Disaster Risk Reduction

LESSON LEARNED FROM MOUNT MERAPI:PLANNING TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE“ASIAN CONFERENCE ON DISASTER RISK REDUCTION 2016”

DR. Raditya Djati
Deputy Director for Prevention
Directorate for Disaster Risk Reduction
The National Authority for Disaster Management
Ph k 25
Phuket25‐26
26th off FFebruaryb
2016Disaster Trend in Indonesia 2002‐2015
1.967

1.941

2,000

Disaster Events, Fatality, and Affected
People in 2015

1.811
1,800

1.674

1.63
3

1,600

1,400

1.58
2

600
500
400
300
200
100
0

1000000
800000600000400000200000
0

1.246
1.07
3

1,200

Number of Events

Fatality

Affected

1,000

775

740

800

Of 1.582 disaster event in 2015, 240 people wereloss their life; 1.18
displaced, 24
24.365
1 18 million displaced365
houses damaged, 484 public facility also
damaged.

81
6

599
600

403
400

200

143

‐

2002

2003

2004

TsunamiLetusan Gunungapi
Kekeringan
Puting Beliung

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Gempabumi dan Tsunami
Gelombang Pasang / Abrasi
Banjir dan Tanah Longsor
Banjir

2011

2012

2013

2014

Gempabumi
Kebakaran Hutan dan Lahan
Tanah Longsor

2015

Morethan 95% of it was caused byhydrometeorological hazards, dominated byextreme weather, landslide, and floods. Landslide
still be the most deadly type of disaster.
Update: 14-12-2015
Source: BNPBAgendaA
d offDiscussion
for TodayIndonesian issues on Volcanoes
Lesson Learned from Mount Merapi
Implementation on HFA and Post Sendai Commitment on SFDRR
2015‐2030
National Action Plan on DRR in Indonesia

#1 INDONESIAN ISSUES ON VOLCANOES• The
Th IIndonesiandi archipelago
hi l
is
i the
th resultlt off complex
l tectonic
t t i platel tcollision involving four different plates. Sub‐duction of the continental
plate beneath the Eurasian pplate formed the main
Indo‐Australian p
Sunda‐Banda volcanic arc stretching from Sumatra to the West,through Java, Bali, Nusa Tengara Islands till Banda to the East.
• Volcanoes in Indonesia are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. The
Indonesian archipelago contains about 130 active volcanoes, which ismore than any other country.
country About 76 of them have erupted inhistorical times. It contains some of the world's most famous
volcanoeslike Toba, Krakatau, Tambora, and Merapi.
F. Lavigne, J. Morin, Surono (eds.), The Atlas of Merapi volcano, First Edition, 2015

Distribution of Volcanic Activity in Indonesia

Historic Data on Great Volcanic Eruption Event
Rank

Death Toll

Event

LocationDate1.

92,000

Mount Tambora (see also Year Without a
Summer)Indonesia

April 10, 1815

2.

36,000,

Krakatoa

Indonesia

Augustg 26–27,, 1883

3.

29,000

Mount Pelée

Martinique

May 7 or May 8,
1902

4.

25,000

Mount Vesuvius

Pompeii and Herc
ulaneum,
ulaneum Italy

August 24, 79 AD

5.

23,000

Nevado del Ruiz

Colombia

November 13, 1985

6.

15,000

Mount Unzen

Japan

1792

7.

10,000

Mount Kelut

Indonesia

1586

8.

9,350

Laki. Killed about 25% of the population(33% were killed about 70 years before bysmallpox)

IcelandJune 8, 1783

9.

6,000

Santa Maria

Guatemala

1902

10.

