Title

都市の縮小とアメリカ市政 : クリーブランドとセン
トルイスを事例として

Author(s)寺谷, 渉

Citation

国際公共政策研究. 2023, 27(2), p. 1-21

Version Type VoR
URL

https://doi.org/10.18910/90173

rights
Note

Osaka University Knowledge Archive : OUKA
https://ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp/
Osaka University

1ᣃࠊƷ጑‫ݱ‬ƱǢȡȪǫࠊ૎̿ࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻ࡜ࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫࢆ஦౛࡜ࡋ࡚̿*Urban Shrinkage and American Municipal Politics:
A Case Study of Cleveland and St. Louis*ᑎ㇂΅**
Wataru TERATANI**ᢞ✏ㄽᩥึ✏ཷ௜᪥ 2022 ᖺ 10 ᭶ 5 ᪥ ᥇ᢥỴᐃ᪥ 2022 ᖺ 12 ᭶ 20 ᪥

Abstract
The decline of urban populations and industries is increasingly becoming an issue in Japan as well as in the UnitedStates and Europe, and interdisciplinary research on “shrinking cities,” defined as “cities facing an exodus of existing
residents and businesses in the age of deindustrialization and globalization,” is also flourishing. This paper attempts acomparative case study analysis of Cleveland and St. Louis, two American cities in the Snow Belt that experienced
population and industrial decline before Japanese cities in the postwar era, and where various policy responses are
anticipated. The research questions are “What policy responses are being taken in shrinking cities, and do politicalinstitutions have an impact there?” Utilizing official documents, newspaper articles, and memoirs, this project will
examine the processes of coordination and conflict in which politicians exercise leadership and are influenced bypolitical institutions, with a focus on the interaction between actors and institutions.
࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ㸸⦰ᑠ㒔ᕷࠊேཱྀῶᑡࠊ㒔ᕷᨻ἞ࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ᨻ἞ࠊᨻ἞ไᗘ
Keywords㸸 Shrinking Cities, Population Decline, Urban Politics, American Politics, Political Institution* ᮏ✏ࡢᇳ➹࡟࠶ࡓࡾࠊ୎ᑀ࠿ࡘぶ㌟࡞ࡈᣦᑟࢆ㈷ࡾࡲࡋࡓᅜ㝿බඹᨻ⟇◊✲⛉୰ᔱၨ㞝ᩍᤵ࡟ឤㅰ⏦ࡋୖࡆࡲࡍࠋ
**኱㜰኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔ᅜ㝿බඹᨻ⟇◊✲⛉༤ኈᚋᮇㄢ⛬2

国際公共政策研究㒔ᕷࡢ⦰ᑠ࡜࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ᕷᨻ 

第 27 巻 第 2 号
                     1㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
㸸⦰ᑠ㒔ᕷ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣࠊᑡᏊ㧗㱋໬ࡸᮾி୍ᴟ㞟୰ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࠊ㒔ᕷ࡟࠾ࡅࡿேཱྀࡢῶᑡࡸ⏘ᴗࡢ⾶㏥ࡀヰ㢟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ஂࡋ࠸1ࠋᨻ௧ᣦᐃ㒔ᕷ࡛ࡣࠊ໭஑ᕞᕷࡢ 1980 ᖺࡢ⓶ษࡾ࡟ࠊி㒔ᕷ࡜ሜᕷࡀ 1985 ᖺࠊ㟼ᒸᕷࡀ 1990 ᖺࠊ᪂₲ᕷ࡜὾ᯇᕷࡀ 2005 ᖺࠊ⚄ᡞᕷࡀ 2010 ᖺ࡟ᅜໃㄪᰝ࡛ேཱྀࡢࣆ࣮ࢡࢆ㏄࠼ࠊ௨㝆ࠊῶᑡ࡟㌿ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ2ࠋࡲࡓࠊᅜ❧♫఍ၥ㢟◊✲ᡤ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ2015 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2045 ᖺࡢ㛫࡟ᨻ௧ᣦᐃ㒔ᕷࡢ༙ᩘ࡟࠶ࡓࡿ 10 㒔ᕷ࡛ࠊேཱྀࡀ 10㸣௨ୖῶᑡࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀண

ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ3ࠋࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠊ㒔ᕷࡢேཱྀῶᑡࡣ᪥ᮏࡔࡅ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡛ࡣேཱྀ 20 ୓ே௨ୖࡢ㒔ᕷᆅᇦࡢ࠺ࡕ⣙ 40㸣ࡀ 1960 ᖺ㹼2005 ᖺࡢ㛫࡟ேཱྀῶᑡࢆグ㘓ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ4ࠋᅜ඲య࡛ࡣேཱྀࡀቑ
ຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ྜ⾗ᅜ㸦௨ୗࠊࠕ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࠖ࡜⾲グ㸧࡛ࡶࠊ2000 ᖺ᫬Ⅼ࡛ேཱྀࡢୖ఩ 200 㒔ᕷࡢ࠺ࡕ 21 㒔ᕷࡀ 1950 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2008 ᖺ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚㸲ศࡢ㸯௨ୖࡢேཱྀῶᑡࢆ⤒㦂ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ5ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ2000 ᖺ௦࠿ࡽḢ⡿ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ࠕ⦰ᑠ㒔ᕷ㸦Shrinking Cities㸧ࠖ࡜࠸࠺Ꮫ㝿
ⓗ࡞◊✲ࡀ⯆㝯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⦰ᑠ㒔ᕷࡣࠕ㒔ᕷࡢ࠿࡞ࡾࡢ㒊ศ࡛ேཱྀῶᑡ࡟┤㠃ࡋࠊ୍᪉࡛ᵓ㐀ⓗ࡞༴ᶵ⑕≧ࢆక࠸࡞ࡀࡽ♫఍⤒῭ᵓ㐀ࡢ㌿᥮ࢆ⤒㦂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㧗ᐦᗘࡢ㒔ᕷᆅᇦࠖࠊ
ࠕ⬺ᕤᴗ໬࡜ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ
໬ࡢ᫬௦࡟࠾࠸࡚᪤ᏑࡢఫẸࡸ௻ᴗࡢὶฟ࡟┤㠃ࡍࡿ㒔ᕷࠖ࡞࡝࡜ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࠊᵝࠎ࡞ၥ㢟ࡢศᯒࡀ⵳
✚ࡉࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ6ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ⦰ᑠ㒔ᕷ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡢᨻ⟇ᑐᛂ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࡣஈࡋ࠸≧ἣ࡟࠶ࡿ7ࠋ㸸ඛ⾜◊✲㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡢᨻ⟇ᑐᛂ࡟㛵ࡋࠊᨻ἞Ꮫ࡛௒᪥ࡲ࡛኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ຊࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀࠊࣆ࣮ࢱ࣮ࢯࣥࡢ
ࠕ㒔ᕷࡢ㝈⏺ㄽ㸦City Limits㸧࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ8ࠋࡑࡢ୺ᙇࡣࠊᕷሙ୺⩏⤒῭ୗ࡛㐃㑥ᨻᗓ࡜␗࡞ࡾࣄࢺ࣭
ࣔࣀ࣭࢝ࢿࡢὶࢀࢆไᚚ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡣࠊẸ㛫ᢞ㈨ࡢㄏⓎ࡞࡝ࢆࡵࡄࡿ⃭ࡋ࠸㒔ᕷ㛫➇தࢆవ൤࡞ࡃࡉࢀࠊ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࢆ༢୍ⓗ࣭ྜ⌮ⓗ࡞฼┈࡜ࡋ࡚෌ศ㓄ᨻ⟇ࢆᢚไࡋࠊ㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇ࢆᚲ↛ⓗ࡟㏣ཬࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ9ࠋ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡣ㈈※ࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ㞠⏝ࡸἲே⛯ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ௻ᴗࡸᡤᚓ⛯ࢆቑࡸࡍ୰㛫ᡤᚓ⪅ᒙࢆចࡁࡘࡅࡿᨻ⟇ࢆ✚ᴟⓗ࡟᥇⏝ࡍࡿ୍᪉ࠊ௻ᴗࡸ୰㛫ᡤᚓ⪅ᒙ࡟㈇ᢸࢆồࡵࠊపᡤᚓ⪅ᒙࢆ࿧ࡧᐤࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿᨻ⟇࡟ࡣᾘᴟⓗ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࠕ㒔ᕷࡢ㝈⏺ㄽࠖ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᵝࠎ࡞ᢈุࡀᒎ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡣ⏬୍ⓗ࡟㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇ࢆ㏣ồࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜ࡢ୺ᙇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇࡟࠿࠿ࡿࢥࣥࢭࣥࢧࢫࢆ㐣኱ホ౯ࡋࠊ
1 ≉࡟ࠊቑ⏣ᐶஓࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡋࡓᏛ㆑⪅ࡸ⤒Ⴀ⪅࡞࡝࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࠕ᪥ᮏ๰⏕఍㆟ࠖࡀ⊂⮬ࡢᑗ᮶᥎ィࢆᇶ࡟ 2014 ᖺ࡟Ⓨ⾲ࡋࡓࠕᾘ⁛ྍ⬟ᛶ㒔ᕷࠖࡣ኱ࡁ࡞཯㡪ࢆ࿧ࢇࡔࠋቑ⏣ᐶஓ⦅ࠗᾘ⁛ྍ⬟ᛶ㒔ᕷ࠘㸦୰ኸබㄽ᪂♫ࠊ2014 ᖺ㸧ࠋ
2 ⥲ົ┬ࠗᅜໃㄪᰝ࠘
3 ᅜ❧♫఍ಖ㞀࣭ேཱྀၥ㢟◊✲ᡤࠗ᪥ᮏࡢᆅᇦูᑗ᮶᥎ィேཱྀ㸦2018 ᖺ᥎ィ㸧
࠘
4 Vlad Mykhnenko and Ivan Turok, “East European Cities: Patterns of Growth and Decline, 1960-2005,” International PlanningStudies, vol.13, no.4 (2008), pp. 311-342.
5 Margaret Dewar and June M. Thomas eds., The City After Abandonment (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013), p. 1.
6 ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᐃ⩏ࡶྵࡵࡓ⦰ᑠ㒔ᕷ࡟㛵ࡍࡿㄽᩥ㞟࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊKarina Pallagst et.al., The Future of Shrinking: Problems, Patterns
and Strategies of Urban Transformation in a Global Context (UC Berkeley, 2009). ࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠊ⦰ᑠ㒔ᕷࡣࡲࡔᴫᛕ໬ࡸᗈ⠊࡞⌮ㄽࡢ⤫ྜࢆḞ࠸࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡟␃ពࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋAnnegret Hasse, Dieter Rink and Kartin Grossmann, “Conceptualizing Urban
Shrinkage” Environment and Planning A, vol.46, no.7 (2014). ⦰ᑠ㒔ᕷࡢ◊✲࡟࠾ࡅࡿྛ✀ࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࣭ࢡ࢚ࢵࢩࣙࣥࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊ Karina Pallagst, Thorsten Wiechmann, and Cristina Martinez-Fernandez, Shrinking Cities: International
Perspectives and Policy Implications (Routledge, 2015), pp. 5-6.
7 Matthias Bernt, “Partnerships for Demolition,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research vol. 33, no.3 (2009),
p. 755. ຍⱱ฼⏨ࠕ஧ࡘࡢ࣏ࢫࢺ࣭ࣔࢲࣥ㒔ᕷീࠖຍⱱ฼⏨࣭ᚨஂᜤᏊ⦅ࠗ⦰ᑠ㒔ᕷࡢᨻ἞Ꮫ࠘
㸦ᒾἼ᭩ᗑࠊ2016 ᖺ㸧12 㡫ࠋ
8 ࣆ࣮ࢱ࣮ࢯࣥࡢࠕ㒔ᕷࡢ㝈⏺ㄽࠖ௨㝆ࠊ㒔ᕷᨻ἞Ꮫࡀࡑࡢᢈุࢆඞ᭹࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜ࡍࡿ୺ᙇ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊDennis Judd, “Everything
Is Always Going to Hell: Urban Scholars as End-times Prophets,” Urban Affairs Review, vol.41, no.3 (2005).
9 ࣆ࣮ࢱ࣮ࢯࣥࡣ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟┤᥋ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿ♫఍ⓗ࢖ࣥࣇࣛᩚഛ࡞࡝ࡢᨻ⟇ࢆ㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇࡜ࡋࠊ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟┤᥋ࡘ࡞ࡀࡽ࡞࠸ᐩ⿱ᒙ࠿ࡽ㈋ᅔᒙ࡬ࡢᐩࡢศ㓄࡞࡝ࡢᨻ⟇ࢆ෌ศ㓄ᨻ⟇࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋPaul E. Peterson, City Limits (The University of Chicago Press, 1981).

都市の縮小とアメリカ市政 ―クリーブランドとセントルイスを事例として―
2                        ᅜ㝿බඹᨻ⟇◊✲                  ➨ 27 ᕳ➨ 2 ྕ

3ᨻ⟇ࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿྛ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡀᯝࡓࡍᨻ἞ⓗ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆ㐣ᑠホ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ10ࠋࡲࡓࠊ෌㑅ࢆ฼┈࡜ࡍࡿᨻ἞ᐙࡀ᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢኌ࡟཯ᛂࡋࠊ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡀ෌ศ㓄ᨻ⟇ࢆᐇ᪋ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ༑ศ
࡟ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜ࡢᣦ᦬ࡶ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡣ୍ᐃࡢ⮬ᚊᛶࢆ᭷ࡋࠊ」ᩘࡢᨻ⟇ᑐᛂ࠿ࡽྲྀࡿ࡭ࡁ㸦ྲྀࡽ࡞࠸㸧ࡶࡢࢆ㑅ᢥࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᨻ἞࣭⾜ᨻⓗ࡞せᅉࢆ┳㐣ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿᢈุ࡛࠶ࡿ11ࠋࠕ㒔ᕷࡢ㝈⏺ㄽࠖࡣ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡀᯝࡓࡍᨻ἞ⓗ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆ┳㐣ࡋࠊ㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇࡟ᑐࡍࡿ཯Ⓨࢆ༑ศ࡟ㄝ
࡛᫂ࡁ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ㄢ㢟ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠋ࡛ࡣࠊᨻ἞ᐙࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡍࡿ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮࡟╔┠ࡋࡓ◊✲ࡣ࡝࠺࠿ࠋ
ࡲࡎࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫ࢚࣮ࣜࢺࡣ༢⊂࡛⮬ࡽࡢ฼┈ࢆ཯ᫎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊᨻ἞ⓗ࡞࣮ࣜࢲ࣮
࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇࡟ぶ࿴ⓗ࡞ᕷ㛗࡞࡝ࡢᨻ⟇㉳ᴗᐙ㸦policy entrepreneurs㸧ࡢᏑᅾࡀ㔜せ࡜ࡍࡿࠕᨻ⟇௻ᴗᐙㄽࠖࡀ࠶ࡿ12ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ෌ศ㓄ᨻ⟇ࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿሙྜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶᨻ⟇㉳ᴗᐙࡢᙺ๭ࡀ㔜せ࡜࠸࠺⤖ㄽ࡟㝗ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᨻ⟇ᑐᛂࡢᕪ␗ࢆ༑ศ࡟ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡣゝ࠸㞴࠸13ࠋḟ࡟ࠊᨻ἞ኚ㠉ࢆ┠ᣦࡍໃຊࡀ᪤Ꮡࡢᶒຊᵓ㐀ࡸ࢚࣮ࣜࢺᒙࢆᢈุࡋࠊᕷẸ࡟ッ࠼࡚୺ᙇࡢᐇ⌧ࢆ┠ᣦࡍ㐠ືࢆᒎ㛤ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟╔┠ࡋࡓࠕ࣏ࣆࣗࣜࢬ࣒ㄽ㸦ⲡࡢ᰿ࡢẸ୺୺⩏㸧ࠖࡀ࠶ࡿ 14ࠋⲡࡢ᰿ࡢᕷẸཧຍ࡜⤖ࡧࡘ࠸ࡓᨻ἞ⓗ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࡀ㈋ᅔ⪅࣭ປാ⪅ྥࡅࡢᨻ⟇ࢆᐇ᪋ࡍࡿ࡜ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ◊✲ࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ࣏ࣆࣗࣜࢬ࣒ࡢᴫᛕࡀከ⩏ⓗ࠿ࡘ᭕᫕࡛ᐇドศᯒࡢᛂ⏝ࡀᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᢈุࡉࢀࠊࡑ
ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᴫᛕ࡟౫ᣐࡏࡎ࡜ࡶࠊ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࢆ࡜ࡾࡲࡃไᗘ㓄⨨࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡢྜ⌮ⓗ࡞㑅ᢥ࡜ࡋ࡚ᨻ⟇ᑐᛂࡀㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ15ࠋ࡛ࡣࠊไᗘ࡟╔┠ࡋࡓ◊✲ࡣ࡝࠺࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋᇳᨻไᗘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢩࢸ࢕࣐ࢿ࣮ࢪ࣮ࣕไࡼࡾ
ࡶᕷ㛗ไࡢ࡯࠺ࡀ⾜ᨻᗓࡢ㛗ࡀ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࢆⓎ᥹ࡋࡸࡍࡃࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫ࢚࣮ࣜࢺ࡜஺΅ࡍࡿᨻ⟇㉳ᴗᐙ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᙺ๭ࢆ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡸࡍ࠸࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ16ࠋ㑅ᣲไᗘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᨻ἞ᐙࡀ෌㑅ࢆ฼┈࡜ࡋࠊࡑࡢᶵ఍ࡢ᭱኱໬ࢆࡣ࠿ࡿ࡜᝿ᐃࡋࡓሙྜࠊᕷᇦ඲యࢆ༢୍㑅ᣲ༊࡜ࡍࡿ඲ᕷ୍༊ไ࡛㑅ฟࡉࢀࡿᕷ
㛗ࡸᕷ㆟఍㆟ဨࡣࠊ≉ᐃࡢᆅᇦࡸ฼┈࡬ࡢ೫㔜ࢆ㑊ࡅࠊ඲ᕷⓗ࡞฼┈࡟ᙉ࠸㛵ᚰࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ୍᪉ࠊ㑅ᣲ༊ࡀ」ᩘ࡟ศ๭ࡉࢀࡿ㑅ᣲ༊ไ࡛㑅ฟࡉࢀࡿᕷ㆟఍㆟ဨࡣࠊ⮬㌟ࡢಶู㑅ᣲ༊ࡢ฼┈ࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ17ࠋࡲࡓࠊ඲ᕷ୍༊ไࡢ࡯࠺ࡀಶู㑅ᣲ༊ࡢ฼┈ࢆඃඛࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫ
࢚࣮ࣜࢺ࡟ඃ఩࡜࡞ࡿ඲ᕷⓗ࡞㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇ࡢᐇ⌧ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗ࡲࡾࠊ㑅ᣲ༊ไࡢ࡯࠺ࡀᆅ⌮ⓗ࡞௦⾲ᛶࢆ☜ಖ࡛ࡁ࡚ከᵝᛶࡀቑࡍࡓࡵࠊᑡᩘὴࡢពぢࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡓ෌ศ㓄ᨻ⟇ࢆ࡜ࡾࡸࡍ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ᝿ᐃࡉࢀࡿ18ࠋ
10 ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞❧ሙ࡟ࡼࡿㄽᩥ㞟࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊClarence N. Stone and Heywood T. Sanders eds.,

The Politics of Urban Development(University Press of Kansas, 1987). ࣎ࢫࢺࣥ࡜ࢧࣥࣇࣛࣥࢩࢫࢥࡢ㒔ᕷ㛤Ⓨࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆศᯒࡋࠊ㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇࡟ᑐࡍࡿࢥࣥࢭࣥࢧࢫ
࡟␲⩏ࢆၐ࠼ࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊJohn Mollenkopf, Contested City (Princeton University Press, 1983).
11 ౛࠼ࡤࠊ
ࠕ㒔ᕷࡢ㝈⏺ㄽ࡛ࠖ㐓⬺஦౛࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡࡢ♫఍⚟♴ᨻ⟇ࢆࡵࡄࡿᨻ἞㐣⛬ࢆศᯒࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊすᒣ㝯⾜ࠗ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ᆺ⚟♴ᅜᐙ࡜㒔ᕷᨻ἞̿ࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡᕷ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢔࣮ࣂ࣭ࣥࣜ࣋ࣛࣜࢬ࣒ࡢᒎ㛤࠘㸦ᮾி኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ࠊ2008 ᖺ㸧ࠋࡲࡓࠊ࣎ࢫࢺ࡛ࣥᡓ๓࠿ࡽᡓᚋ࡟㛗ᮇᨻᶒࢆ⠏࠸ࡓ࣮࣮࢝ࣜᕷ㛗ࡀᨭᣢᇶ┙ࢆᵓ⠏࣭⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟࣐࢖ࣀࣜࢸ࢕ྥࡅࡢ෌ศ㓄ᨻ⟇ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࢆㄽドࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊEdward L. Glaeser and Andrei Shleifer, “The Curley Effect: The Economics of Shaping theElectorate,” The Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization , vol. 21, no. 1 (2005).
12 Mark Schneider and Paul Teske, “The Progrowth Entrepreneur in Local Government,” Urban Affairs Review , vol.29, no.2
(1993).
13 Mark Schneider and Paul Teske, “The Antigrowth Entrepreneur: Challenging the “Equilibrium” of the Growth Machine,” The
Journal of Politics, vol.55, no.3 (1993).
14 Cas Mudde and Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser, Populism: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford University Press, 2017); Kurt
Weyland, “Clarifying a Contested Concept: Populism in the Study of Latin American Politics,” Comparative Politics, vol.34,
no.18 (2001). ஬༑ᔒṊኈࠕ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ᨻ἞ࡢ࣏ࣆࣗࣜࢬ࣒ࠖ
ࣦࠗࣞ࢓࢖࢔ࢧࣥ࠘➨ 42 ྕ㸦ᮌ㚫♫ࠊ2008 ᖺ㸧ࠋ
15 ໭ᮧரࠕ኱㜰㒔ᵓ᝿ࢆࡵࡄࡿᨻ἞㐣⛬̿ࠕ᭷ຠ࡞⬣ࡋࠖ࡟ࡼࡿ㒔ᵓ᝿ࡢ᥎㐍ࣦࠖࠖࠗࣞ࢓࢖࢔ࢧࣥ࠘➨ 59 ྕ㸦ᮌ㚫♫ࠊ2016 ᖺ㸧ࠋ௚࡟ࡶࠊ࣏ࣆࣗࣜࢫࢺ࡬ࡢᨭᣢࡣᨻ἞ไᗘ࡬ࡢ୙ಙឤ࡜┦㛵ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡸࠊ࣏ࣆࣗࣜࢬ࣒ࡢྎ㢌ࡣᨻ἞ไᗘࡀ࠸࠿࡟సື
ࡍࡿ࠿࡟ࡶᕥྑࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡢᣦ᦬ࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋChristian Dustmann, Barry Eichengreen, Sebastian Otten, André Sapir, Guido
Tabellini and Gylfi Zoega, Europe's Trust Deficit: Causes and Remedies (Centre for Economic policy Research, 2017).
16 Schneider and Teske, op.cit.
17 Matthew S. Shugart and Stephan Haggard, “Institutions and Public Policy in Presidential System,” Stephen Haggard andMathew D. McCubbins, Presidents, Parliaments, and Policy (Cambridge University Press, 2001); John P. Pelissero, Cities,
Politics and Policy: A Comparative Analysis (CQ Press, 2003).
18 Susan Welch and Timothy Bledsoe, Urban Reform and Its Consequences (University of Chicago Press, 1988); James C.
Clingermayer and Richard C. Feiock, Institutional Constraints and Policy Choice: An Exploration of Local Governance (State

4

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国際公共政策研究㒔ᕷࡢ⦰ᑠ࡜࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ᕷᨻ 

