Note: A version of this article has been published in The Transgender Studies
Reader (2006, Routledge), ed. by Susan Stryker and Stephen Whittle. For citation,
use the published version.
For any questions or comments, including requests for reprints, please contact theauthor at emi@eminism.org.

WHOSE FEMINISM IS IT ANYWAY?
THE UNSPOKEN RACISM OF THE TRANS INCLUSION DEBATE
By Emi Koyama
PO Box 40570
Portland, OR 97240
E-mail: emi@eminism.org
Web: http://www.eminism.org/
I.

I have never been interested in getting myself into the mud wrestling of the whole "Michigan"situation (i.e. the debate over the inclusion of trans people in Michigan Womyn's Music
Festival). But I have become increasingly alarmed in the recent months by the pattern of"debate" between white middle-class women who run "women's communities" and white
middle-class trans activists who run trans movement. It is about time someone challenged theunspoken racism, which this whole discourse is founded upon.
The controversy publicly erupted in 1991, when organizers of the Michigan Womyn’sMusic Festival expelled a transsexual woman from the campground, or "the Land," announcingthat the festival is open only to "womyn-born-womyn," a category designed to exclude
transsexual women. Next year, a small group of transsexual activists gathered in front of theFestival entrance to protest the policy. According to Davina Anne Gabriel, then the editor ofTransSisters: the Journal of Transsexual Feminism, the "stated intent [of the protest] from thevery beginning was to persuade the organizers to change the festival policy to allow
postoperative -- but not preoperative -- male-to-female transsexuals to attend." [1] Based on thesurvey Gabriel and others conducted in 1992, they argued that majority of festival participants
would support such a policy change, while the same majority would oppose inclusion of "preoperative" transsexual women. [2]If that was the case in 1992, the debate certainly expanded by 1994, when the protest
came to be known as “Camp Trans.” "In the first Camp Trans, the argument wasn't just between
us and the festival telling us we weren't really women. It was also between the post-ops in camptelling the pre-ops they weren't real women!" says Riki Anne Wilchins, the executive director of
GenderPAC. According to an interview, Wilchins advocates the inclusion of "anyone who lives,or has lived, their normal daily life as a woman" including female-to-male trans people and many
"pre-operative" transsexual women. [3] Or, as Gabriel alleged, Wilchins made a "concerted
effort" to "put herself in charge" of the protest and to "force us [‘post-operative’ transsexual
women] to advocate for the admission of preoperative [male-to-female] transsexuals." Gabrielreported that she "dropped out of all involvement in the 'transgender movement' in disgust" as
she felt it was taking the "hostile and belligerent direction” as symbolized by Wilchins. [4]For several years since its founding in 1994, GenderPAC and its executive director
Wilchins were the dominant voice within the trans movement. "Diverse and feuding factions of
the transgender community were brought together and disagreements set aside for the common
good," JoAnn Roberts describes of the formation of the organization. But like Gabriel, many
initial supporters of GenderPAC became critical of it as Wilchins shifted its focus fromadvocating for rights of transgender people to fighting all oppressions based on genders
including sexism and heterosexism. Dissenters founded alternative political organizations
specifically working for trans people's rights. [5]Similarly, five transsexual women including Gabriel released a joint statement just few
days before the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival 2000 criticizing both festival organizers andWilchins as "untenable, anti-feminist, and ultimately oppressive of women, both transsexual andnon-transsexual." Wilchins' tactics were too adversarial, confrontational and disrespectful towomen, they argued. Non-transsexual and “post-op” transsexual women alike "deserve theopportunity to gather together in a safe space, free of male genitals," because "male genitals canbe so emblematic of male power and sexual dominance that their presence at a festival... isinappropriate." They further stated that "people with male genitals who enter the Festival risk
offending and oppressing other attendees." [6]"We acknowledge that a post-op only/no-penis policy is not perfect," admitted the writersof the statement. "This policy cannot address issues of race and class: specifically, the exclusionof women, especially women of color, who are not able to afford sex reassignment surgery." But
it nonetheless is "the best and fairest policy possible," they argue, because it "balances inclusionof transsexual women with legitimate concerns for the integrity of women's culture and safe
women's space." [7] Their pretence of being concerned about racism and classism betrayed itself
clearly when they used it as a preemptive shield against criticisms they knew they would
encounter.
