!"[  ,H»¼] T

῏ yrῐ+῍  -2, MtC

῎+*0+ῌ ῐ῎῍ῑ῏῍½yrῐ+῍  //. MtC yrῐ+  CO,  ! "#"$% ῎&'῏()*+#,

,-./0+῏ῌ 1

234,56789῍ :#);

#῍ <= >?- @ CO, *A"BC+#"DEF0G῍ 2῍  H0G῍ !"JK   $%H .** 'L MNO(P῍ )PQRJK*S,  & + ῌ - T - B,CO, *P ?ῌ U"%VWXYZ./0#  & -῍  km  + B῍  F,[ \? ,12] ῎^_Y῏ 0+, ,῏ῌ῍ d3 >?-4efg< ῍ L MNO`abB῍
5<hi1#Ic

jk+#, ῌ 1-?l/῏m%  7

῍   "n῍[o()῍ Global Carbon Project ῎GCP῏ ῎http : //῎p,-῏ q6?7r< , ῎CO,῏www.globalcarbonproject.org/activities/theme

38s ῎t_u῏ ?1 v9+#,ῌ w,.htm῏ !"T ,+ Jx4y CO, t_z῍ {|}:~%V;<Gu u?y῍

B UG῍ +** ῏  CO, t_u3+*

=>

 +** GtC ῎ ,/C()!"?H>I+#

T!J,ῌ !"@ @<A

 4DEFG>
 ,T H", ῌ 1KL CO, * ῎,**. M῏n῍ ! EFNOG

& ,2*  Hῌ0῍

-῏1-?ef}:I>R? !"0ῌ  ῍ % #& +*῍  H ,1 ' km ,

GtC   F, T - B,

 ῌ \] .῏

8P ,<Pῌ ,QB"I῍ ST0!UV)#,ῌ ef;<4y8P ,<PWB῍ .,

TX)(B῍¢ Y +#,1 !ZU#,ῌ 1-?[£῍ A[ 3^H῍ ,ῌ , ¡_TY<H

#A#L MNO!"4,῍ %_ +./῍  `M  a ¤h¥4G῍ H +, '8P CO, ¦ ῎CO, §ῌb*῏ km ῎./῍῏ d3 ῎ a¤῍ ῏ +#" ῌ }c¨QD0 ῎W©ª« ¬῏ T­,ῌ L®

:8¯"

῍ ^¡³´ µGT¶·,+῏῍ °Y©_©±T)²>῍

q6?38H1 d,ῌ (?G¸eT0()f)#",!¹(ºT»¼B0῍ m%7 +1, MtC",ῌ

Takashi Hirano : A Study on the Carbon Balance of Tropical Peatland
2

  No. 1- ῎,**2῏ ῏UDF ῍ ,**.

, ῎ῐ῍ bῐ

 !"#  #$% ῏DF &'(῍ )*+,- ./01))῍ ,**+῎ῐ῍ cῐ  23 ῏DC 4456)/6789:;<)=>?@AB῍ ,**.

῎ῐ CDE ῏ +ῐῌ FGH ,*῎,/ mCIHECDE ῏ +ῐῌ ;<)=>?

CDE UDF  DF C(GJ  .* m

HMNJOPQR%%S#  ῏ ,ῐ @῍ DC C(GJ . m #HTUVWXY῍ Z[T\]H^C῍ ῏ -ῐ @_O`OaVaEῌ DC (KL(῍HIHRVaEῌ b῍ ;<)=>?

