Unit 10. Engi Shiki and Classics 2:
Handwritten and Printed Copies
OGURA Shigeji, National Museum of Japanese History

Summary
In this unit, you learn about the textual and bibliographic history of the Engi Shiki.
1. Finding Handwritten and Printed Copies
2. Emendation, Handwritten Editions, Printed Editions
3. Engi Shiki: Main Editions (Handwritten, Woodblock, Moveable‐Type)
4. Realities of Research into Lines of Scribal Transmission
Sources
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Ogura Shigeji 小倉慈司. “‘Engi Shiki’ shahon keitō no kisoteki kenkyū: Makinogo o chūshin ni” 『延喜式』写本系統の基礎的研究―巻五を中心に. In Nihon kodaishi no hōhō to igi 日本古代史の方法と意義, ed. Shinkawa Tokio 新川登亀男. Bensei Shuppan, 2018.
Ogura Shigeji. “‘Engi Shiki’ shahon keitō no kisoteki kenkyū: Makinogo o chūshin ni.” In Kyūshū Shigaku
九州史学 181 (2018).
Ogura Shigeji. “‘Engi Shiki’ Kan 9 10 no shahon keitō” 『延喜式』巻 9・10 の写本系統. In Kodai
Higashi Ajia shiryō ron 古代東アジア史料論, ed. Oguchi Masashi 小口雅史. Douseisha, 2020.
Ogura Shigeji. “Kokatsujihon hanpon ‘Nihon Shoki’ o megutte” 古活字本・版本『日本書紀』をめぐって. In Shiryō to shite no “Nihon Shoki”: Tsuda Sōkich o yominaosu 史料としての『日本書紀』―津田左右吉を読みなおす, ed. Shinkawa Tokio and Hayakawa Mannen 早川万年. Bensei Shuppan, 2011.
Ogura Shigeji. “‘Harima no Kuni Fūdoki” Kaidai” 『播磨国風土記』解題. In vol. 1 of Tenri Toshokan
zenpon sōsho 新天理図書館善本叢書 (Kojiki Dōkahon: Harima no Kuni Fūdōki 古事記〈道果本〉播磨国風土記), ed. Tenri Central Library. Tenri University Press, 2016.
Tajima Isao 田島公. “Tsuchi mikado hon ‘Engi Shiki’ oboegaki” 土御門本『延喜式』覚書. In Nihon
kodai kokka no hatten ge 日本古代国家の展開下, ed. Kadowaki Teiji. Shibunkaku Shuppan, 1995.
Tajima Isao. “‘Engi Shiki’ shoshahon no denrai to shosha ni kansuru oboegaki” 『延喜式』諸写本の伝来と書写に関する覚書. In Vol. 5 of Kiri kuge bunko kenkyū 禁裏・公家文庫研究, ed. Tajima Isao.
Shibunkaku Shuppan, 2015.
Torao Toshiya 虎尾俊哉. “Engi Shiki zakkan” 延喜式雑観. In Kodai Tōhoku to ritsuryō hō 古代東北と律令法. Yoshikawa Kōbunkan, 1995 (Orig. pub. 1988).
Torao Toshiya. “Engi Shiki kōtei nidai” 延喜式校訂二題. Bulletin of the Shintō Institute 3 (1997).
Torao Toshiya. “Engi Shiki shahon ni tsuite no oboegaki” Engi Shiki Kenkyū 延喜式研究 14 (1998).

