NEPAL EARTHQUAKE 2015:
LESSON LEARNT AND FUTURE
GUIDANCE

Dr. NarayanyBahadur Thapap
Ministry of Home Affairs
Government of Nepal
ACDR2016
Phuket, Thailand

BACKGROUND







Nepal
p is a hot spot
p of natural disaster.
Frequently occurrence: Flood, landslide, fire are themain disasters.
Nepal stands in the 11th position in terms ofEarthquake disaster, 6th in climatic hazards and30thh in terms of floods
According to geological studies, Nepal lies on
S i i Active
Seismic
A ti Zone.
ZNEPAL IS DISASTER PRONE DUE TO
Difficult Geological
Terrain8848 Meter

70 Meter

3

Disaster Prone
Seismic Hazard

Bam (>40,000)

K h i (>80,000)
Kashmir
Wenchuan (>70,000)
Kathmandu
Bhuj

Collision of Euro Asian Plates andIndian Plates by 3 mm per year, History of
Nepal by J. Whelpton

Earthquakes in the Himalaya

Indian PlateEARTHQUAKE DISASTER HISTORY
The massive earthquake of 1255, which was thefirst recorded earthquake of Nepal had damaged
palaces temples,
palaces,
temples and houses in the Kathmandu
Valley and killed one-third of its population. Thegg monarch,, Abhayay Malla,, had also died.
reigning
 Massive earthquake of Magnitude 8.4 in 1934,
more than 10,000 death in Kathmandu.
 Since then, large scale earthquakes in 1980, 1988
and 2011 had caused human and physical loss.
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER HISTORY……
As a result of the two major earthquakes that struck
Nepal
p on 25 Aprilp and 12 May
y 2015,, nearly
y 9,000,
lives
and large number Infractures and houses have been
destroyed.
 On Saturday, 25 April 2015 at 11:56 local time a 7.6
magnitude earthquake recorded by Nepal’s National
S i
Seismologicall i l Centre(NSC)
C t (NSC) struckt k Barpak
B
k in
i the
th
district of Gorkha, about 76 Km northwest ofkathmandu .
 Four aftershocks were greater than 6.0 Magnitude.
 8 Million people,
people one third population of Nepal havebeen impacted. 31 districts affected and14 districts
purposepof pprioritizinggdeclared ‘crisis-hit’ for the prescue and relief operation.
DETAIL ON APRIL 2015 EARTHQUAKE OF
NEPAL









On 25 April 2015 at 11.56, an earthquake of 7.6 Richter
Scale.
Same day at 12:30, an aftershock of 6.6 scale was felt.
Next day, on 26 April 2015, another quake of 6.9 Richter
Scale with epicenterpin Sindhupalchowkp
was felt.
One 12 may 2015, another aftershock with 6.8 scaleoccurred.
The catastrophic earthquake was followed by more than
300 aftershocks greater than magnitude 4.0 (as of 7 June2015).

EPICENTERS OF THE MAIN QUAKES AND THE
AFTERSHOCKSBUILDING DAMAGE

Barpak Village – the Epicenter of 7.6 ML

01-06-15
531-05-15
5

30-05-15
5

29-05-15
5

28-05-15
5

27-05-15
5

26-05-15
5

25-05-15
5

24-05-15
5

23-05-15
5

22-05-15
5

21-05-15
5

20-05-15
5

19-05-15
5

18-05-15
5

17-05-15
5

16-05-155

15-05-15
5

14-05-15
5

13-05-15
5

12-05-15
5

11-05-15
5

10-05-15
5

09-05-15
5

08-05-15
5

07-05-15
5

06-05-15
505-05-15
5

04-05-15
5

03-05-15
5

02-05-15
5

01-05-15
5

30-04-15
5

29-04-15
5

28-04-15
5

27-04-15
5

26-04-15
5

25-04-15
5

THE AFTERSHOCKS ABOVE 4 RICHTER SCALE
Nepal Earthquake (25 Apr - 01 Jun 2015)
Magnitude (ML)(ML), NSC
NSC, Nepal
EACH DOT INDICATES ONE QUAKE

7.8
76
7.6
7.4
7.2
7
6.8
66
6.6
6.4
6.2
6
5.8
56
5.6
5.4
5.2
5
4.8
4.6
6
4.4
4.2
4
3.8

LOSS DUEU TO
O EARTHQUAKE
R
QU
S. No.

