No. 2/June 2015

The

TRADE PRACTICES : RELEVANCEOF TRADE MEASURES (ANTI-DUMPING)
TO IRON & STEEL INDUSTRY (PART 2)

CEO FOREWORD

The government
unveiled the 11th
Malaysia Plan (RMK11)
In the last episode we looked at anti-dumping initiations. It
inMay. It is the lastmust be noted here that not all initiations end with an antisprint
towards 2020,
dumping measure/duty being imposed.
and all efforts are gearedThis time around we take a look at actual trade measures thattowards taking the country
have been imposed for the period 1st January 1995 to 31st
to the ranks of a developed
December 2013. The data used in this write-up is based onnation. RMK11 is actually
The World Bank (Bown, Chad P. (2014) “Global Antidumping
the 13th of a series of 5-year
Database,” available at http://econ.worldbank.org/ttbd/
development plans, initially conceived in 1956, and spansgad/), for the period of 1.1.1995 to 31.12 2013.
2016 - 2020. It is, therefore, the last leg of the series before
Malaysia joins the elite league by achieving a fully developed,
Imposition of Anti-dumping (AD) Measures – Overall
high-income nation status in the year 2020.
(1.1.1995 - 31.12.2013)
As part of the “inclusive” government’s initiative to guide the
A total of 42 countries imposed 2,894 AD measures nation towards the Vision 2020 goal, the following eight (8)as opposed to 47 countries that initiated 4,519 AD Strategic Thrusts were announced :investigations, indicating that only 64% of the cases initiated
1. Enhancing Inclusivenessfinally ended with AD measure in place, in this duration.
2. Improving wellbeing
The number of developed countries that had initiated AD
3. Harnessing talent
investigations and imposed AD measures remained at six
4. Pursuing green growth(6); whereas 41 developing countries initiated AD measures
5. Strengthening the foundation for expansion
with only 36 of them successfully imposing AD measures.
6. Re-engineering economic growthChart 1 provides a list of the top twenty (20) countries that
7. Humanising public services and reinforcing governancehave imposed AD measures (imposed AD duties) on all
8. Taking Malaysia beyond 2020sectors.
CHART 1: Top 20 AD Measures by Country ─ All Sectors How far we have, as a nation, achieved the objectives as
stipulated in the Strategic Thrusts remains to be seen but if(1.1.1995 - 31.12.2013)
we are to make this vision a reality, we have to soldier on
together.
Recap

As for the Iron & Steel industry, in the short term, thelocal construction sector seems to be robust, exhibiting
a positive outlook with the ongoing projects and thosein the order books which are scheduled to commence
this year. Mega projects (e.g. the Pan Borneo Highway,
the KL-Singapore High Speed Rail, & MRT 2) coming
on-board will definitely provide the impetus for thebuilding and construction industry to soar to further
heights, thus creating a greater demand for building
materials, which include steel products.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CEO Foreword
Trade Practices: Relevance of Trade Measures (Anti-Dumping) to the Iron & Steel Industry (Part 2)
An overview of standardisation of iron and steel in Malaysia
MSI appointed by JPK to conduct Occupational Analysis (OA) Survey
Factory Visits: 1) Eastern Steel Sdn Bhd; 26 March 20152) Vale Malaysia Mineral Sdn Bhd; 24 April 2015
Events: 1) Training for Trade Practices under the WTO by Subash Bose Pillai; February 2015
2) FMM Visit to German-Malaysia Institute (GMI); 26 March 2015
3) Introduction to Steel Making; 27-28 April 2015

pg 1
pg 1
pg 4
pg 5
pg 5
pg 6
pg 6
pg 7
pg 8

MSI • 1

The following Chart 2 reflects the number of AD measures on the ironand steel sector compared to other sectors:

