Technical Cooperation Project for
Agricultural Productivity
and Quality Improvementin Myanmar

Project Report

March 2018

Japan Association for International
Collaboration of Agriculture and Forestry

JAICAF
Japan Association for International Collaborationof Agriculture and Forestry
Akasaka KSA Bldg 3F, 8-10-39, Akasaka,
Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0052, JAPAN
Tel: 81-3-5772-7880
ISBN: 978-4-908563-28-7 print
ISBN: 978-4-908563-29-4 pdf

Foreword
Japan Association for International Collaboration of Agriculture and Forestry, JAICAF,
implemented the survey and technical cooperation project in Myanmar aiming at the productivity andquality improvement of its sesame production receiving funding from the Ministry of Agriculture,
Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (MAFF).
Sesame is one of the major oil crops in Myanmar and important cash crop for the farmers. The
Government of Myanmar strives to expand the production and improve the quality of the oil crops
including sesame. At the same time, there is a demand to support the production sites of the highquality sesame from the trade companies, food manufacturers and consumers of Japan, who rely on
imports from other countries for most of edible sesame. In particular, the imports of black sesame from
Myanmar account for more than eighty percent of total black sesame consumption in Japan. However,there are many issues to stably ensure the qualified ones which fit to the Japanese market.
For these backgrounds, we conducted the survey and technical cooperation for the production site
focusing on the central dry zone, main production area of black sesame. We dispatched the experts ofthe soil and fertilization to improve the sesame productivity in addition to the experts on pesticide
management and insects for the quality problem such as pesticide residue. We implemented theextension activities through holding workshops and manual distribution based on the field survey.
This report summarizes the activities and outcomes for the fiscal year 2017. Many supports andsupervisions were given by the dispatched experts and Project Evaluation & Review Committee
members for the implementation and operation of this project. Also, many cooperation were provided,such as important information provision, arrangement with the visiting destinations andaccompaniment to the dispatched experts from Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation of
Myanmar, Embassy of Japan in Myanmar and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) - Rural
Development Department, Myanmar office, Agriculture and Rural advisors, "Project for Developmentof Water Saving Agriculture Technology in the Central Dry Zone", "Project for Capacity Developmentof Yezin Agricultural University" and "Project for Profitable Irrigated Agriculture in Western Bago
Region", and private companies. We are deeply grateful for all of your support.
We would like to note that this report does not represent the opinion of MAFF or Japanese
government but was prepared under the responsibility of JAICAF.

March 2013
Japan

Association

forInternational

Collaboration of Agriculture and Forestry
President Eiji Matsubara

photo 1: sesame field

photo 2: sesame shipper

photo 3: agricultural material shop

photo 4: sesame plants

photo 5: DAR promoting "Sesame

photo 6: DAR recommends IPM forfor High-income"target yieldphoto 7: soil survey

photo 8: soil laboratory of DOA

photo 9: training on soil diagnosis

photo 10: surveying the profile ofphoto 11: wind‐erosion protection

photo 12: water-erosion

the soiliphoto 13: survey on insect

photo 14: captured Leafhoppers

photo 15: proboscis of Stink bugs
(sucking sesames)

photo 16: Phytoplasma transmitted

photo 17: damages on sesame by a

by Leafhoppers

species of Pyralid moths

photo 19: pilled-drying

photo 20: stand-drying

photo 21: threshing by beating

photo 22: activity briefing session

photo 23: workshop in Magway

photo 24: workshop in Nay Pyi Taw

at DOA Magwayii

photo 18: larva of a Pyralid moths(black spots on the back)Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Project Outline........................................................................................................... 1
1. Purpose of the Project ........................................................................................................ 1
2. Contents of the Project ....................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 2 Preliminary Survey ...................................................................................................11
1. Purpose of the Preliminary Survey .................................................................................... 12
2. Survey Results ................................................................................................................. 12
Chapter 3 Technical Guidance .................................................................................................. 19
I Soil .................................................................................................................................. 21
II Insects Pest ...................................................................................................................... 33
III Pesticide......................................................................................................................... 65
Chapter 4 Extension of the Technologies................................................................................... 69
1. Workshop ........................................................................................................................ 69
2. Manual............................................................................................................................ 70
Chapter 5 General Overview .................................................................................................... 71
1. Overview of This Year’s Activities .................................................................................... 71
2. Remaining Issues ............................................................................................................. 72

ANNEX ….……………………………………………………………………………………..73
Annex 1 Workshop Agenda…………………………………………………………………..75
Annex 2 Workshop Presentation (Soil)……………………………………………………….77
Annex 3 Workshop Presentation (Insect Pest Management)…………………………………83
Annex 4 Manual for Soil (Card type)…………………………………………………………99
Annex 5 Manual for Soil (Explanation)…………………………………………………….103
Annex 6 Manual for Insect Pest Management………………………………………………111

Abbreviation
DAR

Department of Agriculture Research

DOA

Department of Agriculture

FAO

Food and Agriculture Organization

FAOSTAT

Food and Agriculture Organization Statistical Database

GAP

Good Agricultural Practice

ITC

International Trade Centre

JICA

Japan International Cooperation Agency

MOAI

Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation

MOALI

Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation

MPBSA

Myanmar Pulses, Beans & Sesame Seeds Merchants Association

T/S

Township

USDA

United States Department of Agriculture

YAU

Yezin Agricultural UniversityChapter 1 Project Outline

1. Purpose of the ProjectA large part of the population in Myanmar is living in the rural area engaging in agriculture. The
country has a great potential in developing the food industry as it is expected to sustain economic
growth with the substantial size of population. Agricultural technologies are useful to increase theincome of the farmers. Improving the farmers' productivity and supplying agricultural productswith adequate quality and quantity to the global market will contribute to the growth of thecountry and improvement of farmer’s livelihood.
In this project, we aim to improve the productivity and earning capacity of the farmers in
Myanmar and to encourage Japanese companies to create stronger relationship with Myanmar in
the food related industries through training and extension of agricultural technology, such as soil
improvement, proper use of the pesticides and fertilizers and appropriate postharvest management.
1) Project Background(1) Main agricultural products in Myanmar
It is important for Myanmar to improve the agricultural productivity and income level of the
farmers as the contribution of this sector to GDP is about 30% and below 20% to export income
although it is an agricultural country where more than 60% of the labor population is engaging in
the agriculture. 1 The agricultural sector is positioned as the most important one in the national
growth strategy and the keystone of economic growth. The Ministry of Agriculture, Livestockand Irrigation (MOALI) aims to improve the productivity and quality designating 10 crops; rice,maize, groundnut, sesame, sunflower, black gram, green gram, pigeon pea, sugarcane and cottonas the most important crops for the country,.
Among them, sesame is the essential crop for the Myanmar's food culture as it is used forseasonings, sweets and snacks. One of the most important use of sesame is for cooking oil and its
strained lees after squeezing oil are used as the livestock feed. Sesame is also important as export
crop. It is exported to the world and especially to East Asian countries, China, Japan or Korea
which account for the important part of export income of Myanmar. According to the FAO
production quantity ranking of 2013, the sesame production quantity of Myanmar was sixth in
the world with 540 kton (figure 1-1). International Trade Centre (ITC) ranked sesame as one of
the top 20 items that have the high export potential in Myanmar in its report to evidence the further
Department of Planning, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation: Myanmar Agriculture in
Brief 2015, September 2015

1

1

possibility of export increase. In recent years, as China who is the major sesame producer country
turned to the sesame importer, it is considered that the sesame from Myanmar will continue toincrease its presence in the international market.

Top 10 Country of Sesame Seed
Production
1,200,000
1,000,000

tonnes800,000
539,800

600,000
400,000
200,000
0

Figure 1-1. Top 10 county of Sesame Seed Production (FAO Stat, 2013)(2) Market needs
Demand for sesame in the world is increasing with recent health consciousness as a background.
The stable sesame supply is the major issue for Japan who rely almost all quantity of domestic
sesame consumption on the import. There is a competition for high quality sesame as China
increasing its import and the demand from Middle East also increased. Myanmar is the fifthlargest sesame exporting country for Japan following Nigeria, Tanzania, Burkina Faso andParaguay. As Japan is the second largest importing country for Myanmar following China, it canbe said that the sesame trading is important to both countries.
(3) Potential for improvement in Myanmar's sesame production
The sesame is cultivated as a second crop to the principal food, rice. In many cases, sesame’scultivation technology improvement lags behind that of other major crops such as rice despite its
importance for Myanmar's food culture. As the sesame is relatively tolerant to dry weather andcan be grown on the low fertile soil, it is difficult to say that the popularization of irrigation2

technology or fertilization technology has been proactively implemented. However, this meansthat there is a potential to increase its yield with technology upgrade. Productivity improvement
can be expected if fertilizer and pesticides were properly used after clarifying the situation of
cropping system and soil management. Also, stable production can be realized by improving thesoil management technology comprehending the soil characteristics or precipitation patterndiffered by region.
Most of the sesame is cultivated by the small scale farmers as it is difficult to introduce
machinery for harvest since sesame seeds easily fall. Since most sesame farmers are small scale
farmers, it is very difficult to uphold the thorough pesticides management in sesame cultivation
involving all farmers. As a result, the violations of pesticide residue standards of the imported
sesame to Japan are often reported. Twelve residual standards violations of imidacloprid(neonicotinoid insecticide) with imported sesames from Myanmar to Japan were reported
between April 2014 and January 2017 2. The typical insects for sesame are Aphids, Sphinx moths,
Stink bugs, Scarabs or Owlet moths and it is necessary to clarify whether the proper quantity ofpesticides are used at the appropriate time in Myanmar as the most appropriate time forexterminating is the initial stage of growth. It is necessary to identify the situation of pesticide use
in Myanmar and to identify what information is needed for farmers in order to achieve safe andhigh quality sesame export.
2) Target of the Project
The project focused on the sesame as the target crop and clarified the status and issues of thesesame cultivation by dispatching the experts of soil, pesticides and insects to conduct thetechnical guidance on soil management, appropriate usage of pesticides and insect pest control
following the targets stated below.
- to give the guidance on the appropriate soil management by comprehending the current
sesame production condition, cropping system and soil management status of the target region- to give guidance on effective insect pest control methods by comprehending the current
situation of insects and their control method of the target region- to give guidance on the appropriate pesticides-use by comprehending its current status in thetarget region
We aimed extending the technology by preparing and distributing the manual as it is difficult
to transfer the adequate technology properly in only one year. The expected achievements of the2

aggregated from the violation cases prompt report by the Department of Environmental Health andFood Safety, Pharmaceutical Safety and Environmental Health Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labourand Welfare

3project are as follows.
- the issues in sesame production of the target region are clarified and the implementablecountermeasures will be identified- the current situation of soil management in the target region is clarified and the appropriate
soil management method will be adopted- the effective insect pest control method, fit to the pest occurrence situation of the target region,
will be understood- the importance of the appropriate use of pesticides will be understood3) Extension of Project Achievements
We verified the issues identified in the preliminary survey at an expert panel, discussed themuch-needed technologies among the technologies related to the soil management, insect pest
control or appropriate use of pesticides at a workshop, and collected the information to make thecontents more fit to the actual condition of target region. We prepared the manual after returninghome and distributed to the institutions concerned with the report.
4) Target Region
Myanmar can be divided into four climatic zones, hilly mountainous zone, central dry zone,delta zone and neritic zone, and the sesame is mainly cultivated in the central dry zone. In thecentral dry zone, cultivations of the groundnut, green gram, pigeon pea and rice are also common.
The sesame is the important cash crop for the farmers in the central dry zone because of its highprofitability ratio although mechanization of sesame production is difficult and more labor costfor harvest and threshing is required. The central dry zone consists of three areas, Mandalay
Region, Magway Region and Sagaing Region, as shown in the figure 1-2. The sesame production
volume of these regions account for about 90% of the country. We selected Magway Region as
the target region considering sesame cultivation situation and accessibility. In addition, we
narrowed down the target T/S (Township 3) discussing with the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestockand Irrigation (MOALI), Department of Agriculture (DOA) at the preliminary survey.

3

One of the administrative unit of Myanmar. Township (T/S) consists of city/town or village/tract.

4

Figure 1-2. Map of Myanmar (Australian National University)

2. Contents of the Project
We supported the Myanmar sesame farmers in improving the productivity in order to increase
their income and to meet the demand for quality sesame in the global market. We first conductedpreliminary survey by surveying the demand from supply-chain stakeholders and also surveying
the current situation of sesame farmers in Magway regions. Secondly, we conducted technicalguidance and workshop to the local farmers and extension officers. In addition to that, we
prepared manual for extension officers to use so that technical training can be sustainably
implemented at field.
1) Preliminary Survey
We deliberated the teaching contents required for stable production and quality improvement5

by comprehending the issues related to the quality and quantity of agricultural products
conducting hearing survey from the local Japanese companies, the government and theinstitutions concerned by dispatching the experts from Japan to Myanmar. At the same time, we
prepared the technical guidance by determining the technical guidance target region discussing
with DOA, confirming the sesame cultivation situation and narrowing down the technologies tocoach and the target farmers.
Before dispatching the experts to Myanmar, we had collected the information, visited to thesesame importers to confirm their needs and conducted the hearing investigation also from thefood manufacturers who deal sesame after dispatching.
Members

Survey period

Contents

Minoru Yoshida

1. Confirming the issues on quality andTechnical June 5 - June 14(JAICAF

quantity of the agricultural products(for 10 days)

Advisor)

2. In the technical guidance target area,

Mari Tanaka(i) check the status of sesame cultivation(JAICAF Researcher)(ii) check the technologies needed(iii) determine the guidance target area

2) Evaluation and examination of the technical guidance contents
The Project Evaluation & Review Committee was implemented as follows.

[The 1st Project Evaluation & Review Committee]
Time and date: June 19, 2017 (Mon), 3:00 pm - 5:00 pm
Subject: *Implementation plan of the project for this year
*Results of the preliminary survey*Plan of technical guidance for agricultural productivity and quality improvement[The 2nd Project Evaluation & Review Committee]
Time and date: July 18, 2017 (Tue), 3:00 pm - 5:00 pm
Subject: * Report on the 1st technical guidance for agricultural productivity and quality
improvement* Plan for the 2nd technical guidance and workshop for agricultural productivity andquality improvement

6Members of the project evaluation & review committee
Name

Title

Dr. Kenji Irie

Professor, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Faculty ofInternational Agriculture and Food Studies, Department
of International Agricultural Development

Specialized
Field
Genetic
resource(Rice)

Dr. Ikuko Okamoto

Professor, Toyo University, Faculty of Regional
Development Studies, Department of Regional
Development Studies

Agricultural
economyDr. Masaaki Suzuki

JAICAF Technical Advisor

Soil
improvement

Dr. Osamu Nakagaki

VSOC Co., Ltd., Representative Director

Drylandagriculture

Dr. Machito Mihara

Institute of Environmental Rehabilitation andConservation (ERECON), President

Environmental
rehabilitation
andconservation

3) Technical guidance
We implemented the technical guidance to produce the safe and high-quality agricultural
products taking the environment into consideration, such as soil improvement and proper use ofpesticides, to farmers and extension officer by dispatching the experts to the target areas. We
shared the technologies useful for soil management, insect pest control and proper use ofpesticides dispatching the experts on soil, insect pests and pesticides, and prepared the manual topopularize the contents of technical guidance.
(i) Implementation of the technical guidanceExperts

Period of training Contents of trainings

Dr. Masaaki

June 21 - June 30 - Soil management: investigated the soil characteristics.

SuzukiJuly 24 - August 8 - Supervised the maintenance and management of the(soil(for 26 days)

soil fertility based on the investigation results.

improvement/fertilizer)
Dr. Azusa Fujiie

June 21 - June 30 - Pest control: deliberated the pest investigation method(insect pests)

July 24 - August 8 and investigated their actual generation status (species,(for 26 days)

generation density or damages) and native natural
7

enemies. Supervised the pest control methods based on
the investigation results.
Dr. MasahikoJune 21 - June 30 - Proper use of pesticides: investigated the actual use

Kuwahara(for 10 days)

status of the pesticides. Supervised the proper use of(pesticides)

pesticides based on the investigation results.

(ii) Agricultural equipment and materials used
Field Type

Utilization

methodin Contents of trainings

trainings
Soil

Soil probe,

Used for simple diagnosis Trained the extension officers on the

pH meter,of the local soil and to simple

EC meter,confirm

theSoil testing kit

contentsofsoil

diagnosis

methodtraining through OJT.
thesoil We taught the importance of the soil

management method

diagnostics

and

soil

diagnosis

method, and the fertilization method
based on the results of soil
diagnostics at the workshop.
Insect Compact

Confirming

theactual Trained the extension officers on

stereoscopic

generation status of the investigation methods for actual

microscope

pests and natural enemies, generation status of insect pests and
coach

the

methods

control natural enemies through OJT.

pest

based

on

the Coach and popularize the insect pest

acquired perception.

control methods and the appropriate
pesticides use.

4) Technology extension
We validated the technical guidance contents holding the follow-up workshop on site after
implementing the technical guidance to popularize the achievements of this project. We prepared
the manual to make it possible to extend them to distribute to the governmental agencies andrelated stakeholders. In addition, we hope this report will be useful for those who would like tolearn the situation of sesame production and about soil management, insect pest management andproper use of pesticide. This report is also published on JAICAF’s website.

8

(i) ManualType

No. of copies

Distribution- soil management method for sesame in Magway

100 copies in DOA staff (10)- control methods of insect pests and natural enemies for Burmese

DAR staff (10)sesame in Magway

T/S officers (80)(ii) Workshop
Time

Venue

Contents

August

DOA Magway office- soil management method for sesame in Magway

DOA Nay Pyi Taw HQ- control methods of insect pests and natural enemies
for sesame in Magway(iii) Report
No. of copies

Distribution

Japanese

MAFF (10), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) (2), Cooperative firms (5),50 copies

Diplomaticestablishments

abroad

(2),

JICA

(5),

Cooperative

organizations/International organizations (5), Evaluation & Review
Committee members (6), Dispatched experts (5) and spares, 50 in total
EnglishMAFF (10), MOFA (2), Cooperative firms (5), JICA (2), Diplomatic

50 copies

establishments in Japan (2), Myanmar MOALI - DOA (5), - Department ofAgricultural Research (DAR) (5), Diplomatic establishments abroad (2),Evaluation & Review Committee members (4), Dispatched experts (3) andspares, 50 in total

9Chapter 2 Preliminary Survey
Members: Dr. Minoru Yoshida, Technical Advisor, JAICAF
Ms. Mari Tanaka, Researcher, JAICAF
Period of survey: June 5 - June 14, 2017 (for 10 days)
Survey schedule:
Date
Activity
June 5
Narita - Yangon (ANA: NH813)(Mon)
June 6
Courtesy call to the Embassy of Japan in Myanmar(Tue)
Visit to the Myanmar Pulses, Beans & Sesame Seeds Merchants
Association
Visit to the Japanese company's local offices
Visit to the sesame shippers
June 7
Yangon to Nay Pyi Taw (by car)
(Wed)
Visit to MOALI, DOA
Visit to MOALI, DAR
June 8
Nay Pyi Taw to Magway (by car)(Thu)
Visit to the agricultural materials shops (to collect the pesticides
information)
Visit to the DOA Magway office
Visit to the DAR Magway farm
Visit to the sesame shippers
Meeting with the former DAR Magway farm manager
June 9Attended the demonstration of sesame harvest in Pwintbyu T/S(Fri)Visit to the Magway Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Magway to Aung Lan (by car)
Visit to the sesame farmers in Pyitaryar village
June 10Visit to the DOA Aung Lan T/S office(Sat)
Visit the agricultural materials shops
Revisiting the DOA Aung Lan T/S office
Visiting the sesame farmers in The Pu Hla village
June 11
Visit to the beans and sesame shippers(Sun)
Aung Lan to Magway (by car)
Visit to the DOA Magway office to report the survey results
Magway to Nay Pyi Taw (by car)June 12Material preparation(Mon)
Visit to the Yezin Agricultural University JICA project
June 13
Visit to the DOA (Nay Pyi Taw) to report the survey results and(Tue)to discuss the technical guidance contents
Nay Pyi Taw to Yangon (by car)
Departure from Yangon (ANA: NH814)
June 14
Arrived at Narita
(Wed)

11

lodging
YangonYangonNay Pyi
Taw
MagwayAung Lan

Aung LanNay PyiTaw

Nay Pyi
Taw
Night flight1. Purpose of the Preliminary Survey
In the preliminary survey, we clarified the sesame cultivation situation, issues related to thequality and quantity to determine what technologies are needed at the field in order to achieve
stable production and quality improvement. We also determined the target region and arranged
for the technical guidance.

2. Survey Results
1) Sesame Cultivation Situation in Myanmar
There are three major sesame production regions in Myanmar; Mandalay, Magway andSagaing, and more than 90% of Myanmar's sesame is produced in these regions. As the black
sesame for Japan is mainly produced in Magway Region, we investigated the cultivation
situation and issues mainly on the black sesame from Magway.
In Magway, many farmers had previously cultivated white sesame but shifted to black sesame
cultivation as the black sesame's demand increased. The main black sesame's production area in
Magway is Aung Lan T/S located in the southern part of Magway. Aung Lan is the important
production area as they have been traditionally cultivating the black sesame with good quality.
The reason why the black sesame production became popular in Magway Region was because
Aung Lan was the famous production area.
DOA Magway regional office puts effort into the promotion of black sesame cultivation tocontribute to the profitability improvement of farmers, but they consider that still there are
quality issues although they have taken a lot of time on the education for farmers. For example,
some farmers grow both white and black sesames causing the trouble of mixing both seeds. As
the seeds production and distribution is the responsibility of DRA, strengthening of thecooperation between DOA and DAR is important.
DAR Magway farm was established in 1927 and used to be called Oilseed Crop ResearchCentre. They conduct seed multiplication, sales and variety qualification test. They also treat
pulses other than sesame. The variety of sesame is evaluated placing importance on drought
resistance, heat resistance and growing period and there are four seed multiplication target
varieties, Magway 7/9, Magway 2/21, Teppan Nei (Science Black) and Samou Nei. Other thanthose above, Magway Nei 1/2013 is considered as a promising variety among those tested at
farmer's fields. The characteristics of this variety are the shortness of growing period andgoodness of color. They think that Magway Nei 1/2013 is fit for the sesame cultivation in
irrigated area as it can be harvested within 80 - 85 days while that of Sinyadanar 3 andSinyadanar 14, introduced by DAR head office in Yezin, require 90 - 95 days.
12

Table 2-1. Variety list of black sesame
Recommended varieties

Sinyadanar 3

released in 1990, with high-yieldby DAR head officeSinyadanar 14

new variety, with high-yield but
susceptive to the stem rot

Recommended varieties

Magway 7/9

by DAR Magway farm

Magway 2/21
Teppan Nei

Nei means "black". sometimes simply
called as "Teppan". also called as"Science Black". the variety has beencultivated traditionally in this area anddemand from the market is high.

Samou Nei
Magway Nei 1/2013

planned to be released in the future withshort growing period and in shiny black* based on the hearing of the investigating team
It is not clear, at the moment, how much these recommended varieties are cultivated as almost
all of the farmers around Magway get seeds from their own harvest. It is explained that DOA
office introduces DAR to the farmers who visit them to purchase the seeds but there are few
farmers who actually purchase them as the prices are relatively high.
They explained that they are interested in livelihood improvement of the farmers with black
sesame and want to put effort into production technology extension as the region. They are
striving to solve issues cooperating with the donors such as establishing the project torecommend GAP as food safety consciousness is increasing although issue-solving, such as unit
yield improvement, proper pesticides use or post-harvest processing, requires a huge amount oftime due to the difficulty of thorough coaching on cultivation with the limited number ofextension officers.
2) Issues raised at each supply-chain stages of black sesame export
We conducted interviews in this investigation from not only the farmers as the producer but
also the relevant persons of supply chain to grasp their concerns and issues at each stage.
(1) Producers (farmers)
Agricultural productivity improvement (unit yield increase), reduction of production loss
(disease and insect damage) and cost reduction (particularly, labors) and profit securement
commensurate with the work efforts or costs of sesame cultivation.
13

(2) Collectors
Quality meeting the sesame market spec is required. Especially, uniformity of the seed-coatcolor, impurities contamination is an issue as it gives damage to the quality. Only four shippers
are equipped with a color sorter. In addition, selection loss increases if there are many impurities.
Therefore, the collectors tend to differentiate the price to the products with less impurity.
(3) Shippers and Traders
The business operators who handle the black sesame to Japan recognize that the issues are thepesticide residue and free fatty acid value. It is not possible to export to Japan as a food if either
exceeds the criterion value.
The Myanmar's black sesames are highly-esteemed in Japan because of its better bright blackcolor than those from other countries. Some Japanese business operators consider that they would
like to solve the issues with black sesame produced in Myanmar even if the slightly cheaper
products from other countries are available.

Figure 2-1．Problems at each stages of supply-chain for export sesame to Japan

3) Issues to solve in order to improve productivity and to increase farmer’s income
Magway region is the production area of black sesame and many Japanese trading firms who
import the sesame are buying from this region. It is necessary for sesame production promotion
to stabilize the relationship with the market by stably supplying the quantity demanded by themarket and fulfilling the quality sought by the market.
Following themes were discussed during the survey as issues to be tackled.
14

(1) Soil management
According to the soil investigation of JICA Project for Development of Water Saving
Agriculture Technology in the Central Dry Zone data collection survey (2013), it became apparent
that the loamy sand is dominant and the organic content amount of soil is low in the target region.
The most typical cause which impacts the yield is the presence of precipitation in the central
dry zone. However, both the farmers and extension officers recognized that there are significant
discrepancies in farmers' unit yield, between 5 basket (about 122.5kg) and 15 baskets (about
367.5kg) per acre in the region with the same precipitation condition and one of the reasons forthis is the difference in the soils. The farmers apply the chemical fertilizer, about 1 bag (50kg)/acreas basal dressing in sesame cultivation. And some of them spray fertilizer. It was though thatmany farmers applied livestock manures into the fields as it is and the less compost was used.
It was considered that it was necessary to deliberate the appropriate application of chemicalfertilizers by farmers in the short term and soil improvement to increase the organic matter offarmland or effective cultural improvement (rotation system or cultivation method) in the medium
and long terms. Also, there is the possibility for the run-off of surface soil to become an issue as
the occurrence of gully erosion on the field surface was observed at rainfall time although they
have sandy soil there.
(2) Residual pesticides(i) Use status of the pesticides
No reply indicated that the significant problems were there when we asked about the diseases
and insect damages with sesame to the farmers and government officials at the preliminary
survey. It seemed that there was an excessive reliance on the pesticides as it became
customary for the farmers to preventively spray pesticides 3 - 4 times during the sesame
cultivation period following the instruction from the agricultural equipment shops or
agrichemical companies.



The pesticides locally used are sold at the pesticide dealers approved by the government. The
pesticides used are the registered ones and use method or precaution statements are indicatedfollowing the recent approach from MOALI who supervises the pesticides trade.

Pesticides use methods of the farmers
Before seeding: pesticides application for the purpose of seeds disinfectGrowing period: * the farmers understand that the pesticides must be used before flowering.
Insecticide: Chloropyrifos, O,S dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate, Acephate, Imidaclopridetc.
15

Chemical herbicides (when the labor power is not available): Quizalofop-P-ethyl, Haloxyfop-Rmethyl etc.
After harvest: when pilling the sesame after harvest, sometimes the insecticides are sprayed fortermite control on the ground. In addition, it was told that the chemical herbicides were sprayed
for after-ripening promotion (need more information to confirm).
Pesticides use by collectors or traders
During stored in the warehouse: fuming is performed every 3 months with Aluminium Phosphidein many cases.
(ii) Main pests of the sesame
The sesame diseases and insect damages in Table 2-2 became issues according to the interview
at MOALI officials although we could not confirm it at the farm level in the preliminary survey.
However, it seemed that they did not recognize the insect pests as a significant issue and they
replied that they did not investigate to what extent they occur. It is hoped that the dispatchedexperts clarify whether these diseases and insect damages are actually occurred, to what extent
they are serious or whether there are other countermeasures than pesticides spray.
Table 2-2. Major insect pest of sesame in Myanmar
English nameScientific nameInsectSesame Jassid

Orosius albicinctus

pest

Sesame Leaf Roller

Antigastra catalaunalis

Cotton Bollworm

Helicoverpa armigera

Death’s Head MothAcherontia styx

Common Hairy Caterpillar

Spolosoma obliqua

Sesame Black Beetle

Anomala antiqua

Sesame Seed Bug

Aphanus sordidus or Elasmolomus sordidusBlack stem

Rhizoctonia bataticola

Phyllody

Mycoplasma

Target spot

Corynespora cassiicola

Phytophthora blight

Phytophthora parasitica var sesami

Leaf spot

Cercospora sesame

Fusarium wilt

Fusarium oxysporum

Bacterial Leaf spot

Pseudomonas sesami

Disease16

(iii) Challenge to the pesticide residue issues
Improvement of the pesticide treating method by the farmers (Information dissemination andedification to the farmers)Some sell the products mixing the rest of the seeds after adding disinfectant treatment
into them.

The pesticides contaminate the products via equipment as they use the same equipment
for pesticide and for harvesting and storing.

Conduct the control in accordance with the farm condition and sesame growing situation
avoiding excessive dependance on the pesticides
The farmers do not understand the appropriate spray method swallowing the informationon the sort of pesticides and number of spraying from the agrichemical company. It isnecessary to control based on the actual disease and insect damage occurrence andforecasting.



As for the post-harvest pesticide spray (at after-ripening when pilling) where detection
possibility of the pesticide residue is high, it is necessary to confirm the actual status
and train the farmers accordingly.

Common understanding between the relevant persons on the pesticide's appropriate use

The agrichemical company is continuously developing the new products and promoting
them by adding nourishing materials or changing the package even if the active
constituent of the contents are the same. The farmers use them as recommended by the
agrichemical company. This results in the cost increase.

(iv) Movement of GAP implementation
We found that there was a movement to differentiate the sales price of the products and starve
off the excessive reliance on the pesticides of farmers by implementing Good Agricultural
Practice (GAP) to the sesame production in Magway region. It should be considered that such
movement can be linked to the export promotion of the black sesame to Japan deeply relatingwith the disease and insect damage control and pesticides fields of the project. We continue to try
to collect the information carefully watching the GAP project movement.
(v) Other issues
We recognize that the free fatty acid value issue is caused by the post-harvest after-ripening
method (pilling on the ground). The private local sesame traders (Shipper, Trader) recommend
stand-drying method, but we think we need to collect information whether there are other17

available after-ripening and drying methods acceptable to the farmers in the future.
Other issues we acquired through this investigation for productivity improvement are: thevariety (nurturing of the varieties with high-regional-adequacy, use of superior seedlings, capsuledehiscence determinate cultivars), workload reduction (mechanization or efficient work
technology), and reduction of post-harvest loss.
4) Target of the Technical Guidance
It was understood, as the result of the preliminary survey, that the productivity improvement
can be expected by investigating the actual status of soil management to coach the appropriate
fertilizer management as the soil management was not conducted thoroughly in sesame
production and the less organic substance such as farmyard manure were applied as explained
previously. We also understood that the proper use of pesticides and effective use of the pest
control technology are desired as we observed the fact that the farmers rely on the pesticides while
the supply chain stakeholders are deeply worried about the pesticides issues.
We decided, as a result of the discussion with the DOA Magway office, to conduct a specialized
investigation and technical guidance targeting the key farmers cultivating black sesame for export
focusing on Magway T/S and Pwintbyu T/S. We decided to conduct coaching proceeding with
the investigation at the site by the experts in parallel as we considered that the detailed actual
status confirmation by them is required to deliberate more concrete technical coaching approachin addition to the actual status clarified in the preliminary survey. We make it possible for the
DOA extension officers to give instructions on investigation technology and coaching method tothe farmers by conducting coaching and investigation in cooperation with them. We can expect
the continual coaching effect after the project completion as the human resource development ofextension officers can lead to the entire region's extension.

18

Chapter 3 Technical Guidance
Dispatched experts and assigned area:
Dr. Masaaki Suzuki (JAICAF Technical Advisor): soil improvement/cultivation
Dr. Azusa Fujiie (the former Director of Chiba Prefecture Agriculture and Forestry
Research Center): Insect
Dr. Masahiko Kuwahara (JICAF Technical Advisor): pesticides
Dispatching period and dispatched experts:
1st. dispatch: June 21 (Wed) - June 30, 2017 (Fri) <Suzuki, Fujiie, Kuwahara>
2nd. dispatch: July 24 (Mon) - August 8, 2017 (Tue) <Suzuki, Fujiie>Technical guidance schedule:
1st. dispatch
Date
June 21(Wed)
June 22(Thu)
June 23(Fri)
June 24(Sat)
June 25(Sun)
June 26(Mon)
June 27(Tue)
June 28(Wed)
June 29(Thu)
June 30(Fri)

Activity
Narita - Yangon (ANA: NH813)

lodging
YangonYangon - Bago (K7 248)
Bago to Magway (by car)
Visit to the DOA Magway regional office

MagwayVisit to Pwintbyu T/S

MagwayVisit to Pwintbyu T/S

MagwayVisit to Magway T/S San Ma Kyi village and Alae Bo village

MagwayVisit to Magway T/S Can Ywar Lay village

MagwayVisit to the DOA Magway regional office
Magway to Nay Pyi Taw
Visit to the DOA (Nay Pyi Taw) to report the activity results andto discuss the next coaching contents
Arrived at Narita

Nay PyiTaw
Nightflight2nd. dispatch
Date
Activity
July 24
Haneda - Bangkok - Nay Pyi Taw (TG 683, PG 721)
(Mon)
July 25
Visit to MOALI (DOA)(Tue)
Nay Pyi Taw to Magway (by car)19

Magwaylodging
Nay Pyi
Taw
MagwayJuly 26
(Wed)
July 27(Thu)
July 28(Fri)
July 29(Sat)
July 30(Sun)
July 31(Mon)
August 1(Tue)
August 2(Wed)
August 3(Thu)
August 4(Fri)
August 5(Sat)
August 6(Sun)
August 7(Mon)
August 8(Tue)Visit to the DOA Magway regional office
Visit to the agricultural materials shops
Visit to the farming villages (San, Magyi)
Visit to the DAR Magway farm (Oil Crops Research Center)
Visit to Magway T/SMagwayVisit to Pwintbyu T/S

MagwayMaterial preparation

MagwaySoil analysis at the DOA Magway offfice

MagwayWorkshop preparation

MagwayWorkshop preparation

MagwayWorkshop preparation

MagwayWorkshop at the DOA Magway regional office

MagwayMagway to Nay Pyi Taw

Nay PyiTaw
Nay Pyi
Taw
Night flight

Workshop preparation
Workshop at DOA (Nay Pyi Taw head office)Nay Pyi Taw - Bangkok (PG 722)
Departure from Bangkok (TG 642)
Arrived at Narita

20

MagwayMagwayI SoilDr. Masaaki Suzuki
1. Purpose of the activities
Investigate the soil characteristics of the sesame cultivation farmers and supervise themaintenance and management method of the soil fertility based on its results.
2. Outline of the activities
1) 1st dispatch: June 21 - June 30, 2017
We implemented the field investigation with the cooperation of the DOA Magway office forthe purpose of giving the guidance on the appropriate soil management by comprehending thesesame production condition, cropping system and soil management status of the target region.
The sesame growing status was in the beginning of the harvest in Pwinbyu T/S but in the earlystage of flowering in Magway T/S. This is because of the difference in water condition, the sewing
time in Pwintbyu T/S, where the irrigation is available, comes faster than that of the highland on
Magway T/S east bank where people have to rely on the rain water.
Firstly visiting the DOA Magway office, we heard about the issues on sesame cultivation of
the region from the office chief, Mr. Khin Maung Win, and received an introduction to the persons
in charge of the target region. We visited some farmer's fields located in Pwintbyu T/S along the
Irrawaddy River and on the Magway highland to know the actual cultivation status of them toconduct the soil investigation and interview on the sesame cultivation management method fromthem. In addition, we collected the information at the agricultural material shops and DAR
Magway farm in Magway.
After the investigation, we reported the outline to DOA Magway office summarizing the results
and also visited DOA head office in the capital city Nay Pyi Taw to report it to the Assistant
Director, Dr. Aye Ko Ko to inform that we planned to conduct the supplemental field investigationand hold workshops in Magway and Nay Pyi Taw at the next visit.
2) 2nd dispatch: July 24 - August 8, 2017
At the 2nd visit, we visited DOA head office first to meet the Director, Dr. Ye Tint Tun, todiscuss the contents and schedule of the workshop which was the main purpose of this visit andasked the advice and cooperation on field investigation and workshop hosting. We determined, as
the result of the meeting, to hold the 1st workshop at the DOA Magway office and 2nd workshop
at DOA head office in Nay Pyi Taw. And it was also decided that we would promote theparticipation of the farmers other than the extension officers to the workshop in Magway as21

advised by the Director.
We spent July mainly on discussion with DOA or DRA for the workshop hosting preparationand investigated/confirmed some issues we could not complete during the June visit. As for thesesame growing period, mowing was almost completed and stem and leaf disposal and rice
planting had started in Pwintbyu T/S while they were in the midst of harvesting season andmowing was not finished in many farms in Magway T/S.
We spent August mainly for material preparation of the workshop and held workshop on
August 4 at Magway DOA office and on August 7 at Nay Pyi Taw DOA head office. At theseworkshops, Suzuki, in charge of cultivation and soil fertilizer, summarized the soil management
method desirable to Magway sesame cultivation and Dr. Azusa Fujiie, responsible for insect pests,
summarized the ecological characteristics of insect pests and the appropriate use method ofpesticides. Two representatives were assigned as the lecturers from Myanmar side as well, eachfrom DOA and DAR, Ms. Daw Daw Win, the deputy office chief from DOA and Dr. Hla Hla Win,the farm manager from DAR. However, the lecture of Dr. Hla Hla Win was acted by Ms. Daw
Maw Maw Thi in Nay Pyi Taw.
As for the OJT to the local staff, DOA research officer coached them on the investigation
method and soil management method taking them to the farm investigation every day, and also
explained the use method of carrying equipment to the soil research department staff and provided
the soil probes, simple pH meters, EC meters, soil nutrient test kits or test reagents to the DOA
local office. In addition, the equipment for pest investigation was provided.
3. Investigation method and investigation activity outline
1) Investigation method
As for the general situation of sesame cultivation in Magway, we can know the outline with thereport from JICA, "Data Collection Survey on the Project for Development of Water Saving
Agriculture Technology in Central Dry Zone". As the sesame cultivation area is quite extensive
centering the CDZ (Central Dry Zone) and the cultivation environment, particularly soil
environment significantly differs by areas, we conducted the investigation on soil management
method and fertilization method limiting to the Magway region. As for the fertilizers, we
conducted the interview from the agricultural material shops who deal the pesticides or fertilizers
in Magway T/S. We conducted the test pit investigation up to 50cm depth and soil profile
investigation using soil probes in soil investigation, and conducted water‐soluble NPK
measurement and judgement of pH, EC and soil texture with the soil nutrient test kit "Midorikun"
using soil samples.

