J. Pack. Sci. Technol. Vol.6 No.5(1997)

Size Estimation of Plastic Deformation Zone at the Crack Tip of Paper
under Fracture Toughness Testing’Atsushi TANAKA* , Tatsuo YAMAUCHI*

Size estimation of plastic deformation zone at the crack tip of paper under fracture toughness testing was attempted
not only by means of thermographic observation but also by means of the calculation based on the linear elastic fracture
mechanics (LEFM). Stress concentration at the notch tips occurs at the latter stage of the testing. As developing
patterns of plastic deformation zone observed by thermography changes from type(i) to type(ii) arid further to type(iii),
the calculated zone size decreases. The zone calculation is useful especially in the brittle paper as a method describing
the behavior of plastic deformation zone during the testing.
Keywords : Papers, Fracture mechanics, Fracture toughness, Stress concentration, Infrared thermography

1. Introduction

specimen (Fig. 1) under fracture toughness testing

When a specimen with a crack is strained underhas been studied6),7).
Although thermographic approach is very

in-plane tensile testing, the crack tip region is
expected to yield and the plastic deformation zone
to appear. Because a large stress concentrates on
the region. As paper is known to generate heat
during plastic deformation 1 ) , 2 ) , such a region is
expected to be detected in terms of temperaturerise. Recently, infrared thermography system has
been successfully introduced to observe th eplastic deformation of paper under loading as aseries of temperature distribution images 3)-5) . And
with this technique, the appearance anddeveloping pattern of plastic deformation zone ofdeep double edge notched tension(DENT)
Fig. 1 Deep double edge notched tension specimen(B: specimen width, L : ligament length,a: notch length)‘Studies on fracture toughness testing of paper by use of thermography part 3*Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01 Japan- 268 -

Plastic Dejonnation Zone of Paper

useful for the estimation of plastic deformation

size in the direction of crack propagation can bezone, the zone calculation based on the “linear elastic

approximated easily.
Schematic image at the crack tip is shown infracture mechanics (LEFM)” is further able to provide

Fig. 2. According to LEFM, stress in y-direction

the basic knowledge of fracturing mechanism ofon the x-axis is represented as a function of thepaper in more detail.

distance from the crack tip (x) under elastic
c o n d i ti o n a s f o ll o w .

In the present study, plastic deformation zone
at or around notch tips during the fracture testing
and those in various commercial papers at the(1)

maximum load were estimated by the calculation
based on LEFM and by the thermographic

This is shown as a broken line in Fig. 2. And K

observation, in order to clarify the stressis the stress intensity factor which characterizes

concentration at the notch tips and the following
development of plastic deformation zone.

the elastic stress field near the crack tip, andcalculated as follow under remotely-applied
tensile stress σ.

2. Theory of Plastic Deformation Zone
Estimation8),9)(2)
Theoretically, stress at the crack tip underin-plane tensile stress is infinite for a perfectF(ξ) is a shape correction factor, and given as
follow for DENT specimen (Fig. 1) after Tada10).

elastic material. However for most materials, theregion around the crack tip yields and plastic
deformation zone appears. Although calculating
the precise shape of this zone is complicated, its(3)where ξ is the ratio of total crack length (2a)to width (B), i.e. ξ = 2a/B.
Differing from a perfect elastic
material, in the case of elasticplastic material like paper underin-plane stress condition, the regionof 0≦x≦R is considered to beplastically deformed and σ y isapproximately equal to the yieldstress (σ YS ). The stress distribution

Fig. 2 Schematic image of stress distribution at the crack tip region

is now represented by the solid line
(Fig. 2). Supposing the distance
between the crack tip and the point
satisfying σ y = σ YS (on the broken

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J. Pack. Sci. Technol. Vol.6 No.5(1997)

line in Fig. 2) as rP,

R should be equal to 2rP, i.e.
(4)

(8)

is obtained from eq.(l)- And re is calculated asfollow.

After all, R is in proportion to K2, i.e.σ2. In the(5)practical use, the shape of the plastic deformation
zone can be considered as a circle circumscribing
to the notch tip with the diameter of R(=2r P ) 9) . It
must be noted that this approximation can be

Then area-A, the sum of stress from x=0 to
x=rP, is calculated as follow.
fllapplied essentially in the case of "small scale
yielding" 1 1 ) , 1 2 ) , i.e. plastic deformation zone size
should be small enough in comparison with crack
length.

3. Experimental( 6 )Now area-A and area-B should be equal,

3.1

Materials

because the area beneath the broken line and that

Various machine-made papers (sack paper frombeneath the solid line must be equal under thesame external stress. Supposing that the stress

unbleached kraft pulp, machine grazed paper,
newsprint paper, and filter paper), studied in the

distribution of the x ≧ R region after yielding

previous report 7 ) , were also employed in this(solid line) is approximately equal to the x ≧ rP

study. Their basic properties in both machine andpart of the broken line, area-B is calculated asfollow.

cross machine directions are given in Table 1.
A series of DENT specimens (Fig. 1) with(7)

widths of varying from 3 to 63 mm (9 steps) andThus in order to satisfy area-B=area-A= σYSrP,

with span length of 100mm were prepared.
Ligament length (L), distance between double

area-B= σYS(R -rP)

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Plastic Deformation Zone of Paper

notches, was 1/3 of the specimen width for thetype(ii) ; appearing from both notch tips andessential work of fracture toughness testing6

amalgamating into a circular (or oval)

Every specimen was cautiously notched with azone after the maximum load

virgin blade using a special transparent guide bar
with a scale.

p

3.2 Instrumentation

o

n

t

.

type(iii) ; appearing from both notch tips and notamalgamating together until the final

