ਛ⧷⺆ߦ߅ߌࠆធየㄉߩ↢↥ᕈ̆̆ –ityߣ –ness ߩ႐ว ̆̆ᐢፉᅚቇ㒮ᄢቇ  ☨ୖ ✌I  ⊒⴫ߩ⋡⊛㧦ਛ⧷⺆‫ߦ․ޔ‬ᓟᦼਛ⧷⺆ߦ߅ߌࠆ –ity ߣ –ness ߩ↢↥ᕈߩⷐ࿃ߪ૗߆ࠍ
᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆ‫            ޕ‬II↢↥ᕈ(productivity)ߩቯ⟵㧦ᧄ⊒⴫ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ធㄉߩ↢↥ᕈߣߪ‫ޔ‬㖸㖿⊛‫ޔ‬ᒻᘒ⊛‫ޔ⊛⺆⛔ޔ‬ᗧ๧⊛ߦⷙቯߐࠇߚၮ૕(base)ߦኻߒߡ‫ޔ‬ធㄉ߇ታ㓙ߤߩ⒟ᐲ⥄↱ߦઃടߐࠇࠆ߆‫߁޿ߣ ޔ‬ᗧ๧ߢ↪޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬⺆ᒵൻ(lexicalization)ߩቯ⟵㧦ⶄᢙߩᒻᘒ⚛߆ࠄߥࠆ⺆߇‫ߩࠄࠇߘޔ‬ᒻᘒ⚛߆ࠄ੍᷹ߐ
ࠇࠆ⊒㖸‫ޔ‬ᒻߥ޿ߒᗧ๧ߣߪᄙዋߥࠅߣ߽⇣ߥߞߚ․ᓽࠍ߽ߟߎߣࠍᗧ๧ߔࠆ‫ޔ߫߃଀ޕ‬gospel‫⑔ޟ‬㖸‫ߪ⺆߁޿ߣޠ‬ฎ⧷⺆ߩ god spel‫ޟ‬ศႎ‫⊒ߪ⺆ߩߎޔ߇ࠆ޽ߢޠ‬㖸࡮ᒻ࡮ᗧ๧ߩ
ߔߴߡߦ߅޿ߡ⺆ᒵൻߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆ(Adams 2001: 10; ፉ᧛ 2004: 55-73)‫ޕ‬
III

వⴕ⎇ⓥ

3.1

⃻ઍ⧷⺆㧦

1 Aronoff (1976): ធㄉߩ↢↥ᕈߪၮ૕ߩ⛔⺆▸⇵߇ᦨ߽㊀ⷐߣਥᒛ‫ޕ‬٤
2 ፉ᧛(1990):
٤–ity ߣ –ness;

–er ‫–ޔ‬ist ‫– ߣޔ‬ant ߥߤ┹วߔࠆធየㄉߩ↢↥ᕈࠍ⹦⚦ߦ⠨ኤ‫ޕ‬3 Baayen & Lieber (1996): ߤߩࠃ߁ߥᗧ๧․ᕈ߽ߟធㄉ߇↢↥ᕈ߇㜞޿߆ࠍ⠨ኤ‫ޕ‬٤
4 Aronoff & Fuhrhop (2002)ߣ Hay & Plag (2004): suffix stacking ߩ໧㗴ࠍᛒ߁‫ޔ߫߃଀ޕ‬٤Germanic suffix ࠍᜬߟ⧷⺆ߩ⺆ߪ㧝ߟߒ߆ suffix ࠍ߽ߡߥ޿‫ޕߤߥޔ‬5 Plag (2003): 㒖ᱛ(blocking) ߩⷰὐ߆ࠄ
٤

–ity ߣ –ness ߩ⋧㆑ࠍ⠨ኤ‫ࡊࠗ࠲ࠆࠁࠊ޿ޕ‬㒖ᱛߣ࠻࡯ࠢࡦ㒖ᱛߦ⸒෸‫ޕ‬
6 Plag (2004): ធㄉઃടߩ⛔⺆․ᕈ㧔ၮ૕ߩຠ⹖㧕߿↢↥ᕈߪࠕ࠙࠻ࡊ࠶࠻ߩᗧ๧․ᕈߦ㑐٤ଥ߇޽ࠆߣਥᒛ‫ޕ‬
7 Lieber (2004):٤–ity ߿ –ness ࠍ฽߻᭽‫ߥޘ‬ធየㄉߩ⚿วࠍᗧ๧ߩⷰὐ߆ࠄ⠨ኤ‫ޕ‬

