Technical Cooperation Project for
Agricultural Productivity and Quality
Improvement in Myanmar

Project Report FY2019

March, 2020

Japan Association for International
Collaboration of Agriculture and Forestry

JAICAF
Japan Association for International Collaborationof Agriculture and Forestry
Akasaka KSA Bldg 3F, 8-10-39, Akasaka,
Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0052, JAPAN
Tel: 81-3-5772-7880
ISBN: 978-4-908563-56-0 print
ISBN: 978-4-908563-57-7 pdf

Foreword
Japan Association for International Collaboration of Agriculture and Forestry, JAICAF,
implemented the survey and technical cooperation project in Myanmar aiming to contribute toproduce sesame that meet a market need. This report summarize our activities and outcomes for the
FY2019 in the central dry zone, main production area of black sesame.
Sesame is one of the major oil crops in Myanmar and important cash crop for the farmers. The
Government of Myanmar strives to expand the production and improve the quality of the oil crops
including sesame. At the same time, there is a demand to support the production sites of the highquality sesame from the trade companies, food manufacturers and consumers of Japan, who rely on
imports from other countries for most of edible sesame. In particular, the imports of black sesamefrom Myanmar account for about eighty percent of total black sesame consumption in Japan.
However, there are many issues to stably ensure the qualified ones which fit to the Japanese market.
For these backgrounds, we targeted soil management and agricultural chemicals as farming
technologies during cultivation in FY 2017 and drying method for Acid value control as post-harvest
technology in FY 2018. For this year, we conducted pest control test for localy wide spreading
Sesame Phyllody Disease. We aimed to contribute to stable production and proper use of pesticide.
This report summarizes the activities and outcomes for the FY 2019. Many supports andsupervisions were given by the pest control expert and Katagi foods Co., Ltd.

Also, many

cooperation were provided, such as important information provision, arrangement with the visiting
destinations and accompaniment to the dispatched experts from Ministry of Agriculture, Livestockand Irrigation of Myanmar, especially from headquarter of Department of Agriculture (DOA),
Magway regional office and Aunglan T/S office, Embassy of Japan in Myanmar and Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Myanmar office, Agriculture and Rural advisor and"Project for Profitable Irrigated Agriculture in Western Bago Region", and private companies. We
are deeply grateful for all of your support.
We would like to note that this report does not represent the opinion of MAFF or Japanese
government but was prepared under the responsibility of JAICAF.
March 2020
Dr. Eiji Matsubara, President
Japan Association for International
Collaboration of Agriculture and Forestry

Explaining SPD mechanism and test insite（30th, may）

Test site setting

Pest insect survey：
scooping sampling in grass field

Test site

Pest insect survey：Sampling with extension worker
and farmers, （Multiple sesame jassid found in field
2weeks after sowing

Sign board (Left), chemical zone: red (middle), non-chemical zone: white (right)

SPD vector insect:
Sesame jassid

SPD infected plant (phyllody or
clumping may occur)i

Healthy plant grow pod up to thetipChemical zone (A-①) 88 days after sowing

Non-chemical zone (A-a) 88 days after sowing

Workshop: Farmers watching the Sesame
jassid and Stink bug

All attendants pbserve Sesame jassid with microscope at the end of workshop

Drone aerial image (Circle was sesame drying)ii

Contents
Chapter 1 Project Outline ................................................................................................................... 3
1. Purpose of the Project..................................................................................................................... 3
2. Target area ....................................................................................................................................... 4
Chapter 2 Experiment of Sesame Phyllody Disease Control............................................................ 5
1. Test period and member ................................................................................................................. 5
2. Background and objective .............................................................................................................. 5
3. Test method ...................................................................................................................................... 5
4. Test result ....................................................................................................................................... 10
5. Expected output............................................................................................................................. 14
Chapter 3 SPD Vector Insect Research ............................................................................................ 15
1. Background and objective ............................................................................................................ 15
2. Vector insect ................................................................................................................................... 15
3. Survey method ............................................................................................................................... 15
4. Result .............................................................................................................................................. 17
5. Reference........................................................................................................................................ 20

ANNEX
Annex 1 Workshop presentation material………...…………………………………..…………….23
Annex 2 Manual ……………………………...……………………………………………………38
Annex 3 Chemical spray instruction ………....……………………………………………………51

Abbreviation table
DAR
DOA
FAO
FAOSTAT
FFA
GAP
IPM
ITC
JICA
MOALI
T/S

Department of Agricultural Research
Department of Agriculture
Food and Agriculture Organization
Food and Agriculture Organization Statistical Database
Free Fatty Acid
Good Agricultural PracticeIntegrated Pest Management
International Trade Centre
Japan International Cooperation Agency
Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation
TownshipChapter 1

Project Outline

1. Purpose of the ProjectA large part of the population in Myanmar is living in the rural area engaging in agriculture. The
country has a great potential in developing the food industry as it is expected to sustain economic
growth with the substantial size of population. Agricultural technologies are useful to increase theincome of the farmers. Improving the farmers' productivity and supplying agricultural products withadequate quality and quantity to the global market will contribute to the growth of the country andimprovement of farmer’s livelihood. In this project, we aim to improve the productivity and earning
capacity of the farmers in Myanmar and to encourage Japanese companies to create stronger
relationship with Myanmar in the food related industries through training and extension ofagricultural technology, such as soil improvement, proper use of the pesticides and fertilizers andappropriate postharvest management.
1) Activity and the purpose(1) Activity
In FY2019 we conducted training for proper use of the pesticides.
Sesame Phyllody Disease “SPD” is causing serious problem locally. For instance, 18 out of
20 fields we visited in FY2017 had SPD. Some severe farms had more than half of field affectedby the disease. We confirmed all 25 field and surrounding grass areas affected in FY2018. Once
SPD affect the sesame, it makes sesame flower deform or plexiform that takes away the
reproductive function. If sesame is affected in early stages, there will be zero harvest from thatplant. Farmers are seriously troubled by SPD and some cried out in the workshop we held in
FY2018 that their field had no yield at all.
SPD is caused by Sesame Phytoplasma and it is identified to be carried by Sesame jassid. SPD
has long incubation period and it is too late when the symptoms appear. This long incubation
period makes it hard to control the disease (Photo 1-1.

NormalAffected

Photo 1-1 Flower Phyllody (left), Post-harvest. Affected plant lack of seeds (middle), Sesame
jassid (right) (Photo by：Dr. Azusas Fujiie)3Many farmers still doesn’t know or understand the mechanism of this Phyllody. Since thesymptom shows in blooming period, farmers may use pesticide in late stage of sesame growthwhich is improper use of pesticide.
Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MOALI) is, with help of donor organization,
providing application called “Plant Protection App” (DOA pp) to the farmers. DOA pp shows
suitable pesticide to control SPD but it does not show the specific timing to use it.
SPD is now large problem in sesame farmers. We proved the method to prevent this SPD with
farmers and extension workers in order to stabilize the production and to disseminate the correctknowledge of the cause of the damage and proper use of pesticide in this year’s project.
We also held a workshop to share the result of the experiment and instructed the idea of basic
knowledge about pesticide and pest control (Annex 1). It was translated into Burmese andprovided as a manual (Annex 2).

2. Target area
Myanmar can be divided into four climatic zones, hilly mountainous zone, central dry zone, deltazone and neritic zone, and the sesame is mainly cultivated in the central dry zone. The central dry
zone consists of three areas, Mandalay Region, Magway Region and Sagaing Region, as shown in
the figure 1-1. The sesame production volume of these regions account for about 90% of the country.
We selected Aunglan T/S (Township) in Magway Region as the target area considering sesame
cultivation situation for Japanese market.

MOALI Magway Regional Office
The results of the Project were sharedwith other T/Ss in the region though DOA.

Aunglan T/S
Our target area
Main

production

area

for

JapanesemarketBago (Phyi T/S, etc.)
The results of the Project were sharedwith JICA Project for Profitable IrrigatedAgriculture in Western Bago Region.

Figure 1-1. Map of Magway (Myanmar Information Management Unit)

4

Chapter 2

Experiment of Sesame Phyllody Disease Control
Akiyo Nishiyama, Shunichiro Nishino and Azusa Fujiie, Dr.

1. Test period and member
Test period: May, 2019 - September, 2019
Member: JAICAF sesame team (Ms. Akiyo Nishiyama, Mr. Shunichiro Nishino,
Dr. Azusa Fujiie, Mr. Manabu Misonou, Ms. Su Pyi Son)
Aunglan DOA extension worker (Mr. Win Mying Oo), Farmer (Mr. Win Naing Oo)

2. Background and objective
Sesame phyllody disease (SPD) is in outbreak throughout the Magway region and drasticallydecreasing the sesame yield. Farmers lack of information about bacteria causing SPD and its
connection with vector insects. Furthermore, information about Sesame jassid, a vector insect, is notdiscovered enough and this information is crucial to plan appropriate control of SPD.
We will research the occurrence situation of vector insect and control SPD by appropriate use ofpesticide in this test. We will also demonstrate how to use pesticide effectively and match thechemical residue standard. We will contribute to the stabilizing the yield and spreading theimportance of appropriate use of pesticide through this test.

3. Test method¾

Test site: Ye Paw Village, Aunglan T/S(240feet of altitude,¾

N 19°17′44″

E 95°16′59″)

Test plots (A – C) : Sowed sesame in 31st , May, 2019 dividing area into Chemical zone（A①, A-②, B-③, B-④, C-⑤, B-⑥）and Non-chemical zone (A-a, A-b, B-c, B-d, B-e, B-f)
as control. Each area had 2 repetition and it was done in 3 (A, B and C) field (Figure2-1).
Field C was backup in case of over raining. We made a 5m neutral zone around each plot
and did not plant in the zone.

5

Yellow traps were set.

