【欧州】【Common】
Common – Analysis of decarbonization policies for the transport
sector in major European countries: German federal government
abolishes subsidies for EV purchase, causing an increase of
the CO2emission levels of newly registered passenger cars

Andrea Antolini

Former Researcher JTTRI【概要：Summary】

in BEV sales and a recent increase of purchases

Road transport is responsible for 77% of theof combustion engine passenger cars in Germany

entire transport sector’s CO 2 emissions and iscould

expected to play a predominant role to reach theCO2

European Green Deal’s target of reducing theof 0g CO2/km emissions for newly registeredtransport sector’s GHG emissions by 90% by 2050.

passenger cars in the entire EU. Therefore,

Passenger cars alone are responsible for aroundfurther support for the purchase of BEVs is

16% of the EU’s total CO 2 emissions.

considered

The European Environment Agency (EEA)’s 2022

crucial for achieving a significant reduction in

final data on CO 2

emissions of newly registered

the EU road transport sector’s CO 2 emissions.

passenger

and

cars

vans

has

confirmed

jeopardise

further

reductionofemissions towards reaching the 2035 target

necessary,

as

they

are

seen

as

a

corelation between the increasing number of【記事：Article】

Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) registrations

1. Importanceand CO2

the

of

EVs

for

CO2

emission

reduction from new passenger cars

emissions reduction in road transport.

However, the sales of BEVs in Europe’s main

Based on the European Green Deal’s target, theautomobile market Germany have significantlyEUdecreased after the Federal government stopped

neutrality by 2050, and to reduce the transport

the payment of subsidies for the purchase of

sector’s GHG emissions by 90%, based on 1990

private BEVs in December 2023.

figures (Council of the EU n.d.). While the

The reason for the abolishment of the subsidies

transport sector is responsible for about 25% offor the purchase of private BEVs was a German

the EU’s total GHG emissions, road transport

Federalthat

represents about 77% of the transport sector’s

forced the government to remove funds from its

total GHG emissions (European Commission n.d.).

budget, which were earmarked for financing theConsidering the impact of passenger cars, they

“environment bonus” subsidies, including theare responsible for around 16% of the EU’s totalpurchase of private BEVs. The following decline

CO2

Constitutional

海外の最新事情・トピック

Court’srulingMemberStatesintendtoreachclimateemissions (European Commission n.d.). To

2024 年6 月号｜JTTRI｜p. 1

reduce the average CO 2 emissions from all newlyinregistered passenger cars and vans, stricter

Commission 2022). Specific emission targets are

CO2 emission

under

set annually for each manufacturer or a group ofRegulation (EU) 2019/631, which was amended by

vehicle manufacturers that act together as a pool.

Regulation (EU) 2023/851 (see also Antolini 2023,

In 2022, 90 out of 91 manufacturers including

EEA 2024a). Regulation (EU) 2023/851 requires toindividual or pool members stayed below theirreach a GHG emissions reduction target for newly

binding specific target. The Tesla-Honda-Jaguar-registered passenger cars of 95g CO 2/km between

Land Rover pool had the lowest average CO 22020 and 2024, and finally 0g CO2/km as EU fleet-emissions (49.9g CO 2/km) (EEA 2024c).

targets

wereintroduced

wide CO2 emission target for passenger cars,
corresponding to a 100% CO 2 emission reduction
from 2035 onwards (European Commission n.d.).
This

will

requireatransformation

of

Fig.

2021

1:

(EEA

2022a,EEA

Average

CO₂2022d,

emissions

Europeanlevelsofindividual or pools of car manufacturers in 2022

thetransport sector towards the utilisation of
exclusively zero emission vehicles.
Based on the Regulation (EU) 2019/631, theEuropeanEnvironment

Agency(EEA)

publishes

annually the trends of the average CO 2 emission
levels of newly registered passenger cars and(Source: EEA 2024c)

vans in the EU-27, Iceland and Norway, and theUK (until 2020) (EEA 2023b, EEA 2022c). Between
2019 and 2022, the average CO 2 emissions from all