5,115

Mount Kelut

Indonesia

May 19, 1919#2 Lesson Learned from Mount Merapi

Merapi stratovolcano (2965 m) is
located in Java,
Java Indonesia,
Indonesia 30 km
north of the city of Yogyakarta.
F. Lavigne, J. Morin, Surono (eds.), The Atlas of
Merapi volcano, First Edition, 2015

Photography by Raditya Jati, 2010

Disaster Occurred in Yogyakarta• In
I 2006 an earthquakethk claimedl i d more ththan 5000 victims,
i ti
and
dd
damageddalmost 380,000 units of private and public infrastructure.” After theand had the impact
earthquake,q, the Mount Merapi
p eruptedp
p on thenorthern side of Yogyakarta City
• On 25th October 2010 Mount Merapi erupted, releasing larva andashes for over a week, the volcano’s largest eruption since 1870.
• The death toll was 353, and more than 350,000 people were
evacuated.
t d

F. Lavigne, J. Morin, Surono (eds.), The Atlas of Merapi volcano, First Edition, 2015

Several hours before eruptionof Mount Merapi: Oct 26,
26 2010 at 2:30 PM
 Hargobinangun refugee camp more than 300 refugee

Photography by Raditya Jati, 2010

AFTER ERUPTION OF MOUNT MERAPI
Octoberb 27, 2010
9:00 PM

Photography by Raditya Jati, 2010

Photography by Raditya Jati, 2010

Turgo, Yogyakarta
1 Nopember 2010
Eruption had happened witharound 4 KM of blast up to thesky. It can be seen from the cityof Yogyakarta .

Peoplep are still doingg their
daily activities near Mount
MerapiSome people still leave theircattles at the disaster zone andhave to deliver the food to thedisaster zone. Today, some had
been evacuated (Nov, 8 2010)
Photography by Raditya Jati, 2010

Ndeles, Klaten,
1 Nopember 2010

Yogyakarta, 4 Nopember 2010

After the hazard zone moved
to the radius of 20 Km from
Mount Merapi, many of the
refugee camps are migrated
to the save zone that arelocated and concentrated in
the Sport Stadium of
Maguwohardjo. More than 22
thousandhd refugeesfareconcentrated in this place.

Photography by Raditya Jati, 2010

Maguwohardjo, 5 November 2010

F. Lavigne, J. Morin, Surono (eds.), The Atlas of Merapi volcano, First Edition, 2015

Photographhy by Raditya Jatti, 2010

Kepuharjo,Kh j after
ft eruptionti
19 November 2010

Photography by R
P
Raditya Jati, 201
10Argomulyo, surrounding Kali Gendol after eruption
19 November 2010

Photographhy by Raditya Jatti, 2010

Landscape view surrounding Kali Gendol, 19 November 2010

Pho
otography by Rad
ditya Jati, 2010

Candi Borobudur covered with volcanic ash of Mount Merapi
10 November 2010

Ph
hotography by Ra
aditya Jati, 20100

Surrounding the Temple Park of Candi Borobudur
10 November 2010

Photographyy by Raditya Jatii, 2010

Main entrance of Candi Borobudur
10 November 2010

Photography bby Raditya Jati, 2010

#3 Implementation on HFA and Post Sendai
CCommitmentitt on SFDRR 2015‐2030
2015 2030• Indonesia
I d
i isi extremelytl didisastert prone: b
betweent
1980
1980‐20092009 Indonesia
I di
suffered 312 natural disasters, this ranking fourth highest in the Asianat
Pacific nations. Its death total,, however,, was the second highestgapproximately 191,000 people, and the country suffered economic
losses of some 22.5 billion US$.”Disaster Risk Governance has been developed
Policy andRegulation
• Law
L N
No. 24 year
2007
• Government
Regulation No.
21
d 2321, 2222, andyear 2008.
• Regulations of the
Chief of BNPB
• Local Regulation
on Disaster
Management at
Provincial andDistrict/Cityi i /Ci Levell

Institutions

Planning

Finance• BNPB establishedt bli h din 2008• BPBD at Provincial
and District Level• National
N til Disaster
Di tManagement Plan
• DRR Action Plan
• Local DM Plan
• Master Plan of 12
hazards• National
N ti
l BudgetB d t
for DM has been
increased.

