ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ǵ2002 ॷ 11 ೐අਬȆै໤̥͙̹ͣͺΐͺȆͺές΃൓ൕ݀с႒ȴʰʛɛˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɹ႕ᣒ
⏎̫̠̠ɭ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹ຦౏ඨ႒࡝ᇕປᥒ⏎ᩂǵᅒǵልǵᒶ*The Essence of African Vegeculture:
Ethnobotanical Comparison of Banana and Ensete
SHIGETA Masayoshi*
The goal of this paper is to examine the characteristics of African vegeculture
centered on banana (Musa sp.) and ensete (Ensete ventricosum) agriculture in the
broader perspectives of ethnobotany as person-plant relationships. In the first part ofthis paper, I attempt a selected review of the theories of origin, variation, and dispersal ofbanana varieties in Africa. I also discuss the origin and diversity of landrace in relation
to the changes of agricultural systems in Africa brought about by the introduction of
the banana from Asia. Secondly, I make an ethnobotanical comparison of banana andensete in order to propose future agendas for the development of research on these twocrops in Africa. Lastly, I discuss the essence of African vegeculture in terms of threecharacteristics: diversity, perenniality, and mass-of-harvest. In African vegeculture
system exploiting banana and ensete, both plants are “perennial” monocots, local farmers
maintain high level of “diversity” in landrace variation, and both crops give a great “massof harvest” at once from one plant. I contend that these three common characteristicsof African vegeculture may be closely related to, and form the basis of, the worldview ofAfrican farmers.

1ȅ͉̲͛ͅȇΨ΢΢͂΀ϋΓȜΞǵ̫̠̠ɻέਲ਼ᡴɲс႒ɫȡʳ⏏
ǵ̫̠̠ɴɻዛࡎȵɫȷɲȦ⏏‫ܩ‬ΫɫഘՕȴʶɌɲȦ⏏ॅ߂ɫߏߴɲ০ˁɌɛഗࡸɹᮃʚʱɴ
ɻ޽ᩄɹɫ˃ʋ˃ȵ‫ي‬ʚʶɩȦʳ⏏
ǵ˓̦ዀɹዤᰖɭປʏɩᩂȼɩ߂ȷɲ̫̠̠ɹഗଗɻᢱᚁʦ᧊ெȵᎎ‫׬‬ɫɻɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋γ*ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድ቉ድዀ, Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto
University44ᩂᅒ⏧൓ൕ݀с႒ȴʰʛɛˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɹ႕ᣒ

ᅠɹഗࡸɹɲȴɫɻമรᰖɴɦȦɫᅊᅋᩄȵ޽ȼ⏋ᩂឹɲழᩆс႒ɭɌɩॷǾᅊᅋᩄȵ‫֓ވ‬ɌɩȦʳ⏏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡɹࢸៀฐᦅࢃɴɭɤɩɻᕶᐌс႒ɭɌɩέ‫خ‬๕ɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ɫȡʳ⏏Ȧʚʦ̫̠̠ɻγᅠɹၖय़ɴʁʸȼൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶʳɞȿɫɲȼ⏋ཧय़‫ݖܩ‬ɴᥥՏɇʶ⏋ኽɛɠɹᰩ‫ש‬ɴʢ࡚፲ˁ‫ک‬ʼɑᇎ‫ݭ‬ɐʳ⏋ഗࡸɹɲȴɫ೎ʢ˫ͦͻ̫͡‫׋‬Ɍɛс႒ɹʁɭɦɭȦȭʳɞʸȩ⏏
ǵʢɠʸ˃ཧय़ɴзʞኽɛɠȵȡʚʱʭȼሾʰɲȦ̫̠̠ɹࠒʢȡʳ⏏
ǵளɁɛʱᙜɌɛʱ္ȦɛʱɌɩᰩʏʳషჿᅎ̫̠̠⏃̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲ⏋plantain⏆ʦ⏋ᇍᨥᰩ‫ڃ‬ɴɲʳ̫̠̠⏋ᰩᅎГ޺ɹᅎ᦭ɴգᅎɇʶɩȦʳ̫̠̠ɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ɻ⏋ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡɹၖय़ɫɻხɌȦɄɭɫɻɲȦ⏏ᅊᅋᩄɞȿɫȦȭɽ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɫɻ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹʓȩȵᅊᰩɇʶʳ̫̠̠ʭʱʢ޽ȦɭɇʶɩȦʳ␩FAO 2002␭⏏
ǵ̫̠̠ɻˏ˻ˏɴᣱ྇Ɍɛс႒ɫȡʳ␩Stover and Simmonds 1987␭⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɗɹ̫̠̠
ȵ⏋Ё౗ɹˏ̶͠ˡɴɻ‫ܩع‬ɴʁʸȼʛȦɞɇʶʳ⏏ˏ˻ˏɹ̫̠̠ȵ⏋Ȧɦ⏋ɰɄȴʰ⏋ɰɹʭȩɴɌɩ⏋ᠨɹଝɴʭɤɩˏ̶͠ˡʍ᧊ɽʶɩȷɛȴ⏋ᡉᠦɻȡʳȵȦʚɹɭɄʸໆࡴᇕɲ៷୞ɻɲȼʭȼʼȴɤɩȦɲȦ⏏1)ǵ̫̠̠ɭປʏɩ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɻʢɤɭέਲ਼ᡴɲс႒ɫȡʳ⏃Ԡሎ 1⏆⏏
ǵ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɴɻɲȴɲȴᖽȵ‫ټ‬ȴɲȦ⏏˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ȵɗɹ̫̠̠ɭᯃ।ɴʭȼаɛඨ႒к

ৢ૯!1ȁ΀ϋΓȜΞ1) с႒ȵ⏋ȡʳʁɭɦɹ‫ݭ‬ଘɫᣱ྇ɌɩЈɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɴШȭʰʶɩȦȼɭȦȩ⏋‫׬‬Υᣱ྇ɭ‫ܩ‬ჿᇕШ௢ˁᏼʛ‫غ‬ʼɓɛ‫إ‬Ԏᇕɲᓒȭ౅ȵȡʳ⏏Ʉʶʚɫ⏋γᅠɹс႒Օ॒ɹჼႥˁᠦ౩Ɍɛʱ⏋‫ݖܩ‬ᬚɹ̨͐ʦ̯̜ɹው֪ˁᠦ౩
ɐʳҶ៷ɭɌɩʭȼᅎȦʰʶɩȷɛ⏏ᦅ෌ɹɻɍʚʱʢ⏋ȡʳ‫ݭ‬ଘɫɹᣱ྇ɭɗɹШ௢ɴʭɤɩᠦ౩ɇʶɩȷ
ɛ⏏с႒ɹᣱ྇ɭШ௢ɴᬠɐʳ႒᠝ɻ⏋ኽɛɠɹ઎Ӊ֐ˁȴȷɛɩʳɭɭʢɴɇʚɊʚɲᆄ‫ک‬ɹ೺ˁࢷȷՏɐ⏏

45ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ɴ⏋߂ȷɲᖽইˁɦȿʳɹɻ⏋ඨȭЊȿɩȴʰ 5 ॷȴʰ 10 ॷГΫʢᅊᔒɌɩȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ഗࡸɴɻሁ৹ 2 Π ȼʰȦɹᶌȼɩ‫ݠ‬Ȧዛࡎȵɛȼɇ˃ԂɤɩȦɩᰩʏʰʶɲȦ⏏Ϻᬚɻ‫ܩ‬άɴɫȷʳ‫ݳ‬ᗡɭ⏋‫ܩ‬Ϋᨆɹᗡɴᙢȭʰʶʳɫ˃ʋ˃ˁᰩᅎɴգᅎɐʳ⏏
ǵɌȴɌ⏋̫̠̠ (Musa sp.) ɭ‫ؾ‬ɍ̫˹͚˗ዀ (Musaceae) ɴՕᰖɇʶʳɄɹ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘(Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman)2) ɻ⏋Ё౗ʚɫ˛̍ˠ̴ˏɹ‫׫‬ᨆᲞ‫ܩ‬ɴɌȴൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶɩɄɲȴɤɛ⏏ൕ‫ݖܩݛ‬ȵᭉʰʶɩȦɛɄɭʢȡɤɩ⏋˛̍ˠ̴ˏɹϺ‫ؤ‬ɹ 3 ւɴȡɛʳ 2,000ΨϺᦏȦϺʃɭȵ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁςᰩɭɌɩգᅎɌɩȷɛɄɭɻ⏋Υᨆɹ቉ድᓔˁɹəȦɩ೎ᦏ
3)ʚɫȡʚʱ໶ᇿɇʶɩɄɲȴɤɛ⏏

ǵೣዣɫɻ⏋˫ͦͻ̫͡‫׋‬Ɍɛ̫̠̠ɭ⏋ͦͻˡ͡ɲ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘⏋Ʉɹʈɛɦɹ൓ൕ݀с႒4) ˁ⏋Ϻɭඨ႒ɹሂϣᇕᬠѥɭȦȩែဣȴʰɭʰȭʳ⏏ʈɛɦɹс႒ˁ⏋ঃᒶɹ຦౏ඨ႒࡝
(Ethnobotany) ᇕɲ៎ဣȴʰປᥒɌɲȵʰ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɹᦅ෌⏋႕ɴ൓ൕᦅ෌ɹ႕ᣒˁද២ɐʳɹȵೣዣɹᇿฌɫȡʳ⏏5)ǵϺɭс႒ɹᬠʼʱɹȡʱ౅ɻ⏋ɗɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɹᅊ઴ᇕɲ೼Иʦ⏋Ϻᬚɹүɹ኏Ц͹ᐁཕᇕɲ⏋ಁɴɻక໠ᇕɲႥ໥ɴʭɤɩृ‫ز‬ɇʶɩȷɛ⏏ਃഀɹჿៗɴਃɤɩʼȴʱʦɐȼȦȭɽ⏋Ϻᬚȵс႒ˁ⏋ըਉɫȷʳࢪᢒɭɌɩɭʰȭɛȩȭɫ⏋ᦅ෌ɭȦȩᅊ෌ˁᏼᑩɌɩȷɛɭᓒȭɩȷɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋θᓔɹᬠѥɴɻ⏋с႒ȵᅊഀҺȭɩȦʳ႕ਸɴʭɤɩ߂ȷȼៀࡴɇʶɩȦʳᨆՕ
ȵȡʳ⏏ࢪປɇɓɩៜȭɽ⏋с႒ȵϺᬚɹȡʱȴɛˁृ‫ز‬ɌɩȷɛᨆՕȵȡʳɭʛʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ೣዣɻ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲጓ‫ݭ‬ȴʰс႒ɹ႕ਸɴɦȦɩɹ៨ᦚˁɐɐʠɩȦȼ⏏
ǵࢸዣɻ 3 ɦɹᨆՕȴʰɲʳ⏏
ǵʚɑ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳ̫̠̠ɹ຦౏ඨ႒࡝ᇕሾឿɴᬠɌɩɄʶʚɫɴʼȴɤɩȦʳɄɭˁ⏋ᣱ྇͹޴ᅵ͹Ш௢⏋‫ڃ‬ዛɹ޽෵ਸɭՕᰖ⏋޽෵ਸɹᣱ྇⏋ᦅ෌෵িɹ޴‫׋‬ɴɦȦɩςɴయ჉ɴʭʱɲȵʰෙ៎Ɍ⏋̫̠̠ɹࢷԂȵˏ̶͠ˡɹȋ̫̠̠Гմȍɹᦅ෌ɴ޴‫׋‬ˁήȭɛɭȦȩɄʶʚɫɹ቉ድଁഗˁද២ɐʳ⏏
2) ঃᒶɹ̫˹͚˗ዀɻ⏋˹͚˗ˤዀ⏋ˡͲ̠ዀ⏋˪̀˗˱Ͳዀɭɭʢɴ˹͚˗ˤᇿ (Zingiberales) ˁ০ଁɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ঃᒶɹ̫˹͚˗ዀˁ 4 ዀɴᏳՕɐʳઝឿʢȡʳ⏏ɗɹ‫⏋غݭ‬ೣዣɫɭʱȡɁʳ 2 ࣚ Musa ɭ Ensete ȲʭʃMusella ࣚȵႷᒶɹ̫˹͚˗ዀˁ෯ଁɐʳ␩‫ݞ‬ᅒǵ1989␭⏏ɗɹɲȴɫൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶʳɹȵ⏋Musa ɭ Ensete ɹ 2 ࣚɫȡʳ⏏Musa ɻɇʰɴ 5 ́˪˹͚ͲɴՕȿʰʶ⏋́˪˹͚Ͳ Eumusa ɴᰩᅎ̫̠̠ɹ߂ᨆՕȵ‫ي‬ʚʶʳ⏏
3) ␩Smeds 1955; Bezuneh 1984; Bezuneh and Fekele 1966; ᩂᅒǵ1988; 1995; 2001; Shigeta 1990; 1996; 1997␭.
4) ‫ܩ‬Ϋ⏋‫ܩ‬άˁɭʼɑዛࡎГ޺ɹᨆՕɴ߂ᩄɴᙢȭʰʶʳɫ˃ʋ˃ˁ‫ؚ‬ዲɌɩգᅎɐʳс႒ᒴˁ⏋μ࣊␩1966␭ɻ൓ൕᰖɭ٧˃ɞ⏏‫ݞ‬ᅒ␩1989␭ɻ˓͐݀с႒ɭȦȩ٧ዌˁர‫ڟ‬ɌɩȦʳ⏏ೣዣɫɻɄʶʰˁȋ൓ൕ݀с႒ȍ⏋ɗʶˁςɭɌɩᅎȦʳᦅ෌ˁȋ൓ൕᦅ෌ȍɭɌɛ⏏
5) ɄɄɫȦȩ˛˽̨̢̓̊ͻ቉ድɭɻ⏋Ϻɹඨ႒գᅎˁςɲᬠਕϟ᯵ɭɐʳႷᒶɹ຦౏ඨ႒࡝ʦ˛˱̨͊̒˪̓
̢̊ͻɞȿɫɲȼ⏋Ϻɭඨ႒ɹᬠʼʱˁሂϣᇕɲ̯̜̆ඨ႒ᬠѥɭɌɩ⏋᧌ዐɭɌɩɹ̝͍˽̘ˑ˭ͻ˹͚Ͳˁ቉ድɐʳՕᩃˁ‫ي‬ʞঃᒶɹ຦౏ඨ႒࡝ɭɌɩеᒞɧȿɩȦʳ⏏˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹ˛˽̨̢̓̊ͻɴᬠɌɩɻ୚ዣ
␩ᩂᅒǵ1988; 2001; Shigeta 1996; 1997␭ˁؒ၇⏏̫̠̠ɹെ᰸͹ᠭჿ͹գᅎ⏋༑ᦲ͹ᐁཕ⏋య‫׋‬͹኏Ц⏋᧨Шᣂ྇ɹѳᡸ͹ᐣ୫ɲɰ⏋๿ɇʶɛ˛˽̨̢̓̊ͻ቉ድɹᠭീ᯵ᇿɴɦȦɩɻᏨ३ɹᬠѥɫ᠎Ɍȼද២ɫȷɲȴɤɛɹɫྈҺμɹաዣɴʪɑʳ⏏

46

ᩂᅒ⏧൓ൕ݀с႒ȴʰʛɛˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɹ႕ᣒ

ǵ๖ɴ⏋̫̠̠ɭ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɴᬠɌɩ຦౏ඨ႒࡝ɹςɲ቉ድ᯵ᇿɴɦȦɩປᥒˁ᝔Ȧ⏋Ё৿ɹ቉ድᠩᰍɴɦȦɩࣙ೚ˁᦚʏʳ⏏ʚɛɲɕ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ȵ˫ͦͻ̫͡ɲс႒ɭɌɩγᅠɴШ௢ɌɲȴɤɛɹȴɗɹჿᅓɴɦȦɩᓒ࢘ɐʳ⏏
ǵ೎৿ɴ⏋຦౏ඨ႒࡝ᇕɲປᥒˁᦲɍɩʛȦɞɇʶʳ⏋̫̠̠ɭ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁςс႒ɭɐʳˏ
̶͠ˡɹ൓ൕᦅ෌ɹ႕ᣒɴɦȦɩᠶɍʳɭɭʢɴ⏋ೣዣɹʠɊɐែဣȵЁ৿ɹˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɹᇍࣙɴᬠɌɩഗɛɐ‫خ‬ᔨਸɴɦȦɩʢᗐॵɹᓒ࢘ˁ᝔ȩ⏏

2ȅΨ΢΢͈ྦྷ௼૒໤‫ڠ‬
2.1ȁ࡙ܳȆ་։Ȇഥ෥ǵ̫̠̠ɻˏ̶͠ˡɴɻ⏋ȦɦɅʸ⏋ɰɹʭȩɲᐁᤉɫ⏋ᠨɹଝɴʭɤɩШȭʰʶɛɹɞʸȩȴ⏏
ǵШ௢ɴᬠɐʳ቉ድˁෙ៎ɐʳմɴ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳ̫̠̠ɹ᧨Шᇕɲ޴ᅵɭՕ॒ˁ
ჿៗɌɩȲȼɄɭȵਖឹɫȡʸȩ⏏Ʉʶʚɫ⏋ൕ‫̠̠̫ݛ‬ɹ޴ᅵɻ˰̨͌෯ଁɴʭʳՕᰖȵ᝔ʼʶɩȷɛ⏏6)ǵɛɭȭɽ⏋ኽɛɠȵ౗ೣɫʭȼᰩʏʳᅊᰩᅎ̫̠̠ɻ⏋˥͑̾Ͳ̚ˑ̒˹͖ (Cavendish) ʦ˫ͦ˽͊̒̍˙͡ (Gross Michel) ɲɰɹ‫ڃ‬ዛ⏃ᒴ⏆‫ؿ‬ɫ٧ɽʶ⏋AAA ɭȦȩ˰̨͌෯ଁˁʢ
ɦ‫ؾ‬ᣒ 3 ҆кɫȡʳ⏏ȴɦɩ౗ೣɫʭȼᰩɇʶɩȦɛ‫ཱྀ̠̠̫د‬ʢ AAA ɹ‫ڃ‬ዛɫȡʳ⏏Ȧɤʗȩ⏋షჿᅎ̫̠̠‫ڃ‬ዛɹᐵዌɭɌɩᅎȦʰʶʳɄɭʢȡʳ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɻ⏋AAB ɹ෯ଁˁ7)ʢɦᅵᣒ 3 ҆кɹ‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɫȡʳ⏏