Fig. 2: Average CO₂ emissions of new passenger
cars with targets for 2025,2030 and 2035

newly registered passenger cars fell by -27%((EEA 2022d). In 2022 alone, newly registeredpassenger cars CO2 emissions decreased by around
6g CO2/km compared to 2021 to 108.1g CO2/km (EEA
2024a, European Commission n.d.).
According to the EEA’s data analysis, thissignificant decrease of average CO 2 emissions for
newly

registeredpassenger

cars

can

(Source: EEA 2024c)

beattributed to a surge in registrations of battery
electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid
electric vehicles (PHEVs) (EEA 2023a).
The highest annual increase in BEV passenger carsin the period 2013-2022 was noted between 2019and 2020 (+85%), followed by a +78% increase
between 2020 and 2021 (Eurostat 2024). The shareof BEV passenger cars in the total number of allpassenger cars in the EU grew from 0.02% in 2013
to 1.19% in 2022 (Eurostat 2024). According to
the EEA’s data, the share of EVs in newly
registered passenger cars more than tripled from

Fig. 2 shows a decline in CO2 emissions for new
passenger cars and points out the future targets(2025, 93.6g CO2/km; 2030, 49.5g CO2/km; and 2035
0g CO2/km) of CO2 emissions reduction. According
to EEA (2024c), these targets can be reached if
the share of EVs further increase since they are
seen

as

the

main

driversof

CO2 emission

reduction of newly registered passenger cars.
EVs reached a share of 23% in 2022 in newly
registered passenger cars (EEA 2024c, European
Commission 2024).

3.5% in 2019 to 11.6% in 2020 and then to 17.8%
海外の最新事情・トピック

2024 年6 月号｜JTTRI｜p. 2

2. German BEV market development jeopardises

registrations of new petrol-powered passenger

the achievement of CO2 emission targets

cars and diesel cars directly led to an increase

According to the European Commission, it isof

crucial that CO 2 emissions of new passenger carspassenger cars registrations, from 109,6g/km CO2

and vans continue to decrease over the next

emissions of passenger cars in 2022 to 114,9g/km

decade to deliver on the targets set out in thein 2023 (KBA 2024a).

Regulation (EU) 2019/631 and under Regulation

The purchase of BEVs decreased in Germany since

(EU)

2024,

September 2023, when subsidies for the purchase

Regulation (EU) 2019/631 recast). The overallof business BEVs stopped. Finally, on 17 December

share of BEV passenger cars is expected to grow2023, the German federal government decided toconsiderablyinabruptly discontinue its financial support for

preparation to the 2035 0g CO2/km target forthe purchase of private BEVs under the so-called

passenger cars (Eurostat 2024).

“Umweltbonus”

2023/851

While(European

over

the

the

EEA’s

data

Commission

comingyears

showedapositivetheaverageCO2emissions

of

+4.9%

(environmentalinbonus)(Autovista24 2024b, BMWK 2023). Since 2016, thedevelopment of CO2 emissions from new passenger“environmental

cars in 2022, in 2023, the German automobilepurchase of 2.1 million EVs. Originally, it wasmarket, being Europe’s biggest with 20% of allplanned to be continued until the end of 2025

newly registered passenger cars in Europe, hadwith a reduced subsidy amount of EUR 3,000 for

to face challenges (statista 2024).

BEVs for private use in 2024 (BMWK 2023, Wallner

The German market is an important indicator for2024). The decision to end subsidy payments inthe further development in the European market

mid-December 2023 was caused by a German FederalofConstitutional Court’s ruling. Accordingly, €60

newpassenger

cars

and

CO2

emissionsbonus”

hadsubsidized

the(Autovista24 2024a). In 2023, in the German

billion had to be removed

automobile market showed a divergent development.

government’s Climate and Transformation fund

While registrations of BEVs increased by +11.4%

budget,in Germany in 2023 reaching a market share of

subsidies for the purchase of privately owned

18.4%, and hybrid car types reaching 29.5% of

BEVs (Autovista24 2024b). This stop of subsidy

all

also

payments resulted in a steep decline in BEVs

+13.3%,

sales, and in January 2024, EVs sales decreased

reaching a share of 34.4% of the newly registeredby -54.9% compared to December 2023, while thepassenger cars in Germany (Autovista24 2024b).

