Th■ ollmal● I thènstittlt̲oflna̲・ ●Eltltroniヽ Engh"6 ofLpan Vo141 No 5(2012)
IEE」

serial Tutorial

Expeeted Hunlan Resoutce Devclopment rOI Sinndaittation
Ac● vities as an internatonal Standal a■

7atiOll StF■ 蛯y(oBnianced Standardiza■ on
Ken KRECiIMER
Thc Un、 oも to'Color do Boo l● ■CO uSA

くSuntm,,> ]o modomゞ oc os fomalslaぬ di′ al on s onc oKans to

hep b■ ,に o lhe oo昴 :mcti,1お sim for p∞o publc dosI●or̀t with薔open sぬ nd,同 ヾ いo"do● ヾ、ヽould a q,ndII」 iz● lo,● ●mmitt● b,1● 、cc t● omp。 ■,nce cf Ⅲ 、腋● 誹 mわ nd、 ,1●
暉 ■,餌 oi n●"w,nd
imPI● ved wih tho:nPo●
口,ヾ ●nd'm｀ loで 、plnd m̀去 ●l、 and̀ncc F (ゃOo■ oo● Inhに J通 00S10 tttuc exに nsbns● This P,Pcr prcso● ぉ ,blondヽ燎oloa viぃ と。1、 mio,饉 iコ ::oヽ ,lK:

so子

,ppoκh to b,1,1,∝ oompuibilil●J̀、
ほnd,a薇 :。 nn. stundt薇 ヽ i、｀

2

The Succe∬ ions or standaras

Sincc hulllall、 cl■ に、ed fottr dilTclcnt a8cs ofhuman eiviliation

infOF nthOǹ)In eath agc the tahllologies necesttry b sustain it
w、 cptsstge fFOm u SCicntinc tlovelty to a coinimeに ial product‐1'T∝ hnical smdardizatlon has b・・ m succesi‖ y nccomplished ineve,y technic,: anぃ 1● o]uding: 響 ●● possible n、 osutneni lyp●

discovecd or involled The tem,,rra∬

renI、 tO the standaFt S thtt ac IIst appli(Cg、 a.

、1■ ks, Intmet

Econolnics iden■ ■、 that , standala creat゛ both privス に andintel x86 mic● con■ puに ,interFaces a1lows a commecial o嘔 aniZation to completely colに olsu響 試s ll at conimtrcia]

̀′Cuhure manui‐ tl● ng andinfoma6on,stemSη )in t卜 iS

cn gs,￨｀ ｀then the Nccession or standards rOr a‖measuκ ments emttes;

then tre、 uccession oF stallda7ds lor similan,eme■

eS;etc in thefol]o″ ing ages, the now oǹoing standaldi′

ation of the sane

sutcession continaes to pFOVide n∝ o、 き0血

dards natis new

mcowtmeni stol〕 OoTus erneBc in t卜 e industha]age The iimpact of、8ch st,ndaFdS

ミlCcession is inost appaК nt

and contentious

during its introductoO age ARcr tho introductorv age the basic

a〜 mOre wide, acCel ted and the on going

conceplhc m。 けe tnglhヽ

standardization inヽ mfe wccessions is icss contentiOus

more widely used、 tandarふ .esい blished in pllblic standora、

ation

Table l ̀dds to lhe Four ages ot civiliz● tion a nnh, the post

sba of standeomm■ tces, arc conlollod by palents held by commcrcial

i1lfo nlation ago

O摯 ●:Zatbns.〕 ') And

祀1llfoК ing mechanisms wllich can creat increasedcommcpalents

tt

not

u、 e

Onty

wγ thati31 organi7ations oxcn co ltr。 1 。ver standal● レation

Bal,ncing:卜 o int∝ est oFlhc ptlblc wi口 ,lhe in[は sts o'privaにdNelopes when developing and deinil18,stan● rd is incttasi
01菫 culi because siandas 1lave gЮ atcl iinPad aS iC uso oftethnology lnttastt Therem mOた
the standa lli2otion pЮ、
厳keholdm pttlpate incss and mo■

in cacli succ、

int口℃ゞ
ts

the st]「∝onomic

retums a℃ addilive:,neasuremen standtts cvidence coordination
erO.、 , similarity standardS evidenc●●ndmts cに ,に d
いOCCSSes and the pub:1で ζ"あ ̀

in each tectЮ :ow age

σ,niZttiOns do not compleclv control the standald As example

conlFoned,30Vemmenls｀ But mo■ and

●

″

'o″

mBmer the succession oF sは ndards for an symbolゞ

protocols andぃ ヽ″are intor僣 ces

lhe specincatiOn A pub:,o stalidal●

published pape■h拇 o been idcnti■ ed: huntertttheres agtaHan industri21 and・ ■ lc adoption of、 tandardl mats an inゃ onant stagc in the

ptl1lic cnccts a A sp∝ incal:。 n eg

This paper is an apansion and uldating oF a pieviousty:Standalds are Fundamenial

SCttW t卜 に,ds interluces to public telephone ne●ture clsscs

sat pK ptゝ d]、a]ong wi],wooα shicxmplo、 o,its implementalioIlthis● anuge ne■ ●appЮacts to btlttce current ttd。lstanda

いも いヽd]trett s,c● ●SS:OnS

oF stan薇 樋s hivo lκ m blantt in qo,to ̀1■ ヽrcnt ways A t、 卜●i:d.A●

and κ9ire dircttnt approachcsto ba〕 a■ ce commooi81 gain FЮ mbotll coOrdination andscaliny[mmis ctcis compalbn:, まandards ‐ ncecoordln on● 31ing4mming and nい Ю R encts,eに nereftre:dt・

slandams in c301l succeeding standtts stlccession have greater
econolnlc lmpactn∝ d lo Ocvith a 1lstolc81 Ⅲ spective on
acconl1lodatd This Paper飩 3● s 、

sta ldalds and idcntifles how dimm)i classcs(suCCOSions)Of
stmdlldゞ have dittrent needsお ,pubhc,ccessibli,(openness)・ K

Kズ 、卜m̀■ 'he Fnt

SlandadiァuT anu Standaos
P● ■●:ntoo,lo,:●・̀t:on,s a Sttale3 c Tooi Con mended Pa"、