Figure2-1¾

test site

Control method ： We followed the DOA Plant Protection mobile application (DOA pp)
instruction;① Treat the seed with Imidacloprid before sowing. ② Spraying dimethoate

2weeks after sowing. ③ Second spraying of dimethoate 4weeks after sowing. ④ Third
spraying of dimethoate 6weeks after sowing. ⑤No further chemical spraying after the third
spraying. ⑥We didn’t spray other than 3 times spraying and managed cultivation treatment assame as other fields.
[Detail process and methods]
A. Seed treatment with imidacloprid
We treated same as the local farmers shown as below.
Chemical：DOZER 20WP（imidacloprid 20%）
Seeds used：1kg（Farmers own sowed Samou Nei）
i. Divide 1kg of seeds into half (500g each) and used pesticide only to the one side (500g).
ii. Measure 1.75g of imidacloprid and put it in empty plastic bottle using funnel.
iii. Put small amount of water (50 - 100cc) into the bottle and mix it with imidacloprid.
iv. Put 500g of seed on plastic sheet and add imidacloprid solution and mix them well withgloved hand. After then spread them on the sheet and dry for about 10 minutes.
v. Put 500g of Non-chemical zone seeds and 500g of chemical zone seeds into different sower(Plastic cup with handle with two 5mm hole in the bottom).

6

Photo 2-1 Seed treatment

B. Sowing
Sowed as same way as local farmers does.
i. Made furrow with space of 18inch (46cm) after cow plowed.
ii. Mixed combined fertilizer N-P-K（20-12-12）and combined fertilizer of CaSo4 ･
2H2O98%, Ca24% and S17% with 2:1 ratio. 12.5kg were used for 12a.
iii. Sowed both type of seed mentioned in “A. Seed treatment” by sower after using
fertilizer.
iv. Covered seeds with soil using hand plow. First cover the seeds with soil in Nonchemical zone then chemical zone next.

Photo2-2 Mixed fertilizer

Photo 2-3

How to sow (left) and the sower (right)

C. Spraying instruction
We instructed how to spray to the extension workers and farmers as followed（Annex 3）.
1st and 3rd spraying were done by farmers and extension workers only (Figure 2-2).
Pesticide：Danadim 40EC (Dimethoate 40%)
 (Product label instruction) Put 15cc of pesticide into 1 gallon of Water.
Spray 400-600cc to 1acer (about 40a).
i. Mixed 72ml of dimethoate into 4.8 gallon of water.
ii. Sprayed to 6 repetition (6a in total) of chemical zone equally as possible.

Photo2-4 Put pesticide into water and mix well to dissolve well (left, middle); spray equally (right）

7

Activity plan (draft) _ JAICAF 2019
April

May

June

July

AugustSept.

After Oct.

Sesame season

4 weeks
after
sowing

6 weeks
after
sowingChemicalspraying

Chemicalspraying

85‐90
days
after
sowingChemicaluse
Prohibited!!

(if necessary)

FarmerRecord on pesticide use

Extension Worker

Survey on pest (sesame jassid) occurrence in the area

JAICAF mission

1st mission

Figure 2-2(in Japan)

3rd mission

2nd mission

Sharing
results (WS)

2 weeks
after
sowingChemicalresidueanalysis

SowingAround20 Aug.

Sampling/

Around
9 JulyComparing
resultAround25 JuneChemicalspraying

Around11 JuneSeedtreatment

Activities

Around28 May4th mission

Activity schedule

D. Cultivation management
Management was done same as local normal management （ conducted by farmers withsupervision of extension workers ）.
i. Weeding and thinning around 17days after sowing.
ii. Adding fertilizer (12.5kg per 12a) around 18days after sowing.
iii. Weeding around 27days after sowing.
iv. Adding fertilizer (12.5kg per 12a) around 27days after sowing.
v. Adding fertilizer (12.5kg per 12a) around 38days after sowing.
¾

Affection status measurement
A. Measurement preparation
We divided 1test plot into16 (2.5m×2.5m) small plots to measure the result.

Photo2-5

Plots when harvesting: chemical (left) and Non-chemical (right)

8B. Measured contents
i. We counted all healthy and unhealthy plants in the plot and calculated the morbidity ofeach plots. It was counted at the harvest season (85 - 90 days after sowed).
ii. We harvested 1m×1m at a time and counted all pods, seeds in the pod and seeds weightat the each test plot.
iii. We tried to observe the morbidity of SPD by aerial image taken by drone.

Photo2-6 Working with DOA extension worker¾

Photo2-7 DOA drone team

Yield sampling test:
Test was conducted as follows.
① Randomly select the 3 spots (1m×1m×3 spots) and harvest all the plants in the spots.
② Count the healthy plants and their pods number we harvested in ①.
③ Count the unhealthy plants and their pods number we harvested in ①.
④ Calculate the average number of pods in healthy plant and unhealthy plant from theresult of ② and ③.
⑤ Randomly select 30 pods from healthy plants harvested in ①. Select 10 more pods
randomly and weight the total and each pod.
⑥ Randomly select 30 pods from unhealthy plants harvested in ①. Select 10 more pods
randomly and weight the total and each pod. Although we tried but we couldn’t findany affected plant in zone A, therefore we collected 20 pods from zone B and C toweigh them.

¾

Chemical residue analysis: The sesame seeds harvested from chemical zone brought back toJapan for analysis.
A. Sampling
We sampled sesame 88 days after sowing. This was done since local farmers harvest in
the same timing normally. Because of bad weather, sesame maturing delayed and we actually
harvested it 90 days after sowing. For this we also sampled sesame after harvested (92 days)
as reference.
B. Sample
Sample was 8 in total. 6 of each 200g of 88 days after sowing sesame from the plot ①

9～⑥ of chemical zone and 2 of each 200g of 92 days after sowing sesame from the plot ①
and ② (after harvested).
C. Analysis target
Residue analysis was conducted for 2 chemicals used in this field, imidacloprid anddimethoate.
¾

Othersz

Farmer（Mr. Win Naing Oo） recorded the chemical usage record. Farmer also recorded
the chemical use of test plot surrounding farm land and the pest insect status as detailed
as possible.

z

Vector insect survey was conducted while the test (see Chapter3）.

4. Test result1) Test plot setting and sesame growth status
12 test plots were successfully set (Photo 2-8). Growth status in A and B test zone were generally
good but they were damaged partially by the heavy rain. Zone C had very bad growth status and thiswas considered to be caused by the decrease of the soil fertility. For this reason we excluded zone
C result from the test result.

Photo2-8

Aerial image of actual test plots (synthetic image by drone)

2) Morbidity
Difference between chemical and non-chemical zone could be visibly identified. Morbidity
average was 8 times different and it was 1.1% in chemical zone and 8.4% in non-chemical zone
(Figure 2-3）.

10In this test, 1 plot was

10

divided in to 16 smaller plots.

9

Difference in these plots were8
7much larger in range (0%～630%) and it showed that some5
4plots had more SPD thanothers(Figuresuggest

that

2-4).

3

This

2

sap-sucking

10damage by Sesame jassidA

occurred concentrated in these■plots.

Chemical zone
防除区

Figure 2-3

AB■ Non-chemical Zone
無防除区

SPD morbidity difference (%)

B
A-①

A-b

B-③

B-d

0

0

3.6

1.5

3.3

1.3

2.3

0

0.8

0

0

1.2

2.1

8.9

5.5

3.2

0

1.7

1.8

4.8

8.2

1.5

1.6

0

0.7

0

0

7.6

0.9

1.9 13.8

0

2.8

2.4

0

0

1.8

3.3 12.5

0

0

1.7

0.8

13.9

6.5

3.4 12.9

1.6

6.6

0

0

2.5

3.7

6

4.4

0

11.8

5.7

5.1

12

A-a

8.1

A-②

30.4 21.7 14.3 10.8
11.1

7.5 10.5

8.8

12 11.4

15.8 13.1

11 12.5

7.8

7.8

2.8

8.7

B-c

2.7

B-④

2.2

0

1.1

0

9.7

7.2 10.9

7.2

1.2

0.9

1

1.6

0

0

0

1

5.1

9.4

7.5

7.4

2.5

2.6

0

1.4

0

0

0

0

20.5 17.8

9.2

8.2

0.9

0.8

0

0

5％〜

2.1

0.9

1.2

0

8.8 16.2

11

6.3

3.1

0.8

0

5.2

10％〜
20％〜

Figure 2-4 SPD morbidity in each plots (%)3) Effect on yield rate
SPD affected plant did sometimes grew pod but normal pod was only 1 out of 20 according to
the test result. Most of seeds were sterile or immature and only 5% were healthy seeds (Photo2-9).
This shows that SPD morbidity directly causes the decrease of yield.

Photo2-9

Healthy seeds (left) and affected seeds (right)

11No-chemical zone morbidity was 8.4%, meaning 8.4% income loss.
Sampling test showed that one healthy sesame plant could harvest 4.22kg sesame (Table 2-1).
The result showed that no-chemical zone could harvest 61,691 plants from 1 acer. If all of theseplants were healthy plant it could harvested 21.6kg sesame in calculation.
Table 2-1

Sesame weight per 1 plant

Pods per 1 plant(a)

Sesame seed weightper 1 pod(b)

Sesame seed weighper 1 plant(a) × (b)

22.2

0.19g

4.22g

Healthy plant

Table 2-2

The loss in the case of 8.4% get SPD㻴㼑㼍㼘㼠㼔㼥㻌㼜㼘㼍㼚㼠㻌㼛㼚㼘㼥㻔㻢㻝㻘㻢㻥㻝㻌㼜㼘㼍㼚㼠㼟㻕㻤㻚㻠㻑㻌㼍㼒㼒㼑㼏㼠㼑㼐㻌㼎㼥㻌㻿㻼㻰㻭㼒㼒㼑㼏㼠㼑㼐
㻔㻡㻘㻝㻤㻞 㼜㼘㼍㼚㼠㼟㻕㻴㼑㼍㼘㼠㼔㼥
㻔㻡㻢㻘㻡㻜㻥 㼜㼘㼍㼚㼠㼟㻕㻺㼛㻚㻌㼛㼒㻌㼜㼛㼐㻝㻘㻟㻢㻥㻘㻡㻠㻜㻝㻜㻝㻘㻜㻠㻥