第 27 巻 第 2 号
                     3ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ㑅ᣲ༊ࡢᐃᩘࡀ኱ࡁ࠸࡯࡝ࠊ㆟ဨࡢᨻඪ࡬ࡢ౫Ꮡᗘࡣᙅࡲࡿ࡞࡝ಶேᮏ఩໬ࡀ㐍ࡳࠊᑡᩘὴ
ࡢ฼┈ࡶ௦⾲ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗ࡲࡿࡀࠊᕷ㆟఍ࡢจ⦰ᛶࡣᙅయ໬ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ19ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᨻ἞ไᗘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢᕷᨻᨵ㠉㐠ືࡢᙳ㡪࡟㛵㐃ࡋࡓ◊✲ࡀᩘከࡃᏑᅾࡍ
ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊᡓᚋࡢไᗘᨵ㠉࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊලయⓗ࡞஦౛ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࡑࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡸຠᯝࢆศᯒࡋࡓᐃᛶ
ⓗ࡞◊✲ࡣከࡃ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊᐃ㔞ⓗ࡞◊✲࡛ࡣไᗘࡀᨻ⟇ᑐᛂ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࡜࠸࠺௬ㄝࢆྰᐃࡍࡿࡶࡢࡀぢࡽࢀࠊࡑࡢホ౯ࡀᐃࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡣゝ࠸㞴࠸20ࠋ㸸ࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࣭ࢡ࢚ࢵࢩࣙࣥ
௨ୖࡢඛ⾜◊✲ࢆࡩࡲ࠼ࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠕ⦰ᑠ㒔ᕷ࡛ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᨻ⟇ᑐᛂࡀㅮࡌࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡇ
࡟ᨻ἞ไᗘࡣᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࡢ࠿ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ၥ࠸ࢆタᐃࡍࡿࠋᨻ⟇ᑐᛂ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞Ꮫㄝ࡛࠶ࡿࠕ㒔ᕷࡢ㝈⏺ㄽࠖ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡅࡤࠊ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡣࣅࢪࢿࢫ࢚ࣜ
࣮ࢺ࡜㐃ᦠࡋࠊၟᴗᆅ༊࡬ࡢᢞ㈨࡞࡝㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇ࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᝿ᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊࠕ㒔ᕷࡢ㝈⏺
ㄽࠖࢆᢈุࡍࡿ❧ሙ࠿ࡽࡣࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫ࢚࣮ࣜࢺ࡜ᑐ❧ࡋࡓࡾᆅᇦᅋయ࡜㐃ᦠࡋࡓࡾࡋ࡞ࡀࡽၟᴗᆅ༊
௨እࡢ㏆㞄ᆅ༊࡟ࡶ㓄៖ࡋࠊ㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇ࢆಟṇࡋࡓࡾ෌ศ㓄ᨻ⟇ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀண᝿ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࢆᨻ἞ไᗘࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ⪃ᐹࡍࡿሙྜࠊᕷ㛗ࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡀⓎ᥹ࡋࡸࡍ࠸ᇳᨻไᗘ࡛ࠊᕷ
㆟఍ࡀ඲ᕷⓗ࡞฼┈ࢆ㏣ồࡋࡸࡍ࠸㑅ᣲไᗘ㸦㞟ᶒⓗ࡞ᨻ἞ไᗘ㸧࡛࠶ࡿ࡯࠺ࡀࠊᕷ㛗࡜ᕷ㆟఍ࡢ㑅ዲࡀ㏆᥋ࡋࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫ࢚࣮ࣜࢺ࡜㐃ᦠࡋࡓ㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇ࢆ㏣ồࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀண᝿ࡉࢀࡿࠋ཯ᑐ࡟ᕷ㆟఍ࡢᶒ㝈ࡀᙉ࠸ᇳᨻไᗘ࡛ࠊᕷ㆟఍ࡀಶูⓗ࡞฼┈ࢆ㏣ồࡋࡸࡍ࠸㑅ᣲไᗘ㸦ศᶒⓗ࡞ᨻ἞ไᗘ㸧࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊᕷ㛗࡜ᕷ㆟఍ࡢ㑅ዲࡢ஋㞳࡟ࡼࡿᑐ❧ࡀ⏕ࡌࠊᆅᇦᅋయ࡞࡝࡟㓄៖ࡋ࡚㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇ࡀಟṇࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀண᝿ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ௨ୖࢆ᳨ウࡍ࡭ࡃࠊᕷ㛗ࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡍࡿ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡢ㑅ዲࡸㄆ㆑࡟╔┠ࡋࠊࡑࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ
࣮ࢩࢵࣉࢆಁ㐍㸦ᢚไ㸧ࡍࡿᨻ἞ไᗘࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ኚ໬ࡋࡓࡢ࠿㸦ኚ໬ࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࠿㸧ࡶ㋃ࡲ࠼ࠊ
ィ⏬࡞࡝ࡢබᩥ᭩ࡸᕷ㛗࡞࡝ࡢᅇ㢳㘓ࠊ᪂⪺࣭㞧ㄅࡢグ஦ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓẚ㍑஦౛ศᯒࢆヨࡳࡿࠋ㸸஦౛㑅ᢥࡲࡎࠊᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿᅜ࣭ᆅᇦ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟ඛ㥑ࡅ࡚ேཱྀῶᑡࢆ⤒㦂ࡋࡓ㒔ᕷࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ≉࡟ࠊ୰す㒊࣭໭ᮾ㒊ࡢࢫࣀ࣮࣋ࣝࢺࡣࠊ༡㒊࣭す㒊ࡢࢧࣥ࣋ࣝࢺ࡟ẚ࡭࡚ேཱྀቑຍࡢఙࡧ
ࡀᑠࡉࡃࠊṔྐ࠶ࡿᕤᴗ㒔ᕷ࡛ࡣఫẸࡸ௻ᴗࡢ㌿ฟࡀぢࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ21ࠋࡲࡓࠊࢫࣀ࣮࣋ࣝࢺࡢ኱㒔ᕷࡢ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡣࠊᡓᚋ࡟᪥ᮏࡀ⛣ධࡋࡓ࡜ࡉࢀࡿᕷ㛗ไࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ22ࠋᨻ⟇ᑐᛂ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏ
ࡸ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡼࡾࡶ㧗ᗘ࡟ศᶒⓗ࡞ࡓࡵࠊ㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇ࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿᅽຊࡀᙉ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ᝿ᐃࡉࢀࡿ୍᪉ࠊ࿘
University of New York Press, 2001). ༓ⲡᏕ㞝ࠗ⌧௦⾜ᨻᏛ◊✲࠘㸦ᚿᏥ♫ࠊ2016 ᖺ㸧
ࠋ
19 Pelissero, op.cit.
20 Jonathan S. Davies and Jessica Trounstine, “Urban Politics and The New Institutionalism,” Karen Mossberger, Susan E
Clarke and Peter John eds., The Oxford Handbook of Urban Politics (Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 63. 㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡢᙧែࡢ
ᕪ␗ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍᨻ⟇ຠᯝࡸ㈈ᨻຠᯝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢྛ✀◊✲ࢆᴫㄝࡢ࠺࠼ࠕᮍࡔ᏶඲࡞ྜពࡀぢฟࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣ࡟ࡣ⮳ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖ
࡜㏙࡭ࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊTari Renner and Victor S. DeSantis, “Contemporary Trends in Municipal Government Structures,” Roger
L. Kemp, Form of Local Government (McFarland & Co Inc, 1999), p. 196.
21 1950 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 1980 ᖺࡢ㛫ࠊࢧࣥ࣋ࣝࢺ࡛ࡣேཱྀࡀ 72.7㸣ቑຍࡋࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊࢫࣀ࣮࣋ࣝࢺ࡛ࡣ 30.7㸣࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋRichard
M. Bernard, “Introduction: Snowbelt Politics,” Richard M. Bernard eds., Snowbelt Cities (Indiana University Press, 1990), p. 3.
࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ୺せ 395 㒔ᕷࡢ࠺ࡕ 1960 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2010 ᖺ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ேཱྀࡀῶᑡࡋ⥆ࡅࡓ㒔ᕷࡣ 59 㒔ᕷ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ 75㸣ࡣ୰す㒊࣭໭ᮾ㒊࡟㞟୰ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋW. Hill, Harold L. Wolman, Katherine Kowalczyk and Travis St. Clair, “Forces Affecting City Population
Growth or Decline: The Effects of Interregional and Inter-municipal Competition,” Alan Mallach eds., Rebuilding American
Legacy Cities (The American Assembly, 2012), p. 75.
22 ᭮ᡃ೺࿃࣭ᚅ㫽⪽ྐࠗ᪥ᮏࡢᆅ᪉ᨻ἞࠘
㸦ྡྂᒇ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ࠊ2007 ᖺ㸧5 㡫ࠋ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣࠊ1970 ᖺ᫬Ⅼ࡛ 50 ୓ே௨ୖࡢேཱྀࢆ
᧦ࡍࡿ 26 ኱㒔ᕷࡢ࠺ࡕ 21 㒔ᕷࡀᕷ㛗ไࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࠊ໭ᮾ㒊࣭୰す㒊ࡢ 12 㒔ᕷ࡛ࡣࠊࢩࢸ࢕࣐ࢿ࣮ࢪ࣮ࣕไࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿ࢝ࣥࢨࢫࢩࢸ
࢕௨እࡀᕷ㛗ไࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋDemetrios Caraley, City Governments and Urban Problems (Prentuce-Hall, 1977), pp. 80-87.

都市の縮小とアメリカ市政 ―クリーブランドとセントルイスを事例として―
4                        ᅜ㝿බඹᨻ⟇◊✲                  ➨ 27 ᕳ➨ 2 ྕ

5㎶㒔ᕷ࡜ࡢ➇த࡟ࡉࡽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ㒔ᕷࡢ⦰ᑠ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᨻ⟇㠉᪂ࡀ㉳ࡇࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶ኱ࡁ࠸࡜ゝ࠼
ࡿ23ࠋḟ࡟ࠊᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿᮇ㛫࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ⤒῭ⓗ࡞ᅜ㝿➇தຊࡢపୗ࡜୙ἣࡀ㒔ᕷ⎔ቃ࡜㒔ᕷၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡍࡿᅜẸⓗࢥࣥࢭࣥࢧࢫ࡟኱ࡁ࡞ኚ໬ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࠊே✀࠿ࡽࠕ㝵⣭ࠖၥ㢟࡟㆟ㄽࡢ୰ᚰࡀ⛣ࡾࠊ⚟♴㈈※ࡢᯤῬ࡟ࡼࡿᪧ᮶ࡢⓑே࣑ࢻࣝࢡࣛࢫཬࡧປാ⪅࡜᪂ࡓ࡞㯮ே㈋ᅔᒙࡢᑐ❧࡛Ẹ୺ඪࡀศ᩿
ࡉࢀࠊᨻඪࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀ㏥₻ࡍࡿ࡞࡝ࠊࠕ1970 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙࠿ࡽ 90 ᖺ௦ࡈࢁ࡟⮳ࡿ༑ᩘᖺ㛫ࡣ␲࠸࡞ࡃ㸯ࡘࡢศỈᕊࢆ࡞ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ࡜ࡢぢゎࡶ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡘࡘࠊᴫࡡ 1970 ᖺ௦㹼1990 ᖺ௦࡜タᐃࡍࡿ24ࠋ
1970 ᖺ௦ࡲ࡛ࡢ࣐ࢡ࣭ࣟࢺࣞࣥࢻࡣࠊே✀㛫ᑐ❧࣭බẸᶒ㐠ື࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡿ࣐࢖ࣀࣜࢸ࢕ࡢྎ㢌࡜ⓑே୰㛫ᒙࡢὶฟ㸦࣍࣡࢖ࢺ࣭ࣇࣛ࢖ࢺ㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ1960 ᖺ௦ࡢබẸᶒἲ᱌࣭ᢞ⚊ᶒἲ᱌ࡢᡂ❧࡛࣐࢖ࣀࣜࢸ࢕ࡸᆅᇦᅋయࡢᶒ฼ࡀᣑ኱ࡋࠊ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡢ㒔ᕷᨻ⟇ࡶᣑ඘ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ࣑ࢡ࣭ࣟࢺࣞࣥࢻ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊྛ㒔ᕷ࡛ࡣᆅᇦᅋయࡢព⩏⏦ࡋ❧࡚࡬ࡢ㓄៖࡟ࡼࡾᨻ἞ไᗘࡢศᶒ໬ࡀᚿྥࡉ
ࢀࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕㛤Ⓨ఍♫㸦CDCs㸧ࢆ⫱ᡂࡋࠊ㏆㞄ᆅ༊ࢆᨵၿࡍࡿྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
୍᪉ࠊ1970 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡣࠊ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢኚ໬࡟ࡼࡿ〇㐀ᴗࡢ⾶㏥ࡸ⤒῭ࡢࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬࡟ࡼࡿఫẸ࣭௻ᴗࡢ㌿ฟࡀ࣐ࢡ࣭ࣟࢺࣞࣥࢻ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡼࡾ㝿❧ࡘࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ25ࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅࠊ1980 ᖺ௦࡟ࡣ᪂⮬⏤୺⩏ࡀྎ㢌ࡋࠊ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡢ㒔ᕷᨻ⟇ࡣ⦰ᑠࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊྛ㒔ᕷ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣑ࢡ࣭ࣟࢺࣞࣥࢻ࡜ࡋ࡚ᐁ
Ẹ㐃ᦠ࡟ࡼࡿၟᴗᆅ༊ࡢ㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇ࡢಁ㐍ࡀᶍ⣴ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡾࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᨻ἞ไᗘࡢ㞟ᶒ໬ࡀᚿྥ
ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢺࣞࣥࢻࡣ᫂☜࠿ࡘᛴ㏿࡟⛣⾜࣭ኚ໬ࡋࡓ࡜ࡣ⪃࠼㞴࠸ࠋ1970 ᖺ௦ࡲ࡛ࡢ
ࢺࣞࣥࢻࡶṧᏑࡍࡿ୰ࠊ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡣࠊඛ㏙ࡢ㸰ࡘࡢᨻ⟇ᑐᛂࡢ㛫ࢆᦂࢀືࡁࠊᨻ἞ไᗘࡢᨵ㠉ࡶศᶒⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜㞟ᶒⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡀྠ᫬ᮇ࡟ᚿྥࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀண

ࡉࢀࡿࠋ࡛ࡣࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㒔ᕷࢆ஦౛ศᯒࡢᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ⦰ᑠ㒔ᕷࡢᨻ⟇㸦ᚑᒓኚᩘ㸧࡟ᑐࡍࡿᨻ἞ไᗘ࡞࡝ࡢᨻ἞࣭⾜ᨻⓗせᅉ㸦⊂❧ኚᩘ㸧ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࠊேཱྀつᶍࠊேཱྀῶᑡ⋡ࠊ㠀ⓑே๭ྜࠊ㈋ᅔ⋡ࠊẅே⋡࡜࠸ࡗࡓ♫఍࣭⤒῭ⓗせᅉ㸦⤫ไኚᩘ㸧ࢆྍ⬟࡞㝈ࡾࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿࠋ
ࡲࡎࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡟ࡣᡓᚋࠊేྜ࡟ࡼࡾேཱྀࢆᛴ㏿࡟ቑຍࡉࡏ࡚ࡁࡓ᪂⯆㒔ᕷࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ
ࡑࢀࡽࢆ㝖እࡋࠊேཱྀࡀῶᑡࡋࡓᕤᴗ㒔ᕷࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ1950 ᖺ௦᫬Ⅼ࡛⌧ᅾࡢ᪥ᮏࡢᨻ௧ᣦᐃ
㒔ᕷࡢἲᐃせ௳࡜ྠࡌ 50 ୓ே௨ୖࡢேཱྀࢆ᭷ࡋࡓࢫࣀ࣮࣋ࣝࢺࡢㅖ㒔ᕷࢆ㸦⾲㸯㸧ࡢ࡜࠾ࡾᩚ⌮ࡍ
ࡿ26ࠋࡇࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ1950 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡢேཱྀつᶍ࡜ேཱྀῶᑡ⋡ࡀ㏆ࡋ࠸ࡢࡣ࢜ࣁ࢖࢜ᕞࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻࠊ
࣑ࢬ࣮ࣜᕞࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫࠊ࣌ࣥࢩࣝ࣋ࢽ࢔ᕞࣆࢵࢶࣂ࣮ࢢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ♫఍࣭⤒῭ⓗせᅉࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㠀ⓑேேཱྀࡸ㈋ᅔ⪅ࡢ๭ྜࠊேཱྀ࠶ࡓࡾࡢẅே௳ᩘࢆぢࡿ࡜ࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻ࡜ࢭ
ࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫࡣ㢮ఝࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࣆࢵࢶࣂ࣮ࢢࡣ୧⪅ࡼࡾࡶప࠸್࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥ
ࢻ࡜ࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫࢆẚ㍑ᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿ27ࠋ୧⪅ࡢᨻ἞ไᗘࡣࠊᇳᨻไᗘࡀᕷ㛗ไࢆࠊᕷ㆟఍ࡢ㑅ᣲไᗘ

23 すᒣ㝯⾜ࠕ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢᨻ⟇㠉᪂࡜㒔ᕷᨻ἞ࠖ᪥ᮏẚ㍑ᨻ἞Ꮫ఍⦅ࠗ㒔ᕷ࡜ᨻ἞ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࠘
㸦2010 ᖺ㸧ࠋ24 ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝Ꮫ఍⦅ࠗཎ඾࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ྐ࠘➨㸶ᕳ㸦ᒾἼ᭩ᗑࠊ2006 ᖺ㸧3,7-16,254 㡫ࠋ

25 1970 ᖺ௦๓ᚋࡢ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ᆺ⚟♴ᅜᐙࡢᛴ㏿࡞⫧኱໬ࠊᕷẸᶒ㐠ືᚋࡢᛴ㐍ⓗ࡞ࠕᶒ฼㠉࿨ࠖࠊே✀㛫ᑐ❧ࡢ❓㏕࡜ᭀ

ຊ໬ࠊ㢖Ⓨࡍࡿᬯẅࡸ㒔ᕷ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ≢⨥ࡢᛴቑࠊ࣋ࢺࢼ࣒ᡓதࡢἾ἟໬࡜୙ྡ㄃࡞᧔㏥࡜࠸ࡗࡓ」ྜⓗ࡞༴ᶵࡀࡘࡂࡘࡂ࡜ᄇฟࡋࠊ
ᑐእⓗ࡞ጾಙࡸ㌷஦ⓗໃጾࡢపୗࡸ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢ㕌໬ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿ࡞࡝ࠕୡ⏺ྐⓗ㌿᥮ࡢ୍኱㟈※ࠖ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊ1970
ᖺ௦ࢆጞⅬ࡜ࡋࡓṔྐⓗ࡞グ㏙ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓⴭస࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊྂ▮᪪ࠗࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ᫬௦ࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࠘㸦ᒾἼ᭩ᗑࠊ2020 ᖺ㸧Ͻ-Ͼ㡫ࠋ
26 ࢝ࣥࢨࢫࢩࢸ࢕ࠊ࢖ࣥࢹ࢕࢔ࢼ࣏ࣜࢫࠊࢥࣟࣥࣂࢫࡣ 1950 ᖺ᫬Ⅼ࡛ேཱྀࡣ 50 ୓ே௨ୗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢᚋࠊ࿘㎶ࡢᅵᆅࢆేྜ
ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ேཱྀࢆቑຍࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
27 1970 ᖺ࡜ 1990 ᖺࡢ㠀ⓑே๭ྜࡣࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻࡀ 39%࡜ 50.5%ࠊࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫࡀ 41.3%࡜ 49.1%ࠊࣆࢵࢶࣂ࣮ࢢࡀ 20.7㸣࡜
27.9㸣ࠊ㈋ᅔ⋡ࡣࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻࡀ 17.1%࡜ 28.7%ࠊࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫࡀ 19.9%࡜ 24.6%ࠊࣆࢵࢶࣂ࣮ࢢࡀ 15㸣࡜ 21.4%࡛ࠊேཱྀ 10 ୓ே࠶ࡓࡾࡢẅே⋡ࡣࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻࡀ 36 ௳࡜ 33 ௳ࠊࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫࡀ 43 ௳࡜ 45 ௳ࠊࣆࢵࢶࣂ࣮ࢢࡀ 12 ௳࡜ 10 ௳࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

6

国際公共政策研究㒔ᕷࡢ⦰ᑠ࡜࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ᕷᨻ 

第 27 巻 第 2 号
                     5ࡀ㑅ᣲ༊ไࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻࡣᕷ㛗ࡢᶒ㝈ࡀᙉ࠸ᙉᕷ㛗ไ࡛ 1980 ᖺ௦࡟㑅ᣲไᗘᨵ㠉ࡀᐇ᪋ࡉࢀࡿ࡞࡝ࠊࡼࡾ㞟ᶒⓗ࡞ᨻ἞ไᗘ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫࡣᕷ㆟఍ࡸ఍ィ┘ᰝᙺࡶ୍ᐃࡢᶒ㝈ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿᙅᕷ㛗ไ࡛㑅ᣲไᗘᨵ㠉ࡀ㡻᣸ࡍࡿ࡞࡝ศᶒⓗ࡞ᨻ἞ไᗘ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ28ࠋ㸦⾲㸯㸧ࢫࣀ࣮࣋ࣝࢺㅖ㒔ᕷࡢேཱྀ᥎⛣& LW \            
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‫ڹ‬‫ڹ‬‫ڹ‬‫ڹ‬㸦ὀ 㸧ฟ඾㸸8QLWHG6WDWHV&HQVXV%XUHDX㸦ቑຍ⋡ࡣ  ᖺ๓࡜ࡢẚ㍑㸧㑥ㄒ࡟ࡼࡿ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢᨻ἞◊✲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࠿ࡡ࡚ࡼࡾẚ㍑◊✲ࡸබඹᨻ⟇◊✲ࡀᙅࡃࠊᨻ἞ไ
ᗘ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⌮ㄽⓗ◊✲ࡢ❧ࡕ㐜ࢀࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ29ࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞୰࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࢫࣀ࣮࣋
ࣝࢺࡢ㒔ᕷࡢẚ㍑ᨻ἞ไᗘㄽࡣࡉࡽ࡟ᕼᑡ࡜࡞ࡿ30ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ⪃ᐹ࡟࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ㒔ᕷࡢ⦰ᑠ࡟ᑐ
ࡍࡿᨻ⟇ᑐᛂࢆࡵࡄࡿᨻ἞㐣⛬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮࡜ไᗘࡢ┦஫స⏝࡟╔┠ࡋࡓẚ㍑஦౛ศᯒࢆ㏻ࡌ
28 ᇳᨻไᗘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᕷ㆟఍ࡢ㆟Ỵ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᣄྰᶒࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ࠿ࠊண⟬᱌ࡢㄪ〇ࡍࡿᶒ㝈ࢆᣢࡘ࠿ࠊ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡢ㒊ᒁ㛗ࡢ௵࿨ᶒࢆ
᭷ࡍࡿ࠿࡞࡝ࡀᕷ㛗ࡢᶒ㝈ࡢᙉᙅࢆࡣ࠿ࡿᇶ‽࡜࡞ࡾࠊᙉᕷ㛗ไ࡜ᙅᕷ㛗ไ࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࠋJames H. Svara, Official Leadership in
the City: Patterns of Conflict and Cooperation (Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 88. 㑅ᣲไᗘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ㠀ᨻඪ㑅ᣲࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻࡣᆅᇦᅋయ࡜㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡢᦶ᧿ࢆㄪᩚࡍࡿᙉຊ࡞ᨻඪࢆḞ࠸࡚࠾ࡾࠊᨻඪ㑅ᣲࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫࡶ㑅ᣲ༊ࢆ㉸࠼࡚ຠᯝⓗ࡞ືဨࢆࡣ࠿ࡿᨻඪ࣐ࢩ࣮ࣥࡀḞዴࡍࡿ࡞࡝ࠊ⤫୍ࡉࢀࡓ୍ᯛᒾࡢᨻඪ⤌⧊ࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ୧⪅࡜ࡶ࡟ᕷ㆟఍࡛ࡣẸ୺ඪࡀᅽಽⓗ࡞㆟ᖍࢆಖᣢࡋࠊ࣐ࢩ࣮ࣥᨻ἞࡛ຊࢆࡘࡅࡓ㯮ேᨻ἞ᐙࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊᨻඪࡢᙳ㡪ຊࡣᚎࠎ࡟ᕼⷧ໬
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋLana Stein, Holding Bureaucrats Accountable: Politicians and Professionals in St. Louis (The Universityof Alabama Press, 1991), pp. 19,60.
29 ஂಖᩥ᫂ࠕᨻ἞ࠖ㜿㒊ᩧ࣭஬༑ᔒṊኈ⦅ࠗ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝◊✲᱌ෆ࠘㸦ᮾி኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ࠊ1998 ᖺ㸧108-123 㡫ࠋ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡶࠊᨻ⟇㐣⛬ศᯒ࡜ẚ㍑ᨻ἞ศᯒࡣูಶࡢ◊✲㡿ᇦ࡜࡞ࡿࡓࡵࠊẚ㍑ᨻ἞Ꮫࡢ▱ぢࢆά⏝ࡋࡓᨻ⟇㐣⛬ศᯒࡣពእ࡞࡯࡝ᑡ࡞࠸࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋᚅ㫽⪽ྐࠕ⌧௦࢔࣓ࣜ࢝◊✲ࡣఱࢆ┠ᣦࡍ࡭ࡁ࡞ࡢ࠿ࣦࠖࠗࣞ࢓࢖࢔ࢧࣥ࠘➨ 40 ྕ㸦ᮌ㚫♫ࠊ2007 ᖺ㸧83-85 㡫ࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊேཱྀࡸ㞠⏝ࠊ཰ධࡸ≢⨥࡞࡝ࡢ♫఍࣭⤒῭ⓗ࡞ᣦᶆ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᮏ✏ࡢ஦౛ศᯒࡢᑐ㇟㒔ᕷࡶྵࡵࡓࢫࣀ࣮࣋ࣝࢺ࡜ࢧࣥ࣋ࣝࢺࡢ㒔ᕷࢆẚ㍑ࡋࡓ
◊✲ࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊᨻ἞࣭⾜ᨻⓗ࡞ᕪ␗ࡣ┳㐣ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋJohn F. McDonald, Urban America: Growth, Crisis, and Rebirth(Routledge, 2015).
30 ࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡ࡜ࢩ࢝ࢦࢆẚ㍑ࡋࡓᩘᑡ࡞࠸౛እ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊⳢཎ࿴⾜ࠗ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝㒔ᕷᨻ἞࡜ᐁ൉ไ࠘
㸦៞ᛂ⩏ሿ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ࠊ2010 ᖺ㸧ࠊᖹ⏣⨾࿴Ꮚࠗ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝㒔ᕷᨻ἞ࡢᒎ㛤࠘㸦2001 ᖺࠊວⲡ᭩ᡣ㸧ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊᖹ⏣ࡢ◊✲࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣỴࡋ࡚ᙅయ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸
ᕷ㆟఍ࡢኚᐜ࡟㛵ࡍࡿゝཬࡀぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸࡜ࡢᣦ᦬ࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋᑎ⏣⏤⨾ࠕ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝㒔ᕷᨻ἞࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣐ࢩ࣮ࣥ࡜ࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࠖࠗ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ྐホㄽ࠘➨ 20 ᕳ㸦2002 ᖺ㸧39 㡫ࠋ᪥ᮏࡢᆅ᪉ᨻᗓ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㏆ᖺࠊẚ㍑ᨻ἞ไᗘㄽࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆ⏝࠸ࡓඃࢀࡓ◊✲ࡀ⵳✚ࡉࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ◁ཎᗤ௓ࠗᆅ᪉ᨻᗓࡢẸ୺୺⩏࠘㸦᭷ᩫ㛶ࠊ2011 ᖺ㸧ࠊ᭮ᡃ࣭ᚅ㫽ࠊ๓ᥖ᭩ࠋ

