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〈研究論文〉The Situation, Relations and Problems Between Social Economy
and Ecology Development of Western Fujian
Lianfang WANG*
Abstract: Western Fujian has special natural and geographical conditions; Mostly mountainous ecological conditions forges thesituation that the heavy industry is the main pillar of economic development in Western Fujian; In the Western Fujian economic
development ecology plays an important role. Ecological conditions are not only the environmental foundation of economic
development, but also provide the most basic resources and energy for economic development. At the same time, the economic
situation in turn affects the ecological status and development. Through the analysis of the relationship of economic development
and ecological conditions of Western Fujian. This paper attempts to find the main problem of Western Fujian society development
at the present at the present stage and future.
Key words: Western Fujian; Economy; Ecology; Environment; Longyan
Western Fujian is known as the southwest of Fujian

Meihua mountain which is a grate A of national nature

Province, which is in the esat longitude 115°50′to 117°45′

reserve, and the Liangye mountain in Wuping county, and soand north latitude 24°22′to 26°02′. Western Fujian ison. There are enough ecological resources for eco-tourism

located in the junction of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi threedevelopment in Western Fujian１; Seen from the historical andprovinces. There are Xiamen and Zhangzhou areas of Fujiancultural perspective, Western Fujian has a deep and richprovince in the east of Western Fujian, Meizhou area ofcultural resources, such as the Earth Building of Yongding,

Guangdong province in the south, and Ganzhou area ofTingzhou ancient city, Gutian conference site, and so on,

Jiangxi province in the west, Sanming area of Fujian province

which is an educational and cultural propaganda base２. Naturalin the north. The whole area includes Xinluo and Yongding

and cultural echoing each other form a unique regional

two districts, Shanghang, Changting Liancheng, Wuping fourcharacteristics of Western Fujian. Western Fujian has theCounties and a county-level city Zhangping. Seen from theunique characteristics ecological conditions, such as the rednatural environment, Western Fujian is blessed withsoil conditions that although eroded but are trying to repair３,

unsurpassed ecological conditions, such as Guanzhai

the quality air conditions that occasionally slightly interfering

mountain in Liancheng which is a national scenic area,by substances４. There are also mountains and rich forest*Post doctoral research in the School of History and Culture, Shandong University, Associate professor of the Central
Soviet Area Research Institute, LongYan University.
Fund Project :the soft science project of Science and Technology Department of Fujian Province in 2017 year: <Study on
the Effective Utilization and Advantages Keeping of Ecological Resources in Western Fujian Under the Green
Development Concept> (2017R0078); Project of Central Soviet Area Research Institute of Long Yan University in 2015
year: <Study on the Soviet Society Under the Dimension of Ecological Change in Western Fujian> (LS2015023).

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Figure 1 the basic administrative map of Western
Fujian (Longyan area)

Figure 2 Western Fujian (Longyan area) occupies
the location map in Fujian province

resources in Western Fujian５. From the perspective of social

development mode. The economic developed rapidly indevelopment or from all aspects of the ecological conditions,Western Fujian. The entire region economic developed stably

the preliminary researches are relatively rich, but the study ofunder the complicated economic situation. In the entire

the combination between economic development andeconomic system, not only the agriculture has been more

ecological conditions is less to find. Therefore, this paper fromrapidly developed, but also the industries has grown steadily.

the relationship basis between economic and ecology to

Effectively boosting the investment, not only establish thediscuss the facing problem in the society development process

rapid growth foreign trade system, but also develop theof Western Fujian.

urbanization rapidly. The income of urban and rural residents
increase steadily.