 9a 23C῍ +331

 ,**,

.f !EgHhi$%H῍ jk(lTHm$VnVa

opPqrstuv ῏Mega Rice Pro-Eῌ w!x ῍ - y ῏T\ῐ (/c7)? AdO%e0-C(῍zPa +33*

jectῐ

{2H|}O%

H~P"῍  UDF @&$VH῍ b HJOVaEῌ $Q$῍ MNJO

RV @|xwC῍ # %  ῏ +ῐ  C῍ JO%# # 2aR%HT\( #$VaEῌ PW῍  P%Sῌq(#$῍ w(q$+333%CDEῌ d%῍ & 0)@|xw

C'JO%dd PRVaEῌ _%SC῍ e ῏,**,(H ῍ d%¡¢H)$VaEῌ *P£¤+e

,**,+331(῍ opP¡¢H

E @!XQ E"ῐ 6 ῏,**1

ῐyaVz!XQ $%a¥VaEῌ

T$%ῌ }O}O(῍ ,- ¦%$% - y§¨©.(῍ ª/0«o£ CO, 1+@l ῏,ῑ,* ῏ S, ++-ῑ// ῏ E ῎ ++.ῑ- ῏T¬C2­%$῍ ®3¯ 43@5RV®Eῐ @°¦$῍ 6£'# P±²7³´ª/µ¶·OE CO, 8 ῏CO, ¸6¹vz ῍ 6£'º9. ῏§¨©.ῐ @aVo£ῌT\  CO, »¼8 ῏¸6¹v½ῐ 0)@|RVaEῌ - y(῍ aῐ  +DF  DC ῏ ῐ +  No. 1- ῍,**2῎30ῑ 12  34 ῌ 5 3῍
m CD CO, EFGH0

678

IJK -* ῏+ L

QQR3S:T῍ UVDWXD"YCO,EFGH0fghGHOijk 5K3lῌ O῍ rmn3stuT vwO6ABM3῍ r}Q῍ U~t{|+ CO, <@K῍ Q;<|+ CO, oῌ v

῍ mnA #Wr;<|+ +  CO, oῌ >2῍ 3*>Q CO, EFGH0ABM;<ῐREῑ῍ }Q CO, EFGH0U~t9:;< =,>? CO, <@MANῐ?ABNEPῑ O ῌ P> , QCD34 K῍Z,+[\]^_`abc0de,+mn9: CO, oῐmn;<pDῑ qxyaz{|>ῌ-  ABMtW῍  !K99|+, ῌ  ,  -  !  "ῌ 5T῍  xx

ῐ,**.῏,**/ ῑ  + Q34 ῌ 5K*῍ 5 0῏+* K*>ῌ  !K P ¡῎¢*῍  P£¤¥p6¦!K§¤¢ῌ ¨£34 K῍ ©  ῐUDF ῑ 3ῒ*.1 m CDP3*9¢*O,Y*῍ ª «¬­> ῐDF ῑ 3ῒ+.0 m P3¢*>ῌ v῍
ª 9:®K DF ¯°±²34 ¤99:³῍ ´µ ῐDC ῑ  !¢© ±CD34|>ῌ 5T῍ ¶K¯·¸*O,´µ3¹ºK»O9|>>234 ῌ-  CO, EFGH0 + Q ῐ,**.  / ,4UDF ῏,**/  / ῑ ¼½*> -  ῌ ©- DC #$ , -   !" ῐ,**.  . ῏ῌ,**/  / ῑ ῐῑῌ DOY   !%&'()*+, ῌ-./ No. 1- ῌ,**2῍

NEP ῐ CO,

ῑ ()῍ *+,(-.

/6 CO, 73898:;*(<=;ῌῌ>?( 8῍@;῍ - 4

5!"#$*.2+῏++ῑ.6῍ C(,./1 Gt  (!DE+;"#E+:6 ῌ *F:GH CO, !D(I:*($,=J῍ K%L16  CJ῍ +  M;) N &'(.6ῌ +** gC mῒ, yrῒ+  CO, !D(;ῌῒ,AB

0123'!"#$%&'

ῒ+ CO,  ! D.6:OAB)P16Q#.6῍  RS J;ῌ  TU*+V.6J῍+.. mm yrῒ+ 6ῌ 8=8῍ W,X-=,YZ;

[./0O12

ῐDOCῑ /3\45]^_5 ῐNDVIῑ J6`abM)῍

ῐCH.ῑ !D+V.678(M*J9:;e:6fg,+6ῌ *6ῌ 8=8῍ =,d/ !DJ῍ <h*f=.6῍ +** gC mῒ, yrῒ+ iL)jkl m=)n:*(>,+P(o:6p?(h:ῌ q$ rs+** gC myrc=,d/:6 ῌ0ῑ;Z@t:uu