Ctutma(y Chnlo,ざ 200̀pp

ol thC IEC

143‑154 Goヽ 、こ Swi12● ,lmd:[niemmio、 ,lEに otro燎 h面 ol Commls,o■nc,mma oFthe lls● lllに ofimage El∝ tЮnts Ettites of,o"n Vo141 No5(2012)Ъ u。 l shnlatts,К oossi。 ■,ArI￨―――――― ― ― ― ―Agml:o,

H● oに,G,lhor● ● ￨￨(b・ おre,000 BC)￨

[ndustna;:nヽ rmal:on(1750‑1,50)(1950‑2000)■

Com● 6b‖ :,れ duots und‐ Ⅳ ics●c,、 o、 ot● m001
・

1■

PЮ duct("、 ●●oc

Palmi ownesh',E●o,om cSc1ling and loamings the stand,も sllcc゛ SiOns that
Four ucnds a,c idenltneu aoЮ 、

Noさ 、o,k

4 AgraⅢ an Age,ppenrin Table ll

Mtasurement standards, the second sК cession of standalds

Row I&2‑inCrasins complcxi″ ortechical stalldalds

Row,一 ■nctasing comp〕 txiッ oF puuic acccssibni,

we〔 ℃ a(Openncs、 )civi:izations

Row 4 1hc expanSon ol"vme gah slpp●

Iに

d"n酬

・Nommic

hlbes

hae

no

need

for

iand

mcawi帥 ぃ ts Divisi。 ■0,the lands。 ,a plmitive Pcollle dOCS notbcconle a nec● sitt ulltil SOCic, haS rcachcd the icvel oi settleds● ■durds sutcessions
Ro、v5‑■ ncHttsin8

signittcant Fantor in the dNelopnicnt of agranano:、Omic inipact of standards dte to thendditive nature oF駿 11■ ●ntoleing em∝ ts

These fotlr trends idmti,w,l has b∝ ome mOE фttelllitoa『 iCl1ltt ral dNelopincnt ''Meattronel・ l sta ldards provi

llle ttthlS md me3suts used

R】 planting, ●llltiviion and co[1ting iaxes, lhus,ssisiing in the611d a balancc bc● ″ccn thc P■ vate ttin and public good a s● ndaFrl

nse oF Babメ Or ald E理, By 3001 BC the deini● otl,of

1,ation,Ю cesC'

measuremenl s● ndardN wcc kept w an allい 。●1ン sllCh asを

e This p,per Ⅸ ,mines the sianda"ollld cn,b〕

in each age and ident:Aes lo″ thぶ e trends have developed andwhat

is′ Oan

bo

dono

lo

imlJЮ vc

tho b唸 :anceor curreni°

temple〕 'PhattchTnake tra、 ∝tions e3S‐

stalldaldi2a● 011 and ttal dards

Inwidelytom、

util,zed

By 2250 BC cuntncェ another economic

illcasuR■ men、 cnablod lllò℃

3 Hunter‐ Catherer Age

economic

measu、『ment stand,に s create co¨ in,6ng efrccも wh:.h se,c tO

COmplox tは nぬ ctions and ilthα

expandcd hade l'

The nN succcssion o(slallaams,wmも olゞ 8ndards,emetted as

humans dNeloped ule cOmmon symbols oFan磯 !ty lalguage An=vendOr orpЮ duce,have lol g tcOgnレ ed th■Ineasumat sland8rds rece thur ad■ anlar by hcreasi鴨CaFly fOrm ofり mbol stanあ rds was ciay:Okols to rc"smi

compctition t2' lИ casu

ine when the

dittEnt colnmOdiies ased in the Near Cast at a●

Sdlers evenJu゛"cement standalム orci valuc to ゛e pllblichetter knonledge of what iliey atc puκ

hasitt but little value to

Sr.l plants wolc ,lanttd for fooO end ,nin,ls were bein8

1le senc, ヽVithOllt value o lle sener Or manuraciut■ ll cdometticated(10000 BC)St:ch t,にns■ o陀 found in the gmves oF

dePlolttnt 。

b」 綱 oas hdlea● 嘔 the m,onance OFtllese symbЫ ЫmdardspЮ ccss

ヽヽtに n numb∝ s,possibly the■ ぶtl‐ chnical ltandards enlo鳴in

U=じ k(3000 BC)in MeSOpolamiaめToday the,mbols compnsing lhe Hind l Anbic ntl■

'COlnmon measuttment stalldanls has lleen a s!o″Over a veゥ 10ng Pcrlod thc coo

ination ttcts ofcomn,on mensurement standalds assistd radecausing :oca]・m●・nt stàlda ds io melge inlo region,l standa ds ar dmcasur●beヽ (l,2,3.etc)a祀 口lC mosl conlmonly utt lttl n caI● tandaFl in thc
worid Ever・ thcagh och cultuЮ llat Ⅳ olved ind"endent!yeventuay into ll e lnternationat Systen cf units(sI)mぬ suren ent

WSiCmF〕

Symbd and measttmo■ stallda,dlな ●on tts accomp"SedけcК ated ils owa numba wslm.the de● re to tは de cventu3!,lCd tO

localicades or 8oVemmenis B,■ aftel the Frencl,and Amel can

a common numblT wstenl acЮ ss the wolld ヽ :s

溜 oし ■ons a chmr in hoW sttn

how al∝onomicmo■ sれ にs]f reinfor.ing● 随 ct(t財 din3)。 VCr a voッ long●sw¨

devdoped ald

mainiained eneted At the bcginning oFthc indu工Halぉ vo:u● onperiodせ onsolid=ted the mmy direrent働 rly digit symbols lllto one

ヾand,お lzalcl beg,■ lo be accon・ Plも hed llot,goWemmenヽ

wolldい 、11o number wゞ cm

by salldar● 7a10n Commi■ ∝ sin EDgland and Fttncebttln Engit,d the Rolュ I Sociely bttn meelng ln 1660 King

■t,ollmか oF lhe in■ mに ofimage El∝ ●ollles E"intu、 of力 Pn Vo141 N。 5(2012)