Multistakeholder
Collaboration• National
N ti
l and
d
Local Platform of
DRR• Active role of
CSO ini DRR
CSOs• Establishment ofclustercoordination
system• First of all the Hyogo Framework has encouraged
Indonesia to shift its approach in disaster managementfrom response‐oriented to disaster risk reduction. Prior to
the HFA, disaster in Indonesia was managed by a unit
under the Vice President’s Office, which dealt mostly withemergency response andd post‐disastert di t recovery. After
Aft
HFA, Indonesia focuses more on efforts to reduce risks
and build resilience to disaster.
• Secondly, the four priorities of the HFA have shaped
Indonesian national disaster management system, with its
focus on: (1) legislation,
institution, (4)legislation (2) planning,planning (3) institution
budget, and (5) capacity development at all levels.
• With regards to legislation, in 2007 Indonesia enacted its
first Disaster Management Law, Law No. 24 of 2007. It has
been subsequently followed by a series of presidential
and government decrees and other subsidiary legislations
at all government levels down to the district/city level.

• In terms of planning,planning as the focus is more on DRR
DRR, Indonesia launched its
first national DM Plan 2010‐2014 in late 2009. It was subsequently followedby provincial and district/city governments that issued their Local DM
Plans Currently all provinces have their DM Plans and more than 80
Plans.
districts and cities (out of a total of 506 districts and cities) have developed
their DM Plans.
• Related to the institutional arrangement, the Law No. 24 of 2007 has
mandated all levels of government to have their independent DM agencies.
At the national level we have BNPB that was established in 2008. At
present all provinces have already had their own DM Agencies and 84% of
the districts and cities have established DM Agencies.
g• In
I tterms off b
budget,d t iin th
the pastt 10 years b
budgetd t ffor DRR h
has shownhasignificant increase. A recent study by the National Planning Board,
Bappenas, currently the level of budget for DRR in sectoral linei i i hash exceededd d 1% off theh totall nationalilbdministries
budget.
• With regard
Priority
2, 3 andachieved
d tto Pi it 2d 5 off HFA,
HFA progress has
h beenbhi din risk mapping, Early Warning System, disaster education,enhancement of science and technology for DRR and preparedness
f response. Progress
for
P
has
h mostly
l beenbachieved
hi d iin andd aroundd biggerbicities in the country’s main islands, particularly those that have strong
tertiary education institution and research centers.

Risk Map of the Pyroclastic
P roclastic flow
flo and Hazard
Ha ard Zone after the impact

Source: BPBD DIY and BAPPEDA
Local Authority for Disaster Management andLocal Authority for Regional PlanningSpatial Structure Plan for
S
Surrounding
di M
MounttMerapi

Source: BPBD DIY and BAPPEDA
Local Authority for Disaster Management andLocal Authority for Regional PlanningSpatial Structure Planfor Surrounding
Mount Merapi

Source: BPBD DIY and BAPPEDA
Local Authority for Disaster Management andLocal Authority for Regional PlanningAfter Sendai for Priority #1 of SFDRR
The availability of detailed risk assessment for multi hazard
in all area
Risk assessment became the basis for development
The use of semi‐detailed risk assessment as a policy
consideration, DRR and investment
All spatial planning policies are using risk assessment as
basis consideration

F. Lavigne, J. Morin, Surono (eds.), The Atlas of Merapi volcano, First Edition, 2015

#4 National Action Plan on DRR in Indonesia• Issues related to disaster risk reduction have been specifically referred to in
the new middle‐term development plan. In the part of RPJMN thatelaborates the general direction of development in 2015‐2019• Disaster management and risk reduction are detailed more in priority
number seven regarding effort to achieve economic independence. Undersub‐agenda IV sustainable natural resources and environmentalgg
g of
and disaster management,
it is mentioned that the target
management,
development in disaster management and disaster risk reduction is
reduction in Disaster Risk Index in growth centers that are located inhazard‐prone areas, through (1) Mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction
into sustainable development framework at the national and local levels,
levels(2) Reducing vulnerability to disaster, and (3) Enhancement of thecapacity of the national government, local governments and allcommunities in disaster management.