Continuation of CEO foreword

The important question and challenge to the Iron & Steelindustry is whether the local players are able to keep pacewith the supply and at the same time be competitive
enough to wrestle a good chunk of the pie against thecheap supplies coming from abroad. Apart from this,we also have to move up the value chain to meet theaspirations of a developed nation.
For the steel industry, the next 5 years will continue tobe a challenging period with the prevailing influx ofcheap material from abroad and the imminent inflow of
FDIs that will be producing like-products more efficiently
utilising Blast Furnace technology. Therefore, if the local
players desire to be profitable and relevant in the everincreasing competitive marketplace, they have no choice
but to seriously embark on re-inventing themselves bylooking into the prevailing technology they employ,
their business model and market approach and theirsynergistic collaboration with foreign partners or mergers/
acquisition in line with the government’s aspiration inpromoting the four (4) catalytic industries vis-à-vis E&E,
Automotive, Aerospace and Medical Devices.
These sectors have been earmarked and will be given
more emphasis by the authorities and these are projected

to provide the driving force to propel the Malaysian
Industrial Plan to a new level. Both the private sector
and the authorities have to look beyond 2020 to bringin changes for the betterment of the industry, not just in
capacity building to produce similar commercial grade
products but also in implementing more strategic changes
to bring the industry to a higher value chain of production– producing high end products for the said 4 catalytic
industrial applications, which will be in demand beyond
2020, for local and export markets.
Towards this end, MSI is committed to fully supporting thegovernment’s aspiration in RMK11 by collaborating withthe private sector in moving up the value chain throughour strategic programs in the area of trade measures,
talent development, standards setting & governance,
export promotion, SME development, green technology,
R&D on new products, and productivity enhancement
to meet the needs of the catalytic
industries.
“On behalf of MSI BOD, Management andStaff, I would like to wish all Muslim friends“Selamat Berpuasa” andLEE KHIM MENG
“Selamat Hari Raya Aidilfitri”.
CEO OF MSI

Continuation Trade Practices: Relevance Of Trade Measures (Anti-Dumping) To Iron & Steel Industry (Part 2)

Chart 2: Top 20 AD Measures by Country (No. of AD
Measures Imposed) – Iron & Steel as Against All Sectors(1.1.1995 - 31.12 2013)is Thailand that leads with 77% of its AD measurestargeting iron & steel products. This is followed by Canada
with 74%, then Russia with 64% , Indonesia with 57%,
Venezuela with 56% and with the US and Mexico at 52%.
India trails with only 9% of her measures on iron & steel
products while Malaysia recorded 17%.
Success Rate of AD Measures
Going a step further, it would be interesting to know thesuccess rate of AD imposition as against initiations andthis is reflected in Chart 4:
Chart 4: Top 20 Countries: Anti-Dumping Initiations
vs Imposition and Success Rate of AD Imposition – byCountry on All Sectors

Attention must be drawn to the fact that while India leads
the pack when it comes to AD measures for all sectors(Chart 1), it drastically falls when it comes to AD measureson the iron and steel industry.
Imposition of Anti-dumping (AD) Measures – Iron &Steel Sector
The following (Chart 3) gives a better understanding ofwhat percentage of AD measures targets the iron & steel
sector.
Chart 3: Top 20 Countries: Anti-Dumping Measures
Imposed on Iron & Steel Sector as a Percentage of Total
Measures	
  Turkey turns out to have the highest success rate with 92%,
followed by Mexico (74%); surprisingly coming in third is
China (78%), the US and Egypt (both 74%), Thailand andArgentina (both 70%) and the rest lower than 70%. It must
be noted that Malaysia recorded a rate of 58%, which is
below the average success rate of 64%.
Comments are reserved as to whether having a higher
success rate is good or bad or if it reflects on theInvestigating Authority of the country concerned.

MSI • 2	  If we were not to take into account Singapore and theDominican Republic as each imposed only two (2) AD
measures and both were on iron & steel products, it

AD Imposition – Sectoral Comparison
How do the AD measures imposed compare with AD
initiations on a sectoral basis? The following Chart 5
provides the comparison.