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Shikanai Hirotane 鹿内浩胤. “Kujōke hon ‘Engi Shiki’ no shosha nendai 九条家本『延喜式』の書写年
代. Nihon Kodai tenseki shiryō no kenkyū 日本古代典籍史料の研究. Shibunkaku Shuppan, 2011 (Orig.
pub. 2001).
Hayakawa Mannen 早川万年. “Engi Shiki no hanpon ni tsuite” 延喜式の版本について. Engi Shiki
Kenkyū 1 (1988).
Yoshioka Masayuki 吉岡眞之. “Kodai no shisho to hōten” 古代の史書と法典. In Kodai bunken no
kisoteki kenkyū 古代文献の基礎的研究. Yoshikawa Kōbunkan, 1994 (Orig. pub. 1993).
Endō Keita 遠藤慶太. “Chokusen shisho no shosha to insatsu 勅撰史書の書写と印刷.” In Heianchokusen shisho kenkyū. Kogakkan University Press, 2006 (Orig. pub. 2005).
Endō Keita. “‘Nihon Shoki’ no shahon to chūshaku: Dokushoshi o tadoru” 『日本書紀』の写本と注釈―
読書史をたどる. In Nihon Shoki no keisei to shoshiryō. Haniawa Shobō, 2015.
Takegawa Takeo 武川武雄. Nihon kodai bungaku no shuppan ni kansuru oboegaki 日本古典文学の出版に関する覚書. Japan Editor School Press, 1993.

1. Finding Handwritten and Printed Copies
Union Catalogue of Early Japanese Books, New Union Catalogue of Early JapaneseBooks
Old archives, even of NIJL, omit some sources; therefore, you need to use digital
databases.
Compendia and journal entries must be examined separately.
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Other databases and archives
IHA’s Archives and Mausolea Department, U. Tokyo’s Historiographical Institute,
National Museum of Japanese History, National Archives of Japan, Higashiyama
Gobunko, CiNii, Kyoto Institute’s Library and Archives, overseas resources

Many classical sources are often included in catalogues and text databases.

Public-domain data are sometimes inaccurate. Sometimes missing volumes aresubstituted by a volume from another work.

2. Emendation, Handwritten Editions,
Printed Editions(1) Emendation
Historical works

Less textual variation compared to literary works (gishiki books have enlarged
content)Approach for emendation of main text
Aim to reproduce the main text, as of time of compilation
Shift from 1) changing wording with a view to enhancing readability to 2) restoring stateof the main text at time of compilation
Try to avoid changing meaning
To that end, you must examine the lines of scribal transmission and understand thecontents (What manuscripts were used as source material? What are the attitudes of
emendation?).
Errors may have emerged in the compilation process.
→Accordingly, you must give precedence to the text in the manuscripts and be judicious.

Conventional approaches to editing (as used in the KST, for example):
Printed editions often deemed as the original manuscript; inadequate research into
scribal transmission
Some argue that you should focus on the most popular edition (the one with thewidest circulation) or the best printed edition from earlier. However, you should
focus on the best manuscript (later sections will explain more about the problems oftreating print editions as original).
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Criteria for semantic emendation
Is it a scribal error?
Missing or surplus characters: Consider the likelihood of oversight and degradation or
pest damage
Erroneous characters: Consider typography (including whether the character is standard
or nonstandard) and likelihoodWhy is it so important to examine scribal transmission?
If you can identify the original manuscript, you should generally rely on that source.
Exceptions to the above rule:
The original manuscript is compromised (damaged or doctored).
An earlier handwritten transcription provides a meaningful picture of transmission.

(The same is true in case lineal transmission can be arranged. An earlier copy is
not necessarily a better copy; a later copy may provide more “correct” text, butthat is still a semantic emendation).
There are multiple lines of scribal transmission, and it is unclear which is the better
one.
→One criterion is the attitudes of the transmission (faithfulness, layout); another is thevolume of information (tone mark, ruby, annotative glossing).
Consider the extent to which the text imitates the source and how readable it is (dataextract, emendation attitudes)
Please bear in mind that more information is not always better.
Tracings are not necessarily infallible (tracings often omit shugaki 朱書).
Manuscripts’ transmission process: The rule of thumb is that the closer the source is to
the time of compilation, the better.
You can often get useful information from the notes in medieval and early-modern (timeof transcription, author/scribe, originals of transcription) periods.
Okugaki are extremely useful for determining the line of transmission, but some are laterinterpolations added to a separate manuscript.
What about annotative glossing?
Was the glossing added at the time of collating manuscript with other sources? Was themanuscript collated or revised with another manuscript or to a printed edition?