ǵ˰̨͌ɹᏼ‫غ‬ɓɫឿʳɭ⏋γᅠɫൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶʳ̫̠̠ɴɻ⏋2 ҆кɹ AA, BB⏋AB, ɹʓȴ⏋3
҆кɹ AAA, AAB, ABB, 4 ҆кɹ ABBB, AAAB, AABB ɲɰȵȡʳ⏏Ʉɹȩɠˏ̶͠ˡɴሾʰʶɩȦʳɹɻ⏋AA, AB, AAA, AAB, ABB ɹ 5 ዛᰖɹ˰̨͌ᏼ‫غ‬ɓɫȡʳ␩Stover and Simmonds
1987␭⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲ⏋Ԋᦲɹ˰̨͌෯ଁˁʢɤɛ‫ڃ‬ዛɹʚɭʚʱˁ⏋ɄɄɫɻЕɴ˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɭʭ˃ɫȲȼɄɭɴɐʳ⏏
ǵჼ‫ܧ‬ɹˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳ˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɭ‫ܩ‬ჿᇕՕ॒ɹᬠѥɻ⏋Ʉɹ‫ץ܋‬γᏛɹȡȦɞɴࢷԂɇʶɛ 10 ‫ڃ‬ዛʓɰɹఒᖪ‫ڃ‬ዛˁաɴɐʶɽ⏋߂ȷȼՕȿɩ 3 ɦɹʚɭʚʱɴՕȿʰʶʳ6) Ё౗γᅠɫ೎ʢঃȼൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶʳȋ̫̠̠ȍɭȦȩ‫ؿ‬մɻ⏋Musa acminata Colla⏃˓Ͳ̝ആᨆȴʰីᨆ͇ͤͻ˹ˏ‫ݖܩ‬ɴՕ॒⏋˰̨͌៨‫ ش‬AA⏆ɭ Musa balbisiana Colla⏃ആ‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬ȴʰ͊˪̦ͦ˹ˏ⏋̦͠ͅ˹ˏីᨆʚɫՕ
॒⏋˰̨͌៨‫ ش‬BB⏆ɭȦȩ 2 ɦɹኘӴᩃᅊዛ⏃Ϡ҆к⏆ɴᅓഀɐʳ˰̨͌ɹɇʚɊʚɲᏼ‫غ‬ɓɴʭɤɩଁጓ
Ɍɛ‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɴήȭʰʶɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏˰̨͌៨‫ش‬ɻˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊ዛɭ̫̲͡˹ˏͻ̠ዛɗʶəʶɹዛࢸ‫ؿ‬ɹᰄయࡓˁɭɤɩ A, B ȵᅎȦʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶəʶɹ‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɹ˰̨͌෯ଁɻ⏋Ᏻᔟ࡝ᇕɴໆࡴɇʶɛʢɹɫɻɲȼ⏋০઴ᇕɲ০ᣒɹཀྵࡴ⏃15 ɹ০ᣒˁ਄ဣ‫׋‬Ɍɩ‫غ‬៟ɐʳ౅໬⏆ɴʭɤɩࡴʠʰʶɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏
7) γᅠᇕɴՕ॒ɐʳ 3 ɦɹ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹ‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɹȩɠ⏋AAB Horn ɭ AAB French ɹ 2 ɦȵˏ̶͠ˡɴՕ॒ɐʳ⏏

47ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬␩Langhe et al. 1994-95; Karamura 1999␭⏃‫ ܒ‬1⏆⏏
ǵ1 ɦɻ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡɹ˓Ͳ̝໽໤ࣳ‫ݖܩ‬ɭɗɹٞᦇɹऄǾɴʛʰʶʳ⏋AA, AAA, AB, ABB ɲɰɹ෯ଁˁʢɦ˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹȩɠ⏋AB ɭABB ˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɻ⏋ປᥒᇕ೎ᦏɴ
ɲɤɩԒ᭜ᨆʍʢɛʰɇʶɛ⏏
ǵ2 ɦʠɻ⏋μ߈Ȳʭʃីˏ̶͠ˡɹၖय़ж‫ܩ‬ගക‫ݖ‬ɴ೎ʢ޽ȼʛʰʶʳ AAB ˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɫ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡ͹̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɭʢʭɽʶʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹՕ॒ɻីˏ̶͠ˡȴʰගക‫ܩ‬य़ˁᐁɩ⏋ആɻ˸˓ͻ͡ाອᏙɭ̠˓͡ाອᏙɹՕࣦဣЊᦏʚɫʁʸȵɤɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶʚɫɴ 120ГΫɹ‫ڃ‬ዛȵሾʰʶɩȦʳ⏏
ǵ3 ɦʠɹ˫͡ͻ̺ȵ⏋AAA-EA ɭᝠ៨ɇʶʳɄɭɹ޽Ȧ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡᲞ‫݀ܩ‬ɹ̫̠̠ɫȡ8)Ʉɹ˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɴࣚɐʳ̫̠̠ɻ⏋షჿȡʳȦɻᨙᅎɫ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡɹ໤ࣳᨆɴʛʰ
ʳ⏏
9)
Ȧɑʶ
ʶʳ‫ؾ‬ɍ˰̨͌෯ଁɹ AAA ˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛᒴȵɛȦɩȦᅊᰩᅎɫȡʳဣɫᅵɲɤɩȦʳ⏏

ɴɓʭ⏋AAA ˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɻμ߈ᨆˏ̶͠ˡᲞ‫ܩ‬Гആɴʛʰʶʳ⏏

଎!1ȁΨ΢΢͈ΊΦθ຦ਅ߲͂΀ϋΓȜΞ͈౷ၑഎ໦ື

8) EA ɻ˰̨͌៨‫ش‬ɫɻɲȼആˏ̶͠ˡ (East Africa) ˁኍɐ⏏
9) ˗ˤͲ̋ɫ͇̜˭ (matoke) ɭ٧ɽʶʳషჿᅎ‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɻ AAA ɫȡʳɴʢȴȴʼʰɑᠭჿɇʶʳ⏏˗ˤͲ̋Ȳʭʃី̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɴɻ⏋‫ؾ‬ɍȼ AAA ɹ෯ଁˁʢɦ‫ڃ‬ዛɫᅊᰩɫȷɲȦ̲ͻ͡ᅎɹ‫ڃ‬ዛᒴ̲͌̚ (mbide) ȵȡʳ⏏

48

ᩂᅒ⏧൓ൕ݀с႒ȴʰʛɛˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɹ႕ᣒ

ǵɄɹʭȩɲ˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɹՕ॒ȵɰɹʭȩɴɌɩଁጓɌɩȷɛɹȴ⏋ɄʶʚɫՏɇʶɩȷɛ
ᡉᠦɻ߂ȷȼՕȿɩ 2 ɦɴʚɭʠʰʶʳ⏃‫ ܒ‬2⏆⏏
ǵ1 ɦɻ⏋ˏ̒˵͌‫౅ܩ‬ȴʰ˓Ͳ̝‫׫‬ᨆɴʼɛʳ‫ݖܩ‬ɫଁጓɌɛ⏋B ˰̨͌ˁ‫ي‬ʞൕ‫̠̠̫ݛ‬ȵ⏋μആȴʰჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ̮ͤ˽̠̍⏋ɗɌɩ˛˻̺̜ȡʳȦɻ˛̍ˠ̴ˏˁᐁᅓɌɩ̠˓͡ा༑‫ݖ‬ȴʰˏ̶͠ˡ‫ܩع‬ɴʁʸȵɤɛɭɐʳʢɹɫ⏋6 γᏛȴʰ 7 γᏛ᯴ɴˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜ɴ̫̠̠ȵզ᧒Ɍɛɭᓒȭʳ⏏ɄɹҶ៷ɭɌɩ A.D. 525 ॷ⏋Ꮮ༠ɹ˛̜͠͠ˏ໤ࣳɹˏ̝͠˽ɫʛɦȴɤɛ̫̠̠ɹᐒȵ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳ೎‫إ‬ɹ៨᪼ɭɌɩሾʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ປᥒᇕϗၥɴ৔Ȧਸᣒˁ୫ɤɛ̫̲͡˹ˏͻ̠ɹ B ˰̨͌ˁ‫ي‬ʞ‫ڃ‬ዛᒴȵ⏋Ʉɹᐁᤉˁᦲɤɩˏ̸͞ϯ౫‫ڧ‬Ϻɴʭɤɩˏ̶͠ˡɴʢɛʰɇʶɛɭȦȩᠦɫȡʳ⏏
ǵʢȩ 1 ɦɹᠦɻ⏋ˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊ɹ A ˰̨͌ˁʢɤɛ‫ڃ‬ዛᒴȵആ‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬ȴʰ˓Ͳ̝໽ˁᐁ
ɩ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡɹ໤ࣳᨆɴШȭʰʶɛɭɐʳʢɹɫ⏋ɗɹಁೝɻᏛӯ৿ɐȽȴʰ 5 γᏛɄʸʚɫɹ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏᏙɹϺʃɭȵ͇̋ˤ˽ˡ͡ऄʍውзɌɛɄʸɭᓒȭʰʶɩȦʳ⏏
ǵKaramura␩1999␭ɻ⏋ᐁᅓ‫ܩ‬ȵϗၥɌɛຩҌɹɛʠ̫̠̠ˁᅊȷɛʚʚ᧊ʉɄɭɻέ‫خ‬ᔨɞ
ɭɐʳ Purseglove␩1972␭ɹᠦ౩ˁᅎȦɩ⏋‫౅׌‬ȴʰШʼɤɛɭɐʳ‫خ‬ᔨਸˁ‫ࡴو‬ɌɩȦʳ⏏
ǵɌȴɌ⏋Berchem␩1989-90␭ɭ Vansina␩1990␭ɻ̫̠̠ɹ٧ዌɹៜ᠝࡝ᇕɲՕഓɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɩ⏋‫౅׌‬ȴʰԂɤɛ B ˰̨͌ˁʢɤɛ‫ڃ‬ዛᒴ (AAB) ȵˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜μ߈ᨆɴӴɴШ௢ɌɩȦ

଎!2ȁͺές΃ఱၘ͈͒Ψ΢΢͈ഥ෥σȜΠ49ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ɛɭᓒȭɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶʚɫ⏋޽ȼɹ቉ድᓔɻ⏋ȲɗʰȼᏛӯմ৿ɹಁೝȴʰ⏋͇ͤͻᏙɹϺʃɭɹውзɴɭʢɲɤɩ⏋༠ΫˁᐁᅓɌɩ͇̋ˤ˽ˡ͡Ȳʭʃ͐˸Ͳ̲ͻ˪Њᦏɹആ༠ࣳʍ೎
՟ɴ̫̠̠ȵШ௢Ɍɛɭɐʳᠦˁఌ୫Ɍɩȷɛ⏏ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹՕ॒ȴʰᓒȭɩ⏋Ʉʶʰɹ̫̠̠ɻ A˰̨͌ɹʛˁʢɤɛ‫ڃ‬ዛᒴ (AA, AAA) ɭɇʶɩȷɛ⏏ɗɹ৿ʢ⏋˓Ͳ̝໽ˁᐁɩˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜10)ɌȴɌ⏋೎ᦏɫɻ⏋ɹആ༠ࣳʍШ௢Ɍ⏋ɇʰɴԒ᭜ᨆʍШʼɤɩȦɤɛɭᓒȭʰʶɩȷɛ⏏

ȦʚȴʰȲȲʭɗ 2,000 ॷʓɰմɴ⏋೎՟ɹ̫̠̠ɭɌɩ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲȵ˓Ͳ̝໽үȴʰˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜ɹആ‫׌‬ᨆ໤ࣳɴզ᧒Ɍ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡɹᩃᅊ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹՕ॒‫ݖ‬ˁɛɰʱɲȵʰ⏋μ߈ᨆȴʰីˏ̶͠ˡɴʚɫզ᧒ɌɛɭɐʳЕᠦʦ␩Langhe et al. 1994-95␭⏋8 γᏛГᭇɴ⏋˓Ͳ̝໽ɴᯆɌɛ˽̯ͩ͠‫ݖܩ‬ɹ‫׌‬ᨆ໤ࣳʍ˓Ͳ̝ȴʰШȭʰʶɛɭɐʳᠦ␩Rossel 1994-95; 1998a;
1998b␭ˁࣙᬖɐʳ቉ድᓔʢȦʳ⏏11) ჼಁဣɫɻ̫̠̠ɹШ௢ɴᬠɐʳᡉᠦɻȡʈʶɩȲʱ⏋ໆࡴᇕɲЕᠦɻɲȦɭȦȭʳɞʸȩ⏏
ǵɍɤɇȦɹɭɄʸɻ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜Ԓɫ̫̠̠ɹᓒ‫࡝إ‬ᇕɲ᧨кȵԃȼʛɦȴɤɩȦɲȦɹɫ⏋೎՟ɹШ௢ȵȦɦ᯴ɫȡɤɛȴɻᡒɹʚʚɫȡʳ⏏ʚɌɩ⏋ɗɹ̫̠̠ȵɰɹʭȩɲ‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɴࣚɐʳʢɹɫȡɤɛȴɻԃȼʼȴʰɲȦ⏏12) ჼႥȵ᧌ؑˁɗɹʚʚ౱ɌՏɌɩȦʳɭЕࡴɐʳ൓୞ɻʓɭ˃ɰɲȦɭȦɤɩʢʭȦɞʸȩ⏏
ǵ̫̠̠ɴᭉʰɑˏ˻ˏȴʰˏ̶͠ˡʍШȭʰʶɛс႒ɻ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲ͡ͻ̜ˁᐁᅓɌɩ⏋ɗ13)ɗɹ‫ؾ‬ɍ͡ͻ̜ˁᦥɴɹ৿л‫܌‬ɴʢʼɛɤɩ⏋ᅵɲʳᦵ঎ɫ᧊ɽʶШȭʰʶɛɹɫȡʸȩ⏏
14)ɄɄɫɻ‫̜ͻ͡౅׌‬ɭആ౅͡ͻɛɰɤɩ⏋޽ȼɹˏ̶͠ˡɹс႒ʢˏ˻ˏʍɭШȭʰʶɛ⏏

̜ˁϠᓔିΥᇕɴɭʰȭʳਖឹɻɲȦɭȦȩɄɭˁ୭௎ɌɩȲȷɛȦ⏏ʞɌʸ⏋ɐɫɴൕ‫ݛ‬ɹ̫̠̠ɭɌɩଁጓɌɩȦɛɇʚɊʚɲ˰̨͌෯ଁˁʢɦ‫ڃ‬ዛᒴȵ⏋ȦʸȦʸɲಁೝɴᅵɲʳᐁᤉȴʰˏ̶͠ˡɴʢɛʰɇʶ⏋ȡʳʢɹɻ஛ᅎɇʶ⏋ȡʳʢɹɻஅɩʰʶɛɭᓒȭʳɹȵ߹য়ɫɻɲȦɞʸȩȴ⏏15) ˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜ɹԒᨆɴȲȦɩʢ⏋।ɴ‫ڃ‬ዛɹው֪ʦϯ༑ȵ᝔ʼʶɩȷ

10) Vansina␩1990␭ɻ⏋μ߈ᨆˏ̶͠ˡɹ̫̠̠ɹ٧ዌˁද២Ɍɩ⏋-bugu ɹ᠝ॻˁʢɦ̫̠̠ȵ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹ
ʁɭɦ AAB Horn ˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛɫȡʳɭЕࡴɐʳɭ⏋ʚɑ AAB Horn ȵ̠˓͡Ϋ༑ɴШȭʰʶ⏋ɗɹȡɭɴ AAB
French ɗɌɩ AAA ɹ᯶ɴˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜ʍԂɤɩȷɛɭȦȩЕᠦˁࣙᬖɌɩȦʳ⏏
11) ͞Ͳ˰ɻ⏋೎՟ɹ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹզഀȵЁȴʰ 2,500⑯3,000 ॷմɫ⏋ആ༠ࣳˁᐁᅓɌɩ⏋য়ಁɹᩃᅊ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹՕ॒‫ݖ‬ˁɛɰɤɛɭᓒȭɩȦʳ␩Langhe et al. 1994-95: 152␭⏏ɌȴɌ⏋৳ȵ൓୞ɭɌɩȦʳ̫̠̠ɹ٧ዌՕ
॒ɹՕഓɻʭȦɭɌɩʢ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ‫ڃ‬ዛధɴզ᧒ɐʳʚɫɹಁᬚˁ⏋ࡸᱻࡻᄩ‫ޅ‬ɫᣱɄʳкᏳᔟዺး޴ᅵɹრȴʰິʠʳ౅໬ɻᯃ।ɴϕಮɫѵ૔ਸɹжȦʢɹɞʸȩ⏏
12) Mbida␩2000␭ɻ⏋‫׫‬ᨆˡ͍͡ͻͲɹ Nkang ᧨ᤄɴȲȦɩᇍ஗Ɍɛൕ‫̠̠̫ݛ‬ɭ஠ࡴɇʶʳ̫˹͚˗ዀඨ႒ɹ
̺͞Ͳ̜ˠ̮ͻ͡ɹՕഓȴʰ⏋Ꮫӯմ 1 γᏛɹɄʸɴɄɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɴ̫̠̠ˁൕ‫ݛ‬ɐʳᦅ෌ȵȡɤɛɭᐄᠶɌɩȦʳ⏏
13) ̫̠̠Г޺ɴˏ˻ˏȴʰˏ̶͠ˡʍШʼɤɩᩂឹɲςᰩс႒ɭɲɤɛʢɹɴɻ⏋ʚɑ˓̦ዀዤᰖɹˏ˻ˏ˓̦
ȵȡʳ⏏Ʉɹʓȴɴ⏋൓ൕ݀с႒ɭɌɩ⏋͓͌ʦ̊ͦɲɰ⏃˛̍ˠ̴ˏɴɻ˱Ͳ̢͑˪˓͐⏆ȵШʼɤɩȦʳ⏏
14) ɛɭȭɽ⏋˹˱˪̲˛⏋͐ͦ˱˹⏋ˠ˪͞⏋˳͇⏋˵˵˰⏋˽˓ˡɲɰȵШȭʰʶɛ⏏ᑊయೝɹ᧨ᤄȴʰ˹˱˪̲˛ɹ‫ܦ‬ᆜᤄȵᇍឿɇʶɛɭȦȩ‫ݬ‬ٚʢȡʳ⏏Ꮫӯմ 3000 ॷɴ⏋ˏ̲͞ˏ‫ץ‬ऄʍɐɫɴ͐ͦ˱˹ȵШ௢ɌɩȦɛɭȦȩᓒ‫࡝إ‬ᇕ៷୞ʢʛɦȴɤɩȦʳ⏏