sales of internal-combustion engine vehicles

Even registrations of diesel passenger cars saw

increased by +9.1% for petrol cars and +9.5% for

an increase of +3%, reaching 17.1% in 2023 (KBA

diesel,2024a, Autovista24 2024b). Instead in 2023, themanufacturers

PHEVs share sharply decreased by -51.5% comparedattention to the sale of internal-combustion

to 2022 (Autovista24 2024b, KBA 2024a). This

engine vehicles, while pooling agreements stilldecrease in PHEVs registrations throughout 2023

allow them to meet their specific CO2 limits

can be directly connected to the discontinuation

under EU legislation (King 2024, EEA 2024c).

of subsidies for PHEVs at the start of January

However, meeting future CO2 limits might become

2023 (Autovista24 2024a). The abolishment of

more difficult for car manufacturers if the BEV

subsidies for PHEV purchases was accompanied bysales continue to decline.

newly

registered

petrol-poweredanincrease

carsofpassenger

cars,

increasedbyinternal-combustionwasshowing

partially

earmarked

that

Germanpartially

shiftedforautomobile
back

their

enginepassenger cars registrations. The increase of
海外の最新事情・トピック

whichfrom the German

3. Incentives for purchasing EVs in other2024 年6 月号｜JTTRI｜p. 3

European countries

road transport. However, the massive imports of

In other European countries, some incentives forcheaper Chinese EVs could also harm the EU’s

the purchase of EVs have ended like in Germany.

importantautomobile

In Norway, the VAT tax exemptions(Cagney2024).

for themanufacturing

Therefore,

theindustry
Europeanpurchase of BEVs was discontinued (King 2024).

Commission is preparing measures to introduce

Also in France, subsidies for company buyers havehigher tariffs on Chinese EVs imports. In the

stopped, and the number of vehicles eligible formeantime, the EU’s car industry is not expected

incentives has been cut by removing export models

to sell EVs at lower prices and compete withfrom the list of EVs, eligible for subsidies,

Chinese makers over the BEVs’ prices.

thereby basically avoiding subsidizing Chinese

Instead, some European car manufacturers seem to

EV imports to France (King 2024). In contrast,

focus on offering cheaper combustion-engine cars

Italy and Spain saw their BEV registrations

to

boost

improve in 2023 compared to 2022, although their

CO2emissions for newly registered passenger

market share was still below the EU averagecars will continue to increase. Consequently,(Autovista24 2024c). The governments Italy andthis could jeopardise the 2035 target of 100%

Spain but also in France intend now to continue

zero-emission newly registered passenger cars.

subsidies for the purchase of BEVs for private

In fact, to reach the 2035 target, the number ofuse or they are considering to implementing new

BEVs will have to increase massively, in the

incentives in 2024. As the latest figures ofGerman market but also in other EU Member States

newly registered BEVs namely France, Italy and(Pontes 2024, Autovista24 2024a). Ultimately,

Spain suggest, the registrations of BEVs as

achieving the 2035 CO2 emission reduction target

passenger cars continue to increase and they arewill depend on the further support of purchases

expected to further rises in 2024 (Jacobs 2024).

of BEVs by governmental financial incentives.

profits,

even

if

it

means

that

Considering the situation in Japan, over the past

4. Conclusion and consideration: Impact of

two years, the popularity of BEVs has been

discontinued subsidies in Germany andgrowing while the sales of hydrogen-powered carsconsiderations for Japan

havedecreased(ITA2024).

Japan’s

Basic

The European market share of BEVs and PHEVs

Hydrogen Strategy with a target of introducing

combined is forecast to reach 29.4% in 2025,

800,000 fuel-cell passenger vehicles by 2030 has

67.3% in 2030 and 94.5% in 2035 (King 2024).

so far only reached about 8,000 hydrogen cars

Germany is still the largest market for BEVs and(Collins 2024). Instead, BEVs have risen in

PHEVs in absolute numbers of new registrations

popularity, and the target of introducing 100%involatile

environmentally friendly vehicles by 2035 could

development in BEV sales due to the sudden

also be reached by a significant growth in the

discontinuation of subsidies for the purchase of

BEVs sales (Collins 2024).

BEVs in December 2023 could have a lasting

Therefore, also in Japan, the further reduction

negative2024.

of CO2 emissions of new passenger cars could

Furthermore, Europe might become a target of

depend on the further surge in the number of BEVs

massive Chinese EV exports, which could also leadsales and their purchase could be supported withto pressure on EV prices. This could make BEVs

subsidies or general price reductions for BEVs.

