CONTENTSINTRODUCTORY NOTE ...................................................................... 1PART ONE
Work Product of the 108th International Seminar“CURRENT PROBLEMS IN THE COMBAT OF ORGANIZEDTRANSNATIONAL CRIME”
Visiting Experts’ Papers•Recent Trends of Organized Crime in Europe: Actors, Activities andPolicies against Themby Ernesto Ugo Savona (Italy) ...................................................... 5•The Threats Posed by Transnational Crimes and Organized CrimeGroups
by Frank J. Marine (United States) ........................................... 25•Transnational Smuggling of Aliens and Stolen Vehicles
by Lau, Yuk-kuen (Hong Kong) .................................................. 54•The Evolution of Drug Trafficking in the Pacific Rimby Lau, Yuk-kuen (Hong Kong) .................................................. 61•Current Problems in the Combat of Transnational Organized
Crime
by Dimitris Vlassis (United Nations Office at Vienna) ............. 68•The Organized Crime in India: Problems and Perspectives
by Madan Lal Sharma (India) ................................................... 82
Participants’ Papers•General Picture of Organized Crime in Japan: The Activities ofOrganized Criminal Groups Based In or Outside Japan
by Yutaka Nagashima (Japan)................................................. 130•Current Problems in the Combat of Transnational Organized
Crime: Pakistan Perspectiveby Tahir Anwar Pasha (Pakistan)............................................ 147•Current Situation of Transnational Organized Crime in thePhilippines
by Alberto Rama Olario (Philippines)...................................... 171

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•An Overall Assessment of Transnational Organized Crimeby Muammer Yasar Özgül (Turkey) ......................................... 181
Reports of the Seminar•Topic 1: Current Situation of Illicit Drug Trafficking .................. 195•Topic 2: Current Situation of Organized Crimes (Except Drug
Trafficking) ..................................................................................... 230•Topic 3: Legal Framework against Transnationl Organized Crime
by Criminal Justice Systems in Different Countries ................... 243•Topic 4: Current Situation of Detection and Investigation .......... 250
PART TWOWork Product of the 109th International Training Course“EFFECTIVE TREATMENT MEASURES FOR PRISONERS TO
FACILITATE THEIR RE-INTEGRATION INTO SOCIETY”
Visiting Experts’ Papers•The Importance of the Appropriate Management of Risk andReintegration Potentialby Don A. Andrews (Canada) ................................................... 261•Some Old and Some New Experiences: Criminal Justice andCorrections in Finlandby Matti Laine (Finland) .......................................................... 271•Community-Based Treatment for Offenders in the Philippines : OldConcepts, New Approaches, Best Practices
by Celia Capadocia Yangco (Philippines) ................................ 283•Effective Treatment Measures for Prisoners and Drug Addicts toFacilitate their Reintegration into Society
by Lohman Yew (Singapore) ..................................................... 301•Current Trends in Correctional Programming in the U. S. A
by Kenneth G. Adams (United States) ..................................... 315
Participants’ Papers•Effective Treatment Measures for Prisoners to Facilitate their Reintegration into Society : The Ghanaian Experience
by Asiedu William Kwadwo (Ghana) ....................................... 327

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•Treatment Programmes for Offenders Run by the Hong Kong
Correctional Services
by Chung, Wai Man (Hong Kong) ............................................ 341•Effective Treatment Measures for Prisoners to Facilitate their Reintegration into Society
by Yossawan Boriboonthana (Thailand).................................. 348
Reports of the Course•Rehabilitation Programmes in the Prison to Prevent Prisoners'
Recidivism : The Actual Situation, Problems and Countermeasuresby Group1 .................................................................................. 360•Early Release of Prisoners to Facilitate their Re-integration into
Society: The Actual Situation, Problems and Countermeasuresby Group2 .................................................................................. 391•Rehabilitation and Correctional Programmes in the Community to
Prevent Recidivism by Discharged Prisoners : The ActualSituation, Problems and Countermeasuresby Group3 .................................................................................. 414
APPENDIX .......................................................................................... 437v