The fracture toughness testings were made withs h e e ta pair of line-type clamps mounted on an Instron

failure.

type tensile testing machine(Shimadzu Auto-graphi

Plastic deformation of type(ii) and type(iii) is

AGS-100) with a span distance of 100mm andessentially that around crack tips, but plastic

crosshead speed of lOmm/min. This pair ofdeformation of type(i) is essentially that between

clamps are connected with guide bars, whichcrack tips. The results of classification for all

makes the strict plane stress loading possible. The
thermography system (NEC-San ' ei Thermo-tracer

specimens tested are shown in Table 2. The
classification depends on specimen kind, tensile

6T62) was set up to observe around the notcheddirection, and ligament length. Generally,

area with a close-up lens. The minimum spot size

specimen having smaller L tends to belong toto be detected on the temperature distribution

type(i). And it comes to belong to type(ii) andimages is 0.1mm. Details of the experimental

further type(iii) in the same paper as L increases.

conditions were the same as those described in theprevious reports6 7 All testings were made at thestandard atmosphere.

4. Results and Discussion
4.1 Classifying the Developing Pattern of
Plastic Deformation Zone by Thermography
According to the previous study using thermography7 , developing patterns of plastic deformation zone have been classified into three large
types (Fig. 3);
type(i) ; appearing whole through the ligament ina vague manner and developing into a
circular (or oval) zone even before or at
the maximum load
p
o
i
n
t
.

Among the three, plastic deformation zones oftype(ii) and type(iii) specimens are limited aroundthe notch tips up to the maximum load point.
4.2 Change of Calculated Plastic Deformation
Zones and the Corresponding Temperature
Distribution Images during Straining
Typical example of successive images ofcalculated plastic deformation zones given byeq.(8) and close-up temperature distribution images given by thermography are shown in Fig. 4-1
for UKP-sack paper (MD/L=5mm), and thecorresponding load-displacement relationship isgiven in Fig.4-2. This specimen belongs totype(iii), which satisfies "small scale yielding
condition all through the testing. The initial
location of the specimen with notches issuperimposed with white lines on temperature
di ib i i
(Fi 4 l ) Tl- 271 -

J. Pack. Sci. Technol. Vol.6 No.5(1997)- 272 -

Plastic Deformation Zone of Paperis graduated by temperature rise compared withinitial average temperature of specimen. In thecalculation based on LEFM, crack is assumed toinitiate at the maximum load point. And 0.2%
offset yield stress was used for σYS instead of theyield stress, as paper material does not show aclear yielding point13).
As mentioned in the introduction, it has turned
out that heat generation region is stressed to thelevel of plastic deformation 1 ) - 5 ) . So that stressconcentration can be discussed by temperature
distribution images.
Calculative estimation indicates the mono-

Fig. 5 Calculative images of plastic deformation zone (left) and close-up temperature distribution images (right) for specimens
with L:13mm. Frame with dotted line in the left image shows the corresponding position of the right image- 273 -

J. Pack. Sci. Technol. Vol.6 No.5(1997)

tonous increase of the plastic deformation zone up

concentrate at the crack tip from the early stage ofto e point as the load increases. And from e to gstraining as shown in Fig. 4-1 (calculative images

point it does not increase so much due to little
increase of the load, that is, the size is inof plastic deformation zone). However actually,

proportion to the square of stress (σ 2 ) as men-zone, i.e. heated zone, has been observed at thetioned above. On the other hand, temperature

latter stage of straining. These findings suggest

distribution images do not always agree withthat stress of paper materials hardly concentrates
up to some level of straining.

stress concentration shown as plastic deformation

them. No heat generation is seen around the notch
tips in the initial period of straining (a, b, c, dpoint). Then heat generation zone appears at
halfway through the plastic deformation region in

4.3 Limitation of the Calculative Estimation of
Plastic Deformation Zone

the load-displacement curve (e point) ; blue colored

Plastic deformation zone sizes (R=2rP ) at the

spots whose temperature is higher than that of the

maximum load point were calculated, and forsurroundings appear in a concentrated manner.

convenience of comparison, their size ratios to the

And from e point to the maximum load point, heat

ligament length (2r P /L) are shown in Table 2.

generation zone increases their area (f, g point).

There is a tendency in general that type(iii)

The final sheet failure occurs soon after the

specimens have smaller 2rP/L ratio than type(ii)maximum load point (h point). The heat generation

specimens, and type(ii) specimens have smallerat the crack tip only at the latter stage of straining
was also observed in the single edge notched

2rP/L ratio than type(i) specimens. But it must be
noted that the ratio cannot be an absolute standard

specimen .
According to the LEFM theory, stress should

to classify the type. The boundary ratio between
type(i), type(ii) and type(iii) is defferent from

3 )Table 2 Type of the plastic deformation zone appearance and the ratio of the calculated
plastic zone diameter to ligament length (2rP/L) for all specimens- 274 -

Plastic Deformation Zone of Paper

paper to paper.
In terms of the calculative estimation, 2r P /L
ratio over 0.50 means connection and amalgamation of plastic deformation zones from both

These factors may contribute the disagreement
between calculative and thermal size estimations
in CD specimens.

5. Concluding Remarks

notch tips. Such a specimen is considered to beout of the "small scale yielding" condition. The
ratio of most CD specimens are over 0.50 ornearly 0.50 irrespective of the type. Therefore, thecalculative estimation is improper for the CD
specimens at the maximum load point. On theother hand, every type(ii) and type(iii) MD
specimen has the 2r P /L ratio smaller than 0.50,
that is, a necessary condition of "small scale
yielding" i s fulfilled.

