Contents

Acknowledgments ........................................................................................ v
Introduction. ............................................................................................... 10.0. Aim. .................................................................................................. 10.1. Subsidiary Stresses. .......................................................................... 10.2. Organization...................................................................................... 5Part I

DataChapter 1: Subsidiary Stress Data of English Words........................... 8
1.0. Introduction....................................................................................... 8
1.1. Variant Pronunciations...................................................................... 9
1.1.1. Kenyon and Knott (1953). ........................................................ 9
1.1.2. RH (1987). ............................................................................... 11
1.1.3. WN (1988)................................................................................ 12
1.1.4. Wells (1990)............................................................................. 15
1.1.5. AH (1992). ............................................................................... 151.2. Preferred Variants. .......................................................................... 17
1.2.1. Entry Count.............................................................................. 18ix

x1.2.2. Validity of the Method. ........................................................... 22
1.3. Summary......................................................................................... 25
Chapter 2: Data Reliability of Subsidiary Stress in English Words 27
2.0. Introduction..................................................................................... 27
2.1. New Method Capable of Describing Variants............................... 27
2.2. Leading Type 1, 2, 3 Variants........................................................ 30
2.3. Strong Type 4 Variant and Weak Type 5 Variant.......................... 33
2.4. Reversed Strong Type 4 Variant and Reversed Weak Type 5Variant............................................................................................... 36
2.5. Strong Type 6 Variant..................................................................... 43
2.6. Dominance Level and Variant Type............................................... 44
2.7. Summary......................................................................................... 47

Part II

Previous Studies

Chapter 3: Subsidiary Stresses of English in Halle and Vergnaud(1987a)..................................................................................... 50
3.0. Introduction..................................................................................... 50
3.1. Tertiary Stress................................................................................. 50
3.1.1. Tertiary Stress in the Hàlicârnássus Type.............................. 50
3.1.2. Tertiary Stress in the ântícipatòrŷ Type.................................. 54
3.1.3. Tertiary Stress in bândána in Contrast with banána. ............ 56
3.2. Stress Enhancement........................................................................ 64
3.3. Lexical Treatment: Difference in Word-Internal Structures.......... 69
3.4. Summary......................................................................................... 72
Chapter 4: Subsidiary Stresses in Halle and Kenstowicz (1991)....... 75
4.0. Introduction..................................................................................... 754.1. Rules with Noncyclic “Left to Right” Parsing.............................. 75
4.2. No Consideration of Syllable Structure and Previous Stress........ 78
4.3. Noncyclic HSR-2........................................................................... 80
4.4. Noncyclic HSR-2 with a “Non-Default” Setting.......................... 82

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4.5. Noncyclic SCR with a “Non-Default” Setting.............................. 85
4.6. The àlîenátion Type........................................................................ 86
4.7. Initial, Onsetless Syllable: The Apòllináris Type.......................... 88
4.8. Summary......................................................................................... 89
Chapter 5: Treatment of English Stress by Idsardi (1992)................. 91
5.0. Introduction..................................................................................... 91
5.1. Latin Stress Rule. ........................................................................... 91
5.2. Circumscription with Residue Deletion......................................... 94
5.3. Without Conflation. ........................................................................ 99
5.4. Lexical Edge................................................................................. 103
5.4.1. orìginálitŷ: A Case of Lexical Edge:LRL............................. 103
5.4.2. pèregrinátion: A Case of Lexical Edge:LLL........................ 105
5.4.3. Hàlicârnássus: A Case of Lexical Edge:RRR...................... 106
5.4.4. Three Types of Lexical Edge................................................ 108
5.5. Tertiary Stress............................................................................... 114
5.6. Summary....................................................................................... 115
Chapter 6: Stress Checking by Well-Formedness Conditions.......... 117
6.0. Introduction................................................................................... 117
6.1. Overview....................................................................................... 118
6.2. Stress Checking by Well-Formedness Conditions....................... 119
6.2.1. Rightmost Feet....................................................................... 120
6.2.2. Non-Rightmost Feet............................................................... 123
6.3. Summary....................................................................................... 133
Chapter 7: Optimality Theory Analysis of English Subsidiary Stresses		 ................................................................................................ 135
7.0. Introduction................................................................................... 135
7.1. Complete Disregard of a Tertiary Stressed Pattern..................... 136
7.2. Lexical Accent.............................................................................. 137
7.3. Treatment of Words with Cyclic Behavior.................................. 139
7.4. Summary....................................................................................... 150

