Contents
1.
2.

Lessons learnt from the Great East Japan
Earthquake and the current recovery efforts

3.
4.

Disasters in Japan and Background of HFA
Outline of Hyogo Framework for Action
2005-2015
HFA IRIDeS Review Preliminary Report
Focusing on 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake
HFA Priority for Action 4:
Reduce the underlying risk factors

Prof. Osamu MURAO

International Research Institute of Disaster ScienceTohoku University
www.murao.net

Definition of Urban Risk

1
Lessons learnt from the Great East Japan Earthquake and the current
recovery efforts

Disasters in Japan and Backgroundof HFA

Urban Risk = Hazard * Vulnerability * Exposed ValueVulnerability: Wooden House CongestedDistricts Timeline of Critical Disastrous Events

Great Fires in Old Tokyo
17,18CWalls to Prevent Fire Spreading
Udatsu  AFO

World War II

SakataFire

Great KobeEarthquake

1945

1976

1995

1872

1923

1986

Ginza Fire

Great Tokyo EarthquakeDisaster Prevention BaseIn Eastern Tokyo

Block Readjustment to Modernized Area

CPIJGreat Tokyo Earthquake
1657

1872

1923

1945

1. Urban Structure Readjustment
197619861995

11:58am
September 1, 1923
Death Toll: 99,331

University of Tokyo

Recovery Parks Mainichi Daily NewsGreat Kobe Earthquake (Hyogo)
1657

1872

1923

1945

Timeline of Critical Disastrous Events

197619861995

Great Fires in Old Tokyo
17,18CInternational Decade for Natural DisasterReduction (IDNDR)

World War II

SakataFire

Great KobeEarthquake

1945

1976

1995

1872

1923

1986

Ginza Fire

Great Tokyo EarthquakeDisaster Prevention BaseIn Eastern Tokyo

IDNDR
On 11 December 1987 at its 42nd session, theGeneral Assembly of the United Nations designatedthe 1990's as the International Decade for Natural
Disaster Reduction (IDNDR). The basic idea behind
this proclamation of the Decade was and still
remains to be the unacceptable and rising levels oflosses which disasters continue to incur on the one
hand, and the existence, on the other hand, of awealth of scientific and engineering know-how
which could be effectively used to reduce losses
resulting from disasters.

World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction 1994
Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan

Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action
for a Safer World (1994)

The UN World Conference on Natural Disaster
Reduction which was part of a mid-term review ofDecade activities, was held in Yokohama (Japan),
23-27 May 1994. The UN-FAO/ECE/ILO Team ofSpecialists used the opportunity to express its viewson global fire to the IDNDR.

United Nations International Strategy for
Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR)

Global Seismic Hazard Map (1999)
GLOBAL SEISMIC HAZARD MAP
ILPProduced by the Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP),a demonstration project of the UN/International Decade of Natural Disaster Reduction, conducted by the International Lithosphere Program.

ING

Global map assembled by D. Giardini, G. Grünthal, K. Shedlock, and P. Zhang
1999

ICSU

90°

180°

150°

120°

90°

30°

60°

0°

30°

SED
SED

60°

90°

150°

120°

180°

90°

IASPEI

SSB

Nordvik! UNISDR was created in December 1999 as part ofUNESCO
Fairbanks
Reykjavík
YakutskAnchorage

60°

Helsinki

Oslo

Stockholm

Kobenhavn

BernDenver

MilanoBarcelona

MadridSt. Petersburg

Omsk

Novosibirsk
Irkutsk

Kiev

Bratislava
Wien
Budapest
Kishinev
Ljubljana
ZagrebBeogradBucuresti
Sarajevo
SofiyaTitogradSkopjeRoma
TiraneNapoli

Ulaanbaatar
HarbinUrümqi

AlmatyT'Bilisi

Tashkent

AnkaraShenyang

Bishkek

Ashkhabad

Athinai

Seoul
Nicosia

Rabat

Lanzhou

Tehran

qDim

Pusan

Käbol

ash

BayrütTel Aviv-Yafo
Alexandria

Taräbulus

DallasP'yôngyang

TianjinDushanbe
Tunis

Algiers

Los Angeles

Vladivostok

Beijing

Baku

Yerevan

LisboaSan Francisco

30°

60°

Okhotsk

MoskvaMinsk

München

Boston

New York
Philadelphia
Washington D.C.