Many● mes the aun,。 ■les slepped in to require sim3ari0

Charles lll gmnted nlo Rwal S∝ :o● t ehalに rin 1663 Asa ts,li

heof thc er●lts of tle Royol Socit!ゝ ヽ
dcscription tǹ pDblication oF、

WhiCh dFana10ally leduced the variation among s mila,consmer:nent

cuncnt meamren釧 t ККlnology S｀

勁 e struttlre of thc Rovai S∝

toy e

goodsな 'Witl1 8ovemment diκ dion,InanuFacヽ rers foctlsed on● e

st田 ldaras(the KingもChnCう md pllttle inに retts(ofthe membe・ s)coullゞ tnぬ ldlな
tochnologメ.' Wit卜The manuFactuた ,could gain in pЮ ducloll(、 calng)

oFlcicncics

the distnbution cllain coJd 3ain in handling al週pЮ mol:on tsCa[n3)OF ICiencics,the end usos coじ ld gain in

the auNent Of mmsutment instruments

dardS becalne pmc● cal A■goous mcЖ wcmo「tt st田 〕

opelation and mailltcnmcc(ltanling)。 地 Ciencies,and tle pubhて

mコ 肛

蓼 hed

by

●c hcrcastd hkdmood OF compaiIOn。中 niZation lo the Royal Socicty 麒、s establishcd in France inas。

1666 By 17''(oOCrふ e Fttnch revolutio■ )the tllen mttcd

ManulК ●た、 ands established ibe t∝ hnicュ 〕

l lnsti鳳 i nationai des scia、 ccs゛ dcs a￨=sヽ of tlЮ mchnc syst● nt a■ ct‐ based shlldard mca、

WSiCmけement

advantages oF s,milar ty standards, but ll ey still want to control

The malkd cont ol that the fnanじ もd鳳'

stal daltiz8tion my

1ndustrlal Agep・ ltenls

SI

Sinilar"w sttunrds

Tl,c nse of the lmachine industr■

nay lo蒻 by pubhc

comDensated with patent ioyaltv ts A

e mnuⅢ lurer●蒟vユ te Fi● mw bca Юyahy
C good)。1 lhe coardination and scaling′ :carnitig ecol,om,cWhiCll wc as、 citte with theltt RNolullon(176018301, waS n,de posSuc)technically.by the cxislencc oF a vasi nunlber Or stand,"sdist,ibutiol,and use cosis per unit in the simpleS cant・輌nc thcに stllts or tpetilive

manutttunng proccsses Slllliari,Standa・

ds hdudi

and use csヽ

the publに

goodヽ

sα 、cd by palen、 coI IЮ lllng

This explalis how similantl standaだ s wnhpЮ cc.,"miler producヽ

stanф ●s,゛ re,slamams and qua‖ ″ doAn■ ions ●ettne heminimtlnl admissible ■●bu、 Wh‖ e theas long as

the Юya,fcc、 た、s then the reduc● ω ヽ produclon,̀̀け lbuions,the thim succcssion of毀 舗 Oa7as,devじ loped

during lhe lndusllini tvolution io

cts…

associated、 4th siniltt prodtcts includes the lower pЮ d,niOn

lndu● ●

nit証 i● standa

valuc to l卜=げfee ri unit sold by liccnsccs The va!ue to the public(pubiヽ

‐Si】

velopers Lve lealntd to rcco● :2e lhC

th6r m8 kes and inclcasc thcir pЮ nヽ

『

5

ml● ,

hgncammg e瞳 、 enhanted,

adlarttges of∝ablished a powerlul

conceprtllat a bulanco belween public inictss

ttdAmerlet び J、 o USA Wn,]ndtlstrics Board dllr ng Wo■ ld Wち r]″hnt had pretio違 sty t、 on cttFl

enterged口 'Tle Royi Sotitl,S ptlbhcttions on measu記
instrunlolも dcttned lhe then‐sぬ nd3 ds as cxa・ lple for t‐ain tratk gatlges in Engl鋤 d

ie ltiflc(faCtめ ascol

patents as inccntives lo ll●

mmu● ctuti provide a tttt

balanceo,pnvaに 摯 in and puЫ おgood than meぉ ulemmtsland田 に、

te measure】 nt・ I■

standad dclnes the uni、 to incasuК the volume oF a bottlc,

SmH面 ● 雨alldards deine how silllilar in●measurement s● ndms inelea

2t・,

5 2 011ell st8mdardLat:on

ape or lnaterials

Simn¨ ty standards lke

When■ m‖ a■ tyゞm̀,Idi21:onヽ ,ccolnplshed,pllЫ iprce c(滉 mpetition potentiallycommi"ees mlher than by goveinmmも ,new VequiRmm、 お,

onc boι Oc is to the nⅨ t(IS0 905め

rdi2威 ion ar ncttd llle aulhorヽ as pttvヽ ously idtntincd l ordllcing PIivate gain(prOttis)l10″ evet sinna■ :y standards also

劇nhor‐ I ndvantagos oF scate md leming which can inllrove●q¨ tnlmヽ for open stan山 dization''The Fo‖ o″ i鴨 輌ve祀 late

c価 oienり in manufactullng,distr bt!ion and use

to ll・

The intPoll=nce ofsimnar patt was l̀tidenlned for the n,id
repalr of guns uFler a bRItlo Thunas'olに、on paid a visil to llo

stendaldi78tiOn process2)Consensus― all inκ retts att diFttncll 夕 、inith Le Blanc in 1785 and reporにd on the value orsimilar 8un pans tO thc US CongIぉ si■ ef
180も sinlilar,創