50

ᩂᅒ⏧൓ൕ݀с႒ȴʰʛɛˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɹ႕ᣒ

ɛɻɑɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ஠ࡴɐʳԍкᇕɲ൓୞ɻʚɞʛɦȴɤɩȦɲȦȵ⏋Ё৿⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜Ԓɹൕ‫̠̠̫ݛ‬ɹ޴ᅵɭՕ॒ˁ᠎Ᏻɴ࡝᭬ᇕଝ໬ɴʭɤɩද២ɐʳ቉ድȵɐɐʠɽ਀Ǿɴ౩ʰȴɴɲɤɩȦȼɭೝ৺ɇʶʳ⏏
ǵɄʶʚɫɹɭɄʸ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜ԒɴȲȿʳШ௢ɹᐁᤉˁჼႥɹՕ॒ȴʰࡸ៷ᇕɲଝ໬ɴ
ʭɤɩɛɰʱ⏋ɗɹ๴‫ر‬ˁ౩ʰȴɴɐʳʭȩɲ቉ድɻ⏋ៜ᠝࡝ᓔɴʭʳ٧ዌɹද២Г޺ɻʓɭ˃ɰɲɇʶɩȦɲȦ⏏ჼ‫ܧ‬ʛʰʶʳ‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɹ˰̨͌෯ଁȴʰ⏋ɗɹᐁᤉˁ߂Ɋɤɿɴ஠ࡴɐʳʢɹȵʓɭ˃ɰɫȡɤɛ⏏৿ᦚɐʳʭȩɴ⏋ᅊ‫࡝׋‬ᇕɲଝ໬ɫ⏋‫ڃ‬ዛɹ᧨Шᇕɲ‫ࡴؾ‬ȵ‫خ‬ᔨɴɲʶɽ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹՕ॒ˁଝȵȴʱɴ᧌ؑɹШ௢ɹ᧑ፉˁʭʱ๭ተɴ஠ࡴɐʳɄɭʢ‫خ‬ᔨɴɲɤɩ
ȼʳɞʸȩ⏏
2.2ȁ຦ਅ͈ఉအ଻͂໦႒
ǵൕ‫ݛ‬ඨ႒ɹ‫ڃ‬ዛɹՕᰖɴɻ।ɴಸ౴ਸɭ੐ઝਸʍɹᆄਥȵɦȷʚɭȩ␩ᩂᅒǵ1995␭⏏̫̠̠ɹ‫ڃ‬ዛՕᰖɴʢɄʶʚɫɇʚɊʚɲ౅໬ȵᓒ൜ɇʶɩȷɛ⏏ӴᦚɌɛʭȩɴ˹͐Ͳ̀ʰɴʭɤɩɻɍʠʰʶɛ˰̨͌෯ଁɴʭʳՕᰖɻ⏋҅աɹ‫ڃ‬ዛɭȦȩʭʱɻ⏋Ԋᦲɹ႕ਸˁʢɤ
ɛ‫ڃ‬ዛɹȡɦʚʱ⏮‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɭɌɩ̫̠̠ɹ႕ਸˁՕᰖɐʳʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ɄɹՕᰖɻ⏋̫̠̠ɹᣱ྇ʦШ௢ˁᠶɍʳ᭬ɴᯃ।ɴ೑֟ɫȡɤɛ⏏Υ౅⏋ɍɤɇȦɴᕶᐌͤ̾͡ɫ̫̠̠ˁൕ‫ݛ‬ɐʳᦅ຦ɹᬚɴɻ⏋ༀᑇɇʶɛ຦ѯՕᰖɹкᏙȵɌɽɌɽឿȦɞɇʶʳɄɭȵ‫ݬ‬ٚɇʶɩȦʳ16)ɌȴɌ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲ຦౏Օᰖɴʭʳ‫ڃ౅ܩ‬ዛɹ᧨Ш
␩Roscoe 1965; ‫ػ‬ᅒǵ1978; ࡫ཙǵ1981␭⏏

ᇕ‫ؾ‬ΥਸɴɦȦɩɻ।ɴዀ࡝ᓔɹүȴʰᆄ‫ک‬ȵɲɁȴȿʰʶɩȷɛ⏏
ǵɛɭȭɽ˽˓ͻ̜̫̠̠⏋̚˸ͻ̜̫̠̠ɲɰɭ٧ɽʶʳᅊᰩᅎɹᅆʛɹȡʳ‫ڃ‬ዛɭ⏋షჿᅎ̫̠̠ɹ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹ‫ך‬աɻ⏋ᰩᓃીʦᠭჿ౅໬ɴʭʳɭɄʸȵ߂ȷȼ⏋˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛՕᰖʦ⏋ඨ႒Օᰖ࡝ᇕɲ০઴ɴʭʳՕᰖɭ⏋ȴɲʰɑɌʢΥᕹɌɩȦɲȦ⏏17) ࡭ၓɌɩʢɫ˃ʋ˃
ᣒȵ߂‫ץ‬ɫ֓ၖᠭჿɌɲȦɭᰩʏʰʶɲȦ‫ڃ‬ዛʦ⏋ᑥᐣᣒȵ޽ȼɩᅊᰩɫȷɑ⏋ᇍᨥɇɓɩᨙ
ɴɐʳ‫ڃ‬ዛȵȡʳΥ౅ɫ⏋࡭ၓɐʶɽȡʳዐ঎ᅆȼɲʳɴʢȴȴʼʰɑషჿᅎ‫ڃ‬ዛɭɇʶɩȦʳʢɹʢȡʳ⏏
ǵჼࡔɐʳൕ‫̠̠̫ݛ‬ɹ‫ڃ‬ዛˁ⏋ʁɭɦʁɭɦ఩ჿɌɩ⏋᧨Шᇕɴ‫ؾ‬Υɲ˪ͦͻͲɭɌɩተጓ

15) ˹͐Ͳ̀ɻ⏋̫̠̠ɹൕ‫׋ݛ‬ɹ᧌ዐˁ๖ɹʭȩɴ஠ࡴɌɩȦʳ␩Simmonds 1976: 212␭⏏ʚɑ A ˰̨͌ˁʢɦᩃ
ᅊˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊ዛɹ 2 ҆кȵ‫׬‬ဤᐄഗਸˁკ਄ɌɩዛɲɌ̫̠̠ɭɲʱ⏋ɗɹ 3 ҆к (AAA) ȵଁጓɌ⏋ൕ‫ܩݛ‬‫ݖ‬ˁʁʸɁɛ⏏ɗʶɴ B ˰̨͌ˁʢɦ̫̲͡˹ˏͻ̠ዛȵϯᮊɌɩృɛɲ˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛᒴˁᅊʛՏɌɛ⏏ɗɹ൓୞ɭɌɩ⏋ൕ‫݀ݛ‬ɹ 2 ҆к BB ˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛᒴȵʛɦȴɤɩȦɲȦɄɭˁȡɁɩȦʳ⏏
16) ࡫ཙ␩1981: 112-113␭ɻ⏋̅Ͳ˳ͻ͞ɹѳ೑ɐʳ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲ 35 ‫ڃ‬ዛˁ៨᪼ɌɩȦʳ⏏‫ػ‬ᅒ␩1978␭ɻ̩͇͡
̼͞ऄɹˤͤ͞ȵᏝ 60 ౅‫ڃؿ‬ዛˁ‫ך‬աɌɩȦʳɭ‫ݬ‬ٚɌɩȦʳ⏏
17) Simmonds␩1962␭ɻ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹ٧ዌˁʦʠɩɌʚȩʭȩɴς৓ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɗʶɫɻέѤɫȡʳɭȦȩɹɫ⏋Ʉʶʚɫ Musa paradisiaca ɭ៨ᥔɇʶɩȷɛ˫͡ͻ̺⏃ɍɤɇȦɴɻʁɭɦɹ˪ͦͻͲɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏆ɴᭉࡴɌɩ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹ٧ዌȵᅎȦʰʶʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Stover and Simmonds␩1987␭ɫɻ⏋AAA ᒴɴʢ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹ٧ዌˁᅎȦɩȦʳ⏏

51ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʶɽ⏋‫ڃ‬ዛɹѳԃʦ቉ድɴɻ߂Ȧɴ৲ጓɩʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ᩂភˁɇȿ⏋֟რᇕɴ፬ჿɫȷʳɭȦȩʼȿɫȡʳ⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɲ֪ลȴʰ⏋˗ˤͲ̋‫ܕ‬Ԓɹൕ‫ڃ̠̠̫ݛ‬ዛˁɻɍʠɩкᏙᇕ⏋ᐨᒧᇕɴȡɦȴɤɛ Karamura
␩1999␭ɻ⏋˗ˤͲ̋ˁμਕɭɌɩആˏ̶͠ˡᲞ‫ܩ‬ɴ‫ܔ‬೑ɹ AAA-EA ˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɴՕᰖɇʶʳᏝ 400 ɹȋ‫ڃ‬ዛȍˁࢪᢒɴ⏋޽޴ᩄៗഓɹଝ໬ɫధᩄՕᰖˁ᝔ɤɛ⏏18) ɗɹᐄഗ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴჼ‫ݭ‬ɫьᅎɇʶɩȦʳ‫ڃ౅ܩ‬ዛɭ⏋˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɹȡȦɞɴ⏋ࡸᅎᇕɲ 6 ɦɹʚɭʚʱ
ˁឿȦɞɌ⏋০઴ᇕ০ᣒɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȼՕᰖᝠˁɦȼɤɩȦʳ⏏Karamura␩1999␭ɹ቉ድɹᩂឹɲဣ
ɻ⏋ᦅ຦ɹ‫ڃ౅ܩ‬ዛɴࢪɐʳ຦౏Օᰖɭ⏋ՕഓᇕɴсʱՏɌɛՕᰖɹࢪਝᬠѥˁᓒૅɌɩȦʳɄɭɞʸȩ⏏
ǵ೎ᦏɹଁഗɭɌɩɻ⏋RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) ໬ɭʭɽʶʳଝ໬ɫ⏋
DNA ుႅɹ޽݀ˁᠭʏɩɗɹ޽෵ਸˁཀྵࡴɌ⏋ʚɛԊᦲɹ DNA ుႅȵȡʳȴɲȦȴˁ‫ݜ‬ྈɴɌɩ‫ڃ‬ዛᬚɹ᧨ШᇕሂᬠɹᲞжˁິʠʳ౅໬ˁ⏋̫̠̠␩Pillay M. et al. 2001␭ɭ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘␩Negash et al. 2002␭ɹθ౅ɴ᧟ᅎɐʳɄɭȵ‫خ‬ᔨɭɲɤɛɄɭȵȡʳ⏏̫̠̠ɫɻ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡɹ 31 ‫ڃ‬ዛ⏃AA, AAB ‫ ع‬1 ‫ڃ‬ዛ⏋AB ȵ 2 ‫ڃ‬ዛ⏋AAA ȵ 27 ‫ڃ‬ዛ⏆ȵ⏋Ʉɹ౅໬ɴʭɤɩ
ষա‫خ‬ᔨɫȡɤɛ⏏
2.3ȁఉအ଻͈࡙ܳ
ǵˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȦɩჼ‫ܧ‬ൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶɩȦʳ̫̠̠ʦ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹ‫ڃ‬ዛɴឿʰʶʳ᧨Шᇕ޽෵ਸɻɰɹʭȩɴɌɩᅊɍɛɹɞʸȩȴ⏏Ʉɹ‫ک‬ᰍˁᓒȭʳɴȡɛɤɩ⏋ʈɛɦɹс႒ȵ⏋Ȧɑʶʢ⏋െ᰸кᑢຂɭȦȩ౅໬ɫ‫ވ‬ʦɇʶ⏋᧨Шᇕɲ޴ᅵˁ๖γБɴɗɹʚʚࢅ౫ɴৄȷᐙȽɭȦȩɄɭȵ⏋ᩂឹɲմரɴɲʳ⏏
ǵ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹ‫⏋غݭ‬ᩃᅊᮃ܎ɭൕ‫ڃݛ‬ዛȵ‫ؾ‬ଘᇕɴࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳɛʠ⏋θᓔɹϯᮊɴʭʳ᧨Шᇕϯ༑ȵ޽෵ਸɹ྇ɴɲɤɩȦʳ‫خ‬ᔨਸȵȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋Ϻဤᇕɴ˱Ͳ̜ͦͻ͡ɇʶɛႥ໥ɫ᝔
ʼʶʳെ᰸кᑢຂɹ᧌ዐɫᅊɍɛкᏳᔟዺး޴ᅵʢ⏋ᇍឿɇʶʦɐȦɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏‫ؾ‬ಁɴɗɹʭȩɴɌɩᅊʚʶɛ޽෵ਸˁ‫ڃ‬ዛɹ޴ᅵɭɌɩ‫؜‬ʱᦉ˃ɫᐣ୫ɌɩȦȼЇᏼʛȵ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɴཉȦᬠਕˁࢊɓʳᦅ຦ɹүɴᅎઝɇʶɩȦʳɄɭȵ⏋౩ʰȴɴɲɤɩȦʳ␩ᩂᅒǵ1991;
Shigeta 1990␭⏏
ǵɫɻჼ‫̶͠ˏ⏋ܧ‬ˡɴȲȦɩឿȦɞɇʶʳൕ‫̠̠̫ݛ‬ɹ᧨Шᇕ޴ᅵɻ⏋ɰɄɫɰɹʭȩɴɌɩᅊɍɛɹɞʸȩȴ⏏߂ȷȼՕȿɩ 2 ɦɹ‫خ‬ᔨਸȵᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏
ǵ1 ɦɻ⏋Ш௢ᣱ྇ᠦɫȡʳ⏏ˏ̶͠ˡɴჼࡔɐʳ޴ᅵȵɐʏɩˏ˻ˏȴʰШ௢Ɍɩȷɛɭɐ
ʳឿ౅ɫȡʳ⏏Ӵɴɹʏɛʭȩɴ⏋ൕ‫ݛ‬ඨ႒ɹШ௢ɻ⏋ᬏȦೝᬚɴʼɛɤɩ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲᤂᮐ
18) Ortiz␩1997␭ɻ⏋̠˓˻˙͠ˏɹၖय़ᦅ෌቉ድଘ (IITA) ɴȲȦɩᏙᐏᐣ୫ɇʶɩȦʳ̫̠̠‫ڃ‬ዛᏝ 150 Ꮩᐏ⏋
18 ˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛᒴˁࢪᢒɴ⏋০઴ᇕ০ᣒɹధᩄՕᰖˁ᝔Ȧ⏋ɄʶʚɫɹᏙᐏՕᰖɭ০઴ɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȼՕᰖɹሺሄဣˁ
୭௎ɌɩȦʳ⏏

52ᩂᅒ⏧൓ൕ݀с႒ȴʰʛɛˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɹ႕ᣒ

ɹᬚˁ⏋ঀᩂɴʢᩂɲɤɩେɌࢊɓ⏋ȡʳȦɻৄȷᦐɐ໳ɹʭȩɴɌɩ᝔ʼʶɩȦȼ⏏ɗɹʭȩɲ‫ݖܩ‬ᬚɹϯ༑ɹμɫ‫ݛ‬ʼʶɩȷɛɹȵ⏋ჼ‫̶͠ˏ⏋ܧ‬ˡɴʛʰʶʳ̫̠̠ɹ޴ᅵɫȡʳɭ
ʛʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏γᅠ‫ܩع‬ɹၖय़ɴԊᦲɌɛ޴ᅵȵʛʰʶʳ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹёɻ⏋ɄɹʭȩɲШ௢ɹ‫خ‬ᔨਸˁኍɌɩȦʳ⏏
ǵʢȩ 1 ɦɹᓒȭ౅ɻ⏋Ш௢৿ɹႶጓᣱ྇ᠦɫȡʳ⏏ˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȦɩႶᕶɴჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ޴ᅵȵᅊɍ⏋ൕ‫ڃݛ‬ዛɭɌɩ༎ᅎɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɭɐʳ‫خ‬ᔨਸɫȡʳ⏏AAA-EA ˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɴሂয়ɐʳ޴ᅵȵˏ˻ˏɴɻʚɤɛȼʛȡɛʰɲȦɄɭɻ⏋Ʉʶʰɹ޴ᅵȵആˏ̶͠ˡɹᲞ‫ܩ‬ɫႶጓɴᅊɍɛ‫خ‬ᔨਸȵᲞȦɄɭˁኍ‫ڗ‬ɌɩȦʳ⏏
ǵɌȴɌθᓔɹ‫خ‬ᔨਸɻ⏋கЈᇕɫɲȼ⏋‫ؾ‬ಁɴȲɄɤɩȷɛ‫خ‬ᔨਸɻக᭑ɫȷɲȦ⏏̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹ‫ڃ‬ዛȵˏ˻ˏʭʱʢˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȦɩɻʳȴɴ޽ȼʛȦɞɇʶʳɄɭɲɰɻ⏋ɗɹёɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏Ш௢ɹ՟ೝຍ᭥ɫɻ⏋ˏ˻ˏɴᅊʚʶɛൕ‫̠̠̫ݛ‬ɹ޽෵ɲ˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛᒴȵɗɹʚʚˏ̶͠ˡʍʢɛʰɇʶɛɭʢᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏‫׬‬ဤᐄഗਸɹ 2 ҆кൕ‫ڃݛ‬ዛ (AA, BB) ɲɰȵ⏋ȦʼʪʳӴኘᦐʱɴʭɤɩ⏋ዓਸɹȡʳዛࡎˁɦȿɛ‫خ‬ᔨਸʢ࡭ԃɴ‫ࡴو‬ɐʳɄɭɻɫȷ
ɲȦɞʸȩ⏏ȡʳȦɻ⏋лʰȴɹჿᅓɫᩃᅊዛȵˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜ʍ᧊ɽʶɩȦɛɄɭʢᓒȭʰʶɲȦɞʸȩȴ⏏19) ృɛɲ᧨Шᇕᏼ‫غ‬ɓȵᅊɍ⏋ɗɹ҅кȵൕ‫ڃݛ‬ዛɭɌɩ஛ᅎɇʶʳɴɻ⏋޽ȼɹұးɭ⏋ɗʶˁ‫؝‬ȿԂʶʳ̯̜ɭඨ႒ɹᦏɌȦᬠѥȵɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏
ǵʢɻʦ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲ೼Иˁʛɛɐ̯̜ɭ̫̠̠ɹࢌஞɲᬠѥȵჼ‫ܧ‬ɹˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȦɩᎎ‫׬‬ɴʛɦȴʳɭɻਲ਼ȭɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹ‫ڃ‬ዛ޽෵ਸɹօՏϟёȴʰᰖ஠ɐʳɭ⏋ʢɌȡʳɭɐʶɽ⏋ჼ‫̠̠̫ܧ‬ൕ‫ݛ‬ȵᇵ˃ɫᅊ៟ᐁཕΫɹћࡔ঎ȵᲞȦɭɄʸʭʱʢʞɌʸ⏋᧨ࡔᇕɲൕ‫ݛ‬ៀฐɫȡɤɩʢᬏೝᬚɴʼɛɤɩ޽‫ڃ‬ዛˁᐣ୫Ɍɩȷɛʭȩɲ‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȦɩɫɻɲȦɞʸȩȴ⏏Ȧɑʶɴɓʭ⏋Ё৿Ʉɹʭȩɲែဣɫ̫̠̠ɹ˛˽̨̢̓̊ͻ቉ድȵ᝔ʼʶʳɄɭȵ৔ȼ৺ɛʶʳ⏏
2.4ȁ෠ުအ৆͈་‫ا‬ǵɫɻ⏋ˏ˻ˏȴʰʢɛʰɇʶɛ̫̠̠ɻˏ̶͠ˡɹᦅ෌ɴɰɹʭȩɲ৯ᯱˁήȭɛɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ჼ‫̶͠ˏ⏋ܧ‬ˡɫ̫̠̠ˁςᰩᇕɴգᅎɐʳϺʃɭɻ 4,000 ΨϺГΫɭȦʼʶ⏋ɗɹћࡔ঎ɻ൓ൕ݀с႒ɹμɫɻ೎ʢ߂ȷȦ⏏
ǵˏ˻ˏȴʰˏ̶͠ˡʍ̫̠̠ȵШȭʰʶɛɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɹၖय़ക‫ܩ‬य़ɹᦅ෌ɴ߂
ȷɲ޴‫׋‬ȵȲɄɤɛɭɐʳ͇ͻ̝̒˪ɹᠦ␩Murdock 1959␭ˁఌ୫ɐʳ቉ድᓔɻ޽Ȧ␩Harlan
1993; Phillipson 1985; Vansina 1990␭⏏ɗɹմரɭɌɩ⏋̫̠̠ȵ⏋Јɹс႒ɭປɌɩൕ‫ݛ‬ȵࢅ౫ɫ‫ؚ‬ᩄɹᲞȦс႒ɭɌɩಔ‫ؖ‬Ɍɛɭ઎ࡴɇʶɩȦʳ⏏๴‫ر‬ᇕɴɻ⏋Ꮫӯմ 1000 ॷȴʰ 5 γ19) ɍɤɇȦɴ˭̢ˏ࣢ɹആᵴɹᅘ͍͡ͻɹ॑‫ݭ‬ɫፆᓔȵᣘԂɌɛ̫̠̠ɹഗࡸɴέዓዛࡎɭɻ౩ʰȴɴᅵɲʳᶌᖬɹ‫ܔ‬ȦዛࡎȵʃɤɌʱɭԂɤɩȦɛɄɭȵȡʳ⏏

53ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬Ꮫ᯴ʚɫɹȡȦɞɴ⏋ɗɹ࣎з‫ݖ‬ˁਸ਼࿠ɴୟ߂Ɍɛ̫Ͳ̓ͻᏙᦅᓚ຦ȵ⏋ɗɹ̫̠̠ɭ⏋ᦅԍɭɌɩɹᩮ۬ˁଝɴɌɛɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡμ߈ᨆɹၖय़ᮒകȵਸ਼ᦵɴᬖ‫ޕ‬ɇʶɩȦɤɛɭɇʶʳ⏏ᓒ‫࡝إ‬ᇕɲ៷୞ɻʛɦȴɤɩȦɲȦȵ⏋ɗɹ᭬ɴ⏋ɗʶʚɫգᅎɇʶɩȦɛˏ̶͠ˡᣱ྇ɹ͓͌ȵ̫̠̠⏃Ʉɹ‫غݭ‬ɻ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲ⏆ɴᒞȷȴʼɤɛɭᓒȭʰʶɩȷɛ⏏20)ǵՕɁɦɌɛُᗂˁውඨɐʳɞȿɹ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹൕ‫౅ݛ‬໬ɻɛɌȴɴᎎѤɫ⏋޽ȼɹ‫⏋غݭ‬္ᅣɹ՟ॷ঎ɹс႒ɭɌɩൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶʳ⏏ᩮ۬ɹࢷԂɴʭɤɩ߂݀ɹปೠˁФ஛ɐʳɄɭȵࢅ౫ɴɲʱ⏋Υ๖കˁᬖ‫ޕ‬Ɍɛ္ᅣɴȲȿʳ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹൕ‫ݛ‬ʢᇵ˃ɴɲɤɛɭȦȩʼȿɫȡʳ⏏
ǵΥ๖കˁᬖȦɛ္ᅣɹ՟ॷ঎ɴ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲˁཌྷсɹ෯ଁс႒ɭɌɩൕඨɐʳᦅ෌෵িɻ⏋˱Ͳ˳⏃ౙ˸˓ͻ͡⏆ʦˡ͍͡ͻͲɲɰˏ̶͠ˡμ߈ᨆɹၖय़ᮒകɴ࣎зɐʳ̫Ͳ̓ͻᏙᦅᓚ຦ɹȡȦɞɴჼ‫ܧ‬ʢʁʸȼឿʰʶʳ⏏2⑯3 ॷɫ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɻȡʚʱգᅎɇʶɲȼɲʱ္ᅣ
ɻఔඉɇʶʳȵ⏋ɗɹ৿ʢ‫ؚ‬ዲ‫خ‬ᔨɲ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲȵ๿ɤɩȦɩ⏋ɗʶˁգᅎɐʳɄɭȵȡʳ21)ɭȦȩ␩࡫ཙǵ1981: 136␭⏏

ǵ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹШ௢ȵ̫Ͳ̓ͻᏙᦅᓚ຦ɹୟ߂ɹಁೝɭᩂɲɤɩȦʳɭɻȦȩʢɹɹ⏋ɗɹ
ೝᬚɻ 1,000 ॷᬚГΫɴȲʭʉᬏȦȡȦɞɹՏഀϟɫȡʳ⏏ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹၖय़ᮒകय़ɹᕶᐌᇕᦅ෌ɴ
ɭɤɩ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɻέ‫خ‬๕ɹឹᏬɫȡʳȵ⏋15 γᏛГᭇɴШ௢Ɍɛ˥͑̒˵̫⏃̢͇ˠ˪⏆ʢ‫ؾ‬ዐ঎ɹ⏋ȡʳȦɻɗʶГΫɹᩂឹਸˁკ਄ɌɩȦʳ⏏ˏ̶͠ˡɹϺ‫֓ވؤ‬ɴʛȡȩᰩషɹ‫ވ‬ᅋˁ᝔ȩȩȭɫ⏋ʚɑ೎՟ɴ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲ⏋ɗɌɩ˥͑̒˵̫⏋೎ᦏɫɻ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɭȦȩ᯶ɴ޺ഀс႒ȵᩂឹɲ৲ւˁഗɛɌɩȷɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵၖय़ᮒകय़ɴȲȿʳ՟ೝɹᦅ෌ɫɻ⏋ൕ‫ݛ‬ඨ႒ɭɭʢɴɇʚɊʚɲᩃᅊඨ႒ʦ‫ץ‬ൕ‫ݛ‬ᇕɲຍ᭥ɴȡʳඨ႒ȵգᅎɇʶɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹɲȴɹΥឹᏬɭɌɩ⏋޺ഀɹс႒ȵ਀Ǿɴ᠅ɇʶ⏋‫؝‬ࢅɇʶɩȦɤɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ɌȴɌ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲȵࢷԂɇʶɛɄɭȵ⏋ɛɞɠɴˏ̶͠ˡɹၖय़ᮒകय़ɹਸ਼ᦵɲᬖ‫ޕ‬ɴʞɐʃɦȦɛɭȦȩʭȩɲ‫܍‬ഗᬠѥᇕɲឿ౅ɴɻ⏋໶ઝȵਖឹɞʸȩ⏏
ǵʢȩʁɭɦɹ̫̠̠ൕ‫ݖܩݛ‬ɫȡʳ̲˪̜͠ˏྲྀٞᦇɹ߂ྲྀ‫౅ܩ‬ɫɻ⏋AAA-EA ˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛᒴȵᮃμᇕɴൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹ̫̠̠ɻ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɭ‫ؾ‬ɍʭȩɴࢃ࣒ˁ‫؜‬ʱܑʞʭȩɴᨗᒞɇʶɛ।ᅣɴൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏ͦ̄͡␩Rossel 1994-95␭ɻ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡᲞ‫ܩ‬ᨆɹᡉ຦౏ɴȲȿʳ̫̠̠ɹΥᖔ‫ؿ‬ዌˁଝȵȴʱɴ⏋AAA-EA ‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɹШ௢ᐁᤉɭಁೝˁ஠ࡴɌʭ
ȩɭ᠅ʛɩȦʳȵ⏋έ౩ɹဣȵ޽ȼ⏋ᐄᠶɻࢷȷՏɓɲȦɭɌɩȦʳ⏏

20) Ʉɹʭȩɲ‫ݖܩ‬ɫൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶʳ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɻ AAB ˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɴࣚɌɩȦʳ⏏ʹˎͲ˹̠ɻ⏋̫̠̠ɹ٧ዌɹ
Օഓȴʰ⏋AAB ˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɹ 2 ɦȵ AAA ᒴȵʢɛʰɇʶʳʭʱʢӴɴ⏋̠˓͡༑‫ݖ‬ˁᐁɩ‫౅׌‬ȴʰ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡμ߈ᨆɹၖय़ᮒകय़ʍ᯶๖ʢɛʰɇʶɛɭᓒȭɩȦʳ␩Vansina 1990: 61-65␭⏏໶10) ؒ၇⏏
21) ‫␩౅܋‬2002␭ʢˡ͍͡ͻͲആ‫׫‬ᨆၖय़ക‫ܩ‬य़ɹ္ᅣɴɦȦɩ‫ؾ‬෵ɹ‫ݬ‬ٚˁɌɩȦʳ⏏

54ᩂᅒ⏧൓ൕ݀с႒ȴʰʛɛˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɹ႕ᣒ

ǵȦɑʶɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȦɩʢ⏋ɗɹȋ̫̠̠Гմȍɹᦅ෌ˁሾʳଝȵȴʱɻᓒ‫࡝إ‬ᇕɴʢԃȼሾʰʶɩȦɲȦ⏏Ё৿ɹ˛˽̨̢̓̊ͻ቉ድ⏋႕ɴ຦౏ᓒ‫إ‬ඨ႒࡝ᇕ቉ድɹᦽࣙȵೝ৺ɇʶʳɭɄʸɫȡʳ⏏

3ȅΨ΢΢͂΀ϋΓȜΞ͈๤‫ྦྷڛ‬௼૒໤‫ڠ‬ǵɄɹጟɫɻˏ̶͠ˡ‫ܔ‬೑ɹс႒˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɭ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɴШ௢Ɍɛ̫̠̠ɹ⏋຦౏ඨ႒࡝ᇕ
ɲ႕ਸɹປᥒˁ᝔Ȧɲȵʰ⏋Ё৿ɹ቉ድᠩᰍɴɦȦɩࣙ೚ɐʳ⏏̫̠̠ȵγᅠɹၖय़ɴʁʸȵʱˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳ൓ൕᦅ෌ɹᩂឹɲឹᏬɭɲɤɛɹɴࢪɌ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɻ˫ͦͻ̫͡ɲс႒
ɭɌɩγᅠɴʁʸʚʰɲȴɤɛɹɻɲɕȴ⏋ɗɹჿᅓɴɦȦɩʢᓒ࢘ɐʳ⏏
3.1ȁऩ෽Ȇ࿤୆ਬ౬͈໦ື࡙͂ܳ౷͈අಭ
ǵൕ‫̠̠̫ݛ‬ȵ⏋ᬖᖽᐄࡸɐʳɹɴᅊᔒೝᬚԒɴϗ࡚ɻਖឹɲȦɭɇʶʳ⏏ʞɌʸ⏋೐ᬚᭇອᩄȵ 100 mm ˁά‫܌‬ʳ೐ȵ 2 ˡ೐ГΫȡʳʭȩɲຩҌ೼Иɫɻൕ‫ݛ‬ɫȷɲȦ⏏ൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶʳ‫ݖܩ‬ɻෙɷ⏋‫׌‬ᑅ‫׫‬ᑅ 30 ঎ГԒ⏋ԫ࡚ɹ೎жຩཧȵ 15.5˚C ГΫ⏋ॷᬚᭇອᩄȵ 1,270 mm ГΫɹ೼ИɹɭɄʸɴȡʱ⏋Პཧɫྂ࿅ɲຩҌɴ᧟ɌɩȦʳ␩߂ആǵ2000␭⏏22)ǵɄʶɴࢪɌɩ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɻ⏋̫̠̠ʭʱʢᲞ঎ɹᲞȦԳ༳ɲɭɄʸɴൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ᅊჿᅊ઴࡝ᇕɲࡸᱻ቉ድɻ᝔ʼʶɩȦɲȦȵ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹൕ‫ݖܩݛ‬ȴʰ஠ࡴɐʳɭ⏋ቁೝᇕɲᓘ౞ਸ
ɻȡʳʢɹɹᮒɹࢹɲȦ౩ተɲϗ࡚ȵ 2 ⑯ 3 ˡ೐ГΫȡʳ‫ݖܩ‬ɴɻൕ‫ݛ‬ɫȷɲȦʭȩɫȡʳ⏏
ᓘ࢑ਸɻᲞȼ⏋ᮨȵȲʱʳʭȩɲᲞ‫ܩ‬ɴʢൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏
ǵൕ‫̘ͻ́Ͳ˛ݛ‬ɭᩃᅊᮃ܎ɹՕ॒‫ݖ‬ɻ⏋˛̍ˠ̴ˏ‫ܕ‬Ԓɫɻʓʖ‫ؾ‬ଘᇕɫȡʳ⏏ᩃᅊᮃ܎ɹ
ʓȩȵʭʱжȦᲞ঎‫ݖ‬ɫʢతឿɇʶʳ⏏˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɻ౩ʰȴɴ̫̠̠ɴປʏɩᲞ঎ɹᲞȦ‫ݖܩ‬ɴʢൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶɩȲʱ⏋˛̍ˠ̴ˏɫɻฌᲞ 3,000 m մ৿ɴ᧒ɐʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ж‫ܩ‬ɫɻ 800 m ዐ঎ȵൕ‫ݛ‬ɹάᭉɭɲɤɩȲʱ⏋˛̍ˠ̴ˏᲞ‫ܩ‬ȴʰ޺ʍɹШ௢ȵɻɽʚʶɛឹ‫܍‬ɹ 1 ɦɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏
ǵ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹᩃᅊᮃ܎ɻ⏋˛̍ˠ̴ˏɞȿɫɲȼ⏋ആᨆ⏋μᨆ⏋‫׫‬ᨆˏ̶͠ˡɹฌᲞ 2,000m ГΫɹᲞ࣢य़ɴឿȦɞɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ປᥒᇕ೎ᦏʚɫ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹᘽʦ⏋ዛࡎ⏋ᑥᐣɲɰȵգᅎɇʶɩȦɛɭȦȩ‫ݬ‬ٚȵȡʳȵ⏋ᰩᅎɭɌɩൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶɩȦɛɭȦȩ៨᪼ɻȦʚɹɭɄʸɲȦ⏏23) Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹ̝͍˽̘ˑ˭ͻ˹͚Ͳɻ⏋ី‫׫‬ᨆ˛̍ˠ̴ˏɴȲȦɩჼ‫ܧ‬ɹႥ઴ʚɫᦽ᝔Ɍɛɭᓒȭʳɹȵ߹য়ɫȡʸȩ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋˪͞ͻ˪␩Clark 1988␭ɻ⏋ȴɦɩ⏋22) ˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȦɩ⏋̫̠̠ɴ๖Ȧɫᩂឹɲ൓ൕ݀с႒ɹ͓͌ɻ⏋ϗ࡚ȵ 2 ˡ೐ГΫᐚȦɩʢᅊᔒɫȷʳ⏏ᅊᔒ೎᧟ຩཧɻ 28⑯30˚C ɫ⏋ϗၥɭᲞཧɴ৔Ȧс႒ɫȡʳ⏏޷с႒ɹ˓̦ɻ⏋޷ɹዩ፤ཧ঎ɫᲞ঎Օ॒ɹΫᭉȵȷʚʳȵ⏋̫̠̠ɻԫɹ࢑ɇɫȷʚʳ⏏ɞȴʰ‫ؾ‬ɍ‫ݖܩ‬ɫ⏋˓̦ʭʱʢ̫̠̠ɹʓȩȵᲞȦᲞ঎‫ݖ‬ɴՕ॒ɌɩȦʳɭȦȩɄɭȵȲɄʱȩʳ␩μ࣊ʓȴǵ1976␭
⏏
23) Rossel␩1994-95: 144␭ɻ⏋ᩃᅊ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹᰩᅎɭɌɩɹգᅎȵ⏋ី‫׫‬ᨆ˛̍ˠ̴ˏ⏋ី˭̢ˏ⏋‫׌‬ആᨆ˱Ͳ˳
⏃ౙ˸˓ͻ͡⏆ɫ‫ݬ‬ٚɇʶɩȦʳɭೆȦɩȦʳȵ⏋ՏԎˁ౩ʰȴɴɌɩȦɲȦ⏏

55ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ນ!1ȁΨ΢΢͂΀ϋΓȜΞ͈๤‫ڛ‬ᣱ྇ൕ‫ݛ‬ඨ႒ɭɌɩɹ஠ࡴଁጓ
ಁೝ
Օ॒
Პ঎
҆ధਸ
˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛᒴ‫ڃ‬ዛᒴ‫ڃ౅ܩ‬ዛ
ᅊ઴Օ॒೼И
գᅎᨆе⏃ᰩᅎ⏆գᅎ౅໬ඨ႒кɹգᅎ⏃ᰩᅎГ޺⏆ᇍᨥᰩ‫ڃ‬
‫ڃڧ‬ਸ
ᦅ෌֝ӈ
ဌྰ
ൕ‫ݛ‬፬ჿ
ᆖࢀᛚ
ᅊᅋᩄ
ᔋష
‫ؚ‬ዲ
‫ؚ‬ᩄ
ᑢຂ౅໬
޽෵ਸɹᣱ྇
༑ᦲɭ‫ڃڧ‬ᐁཕൕ‫ݛ‬෵ি͹‫ݭ‬ଘә኎ᇕᅎ᦭቉ድ‫ࢃܕ‬ᇕɲᬠਕ
ԇᇕลᬠɴʭʳ᧨Шᣂ྇ɹѳᡸ̫̠̠ആ‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬BC 3000⏱˛Ͳ́ͻ̘˛̍ˠ̴ˏ‫׫‬ᨆᲞ‫ܩ‬BC 1500⑯AD 500⏱