Chart 5: Top 5 Sectoral comparison of Anti-Dumping
Initiations against Measures Imposed by Sector andSuccess Rate of Imposition (January 1995 - December
2013)

point to note is that of the top ten countries in the above
chart, seven (70% ) are East Asian countries, high on thelist of receiving AD measures.
Receiving End – Iron & Steel
Chart 7 focuses on the iron & steel sector and shows
which countries have had AD measures imposed on themand compares this with other sectors:
Chart 7: Top 20 Countries (I&S): Comparative AD Measures
Received On I&S Sector Against Other Sectors ─ by Country(January 1995 - December 2013)

If we shift our focus to a sectoral comparison of themeasures imposed as opposed to measures initiated, notsurprisingly the iron & steel sector comes out tops with
851 measures or 29.4% of the total 2,894 measures inplace. A distant second is the Chemical & Allied Industries
sector with 609 measures (21.1%), Plastics, Resins &Rubber Articles with 368 measures (12.7%), Textiles &Articles with 245 measures (8.4%), and Machinery &Electrical Equipment with 243 measures (8.3%).
Textiles and Articles has the highest success rate at 72%
of AD measures in place after initiation. This is followedby Chemicals and Allied Industries (67%), Iron & Steel,third (66%), and Resins, Plastics & Rubber together with
Machinery & Electrical Equipment (62%).
It is to be observed that for the iron & steel sector the
success rate for the imposition of AD measures is higher
than the average success rate of 64% for all sectors.
Who is at the receiving end?
Receiving End ─ Overview
The following Chart 6 shows globally the top 20 countries
at the receiving end of the AD measures for all sectors:
Chart 6: Top 20 Countries (All Sectors): AD Measures
Received - by Country (January 1995 - December 2013)

In terms of number of AD measures specifically imposedon the I&S sector as compared to that imposed on all
sectors, Russia moves up from 8th to second spot with
63 AD measures after China (183 AD measures imposed
on I&S sector) and the US drops to 20th spot. From
the above chart, it is generally noted that major steel
producing countries are featured in the top 20 countries
on the receiving end of AD measure on I&S. Surprisingly,
Malaysia, though not a major I&S producing country,
ranks 11th.

	  On a percentage comparison of AD measures on I&S sector
to all sectors, Kazakhstan leads as the country which hasreceived the most AD measures in the I&S sector, at 85%,
followed by Ukraine (76%), South Africa (74%), Russia(60%) and Romania(59%). China and Malaysia share thesame percentage at 26%.
Receiving End – Sectoral Comparison
Delving a bit deeper into comparing the iron & steel sector
with the other 4 sectors imposed with AD measures, thefollowing Chart 8 gives a clear picture on where the iron& steel stands in terms or being at the receiving end of AD
measures:
Chart 8: Top 5 Sectors: Comparative AD Measures On I&S
Sector Against Other Sectors (January 1995 - December
2013)

	
  

Malaysia, being a net exporting country is not spared andranks 11th with 68 AD measures (2.2%) in place. A quick

MSI • 3As expected, China tops the list and completely stands
out with 717 AD measures received or imposed on China
which is about a quarter (24.8%) of the global total of
2,894 AD measures imposed on all sectors. A distantsecond is Korea with 199 AD measures (6.9%), third being
Chinese Taipei with 162 measures (5.6%), fourth the US
with 150 AD measures (5.2%) and fifth Japan with 126
measures (4.4%).

The iron & steel industry stands out for being the sector
with the:• Highest number of AD measures imposed;• Highest number of countries imposed with AD
measures (68%); and• Highest average AD measure per country.

- check to see if AD duties have been imposedon your product for export on Malaysia orother countries. If imposed on other countries
but not Malaysia and urgent requests comefrom this country, need to be cautious on
volume and price.

So what does all these mean to the Iron & Steel Industry– at least in Malaysia?