As for the gender liberation philosophy of Wilchins, they stated that they agreed with her
position that "freedom of gender expression for all people is important." Yet, "as feminists," they
"resent anyone attempting to co-opt" the "love and creativity of the sisterhood of women" for "acompeting purpose" such as Wilchins'. [8] The pattern is clear: when they say "feminism" and"sisterhood," it requires any important issues other than "the celebration of femaleness" -- i.e.
racial equality, economic justice and freedom of gender expression -- to be set aside.
Jessica Xavier, one of the statement signatories, once wrote: "We too want the safe space
to process and to heal our own hurting. We too want to seek solace in the arms of our othersisters, and to celebrate women's culture and women's music with other festigoers." [9] Has it
never occurred to her that her working-class and/or non-white "sisters" might need (and deserve)such "space" at least as much as she does?
II.
While it was Maxine Feldman who performed openly as a radical lesbian feminist musician for
the first time, it was the success of Alix Dobkin's 1973 album Lavender Jane Loves Women, thatproved that there "was a wide audience for such entertainment" and helped launch the uniqueculture of “women's music.” [10] "My music comes from and belongs to women experiencing
women. So does my life... Long live Dyke Nation! Power to the women!" declared Dobkin in the
cover of her debut album. [11]The history of the trans inclusion/exclusion debate within women's music culture isalmost as old as the history of women's music culture itself. Olivia Records, the "leader inwomen's music," was founded in 1973, which stimulated the nationwide proliferation of highly
political large annual women's music festivals, modeled after the hippie be-ins of the 1960s. [12]It was only three years later that Olivia came under heavy attack for refusing to fire the recording
engineer who was found to be a male-to-female transsexual lesbian. The series of "hate mail,threats of assault, and death threats" intensified especially after the publication in 1979 of Janice
Raymond's The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male, which described the engineer
as a dominating man, eventually forcing her to leave the collective. [13]Feminist objections to the inclusion of transsexual women in the women-only space are,on the surface, rationalized on the basis that transsexual women are fundamentally different fromall other women due to the fact they were raised with male privilege. Because of their past as
boys or men, they are viewed as a liability for the physical and emotional safety for other
women. When radical feminism viewed sexual violence against women not as isolated acts by asmall number of criminals, but as a social enforcer of male dominance and heteronormativity, awoman's concern for her safety became almost unquestionable. [14] The effectiveness of
Raymond's malicious argument that "all transsexuals rape women's bodies by reducing thefemale form to an artifact" was no surprise, given the context of the building momentum for the
feminist war against violence against women. [15]Defenders of the "womyn-born-womyn" policy argue that transsexual women who truly
value the women's movement and culture should respect the festival policies by refraining fromentering the Land. "Just as many Womyn of Color express the need for 'room to breathe' theygain in Womyn-of-Color space away from the racism that inevitably appears in interactions witha white majority, womyn born womyn still need and value that same 'room to breathe,'" argued
Lisa Vogel, the owner of the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival. [16] This exact pattern ofargument is extremely common in lesbian and/or feminist publications -- complete with thecomment about how much they as white women respect women of color spaces and howtranssexual women should do the same for "womyn-born-womyn." "I've spent years educatingother white festigoers about honoring the workshops and spaces that are planned for women ofcolor only... It grieves me to see 'progressive' folks attacking an event that is sacred space forwomen-born-women" wrote a reader of Lesbian Connection, for example. [17]However, another reader of Lesbian Connection disagrees with this logic: "If womenborn with vaginas need their space, why can't Michigan provide 'women-born-women' only
space the way they provide women-of-color only space" instead of excluding transsexual womenfrom the entire festival? [18] Logically, it would not make any sense to exclude an entire
subgroup of women from a women's festival unless, of course, the organizers are willing to stateon the record that transsexual women are not women.