γᅠɹྂ࿅ၖय़
⑯1,200 m
2⏋3⏋4 ҆кˏ̶͠ˡɴࢹɲȼɭʢ 5 ᒴ‫ڧ‬෌‫ڃ‬ዛɲɰɭࢪਝɌɩ޽ధሾʰʶɩȦʳ޽ధ
ᭇອᩄ 100 mm Гάɹ೐ȵ 2 ˡ೐Гά⏋೎жຩཧ 15.5 ˚C ГΫ
ഗࡸ
ᅊᰩ⏋ᠭჿ
ᇵ˃⏃ᘽ⏆
ȡʳ
ᲞȦ
ᮃᏝ঎ɹᲞȦ‫غݭ‬ʢȡʳ
գᅎɇʶʳ
ᎎ‫׬‬
޽Ȧ
ॷᬚ 9,000 Ψ̜Ͳዩෑᇕɴգᅎɇʶʳ˛̍ˠ̴ˏ‫׫‬ᨆᲞ‫ܩ‬ɴᭉࡴ
800⑯3,000 m
2 ҆кɹʛ
ሾʰʶɩȦɲȦ႕ɴሾʰʶɩȦɲȦᦲॷ‫خ‬ᔨɞȵ࡚፲ਸȡʱ
28⑯68 t/haُᗂˁൎՕȿɐʳዛࡎɻɫȷɲȦкᏳᔟዺး޴ᅵ
‫ݖ‬Ԓ༑ᦲȵᇵ˃⏋ᥥՏс႒࣒ఫᅣ⏃ཌྷс⏆̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚Ͳ⏃‫׬‬с⏆˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɭᰖаɹә኎ɴඨ႒кȵᅎȦʰʶʳ޽ధ߂ȷȦ᝔ʼʶɩȦʳ޽ధᓘ࢑ਸ⏋ᓘ౞ਸɴӦʶʳ‫ݳ‬ᗡ⏋ҳᗡ֓ूᠭჿ⏋ᅊᰩɻɌɲȦᯃ।ɴᇵ˃⏃ᘽ⏋ᑥᐣ⏆ȡʳ⏃߂‫⏆ץ‬
жȦ
ᮃᏝ঎жȦ
ɲɌ
ᎎ‫׬‬
ࢹɲȦ
ॷᬚ 200 Ψ̜ͲГΫ‫࡝׋‬ᔋషɻգᅎɇʶɲȦႌᏎ⏋ȡʳȦɻံేᔋᦲॷ
5 ⑯57 t/haϺဤᇕɴ᠛ࢷɌɛέࡴᗂˁውඨɐ
ʳ⏏ዛࡎᑢຂȵ‫خ‬ᔨϯᮊɭкᏳᔟዺး޴ᅵ
ᕶᐌᇕɫ༑ᦲɻႷȦ፴ܑɴᭉʰʶɩȷɛ࣒ఫᅣ⏃ཌྷс⏆ә኎⏋ᚫᅎɴዛࡎȵգᅎɇʶʳ೎ᦏʚɫʓɭ˃ɰɲȴɤɛ೎ᦏɴɲɤɩʭȩʦȼ᠗ሾ᝔ʼʶɩɄɲȴɤɛആˏ̶͠ˡɹᲞ‫ܩ‬ɴȲȦɩ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ȵ஛ᮃɇʶᰩᅎɴɲɤɩȦɛɭȦȩЕᠦˁࣙᬖɌɩȦʳ⏏
ǵӴᦚɌɛʭȩɴ⏋͞Ͳ˰ʰ␩Langhe et al. 1994-95␭ɻ⏋˪͞ͻ˪ɹᠦɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɩ⏋Ʉɹᩃᅊ56

ᩂᅒ⏧൓ൕ݀с႒ȴʰʛɛˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɹ႕ᣒ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘գᅎ‫ݖܩ‬ˁᰧʃቄΫɴɛɰɤɩ⏋ൕ‫̘Ͳ̺͞⏃̠̠̫ݛ‬ˑͲ⏆ȵˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜ԒᨆʍШ௢ɌɛɭᓒȭɩȦʳ⏏ᅊ઴ᄩ‫ޅ‬೼Иȴʰʛɩ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ȵɐɫɴᅊᔒɌɩȦɛ‫ݭ‬ଘɻ̫̠̠ȵࢷԂɇʶʳɴɻʈɇʼɌȦ‫ݭ‬ଘɞɤɛɭʛɲɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶʰɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɻ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɻ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹൕ‫ݛ‬գᅎɻ᝔ʼʶɩȲʰɑ⏋̫̠̠ɹൕ‫ݖܩݛ‬ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏
ǵჼ‫̘ͻ́Ͳ˛⏋ܧ‬ȵςᰩɭɲɤɩȦʳ˛̍ˠ̴ˏ‫ܩع‬ɴʢ̫̠̠ɻൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏‫إ‬Ȧ݀ɹ̫̠̠ɴɦȦɩɻʭȼʼȴɤɩȦɲȦȵ⏋ჼ‫⏋ܧ‬ʭȼൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶɩȦʳ‫ڃ‬ዛɻȦɑʶʢᦏॷࢷ
Ԃɇʶɛ AAA ˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɴࣚɐʳᅊᰩᅎɹʢɹɫȡʳ⏏˛̍ˠ̴ˏី‫׫‬ᨆᲞ‫ܩ‬ɴȲȦɩ‫ܧ‬24)ഀɹ̫̠̠‫ڃ‬ዛɹ౛ਸ਼ɲᠭീȵ৺ɛʶʳ⏏

3.2ȁ౷༷຦ਅ͈ఉအ଻
ǵൕ‫̘ͻ́Ͳ˛ݛ‬ɹ‫ڃ‬ዛɹ޽෵ਸɻᲞȼ⏋޺៎ȴʰষա‫خ‬ᔨɲ০઴ᇕ০ᣒɴʭɤɩ‫ך‬աɇʶՕᰖɇʶʳ‫ڃ౅ܩ‬ዛȵ޽ధࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳ⏏̫̠̠ɴປʏɩ⏋˪ͦͻͲաɴɗɹ᧨Шᇕɲ‫ؾ‬Υਸˁ఩ჿɐʳʭȩɲᠭീ቉ድɻʚɞመଝɇʶɛɽȴʱɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗɹ‫ڃ౅ܩ‬ዛధɻ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ȵൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶʳ˛̍ˠ̴ˏី‫׫‬ᨆԃкɫ⏋ࢹɲȼɭʢ 100 ГΫ⏋޽ȿʶɽ 200 ᦏȦɭ઎ࡴɇʶʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲ⏋‫ڃ‬ዛɹ޽෵ਸɻ⏋120 ɭʢ‫ݬ‬ٚɇʶɩȦʳ˗ˤͲ̋‫ܕ‬Ԓɹ AAA-EA ˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛԒɴʛʰʶʳ‫ڃ౅ܩ‬ዛɹధɴ‫י‬పɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏25) Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋౅‫( ؿ‬vernacular name) ɫ‫ך‬աɇʶʳ̫̠̠ɹ‫ڃ౅ܩ‬ዛȵ೴ᘺɲɰປᥒᇕᭉʰʶɛ‫ݖܩ‬Ԓɫ޽ధࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳჼᢒɻ⏋˗ˤͲ̋ɹϟё
␩Davies 1994␭ɴȲȦɩʭȼሾʰʶɩȦʳȵ⏋ɗɹჿᅓɴɦȦɩɻɄʶʚɫʓɭ˃ɰද២ɇʶ
ɛɄɭɻɲȦ⏏
ǵȡʳ‫ܩ‬ჿᇕ፴ܑԒɴʛʰʶʳ‫ڃ‬ዛɹ޽෵ਸȵ⏋ɗɹс႒ȵൕ‫׋ݛ‬ɇʶɩȴʰɹಁᬚɴປёɐʳɭЕࡴɐʳɭ⏋ˏ˻ˏɴȲȦɩʢ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɭ‫ؾ‬෵ɹ⏋ȡʳȦɻɗʶГΫɹ‫ڃ‬ዛ޽෵ਸȵឿȦɞɇʶɩʢέਲ਼ᡴɻɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɻʢɠʸ˃⏋̫̠̠ʢ޽‫ڃ‬ዛɹϟёȵ‫ݬ‬ٚɇʶɩȦʳɹɻɄʶʚɫɹɭɄʸˏ̶͠ˡɴ޽ȼ⏋ႷȦ‫ݖܩ‬ԒɴᮃμɌɩൕ‫ݛ‬ȵ᝔ʼʶɩȦʳɭɄʸɴᭉʰʶɩȦʳ␩ᩂᅒǵ1988; Davies 1994␭⏏
ǵ‫ڃ‬ዛɹ޽෵ਸˁʠȽʳ‫ک‬ᰍɴɦȦɩɻ⏋Ё৿⏋ᅊ‫࡝׋‬ᇕɲଝ໬ɫ˪ͦͻͲɹ‫ࡴؾ‬ȵɐɐʠɽ⏋౅‫ڃؿ‬ዛɴᬠɌɩ‫ڃؾ‬ዛᅵ‫ؿ‬ɭᅵ‫ڃ‬ዛ‫ؿؾ‬ɹϟёȵ౩ʰȴɴɲɤɩȦȼɄɭȵೝ৺ɇʶʳ⏏˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɭ̫̠̠ɭʢɴࢸɇɲγय़ˁ‫׬‬еɭɌɩ⏋ɗɹൕ‫⏋ݛ‬ᐣ୫ɐʳᮃ܎Ԓɴ⏋ʭʱ޽ȼɹ޴ᅵȵᮃᏝɇʶ⏋ᲞȦ޽෵ਸȵʛʰʶʳɭȦȩ‫ݬ‬ٚȵȡʳ␩ᩂᅒǵ1988; Davies 1994␭⏏
ɗɹ‫⏋غݭ‬Ȳɗʰȼ⏋౅‫ڃؿ‬ዛɻ᧨Шᇕ‫ࡴؾ‬ȴʰʛɩ᧌րɴՕᰖɇʶɩȦʳɄɭȵϜ઎ɇʶ24) Shamebo␩1998␭ȵ⏋˛̍ˠ̴ˏ‫׫‬ᨆिɹ̫̠̠ൕ‫ݛ‬ɴɦȦɩᎎ‫׬‬ɴෙ៎Ɍɛȩȭɫ⏋቉ድɹਖឹਸˁ៲ȭɩȦʳ⏏
25) ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɻ⏋യᖬкɹ‫ݜ‬ೣధȵ̫̠̠ɭᅵɲʱ⏋ᕶးႥ઴ɫ̫̠̠ɭϯᮊɐʳɄɭɻέ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳ⏏θᓔɹ᧨Шᇕϯ༑ɻɲȦ⏏˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɻ⏋Musa ࣚɹൕ‫̠̠̫ݛ‬ɴɹʛᇍ᧒Ɍ⏋ȦʚɹɭɄʸ 2 ҆кɌȴࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌɲȦൕ‫ݛ‬ɹ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɴɻ⏋˰̨͌෯ଁΫɹ޽෵ਸɻ‫ݬ‬ٚɇʶɩȦɲȦ⏏

57ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋຦ѯՕᰖɴʭʳ౅‫ڃؿ‬ዛɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ˁ⏋ȋዀ࡝ᇕȍɲ౅໬ɫᙇʳɄɭȵȡɤɩɻɲʰɲȦɞʸȩ⏏
3.3ȁ૙ဥ၌ဥ໐պ͂૙ဥո‫͈ٸ‬૒໤ఘ၌ဥ
ǵ̫̠̠ɭ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹգᅎᨆеɻᰩᅎɭɌɩɻԃȼᅵɲʳ⏏˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɻҳᗡɹ‫ݜ‬ᨆɴᙢȭʰʶɛɫ˃ʋ˃ɭ‫ݳ‬ᗡˁգᅎɐʳ⏏̫̠̠ɻഗࡸˁգᅎɐʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ᦏᑉɹс႒ɭɌɩ০઴
ᇕɲԊᦲဣɻ޽Ȧ⏏̫̠̠ȵˏ˻ˏȴʰШʼɤɩȷɛɭȷ⏋ɐɫɴ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁሾɤɩȦɛϺɛɠɻ⏋̫̠̠ˁɰɹʭȩɲຩ୫ɠɫ‫؝‬ȿԂʶɛɹȴ⏋ሾʳᅓʢɲȦȵ⏋ࠒ০ɹаɛс႒ɭɌɩᎎ‫׬‬ɴ‫؝‬ȿԂʶʰʶ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɭཌྷඨɇʶɛ‫خ‬ᔨਸɻᲞȦɞʸȩ⏏
ǵ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹഗࡸɻ⏋2 ҆кɲɹɫ‫؝‬Ꭼɇȭɐʶɽዓਸɹȡʳዛࡎˁɦȿʳ⏏ɗɹᶌȼɩ቙
Ȧዛࡎɻ⏋̦̒˪ͤ˽ɹೳషʦ⏋ᚫᅎɭɌɩʢգᅎɇʶɩȷɛ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋̫̠̠ɹഗࡸȵዛံɌɫᰩᅎɴɲʳɭຩɧȼɹɴɗȩ‫ܐ‬ᮑɻɲȦɭϜ઎ɇʶʳ⏏
ǵͦ̄͡␩Rosselǵ1994-95: 134␭ɻ⏋ൕ‫ݛ‬ඨ႒ɭɌɩɹ̫̠̠ɹգᅎɻ⏋ʞɌʸᰩᅎГ޺ɹգᅎ⏋ɛɭȭɽ⏋ҳᗡɹᑥᐣʦᘽɹգᅎȴʰɻɍʚɤɛɹɫɻɲȦȴɭ઎ࡴɌɩȦʳ⏏˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɴȲȦɩʢ⏋ՖʰɲȦɫᬏȦʚʚɹҳᗡȴʰɫ˃ʋ˃ˁȴȷɭʳ౅໬ɻ⏋ɫ˃ʋ˃ɹ‫ؚ‬ዲɭ‫ؾ‬ಁɴ⏋ᬏȦᑥᐣˁӂɦȿɑɴ஛ᮃɐʳɄɭˁઝ‫ܒ‬ɌɩȦʳ⏏̝͍˽̘ˑ˭ͻ˹͚Ͳɹ՟
ೝຍ᭥ɫɻ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ʢ̫̠̠‫ؾ‬෵ɴᑥᐣс႒ɭɌɩգᅎȵɻɍʠʰʶɛɭ஠ࡴɫȷʳ⏏˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹᘽɻΩ߅ɫ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɫʢ‫׃‬ខʦᠭჿɲɰɇʚɊʚɲᅎ᦭ɴᇵ˃ɴգᅎɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɹΥᨆɫɻ⏋̫̠̠ɹ‫ݳ‬ᗡʦҳᗡˁᰪ᱌ɹ᭬ɴᰩᅎɭɐʳёȵ‫ݬ‬ٚɇʶɩȦʳ⏏
Ʉʶʢ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹգᅎ౅໬ȴʰɹᰖ஠ɭᓒȭʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏
ǵˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳ̫̠̠ɹᰩᅎГ޺ɹգᅎ౅໬ɴᬠɌɩ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁؒ၇Ɍɲȵʰԗද២ɐʳо‫ܩ‬ȵ๿ɇʶɩȦʳɞʸȩ⏏
3.4ȁͺές΃̤̫ͥͅอࣖ૙຦
ǵ̫̠̠ɹɲȴɫʢᅊᰩɇʶʳ˽˓ͻ̜͹̫̠̠⏃̚˸ͻ̜͹̫̠̠⏆ɹᕶᐌᇕᰩషɭɌɩɹ
ᢨ჉঎ɻᐏ៟ɴȡʰʼʶɴȼȦ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᅊᰩɐʳ̫̠̠ɻ⏋ᩂᩄȡɛʱ˛̦͡˧ͻɴழ፤Ɍɩ
ዤᰖɹ 5 Օɹ 1 Гάɹ˛̦͡˧ͻɌȴɲȦ␩FAO 1989␭⏏ᕶᐌс႒ɭɌɩെ᰸ˁʚȴɲȩɴɻ⏋ɫ˃ʋ˃с႒ɭɌɩ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲ݀ɹᠭჿ̫̠̠ˁգᅎɐʳʓȩȵ֟რᇕɲɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹɫ˃ʋ˃ɻ⏋ቑቊɇʶ‫ܩ‬άɹᢱᚁዴɴѳࡔɌɩ⏋ᇍᨥˁᐁɛȩȭɫᠭჿɇʶ
ᰩᅎɴɲʳ⏏‫ݳ‬ᗡᨆՕɻɗɹʚʚᙜɌɩᠭჿɐʳɄɭʢ޽Ȧȵ⏋ҳᗡᨆՕɹɫ˃ʋ˃ɻਖɑᇍ
ᨥɇɓɩգᅎɐʳ⏏˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹᇍᨥɫ˃ʋ˃ɴɻϖᨧᇍᨥႶ႕ɹᰟ٢ɭ᱗ʱȵȡʱ⏋߫ȷ࠶ȦɹՕȴʶʳɭɄʸɫȡʳ⏏˛̍ˠ̴ˏ‫ܕ‬Ԓɫʢ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ൕ‫ݖܩݛ‬Г޺ɫɻ⏋‫߫ې‬ˁჿᅓɴ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁᰩɇɲȦϺɴɫȡȩɄɭʢხɌȼɲȦ⏏˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ȵ⏋ঃȼЈ‫ݖܩ‬ɴಔ‫ؖ‬ɌɲȴɤɛჿᅓɹʁɭɦɭɌɩ⏋ɄɹႶ႕ɹ٢ˁȡɁʳɄɭɻɫȷʳɞʸȩ⏏
ǵΥ౅⏋൓ൕ݀с႒ɭɌɩషჿɇʶʳ̫̠̠ɻ⏋ሁஞ၊ʳ⏋ᙜɐ⏋္ȼɲɰɭȦɤɛషჿ໬ɹ
58ᩂᅒ⏧൓ൕ݀с႒ȴʰʛɛˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɹ႕ᣒ