222) Investigation activities
We conducted the 1st investigation at 3 farms of 2 villages (Kyaung Su village and San Pya
village) in Pwintbyu T/S located near the tributary on the Irrawaddy River west bank, one of thetypical sesame cultivation area in Magway, and at 3 farms of 2 villages (San Ma Kyi village andAlae Bo village) in the Magway highland located on the Irrawaddy River east bank. We visitedthe farmers at 2nd dispatch in almost the same region as we did at 1st dispatch. This was toinvestigate the subsoil with the soil probe which we could not conduct last time.
As for the soil in this region, the soil in Pwintbyu T/S is the alluvial area with heavy clay soil
and the sesame cropping time is earlier as the region is well watered and irrigation is possible.
For this reason, the post crop of sesame is rice as a main crop and followed by the leguminous
crop such as chickpea other than groundnut, i.e. three cropping seasons per year. In contrast, thesoil of Magway highland is sandy loam or sandy soil greatly-differing from that of Pwintbyu T/S.
As they have to rely on the rain water, the post crop of sesame is mainly groundnut and they only
have 2 cultivation seasons. We conducted the observation of sesame cultivation situation andinvestigated the fertilization method and soil management method, particularly the treatment of
cattle dung and harvest residue, and soil characteristics at all places. Several DOA staffs were also
participated in the investigation activities, and the technology transfer at the site was realized.
4. Investigation results and technical guidance contents
1) Sesame cultivation situation
Magway is located in the CDZ and its annual precipitation, which is concentrated in between
May and October, is 950 mm on yearly average. Sesame cultivation in Magway is conducted
mainly in 2 soil zones. Pwintbyu T/S, one of them, is close to the river and irrigation is possible,
and the main cropping system is three crops a year of sesame (first product of the year), rice andleguminous crop such as chickpea. Sesame is black sesame here but the high-yield cannot be
hoped as broadcast sowing for seeding and dense planting are causing the tendency of low plant
length, less branching and less number of pod setting. The soil is clayey and has neutral or alkaline
soil texture classified into a heavy clay soil as it has high cohesiveness in the wet condition. For
this reason, the water permeability is low and the soil management relying on the animal force
like plowing for sesame cultivation is not easy. The sesame cultivation is almost completed during
July. On the other hand, the upper part of highland is mostly sandy soil and its soil texture isclassified into sandy soil or sandy loam soil. The land form is gentle but with much undulation.
The black argillaceous soil, considered to be the vertisol with greatly different soil characteristics,
is distributed in some places. As the crop cultivation relies on rain water with no irrigationequipment, the cropping system is two crops a year with a focus mainly on sesame and groundnut.
Except for the vertisol, the agricultural work is easier due to the sandy soil but the nourishing23

water retention of surface soil is quite low. In particular, the precipitation and soil moisture are
the significant limiting factor of the sesame production although the sesame is relatively tolerantof dryness. Water erosion and wind erosion are the part of the soil degradation and the sesame
production is susceptive to these impacts. The uneven growth seemingly caused by the watererosion or wind erosion and the windbreak hedges with the legume plants (pigeon pea or
Gliricidia sp) were observed.
The agriculture with livestock is the main type of farm household and they raise about 4 cows
per household. Some farmers are introducing large tractor but many small farmers with about 10acre field rely on the cows for plowing or transportation.
2) Fertilization method
The fertilization methods differed by farmer (Table 3-1), compound and mixed fertilizer withurea, calcium sulfate, foliar spraying agent with trace-element were used. Fertilization was
conducted using compound and mixed fertilizer as basal dressing, and urea and foliar spraying
agent as top-dressing. The fertilization quantity was low, between fifth and tenth of the standard
quantity in Japan although there are great differences in climate, soil or varieties. In addition, theyield was 123 - 368 kg/acre, lower compared with that of Japan of 280 - 400 kg, and hadsignificant variability. Variability was also observed by place in the same farm. Generally, thefertilization quantity is low, especially low at sandy soil on the highland. It was explained that thereason why the fertilization quantity and method differs by farmer was because the sesame
cultivation had a strong speculative factor for the farmers as the rain prediction highly-influential
to sesame growth was difficult. It is considered that the azoto or potash would runoff, would limit
the application effect and would not be reflected to the seedling-growth and yield of the sesame
when the timing of fertilization and precipitation does not match. In addition, the symptom of irondeficiency with weeds in the farm was observed as the soil was neutral or alkaline, especially at
the place where the soil pH was close to 9. Application of the calcium sulfate or foliar sprayingof the trace-element was conducted in a general way and it was explained that the calcium sulfate
application effects were soil pH lowering, sesame quality improvement and empty pods
prevention.
Table 3-1．Examples of Fertilization of Magway farmers
farmerPlace

Fertilization method*Use of organic mattersA

San Pya village

50kg/acre of MF (15:15:15) and

Cow dung（Pwintbyu T/S）

100kg/acre of Gypsum were used as BA.

1 ton/acre

San Ma Kyi village

25kg/acre of MF(15:15:15) was used as

Cow dung（Magway T/S）

BA, and 25kg of MF(15:15:15) and(amount unknown)

B24

7.7kgN of urea were used as TD.
C

D

San Ma Kyi village

29.2kg/acre of MF(15:7:8)

FYM（Magway T/S）

was used as BA(amount unknown)

Alae Bo village

4.4kg of N, 2kg of P 2 O 5 , and 2.3kg of

FYM（Magway T/S）

K 2 O by MF(15:7:8) were used as BA(250kg/acre)

No fertilizer for BA, but

Cow dung

village

MF(NPK+Micronutrients) was used as(amount unknown)（Magway T/S）

TD

Japanese farmer 3)32-48kg of N, 40kg of P 2 O 5 , 32-40kg ofWith or without

K 2 O/acre as BA, andcompost＊GAP farmer
E

Can

Ywar

Lay

N:K=12kg,12kg/acre are used as TD（MF: Mixed fertilizer, BA: Basal application, TD: Top dressing, FYM: Farm Yard Manure）

The livestock manure is utilized commonly to maintain the soil capabilities and the compost
and barnyard manure is also produced. Establishing the barnyard manure storage space on thecorner of the yard to store them in open-air state, the farmers restore them to the farm wheneverrequired. It is said that the production of compost and barnyard manure is not easy as they haveless water on the highland. For this reason, although the farmyard manure of EM 'Bokashi' (EMfermented component) was produced in some area, still many farmers scatter dried livestock
manures. The utilization of harvest residue as the material of compost is not very common. The
stems of sesame are burned up at farms and stems and leaves of groundnut are used for livestock
feed. The rice straws are used for livestock feed. The weeds are also not utilized for compost as
they are used for feeding stuff. It seems that the application quantity of compost by farmer isdifficult to comprehend in many cases but it plays a significant role for retention and supply of
the fertilizer components. The sesame harvest residue is burned up at such a place where they caneasily secure the water like Pwintbyu T/S but it is possible to compost it by accumulating withcattle dung. The composting technology is already extended to some farmers, but it seemed that
more encouragement and extension effort is necessary.
3) Planting density
In Pwintbyu T/S, the broadcast sowing and dense planting methods were employed. Although
they employed the broadcast sowing method at Magway highland, they thinned it for the double
purpose of weeding by making furrows of 10 - 15 cm x 35 cm lengthwise and crosswise by agrooving tool with about 15 cm teeth intervals pulled by cows after establishment. The density
was 76,000 - 114,000 per acre and a little bit higher compared with Japan of 60,000 - 88,000. It
25

has to be deliberated at the test station whether the planting density has an impact on the quality
improvement and yield increase.
4) Soil characteristics
We acquired the information with soil probes. Also we tried simple analysis of the soil sampling
to detect kalium but almost no azoto seemingly because of the harvest period. As for thephosphoric acid, apparent accumulation was recognized for both Pwintbyu T/S and Magway T/S(Table 3-2). It was explained that DOA understood this accumulation tendency as well. As thesoil texture of Pwintbyu T/S was heavy clay soil from surface soil to subsoil, it was thought thatthe vertical movement of water is small. On the other hand, Magway T/S highland is generally
sandy and sandy soil was accumulated more than 1 m in many cases and it turned to SL due tothe increased clay in subsoil at some places. The pH of surface soil in Pwintbyu T/S was 7.5 - 8.5
and that in Magway T/S was 6.9 - 8.4, both were between neutral and alkaline, and there was thepossibility of occurring minor element deficiency, such as iron or zinc, if the conditions areaccumulated. EC was 0.1 - 0.2 and not at the level damaging the crops.
As the result of subsoil characteristics investigation at selected places where the crops grewwell or poorly in the same farm of Can Ywar Lay village, we found that the content amount ofclay were different by depth. That is, the appearance position of the sandy loam soil (SL) or theclay loam soil (CL) was relatively shallow where the crops grew well and deep where the crops
grew poorly. It was inferred that there was the possibility for the amount of clay content which
had an impact on the retention and movement of water and soil nutrient gave an impact on thesesame growth due to the different sand accumulation condition by place in the farm.

26

Table 3-2．Soil Characteristics of sesame farmers’ plots
Location

Depth ofsoil (cm)Soilmoisture

Soil texturepH(H 2 O)EC(mS)

NO 3 -N
ppm

P2O5
ppm

K2O
ppm

Stage &
growth

1

Pwintbyu TS, Kyaung Su village1

0-30

Wet

HC

8.5

0.20

0

33

<3

HarvestPoor

2

Pwintbyu TS,
San Pya village-2

0-30

Wet

HC

7.5

0.12

0

33

<3

HarvestPoor

3

Pwintbyu
San Pya village-3

0-20
20-40
40-50

Wet
Wet
Wet

HC
HC
HC

8.1
8.1
8.2

0.10
0.10
0.10

0
0
0

33
33
33

<3
7
7

HarvestPoor

4-1

MagwaySan Ma Kyi village

0-30
30-60
60-90

Dry
Moist
Moist

S
S
S

8.4
8.2
8.2

0.10
0.00
0.00

0
0
0

33
33
33

<3
<3
<3

FlowerGood

4-2

MagwaySan Ma Kyi village

0-30
30-60
-------

Moist
Moist
+Mn Con.

S
S

8.2
8.1

0.00
0.10

0
0

33
33

<3
<3

FlowerPoor

5

MagwaySan Ma Kyi village

0-20

Dry

HC

8.4

0.20

0

33

<3

6

MagwayAlae Bo village

0-30
30-60
60-90

Moist
Moist
Moist

S
S
S

6.9
6.8
6.8

0.00
0.00
0.00

0
0
0

33
33
33

7
7
7

VertisolFlowerPoor
GAP
HarvestGood

7-1

Magway- Can Ywar Lay village

0-20
20-40
40-60
60-80

Moist
Moist
Moist
wet

S
S
SL
CL

7.2
7.1
6.8
6.7

0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10

0
0
0
0

33
33
33
17

<3
<3
<3
<3

HarvestGood

7-2

Magway- Can Ywar Lay village

0-20
20-40
40-60
60-80

Moist
Moist
Moist
Moist

S
S
S
SL

7.2
7.2
7.1
6.5

0.10
0.10
0.00
0.00

0
0
0
0

33
33
33
33

<3
<3
<3
<3

HarvestPoor

8

Magway- DAR

0-30
30-50

Dry
Moist

S
S

7.7
7.3

0.20
0.10

0
0

33
33

7
<3

Beforeharvest27

Sample No

As mentioned above, in the Magway region located in the central dry zone (CDZ), the sesame,
particularly black sesame, is produced under the unstable weather condition and different soil
characteristics.
For this reason, the different soil management method and fertilization method are sought
according to each soil characteristics for the stable production of sesame. Although thisinvestigation was conducted in the short period and the investigation scope was not broad enough,we got the following conclusions based on the investigation results. That is, in case of theargillaceous soil, the fertilization can be conducted with an emphasis on the basal dressing as it
has the strong nutrition retention power and less fertilizer runoff. However, in case of the sandy
soil to subsoil, the runoff of the nutrient element by eluviation is concerned as the nourishingwater's retention power is weak.
For this reason, it is assumed more effective to apply in several batches with an emphasis on
top-dressing reducing the basal dressing to a half. We supposed that the production power of soil
is affected by the soil texture of subsoil observed in the soil profile.
Sesame is the export crop and especially the black sesame is the directly consumed food.
Therefore, it is important to develop the cultivation technology to produce safe and high-quality
sesames and the quality management technology.
5. Coaching contents and dissemination activities
1) Technologies coached
We coached the technologies required for the investigation to the DOA staffs accompanied tothe investigation through OJT. The concrete contents were 3 points following.


soil investigation with soil probe and attitude to a field investigation



use method of soil test kit

suggestion of fertilization method according to the soil characteristics

We instructed the fertilization method according to the soil characteristics to the key farmers
and conducted follow-up by inviting them to the workshop.
It is required to popularize the standard cultivation technologies and soil management
technologies in the future and the thorough recording practice of cultivation (from seeding toharvest/sales) by the farmers is also necessary.
2) Outline of the Workshop
Sixty people from the farm households, agriculture extension officers, public administrations,research related persons, JICA the "Project for Profitable Irrigated Agriculture in Western Bago
Region (PROFIA)" project and International Trade Center (ITC) were participated in theworkshop. In the DOA's lecture, sesame production and pests issues including coping methods
28

with pesticides, acid value increase by drying method, soil conservation handling methods against
the soil denudation by precipitation and wind erosion, introduction of the technical course on
composting for the harvest residue of crops including sesame and characteristics of chemicalfertilizers were explained. And, in DAR's lecture, nurturing of the new sesame variety andcharacteristics, and its production status for distribution were introduced. As for the soil
management, Suzuki explained the issues in production and made a proposal on improvement
methods of fertilization method based on the soil investigation of the typical sesame cultivation
farm in Magway. And, Dr. Fujiie, in charge of insect pests, introduced investigation method of
sesame pests, inhabiting situation of the major pests and natural enemies, pest control method,
applying pesticides in Myanmar and Japan, biological agrochemicals and IPM method based on
the investigation conducted twice at the farm site and proposed the countermeasure technology
against the sesame's disease and insect damage explaining the occurrence status of them in
Myanmar from early stage of growth to post-mowing deposition time of sesame.
We put these lecture contents in print as the information to distribute as an educational material
not only to the farmers and extension officers involved in the sesame production but also to theadministrative staffs or researchers. After the lectures, the interest was shown on how they could
sell at the Japanese market, distribution system or mechanism of pesticide residue occurrence
from the participants including the farmers.
At the workshop in Nay Pyi Taw, the lecture was conducted based on the same material but 28
persons attended from DOA staffs and JICA human resource development project of Yezin
Agricultural University. We were promoted to discuss thoroughly on safe use of the pesticides
and fertilizers and on GAP by the DOA Director and there were the comments from Assistant
Director and Magway regional office chief in the discussion after the lecture. The Assistant
Director pointed out that the important issue in Magway is the pesticide use and emphasized thatthe pesticide issue is not its post-harvest use for Stink bugs control but rather the fact that thefarmers did not fully understand the proper use. The sesame production accounts for 40% of thecountry's gross agricultural production and 100 kt out of its total production quantity of 200 kt
was exported. He wanted to head for even better cultivation as Magway had implemented thesystem from production to export. It is important for the administrative agency to implement thesoil conservation cooperating with the farmers. They have many sesame pesticides in Myanmar,and he wanted to properly instruct its use and fertilization technology. He wanted to promote thesafe sesame production and export in accordance with GAP guideline. In addition, the office chiefof Magway regional office stated several ambitions on research subjects. They are: 1. the relation
between use of fertilizer and corresponding revenue; 2. clarification of the roll of farm subsoil for
sesame growth; 3. development of the effective utilization technology of the sesame selection
residue; 4. development of the good-quality sesame cultivation technology with traditional
29

pesticides; - and so on. In addition, he explained that the small-sized brokers have issues of
mixture of quality goods and defective goods, or in seedlings processing method. He instructed
to limit the farmers' accumulation period at farm after harvest to 2 days. He wanted to deliberate
the pesticide residue issues. Currently, they have Serena-13 and -14 as superior varieties andstarted to export them. And, they cultivate at 3,000 acre in accordance with GAP guideline, - andso on.
Besides these, the DRA variety developer explained that they are conducting Serena varieties
cultivation method inquest, seed multiplication and coaching the fertilization guideline to thefarmers. In addition, Prof. Saito at Yezin Agricultural University commented on significance offertilizer test and importance of target quantity setting. The reply to this was that the fertilizationand irrigation were necessary in practice as the yield of sesame cultivation was governed largelyby the precipitation condition although they were targeting at 1.2 ton per ha.
As mentioned above, the workshop was extremely useful as the information sharing
opportunity for the relevant persons.
3) Manual preparation
We held the workshop at DOA Magway regional office, the sesame cultivation sites, and DOA
head office in the capital city, Nay Pyi Taw. The lecture contents was put the PowerPoint script inprint to distribute to the participants and the discussion was conducted for manual preparation.
The manual was made up reflecting the comments at workshops. The manual is consists of 2
types, "Compost making" and "Soil management method for sesame cultivation in Magway", andeach has 2 versions for the extension officers, the summarized version to easily bring to the sites
and the expository version to explain the detailed contents.
6. Challenges for the future and some suggestions
Although this investigation had to be completed in a short period, we could understand thetypical soil around Magway T/S to implement the technical guidance as we could investigate
twice in flowering period and harvest period. However, we could not refer to Myanmar in its
entirety. In addition, we think that MOALI has to investigate the following to establish appripriate
cultivation technology of sesame and improve its productivity and quality.


Survey of the current situation of top-dressing and effect evaluationSurvey of the current situation of foliar spraying and effect evaluationSurvey of the current situation of the compost making/application and effect evaluation

Impact clarification of pilling of harvested sesame to its quality

Analysis of the GAP farmer information, clarification of the relation between fertilization
method or precipitation and yield30

Clarification of the growth difference at the same farm of a farmer

Actual cultivation status analysis of the excellent farmers

Sesame production issue clarification in cooperation with DAR and DOA

Actual status clarification of nutrition and water movement in the soil layer

Development of fertilization method and soil management method according to the soil
characteristics

It is considered that the important objective for Myanmar black sesame production is toestablish the high-quality/stable/high-yield cultivation method for the future based on theinvestigation/research above.

7. Reference Materials(1) JICA and Sanyu Consultants Inc. (2013) Data Collection Survey on the Project forDevelopment of Water Saving Agricultural Technology in the Central Dry Zone in the Republicof the Union of Myanmar - Final report to the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, The Republicof the Union of Myanmar, pp.120.
(2) Land Use Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, (year unidentified) Soil types andcharacteristics of Myanmar: pp.38.
(3) Masumi Katsta (2002) Origin and characteristics of sesame, Basic technology of cultivation,
Agricultural technology basic edition Vol. 7 Addendum No. 24: 1-17.

31

II Insects Pest
Dr. Azusa Fujiie
1. Purpose of the activities
The following 3 items are set as the goal of this project in the project proposal.
①

to give guidance on the appropriate soil management by comprehending the sesame
production condition, cropping system and soil management status of the target region.

②

to give guidance on more effective pest control methods by comprehending theoccurrence situation of insect pests and their control method of the target region.

③

to give guidance on the appropriate pesticides use methods by comprehending theirstatus of use in the target region.

And thus, to respond to ②, we investigate the insect pest occurrence status of sesame in
Myanmar to deliberate the appropriate control method for the main insect pests. In addition, we
will conduct the information collection through literatures and interviews. We contribute to theadvancement of sesame cultivation by sharing the acquired perception and information with therelevant persons of Myanmar (public administrations, researchers, extension officers, farmers).
As the results of this, we contribute to the activities of Japanese agriculture and food related
enterprises by making it possible for them to supply the agricultural products (sesame) with thequality demanded by the Japanese enterprises.
2. Activity period
We conducted our activities in Magway Region, a sesame production area located in the central
dry zone of Myanmar, during June 21 - June 30 (the first dispatch) and July 24 - August 8, 2017
(the second dispatch).
3. Activity results
1) Activity Background
Sesame (pronunciation: 'sɛsəmi', binomial name: Sesamum indicum) is an annual cropclassified into Order: Lamiales, Family: Pedaliaceae Genus: Sesamum). The seeds of sesame
contain a lot of oil and fat content. Lignans (sesamin or sesamolin) contained in the sesame
seedlings have many functionalities, such as antioxidative property (prevent the actions of active
oxygen), cholesterol absorption/cholesterol synthesis inhibition effect, transaminase (GOT, GTP)
activity improvement effect (Yasumoto, 2008). The high-functionality of sesame is received
widespread attention in increase of worldwide health consciousness.
The main industry of Myanmar is the agriculture and the agricultural products are the important
export items (MOFA HP, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan HP) ; rice, sugar
33

cane, cotton, corn, sunflower, pulses and sesame are the main agricultural products (JICA andSanyo Consulting Inc., 2013). They are cultivating rice in the delta zone and pulses and sesames
in the central dry zone as the main crops. As the sesame, with groundnut or sunflower, is importantas the food for domestic consumption and also as the export agricultural product, the expansionof the crop acreage and improvement of the productivity and quality are being promoted. Sesame
is mainly consumed as food oil, and it essential for food culture in Myanmar. When we visited
Myanmar, we can realize that they use sesame oil very often. And, the sesame export quantity islarge following pulses and rice.
As sesame is relatively tolerant of heat or dryness and regarded as an easy crop to cultivate, it
is cultivated from tropical regions to semitropical regions in Asia, Africa and South America. In
Magway T/S located in the center of the central dry zone, main sesame production area in
Myanmar, the average temperature is 21.0⁰C and the annual precipitation is 940 mm, i.e. thetemperature is relatively high and the precipitation is low. (Kikuchi and others) Just for reference,
27.4⁰C and 2,108 mm in the former capital Yangon located in the delta zone and 15.4⁰C and 1,529
mm in Tokyo (Meteorological Agency HP). In the central dry zone, they are sometimes sufferingfrom droughts and the cultivation is extensive as many farm lands have no irrigation facility andrely on the rain water. However, in Magway Region where we conducted the investigation, themanagement works, such as pesticides spraying, fertilization and weeding, were conducted. The
sesame famers have great concerns with insect pest damages and therefore some of them are using
inappropriate chemical pesticides.
Supporting the statement above, the case where the imidacloprid (neonicotinoid insecticide)
was detected from the sesame exported to Japan from Myanmar with higher level than thestandard of 0.01 ppm. Imidacloprid is sold in Japan under the tradename of ADMIRE but cannot
be used as sesame is not an applicable crop. Neonicotinoid insecticide, other component part than
imidacloprid, is also widely distributed under the various tradenames, such as Mospiran,Bestguard, Bariard, Akutara, Dantotsu or Starkl but it is not used for sesame. As sesame is a minor
crop with limited growing area, registered pesticides are also limited.
In sesame production, the proper cultivation management is required to target high-quality andhigh-yield and the various countermeasures against the insect pests are also required. The control
method using pesticide (insecticide) is effective as one of the various control measures. The
cultivation method without relying on any chemical pesticides (organic agriculture) is not
impossible but we should not exclude the chemical pesticides if we target high-quality and highyield. However, the excessive dependence on chemical pesticides should be strictly refrained inincrease of worldwide momentum for food safety and security intention or for environmental
consideration. In Myanmar's sesame cultivation, the full attention should be payed to the issues
that pesticides have such as pesticide residue issue as export agricultural products and also as
34

domestic consuming food. In addition, the appropriate response to the pesticides agrees with GAP(Good Agricultural Practice) spirit Myanmar is promoting. Proper use of the proper pesticides isimportant based on Myanmar's laws and regulations.
In this project, we investigated the pest occurrence situation of sesame in Myanmar todeliberate the appropriate control method for the main insect pests. In addition, we conductedinterviews and collection of literature information (refer to the Background Materials). We
summarized our activity results here based on these information.
2) Investigation spots and activity contents
In Myanmar, sesame is mainly cultivated in the central dry zone (Magway Region, Mandalay
Region and Sagaing Region). We conducted the investigation at the sesame farms of Magway
Township, Magway District and Pwintbyu Township, Minbu District in Magway region this time.
Investigation points are as indicated in Table 3-3 and Table 3-4. We conducted the investigation
on insect pests and natural enemies at the sesame farms and the peripheral areas with weed: at the
1st dispatch, from the earlier period of cultivation (seeding period - flower bud formation period)to the dry period, and at the 2nd dispatch, from the latter period of cultivation (blooming period harvest period) to the dry period.
In addition we collected the information from the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and
Irrigation - DOA, Head office; DOA Magway office; the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and
Irrigation - DAR Magway farm (the former Fat and Oil Seed Crops Research center), the sesame
farms and the pesticide dealers. We also collected the literature information.
At the 2nd dispatch, we held the workshop (for the famers, DOA and DRA) in Magway and
Nay Pyi Taw for technology transfer and information sharing. At the workshop, the topics were
exchanged providing the soil fertilizer and pests related subjects from DOA, the variety related
subjects from DAR and the soil fertilizer and pests related subjects from Japan.

35

Table 3-3. Investigation points of sesame insect pests and natural enemies in Myanmar (June, 2017)

Abbr.
#1
#2
#3

Point-nameKyan Su Village, Pwintbyu TS
Kyan Su Village, Pwintbyu TS
Kyan Su Village, Pwintbyu TS

Date
24-Jun24-Jun24-Jun#4

San Pya Village, Pwintbyu TS

24-Jun

#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
#15
#16
#17
#18
#19
#20

24-JunSan Pya Village, Pwintbyu TS
San Pya Village, Pwintbyu TS
24-JunSan Pya Village, Pwintbyu TS
24-JunSan Magyi Village, Magway TS
25-JunSan Magyi Village, Magway TS
25-JunSan Magyi Village, Magway TS
25-JunSan Magyi Village, Magway TS
25-JunAloe Bo Village, Magway TS
25-JunAloe Bo Village, Magway TS
25-JunSan Pya Village, Pwintbyu TS
26-JunSan Pya Village, Pwintbyu TS
26-JunSan Pya Village, Pwintbyu TS
26-JunCon Ywor Lay Village, Magway TS 27-Jun
Con Ywor Lay Village, Magway TS 27-Jun
Con Ywor Lay Village, Magway TS 27-Jun
Con Ywor Lay Village, Magway TS 27-Jun

Remarks
In drying (stand) in the outside of a field. Sesame investigation
In sesame cultivation. Sesame and weeds investigations
In field drying (stand). Sesame and weeds investigations
In sesame cultivation. Sesame and weeds investigations. Yellow sticky
traps
In field drying (pile). Seed investigation. Yellow sticky traps
In sesame cultivation. Sesame and weeds investigations
In sesame cultivation. Sesame and weeds investigations
In sesame cultivation. Early stage. Sesame investigations
In sesame cultivation. Sesame investigations
In sesame cultivation. Sesame and weeds investigations
In sesame cultivation. Sesame and weeds investigations
In sesame cultivation. Eary stage. Sesame investigations
In sesame cultivation. Sesame investigations
In sesame cultivation. Sesame investigations
In field drying (pile). Sesami investigation
In sesame cultivation. Sesame investigations
In sesame cultivation. Eary stage. Sesame and weeds investigations
In sesame cultivation. Sesame investigations
In sesame cultivation. Sesame investigations
In sesame cultivation. Eary stage. Sesame and weeds investigations

Table 3-4. Investigation points of sesame in Myanmar (July, 2017)
Abbr.
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
#15
#16
#17
#18
#19
#20

Point-name
San Magyi Village, Magway TS
San Magyi Village, Magway TS
San Magyi Village, Magway TS
San Magyi Village, Magway TS
San Magyi Village, Magway TS
Aloe Bo Village, Magway TS
Aloe Bo Village, Magway TS
Aloe Bo Village, Magway TS
CanYwor Lay Village, Magway TS
CanYwor Lay Village, Magway TS
CanYwor Lay Village, Magway TS
CanYwor Lay Village, Magway TS
CanYwor Lay Village, Magway TS
CanYwor Lay Village, Magway TS
CanYwor Lay Village, Magway TS
San Pya Village, Pwintpyu TS
San Pya Village, Pwintpyu TS
San Pya Village, Pwintpyu TS
San Pya Village, Pwintpyu TS
San Pya Village, Pwintpyu TS

Date
27-Jul
27-Jul
27-Jul
27-Jul
27-Jul
27-Jul
27-Jul
27-Jul
28-Jul
28-Jul
28-Jul
28-Jul
28-Jul
28-Jul
28-Jul
28-Jul
28-Jul
28-Jul
28-Jul
28-JulRemarks
In sesame cultivation. Sesame and weeds investigations
In sesame cultivation. Sesame and weeds investigations
In sesame cultivation. Sesame investigations
In sesame cultivation. Sesame and weeds investigations
In sesame cultivation. Sesame and weeds investigations
In sesame cultivation. Sesame investigations
In sesame cultivation. Sesame investigations
In field drying (stand). Sesame and weeds investigations
In sesame cultivation. Sesame investigations. Yellow sticky traps
In sesame cultivation. Sesame investigations. Yellow sticky traps
In sesame cultivation. Sesame and weeds investigations
In sesame cultivation. Sesame investigations
In sesame cultivation. Sesame investigations
In sesame cultivation. Sesame investigations
In sesame cultivation. Sesame investigations
In sesame cultivation. Sesame investigations. Yellow sticky traps
In sesame cultivation. Sesame investigations. Yellow sticky traps
In field drying (pile). Seed investigation
In sesame cultivation. Sesame investigations
In sesame cultivation. Sesame investigations363) Investigation method of sesame pests and natural enemies
The various investigation methods can be considered when investigating the actual occurrence
status of insect pests and natural enemies for sesame and peripheral weeds. Both scooping methodand direct counting method is applied to the sesame during cultivation, direct counting method tothose during drying and scooping method to the weeds in Myanmar. In addition, we set the yellow
sticky traps in the farms.
(1) Scooping method
At each farm and peripheral weeds, we made 20-swngs (10 back‐and‐forth motions) with theinsect nets of 36 cm in diameter. We brought back the insects captured putting in the plastic bags,
froze to death, and recorded the number of individuals selecting the pests and natural enemies.
(2) Direct counting method
We investigated the number of the larva of Scarabs digging the root targeting 5 stocks at eachfarm. In addition, we investigated the number of pathopoiesis stumps. We recorded the numberof pests and natural enemies of sesames during drying by observing for 5 minutes.
(3) Sticky trap method
We recorded the number of the insect pests and natural enemies by species stuck to the yellow
sticky traps (width: 10 cm and length: 30 cm).
4) Sesame pest occurrence situation
Aphids, Sphinx moths, Stink bugs, Gryllotalpidae or Nematodes are known in Japan (TheJapanese Society of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 2006). Scarabs, Owlet moths (Cutworms)
or Tarsonemidae may be generated as well. Spodoptera litura and Agrotis segetum are the major
insect pests in Kikai-ga-jima of Kagoshima prefecture, only one large scale sesame production
area in Japan (about 100 ha). We conducted our investigation at the sesame farms and peripheral
land with weeds to clarify the sesame insect pest occurrence situation. As the results of that, we
confirmed the pest occurrence status as follows.
(1) Sesame insect survey result
Investigation result of sesame insects are as indicated in Table 3-5 and Table 3-6. Occurrenceof Leafhoppers, Stink bugs, Scarabs, Pyralid moths, Tiger moths and Owlet moths (Cutworms)
were confirmed. Nematodes might occur according to the information from the farmers.
In June, we observed phytoplasma-infected (called MLO in past days) farms (#5, #10, #13, #14,
and #19) by Orosius albicinctus, a variety of Leafhoppers, with their cultivating sesame. In July,37

we observed the occurrence at furthermore farms (#1 - 7, #9 - 17, #19 and #20) including a farmwith intense outbreaks (#14, the parasitized stock rate of 47%). It was assumed that the significant
yield decrease was occurring as the pathopoiesis stumps reduce the number of pod settings or
stopped pod setting. It was assumed that the sesames were infected during their cultivation former
period by Leafhoppers but they were observed not only with them but also with those in thecultivation latter period. They were captured with the yellow sticky trap as well. The occurrencesof the Leafhoppers were observed in many farms, but it seemed not to be a plague. However, it isnecessary to take deliberate countermeasures as it is considered that the vector has high capability
in phytoplasma transmission.

38

Table 3-5. Sesami insect pests on sesame in Myanmar (Sweeping method and direct counting method, June, 2017)
Pentatomidae
Pyrrhocoridae
Scarababidae Pyralidae Sphingidae
Lygaeidae
0
0
4
0
0
#1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
#2
#3
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
#4
0 0 (MLO 1%)
0
0
0
#5
1
0
0
#6
0
3
0
0
1
0
#7
0
2
0
0
0 (Virus 3%)
1
2
2
0
#8
5
1
0
#9
0
0
0
0
#10
0 (Virus 4%) 0 (MLO 14%)
2
0
0
0
0
0
#11
0
0
1
0
#12
0
0
0
0
0
0
#13
0 (Virus 2%) 1 (MLO 15%)
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
#14
0 7 (MLO 1%)
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
#15
0
#16
0
0
0
0
0
#17
0
3
1
0
0
0
#18
0
3
0
0
0
0
0 1 (MLO 1%)
0
0
0
0
#19
#20
0
1
1
0
0
0
#4 Y trap0
3
0#4 Y trap0
7
0#5 Y trap0
10
0#5 Y trap0110Note 1: Sweepimgs were carrid out 20 times with an insect net (36 cm in diameter) in each point.
Note 2: In direct counting method, the individual number is indicated as total numbers.
Note 3: Yellow sticy traps (Y traps: 20 × 10cm) were set for three days in #4 and #5.
Note 4: MLO (Mycoplasma-liked organism) is called Phytoplasma.
Abbr.