,8

stⅨ例

3)Due pocess― balloing nl d al appmls pЮ tess m,be u、 dpossible onty anong he guns iom the"s weにtO nnd i∝ Olut:on4)0,en Ch8ng― an changes to all oistlng slandald are

asOn tO maお お‖o、″っn purchases lloln tte onginat

manllfattご cι

ptposed ,DOヽcrtby lmillng scconderv comp゛ ■ion and

COlllpetiloni guns、nuじ

中 od that preduded second甲and)5re hydmnt aanges.2)and:織 in tack enugeS 2°

ization o嘔 aniZation

たКなe ofopm murte a雰 o∝ ■sis tlle inost signiicant dirtrcncc bch″ ∝n oPcn

stalldalds and open stylllce5)い n doα ment― 口1 :nay accoss standardi7a10n

and"lls[、 11' p 433]Thc impo■ anco io thc public ofintercmngeabin,ぃ Pecuヽ Or to COmpanbniO)amOn3 mul● Piern"uractwts prodt ets was cventuany ttК

d in the sbnda…
■li、 ‐le ts nurly :Poterlally increasing tl e enは ,祀 ncur｀ Pro薇 、 Exalnp〕 es of,Oprlettt products in thヽ

ussed and agttment

FOund,no donlinationl',p 437]in thC eaJy

I M8intain1lg sinna pans,ve tle b ller asamc manlll■ cle stand,rdi7alion pЮ cessl)Openness― ‐l stakфolde、 may pintipを te in the

comnlittee

cumenヽ dmヽ and compieted standads

Thc ●棗i tllee Fu]eS are witlely

ogni2ed for an thcte

oⅢed by Slande dizationcomminees T le tatlerヽ .o■ les att not widely acceptedpЮ ducts

570

The lotlmal oFthe instunc Oflmar Electronis EnginteFS OfJapan Vo1 41 No 5(2012)

Con● albinυ is oF unに ●aluc unlぃ s thett at a uso■ able

6 infOrlnation Age
paibniけCo】 凛nШ mber of pЮ dshndards, 1卜 o otlrlh succcston oF sundards

einette when lwo indepel・ dcllt、 imlari,Stmdms are no:on・ ert●chttcany su鋼 deni to dnc an hier島 ∝ A plug and a socket

is or stwiccs to be compatibt with As t

nelworkヽ numbtr Or co■ nections(interFaces)incRase the value oF

a ttwon to a ser inclcascs ln economic tems this is temed alヽCA″ Ork e■ ct Tle ne● Ⅳork dmェ l identllles that uie valuc。

,cach

comection gЮ ws ●゛o 3m me n、 mber ofo h derlned by dimttent silllll姉 ty ttmatts mγ or may not
COm"1:ble T卜 e re:at,onshiP between tlで phg and Юcket.、vヽ ct卜 ci

neヽ vork

COⅢ 8Hb!C Or incoⅢ 811ble is dcrlned by an interace stan●Id

and aw3y ton smalbr canpe● ng ne● lorks cventual,ct讚 ng

輌ncs a colllpahЫ eor dtveloPcr who comtols an intcrfa.c control of the market(s)which identin、 卜ow ttch plug and socka sim13●

ェ1掟 es to lllc o● en A compatbuⅢ y stand釦 烙

tonneciions=')N● い 0,kず おcts d,m as¨ tO ll e larger nctwork!o● ●in Lock in a winne●,Standainte facet卜late an etFect givべthe manuFacturer

at inte fate cnabls 2｀ ' Tlle posい bility of achieving !ocrin

motlvtts manuttctuFerS and developes to patcnt illteFfaK eS oi bc

and cOmp耐 bil:●う、t10 the markct in the hope or contЮ ‖1=the rnarket that aǹlSinmin●The relationship bc■ ″ecI: si:nilaltv and compbili″ needssome clarintat on Sitn■ rdi2■ lion oF simibrltv(。 g similュ ■intel hce deines ヽ
Vhぼ e a single manuttdtrer or dtvcloper cannol
contЮ l an interFace mark‐ t,a consonium OFthem mγ attenlytto

olothing sizcs l,m腱 ! 蓼 des、 tlme 20neS Or bnに , vo"電 c)dcvo!op pronott and conllol inmces that aぉ

・r● duces vanation ana theに lom redtces ,otenlial i:inovat ol、valuablo")HO″ eVeF ule Smndaldi28■ot oF compnHbi:i● incК aStt VTiaion
and innovation 2.' As eXむ mplo compatibni● ・tandards andspecincatiOns

include:

WiFi,

lhc

cellut証

ar intrF4te

Un vesal seritl Bus(uSB 20),and WindovJM ApFli・poten● auy

The 、●luc of Patenヽ ot compalible intrtBc、

fol Ⅲ(Xヨ niZation● et contF01S Such patents nay be much 3tater thanthc

the vaue OF patm、 col trolling sinilari, Lock h erabl、 theationsmanunc● に、 and dcvo!ope、 who pЮ nt FOn ∞ ltroned

JNes:oた ,p8鯰 ater twards Ю'Micoso金 (PC SOhar

Pro中 m lnttrfaces(APIsヽ in Cach ea唸 , talge ncw ina ketsin●(Wireless LAN.smart phOn∝ ,inemo,cardS,PC sonwa祀 )haVe

inlorraces)and lntO(X86 micЮ prtccsЮ rinterら ces)ac cXampl●

emasd Aom thc mation of these comp漱 ibililv sla■ daras′

oFthe enoonous valuc c,cated when m intcifacc locle in 3 1arge

SPCCtiCations

mt凛 ctCornPatibllッ s● ndardizFion der13鰺 in"rtacs and pЮ ocols

、
″hich

increasc

innovation

andstandardizaton deino sptiSc rrop
whhS熱invention

Similariνd∝ Icasc PmbliC 800こeS oF a lltodu● t oi ser■ ce‖ mnα

Controlung hte fatesで 田 greotly increa

prod∝ lon,interlac、

pr vate gain bui m,y[n ttsponm to atlempts tO control impOnani

dinlent interlac‐

onen enler8e: US FetleFal

Communica6ons Commisston Pa 1 68 rul厖

"10h.btlt uccrca,the co、
operaton ■nd m・.htenance While simila■ ty al d compatibility

p● blic hterfeces to S&Tヽ

slmOardiation have complcお ly Oirerent efrec(IEEE 8の 3)was an allemative to IBMヽ,simla■ ッ ind(19)ocatcd no″cOntrOlled telephone nemOrk Elhemet

paimttd tokcn■ ng

compaibint.ar funelbnaly l● ly intem″ ined in al cases.