- Malaysian companies have been imposed withAD duties with just one shipment to meet a
big order; to fill in the vacuum created by
the AD measures on other countries – checkfirst before taking up the “opportunity” thatsuddenly knocks at your door; andIf you are a producer of iron & steel products and if you
intend to export (could be for many reasons, for e.g.
domestic market is too small to achieve economies ofscale) you will need to be aware of the following: :• The background of the country you intend toexport to:- Is thecountry an ardent user of AD
instrument on iron & steel products?
• If so:- watch your volume/price of exports, as it isthe volume of exports that receives attention.

• Know the success rate of AD imposition of thecountry you intend to export to.
• Acquire knowledge on trade remedies and thebasis for imposition of AD measure. If you doneed any assistance on this, MSI is here and readyto help you!
What Next?
Look out for the next issue!

AN OVERVIEW OF STANDARDISATION OF IRON AND STEEL IN MALAYSIA
Introduction

Standardisation of iron and steel in Malaysia

Standards are publisheddocuments that provide
requirements, specifications,guidelines or procedures toensure that the materials,
products, processes, systems
and services are safe andconsistently fit for purpose.
Standards also establish
a common language forbetter mutual understanding and cover subjects on
food, agriculture, textile, construction, transport,
engineering, chemistry, information technology, energy,
the environment and much more.

Iron and steel products have been standardised for many
years. With the rapid growth in the construction andindustrial section, the application of steel becomes verybroad. Different applications require different properties(e.g., liquefied natural gas tanks require steel that canperform well in low-temperature properties, power
plants require steel that is strong in high-temperature
properties). Therefore, standards are crucial for the
production and distribution of iron and steel for various
applications.

Standards are important in that they provide a basis oflegislation for controlling quality, protecting consumers
and ensuring health and safety. In addition, they ensurecompatibility, interchangeability and interoperatibility
which ultimately benefit consumers. The use of standards
also leads to direct and indirect economic benefits andhelps in import substitution and export promotion.
The use of standards is voluntary. However, they may bemade mandatory by stating this in the acts or regulations
to protect the user and business interests, and in supportof government policies.
Standards can be are categorised into four levels as
follows:i) International Standards (e.g., ISO, IEC, ITU, etc)
– standards developed by the international
standardization organization (ISO), International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), International
Telecommunication Union (ITU), etc.
ii) Regional Standards (e.g., EN standards) – standards
developed by the European Committee forStandardization.

MSI • 4iii) National Standards (e.g., MS, BS, JIS, AS/NZS, SS, etc)
– standards developed by the national standardisationbody or other body accredited to produce national
standards.
iv) Company Standards – standards developed by thecompany for their own use.

Many of the world’s largest steel producing countries
have developed a lot of well-established or recognised
standards and they have been widely referred to by the
local iron and steel industry (in the absence of MalaysianStandards or trading purposes) depending on theirapplication. The following are some of the recognised
standards:i) ISO Standards – for metallic/mechanical testingii) Japanese Standards (JIS) – for industrial (nonconstruction) productsiii) European Standards (EN)- for construction products(to align with the implementation of EURO Code forbuilding design)iv) ASTM Standards – for oil and gas pipesv) API standards/ISO Standards – for oil and gas pipes
Besides the above mentioned standards, MalaysianStandards (MS), which are documents developed byStandards Development Committees of various sectors ofThis brought about the establishmentof the Industry Standards Committee
on Iron and Steel (ISC P), approved by
the National Standards Committee,
on 7 March 2002 to oversee “thestandardisation in the field of castiron, cast, wrought, rolled and formed
steels and coated steels”.
However, the scope of ISC P was mademore specific to “Metallic Materials
and Semi-Finished Products” in 2009,
to oversee “the standardisation in
the field of metallic materials andsemi-finished products including
iron and steel”. This was done after
consultation with all other ISCs andprimarily to avoid any overlapping ofscope.
There are a total of eight technicalcommittees (TC) responsible for thedevelopment of relevant standards
under its scope and they are as
follows:i) Raw Materials for Iron & Steeland Intermediate Products(TC/P/1);
ii) Continuous Mill, Flat, Rolled
Products (TC/P/2);
iii) Steel for structural purposes(TC/P/3);iv) Alloy Steels (TC/P/4);v) Metal Castings (TC/P/5);vi) Steel Bars, Wire Rods and Wire
Products (TC/P/6);
vii) Mechanical Testing of Metallic
Materials (TC/P/8); andviii) Non-ferrous Metal and Ores
(TC/P/9).
As at 31 March 2015, a total of 255
Malaysian Standards on iron andsteel have been developed under
the authority of Industry Standards
Committee on Metallic Materials
and Semi-Finished Products (ISC P).
Out of 255, 142 are identical to ISO
standards and 19 have been modified
with some technical deviations.
As at September 2014, 54 MS on ironand steel have been implemented as
mandatory standards by CIDB and
MITI. It is believed that more andmore MS on iron and steel (including
alloy steels) will be developed andimplemented in order to avoid any
substandard products being imported
and used. This is especially relevantin the construction industry, where
public safety is priority. In addition,
this also helps increase productivity
and the competitive advantage of thelocal iron and steel industries.