Јɴ⏋ᇍᨥɹ᧌ዐˁᐁʳ 2 ɦɹᰩ‫ڃ‬ȵሾʰʶɩȦʳ⏏1 ɦɻ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡȴʰμᨆˏ̶͠ˡɫɦȼʰʶʳ̫̠̠ɹᨙɫȡʱ⏋ʢȩ 1 ɦɻ⏋μᨆˏ̶͠ˡɴʛʰʶʳ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹᇍᨥɫ˃
ʋ˃ɭᰖаɹᨧɤɿȦᰩ٢ˁʢɤɛ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹᇍᨥᰩ‫ڃ‬ɫȡʳ⏏26)
ǵ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ʦ̫̠̠ɹᇍᨥɹઝᒶɴɦȦɩɻ⏋Ⴖ႕ɹᰟ٢ʍɹ‫߫ې‬ɹʓȴɴ⏋ɫ˃ʋ˃‫ؚ‬ᩄɹ‫˪ˏ⏋֓ވ‬ାȷɹ֟ഗ⏋༥‫ُؚ׋‬ɹѦᦽ⏋ɗɌɩѳࡔਸɹ‫ك‬ΫɲɰˁȡɁʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏
‫ܩ‬άɹᢱᚁዴɴѳࡔɇʶʳ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹ‫⏋غݭ‬1 ॷГΫɹѳࡔɴᓘȭʳɭȦʼ ʶɩȦʳ⏏̫̠̠⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɭʢɴ 1 ҅кɹ‫ؚ‬ዲȴʰ 1 ‫܌‬ɴ਄ʰʶʳᩄȵ޽Ȧ⏏႕ɴ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɫɻ 1 ೣɹ‫ؚ‬ዲɫ⏋40⑯100 kg ʢɹᎲɫ˃ʋ˃ȵɭʶʳ⏏ᅊȷɛʚʚɹ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁᅣɴᙢȭʳɹɭ‫ؾ‬෵ɴ⏋ᇍᨥɻӦʶɛѳࡔ౅໬ɲɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹᇍᨥɫ˃ʋ˃ɹ֓ू⏋ᠭჿ౅໬ȵ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȦɩႶᕶɴᬖᇍɇʶɛɭɐʳɲʰɽ⏋ˏ˻ˏȴʰШ௢Ɍɛ̫̠̠ɭȦȩс႒ȵ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ȵҺȭɩȦɛᇍᨥɭȦȩᠭჿଯ໬ɹʁɭɦˁˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȦɩ‫؝‬ȿԂʶɛɭʛʳɄɭɻɫȷɲȦɞʸȩȴ⏏
3.5ȁ෠ުႻ൱͂২ٛ༎଼ǵჼ‫̍˛⏋ܧ‬ˠ̴ˏɫɻ⏋ᕶᐌᇕɲ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹൕ‫ݛ‬ɴȲȦɩ⏋ᗈɦȼʱȴʰඨЊȿ⏋፬ჿ⏋‫ؚ‬ዲ⏋֓ू⏋ᠭჿɴȦɛʳΥᦹɹ֝ӈɻ⏋ʓɭ˃ɰɐʏɩȵࢃ౏Ԓ֝ӈɫʚȴɲʼʶɩȦʳ⏏
˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ൕ‫ݛ‬ɴȲȿʳ҅к‫׬‬еɹ፬ჿɭ⏋ɗʶɴЫȩϺǾɹཉȦ᠗ᡫɭɻέ‫خ‬ՕɴᐄʃɦȦɩȦʳ⏏з࣎ˁ‫ؾ‬ɍȼɐʳγय़ɹଁ‫ڊ‬ȵ⏋ࢃ࣒ˁ‫؜‬ʱܑʞʭȩɴᬏೝᬚɴʼɛɤɩൕዖɇʶʳ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁ⏋ʚɇɴᅊȷɛᣂᅋ (livestock) ɭɌɩ፬ჿɐʳ⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɲ⏋ᦅ෌֝ӈɹȡʱȴɛɻ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ൕ‫׋ݛ‬ɹ՟ೝຍ᭥ȴʰᐚȦɩȲʱ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹʢɛʰɐᅊ෌ɹ႕ᣒɭȡȦʚɤɩ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ൕ‫ݛ‬኏Цɹᑂଁ؅ჿɴʢ৯ᯱˁ‫ؖ‬ʖɌɩȷɛɭʛʳɄɭȵɫȷʳɞʸȩ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋త࣎ᇕɲз࣎ᨗᒞ⏋ࡴзਸɹᲞɇ⏋࡫ࡴᇕɲᰩష‫ݜ‬ᇻ⏋ᲞȦϺ‫ؤ‬ఌ୫֐⏋ɲɰȵ႕ᣒɭɌɩȡɁʰʶʳ⏏͍̦͠˪ 2 γɴʭɤɩᦏБ˛̍ˠ̴ˏɹႆ‫ܒ‬ȵተࡴɇʶʳ 1880 ॷБ৿‫ץ‬ʚɫ˛̍ˠ̴ˏɹី‫׫‬ᨆᲞ‫ܩ‬ɫെȭɛȦȼɦȴɹࢸტ‫ܕ‬ɻ⏋ɗɹᅊ෌ఌ୫‫ݜ‬ᇻɭɌɩ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɴћࡔɌɩȦɛɭȦȩᠦˁ‫ڟ‬ȭʳᓒ‫࡝إ‬ᓔʢȡʳ␩Brandt 1984␭⏏
ǵྲྀᬚ‫౅ܩ‬ɹ̫Ͳ̓ͻᏙᡉ຦౏ȵ፷Ȧɛტ‫ܕ‬ʢʚɛ⏋̸ˤͲ̋ტ‫ܕ‬ˁёɭɌɩ⏋̫̠̠ˁᩂ
ឹɲᅊ෌‫ݜ‬ᇻɹΥᨆɭɐʳ኏ЦɭɌɩᐏ‫غ‬ˁᐣ୫ɌɩȦɛ⏏27) ɗʶɻ⏋̫̠̠⏃Ʉɹ‫ غݭ‬AAA-26) ˱Ͳ˳⏃ౙ˸˓ͻ͡⏆ɫɻ⏋˹˪ͩͲ˫ (Shikwang)⏋̍˪ͩͲ˫ (Chikwang) ɲɰɭ٧ɽʶɩȦʳ⏏Ȧɤɛ˃ᙜɌɩɦʉɌɛ̫̠̠ˁ̫̠̠ɹᘽɫ‫׃‬ʛ⏋ޯȡʳȦɻ᫂ɴѳࡔɌɩᇍᨥɇɓʳ⏏‫ؾ‬ɍʭȩɲ٢ɹɫ˃ʋ˃ᇍᨥ
ᰩ‫ڃ‬ɭɌɩ⏋˥͑̒˵̫ˁᇍᨥɇɓ⏋̶ͤͻ˪Ⴅɴ֓ၖɌɛѳࡔᰩ‫ڃ‬ʢីˏ̶͠ˡɴȡʳ⏏̠˓˻˙͠ˏɫɻˤ͠ (gari) ɭȦȩ⏏ɫ˃ʋ˃ɹᇍᨥᰩ‫ڃ‬ɻ⏋ആˏ˻ˏɴȲȦɩ೎ʢᇍ᧒ɌɩȦʳɄɭɻᬚ᧓ȦɲȦȵ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɴʢᨙГ޺ɹɫ˃ʋ˃ᇍᨥᰩ‫⏃ڃ‬Ȧɑʶʢϖᨧᇍᨥɭɇʶʳ⏆ȵ޽ధʛʰʶʳɄɭɻ໶ᇿɐʏȷɫȡʳ⏏
27) ̸ˤͲ̋ɹ຦౏᠖ɹɲȴɫ⏋ͦ˽˱˗ɻ๖ɹʭȩɴ៨ɌɩȦʳ⏏“The plantains grow so freely that a women can
supply the needs of her family with a minimum of labor,...
⏃μᅭ⏆...The country had all its needs supplied by its own

59ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬

EA ˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɫɻɲȦȵషჿᅎɹ̫̠̠⏆ȵ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘‫ؾ‬෵ɹ࡫ࡴᇕɲᅊ
෌‫ݜ‬ᇻˁரњɌɩȦɛ‫خ‬ᔨਸˁኍ‫ڗ‬ɌɩȦʳ⏏
ǵ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɭ̫̠̠ȵԊɴ⏋19 γᏛ৿‫ץ‬ɹಁೝɴ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɹტณˁఌȭɩȦɛ‫خ‬ᔨਸȵȡʳɄɭɻ໶ᇿɴғɐʳɞʸȩ⏏൓ൕ݀с႒ɴʭʳᅊ៟ɹᐣ୫ȵ⏋క໠ᇕณ֐ɹ‫ݜ‬ᇻɭɌɩᨆ
ՕᇕɴɫɻȡʶсᅎɌɩȦɛϟёɭɌɩЁ৿ɹ቉ድȵ৺ɛʶʳ⏏
3.6ȁ୆ॲၾȄਓၾȄ૽࢛঑঵ႁ
ǵ൓ൕ݀с႒ɹ‫ؚ‬ᩄɹ៟፤ɻʦɤȴȦɫȡʳ⏏ᅣɴ 3⑯10 ॷʢɹᬏೝᬚɴʼɛɤɩଁᔒɌ⏋ΥࡴɹೝᬚˁᐁʶɽȦɦɫʢ 1 ॷμ‫ؚ‬ዲգᅎȵ‫خ‬ᔨɲ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɻ⏋‫ॷ׬‬঎ɴ 1 ‫⏋܌‬ໆʚɤɛಁ
ೝɴɐʏɩɹ‫ؚ‬ዲȵࡸేɇʶʳዤᰖɹ‫׬‬еᯆዩȡɛʱᅊᅋᩄɭ‫׬‬Ꮴɴປᥒɐʳɭ⏋‫ؚ‬ᩄɻ߂޴ࢹɲȦɭȦȩɄɭɴɲʳ⏏̫̠̠ɴʢ‫ؾ‬෵ɹ‫ک‬ᰍဣȵȡʳ⏏ُᗂˁውඨɌɩ৿⏋ᬖᖽᐄࡸɌɛ
Υൎȴʰɻ᯶๖ُᗂȵՏɩȼʳ⏏Ʉʶˁ‫غ‬፤Ɍɩ 1 ҅кȡɛʱɹᅊᅋᩄɭɌɩᓒȭʳɹȴ‫و‬ȴɴʭɤɩ⏋‫ؚ‬ᩄɹғɻ߂ȷȼᅵɲɤɩȼʳ⏏28) ‫ڃ‬ዛ⏋ൕඨࢌ঎⏋ᔋ‫ݛ‬፬ჿɲɰɹႥ઴ɴʭɤɩ
ृ‫ز‬ɇʶʳɄɭɻʢɠʸ˃ɫȡʳ⏏29)
ǵ˛̍ˠ̴ˏ‫׫‬ᨆᲞ‫ܩ‬ɹ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ൕ‫ݖܩݛ‬ȵ⏋1 km2 ȡɛʱ 200 Ϻˁᣳȭʳˏ̶͠ˡɫʢ೑ధɹᲞϺ‫ࢌؤ‬঎ˁఌȭ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡྲྀᬚ‫౅ܩ‬ɹ AAA-EA ˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛᒴȵൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶɩȦʳ‫ݖܩ‬ʢϺ‫ࢌؤ‬঎ȵᲞȦɄɭɻ໶ᇿɴғɐʳɞʸȩ⏏Υ౅⏋AAB ˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɹӦӴɐʳμ߈ᨆɭីˏ̶͠ˡɹ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲൕ‫ݖܩݛ‬ɫɻ္ᅣɹс႒ɭɌɩᯃᮃᏝᇕɲൕ‫ݛ‬ȵ᝔ʼʶɩȲʱ⏋Ϻ‫ؤ‬ࢌ঎ʢжȦ⏏
ǵ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ʦ̫̠̠ɹʭȩɴെ᰸кᑢຂˁ᝔ȩ޽ॷᅊс႒ˁዤᰖɭປᥒɐʳ‫׬⏋غݭ‬еᯆዩÌ‫׬‬еಁᬚ⏃‫ॷ׬‬঎⏆ȡɛʱɹ‫ؚ‬ዲᩄɭȦȩᓒȭ౅ˁ᧟ᅎɐʳɄɭȵɗʢɗʢʈɇʼɌȼɲȦɭȦȭʳɞʸȩ␩ᩂᅒǵ2002␭⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɭ̫̠̠ɹ‫ؚ‬ᩄʦϺ‫ؤ‬ఌ୫֐ˁઝ٢
ȡʳȴɛɠɫປᥒɐʳɴɻ⏋ȴɲʱᬏೝɴʼɛʳᦅ‫ܩ‬ᅊ઴Ꮩɹ˛̦͡˧ͻ‫ؚ‬ఌɹࡸ៷ᇕᣂషˁ
ዩʛᩂɷɛȩȭɫ⏋ᡴᠶɐʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏ʦʦ‫إ‬Ԏᇕɫɻȡʳȵ⏋ȦʚȦɠɰ⏋ཧय़ɹዤᰖᦅ
෌ɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȼՠు‫ݜ‬ྈˁሂࢪ‫׋‬Ɍɛȩȭɫˏ̶͠ˡɹ൓ൕᦅ෌ɹᅊ઴Ϻᰖ࡝ᇕ቉ድˁ᝔ȩɄɭȵ

products for many years, and the people were happy and healthy...”␩Roscoe 1965: 5␭.
28) ၖय़ɹᥥՏᅎ̫̠̠̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚Ͳɫɻ⏋ॷᬚɴՏᗼɌɛ ha ȡɛʱɹ፯ధ⏃18.14 kg Ԃʱ⏆ɫ‫ؚ‬ᩄˁᝠኍɐ
ʳ␩߂ആǵ2000␭
⏏
29) ɛɭȭɽ⏋࡫ཙ␩1981: 168-170␭ɻ⏋˱Ͳ˳⏃ౙ˸˓ͻ͡⏆μ߈ɹၖय़ക‫ܩ‬य़ɴȲȿʳᕶᐌᇕɲ္ᅣᦅ෌ɹϟё⏃ཌྷс⏆ɴȲȦɩ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹᅊᩂ‫ؚ‬ᩄˁ⏋3 t/ha ɭ஠ࡴɌɩȦʳ⏏ჼ‫ܩ‬ɫɻ̫̠̠ɻ˥͑̒˵̫Ȳʭʃ˓̦ɭᏼʛ‫غ‬ʼɓɩൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶɩȦʳɹɫ⏋ȴɲʱʪɭʱɹȡʳ˛̦͡˧ͻȵ਄ʰʶʳɭ࡫ཙɻᐄᠶɌɩȦʳ⏏̫̠̠ˁ‫׬‬сɐʳ‫⏋غݭ‬3 mÌ3 m ɫ⏋1,100 ҅к/ha ɹࢌ঎ɫൕඨɐʳɭ⏋Ȳʭɗ 9 t/ha ɹ‫ؚ‬ᩄȵ਄ʰʶɛɭȦȩ‫ݬ‬ٚʢȡʳ⏏˗ˤͲ̋ɹ̲ͻ͡ᅎ‫ڃ‬ዛɹ‫⏋غݭ‬2,130ൎ/ha ɹ҅кȵൎȡɛʱ 1.68 ᗡ/ൎˁʢɠ⏋1 ൎȵ 1 ॷᬚɴॶ‫ ܯ‬0.97 ҅ɹഗଗˁɦȿɛɭȦȩ⏏ഗଗɹॶ‫ܯ‬ᩂˁ 14.5 kg ɭɐʳɭ⏋‫ؚ‬ᩄɻ 28 t/ha ɴɲʳ⏏ɗɹ৿ 9 ॷᬚɹཀྵࡴɫ⏋ॶ‫ܯ‬ഗଗᩂȵ 10.46-15.98 kg⏋‫ؚ‬ᩄɻ 15.3-27 t/ha ɭέ࡫ࡴɫȡʳ⏏߂ആɴʭʶɽ⏋ࢸៀฐɲࢃ౏ᐁ‫ۊ‬ɫɻ 28 t/ha⏋̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚Ͳɫɻ೎߂ 68 t/ha ʢɹ‫ؚ‬ᩄȵ਄ʰʶʳɭȦȩ⏏μ‫׫‬ᎦɹΥᖔᇕɲᔋ‫ݛ‬፬ჿˁ᝔ɤ
⏏
ɩȦʳ̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚Ͳɹ 5 ॷᬚɹॶ‫ܯ‬ғɭɌɩ 46 t/ha ɭȦȩғȵኍɇʶɩȦʳ␩߂ആǵ2000: 142␭60ᩂᅒ⏧൓ൕ݀с႒ȴʰʛɛˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɹ႕ᣒ

ਖឹɫȡʸȩ⏏
3.7ȁै໤໲‫ا‬ໝࣣ͈ণത30)ǵ˹͑̒˪␩Shack 1966␭ɻ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹయ‫׋‬ភ‫( غ‬cultural complex) ɭȦȩᝠჼˁʢɠȦɩ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɭȦȩс႒ɭ⏋˛̍ˠ̴ˏμ߈ᨆᲞ‫ܩ‬ɫ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁςᰩɭɌɩൕ‫ݛ‬ɐʳ˫͞˰ɹϺʃɭɭɹᬚɴឿʰʶʳ⏋ࡸᅎȴʰ៎ਥɴʚɫȲʭʉɇʚɊʚɲɦɲȵʱˁயɄȩɭɌɛ⏏ᦅᓚភ‫غ‬ɭȦȩᅎ᠝ˁᅎȦɩ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ൕ‫ݖܩݛ‬ɹయ‫׋‬ᇕԊᦲਸˁ୭௎Ɍɛɹɻ‫ܩ‬ჿ࡝ᓔ˗˛˽̜̮͡ɫȡʳ␩Westphal 1975␭⏏ʚɛ⏋ፆᓔʢయ‫׋‬ភ‫غ‬ɭȦȩៜᘽɻᅎȦɩȦɲȦȵ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɭᦅᓚ຦ˏ͠ɹϺʃɭɭɹཉȦᬠʼʱɹᡉሂˁ⏋ሂϣᇕɲ̯̜̆ඨ႒ᬠѥɭɌɩயɄȩɭ᠅ʛɩȷɛ␩ᩂᅒǵ1988; Shigeta 1996␭⏏
ǵɭɄʸȵ⏋ɄʶʚɫɹɭɄʸ̫̠̠ˁࠬЂɭɐʳయ‫׋‬ភ‫غ‬ɭȦȩែဣɫ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɹ̫̠̠ˁൕ‫ݛ‬ɐʳϺʃɭˁயɄȩɭɌɛϺᰖ࡝͹຦౏࡝ᇕ቉ድɻ࢙ᓬɴɌɩሾʰɲȦ⏏೎ᦏɴɲɤ
ɩ⏋ʭȩʦȼ౗ೣɹᗐଝˏ̶͠ˡ቉ድᓔɛɠȵ⏋ˏ˻ˏɭɹປᥒˁែဣɴԂʶɛ̫̠̠య‫׋‬቉31)Ʉɹʓȴɴʢ̸ˤͲ̋ˁɻɍʠɭɐʳആˏ̶͠ˡድɴመଝɌ⏋ଁഗˁᇍᝠɌɻɍʠɩȦʳ⏏

