京都
 大 学 防 災 研 究 所 年 報 第 49 号 C 平 成 18 年 4 月
Annuals of Disas. Prev. Res. Inst., Kyoto Univ., No. 49 C, 2006

Urban Diagnosis as a Methodology of Integrated Disaster Risk Management

Norio OKADA, Muneta YOKOMATSU, Yoshiyuki SUZUKI,
Yoshimi HAGIHARA, Hirokazu TATANO and Michinori HATAYAMA
Synopsis
This paper gives an outline of the research outcomes obtained in the fiscal year 2005 by the
COE Research Group of Integrated Disaster Risk Management. The primary objective of our entire
research activities is to develop and extend a methodology of “urban (regional) diagnosis” forintegrated disaster risk management (IDRiM). There are four research focuses, Disaster Risk
Management (Disaster risk governance and participatory disaster risk management), Safety controlof urban space, Social group conflict analysis, and Social systems for disaster risk reduction and risk
sharing. With our related research focuses positioned by a proposed 5-storied pagoda model, theirprimary results are discussed.
Keywords: integrated disaster risk management, urban diagnosis, disaster risk governance,
participatory disaster risk management, safety control of urban space and socio and eco risk
management, social systems for risk reduction and risk sharing.
1.

Introduction

Our entire group consists of the following four
laboratories which used to come under the Division ofIntegrated Management for Disaster Risk (IMDR) until
the beginning of fiscal year 2005 as a result of DPRI’s
reorganization. They are: Disaster Risk Management(focusing on disaster risk governance and participatory
disaster risk management), Safety Control of Urban
Space (Clarification of Structural Mechanism of
Traditional Wood Frames, and Development ofStructural Health Monitoring System and Reliability ofUncertain Structures),Water Resources Systems
Planning (Social Group Conflict Analysis), and Social
Systems for Disaster Risk Reduction and Risk Sharing(Development of a Method to Estimate Economic Losses
in Industry, Ambiguity, Risk and Earthquake Insurance
Premiums, Flood Risk Communication Support Tool for
Making Participant Original Hazard Map ). For us tocollaboratively work on the 21 century’s DPRI-COE
Research Project, we have developed a methodologicalframework for integrated disaster risk management, thatis called “urban (or regional) diagnosis”. (When wemean to include rural areas, local communities orarea-wide regions, “regional diagnosis” is better used.) In
the following the term “urban diagnosis” is used tomean also “regional diagnosis”.
2.

Urban diagnosis

According to Okada (for instance, 2006) Urban
Disaster Diagnosis (UDD) is proposed as a methodology- to overall assess the spatial risks of urban, regional andcommunity areas under disaster threats.
- to serve as a scientific framework to make a holistic
diagnosis of the current status (status-quo) of safety
and security of the urban space focused- to prescribe prospective countermeasures to enhancetheir quality.
UDD needs to be developed in analogy withphysiological risk assessment
UDD also provides us with a methodologicalframework for developing and positioning a set of tools
such as:- monitoring and measuring techniques- fragility curves, risk curves㧙㧙- vulnerability assessment, damage and loss estimation- economic evaluation of possible alternatives- prioritizing a bundle of policy issues- resolving conflicts- collaborative modeling and partnership formation forshared prescriptions- a set of information and communication media- a set of process technology

disaster experiences. Using two indicators, i.e., initial andtriggered adoption rates, it has been found that 1)
disasters occurred in one’s neighborhood induce morehouseholds’ countermeasure adoptions; and that 2)
countermeasures with low broad-sense cost are moreeasily adopted after indirect experience. Local
circumstances also make significant difference inpeople’s preparedness before and after indirect disaster
experience.

Though not described here about how specifically itapplies to each of our research focuses, the above list
gives a comprehensive set of tools, models andinformation media which come under UDD.
Another useful conceptual construct developed
within the framework of UDD is the 5-storied Pagoda
Model (Fig. 1).