Description

NumberInformation
Source1 Death

8,891 Nepal Police

2 Missing

198 Nepal Police

3 Injured

22,302 Nepal Police

4 Private House Damaged

602,567 DDRC

5 Private House Partical Damaged

284 479 DDRC
284,479

6 School Class Room Damaged

18,433 MoEd

7 School Class Room Partical Damaged

7,561 MoEd

8 Health Infrastructure Damage

375 MoH

9 Health Infrastructure Partial Damage
Damage648 MoH

10 Government Building Damaged

270 DUDBC

11 Government Building Partial Damaged

673 DUDBC

12 Food Damage (mt)

135,187 MoAD

13 Livestock Dead

54,411 MoAD

IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKESTRUCTURES DAMAGE

Dharahara made by Prime Minister Bhimsen Thapa in 1832 AD
destro ed on 25th April,2015
destroyed
April 2015 Tower
To er

Before 25th April, 2015

After 25th April, 2015

VEHICLES CRUSHEDON THE ROAD

THE GOVERNMENT RESPONSES

Two hours after the Earthquake
Earthquake, theCentral Natural Disaster Relief
Committee (CNDRC) called its meeting

The CNDRC held its meetings on 25, 27,
30 April and 3, 10 and 12 May 2015



Within 4 hours of earthquake,
earthquake theCouncil of Ministers held its meeting

The meetings were followed by meeting oftheh Secretaries
Si underd theh Chair
Ch i off Chief
Chi f
Secretary of the GoNClusters were called upon their meetings.



The Regional Disaster Relief Committees(REOC) and The District Disaster Relief
C
Committees
itt
(DDRC
(DDRCs)) held
h ld ththeirimeetings.

KEY DECISIONS OF CNDRC

Immediate mobilisation of all relevant institutions of all
Mi i t i
Ministries

Immediate establishment of temporary rescue houses in all 16
most affected districts and locations



Under the leadership of Secretary of Ministry of Home Affairs, acentral command post was established comprising Secretaries of 1) Ministry of Finance 2) Ministry of Defense 3) Ministry of Foreign Affairs 4) Ministry of Health and Population 5) Ministry of Physical Planning and Transport 6) Ministry
Mi i t off Urban
U b Development
Dlt 7) Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation 8)) Ministry
y of Information and Communication

KEY DECISIONS OF CNDRC …







All the hospitals would remain open for 24 hours, allgo egovernment,e t community
co
it a
and
d privatei ate ho
hospitals
ital should
ho ld
provide free service to the people injured byearthquake
All media and communication services should deliver
information and notices.
14districts(Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur,
Dhading,Rasuwa, Nuwakot, Kavrepalanchowk,
Sindhupalchowk, Gorkha, Dolakha, Ramechhap,
Sindhuli, Okhaldhunga and Makawanpur) were
declared as districts of crisis.
As the preliminary assessment showed high loss which
was beyond the national capacity to address, theCNDRC recommended to the GoN for seeking
international support

IMMEDIATE SEARCH AND
RESCUE FORCES AND
OPERATIONSLive rescue fromcollapsed buildings

Individual

Search and Rescue Team - Civil Servant
National

22,500 Related Ministries andOrganisations

Nepal Army

66,069Nepal Police

41,776

Arm Police Force

24,775Government HealthWorkers

9,500

Private Sector

4,000

Search and Rescue Team - Country
I
InternationalilPersons of the Countries
International healthTeam