Size estimation of plastic deformation zone at
the crack tip of paper under fracture toughness
testing was attempted not only by means ofthermographic observation but also by means of
the calculation based on the linear elastic fracture
mechanics (LEFM). A detailed comparison ofboth results provides some characteristic featuresof paper fracturing and plastic deformation as
follows.

The comparison between the calculative
estimation image and temperature distribution
image at the maximum load point is shown in Fig.

Stress concentration recognized as plastic
deformation zone at the notch tips occurs at thelatter stage of fracture toughness testing.

5 for MD and CD specimens with L=13mm forexample. The correspondence of both images is
not good for CD specimens but is good for MD

The calculated zone size ratio 2rP/L decreases
with the change of thermographic classificationfrom type(i) to type(ii) and further to type(iii).

specimens. Especially a good agreement in sizeand shape between those images is found forbrittle paper such as machine-grazed andnewsprint having smaller 2rP /L ratio.

The zone calculation based on LEFM is usefulfor the brittle paper as a method describing the
behavior of plastic deformation zone occurred in
the latter stage of fracture toughness testing.

As described above, the calculative estimation
based on LEFM is fundamentally applicable to the

Acknowledgment

latter stage of the fracture toughness testing. In

The authors thank Dr. R. S. Seth, PAPRICAN,

the calculation, crack length and yield stress areneeded as shown in eq.(2) and eq.(8). The notch
length and 0.2% offset yield stress have been used
for them, however, a crack growth before thefor offering the special clamps. They also thankProf. Okumura and Prof. Masuda, Graduate Schoolof Agriculture, Kyoto University, for allowing to
use the thermography systems.

maximum load has been pointed out 6 ) and thecrack length for calculation should be longer than
the notch length. Substitution of 0.2% offset yieldstress for the yield stress is also questionable .

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J. Pack. Sci. Technol. Vol.6 No.5(1997)

References

9) R. S. Seth, "Transactions of the 10th Fundamental Research Symposium held at1) K. Ebeling, "Transactions of the 5th Fund a me n t a l R e s e a r c h S y mp o s i u m h e l d a t

Oxford", p.1529 (1993)

Cambridge", p.304 (1976)

10) H. Tada, P. C. Paris, G. R. Irwin, "The stress2) D. P. Dumbleton, K. P. Kringstad, C. Soremark,analysis of Cracks Handbook , Del Research

Svensk Papperstid., 76 (14), 521 (1983)

Corporation, Hellertown, Penn., U.S.A., p.6(part II) (1973)

3) T. Yamauchi, K. Murakami, J. Jpn. Tappi,
46 (4), 70 (1992)

11) "Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 31",p.911 (1970)

4) T. Yamauchi, S. Okumura, M. Noguchi, J.
Mater. Sci., 28, 4549 (1993)

12) T. Uesaka, "Handbook of Physical and5) T. Yamauchi, K. Murakami, "Transactions of
the 10th Fundamental Research Symposium

Mechanical Testing of Paper and Paperboard'
vol.l(R. E. Mark), Marcel Dekker, New York,

held at Oxford" , p.825 (1993)

p.77 (1983)

6) A. Tanaka, Y. Otsuka and T. Yamauchi, Tappi

13) T. Uesaka, H. Okaniwa, K. Murakami, R.
Imamura, J. Jpn. Tappi, 33 (6), 403 (1979)( R e c e i v ed 8 M a y 1 9 9 7 )(Accepted ll September 1997)

J., 80 (5), 222 (1997)
7) A. Tanaka, T. Yamauchi, J. Mater. Sci.,
submitted for publishing8) H. Okamura, "Senkei Hakai Rikigaku Nyumon",Baifukan, Japan, p.73 (1976)

破壊靭性試験下における紙のクラック先端塑性変形域の寸法評価*
田中篤史*

山内龍男*

紙において破壊靭性試験を行う際に生じるクラック先端塑性変形域の寸法を熱画像法（サーモグラフィー）による観察、および線形破壊力学（LEFM）にもとづく計算から評価した。その結果、切り欠き先端における応用力集中は試験の後半に生じること、また熱画像法で観察される塑性変形域の発達パター
ンが（i）型、（ii）型、さらに（iii）型となるとともに、計算される塑性域寸法の減少することが明らかになった。この計算は延性の小さい紙を試験する際の塑性域挙動を記述する方法として有効である。
キーワード：紙、破壊力学、破壊靭性、応用集中、赤外線熱画像法*熱画像法を用いた紙の破壊靭性試験に関する研究 第3報*京都大学大学院農学研究科（〒６０６－０１京都府京都市左京区北白川追分町）- 276 -

J. Pack. Sci. Technol. Vol.6 No.5(1997)

日本包装学会ミニ・インターナショナル・セミナー

要旨

Packaging Education:a Driver for Innovation in Packaging
Annual Meeting
Society of Packaging Science and Technology
Tokyo, Japan
12-13June 1997

Associate Professor Kees Sonneveld*
Centre for Packaging, Transportation and Storage

Abstract
Education in packaging science and technology is a relatively young discipline. In most countries aroundthe world it has suffered of lack of support for years, either by industry or education institutions. With the
packaging science and technology coining on age and a significant change from industry driven
technology push towards a market driven technology pull in recent years a need for qualified packaging
professionals has emerged.
In this paper an analysis is given as to why education in packaging has been struggling, which market
developments arc of influence to this phenomena, how education effects innovation in packaging and what
the expected needs for packaging education will be in the near future. Attention is also given to the
responsibilities and duties of the modern packaging manager.
Finally the actual situation on education in packaging in Australia is discussed.