MSI APPOINTED BY JPK TO CONDUCTOCCUPATIONAL ANALYSIS (OA) SURVEY‘Jabatan Pembangunan Kemahiran’ (JPK) has
appointed MSI to conduct an Occupational
Analysis survey (OA) on the Stainless Steelindustry sub sector. The appointmentcommenced on 30th March 2015.
The Stainless Steel Industry is an emerging
sector in Malaysia manufacturing high value
and quality products for new growth areas
such as Aerospace & Medical Devices aswell as for catalytic subsectors that include
Oil & Gas, Automotive and Machinery &Equipment. Market demand for stainlesssteel is expected to grow in tandemwith Malaysia’s aspiration to become anindustrialized/developed nation by 2020.
The OA shall focus on critical skills needed in Stainless Steel manufacturing.
This analysis is expected to be completed by end 2015. The outcome of the OA
will be used as a basis to formulate the National Occupational Skill Standards(NOSS), for the stainless steel sectors, which will then be incorporated in the
curriculum for training in vocation schools and institutions of higher learning.
In the course of conducting this OA, a panel of eight industrial experts,
including academicians and practitioners from the industry, will be invited tocontribute and deliberate in four workshops over a period of 2-3 months on
the critical skills needed for the stainless steel sector.
These workshops will be led by an experienced facilitator and the final reportwill be vetted and verified by three independent experts from the industry
before being submitted to JPK for their consideration and acceptance.

FACTORY VISIT : EASTERN STEEL SDN BHD
26 MARCH 2015 - Eastern Steel plant is a joint venture between Hiap Teck
Venture Berhad (HTVB) and Shougang Group of China. Located in Kemaman,
Terengganu, this facility is equipped with Blast Furnace technology capableof producing 700,000mt of slabs per annum with the completion of Phase 1.
The integrated steel mill takes up
1,200 acres of land mass. Phase
1 development comprises a
Material Handling Yard, a Sintering
Plant, a Blast Furnace, a Basic
Oxygen Furnace, a Ladle Refining
Furnace, a Slab Continuous Casting
Machine, an Oxygen Making Plant
and a 275KVA substation.
Eastern Steel also has university partnership programs with TATI University
College and Shougang Institute of Technology (SGIT) to develop new talents
capable of handling blast furnace technologies as well as other technicalknow-how in iron and steel making. As part of Eastern Steel’s commitment
towards human capital development, the company has also prepared Staff
Quarters with facilities capable of housing 600 employees and is locatednearby the plant.

MSI • 5the iron and steel industry, are also
being widely used and implemented.