都市の縮小とアメリカ市政 ―クリーブランドとセントルイスを事例として―
6                        ᅜ㝿බඹᨻ⟇◊✲                  ➨ 27 ᕳ➨ 2 ྕ

7ࡑࡢ≉ᚩࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿ31ࠋ㸬࢜ࣁ࢖࢜ᕞࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻ
㸸5DOSK3HUN ᨻᶒ㸦㹼 ᖺ㸧1968 ᖺ࡟඲⡿ࡢ኱㒔ᕷ࡛ึࡵ࡚㯮ேࡢᕷ㛗࡜࡞ࡗࡓࢫࢺ࣮ࢡࢫࡀഃ㏆ࡢࢫ࢟ࣕࣥࢲ࡛ࣝኻ⬮ࡋࠊẸ୺ඪࡀ㯮ேྠኈࡢᚋ⥅த࠸࡛ศ⿣ࡍࡿ୰ࠊ1972 ᖺ࡟ᡓᚋึࡢඹ࿴ඪࡢᕷ㛗࡜ࡋ࡚ᑵ௵ࡋࡓࡢࡀࠊ
෌㛤Ⓨ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ௻ᴗྥࡅῶචࡢᗫṆ࡜බႠࡢ㟁ຊ఍♫ࡢ኎༷ࡢ཯ᑐࢆබ⣙࡟ᥖࡆࡓⓑேࡢࣛࣝࣇ࣭ࣃ
࣮ࢡ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ32ࠋ๓⪅ࡣ኱௻ᴗ࡟බᖹ࡞㈇ᢸࢆồࡵࠊᚋ⪅ࡣẸႠ໬࡟క࠺್ୖࡆࡢ㈋ᅔ⪅࡬ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ
ᠱᛕࡋࡓⅬ࡛ࠊᨻ⟇ᑐᛂ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㐍Ṍ୺⩏ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᙜ↛࡞ࡀࡽࣅࢪࢿࢫ࢚࣮ࣜࢺࡢ฼┈࡟཯ࡋࠊᙜึࡢᐁẸ㛵ಀࡣỴࡋ࡚༠ㄪⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽࡣṓධࡀேཱྀῶᑡࡸ⏘ᴗ⾶㏥࡛୙㊊ࡋࠊṓฟᅽຊࡀ㈋ᅔ⪅ࡢቑ኱࡛㧗ࡲࡿ࡜࠸࠺㈈ᨻ≧ἣ࡜ᐦ᥋࡟㛵ಀࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ1970 ᖺ࡟ࡣ๓௵ࡢࢫࢺ࣮ࢡࢫࡀᐇ᪋ࡋࡓᡤᚓ⛯ࢆቑ⛯ࡍࡿࣞࣇ࢓
ࣞࣥࢲ࣒㸦ఫẸᢞ⚊㸧ࡀྰỴࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊࣃ࣮ࢡࡣ㐃㑥ᨻᗓ⿵ຓ㔠ࡢ⋓ᚓࡸᆅඖ㖟⾜࠿ࡽࡢ▷ᮇ೉ධࠊᕷ᭷㈨⏘ࡢ኎༷࡟ࡼࡾṓධࡢᇙࡵྜࢃࡏࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋẸ㛫௻ᴗ࠿ࡽࡢᢞ㈨࡛⛯཰ࢆቑࡸࡍࡇ࡜ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿ୰ࠊࣃ࣮ࢡࡣ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟௻ᴗྥࡅࡢῶ⛯࡜㟁ຊ఍♫ࡢẸႠ໬཮᪉࡬ࡢ཯ᑐࢆ◚Რࡋࠊၟᴗᆅ༊ࡢ෌㛤Ⓨ࡟㔜Ⅼࢆ⛣ࡍࡇ࡜ࢆవ൤࡞ࡃࡉࢀࡿ33ࠋẸ㛫ࡢ௻ᴗ࣭㈈ᅋࡢືࡁࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡓ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇ࢆ㛤ጞࡋࠊ㟁ຊ఍♫ࡢẸႠ໬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ 1977 ᖺ࡟ᕷ㆟఍ࢆ㏻㐣ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ34ࠋ
ࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠊ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡢෆ㒊࡟࠾ࡅࡿᨻ⟇ᙧᡂ㐣⛬ࡣ」㞧࡛࠶ࡾࠊ༢⣧࡟㛤Ⓨ୺⩏ⓗ࡞ᨻ⟇ࡀᚿྥࡉࢀࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ㒔ᕷィ⏬㒊㛗ࡔࡗࡓࣀ࣮࣐࣭ࣥࢡ࣒ࣝ࣍ࣝࢶࡽࡀࠕ࢚ࢡ࢖ࢸ࢕࣭ࣉࣛࣥࢽ
ࣥࢢࠖࢆၐ࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ35ࠋ
ࠕ࢚ࢡ࢖ࢸ࢕࣭ࣉࣛࣥࢽࣥࢢࠖࡣேཱྀࡸ㞠⏝ࡀኻࢃࢀࠊ㒔ᕷࡀᡂ㛗࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ⾶㏥ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⌧ᐇࢆㄆࡵࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊ᭱ࡶ኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿ♫఍ⓗᙅ⪅࡟ᖜᗈ࠸㑅ᢥ⫥ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆඃඛࡍ࡭ࡁ࡜ࡍ
ࡿィ⏬ᛮ᝿࡛࠶ࡿ 36ࠋࢡ࣒ࣝ࣍ࣝࢶ࡞࡝ࡢィ⏬ᐙࡣࠊ1949 ᖺࡢ࣐ࢫࢱ࣮ࣉࣛࣥࡀ᭦᪂ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊ
㒔ᕷࡀ⦰ᑠィ⏬࡟࠶ࡿ୰࡛ࡣࠊὙ⦎ࡉࢀࡓ᪂ࡋ࠸ィ⏬ࡸᡂ㛗⟶⌮ࡢࡓࡵࡢつไࡣ୙せ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㈋ᅔࡸ
ኻᴗࠊຎᝏ࡞ఫ⎔ቃࡸ⛣ືᡭẁࡢḞዴࠊே✀ࡢศ㞳ࡸᕪูࡀၥ㢟ࡔ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓ 37ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊⲨᗫࡍ
ࡿ㏆㞄ᆅ༊࡟ᑐᛂࡍ࡭ࡃᆅᇦᅋయ࡜ࡢ㐃ᦠࢆࡣ࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ 38ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㐍Ṍ୺⩏ⓗ࡞୺ᙇࡀ⤖ᐇࡋࡓࡢࡀࠊ1974 ᖺ࡟㒔ᕷィ⏬ጤဨ఍ࡀⓎ⾲ࡋࡓࠕࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻᨻ⟇❧᱌࣏࣮ࣞࢺ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

31 ᮏ✏࡛ࡣ㒔ᕷࡢ⦰ᑠ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡢᨻ⟇ᑐᛂࡢศᯒࢆ୺║࡜ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ㒔ᕷࡢ⦰ᑠࡢཎᅉ࡟ࡣゝཬࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ⦰ᑠ㒔ᕷ◊✲ࡢ➨୍ே⪅࡛࠶ࡿ࢜ࢬ࣡ࣝࢺࡣཎᅉ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊձ⬺⏘ᴗ໬ࠊղ㑹እ໬ࠊճ㧗㱋໬ࠊմ࣏ࢫࢺ♫఍୺⩏ⓗ⛣⾜ࡢ㸲ࡘ࡟ศ㢮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
Philipp Oswalt, Shrinking Cities: Interventions (Hatje Cantz Verlag, 2009).
32 Robert Bardock, “City to Be Largest Led by GOP Mayor,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (November 4, 1971).
33 Robert B. McGruder, “City Income Tax Head for Loss,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (November 4, 1970); “Time Changes Ralph
Perk,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (September 25, 1977).
34 Alana Baranic “Former Mayor Ralph Perk dies of Cancer; led Cleveland in '70s,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (April 22, 1999);
Andrew M. Juniewicz, “Council on Muny.” Cleveland Plain Dealer (May 24, 1977).
35 ࢡ࣒ࣝ࣍ࣝࢶࡣ 1969 ᖺ࡟ࢫࢺ࣮ࢡࢫࡀࣆࢵࢶࣂ࣮ࢢࡢ㒔ᕷィ⏬㒊࠿ࡽ࿧ࡧᐤࡏࡓே≀࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢫࢺ࣮ࢡࢫࠊࣃ࣮ࢡࠊࢡࢩࢽࢵࢳ
ࡢ 3 ேࡢᕷ㛗࡟௙࠼ࠊ㒔ᕷィ⏬㒊㛛ࡢᙉ໬࡟㈉⊩ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋCatherine Kissling, “Former Planning Director Still Sees Need for
Equity,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (August 19, 1990).
36 Norman Krumholz, “Make No Big Plans,” Robert W. Burchell and George Sternlieb eds., Theory in the 1980’s: A Search for
Future Directions (Center for Urban Policy Research, 1978), p. 30. ఏ⤫ⓗ࡞ィ⏬ࡣ᪂つࡢ㛤Ⓨ㟂せࡀၟᴗᆅ༊ࡢ࢜ࣇ࢕ࢫࢆ㝖࠸࡚࡯ࡰぢࡽࢀࡎࠊ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢ㏆㞄ᆅ༊ࡀⲨᗫࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ୰࡛ᙺ࡟❧ࡓ࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋNorman Krumholz and John Forester,
Making Equity Planning Work: Leadership in Public Sector (Temple University Press, 1990), p. 41.
37 Norman Krumholz, “Government, Equity, Redistribution, and the Practice of Urban Planning,” Dennis Keating, Norman
Krumholz, and David Perry eds., Cleveland: A Metropolitan Reader (The Kent University Press, 1995), pp. 311-312.
38 ౛࠼ࡤࠊ཯ᡓ㐠ືࢆẕయ࡜ࡍࡿᆅᇦᅋయࡀᕷ㆟఍࡛㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓῶච࡬ࡢ཯ᑐ㐠ືࡢࡁࡗ࠿ࡅ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋKatharine Hatton, “3Tax-Break Case Histories,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (July 31, 1977).

8

国際公共政策研究㒔ᕷࡢ⦰ᑠ࡜࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ᕷᨻ 

第 27 巻 第 2 号
                     7ࠕ㝈ࡽࢀࡓࣜࢯ࣮ࢫࡢ୰࡛ࠊ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡀ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࡞࠸ಶேࡸᅋయࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ࢆᗈࡆࡿࡇ࡜ࠖࢆ᭱ඃඛ
ㄢ㢟࡜ࡋࡓᙜヱ࣏࣮ࣞࢺࡣࠊ㒔ᕷၥ㢟ࢆ෌ᐃ⩏ࡋࠊఫᏯࠊ஺㏻ࠊ㛤Ⓨ࡞࡝ࡢᨻ⟇㌿᥮ࢆッ࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࡗࡓ39ࠋ୰࡛ࡶࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕㛤Ⓨ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㒔ᕷࡢᡂ㛗⬟ຊࡢᙉ໬࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⏕άࡢ㉁ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡿ࡭ࡁ࡜୺ᙇࡋࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡣ≀⌮ⓗ࡞Ⲩᗫ࡟ⱞࡋࡴ㏆㞄ᆅ༊ࡀ㔜せ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜㏙࡭ࡓࡢ
࡛࠶ࡿ40ࠋⲨᗫࡢ᭱⤊ẁ㝵࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃึᮇẁ㝵࡟࠶ࡿ㏆㞄ᆅ༊ࡢ࢚ࣜ࢔࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ᪤ᏑఫᏯࡢಖᏑࡸಟ
᚟ࢆྵࡴᢞ㈨ࢆඃඛⓗ࡟⾜࠺࡭ࡁ࡛ࠊ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡀ㛤Ⓨᢞ㈨࠿ࡽᚓࡓ⛯཰࡞࡝ࡢṓධࡣ㏆㞄ᆅ༊ࡢᨵၿ
࡟౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ41ࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⪃࠼ࡢୗࠊࢡ࣒ࣝ࣍ࣝࢶࡽࡀලయⓗ࡟㛵୚ࡋࡓࡢࡀඛ㏙ࡢ㟁ຊ఍♫ࡢ኎༷ࡸၟᴗᆅ༊
ࡢ࢜ࣇ࢕ࢫ㛤Ⓨ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㟁ຊ఍♫ࡢẸႠ໬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࣃ࣮ࢡ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ༢࡞ࡿ཯ᑐࡢຓゝࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ
Ẹ㛫ࡢ㟁ຊ఍♫ࡢ㈨⏘ࢆ㈙཰ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 42ࠋࡲࡓࠊ⛯ࡢῶච࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ1974 ᖺ࡟ᆅඖࡢ㛤Ⓨ஦ᴗ⪅࡟ࡼࡿࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡀᥦ᱌ࡉࢀࡓ㝿࡟ࡑࡢຠᯝࢆ␲ၥどࡋࠊ㒔ᕷィ⏬ጤဨ఍࡛ࠊఫẸࡢ᪂つ㞠⏝ࡀಖドࡉࢀࡿࡲ࡛ࡣῶචࢆㄆࡵ࡞࠸᪨ࡢỴᐃࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋࠊࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࢆ
Ḽ㏄ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓᕷ㆟఍ࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅࣅࢪࢿࢫ࢚࣮ࣜࢺ࡜ࡢ⤖ࡧࡘࡁࡀᙉ࠿ࡗࡓࢪ࣮ࣙࢪ࣭ࣇ࢛࣮ࣈࢫᕷ㆟
఍㆟㛗ࡣ཯Ⓨࡋࠊ㸱ศࡢ㸰ࢆ㉸࠼ࡿ㆟Ỵ࡛㒔ᕷィ⏬ጤဨ఍ࡢỴᐃࢆそࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊࢡ࣒ࣝ࣍ࣝࢶࡢ㎡௵ࢆ࿧ࡧ࠿ࡅࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ43ࠋࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻࡣᇳᨻไᗘ࡛ᙉᕷ㛗ไࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ
ᕷ㆟఍ࡀᐃᩘࡢ኱ࡁ࠸ 33 ࡢ㑅ᣲ༊ไࡢ㑅ᣲไᗘࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ㑅ᣲ༊ࡢ฼┈ࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿᕷ㆟఍㆟ဨࡢ࡜ࡾࡲ࡜ࡵࡸㄪᩚࢆ⾜࠺ᕷ㆟఍㆟㛗ࡀᙉ኱࡞ᙳ㡪ຊࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ44ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ㒔ᕷࡢ⦰ᑠ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࢡ࣒ࣝ࣍ࣝࢶࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ேཱྀࡸ㞠⏝ࡀ㏆࠸ᑗ᮶࡟ᡠࡿ࡜ࡢᗁ᝿࡟ᑐ
ᢠࡍࡿࠕᘓタⓗ࡞⦰ᑠᨻ⟇㸦policy for constructive shrinkage㸧ࠖࢆ㛤ጞࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ45ࠋ୰࡛ࡶࠊ⛯㔠ࡀ⁫⣡ࡉࢀ࡚Ⲩᗫࡍࡿᅵᆅࢆ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡀಖ᭷ࡍࡿࣛࣥࢻࣂࣥࢡἲ᱌ࡀࠊᆅඖ㈈ᅋ࡞࡝ࡢ༠ຊ࡟ࡼࡿᕞ
ᨻᗓ࡬ࡢࣟࣅ࣮άື࡛඲⡿࡟ඛ㥑ࡅ࡚ᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ46ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊㄢ⛯ᇶ┙ࡀῶᑡࡍࡿ୰࡛ᡤ᭷㈨⏘ࡢ⟶⌮ࢥࢫࢺࢆῶᑡࡉࡏࡘࡘࠊ♫఍ⓗᙅ⪅ࡀప㐠㈤࡛฼⏝࡛ࡁࡿಖドࢆྲྀࡾ௜ࡅ࡞ࡀࡽࠊබඹ஺㏻ᶵ㛵ࢆࡼࡾᗈᇦࡢ୺య࡟⛣⟶ࡋࡓ࡯࠿ࠊ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡀᡤ᭷ࡍࡿ࢚࣮ࣜ†ࡢබᅬࢆᕞᨻᗓ࡟㈚୚ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ
ࡓ47ࠋࣃ࣮ࢡࡶᨻᶒᮎᮇ࡟ேཱྀῶᑡࢆᢈุࡉࢀࡓ㝿ࠊࠕᕷẸࡣ㇏࠿࡟࡞ࡗ࡚㑹እ࡟⛣ືࡋࡓࡀࠊ㒔ᕷ࠿ࡽ௙஦ࡀኻࢃࢀࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜཯ㄽࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ48ࠋ

39 Cleveland City Planning Commission, Cleveland Policy Planning Report (Cleveland City Planning Commission, 1975), pp.
19-37.
40 ࡑࡢ࠺࠼࡛ࠊ㝈ࡽࢀࡓ⊃࠸࢚ࣜ࢔࡟኱つᶍ࡞⿵ຓ㔠ࢆᢞධࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㒔ᕷ඲య࡟ᑐࡋ࡚≉ᐃࡢ✀㢮ࡢᨭฟࢆቑຍࡉࡏࡿ࡭
ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋࠊఫẸࡢ㞠⏝ࡸ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡢṓධࢆቑຍࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿᢞ㈨ࡢᚲせᛶࢆ୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊᐙᒇࡸᅵᆅ࡞࡝ࡢ
⚾ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢᡤ᭷⪅ࡢ⥔ᣢࡸᨺᲠ࡟࠿࠿ࡿἲⓗ㈐௵ࢆᙉ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࣛࣥࢻࣂࣥࢡࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋIbid., pp. 39-44.
41 Ibid., pp. 42-43.
42 㟁ຊኚ㏿⿦⨨ࡢ㈙཰ࢆᥦ᱌ࡋࠊࣃ࣮ࢡ࡟༷ୗࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋNorman Krumholz, “A Retrospective View of Equity Planning,”
Journal of the American Planning Association , vol.48, no.2 (1982), p. 169.
43 Ibid., pp. 168-169.
44 ᕷ㆟఍㆟㛗ࡀ㔜せ࡞ἲ᱌ࡸே஦࡞࡝ࢆᕷ㆟఍࡜஺΅ࡍࡿ㝿ࡢ❆ཱྀ࡜࡞ࡾࠊᕷ㛗࡜ྠ➼ࡢᙉ኱࡞ᶒ㝈ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋKrumholz and Forester, op.cit., p. 70. ୰࡛ࡶࠊࣇ࢛࣮ࣈࢫࡣ㐃㑥⿵ຓ㔠ࡸጤဨ఍࣏ࢫࢺࡢᕷ㆟఍㆟ဨ࡬ࡢ๭ᙜ࣭㓄ศࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᶒຊᇶ┙ࢆᵓ⠏ࡋࠊ⮬㌟࡜ྠࡌ㯮ே᭷ᶒ⪅࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࣐ࢩ࣮ࣥᨻ἞ࢆᒎ㛤ࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫ࢚࣮ࣜࢺ࡜ࡶ⛯ࡢῶචࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᨻ἞ⓗ࡟⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡓࠋWilliam E. Nelson, Jr, “Cleveland: The Evolution of Black Political Power,” Dennis Keating, Norman
Krumholz, and David Perry eds., Cleveland: A Metropolitan Reader (The Kent University Press, 1995), pp. 286-288
45 Norman Krumholz, “The Aging Central City; Some Modest Proposals,” Subcommittee on The City of The Committee on
Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives, How Cities Can Grow Old Gracefully (U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1977), pp. 99,101-102.
46 ࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫࡢᨻ⟇ࢆཧ⪃࡟ᕪᢲ࠼ࡢᡭ⥆ࡁࢆ⡆⣲໬ࡋ࡚᫬㛫ࢆ▷⦰ࡋࠊᡤ᭷ᶒࢆ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡀྲྀᚓࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛Ⲩᗫࡋࡓᅵᆅࢆࡑࡢά⏝ࡀぢ㎸ࡵࡿࡲ࡛ಖ඲࣭⟶⌮࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋKrumholz and Forester, op.cit., pp. 102-122; Krumholz, “A
Retrospective View of Equity Planning,” p. 171.
47 ࢚࣮ࣜ†ࡢබᅬࡢ㈚୚࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࣃ࣮ࢡࡀ㌋㌉ࡋࡓࡓࡵࠊࢡ࣒ࣝ࣍ࣝࢶࡣኻᩋࡋࡓ㝿ࡢ㈐௵ࢆ㈇࠺ࡓࡵ࡟⮬ࡽࢱࢫࢡࣇ࢛࣮ࢫࡢ
㆟㛗࡬ࡢᑵ௵ࢆᚿ㢪ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋKrumholz, “A Retrospective View of Equity Planning,” pp. 169-170.
48 “Time Changes Ralph Perk,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (September 25, 1977).