ྲྀᬚ‫ݖܩ‬ɹ̫Ͳ̓ͻᏙᡉტ‫ܕ‬ȵ̫̠̠ɴʭɤɩɇɇȭʰʶɩȷɛɄɭˁ⏋๴‫ر‬቉ድɭɌɩɞȿ
ɫɻɲȼ⏋‫ݖܩ‬኏Цɹᅊ෌‫ݜ‬ᇻɭɗɹɲʱɛɠˁ౩ʰȴɴɐʳс෌ˁɭȲɌɩயȼЇϟȵ๿ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏
3.8ȁ੸຦‫͂ا‬ၠ೒ǵ̫̠̠ȵγᅠᇕɲ‫ڃڧ‬с႒ɫȡʳɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɻ˛̍ˠ̴ˏΥ‫ܕ‬Ԓɹ⏋ɗʶʢᭉࡴɇʶɛ‫ݖܩ‬Ԓɫɹ༑ᦲɴɭɰʚɤɩȷɛ⏏
ǵˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳຘॷɹ‫ܕ‬աᅊᅋᩄɻ FAO ɹᐏ៟ɫɻ⏋ᅊᰩᅎ̫̠̠⏃‫ ܒ‬3⏆ɭ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑ
32)
ˏ̶͠ˡԃкɫɹᅊᅋᩄɻɄɹͲ⏃‫ ܒ‬4⏆ȵɗʶəʶաǾɴᮃ៟ɇʶɩȦʳ␩FAO 2002␭⏏

10 ॷᬚʓʖดɽȦɫȡʳȵ⏋‫غ‬៟ɐʳɭ 9 ‫ן‬Ψ t ˁᣳȭ⏋ᐏ៟Ϋɫɻ˥͑̒˵̫⏋˵͇̓˓͐͹͓͌⏋͐ͦ˱˹͹ᮊዤᰖɴɦȦɫ 4 ᅱᇿɴ޽Ȧ⏏ˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜ԒɹᏝ 4,000 ΨϺȵ̫̠̠ˁᩂឹɲᰩష྇ɭɌɩգᅎɌɩȦʳɭȦȩ␩߂ആǵ2000␭⏏
ǵˏ̶͠ˡɹςឹɲ̫̠̠ɹᅋ‫ܩ‬ɻ⏋‫ ܒ‬1 ɴኍɌɛ˰̨͌‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɹՕ॒‫ݖ‬ɭࢪਝɐʳ০ɫ⏋Ʀആˏ̶͠ˡྲྀᬚ‫ݖܩ‬ɹͩ͡Ͳ̋⏋̸͡Ͳ̚ˑ⏋˗ˤͲ̋⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏីᨆ⏋Ȳʭʃ˱Ͳ˳⏃ౙ30) ᦅᓚయ‫׋‬ភ‫غ‬ɹᓒȭ౅ɻɄʶʚɫ⏋γᅠ‫ܩع‬ɹс႒ɭᦅ෌ɹᣱ྇ʦШ௢ɭᐄʃɦȿɩᠶɍʳɄɭȵʁʸȼ᝔ʼʶɩȷɛ␩μ࣊ǵ1966; Harlan 1993; Murdock 1959␭⏏ɄɄɫɻ⏋႕ࡴɹс႒ዛɭປᥒᇕࢸɇɲ‫ݖܩ‬ɴȲȦɩᅊ෌ˁȦɭɲʞϺʃɭɭɹᡉᬠѥɴᬠɐʳ຦౏ඨ႒᠖ᇕɲ቉ድˁ‫ک‬ᰍɴɐʳ⏏
31) ̫̠̠ɹ޴ᅵɭՕ॒ɲɰˁʈʚȭɩ⏋ˏ˻ˏ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ܩع‬ɹ̫̠̠ൕ‫ᦅݛ‬຦ˁࢪᢒɴ຦౏ඨ႒࡝ᇕɲࡸ៷቉
ድɴመଝɌɩȦʳ቉ድ˫͡ͻ̺ȵȡʳ␩‫ី׌‬ʓȴǵ2000⏩π࣊ǵ2000␭
⏏
32) γᅠɹ̫̠̠ɭ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲᅊᅋᩄɻ‫֓ވ‬Ӄ‫ك‬ɴȡʳɭɇʶ⏋ɲȴɫʢ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɻ⏋γᅠᅊᅋɹᏝ 7 ւȵˏ̶͠ˡɴʭɤɩ‫װ‬ʠʰʶ⏋‫ވ‬ᅋȵᐚȦɩȦʳ⏏ˏ̶͠ˡȴʰ߂᭜޺ʍɹᥥՏᩄɫɻᅊᰩᅎ̫̠̠ɴປʏɩ̺
͞Ͳ̘ˑͲȵ‫҉ܦ‬ᇕɴ޽Ȧ␩FAO 2002␭
⏏

61ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬଎!3ȁͺές΃੨࣭͈Ψ΢΢͈୆ॲၾ଎!4ȁͺές΃੨࣭͈ίρϋΞͻϋ͈୆ॲၾ˸˓ͻ͡⏆ɹ˥̸िആᨆ⏋33) Ƨីˏ̶͠ˡɹ˱ͻ̜˻̓ˏͻ͡‫׫‬ᨆ⏋ˤͻ̠⏋Ȳʭʃ̠˓˻˙͠ˏីᨆ⏋ɗɌɩ⏋ƨˡ͍͡ͻͲȴʰ˱Ͳ˳ɴȴȿɩɹၖय़ᮒകय़ˁȡɁʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏Ʉʶʰɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɫɻ⏋ᕶࢃᅎɴᅊᅋ༥ᢹɇʶʳɞȿɫɲȼ⏋‫ݖ‬Ԓɹϯ౫‫ڃ‬ɭɌɩμᬏᤂᮐɹᨊ॑ʍ
62ᩂᅒ⏧൓ൕ݀с႒ȴʰʛɛˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɹ႕ᣒ

ழᩆс႒ɭɌɩՏᗼɇʶʳɹȵ।઴ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ˏ̶͠ˡɹ޺ʍɹᥥՏɻςɴƧɹ‫ݖܩ‬ȴʰ᝔ʼʶɩȷɛ⏏ɗɹ‫⏋غݭ‬ʓɭ˃ɰȵᮾȦೡၓɹഗଗɹႥ઴ɫ‫ؚ‬ዲɌɩ᧊ɽʶʳ⏏
ǵ̫̠̠ɴປʏɩ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹᅊᅋᩄɻȦʚɞɴࡴȴɫɻɲȼ⏋ᐏ៟ʢࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌɲȦ⏏೎ᦏɴɲɤɩʭȩʦȼ˛̍ˠ̴ˏకঌɴʭɤɩ‫ࢃܕ‬ᇕɲс႒ɭɌɩ๭িɲ᠗ሾˁȩȿɛɽȴʱɫȡʳ⏏˛̍ˠ̴ˏɹϺ‫ؤ‬Ꮭ 6,000 ΨϺɹȩɠ 2 ւዐ঎ȵ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁςឹɲᰩᏒ྇ɭɌɩգᅎɌ
ɩȦʳɭȦȩ⏏ɗɹॷᬚᅊᅋᩄɻ⏋ɅȼȲȲɊɤɿɴឿዩʢɤɩ⏋200Ψ t ˁάʰɲȦɞʸȩ⏏
ǵ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɻʓɭ˃ɰɹ‫߂⏋غݭ‬ᩄɹອՕ⏃Ꮭ 50⎾⏆ˁ‫˃ي‬ɞᇍᨥɫ˃ʋ˃ɭɌɩ༑ᦲɌ
ɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶʚɫ⏋ਂ๰ȡʳȦɻᱛɫው֪ɫȷʳዐ঎ɹ፴ܑԒɴȡʳࡴೝ॑‫ݭ‬ɫɻ⏋ᅊᅋᓔɭ༥ᢹᓔɹȡȦɞɫ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ᇍᨥɫ˃ʋ˃ȵሁஞ⏋ᇵ˃ɴ‫ৄ؜‬ɇʶɩȦɛ⏏Υ౅⏋ˏ˻˽ˏ̫̾ɲɰɹᨊ॑ɴᦏȦɭɄʸɫɻ⏋‫׋ڃڧ‬ȵɐɐʛ⏋ЗᢷϺˁЂɌɛ᢫ެȵ᝔ʼʶɩȷɛ⏏70ॷБГᭇ⏋‫׫‬ᨆ‫ݖܩ‬ɹ᧑ᤉȵ఩ҺɇʶɩȦȼɹɴɭʢɲȦ⏋ᕶ֪᥂ɴʭʳᥥᦢɭ⏋ழᩆˁᇿᇕ
ɭɌɛൕ‫ݛ‬ȵᇵ˃ɴɲɤɩȷɩȦʳ⏏˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ᇍᨥɫ˃ʋ˃ɹᮃᗼɭᢱᚁ⏋᢫ެˁᅊ෌ɭɐ
ʳʁɭɛɠȵʛʰʶʳ⏏с႒ɭɌɩɹ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ʢ⏋‫ڧ‬෌‫׋‬ˁᦲɌɩ⏋ᅊᔒೝᬚɹቁᑘʦᲞ‫ؚ‬ᩄʍɹ᧧ାȵ᝔ʼʶʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ȡʰɛɲ̝͍˽̘ˑ˭ͻ˹͚ͲˁᐁᱻɌɩȦʳɭȦȭʳɞʸȩ⏏Ё৿⏋֓ूɭѳࡔɹଝ໬ȵༀᑇɇʶɩȦȿɽ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ȵ˛̍ˠ̴ˏˁՏɩ⏋ၖय़Პ‫ܩ‬ɴȲȿʳᰩషᅊᅋɴᢨ჉ɐʳ‫خ‬ᔨਸʢɲȦɭɻȦȭɲȦɞʸȩ⏏

5ȅΨ΢΢͂΀ϋΓȜΞͬ৽ै໤̳͂ͥͺές΃߿आऩ෠ު͈අৗ
ǵ̫̠̠ɭ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹൕ‫ݛ‬ඨ႒ɭɌɩɹ႕ਸɭ⏋ɗʶˁс႒ɭɌɩգᅎɐʳᦅ෌ɹ႕ᣒɹປ
ᥒˁᦲɌɩ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɹ൓ൕ݀с႒ˁգᅎɐʳᦅ෌ɴʛʰʶʳΥᖔᇕ႕ᣒɻ⏋ɰɹʭȩɴயȼ

ນ!2ȁͺές΃̤̫ͥͅΨ΢΢Ȅ΀ϋΓȜΞ෠ࣈ͈႒߿
ആˏ̶͠ˡ AAA ˹˽̘͌⏧ࢃɹٞᦇɴ៯ȿʰʶɛᅣɴ‫׬‬сɇʶȋᏤകȍˁ০ଁɐʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧȵ঑ᅣɹс႒ɭཌྷсʢɇʶʳ⏏ᬏೝɹᦹсˁ᝔ȩ⏏޽ॷᅊс႒ɭɌɩ଩ʼʶ⏋ൎˁɗɹ‫ݭ‬ଘɫೃృɌɩȦȼ⏏
˛̍ˠ̴ˏ͹˛Ͳ́ͻ̘˹˽̘͌⏧ࢃɹٞᦇɴࢃ࣒ˁ‫؜‬ʱܑʞʭȩɴɌɩൕඨɇʶʳ⏏ςᰩс႒ɫȡʳ⏏
‫׬‬сȡʳȦɻ˱ͻ̯ͻ⏋̊ͦ⏋͓͌ɲɰɭཌྷсɇʶʳ⏏޽ॷᅊс႒ɭɌɩ⏋‫ؾ‬ɍᅣɫೃృɇʶᬏೝᦹ
сɇʶʳ⏏
ីˏ̶͠ˡ AAB ˹˽̘͌⏧˱ͻ̯ͻʦ˱˱ˏɲɰɹழᩆс႒ɭཌྷсɇʶɩȦʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏1 ॷᅊс႒ɭɌɩ଩ʼʶ⏋ᅣȵೃృɇʶʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏ᕶࢃᅊᅋɫɻ͇˓̠ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ɹеᒞɧȿ⏏‫ڧ‬෌ᇕ̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚Ͳɫɹ߂ៀฐ‫׬‬сൕ‫ݛ‬ʢ᝔ʼʶɩȦʳ⏏
ˡ͍͡ͻͲ͹˱Ͳ˳ၖय़ᮒക AAB ˹˽̘͌⏧ృɌȼᬖȴʶɛ္ᅣɴ̊ͦ⏋˥͑̒˵̫ɲɰɭཌྷсɇʶʳ⏏1 ॷГάɹቁȦᅊᔒೝᬚɫൕ‫ؚ⏋ݛ‬ዲɇʶʳɄɭʢȡʳȵ⏋‫ؚ‬ዲɻᅣȵఔඉɇʶʳʚɫᐚȿʰʶʳ⏏

33) ˗ˤͲ̋ɹ̲˪̜͠ˏྲྀࣳ⏋ˤͲ̋‫ݖܩ‬ɫɻ⏋70 ॷБГᭇ⏋μ߈ᨆɹൕ‫ݛ‬ȵཝᦡɌ⏋‫ី׫‬ᨆʍɭᅋ‫ܩ‬ȵው֪ɌɩȦʳ⏏˳ͻ̝͡ʰɻ⏋ɗɹ؅‫܍‬ˁ‫ܩܤ‬ɹᆌ঻ɫɻɲȼ⏋̫̠̠ᅣˁ፬ჿɐʳ֝ӈ֐ɹέ᣸ɴິʠɩȦʳ␩Gold
et al. 1999␭
⏏

63ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬Ʉɭȵɫȷʳɫȡʸȩȴ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋Ё৿ɹˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɹᇍࣙɴᬠɌɩ̫̠̠ɭ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁʠȽɤɩೣዣɹரՏɌɛែএȵࢊήɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳɭɐʶɽɰɹʭȩɲ‫خ‬ᔨਸȵȡʳɹɞʸȩȴ⏏
ǵˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳ̫̠̠ɭ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁс႒ɭɌɩ஛ᅎɌɩȦʳᦅ෌˹˽̘͌ˁ⏋ˡ͇͞͞␩Karamura 1999␭ɹ‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɹᰖ݀ˁʢɭɴ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁ֓ȭɩ 4 ɦɴʚɭʠɩʛɛ⏃ᝠ 2⏆⏏
ǵෙឹȴʰʛɩ⏋Ʉʶʰ 4 ɦɹ˹˽̘͌ɻ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜ആүɹആˏ̶͠ˡ AAA ˹˽̘͌ɭ
˛̍ˠ̴ˏ͹˛Ͳ́ͻ̘˹˽̘͌⏋ɗɌɩ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲˁൕ‫ݛ‬ɐʳីˏ̶͠ˡɭμ߈ᨆˏ̶͠ˡɹ˹˽̘͌ 2 ɦɴɗʶəʶԊᦲਸȵឿȦɞɇʶʳ⏏
ǵɗʶəʶɻ⏋ആүɴᲞȼីɴжȼɲɤɩȦʳˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜ɹ‫ֳܩ‬ɭᦹ֪Ɍɛᭇᮒʦຩཧ⏋ඨᅊɲɰɹᅊ઴ᇕ೼ИɭʢᬠѥɌɩȦʳɞʸȩ⏏ȷʼɞɤɩࢪ၇ᇕɲɹɻ⏋ɗɹсЊȿ౅িɫȡʳ⏏մᓔɫɻ।ᅣɴȲȿʳൕඨࢌ঎ɹᲞȦ‫׬‬сᇕɲൕ‫ݛ‬ȵςɫȡʳɹɴࢪɌ⏋μ߈ᨆȲʭʃីˏ̶͠ˡɹ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɫɻ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚Ͳˁё޺ɭɐʶɽཌྷсᇕɲൕ‫ݛ‬ȵປᥒᇕቁೝᬚ
ɹᅣգᅎɫ᝔ʼʶɩȦʳ⏏
ǵᮃᏝਸɭȦȩ⏋ಁᬚɭዷᬚɹ֟რˁࣆ঎ɭɌɛᦏБᦅ෌ɹ‫ݜ‬ྈɫປᥒɐʳɭ⏋մᓔɻ৿ᓔʭ
34)
ʱʢ⏋ʭʱᮃᏝᇕɲᦅ෌˹˽̘͌ɭȦȩɄɭȵɫȷʳɞʸȩ⏏

ǵɄɹʭȩɲेᅵɻ⏋؅ඨᅊ⏋ຩҌ⏋‫ޚܤ‬೼Иʦ⏋ɗʶɴࢪਝɌɛс႒ɭɗɹ‫ڃ‬ዛᒴɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ɭϺᬚүɹᡉ೼Иȵȩʚȼᏼʛ‫غ‬ʼɇɤɩᅊɍɛʢɹɭᓒȭʰʶʳȵ⏋Ⴅ໥ɻɗʶəʶɹᦅ෌˹
˽̘͌ˁᐣ୫ɌɩȦʳϺʃɭɭс႒ɭɹᬠʼʱ౅ɗɹʢɹɴʢࢹɲȴʰɑ৯ᯱˁ‫ؖ‬ʖɌɩȦʳɭϜ઎ɇʶʳ⏏᠎Ᏻɻ⏋ɗʶəʶɹᦅ෌˹˽̘͌ˁБᝠɐʳʭȩɲ‫ݖܩ‬ɹ຦౏ඨ႒࡝ɹ̨͐˫
̶͞ȵՏɗʸɤɛຍ᭥ɫԗද២ˁɐʳਖឹȵȡʳɞʸȩ⏏

ǵԛᰄɴᦚʏɛʭȩɴ⏋Ϻɭс႒ɹᬠʼʱɹȡʱ౅ɻ⏋‫ݖܩ‬ɹᅊ઴ᇕɲ೼Иɻʢɠʸ˃⏋Ϻᬚɹүɹ኏Ц͹ᐁཕ͹క໠ᇕɲႥ໥ɴʭɤɩृ‫ز‬ɇʶɩȷɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋θᓔɹᬠѥɻ⏋ʓ˃ʰȦс႒ɹҺȭɩȦʳ႕ਸɴʭɤɩʢ߂ȷȼᑐʰʶɩȦʳᨆՕȵȡʳ⏏̫̠̠ɭ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɭȦȩ႕ᅵɲс႒ȵʢɦ႕ਸɻ⏋ɗʶəʶˁςс႒ɭɐʳ൓ൕᦅ෌ɹ႕ᣒɴ౱ɌՏɇʶɩȦʳɭʛʳ
Ʉɭȵɫȷʳɞʸȩ⏏
ǵɄɄɫɻ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲ႕ᣒˁ̫̠̠ɭ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁςс႒ɭɐʳ൓ൕᦅ෌ɴԊᦲɹ႕ᣒɭɌ