FACTORY VISIT : VALE MALAYSIA MINERAL SDN BHD
24 APRIL 2015 - Teluk Rubiah Maritime Terminal is Vale’s iron ore distribution center, located in Teluk Rubiah, Lumut,
Perak, catering to demands from clients in Southeast Asia (including Malaysia), Taiwan, India and China. The
distribution center comprises a 1.8 km long deep water jetty and an onshore stockyard. The iron ore arrives from Brazil
in very-large ore carriers (400,000 dwt) to be stored at the center before distribution to the respective clients.
More than 90% of Vale’s permanent employees are locals and 55% of them joined the company through its
apprenticeship programs organized to recruit and train fresh graduates fromthe local communities.
Approximately 600 direct jobs were created for the operational phase andpotentially another 1,200 jobs can be created through a spillover effect in theregion.
Vale is also working with the State Government of Perak in social development
projects in the region with a focus in the areas of health, education, income
generation and community infrastructure.

EVENT : TRAINING ON WTO TRADE REMEDIES BY SUBASH BOSE PILLAI,MINISTRY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INDUSTRY
24-25 FEBRUARY 2015 - The Malaysia Steel Institute (MSI) conducted training, providing an overview of WTO Trade
Remedies covering three (3) main areas, Anti-Dumping, Countervailing and Safeguards.
MSI’s Trade Practices Advisor, Mr Subash Bose Pillai, at the request of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry(MITI), provided a one and a half day comprehensive training in order to provide some insight into as well as gain somein-depth understanding of these 3 areas. Participants mainly comprised MITI officers from the Trade Practices Section
which carries out investigation of trade remedies at the receipt of a fully documented petition, including the legal
officers and Custom officers based in MITI as well as accountants and Malaysian Investment Development Authority(MIDA) officers.
Generally, trade remedies are the only provisions under the WTO that allows a Member State to increase its tariffs
against the committed rate in the WTO or to impose quantitative restrictions. Trade remedy actions are legal actions
and the legal basis of the trade remedies in Malaysia are from the following Malaysian Acts and Regulations/WTO
Agreements:• Anti-dumping- WTO Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of GATT 1994 (ADA);- Countervailing & Anti-Dumping Duties Act 1993;- Countervailing & Anti-Dumping Duties Regulations 1994;• Countervailing- WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM);- Countervailing & Anti-Dumping Duties Act 1993;- Countervailing & Anti-Dumping Duties Regulations 1994;• Safeguards- WTO Agreement on Safeguards(SGA);- Safeguards Act 2006;- Safeguards Regulations 2007.
In general, each type of trade remedy addresses specific situations/issues arising out of the trade practices/policies
either by the foreign producer/exporter or government and are as follows:•

MSI • 6Anti-dumping: To address unfair trade practices of producers/exporters selling goods at a lower price ina foreign market than in its own domestic market and causing material injury to the domestic industry of
the importing country;• Countervailing: To address a situation when a foreign producer/exporter is able to charge a lower pricethrough government subsidies that are considered as prohibited/actionable and causing material injury
to the domestic industry of the importing country; and• Safeguard: To provide reprieve/time out to the domestic industry from fairly traded goods, when thedomestic industry is unable to cope with a sudden surge in imports causing serious injury to the domestic
industry and to allow for adjustments to be carried by the injured domestic industry.

Besides these, other salient points discussed and elaborated during the training include:
Anti-Dumping
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Basis for anti-dumping initiation
Definition of domestic industry
Characteristics of like products
Scope of like products and subject merchandise
Dumping margin determination
Non-market economy treatment
Material injury determination (15 factors)- Effects of material injury- Volume effects- Price effects• Causal link: dumping and material injury

Safeguards:• Initiation of safeguards action: based on petition
submission• Product comparability• Elements of serious injury• Threat of serious injury• Causal link
• Concessions

Common topics:• Statutory requirement of petition• Special and Differential Treatment (S&DT) ─
developing economies
Countervailing:• Time frame of the anti dumping/countervailing/safeguard investigations• Definition of subsidies• Timeframe: imposition & reviews• Different types of subsidies ─ actionable and non• Sunset review
actionable• Material injury determination (15 factors)- Effects of material injury- Volume effects- Price effects• Cause link : subsidised imports and material injury