!．The economic society and ecology development

1. The economic society development situation of Western Fujian

situation of Western FujianFirst, the situation of agricultural economic development

Since 1995 year, Western Fujian establishment of city

From 2012 to 2015 year, nearly four years agricultural

with revocation of counties in Western Fujian, the total area is

economic development of Western Fujian, the total value of

2

19,100 km , and the resident population is about 2,610,000 in

output status of agriculture, forestry, livestock and fishery2015. The east-west longth is 192 kilometers and south-northrespectively were 26.579, 29.063, 31.384, 33.753 billion yuan.

width is about 182 kilometers, accounting for 15.7% land area

It’s clear from these data that the agricultural economy grewof Fujian Province, of which mountains accounts for 78.4%

steadily annually growth. Agricultural output by 2015 year６

was 14.898 billion yuan, The forestry output value was 4.613

Mountain area is 14,964 km , which occupies the vast

billion yuan. The livestock output value was 12.128 billion

majority of the whole region, forming a unique Western Fujian

yuan. The fishery output value was 1.337 billion yuan. The

ecological characteristics and the economic society

agriculture, forestry, livestock and fishery service industry was

and hills accounts for 16.3% and plains accounts for 5.3% .
2

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The Situation, Relations and Problems Between Social Economy and Ecology Development of Western Fujian

0.777 billion yuan７. Because the mountainous region occupies

ownership 236.3 million, which individual passenger cars wasmost area, the agriculture development in Western Fujian area

212 million vehicles, which had a rapid growth trend andis not strong. The main cultivated crops are rice, tobacco, oilcompared to last year increased by 11.7%. In 2015, the postal

crops, vegetables and so on. But seen from the data above,

service income was more than 0.45 billion yuan. The annual

agriculture in Western Fujian area present a gradually

tourist income was 19.625 billion yuan growing fast, which

ascending trend. Thus, the agriculture also occupies aincreased 18% more than last year. The premium of insurance

indispensable important position in the social development ofcompanies income was 4.344 billion yuan in the whole area

west of Fujian.

increasing 8.6% over 2014 year, in which the life insurance

Second, the situation of industrial economy development.

accounted for about 70%. With the rapid development of

From 2012 to 2015 year, nearly four years the industrial value-economy, people gradually realize the importance ofadded of Western Fujian was 65.522, of 6.425, 70.205, 72.648

investment, life quality and life insurance. Therefore,billion yuan showing the same trend of a rapid growth. Among

according to the data, the public investment in fixed assets,

them, occupying output larger such as above-scale industries

personal travel, insurance and other aspects show a rapid

output value was 183.005 billion yuan, and machinery, non-growth.

ferrous metal, tobacco, refined energy industry, textile,

Last, the situation of ecological civilization development.

building materials, photoelectric new materials industries

In 2015 year, Western Fujian region completed a total forest

８

realized industrial output value was 17.734 billion yuan . The

planting area 227.6 thousand mu over the planned 19.05%

special geographical location and ecological characteristics ofarea, and the forest coverage rate was 77.91%. The centralized

Western Fujian forges the main industrial development

treatment rate of urban sewage is 88.86%, and the harmlesscharacteristics that heavy industry, tobacco, energy, non-treatment rate of municipal solid waste is 99.4%. There are 3

ferrous metals is the main local characteristics. At the samenational nature reserves with an area of 46.9 thousand

time, the agricultural products processing industry such ashectares９. The air quality, water resources, forest resources andpeanuts, dried sweet potatoes, dried bean curd, dried bamboo

biological diversity of the whole area are all located in theshoots, bamboo, turpentine and so on. also occupy a certain

high level in China. Western Fujian has a good ecologicaleconomic growth rate.

basis, therefore in the process of ecological civilization

Third, the situation of service industry and social living

construction. It is not needing a lot of investment mainly into

standard development. In 2015 year, the whole society fixed

the air and water resources liking other area, but paying more

assets investment was 193.421 billion yuan, the investment in

attention in the construction of industrial ecology management

real estate development was 19.33 billion yuan, of which theand ecological management of urbanization development thencommercial housing investment was 13.575 billion yuan. In

achieved certain results.

the ”Twelfth Five Year Plan” period, society fixed assets
2. The current situation of unique ecological resources in Western

cumulative investment 660.2 billion yuan in the whole regionof Western Fujian, equivalent to the ”Eleventh Five Year Plan”