16 Nepal Police

34
4,521

Canine141

Groups87 MoHealth

Total Individual

1,400

INTERNATIONAL SEARCH AND RESCUE TEAMS•For SAR 4,236 helicopter flights were used
(GoN/Private) with 7,558 persons rescued by
air and 4,689
4 689 persons rescued by land.
land•International rescue team rescued 16 lives
from the rubbles and recovered many deadbodies along with our National Security
Forces.
•Rescue teams were from various 34
countries : Algeria, Australia, Belgium,
Bangladesh, Canada, China, France,
German, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Israel,
Japan,
p
Jordon, Malaysia,yMexico, theNetherland, Norway, Oman, Philippines,
Poland, Pakistan, Russia, South Korea, Sri
Lanka,
Singapore,
Spain,
Sweden,Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, UAE, UK,
USAIMMEDIATE RELIEF SUPPORTS
Based on Disaster Victims Relief Standard
Standard, 2064
 NPR40,000: Per human death to the family
 NPR5,000: Complete house damage
 NPR3,000: Partial house damage
 NPR2,000:For,
immediate foodAs p
per the decision of Council of Ministers:
 Additional NPR100,000: who have lost family member/s NPR15,000: for Temporary Shelter for complete and partial

house damage

COUNTRIES AND ORGANIZATIONS SUPPORTING
IN SEARCH, RESCUE AND RELIEF
 GovernmentGt off NepalNl (Central(C t l andd LocalL l Governments),
Gt ) Gov.
G
off

Neighboring Countries, UN Agencies/ Specialized Agencies,
International NGOs

 NGOs,NGO Civil
Ci il Society,S i t CommunityC
it Organisations,
O
i ti
B i
Business
H
Houses//Groups, Individuals

Food: 1) India, 2) Bangladesh, 3) Myanmar, 4) Pakistan, 5) China,
6) Thailand, 7) Sri Lanka, 8) Indonesia, 9) Azerbaijan, 10) Korea, 11)Singapore, 12) Bhutan, 13) Poland, 14) Bahrain, 15) Russia, 16)
T kTurkey,17)) H
Hong K
Kong, 18)) M
Malaysia,li 19)) Kuwait
Ki
Non-food: 1) India,
India 2) Bangladesh,
Bangladesh 3) Myanmar
Myanmar, 4) China
China, 5)Thailand, 6) Sri Lanka, 7) Indonesia, 8) Azerbaijan, 9) Korea, 10)
Algeria, 11) Oman, 12) Switzerland, 13) Singapore, 14) Germany,15) Canada, 16) Cipa, 17) Japan, 18) The Netherlands, 19) Bahrain,20) Hong Kong

SEARCH & RESCUE………

LIVE RESCUEDead Bodyy CollectionHELICOPTER RESCUEINTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCECHALLENGES – AT FIELD / OPERATION LEVEL(IMMEDIATE ACTION)
 Challenge of approach in remote areas forrescue and relief, single government agencies
was not effective enough during immediate
response
espo se in thet e remote
e ote aareas.
eas.
 Temporary settlement of displaced Challenge to manage the space for rubbles

CHALLENGES – AT FIELD / OPERATIONLEVEL (IMMEDIATE ACTION) Selection of appropriate caring of children withgood faith who lost their parents andguardians.
 Challenges for immediate repair of rural roads
and for immediate transportation
 Collection of integrated field information anddissemination
 Lack of office space for the government
operations as significant
fnumber off
government buildings were damaged /d t
destroyeddCHALLENGES – AT POLICY AND PRACTICE
Lack of policy, technology, tools and equipment, andskills to dismantle the damaged structures.
 Challenges to restoration and conservation of culturaland religious heritages.
 The earthquakes will end up pushing an additional 2.5
to 3.5 percent Nepalese into poverty in 2015-2016 whichttranslates
l t into
i t att leastl
t 700,000
700 000 additionaldditi
l poor(PDNA)(PDNA)
 The nation will require substantial external assistanceto meet the rehabilitation and reconstruction (NPR 669
billion or US$ 6.7 billion ).
LESSONS LEARNT AND AREAS FOR FUTURE
DIRECTION








