Unit 1. A Philology andComprehensive BibliographicalStudies
TANIGAWA Keichi, Professor Emeritus,NIJL

1. What does “Comprehensive
Bibliographical Studies（Sogo shomotsuron 総合書物論）” aim for?
It was not until the Meiji era that Japanese recognized discipline of the humanities
research of Europe called philology which had searched for the civilization of classics
ancient times such as Greece using the left word as a clue. At first, it was Bin Ueda 上田敏 who made the word ʺphilologyʺ translated as ʺphilologyʺ corresponded to it, and it
was in 1896. It is presumed that the understanding and the concern to philology
showed a constant extension in Tokyo University and surroundings recently from therecollection etc. of the Shinmura Izuru 新村出.
Given the translation of ʺphilology,ʺ philology was superimposed on the tradition ofKokugaku 国学 by Norinaga Motoi 本居宣長 and his colleagues by Yaichi Haga 芳賀矢
一, a professor at the Department of Japanese Literature at Tokyo University, and at theend of the Meiji era, he came to a comprehensive academic concept called ʺJapanese
Literatureʺ（Nihonbukengaku 日本文献学）, which centered on Japanese literature
research. Even today, Japanese literature researchers sometimes use the word literatureand literature because of this history, but the transfer of philology to Japan, including
research in the history of thought and culture developed by Noritsugu Muraoka 村岡典
嗣 and Tetsuro Watsuji 和辻哲郎, as well as a wide range of work on Japanese language
and culture from Izuru Shinmura, was never limited to Japanese literature research.
Watsuji, who avoided the word ʺphilology,ʺ practiced philology by assigning the wordʺliteratureʺ to philology.

Philology, which was limited to the field of Japanese literature with the nameʺPhilologyʺ with the concept of ʺJapanese philologyʺ, will converge to text critics forselected classical works while bringing nationalism to the fore. After World War II,
Nobutsuna Saigo 西郷信綱 and others were criticized violently for their inhumanactivities. Todayʹs Japanese literature researchers no longer directly connect philology
to Kokugaku. We think of the criticism of the text of the Tale of Genji 源氏物語 ofKamekan Ikeda 池田亀鑑 through the word ʺphilologyʺ, and understand it as a basic
method for studying classical works transmitted in manuscripts.
Accustomed to the word ʺphilologyʺ with such a sober sound, it was surprising anddifficult to understand that Paul de Man and Edward Wadie Said, who were standard‐bearers of the latest research modes such as post‐structuralism and post‐colonialism,
recited a return to ʺPhilologyʺ in a different tone. The difference between theirʺPhilologyʺ which requests facing the movement of the word before the meaning is
produced directly and our ʺPhilologyʺ is that of philology and ʺPhilologyʺ, and we needto think again again by falling into philology.
Philology recognized the gap between words and meanings, subject language andother materials, and their research, and made them think about the appropriatetechniques to connect them. The ingenious claim of French linguist Georges Mounin,
who linked philology with translations that span different languages, is at the heart ofphilology. In other words, the meaning, the disconnected words, and the materials to beresearched were found for the first time by philology, and it was philologyʹs basic
mission to collect, organize, compare, and read them carefully. Masao Yamaguchi 山口昌男ʹs request for ʺlearning as one of the forms of existence of knowledge (collection,storage, creation)ʺ Hon no shinwa‐gaku”本の神話学, which is not bound by the field ofestablished learning, can also be regarded as a return to philology in a different
meaning from Saeed. The name ʺPhilologyʺ with a history limited to Japanese literaturestudies is not appropriate for such ʺcommon fieldʺ Yamaguchi knowledge activities
that philology was.
Comprehensive Bibliographical Studies are attempts to critically grasp the transfer ofphilology in modern Japan and to explore a new ʺform of knowledgeʺ in the humanities
based on philology.
Koda Rohan（幸田露伴）ʹs ʺSuijo Goiʺ 水上語彙(1897) and Kunio Yanagita 柳田國男ʹsʺSiryo toshiteno Densetsuʺ 史料としての伝説 (1925) are valuable precedent for ourattempts made in fields other than Japanese literature research. While introducing
these, I would like to explore the coming appearance of Comprehensive BibliographicalStudies.

The vast amount of materials that are emerging in the web space today is spurring
the subdivision of humanities research due to its overwhelming amount, but it can also
be a powerful motherʹs womb for creating new research that is not bound by theframework of existing knowledge. One of the roles these Comprehensive
Bibliographical Studies should play is to think about the process for that purpose andtry variously.

2. Toward the Search for "Accidental
Records"（Guzen Kiroku 偶然記録） —Subject "Comprehensive BibliographicalStudies "The book incorporates various human activities and lives that transcend the original
purpose of which the book was written and the genre to which the book belongs. For
example, ʺManyoshu 万葉集”, which belongs to the genre of Japanese literature, is acollection of waka poems, but nearly 200 plants are written in the waka poems, andmany of them are difficult to identify what kind of plants are, and research by science
historians is still ongoing. The same is true for houses depicted in literary works andpaintings, and even if recording the structure of the dwelling is not the purpose of thework, there is a subject ʺ Comprehensive Bibliographical Studies ʺ these allow you toread what the houses where people of a certain era lived from there.
Kunio Yanagita 柳田國男 distinguishes the work of conveying information to future
generations of books and records by the term ʺplanned recordʺ and ʺaccidental recordʺ,and recommends the use of ʺreinforcement to clarify problems other than the authorʹsplanʺ and ʺaccidental recordingʺ (ʺKyoudo kenkyu to monjoshiryoʺ, ʺKyoudo seikatsu
no kenkyu‐hoʺ 1935). For instance, ʺRecord by chanceʺ is included in all texts andiconography as Yanagita gives clarifying the problem ʺMorality idea of a keeper of ahorseʺ by using “Tokaidochu Hizakurige”東海道中膝栗毛. It is not only ʺCoincidence
recordʺ for a research field which has already been such as the history of science and thehistory of the building, but also ʺRecord by chanceʺ of the field which has not appearedyet.