Another flaw of the “respect” argument is that “women of color only” spaces generally
welcome women of color who happen to have skins that are pale enough to pass as white. If the
inclusion of pale-skinned “women of color” who have a limited access to white privilege is notquestioned, why should women who may have passed as boys or men?
Radical feminism, in its simplest form, believes that women's oppression is the mostpervasive, extreme and fundamental of all social inequalities regardless of race, class,nationality, and other factors. [19] It is only under this assumption that the privilege transsexual
women are perceived to have (i.e. male privilege) can be viewed as far more dangerous to others
than any other privileges (i.e. being white, middle-class, etc.)
But such ranking of oppressions and simplistic identity politics is inherently oppressive to
people who are marginalized due to multiple identities (e.g. women of color) or creolized
identities (e.g. mixed-race people). Cherríe Moraga wrote: "In this country, lesbianism is apoverty -- as is being brown, as is being a woman, as is being just plain poor. The danger lies inranking the oppressions. The danger lies in failing to acknowledge the specificity of the
oppression." [20] Susan Brownmiller's failure to acknowledge how rape charges are historicallyused as a political weapon against the black communities and Andrea Dworkin’s uncriticalacceptance of the popular stereotypes about Hispanic communities being characterized by “thecult of machismo” and “gang warfare” illustrate this danger well. [21]Combahee River Collective, the collective of Black lesbians, discussed the problem withthe feminist identity politics in its famous 1977 statement. They wrote: "Although we arefeminists and lesbians, we feel solidarity with progressive Black men and do not advocate thefractionalization that white women who are separatists demand... We reject the stance of lesbian
separatism because it is not a viable political analysis or strategy for us." [22] It is not simply thatwhite radical feminists happened to be racist; rather, the series assumptions behind radical
lesbian feminism (e.g. women's oppression is the most pervasive and fundamental) was faulty as
it privileged "those for whom that position is the primary or only marked identity." [23]Decades of protests by women of color failed to educate those who have vested interestin maintaining this racist feminist arrogance. Here is an example: Alix Dobkin wrote as recently
as 1998 "fresh scare tactics were essential to turn a generation of 'Lesbians' and 'Dykes' against
each other... when that failed to wipe us out, they tried 'racist.'" [24]In other words, Dobkin attributed the accusation of racism to the patriarchy's attempt to"wipe" lesbians out and not to the legitimate concerns of women of color, effectively accusing
these women of color of conspiring with the patriarchy. "What is the theory behind racist
feminism?" asked Audre Lorde. [25] She argued, "many white women are heavily invested inignoring the real differences" because "to allow women of Color to step out of stereotypes...
threatens the complacency of those women who view oppression only in terms of sex." [26]III.
I used to think that feminists' reluctance to accepting transsexual women was arising from theirconstant need to defend feminism against the patriarchy as well as from the plain old fear of theunknown. I confess that I have given transphobic feminists far greater benefit of the doubt than I
would to any other group of people exercising oppressive and exclusionary behaviors, and I
regret that my inaction and silent complacency contributed to the maintenance of the culture thatis hostile to transsexual people.
This realization came to me, ironically, during a panel presentation in spring 2000 by
Alix Dobkin and several other lesbian-feminists about sharing "herstory" of lesbian feminism.
The room was packed with women in their 40s and up, and nearly all of them appeared whiteand middle-class. I was already feeling intimidated by the time the presentation began because
everyone seemed to know everyone else except for me, but my level of fear and frustration kept

piling up as the evening progressed.
The presentation was all about how great the women's community was back in the 70s, when it
was free from all those pesky transsexuals, S/M practitioners and sex radicals (or so they think). I
heard the room full of white women applauding in agreement with the comment that "everyone
trusted each other” and “felt so safe regardless of race," clearly talking about how she as a white
woman did not feel threatened by the presence of women of color, and it nauseated me. Another
women talked about how great it was that a private women's bar she used to hang out in had along stairway before the door to keep an eye on potential intruders, and I felt very excluded
because of my disability. I had never felt so isolated and powerless in a feminist or lesbian
gathering before.
