limited Mobility)
CSS-5 Mod 1
2
Solid
Road-mobile
1,750+
Fewer than 50
CSS-5 Mod 2
2
Solid
Road-mobile
1,750+
Fewer than 50
CSS-5 Conventional
2
Solid
Mobile1,750+
Fewer than 30
CSS-5 ASBM
2
Solid
Mobile1,500+
Unknown
Saudi Arabia (Chinese-produced)
CSS-2 (conventional)
1
LiquidTransportable
3,000
					

Fewer than 50		(Limited Mobility)

North Korea
No Dong
IRBM

1
1

LiquidLiquidRoad-mobile
Road-mobile

1,250
3,000+

Fewer than 50
Fewer than 50

India
Agni II
Agni III
Agni IV

2
2
2

Solid
Solid
Solid

Rail-mobile
Rail-mobile
Rail-mobile

2,000+
3,200+
3,500+

Fewer than 10
Not yet deployedNot yet deployed

PakistanGhauriShaheen 2

1
2

LiquidSolidRoad-mobile
Road-mobile

1,250
2,000

Fewer than 50
Unknown

Iran
Shahab 3
1
LiquidSilo & road-mobile
2,000
Fewer than 50
Sejjil2
Solid
Road-mobile
2,000
Unknown
IRBM/ICBM
Undetermined
Undetermined
Undetermined
Undetermined
Undetermined						
Note: All ranges are approximate.
* The missile inventory may be larger than the number of launchers; launchers can be reused to fire additonal missiles

Iranian Sejjil MRBM Launch

Iranian Shahab 3 MRBM in a Silointercontinental
ballistic missiles
Russia retains about 1,200 nuclear warheads on ICBMs. Most of these missiles are maintained onalert, capable of being launched within minutes of receiving a launch order. Although the sizeof the Russian ICBM force will continue to decrease because of arms control agreements, aging
missiles, and resource constraints, Russia probably will retain the largest ICBM force outside theUnited States. Efforts to maintain and modernize the force are underway. Russia successfully
tested a new type of mobile ICBM in 2012 according to Russian press reports. The Russian SS-27
Mod 1 ICBM, a missile designed with countermeasures to ballistic missile defense systems, is now
deployed in silos in six regiments. Russia began deployment of the road-mobile version of the SS27 Mod 1 in 2006. A MIRV version of the SS-27, the SS-27 Mod-2 (RS-24), was deployed in 2010.
In addition, Russian officials claim a new class of hypersonic vehicle is being developed to allow
Russian strategic missiles to penetrate missile defense systems, and the Russian press has indicateddeployment of a new rail-mobile ICBM is being considered. Furthermore, Russia has stated that a
new heavy liquid-propellant ICBM is under development to replace the aging SS-18. Russia’s goal
is to begin its deployment in the 2018-2020 timeframe.
In 2011, the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, which limits the United States and Russia to no
more than 1,550 warheads each (including those on ICBMs, SLBMs, and heavy bombers), enteredinto force.
China is strengthening its strategic nuclear deterrent force with the development and deploymentof new ICBMs. China retains a relatively small number of nuclear armed, liquid-propellant CSS-3
limited range ICBMs and CSS-4 ICBMs capable of reaching the United States. It is also modernizing
its nuclear forces by adding more survivable, road-mobile delivery systems. Both the road-mobile,18

In 2011, the New Strategic Arms
Reduction Treaty, which limits
the United States and Russia to
no more than 1,550 warheads
each (including those on ICBMs,
SLBMs, and heavy bombers),
entered into force.

