SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIAUNESCO sponsored Conference
5th DUBROVNIK CONFERENCE ON
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMSBOOK OF ABSTRACTS
September 29th - October 3rd 2009, Dubrovnik,
Croatia

Organizers
University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal

In cooperation with:

Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
University of Dubrovnik, Dubrovnik, Croatia
University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
Kuwait University, Kuwait
Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Research Center for Energy, Informatics and Materials (ICEIM-MANU), Skopje,
Macedonia"Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Partners
SDEWES Centre
UNESCO, Paris, France
The Club of Rome, Croatian, Slovenian, Austrian Association, European
Support Centre, Zagreb/Ljubljana/Vienna
The World Academy of Art and Science

International Scientific Committee
Prof. Noam Lior, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA, Chairman
Prof. Naim H. Afgan, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal
Prof. Željko Bogdan, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia, Co-Chairman
Prof. Maria da Graça Carvalho, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal, CoChairperson
Prof. Mohamaad A. Darwish, Kuwait University, Kuwait
Prof. Neven Duić, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Prof. Kemal Hanjalic, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands /"Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy , Co- Chairman
Prof. Mireille Jacomino, Grenoble Institute of Technology, Grenoble, France
Prof. Viatcheslav Kafarov, Industrial University of Santander, Santander, Colombia
Prof. Jiri Klemes, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary
Prof. Tarik Kupusović, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Prof. Vladimir Lipovac, University of Dubrovnik, Dubrovnik, Croatia
Prof. Henrik Lund, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Dr. Natasa Markovska, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, Macedonia
Dr. Simeon Oka, Institute Vinča, Belgrade, Serbia
Prof. Jordan Pop-Jordanov, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje,
Macedonia
Hon. Peter Rae, World Wind Energy Association, Launceston, TAS, Australia
Prof. Nikola Ružinski, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Prof. Luis M. Serra, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
Prof. Ingo Stadler, Cologne University of Applied Sciences, Cologne, Germany
Mr. Roland Vidil, CEA, Grenoble, France
Prof. Zhang Xiliang, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Prof. Aleksander Zidanšek, Institute Jozef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Local Organizing Committee
Prof. Željko Bogdan, FMENA, University of Zagreb
Prof. Neven Duić, FMENA, University of Zagreb, Chairman
Prof. Zvonimir Guzović, FMENA, University of Zagreb
Prof. Nikola Ružinski, FMENA, University of Zagreb
Dr. Aleksandra Anić, FMENA, University of Zagreb

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Dr. Dražen Lončar, FMENA, University of Zagreb
Dr. Daniel Rolph Schneider, FMENA, University of Zagreb
Marko Ban, FMENA, University of Zagreb
Boris Ćosić, FMENA, University of Zagreb
Ankica Đukić, FMENA, University of Zagreb
Nenad Ferdelji, FMENA, University of Zagreb
Nevena Grubelić, FMENA, University of Zagreb
Goran Krajačić, FMENA, University of Zagreb
Luka Perković, FMENA, University of Zagreb
Tomislav Pukšec, FMENA, University of Zagreb
Daniela Tomašević, University of Dubrovnik
Davorka Turčinović, University of Dubrovnik

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the National andUniversity Library in Zagreb under 715546
ISBN 978-953-6313-97-6

Publisher:
Editors:

Technical Editor:
Print:

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture,
ZagrebProf. Zvonimir Guzović, FMENA, University of Zagreb
Prof. Neven Duić, FMENA, University of Zagreb
Marko Ban, FMENA, University of Zagreb
Sunčana Matijašević, Domagoj Gračan
PRINTERA GRUPA, Zagreb, Croatia

This Book of Abstracts is printed on paper with
FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) certificate

3SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Scientific Advisory Board
Prof. Ivo Šlaus, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb, Croatia, Chairman
Prof. Jose Albiac, Unidad Economia Agraria - CITA (Government of Aragon), Zaragoza,
Spain
Prof. Waheeb AlNaser, Bahrain
Dr. Luis Alves, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal
Prof. Jesus Arauzo, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
Prof. Lubka Atanasova, University "Prof. Dr. Assen Zlatarov" - Bourgas, Bourgas,
Bulgaria
Dr. Ofira Ayalon, Samuel neaman inst. and Univ. of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
Prof. Milun J. Babić, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
Prof. Igor Balen, FMENA, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Prof. Agneta Balint, West University of Timişoara , Timişoara, Romania
Prof. Frano Barbir, UNIDO-ICHET, Istanbul, Turkey
Dr. Sadik Bekteshi, University of Pristina, Pristina, Kosovo
Dr. Daniel Beysens, CEA & ESPCI, Paris, France
Prof. Robert Blinc, Institute Jozef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Prof. Dagnija Blumberga, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
Prof. Milorad Bojić, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
Prof. Branko Bosnjakovic, UN Economic Commission for Europe (retired), Geneve,
Switzerland
Prof. Ennio Cardona, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
Prof. Damiana Chinese, University of Udine, Udine , Italy
Prof. Pedro J. Coelho, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal
Prof. Luis Cortez, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
Prof. Renato M. Cotta, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Prof. Silvio de Oliveira Junior, University of Săo Paulo , Săo Paulo , Brazil
Prof. Igor Dekanić, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Ms. Cheryl Desha, The Natural Edge Project/ Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
Prof. Joško Deur, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Prof. Slaven Dobrović, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Prof. Carmen Duran de Bazua, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City,
MexicoProf. Diamantino Durăo, Lusiada University, Lisbon, Portugal
Ms. Gloria Maria Elizondo Elizondo, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United
Kingdom
Mr. Bredo Erichsen, Statkraft, Tirana, Albania
Prof. Robert Evans, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Prof. Ying Fan, Institute of Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China
Dr. Didac Ferrer-Balas, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya - UPC, Barcelona, spain
Prof. Bernard Franković, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
Prof. Antun Galović, FMENA, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Prof. Susan Gaskin, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Prof. Maria Gavrilescu , "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Romania, Iasi,
RomaniaProf. Nesreen Ghaddar, American University, Beirut, Lebanon
Dr. Dionysios Giannakopoulos, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Prof. Orio Giarini, The Risk Institute, Geneva, Switzerland
Prof. Ranko Goić, University of Split, Split, Croatia
Prof. Iztok Golobič, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Dr. Alexander Graf, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Germany
Prof. Gustav R. Grob, ISEO, ICEC, ISO, Cham-Zug, Switzerland
Dr. Borislav Grubor, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinča, Belgrade, Serbia
Prof. Petar Gvero, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Prof. Kota Hanumantha Rao, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden
Dr. Jens Hetland, SINTEF Energiforksning AS, Trondheeim, Norway
Dr. Schlör Holger, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
Prof. Zabalza Ignacio, CIRCE, ZARAGOZA, Spain
Prof. Vladan Ivanović, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Podgorica, Montenegro
Prof. Goran Jankes, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade,
Belgrade, Serbia
Prof. Gilberto M. Jannuzzi, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
Prof. Frantisek Jirous, The Czech Technical University in Prague , Prague, Czech
Republic
Dr. Yigal Kadar, Mekorot Water Company Ltd, Tel-Aviv, Israel
Prof. Emmanuel Kakaras, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Dr. Andreas Kallioras, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
Prof. Larry Kazmerski, National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, USA
Dr. Lee Keat Teong, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Mr. Mahdi Khosravi, Power & Water University of Technology, Tehran, IranProf. Natalija Koprivanac, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering &Technology, Zagreb, Croatia
Prof. Milivoje M. Kostić, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, USA
Mr. Ivan Kozyatnyk, Institute of Colloid Chemistry and Chemistry of Water, Ukrainian
National Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine
Prof. Reiner Kuemmel, Universitaet Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Prof. Walter Leal Filho, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg, Germany
Dr. Martin Lehmann, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Dr. Dražen Lončar, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture,
University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Prof. Antonio G. Lopes, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Prof. Peter Lund, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland
Ms Lin Luo, Center of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden,
Netherlands
Prof. Varghese Manaloor, University of Alberta, Camrose, Canada
Prof. Dora Marinova, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia
Ms. Isabel Paula Marques, INETI-Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e
Inovaçăo, I.P., Lisbon, Portugal
Dr. Fabio V. Matera, CNR-ITAE, Messina, Italy
Dr. Kenichi Matsumoto, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
Mr. José Melim Mendes, AREAM '“ Regional Agency for Energy and Environment ofMadeira, Funchal - Madeira, Portugal

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Prof. Vera Mesko, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University - Skopje, Skopje, Republic ofMacedonia
Prof. Josua P Meyer, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
Prof. Adnan Midilli, Nigde University, Nigde, Turkey
Dr. György Mink, Research Laboratory of Materials and Environmental Chemistry
Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
Prof. Alberto Mirandola, University of Padova, Italy, Padova, Italy
Prof. Mousa Mohsen, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
Dr. Bernd Möller, Aalborg University, Aalborg, DenmarkProf. Tatiana Morosuk, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Dr.ir. Karel Mulder, TU-Delft, Delft, Nederlands
Prof. Boris. N. Kuznetsov, Siberian Federal University, Institute of Chemistry andChemical Technology SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
Prof. Vladimir E. Nakoryakov, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Prof. Vincenzo Naso, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
Prof. Salvatore Nicosia, Universita di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
M.Sc. Astrid Offermans, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
Dr. Abdeen Omer, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
Prof. Fabio Orecchini, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
Dr. Alla Pakina, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
Dr. Terry Penney, NREL, USA
Dr. Milan Pesić, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
Dr. Gonzalo Piernavieja Izquierdo, Instituto Tecnologico de Canarias, Pozo Izquierdo,
SpainProf. Petros Pilavachi, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece
Prof. Predrag Popovski, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University , Skopje, Republic ofMacedonia
Prof. Andrej Predin, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
Mr. Igor Raguzin, Ministry of Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship, Zagreb, Croatia
Prof. Predrag Rašković, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
Dr. Roger Raufer, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
Dr. Rob Raven, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Dr. Nenad Ravlić, IGH, Rijeka, Croatia
Prof. Lucas Reijnders, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
Prof. Mauro Reini, University of Trieste, Italy
Dr. Ivica Ristović, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Belgrade,
SerbiaProf. Gianfranco Rizzo, UniversitaÂ degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
Prof. Ingo Romey, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
Dr. Akshai Runchal, ACRi - The CFD Innovators, Bel Air, CA, USA
Mr. Esa Ruuskanen, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
Prof. Bruno Saftić, University of Zagreb - Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum
Engineering, Zagreb, Croatia
Prof. Manuela Sarmento, Armed Forces University, Lisbon, Portugal
Dr. Daniel Rolph Schneider, FMENA, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Prof. Hans Schnitzer, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
Prof. Enrico Sciubba, Universita di Roma 1 - La sapienza, roma, Italy
Mr. Jordi Segalas, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona, Spain

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Prof. Dusan Sekulic, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
Prof. Viriato Semiao, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal
Prof. Raphael Semiat, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
Prof. Semida Silveira, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
Dr. Dana Sitanyiova, University of Zilina, Zilina, Slovakia
Prof. Izet Smajević, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Prof. Wojciech Stanek, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice , Poland
Dr. Therese Steenberghen, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Prof. Gordana Stefanović, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
Dr. Predrag Stefanović, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, Belgrade, Serbia
Prof. Petr Stehlik, University of Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
Dr. Dalia Streimikiene, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
Prof. Andras Szollosi-Nagy, UNESCO, Paris, France
Dr. Mario Tarantini, ENEA, Bologna, Italy
Prof. Branislav Todorović, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Dr. Željko Tomšić, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Dr. Kim Chi Tran - Gulbrandsen, Norwegian Water and Energy Directorate, Oslo,
NorwayProf. George Tsatsaronis, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Dr. Javier Uche, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
Prof. Sergio Ulgiati, Universita degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Napoli, Italy
Prof. Krzysztof Urbaniec, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
Prof. Orhan Uslu, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
Prof. Nick van de Giesen, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Dr. Ivan Vera, United Nations, Division for Sustainable Development, new york, USA
Prof. Vittorio Verda, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
Prof. T. Nejat Veziroglu, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Prof. David Waddington, University of York, York, UK
Ms. Mingna Wang, Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing,
China
Prof. Yi-Ming Wei, Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing
Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
Prof. Margareta Wihersaari, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
Dr. Chi-Keung Woo, USA
Dr. Tatsuo Yagishita, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology,
Hiroshima , Japan
Prof. Evgeny Yantovsky, Independent researcher, Aachen, Germany
Dr. Takuyuki Yoshioka, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa,
Japan
Prof. Anastasia Zabaniotou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Prof. Na Zhang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Dr. Albana Zotaj, Academy of Sciences of Albania, Tirana, Albania
Dr. Manos Zoulias, Centre for Renewable Energy Sources, Pikermi, Greece
Dr. Zdena Zsigraiova, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Conference Venue: Dubrovnik"Those who seek paradise on Earthshould come to Dubrovnik and see Dubrovnik."(George Bernard Shaw)
Dubrovnik is situated in the southernmost part of the Republic of Croatia. Founded in the
7th century, Dubrovnik is rich with cultural and historical monuments and is included in
the UNESCO World Heritage list. The city is surrounded with the walls built between the
11th and 17th century. Its cultural and scientific institutions include Museum at Rector's
Palace, Cathedral Treasury, Pinacotheca, Franciscan monastery and cloister, with one ofthree oldest pharmacies in Europe (14th c.), the Cathedral (initial funds given by King
Richard the Lionheart), one of the European oldest Synagogues, Marin Drzic Theatre,
Dubrovnik Symphony Orchestra, Interuniversity Center. Nature lovers can find here true
Mediterranean landscape, and "enjoy the cleanest sea in the Mediterranean" (Jean Jacques
Cousteau). Dubrovnik International Airport is situated 22 km from the city center.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Scope and Objectives"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present withoutcompromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
The Report of the U.N. Brundtland Commission, Our Common Future, 1987
The Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water andEnvironment Systems, to be held in 2009 for its 5th consecutive time, is dedicated to theimprovement and dissemination of knowledge on methods, policies and technologies forincreasing the sustainability of development, taking into account its economic,
environmental and social pillars, as well as methods for assessing and measuring
sustainability of development, regarding energy, transport, water and environment
systems and their many combinations. Sustainability being also a perfect field forinterdisciplinary and multi-cultural evaluation of complex system, the Dubrovnik
Conference has during the first decade of the 21st century become a significant venue forresearchers in those areas to meet, and discuss, share, and disseminate new ideas.
"Then I say the earth belongs to each of these generations during it's course, fully,
and in their own right. The 2nd. generation receives it clear of the debts andincumbrances of the 1st., the 3rd. of the 2nd. and so on. For if the 1st. could charge itwith a debt, then the earth would belong to the dead and not the living generation.
Then no generation can contract debts greater than may be paid during the course of
it's own existence."
Thomas Jefferson, Sept.6, 1789
The scope of the Conference will continue to successfully cover the following areas (withexamples in parentheses, but not confined to these examples only):
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Sustainability comparisons and measurements methodologies (metrics andindices, multi-criteria analysis, external costs, exergy analysis, footprint
methods, emergy)
Energy policy (security of supply, climate change mitigation, renewable energy
support schemes, energy efficiency, employment generating, agriculture andforestry, tax, cap and trade, feed-in, green certificates)
Transport policy (urban sprawl management, traffic management, road pricing,
modal management, alternative fuels, social aspects, rail vs. air)
Water policy (water management, wastewater management, water reuse, water
pricing)
Environmental policy (waste management, wastewater management, climatechange, air pollution policy, water pollution policy, land management, biomass
management, social aspects, emission tax, cap and trade)

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

•
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Energy system analysis (Energy system analysis models, tools andmethodologies, Energy system analysis surveys and results)
Life cycle assessment, Environmental impact assessment, Eco-design and Ecolabelling
Energy planning (power system planning, smart energy networks, natural gas
system planning, high penetration of renewables, island energy systems,
development of energy planning tools, internalizing environmental externalities)
Transport management (modelling, optimisation, tracking, GPS/mobile
systems)
Renewable energy resources (forest and agricultural biomass, biofuels, biogas,
hydro, wind, solar, geothermal, wave and ocean)Primary energy resources (oil, gas, coal, uranium, thorium, oil peaking)Water resources (surface, ground, desalination, etc.)
Food and agriculture
Renewable electricity generation systems (biomass, grid and fluidized bed,
biofuels, biogas, hydro, wind, photovoltaic, concentrated solar thermal power,
geothermal, wave, tide, ocean thermal)
Thermal power plants (clean coal, fluidized bed, combined cycles)
Carbon capture and storage/sequestration (oxy-fuel combustion, pre-combustion
capture, post-combustion capture, CO2 transport, enhanced oil/gas recovery,
enhanced coal bed methane recovery, aquifer storage, bedrock storage, oceanstorage, leakage)
Nuclear energy (new power plant designs, waste, proliferation, policies,
acceptance)
Advanced sustainable energy conversion systems (fuel cells, thermoelectric,
thermionic, organic)
Renewable heat systems (biomass, biofuels, biogas, solar, geothermal, heatpumps)
Biofuels and biorefineries (biodiesel, bioethanol, second generation biofuels,
anaerobic digestion, BTL, biorefineries, vehicles, infrastructure, combustion
modelling, sustainability assessment)
Hydrogen production technologies (stationary, mobile, small applications,electrolysis, reforming, nuclear hydrogen, infrastructure)
Hybrid and electric vehicles (first generation, plug in, charging, batteries,
infrastructure)
Other alternative fuels (DME, CNG, LPG, resources, production, vehicles,
infrastructure)
Water treatment (methods, health issues, standards, grey water)
Desalination (distillation, reverse osmosis, energy recovery, discharge
management)
Wastewater treatment (municipal, industrial, agricultural)
Waste treatment (composting, incineration, landfill, anaerobic digestion,
gasification, mechanical biological treatment, mechanical heat treatment,
plasma arc waste disposal, pyrolysis, recycling)
Waste to energy (incineration, landfill gas capture, RDF, cement industry, tyres,combustion modelling)

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

•
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Recycling waste (glass, paper, metals, containers, tyres, textiles, batteries,
biodegradable waste, separation, financial schemes)
Pollution modelling (CFD models, air pollution spreading, water pollution
spreading, combustion modelling)
Heat and mass transfer modelling (CFD models, energy efficiency)
Cogeneration (heat and power, water and power, biofuels and power, transportand energy, food and energy, waste to energy)
Trigeneration, polygeneration
Storage (heat storage, hydrogen storage, hydropower as storage, pump storage,
compressed air storage, batteries, water storage, biofuels storage, storage
optimisation modelling, financial support mechanisms, maximising renewables,
optimising load, power market arbitrage, smart energy networks)
Energy efficiency (industry, agriculture, appliances, smart appliances, load
management, rebound effects and mitigation)
Buildings (passive buildings, smart buildings, green buildings, building
standards, heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, cooling, insulation, renewables,
heat pumps, load management, storage, sustainable architecture)
Energy markets (liberalisation, regulation, spot markets, pools, storage,
renewables, merging and acquisitions, modelling)
Emission markets (ETS, carbon, GHG, SOx)
Employment and energy, transport, water and environment systems (technology
development, equipment production, installation, maintenance)
Technology transfer and development (emerging markets, developing countries,
least developed countries, new opportunities)
Social acceptance (reform, NIMBY, nuclear, wind, hydrogen, hidden andspecial interests)
Sustainable tourism (energy systems, transport systems, water systems,
environment systems, green hotels)
Urbanism (urban planning, zoning, transport, modal shift)
Education in Sustainable Development (Governance, Environmental
Awareness, Higher Education in SD, Engineering Education in SD)
Cooperation for Development (International Development Mechanisms, Clean
Development Mechanisms, etc.)

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Preface
The purpose of the 5th Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development ofEnergy, Water and Environment Systems (SDEWES) is to provide a forum for worldwide specialists in the sustainability of development to present progress of researchers,
and to discuss the state of the art, the future directions and priorities in the various areas ofthe sustainability of development: this conference especially in the improvement anddissemination of knowledge on methods, policies and technologies for increasing thesustainability of development, taking into account its economic, environmental and social
pillars, as well as methods for assessing and measuring sustainability of development,
regarding energy, transport, water and environment systems and their many combinations.
It would not have been possible to organise the 5th Dubrovnik SDEWES Conference
if its participants had not sent over 700 abstracts which are peer-reviewed and nearly 400
papers were accepted and are collected in this Proceedings. The organizers wish to
express them their gratitude for having taken interest in the 5th Dubrovnik SDEWES
Conference and for their invaluable written and oral contributions. We sincerely thank theMembers of the International Scientific Committee and the Members of the Scientific
Advisory Board who devoted much time for reviewing the abstracts and papers, who
contributed to the success of this conference and the quality of Proceedings. We also
grateful our Colleagues, the Members of the Organising Committee and to all people who
contributed in many ways, for their endeavours in organization of the 5th Dubrovnik
SDEWES Conference. Special thanks to the invited lecturers.
We would like to welcome all the participants of the 5th Dubrovnik SDEWES
Conference coming from nearly 60 countries all over the world. We trust that thisconference will reach the goal of bringing together scientists and engineers and inspirethem to gather more knowledge in order to tackle mankind's future problems. Last but not
the least we would be happy if your stay in Dubrovnik would be enjoyable, fruitful,pleasant, happy and sunny, in town which is included in the UNESCO world Heritage list.
Prof. Noam Lior
Chairman of International Scientific Committee
Prof. Ivo Šlaus
Chairman of Scientific Advisory Board
Prof. Neven Duić
Chairman of Local Organising Committee
Prof. Zvonimir Guzović
Conference Secretary

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Programme
Tuesday, September 29th
9:00 - 10:00

Registration (HALL A)

10:00 - 12:30

Excursion to HPP Dubrovnik

12:00 - 13:00

Registration (HALL A)

13:00 - 15:30

Excursion to HPP Dubrovnik

16:00 - 18:00

Registration (HALL A)

19:30 - 20:30

Welcome reception

Wednesday, September 30th
7:30 - 9:30

Registration (HALL A)

9:30 - 10:30

Opening of the conference (Room A)

10:30 - 11:30

11:30 - 12:00

Key note lecture
Prof. Noam Lior: Sustainable Energy Development: the Present(2009) Situation and Possible Paths to the Future (Room A)
Coffee break (HALL B)

12:00 - 13:30

Parallel sessions
Special Session: Sustainability strategies in building sector: life
cycle approaches, methods and tools (Room A)
Chairman: Dr. Mario Tarantini

Biomass, Biogas and Biofuels: Potentials and limitations I(Room B)
Advances in Waste Management I (Room C)
Developments in Solar Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (Room D)
Heat and Mass Transfer in Energy and Environment Systems I(Room E)
Fundamentals of sustainability (Room F)
13:30 - 14:30

Buffet lunch (HALL B + HALL C)

14:30 - 16:00

Parallel sessions
Special Session: Biofuels sustainability (Room A)
Chairman: Prof. Viatcheslav Kafarov

Towards Sustainable Combustion I (Room B)
Advances in Waste Management II (Room C)
Solar Thermal Heat and Power I (Room D)
Heat and Mass Transfer in Energy and Environment Systems II(Room E)

13

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

16:00 - 16:30

Approaches to Sustainable Development: Methodologies I(Room F)
Coffee break (HALL B)

16:30 - 18:00

Parallel sessions
Special Session: Biofuels sustainability (Room A)
Chairman: Prof. Viatcheslav Kafarov

Sustainable Manufacturing and Mining I (Room C)
Solar Thermal Heat and Power II (Room D)
Hydro, Wind, Geothermal I (Room E)

18:00 - 18:30

Approaches to Sustainable Development: Methodologies II(Room F)
Coffee break (HALL B)

18:30 - 20:00

Parallel sessions
Special Session: Biofuels sustainability (Room A)
Chairman: Prof. Viatcheslav Kafarov

Advances in Waste Management III (Room C)
Sustainable Transport I (Room D)
Hydro, Wind, Geothermal II (Room E)
Approaches to Sustainable Development: Case Studies (Room F)

Thursday, October 1st
7:30 - 9:00

Registration (HALL A)

9:00 - 10:00

Key note lecture
Prof. Henrik Lund: How to implement Renewable Energy
Systems? Lessons learned from the Danish case. (Room A)
Parallel sessions

10:00 - 11:30

Special Session: On the way to 100% Renewable Energy Systems(Room A)
Chairman: Prof. Henrik Lund

Social Aspects of Sustainable Development (Room B)
Combined Cycle and Cogeneration Heat and Power Systems I(Room C)
Measurement and Monitoring for Sustainability I (Room D)
Sustainable Manufacturing and Mining II (Room E)
Nuclear Power (Room F)
11:30 - 12:00

Coffee break (HALL B)

12:00 - 13:30

Parallel sessions
Special Session: On the way to 100% Renewable Energy Systems(Room A)
Chairman: Prof. Henrik Lund

14

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIAApproaches to Sustainable Water Development: Methodologies(Room B)
Combined Cycle and Cogeneration Heat and Power Systems II(Room C)
Sustainable Agriculture (Room D)
Conservation and Demand-Side Management I (Room E)
Side Event - BIOSIRE project workshop (Room F)

Chairman: Prof. Neven Duić
13:30 - 14:30

Buffet lunch (HALL B + HALL C)

14:30 - 16:00

Parallel sessions
Special Session: Storage Requirements For a 100% Energy
Supply (Room A)
Chairman: Prof. Ingo Stadler

Approaches to Sustainable Water Development: Case Studies I(Room B)
Advances in Thermal Power, Heat, and Cooling I (Room C)
Education and Technology Transfer for Sustainability (Room D)
Environmental Concerns (Room E)
Side Event - BIOSIRE project workshop (Room F)

Chairman: Prof. Neven Duić
16:00 - 16:30

Coffee break (HALL B)

16:30 - 18:00

Parallel sessions
Special Session: Converting Biomass and Wastes into Green Fuels
by Modular Thermochemical systems (Room A)
Chairman: Prof. Anastasia Zabaniotou

Approaches to Sustainable Water Development: Case Studies II(Room B)
Advances in Thermal Power, Heat, and Cooling II (Room C)
Hydro, Wind, Geothermal III (Room D)
18:00 - 18:30

Coffee break (HALL B)

18:30 - 20:00

Round table "The energy-water interdependence", (Room A)
Chairman: Prof. Noam Lior

Friday, October 2nd
7:30 - 9:00

Registration (HALL A)

9:00 - 10:00

Key note lecture
Prof. Maria da Graça Carvalho: Building a Low Carbon Society(Room A)
Parallel sessions

10:00 - 11:30

15

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Special Session: Interconnected Crises: Energy, Climate,
Demography and Economy - New Approaches to Solutions(Room A)
Chairman: Prof. Aleksander Zidanšek
Co-chairman: Prof. Ivo Šlaus

Special Session: Integrating Waste and Renewable Energy to
reduce the Carbon Footprint of Locally Integrated Energy Sectors(Room B)

Chairman: Prof. Jiri Klemes
Co-chairman: Prof. Ferenc Friedler

Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (Room C)
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Impacts and Countermeasures I(Room D)
Towards Sustainable Combustion II (Room E)
Side Event - STORIES project workshop (Room F)

Chairman: Dr. Zoulias
11:30 - 12:00

Coffee break (HALL B)

12:00 - 13:30

Parallel sessions
Special Session: Interconnected Crises: Energy, Climate,
Demography and Economy - New Approaches to Solutions(Room A)
Chairman: Prof. Šlaus
Co-chairman: Prof. Zidanšek

Special Session: Integrating Waste and Renewable Energy to
reduce the Carbon Footprint of Locally Integrated Energy Sectors(Room B)

Chairman: Prof. Klemes
Co-chairman: Prof. Friedler

Sustainable Transport II (Room C)
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Impacts and Countermeasures II(Room D)
Hydrogen and Fuel Cells I (Room E)
Side Event - STORIES project workshop (Room F)

Chairman: Dr.Manos Zoulias
13:30 - 14:30

Buffet lunch (HALL B + HALL C)

14:30 - 16:00

Parallel sessions
Biomass, biogas and biofuels: Conversion Processes I (Room B)
Building a research career in the European Research Market: EU
institutional and financial tools (Room C)
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Impacts and Countermeasures III(Room D)
Hydrogen and Fuel Cells II (Room E)

16

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Side Event - STORIES project workshop (Room F)

Chairman: Dr. Manos Zoulias
17:30 - 23:00

Excursion and gala dinner

Saturday, October 3rd
7:30 - 9:00

Registration (HALL A)

9:00 - 10:00

Key note lecture
Prof. Xiliang Zhang: Technologies and Policies for theTransition to a Sustainable Energy System in China (Room A)
Parallel sessions

10:00 - 11:30

Special Session: National Strategies for Sustainable Development(Room A)
Chairman: Prof. Natasa Markovska

Biomass, Biogas and Biofuels: Potentials and Limitations II(Room B)
Renewable Energy Planning and Implementation I (Room C)
Measurement and Monitoring for Sustainability II (Room D)
Conservation and Demand-Side Management II (Room E)
Sustainability in Buildings I (Room F)
11:30 - 12:00

Coffee break (HALL B)

12:00 - 13:30

Parallel sessions
Special Session: National Strategies for Sustainable Development(Room A)
Chairman: Prof. Natasa Markovska

Biomass, Biogas and Biofuels: Potentials and limitations III(Room B)
Renewable Energy Planning and Implementation II (Room C)
Advances in Distribution systems (Room E)
Sustainability in Buildings II (Room F)
13:30 - 14:30

Buffet lunch (HALL B + HALL C)

14:30 - 16:00

Parallel sessions
Special Session: Role and Responsibility of Local Authorities in
Assuring Energy Supply and Energy Security for Industry andPopulation (Room A)
Chairman: Prof. Milun Babić