Europe,althoughimpactthethroughout

recenttheyear

more affordable for a wider group of customers,
stimulate sales of EVs and make the EU stay on
track to meet the 2035 decarbonisation target in
海外の最新事情・トピック

References
2024 年6 月号｜JTTRI｜p. 4

Antolini,

AndreaEnvironmentally(2023):

friendly

Road/Railways

Cagney, Donagh (2024): Europe doesn’t know

Europeanwhether to tax or subsidise electric cars. In:

Environment Agency’s 2022 provisional data on

https://www.euractiv.com/section/transport/news

CO 2 emissions from newly registered passenger/europe-doesnt-know-whether-to-tax-or-

cars and vans confirms positive influence ofsubsidise-electric-cars/, 28 May 2024, accessed

electromobility

31 May 2024

onvehicles:–CO 2 emission

level.

In:https://www.jttri.or.jp/2023_topic_europe_0901.

Collins, Leigh (2024): Hydrogen car sales in

pdf, 2023/09/27, accessed 31 May 2024

Japan have fallen by 83% over the past two years,

Autovista24 (2024a): EVs make up quarter ofnewGermanhttps://www.hydrogeninsight.com/transport/exclu

new-carmarket

in

2023.

In:

figures

show.

In:

https://autovista24.autovistagroup.com/news/evs

sive-hydrogen-car-sales-in-japan-have-fallen--makeup-quarter-of-german-new-car-market-2023/,

by-83-over-the-past-two-years-new-figures-

14 February 2024, accessed 27 May 2024

show/2-1-1582966?zephr_sso_ott=Mga5Fn,

Autovista24(2024b):Germannew-car15

January 2024, accessed 30 May 2024

registrations plunged in December as EV bonus

Council of the EU (n.d.): Clean and sustainable

withdrawn

mobility.

early.

In:In:

https://autovista24.autovistagroup.com/news/ger

https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/cle

man-new-car-registrations-plunged-december-ev-

an-and-sustainable-mobility/#Road,

bonus-withdrawn-early/,

accessed 27 May 2024

05

January

2024,

no

date,

accessed 27 May 2024

EEA (European Environment Agency, EEA) (2020):

Autovista24 (2024c): BEV growth key for two of

Average CO2 emissions from newly registered

Europe’s biggest new-car markets in 2024. In:

motor

https://autovista24.autovistagroup.com/news/bev

https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and--growth-key-for-two-europes-biggest-new-car-maps/indicators/average-co2-emissions-from-markets/, 04 January 2024, accessed 27 May 2024

motor-vehicles/assessment-2,

Bell, Sebastian (2024a): EV Sales Plummet 14.1%

accessed 27 May 2024

In Germany in Q1, Tesla Does Even Worse. In:

EEA (European Environment Agency, EEA) (2022a):https://www.carscoops.com/2024/04/q1-ev-sales-

CO2 performance of new passenger cars in Europe.

drop-14-1-percent-in-germany-tesla-sales-

In:

tumble-37-percent/, April 16, 2024, accessed 27

performance-of-new-passenger,

May 2024

accessed 27 May 2024

Bell, Sebstian (2024b): EV Sales Plunge 55% In

EEA (European Environment Agency, EEA) (2022b):

Germany

New registrations of electric vehicles in Europe.

as

Incentives

Dry

Up.

In:

vehiclesinEurope.

13

In:

Aug

2020,

https://www.eea.europa.eu/ims/co226

Sep

2022,

https://www.carscoops.com/2024/02/ev-sales-in-In:germany-fall-55-percent-after-incentives-end/,

registrations-of-electric-vehicles, 26 Oct 2022,

February 10, 2024 accessed 27 May 2024

accessed 27 May 2024

BMWK

(Bundesministerium

fürWirtschaft

undhttps://www.eea.europa.eu/ims/new-

EuropeanEnvironment

Agency(EEA)(2022c):Klimaschutz, BMWK) (2023): Umweltbonus endet mit

Monitoring of CO2 emissions from passenger cars

Ablauf

–

des

17.

Dezember

2023.