The highlight was when the sole Black women stood up and said that she felt like anoutsider within the lesbian-feminist movement. The whole room went silent, as if they were
waiting for this uncomfortable moment to simply pass without anyone having to takeresponsibility. Feeling the awkward pressure, the Black woman added "but it was lesbians who
kept the American discussions on racism and classism alive," which subsequently was met with ahuge applause from the white women. I kept wanting to scream "It was lesbians of color andworking class lesbians who kept them alive, and you white middle-class lesbians had less thannothing to do with it" but I did not have the courage to do so and it deeply frustrated me. [27]
Obviously, many lesbian-feminists -- the same people who continue to resist transsexual
people’s inclusion in “women’s” communities -- have not learned anything from the vast
contributions of women of color, working class women, women with disabilities, etc. eventhough they had plenty of opportunities to do so in the past few decades. It is not that there was
not enough information about women of color; they simply did not care that they are acting out
racism, because they have vested interest in maintaining such a dynamic. The racist feminismthat Audre Lorde so eloquently denounced is still alive.
I no longer feel that continued education about trans issues within women’s communities
would change their oppressive behaviors in any significant degree, unless they are actually
willing to change. It is not the lack of knowledge or information that keeps oppression going; itis the lack of feminist compassion, conscience and principle that is.
Speaking from the perspective and the tradition of lesbians of color, most if not allrationales for excluding transsexual women are not only transphobic, but also racist. To argue
that transsexual women should not enter the Land because their experiences are different would
have to assume that all other women's experiences are the same, and this is a racist assumption.
The argument that transsexual women have experienced some degree of male privilege should
not bar them from our communities once we realize that not all women are equally privileged or
oppressed. To suggest that the safety of the Land would be compromised overlooks, perhaps
intentionally, ways in which women can act out violence and oppressions against each other.
Even the argument that "the presence of a penis would trigger the women" is flawed because it
neglects the fact that white skin is just as much a reminder of violence as a penis. The racist
history of lesbian-feminism has taught us that any white woman making these excuses for one
oppression have made and will make the same excuse for other oppressions such as racism,classism, and ableism.
IV.
As discussed earlier, many lesbian-feminists are eager to brag how much respect they havetoward the needs of women of color to hold "women of color only" spaces. But having a respect
for such a space is very different from having a commitment to anti-racism. The former allows
white women to displace the responsibility to fight racism onto women of color, while the latter
forces them to confront their own privileges and racist imprinting.
Do white feminists really understand why women of color need their own space? They
claim they do, but judging from the scarcity of good literature written by white feminists on
racism, I have to wonder. "It was obvious that you were dealing with noneuropian women, but
only as victims" of the patriarchy, wrote Audre Lorde in her famous letter to Mary Daly. White
women's writings about women of color frequently lose "sight of the many varied tools of
patriarchy" and "how those tools are used by women without awareness against each other.” [28]Many white feminists happily acknowledge ways in which white men's racism hurt women ofcolor (through poverty, prostitution, pornography, etc.) to pretend that they are advocates ofwomen of color, but often use it to absolve their own responsibility for racism. It is, then, no
wonder that those who claim to "respect" the space for women of color simultaneously employ

oppressive rhetoric against transsexual people without having to face their own contradictions.
Similarly, the transsexual women who wrote the statement supporting “no penis” policy
did not see any contradiction in expressing concerns about racism and classism in one sentence
and endorsing the racist and classist resolution in the next. Like white middle-class feminists,these transsexual women felt perfectly justified to absolve their responsibility to confront racism
and classism and then call it feminist.
To make thing more complicated, some trans activists who are politically more savvy
support "womyn-born-womyn" policy or at least regard it as an acceptable feminist position.