Triggered adoption rate (%)

㪌㪇㪅㪇㪇Change over time

quick

slow

A
㪨㪎

㪊㪇㪅㪇㪇

㪨㪏
㪨㪉 㪨㪈

C
㪉㪇㪅㪇㪇

㪨㪐
㪨㪊
㪈㪇㪅㪇㪇

(5) Life in Community

㪨㪋
㪨㪈㪇

㪨㪌

(4) Land Use
Built Environment

㪨㪍

B

㪇㪅㪇㪇
㪇㪅㪇㪇

㪈㪇㪅㪇㪇

㪉㪇㪅㪇㪇

㪊㪇㪅㪇㪇

㪋㪇㪅㪇㪇

㪌㪇㪅㪇㪇

Initial adoption rate (%)(3) Infrastructure(2) Social Schemes
Culture and Convention

Fig. 2 Scatter chart of initial and triggered adoption rates(source Matsuda and Okada, 2006 )(1 ) Natural Environment

Fig. 1 5-storied pagoda modelThis conceptual model offers a useful perspective on
the rough positioning of our research focuses as
explained later.
3.

㪋㪇㪅㪇㪇

Disaster Risk Management(N.OKADA and M. YOKOMATSU)

Participatory disaster risk management
1) Enhancing community’s coping capacity forearthquake risk mitigation (pagoda model:
level 1)This research deals with household earthquake
preparedness triggered by indirect disaster experience. A
questionnaire survey was conducted to figure out therelevance between the attributes of experiences (distanceto the impacted site and hazard type) and types ofearthquake countermeasures adopted after indirect2) Field survey-based systematic formalization oflessons and policy issues on disaster risk
communication (pagoda model: level 5)
In this study, based on field surveys the conceptualmodels are proposed to systematically formalize lessons
and policy issues on disaster risk communication. For
information flow, from the viewpoint of organizational
patterns, hierarchical model and sharing model areproposed to be applied to the command and control
situation. For the time flow pattern, the interactive model
can be applied to proactive situations. From the relation
between information and evacuation behavior, thefour-layer conceptual model was proposed as aframework to systematically formalize the process ofrisk communication in the real world. Also its following
policy implications are derived.
Disaster risk governance1) Disaster insurance, public compensation andhousing choice (pagoda model: level 2,3, 5)
In recent years, several institutional frameworks㧙㧙were enacted by jurisdictions in Japan, which wereintended to provide some type of economic aid(compensation) to the households that are deprived of
their dwellings by natural disaster and reconstruct or renta house in the damaged region. In this paper, a dynamic
model is formulated to investigate house-owners andtenants' housing choice after disaster as well as owners'
insurance behavior before disaster. The effects of thesubsidy system for reconstruction and lease are foundsuch that owners in young generation are motivated toreconstruct houses in the region and tenants in elder
generation choose staying in the region over emigration,
while owners are discouraged from preparing fordisaster with insurance.
2) Liquidity risks and demands for earthquake
insurances (pagoda model: level 2 and 3 )In this research, the three-period incomplete contract
model with the liquidity constraint is formulated toinvestigate why the risk neutral firms are motivated tohold the insurance against the seismic risk. If an
earthquake attacks a firm within the period that it does
not have prepared the sufficient liquidity for the recovery
form seismic loss, the firm is forced to procure thenecessary money from the capital market. However, if
the firm are endowed with the large amount of debt, it isfaced with the difficulty to procure the additional money;i.e., the debt overhang issues. The earthquake insurance
is expected to function as the vehicle to overcome thedebt overhang issues. The paper also investigates themoral hazard issues caused by holding the earthquake
insurance, and presents the Finite insurance schemes toovercome the moral hazard issues and debt overhang
issues.
4.

Safety Control of Urban Space (Y. SUZUKI)

Clarification of Structural Mechanism of Traditional
Wood Frames (pagoda model: level 2)
To make clear the structural mechanism of
traditional wood frames to evaluate the seismic
performance of wooden buildings like Japanese temples,shaking table tests and static tests using several scalemodels is described and typical experimental results
were carried out. From experiments, it is found that thehorizontal restoring force of wooden frame without
walls depends mainly on the bending moment resistancefrom tie beams and the restoring force due to column