VilniusAmsterdam
Warszawa
BerlinBruxelles
Frankfurt
Praha

Paris
Montreal

OttawaTorontoDetroit
ChicagoSalt Lake City

Tallinn
Riga

Edinburgh
Manchester
DublinBirmingham
LondonVancouverSeattleBaghdad

badma

Amman

Isla

HoustonCairo

LahoreWuhan

Al Kuwayt

Delhi

NagoyaOsakaTokyo
Yokohama

Shanghai

30°

Kathm
andu
Thimphu

Miami

Doha

Ar Riyad
La Habana

Abu

Dhabi

Taipei

Karachi
Dhaka

MasqatGuangzhou

Calcutta
Hanoi

Mexico City

Port-au-Prince

BombaySan JuanSanto Dom

Kingston

BelmopanNouakchott

CaracasConakry
Freetown

etown

Georg

Paramaribo

Bangalore
N'Djamena

Ouagadougou

Port of Spain

Abidjan

Accra

Viangchan
ManilaKrung Thep

MadrasPhnom Penh

Dijbouti

Ho Chi Minh CityÄdïs ÄbebaColombo

Lagos

Lome

Monrovia

RémireBogotaSan'ä'y
Niame

BamakoBissauPanamaAsmeraKhartoum
Dakar
BanjulSan JoseYangon

Hyderabadingo

Tegucigalpa

Managua

Porto Novo

GuatemalaSan Salvador

Hong Kong

Bandar Seri Begawan
BanguiMalaboKuala Lumpur

YaoundéMuqdishoSingaporeKampala0°

Quito

LibrevilleManaus0°
Nairobi

Kigali
Bujumbura

Brassaville
Kinshasa

Jakarta
Dar es Salaam
RecifeLuandaPort Moresby

Lima
Lilongwe
LusakaBrasília

La PazHarareAntananarivo

Belo Horizonte
WindhoekSão Paulo

Rio De Janeiro

Asuncion

Gaborone

JohannePretoriasburg

MaputoMbabaneMaseru30°

30°
PerthSantiago

Cape Town

Buenos Aires

Montevideo

SydneyCanberra

Robinson Projection
Scale: 1:35,000,000 At The Equator

Melbourne

Wellington

2

PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION (m/s )10% PROBABILITY OF EXCEEDANCE IN 50 YEARS, 475-year return period

060°

180°

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90°

60°

0.2

30°

0.4

0.8

1.6

2.4

3.2

4.0

4.8

LOW

MODERATE

HIGH

VERY HIGH

HAZARDHAZARDHAZARDHAZARD

0°

30°

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the UN Secretariat with the purpose of ensuring
the implementation of the International Strategyfor Disaster Reduction.
! The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
reflects a major shift from the traditional emphasison disaster response to disaster reduction, and ineffect seeks to promote a "culture of prevention".

World Conference on Disaster Reduction 2005
Kobe, Hyogo, Japan

2Lessons learnt from the Great East Japan Earthquake and the current
recovery efforts

Outline of Hyogo Framework forAction 2005-2015

Five Main Areas for specific gaps and challenges
identified after Yokohama Strategy 1994

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Governance: organizational, legal and policy
frameworks;
Risk identification, assessment, monitoring andearly warning;
Knowledge management and education;
Reducing underlying risk factors;
Preparedness for effective response and recovery.

HFA Priorities
1.

2.
3.

4.
5.

Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national
and a local priority with a strong institutional
basis for implementation
Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks andenhance early warning
Use knowledge, innovation and education tobuild a culture of safety and resilience at alllevels
Reduce the underlying risk factors
Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective
response at all levels3
Lessons learnt from the Great East Japan Earthquake and the current
recovery efforts

HFA IRIDeS Review Preliminary
Report Focusing on 2011 Great EastJapan Earthquake

Table of Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Introduction
World's 21st Century Natural Disasters
History of Natural Disasters in Japan (1888 2010)
Damage due to 2011 Great East Japan
Earthquake and Tsunami
2011 Great East Japan Earthquake Review