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Chapter 8: Lexical Treatment in Optimality Theory. ....................... 151
8.0. Introduction................................................................................... 151
8.1. The Constraint Faith (vo). ........................................................... 152
8.2. The Constraint Base-Identity..................................................... 156
8.3. The Superconstraint [F(vo)&BE].................................................. 161
8.4. Non-Rightmost Stress Pattern. ..................................................... 164
8.5. Summary....................................................................................... 166
Chapter 9: Tertiary Stress and Opacity in English........................... 167
9.0. Introduction................................................................................... 167
9.1. Treatment of Tertiary Stress......................................................... 168
9.1.1. The Treatment in MT............................................................ 168
9.1.2. The Treatment in OT............................................................. 170
9.2. Existence of Tertiary Stress.......................................................... 174
9.3. Opacity.......................................................................................... 177
9.4. Summary....................................................................................... 179
Part III Proposal
Chapter 10: Positional Function Theory............................................. 182
10.0. Proposal: Positional Function Theory........................................ 182
10.1. Setting. ........................................................................................ 182
10.2. Basic Concept............................................................................. 185
10.2.1. Positional Function Farness................................................ 185
10.2.2. Positional Function Heaviness. ........................................... 187
10.2.3. Positional Function Trace.................................................... 188
10.2.4. Positional Function Binarity................................................ 190
10.2.5. Summary of Basic Concept................................................. 193
10.3. Nature of Positional Functions................................................... 194
10.3.1. Positional Function Rhythm (Preliminary).......................... 194
10.3.2. Positional Function Alveolar Consonant Sequence(Preliminary)������������������������������������������������������������������������� 197
10.3.3. Intrinsic vs. Relative Positional Functions. ........................ 200

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10.3.3.1. Intrinsic Positional Functions: Heaviness, Trace, Binarity. ........................................................................................ 200
10.3.3.2. Relative Positional Functions: Farness, ACS, Rhythm. ........................................................................................ 202
10.3.3.2.1. More on Relative Positional Function: Rhythm.... 204
10.3.3.2.2. More on Relative Positional Functions: Farness andACS������������������������������������������������������������������������� 206
10.3.3.2.3. Verification and Refinement of ACS..................... 209
10.3.4. Summary of the Nature of Positional Functions................ 221
10.4. Other Positional Functions......................................................... 222
10.4.1. Positional Functions: Velar-Alveolar Sequence (VAS) and Bare
Nucleus Avoidance (BNA)���������������������������������������������������� 222
10.4.1.1. Relative Positional Function VAS: èxpêctátion............ 223
10.4.1.2. Negative Intrinsic Positional Function BNA: elèctrícian
. ........................................................................................ 225
10.4.1.2.1. Lexically Tense Vowels and BNA: A Variantèlêctrícian��������������������������������������������������������������� 228
10.4.1.2.2. Lexically Tense Vowels and BNA: Àlexánder. ..... 230
10.4.1.2.3. Lexically Tense Vowels and BNA: àffêctátion...... 232
10.4.1.3. Summary of VAS, BNA, and Lexically Tense Vowels. 234
10.4.2. Relative Positional Function: Edge Exemption (EE).......... 235
10.4.2.1. Relative Positional Function: Edge Exemption I (EE-I). ........................................................................................ 235
10.4.2.2. Relative Positional Function: Edge Exemption II (EE-II). ........................................................................................ 240
10.4.2.3. Summary of EE-I, EE-II, and Prohibition against DoubleApplication��������������������������������������������������������������������� 247
10.4.3. Relative Positional Function: Double Stop (DS) and NonSuperimposition�������������������������������������������������������������������� 248
10.4.3.1. Relative Positional Function: Double Stop (DS)......... 248
10.4.3.2. Non-Superimposition.................................................... 251
10.4.3.3. Summary of DS and Non-Superimposition................. 254
10.4.4. Category Selection Process (CSP) in the Lexicon and anAccount of Variants�������������������������������������������������������������� 255

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10.4.4.1. Relative Positional Function: Category Selection (CS):pìgmentátion, ìmpôrtátion��������������������������������������������� 255
10.4.4.2. Primary and Secondary Categories and CSP:
trànsportátion���������������������������������������������������������������� 262
10.4.4.3. Variant Pronunciations.................................................. 269
10.4.4.4. Summary of the CSP in the Lexicon and an Account ofVariants�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 277
10.4.5. Free Binarity (FB) with Optionality, and Lexical Stress... 278
10.4.5.1. Free Binarity (FB) and Optionality. ............................ 278
10.4.5.2. Lexical Stress................................................................ 281
10.4.5.3. Summary of FB and Lexical Stress............................. 284
10.4.6. Positional Adjustment Functions and Verification.............. 284
10.4.6.1. Rhythmic Adjustment (RA). .......................................... 286
10.4.6.2. Stress Reduction (SR). .................................................. 291
10.4.6.3. Sole Stress Resistance (SSR)........................................ 293
10.4.6.4. Verification.................................................................... 296
10.4.6.5. Summary of Positional Adjustment Functions andVerification��������������������������������������������������������������������� 298
10.5. Summary..................................................................................... 299

Conclusions. ............................................................................................ 303

Appendix: Postulated Positional Functions and Conditions............. 305
Bibliography............................................................................................. 309
Index......................................................................................................... 319