Fujianperiod of 3.8 times. By the end of 2015 year, the vehicle

The mountainous region occupies the absolute advantage.

population was 882.4 million in western Fujian, of which

Western Fujian is the important mining, forestry in Fujian

personal car ownership was 842.1 million. The passenger car

province, which paves the way for the absolute abundance of−６１−

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ecological resources. The mountains in Western Fujian are

southern section of Wuyi Mountains, Daimao mountain,

gold and silver mines and beautiful scenery, as the means that

Caimeiling mountain and Bopingling mountain... For this fourWestern Fujian not only has a large number of mineralbarrier, strong southeast winds stop here; unrestrained

resources, but also has the good land, water, forests and othernorthwest cold currents also resolve here, the city’s climate

ecological basis.

cool in summer and warm in winter, the humidity isFirst, the region there are rich in water resources andcomfortable for people”１２. Seen from the air quality testing

variety land resources in Western Fujian. The area more thanresults, annual average value of CO２, SO２, respirable

2

50 km river, and there are 129 rivers in Western Fujian. The

particulate matter etc. reached the Chinese national secondary

total length of these rivers is 423.17 km, mainly fromstandard. The soil in Western Fujian is mainly famous by red

Tingjiang river and the Jiulongjiang river water system.

soil and yellow soil, which is deep and suitable for the trees

Dueing to the terrain factors, the river source short and fast

growth. The average annual rainfall is 1400-1800 mm, and the3

flowing, the rivers annual runoff is 18.855 billion m . The

precipitation of 3/4 is concentrated in summer. Rain and heat

theoretical reserves of water resources is 2,458,500 KW, forin the same period, then water and heat resources are rich１３.

the development of water reserves is 2,095,600 KW. From

Thus, Western Fujian formed very rich forest resources. The

water environment quality of the city, the Jiulongjiang riverforest resources are the advantage resources in Western Fujian.

Longyan section water quality compliance rate was 83.3% in

The forest coverage rate is 77.91%, which is one of the three

2015 year. Tingjiang river water quality compliance rate wasmajor forest areas in Fujian province.
Last, Western Fujian is rich in mineral resources. ”The

100%. Minjiang River Shaxi Liancheng section and Meijiang
１０

Wuping section water quality compliance rate are 100% . The

specific geographical location of the city and the uniquearea is mostly mountainous, steep terrain, hilly area occupies

landscape formed the natural unique resource advantage”１４.

94.83% of the total area. The whole region terrain is east highMineral resources in Western Fujian is extremely plentiful.

１１and west low, with an average above sea level of 460 meters ,The mineral species has been found are 64 species, where

126 seats more than one kilometers mountains. Among theowns the East China biggest iron mine -- Makeng Iron Mine,

mountains, there are scoured hills, basins, mountains and otherwhich one of the largest kaolin ore in China --Donggongxia

features of the landscape by the streams. The geomorphic

kaolin ore that is the famous copper and gold deposits in Zijin

features form particular form of farmland, villages and towns

Mountain. Currently the mineral has proven are 15 kinds andin Western Fujian.

occupies the first place in Fujian province. Among them,Second, the climate, air temperature and air of Westernanthracite reserves is 6.08 million tons, which occupy 51.18%

Fujian. Western Fujian classifies in subtropical marineof the whole province resources reserves. The ore resourcesmonsoon climate, mild climate and four distinctive seasons.

reserves is 315 million tons and accounts for 55.07% of the

Because of the complex landform, forms complex climate

province. The iron ore resources reserves is 0.465 billion tons

phenomenon, different terrain meteorology are different. The

and accounted for 79.76% of the province. The copper ore

annual average temperature is 18.7° C 〜20.7° C in the

resources is 196 million tons of metal reserves and accounted

whole Western Fujian area, and the annual sunshine time isfor 94.69% of the province; gold metal quantity resources1342.4 〜1707.2 hours. In Western Fujian area ”the mostreserves is 96.58 tons and accounted for 73.37% of themountains belong to four mountain ranges such as theprovince. The kaolin ore reserves is 61,962,600 tons and−６２−The Situation, Relations and Problems Between Social Economy and Ecology Development of Western Fujian

accounted for 35.68% of the province. The bentonite reserves

Since 2007 year, Longyan City was named ”Provincial Garden

1565.9 million tons which is the only producing site in Fujian

City” and ”Provincial Health City”, and named ”National

１５

Province .