都市の縮小とアメリカ市政 ―クリーブランドとセントルイスを事例として―
8                        ᅜ㝿බඹᨻ⟇◊✲                  ➨ 27 ᕳ➨ 2 ྕ

9㸸'HQQLV.XFLQLFK ᨻᶒ㸦㹼 ᖺ㸧 ࢡ࣒ࣝ࣍ࣝࢶࡽࡢࠕ࢚ࢡ࢖ࢸ࢕࣭ࣉࣛࣥࢽࣥࢢࠖࡀ♫఍ⓗᙅ⪅࡟㓄៖ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ
ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ேࠎࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊⲡࡢ᰿ࡢᕷẸࡸᆅᇦᅋయ࡟ᨭᣢࡉࢀ࡚ᕷ㛗࡟ᙜ㑅ࡋࡓࡢࡀࠊඖᕷ㆟఍㆟ဨࡢࢹࢽࢫ࣭ࢡࢩࢽࢵࢳ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ49ࠋࢡࢩࢽࢵࢳࡣᨻඪࡸ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢᨭᣢࢆᚓࡎ࡟❧ೃ⿵ࡋࠊ㑅ᣲᡓ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᕷࡀᡤ᭷ࡍࡿ㟁ຊ఍♫ࡢ኎༷ࡢ෾⤖ࡸ௻ᴗྥࡅࡢ⛯ࡢῶචࡢ⤊஢ࠊၟᴗᆅ༊࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㏆㞄ᆅ༊࡟㞟୰ⓗ࡟㈨※ࢆᢞධࡍࡿᚲせᛶࢆッ࠼ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ 50ࠋࡑࡢ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡣࠊ㒔ᕷࡢᡂ㛗ࡀぢ㎸ࡵ࡞࠸≧ἣୗ࡛ࡣࠊᨻ἞ᐙࡣ௻ᴗ࡟ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ࠿ఫẸ࡟ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ࠿ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᡂ㛗ࡢၥ㢟ࢆศ㓄ࡢၥ㢟࡟⨨ࡁ᥮࠼ࡿ࡭ࡁ࡜ࡍࡿ⪃࠼ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞୺ᙇࢆ᭷ᶒ⪅࡟┤᥋ッ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᨻ἞ⓗ࡟㜼ᐖࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㈋ᅔ⪅࡜ປാ⪅ࠊⓑே࡜㯮ேࢆ⤖ࡧ௜ࡅ࡚ືဨࡋࠊቑ⛯࡟཯ᑐࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ௻ᴗ࡟බṇ࡞⛯ࡢ㈇ᢸࢆồࡵࠊᕷẸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ⥔ᣢ࡟࠿࠿ࡿᚲせ࡞ṓධࢆ☜ಖࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍ
ࡿࠕ࢔࣮ࣂ࣭࣏ࣥࣆࣗࣜࢬ࣒ࠖࡀᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ51ࠋࢡࢩࢽࢵࢳࡣࠊࠕࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻࡣࣅࢪࢿ
ࢫ࢚࣮ࣜࢺࡢ཯ᑐ࡟ࡶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎࠊ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡀࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆྥୖࡉࡏ࡚⏕άࡢ㉁ࢆᨵၿ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿ࠊ࡜࠸࠺
ᴫᛕࢆࢸࢫࢺࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᨻ἞ⓗ࡞ᐇ㦂ᐊ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜㏙࡭ࠊᏳ࠸㈤㔠ࡸ⛯㔠ࢆồࡵ࡚⛣㌿ࡍࡿ௻ᴗࢆᢈ
ุࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ52ࠋࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ኱つᶍ㛤Ⓨࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡣᕷẸࡢ㍍どࡸ㈋ᅔ࡜࠸࠺≛≅ࡢ࠺࠼࡟ᡂ
ࡾ❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࠊᕷ㆟఍㆟ဨ᫬௦࠿ࡽࢡ࣒ࣝ࣍ࣝࢶࡽ࡜⥭ᐦ࡟㐃ᦠࡋࠊࠕࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻᨻ⟇❧᱌࣏࣮ࣞࢺࠖ࡟ඹឤࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ53ࠋ ࡓࡔࡋࠊᐇ㝿࡟ᨻᶒ㐠Ⴀࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛⾜ࡃ࡟ࡘࢀࠊࢡࢩࢽࢵࢳࡢே✀㛫ศ᩿ࢆ⒵ࡍ⬟ຊࡢḞዴࡀ㟢࿊ࡍࡿࠋࢡ࣒ࣝ࣍ࣝࢶࡀ㐃㑥⿵ຓ㔠ࢆࠕ㏆㞄ᆅ༊ࡢఫᏯᨭ᥼ࡢࡓࡵࡢ⾜ືࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࠖ࡟ά⏝ࡋࠊ㈈※ࡢᢞධࢆ㸳ࡘࡢ୰పᡤᚓ⪅ᒙ࢚ࣜ࢔࡟㝈ᐃࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋࡓ㝿ࠊࢡࢩࢽࢵࢳࡣ⮬㌟࡬ࡢᨻ἞ⓗᨭᣢࡢ᭷↓࡛㓄ศࢆỴᐃࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ54ࠋ⤖ᯝⓗ࡟ࢡࢩࢽࢵࢳࡣᕷ㛗㑅ᣲ᫬࡟ᨭ᥼ࢆཷࡅࡓ㏆㞄ᆅ༊ࡢ᭷ᶒ⪅ࢆ⤌⧊໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡎࠊᆅᇦᅋయ࡟ࡼࡿ㐍Ṍ୺⩏ⓗ࡞ᨻ἞㐠ືࡣᚋ㏥ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ
ࡓ55ࠋ
ࡑࢀࡲ࡛↓どࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓேࠎ࡜ࡢ㐃ᦠࢆッ࠼ࡓࢡࢩࢽࢵࢳࡣࠊ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡢᖿ㒊࡟⮬㌟࡜ྠࡌⱝ࠸
ேᮦࢆⓏ⏝ࡋࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫ࢚࣮ࣜࢺࠊ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࠊᕷ㆟఍࡜ᑐ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ 56ࠋࡲࡎࠊၟᴗᆅ༊ࡢ෌㛤Ⓨࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⛯ࡢඃ㐝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊබ⣙࡝࠾ࡾࠊᕷ㆟఍࠿ࡽ᪂つ࡟㏦௜ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ㆟᱌࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᣄྰᶒࢆ⾜౑ࡋࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫ࡟ぶ࿴ⓗ࡞㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇ࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿࣇ࢛࣮ࣈࢫᕷ㆟఍㆟㛗ࡢ⃭ࡋ࠸཯Ⓨ࡟┤㠃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

49 Joseph Wagner, “Jesting Kuchinich Jabs for Next Round.”Cleveland Plain Dealer (October 6, 1977).

50 ᕷ㛗㑅ᣲ࡛ࡣࠊᨻඪ࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᑐ❧ೃ⿵࡟ᑐࡋࠕ
ࠝᨻඪࡢࠞ࣎ࢫࡀᕷ㛗ࢆ㑅ࢇࡔࡽࠊᕷ㛗ࡢ࣎ࢫࡣㄡ࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࠿ࠖ࡜ࡢᢈุࢆ

ᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋJoseph Wagner, “Jesting Kucinich Jabs for Next Round,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (October 6, 1977).
Joseph Wagner, “Promises Apart,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (November 7, 1977). 㟁ຊ఍♫ࡢ኎༷࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㑅ᣲ௨๓ࡼࡾ཯ᑐࡍ
ࡿᅋయࢆ⤌⧊ࡋ࡚άືࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ“Kucinich Files Petitions for Vote on Muny Sale,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (July 1, 1977).
51 Dennis Kucinich, A Prayer for America (Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2003), p. 5.
52 Thomas J. Brazaitis, “Business, Government, Media: Kucinich Rips 'Bigs' in D.C. Press Club Talk,” Cleveland Plain Dealer(September 29, 1978).
53 ࢡ࣒ࣝ࣍ࣝࢶࡣࢡࢩࢽࢵࢳࡀࠕ㒔ᕷィ⏬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡍ࡭࡚㒔ᕷィ⏬ࡢ⫋ဨ࠿ࡽᏛࢇࡔࠖ࡜㏙࡭ࡓ࡜ᅇ㢳ࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋKrumholz and Forester, op.cit., pp. 54-55.
54 ࢡ࣒ࣝ࣍ࣝࢶࡣ㈈※ࡀ㝈ࡽࢀࡿ୰࡛ࢱ࣮ࢤࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࢆࡼࡾ㐍໬ࡉࡏࠊ㐃㑥⿵ຓ㔠ࡢ㓄ศ࡟㐺⏝ࡍ࡭ࡁ࡜⪃࠼ࠊձ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟Ⲩᗫࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࡀᅇ᚟ྍ⬟࡞㏆㞄ᆅ༊࡛ࠊղẚ㍑ⓗᣢࡕᐙ⋡ࡀ㧗ࡃࠊճࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡢព㆑ࡀᙉࡃࠊմᒃఫ⪅ࡢ཰ධࡀᕷࡢᖹᆒࢆ኱ࡁࡃୗ
ᅇࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠊ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᇶ‽࡛ࠊᕷ㛗࡜ᕷ㆟఍ࡢᨻ἞ⓗ࡞ྜព࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࢚ࣜ࢔ࡢ㑅ᢥࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋPierre
Clavel, The Progressive City: Planning and Participation, 1969-1984 (Rutgers University Press, 1986), pp. 89-90.
55 Krumholz and Forester, op.cit., pp. 105.
56  ⱝ࠸ᖿ㒊ࡣ⪽᫂ࡔࡀ⾜ᨻ⤒㦂࡟ஈࡋࡃࠊ཯ࣅࢪࢿࢫⓗ࡞ᨻᶒ㐠Ⴀࡀ኱௻ᴗࡢ⛣㌿࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗࡓ࡜ᢈุࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋJoseph
Wagner, “Kucinich's Cabinet: Young, Forceful,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (November 13, 1977); Michael Kelly, “Diamond
Shamrock to Leave Area,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (May 30, 1979).

10

国際公共政策研究㒔ᕷࡢ⦰ᑠ࡜࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ᕷᨻ 

第 27 巻 第 2 号
                     9ࡲࡓࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫ࢚࣮ࣜࢺ࡜ࡢ㛫࡛ࡣ೉ධ㔠ࡢ೉ࡾ᥮࠼஺΅࡛බႠࡢ㟁ຊ఍♫ࡢ኎༷ࢆồࡵࡽࢀ࡚
࠸ࡿ57ࠋᆅඖ㖟⾜ࡣ➇ྜࡍࡿẸ㛫ࡢ㟁ຊ఍♫ࡢᰴ୺࡛ࠊᙺဨ࡟ேࢆ㏦ࡾ㎸ࢇ࡛࠸ࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ೉ࡾ᥮
࠼࡜㈈ᨻ◚⥢ࢆኳ⛗࡟࠿ࡅࡉࡏࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ58ࠋᚑ᮶࠿ࡽ኎༷ࢆ୺ᙇࡋࠊࢡࢩࢽࢵࢳࡢබ⣙࡟⃭ᛣࡋ࡚࠸ࡓᕷ㆟఍ࡶࠊ㟁ຊ఍♫ࢆ኎༷ࡍࡿࡲ࡛㈈ᨻ◚⥢ࢆ㜵ࡄࡓࡵࡢቑ⛯ࢆㄆࡵ࡞࠸❧ሙࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ 59ࠋࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡣࠊẸႠ໬࡬ࡢ཯ᑐࢆᥖࡆ࡚࠸ࡓࢡࢩࢽࢵࢳ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚฿ᗏ࿐ࡵࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⤖ᯝⓗ࡟ᆅඖ㖟⾜ࡣ೉ࡾ᥮࠼ࢆᣄྰࡋࠊࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻࡣ඲⡿ࡢ኱㒔ᕷ࡛ึࡵ࡚㈈ᨻ◚⥢ࢆ㏄࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟
࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ60ࠋ
࡞࠾ࠊ㈈ᨻ◚⥢ᚋ࡟ᕷ㆟఍࡛ࡣጇ༠⟇࡜ࡋ࡚ᡤᚓ⛯ࡢቑ⛯࡜㟁ຊ఍♫ࡢ኎༷ࡢ㸰ࡘ㆟᱌ࡀ㏻㐣ࡋࠊࣞࣇ࢓ࣞࣥࢲ࣒ࡀᐇ᪋ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡿࠋᢞ⚊࡟ྥࡅࠊࢡࢩࢽࢵࢳࡣⲡࡢ᰿ࡢ࣮࢟ࣕࣥ࣌ࣥ࡜ࡋ࡚࣎
ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࢆ⤌⧊ࡋࠊᡞูゼၥ࡞࡝࡛௦᭰⟇࡜ࡋ࡚ቑ⛯ࢆッ࠼ࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣᢞ⚊࡛⣙㸰ಸࡢᕪࢆࡘࡅ
຾฼ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ61ࠋ᭷ᶒ⪅ࡣ㟁ຊ఍♫ࡢ኎༷ࢆྰỴࡋࠊᡤᚓ⛯ࡢቑ⛯ࢆ㑅ᢥࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

㸸*HRUJH9RLQRYLFK ᨻᶒ㸦㹼 ᖺ㸧1979 ᖺࡢᕷ㛗㑅ᣲ࡛ࡣඹ࿴ඪࡢ࢜ࣁ࢖࢜ᕞ๪▱஦࡛࠶ࡿࢪ࣮ࣙࢪ࣭ࣦ࢛࢖ࣀࣦ࢕ࢵࢳࡀࢡࢩࢽࢵ
ࠕTogether We Can Do itࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࢫ࣮ࣟ࢞ࣥࢆᥖࡆࠊࣅࢪࢿ
ࢳࡢ෌㑅ࢆ㜼Ṇࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ᡂຌࡍࡿ62ࠋࢫ࢚࣮ࣜࢺ࠿ࡽࡢせㄳ࣭ᨭ᥼࡟ࡼࡾฟ㤿ࡋࡓࣦ࢛࢖ࣀࣦ࢕ࢵࢳࡣࠊ㒔ᕷࡀᢪ࠼ࡿၥ㢟ࢆඞ᭹ࡍࡿࡓࡵ
࡟ᐁẸࡢಙ㢗㛵ಀࢆᵓ⠏ࡋࠊゎỴᡭẁࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓ 63ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࣅࢪ
ࢿࢫ࢚࣮ࣜࢺ࡜ࠕ࣮࢜࣌ࣞࢩࣙࣥᨵၿࢱࢫࢡࣇ࢛࣮ࢫࠖࢆ❧ࡕୖࡆࠊᕷᨻᨵ㠉࡟╔ᡭࡋࠊ࣐ࢫࢱ࣮ࣉ
ࣛࣥࡢᨵᐃ࡞࡝ 650 ࡢᨵၿᥦ᱌ࢆྵࢇࡔሗ࿌᭩ࡀᥦฟࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ64ࠋ
1989 ᖺ࡟᏶ᡂࡋࡓࠕࢩࣅࢵࢡࣅࢪࣙࣥ 2000ࠖࡢၟᴗᆅ༊ィ⏬࡛ࡣࠊ࢜ࣇ࢕ࢫࡸၟᴗᶵ⬟ࡢᙉ໬ࠊ࣍ࢸࣝᘓタࡶྵࡴほග࣭ࢥࣥ࣋ࣥࢩࣙࣥࡢᕷሙࡢᙉ໬ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞࢚ࣥࢱ࣮ࢸ࢖࣓ࣥࣥࢺࡸࢫ࣏࣮ࢶ᪋タࡢ㛤Ⓨࠊ᪂つఫᏯࡢᘓタࠊṔྐⓗᘓ㐀≀ࡢಖᏑ࡞࡝ࡀ┒ࡾ㎸ࡲࢀࠊᚋ⥅ࡢ㸱ேࡢᕷ㛗࡟ࡑࡢᐇ⾜ࡀᘬࡁ⥅ࡀࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓ65ࠋࡲࡓࠊ1991 ᖺ࡟Ⓨ⾲ࡉࢀࡓࠕࢩࣅࢵࢡࣅࢪࣙࣥ 2000ࠖࡢ඲ᕷィ⏬
࡛ࡣࠊேཱྀࡀῶᑡࡋࠊ⏘ᴗࡀ⾶㏥ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡜࡟ゐࢀࠊ୰㛫ᡤᚓ⪅ᒙࡢὶฟ࡛ᑗ᮶ࡣ୙㏱࡛᫂࠶ࡿ࡜
ࡋࡘࡘࡶࠊ෌⏕ࡢ඙ೃࡀぢࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ21 ୡ⣖࡟ྥࡅࡓᡓ␎ⓗ࡞Ỵᐃ࡛㒔ᕷࡢⓎᒎࡢ᪉ྥᛶࢆ኱ࡁ
ࡃኚ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜㏙࡭ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ 66ࠋேཱྀࡢᏳᐃ໬ࡸ㞠⏝ᶵ఍ࡢᣑ኱ࠊㄢ⛯ᇶ┙ࡢᙉ໬࡞࡝ࡀ
┠ᶆ࡜ࡉࢀࠊ㛤Ⓨ࡟ࡼࡿே✀ⓗ࣭⤒῭ⓗ࡞ከᵝᛶࡢಁ㐍ࠊᏊ⫱࡚ୡᖏࢆྵࡴ୰㛫ᡤᚓ⪅ᒙࡢ⥔ᣢ࣭☜ಖࠊ㏆㞄ᆅ༊ࡢఫ⎔ቃࡢᨵၿ࡞࡝ࡢᨻ⟇ࡀᥖࡆࡽࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ67ࠋேཱྀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࣦ࢛࢖ࣀࣦ࢕ࢵࢳ

57 Kucinich,op.cit., pp. XII-XIII.

Cleveland Plain Dealer (December 15, 1978).
Keating, Norman Krumholz, and David Perry, “The Ninety-Year War Over Public Power in Cleveland,” Dennis
Keating, Norman Krumholz, and David Perry eds., Cleveland: A Metropolitan Reader (The Kent University Press, 1995), pp.
144-145.
60 Kucinich, op.cit., p. 23.
61 Ibid., pp. XIV-XV.
62 Joseph D. Rice “Voinovich Chosen as Instrument of Change,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (November 7, 1979).
63 George V. Voinovich, Empowering the Public-Private Partnership (Ohio University Press, 2017), pp. 27-31.
64 City of Cleveland, “Announcing the Operations Improvement Task Force,” Press Release from Office of the Mayor (December
11, 1979); Operations Improvement Task Force, Operations Improvement Task Force Final Report (Operations Improvement
Task Force, 1980).
65 Cleveland City Planning Commission, Cleveland Civic Vision 2000 Downtown Plan (Cleveland City Planning Commission,1988).
66 Cleveland City Planning Commission, Cleveland Civic Vision 2000 Citywide Plan (Cleveland City Planning Commission,1991), p. 3. ᑡᏊ໬࣭㧗㱋໬࡬ࡢゝཬࡶ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋIbid., p. 20.
67 Ibid., pp. 9-11.
58 Joseph Wagner, “Cleveland Trust: Pay Up,”
59 Dennis

都市の縮小とアメリカ市政 ―クリーブランドとセントルイスを事例として―
10                        ᅜ㝿බඹᨻ⟇◊✲                  

11➨ 27 ᕳ➨ 2 ྕࡣேཱྀῶᑡࡀᨻ⟇ࡢኻᩋ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜㠀㞴ࡉࢀࡓ㝿࡟ࡣࠊࠕேཱྀࡢ࢝࢘ࣥࢺࡀ㐣ᑡ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚㐃㑥ᨻᗓ࡟ᑐࡋッゴࡶ㎡ࡉ࡞࠸ᵓ࠼࡛ᢠ㆟ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ68ࠋ ࢡࢩࢽࢵࢳᨻᶒࡢ㈈ᨻ◚⥢࡛᫂ࡽ࠿࡞ࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻࡣᜏᖖⓗ࡞㈈ᨻၥ㢟ࢆᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࣦ࢛࢖ࣀࣦ࢕ࢵࢳࡣࢱࢫࢡࣇ࢛࣮ࢫࡢᥦ᱌࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃᕷᨻᨵ㠉ࢆᛴົ࡜ࡋࠊṓฟࡢ๐ῶࡢ
ࡓࡵ࡟ᕷ⫋ဨࡢ๐ῶࢆᐇ᪋ࡍࡿࠋṓධࡢ☜ಖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᡤᚓ⛯ࢆ 1.5%࠿ࡽ 2%࡟ࡍࡿቑ⛯᱌ࡀࠊ୍ᗘ
ࡣࣞࣇ࢓ࣞࣥࢲ࣒࡛ྰỴࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊ1981 ᖺ࡟ࡑࡢ༙ศࢆമົࡢ㏉῭࡞࡝࡟඘࡚ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᮲௳࡜
ࡋ࡚ྍỴ࡟ࡇࡂ╔ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ69ࠋࡲࡓࠊᕷ㆟఍ࡸࣅࢪࢿࢫ࢚࣮ࣜࢺ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ༠ㄪⓗ࡞ጼໃ࡛ࠊᑵ௵㸯ᖺᚋ࡟ࡣ㖟⾜࠿ࡽ 3,620 ୓ࢻࣝࡢ▷ᮇ೉ධࢆ࡜ࡾࡘࡅࠊ1983 ᖺ࡟ࡣ඲⡿മๆᕷሙ࡬ࡢ᚟ᖐ࡟ᡂຌࡋࡓ
ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ70ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࡑࡶࡑࡶࡢ㈈ᨻ◚⥢ࡢཎᅉࡣᨻ἞ࡢ୙Ᏻᐃᛶ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻ
ࡢ㑅ᣲไᗘࡣࠊᕷ㛗࡜ᕷ㆟఍㆟ဨࡢ௵ᮇࡀ㸰ᖺ࡜▷ࡃࠊᕷ㆟఍ࡣᐃᩘ 33 ࡢ㑅ᣲ༊ไ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
࣐ࢫࢱ࣮ࣉࣛࣥࡢᨵᐃࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㸰ᖺࡢ௵ᮇࡣᨻ἞ᐙ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㛗ᮇⓗ࡞どⅬ࡛ຠᯝⓗ࡞ᨻ⟇ࢆᐇ᪋ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆጉࡆࠊ෌㑅࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿ▷ᮇⓗ࡞฼┈ࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟୺║ࢆ⨨࠿ࡏࡿࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࡗࡓ71ࠋࡲࡓࠊᐃᩘࡀ኱ࡁ࠸㑅ᣲ༊ไࡢᕷ㆟఍ࡣࠊศᶒⓗ࡛ປാ⪅ࡸ࣐࢖ࣀࣜࢸ࢕ࡢ฼┈ࢆ཯ᫎࡉࡏࡸࡍ࠸୍᪉ࠊࡲ࡜ࡲࡾࢆḞࡃከඖ୺⩏ⓗ࡞ᨻ἞ࡀᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࠊ᪥ᖖⓗ࡟ᑐ❧ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆ⛎ࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ72ࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊඛ㏙ࡢ࡜࠾ࡾࠊྛᕷ㆟఍㆟ဨࡢ฼ᐖࢆㄪᩚࡍࡿᕷ㆟఍㆟㛗ࡢ࣏ࢫࢺࡀ㔜せ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻࡣᇳᨻไᗘ࡛ᙉᕷ㛗ไࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊᕷ㆟఍㆟㛗ࡀ኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ຊࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࣦ࢛࢖ࣀࣦ࢕ࢵࢳࡣᕷ㛗࡟ᑵ௵ࡋࡓ㝿ࠊࣇ࢛࣮ࣈࢫࡸẸ୺ඪࡀᨭ㓄ࡍࡿᕷ㆟఍࡜Ⰻዲ࡞㛵ಀࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟⭉ᚰࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ73ࠋ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡋࠊࢱࢫࢡࣇ࢛࣮ࢫࡢሗ࿌᭩࡛ࡶᨵၿ⟇ࡀᥦ᱌ࡉࢀࠊࡑࢀ࡟ゐⓎࡉࢀࡿᙧ࡛ࠊࣦ࢛࢖ࣀࣦ࢕ࢵࢳࡶᨻ἞ไᗘᨵ㠉ࢆᶍ⣴ࡍࡿ74ࠋேཱྀࡀ㛗ᮇ࡟Ώࡾ኱ࡁࡃῶᑡࡋࠊ㈈ᨻࡀࡦࡗ㏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ୰࡛㛗ᮇ࡟Ώࡾᐃᩘࡀኚ᭦ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡶᐃᩘࡢ๐ῶࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿ᰿ᣐ࡜࡞ࡾࠊᕷ
㛗ࡢᶒ㝈ࢆᙉ໬ࡋࡘࡘࠊᕷ㛗࡜ᕷ㆟఍㆟ဨࡢ௵ᮇࢆ㸲ᖺ࡜ࡋࠊ㆟ဨᐃᩘࢆ 21 ࡲ࡛๐ῶࡍࡿᨵ㠉᱌ࡀᕷ㆟఍ࢆ㏻㐣ࡋࠊࣞࣇ࢓ࣞࣥࢲ࣒࡛ྍỴࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ75ࠋ

David Barth, “Forecast of Falling City Population Contains Solace,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (March 30, 1987); Tom
Andrzejewski, “Nothing to Brake Population Fall,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (April 4, 1987).
69 Joseph Wagner, “Tarnished City Fiscal Image Lingers,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (November 19, 1980); Christine Jindra andGary Clark, “62 Vote for Tax Boost; Voinovich Calls It Lifeline,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (November 19, 1981). ࣦ࢛࢖ࣀࣦ࢕ࢵ
ࢳࡀࠕቑ⛯ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ㒔ᕷࡣ⾶㏥ࡋ࡚ᔂቯࡋࠊᅇ᚟࡟ࡣ 10 ᖺ௨ୖ࠿࠿ࡿࠖ࡜ッ࠼ࠊᕷ㆟఍㆟㛗ࡢࣇ࢛࣮ࣈࢫࡢᨭᣢࢆྲྀࡾ௜ࡅࡓ
୍᪉ࠊ๓ᕷ㛗ࡢࢡࢩࢽࢵࢳࡸᚋ࡟ᕷ㆟఍㆟㛗࡟࡞ࡿ࢚࢘ࢫࢺࣈࣝࢵࢡ࠿ࡽࡣ཯ᑐࡀ⾲᫂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋChristine Jindra and Gregory
Moore, “Income Tax Hike: Life-or-Death Vote?” Cleveland Plain Dealer (February 1, 1999); Fred McGunagle, “Cleveland Climbs
Out of Default,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (August 15, 1999).
70 Wagner, op.cit; “Around the Nation: Cleveland Bond Issue Welcomed in Market,” New York Times (July 1, 1983).
71 ࢡ࣒ࣝ࣍ࣝࢶࡣࠊᕷ㆟఍ࡣ▷ᮇⓗ࡞ほⅬ࡛㛤Ⓨࡢせồࢆᢅ࠸ࠊ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ィ⏬ࡢ㑂Ᏺ࠿ࡽᨻ἞ⓗ࡟⮬⏤࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆዲࢇ࡛࠸ࡓ࡜
㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋKeating and Krumholz, op.cit., p. 144. 1980 ᖺ࡟ࢡ࣒ࣝ࣍ࣝࢶࡢᚋ௵ࡢィ⏬㒊㛗࡜࡞ࡗࡓࣁࣥࢱ࣮࣭ࣔࣜࢯࣥࡶࠊᑵ
௵ᚋࠊᨻ἞ⓗ࡞ෆ⣮ࡸᙉᅛ࡞ᐁ൉୺⩏ࠊᪧែ౫↛࡜ࡋࡓ᮲౛࡟┤㠃ࡋࡓ࡜ᅇ㢳ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋHunter Morrison, “Thirty-Five Years
Later,” George V. Voinovich, Empowering the Public-Private Partnership (Ohio University Press, 2017), p. 80.
72 ࠕࢩࣅࢵࢡࣅࢪࣙࣥ 2000ࠖࡢ⟇ᐃ࡛ࡶᕷ㆟఍㆟ဨࡀ㔜せどࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋCity of Cleveland, “Proposal for an Expanded PhysicalDevelopment Capacity for the City of Cleveland,” City Record (City of Cleveland, 1985).
73 ࠕᕷ㛗࡜ᕷ㆟఍ࡣඹᏑ㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡾࠊඹ࡟⾜ືࡋࡓሙྜ࡟ࡢࡳᕷᨻࢆ๓࡟㐍ࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ಙᛕ࡛ᕷ㆟఍࡜ᑐᓖࡋࠊ
ᚎࠎ࡟༠ຊࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ᅇ㢳ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋVoinovich, op.cit., pp. 39-40,47.
74 Operations Improvement Task Force, op.cit., pp. 1-4; Voinovich, op.cit., p.20.
75 21 ேࡲ࡛ᐃᩘࢆ๐ῶࡍࢀࡤࠊ1950 ᖺ࡜㆟ဨ㸯ேࡀ௦⾲ࡍࡿᕷẸࡢᩘࡀ࡯ࡰྠࡌ࡜࡞ࡾࠊ30 ୓ࢻࣝࡢ⤒㈝ࢆ๐ῶࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࡞
ࡀࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊThomas Vail, Roy O. Kopp and David L. Hopcraft, “Reduce City Council Size,” Cleveland Plain
Dealer (June 18, 1981).
68 V.