networks(IEEE 802 5)the Chinese have daeloped TD‐ SCDMA、
vhen d,e sinlil,riッ or each OF● ″o inicmatcd Ontitits(og、 n tCll

cdlじ lar ttthi。 103yphone and bК

technolos i″ Ъ:le exal"tes in thc three p evioと s successions ofbs愴 ￨●n)ヽ

。祀lalonstandattized a compatЫ

″oon the two standa・ diフo面 ticsヽ a],dttn"(og、 lhesttnc PЮ tocO｀ COnn∝ t bolh)r｀

to cOmpete with,patented 3G

standerds sugsst that a single standai for a sing:oheneiヽ

ocl]ular

たqui

ment

the pubhc b.tadnぬ hng trade,these exampに 、 Of

compatible intc】 Facos st 8gesi that ̀ttcnlptt tO FCquit a singlc

62

1ntncesconhlled interFact even if食 ゝ■nally stalldaldized may αmplicale

A defned inlo慟 cc s andald is nccttn,fOr pυ blic conncction
lo t teleP卜 one nemork a t(■ n"ler opentlng sド leln tl e hile net

or 3 .elluIRi nctwolk
deining the p,st■

Deaning , 0。,plα interf.nce rtquilcs

3nd m● 1:Hayered proto∞ l intertaces The

OPcn Systelll Licrconn∝t(OSI)Standald iS0 7498

seven possible 18yぃ of technical standBrdζ

For al・sOr bes

interlace The

tttde ■,ヽ ゃ Pttrs to be caused by the wi:lne■ ìke‐ all aspect oF

compalbniけ sla ldi,ds
Onc indicm:on Ofthe winnc■ take‐ all aspect is a・ standm● wa■

As ⅨanPIヽ cmsida the video diま い‐

at war(a colnlDanbnitv

Wa,:Blu、 Ray oi HDOVD D This Ыandams wa,。 ccuttd when
COmPelng implementer●with direttnt lechnical solu● ons to thc

dennitiOns or,ll● eiり 麻 requima n■ 8ゅ ecittc intcrfacc art the■ntorraco be。 だ。
cn the disk and the ditt p],ycr r.・ ●Ica to agec on

COmP'￨lintv、 tand・ Tds oFthatintettce

me technical solulon to be holuded 1l a nxed cOmpalbl,

Colllbatiblc intα iaces Te n∝ ossa, fOr a oommunicalonsllalketto de.ctop beyond a nl臨 じ魚clurerヽ inilat cuslolmer base 2̀)lc inass na・ Ka For、 idco disk playc、"an03 d This delaycd●
A shndamsヾar represmts a sl.ndadiztion prOcs breakdownntcs Engin∝ rs o',allan Vo1 4:N。

The,oumal oflhc hstintc Oflmagc EIcctЮ5(2012)

asド 機ndardiヵ tion shonld be a balmced,Ю ccs Stal dards wa、

lnPlemè1ュ tion icsling and user eva]oュ

occui becausc tic∝ o■ omic"akes areャ ●″ ￨:gh The mor usc、

conお mmce tqRIre、 mort co〔 mplox tcsting than sim‖

口 io at comp:ヽ ble with one fomat, 1lc moκpro■ 1r)lllal fOmmt becolll●

desittblo(andfOF SpeCnc mmuFact瞳

̀and

tiOi、

Compatibility

col,fort1lance')0■80ing stppoll― standatOs are suppOlted until ̀er

intetst ctascs it is ̀lctr impossib:t io change

developes
Thet ac also polltlcal o、 amples o suppOtt multinlc standar ty、cry !agecommunicutlons ne● ″orks at once Ю once imerfaccs a祀s

fol the sRmo価 ncJo■ ticimCd mu■ i nOdc oPcm10n):The ch ncsc

standadiス ed backwald compatib‖ i● nlui be maintaincd

governmo ltヽ ,osh For theil o″ n connlunica● ons technologv infor<″ long rHodg

Cllincse cominu:ticalions systelms・)As oilc OXRmp]c Chin,did

lhctお ■I Chincso com"niCS

ad‖10o :mo口 octual ofopeny

Solullons ror the POst lnfOrnla● on Age,

nol pa面dpate in thc Ocvdollment Of 2G ccllular stmdard、IF the equipmentlso薇 waに pttv ding an

ntcrface isrctating lo the nat gぃ Qntion 3G cellul■ sね ndaOs Tt・ addぉ ss

progttinmabお and changeable such as celulな pLones,lableヽ o,this eco lomic pЮ blclη 、China cho■ e to standardizc an additiol、 alp∝ Ы】ュ
l cOmpol● 、,then mu

3Gて ompatibiEty sttn(■

flSCDMA)al d suppo嗽 thc usc ofipに d:frcRnt sofl■ at ve、 ions may

suppolled on the sa:ne cquipmcnt(C g Mozilla and Micrysofl

3y in Cl,il、 e''' Then eЮ ss ticensi:lg of t卜 c TD―

lntemet ExPkYer brow,s on the sanic coAl,じ lω U∝ rS COuld

SCDMA uhnology with technoio3y nom Otht・ l com"lliCS,1lows

solcct k■ wcon the direrent sOnware Or use a convcdtr when theyp● 口lCniS tO oller

kno″ whatto chanざ io achieve comp81ibility Wヽ cn usc、 att not

t卜

is icchn。

1。

the Chinese companics to minimi2e rOytiッeompanics for uゞ c ofthc 3f●

p8teǹ

a″ at of whattoおThe d:salvantige is til,t catll mu1ltm、 ode cclt phoilo system has

one moた cellul■ にchnolo● (8ndヽ SoCiateu developnlent cも ヽ)When col]plioncs wcre noi p

gr,mmabに rtquinng anotherstandero would:lave bem meal impossibic And aけ̀de w,,with

No、 t win pЮ gramlmabに ccu p卜 ones,

China could havo result

to Thieve compatibuiy which is most onen:he cate an tttomatic llcans to scicct almong inult,plo dintttnt

ぃヽ″由F plotocolゞ or interttcも ヽneeded Such a meansヽ にTed
adapt,い ■,The post lnfollnatio■ 電 e is betinling to use adaptable wstems

Adaptablc systems occur whcll mtonolnous clcincnts ofa netwo■

m additionai smndald secns a less disiuptive、 vay to r● olve mchcall dem fv negothに md sdect,■面 g dttmt,Ⅲ

a PIOb tt W｀ ｀ mull modc,C cuヽ 1■ 、 nd ndaplヽ o■ u∝ sca"bil■ icゞ to ilnp10mert the mosi desitl