icbm
solid-propellant CSS-10 Mod 1 and the longer range CSS-10 Mod 2 ICBMs have been deployed tounits within the Second Artillery Corps. The CSS-10 Mod 1 is capable of reaching targets throughout
Europe, Asia, and parts of Canada and the northwestern United States. The longer range CSS-10
Mod 2 will allow targeting of most of the continental United States. China may also be developing
a new road-mobile ICBM capable of carrying a MIRV payload, and the number of warheads on
Chinese ICBMs capable of threatening the United States is expected to grow to well over 100 in thenext 15 years.
North Korea continues development of the TD-2 ICBM/SLV, which could reach the United States if
developed as an ICBM. Launches in July 2006, April 2009, and April 2012 ended in failure, but a
December 2012 launch successfully placed a satellite in orbit. In an April 2012 military parade,
North Korea unveiled the new Hwasong-13 road-mobile ICBM. This missile has not yet been flighttested. Either of these systems could be exported to other countries in the future. Continued efforts
to develop the TD-2 and the newly unveiled ICBM show the determination of North Korea toachieve long-range ballistic missile and space launch capabilities.
Since 2008, Iran has conducted multiple successful launches of the two-stage Safir SLV. In early
2010, Iran unveiled the larger Simorgh SLV. Iran will likely continue to pursue longer range
ballistic missiles and more capable SLVs, which could lead to the development of an ICBM system.
Iran could develop and test an ICBM capable of reaching the United States by 2015.
India conducted the first flight test of the Agni V ICBM in April 2012. An even longer range Agni VI
is reportedly in the design phase.

SS-18
Mod 5

SS-19
Mod 3

SS-25

SS-27
Mod 1

SS-27
Mod-2 (RS-24)

CSS-3

Russian SS-25 ICBM launch

CSS-4

CSS-10

Taepo
Dong-2North Korean Hwasong-13 ICBM

Chinese CSS-10 ICBM Road-Mobile Launchers

Russian SS-18 ICBM Launch

Russian SS-27 ICBM Road-Mobile Launcher

icbm

CHARACTERISTICSMISSILENUMBERWARHEADS 		OF STAGES PER MISSILE PROPELLANT

RussiaSS-18 Mod 5
SS-19 Mod 3
SS-25
SS-27 Mod 1
SS-27 Mod-2
New ICBM

2 + PBV
2 + PBV
3 + PBV
3 + PBV
3 + PBVAt least 2

10
6
1
1
Multiple
Undetermined

LiquidLiquid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid

China
CSS-3
CSS-4 Mod 1
CSS-10 Mod 1
CSS-10 Mod 2

2
2
3
3

1
1
1
1

LiquidLiquidSolid
Solid

North Korea
Taepo Dong-2
2 or 31
LiquidHwasong-13 Undetermined Undetermined Undetermined
India
Agni V
3
1
					

Solid

DEPLOYMENT MAXIMUM
NUMBER
MODE
RANGE (km) OF LAUNCHERS*

Silo
10,000+Silo
9,000+
Road-mobile
11,000Silo & road-mobile 11,000
Silo & road-mobile 11,000
Road-mobile
5,500+

About 50
About 50More than 150
About 80
About 20
Not yet deployed

Transportable
SiloRoad-mobile
Road-mobile

5,5000+12,000+7,000+
11,000+

10 to 15
About 20
5 to 10More than 15

FixedRoad-mobile

5,500+
5,500+

Unknown**
Unknown

Undetermined

5,000+

Not yet deployed

Note: All ranges are approximate.						* The missile inventory may be much larger than the number of launchers; launchers can be reused to fire additional missiles.
** Launches of the TD-2 space vehicle have been observed from both east and west coast facilities.

Russian SS-25 ICBM Road-Mobile Launcher

Indian Agni V ICBM Launchsubmarine-launchedballistic missiles
Russia maintains a substantial force of nuclear powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) withintercontinental-range missiles. Russia is developing new and improved SLBM weapon systems
to replace its current inventory of Cold War vintage systems. Upgraded SS-N-23s are intended toreplace older SS-N-23s on DELTA IV Class SSBNs. The SS-NX-32/Bulava is a new solid-propellant
SLBM that is primarily intended for deployment on new DOLGORUKIY class SSBNs. Russian SLBMs
are capable of launch from surfaced and submerged SSBNs from a variety of launch locations.
China currently has a single XIA Class SSBN that is intended to carry 12 CSS-NX-3/JL-1 missiles. In
addition, China will deploy the new CSS-NX-14/JL-2 SLBM on new 12-tube JIN Class SSBNs. This