Need of new Disaster Management Act to address thepresent challenges.
h llPerfect implementation of building codes. Strictly
monitorit mechanism
h i
iis needed.
d dStrengthen the capacity of National Search andRescue Team specially focusing for Security forces.
Assured international supports in Search and Rescue
relief and recovery.

LESSONS LEARNING AND …
Need of Helipads in Rural Areas, Provision of Helipads
i eachin
h VDCC Emergency warehouse and adequate stockpiling ofappropriate supplies and equipment
One window system is very imp. in Rescue and Relief
to distribute food and nonfood items in remote areas
and to the backward and deprive people.
 Establishment of call centres in each Village and need
off GIS basedbd iintegratedtt d informationi fti systemt Finally,Recovery should follow a community based
approachpp
which encourages
g communities,, utilizationof social networks, and built self reliance efforts using
local skills and Knowledge. It will largely be an owneryp
programmegdriven recovery
LESSON LEARN: INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK(1982 ACT)
CabinetP
Prime‐Min
nister Natural Disasster Relief FundCentral Natural Disasterr Relief Fu
und(Policy,
Policy Budget and Emergency Declaration)

Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee(chaired by Home Minister)(Coordination Response(Coordination,
Response, Rescue
Rescue, Relief)

Rescue andTreatment
Sub-Committee
Sub
Committee
Chaired by Minister of Healthand Population

Supply,Sl Shelte
Shelter andRehabilitation
Sub-Committee
Chaired byC
y Minister of PPWTM
W

National EOC

Regional Natural Disaster
Relief Committee
Chaired by Regional Administrator

District Disaster Relief Committee
Chaired by Chief District Officer(Execution, Rescue & Relief, Data collection)

Regional EOC 5District EOC 45

Coordination Structure during Mega Disasters

Central Natural Disaster
Relief Committee(CNDRC)
Clusters

NEOC/LEMA

International
Responders

UN Agencies
Funds &
Programme

Multi-National
Multi
National
Force
Coordination
Center(MNMCC)On SiteOperations
Coordination
Center(OSOCC)Red CrossMovement

Civil/ Private
Sectors

37

EMERGENCY RESPONSE MECHANISM (GON):
CURRENTLY PRACTICED
UN Resident /Humanitarian
CoordinatorInternational Appeal

UNDAC /USAR
Teams
Clusters
Activated

Government
Line Agencies

GON Declares
Disaster(area, time)

CNDRC meetingg heldMoHA, / NEOC

INGOs &
othersDisaster

Situation Analysis((CDO,, DDRC))(Search, Rescue,
Immediate Relief)Lesson Learn: Proposed National Mechanism Emer. Response

Bilateral andMultilateralsupport,pp ,Coordinated by
MoFA International
Communities

International Appeal

GON Declares Disaster(area, time)Governmentt
G
Agencies

CNDRC meeting
i h
held
ld

Local NGO’s

MoHA, / NEOC

Disaster

Situation Analysis(CDO, DDRC)

UN RC & RedcrossUN agencies
Clusters
Activated
INGOs &
othersRECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION
 National Reconstruction Authority (NRA)

has been established with full andpauthority.
yindependent Mostly affected 14 district are dived in to 7
cluster headed by cluster chief for action.
 1000+ engineers and social mobilizers aremobilized for the collection of digitali finformationti off householdshh ld andd damagedoffhouses.
 Government has developed resilient models
of houses, provide technical support and help
y of construction material to accessibledeliveryareas.

RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION….
 Government will be providing Rs. 200,000

as grant for each house affected by theearthquake and additional soft loan fromcommercial banks.
 Detailed HH survey
y is in p
progressgtofacilitate reconstruction work and deliversocial security
y and other services in the
future.

GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS VISIT TO
EVALUATE RECOVERY PROCESSDIGITAL INFORMATION COLLECTION BY
ENGINEERS AND SOCIAL MOBILIZER
SUPERVISION BY LDO GORKHARECONSTRUCTION BUDGET ALLOCATION PLAN
(NRS IN MILLION)SECTOR

015-16016-17017-18018-9019-20020-21

Total

84,93583,914109,210 69,559

53,852

6,278

407,747

78,25031,797

5,152

256

164

-

115,618

29,65821,965

12,799

4,935

4,910

-

74,26624,087

19,765

18,617

3,496

2,859

3,048

71 87371,873Social

Productive
Infrastructure
Cross-Cutting

Total

216 931 157,440
216,931
157 440 145,778
145 778 78,245
78 24561 78561,785669 5049,326
9326 669,504

PROVISIONS OF BUDGET (FY 2015/16)
 National reconstruction fund (RS 74 billion)
 Rs
R 200 thousandhd grant assistanceito theh fullyf ll damagedddhouseholds
 Loan
L
up to
t Rs
R 2.5
2 5 andd1
1.5
5 million
illi ffor HH within
ithi anddoutside Kathmandu valley respectively at highly
subsidised interest rate (2 Percent) Separate heritage reconstruction fund
 Mason,Mason carpenter and artisan training to 50,000
50 000youthsRECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY/ APPROACH Central policy/plan, decentralised

implementation will be adopted.
 Adopt BBB (build back better) principle.
 Owner driven and self reliant effort forreconstruction in private housing for optimum
utilisation of local resources,
resources skills,
skills labour An effective institutional set up in community
level and capacity building of local people

POSITIVE ASPECTS DURING THE DISASTER
TIME: BELIEFS, SOCIAL HARMONY AND
COMMITMENT

Saturday is a off day in Nepal. Therefore, schools
across Nepal were closed on 25 April. The death
toll of young people could have been much higher
considering that nearly 7,000 schools werepy or significantlygy damaged.
gSimilarly,y, ifcompletely
the earthquake had struck at night, and not in
the middle of the day, there would certainly haveb
beengreater casualties.
li Lifelines were remarkably not affected during theearthquake.
thkPOSITIVE ASPECTS DURING THE
DISASTER…
The fiTh
firstt meetingti off th
the C
Centralt l DiDisastert R
Reliefli fCommittee (CDRC) was held immediately after the
first earthquake, with the National Emergency
Operation Centre (NEOC) providing an initial reportto the CDRC recommending a focus on Search andRescue ((SAR),), and Disaster Relief Fund was
immediately allocated, and the government’s Cluster
mechanisms, comprising 11 sectors, were instantly
activated.
 The network of NGOs and INGOs based in Nepal
swiftly rallied to support community rescue and relief
efforts.
ff t S
Severall volunteer
l tgroups, especially
i ll off youththand professionals like doctors and engineers wereactive in treating the wounded, setting up temporary
shelters,
h lsupplyingl i foodf d andd attending
di to vitali l needs.
dPOSITIVE ASPECTS DURING THE
DISASTER…
Strong political will and continuous dialogue withthe affected people are the most important
aspects
 Self reliant and motivated urban youth wereactive for rescue and relief activities.
activities
 Social harmony has become great example. Theftand robbery did not occur.


POSITIVE ASPECTS IN RECOVERY STAGE
 Postdisaster needs assessment (PDNA) is
prepared on time.
 International
Conferenceon
Nepal's
Reconstruction was held with commitment of
their contribution
 Establishment
sa s
e
oof
Nationala o a Reconstruction
eco s c o
Authority as an independent authority andPost Earthquakeq
Recoveryy and Reconstruction
Policy/strategy and guideline are in action .

Thank You