Victoria University of Technology
PO Box 14428 MCMC
Melbourne, Vic. S001
A u s t r a l i a- 277 -

Packaging Educations Driver for Innovation in Packaging

Introduction
A career in packaging? What is packaging? People sec more about it and think less about it than probably
any other thing touching their life. The fact is that they just are not conscious of packaging, except when
packaging becomes waste at the end of its life cycle. This shows how effectively it works - it's just taken
for granted.
Without packaging, the standard of living would fall far below the level people now enjoy. In fact, withoutit, people might not be around to enjoy any standard of living.
Packaging represents one of the most widely spread activities of the modern, sophisticated society: it
reflects not only the advancement of knowledge in material sciences but also the mastery of technologicalachievements. Thanks to modern packaging technology products can economically be distributed over awide geographical area as well as over a long period of time without unacceptable loss of quality.
In the past three decades, packaging technology has gone through a fast change. New technologies such as
aseptic packaging and modified atmosphere packaging have been introduced on a large scale, while
consumer demands have driven the market to convenience foods which can be prepared quickly. New
products, manufactured with advanced production techniques and packaging systems, have enlarged theassortment of products significantly. In today's modern supermarkets one can easily find over 15000
different articles imported from all over the world.
Despite this fast change of the packaging scene, education in packaging science and technology aroundthe world is a relatively young discipline and in many countries around the world not recognised as
valuable in commercial operations.
Around the world, the teaching of packaging science and technology is carried out by both the education
sector and by commercial organisations. The education sector offers some recognition in terms ofcertificates, diplomas or degrees. Most of these qualifications tend to be broad based, encompassing what
can be termed as 'Packaging Technology'. The commercial sector tends to offer training in more focusedareas, typically one or two day short courses or seminars aimed at imparting knowledge about various
specific areas of packaging.

Current status of packaging Education.
Both the education and commercial sectors have important roles lo play in the improvement of skill levelsin the industry. The problem with packaging education is that it has traditionally been taught on a local
basis, requiring attendance at a college, university or, in the case of short courses, a conference venue. The
nature of the courses constrain the student to study at a certain place, at a certain time and at certain pace.
Many people are therefore unable to participate because of work or social commitments.
This touches the core problem in packaging education. It would be very beneficial to industry and society
if young people could be educated in packaging. However, the experience around the world is that it isvery difficult to attract young students to enrol in a first degree packaging course. The reason for this liesin the fact that young people do not recognise the packaging profession as a career opportunity. Their
perception of packaging is similar to the perception of the average consumer: packaging causes a lot of
waste! And careers in waste production arc not the careers young people are looking for. Several
initiatives set up by tertiary education institutions to develop a sustainable first degree program inpackaging have failed because of this reason.
My perception is that in majority industry' is to blame for this. Over the years, the packaging industry as
well as their customers (ie. food, pharmaceutical, chemical, apparatus industry) have failed to recognise
the importance of the packaging position. For years staff was recruited from different disciplinary
backgrounds like mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, food technology, physics and even

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J. Pack. Sci. Teclmol. Vol.6 No.5(1997)

accounting. Once in the job they were additionally trained by attending the referred short courses andseminars, as well as learning on the job through trial and error.
Exception to this is the situation in the United Slates were since decades the packaging technologist or
engineer is recognised as a viable profession in industry, thanks to the efforts of Michigan Stale University
and Rochester Institute of Technology through their respective curricula in packaging.

Innovation drivers.
The system of 'educating' packaging people on the job through trial and error and an occasional shortcourse or seminar worked quite well for years. This due lo the fact that for years packaging was not reallyperceived to be a sophisticated, hi-tech area. To a large extend packaging development was driven by the
packaging industry and their achievements in material development and manufacturing technology;
driven by their clients wishes lo obtain cheaper, more competitive packaging materials and systems.
However in most recent years developments in packaging technology have been dominantly influenced bya number of developments mostly outside the span of control of the packaging manufacturing industry. In
stead of a trend setting industry', driven by innovations in materials and manufacturing technology, thepackaging industry has been forced to find technological answers to trends/developments as:
・ growing environmental considerations and awareness;・ globalisation of markets with increasing competition on home markets;・ demographic and social developments in consumer markets;・ increasing awareness for save and healthy products;
・ emerging new markets (eg. PR of China, Eastern Europe).
These trends urge the packaging industry together with their clients lo become more innovative indeveloping new packaging technologies. Technologies in which the latest developments in material
development, manufacturing technology, preservation technology in combination with distribution andmarketing techniques arc sophisticated!)- combined. The product to be market is no longer the originally
manufactured product, protected by a container. Increasingly the container (packaging) has become an
integral part of the product. The product and its packaging are to an increasing extend playing a subtle
combined action in satisfying the needs of all parts of the distribution and marketing chain, including
those of the consumer and the environment.
Together with the increasing competition in the global market place, this trend has resulted in an
increased pull for innovation in packaging. It appears lo be more and more obvious that innovation inpackaging is guided by:・ multi markets;・ multi materials;
・ multi functions;・ multi disciplines, and・ multi actors.
A complexity increasing factor lies in the fact that packaging cannot be considered a product on its own.
Packaging is a product marketing support element. Like referred before a packaging is becoming more
and more an integral part of the product. However at the end of the supply chain it is the content of the
packaging which has the consumers' interest and not the container, although the product could not bemarketed and often even not used conveniently without the packaging.
This makes packaging a unique issue with many aspects to consider.
In general packaging innovation is driven by demands and opportunities arising from the interaction
between consumers, distribution and manufacturers (Figure 1). The consumer (or market) area is to anincreasing extend dominating this interaction because of the more severe demands emerging fromincreasing awareness for healthy and safe products, demographic and social trends and growing- 279 -

Packaging Educations Driver for Innovation in Packaging

environmental considerations and awareness. New materials and technologies arc required to meet thesedemands, but often also new opportunities arise from these new materials and technologies and with thatnew consumer demands arc created.