In:

Regulation(EU)

2019/631.

https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/DE/Pressemitteilu

https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-ngen/2023/12/20231216-umweltbonus-endet-mit-

maps/data/co2-cars-emission-22,

ablauf-des-17-dezember-2023.html,

accessed 27 May 2024

16.12.2023,

In:

04 Oct 2022,

accessed 27 May 2024
海外の最新事情・トピック

2024 年6 月号｜JTTRI｜p. 5

European

Environment

Greenhousegas

Agencyemissions

(EEA)

from

(2022d):transport

Europe.

standards-cars-and-vans_en, no date, accessed 27

inMay 2024

In:

EuropeanCommission,

Directorate-Generalforhttps://www.eea.europa.eu/ims/greenhouse-gas-

Climate Action (2022): CO2 emissions from newemissions-from-transport, 26 Oct 2022, accessedcars in Europe plummeted in 2020 as the share of

27 May 2024

zero-

EEA (European Environment Agency, EEA) (2023a):https://climate.ec.europa.eu/news-your-

Average emissions from new cars and vans invoice/news/co2-emissions-new-cars-europe-

Europeplummeted-2020-share-zero-and-low-emission-

continue

to

fall,

accordingprovisional

to
data.

and

low-emissionaccessed 27 May 2024

verage-emissions-from-new-cars-and-vans,

EuropeanJune 2023, accessed 30 May 2024
EuropeanEnvironment

Agencytripled.

In:cars-tripled-2022-09-26_en, 26 September 2022,

In:https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/newsroom/news/a
20

cars

Commission,

Directorate-Generalfor

Climate Action (2023): Carbon dioxide emissions(EEA)(2023b):from new cars & vans down in 2022 as zero-

Average carbon dioxide emissions from new cars

emission

registered in Europe decreased by 12% in 2020,

https://climate.ec.europa.eu/news-your-final

voice/news/carbon-dioxide-emissions-new-cars-

datashows.

In:

vehiclesgain

inpopularity.

In:

https://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/average-vans-down-2022-zero-emission-vehicles-gain-carbon-dioxide-emissions-from/,

popularity-2023-06-20_en, 20 June 2023, accessed

07

Feb

2023,

accessed 27 May 2024

27 May 2024

EEA (European Environment Agency, EEA) (2024a):

European

CO2

CO2Climate Action (2024): CO2 emissions from newemissions from new passenger cars registered incars and vans in 2022 down over a quarter sinceEU27, Iceland (from 2018) and Norway (from 2019)2019 thanks to growing zero-emission vehicle–

sales.

emissionsfromRegulation

newpassenger

(EU)

cars.

2019/631.

In:https://co2cars.apps.eea.europa.eu/?source=,

9

Commission,In:

Directorate-Generalforhttps://climate.ec.europa.eu/news-

your-voice/news/co2-emissions-new-cars-and-March 2024, accessed 27 May 2024

vans-2022-down-over-quarter-2019-thanks-

EEA (European Environment Agency, EEA) (2024b):

growing-zero-emission-vehicle-2024-03-18_en, 18

CO2 emissions from vans. CO2 emissions from new

March 2024, accessed 27 May 2024

vans registered in EU27, Iceland (from 2018) andEurostat(2024):

Norway (from 2019) – Regulation (EU) 2019/631.

continuedto

In: https://co2vans.apps.eea.europa.eu/?source=,

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-

08 March 2024, accessed 27 May 2024

eurostat-news/w/ddn-20240123-1, accessed 27 May

EEA (2024c): Average CO₂ emissions from new2024

passenger

ITA (International Trade Administration U.S.

cars

and

futuretargets.

In:

increase

Departments/co2-performance-of-new-passenger, 18 Mar 2024,

Electric

accessed 27 May 2024

https://www.trade.gov/market-

Commission(n.d.):

CO₂

emission

Commerce,electric

cars

2022.

In:

in

https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicator

EuropeanofBattery-only

ITA)(2024):

Japan

Market.