rocking. The equilibrium relationship between the total
restoring force and all the bending moments involved isestablished and verified. Using this equilibrium
relationship, it is possible to evaluate the restoring force
due to column rocking. The restoring force due tocolumn rocking is the major part of the total restoring
force when the frame deformation is small. The bending
moments from tie beams become dominant as thedeformation increases. The traditional wooden frame has
the large flexibility and deformability. It is essential totake advantage of the structural mechanisms found fromthis study in the seismic and enhancement design oftraditional wooden buildings.
Development of Structural Health Monitoring
System and Reliability of Uncertain Structures(pagoda model: level 2)Over the past decade, structural health monitoringand management has emerged as a growing andimportant multidisciplinary field of research withapplications in structural engineering. The inherent
Uncertainties from both system modeling andmeasurement noise could greatly affect the performanceof a structural health management system, moreover,such assessment is important in seismic reliability andlife prediction of the structure. In order to address theseimportant factors, the application of the probabilistic
techniques for uncertainty analysis have emerged as animportant area in structural health management andreliability evaluation. The Bayesian probabilistic
analysis for system identification, Hilbert-Huangtransform approach for structural damage detection andstochastic differential equation approach for reliability
evaluation are developed.
Seismic Performance Evaluation and Seismic
Damage Prediction of Traditional Wooden Houses(pagoda level 2)
To understand and evaluate structural characteristics
of typical traditional wood houses “Kyo-machiya” in
Kyoto, structural styles and details of thirty traditional
wood houses were investigated. The wooden frames,
seismic structural elements and joints are clarified. From
investigation results, it is found that these wood houses
have significantly different base shear coefficients in the
directions; in particular, the base shear coefficients in theridge direction are low. From the seismic performance
analyses, it is suggested that the seismic reinforcement is㧙㧙needed for many traditional wood houses.
In order to promote a seismic reinforcement and to
mitigate earthquake damages of wooden houses, it isnecessary for inhabitants to recognize the seismic risk ofhouses. A method for damage prediction of wooden
houses based on the results of seismic capacity
evaluation and strong motion evaluation is presented.
The method is developed so as to simulate the wooden
house damage in recent earthquakes in Japan. Finally,
we confirmed that the effect of variation of seismic
performance on seismic damage mitigation from theresults of analysis. The proposed method of earthquake
damage prediction can evaluate the seismic performanceas probability of damage of wooden house. It is
confirmed that wooden houses damage is mitigated inlarge area by increasing the strength of wooden houses
from the analysis results in the case of Hanaore-Fault inKyoto city. However, in the case of strong groundmotions with predominant period in the range of 1 to 3
seconds, damage of wooden houses is not mitigated byincreasing the strength of wooden houses. Therefore, it isimportant to consider not only the strength of wooden
houses but also capacity of deformation to mitigate
earthquake damage of wooden houses.
5.

Socio and Eco Risk Management(Y. HAGIHARA)

Social group conflict analysis (pagoda model: level
3,4,5)
Social conflict between people insisting on
environment and people insisting on development comesto be seen frequently. Especially, this tendency isconspicuous in water resources development because its
influence is generally widespread. The probability ofsuch conflict should be thought as risk of the project.
Management of such conflicts must be considered on
any future development project to avoid theirintensification and prolongation. 㧭 mathematicalmodel is built up to analyze such conflict and to see whatkind of equilibrium states could occur. The model
mainly consists of two parts. The first one concernschanging process of strategy, which interest parties
would choose. The second one sets the model about
preference of interest parties, which is needed to set a
pay-off matrix in the first part of the model. Furthermore,
the model is applied to Nagara River Problem as a casestudy.

The conflict between people insisting on
environment and people insisting on development comesto be seen frequently. Management of such conflictand inducing consensus between them must be
considered on a future development project. Without
such understanding, appropriate development would not
be achieved. People are defined as groups categorized bysome features, and assumed to have distribution of
opinions. Then, the conflict incidental to development
project is modeled as interactive phenomenon of conflictsituation and residents’ opinion distribution between
development and environment. Through the model
analysis, it can be seen how the conflict would reachstable states.
6.