6῍ v4wsῌ$'x B/y*῏+** gC myrῒ+ 1῏3ῑ῍ '{#$
ῒ,myr

ῒ+

+*ῑ

ῒ,

PA=,῍yr

ῒ+!"#$J + ῏ , mm

C 9: ῐD ῑ 8:6:OEz+,ῑ 

13῏+.1 gC

M6(῍ |0:JF῎}~CAB8

:OAB(EzE+:6ῌ ῍ RS ῐ)Pῑ GI;:g6=( CO, 73;lt8῍8+:ῌ

H>16 6*( I6ῌ *I.J e; ῐDF y J῍ KL\KM;Z῍  NEP J ῒ .** gC mῑ M; ῐ0e6[.PNEP ῐῒ,yr

ῒ+NOJHIOῌ HI=, 8;

-ῑῌ *1)QR.6S(T8;AB῍ ^Uῑ  ῐ .ῑ u6῍ [.(G9(V[8῍  CO, (n8;fῒ*.1 m i[V[.6(6`.6g,+6ῌ *1O῍ ;g>?16WXY*(<=6ῌ V.0e66`Ze῍ 16ST:OJ῍ -Y)P([\E+;*16XY 1) CO, JV[.6ῌfg,+6ῌ @;῍¡ ¢]1^0῍ £sJ¤¥@)(_+6;#8; C ῐUDF ῑ 4cCZ῍ H>(¦.6*(`:ῌ +331 J῍ £sJ῍ h. ῐ*.+ m ῒ*., mῑ§¨V[8;ῐ /ῑῌ ©J῍ ªM«<¬8a)L(;b) ῐ­ ®¯°ῑ ­ ®¯°±)²V:b) ῐ³´ῑ

µ9E+6ῌ 4cCV[(¥@6[.J­®¯°c(³´1)& *.- m h:(῍ *+Jd¶ hE
·:ef.6ῌ :¸+8῍ [.(L¹8g4c(º-Y»¼6῍ H4ch9U)P(ijE+6*($,=;ῌ 0῍ DF  -NEP ῐ CO, ῑ  /  ῏ ,**/  / ῑ  - ῐῑῐ,**.
J¤0:[.( ῒ *., m iL6*JG½H῍ @;UDF J  [ . ( ῒ *.1 m i[[(6*J=; ῐ ,ῑῌ UDF  No. 1- ῍,**2῎ m[54  ++ mm yrῒ+ ;<῍ + cm => ?-@A !" BC; ῌ DEFG;HIJ
KLM-NO%<῍ PQRSTUCO, V-WX ῍ CO, Y-Z῎[\ !"]^_`a+ ῌbcdK?ef ῐDFῑ -g^h]῍ ,**+

ia CO, jk/lmno)pqrst!"ῌ u

,**,῏,**/ vC NEP ῐw CO, Vῑ x%&<῍ .
 .

DF  NEP ῐῑ 0ῑῌ !" ῌ NEP  -* #$%& ῌ'() +*  ῍ *+,+#$-./0+!" ῌ12312 4ῌ

#ῒ.,1 gC mῒ, yrῒ+ %&tKῌ CO, Y-gy;tK ,**,%῍Y /3. gC mzῒ,yr

ῒ+%&tK ῌ ,**,0ῑ{oo| %&<῍ }~-NOK 3῏+*    %y; ?-Kῌ }~U "U [-῍ x  ? CO, YWX0K_`a++-ῑῌ.ῌ ῒῑ῏ῐΐ῎῍u+%ia῍ +ῑ  ?^ CO,m;t!" -& ῍ ,ῑ ῐ ῑ 9 ;HUt! CO,Y-WX4 ῍ -ῑ U ;A+!^῍ U [U<RST ῐCO, Vῑ - 4 ῍ .ῑ z{oo|  CO, Y
-WX4 ῍ ;H- ai;tKῌ
% DF % 0 DC % .
 /UDF  56 0ῑῌ !"
ῌ 56  -* #$%& ῌ῍ UDF no)pqrst!