Some manuscripts can only be identified based on typographical variants orphotographic images

What about print editions?
Some textual characters appear only in printed books.
These characters may indicate that a semantic emendation was made at the time ofprinting (there remains a possibility that the book was based on a manuscript that is nolonger extant).
Kaki’ire in a print book may be the only source of information about a no-longer-extant
manuscript.
The note ‘イ’ may not indicate ‘another’ manuscript but another title altogether.
Sometimes the characters in a printed book are applied in manuscripts.
There is also variation among print editions (especially among early prints).

Collating quoted text
The text may be quoted from a lineage other than the extant scribal lineage.
Alternatively, it could be an interpolation.
Consider the circumstances of the quotation: Is it a direct quotation or a quotation of aquotation?
Extra care is necessary when an emendation has been made based on another historicalsource.

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Avoid placing excessive faith in facsimiles
The contents may have been changed during duplication.
Tajima Isao 田島公. “‘Kinri gozōsho mokuroku’ no ei’ibon to genpon: ‘Dai Tōkyūkinen bunko zenpon sōkan shomoku shū” 禁裡御蔵書目録』の影印本と原本―『大東急記念文庫善本叢刊 書目集』を例に. Kyūko 汲古 48 (2005).
In some cases, earlier facsimiles are more faithful than the later ones.
Ogura Shigeji. “‘Harima no Kuni Fūdoki” Kaidai” 『播磨国風土記』解題.
Facsimile or printed paper copies may have missed blotting, cut marks, or overlapping
text.

(2) Manners for Reprints and Variora
Typography used in reprint
The typology depends: Do you want to use variant characters? Do you want topreserve the typography used in the line of scribal transmission? Do you want to use
standard kanji?
Ishida Sanehiro 石田実洋. “Shiryōshū to jitai” 史料集と字体. Kobunsho Kenkyū 古文書研究 63 (2007).
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Abbreviations in manuscripts and printed editions
Do you prioritise the existing holder or previous holders?
→You should try to go back as far as possible and use the appellations of the historic

parties (the author or the earliest holder).
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How do you set out the emendations in a variorum?
Less is more. You want to be clear and concise.

There is no need to list all the written-manuscript editions (you should give no more thannecessary information to give the reader the right idea).
The attitudes toward emendation will depend on the reliability of the source manuscript.
Examples:
KST
Adds interpuncts left of the line and presents variations in the gōtō 鼇頭 section
十、閣本塙本京本貞本无
月、據典薬式補年、九本无、恐衍
Shintō Taikei
Numbers individual volumes and displays them at end of each volume
11 卽―底なし。閣・梵ほかによりて補う。
22 藍 底｢薑｣。閣・梵ほかによりて改む。
Yakuchū Nihon Shiryō
Adds interpuncts left of the line and presents variations in the gōtō 鼇頭 section
黒 底ナシ。剛・九ニヨリテ補ウ。
某 九｢其｣。
聴 底ホカ諸本、コノ下｢也｣字アリ。
空白付ノ誤写ト見テ削ル。
SNKT Shoku Nihongi
Numbers pages and displays the page number in the gōtō section
１諸王(底傍補)―ナシ ２由(意改)―尓→脚注・校補
一在―存(類一八〇）3. Engi Shiki: Main Editions (Handwritten,
Woodblock, Moveable-Type)(1) Ancient handwritten editions (this list omits someeditions that contain only one volume)
Kongō-ji edition

Vols 9, 12, 14, 16
Held by Kongō-ji
Transcribed during the period of cloistered rule

Kujō kansubon edition

27 vols
Assembled through the period of cloistered rule and the early
Kamakura period

Ichijō kansubon edition

Vols 1–5 are lost
This edition includes an imitative manuscript and facsimiles ofvols 4 and 5
Ichijō once had a sasshibon edition with all 50 vols, but it is
now lost