Social systems for risk reduction and risk
sharing ( H. TATANO and M. HATAYAMA)

Development of a method to estimate economic losses
in industry (pagoda model: level 3,4)
As to avoid double counting economic losses, it isshown important to distinguish the effects between
disaster and recovery [Tatano, et.al.,2000, Tatano, 2006].
When we estimate total economic loss which includes
foregone revenue in industries, these two effects shouldbe estimated in the consistent way. When we estimate
total economic loss, the loss caused by the disaster andnet present value of recovery actions should be summed
up. According to Tatano, et.al. (2000), the total
economic losses of a firm equals to “foregone revenue”
plus “recovery cost. This means that it is consistent withthe conventional loss estimation framework which
defines total economic loss of a firm as sum of direct andindirect losses if the direct loss is estimated as “recovery
cost of the damaged assets” and the indirect loss aredefined as “foregone revenue”. The further research is
conducted in this year to find the consistent way for
aggregation of the economic losses in an economy. For
this purpose, economic losses of a firm is reconsidered
and it is found that difference of the net cash flows
between the scenarios with and without a disaster is also
the consistent measure of the total economic loss of afirm. A method to conduct consistent aggregation of
economic losses over an economy is investigated. The
method request us to sum up all the difference of the
cash flows over industries in the economy and calculate
the net present value of them. The net present value isshown to be coincident with the foregone revenue of the㧙㧙damaged firms and resource expenditures of firms which
provide recovery services, which are the real opportunity
cost of the economy. A case study was also conducted toapply the methodology for estimation of total industrial
losses in the Niigata Chuetsu Earthquake.
Ambiguity, Risk and Earthquake Insurance
Premiums: An Empirical Analysis (pagoda model:
level 5)In this study, I empirically investigate the influenceof the ambiguity of insurance payment on the
consumer’s decision to purchase an earthquake
insurance by applying an econometric model toquestionnaire data. Then, I examine the relationshipbetween the ambiguity effect and individual
characteristics.
Individual disaster-prevention efforts play importantroles to mitigate the damage and to promote theemergency restoration. As for earthquake, theearthquake insurance can be helpful to repair or rebuild
damaged houses. However, purchase rate of earthquake
insurance is low in Japan (only 17.2% households buy
the earthquake insurance). One of the most importantreasons is ambiguity of insurance payment. It means thelack of knowledge on the earthquake insurance policy
and insurance adjustment.
Ambiguity of insurance payment stems from unclear
criteria that the insurance adjuster will use to assess thedamage from earthquake. This makes consumers feelconcerned over the possibility that the claim is not paid
as they expect. In this case, they think of earthquake
insurance as “probabilistic insurance” introduced by
Kahneman and Tversky (1979). Probabilistic insurance
is an insurance policy which, in the event that the hazard
occurs, pay off with some probability strictly less thanone.
In the classical economic analysis, insurance is
explained by concavity of utility. In MEU theory,
insurance is explained by ambiguity aversion. The
observed aversion to probabilistic insurance suggeststhat the purchase of insurance is driven primarily by therobust-prone to ambiguity rather than by diminishingmarginal utility. Although this paper dealt with theearthquake insurance, there are many other decision
problems in which one perceives the ambiguity for theoutcome from the investment to reduce the probability ofsome hazard, such as earthquake retrofit andfire-proofing of a house. Our result suggests thatguarantee of their performance or complete recompensein case of failing may dramatically increase their value.
Flood Risk Communication Support Tool for
Making Participant Original Hazard Map (pagoda
model: level 4,5)
To realize safe autonomous evacuation, citizens
should obtain well developed “mental model” forevacuation which includes appropriate perception
mechanism to preserve flood risk and flexible“alternative set” for evacuation actions. Aiming atconstructing well developed mental models whichcitizens’ evacuation actions are determined based on, thepaper develops a flood risk communication support
system. Through communication among stakeholders
assisted by the system, changes in flood risk perception
and increase in the flexibility of the alternative plans ofevacuation actions are observed in the experimental
workshops in Kiyosu City, Aichi prefecture.
References