Chinese JIN-Class Ballistic Missile Submarine

22

Russia maintains
a substantial forceof nuclear poweredballistic missile
submarines (SSBNs)
with intercontinentalrange missiles. Russia
is developing new
and improved SLBM
weapon systems toreplace its current
inventory of Cold War
vintage systems.

slbm
missile will, for the first time, allow Chinese SSBNs to target portions of the United States fromoperating areas located near the Chinese coast.
India is developing a new ballistic missile-capable submarine, the INS Arihant. The K-15 isreportedly ready for induction when the Arihant is deemed ready.

Each Russian TYPHOON SSBN Carried 20 SS-N-20 SLBMs

SS-N-18

Chinese CSS-NX-3 SLBM Launch

SS-N-23

CSS-NX-3

CSS-NX-14

SS-NX-32

Russian Bulava SLBM LaunchChinese CSS-NX-3 SLBM LaunchChinese CSS-NX-3 SLBM Launch Sequence

Russian SS-N-18 SLBMThe Chinese XIA SSBN can Carry 12 CSS-NX-3 SLBMs

slbm
MISSILE

CHARACTERISTICS

NUMBER WARHEADS		OF STAGES PER MISSILE PROPELLANTRUSSIA
SS-N-18
2 + PBV
3
LiquidSS-N-23
3 + PBV
4
LiquidSS-NX-32 Bulava
3 + PBV
6
Solid
				

SUBMARINECLASSMAXIMUM
RANGE (km)

DELTA III5,500+
DELTA IV
8,000+DOLGORUKIY (BOREY)
8,000+TYPHOON		NUMBER OF
LAUNCHERS
9696
16; Not yet deployed
20; Not yet deployed

CHINA
CSS-NX-3/JL-1
CSS-NX-14/JL-2

2
3

1
1

Solid
Solid

XIA
JIN

1,700+
7,000+

12; Not yet deployed
12; Not yet deployed

INDIA
K-15

2

1

Solid

ARIHART

700

12; Not yet deployed

Note: All ranges are approximate.

Each Russian Delta IV SSBN can Carry 16 SS-N-23 SLBMs

Russian DOLGORUKIY Class SSBN at Sea

Russian SS-N-20 SLBM Launchland-attack
cruise missiles
Unlike ballistic missiles, cruise missiles are usually categorized by intended mission and launchmode (instead of maximum range). The two broadest categories are LACMs and antiship cruise
missiles. Each type can be launched from an aircraft, ship, submarine, or ground-based launcher.
A LACM is an unmanned, armed aerial vehicle designed to attack a fixed or mobile ground-basedtarget. It spends the majority of its mission in level flight, as it follows a preprogrammed path to apredetermined target. Propulsion is usually provided by a small jet engine.
Because of highly accurate guidance systems that can place the missile within a few feet of theintended target, the most advanced LACMs can be used effectively against very small targets,even when armed with conventional warheads. LACM guidance usually occurs in three phases:
launch, midcourse, and terminal. During the launch phase, a missile is guided using only theinertial navigation system. In the midcourse phase, a missile is guided by the inertial navigation
system updated by one or more of the following systems: a radar-based terrain contour matchingsystem, a radar or optical scene matching system, and/or a satellite navigation system such as the
US Global Positioning System or the Russian Global Navigation Satellite System. The terminal
guidance phase begins when a missile enters the target area and uses either more accurate scene
matching or a terminal seeker (usually an optical or radar-based sensor).
Defending against LACMs will stress air defense systems. Cruise missiles can fly at low altitudes
to stay below enemy radar and, in some cases, hide behind terrain features. Newer missiles areincorporating stealth features to make them even less visible to radars and infrared detectors.
Modern cruise missiles also can be programmed to approach and attack a target in the most26