Biomass, biogas and biofuels: Conversion Processes II (Room B)
Electricity Transmission and Management (Room C)
16:00 - 16:30

Sustainability in Buildings III (Room F)
Coffee break (HALL B)

16:30 - 18:00

Parallel sessions

18:00 - 19:00

Closing session (Room A)

17

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

To this Book of Abstract a CD Proceedings is enclosed,containing all the papers mentioned in full18

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Contents
Invited Lectures .................................................................................... 34
Sustainable Energy Development: The Present (2009) Situation and Possible Paths to
The Future ................................................................................................... 34
How to Implement Renewable Energy Systems? Lessons Learned from The Danish Case.................................................................................................................... 35
Building a Low Carbon Society................................................................................. 36
Technologies and Policies for The Transition to a Sustainable Energy System in China 37

Special Session: On the Way to 100% Renewable Energy Systems..... 38
Ireland's Pathway Towards a 100% Renewable Energy System: the First Step ........... 39
100% Renewable Energy Systems in Project Future Climate - the Case of Denmark ... 40
Prospects of Wind Power in a Sustainable Hungarian Energy System ......................... 41
Using Heat for Cooling in Biomass Based Energy Systems: Tapping the Potential Basedon The Customers Needs and Contracting Model Implementation .................... 42
Using Heat for Cooling in Biomass Based Energy Systems ......................................... 43
Unearthing Waste`s Potential for 100% Renewable Energy Systems ......................... 44
Potential of Renewable Energy Systems in China ...................................................... 45
A Global Renewable Energy System......................................................................... 46
The 100% Renewable Energy Town Frederikshavn................................................... 47
How to Achieve 100% RES Eletricity Supply for Portugal? ......................................... 48

Special Session: National Strategies for Sustainable Development ..... 49
The Czech Republic Strategy for Sustainable Development in The Process of Update.. 50
Building Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development in Montenegro............ 51
Sustainable Water Management in Republic of Macedonia......................................... 52
Environmental Monitoring As a Basic Tool for Sustinable Development - Proposal for a
Monitoring System in The Republic of Macedonia SD Strategy ......................... 53
Policy Challenges to Build a Knowledge Society In Macedonia ................................... 55
The "added" Values of The Macedonian Society from An Unexpected Direction .......... 56
Sustainable Energy Practices in The Rural Communities of The Republic of Macedonia 57
Sustainable Development Strategy of The Republic of Serbia .................................... 58
Sustainable Development the Danish Way - Ensuring Sustainable Development ThroughStrategic Framework Planning and Vertical and Horizontal Integration.............. 59
National Strategy for Sustainable Development for Macedonia - Facing Implementation
Start-up........................................................................................................ 60
Integrated Product Policy - Implementation Policy of Sustainable Consumption and
Production .................................................................................................... 61

Special Session: Role and Responsibility of Local Authorities in Assuring
Energy Supply and Energy Security for Industry and Population ... 62
Energy Management Systems Applied to Bread Factory ............................................ 64
About Creation and Reached Goals of Development Policy in The Area of Energy
Efficiency, Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development in The City ofKragujevac ................................................................................................... 65
The Role of Local Government in Local Sustainable Development Planning - Serbian
Case Study ................................................................................................... 67
Towards Sustainable Energy Communities ............................................................... 68

19

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Special Session: Integrating Waste and Renewable Energy to reduce
the Carbon Footprint of Locally Integrated Energy Sectors ........... 69
Actions and Influence of The Multiple Decision Levels Over the Whole Energy Chain .. 71
Regional Renewable Energy and Resource Planning.................................................. 73
Integrating Renewable Energy Sources into Extended Total Sites .............................. 74
The Changing Role of Afghanistan in Meeting China's Need for Primary Energy
Resources..................................................................................................... 75
Energy Minimization in Distillation Schemes of Quaternary Separations...................... 76
Adaptation to Climate Change Through Regional Stakeholders .................................. 77
Sustainability in The Food Sector: an Integrated Holistic Approach ............................ 78
Environmental Engineering Through Combined Emergy-water Pinch Analysis ............. 79
Methodology for The Integration of Low Temperature District Network in Urban Area 80
Multi-criteria Decision Making Under Uncertainty: Energy Efficient and Low-carbon
Wastewater Treatment .................................................................................. 81
Capture of CO2 from Flue Gas in Blue Algae Culture Broth. Mathematical Model for CO2
Absorption .................................................................................................... 83
Vegetable Oil Characterisation for Biodiesel Synthesis ............................................... 84

Special Session: Biofuels Sustainability ................................................ 85
Sustainable Ethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass - Application of Exergy
Analysis........................................................................................................ 86
Sustainable Biofuels Production in Brazil: New Generation Technologies for Bioethanol
and Biodiesel ................................................................................................ 87
Sustainable Production of Third Generation Biofuels - Case Study: Integrated Use of
Microalgae Biomass for Bioethanol-biodiesel Production .................................. 88
Assessing the Sustainability of Biofuels: a Logic-based Model .................................... 89
R & D Public Policies for Ethanol Production in Brazil................................................. 90
Issues to Consider, Existing Tools and Constraints in Biofuels Sustainability Assessments.................................................................................................................... 91
Production of Heavy Oil from Secondary Pulp/paper-mill Sludge by Direct
Thermochemical Co-liquefaction with Waste Newspaper in Hot-compressed Water
for Energy Recovery...................................................................................... 92
The Situation of Bioethanol and Biodiesel in Chile ..................................................... 93
Effects of Operating Conditions and Biomass Fuel Properties on Emission Performanceand Combustion Efficiency of a Swirling Fluidized-bed Combustor .................... 95
Technico-economic Evaluation of Alternatives for Assimilation of Ethanol Production
Technology from Sugar Cane Bagasse............................................................ 96
Joint Application of Process System Engineering, Life Cycle Assessment and Economic
Evaluation for Sustainable Biodiesel Production from Palm and Castor Oil ......... 97
Improving Sustainability of Bioethanol Production: Efficient Ethanol-water Separation
Processes ..................................................................................................... 98
A Review of Recent Development and Future Prospects of Dimethyl Ether (dme) and
Adaptive Real-time Optimization Scheme........................................................ 99
Optimal Selection of Ann-based Soft-sensor Architectures for Continuous Flash
Fermentation Using a Screening Method....................................................... 100

Special Session: Interconnected Crises: Energy, Climate, Demography
and Economy - New Approaches to Solutions............................... 101
From Crisis to Economic Development and Social Cohesion ..................................... 102
A Social Pillar for Sustainable Development: the Demographic Revolution ................ 103
Climate Change and Global Green System of Innovation ......................................... 105

20

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIAClimate Change, Kosovo Energy Scenarios and Sustainable Development ................ 106
Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Emissions and Options for Reducing from The Kosovo
Transportation Sector-dynamic Modelling ..................................................... 107
Geopolitics of Energy and Climate Change in South East Europe.............................. 108
A Crisis "of Democracy" or a Crisis "Within Democracy" .......................................... 109
The Sustainable Development in Greece and The Financial Crisis............................. 110
The Concept of Sustainability in The Social Sciences............................................... 112
Self-organised Modelling of The Civilization Growth ................................................ 113
Management of Human Resources in Crisis ............................................................ 114
Sustainability Analysis of Solar Orbital Power.......................................................... 115
Sustainable Development and Happiness ............................................................... 116
The Interconnection of Problems and The Janus-face of Technology ....................... 117
The Possibilities to Influence Global Climate Change............................................... 118

Special Session: Sustainability Strategies in Building Sector: Life Cycle
Approaches, Methods and Tools.................................................... 119
Green Public Procurement of Building Materials and Elements: a Life Cycle Approach 121
Emission Reduction Potential of a Building Life Cycle .............................................. 122
Lca Evaluations Applied to Dfd Building Strategies .................................................. 123
Lca in Buildings: the Enslic Simplified Method and Guidelines .................................. 124
Life Cycle Design of Building Elements: Selection Criteria and Case Study Application125
A Swedish Environmental Rating Tool for Buildings................................................. 126

Special Session: Converting Biomass and Wastes into Green Fuels by
Modular Thermochemical systems ................................................ 128
Temperature Effect on Hydrotreating of Used Cooking Oil....................................... 130
Energy Potential from Coconut and Palm Oil Residues ............................................ 131
Novel Catalytic Systems for The Purification of Syngas from Tars Produced in Biomass
Gasification................................................................................................. 132
Sustainable Energy Production by Agro-residues in a Modular Fluidized Bed Gasifier. 133

Special Session: Storage Requirements for a 100% Energy Supply... 134
Integration of Demand Side Management, Distributed Generation, Renewable Energy
Sources and Energy Storages....................................................................... 136
Sustainability of Rural Electrification Approach Using Solar Photovoltaic Systems in
Nepal ......................................................................................................... 137
The Role of Power Electronics in The Development of Distributed Energy Resources
Towards a Fully-renewable Energy Supply .................................................... 138
Investigating Renewable Energy in Egypt to Address Energy Situation Challenges andFuture Plans ............................................................................................... 139
Integrating Renewable Energies - Long Term Technical and Economic Potential for
Demand Side Management from Energy Intensive Industries in Spot andBalancing Electricity Markets........................................................................ 140
Application of Smartgrid Concept to Mediterranean Islands: Challenges and Perspectives.................................................................................................................. 141

Biomass, Biogas and Biofuels: Potentials and Limitations I ............... 142
Biofuels Versus Food Production: Does Biofuels Production Increase Food Prices? .... 142
Biogas Potential in Croatian Farming Sector ........................................................... 144
How Much Hope Should We Have for Biofuels? ...................................................... 145

21

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Biogas in Portugal: Status and Public Policies ......................................................... 146
Assessing Direct Land Use Change in Rapeseed Oil GHG Emissions: a Life Cycle Model
Accounting for Uncertainty .......................................................................... 147

Advances in Waste Management I ...................................................... 148
Who Loves Sewage? Matching Expectations on Communication Between Households
and Sanitation Professionals ........................................................................ 148
Msw Incineration Plant Siting Applying GIS and Multi-criteria Analysis...................... 149
Managing and Hedging Fuel Supply for Waste to Energy Facilities ........................... 150
High Calcium Ashes Management. An Holistic Approach.......................................... 151
Application of Pyrolysis for Treatment and Utilization of Difficult Wastes .................. 152

Developments in Solar Photovoltaic Energy Conversion .................... 153
Decreasing Performance of An Amorphous Silicon Grid-connected Photovoltaic System.................................................................................................................. 153
PV Plants European Market ................................................................................... 154
Photovoltaics on Flat Roofs: Energetic Considerations ............................................. 155
The Effect of PV Module Electric Properties on The Maximum Power Point (MPP)
Trajectory with Aim of Its Alignment to Electrolyzer U-I Characteristic............ 156
Solar PV Program in Fiji-is it a Resco Approach? ..................................................... 157

Heat and Mass Transfer in Energy and Environment Systems I ......... 158
Analysis of Recuperative Heat Exchanger Based on Heat Fluxes Exergy ................... 158
Entropy Generation Analysis in Film Condensation on An Elliptical Tube with Assisted
Interfacial Shear Stress ............................................................................... 159
Thermal-fluid Assessment of Multijet Atomization for Spray Cooling Applications ...... 161
Modelling for Design and Optimization of Vanadium Redox Batteries ....................... 162
Design of a Centrifugal Blower Using CFD Methods................................................. 163

Fundamentals Of Sustainability .......................................................... 164
Sustainability Science: State of The Art and Future Perspectives.............................. 164
Application of Multi-criteria Analysis for The Evaluation of Sustainable Energy Systems a Review of Recent Literature ...................................................................... 165
Sustainometrics and Information Theory................................................................ 166
Influence of Electricity Generation on Depletion of Exergy of Non-renewable Resources.................................................................................................................. 167
The Detection and Assessment of Impending Regime Shifts from Fisher Information 168

Towards Sustainable Combustion I .................................................... 169
Worldwide Trends in The Development of Fbc Technology: its Contribution to a
Sustainable Energy Supply........................................................................... 169
Conversion of Brown Coal At Continuous Supply of Coal-water Slurry into Reactor on
Supercritical Water...................................................................................... 170
Influence of Reaction Parameters on Synthesis of Fame from Rapeseed Oil ............. 172
Selection of Sustainable Technologies for Combustion of Bosnian Coals ................... 173
Nanocrystallization of Mg6Ni in Mg - Rich Amorphous Alloys .................................... 175

Advances in Waste Management II .................................................... 176
Waste Management Activities and GHG Emission Control in Croatia ......................... 176

22

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Waste Management in Rural Areas in Styria/Austria - Potentials of Optimization Under
the Aspect of Demographic Changes and Depopulation ................................. 177
Analysis of Sustainable System for Energy Recovery from Municipal Waste in Croatia178
Waste to Energy by Industrially Integrated Scwg -effects of Alkali Salts in Real Biomass
Streams...................................................................................................... 179
Utility Services in The Light of Transition Changes .................................................. 180

Solar Thermal Heat and Power I ......................................................... 181
Exergetic Comparison of Two Different Cooling Technologies for The Power Cycle of a
Solar Thermal Plant..................................................................................... 181
Study of Performance Characteristics of a Solar Thermal Water Pump ..................... 182
Simulation of a Stand-alone Solar Thermal Electric Power System with Integrated Longterm Energy Storage ................................................................................... 183
Solar Hot Water Self-production on Venezuelan Andes............................................ 184
Monitoring and Dynamic Simulation of An Existing Solar Powered Absorption Cooling
System in Zaragoza (spain) ......................................................................... 185

Heat and Mass Transfer in Energy and Environment Systems II........ 187
Pollutant Transport Models in Porous Media ........................................................... 187
Heat and Mass Transfer Models in Semiconductor Crystal Growth Technology.......... 188
Analytical Modelling of The Transport Phenomena on Temperature and Moisture Historyof Food During Drying Process..................................................................... 189
The Determination of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties for Modern Refrigerants.................................................................................................................. 190

Approaches to Sustainable Development: Methodologies I ............... 191
Comparison and Analysis of Three World Energy Models......................................... 191
Energy Wedges: a Systematic Way of Addressing Energy Security and Climate Change.................................................................................................................. 192
Competing Dimensions of Energy Security: an International Perspective .................. 193
Developing an Integrated Sustainability Assessment Tool for Urban Environments ... 194
Identification of Neural and Regression Models of Thermal Processes ...................... 195
Application of Life Cycle Assessment for The Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil Using
the Methodology "From Cradle to Cradle" ..................................................... 196

Sustainable Manufacturing and Mining I ............................................ 197
Sustainability Assessment for Brownfield-regeneration. A Survey of Methods and Tools.................................................................................................................. 197
Sustainable Mining and Recultivation ..................................................................... 198
Possibility of CO2 Emissions Decreasing in Cement Industry .................................... 199
Development of Biological Systems for Monitoring, Removal and Recovery of Chromium
and Mercury ............................................................................................... 200

Solar Thermal Heat and Power II ....................................................... 201
Solar Tracking System for Rural Parabolic Concentrators in Chad............................. 201
A Methodology to Study the Effect of Geometrical Dimensions of a Basin Type Solar Still.................................................................................................................. 203
Efficiency of Solar Ray Use by Parabolic, Cylindrical Solar Concentrator for Heat
Production .................................................................................................. 204

23

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Hydro, Wind, Geothermal I ................................................................. 205
A Scoping Study of The Potential for Micro-Hydropower in Aberdeenshire Scotland .. 205
Future Changes of Freshwater Needs in The Electricity Production Sector: a European
Study ......................................................................................................... 206
Hydrological Analysis in Trust (Life+ Environment Poilicy and Governance 2007) Project.................................................................................................................. 207
Comparison of Operating Efficiency of Electric and Gas Heat Pump Regarding toRenewable Energy Source ........................................................................... 208
Impact of National Legal Frameworks on Increasing the Implementation of Small-scale
Hydro Electricity Plants (SHP) in Europe - Experiences of Smart Project.......... 209

Approaches to Sustainable Development: Methodologies II .............. 211
Environmental Data Management: National Polluted Sites Indicators ....................... 211
Environmental Systems and Sustainable Development in Physical Planning .............. 212
A Prediction of The Exergy Loss of World’s Mineral Reserves in The 21st Century...... 213
Visualizing Energy Security: an Analytic Hierarchical Process Approach .................... 214
Modelling the Dependence Structure Between Crude Oil and Refined Products......... 215

Advances in Waste Management III................................................... 216
Performance Analysis of Energy Recovery in An Italian Municipal Solid Waste Landfill216
Microwave Pyrolysis, a Novel Process for Recycling Waste Automotive Engine Oil..... 217
Health Care Waste Production: Measures and Estimates in "V. Cervello" Hospital,
Palermo, Italy ............................................................................................. 218
Syngas Production by Three-stage Gasifier Fed by Municipal and Industrial Wastes .. 219

Sustainable Transport I....................................................................... 220
Energy Efficiency in Transport and Mobility from An Ecoefficiency Viewpoint ............ 220
Advanced Measures for Companies to Increase Public Transport Use....................... 221
Evaluation of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Considering Driving Pattern and Optimal
Power Generation Mix ................................................................................. 222
Survey and Evaluation Concerning the Use of Eltis, Europe's Number One Web Portal on
Urban Transport and Mobility....................................................................... 223
Preliminary Experimental Evaluation of a Four Wheels Motors, Batteries Plus
Ultracapacitors and Series Hybrid Powertrain ................................................ 224

Hydro, Wind, Geothermal II................................................................ 225
Investigation of Wind Energy Potential for Possible Electricity Generation At the
Selected Location in Bosnia and Herzegovina ................................................ 225
Eastern and Southern Serbia Wind Energy Potentials .............................................. 226
Fracture Behaviours of HSLA Welds Made on Penstock's Material ............................ 227
The Geofar Project ............................................................................................... 228
Possibilities of Electric Power Generation in The Republic of Croatia from Medium
Temperature Geothermal Sources ................................................................ 229

Approaches to Sustainable Development: Case Studies ..................... 230
Multi Criterion Evaluation for Application of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency
Policies in The Lerma Valley, Salta, Argentina ............................................... 230
An Investigation of The Sources of Industrial Energy Use Change in The Japanese
Economy .................................................................................................... 231

24

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIAIs the German Energy System Sustainable? An Analysis Based on The German
Sustainability Strategy ................................................................................. 232
Eco-efficiency Improvements in Turkish SMEs ........................................................ 233
Review of Existing Energy Management Standards and Possibilities for Its Introduction
in Serbia..................................................................................................... 234
Technology Transfer: a 'Win-win' Strategy for Sustainable Development in Kenya?... 235

Social Aspects of Sustainable Development........................................ 236
Supply of Renewable Resources from Tropical Forests to Poverty Stricken Communities.................................................................................................................. 236
Spanish Energy Roadmap to 2020: Socio-economic Implications of Renewable Targets.................................................................................................................. 237
The Importance of Energy Planning on The Local Level .......................................... 238
Rural Tourism, a Sustainable Alternative ................................................................ 239
Alternative Future: Implications of Non-petroleum Energy for An Oil-based World .... 240

Combined Cycle and Cogeneration Heat and Power Systems I .......... 241
The Impact of Variable Demand Upon the Performance of a CCGT Power Plant........ 241
The Exergy Analysis of Orc Power Station Supplied with Waste Heat from Fuel Cells 242
Selection and Sizing Procedure of Polygeneration Plants Based on Gas Natural
Technologies and Renewable Energy Using Mathematical Programming ......... 243
Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) in Biomass Applications for Cogenerative Systems in
Association with Absorption Chillers.............................................................. 244
Technical and Economic Potential of Small and Micro-cogeneration Systems in
Residential and Tertiary Sector in Croatia ..................................................... 245

Measurement and Monitoring for Sustainability I .............................. 246
Gas-discharge Visualization (GDV) Method In Diagnostics of The Functional Condition.................................................................................................................. 246
Detection of The Underground Object by a Triangular Radar System ....................... 247
Detection of Discarded Household Hazardous Waste in The Ground with Groundpenetrating Radar Method ........................................................................... 248
Application of Ground-penetrating Radar to Detection of Different Material Objects .. 249
Application of Ground Penetrating Radar for Environmental Remediation ................. 250

Sustainable Manufacturing and Mining II........................................... 251
Energy and Water Conservation Potentials in The Brazilian Iron and Steel Industry .. 251
Exploitation of WEEE for The Production of Metal Powder ....................................... 252
Material Efficiency of Biofuel and Chemical Processing ............................................ 253
New Glass Cullet Beneficiation Process for Improving Glass Container Plants Energy
Efficiency and Reducing Their Green House Gases Emissions (CO2) ................ 254

Nuclear Power ..................................................................................... 256
Sustainable Nuclear Energy Dilemma ..................................................................... 256
A Technical Approach to The Low Carbon Society Based on The New Nuclear Power
Utilizing Thorium......................................................................................... 257
Preliminary Evaluation of Isolation Systems Influence on The Seismic Loading Effects in
a Generation IV Reactor .............................................................................. 258
Spent Fuel Transport Cask Thermal Evaluation Under Accident Conditions ............... 259

25

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Risk and Opportunity Management for Sustainable Development Through Construction
Nuclear Power Plants in The Gulf Countries .................................................. 260

Approaches to Sustainable Water Development: Methodologies ....... 261
Perspectives in Integrated Water Resources Management; a Methodology to Explore
Social Acceptance for Water Management Strategies Under Changing Conditions.................................................................................................................. 261
Assessment of Environmental Water Cost Through Physical Hydronomics ................ 263
Physical and Chemical Properties of Waste Water from Ready-mixed Concrete Plants264
Supercritical Water Technologies of Closed-circuit Systems of Life Support .............. 265
Limited Availability of Water - Main Catalyst of Merger Between Sector-oriented Water
Management Plans...................................................................................... 266

Combined Cycle and Cogeneration Heat and Power Systems II......... 267
Analyzing a Self - Managed Chp System for Greenhouse Cultivation As a Profitable Way
to Reduce CO2 - Emissions........................................................................... 267
Comparative Analysis Between Centralised and Distributed Cogeneration................. 269
The Analysis of The Operation of Cogeneration Systems At Variable Loads .............. 270
Geographic Evaluation of Trigeneration Systems in The Tertiary Sector. Effect of
Climatic and Electricity Supply Conditions ..................................................... 271
Micro-CHP (µCHP) in Belgium: An Economic Analysis .............................................. 272

Sustainable Agriculture ....................................................................... 273
Energy Efficiency in Long-term Mediterranean Cropping Systems with Different
Management Intensities .............................................................................. 273
Integrated Pest Management in Agroforestry: Information Technologies Approach... 275
Studies on Bamboo for Sustainable and Advanced Utilization................................... 276
Globalgap Standard As One Option of Environmental Policy in Sustainable Agriculture.................................................................................................................. 277
Difficult Choices, Limited Land: Quantifying Tradeoffs Between Development Goals in
The Philippines ........................................................................................... 278

Conservation and Demand-Side Management I ................................. 279
The Baseline in Bottom-up Energy Efficiency and Saving Calculations - a Concept for Its
Formalisation and a Discussion on Its Options .............................................. 279
Strategic Homogenisation of Energy Efficiency Measures: an Approach to Improve theEfficiency and Reduce the Costs of The Quantification of Energy Savings ....... 280
Connecting Research to Design: Interactive and Iterative Learning About Energy
Demand Side Management .......................................................................... 281

Approaches to Sustainable Water Development: Case Studies I........ 282
Dew, Fog, Rain As Supplementary Sources of Water in The South-west of Marocco.. 282
Institutional Shortcomings of Wastewater Management in Ukraine .......................... 283
A General Water Protection Plan of Lake Onega ..................................................... 284
Assessment and Recommendations to Reduce the Pollution Impact Caused byHydrocarbon Sector in Semani River............................................................. 285

Advances in Thermal Power, Heat, and Cooling I ............................... 286
Energy - Material Model of Power Technology Life Cycle ......................................... 286
Model of Economic Analysis of Gas-steam Power Plant Life Cycle............................. 288

26

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Increasing Energy Efficiency of Thermoelectric Power Plant by Optimizing Maintenanceof Steam Condenser.................................................................................... 289
Demonstration Test Plan of Closed Cycle Gas Turbine with Supercritical CO2 As Working
Fluid........................................................................................................... 290
Construction of The Unit 6 of The Šoštanj Thermal Power Plant - Next Step in Directionof Sustainability .......................................................................................... 291
Discontinuation of Individual Boilers Operation in The Function of Sustainable
Development .............................................................................................. 292

Education and Technology Transfer for Sustainability........................ 293
Role of Education in Sustainable Governance of Protected Area - from Global Issues toParticular Challenges of Society in Transition ................................................ 293
Integrating Ecodesign Through Workshops ............................................................ 294
E-learning for Environmental Education: Opportunities and Challenges .................... 295
Engineering Education for a Sustainable Future: Competences, Pedagogy andCurriculum.................................................................................................. 296
Educating Engineers For/in Sustainable Development? What We Knew, What We
Learned and What We Should Learn ............................................................ 297
Sustainability Education in UAE Engineering Schools ............................................... 298
Materials and Processes for Sustainable Energetics - a New Curriculum in Estonia .... 299

Environmental Concerns ..................................................................... 300
Smart Protection from Environment Pollution Around Gas and Oil Equipment Using
Knowledge of Corrosion Mechanism ............................................................. 300
Indoor Radon Concentrations in The Town of Vushtrri, Kosovo................................ 301
Marine Protected Areas (mpas) and The Coastal and Marine Management in The North
Adriatic Sea ................................................................................................ 302
Ecoducts: Criteria and Decision-making Process in Implementation of Technical Steps
for Green Structures for Limitation of Fragmentation of Big Mammals Population.................................................................................................................. 303
Ecological Remediation of The Šoštanj Thermal Power Plant with Respect to Sustainable
Development of The Šalek Valley ................................................................. 304
Legal Instruments to Control Harmuf Anti-fouling Systems on Ships ........................ 305

Approaches to Sustainable Water Development: Case Studies II ...... 306
Small Water and Wastewater Systems and Emergency Settlements ......................... 306
Optimization of Tajoura MSF Desalination Plant ...................................................... 307
Natural Organic Matter and Disinfection By-products Formation Potential in
Conventional and Advanced Water Treatments ............................................. 308
Small Reservoirs and Sustainable Water Use Under Global Change .......................... 309

Advances in Thermal Power, Heat, and Cooling II.............................. 310
Improvement of Energy and Environmental Efficiency of Power Plants by Lowering Flue
Gases Dew Temperature ............................................................................. 310
Modelling of The Performance of An Absorption Cycle Based on Liquid-liquid Phase
Separation of Various Refrigerant-absorbent Pairs......................................... 311
Current Spanish Biomass Co-firing Potential in Coal Power Stations ......................... 313
A Joule Cycle Ericsson Engine for Low Power Sustainable Energy Conversion ........... 314
Through Application of Modern Power Generation and Information Technologies in
Mines and Thermal Power Plants to Sustainable Development ....................... 315

27

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Hydro, Wind, Geothermal III .............................................................. 316
Sustainable Use of Geothermal Energy Resources................................................... 316
Heat Potential of Pumping-injecting Dublet Wells At Korovci in The Republic of Slovenia.................................................................................................................. 317
Opportunities for The Application of Groundwater Heat Pumps in Piedmont Region .. 318
Into Geothermal: the Case of Challenge Stadium in Perth, Western Australia ........... 319

Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems..................................................... 320
Electromagnetic Pollution Analysis of a Hybrid Photovoltaic-fuel Cell Energy System . 320
The Small PV–wind Hybrid Grid Connected System ................................................. 321
Dynamic Modelling and Simulation of Stand-alone Hybrid Generation System with Solar
Photovoltaic Energy, Wind Energy and Hydrogen-based Energy Storage......... 322
Microgrids: Pilot Test Location in Macedonia........................................................... 324
Techno-economic Assessment of An Autonomous Renewable Energy System Based on
Hydrogen Production................................................................................... 325

Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Impacts and Countermeasures I............ 326
Modeling the Dependence of The Climate System on The Carbon Dioxide Emissions
from Fossil Fuel Combustion ........................................................................ 326
Long-term Dynamic Effects of Carbon Tax Based on The Imputed Price of Carbon ... 327
A Projection for Global CO2 Emissions from The Industrial Sector Through 2030 Basedon Activity Level and Technology Changes.................................................... 329
Assessment of The Potential for CO2 Capture and Storage Technologies in European
Heavy Industries ......................................................................................... 331
Comparison of Tools for The Ecological Tax Reform................................................ 332

Towards Sustainable Combustion II ................................................... 333
Study on a Bioethanol Solar Reforming System with The Solar Insolation Fluctuation in
Consideration of Heat Chemical Reaction...................................................... 333
Mathematical Prediction of Methane Formation in An Anaerobic Co-digestion Cstr .... 334
The Application of Statistical Thermoenergetics for Calculation of Combustion of Natural
Gas ............................................................................................................ 335
Co-pyrolysis of Coal and Biomass Blends: Char and Oil Characterization................... 336

Sustainable Transport II ..................................................................... 337
Transportation Demand Modelling - a Tool for Pollution Estimation.......................... 337
Development of a Practical Driving Cycle for Simulation of Car Emissions: a Case Studyin Aleppo City, Syria .................................................................................... 338
Strategic Analysis of Air Transport Industry............................................................ 339
The Importance of Assessing Environmental Loadings of Transport Services in An LCA.................................................................................................................. 340

Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Impacts and Countermeasures II .......... 341
Development of The System for GHG Emissions Quantification and GHG Reduction
Potential Estimation from Dispersed Sources of Pollution ............................... 341
Modeling CO2 Emissions Impacts on Croatian Electrical System ............................... 343
Cofiring Versus Biomass-based Power Plants: GHG Emissions Savings Comparison
Among Different Biomass Resources Utilisation by Means of LCA Methodology 344
GHG Emissions Reduction in a Power System Predominantly Based on Lignite.......... 346

28

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIAInteraction Between Australian Carbon Allowance and Energy Prices - an Empirical
Analysis...................................................................................................... 347

Hydrogen and Fuel Cells I ................................................................... 348
Reduced Model of Proton Exchange Membrane (pem) Fuel Cell System for Vehicle
Propulsion Systems ..................................................................................... 348
The Main Aspects of Reactants Selection for Solar Hydrogen Production from Water Via
Thermal Chemical Redox Cycles ................................................................... 350
Numerical Simulation of Intermediate-temperature Direct-internal-reforming Planar
SOFC.......................................................................................................... 352
Hydrogen from The Aqueous Fraction of Biomass Pyrolysis Liquids by Catalytic Steam
Reforming in Fluidized Bed .......................................................................... 353
Hydrogen in Zr and Ti Based Amorphous Alloys...................................................... 354

Biomass, Biogas And Biofuels: Conversion Processes I ...................... 355
Enhancement of Biogas Production from Olive Mill Wastewater: Influence of Biomass
Selection .................................................................................................... 355
The Production of Biodiesel from Waste Frying Oils: Effect of Catalyst ..................... 356
Enhancing Wastewater Degradation and Biogas Production by Intermittent Operation of
Uasb Reactors............................................................................................. 357
Improving Biomass Stove with a Thermoelectric Generator ..................................... 359
Biodiesel Production from Castor Oil Using Full Factorial Design .............................. 360
Olive Mill Wastewater As an Energy Source: Anaerobic Digestion in a Hybrid Reactor 361

Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Impacts and Countermeasures III......... 362
Hydropower Generation and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Review .......................... 362
Biochar As a Viable Carbon Sequestration Option ................................................... 363
Mitigation of Environmental Issues Via Kyoto Protocol: a Realistic Or Foolish Approach.................................................................................................................. 364
Renewable Energy Sources and Their Potential Role in Mitigation of Climate Changes
and As a Sustainable Development Driver in Bosnia and Herzegovina............. 365

Hydrogen and Fuel Cells II.................................................................. 366
Exergoenvironmental Analysis of a Steam Methane Reforming Process for Hydrogen
Production .................................................................................................. 366
Hydrogen from Biological Sources As a Carrier of Energy ........................................ 368
Optimization of a MCFC Power System Coupled with Hydrogen Production............... 369
Energy Production Through the Conjunction of Agro-residues Thermochemical
Conversion with Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) .............................................. 370

Biomass, Biogas and Biofuels: Potentials and Limitations II.............. 372
Can Sunflower Provide Biofuel for Inland Demand? An Integrated Assessment of
Sustainability At Regional Scale.................................................................... 372
Potential of Waste Palm Cooking Oil in Catalyst-free Biodiesel Production ................ 374
Energy and Food Security: Peru and Ecuador Case Study........................................ 375
Development of Utilization of Bio-energy Sources in Slovenia .................................. 376

Renewable Energy Planning and Implementation I ........................... 377
Renewable Energy in Danish Municipalities - an Evaluation of The Planning Framework.................................................................................................................. 377

29

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Increasing the Penetration of Renewable Energy Resources in S. Vicente, Cape Verde.................................................................................................................. 378
Evaluation of Generation Planning and Rural Electrification in Tropical Region with
Decentralized Generation............................................................................. 379
Energy Independence in Islands - the Archipelago of Açores a Case Study............... 380
Human Health-related Externalities in Energy System Modelling .............................. 381
Sustainable Energy Planning on The Island of Brač................................................. 382

Measurement and Monitoring for Sustainability II............................. 383
On the Use of The Real-time Deformation Monitoring System for Improving the Safety
and Economy of Significant Structures.......................................................... 383
Measurements of CO2 Distribution in Free Atmosphere............................................ 384
The SnO2 Solid State Gas Sensor and Changes of Some its Properties Used for NH3
Concentration Measurement ........................................................................ 385
PCR Detection of Enteric Viruses in Treated Wastewater in Venice Area ................... 386
Monitoring and Fault Detection in MSW Incineration Process Using Multivariate
Statistical Methods ...................................................................................... 387

Conservation and Demand-Side Management II ................................ 388
Demand Side Management At Regional Level ......................................................... 388
Energy Efficiency Management in The Cities........................................................... 389
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policy in Slovenia ...................................................... 390

Sustainability in Buildings I ................................................................ 391
Accelerating Sustainable Buildings in Local Government: an Australian Study ........... 391
Energetic Analysis and Diagnosis on Historical Buildings: the "ex-curia Maxima" Buildingin Torino City .............................................................................................. 393
Using of Recycled Polymers for Solution of Critical Details in Low-energy and Passive
Houses ....................................................................................................... 394
Tradition and Innovation in Zero Energy Balance and Zero CO2 Emission Housing
Development .............................................................................................. 395
Strategies and Indicators for Sustainable Planning - Building Performance Evaluation396
Efficiency Investigation and Energy Saving for Ground Source Heat Pump in Office
Building ...................................................................................................... 397

Biomass, Biogas and Biofuels: Potentials and Limitations III ............ 398
Biomass for Energy in Poland ................................................................................ 398
Geographic Distribution of Economic Potential of Agricultural and Forest Biomass
Residual for Energy Use in Croatia ............................................................... 399
The Possibility of Biomass Production in Energy Plantations of The Short Rotation in
Recultivated Areas of Waste Sites of Open-pit Coal Mines.............................. 400
Forest Fuel Availability, Harvesting Costs and Economy of Wood Fired CHP in Europe in
The Light of Case Studies in Poland, Czech Republic, France and Western Russia(2005-2009) ............................................................................................... 401
Evaluation of Phaeodactylum Tricornutum as Potential Biomass for Biofuels in The
Venice Lagoon Area .................................................................................... 403

Renewable Energy Planning and Implementation II.......................... 404
Efficiency and Effectiveness of Promotion Systems for Electricity Generation from
Renewable Energy Sources - Lessons from EU Countries ............................... 404

30

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Factors Guiding the Development of Photovoltaics in Croatia................................... 406
Development of Basic Criteria for Establishing of Feed-in Tariffs in R. Macedonia ..... 407
Sustainability Estimation of Energy System Options Which Use Gas and Renewable
Resources for Domestic Hot Water Production .............................................. 408
Integrated Resources Planning in River Basins: a Case-study of The Cuiaba River Basinin Brazil ...................................................................................................... 409
Policies and Measures for Renewable Energy Sources and Achievement of Targets by2020 in Croatia ........................................................................................... 410

Advances in Distribution Systems ....................................................... 411
Similarities and Differences in Optimization of Water- and Gas- Distribution Pipeline
Networks .................................................................................................... 411
Security of Supply Concerning Integrated Electricity and Gas Distribution Network
Planning ..................................................................................................... 413
Optimization of Waste Heat Utilization in Pipeline Compressor Station ..................... 414
Energy Generation Potential Within the Conventional Natural Gas Transmission andDistribution System ..................................................................................... 415

Sustainability in Buildings II............................................................... 416
Multiparametric Programming Approach for The Home Energy Management Problem416
Acoustic and Thermal Behavior of Concrete Building Blocks with Cork...................... 417
Influencing Households Energy Behaviour, a In-situ Measuring Campaign................ 418
Energy Performances and Architectural Integration of Solar Plants in Buildings ........ 419
The Importance of Controlling Underground Heat Storage ...................................... 420

Biomass, Biogas and Biofuels: Conversion Processes II ..................... 421
Biodiesel Production from Vegetable Oils: a Comparative Study............................... 421
Sugars and Lignosulphonates Fractionation from Spent Sulphite Liquor by Membrane
Processes ................................................................................................... 422
Preparation of Chars with High Adsorption Capacity from Peach Stones by Pyrolysis. 423
Energy Analysis of Distillation Units in The Process of Yeast and Alcohol Production . 424
Development of The Boiler for Combustion of Agricultural Biomass by Products ....... 425

Electricity Transmission and Management.......................................... 426
Environmental Performance and Sustainability Reporting in The Electricity Sector..... 426
The Present and Future Relationship Between Dso and The Customer Regarding Service
Quality ....................................................................................................... 427
Financing Off-grid Rural Electrification: Country Case Nepal .................................... 428
Application of Neural Network for Zagreb Load Forecasting..................................... 429

Sustainability in Buildings III ............................................................. 430
Is E-learning a Tool to Improve Sustainable Hotels? ............................................... 430
Possible Energy Efficiency: a Case Study from South East European University......... 431
Thermal Performance of a Slab On-ground Floor During the Heating Season: Case
Study ......................................................................................................... 432
Evaluating Sustainable Building and Urban Development Strategies Through the Lens of
Sustainability Science .................................................................................. 433
Utilizing the Tourist Ecolabel-award Scheme for Singling Out Useful Criteria of a New
Environmental Brand for Residential Buildings............................................... 434

31

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASIDE EVENTS ....................................................................................... 435
STORIES project workshop ................................................................................... 435
BIOSIRE project workshop .................................................................................... 435
Building a research career in the European Research Market: EU institutional andfinancial tools ............................................................................................. 436

AUTHORS INDEX ................................................................................. 438

32

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIABOOK OF ABSTRACTS

33

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Invited Lectures
SDEWES.2009.655

Sustainable Energy Development: The Present(2009) Situation and Possible Paths to The
FutureN. Lior*1*

lior@seas.upenn.edu

1

University of Pennsylvania, Mechanical Engineering and Applied
Mechanics, United States

ABSTRACT
Recent estimates and forecasts of the oil, gas, coal resources and theirreserve/production ratio, nuclear and renewable energy potential, and energy uses are
surveyed. A brief discussion of the status, sustainability (economic, environmental andsocial impact), and prospects of fossil, nuclear and renewable energy use, and of power
generation (including hydrogen, fuel cells, micro power systems, and the futuristic
concept of generating power in space for terrestrial use), is presented. Comments about
energy use in general, with more detailed focus on insufficiently considered areas oftransportation and buildings are brought up. Ways to resolve the problem of theavailability, cost, and sustainability of energy resources alongside the rapidly risingdemand are discussed. The author's view of the promising energy R&D areas, theirpotential, foreseen improvements and their time scale, and last year's trends ingovernment funding are presented.

34

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.609

How to Implement Renewable Energy
Systems? Lessons Learned from The Danish
Case
H. Lund*1*

lund@plan.aau.dk

1

Aalborg University, Department of Development and Planning, Denmark

ABSTRACTWith regard to the implementation of renewable energy systems, Denmark has
become an interesting case. As many other western countries, Denmark was totallydependent on the import of oil at the time of the first oil crisis in 1973. Almost alltransport and all residential heating were based on oil. And even 85 per cent of the Danishelectricity supply was produced from oil. Altogether, prior to the oil crisis, more than 90
per cent of the primary energy supply was oil. Looking back more than 30 years later,
Danish society has proven able to implement rather remarkable changes. First, half the oil
consumption has been replaced by other fuels, i.e. coal, natural gas and, to some extent,
renewable energy. Secondly, Denmark has managed to stabilise the primary energy
supply at the same level as in 1972. This stabilisation is unique compared to othercountries as it has been achieved simultaneously with a "normal western European"economic growth.
The primary means have been energy conservation and efficiency improvements insupply. Buildings have been insulated and CHP (Combined Heat and Power) production
has been expanded. Thus, today, the primary energy supply for heating is reduced to twothirds of what was used prior to 1973, even though the heated space area has increased bymore than 50 per cent in the same period. The renewable energy share of primary energy
supply has increased from around zero in 1972 to 16 per cent in 2007 and wind power has
become equal to a 20 per cent share of the electricity demand. Moreover, Denmark has
started to produce oil and natural gas from the North Sea and is today more than selfsupplied with energy. However, the Danish oil and gas resources are scarce and are likely
to last for only a few decades. An interesting question is therefore, can Denmark convert
to 100 per cent renewable energy within a matter of decades or will we have to returnonce again to former days of dependency on import of fossil fuels? Such question isindeed relevant not only to Denmark, but to Europe in general as well as the US, China
and many other nations around the world.
The idea of the lecture is to unify and deduce the learning and results of a number of
separate studies and thereby contribute to a coherent understanding of how society can
implement Renewable Energy Systems. The presentation is based on 25 years of
involvement in a number of important and representative political decision-making
processes.

35

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.638

Building a Low Carbon Society
M. d. G. Carvalho*1*

mariadagraca.carvalho@europarl.europa.eu

1

IDMEC - IST, Research Group on Energy and Sustainable Development,
Portugal

ABSTRACT
There is a wide consensus that we are approaching the sunset of the oil era in the firsthalf of the 21st century. The price of oil on global markets continues to remain high andpeak global oil is within sight in the coming decades. At the same time, the dramatic risein carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels is raising the earth's
temperature and threatening an unprecedented change in the chemistry of the planet, withominous consequences for the future of human civilization and the ecosystems of theearth.
The triple threat of the global credit crisis, the global energy crisis, and the global
climate change crisis are interwoven and feed off of each other. Addressing the triple
threat to our way of life will require a new economic story that can remake civilization
along sustainable lines. The European Union needs a powerful new economic narrativethat will push the discussion and the agenda around climate change and peak oil from fear
to hope and from economic constraints to economic possibilities. That narrative is justnow emerging as industries across Europe begin to lay the groundwork for a Low Carbon
Society.
As the European Union prepares for the 15th Climate Change Conference in
Copenhagen, Denmark in 2009, it is critical that we reframe the discussion on climatechange and energy security to the mission of making the transition to a Low Carbon
Society. If we do not succeed in reorienting the climate change and energy agenda fromburden sharing to commercial opportunities, it is likely that the Copenhagen Climate
Conference will not achieve its full potential.
The key is to lay out a compelling 'social vision' to accompany the new economic
vision. The Low Carbon Society provides the framework for the birth of a 'New Social
Europe' in the first half of the 21st Century. Just as the distributed Information Technology
and internet communication revolutions dramatically changed the social context, as wellas the economic parameters of doing business, a distributed renewable energy revolution
will have a similar impact on Europe and the world.

36

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.682

Technologies and Policies for The Transition
to a Sustainable Energy System in China
X. Zhang*1*

zhang_xl@tsinghua.edu.cn

1Tsinghua University, Institute of Energy, Environment, and Economy,
China

ABSTRACT
China's rapid economic growth over the past few decades, and in particular over the
past few years, has resulted in rapid expansion of its energy consumption. Coal currently
accounts for approximately 70% of China's primary supply, and will continue to play a
crucial role in powering China's economic development. The consumption of coal has
been a major threat to China's environmental sustainability. The consumption of fossil
fuels contributed to 87-89% of the total SO2 emission in China during the 10th Five-YearPlan (2000-2005), now makes China be largest CO2 emitter in the world as well. At thesame time, over 50% of China's oil consumption comes from the overseas market, causing
a significant energy supply security concerns. China is facing an energy dilemma in theprocess of industrialization, urbanization, and motorization: Based on current scientificand technology knowledge, it is really hard for China to achieve cost-effective
transformation to a sustainable energy system. This paper explores the current state of
China's energy consumption, and options for the transition to a sustainable energy system.
The paper begins with an overview of the energy supply in China including the current
fuel mix, the structure of the industry, and projected investment and emissions trends.
Section 2 examines, based on modeling analysis, the technological options that China
would need to take for achieving transformation to a sustainable energy system, andSection 3 reviews the policy measures that have been implemented to promote thedevelopment and deployment of sustainable energy technologies since 2005. In the final
section, further domestic and international cooperation initiatives that could shape thestructure of China's future energy system are discussed.

37

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Special Session: On the Way to 100%
Renewable Energy Systems

SUMMARY

This session pose the question: How can we convert our energy
supply to 100% Renewable Energy at a national scale? Around the world
e.g. in US, in Europe and China, policies has been formulated with theobjective of decreasing CO2 emissions. And in many nations policies toraise the share of renewable energy are being initiated as part of the
global response to climate change. In some countries NGOs, researcher
and even governments have formulated the goal of converting the entire
energy supply into being based 100% on Renewable Energy. This session
temps to focus on the methodologies and practice in the implementationof such long-term goals. The session is open for presentation of studies ofcoherent 100% Renewable Energy Systems as well as recommendation of
the first steps and studies of the role of single technologies. And thesession welcome technical studies of system designs as well as social
science studies of how to implement such technological systems.
Session organizer: Prof. Henrik Lund, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Henrik Lund is professor in Energy Planning at Aalborg University and Editor-inChief of Elsevier International journal Energy. He was head of department from 1996 to
2002 and holds a PhD in "implementation of sustainable energy systems" (1990). His
area of expertise has for more than 20 years been energy system analysis, energy
planning and energy economics. The International Energy Foundation (IEF) gave him agold medal for "Best Research Paper Award" within the area "Energy Policies &Economics" in 1998. He has been involved in a number of research projects andcommittee works in Danish energy planning, and in the implementation of various local
energy projects in Denmark as well as in many other countries. In 2005-2007 he headed
an international research project (www.project-desire.org) on the integration of wind and
CHP and he is now the coordinator a research project on 100% Renewable Energy
Systems involving most Danish universities (www.CEESA.dk). Moreover HL is thearchitect behind the energy system analysis model EnergyPLAN (www.EnergyPLAN.eu).

38

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.044

Ireland's Pathway Towards a 100%
Renewable Energy System: the First Step
D. Connolly*1, H. Lund2, B. V. Mathiesen2, M. Leahy1*

david.connolly@ul.ie

1
2

University of Limerick, Charles Parsons Initiative, Ireland (Republic)
Aalborg University, Department of Development and Planning, Denmark

ABSTRACT
Currently 92.6% of the energy used for electricity generation in Ireland is fossil-fuelbased, and 59% of this energy is wasted due to transformation losses. Also, approximately
85% of the fuel consumed in Ireland is imported, which is an extremely volatile situationin the current economic climate. Considering these, and the fact that Ireland has anabundant renewable energy resource, as well as an obligation from the European
Commission to supply 16% of the total energy requirement from renewable resources by
2020, it is essential that Ireland identifies the most effective transition from a fossil-fuel toa renewable energy system. Consequently, this study presents the first step towards
identifying how this transition may be achieved. The energy-systems-analysis model,
EnergyPLAN, was chosen for this investigation, as it accounts for all sectors that need tobe considered for integrating large penetrations of renewable energy: the electricity, heatand transport sectors. Initially, a reference model of the existing Irish energy-system wasconstructed, and subsequently alternatives were compared to identify the most effective
method of increasing renewable energy penetration. The results in this paper illustrate thefirst draft of a 100% renewable energy system for Ireland. However, these results havebeen completed based on numerous assumptions that will need to be investigated in future
work, before a serious roadmap can be defined for Ireland’s renewable energy transition.

39

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.046

100% Renewable Energy Systems in Project
Future Climate - the Case of Denmark
B. V. Mathiesen*1*

bvm@plan.aau.dk

1

Aalborg University, Department of Development and Planning, Denmark

ABSTRACTGreenhouse gas mitigation strategies are generally considered costly with world
leaders often engaging in debate concerning the costs of mitigation and the distribution ofthese costs between different countries. In this paper, the analyses and results of thedesign of a 100 per cent renewable energy system by the year 2050 are presented. Two
short term transition target years in the process towards this goal are analysed for 2015
and 2030. The analyses reveal that implementing energy savings, renewable energy andmore efficient conversion technologies can have positive socioeconomic effects, create
employment and potentially lead to large earnings on exports. If externalities such as
health effects etc. are included, even more benefits can be expected. 100 per centrenewable energy systems will be technically possible in the future, and may even be
economically beneficial compared to the business-as-usual energy system. Hence thecurrent debate between leaders should reflect a combination of these two main challenges.

40

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.077

Prospects of Wind Power in a Sustainable
Hungarian Energy System
B. Munkácsy*1*

munkacsy@elte.hu

1

ELTE University, Environmental and Landscape Geography, Hungary

ABSTRACTIn this article we examined the possibilities that wind energy offers for Hungary, also
we compared our current situation and possible ways of development to international
trends. We studied how the wind turbines can promote our move to a 100% renewableenergy system in Hungary? At the end of the last year the installed wind turbine capacity
was 126.9 MW, these produced 110 GWh electricity. It was only 0.27% of the total
production and therefore it is strange that the regulation system does not encourage theinvestments into this field.
As a matter of fact recent regulations have a rigorous restrictive role with a 330 MW
capacity limit (until 2010) and with a financial penalty for those, who cannot comply withthe reported power forecast.
The goal of this study is to quantify Hungary's different wind power potentials(technical, socio-economic, program) to reveal our real possibilities. We think that the
special toolkit of geography can open new perspectives for the Hungarian regional
development and energy planning. At the same time our examination covered the effectsof the planning and regulating problems on Hungarian energy sector.

41

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.078

Using Heat for Cooling in Biomass Based
Energy Systems: Tapping the Potential Basedon The Customers Needs and Contracting
Model Implementation
W. Stutterecker*1*

werner.stutterecker@fh-burgenland.at

1

Forschung- und Technologietransfer Pinkafeld G.m.b.H., Austria

ABSTRACT
One aspect of biomass-based combined heat and power plants is to deal with theissue of the heat-demand during summer. Therefore the implementation of sorptioncooling has to be thought of. In order to connect combined heat and power plants withsorption-cooling the notion of the cooling potential (need for cooling) of a region isparamount to be able to evaluate the economic and technical implications of sorption
cooling implementation. Two tools are introduced, which can be used by investors tomake a quick first estimation of the cooling potential of a building and of a region. Basedon the results of this estimation, further steps with regard to implementation can be takenby the investors. Concerning the cooling potential of a single building a standardized
questionnaire is presented, which can be used for interviewing potential customers. In
order to make an estimation of the cooling potential of a region benchmarks combinedwith statistic data are used. Regional benchmarks resulting from a delivery of thequestionnaire can be directly fed into the tool presented in order to determine the potentialof a region.
Usually the business field contracting (in the meaning of outsourcing financed by athird party) is used for the delivery of heat or measures of energy reduction. But
contracting comprises also the delivery of cooling, which would be another possibility for
combined heat and power plants to gain a higher efficiency during summer. In the second
part of this paper existing contracting models are examined and discussed. The focus lieson the adaptation of contracting models concerning the special needs for the delivery ofcooling. Specific criteria are elaborated, which can be used as a guideline by an investor,
who wants to get started in the field of cooling contracting. The elected models aredescribed meeting the specific requirements for cooling contracting, e.g. the calculation of
investment needs and the knowledge of the technical equipment necessary for theadaptation of district heating for sorption cooling.
The
project
wasfundedbythe
FFGÖsterreichische
Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft.

42

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.079

Using Heat for Cooling in Biomass Based
Energy Systems
C. Pinter*1*

christian.pinter@fh-burgenland.at

1

FTP GmbH, Energy- und Environment, Austria

ABSTRACT
A big disadvantage of biomass-based combined heat and power plants is the missing
heat demand during summer. This paper discusses a possible solution to that problem.
Since the missing heat demand constitutes an economic drawback for biomass-fired
power plants, the effects of upgrading three biomass-fired combined heat and power
plants to combined heat-power-cooling-plants are being examined.
The main purpose of this paper is showing up the potential of increasing theefficiency of these energy systems based on renewables by providing the additional
service of cooling in summer time. It is possible to increase heat demand in summer byapplying thermal driven cooling - devices, the so-called sorption-chilling-devices.
Depending on the boundary conditions such an upgrade can also improve the energetic
and economic efficiency of the power plant.
A further advantage of an upgrade is that a given supplier is able to satisfy 100% of
the energy-demand of its customer (power, heat & cooling), which leads in the majority ofcases to decreasing costs.
Upgrading a biomass plant has to be considered carefully, therefore a further focal
point is the availability of a tool that supports plant operators when making decisions.
With that tool plant operators shall be able to estimate the technical feasibility of theplanned upgrade. The aim of the research underlying this paper was the development ofsuch a tool.
To create a tool like this several prior analyses had to be accomplished. This tool briefly presented in this paper - is a technical guide, which shows the possible integrationand implementation of the planned upgrade. Depending on the input-parameters aselection concerning the hydraulic integration of the thermal driven chilling-devices ismade. Furthermore, the state of the art in biomass-fired combined heat and power planttechnology and in thermal driven cooling-devices is shown.
The extended version of this tool allows the evaluation of the upgraded system andcompares the planned upgrade scenario with the actual situation of the CHP. An
economical, ecological and energy related evaluation of the actual situation and of the
upgraded situation of the power plant is made on the basis of the input - data. Finally an
integrated sensitivity analysis shows the impact of critical parameters on the profitability.
The
project
wasfundedbythe
FFGÖsterreichische
Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft.

43

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.159

Unearthing Waste`s Potential for 100%
Renewable Energy Systems
A. M. Ragossnig*1*

arne.ragossnig@fh-burgenland.at

1

Fachhochschulstudiengänge Burgenland GmbH, Energy & Environmental
Management, Austria

ABSTRACTThis paper focuses on the elaboration of the potential of the waste sector to contributeto the provision of 100% renewable energy systems. Waste is an abundant and locallyavailable resource and in many cases it is (at least partially) of biogenic origin, therefore
pursuing political goals in waste management by energetic utilization of waste contributes
towards achieving political goals in the energy as well as climate policy, too.
However, it is shown based on the example of Austria that looking at energy systems
on a national or international scale the waste sector is only able to contribute very little tothe provision of the overall energy needed. It is different if one looks at specific energy
systems in industrial sectors or on individual industrial sites. Here one must acknowledge
that the energetic utilization of waste can have a high impact towards establishingrenewable energy systems. Exemplarily this is shown by discussing the Austrian pulp &paper as well as the cement industry sector.

44

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.255

Potential of Renewable Energy Systems in
China
W. Liu*1, H. Lund1, B. V. Mathiesen1*

wen@plan.aau.dk

1

Aalborg University, Department of Development and Planning, Denmark

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the prospective of renewable energy in the process ofsustainable development in China. Along with the high-speed economic development andincreasing energy consumption, the Chinese Government faces a growing pressure to
maintain the balance between energy supply and demand as well as reduce environmental
pollution. To ensure energy security and mitigate climate changes the inappropriate
energy consumption structure should be changed. As an alternative, a suitableinfrastructure for the implementation of renewable energy may serve as a long-termsustainable possibility. Such sustainable energy strategy typical involves threetechnologies issue: energy conservation, efficiency improvement and renewable energy
development. Denmark is an example of such strategy can be implemented and it shows
the possibility of converting into a 100% renewable energy system. This paper analyses
the current status and programming of renewable energy utilization in China andcompares the potential of renewable energy sources and energy demand between China
and Denmark. It proposes and discusses a forward-looking issue that is the perspective ofa 100% renewable energy system in China. The conclusion is such development is not
impossible in the future in terms of technology and domestic resources. Due to theuncertainty of estimation and exploitation level of renewable energy sources, energy
conservation and efficiency improvement are essential for China to achieving thesustainable energy development.

45

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.279

A Global Renewable Energy System
K. Karlsson*1, P. E. Grohnheit2, H. Y. Foeyn2, O. Balyk2, S. Dhar2*

keka@risoe.dtu.dk

1

Riso DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, DTU Climate
Centre, Denmark2
Riso DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, System analysis,
Denmark

ABSTRACTIn this paper we will test the ETSAP -TIAM global energy system model and try how
far it can take us towards a global 100% renewable energy system with the existing model
database. This will show where we meet limits in global resources and where we meet
limits in the data collected to the model until now.
Results from the modelling are global gross energy consumption, emission ofgreenhouse gasses and thereby potential global increase in mean temperature.
Furthermore, total system costs will be compared to a reference scenario.
The ETSAP-TIAM (TIMES Integrated Assessment Model) is a detailed, technologyrich global TIMES model. The structure and data came from the MARKAL-based SAGE
model that was developed by the US Dept of Energy's Energy Information Administration(www.eia.doe.gov). The results of ETSAP-TIAM studies have wide diffusion among thegroups that assess climate mitigation policies through EMF and IPCC.
In TIAM the world is divided into 15 regions and the time horizon is 2100, which isneeded for long-term climate mitigation policies. The main structure of the energy system
is similar to the structure of many ETSAP-TIMES models, but with less emphasis on thetechnological details in the downstream sectors (transport, industry, residential,commercial and agriculture) and more focus on the energy resources in the Upstream
sector, in which the global regions are divided into OPEC and non-OPEC countries.
In the analysis with TIAM we will focus on biomass, wind, photovoltaic and newhydro. This is all resources for which estimated potentials exists for all the regions. Afterutilising these resources the analysis will give a picture of the need for including otherrenewable energy sources and the need for more efficient energy use at the end-use level.

46

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.324

The 100% Renewable Energy Town
Frederikshavn
P. A. Ostergaard*1*

poul@plan.aau.dk

1

Aalborg University, Department of Development and Planning, Denmark

ABSTRACTThe town of Frederikshavn in Denmark has undertaken the task of becoming a 100%
renewable energy town. The town is well-provided with a number of options including
off-shore wind power, waste incineration for heat and power production as well as low
temperature geo-thermal energy usable for room heating.
In this article, a technical scenario is developed for the transition of Frederikshavn's
energy supply from being predominantly fossil fuelled to being fuelled by locallyavailable energy sources. The article focuses on all aspects of energy demand in the townof Frederikshavn i.e. electricity demand, heat demand, industrial demand as well as
notably the energy demand for transportation.
The locally available energy resources are surveyed and through energy systems
analyses, a system with the proper load following capabilities is developed with particularattention to the technologies with relocation possibilities needed for the integration offluctuating energy sources.

