English Abstracts

The Experience of Contract Study on anEvaluation of Japanese Official Development
Assistance (ODA) :Evaluation of the technical cooperation in a ruraldevelopment program of Nepal
Yoshihiko NISHMURA<Outline>
1.
Graduate School of International Development (GSID) had theopportunity to evaluate an Official Development Assistance (ODA)
project as the neutral external institution in cooperation with theGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences and International
CooperationCenter for Agricultural Education. This article describes
the process and result of the evaluation, which made social contribution.
2.
An agricultural rural development project of Nepal assisted by
Japanese ODA was evaluated. This project is connected with agriculture, forestry and fisheries, which are basic industries of the country.
The impact of a previous cooperation project was evaluated using
fieldwork by focusing on onhabitants (gender) and poverty problems
and, ay the same time, the method of evaluation was analyzed.
3.
The evaluation project was fruitful. Thus it was realized thatGSID was an institution which could contribute to similar projects
where specialty, generality and neutrality were needed. Moreover,since these evaluation result were made available to the public, theuniversity made a social contribution. Universities need to make apractical contribution in society by undertaking these kinds of project.
It is essentioal to make an effort to build a system to find a point ofcontact between the needs of society and the university.
Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University

203

“Interactions between the School ofEconomics Nagoya University andJapanese Society”
Johzen TAKEUCHI<Outline>
This article focuses on School of Economics Nagoya University andthe former, Nagoya Higher Commercial School. It tries to analyze
generally what kinds of person under what kinds of the school mottoand educators the faculty has tried to produce. At the present, themeaning and content of higher education has been discussed again,
how fresh it is that analyze how educators dealt with economics andbusiness administration more than 80 years ago. The top responsible
persons of western famous business schools have commonly taught
ethics as the most important basis subject. It is surprising that suchcommon sense was kept consistently in this faculty at its foundation
time. Moreover, zeal and responsibility of educators and students was
so strong. In this article, this author took a lead to think a fundamental premise of modern association and reconsider modern management or market transaction in this report. He has no confidence
whether he could point out their zeal and vivid objectively. However,this report will hopefully be able to lead you to a different intellectualhorizon.
Graduate School of Economics, Nagoya University

204

Japan math-contest as a challenger

Takeo OSAWA<Outline>
Japan math-contest is an enlightening activity that has been lasted for
12 years as a project of Nagoya University by close cooperation of
educational institutions in this area. This article s theme is introduction about formation, background, concrete content, administering situations and so on in Japan math-contest. It is written as reportage byusing left materials and experiences of the author. Firstly, the article
refers to Prof. Kinnosuke Ogura to explain about tendency that mathhas been popularizing. Then it introduces an outline of the first Japan
math-contest. Especially, it records all questions and comments aboutbreeding yeast problem that has no relations with entrance examinations, because it shows a characteristic tendency in the questions ofJapan math-contest. Moreover, it refers to concrete contents of study
activity in “follow up seminar” under Prof. Yoshihiro Shikata and adds
the influences on Graduate School education.

After retirement ofProf. Shikata, “follow up seminar” has continued with the change of apart by great enthusiasm of concerning people. The intention is mentioned by quote a passage from the present president, Prof. Masanori
Ito. Finally, it surveys current of math at the present and gropes forpossibility of math in the future.
Graduate School of Mathematics, Nagoya University205The Training Seminars for Human
Gross Anatomy

Yasuo SUGIURA<Outline>
Over the past twenty years the training seminars for human grossanatomy have been running at the Nagoya University School ofMedicine. The history of the seminars has been influenced by thechanges which include a significance for gross anatomy courses inmedical education, educational environments surrounding it and social
demands for anatomy education in the medical society. The main factors which have sustained the continuation of the seminars are thedevotions of the group named “Furo-kai”, who have continued toleave their bodies to medical education after they had died, and theeagarness of many anatomy teachers over the nation who came toNagoya in the hottest summer season and wanted to study humangross anatomy. Paying our respects to these forces, we are going tokeep the seminars up from now on.
Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University206

A Challenge of the Collège of La Flèche−A Collège in Seventeenth Century France−
Hiroaki YAMADA<Outline>
It is sometimes said that the Collèges founded by the Jesuit Party hada great success in 17th & 18 th century Europe. This article is todescribe the educational system, using the Collège of La Flèche inFrance as an example, and to evaluate it with respect to modern
Japanese university management.The Collège was known as a freeschool which gave an equal education. The curriculum was constructed not only on the Aristotelian scholasticism, but also on theRenaissance humanism. The professors had a passion for a new wayof teaching; an organic system of lectio(lecture), repetitio (repetition) &disputatio(debate). Japanese universities in the 21th century could
learn much from this school, such as liberal arts education based onthe classics.
Graduate School of Letters (Director, Center for the Studies of Higher
Education, Nagoya University)