The manufacturer (product as well as packaging manufacturer) can and has to apply the latest advances inmaterials, process and packaging operations and will have to offer them to the product user (consumer).
For example, new technologies to extend the shelf life of fresh produce will enable consumers to buy
products less frequently. However, it also offers an opportunity for the manufacturer to distribute his
products over a larger geographical area and with that reaching new markets.
Another challenge for the manufacturing industry is the need for flexibility. With an increasing variety inproduct packaging combinations, the manufacturing process must be able to change quickly between
relatively small production runs without losing efficiency. Automation and robotisation are very importantin this area.

Need for Education in Packaging
The wide variety of trends and developments in the market place arc constantly confronting the productsupply chain with new demands for packaging systems. Demands which mostly indicate a need to change.
Il is very important to approach this need to change a packaging material or concept as an opportunity to
improve the technical and commercial performance of a product packaging combination (Figure 2). This
need to change has driven the development of many new materials and systems.

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J. Pack. Sci. Technol. Vol.6 No.5(1997)

The change from technology push from the packaging industry towards technology (innovation) pull fromthe market requires an adequate answer from companies in the supply chain in order to stay in business.
Collaboration and cooperation will have to be a major part of the answer. Effective collaboration between
product manufacturers, packaging suppliers, distribution industry, research providers and educators isessential to be able to develop adequate, economic, environmental sound and acceptable productpackaging combinations.
In this process the role of packaging has gained importance. Subsequently packaging development andmanagement is getting more attention and industry, packaging industry as well as packaging using
industry, starts lo realise that the packaging issue requires qualified staff to handle the complex and multidisciplinary area. Not only because of the multi-functionality of packaging and the multi-actors involvedin the supply chain, the complexity is also apparent in the packaging operation in the manufacturers
environment as can be demonstrated from table 1.
Table I: Company sections involved in the packaging operation
Production

Warehousing and distribution

Production panning

AccountingIntellectual property control

Product research and development

Technical services

Packaging procurement

Strategic planning

Market researchMarketingAdvertising

Packaging research

Packaging development

It is obvious that Packaging procurement. Packaging research and Packaging development arc the primarysections regarding the packaging operation. Packaging development is considered the most important of- 281 -

Packaging Educations Driver for Innovation in Packaging

the three. It includes a central position in the interaction between product management, packaging
research, packaging procurement, packaging operations, distribution and marketing.
The complexity of the packaging development complex is illustrated in figure 3.

The increasing complexity of the packaging operation urges industries in the supply chain to hirequalified packaging personnel. In particular over recent times a need for qualified people lo manage thepackaging operation in the company has emerged. It also is noticed that the need for qualified packaging
managers, technologists or engineers has moved from the packaging supplying to the packaging using anddistribution industry. This complies with the earlier statement that the driving force for new packaging
technology is moving from packaging supplier lo the product market.
Packaging management in packaging using and distribution industry requires close collaboration withmany different disciplines from the commercial, legal, scientific and technical areas. This collaboration is
not limited to the product manufacturing company itself(sec figure 3) but includes collaboration andcooperation with external relations as well. Upstream as well as down stream the supply chain apackaging manager has lo maintain good relations in order to be able to select the optimum packaging
solution (sec figure 4).

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J. Pack. Sci. Tcchnol. Vol.6 No.S(1997)

Packaging education in Australia
These changes in the tasks and responsibilities of the packaging operation requires qualified and adequate
management. Consequently industry now starts to recognise the importance of adequate training in the
packaging area. Due to this development in Australia there is an increasing interest for training in the
packaging area. The majority of this interest is coming from people already employed in industry. Those
people experience a lack of adequate knowledge and arc looking for ways to upgrade their knowledge incombination with their work commitments.
In anticipation to this need, a number of initiatives have emerged in Australia. In addition to anincreasing number of undergraduate students in 'design' focussed tertiary education programs at several
universities, three institutions are now offering education programs in packaging science and education.
Australian Institute of Packaging (AIP)
Since 1979 AIP is offering the 'Diploma in Packaging Technology'- course on behalf of the UK based
Institute of Packaging (IoP), which offered the course for the first time in 1955. On behalf of IoP AIP is
managing the presentation of the course and the administration of students in Australia and the PacificRim. The course, which is considered a basic training in packaging technology, is offered by distancelearning only and provides an opportunity for industry people to gain a professional qualification without
the need to physically attend classes at sonic place. The course is recognised by WPO and as an entry
level by two universities in the UK. It has some disadvantages like the 'European Flavour' and thelimited possibilities for students to interact with tutors. In the near future it is planned to move to a new,three part structure which will allow students to study for and gain a Certificate in Packaging Technology(Part I). To go on and study for two more written examinations (Part II) and then to complete therequirements for (lie Diploma by submitting an extensive dissertation (Part III).
Centre for Packaging, Transportation and Storage, Victoria University of Technology (CPTS)
CPTS started packaging education in 1990 with offering a Mastercourse in Applied Science in Packaging
Technology. Additionally the Centre offers postgraduate education in packaging by research. Over the
past seven years a limited number of students have completed Masters as well as PhD degrees by researchon packaging subjects.

