IEEJ：January 2020 © IEEJ2020

九州大学講義 2020年1月16日

Thinktank Roundtable A (IEEJ) SIEW2018よりEnergy Transition
Shifting from Molecules to Electrons- Role of Innovation and Potential of Carbon-free Hydrogen -Yukari Niwa Yamashita
Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (IEEJ)Introduction

Molecules to electrons◼
◼

Energy transition includes shifting away from fossil fuels to electricity.
We can still use molecules in the form of “green” molecules in the zero-emission world.

Hydrogen◼
◼

High ｈopes are placed on hydrogen as a carrier of zero-carbon energy.
Hydrogen can be produced from renewable energy, fossil fuels, and nuclear.

Important Role of Hydrogen◼
◼

Number one priority is addressing Climate Change
Potential benefits :➢ to stabilize fossil fuel rich economies in Post-Oil-Age➢ to connect energy importing Asian countries with energy exporters in the zero-emission world➢ to store surplus renewable electricity
Source: IEEJIEEJ © 20191

Reducing Carbon Footprint While Making Use of Fossil Fuel Resources

Carbon reduction

Lesserdependence onoil

Effective use offossil fuelresources

Hydrogenproduction + CCS

IEEJ © 2019Economic growth

Stabilizing
Middle East

Science andtechnology
promotion

CO2-free Hydrogen⚫ Large scale availability of H2 (either from hydrocarbon + CCS orrenewables)✓A variety of concepts led by Japan, recently followed by Europe.

✓Around 2020, some of the ideas are to be demonstrated by Japanese companies.
Gas in Norway + CCS

Power to Gas
in Europe

Oil/gas, associatedgas
in the Middle East+ CCS
PV in the Middle
East⚫ Power to Gas (PtG)

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✓Hydro in Russia

Led by Europe, recently followed by Japan.

Power to Gasin Japan

Brown coal inAustralia+ CCS

Hydro inCanada

PV in Australia

Co-Benefit: Japan & Middle East connected by H2◼ CO2-free H2/NH3 through CCS/EOR is one of the decarbonization technologies in “Japan
Saudi Vision 2030”, bringing about co-benefit for both countries.
◼ IEEJ is collaborating with Saudi Aramco on this issue.
Saudi Japan Vision 20302030 ‫الرؤية السعودية اليابانية‬CO2 free H2/NH3 Supply Chain
Collaboration for international
contribution- Long-term utilization of fossil fuel- Decarbonization- Tech development- Decarbonization

Power generation

MOU (CO2-free NH3)
Japan Saudi Arabia Vision 2030 Business Forum2019/6/17

CCS/EOR

CO2free
H2/NH3

Mobility

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Industry水素基本戦略のシナリオ

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Source: Basic Hydrogen Strategy (2017)

戦略ロードマップ(水素、燃料電池）

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Source: METI

“Hydrogen Energy Ministerial Meeting”

Tokyo Statement (2018)◼ 1.Collaboration on Technologies and Coordination onHarmonization of Regulation, Codes and Standards◼ 2. Promotion of Information Sharing, International Joint
Research and Development Emphasizing Hydrogen Safety
and Infrastructure Supply Chain◼ 3. Study and Evaluation of Hydrogen’s Potential across
Sectors Including Its Potential for Reducing Both CO2Emissions and Other Pollutants◼ 4. Communication, Education and OutreachGlobal Action Agenda of Tokyo Statement (2019)
The Ministers and Delegates recognize the importance oftackling challenges to scale up hydrogen comprehensively,including by formulating long-term strategies or roadmaps andidentifying challenges and the necessary policies and programs
to implement change. They encourage actions on the following
items, where appropriate, in line with the four pillars in theTokyo Statement, while taking into account different national
circumstances

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Source: METILarge Scale H2 Is Essential⚫ In terms of economics, large-scale supply chain is sine qua non⚫ Transport has three options, liquefied hydrogen (LH2), methylcyclohexane (MCH) and ammonia (NH3).
Exporters