In:

Vehicleintelligence/japan-electric-vehicle-market,

performance standards for cars and vans. In:

06/13/2023, accessed 27 May 2024

https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-

Jacobs, Frank (2024): EV incentives in 2024:

action/transport/road-transport-reducing-co2-

Europe’s major fleet markets. In:

emissions-vehicles/co2-emission-performance-

https://www.fleeteurope.com/en/new-

海外の最新事情・トピック

2024 年6 月号｜JTTRI｜p. 6

energies/europe/features/ev-incentives-2024-

Regulation (EU) 2019/631 recast: Consolidated

europes-major-fleet-

text: REGULATION (EU) 2019/631 OF THE EUROPEAN

markets?a=FJA05&t%5B0%5D=Taxation&t%5B1%5D=EVs&

PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 17 April 2019

curl=1, 9 January 2024, accessed 31 May 2024

setting CO2 emission performance standards for

KBA(2024a):new passenger cars and for new light commercial

2023

–

vehicles, and repealing Regulations (EC) No

In:

443/2009 and (EU) No 510/2011 (recast). In:(Kraftfahrzeugbundesamt,

Fahrzeugzulassungen

im

KBA)

Dezember

Jahresbilanz.

https://www.kba.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungenhttps://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-/Fahrzeugzulassungen/2024/pm01_2024_n_12_23_pm_

content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02019R0631-20231203,

komplett.html;jsessionid=5C34A3D29740F141582F55

1 April 2024, accessed 27 May 2024

5319578895.live21304?snn=3662144,

Regulation

Pressemitteilung

Nr.

01/2024,04.01.2024,

accessed 31 May 2024
KBA

(EU)

2023/851:

Regulation(EU)

2023/851 of the European Parliament and of theCouncil of April 19, 2023, amending Regulation(2024b):(EU) 2019/631 as Regards Strengthening the CO2

Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen (Pkw) im

Emission Performance Standards for New Passenger

Jahresverlauf 2024 nach Marken und alternativen

Cars and Light Commercial Vehicles in Line with

Antrieben, Pressemitteilung Nr. 11/2024. In:

the Union's Increased Climate Ambition. In: OJ L

https://www.kba.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungen

110,/AlternativeAntriebe/2024/pm11_2024_Antriebe_02

lex.europa.eu/legal-_24_komplett.html?snn=3662144, 15. März 2024,

content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32023R0851&qid=1685

accessed 31 May 2024

954558646, 25.4.2023, accessed 27 May 2024

KBA

(Kraftfahrzeugbundesamt,(Kraftfahrzeugbundesamt,

KBA)

25.4.2023,

p.

5–20,

https://eur-

KBA)(2024c):

März

2024.

12/2024.

In:https://cleantechnica.com/2024/01/21/25-of-new-https://www.kba.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungenvehicle-sales-plugin-sales-in-germany-in-2023//Fahrzeugzulassungen/2024/pm12_2024_n_03_24_pm_

statista (2024): New passenger car registrations

komplett.html?fromStatistic=3504038&yearFilter=in key European markets in 2022 and 2023 (in2024&monthFilter=03_Maerz, 04.04.2024, accessedunits).

31 May 2024

https://www.statista.com/statistics/246350/numb

King, Neil (2024): Growth forecast for European

er-of-new-car-registrations-in-european-EVcountries/, accessed 27 May 2024

FahrzeugzulassungenimPressemitteilung

marketNr.

despiteincentive

impact.

In:

Pontes, José (2024): 25% Of New Vehicle Sales
PluginSalesinGermany

in

2023!

In:

In:

https://ev-volumes.com/news/ev/growth-forecast-Wallner, Irene (2024): BAFA-Förderung für

for-european-ev-market-despite-incentive-

Elektroautos beendet – so geht es 2024 weiter.

impact/, 27 Mar 2024, accessed 30 May 2024

In:https://www.carwow.de/ratgeber/elektroauto/f

Regulation(EU)

2019/631:

Regulation(EU)oerderungen-fuer-e-autos-2020-welche-

2019/631 of the European Parliament and of thezuschuesse-gibt-

Council of 17 April 2019 setting CO2 emission

es?utm_keyword=bafa%20f%C3%B6rderung&utm_source

performance standards for new passenger cars and=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_account=4564531884&u

for new light commercial vehicles and repealing

tm_campaign=16872544770&utm_group=130694009250&

Regulations (EC) No 443/2009 and (EU) No 510/2011.

utm_keyword=&device=c&campaignid=16872544770&ad

In:

https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-groupid=130694009250&gad_source=1&gclid=EAIaIQo

content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32019R0631, OJ L 111,

bChMIs9_v5qCuhgMVca5oCR0q5A0IEAAYASAAEgJhPvD_Bw

25.4.2019, accessed 27 May 2024

E, 18. Januar 2024, accessed 27 May 2024

海外の最新事情・トピック

2024 年6 月号｜JTTRI｜p. 7