㻝㻘㻞㻡㻠㻘㻡㻜㻜㼃㼑㼕㼓㼔㼠㻌㼛㼒㻌㼟㼑㼟㼍㼙㼑㻌㼟㼑㼑㼐㼟㻞㻢㻜㻘㻞㻝㻟㼓

㻡㻘㻜㻡㻞㼓

㻞㻟㻤㻘㻟㻡㻡㼓

㼅㼕㼑㼘㼐㻌㻔㼣㼑㼕㼓㼔㼠㻌㼛㼒㻌㼢㼑㼚㼐㼕㼎㼘㼑㻌㼟㼑㼑㼐㼟䠅㻞㻢㻜㻚㻞㻝㻟㼗㼓㻜㻚㻞㻡㼗㼓

㼀㼛㼠㼍㼘㻌㼥㼕㼑㼘㼐㻝㻜㻚㻡 㼎㼍㼟㼗㼑㼠㻥㻚㻢 㼎㼍㼟㼗㼑㼠㻵㼚㼏㼛㼙㼑

㻣㻤㻣㻘㻡㻜㻜㼗㼥㼍㼠㻣㻞㻜㻘㻜㻜㻜㼗㼥㼍㼠㻰㼕㼒㼒㼑㼞㼑㼚㼏㼑㻞㻟㻤㻚㻟㻡㻡㼗㼓㻢㻣㻘㻡㻜㻜㼗㼥㼍㼠Note) Calculating 75,000kyat per 1basket

According to hearing and visual check in 2017, some field may even get up to 20-40% SPD
morbidity. Income loss can be huge since most of the SPD affection happens continuously. If the
farmer cultivated 10 acer and 8.4% sesame got SPD, he would lose 105 baskets of sesame, meaning
675,000 kyat for one year, and would lose 6,750,000 kyat for ten years (in the case that selling priceis 75,000 kyat/basket).
4) Residual chemical test
26th, August was the 88 days after sowing and was the usual harvesting day. We sampled 6
samples from each plot and also added 2 samples from the plant that was actually harvested (fromA-① and A-②). We analyzed 8 samples for imidacloprid and dimethoate (Tester: Japan Food
Research Laboratories).
The analysis came back “Not detected” for both chemicals (Table 2-3).

12

Table2-3
Sample

A-①
A-②
B-③
B-④
C-⑤
C-⑥
A-①-2
A-②-2

Chemical residue analysis for chemical zone
Date

Test Item

Result26 Aug;Dimethoate

Not Detected

88 days after sowing

Imidacloprid

Not Detected

26 Aug;Dimethoate

Not Detected

88 days after sowing

Imidacloprid

Not Detected

26 Aug;Dimethoate

Not Detected

88 days after sowing

Imidacloprid

Not Detected

26 Aug;Dimethoate

Not Detected

88 days after sowing

Imidacloprid

Not Detected

26 Aug;Dimethoate

Not Detected

88 days after sowing

Imidacloprid

Not Detected

26 Aug;Dimethoate

Not Detected

88 days after sowing

Imidacloprid

Not Detected

30 Aug;Dimethoate

Not Detected

92 days after sowing

Imidacloprid

Not Detected

30Aug;

Dimethoate

Not Detected

92 days after sowing

Imidacloprid

Not Detected

5) SPD morbidity observation using drone aerial image
We conducted an aerial image detection to determine the morbidity of SPD. Healthy plant grows
sesame pod to the tip and long thin leaves grow simultaneously. In the other hand, SPD affected
plant have its tip thinly colored and round shaped leaves grows. Also, if SPD affection is progressed,
the plant barely grows any pod. From these facts it is possible to determine the SPD morbidity using
aerial images (Photo2-9).
Aerial image was taken in different pixel (4cm→2cm→1cm→0.5cm/pixel) and as result
0.5cm/pixel image was capable of determination (Photo 2-10, 2-11）.

Photo2-9Comparison between healthy plant and affected plant

13

Photo2-10

Aerial image difference in pixel

Photo2-11

Aerial image difference in pixel*) Circle shows the suspected SPD affected plant

5. Expected output
Test result was shared in the workshop held in Aunglan T/S, Magway Region, Nay Pyi Taw. We
also made vector insect identifying cards and manual for appropriate pesticide use effective
prevention of SPD (Annex 2).
Followings are the expected outcomes.
① Income increases by understanding how to prevent SPD and applying the method.
② Extension worker（Mr. Win Mying Oo）and farmer (Mr. Win Naing Oo) becoming the leader
and whole village working together to prevent SPD③ Deepening the knowledge about appropriate pesticide use and IPM

14Chapter 3

SPD Vector Insect Research
Azusa Fujiie, Dr. and Akiyo Nishiyama

1. Background and objective
SPD (Photo 3-1) is seriously damaging the rain season sesame in Myanmar (JAICAF, 2018,2019). SPD affection makes sesame flower phyllody which leads to drastic decrease in the numberof pods. This made significant decrease in yield. SPD is caused by Sesame phyllody phytoplasma
brought by vector insect Sesame jassid a kind of leafhopper (Photo 3-2). As a way to prevent SPD,
we conducted a survey on occurrence situation of the vector insect in sesame field and grass land.
We also tested extermination laboratory test for adult Sesame jassid.

3mm

Photo 3-1
plant

Photo2 SPD vector insect
Sesame jassid
Scientific name Orosius albicinctus

SPD affected sesame

2. Vector insect
The insects collectively called leafhopper belong to Cicadellidae, Hemiotera. Leafhoppers arecomposed of varieties of pest insect and all have their own name and scientific name. We call thisleafhopper that transmits SPD as “Sesame jassid” accordingly to Myanmar DOA Plant protection
mobile application (in 2018) in this report. Its scientific name will be Orosius albicinctus according
to DOA pp and various reports (Esmailzadeh-Hosseini et al., 2007, Akhtar et al., 2009, Gogoi et al.,2017, Thangjam and Vastrad, 2017, Thangjam and Vastrad, 2018).

3. Survey method
1) Field survey
We conducted field survey at sesame field in Ye Paw village and Ohn Myo Kone village in
Aunglan T/S in 2019 (Table 3-1). We also conducted in surrounding grass land (Table 3-2). Insect
was captured by 40 times swinging insect catching net (36cm diameter) and brought back insideplastic bag. Number was counted after insect has been killed in the freezer. Other insects where also15

inspected. 11 fully matured sesame jassid (6 female and 5 male) were measured with caliper (tip of
the head to tip of the folded front wing).
Table 3-1 Sesame field survey in Myanmar (2019, Aunglan T/S)㻿㼡㼞㼢㼑㼥㻌㼜㼛㼕㼚㼠㻿㼡㼞㼢㼑㼥㻌㼐㼍㼠㼑㻲㼕㼞㼟㼠㻌㼟㼡㼞㼢㼑㼥䠄㻹㼍㼥䠅㻌䚷㻿㻝 㻺㼛㼠㻌㼟㼡㼞㼢㼑㼕㼑㼐㻿㻞 㻞㻠㻘㻌㻞㻥㻘㻌㻟㻜㻙㻹㼍㼥㻿㼑㼏㼛㼚㼐㻌㼟㼡㼞㼢㼑㼥䠄㻶㼡㼚㼑䠅㻌㻌㻌㻿㻝 㻞㻠㻙㻶㼡㼚㻿㻞 㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚㻿㻟 㻞㻠㻙㻶㼡㼚㻿㻠 㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚㻿㻡 㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚㻿㻢 㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚㻿㻣 㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚㻿㻤 㻞㻢㻙㻶㼡㼚㻿㻥 㻞㻢㻙㻶㼡㼚㻿㻝㻜 㻞㻣㻙㻶㼡㼚㻿㻝㻝 㻞㻣㻙㻶㼡㼚㻸㼛㼏㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚

㻯㼡㼘㼠㼕㼢㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼟㼠㼍㼓㼑㼟㼅㼑㻌㻼㼍㼣
㼅㼑㻌㻼㼍㼣
㼅㼑㻌㻼㼍㼣
㼅㼑㻌㻼㼍㼣
㼅㼑㻌㻼㼍㼣
㼅㼑㻌㻼㼍㼣
㼅㼑㻌㻼㼍㼣
㼅㼑㻌㻼㼍㼣
㼅㼑㻌㻼㼍㼣
㻻㼔㼚㻌㻹㼥㼛㻌㻷㼛㼚㼑㻌㻻㼔㼚㻌㻹㼥㼛㻌㻷㼛㼚㼑㻌㼅㼑㻌㻼㼍㼣
㼅㼑㻌㻼㼍㼣

㻼㼞㼑㻙㼟㼛㼣㼑㼐㻶㼡㼟㼠㻌㼓㼑㼞㼙㼕㼚㼍㼠㼑㼐㻶㼡㼟㼠㻌㼓㼑㼞㼙㼕㼚㼍㼠㼑㼐㻢㻜㼏㼙㻌㼔㼕㼓㼠㻘㻌㼜㼍㼞㼠㼕㼍㼘㼘㼥㻌㼎㼘㼛㼛㼙㼕㼚㼓㻶㼡㼟㼠㻌㼓㼑㼞㼙㼕㼚㼍㼠㼑㼐㻠㻜㼏㼙㻌㼔㼕㼓㼔㼠㻘㻌㼚㼛㼠㻌㼎㼘㼛㼛㼙㼕㼚㼓㻝㻞㼏㼙㻌㼔㼕㼓㼔㼠㻘㻌㼚㼛㼠㻌㼎㼘㼛㼛㼙㼕㼚㼓㻝㻢㼏㼙㻌㼔㼕㼓㼔㼠㻘㻌㼚㼛㼠㻌㼎㼘㼛㼛㼙㼕㼚㼓㻝㻟㼏㼙㻌㼔㼕㼓㼔㼠㻘㻌㼚㼛㼠㻌㼎㼘㼛㼛㼙㼕㼚㼓㻝㻡㼏㼙㻌㼔㼕㼓㼔㼠㻘㻌㼚㼛㼠㻌㼎㼘㼛㼛㼙㼕㼚㼓㻝㻜㼏㼙㻌㼔㼕㼓㼔㼠㻘㻌㼚㼛㼠㻌㼎㼘㼛㼛㼙㼕㼚㼓㻼㼍㼞㼠㼕㼍㼘㼘㼥㻌㼎㼘㼛㼛㼙㼕㼚㼓㻼㼍㼞㼠㼕㼍㼘㼘㼥㻌㼎㼘㼛㼛㼙㼕㼚㼓㻻㼠㼔㼑㼞㼟
㼀㼑㼟㼠㻌㼟㼕㼠㼑㼀㼑㼟㼠㻌㼟㼕㼠㼑

