Expect the Unexpected Disasters-Mainstreaming
Mainstreaming DRR intoDevelopment-

2016 2 25
2016.2.25

Satoru MIMURA
JJapanIInternationalttil Cooperation
CtiAgency
AFukushima University

Japanese Experiences

1Disasterexperience
as a motives
forWhy Japan
can dedicate
on DRR
PPreparednessdAfter disaster experiences,
experiences Japan exercised;• To enhance structural measures• To change legislations and building code
• To revise Land Use Plan
• To change institutional structure for DRRM
In order to avoid repeating tragedy, “recoveryand reconstruction better than before thedisasters” or
Build Back Better and Prior
Investment in DRR became a common
understanding among Japanese.
2Ise Gulf Typhoon, 21 Sep. 1959 Japan• Max pressure 895 hPa• Max Wind Speed 75m/s,75m/s
5 238• Casualties 5,238

Resemble 2013 Typhoon Yolanda inPhilippines3Ise Gulf Typhoon, 21 Sep. 1959 Japan

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Ise Gulf Typhoon, 21 Sep. 1959 Japan

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Ise Gulf Typhoon, 21 Sep. 1959 Japan

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Ise Gulf Typhoon, 21 Sep. 1959 Japan

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1959 Ise-Wan
Ise Wan Typhoon wasthe 1st Epoch-Making Turning Point• Response oriented approach to preventive approach• Individual approach tocomprehensive multi‐sectoral approach• Investment forf disasterdreductiond• National, Prefecture and Municipal Gov’ts were given
responsibilities

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New Land Use Regulations for Nagoya
after the Typhoon
Article 39 of the Building Standards Act, “Disaster Hazard Areas”
Costal disaster-prevention
areas in Nagoya

To Nagoya Sta.
Kanayama Sta.
Atsuta Sta.

* Where schools, hospitals,
meeting grounds, public offices,
welfare facilities for children
children, andother public architectures locatedin areas of Categories 2 – 4 areconcerned, one or more
residential spaces will be placedon the architecture with the floor
height of the first floor of N・P(+)
2 m or higher, and with the heightof N・P (+) 33.55 m or higher
higher.

Category 3 area

Category 4 area

Nagoya Port

Category 2 area

Category 1 area

Source: Water and Disaster Management Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan9

1995 Hanshin-Awaji (Kobe) Earthquake (M7.3)
・Casualties 6,436
・The Largest Scale Disaster Since 1923
・Directly hit the Metropolitan area of Kobe

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21 years from the disaster in Kobe, Japan11

21 years from the disaster in Kobe, Japan12

Kobe Municipal Government
Headquarter
Built after
1981 BuildingStandard

Built before
1981 BBuildingildiStandard

5,520 or 83% of victims were killedby building collapse
Old houses under building code before 1981
caused the most of casualties

P bli Awareness
PublicA

Ensuring Building Safety

Proper Action byAdministrators

1995 new Act on Seismic Retrofitting of Existing Buildings
Public awareness campaign on housing seismic safety
Public campaign on affixing furniture and room safety

Great East Japan Earth Quake and Tsunami
Photo taken at Miyako City, Iwate Prefecture
Courtesy of Tarocho Fisheries CooperativeAssociationRevised building codes ensured safety
The M9 Earthquake hit Sendai City, but there was nomodern building collapse
Great East Japan Earthquake(2011)
PartialCollapse
Damage1%Partial Damage
None

None
99%

Hanshin Awaji Earthquake(1995)
Destroyed
11%
Continued
CidUse75%

Out ofUse
14%

Destroyed
Out of Use
Continued Use

Source: CBRE Consulting “Impact of Great East Japan
Earthquake on Japan Real Estate Market"
Office building in Sendai, photo by Satoru Nishikawa, Apr 15 201116School Building
g Retrofitting
gProgress of retrofitting of public schools(elementary and junior high schools)
2002

44.5％

2009

67.0%

2010

73.3%

2012

84.8%
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Reading
g the Sendai Framework
Priorities for action
Priority 1: Understanding disaster risk
Priority 2
2: Strengthening disaster risk
governance to manage disasterrisk
Priority 3: Investing in disaster risk
reduction for resilience
Priority 4: Enhancing disaster
preparedness for effective
response, and to “Build BackBetter” in recovery,
Betterrecovery rehabilitation
and reconstruction

JICA’s assistance in Disaster RiskReduction

JICA assists in Disaster Risk Reduction

“Gapless” SupportCyclone Project in Bangladesh– Multipurpose Cyclone Shelters– Weather Radars– Capacity Development of Observation
and Forecast– Community Based DRR Activities

School Building + Shelter
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Taking account of DRR in ODA projects

Raising ground level of roads(Thailand)

School with shelter function(Myanmar)

Flood resistant subway(Thailand)

Typhoon resistant hospital(Philippines)

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Development Obstructed by Disasters
DevelopmentpIdeal Curve for Development

Recovery Effort
DisasterDisasterDevelopment
Obstructedby Disasters

DisasterTime24

Negative Spiral of Poverty and Disaster
Poverty worsened byDisaster‐more sever living condition‐beingbeing more vulnerable

Preparation for Mega Disasters• Prior Planning and Investment• Land use regulation• Building
B ildicoded andd it
its enforcementft• Risk Information Sharing• Understanding the meaning of Advisory,and user friendly Early Warning• Build Back Better for social system

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