Kazan-in edition

Vol 1013th century transcription
Once held by Yūkichi Takeda but lost now
Facsimile

Yoshida edition (Jinmyō
Shiki)

Vols 9 and 10

Transcribed in either the Kamakura or Nanbokuchō period
Once held by Frank Hawley; now held in the Tenri University
Library
Kanenaga edition

Vol 8 held in Kokugakuin University Library; whereabouts ofvols 9 and 10 are unknown
Facsimile(2) Handwritten editions produced after the end of 16th
century
Bonshun edition

Vols 9, 12, 14, 16
Once held by the Yoshida family; now held in Tenri University
Library

Keichō edition

27 vols
Assembled through the period of cloistered rule and the early
Kamakura period

Bonshun separate edition

Transcribed c. 1616
Once held by the Yoshida family; now held by the Tenri
University Library

Tsuchimikado edition

Tsuchimikado family transcribed it in 1617–18 under imperial
commission
Once held by Tanaka Noritada; now held by the National
Museum of Japanese History

Mibu edition

Held by the Archives Division of IHA’s Archives and
Mausolea Department

Kyoto National LibraryeditionHeld by the Kyoto National LibraryPresented by Isao TajimaKujō edition

Once held by Nagao Nishida
Vol 5 only
Facsimile

Maeda edition A

Once held by Hayashi Razan and the Shōheizaka Gakumonjo;
now held by the National Archives of Japan
Held by the Maeda Ikutokukai Foundation library

Jōkyō edition

Transcribed by Bōjō Toshikata in 1688

Hayashi edition

Once held by Wagaku-Kōdansho; now held by the Archives
Division of IHA’s Archives and the Mausolea Department

Fujinami edition

Once held by Fujinami family; now held by the Archives
Division of IHA’s Archives and the Mausolea Department

Hōryū-ji Miroku-in edition

Held by the Iwase Library

Shimabara Library edition

Once held by Matsudaira Tadafusa, Mizuno Tadanaka, andWagaku-Kōdansho; now held by the University of Tokyo’s
Historiographical Institute

Genryō edition

Once held by Inoue Yorikuni; now held by the Mukyūkai
library(3) Woodblock print editions (this list omits one edition that
contains only the Jingi-kan)
1647 (Shōhō 4)Fresh woodblock print
Missing Vol 13

1648 (Keian 1)

EmendedVol 13 added

1657 (Meireki 3)

Emended1667 (Kanbun 7)

EmendedAmended by Matsushita Kenrin and reprinted as the Meireki
edition (vols 9 and 10)1723 (Kyōhō 8)

EmendedEdition with widest circulation

1828 (Bunsei 11) Izumo
editionFresh woodblock print
Underwent major emendation(4) Moveable type print editions (list omits one edition that
contains only the Jingi-kan)

Kyūshū Kokushi Taikei
edition, 1900

Keizai-Zasshi Sha
Referred to during the emendation of the popular 1723 edition(up to and until the publication of the Shintō Taikei edition)

Shinchū Kōgaku Sōsho
edition, 1927

Concise but with added headnotes

Nihon Koten Zensho edition, Referred to during the emendation of Vols 8–10 of the Kujō
kansubon edition
1927–29
Kōten Kōkyūjo edition(emended Engi Shiki), 1929,
1932

Referred to during the emendation of ancient handwritten
editions
Contains an index
Referred to during the emendation of the now-lost Ichijō
sasshibon edition

Most used edition till date
KST edition, 1937
Shintō Taikei edition, 1991, Emendation by Toshiya Torao
1993
Yachū Nihon Shiryō edition, Emendation by Toshiya Torao
2000, 2007, 2017
Based on the Tsuchimikado edition
See Torao Toshiya, “Engi Shiki zakkan”

4. Realities of Research into Lines of Scribal
Transmission
This research is categorised by errors in line breaks, missing characters, and surplus characters.
They consider irreversible flaws such as missing characters (sometimes, the flaw can be reversedby drawing from other historical sources or through educated guesswork).