Policy and Strategies on
National Development
201 2019
2015‐2019
National Priorities(Impact Indicators)

Stakeholders
INPUTsPriorities 2025

Vision & Mission
NAWACITA
Goal Priorities

Existing
Condition

Baseline data
2014

Problems &Challenges

Assumptions

National Development Goals
2015‐2019

Global Issues

International
Commitment

Evaluation on
2010‐2014

Diagram on Problem Identification and National Policy Development 2014‐2019

Focus Priorities
Program Priorities(Outcome
Indicators)

Action Priorities(Output Indicators)

Resource Availability(INPUT Indicators)

PLANNINGRTRWN

DISASTER MANAGEMENTMINISTRIES / INSTITUTIONS

RPJPN
2015‐2015
Long term Phase

RPJMN
2015‐2019

NATIONAL PLAN FOR DM
2015‐2019
Regulation, Strategy, Goal,
Target, Outcome, Program
Agenda,Need
A d Budget
B d
N d IIndication,
di iPriority Location

National
ActionPlan DRR

StrategyPlan BNPB
andStrategyPlan 2015‐2019
Mid term Phase

Short term Phase

ANNUALRKPANNUAL ACTION PLAN

Work Plan
Budget PlanNational Action Plan on DM 2015‐2019
7 Priorities and 36 Action Plan
1. Strengthening Regulation on DM/
on Disaster Managementg Revised of the National Law No 24/2007
 Synergized the regulation framework of disaster management implementation
 Improvement of technical regulation on Disaster Managementhlfk regulationld Enhancement
off implementation
framework
on disastermanagement
2. Mainstreaming Disaster Management on Development Planning Mainstreaming Disaster management and Climate change adaptation to national
development
Monitoring evaluation
 Monitoring,evaluation, and review of National DM Plan related with otherintegrated sectors
 Improvement of Information system to National Action Plan implementation

National Action Plan on DM 2015‐2019‐cont.
3. Improvement of stakeholders partnership Improvement of community capacity and its implementation on disaster resilience
focusing on local wisdom, climate change adaptation, gender, and vulnerable group
 Enhancing partnership for sustainability
 Strengthening National DRR Forum, local, and thematic as a sharing media for DM
 Strengthening and improvement of the education institution and expert association
to educate and build culture of disaster awareness Improvement of volunteer’s role on DM
4. Good governance on DM
 Fulfill the Standard of Minimum Services on DM
 Strengthening capacity of institution, human resources, and community
 Strengthening the capacity of infrastructure in DM
 Management and accountability support for technical implementation in DM

5. Effectively to improve prevention and mitigation
 To build national institution and community on prevention and mitigation
 Strengthening the implementation on research and technology
 Updating the disaster risk analysis with information system at national level Optimizing resources and spatial planning for land planning on prevention
and mitigation
 Disaster mitigation management on CCA considering the vulnerable groups
and local wisdom
6. Preparedness and emergency response improvement
 Integration DRR and Emergency Response
 EWS development on multirisk of disasters
 Spreading the information system networks
 National framework on emergency response development
 Development of preparedness capacity on national disaster Acceleration on infrastructure and logistic on emergency response Acceleration on determining situation state mechanism on emergency
response SRC improvement on DM in Indonesia
 Improvement with international partnership on emergency response atnationaltil levelll
 Strengthening and partnership on emergency response at local level
 Capacity improvement on emergency response
7. Capacity improvement on disaster recovery phase Strengthening the mechanism and support of recovery phase frominternational, national, and local level
 Integration of DRR and disaster recovery phase Optimizing the rehabilitation and reconstruction on every sectors
 Character building and resilient community on disaster readinessThank You

Photography by Raditya Jati, 2010

Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana
Graha BNPB
Jl. Pramuka Kav. 38, Jakarta 10120
Deputyp y for Prevention and Preparednessp
Ina‐DRTG Building, PMPP/IPSC
Jl. Anyar, Desa Tangkil, Kec. Citereup, Sentul – Kab. Bogor
Telp.
Fax.
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