Kῌ ¡s K DF %z{oo|ῐ,**,ῑ ()! u-% K-῍ ¢ , z{oo| £¤ !";"ῌ ¥i῍ z{oo| ()-!a+ %no)pqr

-K DF %῍ }¦ ?§¨©

῍ ? CO, Vª"`z{-«N0+῍ ¬¦ ?§-#­0+=῍ ®

oo|¯bc§° K"_`!" ῌ ± ! %$ .** gC mK῍   LM^;² CO, Vª%³ῒ,yr

ῒ+ CO, Y4u;tK_`a+ ῌ ´&῍?ῐDC ῑ  CO, Yg^y ]῍ $ῒ,2** gC myrῒ+;<῍ DF $ , +%&t>"!^ ai K"ῌ uU²; efµ]¶'U·¸¹-(º ?)»¼*0+u,O%" ῌK ῐ -ῑῌ u CO, Y ?§6 ½C
6789: No. 1- ῌ,**2῍tions for tropical peatlands. Geophys. Res. Lett. -., L῏ ῎0῏*+.*-, +*.+*,3/,**0GL*,2-0..

῍  ῎+--1/*++῍ +/,//**+῍ +2.*-**+῏  !"#$%&'ῌ (#῍ )*+,-.-/%

Hirano, T. et al.

(,**1) Controls on the carbon balance of tropical peatlands. Ecosystems, in press.

1῏Chambers, J.Q. etal. (,**.) Respiration from a tropical forest ecosystem: partitioning of sources and low carbon use e$ciency.

&'.0+)01 CIMTROP 23+45

Ecol. Appl. +., S1,-S22.

6789:;<='ῌ

Biometric and micrometeorological measurements of2῏ Miller, S.D. et al. (,**.)

tropical forest carbon balance. Ecol. Appl. +., S1,ῌS22.
ῐῌῑῐ῍ῑ

+῏ Hooijer, A. et al. (,**0) PEAT-CO,,3῏ Hutyra, L.R. et al. (,**1) Seasonal controls on theAssessment of CO, emissions from drained peatlands

exchange of carbon and water in an Amazonian rain

in SE Asia. Delft Hydraulics report Q-3.-.

,῏

Ry-din, H. and Jeglum, J. (,**0) The Biology of Peatlands.
Oxford Univ. Press.

-῏Gruber, N. et al. (,**.) Theforest. J. Geophys. Res. ++,, G*-**2, +*.+*,3/,**0JG***-0/.

+*῏ Kosugi, Y. et al. (,**2) CO, exchange ofa tropical rainforest at Pasoh in Peninsular Malaysia.

vulnerability of the carbon cycle in the ,+st century :Agric. For. Meteorol. +.2, .-3ῌ./,.

An assessment of carbon-climate-human interactions.

al. (,**,) The amount of carbon released from peat andThe Global Carbon Cycle, Island Press, ./ῌ10.

.῏

Page, S.E. et al. (,**.) A record of late Pleistocene and++῏

Page, S.E. etforest ﬁres in Indonesia during +331. Nature .,*, 0+ῌ0/.
+,῏

Sorensen, K.W. (+33-) Indonesian peat swamp

Holocene carbon accumulation and climate change

forests and their role as a carbon sink. Chemosphere ,1,from an equatorial peat bog (Kalimantan, Indonesia) :+*0/ῌ+*2,.

implications for past, present and future carbon dy-

ide balance of a tropical peat swamp forest in Kalim-namics. J. Quat. Sci. +3, 0,/ῌ0-/.

antan, Indonesia. Glob. Change Biol. +-, .+,ῌ.,/.

/῏

Li, W. et al.

+-῏ Hirano, T. et al. (,**1) Carbon diox-(,**1) Future precipitation changes and their implica- No. 1- ῌ,**2῍7