12



国際公共政策研究㒔ᕷࡢ⦰ᑠ࡜࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ᕷᨻ 

第 27 巻 第 2 号
                     11㸸0LFKDHO5:KLWH ᨻᶒ㸦㹼 ᖺ㸧1990 ᖺ࡟ 10 ᖺࡪࡾࡢẸ୺ඪᕷ㛗ࠊ19 ᖺࡪࡾࡢ㯮ேᕷ㛗࡜ࡋ࡚ᑵ௵ࡋࡓࡢࡀࣇ࢛࣮ࣈࢫࡢᘵᏊ࡛࠶
ࡿ࣑ࢩ࢙࣭ࣝ࣍࣡࢖ࢺ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ᪂ࡋ࠸ᕷ㆟఍㆟㛗࡛࠶ࡿⓑேࡢࢪ࢙࢖࣭࢚࢘ࢫࢺࣈࣝࢵࢡ࡜㑅ᣲ๓࠿ࡽ༠ຊ㛵ಀࢆᵓ⠏ࡋࠊྠࡌࡃ❧ೃ⿵ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓᖌ໶ࡢࣇ࢛࣮ࣈࢫ࡜ࡢ⃭ᡓ࡜ࢆไࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ76ࠋ࣍࣡࢖ࢺࡣேཱྀࡢῶᑡ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࠕ᏶඲࡟Ṇࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ゝ࠺ࡘࡶࡾࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠝ୰␎ࠞ⏕άࡢ㉁ࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࢀࡤࠊࢳࣕࣥࢫࡣ࠶ࡿࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟㞴ࡋ࠸࡜ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡶゎỴࢆᶍ⣴ࡍࡿពྥࢆ♧ࡋࠊ἞Ᏻࡢᨵၿࠊே✀ࡢ⤫ྜࠊఫᏯࡢᘓタࠊᏛᰯࡢᨵၿࠊ㞠⏝ࡢ๰ฟࡀ㘽࡜࡞ࡿ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸
ࡓ77ࠋ≉࡟ࠊఫᏯࡢᘓタ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㏆㞄ᆅ༊ࡢ෌⏕࡟ྥࡅࡓດຊ࡜ࡋ࡚᪂ࡓ࡞ᘓタࢆ┠ᶆ࡟ᥖࡆࠊ
㉎ධ⪅࡟ᑐࡍࡿῶචࡸ฼Ꮚࡢ๐ῶ⟇ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ78ࠋࡲࡓࠊⲨᗫࡋࡓఫᏯࢆ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡀᆅᇦᅋయ࡜
༠ຊࡋ࡚ㄪᰝࡋࠊᚲせ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ྲྀᚓ࣭ಟ⌮ࡍࡿࠕゎయࣞࣅ࣮ࣗࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࠖࢆ㛤ጞࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ79ࠋ୍᪉ࠊ࣍࣡࢖ࢺࡣᕷ㛗㑅ᣲ࡛୺せ࡞ࣅࢪࢿࢫ࢚࣮ࣜࢺ࠿ࡽࡢᨭ᥼ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊᐁẸ㛵ಀࡢ⥅⥆ᛶࡀ୙Ᏻどࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊᙜ㑅┤ᚋ࠿ࡽ㛵ಀᵓ⠏࡟⭉ᚰࡋࠊၟᴗᆅ༊ࡢ」ྜࢫ࣏࣮ࢶ᪋タ㛤Ⓨࡢࡓࡵࡢㄢ⛯ࢆᨭ᥼ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ⮬㌟ࡀᩛᑐⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ጼໃࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⛯ࡢῶචࢆ⥅⥆ࡋࠊࠕࢩࣅࢵࢡࣅࢪࣙࣥ 2000ࠖࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡓ๻ሙࡸ࣍ࢸࣝࡢᘓタࢆ㐍ࡵࡿ࡞࡝ࠊᐇ㝿ࡢᨻᶒ㐠Ⴀ࡛ࡣࣦ࢛࢖ࣀࣦ࢕ࢵࢳࡸࣇ࢛࣮ࣈࢫࡢ㊰⥺ࢆ⥅ᢎࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ 80ࠋ㏆㞄ᆅ༊࡛ࡶࠊᙜึࡣపᡤᚓ⪅ྥࡅ࡜ࡉࢀࡓఫᏯ౪⤥ࡀ୰㧗ᡤᚓ⪅ᒙྥࡅ࡟ࢩࣇࢺࡋࠊᕷሙ⤒῭ⓗ࡞࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡟ࡼࡾ኱つᶍࣉࣟࢪ࢙
ࢡࢺࢆዡບࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊᅜໃㄪᰝ࡛ேཱྀࡢῶᑡࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊ㑹እ㒔ᕷ࡜ࡢேཱྀ
தዣ➇தࢆ࿧ࡧ᥃ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ81ࠋࠕࢩࣅࢵࢡࣅࢪࣙࣥ 2000ࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊ1998 ᖺ࡟ࠕࢩࣅࢵࢡࣅࢪࣙ
࣭ࣥࣅࣚࣥࢻࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᨵᐃࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢ୰࡟ࢥࣥ࣋ࣥࢩࣙࣥࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡸ࣍ࢸࣝࡢᘓタࠊၟᴗᆅ༊࡬ࡢఫ
Ꮿ౪⤥࡟ࡼࡿேཱྀࡢቑຍ࡞࡝ࡀ┒ࡾ㎸ࡲࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ82ࠋ㸬࣑ࢬ࣮ࣜᕞࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫ
$OIRQVR-&HUYDQWHV ᨻᶒ㸦㹼 ᖺ㸧බẸᶒ㐠ື࡛ࠊ኱㒔ᕷ࡟࠾ࡅࡿపᡤᚓ⪅ᒙࡢఫẸࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅே✀ⓗ࣐࢖ࣀࣜࢸ࢕࠿ࡽࡢ෌ศ㓄ᨻ⟇ࢆồࡵࡿኌࡀቑ኱ࡍࡿ୰ࠊ㸲ᮇ┠ࢆ┠ᣦࡋࡓ⌧⫋ࢆẸ୺ඪࡢணഛ㑅ᣲ࡛◚ࡾࠊ1965 ᖺ࡟ᕷ㛗࡟ᑵ௵ࡋࡓࡢࡣඖᕷ㆟఍㆟㛗ࡢ࢔ࣝࣇ࢛ࣥࢯ࣭ࢭࣝࣂࣥࢸࢫ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ 83ࠋࢭࣝࣂࣥࢸࢫࡣၟᴗᆅ༊ࡢ㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊほග࣭ࢥࣥ࣋ࣥࢩࣙࣥ⏘ᴗ࡟╔┠ࡋࡓ࡯࠿ࠊ࣑ࢬ࣮ࣜᕞἲࡢ㒔ᕷ㛤Ⓨ௻ᴗἲ࡟ࡼࡿ෌㛤76 ࣍࣡࢖ࢺࡣࣇ࢛࣮ࣈࢫࡢᙳࢆᡶᣔࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ດࡵࡿ୍᪉ࠊ࢚࢘ࢫࢺࣈࣝࢵࢡ࡜ࡣᙜ㑅ᚋࡶⰋዲ࡞㛵ಀࢆ⥔ᣢࡋࠊ㔜せ࡞ἲ᱌ࡢᡂ
❧࡟ᑐࡍࡿᨭ᥼ࢆ⋓ᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋRobert Vickers,” White Will Have to Play by New Rules,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (November 9,1999).
77 Bob Becker, “A New Mayor, A New Vision,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (January 2, 1990); Brent Larkin, “Cleveland Comes Back,
People Don’t,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (September 4, 1990).
78 Mark Russell, “White Wants Tax Breaks for Home Development,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (January 3, 1991); Benjamin
Marrison, “Funds Budgeted to Get Cleveland's Houses in Order,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (February 8, 1991). ࣍࣡࢖ࢺࡣᕷ㆟఍
㆟ဨ࡜ࡋ࡚ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕㛤Ⓨ࡟㛵ࢃࡗࡓ⤒㦂ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᕷ㛗㑅࡛ࡣࠕ㏆㞄ᆅ༊ࡢ෌⏕ࠖࢆᥖࡆ࡚」ᩘࡢᆅᇦ㛤Ⓨ఍♫㸦CDCs㸧
࠿ࡽᨭ᥼ࢆ⋓ᚓࡋࠊ㏆㞄ᆅ༊ࡢάືᐙࢆࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕㛤Ⓨ㒊㛗࡟௵࿨ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋMark Russell, “A Long-term Process: Urban
Comeback Could Take Years,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (March 10, 1991).
79 Mark Russell, “City Policy Gives Rundown Houses a Second Chance,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (April 7, 1991); Mark Russell,“Housing Fund is Tapped for Neighborhood Projects,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (May 26, 1991)
80 ࡓࡔࡋࠊ࣍࣡࢖ࢺࡣ⛯ࡢῶචࡢᑐ㇟ࢆၟᴗᆅ༊࠿ࡽ㏆㞄ᆅ༊࡟ᚎࠎ࡟ࢩࣇࢺࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࠋBob Becker, “Mayor, City Council Seek
Abatement Changes,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (August 22, 1990); Mario Ortiz, “White, DeColibus Debate Tax Abatements,”
Cleveland Plain Dealer (August 2, 1997).
81 Bill Sammon, “Population Losses Tragic, White Says,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (March 10, 1991).
82 Cleveland City Planning Commission. Cleveland Civic Vision and Beyond (Cleveland City Planning Commission, 1998); Bill
Lubinger, “Downtown Dream Unveiled,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (May 14, 1998).
83 Tim O'Neil, “Mayor Tucker Falls Short of Fourth Term,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (March 3, 2013).

都市の縮小とアメリカ市政 ―クリーブランドとセントルイスを事例として―
12                        ᅜ㝿බඹᨻ⟇◊✲                  

13➨ 27 ᕳ➨ 2 ྕⓎࢆಁ㐍ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 84ࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡀࠕⲨᗫࡋࡓ㸦blighted㸧࢚ࠖࣜ࢔ࢆᣦᐃࡋࠊ෌㛤Ⓨ఍♫ࡣィ⏬ࢆᥦฟࡋ࡚ᢎㄆࡉࢀࢀࡤࠊ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡢ௦ࢃࡾ࡟ᅵᆅࢆ཰⏝ࡋ࡚ 25 ᖺ㛫ࡢ⛯ࡢῶචࡀཷࡅࡽࢀࡿ
࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛ࠊ㒔ᕷᨻᗓ࡜Ẹ㛫௻ᴗࡀ୍య࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࢆᐇ᪋ࡍࡿࢫ࣮࣒࡛࢟࠶ࡗࡓࠋࣅࢪ
ࢿࢫ࢚࣮ࣜࢺ࠿ࡽࡣ⛠㈶ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊẸ㛫ᢞ㈨ࡢぢ㏻ࡋࡢ᭷↓࡟࠶ࢃࡏ࡚᜛ពⓗ࡟ά⏝ࡉࢀࠊࠕఫ
Ꮿᡤ᭷⪅ࡸ୰ᑠ௻ᴗࢆ≛≅࡟ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᕷ㆟఍㆟ဨ࠿ࡽࡢ⃭ࡋ࠸ᢈุ࡟┤㠃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
༑ศ࡞㈈ᨻⓗᇶ┙ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ኱つᶍࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡟ࡋ࠿ά⏝࡛ࡁࡎࠊఫᏯᘓタࢆྵࡴ෌㛤Ⓨィ⏬࡛ࡣᐇ⌧ࡀ㞴ࡋࡃࠊၥ㢟ࡢ࠶ࡿ┿࡟ⲨᗫࡋࡓఫᏯ࢚ࣜ࢔࠿ࡽࡣ㞳ࢀࡓ෌㛤Ⓨ࡜ࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ85ࠋᕷ㆟఍ࡀ඲ᕷⓗ࡞฼┈ࡼࡾࡶಶูⓗ࡞฼┈ࢆ㏣ồࡋࡸࡍ࠸㑅ᣲ༊ไࡢ㑅ᣲไᗘࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿ୰ࠊࢭࣝࣂࣥࢸࢫ
ࡣࢥࣥ࣋ࣥࢩࣙࣥࢭࣥࢱ࣮ᘓタࡢᢎㄆ࡜ᘬࡁ᥮࠼࡟ࠊ཯Ⓨࡍࡿᕷ㆟఍㆟ဨࡢ㑅ᣲ༊ࡢఫᏯࢆᨵၿࡍࡿ
㐃㑥⿵ຓ㔠ࡢ๭ࡾᙜ࡚ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ86ࠋࡲࡓࠊ⛯ࡢῶච࡜ࡣ⿬⭡࡟㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡢ㈈ᨻ≧ἣࡣỴࡋ࡚Ⰻዲ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ1969 ᖺ࡟ࡣ఍ィ┘ᰝᙺࡢࢪ࣭࣮ࣙࣥ࣌ࣝ࢝ࡀࠕ㏆ᖺࡢṔྐࡢ୰࡛᭱኱ࡢ㈈ᨻ༴ᶵ࡟࠶ࡿࠖ࡜୺ᙇࡋࠊࢭࣝࣂࣥࢸࢫࡀࣞࣇ
࢓ࣞࣥࢲ࣒࡟ࡼࡾ㸯㸣ࡢ኎ୖ⛯ࢆㄢࡍࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ87ࠋேཱྀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊࢭࣝࣂࣥࢸࢫࡣࠕ1970ᖺ௦࡟ቑຍࡍࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜㏙࡭ࠊ㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇ࡀఫẸࢆ࿧ࡧᡠࡍ࡜ண᝿ࡋࡓ࡟ࡶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡣ
ῶᑡࡢ୍㏵ࢆࡓ࡝ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ88ࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞୰ࠊ1972 ᖺ࡟ᐇ᪋ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡀࠊ㒔ᕷࡢάᛶ໬࡟ 15 ᖺ㛫࡛ 14 ൨ࢻࣝࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿ㔝ᚰⓗ࡞ࠕࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫ㛤Ⓨࣉࣟࢢ࣒࡛ࣛࠖ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ≉ᚩࡣࠊ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡢ㒔ᕷ෌⏕ࡸࣔࢹࣝ㒔ᕷࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆ㝖ࡃ࢚ࣜ࢔ࢆணぢྍ⬟࡞ᑗ᮶࡟࠾࠸࡚෌㛤Ⓨࡀぢ㎸ࡲࢀ࡞࠸ᆅᇦࢆࠕᬻᐃ⾜ື࢚ࣜ࢔㸦Interim Action Areas㸧ࠖ࡜఩⨨௜ࡅࠊ1971 ᖺ࡟࣑ࢬ࣮ࣜᕞἲ࡟ࡼࡾ඲⡿࡛ึࡵ࡚タ❧ࡉࢀࡓࠕ᢬
ᙜὶࢀࡢ≀௳ࢆᡤᚓࠊಖ᭷ࠊ⟶⌮ࠊ㈍኎ࠖࡍࡿࣛࣥࢻࣂࣥࢡࡢ㐺⏝ࢆཷࡅࡿ࡜ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ 89ࠋᢞ㈨ࡢᑐ㇟࢚ࣜ࢔ࢆ㝈ᐃࡍࡿ⪃࠼᪉ࢆ᭷ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࠊᆅඖ⣬ࡀࠕ㒔ᕷࡣࡍ࡭࡚ࢆ୍ᗘ࡟⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ
ࡎࠊࡲࡔ⾶㏥࠿ࡽᩆ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡞࢚ࣜ࢔࠿ࡽࡣࡌࡵ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ィ⏬㒊㛗ࡢࣀ࣮࣐࣭࣐࣮ࣥࢻࢵࢡࢆ⛠㈶ࡋࡓ୍᪉ࠊ㯮ேࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡢᣦᑟ⪅ࡣ㒔ᕷᨻᗓ࡬ࡢ୙‶ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ
ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ90ࠋ㸸-RKQ3RHONHU ᨻᶒ㸦㹼 ᖺ㸧1973 ᖺࡢẸ୺ඪࡢணഛ㑅ᣲ࡛㸱ᮇ┠ࢆ┠ᣦࡋࡓࢭࣝࣂࣥࢸࢫࢆ◚ࡾࠊᕷ㛗࡟ᑵ௵ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊ఍ィ┘ᰝᙺࢆ㸲ᮇ࡟Ώࡗ࡚ົࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࢪ࣭࣮࡛ࣙࣥ࣌ࣝ࢝࠶ࡗࡓࠋࣅࢪࢿࢫ࢚࣮ࣜࢺࡸⓑே᭷ᶒ⪅࡞࡝࠿ࡽࡢᨭᣢ࡛຾฼ࡋࠊࢩࣅࢵࢡ࣭ࣉࣟࢢࣞࢫ࡜ᙉᅛ࡞㛵ಀࢆᵓ⠏ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ91ࠋࡑࡢ࣮࣌ࣝ࢝ᨻᶒ࡛
≉➹ࡍ࡭ࡁࡣࠊᢞ㈨࢚ࣜ࢔ࢆ㝈ᐃࡍࡿࠕ࢔࣮ࣂ࣭ࣥࢺࣜ࢔࣮ࢪࠖࡢ⪃࠼᪉࡛సᡂࡉࢀࡓࠕ⥲ྜィ⏬᱌

84 Robert Sanford, “Cervantes Sought to Apply Rules Of Salesmanship in Office of Mayor,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (November
17, 1968); Robert Christman, “Mayor Outlines Goals: City’s Future Ties To Job Rise,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (April 27, 1969).
85 Colin Gordon, Mapping Decline: St. Louis and the Fate of the American City (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008), pp.
196-197.
86 Alfonso J. Cervantes, Mr. Mayor (Nash Publishing,1974), p. 71.
87 “Badaracco Wins in An Upset,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (April 2, 1969); “Sales Tax and Bond Win by Wide Margins,” St. Louis
Post-Dispatch (March 4, 1970).
88 Sally Thran, “Expert Not Alarmed By Population Drop,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (July 25, 1970).
89 St. Louis City Planning Commission, St. Louis Development Program (St. Louis City Planning Commission, 1973). ᕞἲࡢᡂ❧࡟ࡼࡾ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡣ⛯㔠ࢆ⁫⣡ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㈨⏘ࢆ෇⁥࡟ᕪࡋᢲࡉ࠼ࠊ⛯㔠ࢆᨭᡶ࠺㈙࠸ᡭ࡟ᘬࡁΏࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ ࠋTeam Four Inc., Citywide Implementation Strategies: The Draft Comprehensive Plan (Team Four Inc., 1975), p. 17.
90 “Save Unblighted Areas First,” St. Louis Globe-Democrat (January 26, 1973).
91 Gerald Meyer, “Business Leader Supporting Poelker,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (January 21, 1973); Robert Chirstman,“Cervantes Is Defeated by Poelker; Bass Wins,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (March 7, 1973); Robert Chirstman, “Poelker and Bass
Win Top Offices,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (April 4, 1973).

14

国際公共政策研究㒔ᕷࡢ⦰ᑠ࡜࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ᕷᨻ 

第 27 巻 第 2 号
                     13ࡢ㒔ᕷ඲య࡛ࡢᐇ᪋ᡓ␎ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕࢳ࣮࣒㸲ࣉ࡛ࣛࣥࠖ࠶ࡿ 92ࠋ1947 ᖺࡢ࣐ࢫࢱ࣮ࣉࣛࣥ࡟᭰ࢃ
ࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞⥲ྜィ⏬ࡢ⟇ᐃࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ㒔ᕷィ⏬ጤဨ఍ࡀዎ⣙ࡋࡓࢥࣥࢧࣝࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ఍♫ࡀసᡂࡋࡓἲᚊ
ࡸᘓ⠏࡟㛵ࡍࡿᢏ⾡ⓗ࡞࣓ࣔࡢ㸯ࡘ࡛ࠊ1975 ᖺ࡟㒔ᕷᨻᗓ࡟ᥦฟࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ 93ࠋࡑࡢ≉ᚩࡣࠊᕷෆࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ࢚ࣜ࢔ࢆఫᏯࢫࢺࢵࢡࡢᖺᩘࡸ≧ែࠊẸ㛫㈨㔠ࡢά⏝ྍ⬟ᛶࠊேཱྀࡢᏳᐃᛶ࡞࡝
ࡢᇶ‽࡟ࡼࡾࠊࠕಖ඲㸦conservation㸧ࠖࠊࠕ෌㛤Ⓨ㸦redevelopment㸧ࠖࠊࠕᯤῬ㸦depletion㸧ࠖࡢ㸱ࡘ࡟ศ㢮ࡋࠊࡑࡢ㐪࠸࡟ṇ㠃࠿ࡽྥࡁྜ࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ᥎ዡࡋࡓⅬ࡛࠶ࡿ94ࠋᕷࡢㄢ⛯ᇶ┙ࢆ⥔ᣢ࣭ᣑ኱ࡍࡿ
ࡓࡵࠊࠕಖ඲ࠖࠊࠕ෌㛤ⓎࠖࠊࠕᯤῬࠖࡢ㡰࡟ඃඛ௜ࡅࢆ⾜࠸ࠊྛࠎ࡛␗࡞ࡿᨻ⟇ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࠊ㛤Ⓨᡓ␎ࢆㄪᩚࡍ࡭ࡁ࡜ᥦၐࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
≉࡟ࠕᯤῬ࢚ࠖࣜ࢔࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࠕᆅᇦ࡟ṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡿேࠎ࡟ᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡜බඹᢞ㈨ࢆㄪᩚࡍࡿດຊࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࡢດຊࡣࠊᕷࡀ෌㛤Ⓨࢆ㛤ጞࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࠊ
ࡍ࡭ࡁ࡜Ỵᐃࡍࡿࡲ࡛ࠊ᪂つᢞ㈨ࢆዡບࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃ㏣ồࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㈨※ࡢᢞධࡀᮃࡲࡋࡃ࡞࠸᪨ࡀ㏙࡭ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ95ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࣛࣥࢻࣂࣥࢡࢆά⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㔜せ࡜ࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ96ࠋࡲࡓࠊఏ⤫ⓗ࡟ศ㞳ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓィ⏬⟇ᐃ࡜ᨻ⟇ᐇ᪋࡟࠿࠿ࡿ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡢᵓ㐀࡟ࡘ࠸࡚
ࡶࠊ1974 ᖺ࡟ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕㛤Ⓨᗇ㸦CDA㸧ࡀタ❧ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡛௚㒔ᕷ࡜ྠᵝ࡟㞟ᶒ໬ࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ࡜ࡋࡘࡘࡶࠊᨻ⟇ᐇ᪋ࡢᶒ㝈ࡀ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡢ㒔ᕷィ⏬ጤဨ఍ࡼࡾࡶᙅ࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ௚ࡢ㒊ᒁ࡜ࡢࡉࡽ࡞ࡿ
⤫ྜࢆࡣ࠿ࡿ࡭ࡁ࡜ゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ97ࠋࠕࢳ࣮࣒ 4 ࣉࣛࣥࠖࡣᙜึබ㛤ࡉࢀࡎࠊᆅඖ⣬ࡀᕷ㛗ᐊ࡟ࣉࣛࣥࡢࢥࣆ࣮ࢆせồࡍࡿࡶᣄྰࡉࢀ࡚
࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊᆅඖ⣬ࡣ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࢥࣆ࣮ࢆධᡭࡋࠊ1975 ᖺ࡟ࠕ㯮ேࡢࣀ࣮ࢫࢧ࢖ࢻᆅ༊
࡟ᑐࡍࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆῶࡽࡍᡓ␎ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚グ஦࡟ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ 98ࠋグ஦ࡀබ㛤ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࠊᕷ㆟఍㆟ဨࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ㄽதࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿ99ࠋ⮬ࡽࡢ㑅ᣲ༊ࡢษࡾᤞ࡚࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿ࡜ឤࡌࡓᕷ㆟఍㆟ဨࡀࠕࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫ
࠿ࡽ㯮ேࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࢆ㏣࠸ฟࡍࡓࡵ࡟タィࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ࡜ᢈุࡋࡓ࡯࠿ࠊ㯮ேᣦᑟ⪅ࡶ㐃㑥⿵ຓ㔠ࡢ㓄ศ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࣀ࣮ࢫࢧ࢖ࢻᆅ༊ࢆ୙ᖹ➼࡟ྲྀࡾᢅ࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚཯ᑐࢆ⾲᫂ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ
100ࠋ1975ᖺ㸵᭶࡟ࡣࠕࢳ࣮࣒㸲ࣉࣛࣥࠖ࡟཯ᑐࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᅋయࡀ⤌⧊ࡉࢀࡓ࡯࠿ࠊᕷ㛗㑅࡬ࡢ෌ฟ㤿ࢆᶍ⣴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࢥ࢙ࣥ࢘࢖ࡶ⌧⫋ࢆ㠀㞴ࡍࡿᮦᩱ࡜ࡋ࡚ά⏝ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ101ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㄽத࡟㓄៖ࡋࡓࡢࡀࠊ1975 ᖺ࡟Ⓨ⾲ࡉࢀࡓࠕᬻᐃⓗໟᣓィ⏬࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗࡓ 102ࠋⲡ᱌ࡢබ
92 ࠕ࢔࣮ࣂ࣭ࣥࢺࣜ࢔࣮ࢪࠖࡢᐃ⩏ࢆᩚ⌮ࡋࡓⴭస࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊPatrick D. Cooper-McCann, “Urban Triage in Cleveland and St.
Louis,” A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Urban Planning in the
University of Michigan (2013), pp. 4-16.
93 S. Jerome Pratter, “Strategies for City Investment,” Subcommittee on The City of The Committee on Banking, Finance and
Urban Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives, How Cities Can Grow Old Gracefully (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977),
p. 79; Laura Kennedy, “Planning for a New St. Louis,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (March 20, 1978); Shirley Althoff, “Team Four
Inc.: They’re Partners in Urban Planning,” St. Louis Globe-Democrat (November 16, 1969).
94 Team Four Inc., op,cit. 㒔ᕷࡢ㝈ࡽࢀࡓ㈨※ࢆㄆ㆑ࡋࠊ෌ᡂ㛗ࡢᡓ␎࡟࠶ࢃࡏࡓ㓄ศࢆᥦၐࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࢥࣥࢧࣝࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ
఍♫ࡢࢫࢱࢵࣇࡣᅇ㢳ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋPratter, op.cit., p. 79-80.
95 ࠕᯤῬ࢚ࠖࣜ࢔࡛ㄪᩚࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ᢞ㈨ࢆチྍ࣭ዡບࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᕷࡢ㝈ࡽࢀࡓ㈨※ࢆዣ࠺ࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋTeam
Four Inc., op,cit., pp. 15-20. ࠕಖ඲࢚ࠖࣜ࢔ࡣẸ㛫ᢞ㈨ࢆ⥅⥆ⓗ࡟ចࡁࡘࡅ࡚㒔ᕷࡢࡼࡾᗈ⠊࡞᚟άࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿᇶ┙࡜ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ
ᆅᇦࡢእഃ࡟άᛶ໬ࢆᣑ኱ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㔜せ࡜ࡉࢀࠊࠕ෌㛤Ⓨ࢚ࠖࣜ࢔ࡣ෌㛤Ⓨࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ᡂ㛗ࢆಖドࡍࡿᇶᮏⓗ࡞⤒῭ຊࢆḞ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ኱つᶍ࡞බඹᢞ㈨࡜㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ࡟ࡼࡿẸ㛫ᢞ㈨ࡢ⋓ᚓࡀ㔜せ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋIbid., pp. 3-14.
96 Ibid., pp.17-19; Pratter, op.cit., p. 86.
97 㒔ᕷィ⏬ጤဨ఍ࡸ⨾໬ጤဨ఍࡞࡝㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡢ㸲㒊ᒁࢆ⤫ྜࡋࡓ CDA ࡣ㐃㑥⿵ຓ㔠ࡢ౑㏵ࢆỴᐃࡋ࡚㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇ࢆᐇ᪋ࡍࡿᶒ㝈ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ ࠋ“New City Agency For Plans, Development Is Approved,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (March 1, 1974).
98 Philip Sutin, “Plan Said to Hurt Black Area in City,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (May 19, 1975).
99ࠕ⚾ࡓࡕࡣ࡝ࡢ࢚ࣜ࢔ࢆᏲࡿ࠿ࢆ㑅ᢥࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜᧦ㆤࡍࡿពぢࡶぢࡽࢀࡓ୍᪉ࠊ
ࠕ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡣࡍ࡛࡟ࢳ࣮࣒㸲ࡢ᪉㔪ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ࡜ࡢᢈุࡀᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋAntonio D. French, “Quiet Conspiracy,” Public Defender (October 3, 2002);
Sutin, op.cit.
100 “Opposition to City Growth Plan Urged,” St. Louis Globe-Democrat (July 21, 1975). ࠕࢳ࣮࣒㸲ࠖࡣᚋ࡟ࠊ㒔ᕷᨻᗓ࠿ࡽࡢබ
ᘧⓎ⾲ࡀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡓࡵࢥ࣓ࣥࢺࡸㄝ᫂ࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ࡋࠊ㠀㞴ࡣㄗゎ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋTeam
Four Inc., op,cit., pp. ii-vii; Pratter, op.cit., pp. 87-89.
101 “Housing Policies Will be Protested,” St. Louis Globe-Democrat (July 22, 1975).
102 St. Louis Community Development Commission, Interim Comprehensive Plan: Draft III (St. Louis Community Development

