Report on Findings from the PM2.5
Collaborative Research in
Kawasaki City and Shengyang City- Overview of Enterprise and Research Results -February 7, 2019 (Thursday)
Kawasaki Environment Research Institute1

Today’s Agenda
Friendly Relations with Shenyang City
Inter-city Coordination and Cooperation Enterprise
Between Japan and China
What is PM2.5?
Components of PM2.5 and Their Sources
PM2.5 Survey Results
Conclusion2Friendly Relations with Shenyang City
○ Overview of Shenyang CityChinaShenyangCity

Shenyang City
Population

Approx. 8.3 million people

AreaApprox. 12,900 Km2

Kawasaki City (ForReference)
Approx. 1.51 million
peopleApprox. 144 Km2This is the largest industrial city in the northeast district of China. It is centered on government,economics and culture, and is a vital Chinese city.

○ Main background to links
August, 1981

Concluded a friendly relationshipMay, 1997

Concluded protocols for environment engineering exchange cooperation (started acceptingenvironment engineering students)

February, 2009 Concluded letter of agreement for environment economic expansion cooperation
May, 2012Concluded memorandum for five organizations relating to the environment between Kawasaki Cityand Shenyang CityApril, 2014

Ministry of the Environment started Inter-city Coordination and Cooperation Enterprise to Improve
the Atmosphere and Environment in China(2014 to 2018)<Results>• Accepted environment engineering students (Started in 1997; total of 49 students)• Participated in eco-business forum (have been participating since 2008 (1st forum))3

Ministry of the Environment started Inter-city Coordination and Cooperation Enterpriseto Improve the Atmosphere and Environment in China
Inter-city Coordination and Cooperation

Inter-central government cooperation

Supporting each coordination and cooperation in 11
Japanese and 13 Chinese cities

Engineering cooperation for four Chinese cities

Japan side

China side

Tokyo,
Saitama Prefecture,
Toyama Prefecture,
Nagano Prefecture,
Hyogo Prefecture,
Fukuoka Prefecture,
Kawasaki City,
Yokkaichi City,
Kobe City,
Kitakyushu City,
Oita City

Beijing City, Tianjin City
Shanghai City,
Shenyang City,
Wuhan City,
Handan City,
Tangshan City,
Dalian City,
Jiangsu Province,
Hebei Province
Guangdong Province,
Liaoning Province
Shanxi Province

Inter-city
Coordination andCooperation[Examples of Fields ofCooperation]• Model enterprise tointroduce VOC discharge
reduction equipment• Collaborative research toanalyze the source of PM2.5

Japan side
Japan Environmental
Sanitation Center (JESC)

Engineering
Cooperation

China side

[Examples of Fields ofCooperation]• Study of discharge
control measures for
VOC derived fromindustrial activities• Collaborative research
to analyze automobile
exhaust gases

Xi'an City, Xiamen City
Chongqing City, Zhuhai CIty

Inter-city Coordination and Cooperation Platform
Support from financial and technical aspects and overall progress control and others
Japan side: Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)

Chinese side: The Sino-Japan Friendship Centre for Environmental Protection• Provides capital• Leadership and advice • Overall adjustment
Japanese Ministry of theEnvironment

Inter-governmental adjustment• Provides capital• Leadership and advice
Chinese Ministry of Ecology andEnvironment

Enterprise period: 5 years (2014-2018)

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What is fine particulate matter (PM2.5)?
Airborne particles smaller than a grain size of 2.5 m

Cedar Pollen

PM2.5* 1 m = 1/1000 mm5

Component content in PM2.5● PM2.5 is an extremely fine particle, but
it is composed of a variety of matter.
CarbonPM2.5Ions

Elemental carbon (EC: so-called soot)Organic carbon (OC: Chain compounds
such as CnHn+2 and others, polycyclicaromatics, levoglucosan and others)
Sulfate ion (SO42-), nitrate ion (NO3-),
chloride ion (Cl-), ammonium ion (NH4+),
sodium ion (Na+) and others