Aphididae

Cicadellidae

39

Arcitiidae

Noctuidae
budworms, cutworms, etc.

Other Remarks

0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0

2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0 Direct0 Sweeping
0 Sweeping
0 Swepping
0 Direct0 Sweeping
0 Sｗeeping
0 Sweeping
0 Sweeping
0 Swepping
0 Sweeping
0 Sweeping
0 Swepping
0 Sweeping
0 Direct0 Sweeping
0 Sweeping
0 Sweeping
0 Sweeping
0 Sweeping

Table 3-6. Sesami insect pests on sesame in Myanmar (Sweeping method and direct counting method, July, 2017)
Pentatomidae
Scarababidae Pyralidae Sphingidae
Pyrrhocoridae
Lygaeidae#10 (Virus 1%） 6(MLO 11%)
1
0
0
0
#2
0 (0%) 7(MLO 9%)
0
0
0
0
#3
0 (0%) 3(MLO 5%)
0
0
0
0
#4
0 (0%) 3(MLO 7% )
0
0
0
0
#5
0 (0%) 2(MLO 2%)
0
0
0
0
#6
0 (0%) 4(MLO 8%)00000 (Virus 1%） 0(MLO 3%)
6
0
0
0
#7
#8
0
0
0
0
0
0
#9
0 (0%) 2(MLO 10%)
0
0
0
0
#10
0 (0%) 0(MLO 41%)
0
0
0
0
#11
0 (Virus 1%) 1(MLO 10%)
1
0
0
0
#12
0 (0%) 1(MLO 8%)
0
0
0
0
#13
0 (0%) 0(MLO 4%)
0
0
0
0
#14
0 (0%) 1(MLO 47%)
2
0
0
0
#15
0 (0%) 1(MLO 3%)
0
0
0
0
#16
0 (0%) 1(MLO 33%)
1
0
0
0
#17
0 (0%) 0(MLO 25%)
0
0
0
0
#18
0
0
0
0
0
0
#19
0 (0%)(MLO 0%)
4
0
0
0
#20
0 (0%)(MLO 0%)1
0
0
0#10 Y trap0
17
0
#12 Y trap0
6
0
#16 Y trap0
2
0
#17 Y trap01
1
Note: Yellow sticy traps (Y traps: 20 × 10cm) were set for two days in #10, #12, #16 and #17.
Abbr.

Aphididae

Cicadellidae

40

Arcitiidae

Noctuidae
Remarks
budworms, cutworms, etc

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0 Sweeping
0 Sweeping
1 Sweeping
0 Sweeping
0 Sweeping
0 Sweeping
0 Sweeping
0 Direct0 Sweeping
0 Sweeping
0 Sweeping
0 Sweeping
0 Sweeping
0 Sweeping
0 Sweeping
0 Sweeping
0 Sweeping
0 Direct0 Sweeping
0 Sweeping

The occurrence of virus disease was observed. Although the number of farms with virus disease
were less than those of phytoplasma, it could cause of the extreme yield decrease as sesame willstop pod setting when virus disease occurs. Although it seems that virus disease is transmitted
mainly by Aphids, we could not confirm them on the sesame plant body in this investigation
period. We could not capture Aphids even with the yellow sticky trap which attracts Aphids. As
we have less perception information on virus disease for sesame, it seems necessary to clarify its
transmission method, such as an existence of other varieties of vectors or contact infection. The
significant damage would be caused if they have a huge outbreak of Pyralid moths, Tiger moths
or Owlet moths (Cutworms), but the density was low in this investigation. Rhizoctonia disease
was observed in the cultivation latter period other than phytoplasma disease and the virus disease.
Stink bugs or Tiger moths were found with the sesame during the drying at post-harvest farms.
The damage at this time is not very clear, but it is considered not to be significant. In any case,use of the insecticides should be avoided from the view point of pesticide residue countermeasure
at this stage. The net covering is effective against Stink bugs.
Stink bugs or Tiger moths were found with the sesame during the drying at post-harvest farms.
It is told that Termitidae also gives the damages. Use of the insecticides should be avoided to getaway from the pesticide residue issue even if the pests were occurring during the drying period.
Therefore, it is not recommendable to dry it at farms from the view point of pest issues.
Furthermore, it is also pointed out that drying at the farms lowers the quality of sesame.
(2) Investigation result on the pests of weeds
Investigation result of the peripheral weeds around sesame farms are as indicated in Table 3-7
and Table 3-8. Leafhoppers, Stink bugs, Sphinx moths and Owlet moths were detected, and they
were thought as the sesame pests. Many Leafhoppers occurred in peripheral weeds, and it is
supposed that they are involved in the phytoplasma transmission.
(3) Outline of Myanmar's sesame pests
The biology of sesame main insect pests confirmed in the investigation of the sesame andperipheral weeds are as follows (Crop protection branch, 1999; Toshihiko Sato, Syuichi
Yamashita, Yasuo Honma, 2001; NARO Bio-oriented Technology Research Organization, 2006).

41

Table 3-7. Sesami insect pests on weeds in Myanmar (Sweeping method, June, 2017)
Abbr.

42

#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
#15
#16
#17
#18
#19
#20

Aphididae Cicadellidae

Pentatomidae
Pyrrhocoridae
Lygaeidae

Scarababidae

Pyralidae

Sphingidae

Arcitiidae

Noctuidae
budworms, cutworms, etc.

Other Remarks

Un-investigation
0
0
0

4
3
0

0
0
3

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0

3
0

2
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
2

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

8

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

Un-investigation

Un-investigation
Un-investigation

Un-investigation
Un-investigation
Un-investigation
Un-investigation
Un-investigation
Un-investigation
Un-investigation

Table 3-8. Sesami insect pests on weeds in Myanmar (Sweeping method, July, 2017)
Abbr.

43

#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
#15
#16
#17
#18
#19
#20

0
0

1
2

Pentatomidae
Pyrrhocoridae
Lygaeidae
1
0

0

1
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0

3

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

Aphididae Cicadellidae

Noctuidae
Remarks
budworms, cutworms, etc.

Scarababidae

Pyralidae

Sphingidae

Arcitiidae

0
0

0
0

1
0

0
0

3
0

Un-investigation

Un-investigation
Un-investigation
Un-investigation
Un-investigation
Un-investigation
Un-investigation
Un-investigation
Un-investigation
Un-investigation
Un-investigation
Un-investigation
Un-investigation

(i) Aphids (family: Aphididae)
Peach-potato aphid (family: Myzus persicae), Glasshouse-potato aphid (family: Aulacorthum
solani): we could not detect Aphids but confirmed the virus disease with sesame in Myanmar. It
is thought that it is transmitted by Aphids, but the detailed relation between Aphids and the virus
disease to sesame is not very clear. It is inferred that Peach-potato aphid is found in sesame of
Myanmar. One hundred ninety nine species, out of the insects belongs to Aphididae, so-called
Aphids, are known as the pests (The Japanese Society of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 2006).
Among many Aphids, Peach-potato aphid and Glasshouse-potato aphid are widely observed
globally and attack many agricultural products. They are troublesome pests. They not only suckthe agricultural products but also transmit the virus disease.
(ii) Leafhoppers (family: Cicadellidae)
Sesamum jassid, a kind of Spotted leafhopper (family: Orosius albicinctus): the phytoplasma
disease is breaking out at sesame farms in Myanmar. The details are not clarified yet, but thevectors seem to be this species. In Japan, Recilia (Inazuma) dorsalis and Orosius orientalis inhabit
and it is known that they are transmitting phytoplasma to rice or vegetables.
(iii) Stink bugs (family: Pentatomidae), Pyrrhocorid bugs (family: Pyrrhocoridae), Lygaeid bugs
(family: Lygaeidae)
a. Southern green stink bugs (family: Nezara viridula): the stink bugs, which seemed to belong
to this species, were detected with Myanmar sesame. They give sucking damages to the various
agricultural products including sesame. Basically, they are green-colored but the type with whiteand yellow belts are observed. It looks like a green Nezara antennata.
b. Pyrrhocorid bugs (family: Dysdercus spp.): detected very often with sesame in Myanmar. They
seem to be the pests to okra or cotton but the possibility for sesame to be attacked is high.
c. Sesamum seed bugs, a kind of Lygaeid bugs (family: Aphamus sordidus): Lygaeid bugs, which
seemed to belong to this species, were detected with Myanmar sesame. This species give sucking
damage to the sesame in the drying period of harvest latter period or post-harvest.
(iv) Scarabs (family: Scarababidae)
Sesamum black beetle, a kind of Scarabs (family: Anomala antiqua): outbreaks of the larvas,
which seemed to be of this species, were observed. The imagos give feeding damage to the leaves
and the larvas give feeding damage to the roots. The damages by the larvas are significant. It is
told that Japanese beetles (family: Popillia japonica) also give damages. The imago lays eggs
preferring the soil with rich organic substances.

44

(v) Pyralid moths (family: Pyralidae)
Sesamum leaf roller, a kind of Pyralid moths (family: Antigastra catalaunalis): most common
pest in Myanmar, and also detected in this investigation. This gives the damage by bind the young
sesame leaves together.
(vi) Sphinx moths (family: Sphingidae)
Death's head (family: Acherontia styx): it was told that this species attack sesame in Myanmar,
but we could not detect with sesame. We picked the larvas of Sphinx moths with weeds but could
not clarify the species name. The larvas of Death's head give feeding damage not only to sesame
but also to eggplants potatoes or peppers. The aged larva of this species is extremely large (bodylength: about 100mm) and has various body colors; green, yellow or brown. And, it has slick skin.
The imago has a human-face-looking pattern on its back. The imago does not attack. The larva of
Sphinx moths has a spiniform organ called "cercus". There are various opinions on its function.
It looks scary if you are not familiar with an insect. And, Psilogramma incretum also attacks
sesame.
(vii) Tiger moths (family: Arcitiidae)
Common hairy caterpillar, a kind of Lemyra imparilis (family: Spilosoma obliqua): they weredetected with sesame in cultivation latter period or during drying. It consumes an extreme amountof leaves. It belongs to the same family with Hyphantria cunea which attacks the street trees inJapan.
(viii) Owlet moths (Cutworms) (family: Noctuidae)
Tobacco budworm (family: Helicoverpa armigera), Spodoptera litura (family: Noctuidae): it
seems that sesame in Myanmar are attacked by various Owlet moths. We detected Owlet moths,e.g. Tobacco budworm, in this investigation.
(xi) Others
Nematodes (family: Pratylenchidae) and others: we did not investigate targeting Nematode thistime, but Nematode is being generated according to the farmers and they control it withcarbofuran (carbamate insecticide). As for other diseases than virus disease and phytoplasma
disease, the occurrence of Rhizoctonia disease was high (pathopoiesis stump rate at outbreakfarms were 9%).
5) Natural enemies of sesame pest occurrence status
The sesame insect pests also have a wide variety of natural enemies. According to the45information collected in Japan, Parasitic wasps, Ladybird beetles, Green lacewings, Predaceous
bugs (Leaf bugs or Assassin bugs), Hoverflies, Gall midges, Phytoseiid mites or Spiders are
known as natural enemies (Japan Plant Protection Association, 2006; Rural Culture Association
Japan, 2016) It is considered that these natural enemies can be the great selection pressure toprevent proliferation of the pests at farms as the native natural enemies. In the sesame production
area of Kikai-ga-jima of Kagoshima prefecture, Nesisiocoris tenuis is being observed (based on
the information from Oshima Branch, Kagoshima Prefectural Institute for Agricultural
Development). However, Nesisiocoris tenuis sometimes attacks sesame, and it has also thefunctionalities as a pest.
We conducted our investigation at the sesame farms and peripheral land with weeds to clarify
the natural enemies to sesame pest occurrence status in Myanmar. As the results of that, we
confirmed the natural enemy occurrence status as follows.
(1) Natural enemies to sesame pest investigation result
Investigation result of natural enemies to sesame pests are as indicated in Table 3-9 and Table
3-10. We confirmed the occurrence of Green lacewings, Ladybird beetles, Parasitic wasps,
Predaceous bugs, and Spiders with sesame during cultivation. In addition, many Dragonflies are
flying and coming for preying activity during sesame husking. However, the natural enemy
complex is not generally rich enough.

46

Table 3-9. Natural enemies on sesame in Myanmar (Sweeping method and direct
counting method, June, 2017)

Abbr.
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
#15
#16
#17
#18
#19
#20
#4 Y trap#4 Y trap#5 Y trap#5 Y trap

Chrysopidae Coccinellidae
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Parasitic wasps
Eulophidae
Braconidae etc.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
3
0
1
2
0
0
0
0

47

Predatory bugs
Miridae
Araneae
Geocoridae
Reduvidae
0
0
2
1
3
1
5
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
1
2
1
1
3

Other Remarks
Earwig 1 Direct
0 Sweeping
0 Direct0 Swepping
0 Direct0 Sweeping
0 Sｗeeping
0 Sweeping
0 Sweeping
0 Swepping
0 Sweeping
0 Sweeping
0 Swepping
0 Sweeping
0 Direct0 Sweeping
0 Sweeping
0 Sweeping
0 Sweeping
0 Sweeping

Table 3-10. Natural enemies on sesame in Myanmar (Sweeping method and direct
counting method, July, 2017)

Abbr.

#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
#15
#16
#17
#18
#19
#20
#10 Y trap
#12 Y trap
#16 Y trap
#17 Y trap

Chrysopidae

Coccinellidae

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0

Parasitic wasps
Eulophidae
Braconidae
etc.

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0

Predatory bugs
Miridae
Geocoridae
Reduvidae

1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
1

0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0

Araneae
Remarks
Thomisidae etc.
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
2

(2) Investigation result on the natural enemies with weeds
Investigation result of the peripheral weeds around sesame farms are as indicated in Table 311 and Table 3-12. We detected Parasitic wasps, Predaceous bugs and Spiders as the natural
enemies. The varieties of natural enemies with peripheral weeds are small and the density was
also low.

48

Table 3-11. Natural enemies on weeds in Myanmar (Sweeping method, June 2017)

Abbr.

Chrysopidae

#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
#15
#16
#17
#18
#19
#20

Non-investigation000
Non-investigation00
Non-investigation
Non-investigation00
Non-investigation
Non-investigation
Non-investigation
Non-investigation
Non-investigation0
Non-investigation
Non-investigation
0

Parasitic wasps
Eulophidae
Coccinellidae
Braconidae
etc.

Predatory bugs
Miridae
Geocoridae
Reduvidae

Thomisidae etc.

Other Remarks

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
5

1
0
2

0
0
0

0
0

1
0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0

0

0

0

0

0

3

0

0

0

49

Table 3-12. Natural enemies on weeds in Myanmar (Sweeping method, July, 2017)

Abbr.

Chrysopidae

#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
#15
#16
#17
#18
#19
#20

0
0
Non-investigation00
Non-investigation
Non-investigation0
Non-investigation
Non-investigation0
Non-investigation
Non-investigation
Non-investigation
Non-investigation
Non-investigation
Non-investigation
Non-investigation
Non-investigation
0

Parasitic wasps
Eulophidae
Coccinellidae
Braconidae
etc.

Predatory bugs
AraneaeMiridae
Remarks
Geocoridae Thomisidae etc.
Reduvidae

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

(3) Outline of Myanmar's natural enemies to sesame pests
The biology of the main natural enemies to sesame pests confirmed by the investigation on
sesame and peripheral weeds are as follows (Rural Culture Association Japan, 2016).
(i) Green lacewings (family: Chrysopidae)
The larvas prey Aphids, Red spider mites or Thrips. Chrysoperla carnera formulation (productname: Kagetaro) targeting Aphids is sold in Japan.
(ii) Ladybird beetles (family: Coccinellidae)
Both imagos and larvas prey Aphids or Scale insects. Harmonia axyridis formulation (productname: Ten-Top) and for Propylea japonica (product name: Kamenoko S) targeting Aphids are
sold in Japan.
(iii) Parasitic wasps (family: Braconida or Eulophidae)
The Parasitic wasps as the native natural enemy like Parasitoid wasps mainly attack Lepidoptera
pests (Owlet moths, Sphinx moths or Tiger moths). And, Aphids are also attacked by Parasitic
50wasps. Many parasitic wasp formulations are sold in Japan such as Aphidius colemani
formulation (product name: Aphipar or Cole-Top) targeting Aphids.
(iv) Predaceous bugs (family: Miridae, Geocoridae and Reduvidae)
a. Leaf bugs: powerful natural enemies to Thrips or Whiteflies who are the natural enemies tovegetables or flowering plants. Nesisiocoris tenuis is a well-known one. They sometimes givesucking damage to the agricultural products but the damage is small.
b. Big-eyed bugs: both imagos and larvas prey the young larvas of Thrips, Red spider mites,
Aphids, Whiteflies and Lepidoptera. Geocoris varius formulation (product name: Oome-Top) is
planned to be sold targeting Thrips.
c. Assassin bugs: prey various varieties of insects. Attention must be paid to them, as some ofthese varieties bite human varieties to transmit the infection (Chagas' disease).
6) Control method of sesame pests
There are various control methods to exterminate pests. They can be classified, for descriptive
purposes, into "chemical control method, physical control method, ecological (cultural) control
method, biological control method". Various control measures are also taken in Myanmar (Cropprotection branch, 1999). We would like to introduce the actual status of sesame cultivation in
Myanmar to consider the desirable control methods.
MAFF formulated the IPM Practice Guidelines (MAFF, 2005) which introduced the basic lineof thinking on IPM (Integrated Pest Management) to recommend its practice in agricultural
products cultivation. IPM theory was recognized all over the world, and it is considered that
Myanmar should introduce it in its sesame cultivation. In order to do so, it is required to conductvarious investigations and researches (biology clarification of the pests and natural enemies,
establishment of the occurrence forecasting technology, damage analysis, development of thevarious control methods, and preparation of the IPM manual). First of all, it is needed to analyze
the biology of the insect pests and natural enemies to develop the various control methods of them.
These procedures agree with GAP (Good Agricultural Practice) spirit Myanmar is promoting.
(1) Chemical control method
In Myanmar, various restrictions have been enforced on chemical pesticides. Also, the risk ofpesticides is assessed (Peeters et al., 2015). The following eight pesticides including deltamethrin
and phenthoate are recommended in Myanmar as pesticides to be used for sesame (Table 3-13).

51

Table 3-13． Main insecticides recommended for sesame insect pests in Myanmar
Component nameMain trade nameCharacteristic> synthetic pyrethroid insecticidedeltamethrin 2.5% EC
Decis> cotton bollworm> organophosphorus insecticide> sesamum leaf roller
diazinon 40.0% EC
Diazinon> death's head moth> common hairy caterpillar> sesamum blask beetle> organophosphorus insecticide
dimathoate 40.0% EC
Dimathoate> esamum jassid> sesamum leaf roller> organophosphorus insecticide
fenitrothion 50.0% EC
Sumithion> death's head moth> sesamum blask beetle> synthetic pyrethroid compound insecticide
fenpropathrin 10.0% EC
Danitol> sesamum jassid> neonicotinoid insecticide
imidacloprid 70.0% D and 20.0% WP
Gaucho and DOZER> sesamum jassid> organophosphorus insecticidemalathion 50.0% EC
unknown> death's head moth> organophosphorus insecticide
phenthoate 50.0% EC
unknown> cotton bollworm> common hairy caterpillar
Source: Main insecticides were quoted from the technical booklet of Crop protection branch, Myanmar in 1999.

These chemical pesticides are described in “Pests affecting sesamum plants in Myanmar”(original version is written in Burmese) issued by Plant protection division (1999) with their usage
instructions. This technical data (Initial edition was issued in 1999, number of revised version is
unclear) is still widely used by the DOA and DAR as a guidance for diseases and pests of sesame.
Seven pesticides excluding deltamethrin of the eight pesticides shown in the data are used in Japanas of 2017.
The DOA and DAR impose tough guidance on farmers about usage of chemical pesticides
keeping issues of pesticide residue in mind. Farmers answered they follow the guidance ininterviews. However, some farmers did not necessarily understand proper use of proper pesticides
and others did not grasp the details as they were as they outsourced pesticide inputs.
(i) Deltamethrin 2.5% emulsion (Representative product name: Decis)
Synthetic pyrethroid pesticide. Effective for worms of lepidopterous pests and stink bugs. It is
used for Helicoverpa armigera on sesame. It seems to be used for hygiene pests (mosquitoes andflies). It is not sold in Japan.
(ii) Diazinon 40.0% emulsion (Representative product name: Diazinon)
A highly pervious organophosphorous pesticide. Effective for ant cows, dodgers, worms of52

lepidopterous pests and chafers. It is used for a form of pyralids, Eastern Death's Head hawkmoths,
a form of tiger moths and a form of chafers on sesame. In Japan, diazinon 40.0% (Product name:
Diazinon Emulsion etc.), 5.0%% (Product name: Diazinon Granule etc.) and 25.0% (Productname: Diazinon Cupsule etc.) are sold. Diazinon 5.0% is available for chafers on sesame.
(iii) Dimethoate 40.0% emulsion (Representative product name: Dimethoate)
A highly pervious organophosphorous pesticide. Effective for ant cows and dodgers. It is used for
a form of dodgers and a form of pyralids. In Japan, dimethoate 43.0% (Product name: Dimethoate
Emulsion etc.) and 5.0%% (Product name: Dimethoate Granule etc.) are sold.
(iv) Fenitrothion 50.0% emulsion (Product name: Sumithion)
Organophosphorous pesticide with a lower zoonotic toxicity developed by Sumitomo Chemical
Co. Effective for ant cows, worms of lepidopterous pests, stink bugs and chafers. It is used for
Eastern Death's Head hawkmoths and a form of chafers on sesame. In Japan, fenitrothion 50%(Product name: Sumithion Emulsion etc.) is sold. It has been widely used for a long time in Japan(registered in 1961).
(v) Fenpropathrin 10.0% (Product name: Danitol)
Synthetic pyrethroid pesticide with lower zoonotic toxicity developed by Sumitomo Chemical Co.
Effective for ant cows, worms of lepidopterous pests and red spiders. It is used for a form ofdodger. In Japan, fenpropathrin 70.0% (Product name: Rody Emulsion etc.) is sold.
(vi) Imidacloprid 70.0% powder, 20.0% wettable powder (Representative product name: Gaucho,
DOZER)
Neonicotinoid pesticide with a penetration transfer activity and a higher residual efficacy.
Effective for ant cows, dodgers and beetles. It is used for seed treatment intended for dodgers on
sesame. In Japan, imidacloprid 70.0% (Product name: Gaucho Powder etc.) and 20.0% (Productname: ADMIRE Flowable Wettable Powder etc.) are sold.
(vii) Malathion 50.0% emulsion (Representative product name: Unknown)
Organophosphorous pesticide. Effective for sucking pests (ant cows and dodgers etc.) andchewing pests (worms of lepidopterous pests etc.) It is used for Eastern Death's Head hawkmoths
on sesame. In Japan, malathion 50% (Product name: Malathion Emulsion etc.) is sold.
(viii) Phenthoate 50.0% emulsion (Representative product name: Unknown)
Organophosphorous pesticide. Effective for ant cows, worms of lepidopterous pests and stink53

bugs. It is used for Helicoverpa armigera anda form of tiger moths on sesame. In Japan,
phenthoate 20.0% (Product name: Elsan Emulsion etc.) is sold.
As a result of interviews with farmers and pesticide shops, it was found that pesticide shops
sold the following pesticides. In addition to the eight pesticides described above, the following
pesticides are widely used. Though they seem to be effective for various sesame pests, availability
on sesame, utilization and problems are unclear.
(i) Acephate, Representative product name: AZPHATE
A highly pervious organophosphorous pesticide. Effective for ant cows and worms oflepidopterous pests. In Japan, acephate 15.0% (Product name: Acephate etc.) and 50.0%%(Product name: Acephate Wettable Powder etc.) are sold.
(ii) Acetamiprido and lambda-cyhalothrin admixture (Representative product name: Better)
This is an admixture. Acetamiprid is a neonicotinoid pesticide like imidacloprid with a penetrationtransfer activity. Effective for worms of lepidopterous pests etc. Cyhalothrin is a synthetic
pyrethroid pesticide. Beneficially effective for worms of lepidopterous pests etc. In Japan,
acetamiprid 15.0% (Product name: Mospilan Liquid etc.) and cyhalothrin 5.0%% (Product name:
Cyhalothrin Wettable Powder etc.) are sold.
(iii) Aluminum phosphide, Representative product name: Unknown
Aluminum phosphide fumigant effective for grain-storage insects. It is used for fumigation of
sesame. In Japan, aluminum phosphide (Peoduct name: Epifume, Hostxin Fumigation etc.) andused for grain-storage insects on sesame.
(iv) Carbofuran, Representative product name: Fradan
Carbamat pesticide effective for various pests in addition to nematodes. However, it has a strong
zoonotic toxicity and a heavy environmental load. In Japan, carbofuran derivative carbosulfan
3.0% and 5.0% (Product name: Gazette Granule, Advantage Granule etc.) is sold.
(v) Chlorpyrifos, Representative product name: Phosdrin
Organophosphorous pesticide. Effective for worms of lepidopterous pests etc. In Japan,
chlorpyrifos 40.0% (Product name: Dursban Emulsion etc.) is sold.
(vi) Admixture of emamectin benzoate and lambda-cyhalothrin1, Representative product name:
TALAM
54

Emamectin benzoate is a macrolide pesticide. Effective for various pests such as worms oflepidopterous pests etc. In Japan, emamectin benzoate 1.0% (Product name: Affirm Emulsionetc.) is sold.
(vii) Permethrin, Representative product name: Unknown
Pyrethroid pesticide. Effective for ant cows, dodgers, worms of lepidopterous pests and stink bugs.
In Japan, permethrin 20.0% (Product name: Adion Emulsion etc.) is sold.
Meanwhile, a limited number of pesticides are available in Japan. Though 4,000 types ofpesticides, only five are available for sesame (Japan Plant Protection Association, 2015, 2017).
As pesticides, permethrin 20.0%, saccharified reduced starch 60.0%, chlorantraniliprole 5.0% anddiazinon 5.0% are available in japan (Table 3-14). As a disinfectant for a bacterial blight diseaseand copper hydroxide 61.4% (40.0% as copper) (Product name: Kocide DF) are available.
Table 3-14．Permitted insecticides to sesame insect pests in Japan

Component nameMain trade namechlorantraniliprore 5.0% WP

Prevathondiazinon 40.0% GR

Diazinonpermethrin 20.0% EC

Adionsaccharified reduced starch 60.0% SL

Ecopita

Characteristic> diamide insecticide> cotton bollworm> organophosphorus insecticide> cutworms> synsetic pyrethroid insecticide> aphids> polysaccharides insecticide> aphids(i) Chlorantraniliprore 5.0% (Representative product name: Prebason Flowable)
Diamide pesticide. It is available for sesame under the following conditions: Target: Helicoverpa
armigera, Dilution ratio: 2,000 times, Dispersal period: By 14 days before harvesting, Number oftimes of dispersal: Twice, Amount of dispersal: 100-300L/10a Granule is also available inaddition to wettable powder. As to crops other than sesame, it is used for worms of lepidopterous
pests (including cutworms) and leafminers.
(ii) Diazinon 5.0% (Representative product name: Diazinon Granule 5)
Organophosphorous pesticide. It is available for sesame under the following conditions: Target:
Cutworm, Dispersal period and Number of times of dispersal: Once before sowing, Amount ofdispersal: 6kg/10a Emulsion, water poweder and microcapsule are available in addition to granule.
As to crops other than sesame, it is used for ant cows, worms of lepidopterous pests (including55

cutworms), worms of chafers, mole crickets and seed‐corn flies.
(iii) Permethrin 20.0%, Representative product name: Adion Emulsion)
Synthetic pyrethroid pesticide. It is available for sesame under the following conditions: Target:
Ant cows, Dilution ratio: 2,000 times, Dispersal period: By three days before harvesting, Numberof times of dispersal: Three times or fewer, Amount of dispersal: 100-300L/10a Liquid, water
powder and granule are available in addition to emulsion. As to crops other than sesame, it is used
for worms of lepidopterous pests and stink bugs.
(iv) Saccharified reduced starch 60.0% (Representative product name: Ecopita Liquid)
It is an oligosaccharide-derived saccharified reduced starch (even used in food), producing an
insecticidal effect by blocking spiracles of pests. It is available for sesame under the following
conditions: Target: Ant cows, Dilution ratio: 100 times, Dispersal period: By the day before
harvesting, Number of times of dispersal: No limit, Amount of dispersal: 100-300L/10a As tocrops other than sesame, it is used for red spiders, whiteflies and powdery mildew.
(2) Physical control method
Physical control methods such as capture and killing, blocking, measures using light, color andheat are safe control methods. Especially, capture and killing is the most basic control method
requiring no special materials. Other than capture and killing, insect screening, reflective multisheets and yellow and blue sticky boards are effective. Physical control methods have gained an
important position in IPM (Integrated Pest Management), which should be introduced as they are
safe.
Capture and killing of worms of hawk moths and noctuids is effective for cultivation of sesame
in Myanmar. Insect screening (net spreading) can be easily introduced at an agricultural field in
the drying period.
(3) Ecological and cultural control method
Ecological and cultural control methods by rotational cropping, companion cropping,intercropping, transplanting, cleaning, barrier crops, antagonistic plants, maturing management
and resistant varieties prevent pests from propagating themselves. Many farmers have introduced
the methods on an empirical basis.
Growing gramineous crops (corns and sorgos etc.) around sesame as barrier crops can reduceparasitism of ant cows on sesame. They also have a windbreak effect. Sesame is a crop unsuitablefor continuous cropping. Avoiding continuous cropping can reduce diseases and nematodes.
Improving drainage performance of an agricultural field has a positive impact on cultivation of56

sesame. Introducing these methods in Myanmar can create an agricultural environment suitablefor cultivation of sesame.
(4) Biological control method
Biological control methods are ones using natural enemy pesticides and indigenous natural
enemies. Natural enemy pesticides are also called biopesticides and used as pesticides. A varietyof biopesticides are sold now (Japan Plant Protection Association, 2006, 2015; Rural Culture
Association Japan, 2016). In the global trends for safety of agricultural products, cultivation crops
with as little chemical pesticide use as possible has been promoted. Biopesticides are actively
used for minute pests difficult to be controlled only by chemical pesticides (whiteflies, thrips, ant
cows and red spiders).
Indigenous natural enemies are used to an anti-pest agricultural field. There is a move topromote use of indigenous natural enemies in IPS, which is called Biointensive IPM. Plants
preserving natural enemies (sesame, gombo, sorgo and flowers etc.) are planted around crops topropagate and preserve indigenous natural enemies. Sesame, well known as a plant preserving
natural enemies, is used to propagate and preserve mirid stink bugs. Control by propagating
natural enemies and placing banker plants is practiced in greenhouses and PVC greenhouses. It iscalled the banker method as natural enemies are deposited to these plants and withdrawn whenpests break out. In cultivation for preserving natural enemies, selective pesticides (insect growth
inhibitors and biopesticides etc.) least disruptive to natural enemies are used in a least disruptive
manner.
Pheromone, categorized into one of biopesticides, is available for sesame pests. A mating
disruptor (Product name: Konagakon) for Helicoverpa armigera has been developed. Though thismethod is extremely effective to disrupt mating of adults and reduce the next-occurrence density,
it requires money and time. It must be worked on by the village level, not by individual level. It
is worthwhile to introduce in areas damaged the most by Helicoverpa armigera.
According to Myint (2005), control of goldeneyes (Target: Ant cows and mealy bugs),
Andrallus spinidens, Eocanthecona furcellata (Target: Helicoverpa armigera), entomopathogenic
fungi Metharizium anisopliae (Target: Worms of lepidopterous pests) is attempted in Myanmar.
Furthermore, neem flowable and Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) water powder are also used.
Though various indigenous natural enemies live in weeds in and around sesame farms, theoverall natural enemy fauna is not so rich. It is necessary to promote investigations of propagationof indigenous natural enemies and take measures to propagate them. Furthermore, it is desirable
to share recognition on natural enemies with persons concerned in plant protection (farms,
pesticide dealers, extension officers, research workers and administrative workers etc.). Thisdevelops an atmosphere conducive to protection of indigenous natural enemies.
577) Technology transfer and sharing of information
In the second dispatch, a workshop (WS) for sesame was held in study regions, Magway T/Sand Nay Pyi Taw for technology transfer and sharing of information. The DOA provided topics
related to soil and fertilizers, and diseases and pests. The DAR provided topics related to variety.
The Japanese side provided topics related to soil and fertilizers, and diseases and pests. A practicaldebate was sparked up among farmers and the DOA, DAR, persons concerned in various projects
and information was shared among those involved.
In the WS, the following topics related to diseases and pests were debated.
(1) Solution for the problem of pesticide residue(2) Period of using pesticides(3) Problematic diseases and pests(4) Recognition of the problems of pesticide residue and diseases and pests(5) Method and period of drying after harvesting
4. Important point on technologies
It seems that it has been generally recognized that there remain problems on “pesticide residue” ,not on “diseases and pests” about sesame in Myanmar. However, it is a factual error. There areproblems of diseases and pests in Myanmar, which farmers are very concerned about. Those
involved must recognize the problems of diseases and pests underlie those of pesticide residue.
Therefore, points relating to technology are listed below.
1) Ecological knowledge
It is necessary to accumulate ecological knowledge on major diseases and insect pests ofsesame to solve the problems. For example, damage caused by phytoplasma transmitted by a formof dodgers was thought to be the most serious in this survey. Information on annual propagationand survival of phytoplasma transmitting pests (density and period of propagation) is importantto effectively control them. Public research institutions and extension institutions must survey
temporal propagation and survival of major pests including transmitting ones by cropping typeannually. As propagation and survival vary depending on the year, they must be surveyed annually.
Accumulated data is indispensable for control of diseases and pests.
2) Various control methods
Various control methods (chemical, physical, ecological and cultural and biological methods)
must be applied based on ecological information. Therefore, public institutions must develop
various technologies concerning the control methods. Furthermore, seeing protection from58

diseases and pests from a viewpoint of IPM (Integrated Pest Management), we would like to build
an anti-pest environment, predict propagation of diseases and pests, analyze damage and build
IMP for sesame original to Myanmar based on these technologies.
3) Conveyance of information
We will try to convey ecological information of major diseases and pests and information oncontrol methods to farmers through seminars and delivery of technical data. Extension officers
and research workers of public institutions can keep communication with farmers by visiting themfrequently for surveys. In Myanmar, farmers seem to obtain information on diseases and pests
and protection from pesticide dealers etc. In cooperation with pesticide dealers etc., public
institutions must be careful to prevent protection heavily depending on chemical pesticides.
4) Proper use of proper pesticides
Chemical pesticides (pesticides and germicides etc.) are not always used properly. For example,
some chemical pesticides available for agricultural products are widely used even if they don’t
target sesame. Pesticides must be selected from various viewpoints such as an effect of protectingfrom diseases and pests, zoonotic toxicity, influence on environment and pesticide residue.
Furthermore, the effect of protecting from diseases and pests, dispersion period and diluteconcentration etc. under the sesame cultivation in Myanmar must be clarified and labeled onpesticide containers. Farmers must understand the labels and observe the target crops, target
diseases and pests, dispersal periods and dilute concentrations etc. Methods of dispersing
pesticides are also important. Though chemical pesticides are dispersed with toting-type
dispersers (manual and automatic), this method is unavailable in a large agricultural field.
5) Problems of pesticide residue and diseases and pests
Problems of diseases and pests underlie those of pesticide residue must be recognized. Those
involved seem to attend to analysis of dispersal periods when no problems of pesticide residue
occur and pesticide residue etc. In order to solve fundamental problems, it is required to clarify
the number of days of usage before investing and the remaining amount of pesticides anddetermine proper dispersal periods by type of chemical pesticides used for sesame. Analysis ofpesticide residue is important, though, proper use of proper pesticides must be practiced firstbased on ecological knowledge on major diseases and pests.