8 Rainer (2005): ࠲ࠗࡊ㒖ᱛߣ࠻࡯ࠢࡦ㒖ᱛߦߟ޿ߡ‫ࠍ⺆࠷ࠗ࠼ߣ⺆⧷ޔ‬Ყセߒߥ߇ࠄ⠨ኤ‫ޕ‬
٤

3.2

ผ⊛⎇ⓥ㧦

1 Riddle (1985): Marchand (1969) ߿ Aronoff (1976)߇ਥᒛߔࠆၮ૕ߩ⛔⺆▸⇵㊀ⷞߦኻߒ٤ߡ‫– ޔ‬ity ⺆ߣ–ness ⺆ߩᗧ๧⊛⋧㆑߇㊀ⷐߣਥᒛ‫ޕ‬

2 Romaine (1985):٤–ity ߣ –nessߩ↢↥ᕈߪ㖸㖿⊛‫ޔ⊛⺆⛔ޔ‬ᗧ๧⊛߅ࠃ߮⸒⺆ᄖߩⷐ࿃ߩⷰὐ߆ࠄ⺰ߕߴ߈ߣਥᒛ‫ޕ‬
3 Dalton-Puffer (1996): Helsinki Corpus ࠍ⸒⺆᧚ᢱߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ਛ⧷⺆ߩធየㄉઃടߦࡈ࡜ࡦ
٤ࠬ⺆߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߡ޿ࠆ߆ࠍ‫ޔ‬ᒻᘒߣᗧ๧ߩⷰὐ߆ࠄ⠨ኤ‫ޕ‬
4 Trips (2004): ⃻ઍ⧷⺆ߦߺࠄࠇࠆ –hood‫– ޔ‬dom‫–ޔ‬ship ߩㅢᤨ⊛⊒㆐ࠍ Lieber (2004)
٤ߩᨒ⚵ߺߢ⠨ኤ‫ޕ‬
5 Mühleisen (2010): –ee ធㄉઃടࠍਛ⧷⺆߆ࠄ⃻ઍ⧷⺆߳ߣㅢᤨ⊛ߦಽᨆ࡮⸥ㅀߒ‫↥↢ޔ‬ᕈ٤

1ߦߟ޿ߡߪ diachronic productivity ߣ synchronic productivity ࠍ඙೎ߔߴ߈ߣਥᒛ‫ޕ‬
6 Nagano (2010): ⶄวฬ⹖[Noun + Verb-ing]ߦ߅ߌࠆ –ing ߩ⛔⺆ᯏ⢻ࠍผ⊛ⷰὐ߆ࠄ⠨ኤ‫ޕ‬٤IVਛ⧷⺆ߦ߅ߌࠆ –ity ߣ –ness ߩ㗫ᐲ4.1ਛ⧷⺆ᦼߩ㗫ᐲ
Table 1
ME 1

ME 2

ME 3

Total

Type-frequency

7

20

71

98

Token-frequency

12

57

365

434



–ity

Frequency of –ity

Table 2
–nessFrequency of –ness

ME 1

ME 2

ME 3

Total

Type-frequency

124

60

108

292

Token-frequency

468

289

575

1332

ME 1 (1150-1250)
4.2

ME 2 (1250-1350)

ME 3 (1350-1420):

Dalton-Puffer (1996)ਛ⧷⺆ߩᣇ⸒೎ߩ㗫ᐲ㧔ᣇ⸒඙ಽߪ MED ߦࠃࠆ㧕[․ߦ‫ޔ‬ᓟᦼਛ⧷⺆ߩ႐ว]
Table 3

East Midland (Chaucer)
–ity

–nessTotal

Type-frequency

92 (34%)178 (66%)

270 (100%)

Token-frequency

894 (38%)

1470 (62%)

2364 (100%)

Table 4

East Midland (Gower)
–ity

–nessTotal

Type-frequency

10 (23%)34 (78%)44 (100%)

Token-frequency

107 (37%)

179 (63%)286 (1005)

Table 5

East Midland (WBible:Genesis & Exodus)
–ity

–nessTotal

Type-frequency

8 (14%)

50 (86%)58 (100%)

Token-frequency

32 ( 9%)311 (91%)343 (100%)

Table 6

East Midland (Mandeville’s Travels)
–ity

–nessTotal

Type-frequency

23 (39%)36 (61%)59 (100%)

Token-frequency

78 (49%)81 (51%)159 (100%)

Table 7

East Midland (The Cloud of Unknowing)–ity

–nessTotal

Type-frequency

19 (21%)73 (79%)92 (100%)

Token-frequency

79 (20%)313 (80%)392 (100%)

          Table 8

East Midland (Paston Letters)
–ity

–ness2

Total

Type-frequency

21 (47%)24 (53%)45 (100%)

Token-frequency

48 (42%)66 (58%)114 (100%)

Table 9

East Midland (Malory Wks)
–ity

–nessTotal

Type-frequency

18 (33%)37 (67%)55 (100%)

Token-frequency

52 (28%)136 (72%)188 (100%)

Table 10

West Midland (Gawain-Poet’s Works)
–ity

–nessTotal

Type-frequency

6 (33%)

12 (67%)18 (100%)

Token-frequency

11 (37%)19 (63%)30 (100%)

Table 11

West Midland (Lydgate Troy Book)
–ity

–nessTotal

Type-frequency

35 (41%)51 (59%)86 (100%)

Token-frequency

116 (34%)230 (66%)346 (100%)