Garden City” in 2012 year, then approved officially as ”
National Forest City” by the State Forestry Administration in!．The analysis relationship on the economic andecological development in Western Fujian

2015 year, and awarded the title of ”national green model
units (city)” in 2016 year. The honours can not be separated
undoubtedly from the special ecological conditions and good

In the study of the relationship between economic

ecological basis in Western Fujian. But in the process ofdevelopment and ecological changes, most scholars consider

economic development, if only rely on the ecological basisthat the relationship between economy and ecology is a trade-

existence as capital, and exploiting resources disorderly, and１６offs relationship . That is, if developing then social economic

polluting the environment uncontrolled etc., which will causemust expense some ecological interests as the cost, and if toto the deterioration of the ecological basis. The area is now

preserve the ecological interests must sacrifice a certain

facing an important moment in the economic structure reform

economic development. The relationship between them isin Western Fujian. The good or bad ecological state become

mutual conversion or substitute for each other. However, in thethe important link that economic society can be smooth andactual operation process the relationship between economy

healthy development in Western Fujian.

and ecology is interwovenness. The social economy can not be

Seen from social development data in the past several

separated from the ecology and individual development, at theyears, resources and environmental construction made greatsame time will be more or less affected the status of the

progress. As one of a few better ecological environment city inoriginal ecology, and better economical conditions also lay the

China, Western Fujian also plays a major role. Both land

foundation for the improvement of ecological level.

resources utilization, water resources utilization andConversely, the poor ecological conditions can not provide theprotection, mineral resources exploitation, air quality

economic development environment and rich resources, andmaintenance, and other aspects, all of them has given greater

the low economic development level will cause to further

attention, and the development is towards a relatively stable

deterioration of the ecological environment, forming a vicious

trend. Relatively speaking, it also has appeared the situation

circle. So relationship between ecological construction andthat ”high growth, high pollution” or even ”low growth, higheconomic growth is the unity of opposites and complementary.

pollution” in the process of economic development in Western

Economic growth originates from the resources andFujian, but in the continuous improvement process ofenvironmental costs obtaining from the ecological conditions,

ecological civilization, ”low growth, low pollution” and ”highbut economic growth in turn compensates a certain degree ofgrowth, low pollution” situation gradually replace theresource and environmental consumption. Between them may

traditional development mode becoming the mainstream mode

become good complementary and circulation, and may leadsof production. In this process, the game between ecologicalto a vicious circle between obstruct each other due to theconstruction and economic development has experienced aextent of discretion complementary grasping.

complex process, which is not a short period of time can beFirst, the relationship between the good ecological basis

clearly reflected in the history curve.

and the economic rapid development needs in Western Fujian.
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ecological fragile areas and the slow down of economic

obstacles. This is kinds of problems that soil and water loss

development in Western Fujian. Since the reform and opening

resulted in the pollution of the surrounding rivers, theup, the market economy has played an important role in thechanging the quality of water resources. Not only affects thedevelopment of China’s economy, which has emerged theagricultural development surrounding rivers, but also affects

erroneous ideas that the highest faith in order to ”economic” inthe normal life of the surrounding people, and undoubtedly it

the society. During this period, thought of ”putting money

also affects the whole economical and social development.