59

5. Technical proposal
Keeping important point on technologies in mind, we will make technological proposals aboutproblems of diseases and pests and pesticide residue on sesame. The DOA and DAR must provide
farmers with information on diseases and pests and proper control methods annually. For thispurpose, ecological investigation and research of major diseases and pests on sesame anddevelopment of various control methods are imperative. When chemical pesticides are used,proper use (dispersal periods and dispersal densities etc.) of proper pesticides (ones approved forsesame) must be familiarized.
Farmers are afraid and concerned about diseases and pests, which are unknown. It is fear andconcern about diseases and pests that causes the problems of diseases and pests. If appropriate
solutions are provided for the problems of diseases and insect pests sesame farmers can accept,
the problems will be automatically solved.
1) Before sowing(1) It is recommended to treat sesame seeds with imidacloprid (Crop protection branch, 1999).
Though we were not able to see the treatment, we obtained information “There is fear that
containers etc. to be used for treatment of sesame seeds with pesticides are also used for productsesame”.
(2) Seed sesame and product sesame must be clearly separated. When seed sesame treated withpesticides is excessive, it must not be sold as product one.
2) Preceding period of cultivation (Sowing period - flower initiation period: Vegetative growth
period)(1) Viruses and phytoplasmas are transmitted by ant cows and dodgers in this period, with damage
appearing in the latter period of cultivation. To prevent diseases, transmission must be prevented.
(2) Though it is difficult to find transmitting pests as they are minute, their propagation must be
confirmed in this period. Protection measures must be taken before propagation increases.
(3) Permeable organophosphorous pesticides are effective. Follow the instructions of the DOA
and DAR when selecting chemical pesticides.
(4) As an ecological and cultural control method, use of gramineous crops (corns and sorgos etc.)
seems to be effective to prevent small pests from entering agricultural fields.
3) Latter period of cultivation (Flowerage period - Harvesting period: Generative growth)(1) Disease symptoms caused by viruses and phytoplasmas become remarkable in this period. Asa physical control method, pathopoiesis stumps are removed and brought out of agricultural fields
60

as soon as they are found(2) Worms of lepidopterous pests with mouthparts propagate and sometimes cause a heavy
damage. Attention must be paid to worms of chafers as they east too many roots of sesame in thesoil. As a chemical control protection, synthetic pyrethroid and organophosphorous pesticides are
effective for worms of lepidopterous pests. For worms of chafers, dispersal of anorganophosphorous pesticide (granule) is effective.
(3) However, the Myanmar government instructs farmers to refrain from disperse pesticides in
the latter period of cultivation, It is inevitable as an emergency measure. However, as periods ofresidue depend on pesticides, the number of days when pesticides are used before harvesting
sesame under the cultivation environment in Myanmar must be clarified. Anyway, more detailed
instructions are required about the types and dispersal periods of pesticides.
(4) As a physical control method, capture and killing is effective. Though various biopesticides
are available, use of indigenous natural enemies is desirable in future years. Pay attention toorganic-rich soil as it induces egg laying of adult chafers.
4) Drying period after harvesting(1) Though pests such as stink bugs harm agricultural fields in the drying period after cultivation,
no chemical pesticides are not dispersed to prevent residual pesticides in this period.
(2) Farmers recognize drying is required in agricultural fields, it is no desirable in terms of pest
problems. As quality deterioration of sesame has been indicated, it is desirable to review thedrying periods and methods themselves.
(3) Agricultural work done by farmers for a long time frequently is rational to a certain degree in
their agricultural environments. Sun drying is widely used for various agricultural products. As
to reviewing the drying method for sesame, it is required to organize advantages anddisadvantages of drying in agricultural fields, clarify the reasons for proposing a new drying
method.
6. Major reference(1) Crop protection branch (1999) Pests affecting sesamum plants in Myanmar. Crop protection
branch, Myanmar agriculture enterprise, Myanmar, p. 23 (In Burmese).
(2) Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan HP (http://www.mofa.go.jp/) (Browsed in June, 2017)(3) Japan Meteorological Agency HP (http://www.jma.go.jp/) (Browsed in June, 2017)61

(4) Yu Kikuchi, Cho Lin, Naing Aung, Myo Taewoong (2016) Wather conditions of target areas
The project for development of water saving agriculture technology in the central dry zone,
Mandalay. 13 PP.
(5) JICA and Sanyo Consulting Inc (2013) Data collection survey on agriculture sector in the
republic of the union of Myanmar Final report. Japan international cooperation agency and Sanyo
consulting inc, Tokyo. 157 PP.
(6) Eiichi Kusano (2013) Agricultural situation in Myanmar Agriculture November issue (No.
1578) 62-66.
(7) Myint, U. M. (2005) Myanmar. In the proceedings Asia regional workshop: Implementation,
monitoring and observance: International code of conduct on the distribution and use of pesticides
published by FAO. http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/af340e/af340e0e.htm#bm14 (Browsed in July,2017).
(8) Major insect and other pests of economic plants in Japan (Revised and enlarged) (2006)
Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Tokyo 387 PP.
(9) Biopesticides + pheromone Guide Book 2006 (2006) Japan Institute of Plant Protection
Association of Japan, Tokyo 1,089 PP.
(10) Pesticide Handbook 2016 (Revised Edition) (2015) Japan Institute of Plant Protection
Association of Japan, Tokyo 1,089 PP.
(11) Plant protection 2017 (2017) Japan Institute of Plant Protection Association of Japan, Tokyo
210 PP.
(12) NAROPEDIA (2006) (National Agriculture and Food Research Organization) Rural Culture
Association Japan, Tokyo 2,003 PP.
(13) Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries HP (http://www.mofa.go.jp/) (Browsed in
June, 2017)(14) Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2005) Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Practical Guideline http://www.maff.go.jp/j/syouan/syokubo/gaicyu/g_ipm/ (Browsed in June,62

2017)(15) Encyclopedia of natural enemies and their use for biological control in IPM (2016) Rural
Culture Association Japan, Tokyo 776 PP.
(16) Peeters, F., J. van Meggelen and H. Schepers (2015) Crop protection and pesticide risk
assessment Myanmar -Towards sustainable agricultural production and export of high value
crops-. Alterra report 2621, p. 82.
(17) Kimihiko Sato, Shuichi Yamashita, Yasuo Honma, Handbook of diseases and insect pests inplant (2001) Asakura Publishing Co., Ltd., Tokyo 494 PP.
(18) Tomoko Yasumoto (2008) Factors affecting variation in the sesamin and sesamolin contentsof sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seeds, varietying of a new lignan-rich sesame cultivar andevaluation of the functionality of the seeds in fatty acid metabolism Bulletin of the National
Institute of Crop Science 9:27-61.

63

III Pesticide
Dr. Masahiko Kuwahara
1. Visited DOA Magway Office(June 23)
Director Mr. Khin Maung Win explained that they instructed farmers to improve methods ofusing pesticides and reduce the amount of usage according to the guideline of the GAP, focusedon postharvest usage of pesticides and recommended the use of less-toxic neem oil. They instructfarmers to use imidacloprid twice or fewer and avoid dispersing pesticides after flowering. He
also explained they asked Yangon for measurement of residual pesticides in agricultural products
and received a result that no pesticides remained in all samples last year. They answered ourquestion about which disturbed production of sesame in the area, pests or diseases, saying smoothrainfall after sowing is the most important and diseases and pests were not decisive factors.
2. Interviews with Pesticide Dealers(June 23)
Though we had interviews with three dealers, all pesticides they sold were registered pesticides
and no unregistered pesticides were confirmed. However, some of these pesticides containcarbofuran, which cannot be ude in Japan due to its high zoonotic toxicity and penetrating
migration characteristics and adverse effect on water creatures. It is necessary to clarify whetadministrative guidance has been rendered about the use of the pesticide.
It was revealed that a dealer recommended sesame farmers that visited the dealer to use
carbofuran in seed dressing at the time of sowing, admixture of acetamiprid or imidacloprid anda germicide in 30-45 days after sowing and admixture with synthetic pyrethroid such as
emamectin and cypermethrin in 60 days or later of the flower initiation period. Therefore, thedealer recommended pesticides that corresponded to purposes of controlling sucking pests withpesticides with penetrating migration characteristics and chewing pests with contact pesticides inthe sesame growth period. The dealer also recommended to disperse imidacloprid or acetamiprid
for stink bugs that damage shells stored outside on fields after sesame leaves and stems were
harvested.
3. Field survey (June 24-27)(June 24)
We conducted a survey on propagation of diseases and pests in Kyaung Su village and San Pya
village located in plains at low altitudes in Magway Region and had interviews with farmers about
propagation of diseases and pests and usage of pesticides. Both the villages irrigation facilities
65

and fields for producing sesame, rice and beans annually. At the time of the survey, they were in
the harvest seasons and some farmers started preparation of the next seed bed.
The former village had ill-drained heavy soil areas where the height of sesame was low, thenumber of pod settings was small and growth was poor. Broadcast sowing was used and no ridges
were made. We found many virus diseases caused by minor sucking pests and phyllodies causedby phytoplasmas. The latter village had well-drained heavy soil areas where cattle feces andplaster were used. Broadcast sowing was used, growth was relatively good and almost no
pesticides were dispersed. Like the former village, they suffered from phyllodies. After pillingsesame stems on fields, farmers dispersed imidacloprid or acetamiprid etc. when damage causedby sucking pests (mainly stink bugs) on their top and sides. Dr. Azusa Fujiie, an accompanying
specialist, placed an adhesive trap for occurrence prediction.
(June 25)
Agricultural areas spread over relatively higher grounds of Magway Region. In the majority of
the areas, sesame and beans are produced annually using rain water. Most areas are covered bysandy soil. In some areas, soil erosion is problematic. We surveyed three agricultural fields.
In the morning, we surveyed the field of 40 hectares managed by a farmer in San Ma Kyi. Sesame
grew to 35 cm of intra-row spacing and 15 cm of intra-row spacing in two to three weeks aftersowing. Though the farmer told they used no pesticides, we found no remarkable diseases andpests in the middle of the sesame growth period.
We surveyed agricultural fields owned by a company. We found that higher areas of the fields
were covered by sandy soil and well drained. Broadcast sowing was used and overall growth was
not uniform. Though no soil-borne diseases were found, many virus diseases and phyllodies
occurred. Meanwhile, lower pan-like places had a thin surface sandy soil layer. In places whereargillaceous soil was distributed just beneath the places, stem rot had broken out. As a reduced
crop yield is expected due to vestigial and dead leaves and stems, steady measures for protection
must be taken.
In the afternoon, we surveyed agricultural fields managed in accordance with the guideline in
Alae Po subject to the GAP’s project. Soil management seemed to have a problem as soil was
sandy, sowing periods were different and growth of sesame was not uniform. Though almost no
soil-borne diseases caused by filamentous bacteria were found, many virus diseases andphyllodies occurred.
(June 26)
Dr. Fujiie recovered the trap placed the day before yesterday in Sann Pya village. In the
agricultural field, harvesting of sesame stems and leaves was almost completed and storing of66

them was about to end. Then, irrigation was introduced, seedbed was developed and the second
rice growing started in the field. We saw patting fully dried sesame shells with a wooden stickand removing seeds in a neighboring field. Leaves and stems from which sesame seeds were
removed were dried and used as livestock food and compost feedstock.
(June 27)
In the morning, we surveyed agricultural fields in Can Yway Lay village. Sesame was grownin most agricultural fields, but pigeon pea was grown in some fields. Disease damage wasrelatively little and fewer virus diseases occurred. However, a quite a lot of phyllodies occurred.
In addition to a bioregulator, an admixture of cypermethrin and pesticide and abamectin weredispersed twice with motor sprayers in the vegetative growth period of sesame.
In the afternoon, we visited a crop dealer and its storage house in Pyint Pyu T/S. The quantity of
sesame seeds arriving was little. The majority of them were black while the quantity of whitesesame seeds was little. In the warehouse, white sesame seeds in black ones were separated byseparators. The warehouse was fumigated with alminium phosophide almost every three months.
Later, we moved to Nay Pyi Taw.
(June 29)
With Deputy Director Dr. Aye Ko Ko and six persons in the Yezin Headquarters of the DAR in
Nay Pyi Taw, we showed our appreciation, announced the results we obtained in this survey andexchanged opinions about cooperation systems including future measures.
The deputy director asked for cooperation among those involved to try to reduce use ofpesticides as much as possible without decreasing production and strengthen the functions of local
test stations for promotion by introducing GAP. I told it was indispensable to establish a proper
usage method of pesticides (proper density, usage period and set test conditions based on myproposals
Later, we visited a facility of proliferate a insect-parasitizing bee, Trichogramma, which was
one of the biological control research institutes of Yezin Agricultural University.
4. Summary
Though our trip was only 10 days long, we directly touched various problems in the cultivation
environment and production process of sesame seeds which were unfamiliar. In the agricultural
fields we surveyed, diseases and pests were observed. Those causing considerable damage werevirus diseases and phyllodies caused by phytoplasmas. The disease damage was transmitted byant cows and dodgers in the initial to middle vegetative growth period of sesame and exhibited
symptoms as systemic illness after flower bud differentiation. However, no symptoms appeared
67even if the damage was transmitted in the flower initiation period or later with sesame masked asa carrier. Therefore, it is required to exterminate ant cows and dodgers as a vehicle to control thedisease damage. It is indispensable to disperse neonicotinoid and carbamat pesticides withpenetrating migration characteristics to control these pests. Seed dressing processing for thesepesticides and disperse of them in the initial vegetative growth are effective to control diseasedamage.
Meanwhile, damage is caused by sucking pests, especially, lepidopterous pests he flower
initiation

periodorlater.

Synthetic

pyrethroid

pesticides

such

as

cypermethrin,organophosphorous pesticides such as chloropyriphos and antibiotic pesticides such as
avermectin are effective to control these pests. Therefore, It must be understood that pests
damaging sesame greatly vary depending on the stage of growth of sesame and pesticide to be
used also greatly vary.

68Chapter 4 Extension of the Technologies
1. Workshop
To share the survey results and instructions widely and spread the outcome, we held half-day
workshops in DOA Magway office and DOA Nay Pyi Taw Headquarters (see Annex 2 forworkshop agenda). In the workshop in Magway, key farmers, extension officers, government
officials, researchers, individuals involved in JICA projects and ITC projects participated. The
workshop was held jointly with the DOA and DAR. The DOA provided a comprehensive lecture
about overall cultivation of sesame such as production of sesame, problems of diseases and pests,
methods of using pesticides, methods of processing after harvesting and characteristics ofchemical fertilizers. The DAR introduced characteristics of a new variety of sesame, cultivation
method and seed production for delivery etc. Soil specialists dispatched from Japan pointed out
problems based on sesame field in Magway and made recommendation about how to improve
fertilization methods to increase income. Pest specialists introduced a method of surveying pests
and gave a lecture about inhabiting situations of major sesame pests and their natural enemies,
pest control methods, proper use of pesticides and IPM method based on the results of the survey
in local agricultural fields. Results of deliberation about the contents of the lectures given by
Japanese specialists have been reflected on manuals.
In the workshop in Magway, we carried out a questionnaire survey for core farmers andextension officers to confirm the understanding of the lectures and whether knowledge theyobtained in their workplaces. As a result, it was revealed that 92% had understood issues in soil
and fertilization management, 93% had understood a soil management approach for better sesame
production, 97% had understood problematic pests in sesame cultivation and 86% had understood
proposed methods of managing pests, which means almost all participants understood the lectures.
All participants answered they would like to use obtained knowledge on site and spread it to otherfarmers and their colleges.
Table 4-1 Questionnaire result (Degree of understanding of the lecture and appetite for spread)
Understood issues in soil and fertilization management

92%

Understood a soil management approach for better sesame production

92%

Would like to use obtained knowledge about soil on site

100%

Would like to spread obtained knowledge about soil to other farmers and colleges 100%
Understood what pests were problematic in sesame cultivation

97%

Understood proposed methods of managing pests

86%

Would like to use obtained knowledge about prevention of diseases and pests on 100%site
69

Would like to spread obtained knowledge about prevention of diseases and pests 100%
to other farmers and collegesThis course was helpful

100%

To share the results of the workshop in Magway we also held a workshop in the headquartersof the DOA in Nay Pyi Taw. DOA staff, DAR staff and those involved in JICA projects
participated in the workshop/ We shared recognition with the Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigationand Livestock for solving issues in black sesame cultivation in Magway.

2. Manual
Materials created based on local surveys and technical guidance were revised based on
feedback from the workshops and manuals were created from them. The content of the manualand targets are shown below.
Table4-2. Contents of the manuals and their target
Area
Soil

Description

Targetfertilization Soil management method for sesame in Farmer and extension officer
Magwaymanagement
InsectPest Sesame pests, their natural enemies and Extension

management

and control methods in Magway

officerandresearcher

use of pesticides
The soil manual contains a simplified card to be used by an extension officer for guidance andits description (Annex 5 and 6). The disease and pest control and pesticide manual is used forextension officers and researchers as a further investigation must be conducted about pests andcontrol methods (Annex 7).

70

Chapter 5 General Overview
1. Overview of This Year’s Activities
We provided technical guidance to support the improvement of agricultural productivity andquality in black sesame cultivation in the central dry region in Myanmar. We investigated issues
concerning the quantity and quality, obtained the current situation and issues from those involvedin supply chains doing business with them and in the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and.
Irrigation (MOALI), Department of Agriculture (DOA) and Department of Agricultural Research(DAR) and provided technical guidance based on the survey results.
We provided technical guidance on fertilization methods effective for different soil types as toimprove agricultural productivity. To improve quality, we provided technical guidance on pest
control and use of pesticides.
We found that the amount of fertilization was small in most production fields in black sesame
cultivation in Myanmar. This is to avoid the risk of soil nutrition leaking away depending on thetiming of rainfall. We proposed and instructed a fertilization method effective for each soil typeto minimize risk and improve productivity. When investigating the current situation of soil andsoil management, we instructed extension officers on site and improved their skills. We createdgraphic cards to explain fertilization methods by the soil type and compost making using livestock
manure and a crop residues so that it would be helpful for extension officers to instruct farmers
on site. Detailed investigation of soil layers, clarification of nourishing water transfer in soil layers,
verification of reality and effects of additional fertilization and foliar application and verificationof reality and effects of compost production and fertilization in the future will lead toestablishment of a more reliable and stable high-yield cultivation method. We expect technologies
we instructed in this project is used continuously in the future and leads to improved productivityof black sesame in Myanmar.
Though sesame exporters, researchers and extension officers recognize pesticide residue as aserious problem, pesticides are used improperly at the producer level. At the root of the “pesticide
problem”, there is the “insect pest problem”. Without understanding the occurrence and damage
situation of insect pests, the pesticide problem cannot be solved. It is necessary to survey
occurrence of insect pests every year and establish effective control methods depending on the
result of the survey. Long-term efforts must be made by extension officers and researchers.
Therefore, we provided on-the-job instruction for extension officers and instructed a pest
investigation method when we surveyed pests at farmers. As to insect pest control, we guided an
idea of IPM (Integrated Pest Management) chemical control method, physical control method,
ecological (cultural) control method and biological control method combined in addition topesticides. The pest control and pesticide manual defines the identification of pests and natural
71

enemies and IPM. This manual has been created for researchers and extension officers to use
easily. As annual investigation is required for occurrence of pests, we expect the DOA and DAR
would continue to collect knowledge using the investigation methods learned.
In workshops where technical guidance was shared widely and the content of the manual was
deliberated, 90% of the contents were understood and we obtained feedback that all participants
would like to use and extend provided techniques.

2. Remaining Issues
Meanwhile, others issues black sesame farmers faced were clarified during the implementationof this project. Many involved in supply chains see quality-damage at the time of postharvest as
one of the biggest issue. Thus detailed investigation of current situations are requires. Many
farmers directly pile up harvested sesame in the field to dry the sesame. It seems humidity
increases while sesame is piled up, which leads to an increase in the acid value. Increase of acidvalue deteriorates the taste and inhibit satisfying requirements at the time of export. It is a serious
problem for supplier of sesame and influences stable supply of sesame to Japan. First, it isnecessary to confirm whether or not a drying method and an increase in acid value are causally
related in cooperation with the DOA and DAR and deliberate and instruct a better postharvest
processing method based on scientific grounds.
In addition, quality seeds are seldom distributed and farmers rely on self-seed. Even sesame
seeds with variety names have frequently different characteristics. Quality seeds of varieties
required by the market must be produced. However, as Myanmar government prioritize yield
increase, consumers’ needs for the fragrance and flavor of sesame are often overlooked. As the
DAR etc. aims at the development and recommendation of high-yield varieties, it is also importantto see if their sesame seeds match the preference required by consumers. Development of marketoriented varieties and production of market-oriented seeds are required.
Making a mechanism is one of the major issues. Prices must be differentiated depending on
quality. Traceability must be strengthened and farmers that produce flavorful and high-quality
sesame are fairly compensated for their efforts.
As sesame seeds produced in Myanmar are in high demand in East Asian countries such as
Japan and contribute to increased farm incomes as a cash crop, Myanmar government, privatecompanies and donors put emphasis on the crop. Information on what efforts each parties aremaking must be shared and conveyed so that on-site extension officers and farmers do not get
confusing. It is desirable that efforts by support organizations create a synergy effect and farmers’
income increase, which lead to the development of the food industry in Myanmar.

72

ANNEXAnnex 1

Workshop on Agricultural Productivity and Quality Improvement of Sesame in Magway Region(Magway)Date

4 August 2017 (Friday)Time

09:00 - 12:35

Venue

Meeting Room, DOA Regional Office, Magway

AgendaMC:

U Soe Win Maung (JAICAF Mission Coordinator)

Interpreter:

Daw Su Pyi Son (Japanese/English-Myanmar)

09:00 – 09:15
09:15 – 09:20

Opening Address by Minister of Magway District
Background of the workshop
by

09:20 - 09:50

JAICAF (U Soe Win Maung)

Current practice and problems of plant protection and fertilizer management in sesame

Production.
by Daw Maw Maw Win, Assistant Director, DOA Regional Office, Magway
09:50 - 10:20

How to approach the issues on soil management for better production of sesame
by Dr. Masaaki Suzuki, Technical Advisor, JAICAF (Expert of soils and fertilizers)

10:20 - 10:30
10:30 - 11:00-- Tea Break -Production of new sesame varieties and Pure seed programby Daw Hla Hla Win, Director, DAR Magway Oil seed Crops Research Center

11:00 - 11:30

Sesame insect pests and natural enemies in Myanmar ~ Insect occurrences and management

methods ~by Dr. Azusa Fujiie, Technical Advisor, JAICAF (Expert of insect pest)
11:30 – 12:30

General Discussion

12:30 - 12:35

Closing Remarksby U Khin Maung Win, DOA Regional Officer, Magway

12:35 -

Photo session and Lunch
(END)

75

Workshop on Agricultural Productivity and Quality Improvement of Sesame in Magway Region(Nay Pyi Taw)

Date

7 August 2017 (Monday)Time

10:00 - 12:10

Venue

Meeting Room, DOA Headquarters, MOALI, Nay Pyi Taw

AgendaMC:

U Soe Win Maung (JAICAF Mission Coordinator)

Interpreter:

Daw Su Pyi Son (Japanese/English-Myanmar)

10:00 – 10:05

Opening Announcement by Dr Ye Tint Tun, Director General, DOA, MOALI

10:05 - 10:10

Background of the workshop
by JAICAF(U Soe Win Muang)

10:10 - 10:35

Current practice and problems of plant protection and fertilizer management in sesame

Production.
by Daw Maw Maw Win, Assistant Director, DOA Regional Office, Magway
10:35 - 11:00

How to approach the issues on soil management for better production of sesame
by Dr Masaaki Suzuki, Technical Advisor, JAICAF (Expert of soils and fertilizers)

11:00 - 11:25

Production of new sesame varieties and Pure seed programby Daw Maw Maw Thi, Assistant Research Officer, DAR Magway Oil seed Crops

Research Center
11:25 - 11:50

Sesame insect pests and natural enemies in Myanmar ~ Insect occurrences and management

methods ~by Dr Azusa Fujiie, Technical Advisor, JAICAF (Expert of insect pest)
11:50 - 12:10

General Discussion

12:10 - 12:20

Closing Remarksby Dr Ye Tint Tun, Director General, DOA, MOALI

12:20 -

Photo session and Lunch

(END)

76

ůĂĐŬƐĞƐĂŵĞďƌŽƵŐŚƚƚŽǁĂƌĞŚŽƵƐĞ

ϰͬϮϰ

ϯͬϮϰ

 ůĂĐŬƐĞƐĂŵĞŽĨDǇĂŶŵĂƌŝƐƉŽƉƵůĂƌŝŶ:ĂƉĂŶĚƵĞƚŽŝƚƐŚŝŐŚƋƵĂůŝƚǇ DĂŐǁĂǇŝƐŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚĨŽƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶŽĨďůĂĐŬƐĞƐĂŵĞŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ DĂũŽƌĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶƚƐŽĨƐĞƐĂŵĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶŝŶDĂŐǁĂǇĂƌĞ͗ǁĂƚĞƌ͕ƐŽŝů͕ŝŶƐĞĐƚͬƉĞƐƚ͕ĞƚĐ͘ WƌŽďůĞŵƐ ƌĂŝƐĞĚďǇĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌƐͬďƵǇĞƌƐĂƌĞ ƌĞƐŝĚƵĂů
ƉĞƐƚŝĐŝĚĞ ĂŶĚ ĨĂƚƚǇĂĐŝĚƐ

ĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚ

ϭ

77
ϮͬϮϰ

^ĞƐĂŵĞĨŝĞůĚŝŶDĂŐǁĂǇĂŶĚƚŚƌĞƐŚŝŶŐŝŶWǁŝŶƚďǇƵ

:/&;ǆƉĞƌƚŽĨƐŽŝůƐĂŶĚĨĞƌƚŝůŝǌĞƌƐͿDĂƐĂĂŬŝ^ƵǌƵŬŝ͕dĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůĚǀŝƐŽƌ͕ϰƚŚ ĂŶĚϳƚŚƵŐ͘ϮϬϭϳDĂŐǁĂǇ ΘEĂǇWǇŝ dĂǁtŽƌŬƐŚŽƉ ŝŶ DǇĂŶŵĂƌ

,ŽǁƚŽĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŚĞŝƐƐƵĞƐŽŶƐŽŝůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌďĞƚƚĞƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶŽĨƐĞƐĂŵĞAnnex 2

78ϴͬϮϰ

 WƌŽďůĞŵͲͲͲͲÆ tŚǇƚŚĞǇŝĞůĚǀĂƌŝĂƚŝŽŶŝƐďŝŐĂŵŽŶŐĨĂƌŵĞƌƐŝŶDǇĂŶŵĂƌĞǀĞŶƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞƐŝŵŝůĂƌĨŝĞůĚĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƌĂŝŶĨĂůůĂŶĚƐŽŝů͍ ƌĞƚŚĞƌĞĂŶǇĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŽĨĨĞƌƚŝůŝǌĞƌĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚ͕ŽƌƐŽŝůĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐ͍^ĞƐĂŵĞĐĂŶŐƌŽǁǁŝƚŚůĞƐƐĨĞƌƚŝůŝǌĞƌƐĂŶĚŵƵĐŚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚƚŽĚƌŽƵŐŚƚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌĐƌŽƉƐ͘tĞĂƚŚĞƌ͕ ƐŽŝů͕ ǀĂƌŝĞƚŝĞƐ͕ ĂĐƌĞĂŐĞ͕ ĐƵůƚŝǀĂƚŝŽŶ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ĂƌĞ ŵƵĐŚĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚ
ďĞƚǁĞĞŶDĂŐǁĂǇĂŶĚ:ĂƉĂŶ͕ƚŚŽƵŐŚ͖ &ĞƌƚŝůŝǌĞƌ͗&ĂƌŵĞƌŝŶDĂŐǁĂǇƵƐĞϭͬϱͲϭϬĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨEW<ĨĞƌƚŝůŝǌĞƌĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚ:ĂƉĂŶĞƐĞĨĂƌŵĞƌ͘ zŝĞůĚ͗/ŶDĂŐǁĂǇĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚƐǇŝĞůĚƐǀĂƌŝĞƐĨƌŽŵϱͲϭϱďĂƐŬĞƚƐͬĂĐ;ϭϮϯͲϯϲϴŬŐͬĂĐͿ͕ǁŚŝůĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǇŝĞůĚŝƐϭϭͲϭϲďĂƐŬĞƚƐ;ϮϴϬͲϰϬϬŬŐͬĂĐͿŝŶ:ĂƉĂŶ͘ϭďĂƐŬĞƚсϮϰ͘ϱŬŐŽĨƐĞƐĂŵĞ

ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĨĞƌƚŝůŝǌĞƌƵƐĞĂŶĚǇŝĞůĚŽĨƐĞƐĂŵĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶDĂŐǁĂǇΘ:ĂƉĂŶϳͬϮϰ /Ŷ ƌĂŝŶͲĨĞĚ ĂƌĞĂ͕ŵŽƐƚůǇƵƉůĂŶĚĂŶĚƐĂŶĚǇƐŽŝů͕ ŝƐƉůĂŶƚĞĚϮĐƌŽƉƐ͕ŶĂŵĞůǇƐĞƐĂŵĞ;ĨƌŽŵDĂǇƚŽƵŐƵƐƚͿĂŶĚŐƌŽƵŶĚŶƵƚͬŐƌĞĞŶŐƌĂŵ͘
 >ŽǁůĂŶĚ ĂƐWǁŝŶƚďǇƵ͕ŵŽƐƚůǇĐůĂǇƐŽŝů͕ ĂŶĚŝƌƌŝŐĂƚĞĚĂƌĞĂŝƐƉůĂŶƚĞĚϯĐƌŽƉƐ͕ŶĂŵĞůǇƐĞƐĂŵĞ;ĨƌŽŵƉƌŝůƚŽ:ƵůǇͿ͕ƌŝĐĞĂŶĚĐŚŝĐŬƉĞĂ͘^ĞƐĂŵĞ ĐƵůƚŝǀĂƚŝŽŶ ŝŶDĂŐǁĂǇ

ϱͬϮϰ

ϲͬϮϰ

^ĂŶĚǇƐŽŝůƐŝŶDĂŐǁĂǇĂŶĚůĂǇƐŽŝůƐŝŶWǁŝŶƚďǇƵ ůŝŵĂƚĞ͗ ͗ĞŶƚƌĂůƌǇŽŶĞ ^Žŝů͗^ĂŶĚǇƐŽŝůƐ䠖ŝŶƉůĂƚĞĂƵ͕ƌĂŝŶĨĞĚĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ
ůĂǇƐŽŝůƐ䠖ŝŶůŽǁůĂŶĚ͕ƌŝǀĞƌďĂƐŝŶ sĂƌŝĞƚŝĞƐŽĨƐĞƐĂŵĞ͗^ŝŶǇĂĚĂŶĂƌϯ͕^ŝŶǇĂĚĂŶĂƌϭϰ;ůĂĐŬƐĞƐĂŵĞͿ͕>ŽĐĂůǀĂƌŝĞƚǇƐƵĐŚĂƐ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞďůĂĐŬ;dĞƉƉĂŶͿ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚŝŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ䠖&ĞƌƚŝůŝǌĞƌĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚ
DĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞĂŶĚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐŽŝůĨĞƌƚŝůŝƚǇ

ŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶƚƐŽĨƐĞƐĂŵĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶŝŶDĂŐǁĂǇ

79
ϭϮͬϮϰ

^ŽŝůƉƌŽĨŝůĞŽĨƐĂŶĚǇƐŽŝů͕ǁĂƚĞƌĂŶĚǁŝŶĚĞƌŽƐŝŽŶϭϭͬϮϰ ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƚŝĐƉƌŽĨŝůĞŽĨůĂǇƐŽŝůŝŶWǁŝŶƚďǇƵ ^ƵƌĨĂĐĞĐŽůŽƌŝƐďůĂĐŬ͘ ^ŽŝůƚĞǆƚƵƌĞŝƐ,ĞĂǀǇůĂǇ͕ĂŶĚŶŽĐŚĂŶŐĞƵƉƚŽƚŚĞĚĞƉƚŚŽĨϲϬĐŵŽƌĚĞĞƉĞƌ͘Æ&ĞƌƚŝůĞƐŽŝůĂŶĚƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌƌŝĐĞďƵƚƐŽŝůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŝƐŶŽƚĞĂƐǇĚƵĞƚŽƐƚŝĐŬǇŚĞĂǀǇĐůĂǇ͘^Žŝů ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƚŝĐƐϭϬͬϮϰ ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƚŝĐƉƌŽĨŝůĞŽĨ^ĂŶĚǇƐŽŝůŝŶDĂŐǁĂǇϭ͘ ^ƵƌĨĂĐĞĐŽůŽƌŝƐŐƌĂǇƚŽƌĞĚĚŝƐŚ͘ÆZĞĚĐŽůŽƌŝƐŝƌŽŶ͘Ϯ͘^ŽŝůƚĞǆƚƵƌĞŝƐƐĂŶĚǇĂŶĚĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƉƚŚŽĨƐŽŝůƉƌŽĨŝůĞ͘^ŽŵĞĨŝĞůĚƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĐůĂǇĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĂůŽŶŐǁŝƚŚĚĞƉƚŚ͕ďƵƚŝŶŵĂŶǇĨŝĞůĚ͕ƐĂŶĚǇƐŽŝůůĂǇĞƌĂƌĞŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϭŵĞƚĞƌǁŝƚŚŶŽƉĂƌƚŝĐƵůĂƌĐŚĂŶŐĞĞǆĐĞƉƚĨŽƌĐŽůŽƌĚƵĞƚŽŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵĂƚƚĞƌ͘ÆĂƌŬĐŽůŽƌŝƐŵĂĚĞďǇŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵĂƚƚĞƌ͘ϯ͘^ŽŝůŵŽŝƐƚƵƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŽƉƚŽƐƵďƐŽŝůƐŐƌĂĚƵĂůůǇĨƌŽŵŵŽŝƐƚƚŽǁĞƚ͕ĂŶĚŝƚŝƐĐůĞĂƌŝĨƚŚĞƉƌŽĨŝůĞŚĂƐĐůĂǇůĂǇĞƌƐƵĐŚĂƐůĂǇ>ŽĂŵ͘ϰ͘dŚĞĂƌĞĂŝŶĂĨŝĞůĚǁŝƚŚŐŽŽĚŐƌŽǁƚŚŚĂĚ>ůĂǇĞƌĂƚƚŚĞĚĞƉƚŚŽĨϱϬĐŵ͕ďƵƚ/ƚǁĂƐĚĞĞƉĞƌŝŶƉŽŽƌŐƌŽǁƚŚĂƌĞĂ͘Æ,ŽǁƚŽŚŽůĚĂŶĚƐƵƉƉůǇƉůĂŶƚŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐĂŶĚǁĂƚĞƌŵĂǇďĞĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞŐƌŽǁƚŚ͘ϱ͘^ŽŝůƉ,ŝƐŶĞƵƚƌĂů;ϳͿƚŽĂůŬĂůŝŶĞ;ϵͿ͘ϲ͘^ƵƐĐĞƉƚŝďůĞƚŽǁŝŶĚĂŶĚǁĂƚĞƌĞƌŽƐŝŽŶÆ>ĞŐƵŵŝŶŽƵƐƉůĂŶƚƐƵĐŚĂƐ'ůŝƌŝĐŝĚŝĂ ^ĞƉŝƵŵ ǁŽƵůĚďĞĞĨĨĞĐƚŝǀĞ

^Žŝů ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƚŝĐƐϵͬϮϰ &ĞƌƚŝůŝǌĂƚŝŽŶƉƌĂĐƚŝĐĞŝƐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚŝǌĞĚŝŶ:ĂƉĂŶ;ďĂƐĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶĂŶĚƚŽƉĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐͿďƵƚĨĞƌƚŝůŝǌĂƚŝŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚǀĂƌŝĞƐĨƌŽŵĨĂƌŵĞƌƚŽĨĂƌŵĞƌŝŶDĂŐǁĂǇ