47

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.494

How to Achieve 100% RES Eletricity Supply
for Portugal?
G. Krajacic *1, N. Duic1, M. d. G. Carvalho2*

goran.krajacic@fsb.hr

1

University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture, Department of Energy, Power Engineering and Environment,
Croatia2
IDMEC - IST, Research Group on Energy and Sustainable Development,
Portugal

ABSTRACT
Portugal is country which energy system highly depends on oil and gas imports 85%
in 2005 and 86% in 2006, which drives to share of RES in total primary energy
consumption of 14% in 2006. Looking only the electricity production situation is little bit
better. The share of RES in the gross electricity production varies between 20-30% and it
is dependent on hydro power production in wet or dry years. This paper presents energy
planning of Portugal's energy system and technical solutions for converting electricity
production to 100% renewable on national scale. Planning has been based on hourly
energy balance by use and adaptation of H2RES computer program. The H2RES model
has ability to integrate different storages into energy system in order to increase thepenetration of intermittent renewable energy sources or to achieve a 100% renewableisland, region or country. Paper also represents stepping stone for studies which will givewider picture for matching renewable energy sources potential and electricity supply. The
special attention has been given to intermittent sources like wind, solar and waves whichshould be coupled by appropriate energy storages filled by excess of produced electricity.
Storage will also decrease requirements for installed power of generating units; it will
help to avoid unnecessary rejection of renewable potential and will represent certain
security of energy supply.

48

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Special Session: National Strategies for
Sustainable Development

SUMMARY

In the European countries the National Strategies for Sustainable
Development (NSSD) are at different stage of preparation andimplementation, and each has a country-specific scope, content andstrategic direction. The aim of this session is to get an overview of thestate of preparation and implementation, discuss different approaches,learn from each other and possibly co-ordinate further work aiming at
developing a common approach to NSSD preparation, implementationand organization.
Session organizer: Dr. Natasa Markovska, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts,
Skopje, Macedonia
Natasa Markovska holds DSc degree from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
Skopje, with thesis on solar energy technologies. At present she is an Associate Professor
and a Senior Researcher at the Research Center for Energy, Informatics and Materials of
the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts (ICEIM-MANU). She isleading/participating in several research projects related to energy strategies, energy
efficiency and renewable energy sources, as well as the environmental impacts of various
energy technologies, including greenhouse gases emissions and climate change mitigation
options. She is the Chair of the National Committee on Climate Change and National
Focal Point of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Prof. Markovska
participated in the preparation of the Macedonian National Strategy for Sustainable
Development, leading the working group on Energy.

49

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.397

The Czech Republic Strategy for Sustainable
Development in The Process of Update
J. Hlavackova*1*

jaroslava.hlavackova@mzp.cz

1

Government Council for Sustainable Development, Ministry of theEnvironment of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic

ABSTRACTThe Czech Republic Strategy for Sustainable Development (CR SDS, NSDS) was
adopted by the Czech Government Res. no. 1242 of December 8, 2004 as an overarching
conceptual document reflecting the basic political and social consensus about the strategic
goals and principles of the CR development in the future. The Strategy has six parts andcovers all three dimensions of SD complemented by three other areas: research &development and education; European and international issues and good governance. The
strategic goals (24) were further integrated into sectoral documents and policies. As aframework document, the Strategy doesnÂ´t contain any quantitative goals and shows thegeneral way how to build SD concept in sectoral politics.
The NSDS provides a set of 87 indicators for assessing individual strategic goals.
The progress reports on the NSDS of 2006, 2007 and 2009 are based on a set of 36
aggregated indicators covering the three pillars of SD and three additional areas listed
above. The set of indicators is being developed and modified during the ongoing process
of NSDS revision taking place between 2007-2009, with the stress for the national set ofindicators to be more closely attached to international level and international comparison.
In December 2007, an interim document under the title 'Principles, Instruments andProposals of Priorities for Completing the Update of the SDS of the Czech Republic(2007)' was submitted to the Government. A new date for completion of the Strategy
revision has been set for November 30, 2009 (Govt. Res. No.1434 of 19 December,2007). In the meantime, the NSDS of 2004 remains valid.
A Steering Committee (SC) of 11 personalities representing key players fromministries, academia and NGOs in the process of the document update was formed to
discuss also a broader problems of strategic planning, coordination and methodologicalcompatibility of the NSSD with other national strategies. In December 2008, the SC
approved the proposed structure of the draft document (5 priority axes with with 15
priorities). In January-February 2009, objectives were formulated so that the draft updated
NSDS could enter public discussion (April - May 2009).

50

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.402

Building Institutional Framework for
Sustainable Development in Montenegro
L. Perovic1, B. Vukovic*1*

bosiljka.vukovic@gmail.com

1

Government of Montenegro, Office for Sustainable Development,
Montenegro

ABSTRACT
There are many proofs confirming the importance of sustainable development (SD)for Montenegro. First of all, considering the international aspect of SD, the current global
economic crisis, and, particularly, having in mind the features of Montenegro, its
geographical position and natural characteristics additionally emphasize that developmenton the principles of sustainability is the only way ahead for Montenegro. In 2002
Montenegro formed the first National Council for Sustainable Development (NCSD) in
the Balkan region; in 2005 the Office for Sustainable Development (OSD) wasestablished, and the Government adopted National Strategy for Sustainable Development(NSSD) in 2007.
With these developments, Montenegro created the most advanced institutional basis
for sustainable development in the region. During the past two years, after carefully
observing the functioning of the SD institutions in Montenegro, the OSD embarked upon
the process of reform of the current national SD system. As a result, NCSD was
fundamentally reformed, having its membership downsized and structure of
representation transformed. The First Annual Report on the NSSD Implementation has
been completed and the process of defining SD indicators commenced in cooperation with
the UN Department for Economic and Social Affairs.
In this context, this paper proposes to critically examine the evolution of the set-up of
the Montenegrin SD system, present the advantages and disadvantages of the governmentanchored NCSD, and based on the lessons learnt present recommendations for policy
makers for their endeavors in promoting SD in their own countries. The paper argues that
only by effectively coordinating all sectors in the society and ensuring genuine
participation of the outside-government stakeholders, the countries could ensure that SD
principles are incorporated in the major national and local policies. The independence andpro-activeness in approach of SD institutions is essential in ensuring the supremacy of SD
practices in decision-making.
Considering the similarities in the historic, economic and social development of theformer socialist countries, the recommendations put forward by this paper and lessons
learnt could be of particularly use for the countries of the Southeast and Central andEastern Europe. The findings of this paper could also contribute to the wider professional
and academic debate on proper way of setting the institutional system of SD.

51

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.503

Sustainable Water Management in Republic ofMacedonia
D. Zernovski*1, V. Indova2, S. Krstic3*

zerno968@unet.com.mk1

Enviro-Resources, Macedonia
Ministry of Environment and Physical Planing, SD, Macedonia
3
Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Biology, Macedonia
2

ABSTRACTThe water as a resource in Macedonia is one of the most valuable national asset thatshould be protected and preserved with a view to gain future benefits and in order toprovide condition for sustainable development of the country.
Water is a scarce and fragile resource that is unequally distributed in time and space,and climate change is expected to lead to more irregular and lower volumes of rainfall.
The shortage of water, due to irregular rainfall and aridity, is a major constraint for
agriculture, as irrigation is the largest consumer of water.
Additionally, the water scarcity is even more pronounced regarding the global water
quality deterioration over the years. Lack of wastewater treatment facilities, remediation
methods and adequate management have resulted in accelerated eutrophication processes
and pollutant accumulation in almost all surface waters in the country. The groundwater
sources are not under regular monitoring protocols, but are also inevitably under highpressure.
Nevertheless, the past decade is characterized with favorable changes for the
Macedonian water management. In the field of infrastructure for the protection andrational use of water, the main issues in the country are related with the increase of theshare of the population connected to water supply and sewerage networks and to urban
waste water treatment plants.
This paper evaluates the existing water management in Macedonia to determine
necessary measures to establish sustainable water management and will also review
current major challenges to the evolution of the water supply and sewage systems. It alsopresents short term, intermediate and long term objectives, identifies issues related to theimplementation of sustainable water management and presents measurable indicators forthe monitoring of implementation process.

52

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.506

Environmental Monitoring As a Basic Tool for
Sustinable Development - Proposal for a
Monitoring System in The Republic ofMacedonia SD Strategy
S. Krstic*1, N. Markovska2, V. Indova3*

skrstic@pmf.ukim.mk

1

Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Biology, Macedonia
Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Research Center for Energy,
Informatics and Materials, Macedonia
3
Ministry of Environment and Physical Planing, SD, Macedonia
2

ABSTRACT
Beginning in the late 1980s, researchers within the Office of Research andDevelopment at the Environmental Protection Agency conceptualized, designed andimplemented an Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP). The
EMAP was—and still is—designed to be a research-based (that is, having a focus on
investigating in scientifically-defensible ways the bases and components of measuring andevaluating the condition of ecological resources) undertaking. As designed, its primary
purpose has been to establish the scientific and technical capacity to support thegeneration of data and information of known statistical confidence to be used in the
conduct of ecological resource status and trend assessments. An important aspect of the
program is enabling the transfer of its theoretical, scientific and technical foundations to
the monitoring sciences and technology communities domestically—and worldwide.
The bases and components researched by the program include:•
statistical (that is, probability-based) monitoring designs that can achievescientifically defensible measures of changes in ecosystem condition; researchon these designs has shown the workability of developing sampling strategies
that can deliver data and other information along with understanding of theconfidence that accompanies that data and information;•
development and validation of ecological indicators and indices that reliably
describe the condition (referred to often as the 'health') of ecological systems(and their inherent processes);•
investigations into the scientific and methodological constraints to thecomprehensive recognition and representation of spatial and temporal
differences inherent in data and information collected within and acrossecological systems; and•studies of information management as a fundamental element in designing andconducting monitoring studies, and in analyzing, retaining and reporting therange of data and information associated with stated monitoring needs.

53

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Having in mind the importance of the environment in Sustainable Development of
the country, a new environmental monitoring system has been developed and accepted in
the SD Strategy of Macedonia, based on EMAP principles and selected indicators. This
paper presents the fundamental features, postulation and cross-cutting issues of the newly
proposed monitoring system as a tool for the Sustainable Development of Macedonia.

54

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.541

Policy Challenges to Build a Knowledge
Society In Macedonia
S. Mojsovska*1*

mojsovska@yahoo.com

1

Instutute of Economics, University St. Cyril and Methodius, Department
of International Economics, Macedonia

ABSTRACTThis paper addresses the main policy challenges towards building a knowledge
society in Macedonia. Knowledge society encompasses variety of aspects determining thewealth generation and sustainable development, but it is primarily shaped by three corepolicy areas – education and training, research and development and industry. Those threepolicies were elaborated from the perspective of their current development in Macedonia,
undertaken reforms, mutual coherence and crucial challenges with respect to theknowledge society. The paper analyses were largely based on the extensive theoreticaland empirical research related to the subject. The need for developing better key policies
and create a coherent policy framework encompassing all relevant policy aspects isstressed out as necessary to achieve progress towards knowledge society. In that respect,proactive policy approach is distinguished as vital to ensure an optimal balance between
the knowledge and utilization of the available resources in a sustainable way.

55

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.543

The "added" Values of The MacedonianSociety from An Unexpected Direction
V. Vukovic*1, D. Jovanovski2, V. Stojanova3*

vuk_vlado@yahoo.com

1

Faculty of agricultural sciencies and food, Animal Sciencies, Macedonia
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
Macedonia
3
Faculty of Business Economy, Macedonia
2

ABSTRACTThe main objective of the paper is author’s vision related with the possibilities ofdiversification of income in rural regions in the Republic of Macedonia.
The better level of organization and planning of the production in the Macedonian
agriculture sector could bring better environment in overall regions where thediversification of the income in rural areas is possible. The higher security of the income
could make the farmers more open and dedicated for other type of activities which are notexactly related “only” with prime-agriculture (to invest in some sort of finalization ofprime-agricultural products from the farm, to combine the resources from the farm with
SD resources in the municipality and in the region - renewable-energy production, tocollect products from the forestry or to develop rural tourism on the farm).
Efficient institutional capacity will facilitate creation of SME’s for off-farm activities
for diversification of income in rural regions. Proper legislation for dual agro and of-farmbusiness activities within the SME and Industry in the rural regions will contribute to the
SD and rural development. High technology utilization within the off-farm businessactivities will contribute to the creation of efficient and environmental friendly SME
sector in diversified rural areas. With a recycling of waste materials from the agricultural
production, environmental friendly off-farm SME’s in the rural areas can significantly
contribute to the proper waste management, production of energy from RES andutilization of equipment and technologies/processes that will control the pollution of theenvironment.
The generated diversification of the income in the rural areas on the principles of SD
will strongly push our economy, social and environmental quality of life for all citizens of
the Republic of Macedonia. The “added values” of our society will come from an
unexpected direction - from the rural development and improved quality of live in allparts of our country. The lower migration pressure on the overcrowded and stressful urbanzones will create balance in all aspects of modern living. The better quality of life in therural regions will bring better conditions for balanced sustainable development of oursociety and the country of Macedonia.

56

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.544

Sustainable Energy Practices in The Rural
Communities of The Republic of Macedonia
V. Vukovic*1, N. Markovska2, D. Jovanovski3*

vuk_vlado@yahoo.com

1

Faculty of agricultural sciencies and food, Animal Sciencies, Macedonia
Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Research Center for Energy,
Informatics and Materials, Macedonia
3
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
Macedonia
2

ABSTRACTThe agriculture in Macedonia is using just 4% of the energy and the issue is raised
about the possibilities to decrease the energy consumption and to diversify the energy
sources. Macedonia is considered to be a country with a high potential to use sustainableenergy practices and resources, particularly in the agricultural sector where biomass,
biogas, solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy and the hydrogen produced fromthe renewable energy resources are recognized as the most promising options. Therefore,
our efforts should be focused on promotion and development of the sustainable practices
for rural community in Macedonia, through in-depth analysis, comprehensive training anddissemination of the positive results.
The main of goal of this paper is to present the plans and on-going activities related
to the idea 'energy from - energy for agriculture'. Specifically, the project Agro-energy run
by CeProSARD (The Center for Promotion of Sustainable Agriculture and Rural
Development) will be elaborated as a practical step toward national sustainable
development of the Republic of Macedonia.

57

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.615

Sustainable Development Strategy of The
Republic of Serbia
S. Milutinovic*1, D. Radojevic2*

boban40@yahoo.com

1

University of Nis, School of Occupational Safety, Serbia
Government of the Republic of Serbia, Office of the Deputy Prime
Minister, Sustainable Development Unit, Serbia
2

ABSTRACTThe idea of National sustainable development strategies first evolved during the Rio
Summit. National Strategies of Sustainable Development should be seen as a set of coordinated mechanisms and processes to help societies work towards sustainable
development.
Republic of Serbia recently joined the family of NSDS countries. Government ofSerbia adopted the National Sustainable Development Strategy in May 2008. The starting
point in strategy development was to start from the existing adopted strategic documents
and build upon them a concept of sustainable development which would bring together ina synergetic manner all three pillars - economic, social and environmental. The project
was closely coordinated with the implementation process of the Poverty Reduction
Strategy (PRS), and it was implemented in cooperation with the academic community andwith the participation of country stakeholders in Serbia. It was build upon the work done
for the PRS and initially focus on adding an environmental dimension that is expected touse inputs from the still ongoing work on the National Environmental Action Plan. The
European Integration Strategy provided an input into the Sustainable Development
Strategy for Serbia and aligned with the local sustainable development strategy preparedby the Standing Conference of Towns and Municipalities and a variety of existing sector
strategies.
Moreover, Government of Serbia recently developed the Action plan for NSSD
implementation. It is expected that in 2009 necessary institutional mechanisms for the
implementation will be established (implementation teams within the ministries;
establishment of the 'Friends of sustainable development' as business forum and 'Partners
forum' as a link towards local communities, etc).
This paper aims to present the experience gained through the process of Serbian
NSSD formulation and the main characteristic of final document and strategic formulation
process. It will try to discuss the prospective of further implementation and barriers thatshould influence the process as well. At the end of the day, the destiny of NSDSs issimilar like the destiny of all strategic plans: it can be implemented, or forgotten in theoffice of government officials. How it will be proceeding, depends of two influential
facts: the political will and public awareness.

58

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.623

Sustainable Development the Danish Way Ensuring Sustainable Development ThroughStrategic Framework Planning and Verticaland Horizontal Integration
J. R. Lonholdt*1*

jlt@niras.dk

1

NIRAS A/S, International Consultants, Denmark

ABSTRACT
Denmark was one of the first countries in the World to nationally recognise theincreasing pollution problems and act decisively in the late 60ties and beginning of the
70ties. Denmark was one of the first countries to make a comprehensive national
assessment of the state of the pollution and to establish the first Ministry of Environment(originally named Ministry for Abatement of Pollution) with a national Environmental
Protection Agency. Integrated with this Denmark was also one of the first countries in theworld to build up world class environmental research and development and teachingcapacity at universities, research and development institutions and consulting engineering
companies especially in relation to wastewater and solid waste management. In line withthis Denmark has played an active role on all global conferences related to environmental
protection and later sustainable development since the Stockholm Conference in 1972.
The early start and the fact that environmental protection and later sustainable
development has been on the political agenda and permeated the Danish society for over
30 years has created a special situation in relation to ensuring sustainable development.
Most visible in the fact that Denmark only has a framework strategy for sustainable
development and do not have a National Council for Sustainable Development. This
paper will present and discuss the Danish way of ensuring sustainable development,
assess the pros and cons, and identify and asses the special circumstances which has been
the conceptual driver behind this approach. Finally lessons learned in relation to a moreglobal context will be identified and assessed.

59

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.677

National Strategy for Sustainable
Development for Macedonia - Facing
Implementation Start-up
S. Trpevski*1, V. Indova2*

strahinja@nssd.com.mk

1
2

NSSD office Skopje, Sustainable Development, Macedonia
Ministry of Environment and Physical Planing, SD, Macedonia

ABSTRACTThe National Strategy for Sustainable Development (NSSD) of the Republic ofMacedonia is an important element among the priorities contained in the European
Partnership and for the fulfillment of the commitment declared in the "Strategy of RM for
Integration into the EU". The concept of sustainable development is one of the main goalsof European integration and it is the core of the European model society. Therefore the
NSSD for the Republic of Macedonia has an EU integration dimension.
The Government of the Republic of Macedonia has made a lot of preparations
through development of the "Conceptual Approach towards Creation and Implementationof the National Strategy for Sustainable Development of RM" (2000), preparation of the"National Assessment Report for Sustainable Development" (2001-2002 for theparticipation at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002)
and finally develop the 'Research Concept supportive to the creation and implementationof the National Strategy for Sustainable Development of the Republic of Macedonia',(2003), before started activities on preparation of NSSD in 2006.
The Strategy was completed in February 2009 and this implies that our country willsoon face the challenges of implementing the strategy to create a new and better futurebalancing the use of our rich social, cultural and natural heritage.
This paper will present sustainability diagnosis for the RM with a focus to the vision,
mission and objectives for economically, socially and environmentally balanced
development. The NSSD focuses are on the time frame 2009-2030, projecting Sustainable
Development Macedonia by 2030.
In the context of the paper an critically examine and evolution will be presented forthe advantages and disadvantages of the country as Macedonia is with the lowest
developed economy and economical growth in the Europe in relation to the own paths of
SD development. There is no doubts that SD will be a process for Macedonia on a longrun, but the success story will depend on the successful start up in particular to theinstitutional and organizational positioning of the implementation for the NSSD.

60

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.689

Integrated Product Policy - Implementation
Policy of Sustainable Consumption and
Production
T. Obradovik Grncarovska*1, V. Dukovski2, V. Gecevska2*

teodoragrncarovska@yahoo.com

1
Ministry on Environment and Physical Planning, Climate Change,
Macedonia
2
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Macedonia

ABSTRACT
Sustainable development is based on several principles, including achievement ofsustainable forms of production and consumption. European Sustainable Development
Strategy identifies them as one of the key challenges. One of the instruments to achievesustainable patterns of production and consumption is through the implementation of theintegrated product policy. The concept of integrated product policy is an approach whichseeks to reduce the life cycle environmental impacts of products from the mining of raw
materials to production, distribution, use, and waste management. The driving idea is that
integration of environmental impacts at each stage of the life cycle of the product isessential and should be reflected in decisions of stakeholders.
IPP focuses on those decision points which strongly influence the life cycle
environmental impacts of products and which offer potential for improvement, notably
eco-design of products, informed consumer choice, the polluter pays principle in productprices. It also promotes instruments and tools which target the whole life cycle ofproducts. The paper analyses an IPP tools in European Union and in Macedonian
conditions also giving an recommendation for future steps needed in process of EU
accession of the Republic of Macedonia.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Special Session: Role and Responsibility ofLocal Authorities in Assuring Energy Supply
and Energy Security for Industry andPopulation

SUMMARY

The efforts that European Commission and governments of themembers of EU are making in implementation of European energy policy
in whole Europe mainly depends on how it will be understood, acceptedand conducted by the local authorities. National legislation often expands
responsibility from government to local community to consider how toprovide energy to industry and population. Constant analysis andevaluation of examples of good practice is important, hence the pilot
studies could be chosen as the guide for local authorities in Europe. These
examples should be considered as a path to local communities for
successful local and/or regional implementation of energy efficiency
policy and secure energy supply to industry and the population for which
they are responsible. Therefore, it is expected in this session that many ofimportant segments such as: management, planning, supply,
consumption, energy efficiency, environmental protection and applicationof new and renewable energy sources to be scientifically clarified in a
way to create the most eligible conditions for the application of European
energy policy at the local level. Regarding to this the main thematic areas
will enclose:- making local energy strategy (methodology and data base),- distributive energy production and suitable technologies,- use of local fuels (biomass, coal, waste) – case studies, best practice,- regional use of local energy potentials,- renewable energy sources,- energy efficiency issues of municipal systems and industry, andenvironmental issues of regional and local communities.
Session organizer: Prof. Milun Babic, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kragujevac,
Kragujevac, Serbia

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Milun Babic is corresponding member of Serbian Academy of Engineering Science.
Since 1990 he is employed as a full professor at Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Kragujevac, Serbia. During academic career he worked as a lecturer atseveral Universities and Faculties in the country and abroad. On the Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering in Kragujevac, Belgrade, Nis, Pristina and at Faculty od Sciencein Bor he held undergraduate and postgraduate courses: "Energy and Environment","Energy and Environmental Project Management", "Process Machinery and Plants","Turbomachinery", "Hydraulic Power Transmissions", "Computer Application", "Special
Pumps", "Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Transport", "Equipment in Hydraulic Facilities",
etc. At Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Kragujevac, besides teaching, he also
performed duties of Vice Dean and Dean of the Faculty. He is now Chief of Departmentof Energy and Process Engineering and director of Regional Energy Efficiency Centre
Kargujevac.
Milun Babic is also author/co-author of 265 science, research and scholar papers
that are published in national and international scientific journals and conferences, 8patents, 67 technical solutions-new industrial products and plants (which have patentcharacter and now are integral part of national companies' production). He managed 87
science and R&D projects of regional, national and international importance. He
published 8 monographies, 3 university textbooks and mentored 7 PhD theses, 11 mastertheses, 3 specialists and large number of graduate exams. He was the member of large
number of comities for PhD and master thesis at Faculties of Mechanical Engineering in
Kragujevac, Pristina, Nis, Belgrade and Novi Sad.
During his carreer Milun Babic also preformed, beside others, several nationality
important duties such as: Minister in Government of Republic of Serbia for Coordinationof Industry Development, head of Republic Council for Energy Efficiency, member of
Scientific Board for Energy Efficiency of Ministry of Science, coordinator and manager ofProgram of Development Strategy for Implementation of New and Renewable Energy
Resources in Republic Serbia - Subprogram MoME for Development Serbian's RES's
Strategy for the period 2006-2010., director of National Energy Efficience Subprogram in
Municipal Systems of Ministry of Science, local expert in international team forestablishing of Energy Efficiency Agency of the Republic of Serbia and for preparing
Energy Development Strategy of Republic of Serbia.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.288

Energy Management Systems Applied to
Bread Factory
V. Sustersic*1, D. Jelic1, M. Babic1, D. Gordic1*

vanjas@kg.ac.rs

1

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Energy and Process
Engineering, Serbia

ABSTRACTThe Regional Euro Energy Efficiency Center Kragujevac (REECKG) is establishedin 2004 at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kragujevac by assistance Serbian
Energy Efficiency Agency (SEEA) and Norwegian Energy Efficiency Group. The basic
tasks of Center are: creation of strategies, plans and studies of energetic development oflocal communities and companies, balancing of energy production and consumption, andestablishing of energy efficiency of facilities and technical processes, financial energy
engineering, energy and ecological monitoring and management, as well as transfer ofknowledge and innovations to employees in these fields, substitution of conventional withrenewable energy sources, creation of databases concerning energy resources in
production and consumption of all energy types in the area where the Center isauthorized.
Energy experts of Faculty of Mechanical Engineering together with energy team ofthe bread factory "Pobeda", Arandjelovac, conducted the energy audit during thewinter/spring period of 2004. The team from the Faculty several times visited thecompany for assessment of plants, procedures and relevant documentation that describe
the technology and energy system in order to propose energy saving measures. Internal
expert team was formed and relevant employees were interviewed concerning the energy
consumption. Beside, some measurements were made using portable measuring
equipment owned by the faculty.
This paper summarizes the outcome of the performed energy auditing and proposes
potential areas for energy savings. Generally, energy saving measures can vary between
simple low-cost measures (basic operation precautions and good housekeeping) andcapital investments. Interesting energy saving measures and projects that were determined
during the energy audit were the subjects of feasibility studies in order to analyse eachtechnical alternative or verify conclusions which have been reached.

64

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.394

About Creation and Reached Goals ofDevelopment Policy in The Area of Energy
Efficiency, Environmental Protection andSustainable Development in The City ofKragujevac
M. Babic*1, D. Milovanovic2, N. Jovicic2, D. Gordic1, M. Despotovic3,
V. Sustersic1, D. Koncalovic4, D. Jelic1, G. Boskovic2*

nastasija@nadlanu.com

1

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Energy and Process
Engineering, Serbia
2
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Energy and Process Engineering,
Serbia3
University of Kragujevac, Energy and Process Engineering, Serbia
4
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Energy and process engineering,
SerbiaABSTRACTThis paper presents a review of the methodology development and a part of theresults achieved in the process of establishing an energy management system of the Cityof Kragujevac (Serbia) and its communal services. The paper is an overview of influential
factors in the field of energy management, analyzes their impact on raising the energy
efficiency of individual municipal services and the city of Kragujevac, as a whole. The
research team of Department of Energy and Process Engineering at Faculty of MechanicalEngineering in Kragujevac operates for some time through Regional Euro Energy
Efficiency Center (REEECKG). Department, according to its development strategy isdealing with issues of energy efficiency for years, and with establishment of REEECKG
has became a part of the wider network of regional energy efficiency centers, which inmany segments act as important factors in the creation and implementation of nationalenergy strategy and policy and as a supporter of development in Kragujevac. Ministry ofEnergy and Mining (MoME) and Serbian Energy Efficiency Agency (SEEA) directly
coordinate the work of REEECKG and other regional centers. The REEECKG gained
experience through the implementation of R&D and commercial projects in the field ofenergy management, environmental protection and sustainable development. Because ofthis experience REEECKG was able to help the city administration to properly direct its
energy and environmental development strategy and to create a benchmarking
methodology for spreading best practice examples in the region. The paper also presents
the most interesting scientific and research results achieved, in which participated
RECEEKg, MoME and SEEA, and the experts from the government of the City of65

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Kragujevac and municipal companies that were the direct beneficiaries of realized resultsof scientific research in the following areas:- development of energy management in municipalities and the establishment ofenergy planning at the local level;- improvement of municipal services by applying energy efficiency measures inpublic enterprises (Energetika d.o.o. (district heating company), J.P. Čistoća (communal
waste management), J.P. Vodovod i kanalizacija (water and waste water management));- Promoting the idea and realized projects in the field of energy management,
environmental protection and sustainable development at the Festival of energy efficiency(starting from this year, during whole April).

66

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.600

The Role of Local Government in Local
Sustainable Development Planning - Serbian
Case Study
S. Milutinovic*1*

boban40@yahoo.com

1

University of Nis, School of Occupational Safety, Serbia

ABSTRACTOver the past decade or so, the concept of sustainable development has become a
shibboleth, widely accepted as the way to live in harmony with the environment.
Achieving the sustainability of national development requires a strategic long term
approach that either integrates or encompasses different development processes in such a
way that they can be as sophisticated as the development challenges are complex. In
accordance with the conclusions of the Johannesburg Conference, local governments
implementing the sustainable development are bound to enter a decade of accelerated
action towards the creation of sustainable communities and protection of common world
goods. Apparently with SD efforts on national levels, local governments also show
significant achievements in SD planning.
The process of preparation and implementation of Local Agenda 21 may bringnumerous benefits to a well-organized local government. The benefits include more
efficient acceptance and management of change by local community, more efficient
political development, enabling the local governments to recognize the needs of thecommunity, higher cohesion of the community, stronger regional networking, reductionof costs, and healthier community.
This paper will discuss the case study of Serbia as an example how countries intransition should implement local policies of sustainable development and what obstacles
such countries can face on the road toward the sustainability. Serbian towns andmunicipalities adopted Local Sustainable Development Strategy Paper (LSDS) in May
2005 as a strategic framework for local authorities to establish local SD processes. The
Strategy was developed under the Program for Environmental Protection and Sustainable
Development in Serbian Towns and Municipalities 2004 - 2006, administrated by Serbian
Association of Towns and Municipalities (Standing Conference of Towns andMunicipalities - SKGO) and supported by Norwegian Association of Local and Regional
Authorities (KS). Up to now more than 30 (from 167) municipalities in Serbia adopted
Local SD strategies and initiated the implementation of LA21. Simmilar programs havebeen established in countries in the region (Croatia, Romania, Bulgaria and others). The
experience from Serbian two years pilot program on drafting local SD strategies inmunicipalities and obstacles observed during the process will be discussed.