Table 3-2 Grass land around sesame field survey䠄2019, Aunglan T/S䠅㻿㼡㼞㼢㼑㼥㻌㼜㼛㼕㼚㼠㻿㼡㼞㼢㼑㼥㻌㼐㼍㼠㼑㻸㼛㼏㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚

㻲㼕㼞㼟㼠㻌㼟㼡㼞㼢㼑㼥䠄㻹㼍㼥䠅㻌䚷㼃㻝 㻞㻠㻙㻹㼍㼥㼅㼑㻌㻼㼍㼣㼃㻞 㻞㻠㻙㻹㼍㼥㼅㼑㻌㻼㼍㼣㼃㻟 㻞㻥㻘㻌㻟㻜㻙㻹㼍㼥㼃㻠 㻞㻥㻘㻌㻟㻜㻙㻹㼍㼥㻿㼑㼏㼛㼚㼐㻌㼟㼡㼞㼢㼑㼥䠄㻶㼡㼚㼑䠅㻌㻌㻌㼃㻝 㻞㻠㻙㻶㼡㼚㼃㻡 㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚㼅㼑㻌㻼㼍㼣
㼅㼑㻌㻼㼍㼣
㼅㼑㻌㻼㼍㼣
㼅㼑㻌㻼㼍㼣

㻻㼠㼔㼑㼞㼟
㻹㼍㼕㼚㼘㼥㻌㼓㼞㼍㼟㼟㼑㼟㻔㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑㻕㻹㼍㼕㼚㼘㼥㻌㼓㼞㼍㼟㼟㼑㼟㻔㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑㻕㻘㻌㻼㼛㼟㼠㼏㼛㼠㼠㼛㼚㻌㼒㼕㼑㼘㼐㻹㼍㼕㼚㼘㼥㻌㼓㼞㼍㼟㼟㼑㼟㻔㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑㻕㻹㼍㼕㼚㼘㼥㻌㼓㼞㼍㼟㼟㼑㼟㻔㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑㻕㻹㼍㼕㼚㼘㼥㻌㼓㼞㼍㼟㼟㼑㼟㻔㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑㻕㻹㼍㼕㼚㼘㼥㻌㼓㼞㼍㼟㼟㼑㼟㻔㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑㻕2) Laboratory test for pesticide effectivity
We sprayed 72 ml dimethoate (Product name:Danadim40EC)/4.8gallon water solution to sesame
field in Ye Paw village. To understand the effectivityof dimethoate, we conducted laboratory test against
sesame jassid. We picked seedlings from the test
plots after spraying dimethoate and adjust them with
3 leaves each. Then, we put them into three different

Photo3-3 Pesticide laboratory test
（left 3 are with pesticide）

petri plate (9cm high, 6cm diameter) and put also 3 sesame jassid inside with it. We also made same
condition with unsprayed sesame. Each zone was repeated 3 times (each zone provided 9 sesame
jassid in total).

We calculated the deaths after 5 days (Figure3-3）。

16

4. Result
1) Field study
We found sesame jassid in 18 out of 50 sesame field (Table 3-3）and the total average was 1.22
sesame jassid per site. Although the test site was large and sesame jassid was found widely acrossthe site, its distribution was deviated. Yet we confirmed some leafhopper flying to the seeds justafter germination. From initial pest response point of view, it is important to conduct control method
such as seed treatment with pesticide in the very earliest point.
Average pest insect number other than sesame jassid was 0.24 other kind of leafhopper and 9.86
stink bug. Most of stink bug were Seed bug and was thought to make sap-sucking damage but it
seemed that its actual damage was small. Seed bug is omnivores therefore it may act as predator to
sesame jassid. We couldn’t confirm in this survey but there are Pyralid moth (Sesame leaf roller),
Owlet moths (Cotton ball worm etc.), sphinx moths, Arcitiidae, scarabs, etc. as pest insect of sesame
in Myanmar.
The size of sampled adult sesame jassid was very small and was 2.95±0.17（average size ±standard deviation）mm. Loupe or stereoscopic microscope was necessary to identify the insect. We
sampled the insect from early stage sesame (post germination to blooming) and 88.3% were females.
We also sampled from the grass land around the sesame field (table 3-4). We only one sesame
jassid but captured from grass land. This proved that this insect inhabit in the grass land. Grass land
mainly was grasses (Poaceae) but several kinds of dicotyledon was found. Grass land does appear
to be habitat of sesame jassid while sesame field is in fallow period. It also appears that the insect
reciprocate between the field and the grass land. It is necessary to identify the insect’s habit.
Other than sesame jassid, small number of Pyralid moth (Sesame leaf roller) and stink bug was
captured. We need to clear the role of grass land for other insects. Furthermore, it is important to
identify the role of grass land to the sesame jassid predator.

17

Table 3-3䚷No. of pest insect captured in sesame field by scooping metod (2019, Aunglan T/S)㻿㼑㼟㼍㼙㼑
㼖㼍㼟㼟㼕㼐

㻻㼠㼔㼑㼞㻼㼥㼞㼍㼘㼘㼐
㼘㼑㼍㼒㼔㼛㼜㼜㼑㼞 㼙㼛㼠㼔㼟㻿㼡㼞㼢㼑㼥㻌㼜㼛㼕㼚㼠㻰㼍㼠㼑㻲㼕㼞㼟㼠㻌㼟㼡㼞㼢㼑㼥㻌㻌㻌㻌㻿㻝㻞㻠㻙㻹㼍㼥 㻺㼛㼠㻌㼟㼡㼞㼢㼑㼕㼑㼐

㻿㻞
㻿㻞
㻿㻞
㻿㼡㼎㻌㼠㼛㼠㼍㼘㻭㼢㼑㼞㼍㼓㼑
㻿㼑㼏㼛㼚㼐㻌㼟㼡㼞㼢㼑㼥㻌㻌㻌㻿㻝
㻿㻝
㻿㻝
㻿㻝
㻿㻞
㻿㻞
㻿㻞
㻿㻞
㻿㻟
㻿㻟
㻿㻠
㻿㻠
㻿㻠
㻿㻠
㻿㻠
㻿㻡
㻿㻡
㻿㻡
㻿㻡
㻿㻡
㻿㻢
㻿㻢
㻿㻢
㻿㻢
㻿㻢
㻿㻣
㻿㻣
㻿㻣
㻿㻣
㻿㻣
㻿㻤
㻿㻤
㻿㻤
㻿㻤
㻿㻤
㻿㻥
㻿㻥
㻿㻥
㻿㻥
㻿㻥
㻿㻥
㻿㻝㻜
㻿㻝㻜
㻿㻝㻜
㻿㻝㻝
㻿㻝㻝
㻿㻝㻝
㻿㼡㼎㻌㼠㼛㼠㼍㼘㻭㼢㼑㼞㼍㼓㼑
㼀㼛㼠㼍㼘㼀㼛㼠㼍㼘㻌㻌㼍㼢㼑㼞㼍㼓㼑㻞㻠㻙㻹㼍㼥
㻞㻠㻙㻹㼍㼥
㻞㻠㻙㻹㼍㼥

㻞㻠㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻠㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻠㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻠㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻠㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻠㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻢㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻢㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻢㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻢㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻢㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻢㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻢㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻢㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻢㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻢㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻢㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻣㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻣㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻣㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻣㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻣㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻞㻣㻙㻶㼡㼚

㻡
㻜
㻜
㻡
㻝㻚㻢㻣
㻜
㻡
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻝
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻞
㻣
㻡
㻜
㻞
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻝
㻡
㻞
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻢
㻜
㻜
㻡
㻞
㻟
㻠
㻜
㻝
㻞
㻟
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻡㻢
㻝㻚㻝㻥
㻢㻝
㻝㻚㻞㻞

㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜
㻝
㻝
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻝
㻜
㽢
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻝
㻝
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻝
㻜
㻜
㻝
㻝
㻜
㻝
㻞
㻝
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻝㻞
㻜㻚㻞㻢
㻝㻞
㻜㻚㻞㻠

㻯㼛㼠㼠㼛㼚 㻿㼜㼔㼕㼚㼤㼎㼍㼘㼘㻌㼣㼛㼞㼙 㼙㼛㼠㼔㼟

㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㽢
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜

㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㽢
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜

㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㽢
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜

㼀㼕㼓㼑㼞
㼙㼛㼠㼔㼟

㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㽢
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
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㻜
㻜
㻜
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㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜

㻿㼏㼍㼞㼍㼎㼟 㻿㼠㼕㼚㼗㻌㼎㼡㼓 㻻㼠㼔㼑㼞㼟

㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㽢
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
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㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜

㻼㼞㼑㻙㼟㼛㼣㼕㼚㼓㼀㼑㼟㼠㻌㼒㼕㼑㼘㼐㻝 㻶㼡㼟㼠㻌㼓㼑㼞㼙㼕㼚㼍㼠㼑㼐
㻜
㻝
㻞
㻜㻚㻢㻣
㻜 㻶㼡㼟㼠㻌㼓㼑㼞㼙㼕㼚㼍㼠㼑㼐㻜㻞㻜㻞㻣 㻢㻜㼏㼙㻌㼔㼕㼓㼔㼠㻡 㻼㼍㼞㼠㼕㼍㼘㼘㼥㻌㼎㼘㼛㼛㼙㼕㼚㼓㻞㻣㻠㻜㽢 㻶㼡㼟㼠㻌㼓㼑㼞㼙㼕㼚㼍㼠㼑㼐㻠㻤㻝 㻠㻜㼏㼙㼔㼕㼓㼔㼠㻜 㼚㼛㼠㻌㼎㼘㼛㼛㼙㼕㼚㼓㻞㻡㻡㻝㻠㻞 㻝㻞㼏㼙㻌㼔㼕㼓㼔㼠㻣 㼚㼛㼠㻌㼎㼘㼛㼛㼙㼕㼚㼓㻝㻝㻞㻝㻝㻝㻤 㻝㻢㼏㼙㻌㼔㼕㼓㼔㼠㻝 㼚㼛㼠㻌㼎㼘㼛㼛㼙㼕㼚㼓㻝㻣㻞㻣 㻝㻟㼏㼙㻌㼔㼕㼓㼔㼠㻜 㼚㼛㼠㻌㼎㼘㼛㼛㼙㼕㼚㼓㻜㻜㻜㻟㻝 㻝㻡㼏㼙㻌㼔㼕㼓㼔㼠㻡㻞 㼚㼛㼠㻌㼎㼘㼛㼛㼙㼕㼚㼓㻣㻡㻜㻞㻥 㻝㻡㼏㼙㻌㼔㼕㼓㼔㼠㻝 㼚㼛㼠㻌㼎㼘㼛㼛㼙㼕㼚㼓㻡㻟㻝㻜㻠 㻼㼍㼞㼠㼕㼍㼘㼘㼥㻌㼎㼘㼛㼛㼙㼕㼚㼓㻟㻠㻞 㻼㼍㼞㼠㼕㼍㼘㼘㼥㻌㼎㼘㼛㼛㼙㼕㼚㼓
㻡
㻝㻞
㻠㻤㻝
㻝㻜㻚㻠㻢
㻠㻤㻟
㻥㻚㻤㻢

