Other reference papers on conjugate studies
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DeWitt, R. N., The occurrence of aurora in geomagnetically conjugate areas, JGR,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ067i004p01347, 1962.
Wescott, E. M., Magnetoconjugate phenomena, Space Science Reviews volume 5, pages507–561,
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00240576, 1966.
Belon, A. E., J. E. Maggs, T. N. Davis, K. B. Mather, N. W. Glass, G. F. Hughes, Conjugacy of visual auroras
during magnetically quiet periods, JGR, 74, 1, 1-28,
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/JA074i001p00001, 1969.
Davis, T. N., T. J. Hallinan, and H. C. Stenbaek-Nielsen, Auroral conjugacy and time-dependent geometry ofauroras, The Radiating Atmosphere, Edited by B. M. McCormac, Reidel Publishing Company, 160-169, 1971.
Stenbaek-Nielsen, H. C., T. N. Davis, N. W. Glass, Relative motion of auroral conjugate points during
substorms, JGR, Volume 77, Issue 10, p.1844-1858, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA077i010p01844,1972.
Stenbaek-Nielsen, H. C., E. M. Wescott, T. N. Davis, R. W. Peterson, Differences in auroral intensity at
conjugate points, JGR, Volume78, Issue4, 659-671, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA078i004p00659, 1973.
Cowley, S.W.H., Magnetospheric asymmetries associated with the y-component of the IMF, Planetary andSpace Science, Volume 29, Issue 1, Pages 79-96, https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(81)90141-0, 1981.
Holzworth, R.H., C.-I. Meng, Auroral boundary variations and the interplanetary magnetic field, Planetaryand Space Science, Volume 32, Issue 1, Pages 25-29, https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(84)90038-2, 1984.
Dickinson, Dale F., Stephen B. Mende, David S. Evans, Dayside variation in auroral conjugacy, GeophysicalResearch Letters, Volume13, Issue1, 68-71, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL013i001p00068, 1986.
Kaufmann, R. L., Douglas J. Larson, Chen Lu, Mapping and distortions of auroral structures in the quiet
magnetosphere, JGR, Volume95, IssueA6, 7973-7994, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA095iA06p07973, 1990.
Craven, J. D., J. S. Murphree, L. A. Frank, and L. L. Cogger, Simultaneous optical observations of transpolararcs in the two polar caps, GRL, 18, 12, 2297-2300,
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/91GL02308, 1991.
Stenbaek-Nielsen, H. C., and A. Otto, Conjugate auroras and the interplanetary magnetic field, JGR,Volume102, IssueA2, 2223-2232, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JA03563, 1997.
Nishino, M., Yamagishi, H., Sato, N., Sanoo, Y., Liu, R., Hu, H. and Stauning, P. , Initial results of imagingriometer observations at polar cap conjugate stations, Proc. NIPR Symp. Upper Atmos. Phys., 12, 58-72,
https://doi.org/10.15094/00004263, 1998.
Nishino, M., Yamagishi, H., Sato, N., Murata, Y., Liu, R., Hu, H., Stauning, P. and Holtet, J. A., Post- noon
ionospheric absorption observed by the imaging riometers at polar cusp/cap conjugate stations, Chinese
Journal of Polar Science, 10, 2, 125-132, https://journal.chinare.org.cn/EN/Y1999/V10/I2-English/125, 1999.
Nishino, M., Yamagishi, H., Sato, N., Liu, R., Hu, H., Stauning, P. and Holtet, J. A., Conjugate features ofdaytime absorption associated with specific changes in the solar wind observed by inter-hemispheric highlatitude imaging riometers, Adv. Polar Upper Atmos. Res., 14, 76-92, https://doi.org/10.15094/00006305,
2000.
Partamies, N., M. P. Freeman, K. Kauristie, On the winding of auroral spirals: Interhemisphericobservations and Hallinan's theory revisited, JGR, Volume106, IssueA12, 28913-28924,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JA900093, 2001.
Woodfield, E. E., Hosokawa, K., Milan, S.E., Sato, N. and Lester, M., An inter-hemispheric, statistical studyof nightside spectral width distributions from coherent HF scatter radars, Ann. Geophys., 1921- 1934,
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-20-1921-2002, 2002.
Hosokawa, K., Woodfield, E.E., Lester, M., Milan, S.E., Yukimatu, A. S. and N. Sato, Statistical
Characteristics of Spectral Width as Observed by the Conjugate SuperDARN Radars, Ann. Geophys., 20,
1213-1223, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-20-1213-2002, 2002.