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Packaging Educations Driver for Innovation in Packaging

The Mastercourse however suffered from lack of students due lo the fact that:・ the content did no longer nice! (changing) industry needs (to much engineering focussed), and・ potential students do not have the time available to physically conic lo the university.
In view of the already referred increasing interest from industry people to enrol in a postgraduate
education in packaging technology, it was recently decided lo re-develop the Course. This re-development
concerns the course program as well as the way it will be offered.
The re-developed course will follow the model used by Brunell University in the UK. Its objectives arc to:・ develop a sound theoretical knowledge and application ability of appropriate scientific, engineeringand computing techniques as they relate to the study of modern packaging technology;
・ encourage direct application of advanced techniques to innovate the design, manufacturing andevaluation of commercial packaging;・ enable graduates of the course to support the packaging industry and packaging using industry by
developing high level research and management skills.
The course will contain a range of modules, covering general subjects ranging from Packaging
Manufacture, Packaging materials. Marketing and Financial Management, Legislation and Standards,
Packaging Machinery and Operations through Physical Distribution and Marketing. Additionally elective
modules on specific topics like Food Packaging, Packaging Design, Environmental aspects of Packaging,
Packaging of Dangerous Goods and Pharmaceuticals, and Packaging Research will be offered to meet
specific interests of the students.
The modules will be offered over a two year period as a combination of residential and distance learning
modules. This model his the advantage that only three or four times a year the students have to come tothe university for a limited period of 3-4 days only. In between two residential modules the students haveto study a distance learning module which can include an assignment or an assessment (test) upon returnfor the next residential module.
After successful completion of the modules students will be required to successfully complete a minor
thesis (in the third year) in order to be awarded the Master Degree. The topic of the minor thesis can be an(industry related) research subject or, alternatively, the development of a full packaging system.
Additionally CPTS still offers students the possibility lo obtain a postgraduate degree (Masters or PhD) in
Engineering or Science by research on a packaging related topic.
CRC for International Food Manufacture and Packaging Science
The objective of this Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) is lo raise the competitive ability of theAustralian Food and Packaging industry by creating effective cooperation and collaboration between
industry, research providers and government, and providing relevant education and training.
In addition to training of existing personnel on relevant scientific and technical topics, this training also
includes personal skills development and training of commercial and marketing skills.
A major objective of the CRC's education program is to provide the food and packaging industry' with
future leaders. To accomplish this, the CRC is running a PhD scholarship program for which thebrightest, young graduates arc selected. The topic of their PhD is strongly related to one of the topics of
the CRC's research program. However, in addition to the 'normal' research training the PhD student istrained in the development of commercial, presentation and leadership skills. Furthermore the program
includes a half year work experience program in industry in order to familiarise the student with industry
practices. The core objective of the work experience program is to have the student manage a project
under the supervision of an industry mentor.
Future developments
Structured packaging education in Australia has, like in most countries around the world, only recently
got more attention from industry. Qualified packaging professionals arc more and more recognised asvalue adding to the business operation. Manufacturing and distribution industry in particular arc emerging- 284 -

J. Pack. Sci. Technol. Vol.6 No.5(1997)

as the drivers for this recognition. This results in a need for initial education and training in the packaging
area. However due to the fact that packaging science and technology is a very dynamic field, an increasingneed for continuous education will emerge as well. Continuous education in respect to new emerging
technologies, new materials, standards and legislation eteetera. The latter need can be delivered through arange of facilities like short courses, seminars, workshops and conferences.
However, numbers of students will still be limited and they require flexible ways of delivery because they
have limited possibilities to attend training sessions. In increased use of distance learning methods will be
the answer. The classical method of supplying distance learning, however is not very feasible because of alot of practical problems like the higher costs of preparing learning materials, difficulties in motivating
students, and lack of interaction between students and teacher and between students.
With the development of modern communication technology however there arc a range of possibilities
emerging to overcome these problems. Application of tele-conferencing systems for example offers thepotential to interactively communicate between students and teacher, to use the same materials as innormal class contact teaching and even make use of teachers based in other parts of the world (without
having them physically to travel to the deliver)' location). Other possibilities arc the use of the World Wide
Web and CD-Rom facilities. An big advantage of such systems arc the savings of travel costs for the
students, in particular in a remote country like Australia. It also opens up possibilities to deliver educationand training to students in foreign countries as it offers opportunities for packaging educators around theworld to collaborate and cooperate in delivering training programs.
Conclusion
Emerging needs for education and training in packaging focuses on full-time employed people for initialtraining and continuous education. The change from manufacturing technology push towards market
driven technology pull is resulting in an increasing need for initial and continuous education in the
packaging area. Innovation in packaging requires qualified staff, able to communicate on a multidisciplinary basis up and downstream the supply chain. The classical way of training people throughseminars and conferences only appears no longer adequate.
However, time and location constraints appeared to be dominant impediments for students. Distancelearning offers considerable opportunities for those students. With the development of multimedia
communication technology an important step in the evolution of distance learning methodologies isenvisaged. Australia has a long experience record in delivering education programs through distancelearning and with the assistance of modern technologies a lot of the disadvantages could be transferred tothe passed to the benefit of the modern packaging professional.
References
1. Sonneveld, C, Packaging Research And Education: Opportunities For Australian Industry, Victoria
University Research network seminar, 6 March 1996, Melbourne
2. Sonneveld, C, Innovation In Packaging 23rd APF Congress 'Packaging in Asia - The Changing
Scene', 7-8 August 1996. Colombo Sri Lanka
3. Sonneveld, C. Food packaging in Europe: Trends and Opportunities. 29th Annual Convention
Australian Institute of Food Science and Technology, 5-8 May, 1996, Goldcoast.
4. Schmidt-Hansen, P.. Teaching Packaging in the Global Classroom, 10th IAPRI World Conference
on Packaging, 24-27 March 1997, Melbourne.
5. Lovell, H.R. and J. McDermott, International Packaging Education - A Case Study, 10th IAPRI
World Conference on Packaging, 24-27 March 1997, Melbourne.