Inorganic Aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe),elements vanadium (V) manganese (Mn), lead (Pb)
(Metals) and others
6Generating mechanism of PM2.5
Primary particles

Secondary particles

Gaseous matter in theatmosphere(NOx, SOx and others)

Ox

Exhausted asparticles(Component: Elemental carbon and the like)Particles aregenerated byphotochemicalreaction(Component: Sulfate and nitrate ions and others)• PM2.5 is generated in two ways, namely the primary particles that are discharged into the environmentas particles from the source, and secondary particles of which gaseous matter becomes particulate
through a photochemical reaction.

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The sources of PM2.5▶ There are many sources of particulates including industrial plants, automobiles, ships, soil and theoceans, and others.
▶ There are characteristics in exhausted components depending on the source. (indicatoringredient)Iron and steel industry: Iron (Fe),manganese (Mn)
Oil combustion: Vanadium (V)Coal combustion: Arsenic (As), lead (Pb)
Waste combustion: Arsenic (As), lead (Pb)

Secondary particles:
Sulfate ions (SO42-)
Nitrate ions (NO3-)
Ammonium ion (NH4+)
Organic carbon (OC)

Soil: Aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca)Sea salt: Natrium (Na), magnesium (Mg)

Outdoor burning:
Potassium (K),
levoglucosanDiesel vehicles:
Elemental carbon (EC)PM2.5 has characteristics in exhausted components depending on the source.
For that reason, it is possible to estimate a rate of contribution of each source by analyzing thecomponents and their sources.

8Survey sites and survey period
Measurements
測定局名 At

Pref. road Setagaya Machida Line
General Environment

Tokyo

Route #246

一般環
境No. 3 Keihin

Route #1
Route #15
Takatsu

Industrial Road
Capital Highway

Shitte Kurokawa Road

Yokohama

TajimaSeasonSpringSurvey period
May 10 - 24, 2017

SummerFall
WinterJuly 20 - August 3, 2017
October 19 - November 2, 2017
January 18 - February 1, 2018

IkegamiTajima
田島
Daishi大師Kawasaki
川崎Saiwai
幸Nakahara
中原Takatsu
高津Miyamae
宮前Tama
多摩Asao麻生Ikegami
池上
Nisshin-cho
日新町InFront of City Hall
市役所前
道Endo-cho
遠藤町
路 Nakahara Heiwa Park
中原平和公園沿Futago二子
道 In Front of Miyamaedaira
Station
宮前平駅前
Honmurabashi
本村橋
Kakio
柿生

Along Road

Tomei Highway

Component Analysis
常時監視 成分分析
○
●
○
○
○
○
○
●
○

Constant Monitoring

○
○
○
○

●

○
○
○
○

Tokyo Bay

Survey times
10.00 AM - 10:00 AM the nextmorning; 24-hour sampling
9Implementation of the Inter-city (Shenyang - Kawasaki)
Coordination and Cooperation Enterpriseto Improve the Atmosphere and Environment
Collaborative research to analyze the source of PM2.5 in Shenyang City
PM2.5 Period and site for taking samples
Spring: 2017.05.08 - 2017.05.26
Summer: 2017.07.17 - 2017.08.04
Fall: 2017.10.16 - 2017.11.03
Winter: 2017.12.04 - 2017.12.22

Zhongshan
ParkChanghai
Road

Ministry ofEcology andEnvironment

LOGO

Component Analysis Items〇 PM2.5 mass concentration〇 Ion component (8 items)• Cl- , NO3- , SO42-, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+

〇 Carbon component• Elemental carbon (EC)• Organic carbon (OC)(Water-soluble organic carbon, water-insoluble organic carbon)〇 Metal component (29 items)• Na, Al, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn ,As, Se, Rb, Mo, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Sm, Hf, Ta, W, Pb, Th
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PM2.5 collaborative research results comparison (component analysis)
Shenyang City

