Approach to air quality improvement by PM2.5
monitoring
Japan Environmental Sanitation Center
Katsuyuki TAKAHASHI

Contents
Current Status of PM2.5 in Japan
Monitoring Method of PM2.5
Chemical Component Analysis
Source Apportionment of PM2.5
Future Tasks

2Changes in PM2.5
concentrations over the years* Automatic samplers:
TEOM method (collection at 50
degrees Celsius)

Component ratio of carbon and ion in PM2.5 (average for the 2001‐2010 period)
Non‐urban district(N=4) EC

Other20%

Urban district(N=10) EC
Other2+Mg 15%
Ca2+ 0%1%

13%

Mg2+0%

Ca2+1%

OC16%+K1%
NH4+11%

Cl2%

Na+
1%
SO427%

13%

K+
1%

OC
16%

NH4+
12%

Ca2+0% +K
1%
NH4+11%

Mg2+Other
0% 12%

EC
24%

Na+
1%

Na+
1%

Cl3%

NO38%
2-

Roadside (N=5)

SO4224%

NO314%

OC
16%

SO4219%NO313%

Cl3%

3

The Results for Achievement of
PM2.5 Standard FY2012
Ambient Air
Monitoring
StationAchievement
Ratio 43.3％

Roadside Air
Monitoring
StationAchievement
Ratio 33.3％

483624120086-2015410250065432
10+NH4Content (%)

25NO3-315105041510Conc.
Content205052041531021SO42-5000.42+K

0.30.210.10.0050

Conc.（μg m ）-ClContent (%)

4620Content (%)

0OCContent (%)

08

Content (%)

5Conc.（μg m ）2Conc.（μg m ）10Conc.（μg m ）4Content (%)

15-3620-3EC-38

Content (%)-3-3Conc.（μg m ）-3Conc.（μg m ）-3Conc.（μg m ）Components whose
concentration and content havedecreased(1997 vs. 2004)
EC: 56％
Cl-: 82％
Lowering factor of EC
 Achievements of controllingof diesel emissions fromautomobiles
Lowering factor of Cl Regulation on incinerators(Law Concerning Special
Measures against Dioxins:2000)

Conc.（μg m ）Results of Long-term Observation of PMComponents

PM2.1

4030
20100

97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04

97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04

Fiscal Year

Fiscal Year5

Automatic Measurement andMeasurement Using Filters
Monitoring using automatic measuring instruments
Advantages
Possible to obtain measured values hourly
Possible to perform continuous monitoring at a fixed point
Possible to know the concentration change in a day

Requirements
Cost and labor for proper maintenance and management arerequired.
Not only expensive equipment but power supplies and a measuring
station with necessary devices and instruments are required.
A supply system for consumables is required.

6

Air Sampler Used for the Filter
Method①④②⑤

Dimensions: W 410 × D 330 × H 610 mm / (The height whenplaced on the stand is approximately 2,000 mm.)
Weight: Approx. 32 kg
 PM10 inlet  Screens out particles whose size is 10 μm orlarger.

③

 Temperature sensor  Maintains the temperature difference
between the outer air and filter section within 5C.
 Weights for outdoor installation
 PM2.5 impactor  Screens out particles whose size is 2.5
μm or larger.
 Filter  Pull the handle to replace the filter.

7

For Highly Accurate Weighing
Marble:Placed on sandVibration
isolation table:
Sand is inside.
Rubber vibration
insulator

Conditioning for 24 hours with thetemperature at 21.5C ± 1.5C andrelative humidity at 35% ± 5%.
 Accuracy of theWindbreak cover
The weighing machine has
reciprocal sensibility of 1 μg.

weighing machine
Constant weight ofthe filter
Measures against
wind
Measures against
static electricity
Measures against
vibration

Discharge mat
Ionizer(for removing static electricity)8Monitoring Using Automatic Measuring
Instruments
Sample commercially available PM2.5 automatic measuring
instruments

9Equivalence Evaluation Test
Urban
area

Round 1:

Non-urban
area

Winter from December 21,
2009 to February 2, 2010

Integrationof the twoareas(37 days excluding the period fromDecember 28 to January 3)

Summer from July 20 toAugust 29, 2010 (40 days)

Summer

Winter from December 20,
2010 to February 15, 2011
(50 days excluding the period fromDecember 28 to January 3)

Summer from July 20 toAugust 29, 2010 (40 days)

Winter

4 separate
fieldsGroup 2Round 2:

Testing area:

Urban area: 1 Daishikoen, Kawasakiku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa Prefecture
Non-urban area: 1182 Sowa, Nishi-ku,Niigata, Niigata Prefecture

Integrationof the twoseasonsGroup 110Chemical Component Analysis:
Purposes
To examine effective measures against micro-particulatematters suitable for the characteristics by regionTo accumulate scientific knowledge, such as behaviors ofmicro-particulate matters and their precursors in theatmosphere, including the secondary generation mechanismof the micro-particulate matters
To estimate the source contribution rate of micro-particulatematters
To enrich the knowledge that contributes to health effects
researches of micro-particulate matters
To contribute to the establishment and verification of asimulation model
To enhance the knowledge regarding the transition ofgeneration sources over time and the verification of effects ofmeasures
11Chemical Component Analysis:
Analytical MethodAnalysis item

FilterAnalytical method

Ioncomponents

Quartz fiber filter
orPTFE filter

Water extraction—Ion chromatography

Inorganicelementcomponents

PTFE filter

Acidic cleavage—Inductively-coupledplasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS)
or
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method

Carboncomponents

Quartz fiber filter

Thermal/optical reflectance method

Polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons

Quartz fiber filter
orPTFE filter

Solvent extraction—High performanceliquid chromatography (HPLC)
or
Solvent extraction—Gas chromatography
mass spectrometry (GC/MS)

12Conceptual Diagram of Generation Source
Analysis Using an Atmospheric Model

Upstream

Downstream
Adapted by Ijima, Journal of Japan Society for Atmospheric Environment,
2011

13

Example of Source Apportionment by the CMB
MethodOilcombustion
2%

Waste
incineration
2%

Fieledburning2%

unknown
20%
Dieselexhaust13%

Sec-OC
13%

Local soil
1%
Tire wear
3%
Road dust
3%

Sec-NH4
10%

Sec-SO4
14% Sec-NO3
14%

Sec-Cl4%

Maebashi14

Necessity of Source Profile Data
Accumulation

Steel Industry

District Heating & CoolingIndustrial Waste
Incineration Plant

Heavy Oil Boiler

Incineration Plant

15In Conclusion
Continuous monitoring at fixed points will let you know a lot ofthings.
Verification of the effects on measures against air pollution
Changes in generation source of air pollution
Quality control is important
Dual measurement, Sampling low rate calibration
Traveling blank test, certified reference materialWork around your mission with the intention of obtaining one
data item spending a decade.

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