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J. Pack. Sci. Technol. Vol.6 No.5(1997)

日本包装学会ミニ・インターナショナル・セミナー

要旨

Packaging Education in Korea
Especially at the junior college
Myung Hoon Lee, *Jong Goo Han
Director, Institute of Korea Packaging Systems(IKPS)'P r o f es so r, To n g Ku k Col lege Pack aging Depa rt me n t
KOREA

1. Introduction
No goods are sold without packaging.
Without packaging , the product would never have survived during its distribution from manufacturer to finaluser. Rapidly changing society makes life-cycle of the product shorter and shorter.
Consequently, new packages for new products should be designed and developed within very short interval.
Despite the significant role of packaging to the society, people who have few understanding to the packaging
regard it simply as an unnecessary cost and/or a contributor to the solid waste. This attitude has flowed
through to the extent where those who design packaging systems and develop more efficient packages are notregarded as professionals.
As a consequence, any colleges/ universities have to develop degree courses in packaging and have ignored
the size and importance of the packaging industry.
In the year 1993, packaging department was established in Tong Kuk College (2-year course) for the firsttime in Korea. Comparing with the other countries, 40 colleges/universities which offer the packaging major in
America, and a few colleges/universities in Australia, New Zealand, and Thailand have the packaging major.
Packaging as one of the sciences is not popular but in the beginning state. We, Korea, have only two juniorcolleges which offer the packaging major up to now.
This paper will discuss the present situation of packaging education in Korea, especially at the junior college.
Careers of graduates and curriculum guide of the packaging department, Tong kuk College will be included.

2. Development of Packaging Department

2 . 1 . P r o fe s s i o n a l s i n p a c k a g i n g i n d u s t r i e s
KIDP(Korea Institute of Industrial Design Promotions) had made the study on "Research on the actual
condition of packaging management" for 75 large companies in Korea during the year '93 and '94. As the result,
top managers in 53 (70.6%) companies showed very high interest in packaging and its management. However,
only 21 (28%) companies had the independent department responsible to the packaging development andmanagement. And 60 (80%) companies response that they were experiencing the difficulties in carrying out the
packaging operation because of lack of packaging professionals. This result shows that there are plenty of rooms
for packaging professionals.

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Packaging Education in Korea

About half of those companies were operating self educational program to train packaging professionals,
and 92% of companies predicted that there must be some packaging professionals in their companies in the near
futureAt present, we have only 2 junior colleges which offer packaging major, however, we have large possibility
to have packaging department in university level (4-year degree course), since the career opportunity of
packaging graduates is very widely opened.
One national university located in the eastern part of Korea is hopefully expected to launch the packaging
department from next year.

2.2. Establishment of Packaging Department in College
In 1987, professionals from the fields of governmental organizations, industrials, educational institutions andresearch institutes insist loudly on necessity of cultivating the packaging professionals at "Technical Committee
on Packaging Policy" meeting sponsored by the Ministry of Trade and Industry. In the same year, KIDP asserted
necessity of4-ycar university grade packaging education through the report, "Packaging Education System for
the Future". However, before 1993, no positive movement was made to establish the packaging department in
the college or university.
Of course, public organizations such as KIDP and Korea Corrugated Packaging Case Industry Association
have been operating the packaging education program in short period, and many companies have been training
their packaging related employee through their own packaging job training courses.
As the packaging department was established at long Kuk College in 1993 and at Shin Sung College in
1995, wide opportunity was opened to the people who wanted to have packaging education and to make a careerin packaging.

3. Curriculum of the Packaging Department

3.1. Scope of packaging science
Well-known business magazine "Forbes" has been publishing the statistics of the American packaging
industries annually from 1989. It means that packaging is already classified as an independent industry such as
foods, Pharmaceuticals, automobiles, etc. in the industrialized countries.
Before any discussion of the scope of packaging science, the functions of packaging must be clearly
understood. For an objective assessment of packaging, cognizance must be taken of the many functions whichpackaging performs. These can be described under six headings : containment, protection, convenience,unification, apportionment, and co mmunication.
Consideration of the packaging functions and the environments in which the packaging must perform toprovide a valuable starting point for what fields should be included in the scope of packaging. Clearly there must
be consideration in design, materials, technology, and machinery as well as some social sciences such as
economics and marketing. However, unlike many other technological disciplines, packaging must perform in thehuman environment. Therefore, some understanding of consumers and their needs must be included. An
attempt which must be avoided is to focus on the manufacturing of packaging materials rather than on their use
and application in packaging. Many engineering and technology degree courses already provide excellent
programs in material production. Modern concept of packaging science must include the following fields,
which are composed of not only social sciences but also natural sciences. And "package design", "distribution
system", and "communication" could be included, too.

Sociology

Economics

Environment

Marketing

Product Science

Packaging Materials

Material Converting

Packaging TechniquePackaging Machinery

Physical Distribution

Test & Evaluation- 287 -

J. Pack. Sci. Technol. Vol.6 No.5(1997)

3.2. Progress in packaging development
In the beginning, packaging was utilized only to contain and to protect products during distribution channel.
Early 1900s, production of goods increased to such a level that it outstripped demand. The consumer now had achoice among competitive products. Thus, what is now known as the marketing function was developed
simultaneously with the development of mass production and distribution of goods. Although packaging wasused in this new function, it was not accepted as an integral member of the sales and marketing department until
the late 1 930s. One of the first innovations of the marketing function was the combined introduction of the unit
package, brand identification, and advertising. The unit package carried the identification and provided better
quality and convenience.
During the depression years, management discovered, however, that the package could do an excellent job ofadvertising its contents. The era of use of styling and design in packaging to motivate purchase had begun. With
the advent of the self-service store which minimized or eliminated the sales clerk, it became imperative that the
package serve as a silent salesman. During the following decades it became apparent that the package could
also apply functional conveniences for both the consumer and to wholesalers. Marketing people discovered thatin an affluent society customers buy on impulse the products they don't really need. Customer motivation at pointof purchase became an important function of the package as a marketing tool.
Both theory and practice of protective packaging developed remarkably during the World War II, since
every war supplies which included not only general munitions also foods were distributed throughout
worldwide from Africa to South-East Asia. A war of attrition made logistics and packaging skills for themunitions far developed. America was the head quarter of the logistic strategy, and they made approach todevelop efficient packaging scientifically and enthusiastically. After the war, that experiences, which would betransplanted to the commercial products, made America
packaging leader in the world.
Development of protective packaging in America, which influenced related industries of Europe and Japan,
initiated the research and study on protective packaging practically. Now, we have objective and scientificcriteria for the protective and cushioning packaging.