Kawasaki City
120

濃度（mg/m(3）g/m3)
Concentration

Concentration
濃度（mg/m(3）g/m3)

120

100

80

60

10080

60

40

4020200

Spring
春季
ECOC

Summer
夏季
Cl-NO3-

Fall
秋季
SO42-

Winter
冬季
NH4+

Inorganic
無機元素
elements

Yearly年平均average
その他
Other0春季
Spring

ECOC

夏季
Summer

Cl-NO3-

秋季
Fall

SO42-

NH4+

冬季
WinterYearly年平均
average

Inorganic
無機元素
elements

その他
Other• Annual average values for PM2.5: Shenyang City: 80.3 g/m3; Kawasaki City: 11.6 g/m3
This shows that Shenyang City is approximately 7 times higher than Kawasaki City in terms ofparticulates.
• Components that showed a high ratio in Shenyang City were in the order of OC, NO3-, and SO42-; OCwas high in the fall, and winter; NO3- was high in the fall.
• Components that showed a high ratio in Kawasaki City were in the order of OC, SO42- , and NO3-.

12PM2.5 collaborative research results comparison (source analysis)

Shenyang CityKawasaki City80mg/m3） ( g/m3)
Contributing寄与濃度（concentrationmg/m3） ( g/m3)
Contributing寄与濃度（concentration

80706050403020100春季
Spring

夏季
Summer

秋季
Fall

Secondary nitrates
二次硝酸塩
Automobile exhaust + Biomass burning
自動車排気＋バイオマス燃焼
Industry
工業
Soil dust
土壌粉じん

冬季
WinterYearly年平均
average

Secondarysulfate + Fuel oil combustion
二次硫酸塩＋重油燃焼
Coalcombustion
石炭燃焼
Brakedust
ブレーキ粉塵706050403020100春季
Spring

夏季
Summer

秋季
Fall冬季WinterYearly年平均
averageacids secondary particle +Nitricacids secondary particle Nitric
Automobile
exhaust + Brake dust
硝酸系二次粒子
硫酸系二次粒子＋海塩粒子
自動車排気＋ブレーキ粉塵
Seasalt aerosol
Biomass burning +Waste incineration +Oilcombustion
バイオマス燃焼＋有機粒子
廃棄物焼却＋石炭燃焼
石油燃焼
Coal
combustion
Organicparticle
Iron& steel industry + Soil particle
鉄鋼工業＋土壌粒子• For the PM2.5 source analysis results, the contributing concentration of identified sources was compared.
• In Shenyang City, the highest contributor during the fall and winter seasons in which PM2.5 was high, weresecondary nitrates, automobile exhaust + biomass burning, and oil combustion. Improvements can beexpected in the colder seasons by promoting countermeasures for these.
• Primary particles greatly contributed to PM2.5 in Shenyang City, through direct discharge from their sources.
The atmospheric environment can be expected to be improved by promoting the same kinds ofcountermeasures used for Japan and Kawasaki City in the past.
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Conclusion
Started Inter-city Coordination and Cooperation Enterpriseto Improve the Atmosphere and Environment in China A total of 43 employees from Kawasaki City visited Shenyang City to get
involved in training and research.
 A total of 37 employees from Shenyang City visited Kawasaki City to get
involved in training and research.
 Engineering and knowledge about countermeasures for atmosphericcontamination including PM2.5 in Kawasaki City was useful inimproving the atmosphere and environment in Shenyang City.

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Thank you forlistening.
Kawasaki Environment Research Institute••Address
3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki
City
Directions
Airport: 15 minutes by car from Haneda
AirportTrain: 15 minutes on foot from
Kojimashinden Station on the Keikyu
Daishi Line
Bus: City bus from Yokohama Station, orKawasaki Station, 10 minutes by busfrom Sangy d ro Station on the Keikyu
Daishi Line
Car: 1 minute by car from the Tonomachi
exit on the Metropolitan Expressway
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