EVENT : FMM VISIT TO GERMAN-MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE (GMI)
26 MARCH 2015 - The Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers (FMM) organised a visit to
the German-Malaysia Institute (GMI). One of the officers of Malaysia Steel Institute had
the opportunity to join this visit. The objectives of this visit were to:• View GMI’s training facilities and campus;• Understand the training and development programmes and services offered tomeet the skills needs of the industry;• Explore the available technical and consultancy services; and• View machineries and equipment for fabrication jobs, precision machining andcontract manufacturing.
GMI is a hub for advanced skills training which provides a comprehensive and wellbalanced training (practical experiences and theoretical knowledge) and offers a broadbased engineering education, with opportunities for specialisation and self-directed
learning and development. GMI’s training programmes and services comprise:
•
•
•
•
•

Full time diploma programmes;
Pre-university programmes (A-Level);
Skills upgrading technical courses;“Train-the-trainer” programmes; andIndustrial consultancy and services.

GMI, via its subsidiary, GMI Technical and Consultancy Services Sdn Bhd (GMItech) offers its services to local andinternational clients, in the areas of:• Training and development:
Programmes offered include:- Sijil Kemahiran Malaysia (SKM Programmes;- “Train-the-trainer” programmes;- Specialised technical trainings;- Customised courses;- Curriculum development; and- Accreditation of prior learning.
• Engineering Services:A wide range of machineries and equipment
are available for fabrication jobs, precision
machining and contract manufacturing to
produce high quality products and to undertakeprojects from industries and institutions.

The participants also visited KUKA Robotic Centre; Emerson Management Technology Centre; Zeiss Industrial
Metrology Centre; and Mori Seiki CNC Machining Centre.

MSI • 7

• Consultancy and services:
Services include:- Establishment of Technical Education and
Vocational Training (TEVT);- Event management; and- Trading and retail.

EVENT : INTRODUCTION TO STEELMAKING
27-28 APRIL 2015 - The officers of Malaysia Steel Institutewere invited to attend training on “Introduction to
Steelmaking”, organised by the Malaysia Iron and Steel
Industry Federation (MISIF) held at MISIF Training Roomin Shah Alam Selangor.
Two well-known speakers from University Science
Malaysia, Assoc. Prof. Ahmad Badri Ismail and Dr Sheikh
Abdul Rezan facilitated the training.

•
•
•
•
•

The speakers further elaborated on:•

the selection of the correct grade of stainlesssteel to fit the purpose;•the manufacturing for iron and steel using
the blast furnace (BF) and basic oxygen furnace(BOF) processes, which are presently the mostcommonly used method in many factories in
Malaysia;•

the advantages of continuous casting to produce
slabs, blooms, and billets, which include:high productivity;
exceptional yield ─ homogeneity ofchemical composition & defect-freesurface;excellent product quality; andability to produce a wide variety of steel
grades.

•two types of continuous casting machine, i.e.:
vertical type:* Advantages: higher casting speed andthicker section.
* Disadvantage: increased height of plantrequired.
vertical type with bending; andhorizontal type.

The objectives were:•to provide a basic understanding of the steel
production, making, shaping, and treatment to
final products. (For example, how the ore to final
products affects the steel quality);•

to understand the different iron making andsteelmaking techniques; and•to identify, address and resolve problems arisingfrom steelmaking.

The areas of steelmaking that were covered in the training
included:• types and properties of ferrous material;• an overview of steel making;• shaping and treating of steel evolution of iron andsteelmaking;• secondary steelmaking;ladle metallurgy;solidification of steel;casting defects and prevention;
continuous casting of steel products and steel
deformation process for hot and cold steel; andheat-treatment and surface coating.

Besides the participants from Malaysia Steel Institute,
there were also participants from the industries, namely
Akzo Nobel Industrial Coatings Sdn Bhd, Ann Joo Steel
Berhad, CSC Steel Sdn Bhd and SGL Carbon Sdn Bhd.
MISIF regularly organises and provides soft skills andtechnical training in an effort to continually enhance thecapacity building of the iron and steel industry.

MSI • 8

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