Koda Rohan 幸田露伴 who tried to write the novel which covered the miracle ofWako 倭寇 which threatened the coast of China before picked up the word concerning
peopleʹs managing in the sea from various ʺMiscellaneous books（Zasho 雑書）ʺincluding “Ｗakan senyo shu”和漢船用集, and made the memorandum with the word
meaning. In the end, the novel was not written, but the memorandum that Rohan madewas published in 1897 entitled ʺSuijo goiʺ. Suijo goi which put out the word in the word
to 50 sounds had put the word which did not appear in dictionaries such as “Genkaiʺ
言海 of more than 80 only by the word which started in A. You may say that Yanagitaʹsconception of using ʺRecord by chanceʺ also has the beginning in the attempt ofExposure judging from Yanagita who saw this book and the inspired Yanagita brings
together “Bunrui gyoson goi”分類漁村語 after about 40 years.
Apart from Rohan zenshu 露伴全集, it was included in ʺRohan Kagyuan goi 蝸牛庵語彙(1956), a collection of Rohanʹs Manuscripts, and Toshihiko Dobashi 土橋利彦 wrote a1895 text titled ʺJishoʺ 辞書 in the following.
吾が邦に元来辞書少し。近き頃やゝ体裁を具へたるものも出でぬにはあらざれ
ど、要するに「書物より造りし書物」に過ぎず。源氏狭衣の中に死語を索めなば直ちに得んも、日常用ひ居れる語は或は洩れたり。例へば、乗合の京の奴、かきたつより顔さし出し、と近松の書きたる其かきたつとは如何なる義か、（…）言海などに就きて其語を索むるに、其語の 影だにあること無し。（…）卒然として今の謂はゆる辞書に臨む時は、如何に著者等が古文学乃至本草学等に忠実なるに比しては、如何に工業農業等に対して冷淡不信実なることよと感ぜざるを得ず。これ全く辞書の作者の罪にはあらず、古来の風潮のこれをして然らしめしのみにはあれど、如何にも口惜しきことにはあらずや。今の辞書を以て日本を観んには、恰も日本には工業商業農業等は殆んど無かりしものと云ふを得べきなり。
The word used for peopleʹs daily life of such ʺIndustrial commercial agriculture etc.ʺ
is not taken in “Genkai” 言海 which stands on the result such as Japanese literature(ʺAncient literature（Kobungaku 古文学）ʺ) and natural history ʺHonzogakuʺ) which
progressed in the Edo period though ʺKakitatsuʺ of passage ʺ kakitatsuyori
kaosashidashi（かきたつより顔さしだし）ʺ of the work of Chikamatsu Monzaemon（近松門左衛門） is explained, “Suijo goi”(水上語彙) is ʺFence which stands on theleft and right of the boatʺ. It was said that it was said that it was only ʺBooksʺ which had
become an object of study since the Edo period such as the Tale of Genji 源氏物語 andthe Tale of Sagoromo 狭衣物語, and it was said that It was necessary to countʺMiscellaneous bookʺ to ʺBookʺ, and ʹWater vocabularyʹ was sure to be ʺBuilt book fromthe bookʺ that Rohan said, ʺBook from the bookʺ and criticized ʹWord seaʹ. It is recordedthat “Suijo goi” with the writing of Ishii Kendo 石井研堂 who helped Russia and wasinvolved in the creation of “Suijo goi” remains in the Muto（武藤）‘s bookcollection of Nagasaki University, and Kendo has the manuscript of “Suijo goi” whichrecorded one source omitted at the time of publication there (NIJL: Bbibliographic andimage database Japanese modern times).
It seems easy to make a book from a book, but ʺSuijo goiʺ has emerged in a rareconnection between Kendo 研堂 and Rohan 露伴, which has been researching drift
records compiled as s “Hyoryu kidan zen‐shu”漂流奇談全集(1908) and “Ikoku hyoryu
kitan‐shu” 異国漂流奇譚集(1927), and it is not an achievement that anyone can do.
However, the environment of the research changed dramatically compared with the ageof Kendo which had to spend a lot of effort on the search for the manuscript which
treated drift. The conditions for starting an attempt to enrich the humanities by using
them as ʺaccidental recordsʺ are vailable for the vast amount of books left behind.
People who belong to the age do not purposely write it down as Yanagita also describesthat it was natural in a certain age. Based on the results of the joint researchʺComprehensive Bibliographical Studies through Interdisciplinary Research Projectsʺ
conducted by the Project to Build an International Collaborative Research Network for
Pre‐modern Japanese Texts (NIJL‐NW project), what procedures and methods arenecessary to clarify them using ʺaccidental recordsʺ as clues, the common subject ʺComprehensive Bibliographical Studiesʺ of SOKENDAI, the Graduate University for
Advanced Studies, for Advanced Studies will learn from initiatives that go beyond
individual research fields.