都市の縮小とアメリカ市政 ―クリーブランドとセントルイスを事例として―
14                        ᅜ㝿බඹᨻ⟇◊✲                  15➨ 27 ᕳ➨ 2 ྕ㛤࡟㝿ࡋࠊࠕ㠀ᡂ㛗ᡓ␎ࡢဴᏛࡸே✀ࡸᖺ㱋ࠊᛶูࡸಙ᮲࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࠶ࡽࡺࡿᙧែࡢᕪูࢆ୺ᙇࡍࡿ࠸
࠿࡞ࡿィ⏬ࡸⲡ᱌ࡲࡓࡣᡓ␎ࢆᣄྰࡍࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ኌ᫂ࢆⓎ⾲ࡋࠊᢞ㈨ࡢᑐ㇟ࢆศ㢮ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᆅᅗࡣ
ᥖ㍕ࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ103ࠋ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠊࠕ࢔࣮ࣂ࣭ࣥࢺࣜ࢔࣮ࢪࠖࡢ᳨ウࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ࣮࡛࣌ࣝ࢝࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊேཱྀືែ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣ⊂⮬ࡢぢゎࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᨻᶒᮎᮇ࡟ࠊ1970 ᖺ࠿ࡽ㸳ᖺ㛫࡛ேཱྀࡀ኱㒔ᕷ࡛᭱ࡶῶᑡࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ
ุ᫂ࡋࡓ㝿ࠊࠕேཱྀࢆኻࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ㛫㐪࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡢ┠ᶆࡣࠊᩘ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊேཱྀࡢ㉁࡛࠶ࡿ࡭
ࡁࡔࠋᐦᗘࡀ኱ࡁ࡞ၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡗࡓ 85 ୓ேࡼࡾࡶ 55 ୓ேࡢேཱྀ࡛ࡼࡾ㉁ࡢ㧗࠸㒔ᕷࢆసࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ
ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠺ࠖ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ104ࠋ㸸-DPHV)&RQZD\ ᨻᶒ㸦㹼 ᖺ㸧࣮࣌ࣝ࢝ࡀ෌㑅ࢆᮃࡲ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊᚋ௵ࢆࡵࡄࡿத࠸ࡣ๓ᅇࡢẸ୺ඪࡢணഛ㑅ᣲ࡛ࡶ❧ೃ⿵ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࢪ࢙࣮࣒ࢬ࣭ࢥ࢙ࣥ࢘࢖ᕞୖ㝔㆟ဨ࡜ࢭࣝࣂࣥࢸࢫ๓ᕷ㛗ࡢத࠸࡜࡞ࡾࠊ〇㐀ᴗࡢ㞠⏝ࡸᒃఫ࢚ࣜ࢔ࡢ෌⏕ࢆᙉㄪࡋࡓࢥ࢙ࣥ࢘࢖ࡀ຾฼ࡍࡿ105ࠋࢥ࢙ࣥ࢘࢖ࡣ 1970 ᖺ࠿ࡽ㸳ᖺ㛫࡟࠿ࡅ࡚᭱኱ࡢ
ῶᑡᖜ࡜࡞ࡗࡓேཱྀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࠕᗏࢆᡴࡗࡓࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕ⏘ᴗࡢⓎᒎ࡟ࡼࡾ㞠⏝ࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࢀࡤࠊ㏆ࡃ࡟ேࡀఫࡴࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠖ࡜ࡢぢ᪉ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ106ࠋ෌㛤Ⓨ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࢥ࢙ࣥ࢘࢖ࡣၟᴗᆅ༊ࡢ฼ᐖ㛵ಀ⪅࡜⥭ᐦ࡟༠ຊࡋࠊ1980 ᖺ࡟ࡣࣘࢽ࢜ࣥ㥐࠿ࡽᪧ㒆ᗇ⯋ࡲ࡛ఙࡧࡿ࣮ࣔࣝࢆᩚഛࡍࡿ㐃㑥⿵ຓ㔠ࡢ⏦ㄳࢆ‽ഛࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ࡜ࡇࢁࡀࠊ௻ᴗࡢᢞ㈨ࡸ
⛣㌿ࢆ࿧ࡧ㎸ࡴືࡁࡣ࣮ࣘࢪ࣭࣐ࣥࢡࢼ࣮ࣜ㒆㛗ᐁࡸࣞ࢖ࣔࣥࢻ࣭ࣃ࣮ࢳࢵࢳ఍ィ┘ᰝᙺ࡜ࡢಶேⓗ࡞ᩛᑐ㛵ಀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ጉࡆࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ㒆ᨻᗓࡣࣅࢪࢿࢫࡸ࢚ࣥࢱ࣮ࢸ࢖࣓ࣥࣥࢺࡢሙᡤ࡜ࡋ࡚
ࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫ࡜ࡣู࡟⮬ࡽࡢ㒆ᇦࢆ✚ᴟⓗ࡟ᐉఏࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ㒔ᕷᨻᗓෆ㒊࡛ࡶࠊᕷ㛗ࠊᕷ㆟఍㆟㛗ࠊ఍ィ┘ᰝᙺࡀጤဨࢆົࡵࡿぢ✚࣭㓄ศጤဨ఍ࡀண⟬ࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ⤫ไࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠾
ࡾࠊࣃ࣮ࣃࢵࢳࡸࢺ࣮࣐ࢫ࣭ࢨ࢖ࢳᕷ㆟఍㆟㛗ࡢ཯ᑐ࡛ၟᴗᆅ༊ࡢ㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇ࡣ㡻᣸ࡉࡏࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
107ࠋᇳᨻไᗘ࡛ศᶒⓗ࡞ᙅᕷ㛗ไࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᙳ㡪ࡀዴᐇ࡟⾲ฟࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

࡞࠾ࠊࢥ࢙ࣥ࢘࢖ᨻᶒࡢ୰࡛ࠊᙉ࠸ᢈุࢆཷࡅࡓࡢࡀࠊ㯮ேࡀከ࠸ࣀ࣮ࢫࢧ࢖ࢻᆅ༊࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣍
࣮࣐࣮࣭G࣭ࣇ࢕ࣜࢵࣉࢫᕷ❧⑓㝔ࡢ㛢㙐࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙜ᫬ࠊࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫ࡛ࡣⓑேࡀከ࠸ࢧ࢘ࢫࢧ࢖ࢻ
ᆅ༊࡟ࡶูࡢᕷ❧⑓㝔ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ࡜ࡇࢁࡀࠊ࣓ࢹ࢕ࢣ࢔࡜࣓ࢹ࢕ࢣ࢖ࢻࡀ㛤ጞࡉࢀࡓ 1965 ᖺ௨㝆ࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛↓ಖ㝤⪅ࡔࡗࡓᕷẸࡀẸ㛫⑓㝔࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡶ㨩ຊⓗ࡞ᝈ⪅࡜࡞ࡾࠊᕷ❧⑓㝔ࡢᝈ⪅ᩘࡀῶᑡࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ108ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࢭࣝࣂࣥࢸࢫࡸ࣮࣌ࣝ࢝ᨻᶒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ⑓㝔ࢆ㛢㙐ࡍࡿ㈈ᨻⓗ࡞ᅽຊࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ109ࠋ
Commission, 1975).
103 “No-growth Policy Not Feasible, Group Says,” St. Louis Globe-Democrat (June 20, 1975); Philip Sutin, “Political Changes inThird City Planning Draft,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (June 22, 1975).
104 “St. Louis's Drop in Population Most Among Big Cities,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (April 14, 1977). ࣮࣌ࣝ࢝ࡢ⿵బᐁ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ
ࣝ࢖ࢫ࣭࣋ࣛࡶࠕ୍⯡໬ࡋ࡚ࣉࣛࢫせᅉ࡜ࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ࡢ๓ᥦࢆ⨨ࡁࡘࡘࠊࠕ⚾ࡓࡕࡣேཱྀῶᑡ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡑࢀ࡯࡝ᚰ㓄ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖࠊࠕࡼࡾᑡ࡞࠸ேࠎࡀከࡃࡢ㈨※ࢆ฼⏝ྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿ࡞࡝ࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶᝏ࠸඙ೃ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡓࠋJohn Mcguire, “Area
Officials Not Too Worried About Lack Of Growth Report,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (January 20, 1977). ࡓࡔࡋࠊ࣮࣌ࣝ࢝ࡶேཱྀ
ῶᑡࢆ᏶඲࡟ཷᐜࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㯮ே୰⏘㝵⣭ࡸⓑேࡢὶฟࡣ༴᝹ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊCDA ࡀࠕࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫࡀఫࡴࡢ࡟᭱㐺࡞ሙᡤ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜ッồࡍࡿࢸࣞࣅ CM ࢆᨺᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋJohn Mcguire, “New Campaign: Selling Of St. Louis,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch(August 27, 1976).
105 Dana L. Spitzer, “Conway Elected Mayor by Big Margin,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (April 6, 1977).
106 ᕷ㛗㑅ᣲࡢ࣮࢟ࣕࣥ࣌ࣥ୰࡟ࠕ᭱㏆ࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫ࡟ᘬࡗ㉺ࡋ࡚ྂ࠸ᐙࢆ㉎ධࡋࠊ෌㛤Ⓨ࡟῝ࡃ㛵ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡞ࡾࡢᩘࡢே࡟఍
ࡗࡓࠖ࡜ࡋࠊேཱྀࡀቑຍࡍࡿ࡜ࡢぢゎࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ“St. Louis's Drop in Population Most Among Big Cities,” St. Louis PostDispatch (April 14, 1977).
107 ࣃ࣮ࣃࢵࢳࡣண⟬ࢆఫẸ࡟┤᥋฼┈ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍබඹᩱ㔠ࡢ್ୗࡆ࡟ά⏝ࡍ࡭ࡁ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋBoyd, op.cit.
108 Dana Spitzer, “Conway Avoided It on Phillips hospital,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (July 4, 1976).
109 Victor Volland, “Public Hospitals: Are They Still Needed?” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (September 17, 1979). ࢥ࢙ࣥ࢘࢖ࡢ๓௵
ࡢࢭࣝࣂࣥࢸࢫࡣࠊᕷෆ࡟ࡣ㯮ேࡀከ࠸࢚ࣜ࢔࡜ⓑேࡀከ࠸࢚ࣜ࢔ࡑࢀࡒࢀ఩⨨ࡍࡿ⑓㝔ࢆ࡝ࡕࡽ࠿࡟⤫ྜࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᅔ㞴࡛࠶

16



国際公共政策研究㒔ᕷࡢ⦰ᑠ࡜࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ᕷᨻ 

第 27 巻 第 2 号
                     15ࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋࠊࢥ࢙ࣥ࢘࢖ࡣ 1979 ᖺ࡟་⒪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ⤫ྜ࡟ࡼࡿࢥࢫࢺ๐ῶࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࣇ࢕ࣜࢵࣉࢫ
⑓㝔ࡢ㛢㙐ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿࠋேཱྀࡀῶᑡࡍࡿ୰࡛ࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫ࢚࣮ࣜࢺ࡜୍㒊ࡢᨻ἞ᐙࡣ㛢㙐ࢆᨭᣢࡋࡓ୍
᪉ࠊ㯮ேࡢ࢘࢕ࣜ࢔࣒࣭ࢡࣞ࢖㐃㑥ୗ㝔㆟ဨࡸࣇ࢕ࣜࢵࣉࢫ⑓㝔ࢆ㑅ᣲ༊࡜ࡍࡿᕷ㆟఍㆟ဨ࡞࡝ࠊ୺
せ࡞ᨻ἞ᐙࡀ཯ᑐࢆ⾲᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࠊ㸯ᖺ௨ୖ࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚ᢠ㆟άືࡀᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓ
110 ࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫࡢ㒔ᕷᨻ἞࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㯮ேࡢ㔜せᛶࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡾࠊ⤖ᯝⓗ࡟ࢥ࢙ࣥ࢘

࢖ࡢ෌㑅ࢆ㜼ࡴᙉ࠸㏫㢼࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ111ࠋ

㸸9LQFHQW&6FKRHPHKO ᨻᶒ㸦㹼 ᖺ㸧1970 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙࠿ࡽ 1980 ᖺ௦ึ㢌࡟ࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫࡣேཱྀࡀῶᑡࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚Ⲩᗫࡋࠊᝒほㄽࡀ࠶ࡩࢀ࡚
࠸ࡓࠋ1981 ᖺࡢᕷ㛗㑅ᣲ࡛ࡣ෌㑅ࢆ┠ᣦࡍࢥ࢙ࣥ࢘࢖࡟ᑐࡋࠊྐୖ᭱ᖺᑡࡢᕷ㛗ࢆ┠ᣦࡋࡓᕷ㆟఍
㆟ဨࡢࣦ࢕ࣥࢭࣥࢺ࣭ࢩ࢙࣮࣓ࣝࡀࠕFor a Proud St. Louisࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࢫ࣮ࣟ࢞ࣥࢆᥖࡆ࡚ࠊྠࡌẸ୺ඪ࠿ࡽ❧ೃ⿵ࡍࡿ112ࠋ㑅ᣲࡢᩘ࢝᭶๓࡟఍ィ┘ᰝᙺࡢࣃ࣮ࢳࢵࢳࡀஸࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆཷࡅࠊࡑࡢኵ
ேࢆ㑅ᣲ㐠ືࡢྡ㄃఍㛗࡟௵࿨ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࢧ࢘ࢫࢧ࢖ࢻᆅ༊ࢆࠊࢡࣞ࢖㐃㑥ୗ㝔㆟ဨ࡜㐃ᦠࡋ࡚ࣇ࢕
ࣜࢵࣉࢫ⑓㝔ࡢ෌㛤ࢆ⣙᮰ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࣀ࣮ࢫࢧ࢖ࢻᆅ༊ࢆᅛࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡟ᡂຌࡋࠊࢥ࢙ࣥ࢘࢖࡟㸰ಸ௨ୖࡢ኱ᕪ࡛຾฼ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୰❧ࢆಖࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࢺ࣮࣐ࢫ࣭ࢨ࢖ࢳᕷ㆟఍㆟㛗࠿ࡽࡢᨭᣢࡶ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ࡞࡝ࠊᕷ㛗ࠊᕷ㆟఍㆟㛗ࠊ఍ィ┘ᰝᙺ࡟ࡼࡿศᶒⓗ࡞ᙅᕷ㛗ไࡢᇳᨻไᗘ࡜ࠊᕷ㆟఍㆟ဨࡀಶู㑅ᣲ༊ࡢ฼┈ࢆඃඛࡍࡿ㑅ᣲ༊ไࡢ㑅ᣲไᗘࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿ୰ࠊࢩ࢙࣮࣓ࣝࡣᏳᐃⓗ࡞ᶒຊᇶ┙ࡢᵓ⠏࡟⭉ᚰࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ113ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊᕷ㛗ᑵ௵ᚋࠊࢩ࢙࣮࣓ࣝࡣබ⣙ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࣇ࢕ࣜࢵࣉࢫ⑓㝔ࡢ෌㛤ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣከ㢠ࡢ㈝⏝ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡾࠊᕷ㆟఍㆟ဨࡢ㐣༙ᩘࡢ㈶ᡂࢆᚓ࡚⑓㝔ࢆ෌㛤ࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆỴᐃࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ㯮ே᭷ᶒ⪅ࡣ⿬ษࡽࢀࡓ࡜ឤࡌࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࠊࢡࣞ࢖࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࡶ༴ᶵ࡟
᫹ࡍࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ114ࠋࡲࡓࠊ㐃㑥⿵ຓ㔠ࡢ㓄ศ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࠕࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫࡀᆅᇦࡢ㈋ᅔᒙࡢ᭱⤊ⓗ࡞㞟✚ᆅ࡟࡞ࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㈋ࡋ࠸㏆㞄ᆅ༊࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ⿱⚟࡞㏆㞄ᆅ༊࡬ࡢ
ᢞ㈨ࢆ㔜どࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ115ࠋ
 ࣇ࢕ࣜࢵࣉࢫ⑓㝔ࡢ෌㛤ࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚ⱞቃ࡟❧ࡓࡉࢀࡓࢩ࢙࣮࣓࡛ࣝ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ㛤Ⓨ࡟ぶ࿴ⓗ࡞ጼໃࡣࢩࣅࢵࢡ࣭ࣉࣟࢢࣞࢫࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡍࡿࣅࢪࢿࢫ࢚࣮ࣜࢺ࡟ዲ༳㇟ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡓ 116ࠋᐇ㝿࡟ࡣ 1970
ࡿ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡓࠋAlfonso J. Cervantes, Memoirs of a Business Mayor,” Business Week (December 8,1973). ≉࡟ࠊ㯮ேࢥ࣑ࣗࢽ
ࢸ࢕࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࣇ࢕ࣜࢵࣉࢫ⑓㝔ࡣࠕ㠀ⓑேᆅᇦࡢࢩ࡛ࣥ࣎ࣝࠖ࠶ࡾࠊ㈗㔜࡞་⒪ࡸ௙஦ࢆᥦ౪ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ㔜どࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋSpitzer, op.cit.
110 㯮ேࡢᕷ㆟఍㆟ဨࡽࡀ཯ᑐࡋࠊࣃ࣮ࣃࢵࢳࡶᕷ㆟఍㆟ဨࡢᕼᮃ࡟ᚑ࠺᪨ࢆ⾲᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋDavid Fink, “Board Stands Firm On
Hospital Budgets,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (October 21, 1978). ࢡࣞ࢖ࡣ࣐ࢩ࣮ࣥᨻ἞࡜බẸᶒ㐠ື࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ຊࢆࡘࡅࡓࢭࣥࢺࣝ
࢖ࢫ࡛᭱ࡶ᭷ྡ࡞ඖᕷ㆟఍㆟ဨ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋTim Poor, “Tailoring His Legacy,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (January 25, 1998).
111 Jo Mannies, “Schoemehl Pledges to Reopen Phillips,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (March 4, 1981). ࢡࣞ࢖ࡣࣇ࢕ࣜࢵࣉࢫ⑓㝔ࡢ㛢㙐࡟཯ᑐࡋࡓ㝿࡟ࠕࢥ࢙ࣥ࢘࢖ࡀ෌㑅ࢆồࡵࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟㯮ேࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡣᨻ἞ⓗ࡞Ỵ᩿ࢆࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠖ࡜㏙࡭࡚
࠸ࡓࠋFred W. Lindecke, “Clay Denies Black Leader Shrink Phillips Fight,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (September 5, 1979).
112 Geof Dubson, “Alderman Schoemehl Enters Race To Replace Conway As Mayor,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (March 24, 1980);
Jo Mannies, “No Household Word, But A Winner,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (March 4, 1981).
113 Ibid. 㧗㱋⪅࣭㯮ே࣭ປാ⪅࠿ࡽࡢ⚊ࢆ⋓ᚓࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ຾฼࡟㈉⊩ࡍࡿせᅉ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋJo Mannies, “Schoemehl Upsets Conway,”
St. Louis Post-Dispatch (March 4, 1981); Jo Mannies, “Zych Assails Conway, Endorses Schoemehl,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch(February 27, 1981).
114 Roy Malone “Hospital Shutdown Opposed,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (March 14, 1983); Gregory Freeman and Jo Mannies,“Clay Opposes New Hosipital,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (May 11, 1983). ࣇ࢕ࣜࢵࣉࢫ⑓㝔ࡣ⠏ᖺᩘࡀྂࡃࠊ෌㛤࡟ࡣ㛢㙐᫬࡟㐺⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓᕞᨻᗓࡢᇶ‽ࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡓࡵࡢᨵಟࡀᚲせ࡛ࠊࢩ࢙࣮࣓ࣝࡀ㑅ᣲ᫬࡟ࡇࡢᇶ‽ࢆ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࠿ࡀၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
Jo Mannies, “State Demands On Phillips May Cause Schoemehl Shift,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (March 10, 1981).
115 ࢩ࢙࣮࣓ࣝࡣఫᏯᨻ⟇ࡢ୙ᆒ⾮ࢆᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࡓ㝿࡟ࠊࠕⱞࡋࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ㏆㞄ᆅ༊ࢆ෌ᘓࡍࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺㐃㑥⿵ຓ㔠ࡢ⢭⚄࡟ᚑ࠼ࡤࠕ㒔ᕷࡣࡍࡄ࡟◚⏘ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡔࢁ࠺ࠖ࡜ࡋࠊࠕࡑࢀࡀࠊ⚾ࡀࡑࡢ᪉㔪ࢆᣄྰࡋࡓ⌮⏤࡛࠶ࡾࠊᑗ᮶࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚ࡶᣄྰࡍࡿ⌮⏤࡛࠶ࡿࠖ
࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡓࠋTim Novak and Phil Linsalata, “Opportunity Deniied,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (December 8, 1991).
116 Peter Hermon, “Crossroads: Group’s Role Under Scrutiny,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (August 4, 1991).