Table 12Southwestern (Trev. Higden)
–ity

–nessTotal

Type-frequency

19 (37%)33 (63%)52 (100%)

Token-frequency

25 (32%)52 (68%)77 (100%)

Table 13Southwestern (Langland PPL.B)
–ity

–nessTotal

Type-frequency

8 (20%)

32 (80%)40 (100%)

Token-frequency

54 (33%)110 (67%)164 (100%)

Table 14

Northern (Morte Arth)–ity

–nessTotal

Type-frequency

3 (25%)

9 (75%)

12 (100%)

Token-frequency

11 (38%)18 (62%)29 (100%)

Table 15Type-frequeny
Token-frequency

Northern (Richard Rolle)
–ity

–nessTotal

9 (26%)

25 (74%)34 (100%)

37 (32%)

Table 1678 (68%)115 (100%)

East Midland (Chaucer, Gower, Mandeville, WBible,

Malory, Paston, Cloud)–ity

–nessTotal

Type-frequency

166 (29%)418 (71%)586 (100%)

Token-frequency

1228 (36%)

2152 (64%)

3380 (100%)

Table 17

West Midland (Gawain, Lydgate)3–ity–nessTotal

Type-frequency

41 (39%)63 (61%)104 (100%)

Token-frequency

127 (34%)249 (66%)376 (100%)

Table 18

Southwestern (Trev.Higd, Langland)

–ity

–nessTotal

Type-frequency

27 (29%)65 (71%)92 (100%)

Token-frequency

79 (33%)162 (67%)241 (100%)

Table 19

Northern (Morte Arth, Richard Rolle)

–ity

–ness

Type-frequency

12 (26%)34 (74%)46 (100%)

Token-frequency

48 (33%)96 (67%)144 (100%)

Table 20

Total

Kentish (Ayenbite of Inwyt)

–ity

–nessTotal

Type-frequency

14 (26%)40 (74%)54 (100%)

Token-frequency

50 (23%)172 (77%)

222 (100%)

Table 21

Alliterative Verse (Gawain, Morte Arth, Langland)

–ity

–nessTotal

Type-frequency

17 (24%)53 (76%)70 (100%)

Token-frequency

76 (34%)147 (66%)

223 (100%)

Table 22

Rhyming Verse (Chaucer[Verse], Gower, Lydgate)–ity

–nessTotal

Type-frequency

79 (34%)155 (66%)234 (100%)

Token-frequency

803 (38%)

1335 (62%)

2138 (100%)

Table 23

Verse (Alliterative, Rhyming)
–ity

–nessTotal

Type-frequency

96 (32%)208 (68%)304 (100%)

Token-frequency

879 (37%)

1482 (63%)

2361 (100%)

Table 24

Prose (Chaucer[Prose], Genesis, Mandeville, Paston,

Malory, Trev.Higd, Richard Rolle, Cloud)–ity

–nessTotal

Type-frequency

166 (31%)361 (69%)509 (100%)

Token-frequency

628 (29%)1503 (71%)

1911 (100%)

Table 25

Gawain-Poet’s WorksOE + -ness

OF + -ness

Total

Type-frequency

10 (83%)2 (17%)

12 (100%)

Token-frequency

17 (89%)2 (11%)

19 (100%)

4

OE + -ity

OF + -ity

Total

Type-frequency

0 ( 0%)

6 (100%)6 (100%)Token-frequency

0 ( 0%)

11 (100%)

11 (100%)

Table

26

Gower CAOE + -ness

OF + -ness

Total

Type-frequency

30 (88%)4 (12%)

34 (100%)

Token-frequency

168 (94%)

11 ( 6%)179 (100%)

OE + -ity

OF + -ity

Total

Type-frequency

0 ( 0%)

14 (100%)

14 (100%)

Token-frequency

0 ( 0%)107 (100%)

107 (100%)

Table 27

Mandeville’s Travels

OE + -ness

OF + -ness

Total

Type-frequency

33 (92%)3 ( 8%)

36 (100%)

Token-frequency

71 (88%)10 (12%)81 (100%)

OE + -ity

OF + -ity

Total

Type-frequency

0 ( 0%)

23 (100%)

23 (100%)

Token-frequency

0 ( 0%)

78 (100%)78 (100%)

Table

28

Morte Arthur

OE + -ness

OF + -ness

Total

Type-frequency

7 (80%)

2 (20%)

9 (100%)Token-frequency

16 (89%)2 (11%)

18 (100%)

OE + -ity

OF + -ity

Total

Type-frequency

0 ( 0%)

4 (100%)4 (100%)Token-frequency

0 ( 0%)

13 (100%)

13 (100%)

Table

29

Paston Letters

OE + -ness

OF + -ness

Total

Type-frequency

19 (79%)5 (21%)

24 (100%)

Token-frequency

57 (86%)9 (14%)

66 (100%)

OE + -ity

OF + -ity

Total

Type-frequency

0 ( 0%)

21 (100%)

21 (100%)