67

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.198

Towards Sustainable Energy Communities
M. Launay*1*

marie.launay@europrojectconsult.eu

1Euro Project Consult, France

ABSTRACTIn the PRACTISE project, local communities of four countries of the enlarged
Europe (Italy, France, Spain and Romania) are undertaking a number of actions for
empowering local authorities in their energy management: assessment of the wholecommunity energy consumption and renewables potential, diagnosis of public buildings
consumption, questionnaires to the population (...), a comprehensive and consistent set of
evaluation and awareness measures to settle a real energy citizenship. Having thepoliticians in is a key point and PRACTISE is based on Local Sustainable Energy
Community Boards. At the project level, all benefit from working with communities fromvarious contexts and size through technical exchanges and site visits; training thepractitioners will be a key output of the project and it is very likely that concrete
investments will be accelerated more than hoped at the end of it. PRACTISE is funded by
the Energy Intelligent Europe Programme.

68

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Special Session: Integrating Waste andRenewable Energy to reduce the Carbon
Footprint of Locally Integrated Energy Sectors
SUMMARY

Energy use continues to rise and with it the emissions of CO2. Energy
efficiency methods have been applied across sectors. Efficiency gains andenergy use per manufactured unit have fallen, particularly in relation to
the processing industry. Residential, work place, leisure, and service
sectors still use large amounts of energy and produce large emissions of
CO2 despite efficiency gains. Successful strategies used in the processing
industry for integrating energy systems such as Total Site targeting
implementing advanced pinch methodology and heat integration, havebeen applied to locally integrated energy sectors. The recent results showthat it can be successfully applied to integrate renewables into the energy
source mix and consequently reduce the carbon footprint of these locallyintegrated energy sectors.
This session focuses on the schemes, research and tools for: (i)Maximum consumption of local energy sources, including the renewables
and waste to energy; (ii) The development of solutions for regionalenergy supply chain taking into account the available energy resources,
technical, economic, environmental and administrative constraints; (iii)
Integrating waste and renewable energy to reduce the environmental
impact of locally integrated energy sector; (iv) Application of multicriteria decision making to sustainable energy planning.
Session organizers: Prof. Jiri Klemes, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary
Prof. Ferenc Friedler, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
Jirí Klemeš - Pólya Professor and EC Marie Curie Chair Holder (EXC) at Universityof Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary. Previously the Dpt of Process Integration and at
UMIST and The University of Manchester, UK. Research in neural network applications
at University of Edinburgh, Scotland. Comprehensive industrial experience, processintegration, sustainable technologies and renewable energy. Successful applications.
Managing 66 major European and UK Know-How projects and consulted on energy
saving and pollution reduction. Editor-in-Chief of Chemical Engineering Transactions,
Subject Editor of Journal of Cleaner Production, Dpt Regional Editor of Applied ThermalEngineering, Associate Editor for Heat Transfer Engineering and ENERGY; Cleaner

69

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIATechnologies and Environmental Policies; Resources, Conservation and Recycling. In
1998 founded and is the President of International Conference Process Integration,
Mathematical Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution reduction –PRES
Ferenc Friedler is a leading research figure recognised throughout Europe andoverseas. He is an invited presenter of plenary and key-note lectures of international
conferences. He is a Professor of Computer Science, and in 2003 he has been elected a
Dean of Faculty of Information Technology. He is the Chairman of the Informational
Technology PhD program and the Vice-President of the Regional Centre of the
Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He was given recently the Knight's Cross Order of Meritof the Republic of Hungary by the President of Hungary, 2003, Vaaler Awards for theindustrial implementation of the research results, New York, U.S.A., 1997, László Kalmár
Prize (John von Neumann Computer Science Society), 2003. He is author of over twohundred papers, and co-founder of the P-graph and S-graph optimisation framework thathas recently become part of Chemical Engineering curriculum. He is a member ofInternational Scientific Committees of many conferences (VOCAL, PRES, ESCAPE,
ICheaP)70

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.706

Actions and Influence of The Multiple
Decision Levels Over the Whole Energy Chain
G. Cherix*1, M. Capezzali2, A. Chapuis3, H. B. Püttgen2, M. Finger4*

gaetan.cherix@crem.ch

1Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Chair: Management of
network industries, Switzerland
2
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Energy Center, Switzerland
3
Centre de Recherches Energétiques et Municipales, Research &Development, Switzerland
4
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Chair, Management of
network industries, Switzerland

ABSTRACTThe beginning of the 21st century has been marked by the collective awareness ofglobal warming and finite state of fossil resources. These pressing issues and especiallyclimate change, led governments and local authorities to adopt ambitious energy-climate
policies, aimed at decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and primary energy consumption.
Considering that about 70% of the world primary energy consumption arises fromtowns, more specifically from the transportation and buildings sectors, the latter will playa central role in reduction of primary energy consumption and in possible climate change
mitigation actions. Technically, performances of urban energy system, are mainly
influenced by demand-side dynamics (buildings characteristics, heating systems, electricalequipment, behaviour of final users, aso.), supply-side availability (waste energy
resources, decentralized energy conversion systems, energy networks, aso.), as well as by
the management of the whole system.
Simulation and optimization computing tools have been developed, notably at EPFL,
and have allowed significant gains in understanding both demand - and supply side
dynamics in urban areas. The project "Innovative tools for the planning and the
management of energy systems in urban area", based on a strong partnership with four
Swiss cities, aims at federating these existing models and methods, in order to developing
and validate an integrated approach for the planning and management of energy systems
in urban areas.
The first part of the project presented in this paper concentrates on determining how
to implement the legal framework at different institutional levels in our integrated
approach. There are five levels of decision able to influence the performances of urbanzone in a Swiss city, namely the international, national, cantonal, municipal andindividual levels.
The objective of this study is to develop an evaluation grid, which will be used to
identify the influence of each decision level over the different energy chain levels(primary, intermediate, final, useful energy and energy services).

71

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

The results showed that beyond the constraints imposed by national and cantonallaws, ambitious energy-climate policies adopted by each level of governance certainlyoffer a lot of opportunities for the sustainable and energy-efficient development of urban
areas. New regulations and associated instruments give to local decision-makers a set ofarguments that can be used in a complementary way.

72

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.565

Regional Renewable Energy and Resource
Planning
H. L. Lam*1, P. Varbanov1, J. Klemes1*

lam@cpi.uni-pannon.hu

1

University of Pannonia, Centre for Process Integration and Intensification
CPI2, Research Institute of Chemical and Process Engineering, FIT,
Hungary

ABSTRACT
A novel approach to regional resource management has been developed tacklingsimultaneously important issues of biomass supply chain - transportation and land use.
The biomass supply chain problem is complex due to the distributed nature of biomass
resources and their low energy density requires large transportation capacity. The biomass
growing requires considerable land areas often in competition with food production. The
present approach is based on the Regional Energy Clustering (REC) algorithm (Lam etal., 2009). REC generates a biomass transfer network between the various zones in agiven region. This is followed by grouping the zones into clusters using the combinationof links and the overall energy imbalance as an objective function to be minimised. The
information about the clusters is further analysed by Regional Energy Cascade. It
estimates the energy target within regional supply chains and provides the result forenergy flow evaluation in between the zones, the quantity of energy needs to beimported/exported and the locations of the demands. The cascade result is then further
illustrated by using the Regional Resources Management Composite Curve (RRMCC). It
graphically represents the relationship between the land use and the generation andconsumption of energy. RRMCC is an energy planning and management tool that extends
the evaluation of the trade-off between biomass generation and land use. The quantity ofthe energy and the area of land needed are shown on the x-axis and y-axis. The slope of
RRMCC represents the land area (km2) required per unit energy (PJ/y). This relationshipgives the option to the planner to assess the priorities: either to sell the surplus energy on
the fuel market or use the land for other purposes such as food production. A case study
demonstrates the application of the RRMCC to maximise release of the land and to
maximise the biofuel production at the same time to secure the needed energy supply.

73

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.613

Integrating Renewable Energy Sources into
Extended Total Sites
P. Varbanov*1, J. Klemes1, Z. Fodor1*

varbanov@cpi.uni-pannon.hu

1

University of Pannonia, Centre for Process Integration and Intensification
CPI2, Research Institute of Chemical and Process Engineering, FIT,
Hungary

ABSTRACTThe paper demonstrates an extension of the Total Sites methodology covering theindustrial, residential, service, business and agricultural customers taking into account thevariability on both the supply and the demand sides. The renewable energy availability,
the energy demands (heating, cooling and power) of the considered sites all varysignificantly with time of the day, period of the year and location. Some of them are notpredictable and changing in various time intervals. The challenge to increase the share of
renewables in the energy mix could be met by integrating solar, wind, biomass,
geothermal energy as well as some types of waste with the fossil fuels. Total Site CHP
energy systems are optimised minimising heat waste and carbon footprint, andmaximising economic viability.
The maximum availability of renewables is mostly limited. There are different heatsources and heat demands during specific time periods. A heat transfer strategy exploitinga short term heat storage could save energy when in one time period there is a surplus andin a later there is a deficit. This can be used to synchronise the heat sinks and sources overthe site and the considered time horizon and if necessary a heat storage optimal designand capacity can be suggested. When they are available at right time and required
capacity at feasible cost it could considerably increase the system efficiency. Thismethodology could contribute to the problem solution in terms of sizing and schedulingby providing targets to be achieved.
This approach has been demonstrated on an extended Total Site including two
industrial plants, a residential area and an agriculture farm.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:The financial support from the EC MC Chair MEXC -CT-2006-042618 Integrated
Waste to Energy Management to Prevent Global Warming - INEMAGLOW is gratefully
acknowledged.

74

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.620

The Changing Role of Afghanistan in Meeting
China's Need for Primary Energy Resources
K. Nagy*1, K. Kormendi2*

nagy.karoly@hm.gov.hu

1
2

Ministry of Defence, Cabinet of Minister, Hungary
Triones Ltd, Hungary

ABSTRACT
Afghanistan has the role of a 'buffer state' again. It was originally established as abuffer state between the British and the Russian Empires. Its current role as a buffer state
comes from the need to control China's access to the Iranian and Central Asian primaryenergy resources. As for executing this control, geographically Afghanistan is in a
strategic position, due to which it has again become a buffer state between the USA andChina, although it borders only China, and the common border is short.
Afghanistan's becoming a buffer state is a typical phenomenon of globalisation. The
main point is that under the circumstances of globalisation there is no need for contact onland as defined by territorial borders.
The presentation will provide an evaluation of the importance, from the point of viewof China, of the oil and gas pipelines already built as well as those under construction,with this evaluation itself being based on the results of comparing the capacities of oil andgas fields in Iran and Central Asia to China's energy needs as expected in the long run.
As a consequence, it can be declared that the buffer state status of Afghanistan is not
likely to alter until 2020, and the changes that are capable of resulting in the cessation ofthis enforced role may occur between 2020 and 2050. One of the prerequisites of thesechanges is that there must occur a fundamental structural transformation in the energy
demands of the Chinese national economy.
Involving extraterrestrial primary energy resources opens new dimensions of energy
security; furthermore, it puts the problem of global security into new perspective as well.
The degree of the complexity of the problems arising thereupon is so high that it cannot
be calculated. This all raises the necessity of placing the problem solving capabilities ofmankind on qualitatively novel grounds. The solution may lie in the development of a
global network of problem solving in the sense that was foreshadowed by Leibniz longago. The breakthrough will come in the field of energy security: within the confines of aconcrete project, the development of the global network of energy security centres asvirtual energy security centres has already started. Virtual knowledge centres of different
types will also come into being, which in turn will lead to a fundamental rearrangement ofsocietal relations in every country: the infinitely complex process of the evolution of a
global information society will be revitalised.

75

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.634

Energy Minimization in Distillation Schemesof Quaternary Separations
M. Emtir*1, H. Elakrami2*

memtir@yahoo.com

1
2

Academy of graduate studies, Chemical Engineering, Libya
Alfateh University, Chemical Engineering, Libya

ABSTRACTThe scope of this work is to investigate alternative distillation schemes for the
separation of a four component mixture (quaternary mixture) into pure components bymeans of continuous distillation. Design and rigorous simulation of different distillation
arrangements for the separation of quaternary mixture are studied for energy minimizationand economic evaluations of the distillation schemes are also made.
The study is performed for the quaternary system of (Propane, i-Butane, n-Butane, iPentane) with high product purities of (95%, 90%, 90%, 95%) respectively, for the feed
composition of (0.2753 , 0.2034 , 0.2146 , 0.3067 ). Eight distillation schemes areinvestigated: conventional direct distillation sequence without feed preheater,conventional direct distillation sequence with feed preheater, conventional direct
distillation sequence with forward heat integration, conventional direct distillation
sequence with backward heat integration, complex distillation sequence without feedpreheater and using total condensers, complex distillation sequence with feed preheaterand using total condensers, complex distillation sequence without feed preheater andusing partial condensers, complex distillation sequence with feed preheater and using
partial condensers. All of the above schemes are designed, simulated and economicallyevaluated based on the simple direct distillation sequence without feed preheater.
Simulation results indicate that the selection of proper integration method for eachdistillation scheme will reduce the energy consumption and TAC. For example, theapplication of forward heat integration to the base case is not efficient due to the wide gap
in boiling points between the hot and cold streams. While in the backward heatintegration scheme, the boiling point gap was very small; the backward heat-integrated
scheme is the winner scheme with energy saving of 22.06% and TAC saving of 14.14%.
In our study the use of feed preheaters had saved 13.38% of energy and 12.36% of TAC
in the complex schemes with total condensers. In case of partial condensers we haveachieved 7.71% of energy and 6.11% of TAC savings in complex schemes.

76

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.644

Adaptation to Climate Change ThroughRegional Stakeholders
H. R. Böhm*1*

hans-reiner.boehm@iu-info.de

1

INFRASTRUKTUR&UMWELT Professor Böhm und Partner/Technische
Universität Darmstadt, Institut WAR, Institut WAR, Germany

ABSTRACT
Also well advanced areas like the Metropolitan Regions of Central Europe will beaffected by the climate change. Especially the densely populated and economically very
active agglomerations have to face serious damages and large-scale economic losses in
the case of extreme weather events. Consequently these regions have to improve their
preparedness, they have to develop early warning systems and an effective emergency
management and, finally, they have to reduce the damage potential by appropriate
building precaution measures. In order to cope with the negative implications of theclimate change as well as to make use of chances lying with these changes the probable
impacts have to be assessed and strategies have to be developed for the individual sectors.
The research project to be presented 'Network for Climate Change Adaptation in the
Region Starkenburg (South of Hesse, Germany) - KLARA-Net - is part of the funding
priority of the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) 'Research
for Climate Protection and Protection from Climate Impacts'.
In the first phase (2006-07) a regional network of stakeholders from the Region ofStarkenburg was established which actively deals with the adaptation to climate change.
The goal was to develop future-oriented and effective strategies for different stakeholders
within the network, such as the building industry, agriculture and forestry, tourism and thehealth sector. The initiatives launched by the project not only illustrate measures to copewith and reduce climate-related damage, but also point out the potential for new products,
public services, and business processes.
In the second phase (2008-2011), strategies are being mapped out to pass on thefindings of the thematic groups on regional adaptation requirements to the regulatory andlegislative level. In addition, the network is developing appropriate methods in order toaccelerate the process of adaptation.
Phase II is implemented in close cooperation of the Technische Universität
Darmstadt and INFRASTRUKTUR & UMWELT, Darmstadt (SME).

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.666

Sustainability in The Food Sector: an
Integrated Holistic Approach
I. Bulatov1, D. Napper*2, J. Kim3, J. Klemes4*

dn@eseparator.com

1

The University of Manchester, CPI, CEAS, United Kingdom
Euroteknik Ltd, United Kingdom
3
The University of Manchester, CPI CEAS, United Kingdom
4
University of Pannonia, Centre for Process Integration and Intensification
CPI2, Research Institute of Chemical and Process Engineering, FIT,
Hungary2

ABSTRACT
Sustainable development requires radical change of approach to processing in foodindustry where currently up to 60% of product is being wasted. Too often, effluents andby-products are being treated as waste and discharged in landfills. This creates
unsustainable consequences to the environment. Along with huge losses of raw materials,
the waste of water and energy are also very considerable.
There have been significant technological and methodological developments whichenabled to considerably reduce losses of either energy, or water, or materials. Significant
methodological development on pinch analysis for water and energy saving have been
made and its successful industrial applications have been observed. Since the 90's theProcess Integrated Environmental Protection (PIEP) has had much use in the chemicalindustries to minimize the continual creation of substances harmful to the environment.
Technologies emerge that enable byproduct collection at the respective places where theycome into the waste streams.
However if we want leap forward in sustainability of food processing industry, aholistic approach is required to identify most appropriate actions for improving system
performance and efficiency, and to provide cost-effective upgrading strategies andpractical engineering solutions. This holistic approach is a paradigm to systemize theenergy and water process integration, chemical and byproduct pinch, total impact
including the CO2 profile and carbon trading considerations in the food and beverage
sector. The holistic approach is implemented by examining integrated features with (i)Mathematical programming with application of optimization techniques, and (ii) Graphicbased process design methods, which is essential to ensure high sustainability andeconomics of the process, as well as to enhance current engineering, operation and design
practices.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.014

Environmental Engineering ThroughCombined Emergy-water Pinch Analysis
T. Zhelev*1, T. Majozi2*

toshko.zhelev@ul.ie

1
2

University of Limerick, Chem & Enviro Sci, Ireland
University of Pretoria, Chemical Engineering, South Africa

ABSTRACTEmergy analysis and emergy synthesis are well-known methods but still trying topenetrate the environmental life-cycle analysis domain justifying their power in tacklingcomplex relationships between natural resources, industrial activities, services and theeconomy. Created and predominantly used by environmentalists eMergy analysis makes
courteous steps in the engineering circles. The Pinch analysis, established itself as aclassical tool for analysis and management of resources through integration of processes
towards better industrial efficiency. Both concepts are built on thermodynamic principles.
Both are using attractive graphical representations plotting intensive over extensive
parameters. The strength of Emergy analysis comes from the universality andcomprehensiveness of considerations and from the life-cycle wide view on resources andservices management with characteristic “memory” of effort invested into making that
resources or services available for use. The strength and uniqueness of Pinch analysis is in
the ability to set targets, assess the idealistic minimum resources required for a process
prior to any design step. This means it gives in the hands of entrepreneurs a tool to judge
the viability of production ideas and quick discrimination of options. Pinch analysis offers
another unique feature and this is design or re-design guidelines. Here the environmental
engineers have the chance to take the environmental analysis one step forward, not only
using indices to compare options, but to be proactive and identify bottlenecks and follow
the way to improve sustainability, decrease environmental impact without compromising
the efficiency of industrial activities. This paper reports results of an ongoing project
attempting to agglomerate eMergy analysis with Pinch analysis, focusing on the benefits
from both concepts, but restricting the considerations to water management (fresh water
minimization, water sources selection and wastewater treatment).

79

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.440

Methodology for The Integration of Low
Temperature District Network in Urban Area
N. Calame-Darbellay1, L. Girardin1, F. Marechal*1*

francois.marechal@epfl.ch

1

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Industrial Energy Systems
Laboratory (LENI), Switzerland

ABSTRACTThe energy services delivered to urban areas in Switzerland make up more than 45%of the national energy consumption. Thus, in the framework of the Tetraener European
project1, a methodology has been developed to design low temperature thermal networks
based on process integration techniques and GIS (geographical information system)
database. Water is the renewable energy vector which brings the resource from a lake orriver to the end-users. Connecting buildings to the network reduces the external energetic
dependency of a given urban area as well as it contributes to reduce the CO2 and otherpollutant emissions in a densely populated place. Heat pumps located in the buildings
ensure the heat transfer from the district network to the domestic loops. The grid use isversatile since it can either act as a heat source or sink depending on the need(heating/cooling). This work aims for an optimal integration of heating/cooling using
pinch analysis for the design and/or retrofit of the network and building temperature
control strategy.
The combined use of process integration techniques and GIS energy platform is
illustrated with the GLN (Geneva Lake Nation) case study. This network located downtown Geneva uses water from the nearby Lake Geneva as an energy source for thesurrounding buildings to take advantage of this local resource. Connected buildings tobenefit from this sustainable system include those from international organizations. The
latter clients have important needs especially in terms of cooling for their large-sizeconference rooms. The GLN network also acts as a source of non-drinkable water for
fountains and irrigation purpose in the surrounding parks.

80

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.631

Multi-criteria Decision Making Under
Uncertainty: Energy Efficient and Low-carbon
Wastewater Treatment
G. Sin*1*

gsi@kt.dtu.dk

1
Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Chemical and Biochemical
Engineering, Denmark

ABSTRACT
Uncertainty appears across a wide range of fields from physics to statistics,
economics, psychology, and engineering, among others. What concerns engineering,
uncertainty maybe defined as 'the lack of certainty, a state of having limited knowledge
about a system or process thereby unable to exactly define the future outcome as morethan one outcome is possible'. Some possible outcomes of uncertainty may have undesired
effects, e.g. significant loss or poor process performance due to suboptimal engineering
decisions (oversized reactor design, inappropriate choice of controllers, etc).
Wastewater engineering is concerned with designing systems for removing pollutantsfrom process or municipal wastewater thereby ensuring good effluent quality prior todischarge into receiving bodies (rivers, lakes, etc). Designing a wastewater treatment
system is a multi-criteria decision problem as one needs to satisfy a number of criteria,
namely environmental, economic, technical and legal criteria. Mathematical models areoften used to quantify the multi criteria in question, e.g. energy demand, effluent quality,
CO2 production, operational cost index, etc. Next the design problem of wastewater
treatment is further challenged by a number of uncertainties, which may be categorizedas:(a) External uncertainty: this has to do with uncertainty in quantity and composition(characteristics) of wastewater received by the system (it is imposed by the outsideenvironment) and,(b) Internal uncertainty: this has to do with uncertainty inherent to the system itself
and its mathematical description. For example, the performance of biological reaction
units in wastewater treatment systems is not fully known due to hard-to-predict
underlying biological activity. Likewise, the mixing and hydrodynamics in the reaction
units are not completely known. These uncertainties are typically reflected in theparameters and structure of the underlying mathematical description of the physicalsystem.
Summarizing the problem of designing a wastewater treatment system has twodimensions: (i) complexity due to multi-criteria nature and (ii) uncertainty. The state-ofthe-art (SOA) to dealing with this problem has been (and is currently) to use engineering
standards (protocols based on previous industry experiences and knowledge)
incorporating large safety factors. This approach usually ensures to satisfy legal andeffluent quality requirements, however doesn't address the remaining criteria such as

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

economics (some safety factors result in over-dimensioning of reactor units) energy andCO2 footprint.
To move beyond this SOA and thus enable making sound and optimal engineering
decisions with respect to water and energy require a systematic framework for dealing
with uncertainties. This contribution highlights the use of such a systematic framework in
wastewater treatment design. In general, uncertainty analysis is concerned withpropagation of the various sources of uncertainty to the model output. The uncertainty
analysis leads to probability distributions of model outputs, which are then used to infer
the mean, variance and quantiles of model predictions. The framework for uncertainty
analysis relies on Monte-Carlo procedure as well as process models, which features thefollowing steps: (1) identification of sources of uncertainty, (2) Monte Carlo simulations
using process models and (3) quantification and interpretation of output uncertainty.
Aside to allowing engineers to systematically solve a multi-criteria decision problem
under uncertainty, the framework help making engineering solutions that respects water
quality but also generate energy efficient and low-CO2 wastewater treatment systems. In
this regards, the framework enables a new paradigm for design and operation ofengineering systems.

82

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.693

Capture of CO2 from Flue Gas in Blue Algae
Culture Broth. Mathematical Model for CO2
Absorption
P. Iancu*1, S. Velea2, V. Plesu1, V. Lavric1*

p_iancu@chim.upb.ro

1
University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Centre for Technology Transfer in
the Process Industries, Romania
2
National Research & Development Institute for Chemistry andPetrochemistry - ICECHIM, Romania

ABSTRACT
Sequestration of CO2 from industrial gases is an important and viable strategy forworldwide effort to reduce the human contribution to climate change. Stationary sourcesof CO2 as power plants, oil refineries, gas processing plants, cement plants, iron and steel
plants basically use fossil fuels as feedstock. The aim of this work was to propose andvalidate a mathematical model for the first step (absorption) of flue gas CO2 sequestration
with blue-green algae (species Spirulina) in fotobioreactors. A simple
physical/mathematical model was considered for a double vessel bubbling reactor. Gasliquid mass transfer with chemical reaction, specific to CO2 – buffer solution
Na2CO3/NaHCO3 system was taken into account. Model parameters ( k L ⋅ av , k A , kB ) were
determined using least square fitting method from experimental data. Mathematical model
predictions were compared with experimental results obtaining reasonable agreement into
dimensionless coordinates. This model can be used for further process modelling in algae
culture broth.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by Romanian National
Programme PNII grants no. 1542/IDEI and no. 22085/PARTNERIATE.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.694

Vegetable Oil Characterisation for Biodiesel
Synthesis
V. Plesu*1, P. Iancu1, G. Marton1, V. Bologa1*

v_plesu@chim.upb.ro

1

University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Centre for Technology Transfer in
the Process Industries, Romania

ABSTRACT
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel derived from vegetable, animal or waste oils by thetransesterification of contained triglycerides with light alcohols, such as methanol or
ethanol. Existing biodiesel plant design and operation are based mainly on empiric
approach. Thermodynamic and kinetic data acquisition (experimental vapour-liquid
equilibrium, chemical reaction thermodynamic/kinetics, etc.), molecular modelling,
computer aided molecular design - CAMD and computer aided process engineering
CAPE) are necessary for innovative process development and existing processoptimisation. In this respect it is important to improve analyse and characterisation
methods for components and mixtures uned in biodiesel synthesis. The scope of thisresearch is to determine with new methods the composition and properties of vegetableoils that are usually involved in biodiesel synthesis. Then using chemometric methods
correlation between those properties and biodiesel features can be deduced. In this work
attempts are made to decide upon a number of analytical methods (chromatographic andspectral) that can be applied for the vegetable oils. Further it is interesting to correlate
analyses results with important properties of biodiesel obtained from these oils.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by RomanianNational Programme PNII grants no. 22138/PARTENERIATE and no. 1545/IDEI.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Special Session: Biofuels Sustainability
SUMMARY

Biofuels gain market as an energy source that can increase security ofsupply, significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions as compared tofossil fuels and provide a new profits flow for farmers. However, many ofthe biofuels that are currently being supplied have been criticized for theirunfavorable impacts on the environment, food security, and land use.
Sustainability of a biofuel needs to be guaranteed in a transparent way;
this includes aspects such as the social and economic development oflocal, rural communities, land use, agricultural practices, competition
with food, air quality, water resources, agricultural practices, labor
conditions, energy efficiency and GHG emissions, life cycle analysis(LCA), etc. The challenge is to support sustainable biofuel production,
including the development of biorefineries, new second and third
generation biofuels technologies as well as bio-hydrogen production
systems in the most cost-effective way, with a commitment to improve
production efficiency and social and environmental performance in all
stages of the biofuel production system, together with responsible
economic policies to secure that a biofuel commercialization is alsosustainable. The session welcomes papers dedicated to different aspectsof biofuels sustainability.
Session organizer: Prof. Viatcheslav Kafarov, Industrial University of Santander,
Santander, Colombia
Viatcheslav V. Kafarov is the Director of the Center for Sustainable Development inIndustry and Energy, the Professor at the Faculty of Chemical Engineering and the
Director of Post Graduate Programs of the Industrial University of Santander, Colombia.
He obtained a PhD. in Chemical Engineering from Russian University of Chemical
Technology - D.I. Mendeleyev - Moscow, Russia in 1985, and Dr.-Ing. habil. in Technical
Science at Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Germany in 1993. Since heentered at Industrial University of Santander in 1995 he develops research in the field of
bio-diesel, bio-hydrogen, second and third generation biofuels production, sustainable
development and Life Cycle Assessment for biofuels production, process integration andexergy analysis. He has been involved in a number of national and international research
projects in biofuels and in sustainable development, most recently in international
networks CYTED 306RTO279 - New technologies for biofuels production - and CYTED
307RT0324 - Hydrogen: Production and Purification; Storage and Transport -. He is
author and co-author of more than 80 papers and 7 books.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.392

Sustainable Ethanol Production from
Lignocellulosic Biomass - Application of
Exergy Analysis
V. Kafarov*1, K. Ojeda1, V. Quintero1, S. Rondon1*

vkafarov@gmail.com

1

Industrial University of Santander, Colombia

ABSTRACTThe rapid development of the world´s bioethanol industry sparked a “food versus
fuel” debate and further speculation about the industry’s environmental impact. The
processing of a renewable energy source usually involves the consumption of externalenergy and non-renewable resources; however, lignocellulosic biomass utilizes waste
resources and, therefore, does not compete with food crops. To ensure the sustainability ofthe production of second generation biofuels, it is necessary to confirm that the energy
content of biofuels produced from lignocellulosic biomass is significantly greater than theenergy consumed in the process. Exergy analysis serves as a unified and effective tool toevaluate the global process efficiency. As bagasse does not jeopardize the food supply,
this paper analyzes the integration of sugarcane bagasse as a raw material for second
generation biofuels production,. Exergy analysis evaluates the performance of sugarcane
bagasse and its sustainability in the bioethanol production process. This case study
implements a design and process integration to compare several biorefinery topologies
using the typical daily amount of residual biomass produced by the sugar industry (1,200
tonnes). Based on the resulting bagasse chemical compositions (cellulose, hemicellulose
and lignin), several process schemes were proposed to integrate the biomass into the
biofuels production process. The exergy analysis concept puts forth the process schemewith the least environmental impact, or hence, the optimal process of second generation
bioethanol fuel production from renewable resources. This study was executed by the useof the ASPEN-HYSYS® program and other software developed by the authors.