The cruise missile threat to US forces will continuteto increase. At least nine foreign countries will
be involved in LACM production during the next
decade, and several of the LACM producers will
make their missiles available for export.

lacm
efficient manner. For example, multiple missiles can attack a target simultaneously fromdifferent directions, overwhelming air defenses at their weakest points. Furthermore, LACMs may
fly circuitous routes to get to the target, thereby avoiding radar and air defense installations.
Some developmental systems may incorporate chaff or decoys as an added layer of protection,
though concealment will remain a cruise missile’s main defense. The cruise missile threat to
US forces will increase over the next decade. At least nine foreign countries will be involved in
LACM production during the next decade, and several LACM producers will make their missiles
available for export.
The success of US Tomahawk cruise missiles has heightened interest in cruise missile acquisitionin many countries. Many cruise missiles available for purchase will have the potential to perform
precision-strike missions. Many of these missiles will have similar features: a modular design,
allowing them to be manufactured with a choice of navigational suites and conventional warhead
options; the incorporation of stealth technology; the ability to be launched from fighter-size
aircraft; and the capability to fly high-subsonic, low-altitude, terrain-following flight profiles.
The cruise missile threat to US forces will continue to increase. At least nine foreign countries will
be involved in LACM production during the next decade, and several of the LACM producers will
make their missiles available for export.
The CJ-10 (DH-10) is the first of the Chinese Changjian series of long-range missiles and LACMs. It
made its public debut during a military parade in 2009 and is currently deployed with the Second
Artillery Corps.

Torgos MUPSOW SS-N-21

AS-4

AS-15

APACHE

PopeyeTurbo

Russian/Indian Brahmos LACM Launch

Storm KEPD-350 SCALP-EG Ra’ad
Shadow

Babur

Iran recently announced the development of the 2,000-km range Meshkat cruise missile, withplans to deploy the system on air-, land-, and sea-based platforms.
The Club-K cruise missile “container launcher” weapons system, produced and marketed by a
Russian firm, looks like a standard shipping container. The company claims the system can launchcruise missiles from cargo ships, trains, or commercial trucks.
The first flight test of the Brahmos, jointly developed by India and Russia, took place in June
2001. India plans to install Brahmos on a number of platforms, including destroyers, frigates,
submarines, maritime patrol aircraft, and fighters. Russia and India are also working on a followup missile, the Brahmos 2, which was flight-tested in 2012.
Pakistan continues to develop the Babur (Hatf-VII) and the air-launched Ra’ad (Hatf-VIII). Eachmissile was flight tested in 2012.

Pakistani Babur LACM Launch

Russian Kh-101/Kh-102 LACMs on Test BEAR H Bomber

German Taurus LACM (KEPD-350)

CLUB-K Container Missile System

lacm
MISSILELAUNCH MODE

CHARACTERISTICSWARHEAD TYPERANGE (km)

IOC

CHINA
YJ-63
Air
Conventional
Undetermined Undetermined
DH-10
Undetermined
Conventional or nuclear Undetermined Undetermined					
FRANCE
APACHE-AP
Air
Submunitions
100+
2002
SCALP-EG
Air and ship
Penetrator
250+
2003
Naval SCALP
Sub and surface ship
Penetrator
250+
2013+
					
UAE
BLACK
Air
Penetrator
250+
2006
SHAHEEN*					GERMANY, SWEDEN, SPAIN
KEPD-350
Air
Penetrator
350+
2004
					
INDIA, RUSSIA
Brahmos 1
Air, ground, ship, and subConventionalless than 300
2010+
Brahmos 2
Air, ground, ship, and subConventionalless than 300
2013+				ISRAEL
Popeye Turbo
Air
Conventional
300+
2002
					