Token-frequency

0 ( 0%)

47 (100%)

47 (100%)

Table

30

Langland PPl.B

OE + -ness

OF + -ness

Total

Type-frequency

30 (94%)2 ( 6%)

32 (100%)

Token-frequency

100 (91%)

9 ( 9%)

110 (100%)

OE + -ity

OF + -ity

Total

5

Type-frequency

0 ( 0%)

8 (100%)8 (100%)Token-frequency

0 ( 0%)

54 (100%)

54 (100%)

Table

31

Malory Wks

OE + -ness

OF + -ness

Total

Type-frequency

27 (75 %)

10 (25%)37 (100%)

Token-frequency

115 (85%)

21 (15%)136 (100%)

OE + -ity

OF + -ity

Total

Type-frequency

0 ( 0%)

18 (100%)

18 (100%)

Token-frequency

0 ( 0%)

52 (100%)

52 (100%)

Table

32

Trev. Higden

OE + -ness

OF + -ness

Total

Type-frequency

26 (79%)7 (21%)

33 (100%)

Token-frequency

42 (81%)10 (19%)52 (100%)

OE + -ity

OF + -ity

Total

Type-frequency

0 ( 0%)

19 (100%)

19 (100%)

Token-frequency

0 ( 0%)

25 (100%)

25 (100%)

Table

33

Richard Rolle

OE + -ness

OF + -ness

Total

Type-frequency

22 (88%)

3 (12%)

25 (100%)

Token-frequency

75 (96%)

3 ( 4%)

78 (100%)

OE + -ity

OF + -ity

Total

Type-frequency

0 ( 0%)

9 (100%)9 (100%)Token-frrequency

0 ( 0%)

36 (100%)

36 (100%)

Table

34

Lydgate Troy Book

OE + -ness

OF + -ness

Total

Type-frequency

52 (83%)

11 (17%)63 (100%)

Token-frequency

199 (80%)

50 (20%)249 (100%)

OE + -ity

OF + -ity

Total

Type-frequency

0 ( 0%)

35 (100%)

35 (100%)

Token-frequency

0 ( 0%)

116 (100%)

116 (100%)

Table

35

WBible Genesis & Exodus

OE + -ness

OF + -ness

Total

Type-frequency

42 (40%)8 (16%)

50 (100%)

Token-frequency

287 (92%)

24 ( 8%)311 (100%)

OE + -ity

OF + -ity

Total

0 ( 0%)

8 (100%)8 (100%)Type-frequency

6

Token-frequency

0 ( 0%)Table

36

32 (100%)

32 (100%)

The Cloud of Unknowing

OE + -ness

OF + -ness

Total

Type-frequency

69 (95%)4 ( 5%)

73 (100%)

Token-frequency

308 (99%)

5 ( 1%)

313 (100%)

OE + -ity

OF + -ity

Total

Type-frequency

0 ( 0%)

20 (100%)

20 (100%)

Token-frequency

0 ( 0%)

79 (100%)

79 (100%)

Table

37

Dan Michel’s Ayenbite of Inwyt

OE + -ness

OF + -ness

Total

Type-frequency

40 (100%)0 ( 0%)

40 (100%)

Token-frequency

172 (100%)0 ( 0%)

172 (100%)

OE + -ity

OF + -ity

Total

Type-frequency

0 ( 0%)

14 (100%)

14 (100%)

Token-frequency

0 ( 0%)

50 (100%)

50 (100%)

OE + -ness

OF + -ness

Total

Type-frequency

146 (82%)

32 (18%)178 (100%)

Token-frequency

1341 (91%)

129 ( 9%)1470 (100%)

OE + -ity

OF + -ity

Total

Type-frequency

1 ( 1%)

91(99%)

92 (100%)

Token-frequency

1 ( 0.1%)

893 (99.9%)894 (100%)

Table

38

Chaucer

OE = [-latinate]‫ޔ‬OF = [+latinate]ߣߪၮ૕(base)ߩ⺆Ḯ⊛ⷐ⚛ࠍ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬
Some examples:
OE + -ness: depnesse (=depth)[Morte Arth 764], darknesse (=darkness)[Genesis 18.12]
OF + -ness: fiercenes (=fortitude)[GGK 646], skarsnesse (=stinginess)[Gower CA 5.7655]
OE + -ity: scantitee [ON + -ity] (=scantity)[Chaucer ParsT 431]
OF + -ity: annuite (=annuity)[Paston Letters 120 / 37], ambyguite (=doubt)[Lydgate 2.5486]
Chaucer ParsT 431:

I sey nat that honestitee in clothynge of man or womman is

uncovenable, but certes the superfluitee or disordinat scantitee of clothynge is reprevable.
[=I don’t say that modesty in the clothing of a man or a woman is unsuitable, but certainly
excessive or immoderately scantiness of clothing is blameworthy](Cf. oddity [odd adj.[ON]+ -ity)V
5.1㒖ᱛ⃻⽎ (Blocking)
Gruber (1976: 347-48) ߩ Blocking