Importers, domestic producers

Renewables

Renewables

H2Marinetransport

Electrolysis
H2
Steam reforming,
gasification
CO2

FossilfuelLoading
Domestictransport

Liquefaction

Gasification
MCHhydrogenation

FCV

Dehydrogenation

Domestic
deliveryH2-firedPower generation

NH3
Decomposition
Domestic delivery

Note: LH2 is liquefied hydrogen, MCH is methylcyclohexane, NH3 is ammonia

IEEJ © 2019HRSUnloading
LH2

Synthesis
CCS, EORElectrolysis

NH3-firedPower generation

Examples of Potential Hydrogen Users:
Demand Creation is Required

Industrial Use

Energy Use◼ Large-scale use
15 billion Nm3/y for oil refining,
petrochemicals, ammonia, etc.
in Japan◼ Small-scale use
300 million Nm3/y in Japan atpresent◼ FCV, hydrogen station◼ Hydrogen burning
power generation

800,000 units @2030: 800 million Nm3

1GW=2-3 billion Nm3◼ Industry sector
Stainless steel
brightannealing

Glass

Hydrogenated fat, Semiconductor
margarine

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◼ Buildings sector

For steelmaking(hydrogen reduction ◼ Natural gas pipelinesteelmaking),boilers, burners, etc.
in future

Hurdles are lower forsynthetic methane

Futurehydrogentown?

Target Hydrogen Import Cost

⚫ Given Japan’s hydrogen use for power generation, the desirable hydrogen CIF importprice is 20 yen /Nm3 or less.
The Japanese government has set its target at 30 yen /Nm3.

Power generation cost
(Yen/kWh)

Carbon emissions
Fuel cost
Operation/maintenance cost
Fixed cost

10yen/Nm3

15
yen/Nm3

Hydrogen price

20yen/Nm3

Hydrogen powergeneration

2030

30
yen/Nm3
Coalpowerplants

2050
LNG
power
plantsCoal
powerplants

LNG
powerplants

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Source: IEEJA Variety of PtG Configuration in Europe: One Example

Synthetic Methanol

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Source: http://www.powertogas.info/power-to-gas/pilotprojekte-im-ueberblick/windgas-falkenhagen/Source: Audi e-gas project
Source: The MYRTE project: implementing hydrogen energy storage through the ‘GreEnergy Box’
Source: https://www.spire2030.eu/mefco2

IEA’s Hydrogen Report◼ IEA report ”The Future of Hydrogen” (2019/6) makes recommendations on how to scaleup hydrogen.
➢➢➢➢
➢➢➢

1. Establish a role for hydrogen in long-term energy strategies
2. Stimulate commercial demand for clean hydrogen
3. Address investment risks of first-movers
4. Support R&D to bring down costs
5. Eliminate unnecessary regulatory barriers and harmonise
standards
6. Engage internationally and track progress
7. Focus on four key opportunities to further increase momentum
over the next decade.
✓ Make industrial ports the nerve centres for scaling up the use of cleanhydrogen✓ Build on existing infrastructure, such as millions of kilometres of natural
gas pipelines✓ Expand hydrogen in transport through fleets, freight and corridors✓ Launch the hydrogen trade’s first international shipping routes

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Source: IEA

Conclusion◼ Hydrogen will play important roles in the “post oil age”
1)
2)

To address Climate Change
To stabilize fossil fuel rich economies◼ Possible ways to produce zero carbon hydrogena)b)from fossil fuels in combination with CCS
through electrolysis from green electrons◼ Challenges are;i)ii)

To reduce the cost of zero-carbon hydrogen
To diversify the use of hydrogen;not only for transportation use but for power generation and industry

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Therefore;
International collaboration is essential for speeding up this process

Energy Transition and Role of Hydrogen
おまけ：General Questions for the Panel⚫ How can hydrogen contribute to the “energy transition”?
⚫ What specific areas, usage, systems and technologies have potential
applications for hydrogen? Any examples and best practices ofongoing projects?
⚫ What are the foreseen challenges ? How can we address them?

⚫ What is our way forward?

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◼ UAEへの提言：Establishing Hydrogen Master Plan is recommended, in which;✓ Objectives: Decarbonization and (or) natural gas export increase✓ Target and target year should be set.
✓ How to produce hydrogen and what applications?
✓ What technologies should be included?
✓ Cost target for hydrogen; production, transport & storage and application✓ Draw technology roadmap✓ What policy and supporting mechanism is required?
✓ Potential of collaboration with Japan
Contact :report@tky.ieej.or.jp