㻺㼛㼠㼑㻌㻝䠅㼃㼑㻌㼠㼑㼙㼜㼛㼞㼍㼞㼕㼘㼥㻌㼚㼍㼙㼑㼐㻌㻿㻼㻰㻌㼢㼑㼏㼠㼛㼞㻌㼕㼚㼟㼑㼏㼠㻌㻿㼑㼟㼍㼙㼑㻌㼖㼍㼟㼟㼕㼐㻌㻔㻭㼏㼍㼐㼑㼙㼕㼏㻌㼚㼍㼙㼑㻦㻻㼞㼛㼟㼕㼡㼟㻌㼍㼘㼎㼕㼏㼕㼚㼠㼑㼡㼟㻕㻌㻎䝂䝬䝇䝘䜲䝻䝶䝁䝞䜲㻌㻔㻳㼛㼙㼍㻙㼟㼡㼚㼍㼕㼞㼛㻙㼥㼛㼗㼛㼎㼍㼕㻎㻌㼕㼚㻌㻶㼍㼜㼍㼚㼑㼟㼑㻚㻺㼛㼠㼑㻌㻞䠅㻵㼚㼟㼑㼏㼠㻌㼣㼍㼟㻌㼏㼍㼜㼠㼡㼞㼑㼐㻌㼎㼥㻌㼟㼣㼕㼚㼓㼕㼚㼓㻌㼕㼚㼟㼑㼏㼠㻌㼏㼍㼠㼏㼔㼕㼚㼓㻌㼚㼑㼠㻔㻟㻢㼏㼙㻌㼐㼕㼍㼙㼑㼠㼑㼞㻕㻌㻠㻜㻌㼠㼕㼙㼑㼟㻚㻌㼃㼑㻌㼍㼠㼠㼑㼙㼜㼠㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㼏㼍㼠㼏㼔㻌㼕㼚㻌㻞㻥㼠㼔㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㻟㻜㼠㼔㻌㼛㼒㻌㼙㼍㼥㻘㻌㻞㻜㻝㻥㻚㻺㼛㼠㼑㻌㻟䠅㼄㻌㼕㼚㻌㼠㼍㼎㼘㼑㻌㼙㼑㼍㼚㼟㻌㼕㼠㻌㼕㼟㻌㼚㼛㼠㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㼟㼡㼎㼖㼑㼏㼠㻌㼛㼒㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㼟㼡㼞㼢㼑㼥㻚㻺㼛㼠㼑㻌㻠䠅㻹㼛㼟㼠㻌㼛㼒㻌㻿㼏㼍㼞㼍㼎㼟㻌㼏㼍㼜㼠㼡㼞㼑㼐㻌㼣㼑㼞㼑㻌㻹㼕㼞㼕㼐㼍㼑㻚

18

Table 3-4䚷No. of pest insect captured in grass land surrounding the sesame field by scooping method (2019,Aunglan TS)㻿㼡㼞㼢㼑㼥㻌㼜㼛㼕㼚㼠㻰㼍㼠㼑㻿㼑㼟㼍㼙㼑
㼖㼍㼟㼟㼕㼐

㻻㼠㼔㼑㼞㻼㼥㼞㼍㼘㼘㼐
㼘㼑㼍㼒㼔㼛㼜㼜㼑㼞 㼙㼛㼠㼔㼟㻯㼛㼠㼠㼛㼚 㻿㼜㼔㼕㼚㼤㼎㼍㼘㼘㻌㼣㼛㼞㼙 㼙㼛㼠㼔㼟

㼀㼕㼓㼑㼞
㼙㼛㼠㼔㼟

㻲㼕㼞㼟㼠㻌㼟㼡㼞㼢㼑㼥㻌㻌㻌㼃㻝 㻞㻠㻙㻹㼍㼥
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㼃㻝 㻞㻠㻙㻹㼍㼥㻜㻜㻜㻜㻜㼃㻝 㻞㻠㻙㻹㼍㼥㻜㻜㻜㻜㻜㼃㻝 㻞㻠㻙㻹㼍㼥㻜㻜㻜㻜㻜㼃㻞 㻞㻠㻙㻹㼍㼥㻜㻜㻜㻜㻜㼃㻞 㻞㻠㻙㻹㼍㼥㻜㻜㻜㻜㻜㼃㻟 㻞㻥㻙㻹㼍㼥㻜㻜㻜㻜㻜㼃㻟 㻞㻥㻙㻹㼍㼥㻜㻜㻜㻜㻜㼃㻠 㻞㻥㻙㻹㼍㼥㻝㻜㻜㻜㻜㼃㻠 㻞㻥㻙㻹㼍㼥㻜㻜㻜㻜㻜㼃㻠 㻞㻥㻙㻹㼍㼥㻜㻜㻜㻜㻜㼃㻠 㻞㻥㻙㻹㼍㼥㻜㻜㻜㻜㻜㻿㼡㼎㻌㼠㼛㼠㼍㼘㻝㻜㻜㻜㻜㻭㼢㼑㼞㼍㼓㼑
㻜㻚㻜㻤
㻜㻚㻜
㻜㻚㻜
㻜㻚㻜
㻜㻚㻜
㻿㼑㼏㼛㼚㼐㻌㼟㼡㼞㼢㼑㼥㻌㻌㻌㻌㼃㻝 㻞㻠㻙㻶㼡㼚
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㼃㻝 㻞㻠㻙㻶㼡㼚㻜㻜㻜㻜㻜㼃㻡 㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚㻜㻜㻝㻜㻜㼃㻡 㻞㻡㻙㻶㼡㼚㻜㻜㻜㻜㻜㻿㼡㼎㻌㼠㼛㼠㼍㼘㻜㻜㻝㻜㻜㻭㼢㼑㼞㼍㼓㼑
㻜㻚㻜㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜
㻜㻚㻞㻡
㻜㻚㻜㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜
㼀㼛㼠㼍㼘
㻝
㻜
㻝
㻜
㻜
㼀㼛㼠㼍㼘㻌㼍㼢㼑㼞㼍㼓㼑
㻜㻚㻜㻢
㻜㻚㻜㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻢
㻜㻚㻜㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜
㻺㼛㼠㼑䠅㻵㼚㼟㼑㼏㼠㻌㼣㼍㼟㻌㼏㼍㼜㼠㼡㼞㼑㼐㻌㼎㼥㻌㼟㼣㼕㼚㼓㼕㼚㼓㻌㼕㼚㼟㼑㼏㼠㻌㼏㼍㼠㼏㼔㼕㼚㼓㻌㼚㼑㼠㻔㻟㻢㼏㼙㻌㼐㼕㼍㼙㼑㼠㼑㼞㻕㻌㻠㻜㻌㼠㼕㼙㼑㼟㻚㻌㻿㼏㼍㼞㼍㼎㼟 㻿㼠㼕㼚㼗㻌㼎㼡㼓 㻻㼠㼔㼑㼞㼟

㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜

㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜
㻜
㻜㻚㻜㻜

㻜 㻹㼍㼕㼚㼘㼥㻌㼓㼞㼍㼟㼟㼑㼟㻝 㻔㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑㻕㻜㻜㻜 㻹㼍㼕㼚㼘㼥㻌㼓㼞㼍㼟㼟㼑㼟㻜 㻔㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑㻕㻜 㻹㼍㼕㼚㼘㼥㻌㼓㼞㼍㼟㼟㼑㼟㻜 㻔㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑㻕㻜 㻹㼍㼕㼚㼘㼥㻌㼓㼞㼍㼟㼟㼑㼟㻝 㻔㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑㻕
㻜
㻜
㻞
㻜㻚㻝㻣
㻟 㻹㼍㼕㼚㼘㼥㻌㼓㼞㼍㼟㼟㼑㼟㻜 㻔㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑㻕㻜 㻹㼍㼕㼚㼘㼥㻌㼓㼞㼍㼟㼟㼑㼟㻜 㻔㻼㼛㼍㼏㼑㼍㼑㻕
㻟
㻜㻚㻣㻡
㻡
㻜㻚㻟㻝

2) Laboratory test for pesticide effectivity
The death rate of fully grown adult sesame jassid within 5 days change was showen as Figure 31. Chemically treat group died out but untreated group death rate was low (22.2%). Dimethoate
seemed very effective to adult sesame jassid and was rapidly working.

㻝㻜㻜㻚㻜

Death rate (%)

㻤㻜㻚㻜ẅ⹸๣ฎ⌮༊
ChemicalNon‐chemical
殺虫剤無処理区

㻢㻜㻚㻜
㻠㻜㻚㻜
㻞㻜㻚㻜
㻜㻚㻜
㻜

㻝

㻞

㻟

㻠

㻡

Elapsed days
Figure 3-1

Dimethoate effectiveness test (laboratory test) over fully grown sesame jassid

19

5. Reference
1)

Akhtar, K. P., G. Sarwar, M. Dickinson, M. Ahmad, M. A. Haq, S. Hameed and M. J. Iqbal(2009) Sesame phyllody disease: its symptomatology, etiology, and transmission in Pakistan.
Turk. J. Agric. For. 33:477-486

2)

DOA (browsed in 2018) Plant protection mobile application (In Burmese).

3)

Esmailzadeh-Hosseini, S. A., A. Mirzaie, A. Jafari-Nodooshan and H. Rahimian (2007) The
ﬁrst report of transmission of a phytoplasma associated with sesame phyllody by Orosius
albicinctus in Iran. Australasian Plant Disease Notes. 2:33–34.

4)

Gogoi, S. H., M. K. Kalita and P. D. Nath (2017) Biological characterization of sesamum
phyllody disease in Assam, India.