above everything else” has been far beyond any of the

For example, according to the remote sensing census

ecological ethics and ecological ethics. Therefore,show in 1985 year, the soil erosion area was 1462 thousand

environment and resources has become free cost of economic

mu in Changting county. The proportion land is area

development. Soon the ecological problems such as the soil

accounting up to 31.5%, Changting county was known as “soiland water loss, heavy metal pollution, biological diversity,and water loss champion”. Serious soil and water loss causes

decreased land productivity reduction etc. appeared. Morethe gully aspect in the hill, overall fragmentation and island inimportantly, it is on the basis thinking that the ecologicalthe natural landscape, which also caused to the grounddevelopment is the free cost. These ecological problems did

subsidence and cracking phenomenon while the ecological

not valued by the government, which is be thought that is the

problems that difficulty to be repaired. The natural ecosystem

necessary result of economic development. For example, there

has the ability to repair itself. But once the ecosystem

is serious soil degradation now in Western Fujian. The soil

imbalance is much more serious, if the artificial power doesn’t

profile is mainly B-C or even directly exposed in the externalbe intervened in it, then the the ideal state before imbalance

layer of C. Dueing to the bad soil structure and low

can not be restored１８. The intervention of artificial power

penetration, once the drain is washed down the rain water thecontains a lot of manpower, material resources and financial

soil texture will become more and more barren. The red soil

resources, which must be a part or all of them, even more oferoded area of soil organic matter content is only 3.95 g / kg.

them that the achievements of social economic development is

The total nitrogen content is 0.14 mg/kg, and alkaline

at the expense of the ecological environment. That is to say, ifhydrolysis nitrogen 5.53 mg/kg in the red soil. The total

there is not a good balance between the ecological andphosphorus is 0.12 g/kg and the available phosphorus is 1.08

economic development, the ecological cost will be even more

mg/kg. The total potassium is 3.09 g/kg and the available

than the growth of the economy products, which may clearly

１７

potassium is 26.55 mg/kg .

reflect in a short period of time.

Besides the ecological problems of soil degradation,

Finally, the relationship between the development of new

decreasing biodiversity is a consequent important ecologicalindustries and the ecology. Because of the naturalproblem too. In the serious soil level degradation only leave

geographical factors, the traditional industries in Westernseveral extremely drought tolerant plant species, such as Pinus

Fujian are mining, cement industry, machinery and othermassoniana, Arundinella hirta, Baeckea frutescens, and animal

heavy industry. Even now the Longgong and other heavy

kinds are more rare. So the barren land is unable give play toindustry play an important role in the economic development

the land productivity, and the food crops on this land isof Western Fujian. Along with the continuous transformation

impossible to discuss. The agriculture development onceof the social structure adjustment and the economic

affected, the whole social economy is bound to suffer somedevelopment mode, the economic development is also moving−６
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The Situation, Relations and Problems Between Social Economy and Ecology Development of Western Fujian

Table 1 The tourism development comparison of West Fujian in 2008, 2012, 2015
Items

2008 year

2012 year

2015 year

Annual total tourism revenue ( billion yuan)

4.854

10.93519.625

Total tourism revenue growth rate over the previous year

0.66%

23.7%

18.6%

Total domestic tourism revenue ( billion yuan)

4.834

10.71

13.121Years

Annual total number of tourists (million people)

5.369114.8449

25.3221

Reception of domestic tourism ( million people)

5.3562

14.785425.2235

Reception of the inbound tourists number (thousand people)

12.9

59.5

98.6

(the data from <the Network of Longyan Municipal People’s Government:Statistical Bulletin of the National Economic
and Social Development of Longyan City in 2015>)

into new types technology development, especially the risingdevelopment. But at the same time, it begin to causeof the service industry has become more and moreimmeasurable loss of ecology because of the lower science

underestimated part of economic development. With anand technology investment and the less green concept using

example of the development of the tourism industry, theand other factors.

following table:
In Western Fujian, although tourism has not completely
perfected and developed, the service industry development!．Analysis of society and ecological development

problems in Western Fujian

leading by the tourism will be unlimited in Western Fujian
seen from the existing ecological basis and space aspect. The