 :ĂƉĂŶ͖ E͗WϮKϱ͗<ϮKсϯϮͲϰϴ͗ϰϬ͗ϯϮͲϰϬŬŐͬĂĐĂƐďĂƐĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ͕ĂŶĚE͗<сϭϮŬŐ͗ϭϮŬŐ͕ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞůǇĂƐƚŽƉĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐ͘ &ĂƌŵĞƌ͗EŽďĂƐĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ͕ďƵƚƚŽƉĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐŽĨEW< ǁŝƚŚ ŵŝŶŽƌ
ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ &ĂƌŵĞƌ͗DŝǆĞĚĨĞƌƚŝůŝǌĞƌĂƐďĂƐĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶE͗WϮKϱ͗<ϮKсϰ͘ϰ͗Ϯ͘Ϭ͗Ϯ͘ϯŬŐͬĂĐ &ĂƌŵĞƌ͗E͗W͗<сϭϱ͗ϭϱ͗ϭϱ͕ϮϱŬŐͬĂĐĂƐďĂƐĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶĂŶĚϮϱŬŐĂƐƚŽƉĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐĞƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽE͗WϮKϱ͗<ϮKсϳ͘ϱŬŐ͗ϳ͘ϱŬŐ͗ϳ͘ϱŬŐͬĂĐŝŶƚŽƚĂů͕ĂŶĚĂƉƉůǇϳ͘ϳŬŐŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĂƐƚŽƉĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐďǇƵƌĞĂ͘ &ĂƌŵĞƌ͗ŽŵƉůĞǆĞĚĨĞƌƚŝůŝǌĞƌ͕E͗W͗<сϭϱ͗ϭϱ͗ϭϱ͕ϱϬŬŐͬĂĐĂƐďĂƐĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐĞƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽE͗WϮKϱ͗<ϮKсϳ͘ϱŬŐ͗ϳ͘ϱŬŐ͗ϳ͘ϱŬŐ͕ĂŶĚϭϬϬŬŐĂ^Kϰ DĂŐǁĂǇ͖&ĞƌƚŝůŝǌĞƌĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚ

80ŽŵƉŽƐƚĂŶĚĨĂƌŵǇĂƌĚŵĂŶƵƌĞ

ϭϲͬϮϰ

ϭϱͬϮϰ

ÆhƐĞĂƐŵƵĐŚĂƐƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ;ϴƚͬĂĐŝƐƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĞĚĂƐĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶ:ĂƉĂŶͿƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐƐƵĐŚĂƐE͕W͕<ĂŶĚŵŝŶŽƌĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚƐŽŝůŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵĂƚƚĞƌŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĂĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇŽĨƐŽŝůƚŽŚŽůĚǁĂƚĞƌĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐ͘ ŶŝŵĂůĚƵŶŐ͗ĂƚƚůĞĂŶĚŐŽĂƚĚƵŶŐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇŽƌĂƐĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘ŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐŝƐĐŽŵŵŽŶƉƌĂĐƚŝĐĞŝŶDĂŐǁĂǇ͘ĨĨĞĐƚŝǀĞ ƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ

ϭϯͬϮϰ

ϭϰͬϮϰ

 WůĂŶƚƌĞƐŝĚƵĞ͗^ĞƐĂŵĞƐƚĞŵŝƐďƵƌŶĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŝĞůĚ;ŝŶWǁŝŶƚďǇƵͿ͕ďƵƚŝƚŝƐƵƐĞĚĂƐĂĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů;D Ͳ ŽŬĂƐŚŝͿŝŶDĂŐǁĂǇ͘ƌŽƉƌĞƐŝĚƵĞŽĨŐƌŽƵŶĚŶƵƚƐŝƐƵƐĞĚĨŽƌĂŶŝŵĂůĨĞĞĚĂŶĚĨŽƌĐŽŵƉŽƐƚ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘ ;DĂŐǁĂǇͿ͘ÆŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐŝƐŐŽŽĚƉƌĂĐƚŝĐĞ͘ƐŚĐŽŶƚĂŝŶWĂŶĚ<͕ƐŽƚŚĂƚŝƚĐĂŶďĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĨĞƌƚŝůŝǌĞƌ͘ǀĂŝůĂďůĞǁĞĞĚƐĂůŽŶŐƚŚĞďŽƌĚĞƌ͕ĐĂŶĂůŽƌƌŽĂĚĐĂŶďĞƵƐĞĚĂƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĨŽƌĐŽŵƉŽƐƚ͘ůĞĂŶŝŶŐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĨŝĞůĚĂŶĚŚŽƵƐĞŝƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĨƌŽŵŝŶƐĞĐƚƐ͕ƉĞƐƚƐ͕ƐŶĂŬĞďŝƚĞĂŶĚƐĂŶŝƚĂƌǇĂƐƉĞĐƚ͘ĨĨĞĐƚŝǀĞ ƵƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ^ŽŝůƚĞƐƚĂŶĚ'ůŝƌŝĐŝĚŝĂ ^ĞƉŝƵŵ
ĂŐĂŝŶƐƚǁŝŶĚĞƌŽƐŝŽŶ

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ϮϬͬϮϰ

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ϭϵͬϮϰĂƐĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶŝƐĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞĚƵĞƚŽŶŽŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĨĞƌƚŝůŝǌĞƌĂƐŝŶƐĂŶĚǇƐŽŝů͕ĂŶĚŶŽŵƵĐŚƌŝƐŬĨŽƌǁĂƚĞƌƉƌŽďůĞŵ͘/ŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĨĞƌƚŝůŝǌĞƌůĞǀĞůŝĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ͘ ůĂǇƐŽŝůƐŝŶůŽǁůĂŶĚ

Ϯ͘ 'ĞŶĞƌĂůůǇ͕ƚŽƉĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐĐŽƵůĚďĞƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĞĚĨŽƌƐĂŶĚǇƐŽŝůƐ͘dŽƉĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐŽĨEĂŶĚ<ƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂƉƉůŝĞĚƚŽƉŽŽƌůǇŐƌŽǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĂƚŽĐĂƚĐŚƵƉ͘/ĨŵŝǆĞĚĨĞƌƚŝůŝǌĞƌŝƐƵƐĞĚ͕WĂŶĚ<ǁŽƵůĚďĞůŽǁĞƌ͘&ŽƌĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͖ϭϱͲϴͲϴ͘DŝŶŽƌĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͗ ƐƵĐŚĂƐ&Ğ͕DŶ͕Ƶ͕Ŷ͕͕DŽĂƌĞĂƐƚŽƉĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐďǇƐƉƌĂǇ

^͗Ă^Kϰ ĨŽƌďĂƐĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶÆ'ŽŽĚĨŽƌŐƌŽƵŶĚŶƵƚ

<͗ϱϬйĨŽƌďĂƐĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ͕ϱϬйĨŽƌƚŽƉĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐďǇ<Ϯ^Kϰ ĨŽƌϮƚŝŵĞƐ͘^ĂŶĚǇƐŽŝůŝŶDĂŐǁĂǇ;ůĞĨƚͿΘůĂǇƐŽŝůŝŶWǁŝŶƚďǇƵ

/ŶƚĞƌʹƌŽǁƐƉĂĐŝŶŐ

ϭϴͬϮϰ

ϭϳͬϮϰ

 ĨĨĞĐƚƐ ŽĨ ƐƉĂĐŝŶŐ͗Æ ŶŽƵŐŚƐƉĂĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶůŽǁƐŝƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĨŽƌŐƌŽǁƚŚĂŶĚďƌĂŶĐŚŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚƐŽŝůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐƵĐŚĂƐǁĞĞĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƚŽƉĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐ͘WůĂŶƚ ĚĞŶƐŝƚǇƐĞĞŵƐƚŽďĞŚŝŐŚĚƵĞƚŽďƌŽĂĚĐĂƐƚŝŶŐ

^ƉĂĐŝŶŐ͗ϭϬͲϭϱĐŵǆϯϱĐŵÆϳϲ͕ϬϬϬͲϭϭϰ͕ϬϬϬƉůĂŶƚƐͬĂĐ/Ŷ:ĂƉĂŶ͖ϭϬͲϭϱĐŵǆϰϱĐŵÆϲϬ͕ϬϬϬͲϴϴ͕ϬϬϬƉůĂŶƚƐͬĂĐ /ŶWǁŝŶƚďǇƵ ĐůĂǇƐŽŝůĂƌĞĂ͘

W͗ůůĨŽƌďĂƐĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ͘ /ŶDĂŐǁĂǇƐĂŶĚǇƐŽŝůĂƌĞĂ͘ϭ͘ E͗ϱϬйĨŽƌďĂƐĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ͕ϱϬйĨŽƌƚŽƉĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐďǇƵƌĞĂĨŽƌϮƚŝŵĞƐ͘WůĂŶƚŝŶŐĚĞŶƐŝƚǇĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌͲƌŽǁƐƉĂĐŝŶŐ ^ĂŶĚǇƐŽŝůƐ,ŽǁƚŽĂƉƉůǇĨĞƌƚŝůŝǌĞƌƚŽƐĞƐĂŵĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞůǇ

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ϮϰͬϮϰ

 /ĚƌǇǌŽŶĞ͕ŵŽŝƐƚƵƌĞŐŽĚŽǁŶĨŝƌƐƚĂĨƚĞƌƌĂŝŶĨĂůů͕ďƵƚŝƚŐŽƵƉƚŽƚŚĞƐŽŝůƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌǁŝƚŚƐŽůƵďůĞŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐǁŚĞŶĞǀĂƉŽƌĂƚŝŽŶŽĨŵŽŝƐƚƵƌĞƐƚĂƌƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŽŝůƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞůŽĐĂƚŝŽŶǁŚĞƌĞƐĂŶĚůĂǇĞƌŝƐǀĞƌǇĚĞĞƉ͕ŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶůŽƐƐŵĂǇŽĐĐƵƌ͘ dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ƐƉƌŝƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶŽĨĨĞƌƚŝůŝǌĞƌƐĂƐƚŽƉĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐŝƐĞĨĨĞĐƚŝǀĞĂŶĚƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĞĚ͘ ^ĞƐĂŵĞŝƐŚŝŐŚůǇƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚƚŽĚƌŽƵŐŚƚĂŶĚŝƚĐĂŶŐƌŽǁŝŶŝŶĨĞƌƚŝůĞƐŽŝů͘EƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶƵƉƚĂŬĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĨŝĞůĚĂƐƐĞĞĚƐŝƐƐŵĂůůŝĨƉůĂŶƚƌĞƐŝĚƵĞŝƐƌĞƚƵƌŶĞĚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƐĂƐŚŽƌĂƐĐŽŵƉŽƐƚ͘ dŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐŽŝůŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵĂƚƚĞƌŚĂƐƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞĞĨĨĞĐƚƐŶŽƚŽŶůǇƚŽƐƵƉƉůǇŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐďƵƚĂůƐŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇƚŽƌĞƚĂŝŶŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐĂŶĚŵŽŝƐƚƵƌĞŝŶƚŚĞƉůŽƵŐŚůĂǇĞƌ͘ ǇĐĂƌĞĨƵůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĨŝĞůĚŝƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĞǀĞƌǇĨĂƌŵĞƌƚŽŐĞƚŚŝŐŚĞƌǇŝĞůĚ͘ĐŽŶƚŝŶƵĞĚϮϯͬϮϰ ^ĞƐĂŵĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶŝŶDĂŐǁĂǇŝƐŵĂĚĞŝŶĞŶƚƌĂůƌǇŽŶĞ͘dŚĞƐŽŝůŝƐƐĂŶĚǇĂŶĚƚŚĞůĂŶĚŝƐŐĞŶƚůǇƵŶĚƵůĂƚŝŶŐ͘dŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶŝƐůĂƌŐĞůǇĚĞƉĞŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƌĂŝŶĨĂůůĂŶĚƐŽŝůͲŵŽŝƐƚƵƌĞ͘
 >ĞǀĞů ŽĨ ĨĞƌƚŝůŝǌĞƌ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ ŝƐ ŐĞŶĞƌĂůůǇ ůŽǁ͘ dŚĞƐŽŝůŝƐŶĞƵƚƌĂůƚŽĂůŬĂůŝƌĞĂĐƚŝŽŶ͕ƐŽƚŚĂƚĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚǇŽĨƐŽŵĞŵŝĐƌŽŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐƐƵĐŚĂƐŝƌŽŶ͕ǌŝŶĐ͕ŵĂŶŐĂŶĞƐĞŵĂǇĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞĂƐǁĞůůĂƐďŽƌŽŶ͘dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞƐƵƉƉůǇŽĨŵŝĐƌŽŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐĂƐĨŽůŝĂƌƐƉƌĂǇŵĂǇďĞĞĨĨĞĐƚŝǀĞ͘ &ůĂƚƐŽŝůƐƵƌĨĂĐĞŚĂǀĞĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚĚĞƉƚŚŽĨƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƐŽŝůƉƌŽĨŝůĞ͘^ŽŵĞƐŽŝůƐŚĂǀĞĐůĂǇͲƌŝĐŚůĂǇĞƌǁŚĞƌĞǁĂƚĞƌĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐŵĂǇďĞƌĞƚĂŝŶĞĚ͘DŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐŽŝůŵŽŝƐƚƵƌĞŝƐůĂƌŐĞůǇĂĨĨĞĐƚĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚŝƐůĂǇĞƌ͘/ƚŝƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŽƉĂǇŵŽƌĞĂƚƚĞŶƚŝŽŶƚŽƚŚĞƐŽŝůƉƌŽĨŝůĞĨŽƌďŽƚŚĨĂƌŵĞƌĂŶĚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌ͘^ƵŵŵĂƌǇ
hƌĞĂ^ƉƌĂǇĞƌ WŝůŝŶŐŝŶDǇĂŶŵĂƌŝƐĐĂƵƐŝŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐŽĨĨĂƚƚǇĂĐŝĚĂĐĐƵŵƵůĂƚŝŽŶ͘ ^ŽŵĞĨĂƌŵĞƌŝŶ:ĂƉĂŶĂƌĞƵƐŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƐƐŚŽǁŶŚĞƌĞ;>ĞĨƚͿ͘ :ĂƉĂŶĞƐĞ ŵĞƚŚŽĚDǇĂŶŵĂƌŵĞƚŚŽĚ
^ƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ŽŶůǇWŝůŝŶŐ н ^ƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ

ƌǇŝŶŐ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐĂĨƚĞƌ ŚĂƌǀĞƐƚ

Ă^Kϰ䞉Ϯ,ϮK&ĞƌƚŝůŝǌĞƌƐĂŶĚƐƉƌĂǇĞƌ

ϮϮͬϮϰ

ϮϭͬϮϰ

tĞĞĚƐ

ƌǇŝŶŐƐƚĂŐĞ;ƉŝůĞĂŶĚƐƚĂŶĚͿDŝĚĚůĞʹ ůĂƚĞƐƚĂŐĞƐ

83䠽䡐䠽ƚƚĂĐŚĞĚ Ě䠽ϳ͘WƌŽƉŽƐĂůƐ

ϲ͘dĂƌŐĞƚŝŶŐ/WDϱ͘WĞƐƚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ

ϰ͘DĂũŽƌŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞŶĞŵŝĞƐ

ϯ͘DĂũŽƌƐĞƐĂŵĞƉĞƐƚƐ

Ϯ͘/ŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚŝŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ

ϭ͘/ŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚŝŽŶƉŽŝŶƚƐ

ŽŶƚĞŶƚƐϰͬϲϰΎtĞĐĂƌƌŝĞĚŽƵƚĨŝĞůĚŝŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚŝŽŶƐĂƚĞĂĐŚƐĞƐĂŵĞƐƚĂŐĞ͘/ŶƐĞĐƚƐĂŶĚĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐǁĞƌĞŝŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚĞĚŽŶƐĞƐĂŵĞƉůĂŶƚƐ͘ΎtĞĂůƐŽŝŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚĞĚŝŶƐĞĐƚƐŽŶǁĞĞĚƐ͘ĂƌůǇʹ ŵŝĚĚůĞƐƚĂŐĞƐ

/ŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚĞĚƐĞƐĂŵĞƐƚĂŐĞƐϯͬϲϰΎ:ĂƉĂŶŝƐŝŵƉŽƌƚŝŶŐƐĞƐĂŵĞĨƌŽŵDǇĂŶŵĂƌĞƚĐ͕͘ďĞĐĂƵƐĞƐĞƐĂŵĞƉůĂŶƚƐĂƌĞŶŽƚǁŝĚĞůǇĐƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚŝŶ:ĂƉĂŶ;ĐƵůƚŝǀĂƚŝŽŶĂƌĞĂƐ͗ƐĞǀĞƌĂůŚƵŶĚƌĞĚƐŚĂͿ͘ΎdŚŝƐĐƌŽƉŝƐĂůƐŽƵƐĞĚĨŽƌƉƌĞƐĞƌǀŝŶŐĂŶĚƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƚŝŶŐŶĂƚŝǀĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞŶĞŵŝĞƐŝŶ:ĂƉĂŶ͘ǆƚĞŶƐŝǀĞƐĞƐĂŵĞ;^ĞƐĂŵƵŵ ŝŶĚŝĐƵŵͿĨŝĞůĚƐŝŶDǇĂŶŵĂƌ

:/&

ƵŐƵƐƚ͕ϮϬϭϳс/ŶƐĞĐƚŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞƐĂŶĚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŵĞƚŚŽĚƐс^ĞƐĂŵĞŝŶƐĞĐƚƉĞƐƚƐĂŶĚŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞŶĞŵŝĞƐŝŶDǇĂŶŵĂƌ

Ϯͬϲϰ

ϭͬϲϰ

Annex 384tĞƐĞƚǇĞůůŽǁƐƚŝĐŬǇƚƌĂƉƐŝŶƐĞƐĂŵĞĨŝĞůĚƐĨŽƌĐŽůůĞĐƚŝŶŐƐŵĂůůŝŶƐĞĐƚƐ

;ϯͿ^ƚŝĐŬǇƚƌĂƉŵĞƚŚŽĚ

tĞĐŽƵŶƚĞĚŝŶƐĞĐƚƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇ͕ĂŶĚĐĂƵŐŚƚŝŶƐĞĐƚƐ͘ŝƐĞĂƐĞƉůĂŶƚƐǁĞƌĞĂůƐŽĐŽƵŶƚĞĚĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇ͘;ϮͿŝƌĞĐƚĐŽƵŶƚŝŶŐŵĞƚŚŽĚ

tĞƐǁĞƉƚϮϬƚŝŵĞƐǁŝƚŚĂŶŝŶƐĞĐƚŶĞƚ͕ĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚĞĚĐĂƵŐŚƚŝŶƐĞĐƚƐ͘;ϭͿ^ǁĞĞƉŝŶŐŵĞƚŚŽĚϮ͘/ŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚŝŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ

ϴͬϲϰ

ϳͬϲϰ

:ƵŶĞ ĂŶĚ :ƵůǇ͕ ϮϬϭϳDĂŐǁĂǇdŽǁŶƐŚŝƉ;DĂŐǁĂǇŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ͕DĂŐǁĂǇZĞŐŝŽŶ䠅䠅ĂŶĚWǁŝŶƚďǇƵ dŽǁŶƐŚŝƉ
;DŝŶďƵ ŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ͕DĂŐǁĂǇZĞŐŝŽŶ䠅ϰϬƉŽŝŶƚƐ;ĨŝĞůĚƐͿϭ͘/ŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚŝŽŶƉŽŝŶƚƐ

ϲͬϲϰ

ϱͬϲϰ

85

ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ
'ƌĞĞŶƉĞĂĐŚĂƉŚŝĚ;ĂĚƵůƚ͗ǀĞĐƚŽƌ͕ƉƌŽďĂďůǇͿ;Ǉƌ͘<ƵǁĂŚĂƌĂͿŬŝŶĚŽĨƐƚŝŶŬďƵŐƐ;ĂĚƵůƚĂŶĚůĂƌǀĂĞͿŬŝŶĚŽĨƉǇƌƌŚŽĐŽƌŝĚ ďƵŐƐ;ĂĚƵůƚͿ^ƵĐŬŝŶŐŵŽƵƚŚ^ƚŝŶŬďƵŐƐ͕ƉǇƌƌŚŽĐŽƌŝĚ ďƵŐƐĂŶĚůǇŐĂĞŝĚ ďƵŐƐϭϮͬϲϰΎsŝƌƵƐĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƉůĂŶƚƐŚĂǀĞŶŽƐĞĞĚƉŽĚƐ͕ƐŽƚŚĞǇŝĞůĚĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞŽĨƐĞƐĂŵĞŽĐĐƵƌ͘ΎƵƚǁĞŚĂǀĞůŝƚƚůĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶŽŶƚŚŝƐǀŝƌƵƐĂŶĚĂƉŚŝĚƐ͘ŝƐĞĂƐĞƐǇŵƉƚŽŵ

sŝƌƵƐĂŶĚĂƉŚŝĚƐ

ϭϭͬϲϰDĂŶǇƐĞĞĚƉŽĚƐ;,ĞĂůƚŚͿEŽ ƐĞĞĚƉŽĚƐ;ŝƐĞĂƐĞͿKƵƚďƌĞĂŬ ͊;zŝĞůĚĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞͿ^ĞƐĂŵƵŶ ũĂƐƐŝĚ
䠄ĂĚƵůƚ͗ǀĞĐƚŽƌͿDĂǆŝŵƵŵ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ
ƉůĂŶƚƐ с ϰϳйWŚǇƚŽƉůĂƐŵĂ ;DŝĐŽƉůĂƐŵĂͿĂŶĚůĞĂĨŚŽƉƉĞƌƐ

ϯ͘DĂũŽƌƐĞƐĂŵĞƉĞƐƚƐ

ϭϬͬϲϰ

ϵͬϲϰ

86

Ύ^ĐĂƌĂďƐůĂƌǀĂĞĐĂŶǀŝŽůĞŶƚůǇĚĂŵĂŐĞƐĞƐĂŵĞƌŽŽƚƐ͘^ĞƐƵŵƵŵ ďŬĂĐŬ ďĞĞƚůĞ;ůĂƌǀĂĞͿ^ĐĂƌĂďƐ

ĐŽŵŵŽŶĐƵƚǁŽƌŵƐ͕ĐƵƚǁŽƌŵƐ͕ĞƚĐ͘ĐĂŶǀŝŽůĞŶƚůǇĚĂŵĂŐĞƐĞƐĂŵĞƉůĂŶƚƐ͘ϭϲͬϲϰΎ ^ĞǀĞƌĂůŽǁůĞƚŵŽƚŚƐƐƵĐŚĂƐĐŽƚƚŽŶďŽůůǁŽƌŵ͕䠄ůĂƌǀĂĞ䠅KǁůĞƚŵŽƚŚƐ

ϭϱͬϲϰŽŵŵŽŶŚĂŝƌǇĐĂƚĞƌƉŝůůĂƌ;ůĂƌǀĂͿ;Ǉƌ͘<ƵǁĂŚĂƌĂͿ䠰䡅䡃䡁䡎 ŵŽƚŚƐ

^ĞƐĂŵƵŵ ůĞĂĨƌŽůůĞƌ;ůĂƌǀĂĞͿĂŵĂŐĞĚůĞĂǀĞƐ

WǇƌĂůŝĚ ŵŽƚŚƐ

ϭϰͬϲϰ

ϭϯͬϲϰ

87
ϮϬͬϲϰ

ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ
ŬŝŶĚŽĨƌĂĐŽŶŝĚĂĞ
ΎWĂƌĂƐŝƚŝĐǁĂƐƉƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƵůŽƉŚŝĚĂĞ ĂŶĚƌĂĐŽŶŝĚĂĞ ǁĞƌĞǀĞƌǇŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞŶĞŵŝĞƐ͘WĂƌĂƐŝƚŝĐǁĂƐƉƐ

/ŶĨŝĞůĚƐŝŶƐĞĐƚƉĞƐƚƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞĚďǇŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞŶĞŵŝĞƐ͘EĂƚƵƌĂůĞŶĞŵŝĞƐĂƌĞƉƌĞĚĂƚŽƌƐĂŶĚƉĂƌĂƐŝƚĞƐǁŚŝĐŚĂƚƚĂĐŬŝŶƐĞĐƚƉĞƐƚƐ͘ϰ͘DĂũŽƌŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞŶĞŵŝĞƐ

ϭϵͬϲϰZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ
ŬŝŶĚŽĨƐƉŚŝŶǆŵŽƚŚƐĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚŝŶ:ĂƉĂŶ

ϭϴͬϲϰΎ>ĞĂĨŚŽƉƉĞƌƐǁĞƌĞƚƌĂƉƉĞĚ͕ďƵƚĂƉŚŝĚƐǁŚŝĐŚǁĞƌĞĂƚƚƌĂĐƚĞĚďǇǇĞůůŽǁǁĞƌĞŶŽƚƚƌĂƉƉĞĚŝŶ:ƵŶĞĂŶĚ:ƵůǇ͕ϮϬϭϳ͘ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͗ĂƉŚŝĚ;ĂĚƵůƚͿ^ĞƐĂŵƵŶ ũĂƐƐŝĚ
䠄ĂĚƵůƚͿ^ŵĂůůŝŶƐĞĐƚƐƚƌĂƉƉĞĚďǇǇĞůůŽǁƐƚŝĐŬǇƚƌĂƉƐ

;ůĂƌǀĂͿ^ƉŚŝŶǆŵŽƚŚƐ
;ĚĞĂƚŚ͛ƐŚĞĂĚĞƚĐ͘Ϳ

ϭϳͬϲϰ

88

ϱ͘WĞƐƚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ

ŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞŶĞŵŝĞƐ

ΎsĂƌŝŽƵƐŬŝŶĚƐŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞŶĞŵŝĞƐĂƌĞŝŶĨŝĞůĚƐ͘ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͗^ĞǀĞƌĂůĂƌǁŝŐƐ

Ϯϰͬϲϰ

Ϯϯͬϲϰ

ϮϮͬϲϰ

Ύ/ŶDǇĂŶŵĂƌǁĞŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚƐŵĂůůƉƌĞĚĂƚŽƌǇďƵŐƐƐƵĐŚĂƐDŝƌŝĚĂĞ͕ŶƚŚŽĐŽƌŝĚĂĞ ĂŶĚ'ĞŽĐŽƌŝĚĂĞ͘Ύ/Ŷ:ĂƉĂŶǁĞĐĂŶŽĨƚĞŶŽďƐĞƌǀĞƚŽďĂĐĐŽůĞĂĨďƵŐƐ;EĞƐŝƐŝŽĐŽƌŝƐ ƚĞŶƵŝƐͿŽŶƐĞƐĂŵĞƉůĂŶƚƐ͘>ĞĂĨďƵŐƐ͕ĨůŽǁĞƌďƵŐƐĂŶĚďŝŐͲĞǇĞĚďƵŐƐ䠄WƌĞĚĂƚŽƌǇďƵŐƐ䠅ΎƌĂŐŽŶĨůŝĞƐĞĂƚǀĂƌŝŽƵƐŝŶƐĞĐƚƉĞƐƚƐ͘ƌĂŐŽŶĨůŝĞƐ

Ϯϭͬϲϰ

89

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V\QWKHWLFS\UHWKURLGFRPSRXQGLQVHFWLFLGH䠄ྜᡂ䝢䝺䝇䝻䜲䝗⣔RUJDQRSKRVSKRUXVLQVHFWLFLGH䠄᭷ᶵ䝸䞁⣔ẅ⹸๣䠅

XQNQRZQSKHQWKRDWH䠄䝣䜵䞁䝖䜶䞊䝖䠅(&䠆!RUJDQRSKRVSKRUXVLQVHFWLFLGH䠄᭷ᶵ䝸䞁⣔ẅ⹸๣䠅!RUJDQRSKRVSKRUXVLQVHFWLFLGH䠄᭷ᶵ䝸䞁⣔ẅ⹸๣䠅

;/ŶƐĞĐƚŝĐŝĚĞƐǁĞƌĞƋƵŽƚĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽĨWůĂŶƚWƌŽƚĞĐƚŝŽŶŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ͕K͕DǇĂŶŵĂƌͿXQNQRZQPDODWKLRQ䠄䝬䝷䝏䜸䞁䠅(&䠆

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DĂŝŶ䡏Ϯϳͬϲϰ

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3K\VLFDOPHWKRG

0DLQWHFKQRORJ\&RQWUROPHWKRGWĞƐƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ

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ĨŽƌƉƌŽƉĞƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚŝŽŶ

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ϯϬͬϲϰ

Ϯϵͬϲϰ

ΎdŚĞƐĞĂƌĞǀĞƌǇŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĨŽƌƐĂĨĞƚǇ;ƌĞƐŝĚƵĂůƉĞƐƚŝĐŝĚĞƐĞƚĐ͘Ϳ͕ĐŽƐƚƌĞĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ͕ŝŶƐĞĐƚŝĐŝĚĂůĞĨĨŝĐĂĐǇĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŶũƵƌǇƉƌĞǀĞŶƚŝŽŶ͘хƵǇƉƌŽƉĞƌƉĞƐƚŝĐŝĚĞƐĨƌŽŵůĞŐĂůĐŚĂŶŶĞůƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞůĂǁ͊х&ŽůůŽǁƚŚĞĚŝƌĞĐƚŝŽŶƐŽĨůĂďĞůƐ͊
dĂƌŐĞƚĞĚĐƌŽƉƐĂŶĚƉĞƐƚƐ͊^ĞĂƐŽŶĂŶĚĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐǇŽĨƐƉƌĂǇƐ͊WƌŽƉĞƌĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚŝŽŶƐ͊хŽŶ͛ƚƐĞůůƐĞƐĂŵĞƐĞĞĚƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞƚƌĞĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚƉĞƐƚŝĐŝĚĞƐ͕ĂƐƐĞƐĂŵĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͊WƌŽƉĞƌƵƐŝŶŐŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƉĞƐƚŝĐŝĚĞƐ͊͊Ύ/Ŷ:ĂƉĂŶ͕ǁĞŚĂǀĞŽŶůǇĨŽƵƌŝŶƐĞĐƚŝĐŝĚĞƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞƌĞŐŝƐƚĞƌĞĚŽŶƐĞƐĂŵĞ͕ĂůƚŚŽƵŐŚǁĞŚĂǀĞĂďŽǀĞϰ͕ϬϬϬƉĞƐƚŝĐŝĚĞƐ͘^ĞƐĂŵĞŝƐĂŵŝŶŽƌĐƌŽƉ͘!SRO\VDFFKDULGHVLQVHFWLFLGH䠄ከ⢾㢮ẅ⹸๣䠅!DSKLGV!V\QVHWLFS\UHWKURLGLQVHFWLFLGH䠄ྜᡂ䝢䝺䝇䝻䜲䝗⣔ẅ⹸๣䠅!DSKLGVF\SHUPHWKULQ䠄䝅䝨䝹䝯䝖䝸䞁䠅(&VDFFKDULILHGUHGXFHGVWDUFK䠄㑏ඖ⃦⢊⢾໬≀䠅6/&KDUDFWHULVWLF&RPSRQHQWQDPH

WĞƌŵŝƚƚĞĚŝŶƐĞĐƚŝĐŝĚĞƐƚŽƐĞƐĂŵĞŝŶƐĞĐƚƉĞƐƚƐŝŶ:ĂƉĂŶ91ŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚƌŽůŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ

ϯϲͬϲϰ;ϮͿ^ƵŝƚĂďůĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵĂƚƚĞƌŝŶƐŽŝůŽĨĨŝĞůĚƐŝƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ͕ďĞĐĂƵƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌŝĐŚƐŽŝůĂƚƚƌĂĐƚƐƚŚĞĂĚƵůƚŽĨƐĐĂƌĂďƐ͘;ϭͿĂƌƌŝĞƌĐƌŽƉƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƐŽƌŐŽƐ͕ŵĂŝǌĞĂŶĚŵŝůůĞƚƉƌŽƚĞĐƚƐĞƐĂŵĞƉůĂŶƚƐĂŐĂŝŶƐƚŝŶƐĞĐƚƉĞƐƚƐ͘ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů;ƵůƚƵƌĂůͿĐŽŶƚƌŽůŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ

;ϮͿEĞƚ;ϱŵŵŵĞƐŚͿĐŽǀĞƌƐŽŶŚĂƌǀĞƐƚĞĚƐĞƐĂŵĞƉůĂŶƚƐĨŽƌĐŽŶƚƌŽůůŝŶŐŝŶƐĞƚƉĞƐƚƐ

;ϭͿZŝĚĚŝŶŐǁĞĞĚƐĂŶĚĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ;ǀŝƌƵƐŽƌƉŚǇƚŽƉůĂƐŵĂͿƉůĂŶƚƐ

ϯϰͬϲϰ

92

х/WDŝƐĞǀŽůǀŝŶŐĨƌŽŵĐŽŶǀĞŶƚŝŽŶĂů/WDŝŶƚŽďŝŽͲŝŶƚĞŶƐŝǀĞ/WD 䠄ƵĨŽƵƌ͕ϮϬϭϭĞƚĐ͘Ϳ͘хdŚĞƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇŽŶ/WDƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚďĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶŝŶĞĂĐŚĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͘

х/WDŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĞǆƚĞŶĚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞŚŽƌƚŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞƵŶĚĞƌƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐ͘tĞƐŚŽƵůĚĞǆƚĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞŚŽƌƚŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞƵŶĚĞƌĨŝĞůĚĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐ͘х'ůŽďĂůůǇ͕ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚƉĞƐƚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ;/WDͿŚĂƐďĞĞŶƌĞĐŽŐŶŝǌĞĚ͘/WDŝƐĞƐƐĞŶƚŝĂůƚŽƉůĂŶƚƉƌŽƚĞĐƚŝŽŶĂůůŽǀĞƌƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͘ϲ͘dĂƌŐĞƚŝŶŐ/WD

ϰϬͬϲϰ

ϯϵͬϲϰ

ϯϴͬϲϰ

㻖㻌㻺㼍㼠㼕㼢㼑㻌㼚㼍㼠㼡㼞㼍㼘㻌㼑㼚㼑㼙㼕㼑㼟 㼍㼞㼑㻌㼜㼞㼑㼟㼑㼞㼢㼑㼐㻌㼍㼚㻌㼜㼞㼛㼜㼍㼓㼍㼠㼑㼐㻌㻌㼎㼥㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㼙㼍㼚㼍㼓㼑㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌㼛㼒㻌㼢㼑㼓㼑㼠㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻔㼏㼞㼛㼜㼟㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㼣㼑㼑㼐㼟㻕㻌㼍㼟㻌㼠㼔㼑㼕㼞㻌㼔㼍㼎㼕㼠㼍㼠㼟㻌㼕㼚㻌㼒㼕㼑㼘㼐㼟㻚㻖㻌㻵㼚㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㼚㼑㼍㼞㻌㼒㼡㼠㼡㼞㼑㻌㼣㼑㻌㼣㼛㼡㼘㼐㻌㼘㼕㼗㼑㻌㼠㼛㻌㼡㼟㼑㻌㼚㼍㼠㼡㼞㼍㼘㻌㼑㼚㼑㼙㼕㼑㼟㻌㼒㼛㼞㻌㼏㼛㼚㼠㼞㼛㼘㼘㼕㼚㼓㻌㼟㼑㼟㼍㼙㼑㻌㼕㼚㼟㼑㼏㼠㻌㼜㼑㼟㼠㼟㻚ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ
WĂƌĂƐŝƚŝĐǁĂƐƉƐ;ϮͿEĂƚŝǀĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞŶĞŵŝĞƐ

ΎtĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂƚŝŽŶŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞŶĞŵǇŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŶƚƌŽůůŝŶŐƐĐĂƌĂďƐŝŶ:ĂƉĂŶ͘ΎDĂŶǇŬŝŶĚƐŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞŶĞŵŝĞƐ;ǁĂƐƉƐ͕ďƵŐƐ͕ŵŝƚĞƐ͕ŶĞŵĂƚŽĚĞƐ͕ĞƚĐ͘ͿĨŽƌŵƵůĂƚŝŽŶƐĂƌĞŽŶƚŚĞŵĂƌŬĞƚ͘;ϭͿŝŽͲŝŶƐĞĐƚŝĐŝĚĞ
;EĂƚƵƌĂůĞŶĞŵǇĨŽƌŵƵůĂƚŝŽŶƐͿ