Tatano, H., Isobe, W. and Okada, N. :Economic Evaluation of Seismic Risks, Proc.
of 2000 Joint Seminar on Urban Disaster
Management, pp.36-39, CBTDC, Beijing,
China, 2000.
Tatano, H: Seismic risk management andeconomic loss estimation, Seismic Risk
Management Semminer, JSCE, 2005. (inJapanese)
List of Publications
Disaster risk management
1) Yoshio Kajitani, Norio Okada, Hirokazu Tatano
Measuring Quality of Human Community Life by
Spatial- Temporal Age Group Distributions-Case
Study of Recovery Process in a Disaster-Affected
Region Natural Hazards Review, Vol.6, Number 1
pp41-47, 2005.
2) Yoko Matsuda and Norio Okada: Relevanceanalysis between indirect disaster experience andhousehold earthquake preparedness, Annals ofDisaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto
University, No. 49 B, 2006.
3) Yoko Matsuda, Norio Okada: Capability of urban
diagnostic survey for community preparedness and㧙㧙disaster risk management, Proceedings of 5th
IIASA-DPRI Forum, Beijing, 2005.
4) Masamitsu Ohnishi, Muneta Yokomatsu, Kiyoshi
Kobayashi: Liquidity Risks and Demands for
Earthquake Insurances, Proceedings of the 2005
IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Conference,
pp.221-226 (CD-ROM㧕, 2005.
5) Norio Okada: City and region viewed as vitae
system for integrated disaster risk management,
Annals of Disaster Prevention Research Institute,
Kyoto University, No. 49 B, 2006.
6) Norio Okada, Yoko Matsuda: Risk Communication
Strategy for Disaster Preparedness Viewed as
Multilateral Knowledge Development, 2005 IEEE
International Conference on Systems, Man, andCybernetics, CD-ROM, 2005.
7) Norio Okada, Yoko Matsuda: Participatory
Community Diagnosis for Sustainable Disaster
Preparedness: A Japanese Case Station Proceedingsof AESOP 05 VIENNA, 2005.
8) Muneta Yokomatsu: Catastrophe Risks andEconomic Valuation, in Tatano, H., Takagi, A.(ed.),Economic Analysis of Disaster Prevention,
Keiso-Shobo, 2005(in Japanese).
9) Muneta Yokomatsu: Decentralized Disaster Risk
Management in Multi-regional Economic Systems,in Tatano, H., Takagi, A.(ed.), Economic Analysis
of Disaster Prevention, Keiso-Shobo, 2005(inJapanese).
10) Muneta Yokomatsu: Economic Analysis of
Recovery Process after Disaster, in Tatano, H.,
Takagi, A.(ed.), Economic Analysis of Disaster
Prevention, Keiso-Shobo.
11) Chao Zhang*, Norio Okada, Muneta Yokomatsu,
Yoko Matsuda: Field Survey-Based Systematic
Formalization of Lessons and Policy Issues on
Disaster Risk Communication, Annals of Disaster
Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University,
No. 49 B, 2006.
Safety control of urban space
1) Yingfang Cao, Mohammad Noori, Justin Wu, JackZhao, Zhikun Hou, Yoshiyoki Suzuki: Healthmanagement and uncertainty of reliability analysis
using a Bayesian probabilistic approach; apreliminary step, Proceedings of Ninth International
Conferences on Structural Safety and Reliability –ICOSSAR 2005,pp. 3201-3205, June 2005.

2) Morii,T., Hayashi,Y. and Saratani,A.㧦Semiempiricalmethod for predicting seismic damage of woodhouses based on seismic performance, Journal ofsocial safety science, No.7㧘pp.281-289, 2005 (inJapanese).
3) S. J. Li and Y. Suzuki: Application of Hilbert-Huangtransform to structural damage detection:
Experimental data, Safety and Reliability ofEngineering, Proceedings of Ninth International
Conferences on Structural Safety and Reliability –ICOSSAR 2005, pp. 3845-3850, June 2005.
4) Masaki MAENO and Yoshiyuki SUZUKI: A Studyon Bending Moment Resistance at Column andBeam Joints of Traditional Wooden Frame by
Full-Scale Tests, Journal of Structural andConstruction
Engineering,TransactionsofArchitectural Institute of Japan, Vol. 601(3), 2006,
pp. 113–120 (in Japanese).
5) K. Mukaibo and Y. Suzuki: Hysteretic structural
frame with flexible slab under random excitation,
Proceedings of Ninth International Conferences on
Structural Safety and Reliability – ICOSSAR
2005,pp. 3851-3855, June 2005.
6) Tatsuru SUDA, Yoshiyuki SUZUKI, Tatsuo
OKUDA
and
Masatoshi
OGASAWARA:
Evaluation of Structural Characteristics of
Traditional Wood Houses in Kyoto Based on Detail
Investigation, Journal of Social Safety Science, No.7㧘
2005, pp.15-21120 (in Japanese).
7) Yoshiyuki SUZUKI, Masaki MAENO: Structural
mechanism of traditional wooden frames bydynamic and static tests, Structural Control and
Health Monitoring, Vol. 13, Issue 1, 2006, pp.
508-522.
Socio and eco risk management
1) Sakamoto,M.,Hagihara,Y.
andHipel,W.K.:
Coordination Process by a Third Party in the
Conflict between Bangladesh and India over
Regulation of Ganges River, 2005 IEEE
International Conference on Systems,Man andCybernetics,,pp.1119-1125,2005.
2) Sakamoto,M. and Y.Hagihara: A Study on Social
Conflict Management in a Water Resources
Development – A Case of the Conflict between
India and Bangladesh over Regulation of theGanges River- , JJSHWR, Vol.18, No.1, pp.11-21,
2005.