7

pity

*pitifulnessbeauty*beautifulness

length*longnessheight*highnesstruth*trueness

wrong / error*wrongness

sincerity*sincerenessability*ablenesstranquility*tranquilness

1 abilite (=capacity) Chaucer Ast Pro 2 ̆̆ abelnesse (=capacity) Cloud 46 / 12٤
2 heighte (=height) WBible EV Ex 25.25 ̆̆٤heighnesse (=height) WBible EV Amod 2.9

3 jolite (=revelry, happiness) Chaucer SqT 278 ̆̆ jolinesse (=revelry) Chaucer WBT 926
٤̆̆ joie (=happiness) Chaucer KnT 1028
4 lengthe (=length) Chaucer GP 83 ̆̆ longenesse (=length) Gower CA 7.3923
٤
5 noblete (=nobility) Trev.Barth 318 / 16 ̆̆ noblesse (=nobility) Chaucer ClT 468 ̆̆٤

noblenesse (=nobility) Chaucer Mel 2956 ̆̆ noblehede (=nobility) WBible EV Job
prol.87 ̆̆ noblei(=nobility) Chaucer ClT 828
6 tranquille (=tanquillity) Lydgate 1.453 ̆̆ tanquillite (=tranquillity) Chaucer Bo2
٤

pr4.136
7 wrong (=unrighteousness) Chaucer Bo1 pr4.67 ̆̆٤wrongfulhede (=injustice) Walton

Bo 698 / 7 ̆̆ wrongfulnes (=unrighteousness) Cursor 7546
5.2Type Blocking & Token Blocking  Type-blocking concerns the interaction of more or less regular rival morphologicalprocesses (for example decency vs. decentness) whereas token-blocking involves theblocking of potential regular forms by already existing synonymous words, an example ofwhich is the blocking of *arrivement by arrival or *stealer by thief. (Plag 2003: 64-65)
Chaucer

Gower

LydgateMaloryCaxtonfeblenesse

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

feblesse

10

1

0

0

0

0

0

gentilnesse

2

0

31

0

0

1

4

gentilesse

80

18

17

0

0

0

3

humblenesse

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

humblesse

20

7

1

0

0

0

0

largenesse

1

0

0

1

0

1

0

largesse

17

28

6

1

2

0

0

8

Langland Gawain

noblenesse

0

0

0

0

0

2

1

noblesse

34

10

16

0

0

11

6

richnesse

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

richesse

156

41

51

26

0

1

6

simplenesse

0

0

0

0

1

0

4

simplesse

3

9

2

0

0

0

0

1 feeble٤

adj. [OF]feeblesse

c1175

n. [OF

feblesce]

feblenesse n. [From2 gentil٤adj. [OF]a1250 Ancrene 103 / 23 (=feebleness, weakness)

feeble adj.] ?a1300 Arth.& Merl. 9837 (= weakness)[MED]?a1200gentilessen. [OF

gentilesse]

gentilnesse

n. [From gentil

1340 Ayenb 87 / 21 (=nobility of birth or rank)adj.] a1325 Cursor 28562 (=nobility of birth or rank)

3 humble adj. [OF] c1250
٤humblessen. [OF

humblenesse

humblesse]n. [Fromc1385 Chaucer KnT 2790 (=virtue of humility)

humble adj.]

c1395 WBible LV Prol.Heb. 4.480 (=virtue of

humility, humbleness)
4 large٤

adj. [OF]largessen. [OFlargenesse
5 noble٤largece] a1250 Ancrene 74 / 8 (=generosity)

n. [From

adj. [OF]noblesseadj.] c1390 Chaucer ParsT 1051 (=generosity)

noblesse]

a1250 Ancrene 87 / 19 (=high rank or birth)n. [From noble

adj.]

c1390 Chaucer Mel 2956 (=high rank or birth)adj. [OE]richessen. [OFrichenesse
7 simple٤richeise]n. [From richadj. [OF]simplesse n. [OFsimplenesse
VI

large

?1200

n. [OF

noblenesse
6 rich٤

c1175

a1250 Ancrene 74 / 25 (=wealth, riches)adj.] a1338 Mannyng Chron. Pt.2.p.155 (=wealth)c1220
simplesse]n. [From

simple1340 Ayenb 140 / 35 (=innocence)adj.]

a1382 WBible EV Gen 20.5 (=innocence)–ness‫–ޔ‬hede‫–ޔ‬schipe ߩ┹วbisinessevsbisihede

Chaucer GP 520:vsbisischipe

To drawen folk to hevene .. this was his bisynesse. [=To draw up folk toheaven, .. this was his effort] [bisynesse = effort, endeavor]
Gower CA 4.1119:

What hast thou don of besischipe / To love? [=What hast thou donesome effort for love?] [besischipe = effort, endeavor]