Vorobjev, V. G., O. I. Yagodkina, D. Sibeck, K. Liou, C.-I. Meng, Aurora conjugacy during substorms:
Coordinated Antarctic ground and Polar Ultraviolet observations, Volume106, Issue A11, Pages 24579-24591,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JA900025, 2011.
Shue, J.-H., P. T. Newell, K. Liou, C.-I Meng, Influence of interplanetary magnetic field on global auroral
patterns, JGR, Volume106, IssueA4, 5913-5926, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JA003010, 2001.
Shue, J.-H., P. T. Newell, K. Liou, C.-I. Meng, S. W. H. Cowley, Interplanetary magnetic field Bx asymmetryeffect on auroral brightness, Volume107, IssueA8, Pages SIA 16-1-SIA 16-10,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JA000229, 2002.
Frank, L. A., and J. B. Sigwarth, Simultaneous images of the northern and southern auroras from the Polarspacecraft: An auroral substorm, JGR, VOL. 108, NO. A4, 8015, doi:10.1029/2002JA009356, 2003.
Østgaard, N., S. B. Mende, H. U. Frey, L. A. Frank, J. B. Sigwarth, Observations of non-conjugate theta
aurora, Volume30, Issue21, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017914, 2003.
Hosokawa, K., Woodfield, E. E., Lester, M., Milan, S. E.., Sato, N., Yukimatu, A. S. and Iyemori, T.,Interhemispheric comparison of spectral width boundary as observed by the SuperDARN radars, Ann.
Geophysicae, 21, 1553-1565, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-1553-2003, 2003.
Nishitani, N., Papitashvili,V., Ogawa, T., Sato, N., Yamagishi, H., Yukimatu, A. S. and Rich, F.,

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Inteheispheric asymmetry of the high latitude ionospheric convection on May 11-12, 1999, J. Geophys. Res.,
108(A), 1184 10. 1029/2002JA009680, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009680, 2003.
Nishino, M., Yamagishi, H., Sato, N. and Liu, R., Cusp-latitude conjugate ionospheric absorption associatedwith increase of solar wind dynamic pressure during strong northward IMF - a case study-, Adv. Polar Upper
Atmosphere Research, 18, 35-52, https://doi.org/10.15094/00006379, 2004.
Ogawa, T., Nozawa, S., Tsutsumi, M., Arnold, N. F., Nishitani, N. Sato, N. and Yukimatu, A. S., Arctic andAntarctic polar mesosphere summer echoes observed with oblique incidence HF radars: analysis using
simultaneous MF and VHF radar data, Ann. Geophysicae, 22, 4049-4059,
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-4049-2004, 2004.
Østgaard, N., S. B. Mende, H. U. Frey, and T. J. Immel, Interplanetary magnetic field control of the locationof substorm onset and auroral features in the conjugate hemispheres, VOL. 109, A07204,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JA010370, 2004Østgaard, N., N. A. Tsyganenko, S. B. Mende, H. U. Frey, T. J. Immel, M. Fillingim, L. A. Frank, J. B.
Sigwarth, Observations and model predictions of substorm auroral asymmetries in the conjugate
hemispheres, GRL, VOL. 32, L05111, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL022166, 2005.
Fillingim, M. O., G. K. Parks, H. U. Frey, T. J. Immel, and S. B. Mende, Hemispheric asymmetry of theafternoon electron aurora, GRL, VOL. 32, L03113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021635, 2005.
Stubbs, T. J., R. R. Vondrak, N. Østgaard, J. B. Sigwarth, and L. A. Frank, Simultaneous observations of theauroral ovals in both hemispheres under varying conditions, GRL, VOL. 32, L03103,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021199, 2005.
Østgaard, N., S. B. Mende, H. U. Frey, and J. B. Sigwarth, Simultaneous imaging of the reconnection spot in
the opposite hemispheres during northward IMF, GRL, VOL. 32, L21104,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024491, 2005.
Østgaard, N., S.B. Mende, H.U. Frey, J.B. Sigwarth, A. A. Åsnes, J.M. Weygand, Auroral conjugacy studies
based on global imaging, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 69, 249–255,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2006.05.026, 2007.
Wang, H., H. L¨uhr, S. Y. Ma, and H. U. Frey, Interhemispheric comparison of average substorm onset
locations: evidence for deviation from conjugacy, Ann. Geophys., 25, 4, 989–999,
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-989-2007, 2007.