ϯϳͬϲϰ

93

ϰϯͬϲϰ

хWĂƚŚŽŐĞŶŝĐŵŝĐƌŽďĞƐ͕ƉŚǇƚŽƉůĂƐŵĂ͕ĂƌĞĐĂƌƌŝĞĚďǇůĞĂĨŚŽƉƉĞƌƐ;ũĂƐƐŝĚͿ͘^ŽĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐĂƌĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƚƚŚĞĞĂƌůǇƐƚĂŐĞ͘х^ĞƐĂŵĞƉůĂŶƚƐĂƌĞŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĚŝƐĞĂƐĞĂƚƚŚĞĞĂƌůǇĂŶĚŵŝĚĚůĞƐƚĂŐĞƐ͘хdŚĞŽƵƚďƌĞĂŬŽĨƉŚǇƚŽƉůĂƐŵĂ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞŝƐŽĐĐƵƌƌŝŶŐŝŶŵĂŶǇ ĨŝĞůĚƐŽĨDǇĂŶŵĂƌ͘;ϮͿƚƚŚĞĞĂƌůǇĂŶĚŵŝĚĚůĞƐƚĂŐĞƐ͗ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐƵĐŚĂƐƉŚǇƚŽƉůĂƐŵĂ
ƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƚƚĞĚďǇŝŶƐĞĐƚƉĞƐƚƐхtĞƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚĞƚŚĞƐĞĂƐŽŶĂůĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŵĂũŽƌƐĞƐĂŵĞƉĞƐƚƐĞǀĞƌǇǇĞĂƌ͕ďĞĐĂƵƐĞƉĞƐƚŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞƐĚŝĨĨĞƌŝŶĞĂĐŚǇĞĂƌ͘хdŚĞĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶŽŶŵĂũŽƌƐĞƐĂŵĞƉĞƐƚƐŝƐĞƐƐĞŶƚŝĂůƚŽƐŽůǀĞƚŚĞƉĞƐƚƉƌŽďůĞŵ͘хdŚĞƐĞƐĂŵĞƉĞƐƚƉƌŽďůĞŵŝƐƐĞƌŝŽƵƐŝŶDǇĂŶŵĂƌ͘tĞƐŚŽƵůĚƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƉĞƐƚƉƌŽďůĞŵĐĂƵƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĞƐŝĚƵĂůƉĞƐƚŝĐŝĚĞ ƉƌŽďůĞŵ͘;ϭͿ^ĞƐĂŵĞƉĞƐƚƐ;ŝŶƐĞĐƚƉĞƐƚƐĂŶĚĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐͿŝŶDǇĂŶŵĂƌ䠆㻮㼕㼛㼘㼛㼓㼕㼏㼍㼘㻌㼏㼛㼚㼠㼞㼛㼘㻌㼙㼑㼠㼔㼛㼐㼟䠆㻼㼔㼥㼟㼕㼏㼍㼘㻌㼏㼛㼚㼠㼞㼛㼘㻌㼙㼑㼠㼔㼛㼐㼟䠆㻯㼔㼑㼙㼕㼏㼍㼘㻌㼏㼛㼚㼠㼞㼛㼘㻌㼙㼑㼠㼔㼛㼐㼟ΎtĞǁŝůůƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŵĂŶƵĂůĨŽƌƐĞƐĂŵĞƉĞƐƚƐŝŶDǇĂŶŵĂƌĂƚĂŶĞĂƌůǇĚĂƚĞ͘;Ǉƌ͘<ƵǁĂŚĂƌĂͿϳ͘WƌŽƉŽƐĂůƐ

ϰϮͬϲϰ

8WLOL]DWLRQVRI
DOOVXLWDEOHFRQWUROPHWKRGV㻔㻱㼤㼠㼞㼍㼏㼠㼑㼐㻌㼒㼞㼛㼙㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㻹㼕㼚㼕㼟㼠㼞㼥㻌㻌㼛㼒㻌㻭㼓㼞㼕㼏㼡㼘㼠㼡㼞㼑㻘㻌㻲㼛㼞㼑㼟㼠㼞㼥㻌㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㻲㼕㼟㼔㼑㼞㼕㼑㼟㻘㻌㼕㼚㻌㻞㻜㻜㻡㻕䠆㻯㼡㼘㼠㼡㼞㼍㼘㻌㼏㼛㼚㼠㼞㼛㼘㻌㼙㼑㼠㼔㼛㼐㼟䠆㻾㼑㼟㼕㼟㼠㼍㼚㼏㼑㻌㼢㼍㼞㼕㼑㼠㼕㼑㼟䠆㻺㼍㼠㼕㼢㼑㻌㼚㼍㼠㼡㼞㼍㼘㻌㼑㼚㼑㼙㼕㼑㼟䠆㻼㼔㼑㼞㼛㼙㼛㼚㼑 㼒㼛㼞㼙㼡㼘㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼟㻝㻚㻌㻼㼞㼑㼏㼍㼡㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼍㼓㼍㼕㼚㼟㼠㻌㼜㼑㼟㼠㻌㼛㼏㼏㼡㼞㼞㼑㼚㼏㼑㼟㻌䠆㻻㼒㼒㼕㼏㼕㼍㼘㻌㼒㼛㼞㼑㼏㼍㼟㼠㼕㼚㼓㻌㼕㼚㼒㼛㼞㼙㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚䠆㻼㼑㼟㼠㻌㼛㼏㼏㼡㼞㼞㼑㼚㼏㼑㻌㼕㼚㼢㼑㼟㼠㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼟䠆㻱㼏㼛㼚㼛㼙㼕㼏㻌㼕㼚㼖㼡㼞㼥㻌㼘㼑㼢㼑㼘

-XGJPHQWVIRUFRQWUROOLQJSHVWV㻵㻼㻹㻌㼟㼥㼟㼠㼑㼙㻌㼕㼚㻌㻶㼍㼜㼍㼚

ϰϭͬϲϰ

94

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99

Stripe seeding/hill seedingis recommended.

Difficult to weed

Difficult to plough
Difficult to make ridge

Basal fertilization iseffective.

Nutrients stays

Rain water stay

Soil particles are small and they stick together tightly

Clay Soil

Adding compost will improve soil for both soil types. Compost not only holds water andnutrients but also makes it easier for plants to utilize them. 8 tons of compost per acre is ideal.

Stripe seeding/ hill seeding is
recommended for weed
control and supplemental
fertilization

Easy to weed

Easy to plough
Easy to make ridge

Basal fertilization is risky.
Supplemental fertilization
is effective.

Nutrients drains easily

Rain water drains easily

Soil particles are big and they don’t stick together

Sandy Soil

Soil Management

Annex 4

100

4.

2.
3.
4.

1. Mix well into the soil surface
2. 8 tons per acre is ideal
3. Any amount is better thannothing

Mix the compost by putting outsidelayer inside and inside layer
outside(Turning).
Repeat turning after one more month
Compost will be in black color
Ready to use

1.

1.
2.
3.

Pile them up
Sprinkle water onto the pile
Make sure heat is generated
inside the pile
Wait for 1 month to cool theheat

5. Use the compost

Replaceable bamboo/wood board

Collect livestock dungs and crop residues

4. Turn over the compost pile2m

2m

Plastic sheet
or ceiling

2. Gather materials

3. Pile them up

1m

Cement floor, wall on three sides with replaceablebamboo/wood boards as doors

1. Make compost pit

Compost Making

101ရ္ံခသအတကုး ရခ ောစမကာတက
ုး ပ
ခ ကသ
မျခသ ျသ စခ ရတကခတကေခ မခရောစမက
ာုးတကပခ က သ မျခသတကျုး ုးသီ ံခ ရႀတကီ ပ ပ ျႈံးခ။ေပ ျခသ ုး္ခ ံခမတကခမ

ထခံခြတကခ ံခမတကခမေ စမျခသေ မခ ံခမတကခမ

ေရမတကခေ မပျုး သခ ေ စငျးေျမ
ေတကကခသ မျခသတကထေ မတကချႈံးခ။

ရမဟမ စကမသ္ျခတကကံခ ာချႈံးခ။

စုးသေ ္ျခတကကံခ ာချႈံးခ။ေ စစံခစကမသေျသျြခငပးသ ရမကျခသမကျခသ္ျခသငတကပခာခမ
ောသတကပခစ သျႈံးခ။ႊီ ေ စ

ျဘမ၀ဓ ္ခေ စငျးေျမ ထႈံးခစေပသ မျခသျႈံးခ ေ စရစက သရာမသ သာခ ပခအုးသီ တကုး ္ုးသ္တကခော ုးျျခ ႈံးခ။ ျဘမ၀ဓ ္ခေ စငျးေျမျႈံးခေ သျစရခ မဟမ ဓ ္ခစကမသတကုး ထံခသထမသေပသ ုးျီ မစတက ၄ျခသ္နတကုး ရုး ပျခစကမသတက ပုးစအ
ုး ြ
ခ တက
ခ ာ
ူ မခ ရျီုးသ ပ ုးျခ ံခအႈံးခသ အုးပေခ ပသျႈံးခ။ေ စ္ာခစတကအသကျခ ျဘမ၀ဓမ္ခေ စငျးေျမ ၈ ္ံချုးသီ မျခသတက ရေတကမျခသဆီုးသ ာခပ ျႈံးခ။ေပ ျခသပျခထံခသမက ပခ မျခသ ျသ စခထပခေဆမျခသေ စငျးေျမေတကကခသ မျခသ္နုး
ျခသ္နရုး ္ခတကခ ရ္ံခသအတကုး ခ ရောစမက
ာုးတကပခ က သ မျခသ ျသ စခ ရတကခတကေခ မခရောစမက
ာုးတကပခ က သ မျခသတကျုး ုးသီ ံခ ရႀတကီ ပ ပျႈံးခ။ေပ ျခသ ုး္ခ ံခအခြခတကူ

ထခံခြတကခ ံခအခြတကခ ူေ စမျခသေ မခ ံခအခြခတကူ

ေရမတကခေ မပျုး သခ ေ စငျးေျမေတကကခသ မျခသျႈံးခ ဆီုးသ ီသစစကမသျႈံးခ။ ရေပၚြီ
ထပခေဆမျခသေ စငျးေျမေတကကခသ မျခသတက
ရတကက သ ျႈံးခ
သ။ရမဟမ စကမသ ရအခြခ္တကူ
ဆီုးသ ီသျႈံးခ။ေ ရအခြခ္တကူ ဆီုးသ ီသျႈံးခ။ေ စစံခစကမသႀတကးသစမသငပးသ ရမကျခသမကျခသောသတကပခစစ သ။ျေ စေ စျမသားစမီ ံခမန ခ မျခသ

102ရ္ချခသအႊမတကုးရ ပျခပုးန မျခသ ျခစ၂။ ရပီုးတကုးေ၂။ ေံမတကခထပခ ၁ အရငတကမ္ချခ ေံမတကခ္ာခႀတကစခ
ရထတကခေရမတကခအံသ ခပ ။

အမေငတကမျခသေျမကမောပ ။၄။ ထုးရပူေရသျခမသော ံခ ၁ အောမျခစပ ။၄။ ျီုးသ ံခရျျခစ ာခပ ငပး။ရံတကခေ မျခေ ပမျခသျခမသစႈံးခ။၃။ ျဘမ၀ေ စငျးေျမျႈံးခေ မေ မသ ပ ။(ရထတကခေရမတကခအံသ ခ မျခသ)၃။ ရပီုးရ္ချခသ ရပူထခတကခ

အီုးသ၀စျီုးသ မျခသထတကခေတကမျခသျႈံးခ။၃။ စႈံးချႈံးခစပစမာစဆုး

ရေတကမျခသဆီုးသ ာချႈံးခ။၂။ ္ာခစတကအသကျခ ၈ ္ံခ ံခသတက

ေတကမျခသာခမေ မေ သမပ ။၁။ ေ စရေပၚြီအႊမ သျခစ၁။ ရ ပျခအႊမတကုးရ္ချခသ္ချခထမသငပးသ၁။ ၄ျခသ္ုးနတကုးာုးပီုးပ ။ံခသပ ။၅။ ရျီုးသ ပ ပ၄။ ရထတကခေရမတကခအသံခပ

တကကခေမကသ၊ ခမသေမကသ သျခစ ေတကတကခပျခရ သုး စကမသတကုး
ာုးေဆမျခသပ ။၂။ ပ ၀ျခပာၥႈံးခသစကမသ ာုးေဆမျခသပ ။၃။ ာုးပီုးပ

ရဂၤေ္ငတကစခသ မျခသ၊ ံီ ီျီုးသဘတကခ သျခစ ရာမသထုးသျီုးသာခ ုးျချႈံးခစ၀ သ/ျာချမသ၊ ္ီမ သ၁။ ျဘမ၀ဓ ္ခေ စငျးေျမ္ချသခ ပ အုးပခပ ။ျဘမ၀ဓ ္ခေ စငျးေျမ ပ အုးပခ မျခသAnnex 5[ Soil Manual ]Soil management for sesame production in Magway Region
Background
Magway region is the most important production area of black sesame in Myanmar.
Soil of Magway region can be roughly classified into clay soil in lowland and sandy soilin plateau. What is important in soil management is to reduce the problem caused dueto the soil characteristics and to make good use of their characteristics.
Soil is a mixture of in-organic materials and organic matters (living organisms anddecomposed remains of living organisms). In-organic materials can be classified into
three types by their particle size; clay, silt and sand. Particles of clay is the smallest andparticles of sand is the largest. Clay soil holds water tightly and stick together tightly.
Sandy soil does not hold much water and does not stick together. Organic materials help
to hold water and nutrients. They help clay soil not to stick too tightly together and help
sandy soil to stick together softly. Thus mixing organic matters such as compost isimportant in soil management. Also, it is important to understand the characteristics ofsoil for better soil management. Soil management is to make good use of the soil byusing their characteristics to advantage and prevent input and effort to be wasted.
Characteristics of Clay Soil and Practical Advice
This type of soil is sticky when wet. They stick together and get hard when thesoil is dry. Water cannot pass easily in this soil and vertical movement of water islimited. Thus suitable for paddy rice cultivation but difficult for sesame production
since ridge making and weeding are difficult. These cause dense planting and makespraying and supplemental fertilization difficult. Water cannot move freely in thistype of soil. This characteristic is the disadvantage of this type of soil, so that
adding organic matters such as compost is important. However, this characteristic
can be an advantage because limitation on movement of water means limitation for
nutrients flowing away. For this type of soil, basal fertilization is recommendable,
and the fertilizers should be mixed with plough layer. Best way of seedling is stripe
seeding or hill seeding.

Characteristic of Sandy Soil and Practical Advice
This type of soil is easy to manage when making ridge and removing weed.
However, vertical movement of water is easy for this soil and rainwater drains
below the top soil quickly. If top layer is not too deep such as more than 1 meter andclay or silty soil layer is underneath the sandy top layer, water and nutrients might103

[ Soil Manual ]stay even when rains. If sandy top layer is too deep to hold water, it is likely thatimportant nutrients such as nitrogen and potassium get leached down deep below
the surface and not able for plants to use. In that case, fertilization at the beginningmight result in leaching of nutrients by rainwater and likely to be waste. The depthof top soil layer varies even within the same field, so that the effect of fertilizers
varies from plot to plot. Therefore, it is more efficient to invest on the supplemental
fertilization by top dressing than on basal fertilization for sandy soil fields.
Broadcasting and ridging and weeding by animal traction as already practice is finefor this soil type.


Effective use of gypsum (CaSO4・2H2O) and micronutrients
Application of gypsum for sesame cultivation is said to improve the quality of
sesame, to correct soil pH and to prevent empty shells of ground nuts growing after
sesame. However, experimental study must be done in order to confirm the effect tothe sesame quality. What can be said is that high pH may cause deficiency inmicronutrients such as iron and zinc. This is why some farmers prefer to spray tothe leaf surface as top dressing.



Effective use of compost
For clay soil, compost will make them less sticky and soil will be easier to plough.
Use of compost will improve the nutrients and water holding power of the soil for
sandy soil. Thus for both clay and sandy soil, you can expect the physicalimprovement. On top of these physical improvements of soil, compost will provide
nutrients. In order to maintain the productivity, 8 tons of fertilization per acre isdesirable.

104

[ Soil Manual ]Compost Making
Background
Farmers in Magway region often farm with livestock. Materials necessary forcompost are obtainable from cow dungs, chicken droppings, weed and crop residue fromsesame, rice, and legumes such as ground nuts. Some farmers are already making
compost but I would like to make remarks in order to make it more effective.
1. Importance of Composting
Crop residues usually contains limited amount of nitrogen. If you mix the crop
residues directly inside the soil when ploughing, nitrogen will be used in order todecompose the crop residue and might cause nitrogen deficiency for the crop you aregoing to grow. Also, decomposition in the soil sometimes cause outbreak of insects
and soil disease which result in hindering germination and initial growth. Ricestraws are useful for livestock feed. Some farmers burn sesame straws at the field.
Livestock dungs and droppings are sometimes not collected properly and create
unhygienic environment. However, if all those organic matters were properly
collected and stored under the good condition for microorganisms, they will be highquality compost. Decomposition by microorganisms generates heat and it will
prevent odor, insects and disease. Fertilization of quality compost will improve thephysical and chemical condition of the soil. Soil will be able to keep and provide thenutrients and water to the crops. Clay soil will be less sticky and become easier toplough and sand soil will be more retentive of nutrients and water.
2. Magway’s locally available organic matters
Combine materials with relatively high nitrogen contents and relatively low
nitrogen contents when compiling. Livestock dungs and droppings and legume
straws are high in nitrogen. Rice straws and sesame straws are low in nitrogen.
3. Compost pit
Makes space for compost heap. Flat cement floor with brick walls of 1 meterheight on three sides with ceiling is ideal. Area is 2 meter depth and 4 meter widthwith a partition at the middle. If possible, removable bamboo or wood board for forthside will be helpful. You can substitute plastic sheet for ceiling.

105

[ Soil Manual ]Plastic sheet or ceiling
1m

2m
2m

Replaceable bamboo/wood board

4. Compost making
To mix easily, chop straws in 20 cm length. Pile all the materials (livestock dungs,
chopped crop residues, weed, and leftover food if any) up to 1m height. Pour waterover the pile to wet. Cover the pile with plastic sheet. After a few days, inside of thepile will reach 50 to 60 degree Celsius (if you put your hand inside the pile, you canfeel the heat). After about a month, the temperature will drop and total volume ofthe pile will decrease. Then you turn over the compost and put outside layer inside.
The inside of the pile will get hot again for decomposition. After a month, you turnover the compost again for even decomposition. Heat produced for decomposition oforganic wastes will destroy most of the weed seeds, fungal disease, pests andparasites.
5. Completion
When pile’s color turned black, volume reduced to half and unpleasant smell
disappeared, the compost is ready to be used.
6. Fertilization
8 tons of compost per acre is ideal. (even if achieving 8 tons/acre is difficult, any
amount is better than nothing)106မေကြးတိုင္းေဒသႀကီးရွိ ႏွမ္းထုတ္လုပ္ေရးအတြက္ ေျမသားစီမံခန္႔ခမဲြ ႈေနာက္ေၾကာင္း
မေကြးတိုင္းေဒသႀကီးသည္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတြင္ ႏွမ္းနက္ထုတ္လုပ္မႈအတြက္ အေရးပါဆံုးေသာေျမေနရာျဖစ္သည္။ မေကြးတိုင္း
ေဒသႀကီး၏ ေျမသားကို အၾကမ္းဖ်င္းအားျဖင့္ ေျမနိမ့္ပိုင္းတြင္ ရႊံ႕ေျမႏွင့္ ကုန္းျမင့္ပိုင္းတြင္ သဲေျမဟူ၍ အမ်ဳိးအစားခြဲျခားႏိုင္ပါ
သည္။ ေျမသားစီမံခန္႔ခြဲမႈတြင္ အေရးပါသည္မွာ ထိုေျမသား၏ဂုဏ္သတၱိမ်ားေၾကာင့္ ျဖစ္ေပၚလာေသာျပႆနာကို ေလ်ာ့ခ်ရန္
ႏွင့္ ၄င္းတို႔၏ဂုဏ္သတၱိမ်ားကို ေကာင္းသည့္ဘက္တြင္အသံုးခ်ႏိုင္ရန္ျဖစ္သည္။
ေျမသားဆိုသည္မွာ ေအာ္ဂဲနစ္မဟုတ္ေသာ အရာ၀တၳဳမ်ားႏွင့္ ေအာ္ဂဲနစ္မတၱာမ်ား (သက္ရွိေအာ္ဂဲနစ္ဇင္မ်ားႏွင့္ သက္ရွိ
ေအာ္ဂဲနစ္ဇင္တို႔၏ ပုပ္ပ်က္သြားေသာ အၾကြင္းအက်န္မ်ား) ၏အေရာအေႏွာတစ္ရပ္ျဖစ္သည္။ ေအာ္ဂဲနစ္မဟုတ္ေသာ အရာ၀တၳဳမ်ားတို႔ကို ၄င္းတို႔၏အမႈန္အရြယ္အစားအလိုက္ ရႊ႔ံ႕၊ ႏုန္းႏွင့္ သဲ ဟူ၍ သံုးမ်ဳိးခြဲျခားႏိုင္သည္။ ရႊံ႕၏အမႈန္မ်ားသည္ အေသးငယ္ဆံုးျဖစ္ၿပီး သဲ၏အမႈန္မ်ားသည္ အႀကီးဆံုးျဖစ္သည္။ ရႊံ႕ေျမသည္ ေရကိုတင္းၾကပ္စြာထိန္းထားႏိုင္ၿပီး အခ်င္းခ်င္းတင္းၾကပ္
ေသာေစးကပ္မႈရွိသည္။ သဲေျမသည္ ေရကိုမ်ားမ်ားစားစား ထိန္းမထားႏိုင္သည့္အျပင္ အခ်င္းခ်င္းေစးကပ္မႈမရွိပါ။ ေအာ္ဂဲနစ္
အရာ၀တၳဳမ်ားက ေရႏွင့္အာစာရဓါတ္မ်ားကို ထိန္းထားႏိုင္ရန္ အကူအညီေပးသည္။ ၄င္းတို႔သည္ ရႊံ႕ေျမကို အခ်င္းခ်င္း
ေစးကပ္လြန္းျခင္းမရွိေစရန္ ကူညီေပးသည့္အျပင္ သဲေျမကိုအသင့္အတင့္ ေစးကပ္မႈရွိေစရန္ အကူအညီေပးသည္။ ထိုေၾကာင့္
သဘာ၀ေျမၾသဇာကဲ့သို႔ေသာ
သည္။ထို႔အျပင္

အေရးႀကီးပါသည္။

ေအာ္ဂဲနစ္မတၱာမ်ားျဖင့္

ပိုမိုေကာင္းမြန္ေသာ

ေျမသားကိုေရာေႏွာေပးျခင္းသည္

ေျမသားစီမံခန္႔ခြဲမႈအတြက္

ေျမသားစီမံခန္႔ခြဲျခင္းဆိုသည္မွာ

ေျမသားစီမံခန္႔ခြဲမႈတြင္ အေရးပါ

ေျမသား၏ဂုဏ္သတၱိမ်ားကို

ေျမသားဂုဏ္သတၱိမ်ားကို

နားလည္ထားရန္လည္း

အသံုးျပဳျခင္းအားျဖင့္

ပံ့ပိုးထည့္၀င္မႈႏွင့္

အားစိုက္ထုတ္မႈကို အက်ဳိးျဖစ္ထြန္းေစၿပီး ေလလြင့္မႈကို တားဆီးေပးသျဖင့္ ထိုေျမသားကို ေကာင္းစြာအသံုးခ်ႏိုင္ျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။zရႊံ႕ေျမ၏ ဂုဏ္သတၱိမ်ားႏွင့္ လက္ေတြ႔က်ေသာအႀကံျပဳခ်က္
ဤေျမအမ်ဳိးအစားသည္ စိုစြတ္ေသာအခ်ိန္တြင္ ေစးကပ္မႈရွိသည္။ ၄င္းတို႔သည္အခ်င္းခ်င္းေစးကပ္ေနၿပီး ေျခာက္ေသြ႕
သြားခ်ိန္တြင္ မာေၾကာသြားသည္။ ထိုေျမသားအတြင္းသို႔
ေဒါင္လိုက္ေရြ႕လ်ားႏိုင္မႈကို

ဟန္႔တားထားသည္။

ေရသည္အလြယ္တကူျဖတ္သန္းသြားႏိုင္ျခင္း မရွိဘဲ ေရ၏ထိုအတြက္ေၾကာင့္

စပါးစိုက္ပ်ဳိးမႈအတြက္

သင့္ေလ်ာ္ေသာ္လည္း

ေျမာင္းေဖာ္ျခင္းႏွင့္ ေပါင္းႏုတ္ျခင္းတို႔ျပဳလုပ္ရန္ခက္ခဲသျဖင့္ ႏွမ္းစိုက္ပ်ဳိးရန္အတြက္ ခက္ခဲပါသည္။ ၄င္းတို႔က သိပ္သည္း
ေသာစိုက္ပ်ဳိးမႈကို ျဖစ္ေပၚေစၿပီး ေရျဖန္းျခင္းႏွင့္ ထပ္ေဆာင္းဓါတ္ေျမၾသဇာေကၽြးျခင္းတို႔ကို ခက္ခဲေစသည္။ ေရသည္္
ထိုေျမအမ်ဳိးအစားတြင္ လြတ္လပ္စြာေရြ႕လ်ားႏိုင္ျခင္းမရွိပါ။ ဤဂုဏ္သတၱိသည္ ဤေျမအမ်ဳိးအစားအတြက္ အားနည္းခ်က္
ျဖစ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ သဘာ၀ဓါတ္ေျမၾသဇာကဲ့သို႔ေသာ ေအာ္ဂဲနစ္မတၱာမ်ားျဖည့္ထည့္ျခင္းသည္ အေရးႀကီးသည္။သို႔ေသာ္
ေရ၏ေရြ႕လ်ားႏိုင္မႈကို ဟန္႔တားျခင္းက အာဟာရဓါတ္မ်ားစီးဆင္းျခင္းကိုလည္း ဟန္႔တားရာေရာက္သျဖင့္ ထိုဂုဏ္သတၱိ
ကပင္လွ်င္ အားသာခ်က္တစ္ရပ္ျဖစ္နိုင္ပါသည္။ ထိုေျမအမ်ဳိးအစားအတြက္ ေအာက္ေျခပိုင္းဓါတ္ေျမၾသဇာေကၽြးျခင္းကို
အႀကံျပဳႏိုင္ၿပီး

ထိုဓါတ္ေျမၾသဇာမ်ားသည္

ထြန္ယက္သည့္အလႊာတြင္ ေရာေႏွာထားရပါမည္။

အေညွာက္ေဖာက္ျခင္း

အတြက္ အေကာင္းဆံုးနည္းလမ္းမွာ အတန္းလိုက္ျဖစ္ေစ အကြက္ေဖာ္ၿပီးျဖစ္ေစ အေစ့ခ်စိုက္ပ်ဳိးျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။zသဲေျမ၏ ဂုဏ္သတၱိမ်ားႏွင့္ လက္ေတြ႔က်ေသာအႀကံျပဳခ်က္
ဤေျမအမ်ဳိးအစားသည္ ေဇာင္းေဖာ္ရာတြင္လည္းေကာင္း၊ ေပါင္းပင္မ်ားဖယ္ရွားရာတြင္လည္းေကာင္း၊ စီမံခန္႔ခြဲရန္
လြယ္ကူသည္။ သို႔ေသာ္ ထိုေျမတြင္ ေရ၏ေဒါင္လိုက္ေရြ႕လ်ားမႈမွာ လြယ္ကူၿပီး မိုးေရသည္ေျမ၏အေပၚယံအလႊာေအာက္
သို႔ လွ်င္ျမန္စြာစီးဆင္းသြားသည္။ အကယ္၍ အေပၚယံအလႊာသည္ ၁ မီတာထက္ပိုေသာ လြန္စြာနက္ရႈိင္းျခင္း မရွိသည့္
အျပင္ အေပၚယံသဲေျမအလႊာေအာက္၌ ရႊံ႕ သို႔မဟုတ္ ႏုန္းဆန္ေသာေျမလႊာရွိပါက ေရႏွင့္အာဟာရဓါတ္မ်ားသည္
မိုးရြာသြန္း ေနခ်ိန္မွာပင္ ဆက္လက္တည္ရွိေနႏိုင္ပါသည္။ အကယ္၍ အေပၚယံသဲေျမအလႊာသည္ ေရကိုထိန္းထားရန္
နက္ရႈိင္းလြန္းပါက ႏိုက္ထရိုဂ်င္ႏွင့္ ပိုတက္ဆီယမ္တို႔က့သဲ ို႔ အေရးပါသည့္အာဟာရဓါတ္မ်ားသည္ မ်က္ႏွာျပင္မွနက္ရႈိင္း
ေသာေအာက္ေျခသို႔တိုင္ ယိုစိမ့္သြားသျဖင့္ အပင္မ်ားကသံုးစြဲႏိုင္ျခင္းမရွိေတာ့သည့္သေဘာ ျဖစ္တတ္ပါသည္။ ထိုသို႔ျဖစ္ပါက အေပၚယံပိုင္းတြင္ ဓါတ္ေျမၾသဇာေကၽြးျခင္းသည္ အာဟာရဓါတ္မ်ားကို မိုးေရျဖင့္ေမ်ာပါသြားေစျခင္း ျဖစ္ေစႏိုင္သျဖင့္
107အလဟသဆံုးရႈံးသည့္ သေဘာျဖစ္ႏိုင္ပါသည္။ အေပၚဆံုးေျမသားအလႊာ၏ နက္ရႈိင္းမႈမွာ ကြဲျပားျခားနားတတ္သျဖင့္
ဓါတ္ေျမၾသဇာ၏သက္ေရာက္မႈမွာလည္း ေျမကြက္အလိုက္ ျခားနားႏိုင္သည္။ ထိုေၾကာင့္ သဲေျမအမ်ဳိးအစားစိုက္ကြက္မ်ား
အတြက္အေပၚေျမလႊာတြင္ ထပ္ေဆာင္းဓါတ္ေျမၾသဇာေကၽြးျခင္းထက္ ေအာက္ေျခပိုင္းတြင္ ဓါတ္ေျမၾသဇာျဖည့္ထည့္

ျခင္းတြင္

အကုန္အက်ခံပါက

ပိုပိုအက်ဳိးျဖစ္ထြန္းပါမည္။

ယခင္က်င့္သံုးႏွင့္ၿပီးျဖစ္ေသာ

တိရစာၧန္အားကိုအသံုးျပဳၿပီး

မ်ဳိးေစ့ႀကဲ ျခင္း၊ ေျမာင္းေဖာ္ျခင္းႏွင့္ ေပါင္းသင္ျခင္းတို႔သည္ ဤေျမအမ်ဳိးအစားအတြက္ အဆင္ေျပပါသည္။zဂ်စ္ပဆမ္ (ကယ္လဆီယမ္ဆာလဖိတ္ဒီဟိုက္ၿဒိတ္ CaSO4- 2H2O) ႏွင့္ မိုက္ခရို အာဟာရဓါတ္မ်ားကို ထိေရာက္စြာအသံုး
ျပဳျခင္း
ႏွမ္းစိုက္ပ်ဳိးေရးအတြက္ ဂ်စ္ပဆမ္အသံုးျပဳျခင္းသည္ ႏွမ္းအရည္အေသြးကို တိုးတက္ေစရန္၊ ေျမသား၏ pH ကိုျပဳျပင္
ရန္ႏွင့္ ႏွမ္းစိုက္ခ်ိန္အၿပီး ေျမပဲစိုက္ခ်ိန္တြင္ အဆံေခ်ာင္ျဖစ္ျခင္းကို ကာကြယ္ရန္ဟုဆိုၾကသည္။ သို႔ရာတြင္ ႏွမ္း၏အရည္
အေသြးတြင္သက္ေရာက္မႈရွိေၾကာင္း အတည္ျပဳႏိုင္ရန္အတြက္ လက္ေတြ႔စမ္းသပ္ေလ့လာမႈ ျပဳလုပ္ရပါမည္။ေသခ်ာသည္
မွာ

pHျမင့္မားျခင္းသည္

အိုင္းယြန္းႏွင့္ဇင့္က့သဲ ို႔ေသာ

မိုက္ခရိုအာဟာရဓါတ္မ်ားကို

ေလ်ာ့က်မႈျဖစ္ေစႏိုင္သည္။

ထိုအေၾကာင္းေၾကာင့္ အခ်ဳိ႕ေသာလယ္သမားမ်ားက အရြက္ဖ်န္းေဆးကိုသံုးရန္ ပိုမိုအားသန္ၾကျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။zသဘာ၀ဓါတ္ေျမၾသဇာ ထိေရာက္စြာအသံုးခ်ျခင္း
ရႊံ႕ေျမအတြက္ သဘာ၀ဓါတ္ေျမၾသဇာက ေစးကပ္မႈကိုေလ်ာ့နည္းေစၿပီး ထြန္ယက္ရလြယ္ကူေစပါလိမ့္မည္။ သဘာ၀ဓါတ္ေျမၾသဇာအသံုးျပဳျခင္းက အာဟာရဓါတ္မ်ားႏွင့္ သဲေျမအတြက္ ေရကိုထိန္းထားႏိုင္စြမ္းကို ျမွင့္တင္ေပးႏိုင္သည္။
ထို႔ေၾကာင့္ ရႊံ႕ေျမႏွင့္သဲေျမႏွစ္မ်ဳိးစလံုးအတြက္ ရုပ္ပိုင္းဆိုင္ရာတိုးတက္မႈကို ေမွ်ာ္မွန္းႏိုင္သည္။ ေျမသား၏ရုပ္ပိုင္းဆိုင္ရာ
တိုးတက္မႈမ်ားအျပင္ သဘာ၀ဓါတ္ေျမၾသဇာက အာဟာရဓါတ္မ်ားကို ပံ့ပိုးေပးႏိုင္သည္။ သီးႏွံအထြက္ႏွဳန္းကို ထိန္းထား
ႏိုင္ရန္အတြက္ ေျမတစ္ဧကလွ်င္ ေျမၾသဇာ ၈ တန္ကို ထည့္ေပးရန္လိုအပ္သည္။
သဘာ၀ဓါတ္ေျမၾသဇာျပဳလုပ္ျခင္း

ေနာက္ေၾကာင္း
မေကြးတိုင္းေဒသႀကီးရွိ ေတာင္သူမ်ားတို႔သည္ တိရိစာၧန္မ်ားသံုးၿပီး လယ္ယာစိုက္ပ်ဳိးေလ့ရွိၾကသည္။ သဘာ၀ဓါတ္ေျမၾသဇာ
ျပဳလုပ္ရာတြင္ လိုအပ္ေသာ အေျခခံပါ၀င္ပစၥည္းမ်ားကို ႏြားေခ်း၊ ၾကက္ေခ်းႏွင့္ ႏွမ္း၊ စပါး၊ ေျမပဲက့သဲ ို႔ေသာ ပဲအမ်ဳိးမ်ဳိးတို႔၏
ေကာက္ရိုးမ်ားမွရရွိႏိုင္သည္။ အခ်ဳိ႕ေသာလယ္သမားမ်ားသည္ သဘာ၀ဓါတ္ေျမၾသဇာကို ျပဳလုပ္ေနႏွင့္ႀကၿပီျဖစ္ေသာ္လည္း
ပိုမိုထိေရာက္မႈရွိရန္ လုပ္ေဆာင္ျခင္းအတြက္ အႀကံျပဳခ်က္မ်ားေပးလိုပါသည္။၁။ သဘာ၀ဓါတ္ေျမၾသဇာအသံုးျပဳျခင္း၏ အေရးပါမႈ
ေကာက္ပင္အႀကြင္းအက်န္မ်ားတြင္