9bisinesse

bisihedebisischipe

Chaucer

58

0

0

Gower

29

0

1

Landgland000

Lydgate120

0Malory000kindenesse

vskindehede

Malory Wks 1083 / 15:

vskindeschipe

Sir Bors .. for kyndenes and pite, he myght nat speke but wepte

tendirly a grete whyle. [=Sir Bors, for friendliness and pity, might not speak but wept
tenderly for a great while] [kybdenes = friendliness]
Gower CA 2.326:

he .. seide hem, for the kindeschipe / That thei have don him felaschipe /He wole hem do som grace ayein, [=he said to them, for the friendliness that they havedone fellowship for him, that he would do some favor for them] [kindeschipe =friendliness, kindness]kindenesse

kindehede

kindeschipe

Chaucer

8

0

0

Gower

0

0

2

Langland200Lydgate120

0Malory

17

0

0

VII

–ity ᵷ↢⺆ߣ –ness ᵷ↢⺆ߩᗧ๧⊛⋧㆑

Aronoff (1976: 38) ߦࠃࠇ߫‫– ޔ‬ness ⺆߽ –ity ⺆߽‫( ޔ‬1) “the fact Y is Xous”‫( ޔ‬2) “theextent to which Y is Xous”‫( ޔ‬3) “the quality or state of being Xous” ߩ޿ߕࠇ߆ߩᗧ๧ࠍ߽ߟ
߇‫– ޔ‬ity ⺆ߪ․ᱶߥᗧ๧ࠍ⴫ߔߎߣ߇޽ࠆߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
7.1

–ity ᵷ↢⺆(1)

“the fact that Y is Xous”

WBible EV Number 4.20:

Other thurZ no curiouste seen that ben in the seynturarye ..

ellis thei shulden die. [LV: Othere men se not bi ony curiouste tho thingis that ben in the
seyntuarie, .. ellis thei schulen die.: L curiositate videant] [curiouste = inquisitiveness](2)

“the extent to which Y is Xous”

Chaucer Venus 81:

Syth rym in Englissh hath such skarsete, / To folowe word by word the

curiosite / Of Graunson.

(=Since the verse in English has such scarcity to follow wordby word the skill of Grandson)(3)

“the quality or state of being Xous”

Cloud 118 / 5:

Þei mowe in no-wise put awey þe wonderful .. þouZtes, fantasies & ymages ..

preentid in þeire mynde by þe liZt & þe corioustee of ymaginacyon. (=They may never10

put away the wonderful thoughts, fantasies, and images printed in their mind by thelight & the subtlety of imagination)
7.2

–ness ᵷ↢⺆(1)

“the fact that Y is Xous”

MKempe 139 / 32:& sumtyme sche xulde wepyn ful softly & stilly in receyuyng of e

preciows Sacrament wyth-owtyn any boystowsnes [=and sometimes she would weep
very softly and silently in receiving the precious sacrament without any violence](2)

“the extent to which Y is Xous”

Cloud 8 / 19:

A good teching how a man schal flee þees disseits, & wirche more wiþ alistines of spirite þen wiþ any boistousnes of body. [=A good teaching how a man should
flee from these deceits and work more with eager longing of spirit than with any fierce
strength of body](3)

“the quality or state of being Xous”

Trev.Barth 325 / 16:

þe .. mete for his þicnes and boistousnes may not passe be narougheweyes [=the food for its thickness and coarseness may not pass through narrow ways]
Cf.:

Romaine (1985: 455)

(1) His kindness amazed me. (=the fact that he was / the extent to which he was kind)(2) Kindness is a virtue. (=quality or state of being kind)
7.3

ᗧ๧ߣ↢↥ᕈ (ోߡ Chaucer ߆ࠄߩ଀)jolinesse [From

joli

adj.]

2 examples

1 cheerfulness, enjoyment
٤SqT 289: I sey namoore, but in this jolynesse / I lete hem til men to the soper dresse. (=I’ll
say no more, but in this cheerfulness I leave them till men prepare for the supper)
2 cheerful behavior
٤

WBT 926: Somme seyde wommen loven best richesse, / Somme seyde honour, somme seyde
jolynesse, (=Someone said that women love riches best, someone said that women love
honour, someone said that women love cheerful behavior)jolitee [OFjolietei]  19 examples

1 jollity
٤

SqT 344: But thus I lete in lust and jolitee / This Camyuskan his lordes festeiynge (=But
now I leave in pleasure and jollity)
2 cheerfulness
٤

PardT 780: This tresor hath Fortune unto us yiven / In myrthe and joliftee oure lyf to lyven,(=It’s Fortune that has given us this treasure that we may live our lives in mirth andcheerulness)
3 cheerful behavior
٤11

CYT 600: He kan of murthe and eek of jolitee (=He knows of merriment and also ofcheerful behavior)
4 passion
٤

ThopT 843: For paramour and jolitee / Of oon that shoon ful brighte. (=For the love andpassion of one who shoen so bright)
5 sport٤

KnT 1807: But this is yet the best game of alle, / That she for whom they han this jolitee /Kan hem therfore as muche thank as me, (=But this is yet the biggest joke of all, that she,for whom they have this sport, can give them thanks as much as I)
6 an agreeable time٤