都市の縮小とアメリカ市政 ―クリーブランドとセントルイスを事例として―
16                        ᅜ㝿බඹᨻ⟇◊✲                  

17➨ 27 ᕳ➨ 2 ྕᖺ௦࠿ࡽ╔ᡭࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ᱌௳ࡀከ࠸ࡶࡢࡢࠊ1980 ᖺ௦࡟ࡣࠊṔྐⓗᘓ㐀≀࡛࠶ࡿࣘࢽ࢜ࣥࢫࢸ࣮ࢩ
ࣙࣥࡢ෌㛤Ⓨࠊࢩࣙࢵࣆࣥࢢ࣮ࣔࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢ㛤タࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢࢥࣥ࣋ࣥࢩࣙࣥࢭ
ࣥࢱ࣮ࡢᣑᙇ࡞࡝ࠊၟᴗᆅ༊࡟࠾࠸࡚ከࡃࡢ኱つᶍ㛤Ⓨࡀ⤖ᐇࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ117ࠋࡇࢀࡽࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࠊ
ࢩ࢙࣮࣓ࣝࡣ 1985 ᖺ࡟ࠕ㒔ᕷ࡟ከࡃࡢ᪂つࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࢆចࡁࡘࡅ࡚࠾ࡾࠝ୰␎࣏ࠞࢪࢸ࢕ࣈ࡞ࢺ
ࣞࣥࢻࡣ⥆ࡃࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠖ
ࠕ1980 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙࡟ࡣῶᑡࡋ࡚ࡁࡓேཱྀࢆቑຍ࡟㌿ࡌࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ᛮ࠺ࠖ࡜ࡢᴦほⓗ࡞ぢ᪉ࢆ⾲᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓ118ࠋ
ࢩ࢙࣮࣓ࣝࡣၟᴗᆅ༊࡟࠾ࡅࡿ኱つᶍ㛤Ⓨ௨እ࡟ࡶࠊ⾤㊰ࡢᘓタࡸಟ᚟ࠊ༴㝤࡞✵ࡁ㈨⏘ࡢಟ⌮ࡸྲྀࡾቯࡋࢆᐇ᪋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୰࡛ࡶᕷ㛗ᑵ௵ᚋ࡟ࡍࡄ࡟ྲྀࡾ࠿࠿ࡗࡓࡢࡀࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫࡢ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡢ
ྥୖ࡟㈨ࡍࡿ⨾ほࡢᨵၿ࡜≢⨥ࡢᢚไ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡎࠊ㊰ᆅࡸ㐨㊰ࡢΎᤲ࡜ⰼࡸᮌࡢ᳜ᶞࢆ⾜࠺ࠕࣈࣛ࢖ࢻࢧ࢖ࢺసᡓ㸦Operation BrightSide㸧ࠖࡀ௻ᴗࡸಶே࠿ࡽᐤ௜ࢆ㞟ࡵࠊⱝ⪅ࡢ㞠⏝ࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡶᡂຌࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ119ࠋࡲࡓࠊ≢⨥⿕ᐖ⪅ࡸ㧗㱋⪅࣭㞀ᐖ⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚↓ᩱ࡛㜵≢ࢢࢵࢬࢆᥦ౪ࡋࠊ
ᆅᇦᅋయ࡟ぢᅇࡾࡢࢺ࣮ࣞࢽࣥࢢࢆ᪋ࡍࠕࢭ࣮ࣇࢫࢺ࣮ࣜࢺసᡓ㸦Operation SafeStreet㸧ࠖࡣᕷẸ࡟Ᏻᚰឤࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓ120ࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᨻ⟇ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓࢩ࢙࣮࣓ࣝᨻᶒࡣᕷ㛗࡜ྠࡌⱝ࠸ࢫࢱࢵࣇ࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀࠊ࢚ࢿࣝࢠࢵࢩ
ࣗ࠿ࡘ๰㐀ⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ 121 ࠋᙅᕷ㛗ไࡢᇳᨻไᗘ࠿ࡽ⏕ࡌࡿศᶒᛶࢆඞ᭹ࡍ࡭ࡃࠊከᵝ࡞ࠕసᡓ㸦Operation㸧ࠖࢆ᪤Ꮡࡢᐁ൉⤌⧊ࡢእ࡟タ⨨ࡋ࡚ᰂ㌾ᛶࢆᣢࡓࡏࠊᨻ἞ⓗ࡞ᩛࢆ᠜ᰂࡋࡘࡘࠊ࿡᪉
࡟ࡣ฼┈ࢆ୚࠼ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ122ࠋᕷ㆟఍࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ1983 ᖺ࡟㆟ဨᐃᩘࢆ 28 ࠿ࡽ 16 ࡟ῶࡽࡍᨻ἞ไᗘ
ᨵ㠉ࡢࣞࣇ࢓ࣞࣥࢲ࣒ࡀྰỴࡉࢀࡿ୰࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᕷ㛗ࡢᙳ㡪ຊࡣᐇ㉁ⓗ࡟ᙉ໬ࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ 123ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊࢩ࢙࣮࣓ࣝࡣ㒆ᨻᗓ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊඹ࿴ඪࡢ࣐ࢡࢼ࣮ࣜ㒆㛗ᐁ࡜㢖⦾࡟බࡢሙ࡟Ⓩሙ
ࡋ࡚➗㢦࡛ᥱᡭࡍࡿ࡞࡝ࠊᆅᇦࡢ⦾ᰤ࡟ࡣⰋዲ࡞㛵ಀࡀ୙ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢㄆ㆑ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ 124ࠋࣞ
ࣇ࢓ࣞࣥࢲ࣒࡛ᕷࡢ᭷ᶒ⪅ࡣྍỴࡋࠊ㒆ࡢ᭷ᶒ⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ྰỴࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊ1982 ᖺ࡟ࡣ኎ୖ⛯ࡢቑ⛯ࢆඹྠ࡛ᶍ⣴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ125ࠋࣇ࢕ࣜࢵࣉࢫ⑓㝔ࡢ㛢㙐࡬ࡢᢠ㆟࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶࠊẸ㛫ࡢ㠀Ⴀ฼ᅋయࡀ
㐠Ⴀࡍࡿ㒆࡜ᕷࡢᆅᇦ་⒪ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢィ⏬ࢆⓎ⾲ࡋࠊᕷ㆟఍ࡢᢎㄆࢆ⋓ᚓࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ126ࠋࡲࡓࠊ㒔ᕷࡢ⦰ᑠ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊ㯮ே࡜ⓑேࠊᐩ⿱⪅࡜㈋ᅔ⪅ࢆㄪ࿴ࡉࡏࠊබᩍ⫱ࡢ㉁ࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࠊ
St. Louis Post-Dispatch (August 30, 1985); Barbara
Buchholz, “Convention Upswing,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (November 21, 1984); Claudia MacLachian, “Dullsville?: Midwest
Image Hurts St. Louis,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (December 12, 1988).
118 ᛴ⃭࡞ேཱྀῶᑡࡀ㐍⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿᑓ㛛ᐙࡢぢゎ࡟཯ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋGregory Freeman, “City Census May Rise, Mayor
Says,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (January 4, 1985). 1989 ᖺ࡟ࡣேཱྀῶᑡࡀ㕌໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵࠊࠕ㑹እ㒔ᕷ࡬ࡢேཱྀὶฟࡣ⤊஢ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠖࠊࠕ⚾ࡓࡕࡀぢ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ㧗㱋໬࡟ࡼࡿ⮬↛ῶ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᏛᰯࡢᨵၿࡸ἞Ᏻࡢ⥔ᣢࠊᐙ᪘ࡀఫࡳࡓࡃ࡞ࡿ⎔ቃࡀ㔜せ࡜ࡢぢ᪉ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋMark Schlinkmann, “Figure on Population: Housing Buoy Schoemehl,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (August
13, 1989).
119 Gregory Freeman, “31 Million Pounds Of Trash In Brightside,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (July 18, 1982).
120 Gregory Freeman, “Mayor Details New Plan for Safe Streets,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (December 1, 1983). ࡇࡢ௚࡟ࡶࠊࢩ
࢙࣮࣓ࣝࡣࠊᕷࡢ୰ᚰ㒊ࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡍࡿ㏆㞄ᆅ༊ࡢఫᏯࡢ෌ᘓ࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴࠕ࢖ࣥࣃࢡࢺసᡓ㸦Operation Impact㸧ࠖࡸᏊ࡝ࡶࡸⱝ⪅ྥࡅࡢࣞࢡ࢚࣮ࣜࢩࣙࣥᅋయࢆᨭ᥼ࡍࡿࠕࢳ࣮࣒࣮࣡ࢡసᡓ㸦Operation TeamWork㸧ࠖ࡞࡝ࠊከࡃࡢ⊂⮬ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆ❧ࡕୖࡆࠊࢱ࣑࣮࢘ࣥࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡞࡝࡛኎ࡾ㎸ࢇࡔࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋPhilip Sutin, “‘Operation Impact’ Making Its Mark,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch(June 12, 1983); Vincent C. Schoemehl, “City Offers A ‘Team’ Option,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (May 7, 1989).
121 Gregory Freeman, “Who’s Who at City Hall,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (December 20, 1981).
122 ࡓࡔࡋࠊᢈุⓗ࡞ᕷ㆟఍㆟ဨ࠿ࡽࡣࠊ๓౛ࡢ࡞࠸࡯࡝࡟ᐁ൉⤌⧊ࢆᨭ㓄ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ
ࠕᕷ㛗ࡢࡓࡵ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㒔ᕷࡢࡓࡵ࡟ാࡃ࡜࠸࠺
බඹࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡀḞዴࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࠊࠕ᪂ࡋ࠸ᨻ἞࣐ࢩ࣮ࣥࢆᵓ⠏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ࡜ࡢᣦ᦬ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋJo Mannies, “Mayor’s
Clout,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (March 29, 1987).
123 Gregory Freeman, “Top Race In City In Doubt,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (April 6, 1983).
124 㒆࡜ᕷࡢࢺࢵࣉࡀ༠ㄪⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ⌋ࡋࡃࠊ࣐ࢡࢼ࣮ࣜࡶ࣮࣌ࣝ࢝ࡸࢥ࢙ࣥ࢘࢖࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࡀⰋࡃ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
Karen Elshout, “Schoemehl, McNary: St. Louis' Odd Couple,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (March 28, 1982).
125 ቑ⛯࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿ 4,000 ୓ࢻࣝࢆ⤒῭㛤Ⓨ࡜ほගࡸᩥ໬᪋タ࡟ά⏝ࡍࡿணᐃ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋPhilip Sutin, “McNary,
Schoemehl Say Tax Would Fuel Growth,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (January 27, 1982); Philip Sutin, “Construction Union Backs
Half-Cent Tax,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (January 29, 1982).
126 Mark Schlinkmann, “Mayor Predicts Passage For Contract On Hospital,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (September 18, 1985);
Mark Schlinkmann, “Fight Over Hospital May Hurt School Campaign, Mayor Says,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (September 20,1985).
117 Richard Weles, “On Track: Gala Gets Union Station Rolling Again,”

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国際公共政策研究㒔ᕷࡢ⦰ᑠ࡜࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ᕷᨻ 

第 27 巻 第 2 号
                     17Ꮚ࡝ࡶࡓࡕ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃேཱྀࢆ㏫㌿ࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜㏙࡭ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ127ࠋ

㸸)UHHPDQ%RVOH\-Uᨻᶒ㸦㹼 ᖺ㸧
1993 ᖺࡢᕷ㛗㑅ᣲ࡛ࡣⓑேࡢೃ⿵⪅ࡀศ⿣ࡍࡿ୰ࠊබẸᶒ㐠ືࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡸࣜ࣋ࣛࣝὴࠊࢡ
ࣞ࢖ࢆྵࡴ㯮ே࠿ࡽࡢᨭᣢࢆ㞟ࡵࠊ⎔ቃ㐠ື࣭ࣉࣟࢳࣙ࢖ࢫࡢⓑே࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࢆά⏝ࡋࡓẸ୺ඪࡢࣇ࣮࣐࣭ࣜࣥ࣎ࢬ࣮࣭ࣞࢪࣗࢽ࢔ࡀᕷᨻྐୖึࡢ㯮ேᕷ㛗࡜ࡋ࡚ᙜ㑅ࡍࡿ128ࠋ
࣎ࢬ࣮ࣞࡀᨻᶒ㐠Ⴀࡢᇶ┙࡜ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊ㯮ேࡢᑓ㛛⫋ࡸ㉳ᴗᐙ࡟ࡼࡿᡂ㛗ぶ࿴ⓗ࡞ᡓ␎࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
බẸᶒ㐠ືᚋࡢࠕ㯮ே㒔ᕷࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࠖ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᩍ⫱࡜ఫᏯࡢၥ㢟ࢆ㔜せどࡋࠊே✀ᕪู᧔ᗫ࡬ࡢ㓄៖ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ࡯࠿ࠊ㯮ேࡀከ࠸ࣀ࣮ࢫࢧ࢖ࢻᆅ༊࡟୰పᡤᚓ⪅ྥࡅࡢ᪂つఫᏯࡢᘓタࢆಁ㐍ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ129ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ࣎ࢬ࣮ࣞࡢᨻᶒ㐠Ⴀࡣ㡰ㄪ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࡣゝ࠸㞴࠸ࠋேཱྀࡀᙜึࡣᶓࡤ࠸࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ண᝿ࡋ
ࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊῶᑡࢆṆࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁࡎࠊࠕᠱᛕ஦㡯࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜ࡢぢゎࢆ⾲᫂ࡍࡿ࡟⮳ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ130ࠋࠕ㯮ே㒔ᕷࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࠖ⮬యࡶࢧ࢘ࢫࢧ࢖ࢻᆅ༊ࡢⓑேࡢ㛫࡛ࡣᩛពࢆᙉࡵࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ1997 ᖺࡢᕷ㛗㑅ࡢẸ୺ඪணഛ㑅ᣲ࡛ᩋࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ131ࠋ▷࿨࡟⤊ࢃࡗࡓ࣎ࢬ࣮ࣞᨻᶒ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᨻ἞ไᗘࢆᨵ㠉ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ᳨ウࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ≉➹࡟್ࡍࡿ132ࠋ1993 ᖺ࡟ᕷ㛗࡟ᑵ௵ࡍࡿ࡜㛗ᖺࡢ⾶㏥ࢆ㣗࠸Ṇࡵࡿࡓࡵࡢ່࿌ࢆ⾜࠺≉ู㈈ᨻጤဨ
఍ࢆタ⨨ࡋࠊࡑࡢ㆟㛗࡟ᕷࡢ㖟⾜ࡢ᭱㧗⤒Ⴀ㈐௵⪅࡛ H࣭W࣭ࣈࢵࢩࣗ኱⤫㡿ࡢ࠸࡜ࡇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࢪࣙ
࣮ࢪ࣭H࣭࢛࣮࣮࢘࢝ࢆ௵࿨ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ133ࠋከᵝ࡞ពぢࡀฟࡉࢀࡓጤဨ఍࡛၏୍ࡢࢥࣥࢭࣥࢧࢫ࡜࡞ࡗ
ࡓࡢࡣᕷ㛗ࡢᶒ㝈ࡢᙉ໬࡛࠶ࡾࠊ1996 ᖺ࡟㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡢᨵ㠉ࢆᥦゝࡍࡿࠕ࢛࣮࣮࣏࣮࢘࢝ࣞࢺࠖࡀⓎ⾲ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢ୺࡞ෆᐜࡣࠊ㑅ᣲ࡛㑅ฟࡉࢀࡿ఍ィ┘ᰝᙺࢆᗫṆࡋࠊ㈈ᨻ㐠Ⴀࢆᢸᙜࡍࡿ๪ᕷ㛗࡟⨨ࡁ᥮࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡸࠊぢ✚࣭㓄ศጤဨ఍ࢆᗫṆࡋ࡚ண⟬⦅ᡂࡢᶒ㝈ࢆᕷ㛗࡟⛣⟶ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ㑅ᣲ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚
㑅ࡤࢀࡿ㒆ࡢᙺ⫋ࢆᕷ㛗ࡀ௵࿨ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ኚ᭦ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡗࡓ134ࠋᨵ㠉᥎㐍ὴࡣࠊேཱྀࡀῶᑡࡋ
࡚ࡁࡓ࡟ࡶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎࠊᕷ㆟఍ࡢᐃᩘ๐ῶࡶྵࡵ࡚ࠊ௚㒔ᕷࡢࡼ࠺࡟㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡢᙧែࢆ㞟ᶒⓗ࡟ࡍࡿ᠇❶ᨵ㠉ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆၥ㢟どࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ135ࠋ

Lion of the Vally: St. Louis, Missouri, 1764-1980 (Missouri Historical Society Press, 1998), pp. 540-541.
St. Louis Post-Dispatch (March 3, 1993); Tim O’Neil, “White Vote Gave Edge to
Bosley,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (March 4, 1993).
129 Clarence Lang, Grassroots at the Gateway: Class Politics and Black Freedom Struggle in St. Louis, 1936-75 (The University
127 James N. Primm,

128 Jo Mannies, “Bosley, Jones Win Primary,”of Michigan Press, 2009), pp. 232-233,246.
130 Bill Smith and Charlene Prost, “Population Loss Puts St. Louis In 43rd Spot,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (October 2, 1995);
Robert Manor, “Area's Population Continues To Shift West And South,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (January 17, 1997).
131 Jo Mannies, “White Voters Gave Harmon Key Locking Up Victory,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (March 5, 1995).
132 ࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫ࡛ࡣࠊ1911 ᖺࠊ1950 ᖺ࠾ࡼࡧ 1957 ᖺ࡟ࠊᕷ㛗ࡢᶒ㝈ࢆᙉ໬ࡋ㞟ᶒⓗ࡞㒔ᕷᨻᗓࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ᠇❶ᨵ㠉ࡀヨࡳࡽࢀࡿࡶࠊࡑࡢᗘࡈ࡜࡟ኻᩋࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᨵ㠉ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡀࢺࢵࣉࢲ࡛࢚࣮࢘ࣥࣜࢺ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢ㛫࡛ࡣᕷ㛗ࡢᶒ㝈ࢆᙉ໬ࡍࡿᨵ㠉ࡣ࣐࢖ࣀࣜࢸ࢕ࡸ㈋ᅔ⪅ࡸປാ㝵⣭ࡢ฼┈ࢆയࡘࡅࡿ࡜ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀཎᅉ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
Robert Cropf, Todd Swanstrom and Scott Krummenacher, “Déjà vu All over Again: Charter Reform Fails,” James H. Svara andDouglas J. Watson, More Than Mayor or Manager: Champaigns to Change Form of Government in America’s Large Cities(Georgetown University Press, 2010), pp. 263-264.
133 Joe Holleman, “Bosley Picks 16 Experts to Study City Finance,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (April 29, 1993).
134 ࢛࣮࣮࢘࢝ࡣ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࢆࠕ᫬௦㐜ࢀ࡛㠀ຠ⋡ࠖ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡋ࡚ࠊ
ࠕᵓ㐀࡟ኚ໬ࡀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡓࡵ࡟ṓධࡢῶᑡࡀ⥅⥆ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ࡜ࡋࡓ࠺
࠼࡛ࠊࠕᕷ㛗ࡀ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢ㒊㛛ࢆ┤᥋⟶⌮࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ㒔ᕷ࡛㉳ࡇࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡼࡾ㈐௵ࢆᣢࡕࠊㄝ᫂㈐௵ࢆᯝࡓ
ࡍࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠖ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡓࠋCarolyn Tuft, “Panel Recommends Streamlining City Government Under Mayor,” St. Louis PostDispatch (September 6, 1996). ᥦゝෆᐜࡢከࡃࡣ 2003 ᖺࡢ᠇❶ᨵ㠉ࡢࡓࡵࡢ฼ᐖ㛵ಀ⪅఍㆟࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᢎㄆࡉࢀࡓㄽⅬ࡜㔜」ࡍࡿࡶ
ࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋCropf, Swanstrom and Krummenacher, op.cit., p. 270.
135 Doug Moor, ͆Reformers Target City Bureaucracy,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (August 1, 2003).