As the problem between ecology and economy has

development of tertiary industry plays an important role tobecome the focus of all over the world, the social development

drive the growth of the local economy. At the same time,in Western Fujian has encountered the same critical problem

because of some problems existing in the industrial structure,of how to coordinate between economy and ecology. In the

management mode and developing method etc., there areprocess of economic development, Western Fujian area willsome major implications for the ecology of Western Fujian. In

face increasingly fierce regional competition. At the same time

the research on the ecological influence, most scholars wereconsidering how to do in the basis of the ecological basis

investigated for various factors. Such as plants, animals, water

without, even based on the ecological marching toward a

resources, land resources, air quality, sanitation, landscape andbetter direction. It must maintain sustained growth in the local

others of tourist area were investigated. No matter

economy quickly and efficiently which become a hugeinvestigating for which one, tourism are not fully mature. In

problem in the region.

addition that people driven by the interests will bring more orFirst, there are the problems between economic structureless ecological problems, such as water pollution,and institutional problems under the development process ofenvironmental problems by spitting discarded garbage,

Western Fujian. From the above data can be analyzed, heavyinterference for the plants and the influence on normal life ofindustry still occupied the unshakable historical status, as theanimals etc.. The emerging industries which tourism industry

mining state that ”having dinner rely on mountain” is still not

as a representative has been driving the economic

obvious change. In Western Fujian, the agriculture and the−６５−

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service industry have some growth trends, but still can notconvenient production mode to enhance the economic level bychange the status of the existing economic structure. The

the local residents. Since the establishment of new China, theproportion of agriculture ascend is caused by the objective

mineral resources in Western Fujian such as core mine, ironreasons because of the geographical reasons, but there are lotsore, copper gold deposits etc. have been mined. In the depositsof natural and cultural tourist attractions in Western Fujian.

process, not only the original mineral exploitation resources

The proportion of the service industry also increase much

was exhausted, but also in the mineral resources surrounding

slower become a problem which is worth to discuss. In theenvironment was already formed the serious environmental

structure of the service industry in Western Fujian, the smaller

problems which is subsidence or discarded or pollution of theoverall total amount and lower level imperfect facilities andnearby houses, buildings, public facilities and water resources

system has become one of the key factors. Although in the

etc.. where is caused serious influences on the original lush

adjustment of the economic structure has also made greattrees, fertile land, clear water, clean air due to theefforts, such as the economic status promoting electronic

unreasonable exploitation in the periphery of the mineral,commerce, developing continually and improving the tourism

especially around the gold, copper, iron and other metal ore

etc. In the area, so far it has not yet played a significant

mining which has caused permanent damage after rain erosion

improvement, even will become the hindering factors of social

penetrate into the surface.

development of Western Fujian in the future.

No matter how large and massive mountain mine are

At the same time, the institutional factor is also a major

exhaustible. Mineral resources storage of Western Fujian is

problem in the development of the future society. The rapid

large amount, but so far it has been mined for most parts, adevelopment of society requires a number of enterprises

plurality of mines even become exhausted or nearly depleted

operating mechanism within the rapid change, otherwise it

state. The depletion of resources not only caused a wholewill soon be eliminated in the market competition wave. But

mountain ecological deterioration, but also caused to an

the majority of enterprises in Western Fujian remains originalunsustainable development situation of the local related

operational mechanism, which is lack of innovation andenterprises. Especially the enterprise that relies on thetransformation, the traditional technological process andtraditional technology and management mode with the gradualproduction organizational mode, even the form of the productdepletion of resources. In the resource development process,can not adapt to the market demand. In the majority of

because the understanding of resource using is notenterprises in Western Fujian it is still rarely able to findcomprehensive enough, then the resources is notelements of technological innovation, international vision,

comprehensive analysis and never consider the multiple levels

intensive management, and the development path which isof processing and utilization. It just plays out the value of thehigh technology content, wide field of application and strong

surface for the deep processing and utilization is not involved

awareness of environmental protection, market prospects goodand resulting to the error handling of the first time garbage as

scientific is difficult to go through.

slag can no longer be reused.