バ‖thte lunctions

sh(、 ″ho″ muni

idmtilc,tion ne301atiotl md se!ection nlu

exist For a system toTheprivatnode opettnon can mi●
gain

Possiblote IPR issues

vllci, patents ょ、 apP cd l●、

V卜 en systens― いctuding their lltt・ nce̲I佗
bc adaplablo ヽ

compatibi",・ tandard,ぉ り be tOO much The combination of

inicto p=ocessor bas

ooordination sc,lins ne卜 だo■ md i terface ctols is too mticing

bt adapt,olc if adaptability siandalds arc

to manulacture、 al d dtveloper.:thi、
intratlsBcnCy of compet:、、eems o be the Юol oFtlle

companis in inte race standaldiフ ationa,cwith lo″ costま 独dい ヽ■に nemtlry they can

incd Dinヽ Ictt fotms

ol tdapm● 1,mndard、 ォlК auv α ヽt and are quite succesnL
T le lnost widoly used adaptable systems cur"ntw att baSed On

discussions(eg Jヽ e mndards..ai be● ″een lhe Dlo‐ my Disk ald

etiqu"es'う

HD DVD vidco Oisk fo,ぃ :s)Fo tunalelン ho evolu● on ofoonncttsにchnolosy ptsentヽ neW wuyto Кso,ve lhis

,daptable sysl‐ m●

An etiquette is a co〔 nmunic毬 じons protocol lllェbeO″ ocn:lodesio

implcment

Much l,ke arctiquctte protocols onlγ

applicalicr、 κ ci輌 。

etlq ette between humans

addressい ow to oommunicate Examples

C3 0pen sundards

include:The lntemalonal tlecommunic8tlons Union(I]」 )■ 30

Comll,lbility siandardiフ ttion Кqui,cs flltthcr rqRircments to(an。 lqucti● has mainia[ncreate olDen Standaraゞ(di範 祀nt than"en slandardi7a●on)Th。

fo:lowing FOui rtquilen ents,It inlp。 ■ant ror the public しenc● 、

comp・ [blity bcl"ccn GЮ u, 3

●csimite rn3chin、 For about thiny yea、 ;ITU Di=:● I Sublc■ be,

Linc(DSL)、 tand̀rds which usc C 994 1(an t・ liquctt● to Support

山 ndaluizaio l。 零mizパ lonslontard al d backward compa● bli,an10ng the direrenl,pes of,Olle WO!d Same ゞandard fo, tho sarne function

DSL tansccives:in 1lc intemet En,Dttnng Ъ ゞ FoEc RFC

omttd bv ne,。 rl

3261,Ses■ on llllh■ ■on PblotO](m elqocttc)iS used to ne8otitte

ht have yello be requiled bv mo■

woJdwidt・Given the tser 3dvanmg゛erttts,wolld Wide compa● blly beco】 、cs mot impo■mu]timtl:a connmunicatiOns incloding
̀nt7)Ol.el IPR￢ ow tt nc c職 ド lo :PR necessaly t。
imploincni tl e bttic con patibility stanф Fd IPR on

νbicc over lllternet FЮ tocol(V● IP,Ot卜 cr appro chc, incltlde ineta〕
anguagく s such as SiandarKlinterttces increases the"tent el Fo,lock‐ in which is anti‐

Ceneran2ed Markap Languar (SGML IS0 8879)and iS

oompetilivo

dtllvalives in● luding E■ msiblo Markup Lan3n ago(XML)Such

8)Opel acce、 s―o● ediVe contormance mechansms tOrmela lanwarヽ

Cuttntけ ,roVide onty a mmns to iden■ ,14:No5(2012)

T卜o Jouina〕 ol the instinlc oFImage Elett onに s Engin∝ ● oF,alyan〜 Ъに ,■ onshiド にav118 netot■ ￨。 ■md撻 lo■ ion to゛ he,precsses
Rlco1 3 je,anCSC icsintile machi:、 e manu厳●lttet ont̀ an

diT■ minaloTy(RAND)intellectual Ⅲ peny polcics have worked
Nvtll for sim 18:● 紋and8撻 s bul a t not sumcient For comp4tibi‖

to tquire

Poし lic sね ndtmiな tiOn committ∝ s nc

味 ampl● o,tho bょ 1毬 nco PoS'iblo beo″ een PubliC good al〕 d P■ v,tosほ nd,記 sgnin using ndゅ Lblo proは ols S● ning in ■● 1980、 、Ricohadャ tお inty stttd8 ds fol new com"jble inoites(eg LTE

oitered over ■me dittκ nt prOp● c:aψ hig:.l d■ a late C3,Each hiJtt dab

以csinRc capRЫ hties to i゛ corporate custom

0, WiFi、

ヽ
V,Max)Any cOntЮ ‖ed tchnolos in pubic

compaibln,sttndarus shOuld bc adaptabic unless■ c co口 詢 1led

‐lc ねcsimilo onhallctnlent was pro l ietav and avai],ble only

lechndoy dc,■ yots,c・ machmes scvoial y船 、 an絣 ∝ch Rlcoh
be● cen Ricoh acsimil●AKl,ptabili,shndurds allow●

ah日 でr sPC

P Opnuaw hi♪ 。,Sp tu podllo was htloduc
enllancenle ltヽ illlila to whal Ricoh o時 ed w玉"mdamized in C3″。uld inlЮ dl ce an even higi、 cr
icsiinilc at 、
vllich Point Ric。 11 、d̀ta mに■hc n30 ctiqι lcttc ゞandard deflned fol G3 Facslnlile

rnachl)os suppo,ted eompetibni,wnh bOl、

RicOh ploPIIcta,

taltrcs and the G3 st●n lBIls This abilit.b suppoll deslmble
ly with the C3

propricta。 おatuts whit n,intaining con palb■lyer puЫ に ,odumn"vJt gah=ntalktt to lnd ie balancc whcrc

thc Pl blio good is ati傲 st cqtlal to thc Privato 3ain

As tcchnolo8ics dcvclop

no″waves of hullan ci、

1lization

Cmette ln cach wave of civilization thc balance bet、 veen thc
Pr vate 3● inご a tw and the neeol so(lⅢ l、 achiCVed