Weygand, J. M., and Eftyhia Zesta, Comparison of auroral electrojet indices in the Northern and SouthernHemispheres, JGR, VOL. 113, A08202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013055, 2008.
Weygand, J. M., and Eftyhia Zesta, Correction to ‘‘Comparison of auroral electrojet indices in the Northernand Southern Hemispheres’’, JGR, VOL. 113, A09299, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013671, 2008.
Laundal, K. M., and N. Østgaard, Asymmetric auroral intensities in the Earth’s Northern and Southernhemispheres, Nature Letters, Vol 460, 23, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08154, July 2009.
Østgaard, N., B. K. Humberset, and K. M. Laundal, Evolution of auroral asymmetries in the conjugate
hemispheres during two substorms, GRL, VOL. 38, L03101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL046057, 2011.
Østgaard, N., K. M. Laundal, L. Juusola, A. Åsnes, S. E. Håland, and J. M. Weygand, Interhemisphericalasymmetry of substorm onset locations and the interplanetary magnetic field, GRL, VOL. 38, L08104,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL046767, 2011.
Østgaard, N., K. M. Laundal, L. Juusola, A. Åsnes, S. E. Håland, and J. M. Weygand, Correction to“Interhemispherical asymmetry of substorm onset locations and the interplanetary magnetic field”, GRL,
VOL. 39, L10104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052319, 2012.
Østgaard, N., and K. M. Laundal, Auroral Asymmetries in the Conjugate Hemispheres and InterhemisphericCurrents, Auroral Phenomenology and Magnetospheric Processes: Earth And Other Planets, Volume 197,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GM001190, 2012.
Ganushkina, N. Yu., M. V. Kubyshkina, N. Partamies, and E. Tanskanen, Interhemispheric magneticconjugacy, JGR, VOL. 118, 1049–1061, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50137, 2013.
Hu, Ze-Jun, Hui-Gen Yang, Hong-Qiao Hu, Bei-Chen Zhang, De-Hong Huang, Zhuo-Tian Chen, and Q. Wang,
The hemispheric conjugate observation of postnoon “bright spots”/auroral spirals, JGR, VOL. 118, 1428–1434,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50243, 2013.
Kim, H., X. Cai, C. R. Clauer, B. S. R. Kunduri, J. Matzka, C. Stolle, and D. R. Weimer, Geomagnetic response
to solar wind dynamic pressure impulse events at high-latitude conjugate points, JGR, VOL. 118, 6055–6071,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50555, 2013.
Reistad, J. P., N. Østgaard, K. M. Laundal, and K. Oksavik, On the non-conjugacy of nightside aurora andtheir generator mechanisms, JGR, VOL. 118, 3394–3406, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50300, 2013.
Reistad, J. P., N. Østgaard, K.M. Laundal, S. Haaland, P. Tenfjord, K. Snekvik, K. Oksavik, and S. E. Milan,Intensity asymmetries in the dusk sector of the poleward auroral oval due to IMF Bx, J. Geophys. Res. Space
Physics, 119, 9497–9507, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA020216, 2014.
Luan, X., W. Wang, A. Burns, and X. Dou, Universal time variations of the auroral hemispheric power andtheir interhemispheric asymmetry from TIMED/GUVI observations, J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, 121,10,258–10,268, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA022730, 2016.
Reistad, J. P., N. Østgaard, P. Tenfjord, K. M. Laundal, K. Snekvik, S. Haaland, S. E. Milan, K. Oksavik, H. U.
Frey, and A. Grocott, Dynamic effects of restoring footpoint symmetry on closed magnetic field lines, J.

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49. Samara, M., R. G. Michell, and G. V. Khazanov, First optical observations of interhemispheric electron
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50. Martinis, C., J. Baumgardner, J. Wroten, M. Mendillo, All-sky-imaging capabilities for ionospheric space
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51. Ohma, A., Østgaard, N., Reistad, J. P., Tenfjord, P., Laundal, K. M., Snekvik, K., et al., Evolution ofasymmetrically displaced footpoints during substorms. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 123,
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52. Reidy, J., Fear, R. C., Whiter, D., Lanchester, B. S., Kavanagh, A. J., Milan, S. E., et al., Interhemisphericsurvey of polar cap aurora, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 123, 7283–7306.
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53. Xing, Z., Zhang, Q., Han, D., Zhang, Y., Sato, N., Zhang, S., et al., Conjugate observations of the evolution ofpolar cap arcs in both hemispheres. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 123.
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