Secondly, the environmental pollution and resource

Finally, the mail problems there are two major

depletion problems be faced in the development process incontradictions in Western Fujian. In the development mode inWestern Fujian. Mountainous in western Fujian, so theWestern Fujian, first is the contradiction between the

exploitation of mineral and forest resources become the mostmaximization of social effective demand for resources and−６６−The Situation, Relations and Problems Between Social Economy and Ecology Development of Western Fujian

extensive mode of resource developed and utilization; second

Obviously it is the preposition the tight combination thatis the contradiction between the innovation and technology

about the production mode transformation and theneeds of enterprise and the lack utilization technology anddevelopment direction of this area for solving two main

opportunity. In the final analysis, the two contradiction is

problems.

respectively expressed about the effective use of resources andthe utilization paths of expression. In the mode of production,

Annotation

whether it is government departments or individuals is still

１ Lin Heping, Lin Shuifu(2005.2): Analysis of the Eco-used to choose the traditional and quick buck, then resulting

tourism Resource and Its Development Countermeasures in

the illusion of pulling economic development temporary, but

Fujian, Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry

seen from the future it is not good for the production mode.

University ( Philosophy and Social Sciences), p 33-36

Such as in the traditional production mode, the basic mode

２ Zhang Yanqin(2010): the Current Situation Analysis ofrelies on mainly the material inputs (resources, energy,

the Red Cultural Resources Development in Western Fujian,

manpower and material resources etc. input), extension andFujian Forum Social Science Education Edition, p 12-15.

expansion (environmental free possession, human resources

３ Ge Hongli,etc.(2011.3): Ecological Degradation anduncontrolled expansion and so on), but the less considering the

Restoration of Red Soil Erosion in Western Fujian,investment in high technology, thereby making the a group of

Subtropical Soil and Water Conservation, p 16-20/28.

enterprises which are lower content of science and technology,

４ Fang Chunsheng, etc.(2011.2): Statistical Analysis oflower production efficiency, lower rate of resources andAtmospheric Particulate Matter Sources in Longyan City,

environment utilization. These enterprises are apparently

China Environmental Science, p 214-219.

difficult to supporting the sustained and healthy development

５ Zhao Ming(2009.5): Prospect of Study on theof the economy in Western Fujian.

Mechanism Construct of Tourism Coupled with Vulnerable

Between the two contradictions, there are also some first

Eco-environment of Mountainous Areas in the Westernin contradictions that the disordered abuse for resources andFujian Province, Yunnan Geographic Environment

environment, and the income distribution structure is irrational

Research, p 83-87.

between enterprises and internal the enterprises even the

６ Coming into Longyan(2016), http://www.longyan.gov.cn

government service is not in place for the personal/lygl/lygk/zrdl/.

employment and social security and so on. These

７ Statistical Bulletin of the National Economic and Social

contradictions constitute the main contradiction under theDevelopment of Longyan City in 2015(2016), http://xxgk.

unreasonable production mode. Western Fujian as a typicallongyan.gov.cn/srmzf/zfxxgkml/05/03/201603/t20160321_

resource-based city is also facing an important moment of

584590.htm.

economic transition. At the same time the government

８ Statistical Bulletin of the National Economic and Social

departments put forward a series of economic transformation

Development of Longyan City in 2015(2016), http://xxgk.

way, but how to specific implementation to the grass-roots

longyan.gov.cn/srmzf/zfxxgkml/05/03/201603/t20160321_

enterprises becomes a key issue. Society is developing toward584590.htm.

a healthy, coordinated and harmonious and sustainable

９ Coming into Longyan (2016), http://www.longyan.gov.

direction, then Western Fujian will keep pace with it naturally.
−６
７−cn/lygl/lygk/zrdl/.

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１０ Coming into Longyan(2016), http://www.longyan.gov.cn

４ Krithika Srinivasan, Rajesh Kasturirangan (2016.10):/lygl/lygk/zrdl/.

Political ecology, development, and human exceptionalism.

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