ႏိုတ္ထရိုဂ်င္ပမာဏအနည္းငယ္ပါရွိေလ့ရွိတတ္သည္။

ထြန္ယက္ခ်ိန္တြင္

ေကာက္ပင္အၾကြင္းအက်န္မ်ားကို တိုက္ရိုက္ထည့္သြင္းေရာေႏွာလိုက္ပါက ထိုေကာက္ပင္အႀကြင္းအက်န္ကို ပုပ္ပ်က္
ေစရန္အတြက္ ႏိုတ္ထရိုဂ်င္ကို အသံုးျပဳရလိမ့္မည္ျဖစ္ၿပီး စိုက္ပ်ဳိးမည့္သီးႏွံအတြက္ ႏိုတ္ထရိုဂ်င္ေလ်ာ့ပါးမႈကိုျဖစ္ေပၚေစ
ႏိုင္သည္။ ေျမသားအတြင္းပုပ္ပ်က္ေစျခင္းသည္ အင္းဆက္ပိုးမႊားမ်ားႏွင့္ ေျမသားအတြင္းေရာဂါျဖစ္ျခင္းကို ရံဖန္ရံခါပ်ံ႕ႏွံ႕
ေစႏိုင္သျဖင့္ ေစ့အေညွာက္ေပါက္ျခင္းႏွင့္ ကနဦးႀကီးထြားမႈကို အဟန္႔အတားျဖစ္ေပၚေစပါသည္။ စပါးပင္၏ေကာက္ရိုးမ်ားကို ကၽြဲႏြားအစာအျဖစ္အသံုးျပဳႏိုင္သည္။ အခ်ဳိ႕ေသာေတာင္သူမ်ားတို႔သည္ ႏွမ္းပင္၏ေကာက္ရိုးမ်ားကို စိုက္ခင္းေနရာတြင္
မီးရိႈ႕ေလ့ရွိၾကသည္။ ကၽြဲေခ်း၊ ႏြားေခ်းမ်ားႏွင့္ ၾကက္ဘဲေခ်းမ်ားကို ရံဖန္ရံခါ မွန္ကန္စြာေကာက္သိမ္းျခင္းမရွိသျဖင့္ က်န္းမာ
ေရးႏွင့္မညီညြတ္သည့္ ၀န္းက်င္ကိုဖန္တီးရာေရာက္သည္။ သို႔ရာတြင္ အဆိုပါေအာ္ဂဲနစ္မတၱာမ်ားကို မွန္မွန္ကန္ကန္
စုသိမ္းၿပီး မိုက္ခရိုေအာ္ဂဲနစ္ဇင္မ်ားအတြက္ အေနအထားေကာင္းတစ္ရပ္ေအာက္တြင္ သိုေလွာင္ထားပါက ၄င္းတို႔သည္
အရည္အေသြးျမင့္မားေသာ သဘာ၀ဓါတ္ေျမၾသဇာျဖစ္လာေပမည္။ မိုက္ခရိုေအာ္ဂဲနစ္ဇင္မ်ားအားျဖင့္ ပုပ္ပ်က္ေစျခင္းသည္ အပူကိုထုတ္လႊတ္ေပးၿပီး ၄င္းက အနံ႕ဆိုးထြက္ျခင္း၊ အင္းဆက္ပိုးမႊားမ်ားႏွင့္ေရာဂါဘယတို႔ကို ကာကြယ္ေပးပါမည္။
108

အရည္အေသြးျမင့္မားေသာ သဘာ၀ဓါတ္ေျမၾသဇာျဖင့္ ေျမဆီေျမၾသဇာၾကြယ္၀ေစျခင္းသည္ ထိုေျမသား၏ ရုပ္ပိုင္းႏွင့္
ဓါတ္၀တၳဳဆိုင္ရာအေျခအေနကိ္ု ျမွင့္တင္ေပးပါမည္။ ေျမသားက အာဟာရဓါတ္မ်ားႏွင့္ေရကို ထိန္းသိမ္းထားၿပီး ေကာက္ပဲ
သီးႏွံမ်ားထံ ပံ့ပိုးေပးႏိုင္ပါသည္။ ရႊံ႕ေျမသည္လည္းေစးကပ္မႈေလ်ာ့နည္းသြားၿပီး ထြန္ယက္ရလြယ္ကူလာသကဲ့သို႔ သဲေျမသည္ အာဟာရဓါတ္ႏွင့္ေရကို ပိုမိုထိန္းသိမ္းထားႏိုင္လာပါမည္။၂။ မေကြး၏ နယ္ေျမအတြင္းရႏိုင္သည့္ ေအာ္ဂဲနစ္မတၱာမ်ား
ႏိုတ္ထရိုဂ်င္ပါ၀င္မႈ

အထိုက္အေလွ်ာက္ျမင့္မားေသာ

အရာ၀တၳဳမ်ားႏွင့္

ႏိုတ္ထရိုဂ်င္ပါ၀င္မႈ

အထိုက္အေလွ်ာက္

နည္းပါးေသာ အရာ၀တၳဳမ်ားကိုစုပံုခ်ိန္တငြ ္ ေရာေႏွာရပါမည္။ ကၽြဲေခ်း၊ ႏြားေခ်းႏွင့္ၾကက္ေခ်းမ်ားႏွင့္ ပဲပင္အရိုးမ်ားသည္
ႏိုတ္ထရိုဂ်င္ပါ၀င္မႈျမင့္မားသည္။ စပါးပင္၏ေကာက္ရိုးႏွင့္ ႏွမ္းပင္အရိုးမ်ားသည္ ႏိုတ္ထရိုဂ်င္ပါ၀င္မႈနည္းပါးသည္။၃။ သဘာ၀ဓါတ္ေျမၾသဇာတြင္း
သဘာ၀ဓါတ္ေျမၾသဇာပံုအတြက္ ေနရာျပဳလုပ္ပါ။ ညီညာေသာအဂၤေတၾကမ္းခင္းႏွင့္ အနားသံုးဘက္တြင္ ၁ မီတာျမင့္ေသာ အုတ္ရိုးအေပၚတြင္ အဖံုးပါရွိျခင္းသည္ အေကာင္းဆံုးအေနအထားျဖစ္သည္။ ဧရိယာမွာ ၂ မီတာအနက္၊ ၄ မီတာအက်ယ္ကို အလယ္တည့္တည့္တြင္ ကန္႔ထားရပါမည္။ ျဖစ္ႏိုင္သည္ဆိုပါက ျပန္လည္ဖယ္ရွားႏိုင္ေသာ ၀ါး သို႔မဟုတ္
သစ္သားဘုတ္ျပားကို ႏွစ္ကန္႔လံုးတြင္ထည့္ထားပါက အေထာက္အကူျဖစ္ပါလိမ့္မည္။ အဖံုးကို ပလပ္စတစ္အေပ်ာ့စျဖင့္
အစားထိုးႏိုင္သည္။

ပလပ္စတစ္အေပ်ာ့စ သို႔မဟုတ္ အဖံုး၁ မီတာ၂ မီတာ၂ မီတာ

အစားထိုးသံုးစြဲႏိုင္ေသာ ၀ါး/သစ္သားဘုတ္ျပား၄။ သဘာ၀ဓါတ္ေျမၾသဇာျပဳလုပ္ျခင္း
လြယ္ကူစြာေရာေႏွာႏိုင္ရန္ ေကာက္ရိုးမ်ားကို ၂၀ စင္တီမီတာအရွည္ျဖတ္ပါ။ ပါ၀င္ေသာပစၥည္းမ်ားအားလံုး (ကၽြဲေခ်း၊
ႏြားေခ်း၊ ျဖတ္ထားသည့္ေကာက္ပင္အၾကြင္းအက်န္မ်ား၊ ေပါင္းပင္ႏွင့္ အစားအစာအၾကြင္းအက်န္မ်ား ရွိသည္ဆိုပါက) ကို၁ မီတာအျမင့္အထိ ပံုလိုက္ပါ။ ထိုအပံုကိုစိုစြတ္သြားေစရန္ အေပၚမွေရေလာင္းခ်ပါ။ ထိုအပံုကို ပလပ္စတစ္အေပ်ာ့စျဖင့္
ဖံုးအုပ္ထားပါ။ ရက္အနည္းငယ္ၾကာၿပီးေနာက္တြင္ ထိုအပံုအတြင္းပိုင္းသည္ ၅၀ မွ ၆၀ ဒီဂရီဆဲလ္စီးယပ္စ္အထိ ေရာက္ရွိ
လာပါလိမ့္မည္ (သင္၏လက္ကို ထိုအပံုအတြင္းထည့္ၾကည့္ပါက ထိုအပူခ်ိန္ကို သင္ခံစားႏိုင္ပါသည္။)။ တစ္လခန္႔ၾကာၿပီး
ေနာက္တြင္ ထိုအပူခ်ိန္သည္ ေလ်ာ့က်သြားၿပီး ထိုအပံု၏အရြယ္အစားပမာဏလည္း ေလ်ာ့သြားပါလိမ့္မည္။ ထို႔ေနာက္
ထိုသဘာ၀ဓါတ္ေျမၾသဇာအပံုကို အထက္ေအာက္လွန္ၿပီး အျပင္ပိုင္းကို အတြင္းတြင္ထားပါ။ ထိုအပံု၏အတြင္းပိုင္းသည္
ပုပ္ပ်က္ျခင္းအတြက္ ထပ္မံပူလာပါလိမ့္မည္။ ေနာက္ထပ္တစ္လခန္႔ၾကာၿပီးေနာက္တြင္ ထိုအပံုကိုပိုမိုေဆြးေျမ႕သြားေစရန္
အတြက္ ေနာက္တစ္ႀကိမ္အထက္ေအာက္လွန္ပါ။ ပုပ္ပ်က္ေစရန္အတြက္ ေအာ္ဂဲနစ္ပစၥည္းမ်ားမွ ထြက္လာေသာအပူသည္
ေပါင္းပင္၏အေစ့မ်ား၊ မႈိေရာဂါ၊ ပိုးမႊားႏွင့္ ကပ္ပါးေကာင္မ်ားကို ဖ်က္ဆီးပါလိမ့္မည္။၅။ ၿပီးေျမာက္ျခင္း
ထိုအပံု၏အေရာင္သည္ အနက္ေရာင္ေျပာင္းသြားၿပီး၊ ပမာဏလည္း ထက္၀က္ခန္႔ေလ်ာ့က်သြားကာ မေကာင္းသည့္
109

အနံ႔အသက္မ်ားေပ်ာက္သြားခ်ိန္တြင္ ထိုသဘာ၀ဓါတ္ေျမၾသဇာသည္ အသံုးျပဳရန္အသင့္ျဖစ္ပါၿပီ။၆။ ေျမၾသဇာေကၽြးျခင္း
ေျမတစ္ဧကလွ်င္ သဘာ၀ဓာတ္ေျမၾသဇာ ၈ တန္သံုးျခင္းက အေကာင္းဆံုးျဖစ္ပါသည္။ (တစ္ဧက ၈ တန္သံုးျခင္းက
အခက္အခဲျဖစ္သည္ဆိုပါက မည္သည့္ပမာဏမဆို လံုး၀မသံုးျခင္းထက္ပိုေကာင္းပါေသးသည္။)110

Annex 6

Manual for
Pests andPest Management Method
on Sesame Plants
in Magway Region
2017
JAICAF

Contents
1. Background and purposes
2. Investigation methods
3. Major sesame pests
4. Major natural enemies
5. Pest management methods (General)
6. Pest management methods (Particular)
7. Pest problems

111

1. Background and purposes¾ Technical cooperation project for agricultural
productivity and quality improvement of sesame seeds
in Myanmar, which was aided by the Ministry ofagriculture, forestry and fisheries, Japan, was carriedout by JAICAF with the Ministry of agriculture, livestock
and irrigation, Myanmar.
¾ We investigated sesame pests and natural enemies
occurrences in Magway Region. This manual is for
agricultural technical experts (researchers, extension
officers, etc.) based on the result of this investigation.
We also present pest management methods and pest
problems in this manual.

2. Investigation methods
We used the following methods selected from various methods.

(1) Sweeping method
We swept 20 times with an insect net (36cm in diameter)in each field, and caught various insects.

(2) Direct counting method
We counted and caught insects directly.

(3) Sticky trap method
We set yellow sticky traps in sesame fields,
and caught various small insects.
*If you want to attract owlet moths, the pheromone trap is effective112

3. Major sesame pests
Sesame investigation
point with pests (%)

Weed investigation
point with pests (%)

KindFamily nameMain exemplification

Aphids (Virus diseases)

Aphididae

Myzus persicae(Green peach aphid)

0.0䠄Virus䚷15.0䠅

0.0

Leafhoppers(Phytoplasma disease)

Cicadellidae

Orosius albicinetus(Sesamum jassid)

55.0
䠄Phytoplasma䚷52.5䠅

56.3

Plant bugs

Pentatomidae
Pyrrhocoridae
Lygaeidae

Nezara spp.,
Dysdercus spp.,
Aphamus sordidus(Sesamum seed bug)

42.5

43.8

Scarabs

Scarababidae

Anomala antiqua(Sesamum blach beetle)

5.0

0.0

Pyralid moths

Pyralidae

Antigastra catalaunalis(Sesamum leaf roller)

5.0

0.0

Sphinx moths

Sphingidae

Acherontia styx
(Death's head moth)

0.0

6.3

Tiger moths

Arcitiidae

Spilosoma obliqua(Common hairy caterpillar)

5.0

0.0

Owlet moths

Noctuidae

Helicoverpa armigera(Cotton bollworm)

5.0

6.3

䠄This table is based on our investigations in 2017 andthe booklet of Plant Protection Division, Myanmar in 1999䠅

Aphids and Virus
Disease symptom

Reference
An adult of Myzus percicae,
which is probably a vector.

Many pods No pod* Virus diseased plants have noseed pod and yield decreases.
* We have little information on thevirus and vector.
* Detailed investigation needed.
113

Leafhoppers and Phytoplasma (MLO)
Outbreak !
(Yield decrease)

Sesamun jassid䠄adult: vector)

No seed pod (Diseased)

Maximum diseased plants
in a field = 47%

Many seed pods(Healthy)

Stink bugs, Pyrrhocorid bugs
and Lygaeid bugs

A kind of stink bugs
(adult and larvae)
A kind of Pyrrhocorid bugs
(Dysdercus spp.: adult)
Sucking mouth

Mainly cotton and okra insect pests(photo by Dr. Kuwahara)
114

Scarabs

Sesumum bkack beetle(larvae)* Scarabs larvae can severely damage sesame roots.

Pyralid moths
Damaged leaves

Sesamum leaf roller (larvae)
115

Sphinx moths

Reference
A kind of sphinx
moths collected
in JapanA larvae collectedin Myanmar (larva)䠰䡅䡃䡁䡎 moths

Common hairy caterpillar (larva)(photo By Dr. Kuwahara)
116

Owlet moths

Several kinds of owlet moth larvae* Several owlet moths such as cotton bollworm,
common cutworms, etc. can severely damage
sesame plants under outbreak conditions.

Small insects
trapped by yellow sticky traps

Sesamun jassid 䠄adult)* Leafhoppers were trapped, but aphids whichwere attracted by yellow were not trapped in June
and July, 2017.
117

4. Major natural enemies
Exemplification

Sesame investigation Weed investigation
point with natural
point with naturalememies (%)
enemies (%)

Green lacewings Chrysopidae

Chrysoperla carnera

㻞㻚㻡

㻜㻚㻜

Ladybird beetles Coccinellidae

Harmonia axyridis

㻣㻚㻡

㻜㻚㻜

Eulophidae,
Braconida,etc.

Diglyphus isaea,
Aphidius colemani

㻝㻣㻚㻡

㻝㻞㻚㻡

Nesidiocoris tenuis,
Geocoris various,
Agriosphodrus dohrni

㻟㻞㻚㻡

㻢㻚㻟

㻝㻜㻚㻜

㻝㻞㻚㻡

Kind

Paracitic wasps

Family name

Miridae, Geocoridae,
Predaceous bugs
Reduvidae, etc.
Spiders

Thomisidae etc

Parasitic wasps

Reference
A kind of Braconidae* Parasitic wasps such as Eulophidae and Braconidae
are very important natural enemies.
118

Predatory bugs

* In Myanmar we observed predatory bugs
such as Miridae, Geocoridae and Reduvidae.
* In Japan we can often observe tobacco leaf bugs
(Nesisiocoris tenuis) on sesame plants.

5. Pest management methods(General)Management method

Main technology

Chemical method

Agrochemicals (Pesticides).

Physical method

Catching and killing. Quarantine. Treatment of light, color and heat.

Ecological method /Cultural method

Crop rotation. Mixed cropping. Intercroping. Ploughing. Cleaning.
Barrier crops. Enemy plants. Resistant varieties.

Biological method

Natural enemy formulations. Native natural ememies. Pheromon
formulations. Genetic control.

㼃㼑㻌㼔㼍㼢㼑㻌㼟㼑㼢㼑㼞㼍㼘 㼙㼍㼚㼍㼓㼑㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌㼙㼑㼠㼔㼛㼐㼟㻍119

Main agrochemicals
against sesame insect
pests in Myanmar

Chemical method
Component nameTrade nameCharacteristic

Deltamethrin 2.5% EC

Decis

Synthetic pyrethroid insecticide

Diazinon 40.0% EC

DiazinonOrganophosphorus insecticide

Dimethoate 40.0% EC

Dimathoate

Organophosphorus insecticide

Fenitrothion 50.0% EC

Sumithion

Organophosphorus insecticide

Fenpropathrin 10.0% EC

Danitol

Synthetic pyrethroid compound insecticide

Imidacloprid 70.0% D and 70% WP

Gaucho and
DOZER

Neonicotinoid insecticide

Malathion 50.0% EC

Unknown

Organophosphorus insecticide

Phenthoate 50.0% EC

Unknown

Organophosphorus insecticide

䠄Agrochemicals were quoted from the technical booklet of Plant
Protection Division, Myanmar in 1999䠅

Use proper agrochemicals properly!
¾ Buy proper agrochemicals from legal channels
based on the law!
¾ Follow the directions of labels !
Targeted crops and pests !
Season and frequency of sprays !
Proper concentrations !
¾ Don’t sell sesame seeds which were treatedwith agrochemicals as sesame products !
* These are very important for safety (residual agrochemicals etc.),
cost reduction, insecticidal efficacy and chemical injury prevention.
120

Biological method(1) Bio-insecticide

A kind of nematode formulations¾ Many kinds of natural enemy formulations(wasps, bugs, mites, nematodes, etc.) areon the market.

(2) Native natural enemies¾ 㻺㼍㼠㼕㼢㼑㻌㼚㼍㼠㼡㼞㼍㼘㻌㼑㼚㼑㼙㼕㼑㼟㻌㼍㼞㼑㻌㼏㼛㼚㼠㼞㼛㼘㼘㼕㼚㼓㻌㼕㼚㼟㼑㼏㼠㻌㻌㼜㼑㼟㼠㼟㻌㼕㼚㻌㼒㼕㼑㼘㼐㼟㻚㻌¾ 㻺㼍㼠㼕㼢㼑㻌㼚㼍㼠㼡㼞㼍㼘㻌㼑㼚㼑㼙㼕㼑㼟 㼏㼍㼚㻌㼎㼑㻌㼜㼞㼑㼟㼑㼞㼢㼑㼐㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㼜㼞㼛㼜㼍㼓㼍㼠㼑㼐㻌㼎㼥㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㼙㼍㼚㼍㼓㼑㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌㼛㼒㻌㼢㼑㼓㼑㼠㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼟㻌㻔㼏㼞㼛㼜㼟㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㼣㼑㼑㼐㼟㻕㻌㼍㼟㻌㼠㼔㼑㼕㼞㻌㼔㼍㼎㼕㼠㼍㼠㼟㻌㼕㼚㻌㼒㼕㼑㼘㼐㼟㻚
121

Physical method¾ Basic method for controlling insect pests¾ Riding weeds and diseased plants¾ Catching and killing insect pests¾ 㼁㼟㼕㼚㼓㻌㼞㼑㼒㼘㼑㼏㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼙㼡㼘㼏㼔㻌㼟㼔㼑㼑㼠㼟㻘㻌㼥㼑㼘㼘㼛㼣㻌㼜㼘㼍㼠㼑㼟㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㼚㼑㼠㻌㻔㻡㼙㼙㻌㼙㼑㼟㼔㻌㼒㼛㼞㻌㼎㼡㼓㼟㻕

Ecological (Cultural) method¾ Barrier crops such assorgos, maize and millet
protect sesame plants
against small insect pests.
¾ Suitable management of organic mattersin soil of fields is important,because organic rich soil
attracts the adult of scarabs.
122

Targeting IPM¾ Globally, integrated pest management (IPM) has beenrecognized. IPM is essential to plant protection all over
the world.
¾ IPM have extended in the horticulture under structure
conditions. In the future we should extend in thehorticulture under field conditions.
¾ Various technologies on IPM should be developed
based on the agricultural condition in each country andregion.
¾ IPM is evolving from conventional IPM into biointensive IPM.
25

IPM system in Japan㻞㻚 㻶㼡㼐㼓㼙㼑㼚㼠㼟㻌㼒㼛㼞㻌㼏㼛㼚㼠㼞㼛㼘㼘㼕㼚㼓㻌㼜㼑㼟㼠㼟㻌䠆㻻㼒㼒㼕㼏㼕㼍㼘㻌㼒㼛㼞㼑㼏㼍㼟㼠㼕㼚㼓㻌㼕㼚㼒㼛㼞㼙㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚䠆㻼㼑㼟㼠㻌㼛㼏㼏㼡㼞㼞㼑㼚㼏㼑㻌㼕㼚㼢㼑㼟㼠㼕㼓㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼟䠆㻱㼏㼛㼚㼛㼙㼕㼏㻌㼕㼚㼖㼡㼞㼥㻌㼘㼑㼢㼑㼘㻝㻚㻌㻼㼞㼑㼏㼍㼡㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼍㼓㼍㼕㼚㼟㼠㻌㼜㼑㼟㼠㻌㼛㼏㼏㼡㼞㼞㼑㼚㼏㼑㼟㻌䠆㻯㼡㼘㼠㼡㼞㼍㼘㻌㼏㼛㼚㼠㼞㼛㼘㻌㼙㼑㼠㼔㼛㼐㼟䠆㻾㼑㼟㼕㼟㼠㼍㼚㼏㼑㻌㼢㼍㼞㼕㼑㼠㼕㼑㼟䠆㻺㼍㼠㼕㼢㼑㻌㼚㼍㼠㼡㼞㼍㼘㻌㼑㼚㼑㼙㼕㼑㼟䠆㻼㼔㼑㼞㼛㼙㼛㼚㼑 㼒㼛㼞㼙㼡㼘㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼟㼁㼠㼕㼘㼕㼦㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼟㻌㼛㼒㻌㼍㼘㼘㻌㼟㼡㼕㼠㼍㼎㼘㼑㻌㼏㼛㼚㼠㼞㼛㼘 㼙㼑㼠㼔㼛㼐㼟䠆㻮㼕㼛㼘㼛㼓㼕㼏㼍㼘㻌㼏㼛㼚㼠㼞㼛㼘㻌㼙㼑㼠㼔㼛㼐㼟䠆㻼㼔㼥㼟㼕㼏㼍㼘㻌㼏㼛㼚㼠㼞㼛㼘㻌㼙㼑㼠㼔㼛㼐㼟䠆㻯㼔㼑㼙㼕㼏㼍㼘㻌㼏㼛㼚㼠㼞㼛㼘㻌㼙㼑㼠㼔㼛㼐㼟(Extracted from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, in 2005)
26
123

6. Pest management methods(Particular)

Aphids and Virus disease¾ We should control aphids, vectors, at the former stage ofcultivations, and rid diseased plants.
¾ We spray agrochemicals in the fields where the outbreakof virus diseases occur every year.
¾ We should use the agrochemicals which is recommended
by DOA and DAR, Myanmar.
Leafhopper (Sesamum jassid) and Phytoplasma disease¾ We should control the sesamum jassid, a vector, at theformer stage, and rid diseased plants.
¾ We spray agrochemicals in the fields where the outbreakof phytoplasma disease occur every year.
¾ We should use the insecticide which is recommended by
DOA and DAR, Myanmar.
124

Plant bugs
¾ We can disregard the damage of plant bugs under normal
occurrence conditions.

Scarabes¾ Organic rich soil attract the adult of scarabs.
¾ We should catch and kill larvae in soil near plants.
¾ The latent damage, which is caused by larvae in soil, israther severe.
¾ We should use the agrochemicals which is recommended
by DOA and DAR, if you spray.

Pyralid moths, Sphinx moths and Owlet moths¾ We can disregard the damage of these moths undernormal occurrence conditions, although we should be on
the lookout for the outbreak of these moths.
¾ We should catch and kill larvae on plants.

Tiger moths¾ We can disregard the damage of tiger moths undernormal occurrence conditions.
¾ We should catch and kill larvae on plants.

125㻣㻚㻌㻼㼑㼟㼠㻌㼜㼞㼛㼎㼘㼑㼙㼟(1) Sesame pests in Myanmar¾ The sesame pest problem is serious
in Myanmar. We should understand thatthe pest problem causes the agrochemical
residue.

¾ The ecological information on major sesame pests isessential for pest management.

¾ We should investigate the seasonal change of major
sesame pests every year, because pest occurrences differ ineach year.

(2) At the former stage: Diseases suchas virus and phytoplasma transmitted
by insect pests¾ The outbreak of diseases transmitted
by vector insects is occurring in many
fields of Myanmar.

¾ Sesame plants are infected with these
disease at the former stage. So we should
control vector insects such as aphids andleafhoppers (jassid) at the former stage.
126

¾ Permeability agrochemicals are efficacious.
Seed treatments with agrochemicals before
sowing are also efficacious as a chemical method.
¾ We should rid diseased plantsfrom fields for protecting the
spread of infections as a physicalmethod.
¾ Barrier crops, such as sorgo, maize
and millet plants, protect the comeflying of small insect pests as an
ecological and cultural method.

(3) At the latter stage: Lepidopteraninsect pests with a chewing mouth¾ Several kinds of lepidopteran insect pests occur
at the latter stage.
¾ Synthetic pyrethroid and organophosphorus
agrochemicals are efficacious as a chemical
method, but we should refrain from the spraying of
agrochemicals at the latter stage.
¾ Capture and killing are effective
as a physical method. The using of
bio-insecticides are desiredin the near future.
127

¾ Scarab larvae severely eat sesame roots in soil.
Organophosphorus agrochemicals (granule type) are
efficacious, but we should refrain from the spraying of
agrochemicals at the latter stage. The bio-insecticide
like entomopathogenic nematodes is on the market.
¾ The soil with rich organic matters promote the egglaying of scarab adults.

¾ At the latter stage bugs and Rhizoctonia diseases
occur, and moreover, the disease
symptoms caused by phytoplasmaand virus are actualized.

(4) At the drying stage: Deterioration of
sesame, various pests such as bugs, andagrochemical residue¾ Drying in fields should be avoided, because wecannot spray agrochemicals to occurred insect pests
at the drying stage.
¾ Moreover, the deterioration of sesame qualities
causes at the drying stage in fields.
¾ We should reconsider the field drying,
and aim to construct
new drying systems.
128

Acknowledgement
Ministry of agriculture,
livestock and irrigation, Myanmar
Department of agriculture (DOA), Head office
DOA Regional office, Magway
Department of agricultural research (DAR), Head office
DAR Magway oil seed crop research center

Sesame farmers and agrochemical stores* This manual was drawn up by JAICAF based on the
result of the project, which was funded by the Ministryof agriculture, forestry and fisheries, Japan.
37

Thank youvery much129မေကြးတိငု း္ ေဒသႀကီးရွိ
ႏွမး္ ပင္မ်ားတြငက္ ်ေရာက္ေသာ အင္းဆက္ပးို မႊားမ်ားႏွင့္ ပိုးမႊားႏွမိ န္ င္းမႈနည္းလမ္းအတြက္ လမ္းညႊန္

၂၀၁၇ ခုႏွစ္
JAICAFမာတိကာ၁။ ေနာက္ေၾကာင္းႏွင့္ ရည္ရယြ ခ္ ်က္မ်ား၂။ စစ္ေဆးေဖာ္ထတု မ္ နႈ ည္းလမ္းမ်ား၃။ ႏွမး္ ပင္တငြ အ္ ဓိကက်ေရာက္သည့္ ပိုးမႊားမ်ား၄။ အဓိက သဘာ၀ရန္သမူ ်ား၅။ ပိုးမႊားႏွမိ န္ င္းမႈနည္းလမ္းမ်ား (အေထြေထြ)၆။ ပိုးမႊားႏွမိ န္ င္းမႈနည္းလမ္းမ်ား (အတိအက်)၇။ ပိုးမႊားျပႆနာမ်ား

130၁။ ေနာက္ေၾကာင္းႏွင့္ရည္ရယြ ခ္ ်က္မ်ား

¾

ဂ်ပန္ႏင
ို င
္ စ
ံ က
ို ပ
္ ်ဳိးေရး၊ သစ္ေတာႏွင့္ ငါးဖမ္းလုပင္ န္း ၀န္ႀကီးဌာနက ပံပ့ းို ကူညေီ ပးေသာ ျမန္မာႏိုငင္ ရံ ွိ ႏွမး္ စိကု ပ္ ်ဳိးထုတလ္ ပု ေ္ ရးႏွင့္ ႏွမး္ ေစ့အရည္အ
ေသြးျမွင့တ္ င္ေရးအတြက္ JAIFCA ႏွင့္ ျမန္မာႏိုငင္ ံ လယ္ယာစိကု ပ္ ်ဳိးေရး၊ ေမြးျမဴေရးႏွင့္ ဆည္ေျမာင္း၀န္ႀကီးဌာနတိ႔ု လုပေ္ ဆာင္သည့္ နည္းပညာပူး
ေပါင္းေဆာင္ရကြ ေ္ ရး စီမကံ နိ း္ ျဖစ္ပါသည္။

¾

ကၽြႏု္ပတ္ ႔သို ည္ မေကြးတိငု း္ ေဒသႀကီးတြင္ ႏွမး္ ပင္ဖ်က္ပးို မႊားမ်ားႏွင့္ သဘာ၀ရန္သမူ ်ားကို စစ္ေဆးေဖာ္ထတု ခ္ သဲ့ ည္။ ဤလမ္းညႊနသ္ ည္ ထိစု စ္ေဆးေတြ႔ရခွိ ်က္ရလဒ္အေပၚ အေျခခံထားၿပီး စိကု ပ္ ်ဳိးေရးနည္းပညာ ကၽြမး္ က်င္သမူ ်ား (သုေတသီမ်ား၊ ရံုးခြအဲ ရာရွမိ ်ား စသည္) အတြက္
ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ ဤလမ္းညႊနတ္ ငြ ္ ပိုးမႊားႏွမိ န္ င္းေရးနည္းလမ္းမ်ားႏွင့္ ပိုးမႊား ျပႆနာမ်ားအေၾကာင္းကိလု ည္း တင္ျပထားပါသည္။၂။ စစ္ေဆးေဖာ္ထတု မ္ နႈ ည္းလမ္းမ်ား

ကၽြႏု္ပတ္ ႔သို ည္ နည္းလမ္းမ်ားစြာတိ႔မု ေွ ရြးခ်ယ္ထားသည့္ ေအာက္ပါနည္းလမ္းမ်ားကို အသံုးျပဳပါသည္။(၁) ေ၀ွ႕ယမ္းသည့္ နည္းလမ္း
(အခ်င္း ၃၆ စင္တမီ တီ ာရွေိ သာ) ပိုးေကာင္ဖမ္း ပိုကက္ နြ ျ္ ဖင့္ စိုကခ္ င္း တစ္ခစု တီ ငြ ္ အႀကိမ္ ၂၀ ေ၀ွ႕ယမ္းၿပီး ပိုးမႊားအမ်ဳိးမ်ဳိးတိ႔ကု ို ဖမ္းပါသည္။(၂) တိုကရ္ ကို ေ္ ရတြကသ္ ည့္နည္းလမ္း
ပိးု မႊားမ်ားကို တိုကရ္ ကို ္ ေရတြကၿ္ ပီး ဖမ္းပါသည္။(၃) ေကာ္ေစးေထာင္ေခ်ာက္နည္းလမ္း
အ၀ါေရာင္ေကာ္ေစးေထာင္ေခ်ာက္မ်ားကို ႏွမး္ ခင္းမ်ားတြငထ္ ားရွၿိ ပီး ပိုးမႊားအေကာင္ငယ္ အမ်ဳိးေပါင္းမ်ားစြာကို ဖမ္းပါသည္။

ဇီးကြကစ္ ာပိးု ဖလံမ်ားကို ဆြဲေဆာင္လပို ါက pheromone ေထာင္ေခ်ာက္က ထိေရာက္သည္။

131၃။ ႏွမး္ ပင္တငြ ္ အဓိကက်ေရာက္သည့္ပးို မႊားမ်ား

㸦Virus0.0ပ်ပိးမ်ား Aphids (ဗိင္◌းရပ္ေ◌ရာဂါမ်ား)Aphididae

Myzus persicae (မ က းီ စိမ္◌းပ်ပိး)◌ႏ◌ွ◌ေံ ◌ကာင်ား Leafhoppers (Phytoplasma
disease)Cicadellidae

Orosius albicinctus (◌ႏ◌ွမ္◌းပင်ကိ း)

55.0
㸦Phytoplasma 52.5㸧

56.3

ပင္ေ◌ဖာကိ းမ်ား

Pentatomidae
Pyrrhocoridae Lygaeidae

Nezara spp., Dysdercus spp.,
Aphamussordidus (◌ႏ◌ွမ္◌းေ◌စ့ဖ်ကိ း)

42.5

43.8

ပိးေ◌တာငာမ်ား

Scarababidae

Anomala antiqua (◌ႏ◌ွမ္◌းပင်ကိ းေ◌တာငာအနက္)

5.0

0.0

ပိငာလစ္ ဖလံမ်ား

Pyralidae

Antigastra catalaunalis (◌ႏ◌ွမ္◌း ကိပိ း)

5.0

0.0

စဖင္◌ ့စ္ ဖလံမ်ား

Sphingidae

Acherontia styx (ေ◌သမင္◌းေ◌ခါင္◌း ဖလံ)

0.0

6.3

ကံ◌စားဖလံမ်ား

Arcitiidae

Spilosoma obliqua (ခယားေ◌ကာင္)

5.0

0.0

ဇီး ကကံ◌ဖလံမ်ား

Noctuidae

Helicoverpa armigera ( ကိပိမိ း)

5.0

6.3

15.0㸧

0.0

䠄ဤ
ဤဇယားသည္ ကၽြႏု္ပတ္ ႔၏ို ၂၀၁၇ ခုႏွစ္ စစ္ေဆးေဖာ္ထတု မ္ ႏႈ ွင့္ ၁၉၉၉ ခုႏွစ္ ျမန္မာ
သီးႏွံကာကြယေ္ ရးဌာနခြ၏ဲ စာအုပအ္ ေပၚအေျခခံသည္။)ပ်ပိုးႏွင့ဗ္ ငို း္ ရပ္စ္

ေရာဂါလကၡဏာ

အကိးု အကားေရာဂါပိးု သယ္ေဆာင္သျူ ဖစ္ႏငို သ္ ည့္ အရြယေ္ ရာက္ၿပီး Myzus percicae* ဗိုငး္ ရပ္စေ္ ရာဂါရွေိ သာအပင္မ်ားသည္ အသီးမတင္ဘဲ အထြကႏ္ ဳွ န္းေလ်ာ့သည္။
* ထိုဗငို း္ ရပ္စႏ္ ငွ ့္ ေရာဂါပိးု သယ္ေဆာင္သအူ ေၾကာင္း ကၽြႏု္တ႔တို ငြ ္ သတင္းအခ်က္အလက္
မရွသိ ေလာက္ ျဖစ္သည္။
* အေသးစိတ္ စစ္ေဆးေဖာ္ထတု မ္ ကႈ ို လိုအပ္သည္။

အသီးမ်ားစြာသီး

အသီးမရွိ

132

ႏွံေကာင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ဖိုင္တိုပလပ္စမာ (MLO)ပိုးက်ေနသည္ !