86

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.473

Sustainable Biofuels Production in Brazil: New
Generation Technologies for Bioethanol andBiodiesel
A. C. Costa*1, N. Pereira Junior2, D. A. Aranda3*

acosta@centroin.com.br

1

Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Brazil
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Engenharia
Bioquímica, Brazil
3
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Engenharia
Química, Brazil
2

ABSTRACTThe Brazilian Proalcool Program was responsible for substantial changes in theBrazilian society, contributing for its present position in terms of energy supply, with agreat potential to increase. Due to its huge availability of energy resources, both frommineral and hydric resources, as well as various types of biomass, with technologies
worldwide recognized, Brazil will probably be in a leadership position in the energetic
market in the near future. Such impacts encompass clear categories: environmental,
energetic, economic, social and technological. Due to the current use of by-products fromthe bioethanol production, mainly sugarcane bagasse, a potential for co-generation ofrenewable electric energy is being obtained. Nowadays, 93% of the bagasse is consumed
as fuel for electromechanical and thermal energy, required for the processing ofsugarcane. Concerning the social aspects, the sugarcane-alcohol industry is one of thelargest industrial sectors, employing more than a million workers, half in the sugarcane
industry and the remaining in the bioethanol sector. The sugarcane agroindustry was able
to sustain a good part of this labour force in the rural area, highly contributing for a breakin the rural migration, preventing the uncontrolled overpopulation in big cities.
In 2008, after two years of the implementation of the National Program for the use of
Biofuels, Brazil already presents 55 new companies and approximately 65 companies
involved in projects that include over 30 thousands of farms in the Program. Public offers,
regulated by federal organizations, contribute for the coordination between farmers andconsumers. The federal government, as well as the Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels
National Agency (ANP) are also responsible for a part of this production, in order to mix
it with the diesel oil consumed in the country. Participating industries are constituted of
authorized biodiesel producers with the stamp of a 'Social Fuel', certified by theAgroindustry Development Ministry. Today, the country includes 25 biodiesel producers
authorized by ANP, with a total capacity to produce 600 million liters of biodiesel per
year. This value is expected to reach 2.0 billion liters by the end of 2009 by 40 certified
industries. The main consumers are Petrobras Brazilian Company and Refap Refinery,respectively in the proportion of 93% and 7%.

87

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.497

Sustainable Production of Third Generation
Biofuels - Case Study: Integrated Use of
Microalgae Biomass for Bioethanol-biodiesel
Production
V. Kafarov*1, E. L Sanchez2, K. Ojeda1*

vkafarov@gmail.com

1

Industrial University of Santander, Colombia
Industrial University of Santander, Center for Sustainable Development inIndustry and Energy, Colombia
2

ABSTRACT
To achieve sustainable development within the biofuels industry, it is necessary to
explore promising new alternatives. In this study, microalgae used in biofuels production,
also called third generation biofuels, was analyzed because utilize less land and has asmaller environmental impact than do other crops. Process integration principles of massand energy under uncertainty conditions were applied in order to enhance the economic
competitiveness of the process. A design and process integration of bioethanol-biodiesel(200.000 l/day) production based on Euglena gracilis microalgae was executed. Several
potential uses of whole microalgae in different biorefinery topologies were simulatedusing HYSYS-AspenTM software under uncertain conditions developed by the authors.
The microalgae obtained in raceway ponds are then used in the oil extraction stage toobtain oilgae. The residual biomass ('microalgae bagasse') was employed as a raw
material for bioethanol production and then used, together with the oilgae, in thetransesterification process to achieve third generation biodiesel production. The carbon
dioxide produced during the fermentation stage was recycled to photobioreactors. Finally,
the energy efficiency and the environmental impact of algae-derived biofuels werediscussed.

88

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.573

Assessing the Sustainability of Biofuels: a
Logic-based Model
E. Gnansounou*1*

edgard.gnansounou@epfl.ch

1

Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ENAC-INTER GRGN/BPE, Switzerland

ABSTRACTDuring the last decade, the production and consumption of biofuels increased fastworldwide as a response to several challenges such as: reduction of greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions, diversification of transportation fuels, promotion of alternative fuels
and employment creation or upholding, especially in rural and developing areas. Whileindustrialized regions such as European Union are developing policy instruments in orderto promote only sustainable biofuels, the issue of definition and assessment ofsustainability remain at hot debate.
Many institutions and forums have worked on sustainability criteria setting and aconsensus is being achieved on which key factors should be considered. The mainconcerns include the issues as follows: preservation of sensitive biodiversity areas which
could be endangered by deforestation, low or no reduction of GHG, local environment
impacts, misuse of water, risk of competition with food and other social imbalances, andfinally economic inefficiencies.
Several countries have adopted obligatory targets or financial incentives and few
states have developed sustainability certification schemes for those biofuels that will be
accounted for within the policy framework. Deciding whether a given biofuel complies or
not with the criteria of a certification scheme results from an assessment process. As
number of the criteria is qualitative, subjective appreciations should be merged withquantitative evaluations.
In this paper, a logic based model is presented using a hierarchical structure between
factors of various specificity levels and linking these factors step by step from the more
specific variables to the most general one i.e. the sustainability. The proposed model isillustrated with the case of assessment of a given bioethanol in the framework of alabelling process.
Finally, the strengths and the limitations of the model are discussed as well as theenvisaged improvements.

89

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.575

R & D Public Policies for Ethanol Production in
BrazilL. Cortez*1*

cortez@reitoria.unicamp.br

1

State University of Campinas, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Brazil

ABSTRACT
A great challenge is faced by the ethanol industry today: to improve overall
productivity, decrease production costs and at the same time improve sustainability
indicators. In this paper, different strategies conducted in Brazil are analyzed. The State ofSão Paulo Research Funding Agency-FAPESP has financed a research project to discuss
issues related with sugarcane to ethanol in order to identify what needs to be done in thisfield. It is first recognized the biofuels costs and sustainability are very dependent on
feedstock. In the case of sugarcane in Brazil 65-70% of overall ethanol costs are due tothe cane itself. Also, most of the important parameters, like water use, fertilizer
application, soil loss, are related to agriculture practices and influenced by establishedtechnology. Here, it is first discussed how agricultural and industrial productivities are
evolving, which are future prospects, and second which are the most critical issues related
to sustainability and how to overcome them. In this research project, 20 workshops werecarried out in the last three years involving 10 research institutions in Brazil. Not only
agricultural aspects were covered but also the so-called second generation technologies(hydrolysis, gasification, and pyrolysis mainly) and ethanol and its final use. More than
100 researchers were involved in these discussions. In this paper the results will bepresented and transformed in public policies to provide subsidies to develop the futureethanol industry in Brazil.

90

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.588

Issues to Consider, Existing Tools andConstraints in Biofuels Sustainability
Assessments
E. E. S. Lora*1, J. Palacio1, M. Rocha 1, O. Venturini1*

electo@unifei.edu.br1
Federal University of Itajubá, Excellence Group in Thermal Power andDistributed Generation – NEST, Brazil

ABSTRACT
Last years the production of ethanol and biodiesel at a world level is increasing
sharply. The depletion of oil reserves, high oils prices and the widespread confidence inbiofuels carbon neutrality are the main causes of this phenomenon. Otherwise claims
related to biofuel programs negative consequences are frequent, mainly related to the
biofuels/food competition and also to sustainability issues.
In the paper are discussed which are the main issues to be considered during biofuelssustainability assessment and related indicators. A first approach must consider: the life
cycle energy balance (output/input relation), the quantity of fossil energy substituted per
hectare, sub-product energy allocation, life cycle carbon balance (including N2Oemissions due to fertilizers application) and changes in soil utilization (former
ecosystem).
On the other hand existing assessment tools, such as life cycle analysis and integral
planetary assessments, are compared emphasizing on it advantages and disadvantages.
Main constraint related to time and spatial frontiers of the studies and also the lack ofreliable data about some issues and effects are discussed also. Discussions are carried out
on the basis of real life cycle studies carried out by the author's for palm oil biodiesel.
Finally suggestions and recommendations are done about how to improve existing
methodologies and tools for biofuels sustainability evaluation, all this from a south
perspective91

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.590

Production of Heavy Oil from Secondary
Pulp/paper-mill Sludge by Direct
Thermochemical Co-liquefaction with Waste
Newspaper in Hot-compressed Water for
Energy Recovery
P. Champagne*1, L. Zhang2, C. Xu3*

champagne@civil.queensu.ca

1

Queen's University, Department of Civil Engineering and Department ofChemical Engineering, Canada
2
Queen's University, Department of Civil Engineering, Canada
3
Lakehead University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Canada

ABSTRACT
Secondary pulp/paper-mill sludge (SPP), the residue from pulp/paper industry
wastewater treatment, is a waste biomass with a higher heating value (HHV) of 15.77 MJ
per dry kg of TSS that can potentially be recovered through thermochemical processes. As
with other types of biomass, SPP is a source of renewable energy contributing little to no
net GHG emissions to the environment because of its carbon-neutral life cycle. Biomass
feedstocks can be thermochemically converted into valuable organic liquid products at
temperatures ranging between 150 and 420 C in the presence of hot-compressed or sub/supercritical water, which is an effective and 'green' solvent for the direct liquefaction of
biomass and, given the high water content of sludge, can act directly in a co-liquefaction
process. Hence, the energy-and-capital-intensive pre-drying step, required in many
conventional thermochemical treatment processes, can be eliminated. To improve theenergy and capital efficiency of the process, it is preferable to liquefy feedstocks withrelatively high solids contents (>10 wt%), which can be achieved by pre-mixing and coliquefing SPP with other waste biomass feedstocks such as municipal solid waste (MSW).
In this work, waste newspaper was used to represent typical MSW as it is readily
available, homogeneous and consistent in composition, and has a high volatile,
particularly lignin, content. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects ofreaction temperature and the addition of selected catalysts (alkaline/acidic compounds,
iron ore) on the product yields of sludge/newspaper mixtures in a batch direct coliquefaction reactor process for heavy oil (HO) production. For comparison, dewateredsludge and newspaper/water mixture were also examined under similar experimental
conditions to those of sludge/newspaper mixture.

92

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.592

The Situation of Bioethanol and Biodiesel inChile
R. Carmona C.*1, A. García2, M. E. Lienqueo3, O. Salazar4*

recarmon@uchile.cl1

University of Chile, Department of Wood Engineering, Faculty of Forest
Sciences, Chile
2
University of Chile, Department of Vice-Presidency of Research andDevelopment, Chile
3
University of Chile, Chile
4
University of Chile, Centre for Biochemical Engineering andBiotechnology, Deaprtment of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering,
Chile

ABSTRACT
Chile is extremely dependent on foreign energy sources such as oil and natural gas,
and there is a strong demand to reduce this dependence, a strategic threshold able toguarantee stability and the basis for economic development. However, Chile faces adifficult dilemma: the country does not have enough lands and soils available to be used
for producing energy crops. Its installation should generate a competence for surface
originally destined for food. Under this extremely difficult scenario, the country has
proposed the establishment of a public policy that involves the diversification of thepower matrix, based on the increasing participation of non conventional renewableenergies. This last fact promotes the use of non traditional resources such as
lignocellulosic materials. Energy supply derived from lignocelluloses transformation
should be stimulated in the medium and long term. Actually, the funding of big projects
of applied research that involve the participation of technological entities and companies
has been initiated. These initiatives have included: a survey of agricultural and forest
resources, the introduction of new species and energy crops, characterization andquantification of raw materials, studies focused on the transport, management andtransformation of lignocelluloses for producing second generation biofuels such as bio-oil
and bioethanol, based on the application of thermochemical and biochemical strategies.
Also, human resources qualification has been considered as a fundamental step in order toattain these objectives.
The actual regulatory framework permits the substitution of 2 or 5% of the gasoline
and diesel by ethanol and biodiesel respectively, but this change is very recent and not
mandatory.
Private initiatives that consider the production of first generation liquid biofuels are
waiting for the establishment of governmental policies, that include subsidies andmanagement of invest in biofuels. It is expected that the use of mixed fuels start with
imported products in a first stage. This situation could be maintained on time depending
on costs of the imported biofuels and those involved on their local production. In 2015 it

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is expected the beginning of local production of second generation biodiesel, derived fromFischer Tropsch processes based on the gasification of residues.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.595

Effects of Operating Conditions and Biomass
Fuel Properties on Emission Performance andCombustion Efficiency of a Swirling Fluidizedbed Combustor
V. I. Kuprianov *1, R. Kaewklum2, S. Chakritthakul1*

ivlaanov@siit.tu.ac.th1
Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University,
School of Manufacturing Systems and Mechanical Engineering, Thailand
2
Burapha University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Thailand

ABSTRACTThis work reports an experimental study on firing 80 kg/h rice husk in a conicalswirling fluidized-bed combustor using an annular air distributor as the swirl generator.
Two NOx emission control techniques were investigated in this work: (1) air staging of
the combustion process and (2) firing rice husk as a moisturized fuel. In the first test
series for the air-staged combustion, CO, NO and CxHy emissions and combustion
efficiency were determined for burning “as-received” rice husk at fixed excess air of 40%,
while secondary-to-primary air ratio (SA/PA) was ranged from 0.26 to 0.75. The effectsof SA/PA on CO and NO emissions from the combustor were found to be quite weak,whereas CxHy emissions exhibited an apparent influence of air staging. In the second test
series, rice husks with the fuel-moisture content of 8.4 to 35% were fired at excess air of
20 to 80%, while the flow rate of secondary air was fixed. Radial and axial temperatureand gas concentration (O2, CO, NO) profiles in the combustor, as well as CO and NO
emissions, are discussed for selected operating conditions. The temperature and gas
concentration profiles for variable fuel quality exhibited significant effects of both fuelmoisture and excess air. As revealed by the experimental results, NO emission from thisconical swirling fluidized-bed combustor can be substantially reduced throughmoisturizing of rice husk, while CO is effectively controlled by injection of secondary air
into the bed splash zone, resulting in the low CO emission and high (over 99%)
combustion efficiency for wide ranges of fuel properties and operating conditions.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.596

Technico-economic Evaluation of Alternatives
for Assimilation of Ethanol Production
Technology from Sugar Cane Bagasse
L. Mesa Garriga 1, E. Castro Galiano *2, E. González Suárez3, M.
Morales Zamora 4*

ecastro@ujaen.es

1
Central University of Las Villas, Center of Process analysis. Faculty ofChemistry-Pharmacy, Cuba
2
University of Jaén, Department of Chemistry, Environmental and theMaterials. Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Spain
3
Universidad Central de Las Villas, Centre of Process Analysis, Cuba
4
Central University of Las Villas, Department of Chemical Engineering.
Faculty of Chemistry-Pharmacy, Cuba

ABSTRACT
Considering the studies of technological monitoring to ethanol production fromligno-cellulose residues, a strategy of investigation for the elaboration of technologicallayouts considers using sugar cane bagasse. The pretreatment system used in two stages
that combine diluted acid hydrolysis and Organosolv process with ethanol, allows theintegral advantage of this remainder of the sugar industry. The investigation strategy
included the Box - Wilson optimization method, analyzing alternative of pretreatment.
Also, were obtained according to the used design of Plackett-Burmann, 8 alternatives ofoperation and they quantified its effect in the most important parameters of this process,such as glucose yield per grams of initial raw material and glucose concentration in
enzymatic hydrolysis. It was realized a balance of mass and energy for the two better
alternatives of the obtained results, and the intermediate currents were evaluated for
different coproduct destinies. A scale-up study was realized for a plant that processes
21000 tons of bagasse to year and the evaluation of the requirements was considered
production investors considering in the selection of the equipment and the sequence of theflow of the process the industrial experience of other industrial facilities that use thebagasse like raw material. One analyzes in addition environmental factors that influencein the process for the establishment of an adapted proposal of strategy of assimilation of
the technology in conditions for diminishing the different remainders from the process.
The evaluated alternative allows supplementing to sugars available of an alcohol distillery
from cane molasses with bagasse sugars until lifting the capacity of production of the
distillery in a 20%.

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Joint Application of Process System
Engineering, Life Cycle Assessment andEconomic Evaluation for Sustainable Biodiesel
Production from Palm and Castor Oil
P. Acevedo*1, L. Acevedo Duarte2, V. Kafarov3*

paolaacevedo83@hotmail.com

1

Universidad Industrial de Santander, Chemical Engineering, Colombia
Manuela Beltran University, Vicerector, Colombia
3
Industrial University of Santander, Center for Sustainable Development inIndustry and Energy, Colombia
2

ABSTRACT
Decision making about produce or not a certain type of fuel and how, is a problem
either: scientific, technological, economic, financial and environmental. There have beendeveloped several tools to take decisions based on each one of the approaches to the
problem. Process System Engineering (PSE) methodology solves the scientific andtechnical problems, Economic Evaluation (EE) determine the economic and financial
aspects, and finally to evaluate the environmental impact the Life Cycle Assessment
methodology (LCA) is widely used.
In this work, an approach based on the joint application of Process System
Engineering, Life Cycle Assessment (the methodology known as "from well to well') andEconomic Evaluation for sustainable biodiesel production from palm and castor oil wasapplied. The environmental impacts generated in the biodiesel production are evaluated,taking into account that a percentage of the total residues is fixed by the nature due to thedifferent biogeochemical cycles. Data and calculation procedures were collected in orderto quantify the most important inputs and outputs of the systems in study at specifics
Colombian scenarios; also, the biogeochemical cycles were integrated along with themodels pertaining to the different phases of the cultivation, the industrial transformation,
the use as biofuel and the residual disposal. The categories of impact studied were:climate change (CCI), acidification (AI), eutrophication (EI), photochemical smog
formation (POI), respiratory effects (REI) and non-renewable energy (NRE), so it waspossible to obtain the environmental profile of the system studied.

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Improving Sustainability of Bioethanol
Production: Efficient Ethanol-water
Separation Processes
M. O. d. S. Dias1, T. L. Junqueira2, R. Maciel Filho*1, M. R. WolfMaciel2, C. Rossell1*

maciel@feq.unicamp.br

1
2

Unicamp, FEQ, Brazil
University of Campinas, School of Chemical Engineering, Brazil

ABSTRACT
Ethanol-water separation is a critical step in bioethanol production, representing alarge fraction of the energy consumption of the whole production process. Bioethanol is
produced from fermentation of sugars, which under current process conditions yield awine containing from 7 to 12 wt% ethanol. In order to be used in a mixture with gasoline,
anhydrous bioethanol (at least 99.3 wt% ethanol) must be produced; because of theazeotrope formation with water at 95.6 wt% ethanol at 1 atm, conventional distillation isused to produce hydrous bioethanol (93 wt% ethanol), but it can not achieve theseparation required to produce anhydrous bioethanol.
Nowadays, conventional distillation columns are employed to concentrate wine andproduce hydrous bioethanol, which is then fed to a dehydration system. A series of
distillation and rectification columns operating under near-atmospheric pressures is
employed. It is not unusual to find high energy consumption and ethanol losses in theindustrial process, since the same process configuration has been employed for decades.
Brazil has been producing ethanol on a large scale basis for more than 30 years. The
most usual process for ethanol dehydration employed in this period was azeotropic
distillation with benzene, which has been replaced by cyclohexane for the past decade due
to safety concerns. Up to this day, it remains the most common dehydration method,
followed by extractive distillation with monoethyleneglycol (MEG) and adsorption ontomolecular sieves, which have been used since the 2001 and 1999 harvest seasons,respectively.
In spite of being the most common dehydration process, azeotropic distillation withcyclohexane presents several disadvantages, such as high energy consumption on columns
reboilers, use of a harmful and fossil separation agent and product contamination withsolvent. Extractive distillation with MEG requires less energy, but it is also based on a
fossil and harmful separating agent. Adsorption onto molecular sieves, on the other hand,is the most environmental friendly commercial process available: no toxic or fossil
separating agent is used, final product is not contaminated and energy consumption isrelatively small.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.576

A Review of Recent Development and Future
Prospects of Dimethyl Ether (dme) and
Adaptive Real-time Optimization Scheme
C. J. Lee1, N. Jang1, E. S. Yoon*1*

esyoon@pslab.snu.ac.kr

1
Seoul National University, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
Korea SouthABSTRACT
Main topic of this paper is about reviewing for developing process optimization ofnovel energy systems including dimethyl ether (DME) and biomass processes. DME canbe synthesized from natural gas, coal, biomass, and/or coal seam, and is a sulfur-free,near-zero aromatics synthetic fuel which is considered as an excellent substitute forconventional diesel and liquefied petroleum gas. Currently, various production
technologies are developed and many commercial projects are actively being progressed.
This paper presents recent development and future prospect of Dimethyl Ether (DME) as
an alternative energy and simple review for biomass energy. One of major issue incontaining abnormal or uncertain situations using dynamic optimization is to assure“robustness” against uncertainties in the model and external disturbances withquantifiable risk terms. This will be done by defining penalty value term for undesirable
states identified by a scheme within an Approximate Dynamic Programming (ADP)
formulation. When optimizing novel energy systems using modeling and simulation
where convergence time is very long, the ADP frameworks would be very effective. The
ADP-based method has been gaining more popularity in the fields of real-time
optimization problems due to its promising features. In this paper, an emerging novel
energy, DME, and ADP-based method are reviewed and we would like give on an idea on
how to integrate ADP-based method into novel energy systems.

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Optimal Selection of Ann-based Soft-sensor
Architectures for Continuous Flash
Fermentation Using a Screening Method
E. A. Ccopa Rivera1, A. C. Costa2, R. Maciel Filho*2*

maciel@feq.unicamp.br

1
2

State University of Campinas, Department of Chemical Engineering, Brazil
Unicamp, FEQ, Brazil

ABSTRACTIn the continuous flash fermentation, the performance of the whole process is
significantly influenced by the relationships between process variables in the reaction andseparation units. Thus, the availability of an accurate mathematical model is important toimprove process performance and to define the most suitable operating conditions toachieve a particular objective. However, modeling of reaction-separation systems isextremely complicated. In the case of the flash fermentation the difficulty is the modelingof the vapor-liquid equilibrium for the fermented broth system, which is a complex
multicomponent system with varying composition.
Another important application of an accurate mathematical model is the monitoringof the process states, which is an information source for the decision making in the
production process. In general, monitoring of ethanol profiles in industrial plants iscarried out as off-line analysis, often with a significant time delay between sampling andavailability of the analysis results. An appropriate mathematical model can be used as asoftware sensor and allow real time monitoring of important variables.
The so-called software sensor is an algorithm where several measurements areprocessed together. The interaction of the signals from on-line instruments can be used for
calculating or to estimate new quantities (e.g. state variables and model parameters) thatcannot be measured in real-time. The major purpose of using software sensors inbioprocesses is to assess the quality of the final product and to validate on-line analyzers,
providing redundant measurements. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) has been dominant
in literature in the field of software sensor design.
When ANNs are used to build inferential measurement systems, a study of theirarchitecture is crucial in order to provide a reduction in the dimension of the input space,which can remarkably reduce the time needed for training. Another important issue is to
identify among large numbers of possible input variables the ones that are significant forthe desired response.
In this work, ANN-based software-sensors have been developed for the on-line
estimation of ethanol concentrations in a continuous flash fermentation process atlaboratory scale. Plackett-Burman design was used to evaluate the influence of various
considered input variables in the concentrations of ethanol in the fermentor and of
condensed ethanol from the flash vessel.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Special Session: Interconnected Crises:
Energy, Climate, Demography and Economy New Approaches to Solutions

SUMMARY

Every crisis presents both risks and opportunities. In this session we
primarily aim to address the opportunities for a sustainable solution tocrises in energy, climate, demography and economy, which would assure
economic development, social cohesion and environmental sustainability
in the emerging global sustainable knowledge society. This session
organised in cooperation with The Club of Rome - European Support
Centre and National Associations will study the long-term aspects ofsome opportunities for sustainable solutions of the current crises. It will
discuss the concept of competition in promoting innovation forsustainable development and how to convert the vision of sustainableknowledge society into practical solutions.
Session organizers: Prof. Aleksander Zidanšek, Institute Jozef Stefan, Ljubljana,
Slovenia
Prof. Ivo Šlaus, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb,
Croatia
Aleksander Zidanšek is Associate Professor of Physics and a researcher at Jozef
Stefan Institute, Director of International Center for Sustainable Development andSecretary General of the Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School. Dr. Zidanšek
holds Ph.D. in Physics and Master Degrees in Physics and Business Administration, withspecialization in sustainable development management. Prof. Zidanšek is active in bothsolid state experimental physics and in research of renewable energy sources, inparticular for applications in multifunctional devices. He has been involved in a numberof national and international research and education projects in solid state physics and insustainable development, most recently in networks Tenvors and Train to LA21. Hereceived a Fulbright Grant for research at Montana State University with Prof. V. H.
Schmidt in 1995/1996. He became associate member of tt30 in 2001 and associate
member of the Club of Rome in 2005 (www.clubofrome.org).
Ivo Šlaus is Emeritus Professor of Physics, member of the Club of Rome, fellow of
the World Academy of Art and Science, member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences andArts and founding member of Academia Europea, President of the International Networkof Centers for Sustainable Development in South East Europe.

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From Crisis to Economic Development andSocial Cohesion
I. Šlaus*1, A. Zidanšek2, E. Tefera3*

slaus@irb.hr

1Ruđer Bošković Institute, , Croatia
Jozef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
3
Institute for African Studies , Slovenia
2

ABSTRACTThe economic crisis which today shakes the whole world is the greatest challenge
facing the globe and each individual state. In mid-October 2007, Rodrigo Rato said thatthe financial crisis is the biggest problem, more important than terrorism, the danger of
weapons of mass destruction and the war in the Middle East. The current financial stressaffects almost all countries. The world is in a global economic and moral crisis
compounded by the destruction of our environment, by scarcity and unreliability ofenergy supplies, by declining social capital - lack of trust among people, of selfconfidence and of leadership. All these crises are interconnected and interdependent, andwe studied them using self organised modelling approach. This analysis of the current
situation and suggestions for possible approaches and solutions are based on the use of
several socio-economic indicators.

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A Social Pillar for Sustainable Development:
the Demographic Revolution
O. Giarini1, I. Šlaus2, T. Schauer*3*

thomas.schauer@clubofrome.at

1

The Risk Institute, SwitzerlandRuđer Bošković Institute, , Croatia
3
The Club of Rome - European Support Centre, Austria
2

ABSTRACTA recent study of the United Nations indicates that in the year 2050, the world
population will include almost two billions people over 60 years of age, corresponding toabout 22% of the total. The majority will live in those countries we define today as
developing.
Keeping this figure in mind, we propose to consider and discuss, among others, that:- The lengthening of the life cycle is a unique revolutionary phenomenon, having a
profound impact on contemporary and future societies. It concerns the social, political andeconomic institutions in a far deeper sense that it is still commonly perceived.
- People in older age, over 60, 70 and 80 have always existed. But they were special
cases representing a minute minority. Now the lengthening of the life cycle concerns andextends to the majority of the population. It is a mass phenomenon.
- The lengthening of the life cycle is a world wide phenomenon. From the "older"industrialized countries it is extending to the large majority of communities, almost
everywhere.
- The lengthening of the life cycle is often presented as the problem of "ageing of
population". What is really ageing is the notion of older age itself. Taking into
consideration the ability of each individual to be autonomous ( in physical and/or mental
terms ) , many studies and surveys indicate that in the average a 60 or even a 80 years old
person of today, correspond to a person about 15/20 years younger living one century andmore ago. Statistics based not on age but on capacity to perform, indicate in fact that inmany countries, the population is not "ageing" but "rejuvenating" . In fact we live in a"Counter-ageing Society" (see: www.newelfare.org).
- The lengthening of the life cycle, in all its aspects, is then clearly the fundamental
issue to keep in mind discussing social policies.
- At the basis of this: enhance the HUMAN CAPITAL at all ages.
- Another very important issue on which to invest research capabilities in the one or
two next decades, is the reconsideration of the measurements which refer to the "Wealthof Nations" and from which to derive the most appropriate references for better welfare
policies. In the Service economy, not all the "value added" measures indicate an increasein the level of wealth (for instance the costs to cope with pollution), whereas many
developments in service functions and performances ( for instance in the case of many
communication systems ) add to real wealth much more than usual value added references

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

indicate. In particular the notion of productivity, in a Service economy, is much more
relevant with reference to performance in time (hence in a probabilistic system) than tothe production factors costs ( in an equilibrium based system). But all this is linked toprogress in economics as a discipline, and to its integration with environmental issues(which also pretend to solve the problems of the "Wealth of Nations", on the base of their"sustainability").