MancT 197: This Phebus, which that thoghte upon no gile, / Deceyved was, for al his jolitee.
(=This Phoebus, who never thought of guile, was deceived for all his agreeable time)
7 attractve appearance٤

GP 680: But hood, for jolitee, wered he noon, (=But he wore the hood for making an
attractive appearance)
7.4  㗫ᐲߣ⺆ᒵൻbisinesse (Chaucer ߢ 58 examples)
1 the state or fact of being engaged in an activity
٤

MilT 3654: Thus lyth Alison and Nicholas / In bisynesse of mythe and in solas. (=So Alison
and Nicholas lay in activity of mirth and pleasure)2 endeavor, effort٤

Mel 1631: And yet seye I ferthermoore, that ye sholde alwey doon youre bisynesse to gete
yow richesses, (=And yet I say you should always make an effort to acquire riches9
3 encourage
٤

WBT 1196: Poverte is hateful good and, as I gesse, / A ful greet bryngere out ofbisynesse;(=Poverty is a hateful good and, as I guesse, a great remover of encourage)
4 attention٤KnT 1007: The pilours diden bisynesse and cure (=The scavengers took attention and care)
5 employment, occupation٤

Mel 1590: but he that is ydel and casteth hym to no bisynesse ne occupacioun shal falle intopoverte and dye for hunger.’ (=but he who is idle and devotes himself to no empolyment or
occulpation shall fall into poverty and die of hunger)
6 task٤

Tr 1.1042: Yef me this labour and this bisynesse, (=Give me this hard work and this task)
dignytee (Chaucer ߢ 69 examples)
1 nobleness or the quality or state of being noble٤12

ParsT 1040: Certes, it is privyleged of thre thynges in his dignytee, for which it is moore
digne than any oother preyere, (=Certainly, it is invested with three things in his noblenessthat make it worthier than any other prayer)
2 dominion
٤

MkT 3360: But sodeynly he loste his dignytee, (=But suddenly he lost his dominion)
3 respect٤Bo3 pr4.42: it is wel seyn cleerly that thei ne han no propre beaute of dignyte. (=it is clearlyseen that they have no proper beauty of respect)
4 gravity٤Bo4 pr1.3: Philosophie hadde songen softly and delitably the forseide thinges, kepynge thedignyte of hir cheere (=Philosophy had sung softly and delightfully the aforesaid things,
keeping the gravity of its face)
5 spiritual worth٤Bo3 pr4.38: “Certes dignytees,” quod sche, “aperteignen properly to vertu, (=she said
“Cetainly spiritual worth properly belongs to vertue)
6 influence٤Ast Prol. 104: In which fifthe partie shalt thou fynden … tables of dignitees of planetes,(=In the fifth part you shall find tables of positions in which a planet exercises its greatest
influence)
7 high rank٤

Bo3 pr4.16: al were this Nonyus set in chayere of dygnite. (=this Nonyus was set in throneof high rank)
8 high social position
٤

ClT 470: “I seye, Grisilde, this present dignitee, / In which that I have put yow, as I trowe,(=”I say, Criselda, this new high social position in which I’ve put you, as I trust)
7.5

⦡ᓀ⺆

blacnesse[Fromblac (adj.)[OE]]

WBible EV Nahum 2.11:

þe face of alle as blacnesse of a pot (LV: the face of alle ben as

blacnesse of a pot.;

AV: the faces of them all gather balckness.)

V: nigredo;

greinesse [ From grei (adj.)[OE]]
Trev.Barh 837 / 21:

it is seyd þat crisoberillus is a maner kynde of berille, and pale

greynes þerof schynen toward colour of gold. (=it is said that a crisoberyl is a kind ofberyl, and its pale grayness shines like the color of gold) [Latin: pallia viriditas]
grenesse[From

grene (adj.)[OE]]

Trev.Barth 871 / 20:

In none herbes nouþer in precious stones is more grenenes þan in þe

stoon smaragdus;(=In neither herbs nor in precious stones is more greenness than in13the stone smaragd (=emerald))palenesse[Frompale (adj.) [OF]]Trev.Barth 136 / 19: Also coolde is þe modir of whiZtnesse and of palenes, as hete is þe
modir of blaknes and rednes.

(=Also cold is the mother of whiteness and of paleness,as heat is the mother of blackness and redness.)rednesse [From red (adj.) [OE ]]Chaucer CYT 1100:

Fumes dyuerse / Of metals .. / Consumed and wasted han myreednesse. (=various kinds of fumes from metals have consumed and wasted my[face’s] redness)wannesse[From wan (adj.)[OE wann](=grayish, whitish gray)]

Trev.Barth 1292 / 14:

wan colour tokneþ good, but grene oþer blak torneþ into wanne ..

and þanne out of wannesse into rede [Latin: liuiditat] (=whitish gray colour tokens
good, but green or black turns into whitish gray … and then out of a whitis gray color
into red)
whitnesse [FromOE hwitness & ME whit (adj.)(=white)]

Chaucer SNT 89:

It is to seye in Englissh “hevenes lilie,”/For pure chaastnesse ofvirginitee; / Or, for she whitesse hadde of honestee, (=It is called in English “heaven’slily”, for pure chastity of virginity; or for she had whiteness of honesty)
yelownesse [ Fromyelow (adj.)[OE geolu]]

Chaucer Purse 11:

Or see your colour lyk the sonne bryght / That of yelownesse hadde

never pere.