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied

Sciences. 6(11):1862-1875.
5)

JAICAF (2018) Technical cooperation project for agricultural productivity and quality
improvement in Myanmar. JAICAF, Tokyo. 148 pp.

6)

JAICAF (2019) Technical cooperation project for agricultural productivity and quality
improvement in Myanmar. JAICAF, Tokyo. 81 pp.

7)

日本応用動物昆虫学会（2006）農林有害動物・昆虫名鑑

増補改訂版．日本応用動物

昆虫学会（編集・発行）, 東京．387 頁．
8)

Thangjam, R., and A. S. Vastrad (2017) Molecular detection of phytoplasma from phyllody
infected sesame and its vector, Orisius albicinctus Distant. The Bioscan 12 (2): 789-792.

9)

Thangjam, R., and A. S. Vastrad (2018) Biochemical analysis of phytoplasma infected sesame
plant transmitted by Orosius albicinctus distant. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies.
6 (4): 153-155.

20

ANNEX

21

22

Annex 1

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

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"OOFYနွမ္းဖိုေရာဂါကိုကာကြယ္ၾကပါစို႔!!

နွမ္းျဖဳတ္ညဳိဖ်က္ဆီးေသာေၾကာင့္ျဖစ္ရေသာ
ႏွမ္းဖိုေရာဂါ SPD၂၀၂၀ခုနွစ္ မတ္လ38

March 2020
©JAICAF
Japan Association for International Collaboration ofAgriculture and Forestry“Technical Cooperation Project for Agricultural Productivity
and Quality Improvement in Myanmar”
Funded by Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan39

ဖိုက္တိုပလာစမာ ေၾကာင့္ ျဖစ္ပြားေသာ နွမ္းဖိုေရာဂါ

á SPD� နွမ္းဖိုေရာဂါ �ဖဖိုက္တိုပလာစမာ ေၾကာင့္ ျဖစ္ပြားသည္။á နွမ္းတငြ ္ ျဖစ္ပြားေသာ ဖိုက္တိုပလာစမာကŭို Sesame phyllody phytoplasmaů
ဟုလဲ ေခၚေ ၀ၚ လ်က္ရွိသည္။

Phytoplasma မ်ား ကူးစက္ပ့်ံန႕ံေွ နပံု

leaf

Housei Univ. Dr. Oshima
phloemElectron microscopic photoof phytoplasmas in a phloem cell

stem
root

cambium
xylem

1 µm

1 μm �

40

1/1,000 mm

သီးေတာင့္မရ�ွိ ေရာဂါျဖစ္ေနေသာAပင္ Diseased plant�သီးေတာင့္ရ�ွိ ေရာဂါမျဖစ္ေသာAပင္ Healthy plant�နွမ္းဖိုေရာဂါျဖစ္ေနေသာAပင္တြင္ သီးေတာင့္လံုး၀မသီးျခင္း (သ)ို႕ သီးေတာင့္Aနဲငယ္သာ
ထကြ ္ျခင္းတ႕ ို ျဖစ္တတ္ပါသည္။
Aကယ္၍မ်ား မိမိတ႕ို စိုက္ခင္းရွိ Aပင္ ၃ ပင္တငြ ္ ၁ ပင္သည္ ေရာဂါျဖစ္ပြားေနပါက….?

ထိေရာက္စြာ နွိမ္နင္းနိုင္ပါက ထြက္ႏႈန္းမွာ ၁.၅% ေလာက္ တိုးလာနိုင္ဖယြ ္ရ�ွိ

နွမ္းဖိုေရာဂါဘာ့ေၾကာင့္ျဖစ္ရတာလဲ
နွမ္းျဖဳတ္ညိဳ

ဆိုေသာ ပိုးေကာင္ ကိုက္ေသာေၾကာင�့္

ဂ်ပန္ဘာသာျဖင့္လဲ Aမည္ေပးထားပါသည�္
ŭ #π%δ'΄)*θ'=ေဂၚမစုနိုင္းေရာယိုကိုဘိုင္းů� သဲေရာင္ရွိေသာ ျဖဳတ္�

41

3mm

á ေသးငယ္ေသာ ျဖဳတ္ေကာင္ေလးမွ ဖိုက္တိုပလာစမာ ကို သယ္လာျပီး၊
ေရာဂါျဖစ္ေစသည္။á ဖိုက္တိုပလာစမာသည္ ေပါင္းပင္မ်ားတြင္လဲ ေရာဂါလကၡဏာျပျခင္းမရွိပဲ
ကူးစက္တတ္သည္။á လယ္ယာသံုးစက္ကိရိယာမ်ားမွကူးစက္ျခင္း �M
Mechanical transmission�နွင့္ မ်ဳိးေစ့မ်ားမွ ကူးစက္ျခင္း တို�႕ Seed transmission�မမျဖစ္ပြားနိုင္ပါ။

ဘယ္Aခ်ိန္တြင္ေရာဂါကူးစက္ခံရပါသလဲ၁၆ ပတ္

ထိုAခ်ိန္တငြ ္ကူးစက္ပါက၊ပ်

ထိုAခ်ိန္တြင္ ကူးစက္ေသာ္လဲပဲ၊ပ်က္ဆီးမႈနနဲ ိုင္

က္ဆီးမႈ မ်ားနိုင္
illustration https:// www2.katagi.co.jp/story/

42

JAICAF ပိုးသတ္ေဆးစမ္းသပ္မႈရလဒ္
!

ပိုးသတ္ေဆးမဖ်န္းထားေသာAခါ၊စနစ္တက်ပိုးသတ္ေဆးဖ်န္းထားသည္ထက္ ၈ ဆနွမ္းဖိုေရာဂါျဖစ္ပြားလ်က္ရွိပါသည္။

!

နွမ္းဖိုေရာဂါျဖစ္ေနေသာနွမ္းတြင္ သီးေတာင့္ရွိေသာ္လဲ နွမ္းေစ့မ်ားေသး၍
ေစ်းကြက္မ၀င္ပါ။
" Aကယ္၍သင္တို႔စိုက္ခင္းရွိနွမ္းခိုင္ ၁၀ခိုင္တြင္ ၁ခိုင္သည္ နွမ္းဖိုျဖစ္ေနပါက
☞ 1 E က - 1 . 0 7 တင္း ဆံုးရႈံး
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ပိုင္ဆိုင္သည္ဆိုပါစို႕
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☞ သိန္း100ေလာက္ဆံုးရႈံး

ဒီပိုက္ဆံေတြသာရွိခဲ့ရင္ဘာမ်ားတခုုခုလုပ္နိ္င္မွာပါလိမ့္
နွမ္းဖိုေရာဂါေၾကာင့္ဆံုးရႈံးမႈမ်ားသည္Aလြန္ၾကီးမား

43

Aခုခ်က္ျခင္းလုပ္ေဆာင္ၾကစ!ို႕ !
á ေရာဂါသယ္ေဆာင္လာေသာ နွမ္းျဖဳတ္ညိဳ ကို သုတ္သင္စ႕!ို !!
á ေရာဂါျဖစ္ပြားေနေသာ Aပင္မ်ားAား ရွင္းလင္းဖယ္ရွားစ႕!ို !!

� နွမ္းျဖဳတ္ညဳိသာ မရွိခဲ့လ်ွင"္ ေရာဂါကူးစက္စရာမရ။ွိ� ဖိုက္တိုပလာစမာ မရွိခဲ့လ်ွင္လ"ဲ ေရာဂါျဖစ္ပြားစရာမရွိ။� နွမ္းေစ့တေစ့မွ တေစ့သ႕ို ေရာဂါကူးစက္ျခင္းမရ။ွိ� တံစU္း သို႕မဟုတ္ လက္ မွလဲ ေရာဂါကူးစက္နိုင္ျခင္းမရ။ွိ� မ်ဳိးေစ့မွလဲ ေရာဂါ မျဖစ္ပြားနိုင္ပါ။

44ေရာဂါသယ္ေဆာင္လာေသာ နွမ္းျဖဳတ္ညိဳ ကို သုတ္သင္စ႕!ို !!
� သင့္ေလ်ာ္ေသာ ပိုးသတ္ေဆးကို သံုးၾကပါစ႕�ို
� DOA Appထဲတြင္ ပိုးသန္႕ေဆး (Aင္မီဒါကလိုပစ)္ ၊ ပက္ဖ်န္းေဆး (ဒိုင္မီသိုAတိ )္ (Aဆီဖိတ)္

(သိုင္ရာမက္သိုဆန္း) ပိုးသတ္ေဆးမ်ားကို သံုးစြဲရန္ တိုက္တနြ ္းထားပါသည္။� နွမ္းျဖဳတ္ညဳိ နဲေသာ Aခ်ိန္တြင္ မ်ဳိးခ်ၾကပါစ႕�ို� နွမ္းျဖဳတ္ညဳိ Aေၾကာင္းAား သိရွိချဲ့ ပီး ျဖစ္ေသာေၾကာင့္၊ ယခုထိ ၾကံဳခဲ့ရေသာ Aေတ႕Aြ ၾကဳံ
Aေပၚ Aေျခခံ၍ မ်ဳိးေစ့ၾကဲရန္ Aေကာင္းဆံုAခ်ိန္ကို ဆံုးျဖတ္ၾကပါစို႖ ။â ပိုးသတ္ေဆးမ်ား၏ Aာနိသင္ကို ေသခ်ာစြာေလ့လာ သံုးစြဲရငး္ ေရာဂါျဖစ္ပြားရန္
ခက္ခေဲ သာ ၀န္းက်င္Aား ျပဳလုပ္ရန္ လိုAပ္သည္။ �IIPM ကို ထဲ့သြင္းရန�
္â နွမ္းျဖဳတ္ညိဳ ျဖစ္ပြားမႈနွင့္ လကၡဏာမ်ားကို တိက်ေသခ်ာစြာ ေလ့လာရန္လိုAပ္သည္။