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.680

Climate Change and Global Green System of
Innovation
D. Marinova*1, V. Todorov2*

D.Marinova@curtin.edu.au

1

Curtin University of Technology, Curtin University Sustainability Policy(CUSP) Institute, Australia
2
University of Forestry and Curtin University of Technology, Faculty ofBusiness Management, Bulgaria

ABSTRACT
Sustainable development has been described as the integration of economic,
environmental and social priorities in decisions about the use of resources, including
natural, human and financial, implying long-term continuity and ability to carry on withthese activities indefinitely. The significance of the concept is strongly reinforced by theimperatives of anthropogenicly generated climate change which seriously question theability to continue with the current ways of development. They not only point the finger athumankind as the main culprit but also position humanity as being able to do something
to redress the current negative forecasts. The main impact people have on the planet's
natural environment is through the use of technology. Any technological choices madeaffect this capability to sustain life on Earth for the human and more-than human world.
The history of technology shows that throughout the years we have been locked into
the use of particular technological solutions defined as technological trajectories triggered
by waves of innovation. As a result we have been witnessing a co-evolution of the threesustainability aspects, economic, environmental and social underpinned by evolutionarychanges within technology. What this paper analyses are some current trends in theevolution of technologies related to climate change as represented by patent data. It argues
that we are yet to witness the intensity of activities associated with a new innovation waveof sustainable technologies. On the other hand the time horizon available to humankind to
avoid irreversible changes in the planet's atmosphere is estimated only at around a decade.
What individual countries, such as US and Australia, or the European Union are aiming toachieve will not be enough to deal with the scale of the problems. Targeted global efforts
are hence required to allow for the new innovation wave to pick up and a global green
system of innovation will be in a position to speed up this process. Based on a global
sustainability value system, it will combine the power of science, research anddevelopment with financial institutions and attitudes towards risk generating the skills andlabour force that can implement this new vision across all sectors of society in individual
countries.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.214

Climate Change, Kosovo Energy Scenarios andSustainable Development
S. Kabashi*1*

skenderkabashi@yahoo.com

1

University of Prishtina, Faculty of Mathematical and Natyral Sciences,
KosovoABSTRACT
Climate change will be the first truly global challenge for sustainability. Energy
production and consumption from fossil fuels has central role to climate change, but also
to sustainability in general. Because climate change is regionally driven with global
consequences and is a result of economic imperatives and social values, it requires aredefinition as to the balance of these outcomes globally and regionally in Kosovo.
Kosovo as one of the richest countries with lignite in Europe with 95% of the electric
power production form lignite and with 90% of transportation vehicles which are over 10
years old, represents one of the regions with the greatest CO2 output per GDP, as well as
one of the countries with the most polluted atmosphere in Europe. Various energy
scenarios of the future are shown. We demonstrate that a transition to environmentallycompatible sustainable energy use in Kosovo is possible. The main aim of this paper is tospecify and analyze a set of possible circumstances that is consistent with a sustainable
path of future development of Kosovo.

106

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.256

Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Emissions
and Options for Reducing from The Kosovo
Transportation Sector-dynamic Modelling
S. Kabashi*1*

skenderkabashi@yahoo.com

1
University of Prishtina, Faculty of Mathematical and Natyral Sciences,
KosovoABSTRACTOne of the primary sources of CO2 and Air pollution in Kosovo (except Thermo
Power Plant) are light-and heavy-duty vehicles (i.e., mobile sources as: cars, buses,
tractors, vans, trailers, etc.). We develop a model in which we identify technology andpolicy options for reducing mobile source GHG and air pollution, and explain how these
options might affect the different variables of a mobile source emission model. In
Modelling the Dynamic Mobile Source Emission Systems in Kosovo, at first emissions ofgreenhouse gases and air pollution from two types of vehicles: light and heavy vehicles(cars, buses, tractors, vans, trailers, etc.), is calculated. The initial data values are takenfrom ESTAP (Energy Sector Technical Assistance Project) Kosovo and by the Motor
Vehicle Registration Authority of Kosovo. For initial time we have taken the year 2000,
and for age of vehicles we suppose that 90% of them are of the age >10 years. We havedivided the vehicles in five groups according to the age: 0-2 years, 3-5 years, 6-8 years, 911 years and >11 years. For each cohort of vehicles we have input scrap page rate rk
factor (fraction of vehicles scraped while in the cohort) and increase rate factor while incohort 1+pj(t) (imported vehicles per year for each cohort). The time dependence change
for average kilometres travelled, emission factor for each GHG, total number of vehicles
and increasing rate factor while in cohort are the nonlinear functions and this nonlinearity
depends on many factors (renewable energy potential, road structure, new technology andenvironmental policies in Kosovo), whereas the scrap factor does not depend on time. The
initial value data for average kilometres travelled, emission factor for each of GHG andtotal number of vehicles are taken from sources: MEM (Ministry of Energy and Mining).
The IPPC Directive, The European Commission, 1996.
http://www.ec.europa.eu/environment/ipcc/index.htm, https://www.ksgov.net/mem,
http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/kosovo/SoE/energy.htm.
Implementing the emission reduction policies and introducing new technologies intransportation, after the year 2015, a continual reduction in air pollution will take place,whereas the CO2 output to the year 2025 will be reduced by 25% in comparison with theemission values of the year 2007.Total emission of GHG is calculated for the year interval
t=2000-2025

107

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.346

Geopolitics of Energy and Climate Change inSouth East Europe
A. Boromisa*1, S. Tišma1, M. Staničić1, S. Knezović1*

anamaria@irmo.hr

1

Institute for International Relations, Croatia

ABSTRACT
Located between the regions rich in fossil fuels (Russia, Caspian states and the
Middle East) and main Central and West European markets, South-East European (SEE)
countries might become increasingly important as an alternative transit route for energy
supplies.
Transit is a key factor in project planning and investment decisions. In addition to thegeographical position, transit countries and regions have to be politically stable withsupportive investment climate, including legally ensured rights of way in order to be
attractive for investors. On the other hand, the investments have to be environmentally
sustainable and economically viable to be attractive for transit countries. As following theconstruction phase the roles and negotiating powers change, legally binding andenforceable rules have significant impact on investment decisions.
The South East Europe is in this respect an interesting case. By adhering to Energy
Community, all the countries of the region have signed to the EU competition,
environment and transit rules.
The aim of the paper is to outline a complex relationship between energy and climatechange considerations in decision making relevant for SEE. Relevant decision making isanalyzed from perspective of domestic decision-making; project decision making at
international level (e.g. investment decisions) and on the level of international legal
instruments that can have significant impact on energy security and environmental
sustainability in SEE.
The paper starts with brief overview of major planned infrastructure projects. Basedon formal support for selected projects it is examined how interests of energy security andenvironmental sustainability are balanced in decision-making process in South East
Europe. Second, the role of international instruments (primarily Kyoto and post-Kyoto
regime, Aarhus convention, the Energy Community and the Energy Charter Treaty) for
decision -making at national and project level is examined. Next, the importance ofcommercial, political and environmental considerations for decision making is outlined.
As a result, geopolitics of energy and climate change of SEE is outlined.

108

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.639

A Crisis "of Democracy" or a Crisis "Within
Democracy"
I. Šlaus1, A. Zidanšek2, R. Blinc*2*

robert.blinc@ijs.si

12Ruđer Bošković Institute, , Croatia
Jozef Stefan Institute, Slovenia

ABSTRACTThe present global financial crisis produced an economic, moral, ideological andsocial crisis which has shaken the foundations of the »western« style of life. People losttheir savings as the values of the shares declined drastically, their homes as the banks
closed and stopped approving credits, and – most important of all – their jobs as there areno buyers for the products of the companies they worked for. Ecology seems to beforgotten.
There are many voices saying that the crisis shows how wrong free market economy
is. This is driven by the desire of the individual to do well and become wealthy. The
accompanying social and political systems are democracy and capitalism. Similarly there
are voices claiming that the idea of democracy itself failed together with capitalism andthat the world is ready for a new economic and social order. People do not specify what
this new order should be like.
One seems to forget that Mussolini, Hitler and Stalin all came to power after thecrisis between the I. and the II. world war with promises to create a new and more justsocial order. A common feature of all the systems was dictatorship and the absence of
democracy.
In the following we will try to show that the present crisis is not a crisis »ofdemocracy« but rather a crisis »within democracy«. The origin of the crisis is according
to our opinion »structural« and »technological« though other reasons – ideological, moral,
ecological – are playing a role too. The specific features of this crisis are its global natureand the shift of the center of gravity of economic activity to Asia, i.e., China and India.
These features will remain together with democracy and free market economy long after
the situation has stabilized, the present crisis vanished and the attention focused on theecological problems of survival of the planet as a whole. Marxist like solutions or
dictatorships are neither necessary nor productive in solving the problems of the present
global crisis.

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The Sustainable Development in Greece and
The Financial Crisis
F. Milia*1*

fmilia@ims.demokritos.gr

1

NCSR Demokritos, Institute of Materials Science, Greece

ABSTRACTIn this short talk some details and information about Greece will be given. Especiallyfor the sustainable development, the factors, the indicators and connected systems that
may influence Greece and SE Europe in general:
Climate and Air:• Emission of Carbon Dioxide CO2 and Sulphor Oxide SO2• Emission of Nitrogen Oxides NO2• Concentration of pollution in big cities and pollution control and Environmental
protection as a % of GDP• Ambient concentration of pollutants in Urban Areas
Energy:• Energy consumption per capita• Materials consumption per capita• Infrastructure in non pollutant energy (water, wind, sea)
Demography:• Population Growth Rate
• Mortality Rate (infant etc)
• Life expectance at birth
Economy:•GDP before and after the crisis•
Inflation for the last 5 years•
External depth / GDP according to official information•
Actual crisis and measures to restrain the unemployment.
Waste Management:•
Percent of population served by a Waste collection system•
Generation of Municipal solid wastes per capita•
Generation of solid waste per capita•
Clean combustion in Greece and pollution control.
Water:•
Water exploitation index i.e. Annual withdrawals of ground and surface•
water /exploitable water resources•
Surface water quality•
Ratio of renewable water supplies to withdrawals.
•
Water quality indicator•
Water consumption per capita per year

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

The question is how to solve this crisis and to prevent a future crisis. Stricter
financial and banking regulations are necessary, but other things are necessary too.

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The Concept of Sustainability in The Social
Sciences
J. Laznjak*1*

jlaznjak@ffzg.hr

1

University of Zagreb, Department of Sociology, Croatia

ABSTRACT
Since 'Our common future' (1987) the term sustainable development became widelyused concept in social sciences especially in social ecology and urban sociology. Why
should social scientists deal with environment? The impact of society on the environmentis the result of the development of modern technology which is in a great deal built inspecial institutional set up and it is socially constructed (Pinch, Bijker, Law 1989). The
origin of our impact on the environment is socially marked and so are many
consequences. In the paper are discussed different concepts of sustainability and their use
in social sciences in the attempt to explain the main social processes of contemporarysociety. Concept of sustainable development of society and its social acceptance depends
on trust, cooperation and values, basic elements of social capital. Another concept related
to sustainability is risk defined in the theory of risk society by Ulrich Beck. How to
implement principles of sustainable development in the network, risk and consumer
society in crisis? The answers are stating point in various policy recommendations.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.606

Self-organised Modelling of The Civilization
GrowthI. Šlaus1, A. Zidanšek2, D. Najdovski*3*

x3data@siol.net

1Ruđer Bošković Institute, , Croatia
Jozef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
3
X3data, Slovenia
2

ABSTRACT
We simulate the complex system of the socio-economic indicators in order to satisfy
catastrophic condition in topological dynamics of attractor space. Based on results of theanalysis of critical transition of the observed socio-economic indicators we analyse theconditions for this transition in attractor space. Our aim is to illustrate the influence of thefinancial centres on civilization growth through indicators such as interest rate shocks andcommodity price collapses, and influence of the domestic debt in transformation of thecountry from emerging markets to advanced economies.
Results of this simulation have been verified with historical financial crisis data.

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Management of Human Resources in Crisis
M. Srebotnjak Borsellino*1, J. Slak2, R. Blinc3, A. Zidanšek3*margareta.borsellino@gmail.com

1

Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Slovenia
IPS, Slovenia
3
Jozef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
2

ABSTRACT
When explaining the English term 'Human resource management' different
explanations are available. Authors describe it in many different ways; the most common
description is given as 'Management of human resources'. Our opinion is that especially inrecession and crisis this is not really appropriate. In a crisis situation, it is better to use aterm 'Management of staff', because it is crucial to understand concepts like resources,
human resource department, recruitment process, etc.
Volatile market affected by crisis in economy and also finances forces organizations
to deal with several changes. Organizations which think that on market they are facing astable situation are more or less inefficient. Furthermore resources have their own
capabilities (knowledge, capabilities, motivation, ...) which come together in interaction in
many different ways, and are more successful in dynamic organizations. Dynamic
organizations are more appropriate for dealing with changes, especially as mentioned incontemporary time.
The term 'human resources' comprises many different recruitment processes, neededfor efficient management of resources. It is the different procedures and processes throughwhich systematic, transparent and professional employees are engaged in such a way thatwould best manage the knowledge, skills, aptitudes and personality characteristics, both infavour of the company as an individual. Various staff operations and processes areenabling us to integrate the individual goals and objectives of the organization, which incrisis is even more important.

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Sustainability Analysis of Solar Orbital PowerR. Blinc1, A. Zidanšek1, M. Ambrožič*2, M. Martinšek3, N. Lior4*

milan.ambrozic@ijs.si

1

Jozef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor,Physics Department, Slovenia
3
Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor,
Department of Physics, Slovenia
4
University of Pennsylvania, Mechanical Engineering and Applied
Mechanics, United States
2

ABSTRACT
After solar space power plants have been first proposed by Glaser the idea has been
analysed in detail with a concise review of possibilities and prospects of power generationin space and has been accepted by the business community. Pacific Gas and ElectricCompany plans to buy 200 MW of orbital electricity from the year 2016. Analysis ofthermal cycles and working fluids for power generation in space demonstrated that it ispossible to obtain thermal efficiency 58-63% with Brayton cycle using diatomic gases.
Here we analyse the economic, environmental and social effects of electricity
production in solar space power plants using the best existing technology. We analyseboth photovoltaics and solar thermal reactors using either Brayton, Ericsson or Rankine
thermal power cycle. We also analyse the option that power plants are built in a robotised
factory on the Moon. The power plan could either be used for energy production on theMoon or launched from the Moon into a geostationary orbit. Some alternative possibilities
for energy transfer to Earth are discussed as well.

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Sustainable Development and Happiness
A. Zidanšek*1*

aleksander.zidansek@ijs.si

1

Jozef Stefan Institute, Slovenia

ABSTRACT
Scientific studies of happiness multiplied following the creation of world database ofhappiness by Veenhoven. It has been shown recently by Lyubomirsky and Sheldon, thatthe best way to achieve sustainable gains in happiness is to change the actions, and that
this is more important than circumstances. A positive correlation between various
measures of happiness and indicators of sustainable development has also been
demonstrated.
We analyse interaction between happiness and sustainability in respect of the recent
interconnected crises of economy, society, finances, energy, ethics and environmental
sustainability. Within this model we tested correlations of different indicators, inparticular between the indicators of the quality of life, value systems, financial stress,
violence, environmental quality and energy use. We suggest possible solutions to thesecrises, which would simultaneously improve both happiness and environmental
sustainability.

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The Interconnection of Problems and The
Janus-face of Technology
I. Šlaus*1, T. Schauer2*

slaus@irb.hr

1
2Ruđer Bošković Institute, , Croatia
The Club of Rome - European Support Centre, Austria

ABSTRACTIn the 90s of the last century, scientists were generally rather optimistic in theirforecasts about the effects of information technology on resource consumption.
“Everything will get smaller and thus more environmentally friendly” was the
predominant opinion. But this euphoric attitude has today largely vanished. On the one
hand, it turned out that the IT hardware, despite being increasingly small, has a large
ecological rucksack. During production, large amounts of resources are needed. On theother hand, it became visible that even in those cases in which miniaturisation actually iscorrelated with a decrease of demand in resources, this efficiency gain is transformed into
lower prices, stimulates consumption and thus indirectly causes an overall increase ofresource consumption. This effect is called the Rebound Effect.
Scientists repeatedly believed that they had solved a problem by technologicalimprovements but some time later it came back like a boomerang (therefore, the ReboundEffect is sometimes called boomerang effect).
Today, we have problems with the environmental impact of IT production, theenergy use of IT hardware and with electronic waste. The paperless office did not have
yet a breakthrough and even though we substitute travel by phone and video conferences,
we tend to travel rather more.
The information society causes a shift of the workforce - this time from theindustrial to the service sector. At the level of production, the information society might
add to the industrial society and via positive feedback, industrial production increases. But
further increase of the environmental burden (which is often a consequence of industrial
production) might irreversibly damage the ecosystems on Earth. Obviously, we cannot
rely on technology alone when trying to solve future problems. Technology will be anecessary but not a sufficient tool.

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The Possibilities to Influence Global Climate
ChangeA. Lukan1, A. Zidanšek*1*

aleksander.zidansek@ijs.si

1

Jozef Stefan Institute, Slovenia

ABSTRACT
Although the current climate changes, we are observing now, are not the fastest in
Earth history, they are except for some occasions of astronomic impacts and sudden
Earth-plate movements the worse known. One cannot make a good estimation about
current climate changes without accepting it as a consequence of the local changes andputting it as a homologous retail into the history of our planet.
We should therefore talk about local activities with all unavoidable consequences andprecautions to be done to avoid disasters caused by climate change. Although thewarnings about excessive warming are well founded, we will present some examples
where oversimplified estimations about the true and most important causes of global
climate change provide proposed remedies, which could be potentially very harmful.
An important example of such a challenge is in prevailing greenhouse numericalclimate models, where the total screening of greenhouse gasses is usually correctly
calculated, however meteorological data and the distribution of pollution are neglected.
These influences and their relative importance will be anaylsed in detail and discussed.

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Special Session: Sustainability Strategies in
Building Sector: Life Cycle Approaches,
Methods and Tools

SUMMARY

The building and construction sector is strategically important inEurope for social, economic and environmental reasons and plays
therefore a significant role in sustainable development. Construction uses
more raw materials than any other sector and buildings account for 42%
of total EU final energy consumption. While the traditional approach
focused on the energy consumption in the use phase of buildings, more
recent strategies consider their whole life cycle, including the productionof buildings materials and components and the building end of life, withthe aim of minimizing the consumption of energy and natural resources.
Moreover a recent European Commission communication to European
parliament(COM(2008) 397 "Sustainable Consumption and Productionand Sustainable Industrial Policy Action Plan") aims to integrate a rangeof policy tools as eco-design strategies, eco-labels, Green Public
Procurement procedures for influencing the supply and demand side ofindustrial production. A distinctive element in evaluating the life cycle
impact of buildings is the need to maintain the appropriate relationshipamong the building level and the materials and components one. Papers
which address sustainability strategies at material, product or building
level adopting a life cycle perspective are welcome.
Session organizer: Dr. Mario Tarantini, ENEA, Bologna, Italy
Mario Tarantini is senior researcher at the Italian National Agency for New
Technology, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), one of the largest public research
institution in Italy. Graduated in Mechanical Engineering, he has since worked in Energy
Systems Department of ENEA and, more recently, in the Environment , Global change
and Sustainable Development Department.
His area of expertise has been for more than 12 years environmental study andanalysis of water, waste and production systems, with a special focus on life cycle
assessment methods. His present research interests include development and applicationof life cycle thinking methodologies and tools to implement sustainability policies. He has
been involved as task coordinator in a number of national and international research

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projects on sustainability assessment of water, wastewater and waste management
systems, as well as production systems (furniture, textile, buildings). On behalf of Italian
Ministry of Environment he is actually coordinating a working group to define
environmental criteria for Green Public Procurement of building materials and elements.

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Green Public Procurement of Building
Materials and Elements: a Life Cycle Approach
M. Tarantini*1, A. Dominici Loprieno1*

mario.tarantini@enea.it

1

ENEA, ACS, Italy

ABSTRACTGreen Public Procurement (GPP) is defined as any public procurement procedurethat includes environmental criteria in calls for tenders. It is one of the key elements of theEuropean Union (EU) policy on Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP).
To reduce the environmental impacts of the goods to be acquired by local Authorities
and guarantee an appropriate response of the market it is essential to define scientifically
based, shared and easily verifiable environmental criteria.
A particular category of goods are building materials and elements. To correctly
evaluate their life cycle impact, it is necessary to take into account the use phase of thebuilding in which these products are assembled. In Italy only limited activities have been
since now undertaken on GPP of construction products, despite the diffusion of somebuilding certification programs, which often include environmental criteria on materials
and elements, and the availability of some Type III eco-labels (Environmental ProductDeclarations) of construction materials,
In this paper a case study on definition of GPP criteria for windows is presented.
After a short description of the concepts of GPP, as well as the building certification
programs that are diffused in Italy, the distinctive characteristics of the building materials
and elements are discussed. The paper continues describing the activities which brought
to define the environmental criteria for windows. Finally, the possibility to extend thisapproach to other building components is discussed and a methodology to develop GPP
criteria for building materials and elements is outlined.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.316

Emission Reduction Potential of a Building
Life Cycle
D. Rai1, B. Sodagar*1, R. Fieldson 2, X. Hu 1*

bsodagar@lincoln.ac.uk

1
2

University of Lincoln, School of Architecture, United Kingdom
Simons Design, United Kingdom

ABSTRACT
Building energy use accounts for almost 50% of the total CO2 emissions in the UK.
Most of the research has focused on reducing the operational impact of buildings.
However in recent years many studies have indicated the significance of embodied energy
in different building types. This paper primarily focuses on illustrating the relative
importance of operational and embodied energy in a flexible use light industrial
warehouse. The building is chosen for the study as it is relatively easy to model andrepresents many commercial buildings in the UK. The total energy used by a building
over its life is the sum of total embodied energy of the materials (including recurring
energy), operational energy, and end of life impact.
A comprehensive life cycle study was carried out by conducting an inventory of all
installed materials and material substitutions covering the building structure. Ecotect
simulation was used to determine the energy consumption for the 25 years design life of
the building. Optimizing the whole life emissions of the building requires criticalinvestigations in embodied, operational, and end of life implications of various design
options. The paper explains some challenging issues associated with building life-cycle
emissions analysis and demonstrates its use in evaluating alternative design strategies foran energy efficient industrial warehouse. The results provide an insight to quantify the
total amount of CO2 emissions saved by changing the design specification (envelope) andmaterial selection by modelling various life cycle phases of the building.

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Lca Evaluations Applied to Dfd Building
Strategies
A. Pierucci*1, G. R. Dell'osso1, C. Thormark2*

pierucciale@libero.it

1
2

Polytechnic of Bari, Department of Architecture and Town Planning , Italy
Malmö University, Faculty of Culture and Society, Urban Studies, Sweden

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study is to investigate how the use of Design for Disassembly(DfD) strategies and the choice of materials and connection systems will affect theenvironmental impact of the building, with reference to the actual tendency forcomponents' demolition and substitution activities. These ones, particularly accelerated in
the last years, in fact, seem to be responsible in a large part for the construction products'
premature discharge together with the increment of refusal production and waste ofresource consumption.
Life Cycle Assessment evaluations have been carried out with reference to the casestudy, in order to estimate which is the impact variation due to project choices
characterized by a different adaptability content and recycling potential for employedmaterials and, therefore, different end of life chances. Therefore, it has been supposed, forthe selected case study, that after a short lifetime (20 years) a change would be required in
the assessment of the unit's distribution or in materials used due to user's requirements
evolution or to the modification of the starting typological destination.
In such sense different end of life scenario have been hypothesized for the selected
case, according to the capability of the original project to reply to this change: i) in thecase of a not flexible project, it has been supposed the demolition of all components andreconstruction with new ones, with a recycling rate in accord to low's requirements; ii) if
the disassembly option is allowed but it is not possible to reuse the removed materials,
they are supposed to be recycled after the dismantling; iii) in the third option, under the
hypothesis of a high adaptability content of the starting project, existing parts have beenreused and reconfigured in the new required distribution. In the second case, particularly,
recycled building products have been proposed for the second installation in order tounderstand how the impact could decrease thanks to the reduction in resource and energy
consumption and in waste production. For all mentioned scenarios, LCA evaluations havebeen performed, in order to quantify the environmental performance of alternative
strategies and to guide architects towards more sustainable project choices.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.518

Lca in Buildings: the Enslic Simplified Method
and Guidelines
S. Scarpellini*1, I. Zabalza Bribián1, A. Aranda Usón1, E. Llera
Sastresa1, S. Díaz De Garayo1, M. Glaumann2, T. Malmqvist2*

sabina@unizar.es

1

CIRCE - University of Zaragoza, Spain
Royal institute of Technology (KTH), Urban Planning and Environment,
Sweden2

ABSTRACTThe application of LCA in the building sector is generally scarce today. It has several
causes. First of all, making a LCA evaluation of a whole building demands a specific tool
to handle the large information needed. Further, this tool has to be adapted to the different
decisions taken throughout the life cycle of a building. In a few countries such tools havebeen developed but they are exceptions. However, useful experience has been gained inthese countries which is a valuable source for developing guidelines for application inother countries. Different LCA tools for the building sector contain common but also
different indicators or indicators calculated in different ways. A harmonisation of both
calculation and presentation of LCA results would simplify and promote further
application. General guidelines for application and a core of recommended indicators
have been developed and explained in this paper.
The methodology and guidelines presented is a systematic approach guiding the user
through the Life Cycle process - clarifying issues which usually cause difficulty andsupporting the user through the alternative options regarding choice of software- theirstrengths and weaknesses, databases available, usefulness of different indicators,
aggregation and results presentation, definition of limits, options for simplifying theprocess and the consequences for later integrity of the study's results. To overcome
difficulties to make preliminary LCA calculations for comparison of basic design
alternatives in early stages, guidelines to treat this problem are summarized andrecommendations developed. Recommendations on how to prioritise and treat lack ofqualitatively acceptable input data have been included as well.
The simplified method has been developed in the framework of the 'ENSLIC
building project', co-financed by the European Commission-Intelligent Energy for Europe
Programme- by nine European Organisations and more tha

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Life Cycle Design of Building Elements:
Selection Criteria and Case Study Application
A. Basti*1*

a.basti@unich.it

1

University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Italy, Department ofTechnologies for Built Environment, Italy

ABSTRACTIn the last years there has been a multiplication of the International and European
political interventions addressed to diffusion of environmental sustainability in thebuilding sector. In this area the life cycle design of technical elements assumed particular
relevance. The materials and construction techniques used, like their durability in use
phase and their disposal strategies, tend to influence the environmental behaviour of abuilding during its whole life cycle.
It is worth recalling the energy consumption connected with the extraction,
production and assembly of the materials (initial embodied energy) and with maintenance,
replacement, and dismantling activities (lifecycle-embodied energy). Or theenvironmental impacts produced by materials, that represent about 25% of the overall
impact of the building. At the present time the rules focusing on the environmental
certification of technical elements allow to meet these objectives only in part.
The study that will be presented, based on eco-design and Life Cycle Assessment
criteria, start to this knowledge to explain a research work focused on a comparativeevaluation of some technical elements, of which also suggests a possible technologicalclassification.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.520

A Swedish Environmental Rating Tool for
Buildings
T. Malmqvist*1, M. Glaumann1, Ă. Svenfelt1, P. Carlson2 M.
Erlandsson3 J. Andersson4 H. Wintzell5, G. Finnveden1, T.
Lindholm6, T. Malmström7*

tove@infra.kth.se

1

Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Urban Planning and Environment,
Sweden2
ACC Glas, Sweden
3
IVL, Sweden
4
Ramböll, Sweden
5
AB, Sweden
6
Chalmers University of Technology, Energy and Environment, Sweden
7
Royal Institute of Technology, Building Technology, Sweden

ABSTRACTIn 2003, an agreement was signed by the Swedish government, a number ofcompanies in the building and construction sectors, some municipalities, insurancecompanies and banks. In this agreement a target was set that by 2009, all new buildings
and 30% of existing buildings should be rated using a voluntary environmental rating tool.
A major research programme was launched to develop a tool that could be used in thiscontext. The programme (finished in April 2008) involved several Swedish research
institutes, and was sponsored by approximately 30 companies, organisations and funding
agencies. The rating tool was developed in a joint effort covering both numerous tests ofthe tool on real buildings and a great number of interviews with different stakeholders atseveral stages of the project.
Important starting points for the tool construction, as expressed by interviewed
stakeholders, included simplicity, credibility, make use of earlier national andinternational experiences, transparency, close relation to national goals and permeated bya life cycle perspective. The tool covers three assessment areas: Energy, Indoor
environment and Chemicals. These areas are split into 11 aspects with one or a couple ofindicators. Rating criteria are specified for each indicator, stipulating requirements for arating A, B, C and D, where A represents the best performance. The indicators thus form
the basis for the rating tool. Indicator results can then be aggregated to aspect, area and asingle rating for building level for enhanced result communication. A number ofproperties of this tool makes it unique if compared to well-known tools like LEED,BREEAM, etc. It includes few indicators and is therefore simple but focused on the mostsignificant building-related environmental aspects. It avoids weighting of different
environmental aspects and therefore omits 'points-chasing'. It is to a large extent
performance-based and therefore stimulates technical innovation rather than prescribing
specific solutions. Finally, it is general for all types of buildings.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

A number of developers of new buildings and managers of existing buildings havealready started to use the tool. An independent stakeholder group under the Swedish
National Board for Housing, Building and Planning are currently driving andinvestigating important tasks for the broader implementation such as responsibleorganisation and the development of economic incentives to be connected to the tool.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Special Session: Converting Biomass andWastes into Green Fuels by Modular
Thermochemical systems

SUMMARY

Decentralized electricity production is likely to play an important rolein future energy supply. Facilities utilizing indigenous renewable sourcesand designed to supply local communities and decentralized energy users
are in the forefront of EU energy and environmental policies. Especiallysmall-scale biomass installations, producing electrical and thermal power
appear to be among the most promising technologies for decentralizedenergy generation.
The small and medium scale applications especially for decentralised
CHP in rural locations are of great importance due to several benefits that
could be obtained such as:• support of agricultural and forestry sector by providing solutions
for additional income for farmers and forest managers,• ecological impact reduction of biomass routes (water and soil
protection, biodiversity, air quality etc),• increase in the share of biogenous fuels within the energy market,• reduction of fossil fuel energy use and substitute imported energy
flow.
Gasification/pyrolysis of agricultural residue can be effectively
combined with various power units to generate electricity and this at asmall scale. A gasifier coupled with an internal combustion engine (ICE)provides the opportunity of high-performance electricity production insmall and medium scale installations (up to 35%). Increased efficiencies
and decreased capital costs could be obtained in the case of solid biomass
feedstock conversion into gaseous fuel able to be used in ICE.
The link-up of biomass gasification with high temperature fuel cells,such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) is a promising approach to reachhigh electrical efficiencies in small scale combined heat and power plants(CHP). This combination is referred to as "Biomass – Integrated
Gasification Fuel Cell System" (B-IGFC). The main technical challenge

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

is the adjustment of the three main system components gasification, gas
processing and fuel cell.
The session is open for presentation of studies, projects and plans ofsmall mobile or stationairy decentralised biomass and waste integrated
Energy Systems and welcomes technical studies of system design as well
as social science studies of how to implement such technological systems.
Session organizer: Prof. Anastasia Zabaniotou, Aristotle University ofThessaloniki,Thessaloniki, Greece
Anastasia Zabaniotou is Associate Professor at the Chemical Engineering
Department of Faculty of Engineering at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in
Greece. She is Board member of the Centre for Sustainable Development of the Aristotle
University and participates in the Network of Mediterranean Engineering Faculties for
Sustainable Development. Dr. Zabaniotou holds Ph.D. from Ecole Centrale de Paris andhas been working for 4 years in the European Commission of EU in DG Research. Prof.
Zabaniotou is active in thermochemical conversion of biomass and waste for energy,
biofuels and materials production She develops research in the field of bioenergy,
biofuels, bio-hydrogen, second and third generation biofuels production, design of small
modular mobile gasification/pyrolysis systems integrated with engines and fuel cells,
modelling and process integration. She has been involved in a number of national andinternational research projects and international networks. She is author and co-authorof more than 50 papers in international journals and 80 conference presentations, she is areviewer of several international journals and evaluator of EU and international projects.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.398

Temperature Effect on Hydrotreating of Used
Cooking Oil
S. Bezergianni*1, S. Voutetakis1, A. Kalogianni1*

sbezerg@cperi.certh.gr

1

Center for Research & Technology Hellas (CERTH), Chemical Process
Engineering Research Institute, Greece

ABSTRACT
Hydrotreating of vegetable oils is a prominent technology for the production of
biofuels, with recent industrial applications. This work focuses on the application ofhydrotreating to used-cooking oil feedstock, collected from local restaurants and homes.
In this work the effect of reaction temperature is studied as it is one of the key parameters
affecting hydtrotreating effectiveness. Three reaction temperatures were studied (310°,
330° and 350°C). The results indicate that there is an optimal/maximum temperature
affecting hydrotreating in terms of biofuels quality and biodiesel yield. Heteroatom(mainly S, N) improves with increasing temperature while oxygen removal exhibits amaximum at 330°C. Finally saturation is also maximized at the middle reaction
temperature.