WCDR 2005 at Hyogo

UNISDR establishedwith the progress of society's
capabilities to address disasters and themitigation of vulnerabilities to disasters
by• developing disaster management
systems,• promoting national landconservation,• improving weather forecasting
technologies,• and upgrading disaster information
communications systems

WCNDR 1994 at Yokohama

The Number of Deaths and Missing
Persons in DisastersIDNDRDisaster Management in Japan (CAO, 2011)

Contents of a Topic for Each Core Indicator
! Key Words! Contexts4Lessons learnt from the Great East Japan Earthquake and the current
recovery efforts

HFA Priority for Action 4:
Reduce the underlying risk factors! Before! After! Good practices! Problems! Future Recommendations

HFA Core Indicator 4.1:
! Disaster risk reduction is an integral objective ofenvironment-related policies and plans, including
for land use, natural resource management andclimate change adaptation.

Post-tsunami recovery strategies in Sanriku
Coastal Areas after the 1933 tsunami

Keywords:

Contexts:

land use regulation, relocation to higher land, 1896
Sanriku Tsunami, 1933 Sanriku Tsunami, transitionof housing location, urban recovery strategyLand use mitigation is one of the most reliablestrategies for avoiding future tsunami disaster. TheSanriku Coastal Area, one of the most tsunami-prone
areas in Japan, located in the north part of the mainisland, was seriously damaged by catastrophic
tsunamis in 1896, 1933, and 1960 before the 2011
Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. The
Japanese government prepared resettlement space onhigher ground for the victims after the 1933 GreatSanriku Tsunami.

Change of Housing Location in Hongo, Touni
Village (1948-2010) (Murao and Isoyama, 2012)

Before:Fig. 4.1 illustrates the transition of housing location
after the 1933 Tsunami in Hongo District, Iwate
Prefecture1. Because of the relocation strategy,
there is almost no building as of 1948, except in thehigher elevations provided by the government.
However, many buildings had been constructed in
the vulnerable lowlands in the twentieth century.After:
The 2011 tsunami attacked the district and washedaway hundreds of construction in the lower lands
again as shown in Fig.4.2. On the other hand, thehouses on the higher resettlement provided by thegovernment after the 1933 tsunami survived thedestructive tsunami.

Good practices:
The fact that the resettlement on the higher groundprovided by the post-tsunami recovery planning andpolicy after the 1933 tsunami was not damaged by
the latest tsunami evidences the importance of land
use mitigation for tsunami disaster reduction. This
successful experience in the tsunami-prone coastal
area should be come down to the future.

Problems:

Future recommendations:

Although the government developed the safer
resettlement for the residents after the 1933 tsunami,
many people started living in the vulnerable lower
lands or returned to the original tsunami-prone sites
until 2011. According to the previous research1, thisunfavorable situation can be seen in several districts
in Sanriku Coastal Area. It is because of lack oftsunami risk recognition, convenience, or inheritedlands. The recovery planning and policy for the land
use regulation was efficient to reduce tsunami risk ina sense, but it was not mandatory strategy to keeppeople living only in the safe place.

Relocation to higher land from waterfront area as a
post-tsunami recovery strategy should be carried out
with land acquisition by national/local governments’purchase to avoid future private usage of vulnerable
waterfront space.

Regional Urban Recovery Types Proposed after the 2011
Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Hyogo Framework for Action
2005-2015:
Building the Resilience of Nations
and Communities to Disasters,012 
B.#Concentra,on

A.#Reloca*on
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HFA IRIDeS Review
Preliminary Report

C.#Compacted#terraces#and#berms
The#2nd#Levee

Levee

Focusing on
2011 Great East Japan Earthquake

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Reloca*on#areaNon7
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Concentra,on

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Inundated#area#by#the#latest#tsunamiTo be continued!

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Inundated#area#by#the#latest#tsunami

Thank you for your kindattention!

D.#Reloca*on#and#compacted#terraces# E.#Reconstruc-on#on#the#original#site##and#berms
#with#facility#reinforcement
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Inundated#area#by#the#latest#tsunami

Inundated#area#by#the#latest#tsunami

IRIDeS

Post-tsunami Urban Recovery Plan

October 2013

http://irides.tohoku.ac.jp/hfa

Concentra*onCompacted*terrace*model*in*Natori

International Research Institute of Disaster Science
Tohoku UniversityJapan