ေရာဂါျဖစ္ပြားေနေသာ Aပင္မ်ားAား ရွင္းလင္းဖယ္ရွားစ!႕ ို !!
� ေပါင္းပင္မ်ားမွလဲေရာဂါကူးစက္နိုင္ေသာေၾကာင့္ေပါင္းပင္မ်ားကိုရွင္းလင္းၾကပါစ�ို႕� ေသခ်ာသည္မွာ ေပါင္းပင္မ်ားထဲတငြ ္ နွမ္းျဖဳတ္ညဳိ ရွိေနျခင္းပင္ျဖစ္သည္။� စိုက္ပ်ဳိးခ်ိန္ နွင့္ ရိတ္သိမ္းခ်ိန္တငြ ္ ေရာဂါျဖစ္ေနေသာ နွမ္းရုိးမ်ားကို ဖယ္ရွားပါ�� ေရာဂါျဖစ္ေနေသာ နွမ္းသိီးထတဲ ငြ ္ ေရာဂါပိုးမ်ား ျပည့္ေနတတ္သည္။နွမ္းရုိးတံဆီ
နွမ္းျဖဳတ္ညဳိမ်ား ပ်ံသန္းကာ ေရာဂါပိုးမ်ား သယ္ေဆာင္ပ်ံ႖ပြား လ်က္ရွိသည္။
ေရာဂါသယ္လာေသာ ထိုျဖဳတ္ညဳိမ်ားကို နဲပါးေစရန္တကြ ္ ေရာဂါျဖစ္ပြားေနေသာ
နွမ္းခိုင္မ်ားကို ဖယ္ရွားရန္ လိုAပ္သည္။

45

ချြဲ ခားရန္ခက္ခဲ

နွမ္းျဖဳတ္ညိဳ

ျဖဳတ္မ်ား

ခပ္ဆင္ဆင္တူေသာပိုးေကာင္မ်ားကAမ်ားသာ
းမွန္ဘီလူးေလးသယ္ျပီးစိုက္ခင္းထဲသြားစ!ို႕ !

46

နွမ္းဖိုေရာဂါကာကြယ္နွိမ္နင္းနည္း
မိတ္ဆက္ခဲ့ေသာပိုးသတ္ေဆးနည္းသည္DOA pp
Aားမွိျငမ္းခဲ့ပါသည္။
ပတ္

Dimethoate
Thiamethoxam
Acephateပတ္Dimethoate

6ပတ္Dimethoate
Thiamethoxam
Acephate

Thiamethoxamမ်ုဳိးေစ့လူးနယ္
Imidaclopridမရိတ္သိမ္းမီ45ရက္ဓါတုုေဆးဖ်န္းျခင္းကိုတားျမစ္

AcephateထိုAခ်ိန္တြင္
ကူးစက္ပါက၊ပ်က္ဆီးမႈမ်ားနိုင္

ထိုAခ်ိန္တြင္ ကူးစက္ေသာ္လဲပဲ၊ပ်က္ဆီးမႈနဲ

၁၆ပတ္ခန္႕

 https://www2.katagi.co.jp/story/• ေဆးယU္ပါးျခင္းကိုကာကြယ္ရန္မ်ဳိးတူေသာေဆးမ်ားAားထပ္ခါထပ္ခါသံုးျခင္းAားေရွာင္ၾကU္ရန္• ေဖာ္ျပထားေသာေဆးမ်ားမသံုးပဲAျခားေဆးမ်ားလဲသံုးနိုင
္ကြင္း၀န္ထမ္းမ်ားနွင့္ေဆြးေႏြးတိုင္ပင္သင့္ပါသည္

မ်ဳိးေစ့လူးနယ္ခ်ိန္တြင
္ ေAာက္တြင္ေဖာ္ျပထားေသာAခ်က္မ်ားAားဂရုျပဳၾကပါစ!!ို႕ !

ရိတ္သိမ္းျပီးနွမ္းမ်ားကို
မ်ဳိးေစ့လူးနယ္ခ်ိန္တြင္AသံုးျပဳထားေသာAိတ္မ်ားေပၚတြင္
မထားရန္။

ရိတ္သိမ္းျပီးနွမ္းမ်ားကို
မ်ဳိးေစ့လူးနယ္ခ်ိန္တြင္AသံုးျပဳထားေသာAိတ္မ်ားထဲထည့္သြင္းAသံုးမျပဳရန္။
လိုAပ္ေသာပမာဏရွိေသာမ်ဳိးေစ့မ်ားသာဓါတုုေဆးသံုးပါ။ပိုသည့္ေဆးလူးနယ္မ်ဳိး
းနယ္မ်ဳိးေစ့မ်ားကိုစြန္႕ပစ္ပါ။
မ်ဳိးက်ဲခ်ိန္Aကယ္၍ေဆးလူးနယ္မ်ဳိးေစ့လိုAပ္ခဲ့ပါကလိုAပ္သေလာက္သာေဆး
ေဆးလူးနယ္ရန္။
မ်ဳိးလူးနယ္ခ်ိန္သံုးသည့္Aရာမ်ားကိုရိတ္သိမ္းခ်ိန္တြင္သံုးသည့္Aရာမ်ားနွင့္ေရာမ
ားနွင့္ေရာမထားရ။

47

သင့္ေလ်ာ္ေသာပိုးသတ္ေဆးကိုသံုးစြဲရန္
စိတ္ခ်ရေသာထုုတ္ကုန္သည္
#သင့္Aိမ္Aတြက္#စားသံုးသူသံုးစြဲသူAတြက္#ပတ္၀န္းက်င္Aတြက္စိတ္ခ်ရေသာထုုတ္ကုန္ကို
#တတ္နိုင္သမွ်ထြက္နႈန္းမ်ားတည္ျငိမ္ေAာင္လုပ္ရပါမည္

#တတ္နိုင္သမ်ွေစ်းကြက္၀င္ေသာနွမ္းထြက္နႈန္းမ်ားျမွင့္တင္ရပါမည္

ပိုးသတ္ေဆးကိုမွန္ကန္စြာသံုးစြဲၾကပါစို႔
"မိမိကိုယ္တိုင္လဲဂရုုစိုက္၍မိမိပတ္၀န္းက်င္Aားလည္းAေနွာင္A့ ယွက္မျဖစ္ေAာင္ဂရုုျပဳရပါမည္။

"မွန္ကန္ေသာသံုးစြဲနည္းျဖင့္ပိုးသတ္ေဆးသံုးရန္။မွန္ကန္စြာေရာစပ္၍လိုAပ္ေသာပမာဏကိုသာသံုးစြဲရန္။

"ေရထဲတြင္ေဆးေပ်ာ္ရန္မလြယ္ကူလွပါ။ထို႕ေၾကာင့္ေဆးေဖ်ာ္ခ်ိန္တြင္ပံုးထဲတြင္Uိးစြာေဖ်ာ္စပ္ေစလိုပါသည္။

"ပိုးသတ္ေဆးမသံုးသင့္သည့္ကာလတြင္လံုး၀မသံုးစြဲရန္။
ရိတ္သိမ္းခ်ိန္နီးလာလ်ွင္ေဆးကိုေရွာင္ၾကU္ရပါမည္။
သံုးစြဲမိပါက မိမိသာမက မိမိပတ္၀န္းက်င္ကိုပါAေနွာင္A့ ယွက္ေပးရာေရာက္ပါသည္။

"မည္သည့္Aခ်ိန္တြင္ပိုးေကာင္မ်ားက်၍၊ထိခိုက္ဆံုးရႈံးမႈဘယ္ကစတင္သည္ကိုေသခ်ာေလ့လာ၍၊
သင့္ေလ်ာ္ေသာပိုးသတ္ေဆးရည္ကိုသံုးစြဲကာထိေရာက္ေသာေဆးဖ်န္းနည္းကိုသံုးစြဲသင့္ပါသည္။

"ပိုးသတ္ေဆးကိုသံုးစြဲခဲ့ပါက၊သံုးစြဲမႈမ်ားAား ေသခ်ာစြာမွတ္တမ္းျပဳစုုထားရန္။

စံနႈန္းမ်ားကိုလိုက္နာပါ
"ေဆးနႈန္းAညႊန္းမ်ားက ိုေသခ်ာစြာေလ့လာ၍
DOAမွလမ္းညႊန္ခ်က္မ်ားကိုလဲေသခ်ာစြာနားလည္ရန္လိုAပ္ပါသည္။

"ကြင္း၀န္ထမ္းမ်ားနွင့္တိုင္ပင္ျပီးမွသာပိုးသတ္ေဆးကိုသံုးစြဲသင့္ပါသည္။

"ရိတ္သိမ္းျပီးနွမ္းမ်ားကိုAိတ္Aသစ္ကိုသံုး၍သိုေလွာင္ရန္။ရိတ္သိမ္းခ်ိန္တြင္သံုးေသာပလစ္စတစ္Aခင္းမ်ား
Aားလဲနွမ္းAတြက္သာသီးသန့္ထားသံုးရန္။
(Aျခားေသာသီးနွံမ်ားနွင့္မ်ဳိးေစ့မ်ားနွင့္ေရာေနွာမသံုးရပိုးသတ္ေဆးမ်ားသည္နွမ္းသီးနွံမ်ားသို့ကူးစက္နိုင္ပါသည္)48

ေဆးညႊန္းAတိုင္းလိုက္နာေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္။
ေဆးညႊန္းAတိုင္း ေဆးရည္စပ္ရန္။

ဓါတုုေဆးနွင့္ ေရ ေရာစပ္ခ်ိန္တြင္ နွံ႕စပ္ေAာင္ စိတ္ရွည္စြာ
ေမႊပါ။ေသခ်ာစြာေမႊျပီးမွသာေဆးဖ်န္းေစလိုပါသည္။

က်နး္ မာသန႕ရ္ ငွ ္း ေရာဂါကင္းစင္ Aရသာျမိန္ေသာ နွမ္းနကျ္ ဖင့္ျမန္မာ မွ ဂ်ပန္သ႕ို ေရာက္ရပွိ ႕ေို ဆာင္ စီးပြားေAာင္ၾကပါစ႕…
ို ….
ေဒသAမ်ဳိးမ်ဳိးမွ နွမ္းမ်ားAားကုုန္စည္စုေဆာင္းျခင္း

ႏွမ္းAေကာင္း နွင့္ မေကာငး္ တာမ်ား ေရာေနွာသေို လွာင္မပိ ါက နွမ္းAားလံုး
ေရာေႏွာ၍ ပ်က္ဆီးနိုင္သည္ကို Aထူးသတျိ ပဳေစလိုပါသည။္
Aတတ္နငို ္ဆုးံ မိမိတ႕ို ေဒသထကြ ္ နွမ္းမ်ားAား တစုတစညး္ တညး္စုစညး္ ေစလိုပါသည။္

49ἧỵἿἙỵࢆᣢࡗ࡚ࡃࡿ≢ேࡣࠛࠩߺࠤ߾࠰ࡤߺࠦ࠯ί 3 Ὣ ࠩࠖࠤߺ࠰ࠕὸ࠴ࠥ

Ắẟếẻᴿᴿᴿᴾࠛࠖࠕࠥࠧ ࠘࠴ࠥ ࠄ!࠰ !
ࠎࠓ࠴ ࠯࠰ ࠐࠩࠥࠧ ࠕࠤ߼ࠣ࠘ࠔࠖ
࠰ ࠤ
ࠖࠤࠊࡺࠊ
ࠪ ࠕࠤ࠯߻࠭

ࠌࠛࠦ ࠩߺࠤ߾ࠏ
࠰ !ࠪ !!