PAKISTAN
RA’AD
Air
Conventional or nuclear
350
Undetermined
Babur
GroundConventional or nuclear
350
Undetermined					
RUSSIA
AS-4
Air
Conventional or nuclear
300+
Operational
AS-15
Air
Nuclear2,800+
Operational
SS-N-21		
Nuclear12,800+Operational
Kh-555Air
Conventional
Undetermined Undetermined
Kh-101Air
Conventional
Undetermined2013
3M-14E
Ground, ship, and subConventional
275
Undetermined				
SOUTH AFRICAMUPSOW
Air and ground
Conventional
150
2002
TorgosAir and ground
Conventional
300
Undetermined					
TAIWAN					Wan Chien
Air
Conventional
250+
2006
HF-2E
GroundConventional
Undetermined Undetermined
					
UNITED KINGDOM
Storm Shadow
Air
Penetrator
250+
2003
IRAN
MeshkatAir, ground, and ship

Conventional

Undetermined

Undetermined

Note: All ranges are approximate and represent the range of the missile only. The effective system range may be greatly increased by the rangeof the launch platform.
*The BLACK SHAHEEN is an export version of the SCALP-EG.

summary
Overall, the threats posed by ballistic missile delivery systems are likely to continue to increase
and grow more complex over the next decade. Current trends indicate adversary ballistic missile
systems are becoming more mobile, survivable, reliable, and accurate while also achieving longer
ranges. Prelaunch survivability is also likely to increase as potential adversaries strengthen theirdenial and deception measures and increasingly base missiles on mobile sea- and land-based
platforms. Adversarial nations are adopting technical and operational countermeasures to defeat
missile defenses. Ballistic missiles are already in widespread use and will continue to increase in
number and variety. The availability of weapons of mass destruction for use on ballistic missiles
vastly increases the significance of this threat.
Despite an ongoing reduction in the size of the Russian strategic missile force, Russia probably willretain the largest force of strategic ballistic missiles outside the United States. The developmentof new ballistic missile systems is a high priority for Russia. Russian officials have claimed that a
new class of hypersonic vehicle is being developed to allow Russian strategic missiles to penetratemissile defense systems. Russia tested a new type of ICBM in 2012 and has stated it is developing a
new heavy liquid-propellant ICBM to replace the aging SS-18. Russia is also offering the advanced
new Iskander-E SRBM for export.
China is producing technologically advanced ballistic missiles and has sold ballistic missile
technology to other countries. China has an extensive theater missile program and has deployed alarge force of ballistic missiles in the vicinity of Taiwan. China is expanding the reach of this force

30

Ballistic and cruise missiles, with their relatively
low operating costs, their potential to penetrate
defense systems, and their value as a symbol ofnational power, will continue to be the offensive
weapons of choice for many nations. As such, they
are threats that must be carefully considered infuture military planning and operations.

to attempt to prevent foreign powers from becoming involved in any future regional conflict. China
can already target the United States with a relatively small force of ICBMs. Its ICBM force will growquantitatively and qualitatively.
North Korea is continuing development of the TD-2 ICBM/SLV, has unveiled a new road-mobile
ICBM, has an IRBM in development, and maintains a large SRBM inventory. North Korea hasexported ballistic missile systems and will probably continue to do so.
Iran has ambitious ballistic missile and space launch development programs and continues toattempt to increase the range, lethality, and accuracy of its ballistic missile force. Iranian ballistic
missile forces continue to train extensively in highly publicized exercises. These exercises enable
Iranian ballistic missile forces to hone wartime operational skills and evolve new tactics. Iran isfielding increased numbers of theater ballistic missiles, improving its existing inventory, and isdeveloping the technical capability to produce an ICBM.
The proliferation of LACMs will expand in the next decade. At least nine countries will be involvedin producing these weapons. The majority of new LACMs will be very accurate, conventionallyarmed, and available for export. The high accuracy of many LACMs will allow them to inflict serious
damage, even when the missiles are armed only with conventional warheads. US defense systems
could be severely stressed by low-flying stealthy cruise missiles that can simultaneously attack atarget from several directions.

Chinese CSS-5 MRBM Road-Mobile Launchers

Russian SS-25 ICBM Launch

NASIC-1031-0985-13
2013

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