dittc ltlメ ￢ e inlonmalon ar iS btl‖

t on the technologics thatびcate infomatioll systems Thc expallding slandattitttion orthesemhnologics is t ha〕 1lma■ or the infonnation a●11。 WCVer

icsimne standard con● buted to Ricollヽ Posilon 3s tle l油 嘔est

propneね Iy

COつ Omteね Csimne mpplier a)inany yCaK By ic waゝ

●mgng the balar ce Oelw●●T pr、 ale gai,and ptlblc good PoЫ

口lis iscontolof infonma● on

authoヽ pasonal knowledge 肝om llan cip,ttng in C3 facsirnile

infonnatiol asc

standamiヵ tiOl

aONantige yet mppon Open゛ anda lls

ドta〕 :dalds oRr ncw w,s oPЮ pneta, fullCtionゞ are idendtled acR,ss publc adゅ 籠blt

ea● ●nd presents lhe speci6o iOcntitter is the prop●

cta,inCti01｀

supponed in this man■ c a commacial compmy

ぐould oFer

Dllblc sonvar hlericos to neい ″ork 鉛Ⅳcs and "、 onalo(mpultr applicaHons yct ofFer propiary opettttion of spccinccapabilili゛″isiles to control
that the commeri,1 でompany 、similar̀tlo R・ cch exolmple

お, thelr prOphemry tthnolo3y us

via publlo standardi2ed

or ustt wit have ttnsol to Pay Cor is u、Many differtnt

med、 anisins att possiblo (o cont,cnS8:e ll,c entre,κ nclri cha■ c

88o おS pe■ odic

おl dowlllonds per irnple nentation fees. u、

mai:1,cn8、 c″ 側pporl ftes. o, sitmply the sales advantages oF

ofFell2)C PK:■ d〔 d"ヽ ド=:Simd,̀Sas pubic coll● ol:vc,。
Kッ k!os V● : 36 No 3 pp ,77‑396(t983)

3)Mctに Co■ ●ont:o■ (■ d) R.l■ c、

mtyη ti。 。 (backWard
Com"ibniy) and Rllow plop● etn, advantage b・ lt

itterfa∝ ― suppon

ゞand調 レed h,olrlocs lre nd

dden O,c"Hcl oeninterilces ale aduptl1 le

84)A Upu‐ goヽ c: Th● Es、 mtia Cu:

Adalltab洒 ャ Siandalds OfFeF a Nelv Bahnce

iza● on committeP,, i、

to St,ndtt Chapter 4

lnt:に ot● ュ: Prll e" RightN And Sinndlm Sdi:n3 1,ttp lll ww

sttdintdに m5)'Sim∞ o M Ryman:Meawl■

Ⅲp

the p。 あ manecol読 ,ndais

sollng Org,niations rig [ Thc inoК ,sc in toml :PR d:,1。 叡r● slen,otiaぃ : Sianda,dimtion aS a Stmttit r●o]Iec α ol...。

Cha:l● ngo P ,￨(2006)o AЪ n。 ■■ .■ dW● ヽo Now YNrkt Bttntm Bo改 s(り 80):・つ PA D,viO:Smt new stundar3s f・ Im● ∝。lomに ,ol stunttdレ aronin thc int,mょ Joòざ P Do、 goⅢ

Poli, ond̀ P S ncman(Eds, Econoinio

rc● ln。 1、 :eat ■ iRIm● ■ceChmllrias

Engiandi

Ca、 brid● Universilv PTes(1,87)
わOPuin,m')]IluはPp 29‑45(l,,7)9)AV● R chもo● :Eng:■,■ o Mα ヽ●」og tO 1800 C帥 lⅢ dge MA:

羽,c Soい cly fol tho Hヽ tコ ッ ol■ ,hnoloα'nd The MIT Pにs, p l(1966,

M∞ 、o■ 、■■￨ヽ●♪ ヽ C Si■ 8cL E J Hol畔 aro A R'0)'CSkinno「 HiSl● r ol■ oヽ oologμ ヽも: ]「 ,7● Lo面 o:0、 od
Ho'(E3sI∧
Unive、 1,Pド (1%4)]l)A E Bo′ rヽ n,o :lsto● oal Mdro[ogN Lold● ,:, M D● ot■ So,、

The dcvelopmo■ of adapttb:lity standalds、stm̀、、ゝbipr frler
rt● 口 1■ lPちヽ、o R Omsleini neハ ょ。,,lers Gin Newヽ 武 :L

opeaness:10)Openatc g。 。
￨、

̀pn、●onvontionl

imPЮved poお m̀nce

The last(oFthe 10)req■ ittmettts may be thc mostimpOnani 10r

1,icnce Scto,̀oditon Londo● :Chapnlan altt Hatl p 65(1"7)

l:、in(errnccs IF ll e prOp,icterv Ⅲ h■ ology is、 ,luablo implome!ite、

κhiete commetiall)j E Holmま lt n:R‐ ●o測 sand tsenК hヽ ,Engin∝ ,:ng end indusitぬ∞ n、 o■ いmhftl(ッ プヽ ●nl、clopcls lo ch,■ c

Thc use of adaptabi:ity standards ailolts d

血 ndardS iS

Rtrerencesinterr8os using a loglly caltronablc identinei lc g、 a tmdemark)that is tthstrred betw● en lhe communicating ends Only whentechnolo,dcttn

in publicnecess,, tt ore,te open interfate

まandatts Thct is also a nem to lcview、 nt ゞal,dardization

policies T ie slandattization colnlni態 沿s reasonable and non―

Lld p lo2(1953)

12)C Shapu● 1l R Van,,1,fO al● ●Ruに ,Boゞ oo MA,H̀、 ard
Bosit)‐ s So!,ool P,も s p 231(,99)13) ,EC S12ono(2006)Rct,iovod■ o, htiPプ ム諄,、 ■:"ctVЮ ヽ￨、i′14)A R J R●￨￨loid●no 3oい oninさ 。f Ⅲc Changc hm Cmi

Mystり to sctn∝ os,B,sis tor T∝ ino og》 фaplc,23 Hi蛍 o,ol
Ttclinot電 )Vbl iv LondNn:0、 ford Uve1)R、 s(1958)

c,mmtt ofthel■ Ыittlt̲oFinar Electroni、 Engh蒻 、 JO"on Vo141 No 5(2012)15)