ࠎࠓ࠴ ࠯࠰ ࠲ࠐࠫࠊࠄ
࠰ ࠫࠥ

50

"OOFY
JAICAF
25/05/2019

SPD ပိုးသတ္ေဆးျဖန္းနည္း
Iမ်ဳိးက်ဲျခင္း
※စမ္းသပ္ကြင္း12 ကြင္းပိုးသတ္ေဆးသံုး 6 ကြင္းႏွင့္ ပိုးသတ္ေဆးမသံုး 6 ကြင္း
12a0.3 Eကျပင္ဆင္မႈ
²မ်ဳိးေစ့
⇒

²

1kg

ထိုAထဲမွ
üတ၀က္500gကို ေဆးနွင့္ ေရာနယ္မည္။

üတ၀က္500gကို ေဆးမသံုးပါ။

Imidacloprid Aင္မီဒါကလိုပရစ္

Imidacloprid Aင္မီဒါကလိုပရစ္ နွင့္ ပတ္သက္၍Ø

DOA

PPApp တြင္ေဖာ္ျပထားသည့္Aတိုင္းလိုက္နာရန္

PPApp တြင္ ေဖာ္ျပထားမႈ
မ်ဳိးေစ့1kg တြင္ 3.5g Imidacloprid Aင္မီဒါကလိုပရစ္ကို သံုးရန္JAICAF ၏စမ္းသပ္မနႈ ည္းလမ္းမ်ဳိးေစ့ 500gØမ်ဳိးေစ့ 500g တြင္ 1.75g Imidacloprid Aင္မီဒါကလိုပရစ္ ကို သံုးရန္။

Øမ်ဳိးျပင္ျခင္းနည္းAား စမ္းသပ္ကြင္းတြင္ ပါ၀င္ေသာ ေတာင္သူ၏ နည္းလမ္းကိုသာသံုးရန္။

Øေဆးလူးျပီးသားမ်ဳိးေစ့ကို

Øေဆးမလူးထားေသာ မ်ဳိးေစ့Aား စမ္းသပ္ကြင္း abcdef တြင္ မ်ဳိးၾကဲရန္။

စမ္းသပ္ကြင္း

51တြင္ မ်ဳိးၾကဲရန္။

II�Dimethoate ဒိုင္မီသိုAိတ္ ပက္ဖ်န္းျခင္း ပိုးသတ္ကြင္းစမ္းသပ္ကြင္း
မ်ဳိးက်ဲျပီးေနာက္ 2 ပတ္

4 ပတ္တြင္သာ ပက္ဖ်န္းရန္။

6 ပတ္ေနာက္ တြင္3 ၾကိမ္ ပက္ဖ်န္းရန္။ တိက်စြာ လုုပ္ေဆာင္ရမည့္ ကာလနွင့္ ပက္ဖ်န္းနည္းမွာ ေAာက္ပါAတိုင္းျဖစ္သည္။
���ေဆးဖ်န္းရမည့္ကာလ
 ①  ပထမAၾကိမ္ပက္ဖ်န္းျခင္း
6 လရက္မ်ဳိးက်ဲျပီးေနာက္ 2 ပတ္ၾကာတြင္ ပက္ဖ်န္းရန္။
6လရက္ တြင္ မိုး ရြာျပီး ေနာက္ေန႔တြင္ ပက္ဖ်န္းရန္။

※U Win Myint OoUီး၀င္းျမင့္Uီး ၏ လမ္းညႊန္မႈAတိုင္း U Win Naing Oo Uီး၀င္းနိုင္Uီး မွ ပက္ဖ်န္းေပးရန္။
 ②  ဒုတိယAၾကိမ္ပက္ဖ်န္းျခင္း
6 လ●●ရက္မ်ဳိးက်ဲျပီးေနာက္ 4 ပတ္ၾကာတြင္ ပက္ဖ်န္းရန္။
6 လ●●ရက္ တြင္ မိုးရြာျပီးေနာက္ေန႔တြင္ ပက္ဖ်န္းရန္။

※JAICAF Aဖြဲ႕နွင့္Aတူ U Win Myint Oo ၏ လမ္းညႊန္မႈAတိုင္း U Win Naing Oo Uီး၀င္းနိုင္Uီး မွပက္ဖ်န္းေပးရန္။
 ③  တတိယAၾကိမ္ပက္ဖ်န္းျခင္း
7 လ××ရက္မ်ဳိးက်ဲျပီးေနာက္ 6 ပတ္ၾကာတြင္ ပက္ဖ်န္းရန္။
7 လ××ရက္ တြင္ မိုးရြာျပီးေနာက္ေန႔တြင္ ပက္ဖ်န္းရန္။

※ U Win Myint OoUီး၀င္းျမင့္Uီး ၏ လမ္းညႊန္မႈAတိုင္း U Win Naing Oo Uီး၀င္းနိုင္Uီး မွ ပက္ဖ်န္းေပးရန္။

���ပက္ဖ်န္းမႈစည္းကမ္း
 ※� တံဆိပ္တြင္ ေရးသားေဖာ္ျပထားသည့္Aတိုင္းလုုပ္ေဆာင္၍ ပက္ဖ်န္းရန္။
�တံဆိပ္တြင္ ေဖာ္ျပထားျခင္းမွာ
l

15ccရွိ ေဆးရည္Aား ေရတစ္ဂါလံ ျဖင့္ ေရာစပ္သံုးစြဲရန္။

lနွမ္း တစ္Eကတြင္ ေဆးရည္ 400-600mlျဖင့္ ပက္ဖ်န္းျခင္း။

lယခုု Aၾကိမ္တြင္ 500ml1Eက ျဖင့္ လုုပ္ေဆာင္မည္။���JAICAFစမ္းသပ္ကြင္းတြင္ ပက္ဖ်န္းနည္း�Aနွစ္ခ်ဳပ္�
 ※� 2ၾကိမ္ ခြဲ၍ ပက္ဖ်န္းမည္
1.

0.8ဂါလံ ေဆးရည္ေရနွင့္ဓါတုုေဆးေရာထားေသာစပ္၍ စမ္းသပ္ကြင္း  တြင္သာပက္ဖ်န္းရန္။

2.

4ဂါလံ ေဆးရည္ေဖ်ာ္၍ က်န္ေနေသာ စမ္းသပ္ကြင္း5ကြင္း    



! ! ! စမ္းသပ္ကြင္း တြင္သာပက္ဖ်န္းရန္ ! ! !

52တြင္ပက္ဖ်န္းရန္။

※ ျပင္ဆင္ထားရွိရမည္A့ ရာမ်ား
²ေဆးရည္Dimethoate ဒိုင္မီသိုAိတ္²

ေရပံုး

²1လီတာ ခြက္²

50ml ဆလင္ဒါခြက္

²

ကေတာ့

²

ေဆးေမႊရန္ တုုတ္တံ စမ္းသပ္ကြင္း    53တြင္သာပက္ဖ်န္းရန္

လက္ေတြ႔ပက္ဖ်န္းရမည့္နည္းလမ္း

1  စမ္းသပ္ကြင္း  Aဆင့္ ၁ ေဆးရည္ေဖ်ာ္ျပီး စမ္းသပ္ကြင္း ①1a0.025Eကတြက္ ပက္ဖ်န္းရန္ ေဆးရည္စပ္ရန္။

ံ 3.2ℓပံုးထဲတြင္ 0.8ဂါလေရ နွင့္ 12  D i m e t h o a t e ဒိုင္မီသိုAိတ္ ကိုေရာကာ နွံ႔စပ္ေAာင္ေမႊရမည္။

.
���������
�� 0
ေရ 0.8ဂါလံ3.2
1 လီတာ

1 လီတာ

1 လီတာ








200 မီလီလီတာ

ဒိုင္မီသိုAိတ္ 12 ���������
12 မီလီလီတာ

Aဆင့္ ၂ ေရာစပ္ထားေသာေဆးရည္ကိုေဆးဖ်န္းပံုးျဖင့္ စမ္းသပ္ကြင္း 
1a0.025 Eကတြင္ပက္ဖ်န္းရန္။

54

2  စမ္းသပ္ကြင္း   Aဆင့္ ၁ ေရာစပ္ထားေသာေဆးရည္ျဖင့္ စမ္းသပ္ကြင္း    စုုစုေပါင္း 5a  0.125Eက တြင္

ပက္ဖ်န္းရန္ေဆးစပ္ရန္။

4ဂါလံ ၀င္ ေဆးဖ်န္းပံုးထဲသို႔ ေရ 4ဂါလံ နွင့္ ဒိုင္မီသိုAိတ္ 60  ကို နွံ႔စပ္ေAာင္ ေရာစပ္ရန္။

 4ဂါလံ
ေရ
16  ဒိုင္မီသ
ိုAိတ္ 
60  

40 မီလီလီတာ


20 မီလီလီတာ

Aဆင့္ ၂ ေရာစပ္ထားေသာေဆးရည္ကိုေဆးဖ်န္းပံုးထဲထဲ့၍ စမ္းသပ္ကြင္း (စုုစုေပါင္း 5a0.125 Eက) တြင္ပက္ဖ်န္းရန္။

※ စမ္းသပ္ကြင္း  မ်ားတြင္ ေဆးရည္Aား AညီAမွ်ပက္ဖ်န္းေပးပါရန္။

55