(အထြကႏ္ ဳွ န္း ေလ်ာ့မည္။)Sesamun jassidအသီးလံုး၀မတင္ (ေရာဂါရွ)ိ

(အရြယေ္ ရာက္ၿပီး - ေရာဂါသယ္ေဆာင္သ)ူ

စိုကခ္ င္းထဲရွိ ေရာဂါပိးု ကူးစက္ခရံ ႏွဳန္း အျမင့္ဆုးံ = ၄၇%အသီးမ်ားစြာတင္ (က်န္းမာ)ပိုးစိမး္ ေကာင္မ်ား, Pyrrhocorid ပိုးေကာင္မ်ားႏွင့္
Lygaeid ပိုးေကာင္မ်ား

ပိုးစိမး္ ေကာင္တစ္မ်ဳိး (အရြယေ္ ရာက္ၿပီးေကာင္ႏငွ ့္ သားေလာင္း)Pyrrhocorid ပိုးေကာင္တစ္မ်ဳိး
(Dysdercus spp.: အရြယေ္ ရာက္ၿပီး)အရည္စပု ယ္ ေူ နေသာ ပါးစပ္

၀ါပင္ႏငွ ့္ ရံုးပတီပင္တ႔တို ငြ ္ အက်မ်ားသည့္ ပိုးမႊားမ်ား
(ဓာတ္ပုံ - Dr. Kuwahara)133ပိုးေတာင္မာမ်ား

ႏွမး္ ပင္ဖ်က္ပးို ေတာင္မာအနက္
(သားေလာင္းမ်ား)* ပိုးေတာင္မာသားေလာင္းမ်ားသည္ ႏွမး္ ပင္အျမစ္မ်ားကို ျပင္းထန္စာြ ထိခကို ပ္ ်က္စးီ ေစႏိုငသ္ ည္။ပိုင္ရာလစ္ဒ္ ဖလံမ်ား

ပိုးစားထားေသာအရြကမ္ ်ားႏွမး္ ပင္ပေု ရာဂါပိးု (သားေလာင္းမ်ား)134

စဖင့္စ္ ဖလံမ်ား

အကိးု အကားဂ်ပန္ႏင
ို င
္ တ
ံ င
ြ ရ
္ ရွေ
ိ သာ စဖင့္စဖ္ လံ တစ္မ်ဳိး

ျမန္မာႏိုငင္ တံ ငြ ္ ရရွိေသာ သားေလာင္းေကာင္

ရြက္စုစံ ားဖလံမ်ား

ခူယားေကာင္ (သားေလာင္း)(ဓာတ္ပုံ - Dr. Kuwahara)

135ဇီးကြကပ္ ုဖံ လံမ်ား

ဇီးကြကပ္ ုဖံ လံအမ်ဳိးမ်ဳိးတိ႔၏ု သားေလာင္းမ်ား

* ရြကလ
္ ပ
ိ အ
္ မ
ိ ပ
္ းို ၊ အေထြေထြဖ်က္ပးို မ်ားကဲသ့ ႔ေို သာ ဇီးကြကပ္ ုဖံ လံ အမ်ဳိးကြမဲ ်ားတိ႔သု ည္ ကူးစက္ပ်ံ႕ႏွံ႕သြားေသာအေျခအေနတြင္ ႏွမး္ ပင္မ်ားကို
ျပင္းထန္းစြာ ထိခကို ေ္ စသည္။

အ၀ါေရာင္ေကာ္ေစးေထာင္ေခ်ာက္တငြ ္ မိေနသည့္ ေသးငယ္ေသာ အင္းဆက္မ်ား

ႏွမး္ ပင္ဖ်က္ပးို (အရြယေ္ ရာက္ၿပီး)* ၂၀၁၇ခုႏွစ္ ဇြနႏ္ ငွ ့္ ဇူလငို တ္ ငြ ္ ႏွံေကာင္မ်ားဖမ္းမိေသာ္လည္း အ၀ါေရာင္ျဖင့္မ်ွ ားေခၚႏိုငေ္ သာ ပ်ပိးု မ်ား မဖမ္းမိပါ။

136၄။ အဓိက သဘာ၀ရန္သမူ ်ား

㸦Virus0.0ပ်ပိးမ်ား Aphids (ဗိင္◌းရပ္ေ◌ရာဂါမ်ား)Aphididae

Myzus persicae (မ က းီ စိမ္◌းပ်ပိး)◌ႏ◌ွ◌ေံ ◌ကာင်ား Leafhoppers (Phytoplasma
disease)Cicadellidae

Orosius albicinctus (◌ႏ◌ွမ္◌းပင်ကိ း)

55.0
㸦Phytoplasma 52.5㸧

56.3

ပင္ေ◌ဖာကိ းမ်ား

Pentatomidae
Pyrrhocoridae Lygaeidae

Nezara spp., Dysdercus spp.,
Aphamussordidus (◌ႏ◌ွမ္◌းေ◌စ့ဖ်ကိ း)

42.5

43.8

ပိးေ◌တာငာမ်ား

Scarababidae

Anomala antiqua (◌ႏ◌ွမ္◌းပင်ကိ းေ◌တာငာအနက္)

5.0

0.0

ပိငာလစ္ ဖလံမ်ား

Pyralidae

Antigastra catalaunalis (◌ႏ◌ွမ္◌း ကိပိ း)

5.0

0.0

စဖင္◌ ့စ္ ဖလံမ်ား

Sphingidae

Acherontia styx (ေ◌သမင္◌းေ◌ခါင္◌း ဖလံ)

0.0

6.3

ကံ◌စားဖလံမ်ား

Arcitiidae

Spilosoma obliqua (ခယားေ◌ကာင္)

5.0

0.0

ဇီး ကကံ◌ဖလံမ်ား

Noctuidae

Helicoverpa armigera ( ကိပိမိ း)

5.0

6.3

15.0㸧

ကပ္ပါး နက်ယ္ေကာင္မ်ား

အကိးု အကားBraconidae တစ္မ်ဳိး

* Eulophidae ႏွင့္ Braconidae တို႔ကသဲ့ ႔ေို သာ ကပ္ပါးနက်ယ္ ေကာင္မ်ားသည္ လြနစ္ ာြ အေရးပါေသာ သဘာ၀ရန္သမူ ်ားျဖစ္သည္။

137

0.0

ဖ်က္ပးို မ်ား* ျမန္မာႏိုငင္ တံ ငြ ္ Miridae၊ Geocoridae ႏွင့္ Reduvidae တို႔ကသဲ့ ႔ေို သာ ဖ်က္ပးို မ်ားကိေု တြ႔ရသည္။
* ဂ်ပန္ႏင
ို င
္ တ
ံ င
ြ ္ ေဆးရြကႀ္ ကီးစားပိးု (Nesisiocoris tenuis) ကို ႏွမး္ ပင္မ်ားတြင္ ေတြ႔ရသည္။၅။ ပိုးမႊားႏွမိ န္ င္းေရးနည္းလမ္းမ်ား (အေထြေထြ)◌ႏ◌ွ◌မိ င္◌းမႈနည္◌းလမ္◌းပငနည္◌းပညာဓါတေ◌ဗဒဆိငာနည္◌းလမ္◌းစိက်းေ◌ရးသံဳ ိ◌◌းဓာတေ◌ဆး၀ါး (ပိးသတ္ေ◌ဆးမ်ား)ပိ င္◌းဆိငာနည္◌းလမ္◌းဖမ္◌းဆီးသတ္◌ျဖတ္◌ျခင္◌း၊ သီး◌ျခားဖယား◌ျခင္◌း၊ အလင္◌း၊ေအရာင္၊အပ◌ျဖင္◌ ့ စီမံ◌ျခင္◌းသဘာ၀နည္◌းလမ္◌း/ းရာနည္
ိ◌းလမ္◌းသီးႏ◌ွ◌အံ လွည္◌က်ိ း◌ျခင္ဳ ိ ◌း၊ ေ◌ရာေ◌◌ႏ◌ွ◌ာစိက်း◌ျခင္ဳ ိ ◌း၊ သီးထပ္/သီး ပွ ိ က်း◌ျခင္ဳ ိ ◌း၊့ စက်ထ က္◌ျခင္◌း၊ ရွ င္◌းလင္◌း◌ျခင္◌း၊ ၾကားခံသးီ ႏ◌ွ◌၊ံ ရ ကးီ ႏ◌ွ◌၊ံ တန္◌ျပ ခံမႈ အမ်းမ်ဳ းိ ဳ ိဇီ၀နည္◌းလမ္◌းသဘာ၀ရေ◌ပါ ကားေ◌စျခင္◌း၊ နယံသဘာ၀ရမ်း ဳ ိးဗီိ ဇထိန္◌းခ်ပ္ဳ ◌ျခင္◌းကၽြႏု္ပတ္ ႔တို ငြ ္ နည္းလမ္းေျမာက္မ်ားစြာရွသ
ိ ည္!

138

၊ Pheromon ေ◌ဖာ◌္စပႈမ်ား၊

ျမန္မာႏိုငင္ ရံ ွိ ႏွမ္းသီးႏွံဖ်က္ပးို မႊားမ်ားအတြက္ အဓိကစိုက္ပ်ဳိးေရး သံုးဓာတုေဆး၀ါးမ်ား

ဓာတုေဆး၀ါးနည္းလမ္း
ပါ၀င္ေ◌သာဓာတပစၥည္◌းအမည္

ေ◌ရာင္◌းက မည္သင္◌ျပငကၡဏာ

ဒယာမီသရင္◌း (Deltamethrin) ၂.၅% အီးစီ

ဒကစ္ (Decis)ဖ းီ ယထားေ◌သာ ပိငီသ ီက္ဳ အင္◌းဆကတ္ေ◌ဆး (Synthetic pyrethroid insecticide)ဒိငာဇီႏြ◌န္ (Diazinon) ၄၀% အီးစီ

ဒိငာဇီႏြ◌န္ (Diazinon)ေ◌အာ◌္ဂႏဲ ◌ိ◌ေ◌ဖာ့စရပ္ အင္◌းဆကတ္ေ◌ဆး (Organophosphorus insecticide)ဒိငီသအိိ တ္ (Dimethoate) ၄၀% အီးစီ

ဒိငသိအိတ္ (Dimathoate)ေ◌အာ◌္ဂႏဲ ◌ိ◌ေ◌ဖာ့စရပ္ အင္◌းဆကတ္ေ◌ဆး (Organophosphorus insecticide)ဖဲ ထီိသီ ယန္ (Fenitrothion) ၅၀% အီးစီ

ဆမီသီ ယန္ (Sumithion)ေ◌အာ◌္ဂႏဲ ◌ိ◌ေ◌ဖာ့စရပ္ အင္◌းဆကတ္ေ◌ဆး (Organophosphorus insecticide)ဖဲိပါသရင္◌း (Fenpropathrin) ၁၀% အီးစီ

ဒါနီေ◌တာလ္ (Danitol)ဖ းီ ယထားေ◌သာ ပိငီသ ီက္ဳ အင္◌းဆကတ္ေ◌ဆး (Synthetic pyrethroid insecticide)အိငီဒါကလိပရစ္ (Imidacloprid) ၇၀% ဒီ ◌ႏ◌ွင္◌ ့် ဴ
၇၀% ဒဗယပီ

Gaucho and DOZER

နီယနီ
ိ ကတီ
ိ ႏြ◌◌ီ◌တဳ ္ အင္◌းဆကတ္ေ◌ဆး (Neonicotinoid insecticide)မာလာသီ ယန္ (Malathion) ၅၀% အီးစီ

မသိပါေ◌အာ◌္ဂႏဲ ◌ိ◌ေ◌ဖာ့စရပ္ အင္◌းဆကတ္ေ◌ဆး (Organophosphorus insecticide)ဖဲ ိ အိတ္ (Phenthoate) ၅၀% အီးစီ

မသိပါေ◌အာ◌္ဂႏဲ ◌ိ◌ေ◌ဖာ့စရပ္ အင္◌းဆကတ္ေ◌ဆး (Organophosphorus insecticide)䠄စိုကပ္ ်ဳိးေရးသံုးဓာတုေဆး၀ါးမ်ားကို ၁၉၉၉ ခုႏွစ္ ျမန္မာႏိုငင္ ံ သီးႏွံကာကြယေ္ ရးဌာနခြ၏ဲ လက္ကမ္းစာေစာင္ငယ္မွ ထုတႏ္ တု ေ္ ဖာ္ျပသည္။䠅မွန္ကန္ေသာစိကု ပ္ ်ဳိးေရးသံုး ဓာတုေဆး၀ါးမ်ားကို မွန္ကန္စာြ အသံုးျပဳပါ။

¾

ဥပေဒႏွင့ည္ သီ ည့္ တရား၀င္လမ္းေၾကာင္းမ်ားမွ မွနက္ န္ေသာ စိုကပ္ ်ဳိးေရးဓာတုေဆး၀ါးမ်ားကိဝု ယ္ပါ။

¾

အညႊနး္ စာမ်ားတြင္ ေဖာ္ျပထားသည့္ လမ္းညႊနခ္ ်က္မ်ားကို
လိုကန္ ာပါ။ရည္ရယြ ထ္ ားသည့္အသီးအႏွံမ်ားႏွင့္ ပိုးမႊားမ်ား!
ရာသီခ်ိနႏ္ ငွ ့ပ္ က္ဖ်န္းရမည့္ အႀကိမႏ္ ဳွ န္း!
မွနက္ န္ေသာ ေဖ်ာ္စပ္မ!ႈ

¾

ဓာတုေဆး၀ါပက္ဖ်န္းထားသည့္ ႏွမး္ မ်ားကို ထုတက္ နု အ္ ျဖစ္ ေရာင္းခ်ျခင္း မျပဳရ!
ု ည္ ေဘးကင္းေရး (ဓာတုေဆးအႀကြငး္ အက်န္မ်ား စသည္)၊ စရိတ္ေလ်ာ့ခ်ေရး၊ ပိုမႊားႏွမိ န္ င္းမႈဆငို ရ္ ာ ထိေရာက္ခ်က္ႏငွ ့္ ဓာတုေဆး၏ထိခကို မ္ ႈ ကာကြယေ္ ရးအတြက္
* ၄င္းတိ႔သ
အေရးပါသည္။

139

ဇီ၀ေဗဒဆိငု ရ္ ာ နည္းလမ္း(၁) ဇီ၀ပိးု သတ္ေဆး

နီမတုတ္ ေပါက္ဖာြ းေစေသာ ေဆး၀ါး

¾

သဘာ၀ရန္သူ (နက်ယ္ေကာင္၊ ပိုးေကာင္၊ ပင့္ကငူ ယ္မ်ား၊ နီမ တုတမ္ ်ား စသည္) အမ်ဳိးအစားေပါင္း မ်ားစြာတိ႔ကု ို ေပါက္ဖာြ းေစေသာ
ေဆး၀ါးမ်ား ေစ်းကြကတ
္ င
ြ ရ
္ ပ
ွိ ါသည္။(၂) ေဒသခံ သဘာ၀ရန္သမ
ူ ်ား

¾

ေဒသခံ သဘာ၀ရန္သမူ ်ားသည္ စိုကခ္ င္းမ်ားရွိ အင္းဆက္ ပိုးမႊားမ်ားကို ထိနး္ ခ်ဳပ္သည္။

¾

အပင္မ်ား (သီးႏွံႏငွ ့္ ေပါင္းပင္မ်ား) ကို စိုကခ္ င္းမ်ားအတြငး္ ရွိ ၄င္းတိ႔၏ု စားက်က္အျဖစ္ စီမံေပးျခင္းျဖင့္ ေဒသခံ သဘာ၀ရန္သမူ ်ားကို
ထိနး္ သိမး္ ၿပီး ပ်ံ႕ႏွံ႕ေစႏိုငသ
္ ည္။

140

ရုပ္ပိုငး္ ဆိငု ရ္ ာနည္းလမ္း
¾

အင္းဆက္ပးို မႊားမ်ားကို ထိနး္ ခ်ဳပ္ရန္အတြက္ အေျခခံနည္းလမ္း

¾

ေပါင္းပင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ေရာဂါျဖစ္ေနေသာအပင္မ်ားကို ဖယ္ရာွ းျခင္း

¾

အင္းဆက္ပးို မႊားမ်ားကို ဖမ္းဆီးသတ္ျဖတ္ျခင္း

¾

ေရာင္ျပန္ျပားမ်ား၊ အ၀ါေရာင္အျပားမ်ားႏွင့္ ပိုကက္ နြ မ္ ်ား (ပိးု ေကာင္မ်ားအတြက္ ၅ မီလမီ တီ ာ ပိုကက္ နြ )္ ကို သံုးျခင္း

သဘာ၀ (ရိုးရာ) နည္းလမ္း

¾

လူး၊ ဆတ္ႏငွ ့္ ေျပာင္း ကဲ့သ႔ေို သာၾကားခံသးီ ႏွံမ်ားသည္ ႏွမး္ ပင္မ်ားကို ေသးငယ္ေသာ အင္းဆက္ပးို မႊားမ်ားရန္မွ ကာကြယေ္ ပးသည္။

ေအာ္ဂနဲ စ္ၾကြယ၀္ ေသာေျမသည္ အရြယေ္ ရာက္ၿပီးပိးု ေတာင္မာမ်ားကို ဆြဲေဆာင္
¾
တတ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ စိုကခ္ င္းမ်ား၏
ေျမရွိ ေအာ္ဂနဲ စ္မတ◌ၲာမ်ားကို
သင့္တင့္စာြ စီမထံ နိ း္ သိနး္ ျခင္းက
အေရးပါလွသည္။

141

IPM ကိုစီစဥ္ျခင္း

¾

စုေပါင္းစပ္ေပါင္းပိးု မႊားႏွမိ န္ င္းေရး (IPM) ကိႏု ိုငင္ တံ ကာတြင္ အသိအမွတျ္ ပဳက်င့္သုးံ ပါသည္။ ကမာၻအရပ္ရပ္ရွိ သီးႏွံပင္မ်ားကို ကာကြယရ္ ာတြင္ IPM သည္ မရွမိ ျဖစ္လအို ပ္သည္။

¾

IPM ကို ဖြ႔စဲ ည္းတည္ေဆာက္ဆျဲ ဖစ္ေသာ ဥယ်ာဥ္ၿခံစကို ပ္ ်ဳိးေရးနည္းပညာတြင္ တိးု ခ်ဲ႕ထည့္သငြ း္ ထားပါသည္။ ေနာင္တငြ ္ ကြငး္ ဆင္းအေျခ
အေနမ်ားေအာက္ရွိ ဥယ်ာဥ္ၿခံစကို ပ္ ်ဳိးမႈ၊ နည္းပညာအထိပါ တိုးခ်ဲ႕ပါမည္။

¾

ႏိုငင
္ ႏ
ံ ွင့ေ္ ဒသတစ္ခခု ်င္းစီရွိ စိုကပ္ ်ဳိးေရးဆိငု ရ္ ာအေျခအေနကို အေျခခံၿပီး IPM ဆိငု ရ္ ာ နည္းပညာ အမ်ဳိးမ်ဳိးတိ႔ကု ို ျပဳစုပ်ဳိးေထာင္သင့္သည္။

¾

IPM သည္ ေရွးရိးု IPM မွ ဇီ၀အဓိကထား IPM သိ႔ု ဆင့္ကေဲ ျပာင္းလဲေနပါသည္။

25ဂ်ပန္ႏငို င္ ရံ ွိ IPM စနစ္၂။ ပိုးမႊားမ်ားထိနး္ ခ်ဳပ္ေရးအတြက္ သံုးသပ္ခ်က္မ်ား
တရား၀င္ႀကိဳတင္ခန္႔မွနး္ မႈ သတင္းအခ်က္အလက္

ပိုးမႊားက်ေရာက္မႈ စစ္ေဆးခ်က္မ်ား

စီးပြားေရးထိခိုက္ႏိုင္သည့္ အတိုင္းအတာ၁။ ပိုးမႊားက်ေရာက္မႈ ႀကိဳတင္သတ္ေပးခ်က္
ေရွးရိးု ထိနး္ ခ်ဳပ္ေရး နည္းလမ္းမ်ား

ခံႏိုငရ္ ည္ အမ်ဳိးအစား အမ်ဳိးမ်ဳိး

ေဒသခံ သဘာ၀ရန္သမ
ူ ်ား



ဖယ္ရမ
ို န
ု း္ (pheromone) ေဖာ္စပ္ထတု လ္ ပု ျ္ ခင္း၃။ သင့္ေလ်ာ္သည့္ထနိ း္ ခ်ဳပ္ေရး နည္းလမ္းမ်ားအားလံုးကို
အသံုးခ်ျခင္း
ဇီ၀ေဗဒဆိငု ရ္ ာ ထိနး္ ခ်ဳပ္ေရး နည္းလမ္းမ်ား



ရုပပ
္ င
ို း္ ဆိငု ရ္ ာ ထိနး္ ခ်ဳပ္ေရး နည္းလမ္းမ်ား

ဓာတုေဗဒဆိငု ရ္ ာ ထိနး္ ခ်ဳပ္ေရး နည္းလမ္းမ်ား

(၂၀၀၅ခုႏွစ၊္ စိုကပ္ ်ဳိးေရး၊ သစ္ေတာႏွင့င္ ါးဖမ္းလုပင္ န္း ၀န္ႀကီးဌာနမွာေကာက္ႏတု ေ္ ဖာ္ျပသည္။)

142

26

၆။ ပိုးမႊားႏွမိ န္ င္းေရးနည္းလမ္းမ်ား (အတိအက်)ပ်ပိုးႏွင့္ ဗိုင္းရပ္စေ္ ရာဂါမ်ား
¾

ေရာဂါသယ္ေဆာင္သူ ပ်ပိးု မ်ားကို ထြနယ္ က္စကို ပ္ ်ဳိးမႈ အေစာပိငု း္ အဆင့္တငြ ပ္ င္ ႏွိမ္နင္းသင့္ၿပီး ေရာဂါျဖစ္ေနေသာအပင္မ်ားကို ရွငး္ ထုတပ္ စ္ရမည္။

¾

ႏွစစ္ ဥ္ ေရာဂါပိးု က်ေရာက္တတ္သည့္ စိုကခ္ င္းမ်ားတြင္ ဓာတုေဆး၀ါးမ်ား ပက္ဖ်န္းရမည္။

¾

ျမန္မာႏိုငင
္ ံ DOA ႏွင့္ DAR က ေထာက္ခခံ ်က္ေပးထားသည့္ ဓာတုေဆး၀ါးမ်ားကို သံုးသင့္သည္။

ႏွံေကာင္မ်ား (ႏွမး္ ပင္ဖ်က္ပးို ) ႏွင့္ ဖိုငတ္ ပို လပ္စမ္ ာေရာဂါ
¾

ေရာဂါသယ္ေဆာင္သူ ႏွမး္ ပင္ဖ်က္ပးို မ်ားကို ထြနယ္ က္စကို ပ္ ်ဳိးမႈ အေစာပိငု း္ အဆင့္တငြ ပ္ င္ ႏွိမန္ င္းသင့္ၿပီး ေရာဂါျဖစ္ေနေသာအပင္မ်ားကို
ရွငး္ ထုတပ္ စ္ရမည္။

¾

ႏွစစ္ ဥ္ ေရာဂါပိးု က်ေရာက္တတ္သည့္ စိုကခ္ င္းမ်ားတြင္ ဓာတုေဆး၀ါးမ်ား ပက္ဖ်န္းရမည္။

¾

ျမန္မာႏိုငင
္ ံ DOA ႏွင့္ DAR ကေထာက္ခခံ ်က္ေပးထားသည့္ ဓာတုေဆး၀ါးမ်ားကို သံုးသင့္သည္။

143

ပင္ဖ်က္ပးို မ်ား¾

သာမန္ေပၚေပါက္ေသာအေျခအေနမ်ဳိးတြင္ ပင္ဖ်က္ပးို မ်ားေၾကာင့္ျဖစ္ေသာ အပ်က္အစီးကို လစ္လ်ွ ဴရႈထားႏိုငသ္ ည္။ပိုးေတာင္မာမ်ား
¾

ေအာ္ဂနဲ စ္ၾကြယ၀္ ေသာေျမသားသည္ အရြယေ္ ရာက္ၿပီး ပိုးေတာင္မာမ်ားကို ဆြဲေဆာင္သည္။

¾

အပင္မ်ားအနီးရွိ သားေလာင္းေလာက္ေကာင္မ်ားကို ဖမ္းဆီးသတ္ျဖတ္သင့္သည္။

¾

ေျမသားအတြငး္ ရွိ သားေလာင္းေလာက္ေကာင္ေၾကာင့္ျဖစ္ေပၚေသာ အတြငး္ လႈိကပ္ ်က္စးီ မႈကို ပိုျပင္းထန္သည္။

¾

ေဆးျဖန္းမည္ဆပို ါက ျမန္မာႏိုငင
္ ံ DOA ႏွင့္ DAR ကေထာက္ခံ ခ်က္ေပးထားသည့္ ဓာတုေဆး၀ါးမ်ားကို သံုးသင့္သည္။

ပိုင္ရာလစ္ဒ္ ဖလံမ်ား၊ စဖင့္စဖ္ လံမ်ားႏွင့္ ဇီးကြကပ္ ုဖံ လံမ်ား
¾

၄င္းဖလံအမ်ဳိးအစားမ်ား ပ်ံ႕ႏွံ႔မကႈ ို သတိထားေစာင့္ၾကည့္ရမည္ျဖစ္ေသာ္လည္း သာမန္ေပၚေပါက္မအႈ ေျခအေနမ်ဳိးတြင္ အဆိပု ါဖလံမ်ားေၾကာင့္
ျဖစ္ေပၚေသာ အပ်က္အစီးကို လစ္လ်ွ ဴရႈႏိုငသ
္ ည္။

¾

အပင္မ်ားေပၚမွ သားေလာင္းေလာက္ေကာင္မ်ားကို ဖမ္းဆီးသတ္ျဖတ္ရပါမည္။

တိုက္ဂါးဖလံမ်ား
¾

သာမန္ေပၚေပါက္မအႈ ေျခအေနမ်ဳိးတြင္ တိုကဂ္ ါးဖလံမ်ားေၾကာင့္ျဖစ္ေပၚေသာ အပ်က္အစီးကို လစ္လ်ွ ဴရႈႏိုငသ
္ ည္။

¾

အပင္မ်ားေပၚမွ သားေလာင္းေလာက္ေကာင္မ်ားကို ဖမ္းဆီး သတ္ျဖတ္ရပါမည္။

144

၇။ ပိုးမႊားျပႆနာမ်ား(၁၁) ျမန္မာႏိုငင္ ရံ ွိ ႏွမ္းဖ်က္ပးို မ်ား¾

ျမန္မာႏို္ငင္ တံ ငြ ္ ႏွမး္ ဖ်က္ပးို ျပႆနာမ်ား ျပင္းထန္ပါသည္။ ထိုပးို မႊားျပႆနာကို စိုကပ္ ်ဳိးေရးသံုး
ဓာတုေဆးၾကြငး္ က်န္မကႈ ျို ဖစ္ေစေၾကာင္း နားလည္သေဘာေပါက္ရပါမည္။

¾

အဓိကႏွမး္ ဖ်က္ပးို မ်ားအေၾကာင္း သဘာ၀ပတ္၀န္းက်င္ဆငို ရ္ ာ သတင္းအခ်က္အလက္သည္ ပိးု မႊားႏွမ
ိ န
္ င္း
ေရးအတြက္ မရွိမျဖစ္အေရးပါပါသည္။

¾

ပိးု မႊားက်ေရာက္မသႈ ည္ တစ္ႏစ
ွ ႏ
္ င
ွ ့တ
္ စ္ႏစွ ္ ကြျဲ ပားတတ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ ႏွစစ္ ဥ္ အဓိကႏွမး္ ဖ်က္ပးို မႊားမ်ား၏
ရာသီအလိကု ေ္ ျပာင္းလဲမကႈ ို စစ္ေဆးေဖာ္ထတု ရ္ ပါမည္။(၂) အေစာပိငု း္ အဆင့္ - အင္းဆက္ပးို မႊားမ်ားေၾကာင့္ ပ်ံ႕ႏွံ႔ကးူ စက္ေသာ ဗိုင္းရပ္စႏ္ ငွ ့္ ဖိုင္တိုပလပ္စမာေရာဂါမ်ား

¾

ေရာဂါသယ္ေဆာင္သူ အင္းဆက္ေၾကာင့္ ေရာဂါကူးစက္ ပ်ံ႕ႏွံ႕မႈသည္ ျမန္မာႏိုငင္ ရံ ွိ စိုကခ္ င္းမ်ားစြာတိ႔တု ငြ ္ေပၚေပါက္ေနပါသည္။

¾

ႏွမး္ ပင္မ်ားတြင္ အေစာပိငု း္ အဆင့္ ေရာဂါကူးစက္မျႈ ဖစ္ေပၚေနပါသည္။ ထိေု ၾကာင့္
ေရာဂါသယ္ေဆာင္သအူ င္းဆက္မ်ားျဖစ္သည့္ ပ်ပိးု မ်ားႏွင့ႏ္ ေွံ ကာင္ (jassid) မ်ားကို
အေစာပိငု း္ အဆင့္တငြ ပ္ င္ ႏွိမန္ င္းရပါမည္။

145

¾

စိမ့၀
္ င္ႏငို ေ္ သာ စိကု ပ္ ်ဳိးေရးသံုးဓာတုေဆးမ်ားက ထိေရာက္ပါသည္။ မ်ဳိးေစ့ခ်ျခင္းမျပဳမီမ်ဳိးေစ့မ်ားကိုစိကု ပ္ ်ဳိးေရးသံုးဓာတုေဆးျဖင့္ စီမျံ ခင္းသည္လည္း ဓာတုေဗဒဆိငု ရ္ ာနည္းလမ္းတစ္ခု အေနႏွင့္
ထိေရာက္ပါသည္။

¾

ေရာဂါကူးစက္ပ်ံ႔ႏွံ႔မကႈ ို ကာကြယရ္ န္အတြက္ ရုပပ္ ငို း္ ဆိငု ရ္ ာ၊ နည္းလမ္းတစ္ရပ္အေနႏွင့္ ေရာဂါျဖစ္
ပြားေနေသာ အပင္မ်ားကို စိုကခ္ င္းထဲမွ ဖယ္ရာွ းပစ္ရပါမည္။

¾

သဘာ၀ပတ္၀န္းက်င္ဆငို ရ္ ာႏွင့္ ရိးု ရာနည္းလမ္းတစ္ရပ္အေနႏွင့္ လူး၊ ဆတ္၊ ေျပာင္းကဲသ
့ ႔ေ
ို သာ
ၾကားခံသးီ ႏွံမ်ားက ပ်ံသန္းေရာက္ရလွိ ာမည့္ ေသးငယ္ေသာ အင္းဆက္ပးို မႊားမ်ားကို တားဆီးေပးပါသည္။(၃) ေနာက္ပငို း္ အဆင့္ - ၀ါးစားသည့္ပါးစပ္ပါေသာ Lepidopteran အင္းဆက္ပးို မႊား¾

Lepidopteran အင္းဆက္ပးို မႊား အမ်ဳိးအစားေပါင္းမ်ားစြာတိ႔သု ည္ ေနာက္ပငို း္ အဆင့္တငြ ္ ေပၚေပါက္သည္။

ဖန္တးီ ယူထားသည့္ pyrethroid ႏွင့္ organophosphorus¾စိုကပ္ ်ဳိးေရးသံုးဓာတုေဆး၀ါးမ်ားသည္ ဓာတုေဗဒဆိငု ရ္ ာ နည္းလမ္းအရ ထိေရာက္မရႈ ေွိ သာ္လည္း ေနာက္ပငို း္ အဆင့္တငြ ္ ဓာတုေဆး၀ါးမ်ား
ျဖန္းျခင္းကို ေရွာင္က်ဥ္ရပါမည္။ရုပပ္ ငို း္ ဆိငု ရ္ ာနည္းလမ္း တစ္ရပ္အေနႏွင့္ ဖမ္းဆီးသတ္ျဖတ္ျခင္းသည္
¾
ထိေရာက္ပါသည္။ မေ၀းေတာ့သည့္အနာဂတ္တငြ ္ ဇီ၀ပိးု သတ္ေဆးမ်ားကို
အသံုးျပဳရန္ လိုလားပါသည္။

146

¾

ပိးု ေတာင္မာသားေလာင္းေလာက္ေကာင္မ်ားသည္
ေျမႀကီးအတြငး္ ရွိႏွမး္ ပင္အျမစ္မ်ားကို
ျပင္းျပင္ထန္ထန္စားပစ္ၾကသည္။
Organophosphorus စိကု ပ္ ်ဳိးေရးသံုးေဆး၀ါး (အေစ့ငယ္ပုစံ )ံ က ထိေရာက္ေသာ္လည္း ေနာက္ပငို း္ အဆင့္တငြ ္ ဓာတုေဆးမ်ားျဖန္းျခင္းကို
ေရွာင္က်ဥ္ရပါမည္။ Entomopathogenic nematodes ကဲ့သို႔ေသာ ဇီ၀ပိးု သတ္ေဆးသည္ ေစ်းကြကတ
္ င
ြ ရ
္ ပ
ွိ ါသည္။

¾

ေအာ္ဂနဲ စ္မတၲာမ်ားၾကြယ၀္ သည့္ေျမသားသည္ အရြယေ္ ရာက္ၿပီး ပိုးေတာင္မာမ်ား၏ ဥခ်မႈကို ျမွင့တ္ င္ေပးသည္။

ေနာက္ပငို း္ အဆင့္တငြ ္ ပိုးေကာင္မ်ားႏွင့္ Rhizoctonia ေရာဂါေပၚေပါက္သည့္အျပင္ ဖိုငတ္ ပို လပ္စမ္ ာႏွင့္
¾
ဗိုငး္ ရပ္စေ္ ၾကာင့္ ျဖစ္ေသာေရာဂါလကၡဏာမ်ားကို အမွနတ္ ကယ္ျဖစ္ေပၚလာေစသည္။(၄) အေျခာက္ခအံ ဆင့္ - ႏွမး္ အထြကႏ္ ဳွ န္းက်ျခင္း၊ ဖ်က္ပးို ကဲသ့ ႔ေို သာ ပိုးမႊားမ်ားႏွင့္ ဓာတုေဆး၀ါး အႀကြငး္ အက်န္မ်ား

¾

အေျခာက္လနွ း္ သည့္အဆင့္တငြ ္ ေပၚလာႏိုငသ္ ည့္ပးို မႊားမ်ားကို ဓာတုေဆးျဖန္းျခင္း မျပဳႏိုငသ္ ျဖင့္ ကြငး္ မ်ားတြင္ အေျခာက္လနွ း္ ျခင္းကို
ေရွာင္က်ဥ္ရပါမည္။

¾

ထို႔အျပင္ ႏွမး္ အရည္အေသြးက်ဆင္းျခင္းသည္ ကြငး္ ျပင္မ်ားတြင္ အေျခာက္လနွ း္ စဥ္ ေပၚေပါက္ေလ့ရပွိ ါသည္။

ကြငး္ ျပင္တငြ ္ အေျခာက္လမွ း္ ျခင္းကို
¾
ျပန္လည္သုးံ သပ္ရမည္ျဖစ္ၿပီး အေျခာက္လနွ း္စနစ္သစ္မ်ားကို ထူေထာင္ အသံုးခ်ရန္ ရည္မနွ း္ထားရပါမည္။

147

အသိအမွတျ္ ပဳလႊာစိကု ပ္ ်ဳိးေရး၊ေမြးျမဴေရးႏွင့ဆ္ ည္ေျမာင္း၀န္ႀကီးဌာန၊ ျမန္မာ

လယ္ယာစိကု ပ္ ်ဳိးေရးဌာန (DOA), ရံုးခ်ဳပ္ DOA ေဒသဆိငု ရ္ ာရံုး၊ မေကြးတိငု း္ ေဒသႀကီး
စိုကပ္ ်ဳိးေရးသုေတသနဌာန (DAR), မေကြးတိငု း္ ေဒသႀကီး ဆီထကြ သ္ းီ ႏွံသေု တသနဗဟိဌု ာန DAR ရံုးခ်ဳပ္

ႏွမး္ စိကု ေ္ တာင္သမူ ်ားႏွင့္ စိုကပ္ ်ဳိးေရးဓာတုေဆးအေရာင္းဆိင
ု မ
္ ်ား

* ဤလမ္းညႊနက္ ို ဂ်ပန္ႏင
ို င
္ စ
ံ က
ို ပ
္ ်ဳိးေရး၊ သစ္ေတာႏွင့္ ငါးဖမ္းလုပင္ န္း၀န္ႀကီးဌာနမွ ေငြေၾကးေထာက္ပေံ့ ပးသည့္ စီမကံ နိ း္ ၏ရလဒ္အေပၚအေျခခံၿပီး JAICAF
ကေရးဆြသဲ ည္။37ေက်းဇူးအထူး တင္ပါသည္။

148