Kate Bornstein, for example, "encourages everyone to engage in mutually respectful dialogue,
without specifying what outcome might be desirable or possible," because "exclusion by lesbian
separatists" cannot be considered oppressive when lesbians do not have very much "economic
and social resources." [29] Another transsexual woman, in a private conversation, told me that
she would rather be excluded from the Land altogether than risk the possibility of a male entry
under the pretence of being transsexual. [30] While I appreciate their supposedly feminist goodintentions, I must remind them that their arguments support and reinforce the environment inwhich white middle-class women's oppression against women of color and working class women
are trivialized or tolerated. I must remind them that it is never feminist when some women aresilenced and sacrificed to make room for the more privileged women.
V.

White middle-class transsexual activists are spending so much of their energy trying to convince
white middle-class lesbians that they are just like other women and thus are not a danger to other
women on the Land. "We are your sisters," is their typical plea. Supporters of transsexual women
repeat this same sentiment: "As a lesbian who has interacted with the local trans community, I
can assure you that womyn-born-womyn have nothing to fear from [male-to-female]transsexuals," wrote one woman. [31] But it is time that we stop pretending that transsexual
women are "just like" other women or that their open inclusion will not threaten anybody or
anything. The very existence of transsexual people, whether or not they are politically inclined,is highly threatening in a world that essentializes, polarizes and dichotomizes genders, and theMichigan Womyn’s Music Festival and lesbian-feminism are not immune from it.
The kind of threat I am talking about is obviously not physical, but social, political andpsychological. It is the same kind of threat bisexual and pansexual politics present to gay identity
politics and mixed-race people present to Black Nationalism. Much has been written about thetransformative potential of transsexual existence -- how it destabilizes the essentialist definitionsof gender by exposing the constructedness of essentialism. [32]In the “women’s communities,” transsexual existence is particularly threatening to white
middle-class lesbian-feminists because it exposes not only the unrealiableness of the body as asource of their identities and politics, but also the fallacy of women's universal experiences andoppressions. These valid criticisms against feminist identity politics have been made by womenof color and working class women all along, and white middle-class women have traditionallydismissed them by arguing that they are patriarchal attempts to trivialize women's oppression andbring down feminism as Dobkin did. The question of transsexual inclusion has pushed them tothe position of having to defend the reliableness of such absurd body elements as chromosomes
as the source of political affiliation as well as the universal differences between transsexual
women and non-transsexual women, a nonsensical position fraught with many bizarre
contradictions.
It is my feeling that transsexual women know this intrinsically, and that is why they feel
it is necessary to repeatedly stress how non-threatening they really are. By pretending that theyare "just like" other women, however, they are leaving intact the flawed and unspoken lesbianfeminist assumption that continuation of struggle against sexism requires silent compliance withall other oppressions.
Like Gloria Anzaldúa's "New Mestiza," transsexual people occupy the borderland where
notions of masculinity and femininity collide. "It is not a comfortable territory to live in, thisplace of contradictions." But speaking from the borderland, from its unique "shifting andmultiple identity and integrity," is where transsexual activists will find the most authentic
strength.
The borderland analogy is not meant to suggest that transsexual people are somewhere
between male and female. Rather, the space they occupy is naturally and rightfully theirs, as theactual Texas-Mexico borderlands belong to Chicano/as, and I am merely calling attention to theunnaturalness of the boundary that was designed to keep them out. “A borderland is a vague andundetermined place created by the emotional residue of an unnatural boundary,” Anzaldúa wrote,“it is in a constant state of transition. The prohibited and forbidden are its inhabitants.” [33] Thefact that many transsexual women have experienced some form of male privilege is not a burden
to their feminist consciousness and credibility, but an asset -- that is, provided they have theintegrity and conscience to recognize and confront this and other privileges they may havereceived.
In her piece about racism and feminist identity politics, Elliott Femyne bat Tzedek
discusses how threatening boundary-crossings are to those in the position of power and privilege.