34) ᦏБᦅ෌ɴȲȿʳᮃᏝɭɻ⏋ಁᬚɭ‫ܩܤ‬ɴࢪɌɩ֝ӈɭɗɹᐄഗ਄ʰʶʳᅊᅋ႒ȵᲞȦࢌ঎ɫᨗᒞɇʶʳɄɭˁઝ٢Ɍɛ⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡᇕᮃᏝᦅ෌ɫɻ⏋ಁᬚɭ‫ܩܤ‬ɴࢪɌɩ⏋֝ӈ⏃ɭ⏋ɗʶɴЊ᭦ɐʳʢɹ⏆ɭ⏋ᅊᅋ႒⏃ɭ⏋ɗʶɴЊ᭦ɐʳʢɹ⏆ȵ⏋ᩂࣝᇕ⏃޽ᒶᇕ⏋޽ᇿᇕᇕ⏆ɴᨗᒞɇʶʳ⏏ᦏБᦅ෌ɹິʠɩȷ
ɛѝғˁʭɌɭɐʳࣆ঎ɫ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɹс႒ʁɭɦɴࢪɐʳቁಁᬚ⏋‫׬‬еᯆዩȡɛʱɹ֝ӈɭᅊᅋ႒ˁ៟ʶɽ⏋ȋ৳ʰɻȡʚʱɻɛʰȴɲȦɌ⏋‫ؚ‬ᩄʢжȦȍɭȦȩᐄᠶɻࢅ౫ɴʛɠʃȷɞɇʶʳ⏏‫ک‬ᰍɲɹɻ⏋ʼɛɌɛɠȵˏ̶͠ˡᇕᮃᏝˁ៿ѝɐʳɴʈɇʼɌȦࣆ঎ˁȦʚɞ୫ɠ‫غ‬ʼɓɩȦɲȦɄɭɴȡʳ␩ᩂᅒǵ2002␭⏏
ˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɹᮃᏝਸɴᬠɐʳ᠎ɌȦᡴᠶɻ⏋஘ᢆ␩2002␭⏋ᩂᅒ␩2002␭ˁؒ၇⏏

64ᩂᅒ⏧൓ൕ݀с႒ȴʰʛɛˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɹ႕ᣒ

ɩ⏋ȋ޽෵ਸȍȋ޽ॷᅊȍȋ޽‫ؚ‬ዲȍɭȦȩ 3 ɦɹ؅հɴʚɭʠɩʛɛ⏏

(1) ޽෵ਸɹ؅հ⏧ዛ⏋сᇿ⏋‫ڃ‬ዛ⏋сЊкᏙ⏋ᠭჿ͹գᅎɲɰ⏋ȡʰʪʳͤ̾͡ɫ᧧ିᔊ
ˁ‫ވ‬ʦɐʭȩɴʈʳʚȩ⏏႕ɴ⏋‫ڃ౅ܩ‬ዛɹ᧧ିɫɻ֒գᇕɲ៎ဣȴʰɞȿɫɲȼ⏋ɲȴɽᕶैᇿᇕᇕɴষա⏋Օᰖˁ᝔ɤɩ⏋ᐄഗɭɌɩ޽෵ਸˁࡸჼɐʳ⏏‫ڃ‬ዛͤ̾͡ɫɹ޽෵ਸɻ
̫̠̠ɫɻᣱ྇‫ܩ‬ɹˏ˻ˏˁɌɹȦɫˏ̶͠ˡɴ޽෵ਸɹμਕȵȡɤɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋‫ڃ‬ዛɹ޽෵ਸɻ⏋൓ൕ݀с႒႕೑ɹᑢຂ෵িɴʭɤɩ๖γБɴተࡸɴШȭʰʶʳ⏏
(2) ޽ॷᅊɹ؅հ⏧ਖɑсᇿɴ޽ॷᅊс႒ˁᏼʛᦉʛ⏋࡫ࡴᇕɲᬏೝᬚɹգᅎˁʠɊɐ⏏।ɴ‫ؚ‬ዲȵɫȷʳʭȩɲႥ໥ˁʠɊɐ⏏с႒ȵ޽ॷಁɴʼɛɤɩᅣɴࡔ‫ܧ‬Ɍ⏋ϺɹᇿɴʈʶʳɄɭɴʢઝ٢ȵȡʳ⏏ᬏೝɹᬠʼʱɹɹɠ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹ‫ؚ⏋غݭ‬ዲɻ҅кɹ๷ˁઝ٢Ɍ⏋̫̠̠ɹ‫غݭ‬ʢഗଗˁɦȿɛُᗂɗɹʢɹɻ᭑ؑɇʶʳ⏏
(3) ޽‫ؚ‬ዲɹ؅հ⏧1 ‫܌‬ɹ‫ؚ‬ዲɫ 1 ҅кȴʰɛȼɇ˃ɭʶʳɭȦȩɄɭˁʠɊɐ⏏ਖɑɌʢᦏБᦅ࡝ᇕɲ‫ݜ‬ྈɫȋ‫ؚ‬ᩄȍȵᲞȦɭȦȩɄɭɻઝ٢ɌɲȦ⏏‫׬‬еಁᬚȡɛʱɹᅊᅋᩄɹ޽
ɇ⏃౛ᅊ⏆ɭȦȩ៎ဣɻ‫ک‬ᰍɴɲʱɴȼȼ⏋1 ‫܌‬ɹ‫ؚ‬ዲᩄɹ޽Ȧ౅‫ك‬ʍ⏋҅к‫׬‬еɴ᧧ାȵȴȴʳ⏏

ǵГΫ 3 ɦˁ⏋ɄɄɫЕɴˏ̶͠ˡ݀൓ൕᦅ෌ɹȋ3 ޽؅հȍɭ٧ʉɄɭɴɐʳ⏏
ǵЁ৿ɹද៷ˁ৺ɛɷɽɲʰɲȦȵ⏋Ʉɹ 3 ɦɹ؅հɻ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɭ̫̠̠ɭȦȩ̫˹͚˗ዀɹ႕ᅵɲ൓ൕ݀с႒ˁᕶᐌᇕɴൕ‫ݛ‬ɐʳˏ̶͠ˡᦅ຦ȵ‫إ‬ȼȴʰ‫˃ۊ‬ɫȷɛᦅ෌ɴ⏋ȴɲʱʭȼ᧟ᅎɫȷʳʢɹɭᓒȭʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ਖɑɌʢɄɹ 2 с႒ɞȿɴᭉࡴɇʶʳʢɹɫɻɲȼ⏋Ȳ35)Υ౅⏋Ʉɗʰȼɻˏ̶͠ˡԒ޺ɹ൓ൕ݀с႒ΥᖔɴʚɫʁʸɁɩ᧟ᅎɫȷʳȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏

ɹ 3 ޽؅հɴࢪɌɩ⏋μᑅ঎ཧय़‫౅ܩ‬ɫɐɐʠʰʶɛዤᰖᦅ෌ɹᦏБ‫׋‬ɹɲȴɫɻ⏋ԃȼ๭‫ؙ‬ࢪɹ؅հȵ୭‫ك‬ɇʶɩȷɛɄɭȵȩȴȵȭʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋Ʉɹ؅հɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȼ൓ൕᦅ෌ˁˏ̶
͠ˡɴԎ݀ᇕɴʛȦɞɇʶʳɭȦȩઝ٢ɫˏ̶͠ˡ݀ɭ٧ʉɄɭɴɌɛ⏏
ǵɄɹ 3 ޽؅հˁɇɇȭɩȦʳˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɭɗʶˁ‫ۊ‬ʞᦅ຦ɹѝғ៎ɭȦȩʢɹˁ઎ࡴɐʳɄɭȵ៰ɇʶʳɲʰɽ⏋ɗɄɴɻ⏋ኽɛɠȵჼ‫ܧ‬ᅊȷɩȦʳᲞ঎ᣂೣςᒶ኏ЦɴȲȦɩɻয়းɭឿɲɇʶɩȦʳ֟რᕸΫςᒶᇕɲᐁཕɴ൓ɊɌɛѝғ៎ɭɻ⏋ᣒᇕɴᅵɲɤɛᅊȷ౅ȵʛȭɩɄɲȦɞʸȩȴ⏏36)35) ɛɭȭɽ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɫɻ͓͌⏋ృ߂᭜ɹ˥͑̒˵̫⏋ˏ˻ˏɹ˵˳ɲɰȵ઎ࡴɫȷʳ⏏
36) ஘ᢆȵ୭௎Ɍɛˏ̶͠ˡᦅ຦ɹ⏋ȋ೎ࢸ֗֐ɹӃ‫ك‬ਸȍ␩஘ᢆǵ1974␭ɭɻ⏋ӈȷɐȹɲȦɄɭ⏃ࢹɲȦ֝ӈ⏆⏋ਖឹГΫɴɦȼʰɲȦ⏃ࢹɲȦᅊᅋ⏆⏋ɗɌɩ⏋оɤɩʢɛʠɄʚɲȦ⏃ࢹɲȦᙢዩ⏆ɭᝠჼɫȷʳ⏏Ʉʶˁኽɻȋˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɹ 3 ࢹȍɭ٧˃ɫȦʳ⏏ʢɠʸ˃⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɹ˽̘ͤˠ̊˓̺ɴࢪᒞɇʶʳᦏБᦅ෌ɻ⏋ᲞହԂ⏋Პ‫ؚ‬ᩄ⏋Პգ࿅ɹ 3 ᲞˁʢɭʠʳʢɹɭɌɩɭʰȭʳɄɭȵɫȷʳɞʸȩ⏏Ʉʶˁኽɻ
ȋᦏБᦅ෌ɹ 3 Პȍɭ٧˃ɫȦʳ⏏

65ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ǵˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȦɩɄɹ 2 ɦɹс႒ȵˏ̶͠ˡᦅ຦ɭɭʢɴᐁᱻɌɩȷɛཉȼᬏȦ๴‫ر‬ᇕᬠʼʱˁʈʱȴȭʳɭȷ⏋ȋ̯̜̆ඨ႒ᬠѥȍɹࡸሂˁɭʰȭʳɄɭɲȼɌɩ⏋ᦅ෌ɭɗʶˁ‫ۊ‬ʞϺʃɭɹᖪȷȼʰɌˁࡸჼɐʳɄɭɻɫȷɲȦɭɇȭਲ਼ȭʳɹɫȡʳ⏏
৫ȁৃǵࢸዣɻϴᨊ߂࡝࡝Ԓ႕ࡴ቉ድȋˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳШᐏᦅ෌ɹᐙମɭᇍࣙȍɴʭʳፀ 2 ‫܌‬቉ድЦȋˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳ޺ഀс႒ɹ‫ܤ‬መ‫׋‬ȍ⏃1992 ॷ 2 ೐ 6 ౗⏆ɴȲȦɩᇍᝠɌɛȋ޺ഀс႒ɹ࿃‫̶ˏ̠̠̫̆⏧֐ܧ‬͠ˡᇕᮃᏝᦅ෌ɹ‫خ‬ᔨਸȍˁʢɭɴ⏋ɗɹ৿ɹ቉ድଁഗɹᦽࣙɲɰˁɫȷʳɞȿɭʱȦʶ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɭປᥒɐʳែဣˁЊȿ֓ȭɩ߂३ɴ֓ፆѹ๭Ɍɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏቉ድЦؒ֓ᓔɭˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድ́Ͳ̊ͻ⏃য়ಁ⏆ɹ౅Ǿȴʰɻ೑ᇰɲ˱͍Ͳ̜ˁȦɛɞȦɛ⏏య჉ɹ‫ؚ‬ᮃɭ఩ჿɴȡɛɤɩɻ⏋˗ˤͲ̋ɫ̫̠̠ɹ˛˽̨̢̓̊ͻ቉ድˁࠃʠʰʶɛиᚹᯀ౩ɇ˃ɴ⏋‫ܒ‬ᝠɹនсɻᩆࡎࡪਜ਼ɇ˃ɴɗʶəʶ‫֐ת‬Ɍɩʢʰɤɛ⏏៨ɌɩઢᡚɹઝˁᝠɌʚɐ⏏
ǵ֨ȁဥȁ໲ȁࡃ࡫ཙᧉ‫⏏ܩ‬1981⏏ȋ̅Ͳ˳ͻ͞౏ɹᦅᓚᅊ༎ɭᐁཕ༎֪̆μ߈ˏ̶͠ˡၖय़ᮒകάɹ္ᅣᦅᓚ̆ȍȏ࡚՘Ϻᰖ࡝ȑ12 (1): 96-178.
஘ᢆǵ᠞⏏1974⏏ȋ̜Ͳ˫˕˛౏ɹᅊ៟ᐣ୫ล෯̆ᅊ༎ᄩ‫ޅ‬͹ᅊ෌͹ᰩᅊ༎ȍȏ࡚՘Ϻᰖ࡝ȑ5 (3): 3-90⏏
␲␲␲␲ᑂᘿ⏏2002⏏ȏˏ̶͠ˡᦅᓚ຦ȑϴᨊ߂࡝࡝᝗ՏႆЦ.
‫֒ី׌‬Υ͹‫ݺ‬ǵႻ౰͹ࢸഌȴȲʱ͹π࣊ǵᓮ⏏2000⏏ȋ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏɴȲȿʳ̫̠̠య‫׋‬ɹϜҺᇕ‫ݬ‬ٚ̆˽͞˗˙˹ऄɹ͇Ͳ̋ͻ͡ɭ˻͑ͩऄɹ˽Ͳ̋ɹປᥒȴʰȍȏ࣢‫࡝߂ؤ‬ఠᔒ࡝ᨆ቉ድᠶ‫أ‬ȑ50 (1):29-48.
ᩂᅒልᒶ⏏1988⏏ȋ̯̜̆ඨ႒ᬠѥɹࡸሂ̆˛̍ˠ̴ˏី‫׫‬ᨆˠ͐Ꮩᦅᓚ຦ˏ͠ɹ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ൕ‫ݛ‬ɭգᅎȍȏ࡚՘Ϻᰖ࡝ȑ19 (1): 191-281⏏
␲␲␲␲⏏1991⏏ȋ˛̍ˠ̴ˏី‫׫‬ᨆɴȲȿʳ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹ‫ڃ‬ዛѳࡔȍᅒμϠᨀ͹஘ᢆǵ᠞ᑂȏ̯̜ɹᕶး᠖ȑॶՂ኏⏋213-231.
␲␲␲␲⏏1992⏏ȋˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳ޺ഀс႒ɹ‫ܤ‬መ‫̶͠ˏ̠̠̫̆⏧׋‬ˡᇕᮃᏝᦅ෌ɹ‫خ‬ᔨਸȍϴᨊ߂࡝࡝Ԓ႕ࡴ቉ድȋˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳШᐏᦅ෌ɹᐙମɭᇍࣙȍፀ 2 ‫܌‬቉ድЦ, 1992. 2. 6 ᇍᝠឹౚ⏋ᨗЊᣂష⏋11 p.
␲␲␲␲⏏1995⏏ȋ‫ڃ‬ዛɹօՏɭᐣ୫ˁʠȽʳ̯̜̆ඨ႒ᬠѥȍክϥ֯ᒶᑂȏ‫ܩ‬ჽɴᅊȷʳ⏧4⏏ᕶးɭϺᬚɹԊᅊ̆᧨Шɭయ‫׋‬ɹԊᦽ‫׋‬ȑᮁ࣢ᬡ⏋143-164.
␲␲␲␲⏏2001⏏ȋ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁ‫ݜ‬ᇻɭɐʳ୫ᐚᇕᅊ෌˹˽̘͌ȍȏˏ̶͠ˡͤͅͻ̜ȑ33: 3-6⏏
␲␲␲␲⏏2002⏏ȋˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳ୫ᐚᇕɲᮃᏝᦅ෌ɹ‫خ‬ᔨਸ⏧˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁ‫ݜ‬ᇻɭɐʳ˛̍ˠ̴ˏី
‫׫‬ᨆɹ‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ෌ˁϟёɭɌɩȍ஘ᢆǵ᠞ᑂȏˏ̶͠ˡᦅᓚ຦ȑϴᨊ߂࡝࡝᝗ՏႆЦ⏋163-195.
‫౅܋‬ȴȵʱ⏏2002⏏ȋˡ͍͡ͻͲആ‫׫‬ᨆၖय़കɴȲȿʳ္ᅣᦅᓚɹ႕ਸ̆ൕ‫ݛ‬с႒ɭᬖ‫౅ޕ‬িɹែဣȴʰȍ‫ަ׭‬ϜҺᠶయ⏋ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድ቉ድዀ⏃ೡԇ՘⏆⏏
߂ആǵ࡯⏏2000⏏ȏ̫̠̠ȑၖय़с႒ឹៈ 30⏋‫ܕ‬᭬ᦅക෌‫ת֐ת‬Ц⏏
μ࣊и֖⏏1966⏏ȏൕ‫ݛ‬ඨ႒ɭᦅᓚɹᣱ྇ȑ࣬໳ృೆ 583.
μ࣊и֖͹Ϋ࣢౳ॶ͹иǾೠᲞ౩⏏1976⏏ȏ၇ᘽปകయ‫׋‬͹ᐚȑμԇృೆ 438.
μ೴๯χ⏏1991⏏ȏ̫̠̠࡝Ԃᬐȑπ‫⏏ڵ‬‫ݞ‬ᅒǵྃ⏏1989⏏ȋ̫˹͚˗ዀȍ‫ݞ‬ᅒǵྃ͹ᐷ౅ǵҫ͹ృᅒȡʦ͹౰ाན៊͹ഽǵࡱ຦͹࣢ऊᓚࡩᑂȏγ66ᩂᅒ⏧൓ൕ݀с႒ȴʰʛɛˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɹ႕ᣒ

ᅠ೑ᅎඨ႒᥻ԎȑॶՂ኏⏏
π࣊ǵᓮ⏏2000⏏ȋ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏ‫ី׌‬ᨆɴȲȿʳᮃᏝ݀ᦅᓚɹ޽෵‫͓̩⏧׋‬ɹᗳ‫ܩ‬գᅎˁʠȽɤɩȍ‫ަ׭‬ϜҺᠶయ⏋ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድ቉ድዀ⏃ೡԇ՘⏆.
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