都市の縮小とアメリカ市政 ―クリーブランドとセントルイスを事例として―
18                        ᅜ㝿බඹᨻ⟇◊✲                  

19➨ 27 ᕳ➨ 2 ྕ㸬࠾ࢃࡾ࡟
㒔ᕷࡀ⦰ᑠࡍࢀࡤࠊ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡣ㈈ᨻⓗ࡞༴ᶵ࡟┤㠃ࡋࠊቑ⛯ࡸ㈨⏘ࡢ኎༷࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡿṓධࡢ☜ಖࡸࠊ⫋ဨࡢ๐ῶࡸ᪋タࡢᗫṆ࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡿṓฟࡢᅽ⦰ࢆồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞୰ࠊࠕ㒔ᕷࡢ㝈⏺ㄽࠖ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃྜ⌮ⓗ࡞ᨻ⟇ᑐᛂࡣࠊᡂ㛗ࡀぢ㎸ࡲࢀ⛯཰ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ࢚ࣜ࢔࡟ᢞ㈨ࢆ㞟୰ࡉࡏࡿ㛤Ⓨ୺⩏ⓗ࡞ᨻ⟇ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࠊ⾶㏥ࡍࡿ〇㐀ᴗ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ௻ᴗࡸ୰㧗ᡤᚓ⪅ᒙࢆ࿧ࡧᐤࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞
ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᨻ⟇ࢆ㎿㏿࠿ࡘᙉຊ࡟ᐇ᪋ࡍࡿ࡟ࡣࠊ㸯ேࡢᕷ㛗ࡀࢺࢵࣉࢲ࡛࣮࢘ࣥࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࢆⓎ᥹࡛ࡁࡿ㞟ᶒⓗ࡞ᇳᨻไᗘࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࠋᕷ㆟఍㆟ဨࡢ㑅ᣲไᗘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶಶูⓗ࡞฼┈ࡼࡾ඲ᕷⓗ࡞฼┈ࢆ㏣ồࡋࡸࡍࡃ࡞ࡿᐃᩘࡢ๐ῶࡸ඲ᕷ୍༊ไࡢ᥇⏝ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿ࡜ண᝿ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ぢ᪉࡟ᑐࡋࠊ஦౛ศᯒ࡛ࡣࠊ㒔ᕷᨻᗓ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⛯཰ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍၟᴗᆅ༊ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ࣅ
ࢪࢿࢫ࢚࣮ࣜࢺ࡜㐃ᦠࡋࡓ㞟ᶒⓗ࡞㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇ࢆᐇ᪋ࡍࡿ࠿ࠊ㒔ᕷࡢ⦰ᑠࡢᙳ㡪ࢆᙉࡃཷࡅࡿ㏆㞄ᆅ༊࡟㓄៖ࡋ࡚ᆅᇦᅋయ࡞࡝࡜㐃ᦠࡋࡓศᶒⓗ࡞㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇ࡸ෌ศ㓄ᨻ⟇ࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿ࠿ࠊ࡛┦ඞ࣭㑅ᢥࡀぢࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊྛ㒔ᕷ࡛ࡣࣛࣥࢻࣂࣥࢡࡢά⏝ࡸṔྐⓗᘓ㐀≀ࡢಖ඲ࠊ㒆ᨻᗓ࡜ࡢ㐃ᦠ࡞࡝ࠊ௒᪥ࠊ⦰ᑠ㒔ᕷ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᑐᛂ࡜ࡋ࡚୺ᙇࡉࢀࡿྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡶࡍ࡛࡟ぢࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ
136 ࠋ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡣ୍ᚊ࡟ၟᴗᆅ༊ࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡋࡓ㛤Ⓨ୺⩏ⓗ࡞ᨻ⟇ࢆ㏣ồࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸦㏣ồ࡛ࡁࡓ㸧ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࡜ࡾࢃࡅࠊ1970 ᖺ௦࡟ࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻ࡛ぢࡽࢀࡓࠊࠕ࢚ࢡ࢖ࢸ࢕࣭ࣉࣛࣥࢽࣥࢢࠖ࡟ࡼࡿ㐍Ṍ୺⩏ⓗ࡞ᨻ⟇ࡣ≉➹ࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㒔ᕷィ⏬ጤဨ఍ࡀࠕᨻ⟇❧᱌࣏࣮ࣞࢺࠖࢆⓎ⾲ࡋࠊ㒔ᕷࡀᡂ㛗࡛ࡣ࡞
ࡃ⾶㏥ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⌧ᐇࢆཷࡅධࢀࠊ௻ᴗ࡟බṇ࡞⛯ࡢ㈇ᢸࢆồࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡛ṓධࢆ☜ಖࡋࠊ♫఍ⓗᙅ⪅ྥࡅ࡬ࡢ㓄៖ࢆඃඛࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡀᶍ⣴ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋከࡃࡣᨻ἞ⓗ࡞཯Ⓨ࡛㡻᣸ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊ1980 ᖺ௦༙ࡤ௨㝆࡟ࡣࠕᙜ᫬࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣṇࡋ࠿ࡗࡓࠖ࡜ᆅඖ⣬ࡀホ౯ࡋࠊࠕࢩࣅࢵࢡࣅࢪࣙ
ࣥ 2000ࠖ࡟ᦠࢃࡗࡓィ⏬ᐙࡀࠕࡍ࡭࡚ࡀ⌧ᅾࡢᨻ⟇࡟཯ᫎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ㏆㞄ᆅ༊࡬ࡢ㛵୚ࡸ㈋ᅔ⪅ࡢࢽ࣮ࢬࡀ㒔ᕷࡢィ⏬ࡸ෌㛤Ⓨࡢດຊࢆ≉ᚩ࡙ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ಙࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ࡜㏙࡭ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ137ࠋࢩࢸ࢕࣐ࢿ࣮ࢪ࣮ࣕไ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃᕷ㛗ไ࡟ࡼࡿᇳᨻไᗘࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࠊᐃᩘ㸯ࡢ඲ᕷ୍༊ไࡢ㑅ᣲไᗘ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㑅ฟࡉࢀࡿᕷ㛗ࡀⲡࡢ᰿ࡢᕷẸࡸᆅᇦᅋయ࡟ᨭ᥼ࡉࢀ࡚ᙜ㑅ࡋࡓሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊࠕ㒔ᕷࡢ㝈⏺ㄽࠖ࡟཯ࡍࡿࠕ࢔࣮ࣂ࣭࣏ࣥࣆࣗࣜࢬ࣒ࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㐍Ṍ୺⩏ⓗ࡞ᨻ⟇ࡀᚿྥࡉࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ138ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊᕷ㛗ไ࡛ࡣ஧ඖ௦⾲ไࡢ∦⩼ࢆᢸ࠺ᕷ㆟఍ࡢ㈶ྰࡶ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᕷ㆟఍ࡀᐃᩘࡢ኱ࡁ࠸ 33 ࡢ㑅ᣲ༊ไࡢ㑅ᣲไᗘࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿ୰ࠊಶูⓗ࡞฼┈ࢆㄪᩚࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ᙉ኱
࡞ᶒ㝈ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓᕷ㆟఍㆟㛗ࡀࣅࢪࢿࢫ࢚࣮ࣜࢺ࡜⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊࠕᨻ⟇❧᱌࣏࣮ࣞࢺࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡟♫఍ⓗᙅ⪅ࢆඃඛࡍ࡭ࡁ࡜ࡍࡿ୺ᙇࡣᅔ㞴࡟┤㠃ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ139ࠋ
136 බඹᢞ㈨࢚ࣜ࢔ࡢඃඛ㡰఩௜ࡅࠊ✵ࡁ㈨⏘ࡢά⏝ࠊᆅᇦ㛤Ⓨ఍♫࡜ࡢ㐃ᦠࠊ㍺ฟᚿྥᆺ⤒῭ࡢᵓ⠏ࠊ࿘㎶㒔ᕷ࡜ࡢ༠ຊ࣭㐃ᦠ࡞࡝ࠊ㒔ᕷࡀ᥇⏝ࡍ࡭ࡁᡓ␎ࢆᥦ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊAlan Mallach and Lavea Brachman. Regenerating America's Legacy Cities(Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 2013), pp. 54-58.
137 Tom Andrzejewski, “A City Plan That Got Something Accompanished.” Cleveland Plain Dealer (January 25, 1986); Krumholz
ࠕ2000 ᖺࡢࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥ
and Forester, op.cit., p. 56. ࠕࢩࣅࢵࢡࣅࢪࣙࣥ 2000࡛ࠖࡶࠊேཱྀࡢῶᑡࡸ〇㐀ᴗࡢ⾶㏥ࡀ๓ᥦ࡜ࡉࢀࠊ
ࢻࡣ 1950 ᖺࡼࡾࡶᑠࡉ࡞㒔ᕷ࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ㒔ᕷࡢ౯್ࡣࡑࡢ኱ࡁࡉ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ⏕άࡢ㉁࡟ࡼࡗ࡚つᐃࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ
᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊேཱྀࡢࠕቑຍ࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠕᏳᐃࠖࡀ┠ᶆ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋCleveland City Planning Commission, Cleveland
Civic Vision 2000 Citywide Plan , pp. 3,20-22. 1970 ᖺ௦ࡢ඲┒ᮇ࠿ࡽ㙠㟼໬ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊ21 ୡ⣖࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠕ࢚ࢡ࢖ࢸ࢕࣭ࣉࣛࣥ
ࢽࣥࢢࠖࡢ⢭⚄ࡣఫᏯࡸࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋࡓⴭసࡋ࡚ࠊRobert M. Silverman, Kelly L.
Patterson, Li Yin and Molly Ranahan, Affordable Housing in US Shrinking Cities (Policy Press, 2016), p. 80.
138 ࠕ࢔࣮ࣂ࣭࣏ࣥࣆࣗࣜࢬ࣒ࠖࡣࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻ࡟≉᭷ࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ࣐ࢩ࣮ࣥᨻ἞ࡀ⾶㏥ࡍࡿ୰ࠊ㏆㞄ᆅ༊ࡢᆅᇦᅋయࡀࡑࡢ
ᶵ⬟ࢆᘬࡁ⥅ࡂࠊᨻ἞࡟㛵୚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿ㝿ࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋTodd Swanstrom, The Crisis
Growth Politics: Cleveland, Kucinich, and the Challenge of Urban Populism (Temple University Press, 1985), p. 122.
139 ᕷ㆟఍ࡢᐃᩘࡀ኱ࡁࡃࠊศ⿣ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࣇ࢛࣮ࣈࢫࡀᙉ኱࡞ᶒ㝈ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀࠊṔ௦ᕷ㛗ࡀ㒔ᕷࡢ⾶㏥ࢆ㣗࠸Ṇࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓཎᅉࡢ㸯ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢ୺ᙇ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊThomas S. Andrzejewski, “In Cleveland City
Hall: Fragmented Council is Problem.” Cleveland Plain Dealer (July 26, 1980).

20

国際公共政策研究㒔ᕷࡢ⦰ᑠ࡜࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ᕷᨻ 

第 27 巻 第 2 号
                     19

ࡲࡓࠊ1970 ᖺ௦࡟ࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫࡢ㒔ᕷィ⏬ጤဨ఍ࡀእ㒊ࡢࢥࣥࢧࣝࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡟సᡂࡉࡏࡓࠕࢳ࣮
࣒㸲ࣉࣛࣥࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࠕ࢔࣮ࣂ࣭ࣥࢺࣜ࢔࣮ࢪࠖ࡟ࡼࡾᢞ㈨࢚ࣜ࢔ࢆ㝈ᐃࡍࡿᡓ␎ࡣࠊᆅᇦࡢ཯Ⓨࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢᐇ᪋࡟㝿ࡋ࡚ᨻ἞ⓗ࡞ᅔ㞴࡟┤㠃ࡋࠊṇᘧ࡟ࡣ᥇⏝ࡉࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ
ࠕ㒔ᕷࡢ㝈⏺ㄽࠖ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃྜ⌮ⓗ࡞ᨻ⟇ࢆᕷ㛗ࡀ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ㑅ᣲ༊ไࡢ㑅ᣲไᗘࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᕷ㆟఍࡛ࠊ⮬ࡽࡢ㑅ᣲ༊ࡢ฼┈ࡀᦆ࡞ࢃࢀࡿ࡜ឤࡌࡓᕷ㆟఍㆟ဨࡀ཯ⓎࡍࢀࡤࠊỈἻ࡟ᖐࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࠕࢳ࣮࣒㸲ࣉࣛࣥࠖࡣࠊᚋ⥅ࡢᕷ㛗ࡀ㯮ேࡢከ࠸ᆅ༊ࡢᕷ❧⑓㝔ࢆ㛢㙐ࡋࡓࡾࠊබႠఫᏯ࡬ࡢ㐃㑥⿵ຓ㔠ࡢ㓄ศࢆᣄྰࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿ࡞࡝ࠊ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡣ⾶㏥ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡞࢚
ࣜ࢔࡬ࡢᢞ㈨ࢆ㑊ࡅࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊࡑࡢ᪉ྥ࡙ࡅࡀ㛗ᮇⓗ࡟ᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ࡢホ౯ࡶᏑᅾ
ࡍࡿ140ࠋࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡣᆅᇦ࠾ࡼࡧே✀㛫ࡢᑐ❧ࡸ᱁ᕪࡢᣑ኱ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࠊᕷ㛗ࡢ෌㑅ࢆጉࡆࡿせᅉ࡟ࡶ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫࡢᕷ㛗ࡣࠊᙅᕷ㛗ไࡢᇳᨻไᗘ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᕷ㆟఍㆟ဨ࡞࡝ࡢ᭷ຊ
࡞ᨻ἞ᐙ࡜ࡢ㛫࡛㞠⏝ࡸዎ⣙ࡢྲྀᘬࡶྵࡵࠊಶูࡢᆅᇦࣞ࣋ࣝࡢၥ㢟࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊ⊂⮬ࡢᨭᣢ㐃ྜࢆᵓ⠏ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ141ࠋ1970 ᖺ௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻ࡜ࢭࣥࢺࣝ
࢖ࢫࡢ஦౛ࡣᨻ἞ไᗘࡢᙳ㡪ࡶྵࡵࡓᨻ἞ⓗせᅉ࡟ࡼࡾࠕ㒔ᕷࡢ㝈⏺ㄽࠖࡢ⤒῭Ỵᐃㄽⓗ࡞ぢ᪉ࢆྰᐃࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊከࡃࡢሙ㠃࡛⤖ᯝⓗ࡟᥇⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡀ㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡣ␃ពࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㸰ࡘࡢ㒔ᕷ࡛ࡣࠊ1970 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙࡟ࡣ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡢ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮࠿ࡽேཱྀῶᑡࡢ⌧ᐇࢆཷᐜࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞Ⓨゝࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊ1980 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡣၟᴗᆅ༊ࡢ㛤Ⓨࡸ㏆㞄ᆅ༊ࡢಖ඲࡟ࡼࡾேཱྀῶᑡࡀᢚไࡉࢀࡿ
࠿ቑຍ࡟㌿ࡌࡿ࡜ࡢぢ㎸ࡳࢆ⾲᫂ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᐇ㝿࡟ࡣேཱྀῶᑡࡀṆࡲࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡟ࡶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎࠊ㐃㑥ᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿᅜໃㄪᰝࡢ᥎ィ࡟␲⩏ࢆၐ࠼ࠊᕷ㛗ࡀ஺௦ࡍࢀࡤ෌ࡧேཱྀቑຍࡢぢ㏻ࡋࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࢧ࢖ࢡࣝࡀ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ142ࠋࢡ࣒ࣝ࣍ࣝࢶࡣ 1970 ᖺ௦࡟ࠕ෌㑅ࢆ฼┈࡜ࡍࡿᨻ἞ᐙࡣ⮬ࡽࡢኻ⟇ࡔ࡜㠀㞴ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᜍࢀ࡚ேཱྀῶᑡࡢ⌧ᐇࢆㄆࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࠖ࡜㏙
࡭࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣṇࡋ࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ143ࠋࡴࡋࢁࠊ1980 ᖺ௦࡟㛗ᮇᨻᶒࢆ⠏࠸ࡓᕷ㛗ࡣ✚ᴟⓗ࡞㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇࡛㒔ᕷࡢ᚟άࢆ࢔ࣆ࣮ࣝࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛෌㑅ࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ144ࠋ
 ࡑࡢᐁẸ㐃ᦠ࡟ࡼࡿၟᴗᆅ༊ࡢ෌㛤Ⓨࡀࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻ࡛ᐇ⌧ࡋࠊࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫ࡛㸯ᗘ㡻᣸ࡋࡓཎᅉࡣࠊᕷ㛗ࡀ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࢆⓎ᥹ࡋࠊᕷ㆟఍㆟㛗ࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡍࡿ௚ࡢᨻ἞ᐙ࡜༠ຊయไࢆᵓ⠏࡛ࡁࡿ࠿࡟࠶ࡗࡓࠋᇳᨻไᗘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫ࡜ࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻࡣ࡝ࡕࡽࡶᕷ㛗ไࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡶ
ࡢࡢࠊࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻࡣᕷ㛗ࡀண⟬஦㡯࡟㛵ࡍࡿᕷ㆟఍࡬ࡢᣄྰᶒࢆ᭷ࡋࠊᕷ㆟఍ࡢᢎㄆ࡞ࡃᖿ㒊⫋ဨࢆ௵࿨࡛ࡁࡿᙉᕷ㛗ไ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫࡣᕷ㛗࡜ᕷ㆟఍㆟㛗࡜఍ィ┘ᰝᙺ࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿぢ✚࣭㓄ศጤဨ఍࡛ࡢྛ✀ᢎㄆࡀᚲせ࡜ࡉࢀࡿᙅᕷ㛗ไ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀࠊ㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇ࡢᐇ᪋ࡢྍྰ
࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ㑅ᣲ༊ไ࡟ࡼࡿᕷ㆟఍ࡢ㑅ᣲไᗘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊᐃᩘࢆ๐ῶࡍࡿࣞࣇ࢓
140 ࠕࢳ࣮࣒㸲ࣉࣛࣥࠖࡣṇᘧ࡟᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡀࠊ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡀ✵㛫ⓗ࡟㠀ᖖ࡟୙ᆒ୍࡞ᙧ࡛ᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜࠺࡞࡝ࠊࡑࡢᚋࡶ
஦ᐇୖࡢᨻ⟇ᑐᛂࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜♧၀ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊJ. Rosie Tighe and Joanna P. Ganning, “The Divergent City:
Unequal and Uneven Development in St. Louis,” Urban Geography, vol.36, no.5 (2015), p. 664.
141 Lana Stein, St. Louis Politics: The Triumph of Tradition (Missouri Historical Society Press, 2002), pp. 191,222.
142 ࣆࢵࢶࣂ࣮ࢢࡸ࣑࢛࣮࣮ࣝ࢘࢟࡞࡝௚㒔ᕷ࡛ࡶྠᵝࡢഴྥࡀぢࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ ࠋMike Movie, “Caliguiri Doubts Figures On
Population Decrease,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (April 15, 1977); Alan J. Borsuk and Leonard Sykes Jr., “City Population Lowest
Since 1940,” Milwaukee Sentinel (March 9, 2001).
143 Norman Krumholz, “Cleveland: Problems of Decline Cities,” Anthony J. Catanese and W. Paul Farmer eds., Personality,
Politics, and Planning: How City Planners Work (Sage Publications, 1978), p. 76. 㒔ᕷࡢ⦰ᑠࢆཷᐜࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࢱࣈ࣮࡛࡜ࡉࢀࠊ
࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣேཱྀࢆྲྀࡾᡠࡍࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋࡓ⤒῭ᡓ␎ࡀ᭱ࡶ୍⯡ⓗ࡞཯ᛂ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࡍࡿぢゎ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊKarina Pallagst, “TheInterdependence of Shrinking and Growing,” Karina Pallagst, Thorsten Wiechmann and Cristina Martinez Fernandez eds.,
Shrinking Cities: International Perspectives and Policy Implications (Routledge, 2014), pp. 60,63,74.
144 ࣎ࢫࢺࣥࠊࢹࢺࣟ࢖ࢺࠊࣆࢵࢶࣂ࣮ࢢࠊࣂࢵࣇ࢓࣮ࣟࠊࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻࠊࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫࠊࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡ࡞࡝࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㒔ᕷࡢ᚟άࡢࢩࢼࣜ࢜ࡣྠࡌ࡛ࠊᙉຊ࡛ከ㑅ࡉࢀࡓᕷ㛗ࡀᐇ㊶ⓗ࡞ᨻ἞ࡢ㐺⏝ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㒔ᕷࡢ㈈ᨻⓗホุࢆᅇ᚟ࡋࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫ⎔ቃࢆᨵၿࡋ࡚
㒔ᕷᨻᗓࢆᙉ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ᑓᛕࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ࡜㏙࡭ࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊJon C. Teaford, The Rough Road to Renaissance: Urban
Revitalization in America, 1940-1985 (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), pp. 258-260.

都市の縮小とアメリカ市政 ―クリーブランドとセントルイスを事例として―
20                        ᅜ㝿බඹᨻ⟇◊✲                  

21➨ 27 ᕳ➨ 2 ྕࣞࣥࢲ࣒ࡀࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻ࡛ࡣྍỴࡉࢀࠊࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫ࡛ࡣྰỴࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡑࡢᚋࠊᕷ㆟఍㆟ဨࡢ㑅ዲࢆ㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇࡟ぶ࿴ⓗ࡞ࡼࡾ඲ᕷⓗ࡞฼┈࡟㏆࡙ࡅࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡛ᕪ␗ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
1970 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙࠿ࡽ 1980 ᖺ௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿᨻ⟇ᑐᛂ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
ࠕ㒔ᕷࡢ㝈⏺ㄽࠖࡀ୍ᐃ⛬ᗘጇᙜࡍࡿࡶ
ࡢࡢࠊᨻ἞ᐙࡀ㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇ࢆ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘಁ㐍࡛ࡁࡿ࠿ࡣᨻ἞ไᗘࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࡞࠾ࠊᇳᨻไᗘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫ࡛ࡣᙅᕷ㛗ไࢆඞ᭹ࡍ࡭ࡃࠊࠕసᡓ㸦Operation㸧ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚᪤Ꮡࡢᐁ൉⤌⧊࡜ࡣูࡢᨻ⟇ᐇ᪋୺యࡀタ❧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᙉᕷ㛗ไࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻ࡛
ࡶࠊඛ㏙ࡢ࡜࠾ࡾࠊᐇ㉁ⓗ࡞ᶒ㝈ࡀᙉ࠸ᕷ㆟఍㆟㛗ࡢᨭᣢࢆᚓࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀࠕ࢚ࢡ࢖ࢸ࢕࣭ࣉ
ࣛࣥࢽࣥࢢࠖࡀ㡻᣸ࡋࡓཎᅉ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᨻ἞ᐙࡣᨻ἞ไᗘࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ୍᪉ⓗ࡟ாཷࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞
ࡃࠊࡑࡢᙳ㡪ࢆඞ᭹࣭⦆࿴ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ാࡁ࠿ࡅ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᨻ἞ไᗘᨵ㠉ࡢᶍ⣴ࡶྵࡵࡓືⓗ࡞┦஫స⏝ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢⅬࡀ㔞ⓗ࡞◊✲࡛ࡣ┳㐣ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢᨻ἞ไᗘᨵ㠉࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻ࡜ࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫࡣ 1980 ᖺ௦࡟ᨵ㠉ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓ࠿ྰ࠿
࡛ᑐ↷ⓗࡔࡗࡓ145ࠋ2000 ᖺ௦࡟ࡶࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫ࡛ࡣᕷ㛗ࡢᶒ㝈ᙉ໬ࡸ㆟ဨᐃᩘࡢ๐ῶ࡞࡝ࢆၐ࠼ࡓ
ࠕ࢛࣮࣮࣏࣮࢘࢝ࣞࢺࠖ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃࣞࣇ࢓ࣞࣥࢲ࣒ࡀྰỴࡉࢀࠊࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻ࡛ࡣ㆟ဨᐃᩘࢆேཱྀࡢつᶍ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚๐ῶࡍࡿࣞࣇ࢓ࣞࣥࢲ࣒ࡀྍỴࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ146ࠋ
ࡓࡔࡋࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡢ㒔ᕷࡶ඲ᕷ୍༊ไ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㑅ᣲ༊ไࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡓⅬࡣ␃ពࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㸦⾲㸯㸧࡟グ㍕ࡋࡓࢫࣀ࣮࣋ࣝࢺࡢㅖ㒔ᕷ࡛ࡣࠊᇳᨻไᗘࡣᕷ㛗ࡢᶒ㝈ࢆᙉ໬ࡍࡿ㞟ᶒⓗ࡞ᙉᕷ㛗ไ࡬ࡢኚ᭦ࡸ⥔ᣢࡀᚿྥࡉࢀࡓ୍᪉ࠊ㑅ᣲไᗘࡣ࣐࢖ࣀࣜࢸ࢕ࡸᆅᇦᅋయࡢኌࢆ཯ᫎࡋࡸࡍ࠸ศᶒⓗ࡞㑅ᣲ༊ไ࡬ࡢኚ᭦ࡲࡓࡣ⥔ᣢࡍࡿᙧ࡟཰ᩡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ147ࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࠕࡣࡌࡵ࡟࡛ࠖゝཬࡋࡓ㸰ࡘࡢࢺࣞࣥࢻࡢᙳ㡪ࡀేᏑࡋࠊࠕᆒ⾮࡜ᢚไࠖࢆࡣ࠿ࡿ஧ඖ௦⾲ไࡢไᗘ㓄⨨ࡀ㒔ᕷᨻ἞࡟ࡋࡗ࠿ࡾ⤌ࡳ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡓドᕥ࡜ࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ᨻ἞ไᗘᨵ㠉࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫࡢࠕ࢛࣮࣮࣏࣮࢘࢝ࣞࢺࠖࢆᇳ➹ࡋࡓࣜࢳ࣮ࣕࢻ࣭ࢡࣟࣇࡣ
ࠕᕷ㛗ࡢᶒ㝈ࢆᙉ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᑡᩘὴࡀ㒔ᕷᨻᗓ࠿ࡽᶒ฼ࢆ๤ዣࡉࢀࡓ࡜ឤࡌࡿࣜࢫࢡࡀ࠶ࡾࠖ
ࠊࠕ㒔ᕷᨻᗓࡢྜ⌮໬࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊᕷẸࡢཧ⏬ࢆᙉ໬ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᨵ㠉ࡶ᳨ウࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠖ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ
148 ࠋ㒔ᕷࡀ⦰ᑠࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ἣୗ࡛ࡣࠊᨻ⟇ᑐᛂࢆ෇⁥࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ㞟ᶒⓗ࡞࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࢆᙉ໬

ࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊศᶒⓗ࡞㑅ᣲไᗘࡸᕷẸཧ⏬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡑࡢṇ⤫ᛶࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿྍ
⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ௒ᚋࠊ஦౛ࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡿ㒔ᕷࡸᮇ㛫ࢆᣑ኱ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍ࡭ࡁㄢ㢟࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋ145 ࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻ࡛ᐃᩘ๐ῶࡀᐇ⌧ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊேཱྀࡀῶᑡࡋ࡚ࡶᐃᩘࡀኚࢃࡽ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟␲⩏ࢆၐ࠼ࡓᆅඖ⣬ࡢ࡯࠿࡟ࠊ
ࠕࢱࢫࢡࣇ࢛࣮ࢫࠖࡢࣅࢪࢿࢫ࢚࣮ࣜࢺࡸᨵ㠉ࡢᚲせᛶࢆッ࠼ࡿⲡࡢ᰿ࡢᆅᇦᅋయࠊࣇ࢛࣮ࣈࢫࡢᙳ㡪ຊࢆ๐ࡄࡇ࡜ࢆពᅗࡋࡓ᭷ᶒ⪅࠿ࡽࡢ」ᒙⓗ࡞ᨭᣢࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿࠋGary R. Clark, “Council Reduction Alliances Blend Odd Bedfellows.” Cleveland Plain Dealer(June 28, 1980); Gregory L. Moore, “Council Cut Backers Say Time Was Right,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (July 1, 1980).
146 ࢭࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࢫ࡛ࡣࣅࢪࢿࢫ࢚࣮ࣜࢺ୺ᑟࡢᨵ㠉࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࣐࢖ࣀࣜࢸ࢕ࡸᆅᇦᅋయ࠿ࡽࡢ཯Ⓨࡸࠊ⫋ࢆኻ࠺ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿᕷ㆟఍㆟ဨ࠿ࡽࡢ཯Ⓨࡀཎᅉ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ୍᪉ࠊࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻ࡛ࡣࣅࢪࢿࢫ࢚࣮ࣜࢺࡀ୺ᙇࡋࡓᐃᩘࡢ኱ᖜ࡞๐ῶ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⨫ྡࡀከᩘ㞟ࡲࡾࠊᕷ㆟఍㆟㛗ࡀࡼࡾ✜ᙜ࡞๐ῶ᱌ࢆᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚ࠊ᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋCropf, Swanstrom, and Krummenacher, op.cit., p. 271-274;
Henry J. Gomez, “Cleveland City Council Reduction Close To Approval,” Cleveland Plain Dealer (November 4, 11).
147 ౛࠼ࡤࠊᇳᨻไᗘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࣑࢛࣮࣮ࣝ࢘࢟ࡸࢩࣥࢩࢼࢸ࢕࡛ࡣᙉᕷ㛗ไ࡬ࡢኚ᭦ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓ࡯࠿ࠊ㑅ᣲไᗘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࢹࢺࣟ࢖ࢺࠊ
࣎ࢫࢺࣥࠊࣆࢵࢶࣂ࣮ࢢ࡛ࡣ඲ᕷ୍༊ไ࠿ࡽ㸦ΰྜไࡶྵࡴ㸧㑅ᣲ༊ไ࡬ࡢኚ᭦ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
148 Robert Cropf and Todd Swanstrom, “It Means More Than New Flowcharts for Bureaucrats,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (August17, 2003).