I Spratt T卜 c H:stoγ ol lho Roy,I So
lm,Wi〕

1●

R Fr,卜 は,mlK,,o″ にd・.●'g。

nion,そ iv si。 ぼ

ew of LOndon l● ,t● o
"。

V● 1

el:A Cult● に o'ltnl,love● ぃ,1 ■、 nolos und the Wぶ lem
1ヽ

MO● ￨● i● mC。 ■br d,MA:Thc MIT Prss,3● 7(2007)17) H A Kl● nt『 hcヽ ″o=哺 o,Mcow、 InCntS Ncw Ycr t Simon and

20)

22)

, Stぃ 、ani7,Ion Nowヽ ЪはlN,lo,ia indust,鼈 ]Cotlreに 。。
1、

Analysi、

olop肛 ol of mobile bЮ,dbo,d in Chinご Tccl■ o:ogyと Stntegio M釧 88cmeli Vb1 23 :s、 口o7 pp 773‑788(201:)K Kた oh¨ o 知 К rtLndammlュ ]mt瞭 o「 stttd■ d,: たohnical["豆 oγ o,Tc hl、 ol"yヽ もlo:ne iV:Thc indtl、 16ol R.・ ￨●lution(1,50‑

pa、 p∝ tive IEEE Commu1lo,lio■

1850)Noヾ York1 0xt■ Ooi、 c、 ly pres■ 958)

70■ 0(2000ヽ A]、 oo唸 uoble at htp″ w、 ‐ os、 体 。0ゴfumt∝ htm:

sM%̀z ne V01 '8 No ̀ pp

D P,fe■ : TInok,鰤 ∬ Conincnヽ P,t卜 、Thmugh H sヽ ■ Tho
go p本 、s(200,)

Ken KItI CIMERR C Cocヽぃne,M曖 ゞureN f● I PЮ ♂腱ss ｀恥 inJon DC:Nttion,1
Bo● ェЦo'Sl,■ d祠 s US Depn■ Inool ol(bmmelte m 8■ 86( 16rl)
D Homonway lndus"ソ だ:lo V luntav P10ф oi Stindatts

Kol, KRECHl● IER (hκ hm●・ rt..,、 ム .● I)is al.ttuぉ r,tthc Univmity ofColomdo Bo● lder a)uSA Hc mtht a tiて ビ oκ d:i uni 3nduato

MA■ B httI PoЫ i● h3,2(1,S)

K KtthmeA・ Open Si,nd̀ゞ AC厠 l rot Aolo■

engioee,ing e。 ・ se on the thcor of st● da,も H●b■ (d Pallo,a(2008)and wb〕 ｀h● d in ]EEE α ttnunic,lo■ 、M,winc

やヽ Pr emln chttr o『 tho Stanこ rd、 証̀[,oovationin ]Jも m江 lon T..l●。1● gy (Sl:T)oonftrencc
inヽb1 4?

2001(B。 ●:de,C02 2003(DelR Nethcnatts,andNo 5(2091
K KTooヽ incr Tho E::lr● DItぅ o● , ●nd Stand,Id、・ 007(Ql摯]Car̀da)● nd t● ■og口 nl Cヽ ■ o,lo(● ●,■ lonal

SI:T 200, (T● kyo,帥 よrlレ ,lon ts,S楠お ●Todt Commmdct Pape、 loη ぬcに C
Contcnaげ Cllal● n● 200̀ pp ]43‑154(2006)ヽ ｀:s pap。
sinna● ly aǹoα mp,1[Ы I(y st,nd鍍

=

蒟nos

in t:,o]EC Cて 、にoa,chal'',PTc,。 Om"￨lon

succesionS

K ttκ hmo■ 7ho Maiho■ 、 io,l Bass of Slandun s Proce dinド

lo l'9S aǹ20● 01● すon l、 l pl:κ ,1 lllc Wbrld

oF

Slan

,。

Sn,、

senta Fc 11,stim:o sludi(lTU) ana

り,5●io (he scio● oc ofo●■ にcommm:calio■ ,

,:

b● n

n US ddegaに 0 1Tu■ stu"GЮ ●pS(hx)14(Pに viou、 m。 lom st釧 、ヽ、 15(、 DSL)̀ξ
md 16(m er v deo co■ fercne昴
,,Nat。 ● Hoc lt uled on sland,dia● on stnltg:ヽ

A UPao3mve c。 ぃ∝la nnd the Юに o「 the goNemmcntin standa ds
ゆ hin ' Abb te (Eds) St,ndalds Poloy

じ。。pea,SOC Ctay Or T:ATヽ 29(1に sim:に 、 nsヽ 、)1'∞ ‐(1'88)[̀ 0

theSt=ndard, Insti● t (EISI) HC ha、

n ccono n:cs lo R W

comploxit卜 Pl ,3: ヽ ,Oing MA:Addil● n‐ We● ey,ublishing c。

蒻 tti:,.●

パ1■ y Assocht oo(T:A)い o lolcrtl,iton31 Te,ccommunicntions U茄

Ando、 on K , A● o、 ■ D P')os(EOs)Tho EI● ●omy as An Evolving
Co,oO:o Systom

um● S tep● nあ g on ttdards、 は ■oぃ 8̀sSい0)o Te:ecommunに ょion、 in

hti,ノ u、 、●sp醸 泄 mtは oM,OFy4]"'雨

Foln l,90 1oCommunicmions sland,rds RQ、 o■ ttthnic,1

M L K,2 C Shopilo,Ne13oR ex:● mmlに s 。。mp● Iion a面
compat b‖ i,The Am
om ion● nt Rcい ぃ、ヽ 175 No 3o'8"2,) B 81 oo A Odyオ ∝ 3 ■ 1ly:・ Mcに alfeヽ ￨,w is wrong iFEE
Sド ぼum NA ll● 1 43 No 7 pp 34‑3'(2006)Rctr:ev● d fom
hur Soi「 総inお rch3 moo卜ロド Dり P岬 O cOmp。 ￨:,:on

節 02 卜● w,s l卜 e founding :∝ hoica] oditor of

Cotr̀tt● ,c,Goooマ u Swiヱ oHmO(● 005)

ヽ
Ⅵ B A

Ja,n) ma 2011 (BttH:。

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