3.3. Curriculum of packaging department at junior College
Packaging oriented to marketing and to protection has been the two main stream in packaging development
flows. Although unexpected factors such as product liability law, rising of consumer power, and environmental
aspects has appeared, those two main stream would not change their directions.
In November 1994, Dr. B. Marie, director of the School of Packaging, Michigan State University, agreed toauthor's opinion on those viewpoints and said "Now, packaging science is fixing its position as one of the naturalscience, and it could be divided to two courses, one is food packaging focusing to the flexible packaging,
especially plastics, the other is protective packaging emphasizing on the analysis of shock and vibration andcushioning materials.
As shown in Table 1, careers of graduates from the packaging department of Tong Kuk college arc divided
into two main streams almost half and half. That is, 23 students to food and flexible packaging industries and
28 students to appliance, automobile, cushioning industries. Curriculum of the packaging department at Tong
Kuk College was decided by reflecting the trend of packaging development as a science. (Refer to appendix)1 ) As the packaging core, "Intro-packaging", "packaging materials", and "packaging tectonics" arc adopted.
As the food packaging and protective packaging will be the two main stream of packaging science,"food packaging I" and "packaging dynamics" are selected as core course, too. Also, "packaging lab I"
and "field study" are selected, since we, junior colleges, usually focus on training technician.
2) Considering the functions of packaging and the environments in which the packaging must perform,"Advertising", "Trading", "packaging design", "Intro-marketing", "packaging and environment" arc
selected as packaging electives.
3) To enhance the food packaging course, "Food preservation" and "food packaging II" arc added. For theprotective packaging course, "packaging and cushioning" and "packaging and physical distribution"
were enhanced as packaging electives.
4) To enforce the adaptability as a technician to the field, "Quality Control" and "packaging lab II" arcadded to the packaging electives.

Packaging Education in Korea<Table 1> Careers of graduates from the packaging department, Tong Kuk College
classification

department

persons

Appliance, Electronics

Research Lab

10Flexible Packaging

Q.C.

15

Foods

5

Paperboard

Packaging Development
〟
Q.C.

10

Cushioning, paper

Development

4

Automobile, Parts

K.D.

3

Furniture

Development

1

Research InstituteResearcher

1

Trading

TradingI

Magazine

Reporter

1

Machinery

Development

2

Printing

Development

1

Cosmetics, Toiletries

Study, overseas

China, U.S.A.

Total

1

4
59

4.Conclusion
The definition "Packaging is the custom-made to the product" has already become traditional and classicaldefinition. liven today, most packages arc designed and developed by that manner. However, complicatedconsumer requirements and so many packaging related regulations and laws influence not only the products but
also the packages. It has been very difficult tasks for packaging professionals to develop the efficient, marketable,
environmental packaging.
Packaging must be independent and integrated natural science and be studied by the packaging professionals.
If the image of the industry and those who work in it lo change, then there needs to be professional education
available.
Packaging is one of the largest industries in the world. Without packaging, international trade could not bematerialized. Countries in the Asia/Pacific region need creative, innovative, and professionally educated man
powers to ensure that (heir products have the efficient packaging to compete on world markets.
In the near future, Korea will extend the packaging degree course up to the university level. Korea Societyof Packaging Science and Technology(KOPAST) has a aim to set up packaging departments at the universities
at least 2 in the capital city area and 2 in the provincial area.

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J. Pack. Sci. Technol. Vol.6 No.5(1997)

Appendix : Curriculum of the packaging department, Tong Kuk College & Shin Sung College

Tong Kuk

Collegerequirements

PackagingCore Courses

PackagingElectives

Shin Sung

Occupational Ethics
Intro Computer
Chinese Characters
English Conversation
Oral Communication
Korean History
Bible Study
Intro Packaging
Intro Packaging Technics
Paper & Board Packaging
Glass & Metal Packaging
Plastic Packaging
Packaging Dynamics
Food Packaging I
Packaging Lab. I
Field Study

Food Chemistry
Chemistry
Intro Marketing
Advertising
Trading
Food Preservation
Package Design
Quality Control
Packaging and PhysicalDistribution
Package Printing
CAD
Flexible Packaging
Package Development
Packaging and Environment
Cushioning in Packaging
Food Packaging II
Packaging Lab II- 290 -

Joint Seminar with industry
Living English
Intro Computer
Occupational Ethics
Chinese Conversation
Industrial Physics
Chemistry
Industrial Packaging
Packaging materials & Lab.
Quality Control
Package Design &Lab.
Plastic Packaging
Packaging Evaluation & Lab 1,ll
Packaging Machinery
Glass & Metal Packaging
Packaging Technology & Lab.
Food Packaging & Lab.
Paper & Wooden Packaging & Lab.
Field Training
Food Distribution & Sanitary Science
Packaging Specification & Regulations
Packaging Materials Processing & Lab.
Distribution Engineering
Cushioning Packaging & Lab.
Packaging & Printing
Packaging Process Control
Marketing
Packaging & Environment
Packaging Design & Development