"Think about the phrase... 'You people make me sick.' Think of how the person screaming thisphrase may commit physical violence against what so disturbs him/her... those in power do
actually feel sick, feel their lives being threatened... Men protecting male power have a muchclearer view than Feminists do of exactly how threatening crossing gender is." [34]By the same token, feminists who are vehemently anti-transsexual have much better
understanding of how threatening transsexual existence is to their flawed ideology than dotranssexual people themselves. The power is in consciously recognizing this unique positionality
and making connections to the contributions of women of color and other groups of women who
have been marginalized within the feminist movement. With this approach, I am hopeful thattranssexual women, along with all other women who live complex lives, will be able to advancethe feminist discussions about power, privilege and oppression.
NOTES & REFERENCES
1. Davina Anne Gabriel, from an open letter to Lesbian Connection dated Jan. 27, 2000.
Distributed on-line.
2. Phrases "pre-operative" and "post-operative" are put inside quotation marks (except when it ispart of someone else's quote) because it is my belief that such distinction is irrelevant, classist
and MtF-centric (i.e. disregards experiences of FtM trans people). I believe that such over-emphasis on genital shape is deeply oppressive to trans people and contributes to the suppression
and erasure of intersex people.
3. InYourFace Interview of Riki Anne Wilchins. Distributed as a press release from GenderPAC
on Aug. 18, 1999.
4. Gabriel, from the open letter.
5. JoAnn Roberts, The Next Wave: Post-Reform Transgender Activism (2000), distributed online.
6. Beth Elliott et al., The Michigan Women's Music Festival and Transsexual Women: A
Statement by Transsexual Women (2000). Distributed on-line.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Jessica Xavier, Trans Am: The Phantom Menace at Michigan (1999), distributed on-line.
10. Lillian Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in TwentiethCentury America (1991).
11. Alix Dobkin, from the cover jacket of her album, Lavender Jane Loves Women (1973), as
reprinted in the re-mastered CD edition.
12. Faderman, Odd Girls.
13. Pat Califia, Sex Changes: The Politics of Transgenderism (1997).

14. Susan Brownmiller, Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape (1975).
15. Janice G. Raymond, The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male (1979).
16. Michigan Womyn's Music Festival press release on Aug. 24, 1999.
17. From Lesbian Connection, Jan./Feb. issue, 2000.
18. Ibid.
19. From introduction to Barbara A. Crow, ed., Radical Feminism: A Documentary Reader(2000).
20. Cherríe Moraga, La Güera, in This Bridge Called My Back (1981) ed. by Cherrie Moraga
and Gloria Anzaldúa).
21. Hester Eisenstein, Contemporary Feminist Thought (1983).
22. Combahee River Collective, A Black Feminist Statement (1977), from Moraga and Anzaldúa,
This Bridge.

23. Lisa Duggan, Queering the State, from Sex Wars (1995).
24. Alix Dobkin, Passover Revisited, Chicago Outlines April 15, 1998.
25. Audre Lorde, from 1979 speech The Master's Tool Will Never Dismantle Master's House,published in Sister Outsider (1986).
26. Audre Lorde, from 1980 speech Age, Race, Class and Sex, published in Sister Outsider.

27. These comments were made at a "herstory sharing session" hosted by Lesbian Community
Project in Portland, Oregon in early May.
28. Audre Lorde, An Open Letter to Mary Daly, published in Sister Outsider.
29. Kate Bornstein, Gender Outlaws: On Men, Women, and the Rest of Us, cited by Califia, Sex
Changes.
30. From private conversation.
31. From Lesbian Connection.
32. For example, see Marjorie Garber, Spare Parts: The Surgical Construction of Gender, fromDifferences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies, no.3, 1989.
33. Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (1987).
34. Elliott Femyne bat Tzedek, Identity Politics and Racism: Some Thoughts and Questions,from Rain and Thunder: A Radical Feminist Journal of Discussion and Activism, issue 5, 1999.
Personally, I was surprised to find this article in a radical feminist publication, especially since
the same issue of Rain and Thunder also published a very hurtful column by Alix Dobkin thatappear to endorse violence against transsexual women in women's restrooms.