207Scaling the Paradigm: The creation of an online
learning community at Deakin
Pamela MULREADY**
Toshiki NAKAI**
Terumasa IKEDA**＜Outline＞
The purpose of this paper is to outline the critical factors enabling theuniversity to undertake transformative change; and to illustrate how
the creation of a macro socio-constructivist environment for online
teaching and learning using a communications system has become amainstream vehicle for online education and cultural change. Whilst
the merging of our on and off campus communities using informationand communication technologies is a significant symbolic achievement,
the underpinning organizational strategic planning and resourcing
have been critical to facilitate the University’s commitment to provide
learner centered flexible learning within a global context.
* Computer Conferencing System Development, Deakin University** Center for the Studies of Higher Education, Nagoya University208

Is On-Line education the future
for universities?
David J. ROBINSON**
Terumasa IKEDA**＜Outline＞
The growth in access to the Internet and to electronic resources ingeneral has changed higher education. Not only has it changed not
only the student experience but appears to offer for the future a newenvironment for learning. Students could, potentially, study for adegree anywhere in the world and study without leaving their homes.
There are profound implications in this for higher education: there areadvantages and there are risks. In this paper we look at the potentialof On-Line education and assess the benefits and risks for both thedistance education and conventional university sectors. We consider
the financial implications for students and for universities and assess
the access issues that are raised by the use of On-Line teaching.
Finally, we consider the implications of globalisation of HigherEducation. We conclude that the developments in technology are apowerful driver for the development of On-Line education and that
On-Line has a role to play but we express doubts about the wisdom ofplanning for the complete presentation of entire degree programmes
On-Line.
* Science Faculty, Open University** Centre for the Studies of Higher Education, Nagoya University

209

Features and Problems of American Graduate
School of Education
Yoshikazu OGAWA＜Outline＞
The distinguishing characteristic of American graduate schools ofeducation is, first of all, the largest in student number among postgraduate schools. The first reason is the number of teachers as a profession in American society, who are trained there, is huge:schoolteachers have to enroll the graduate school of education to
obtain the permanent licenses. As the second reason, which is more
important, the graduate schools of education have always been
responsive to the social needs: they have established many new programs targeted for specific jobs in education, and offered various
kinds of academic degrees and certificates.
Graduate schools of education in this sense play an important role insociety and, accordingly, are stable organizations in financial matters.
Educational issues such as low academic achievements of children
have often raised as political ones, however, and teachers and graduate schools of education have been severely criticized at the sametime ? Both of them remain low status as a profession and a professional school respectively. The pressure makes graduate schools ofeducation hesitate to be regarded as pure professional schools andaspire to changes into academic ones. There are still conflicts concerning their identities: professional schools or graduate schools dedicatedto the research activities.
Center for International Higher Education, Boston College210

Reconstitution of National Universities in Korea−A New Trend on “The National Universities
Development Plan”−
Hiroto IDE＜Outline＞
This paper is to describe to the trend about the reconstitution ofNational Universities in Korea based on the two documents, the“National Universities Development Plan” and the “The Tentative
Plan for the Evaluation of the University Development Plan”.
As the result, it can be said that the following is the feature of thereconstitution of present Korean National Universities.
(1) It makes a point of the cooperation under the “area” which is conscious of the “do”, or local autonomous body.
(2) It aims at that each national university clarifies the role for function (research-centered university or Teaching-centered, etc.) in thearea, and cooperates each other.
(3) It plans that each national university demonstrates the “strongpoint” on the education / research which each university has now,
and after that the university reconstitutes with its core feature.
(4) The government (Ministry of Education and Human Resources
Development) evaluates the development plan of each university,in order to guide reform like the three above-mentioned points, and
it is made to give financial support. The “National Universities
Development Committee” develops the evaluation indicator, andevaluation is performed using it.
Also in the case of Japan, it can be said that the Government needs toclarify not only an individual policy but a grand design from the pointof educational perspectives immediately about the reconstitution andthe consolidation of the National Universities.
Center for the Studies of Higher Education, Nagoya University211