㧙㧙

Social systems for risk reduction and risk sharing
1) Toshio FUJIMI, Hirokazu TATANO: Ambiguity,
Risk and Earthquake Insurance Premiums: An
Empirical, Analysis Annals of Disaster Prevention
Research Institute, Kyoto University, No. 49 C,
2006.
2) Ken’ichi KAWASHIMA, Hirokazu TATANO,
Michinori HATAYAMA: A Flood Risk
Communication Support System to Promote Safe
Autonomous Evacuation, PROCEEDINGS OF

INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING, Vol.32, 2005(inJapanese).
3) Noakano, H, Tatano, H., Fujimi, T., and Hatayama,
M.: Estimation economic losses in industial sectors
in Niigata Chuetsu Earthquake, proc of JSCE
Kansai Branch, 2006.(in Japanese)
4) Tatano, H: Seismic risk management and economic
loss estimation, Seismic Risk Management
Semminer, JSCE, 2005. (in Japanese)✚ว⊛ߥἴኂ࡝ࠬࠢࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ߩᣇᴺ⺰ߣߒߡߩㇺᏒ⸻ᢿᛛᴺ

ጟ↰ᙗᄦᮮ᧻ቬᄥ㋈ᧁ␽ਯ⪤ේ⦟Ꮘᄙ‫⇌৻⵨⚊ޘ‬ጊḩೣⷐ ᣦᧄ⎇ⓥߪ‫ޔ‬੩ㇺᄢቇ㒐ἴ⎇ⓥᚲ਎♿%1'⎇ⓥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩ৻Ⅳߢᣥ✚ว㒐ἴ⎇ⓥࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ߇ᐕᐲߦⴕߞߚ
⎇ⓥᚑᨐߩ᭎ⷐࠍߣࠅߣ߼ߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫⎇ᧄ ޕ‬ⓥᵴേో૕ߩਥߚࠆ⋡⊛ߪ✚ว⊛ߥἴኂ࡝ࠬࠢࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ߩߚ߼
ߩᣇᴺ⺰ߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ㇺᏒ⸻ᢿᛛᴺࠍ㐿⊒ߒ‫⊒ޔ‬ዷߐߖࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߜࠊߥߔޕ‬ἴኂ࡝ࠬࠢࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ ἴኂ࡝ࠬࠢ
ࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬ‫ޔ‬ෳടဳἴኂ࡝ࠬࠢࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ ‫ޔ‬ㇺᏒⓨ㑆ߩ቟ో೙ᓮ‫ޔ‬࿾ၞ᳓ⅣႺࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ‫ޔ‬㒐ἴ␠ળࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩߟ
ߩ⎇ⓥ⺖㗴ࠍขࠅ਄ߍߚ‫ ޕ‬੖ጀࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ↪޿ߡฦ⎇ⓥߩ૏⟎ߠߌࠍ␜ߔߣߣ߽ߦ‫⎇ߩࠇߙࠇߘޔ‬ⓥᚑᨐߦߟ޿ߡ᭎
⺑ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼: ✚ว⊛ߥἴኂ࡝ࠬࠢࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ㇺᏒ⸻ᢿἴኂ࡝ࠬࠢࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬ
ෳടဳἴኂ࡝ࠬࠢࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ㇺᏒⓨ㑆ߩ቟ో೙ᓮ␠ળ࡮↢ᘒⅣႺ⎇ⓥ㒐ἴ␠ળࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ

㧙㧙