(=Or see your color like the bright sun that never had an equal toyellowness)
VIII

Romaine (1985: 456)

Abstract ̆̆̆̆̆̆̆̆̆̆̆̆̆̆̆̆̆̆̆ψ Concrete
state / qualities

thingsoffices / titles /collectivities

persons
humanness

nobleness
oddness

Germanness

oddityroyalnesscuriosity

royalty

antiquenessadmiralty

highnesshighnessholinessholiness

1 Chaucer ParsT 446:٤humanity
Germanity

curiousness

businessnobility

Christianity
business

And eek in to greet preciousnesse of vessel and curiositee of

mynstralcie, by which a man is stired the moore to delices of luxurie. (=And also into a

14

great preciousness of the plates and skillful performances of minstrelsy, by which a
man is provoked more to fleshly pleasures)
2 Langland PPl.B 12.125:
٤Take we her wordes at worthe for here witnesse be trewe, (=Letus take their words at their true value because their witnessed things are true)
3 Chaucer CYT 1212:
٤

ye shule .. / How that oure bisynesse shal thryue and preeue. (=Youwill see .. how our task will prosper and succeed)
4 Malory Wks 245 / 8:٤

he was crowned Emperour by the Poopys hondis, with all theroyalte in the worlde to welde for ever. (=he was enthroned Emperor by the Pope, withthe royal power in the world to possess forever)5 St.Kath 3.1062:
٤

Zet wil we not that thei occupied shul bee / With swiche-maner offyce

as to humanyte longeth. (=But we do not wish that they shall be occupied with such
authority as the human race desires) [Quoted from MED]
6 Lydgate TB 2.3534:
٤Noon holynes to heryn of myraclis / Hath mevid hir, (=Noreligious rites to hear of miracles have prompted hir)
7 Chaucer Anel 99: But nevertheles ful mykel besynesse / Had he er that he myghte his٤lady wynne, (=But nevertheless he had so much trouble before he might get the lady)
8 Ayenb 175 / 10:٤þet telleþ hire guodnesses and wryeþ hare kueadnesses. (=that tells

their good deeds and conceals their evil deeds)
9 WBible EV Job 2.9:
٤

his wiif forsoþe seide to hym, Zif forsoþe þou abijdist stille in þi

symplete [LV: sympleness; V: simplicitate]? blesse to god & die] [AV: Then said his
wife

unto

him,

Dost

thou

still

retainthine

integrity?

curse

God,

and

die.][symplete=sympleness = intergrity, blamelessness]
IX߹ߣ߼

1 Dialectal factor٤

2 Pragmatic factor ٤Northern (Table 19) & Kentish (Table 20)
abortive (adj.) [=born prematurely or dead] ೋ଀ a1382 WBible EV

Job 3.16
abortiveness (n.) ೋ଀ 1657 [OED] (Cf. Riddle 1985: 442-43)


Cf: yongnes(Fromyong (=young) adj.)[=the time when one is young, youth]c1350 MPPsalter 143.10 (MED)
yonghede(Fromyong adj.) [=the time of being young]c1300 (MED)
youthnesse(Fromyouthhede[OE geoguþhad] [=the time of youth]

3 Genre factor
٤



youth

n.)[OE geoguþhadnes] [=the time of youth]

WBible (Table 5)  Alliterative Verse (Table 21)

15

a1150

4 Stylistic factor 
٤

Boece

-ity

-ness

Total

Type-frequency

27 (33%)51 (65%)78 (100%)

Token-frequency

226 (39%)348 (61%)574 (100%)

Rhyming (Masui 1964: 12-16):

To drawen folk to hevene by fairnesse,

By good ensample, this was his bisynesse. (Chaucer GP 419-20)



Repetition:

“Allas!

How the thought of this man, dreynt in overthrowynge

depnesse, dulleth and forleteth his propre clernesse, myntynge to gon
into foreyne dirknesses as ofte as his anoyos bysynes waxeth withoute
mesure, but is dryven with werldly wyndes. (Chaucer Bo1 m2. 1-7)
5 Semantic factor
٤Color Nouns
Token BlockingCf.: Marchand (1969: 313)
chaste (1225)

chastity (1225)

̆̆̆ 

noble (1225)   ̆̆̆superfluous (ME) nobility (1398)̆̆̆superfluity (ME) 㧦*superluiosity

ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
1.

⺞ᩏߒߚ࠹ࠢࠬ࠻㧦

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