130

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.482

Energy Potential from Coconut and Palm Oil
Residues
M. Salomon*1, M. Gonzalez1, E. Leal1, A. Martin1, T. Fransson1*

marianne.salomon@energy.kth.se

1

Royal Institute of Technology, Energy Technology, Sweden

ABSTRACTAgricultural residues continue to attract interest for energy recovery purposes as arenewable, CO2 neutral and increasingly cost competitive alternative to traditional fossil
fuels. The possibility of trigeneration in already established industries such palm oil mills
and coconut processing plants is very attractive especially when residues that otherwise
represent a disposal problem can be utilized efficiently.
The use of these residues in rural areas or in small islands could certainly represent
an advantage as the use of expensive fossil fuels represents an additional burden to foster
development. Different technical scenarios for the production of electricity, process heatand biodiesel are analyzed using these residues Environmental aspects are also included inthis analysis.
Studies were done considering certain scenarios to evaluate the feasibility of using
these residues for energy purposes. Residues were considered to be combusted directly inboilers and steam turbines were used as prime movers to generate electricity. Biodiesel isproduced by transesterification of palm oil/coconut oil. The required process heat forpalm oil or coconut oil processing is supplied by the residues as well as the steam requiredfor biodiesel production. The advantage is that biodiesel is a more flexible and easy-todistribute fuel that can be used for power generation or for transportation. The results
shown that palm oil mills/coconut processing industries can be independent of fossil fuels.
Furthermore, they can contribute positively to the energy balance of the communities byhelping reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and reducing at the same time greenhousegas emissions.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.552

Novel Catalytic Systems for The Purificationof Syngas from Tars Produced in Biomass
Gasification
A. Efstathiou*1, D. Constantinou1*

efstath@ucy.ac.cy

1University of Cyprus, Chemistry, Cyprus

ABSTRACT
Biomass is CO2 neutral, abundantly available, and it is considered as the only carboncontaining source among many other renewable energy sources with a strong potential to
be a good starting material for the production of liquid fuels, chemicals, and hydrogen.
The catalytic steam and/or air/steam gasification of biomass appears to be an attractive
process for the production of a hydrogen-rich product gas. However, the presence of tars
is still a significant impediment for the production of a clean gas for further processing. In
situ gas purification and upgrade of the raw syngas is one of the major issues andchallenges related to practical biomass gasification applications. Phenol has been
identified as one of the main constituent molecules of tar formed after gasification ofwood-biomass. Supported nickel catalysts are the widely used industrial catalysts for
gasification/reforming reactions of aromatic compounds. However, toxicity and highbuilt-up of surface carbon deposits on supported-Ni catalysts necessitates the developmentof new and low-cost catalytic materials being active at temperatures as low as possible(e.g. T<550oC).
The present work is focused on the development of new catalytic materials forthe steam reforming of phenol towards CO, CO2 and H2 in the 350-550oC lowtemperature range. These materials consist of Rh (0.5 wt%) supported on commercial
mixed metal oxides of Ce-Zr-Mg-O. The catalysts were characterized for their texture,
structure, re-dox and Rh dispersion by BET, X-Ray Diffraction, H2 temperatureprogrammed reduction, and H2 chemisorption, respectively. CO2 and CO temperatureprogrammed desorption and DRIFTS-CO chemisorption studies were also conducted for
an in-depth study of CO and CO2 reaction products interaction with the catalyst surface.
Catalytic steam reforming of phenol over low loading Rh-supported catalysts at low
reaction temperatures has not yet been reported.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.242

Sustainable Energy Production by Agroresidues in a Modular Fluidized Bed Gasifier
A. Zabaniotou*1, Z. Samaras2*

sonia@cheng.auth.gr

1

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Chemical Engineering Department,
Greece2
Aristotle university of Thessaloniki, Mechanical Engineering, Greece

ABSTRACT
Gasification technology offers the ability of producing fuel gas from solid or liquidbiomass. The gas can consecutively be energetically exploited or used to develop value added products. Gas heating value utilization is accomplished through various
applications, such as direct combustion of the gas in combustion chambers and IC engines
or as feed in fuel cells in order to produce heat and / or electric energy. The efficiency andviability of gasification applications depend mainly on the gas quality, regarding its
energy content and pollutant load. The process conditions in the reactor are a determinant
for optimized gas quality production.
A pilot scale reactor was constructed, which aimed at the research of fluidized bed
biomass gasification. The gas produced would be exploited in an IC engine. Atmospheric
air was used as an oxidant and olive kernels were selected as biomass feed. A variety of
air to fuel ratios and reactor temperatures between 750 - 900°C were tested. The purposeof this study is the presentation of the pilot scale reactor and the effect of crucial
gasification conditions on gas quality. Finally, a comparison concerning gas composition
was held between experimental and computational results.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Special Session: Storage Requirements for a
100% Energy Supply

SUMMARY

In countries with ambitious targets concerning the integration ofrenewable energies into their supplies the limits of integration are on theagenda of every scientific and political discussion. Apart from thefiniteness of fossil and nuclear energy sources and environmental
necessities the substantial integration of renewable energies targets theinterests of energy industry that has been grown for more than a century.
It is generally accepted that there are limits of intermittent energy
resources like wind energy and photovoltaics in an electricity system.
That is argued by stability reasons of integrated electricity networks andby the nature of electricity that cannot be stored in quantities needed in
our today's energy systems.
But decoupling of electricity generation and electricity consumption
cannot only be done by electricity storage! And energy management
cannot only be done on the supply side! In this session concepts forrealization of 100% energy supplies are discussed as well as progresses inenergy storage technologies and ways to avoid energy storage byintelligent energy management strategies.
Session organizer: Prof. Ingo Stadler, Cologne University of Applied Sciences, Cologne,
Germany
Dr. Stadler is managing director of the Institute for Electrical Power Engineering of
Cologne University of Applied Sciences. Within in the institute he covers the areas ofrenewable energies and energy economics. Dr. Stadler is working since many years withthe topic of electricity supply systems with high fractions of renewable energies. Amongothers he investigates demand response activities and non-electric energy storage devices
in order to decouple electricity generation and consumption. In the European project"Dissemination Strategy on Electricity Balancing for Large Scale Integration of
Renewable Energy (DESIRE)" it was investigated how fluctuating renewable energies canbe balanced with CHP and thermal energy stores. Dr. Stadler co-ordinated the work
package "Short-term solutions and long-term perspectives" - the technological side of the
project. Within the second grid study of the German energy agency (dena II) it will be
investigated on how high fractions of renewable energies can be integrated into theelectricity supplies by energy storage and demand side activities. Within that project Dr.

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Stadler takes care about transition to a flexible demand side and integration of thermal
stores in order to improve flexible electricity generation. Additionally, Dr. Stadler has
been German's expert for "Stand-alone and Island Applications" in the Photovoltaics
Power System Program of the International Energy Agency (IEA) for a period of ten
years. Here he dealt with electricity supply of communities that are not connected to the
public grid.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.377

Integration of Demand Side Management,
Distributed Generation, Renewable Energy
Sources and Energy Storages
S. Kärkkäinen*1*

seppo.karkkainen@elektraflex.com

1

Elektraflex, Finland

ABSTRACTEnergy policies are promoting distributed energy resources such as energy efficiency,
distributed generation (DG), energy storage devices, and renewable energy resources(RES), increasing the number of DG installations and especially variable output (onlypartly controllable) sources like wind power, solar, small hydro and combined heat andpower. This kind of generation can cause problems in grids, in physical balances and in
adequacy of power.
Thus, there are two goals for integrating distributed energy resources locally andglobally: network management point of view and energy market objectives.
Solutions to decrease the problems caused by the variable output of intermittent
resources are to add energy storages into the system, create more flexibility on the supply
side to mitigate supply intermittency and load variation, and to increase flexibility inelectricity consumption. Combining the different characteristics of these resources isessential in increasing the value of distributed energy resources in the bulk power system
and in the energy market.
Successful integration means that different technologies in supply and demand side
as well as in ICT are developed to the level where their integration is feasible bothtechnically and economically and that regulation, policy and market give the successful
framework for the integration.
The paper is mainly presenting intermediate findings of the IEA DSM Agreement
Task XVII where knowledge from several participating countries are collected andanalysed. The main topics discussed are DER and electricity supply, flexibility inelectricity demand, communications and IT, integration analytics, regulation, policy andbusiness opportunities as well as market in participating countries.
In addition to that some aspects of the possibilities of aggregation business (demand
and/or DG aggregation) to promote the integration are discussed on the basis of some
European projects.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.505

Sustainability of Rural Electrification
Approach Using Solar Photovoltaic Systems in
Nepal
R. Bhandari*1*

bhandariramchandra@yahoo.com

1

Cologne University of Applied Sciences, Institute for ElectricalEngineering, Germany

ABSTRACT
New developments in the field of energy generation and distribution, energy
efficiency, environmentally friendly technologies, and renewable resources are discussed
in almost every scientific or political meeting related with sustainable development inrecent years. Limited reserves of fossil fuel resources, their volatile and increasing pricein the energy market, emission of several environment hazardous substances by theirburning are the reasons why sustainable and environment friendly alternatives to fossil
fuels have to be sought urgent.
Historically, Nepal's rural population has been meeting their energy needs fromtraditional sources like fuel wood and other biomass resources. Although Nepal's
topography gives her an enormous potential (theoretically 83 GW) for hydroelectricity
generation, only less than 0.7 GW has been produced because of political and economic
situation of the country. Only about 40% of the total population has access to electricity,
though not reliable, since there is a power cut off up to 16 hours a day in winter 2008-09.
Because of the country's dependence on imported fossil fuels, the high cost of gridconnection and low and scattered population density, a decentralized energy supply
system becomes the natural choice. Distributed generation of electricity at the consumer'ssite using environment friendly solar photovoltaic technology might be one of the bestsolutions to overcome these problems. So far more than 100000 solar home systems havebeen installed throughout the country supported with subsidy schemes.
This paper discusses the possibility of further spread of solar home systems in Nepal.
Government policy on these systems will also be discussed. Since the solar module priceis decreasing every year significantly in world market, this might lead to economicallyfeasible solar home systems even if the subsidy scheme is stopped one day. Sucheconomic analysis will be carried out and a comparison of a kWh end user's electricity
price from PV with other means of electricity supply systems, e.g. grid extension, will
also be made.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.569

The Role of Power Electronics in The
Development of Distributed Energy Resources
Towards a Fully-renewable Energy Supply
A. Notholt-Vergara*1*

anotholt@iset.uni-kassel.de1Institut für Solare Energieversorgungstechnik e.V., Systems Engineeringand Grid Integration, Germany

ABSTRACTPower electronics already play a significant role in the current electrical energy
supply structure. They are the power conditioning unit for excellence in technologies suchas PV, they provide a considerable flexibility to current power transmission anddistribution system through FACTS and they are able to bring storage technologies suchas batteries or fuel cells to the grid.
Among the strongest features of power electronics is its flexibility. Unlike
conventional machine-based generators, inverter-based ones are able to react differently
to the same event depending on the control program. Inverters may act as controlledcurrent sources or as voltage sources connected through a coupling impedance, whicheveris required.
The objective of this work is to present an overview of the main characteristics of
inverters, their potentials and the importance of their role in the next-generation networkthat could support a 100% renewable energy solution.
The paper is divided in four main sections:+ An overview of the characteristics of power electronics converters+ An analysis of several projects working with topics related to the integration of
power electronics in the grid.
+ The role of power electronics in the next-generation grid and+ An outlook and overview of some projects that work towards a 100% energy
supply with renewable energy.
A local, and in some cases regional supply which contain 100% renewable energy
has been shown to be possible. In these cases power electronics play a major role not onlyin the area of power generation but also in terms of network services and control.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.614

Investigating Renewable Energy in Egypt toAddress Energy Situation Challenges andFuture Plans
M. Orabi*1, M. Ahmed1, M. Abdel Akher1*

orabi@ieee.org

1

South Valley University, APEARC, Egypt

ABSTRACTThis paper summarizes the energy situation in Egypt starting with the energy
management system. The study has extended to the renewable energy and energy
efficiency potentials in addition to energy indicators which cover economic,
environmental and social aspects. It has also investigated the electricity sector, its
reformation, and its origin. The, some set of energy indicators have been shown whichgive a good picture of a country’s energy system. A set of performance indicators isanalyzed together with the implementation of the national strategy measures aimed at
reducing green house gas emissions. Some selected results from environmental analysis
are given. The indicators are used as a measure of the overall performance relative totargets and benchmarks for past and future projections up to year 2020. The potential
performance indicators for energy sector include: fossil fuel consumption (primaryenergy), greenhouse gas emissions from energy sector, energy related greenhouse gas
emissions per unit of energy delivered, energy related greenhouse gas emission per unit
GDP, and energy related greenhouse gas emission per capita. The selected indicators areused to measure progress towards sustainable development in the country.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.649

Integrating Renewable Energies - Long Term
Technical and Economic Potential for Demand
Side Management from Energy Intensive
Industries in Spot and Balancing Electricity
Markets
F. Borggrefe*1, M. Paulus2*

frieder.borggrefe@uni-koeln.de

1Institute of Energy Economics (EWI), University of Cologne , Germany
Institute of Energy Economics (EWI), at the University of Cologne,
Germany2

ABSTRACTThe paper aims to investigate technical and economic potentials of energy intensive
industries to provide demand side managent in electricity and balancing markets up to2030. In the coming decades Germany (as well as other European countries) faces astrong shift towards renewable electricity generation. During this time the share of
renewables rises from 10% to 26% , primarily driven by an increase in wind capacities. A
significant share of wind generation and other renewables with volatile electricity feed-in
will have price effects in the spot market and lead to a growing demand for positive andnegative balancing power. Demand side management (DSM), thus the active participationof endconsumers in the electricity marktes, can increase market efficiency and reduceoverall costs for electricity procurement. Energy intensive industries provide a significant
share for potential DSM applications.
This paper aims to determine to what extend DSM from industrial processes canprovide economic benefits in an electricity market with renewables. Different industrial
processes and it's specific technical and economic propeties are investigated andcompared to other storage devices and plant technologies. The simulations are based on
an extension of the european electricity market model DIME. The model is based onlinear optimisation and allows to determine long-term forecasts for market prices,
dispatch and investments in the electricity markets.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.570

Application of Smartgrid Concept toMediterranean Islands: Challenges andPerspectives
A. Notholt-Vergara*1*

anotholt@iset.uni-kassel.de1Institut für Solare Energieversorgungstechnik e.V., Systems Engineeringand Grid Integration, Germany

ABSTRACTThe world of energy is facing a great deal of challenges, including reducing
emissions, making use of renewable energy sources and reducing dependence on fossil
fuels. The situation in Europe is even more critical due to its dependence on foreign
supply of fuel. A solution can be a drastic reduction of the consumption but with an aging
power infrastructure and an increasing number of electricity-hungry devices, this solution
is difficult to achieve. As an alternative, the current energy infrastructure can betransformed and enhanced in such a way that enables it to operate in a more efficient andeffective way.
This is the vision of several emerging concepts such as Smartgrids, GridWise,Intelligrid or Modern Grid: To create the next-generation electrical-energy supply
network: the smart-grid. While the vision that smart-grid encompass is well defined, themeans and key concepts required to achieve it are not yet at a mature state. In Europe, thesmart-grid concept defined by the SmartGrids technology platform is the most accepted
one by the government, industry and the scientific community and thus this work focuseson it.
Isolated power systems have an intrinsic weakness due to its low system inertia
which results in large frequency excursions and therefore instability risk. An added
problem is the low short-circuit power in the transmission nodes of this type of systems,
which give information about their high grade of vulnerability to several fault andcontingency scenarios. Therefore, in order to achieve a similar performance than large
interconnected systems (such as the European UCTE), isolated systems must
provide superior primary and secondary reserves and must increase protection
schemes at transmission levels, which are not required in larger systems (e.g. 66 kV and132 kV). Furthermore, isolated systems have the necessity of having more robust
substations. All these requirements translate into increased costs and complexity for thesystem, which despite the measures could be driven to a total blackout easier than aninterconnected system like the UCTE.
This paper will focus on analysing the application of the SmartGrid concept forincreasing the penetration of Renewable Energy Sources and Distributed Generation on
Middle Sized Isolated Power Systems, tailoring the application of this concept to theneeds of those special power systems. The study will be applied to the Balearic Islands
power system.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Biomass, Biogas and Biofuels: Potentials andLimitations I
SDEWES.2009.104

Biofuels Versus Food Production: Does
Biofuels Production Increase Food Prices?
A. Ajanovic*1, R. Haas1*

ajanovic@eeg.tuwien.ac.at

1

Vienna University of Technology, Energy Economics Group, Austria

ABSTRACT
Rapidly growing fossil energy consumption in the transport sector in the last two
centuries caused problems regarding greenhouse gas emissions, energy dependency andsupply security. These problems could be reduced by using biofuels. Currently first
generation biofuels - bioethanol and biodiesel - are the most widely used. The productionof biofuels is relatively small in almost all countries with the exceptions of USA and
Brazil. The largest shares of biofuels in total transport fuels in 2007 were about 21% in
Brazil, 3% in the USA and less than 2% in the EU. To increase these shares, many
countries worldwide have set targets for biofuels. In the European Union by the year 20105.75 percent of the energy used for transportation should be biofuels.
Preferred feedstocks for biofuels production are corn, wheat, sugar cane, soybean,rapeseed, sunflowers. The problem is that these feedstocks are also used for food and feed
production. The rapidly growing world population and raising energy consumption caused
increasing demand for both, food and fuels. According to the World Health Organization
more than 3.7 billion people are currently malnourished and that number is continuously
increasing. At the same time, grain production per capita worldwide is declining.
According to a study the World Bank the production of biofuels is pushing up foodprices. Between 2005 and 2008, corn prices almost tripled, wheat price increased by
127% and rice price by 170%. Although, in period from 1971 to 1973 there was no
significant biofuels use, corn and wheat prices went up by a factor of 3, because of oilcrisis.
The core objective of this paper is to investigate the impacts of biofuels production
on food production looking at Brazil, the USA and the EU. The most important factors to
be analysed are: (i) available land potentials: Biofuels potential is very dependent on landavailability, crop yields, as well as food demand; (ii) the impact of different biofuels
promotion policies and targets.
Our preliminary results are: In the Business-as-Usual Scenario, based on theassumption that biofuels are produced only from conventional crops, about 13.8% in the
EU-25, in the USA 9% and in Brazil 12% of total potential crop land area will be

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necessary for biofuels production until 2030, without causing significant problems forfood production.
The major conclusions of this analysis are: (i) over the longest period of history
feedstock was the major energy source for transport and it was possible to satisfy foodand fuel production in a sustainable manner (ii) biofuels, especially 2nd generation
biofuels, can provide a remarkable contribution to transport in the near future andcontribute to GHG reduction. But even if all crops, forests and grass lands currently not
used were used for biofuels production it would be impossible to substitute all fossil fuels
used today in transport; (iii) A co-existence of biofuel and food production is possible
especially for 2nd generation biofuels; (iv) Yet, to finally bring about a sustainabletransport system significant increases in efficiency especially in motorized passenger
transport as well as a change in transport modes towards more environmentally benign
ones are strongly required.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.434

Biogas Potential in Croatian Farming Sector
T. Puksec*1, N. Duic1*

tomislav.puksec@fsb.hr

1

University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture, Department of Energy, Power Engineering and Environment,
Croatia

ABSTRACT
Farming sector, in general, is a big producer of manure and thereby also a big
producer of greenhouse gasses. The issue of methane production from animals on farms
should be seen as an opportunity in producing green energy and contributing into
reducing green house effect. Croatian farming sector is pretty undeveloped if we compare
it to the other EU member states. This is one of the legacies from past state where
agriculture was not something worth of heavy investments. This was not only the case for
Croatian farming sector, but also Croatian agriculture in general for the last twenty or
more years. However in the last five years there were a lot of improvements andinvestments in agriculture and in the farming sector. More and more questions regarding
energy issues and energy management on farms are becoming important. But this is still
not enough if we want to use all of our resources and potentials. If we consider the factthat there are more than 24200 pig farms in Croatia and over 240000 dairy cows alone it
is obviously that there is a big potential for biogas production. Especially if we consider
the fact that there is no serious biogas plat in Croatia jet. All of this information with apromising increase in agricultural investing leads us to a question of total biogas potential
for the farming sector in Croatia. Through this paper we will show the total number offarms and their potential for producing, storing or using biogas. The main challenges
would be to separate small family farms that basically have no biogas potential and bigger
modern farms that could be considered for biogas production. One other concept would be
the possibility of gathering farms for joint biogas production but for this scenario special
calculation should be made taking into consideration economic viability and distances
between farms. The value of finding Croatian s biogas potential regarding farms is also
important since farms are consuming a lot of energy in their everyday operations: water
heaters, milk coolers, vacuum pumps, lighting, irrigation pumps, fodder dryers,
ventilation etc. A lot of this energy consumption can be compensated from renewableenergy source like biogas. This is also one of the aspects of this research. In this caseprimary focus is on electrical energy that could be produced from burning biogas in anengine but also heat energy that could be produced in this process.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.558

How Much Hope Should We Have for Biofuels?
G. R. Timilsina*1, A. Shrestha1*

gtimilsina@worldbank.org

1

The World Bank, Development Research Group, United States

ABSTRACTHigh and volatile oil prices and growing concerns on climate change and energy
security led to significant expansion of biofuels in many countries around the world overthe last few years. Several countries have introduced mandates and targets for biofuel
expansion. Investment on biofuel industry has sharply increased. However, the increased
production has raised some concerns. The swift escalation of food prices in 2007 and2008 created a food crisis that resulted in riots in many parts of the world, inducing someobservers to point to the diversion of food crops to biofuel production as the cause of thecrisis. The expansion of biofuel production has also raised demand for feedstock, enlarged
or intensified cultivation of which can have serious consequences for biodiversity, soils,
as well as water supply and quality. These issues have curbed the enthusiasm for rapid
growth of the first generation biofuels. However, the developments in second generation
biofuels, which do not directly compete with food supply and that can be cultivated in low
quality lands, may offer some hope. This paper first examines the recent trends on biofuel
production, consumption and trade patterns, followed by various impacts of biofuels
including those on land use, food security, energy security, climate change mitigation,
economic growth and poverty. Finally, we investigate the prospects of second generation
biofuel technologies.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.212

Biogas in Portugal: Status and Public Policies
M. F. L. Ferreira1, I. Malico1, I. P. Marques*2*

isabel.paula@ineti.pt

1

University of Évora, Department of Physics, Portugal
LNEG-Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, I.P., Unidade de
Bioenergia, Portugal
2

ABSTRACT
Portugal has recently implemented a number of measures and monitoringmechanisms that seek to promote renewable energy sources as a way of protecting theenvironment and assuring a sustainable development. In its policy for renewable energies,
39% of the electricity from renewable energy sources was defined as target for 2010.
Biogas arises as a useful energy source by its direct conversion into heat and electricity or
by injection into a natural gas network. This work reviews the Portuguese public policies
on biogas, the current status of biogas production and its potential implementation as arelevant energy source.
In Portugal, over the last decade there has been a big growth of the biogas produced
from anaerobic digestion, both in electricity production (67 GWh in 2008) and installed
power (12.4 MW in 2008). However, the current installed capacity and energy produced
from this renewable source does not reflect its huge potential.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.618

Assessing Direct Land Use Change in
Rapeseed Oil GHG Emissions: a Life Cycle
Model Accounting for Uncertainty
J. Malca*1, F. Freire2*

jmalca@isec.pt

1
ISEC, Coimbra Polytechnic Institute, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,
Portugal
2
ADAI, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences andTechnology, Univ of Coimbra, Portugal

ABSTRACTThis article addresses different land use change scenarios, as well as uncertainty
issues related to parameters and concerning how co-product credits are accounted for, inthe life cycle modeling of rapeseed oil (RO). In particular, a comprehensive assessment ofdifferent land use change scenarios – rapeseed cultivation in former agricultural land, setaside land and grassland – has been conducted, which results in different carbon stockchange values. GHG emissions of RO and GHG savings relative to fossil diesel have been
calculated in terms of probability distributions using a substitution method, threeallocation approaches and ignoring co-product credits. The net GHG balance of rapeseed
oil is strongly influenced by soil carbon stock variations due to land use change and by themagnitude of nitrous oxide emissions from cultivated soil. Depending on prior land use,
GHG emissions may comply with the European directive’s target of 35% GHG emission
savings (arable land and set-aside land converted to rapeseed cultivation) or, conversely,
may completely offset carbon gains attributed to rapeseed oil production for several
decades (conversion of grassland; substitution method).

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Advances in Waste Management I
SDEWES.2009.033

Who Loves Sewage? Matching Expectations
on Communication Between Households andSanitation Professionals
B. Rydhagen*1, H. Aberg2, C. Dackman1*

birgitta.rydhagen@bth.se1

Blekinge Institute of Technology, School of Planning and Media Design,
Sweden2
University of Gothenburg, Department of Food, Health and Environment,
SwedenABSTRACTAs a consequence of the ambition to increase sustainability within the urban sewage
system in Sweden, municipal sanitation professionals increasingly address the roles andresponsibilities of households. Different tools are used to communicate with households
concerning their use of the sanitation system. The aim is often to inform about desired
types of household chemicals or unsuitable products in the sewers. Communication tools
are developed according to the professionals' expectations on the households' level ofengagement and knowledge. In households, on the other hand, individuals express theirconcern through practical activities with consequences for the sanitation system, including
washing, dish washing and cleaning. Their daily routines are also developed with respect
to their expectations on convenience and trust for the treatment facilities. In this study, theaim was to relate the views on communication within these two groups of actors;
sanitation professionals and households. What do the professionals expect fromhouseholds? In what ways do they communicate their expectations? What do households
expect from the professionals and the sanitation system? How do they regard thecommunication strategies? It was found in previous studies that design and function of theinfrastructure system to a large extent take part in shaping relations between different
groups of actors. It is therefore interesting to see how the professionals and households
manage to act and communicate within or on the borders of the existing sanitation system.
Two strategies are studied; one case of alteration of the technical features in thehouseholds, and one case of intensive, location specific information to households using
the conventional system. In each case, female and male household members as well as
sanitation professionals were interviewed in focus groups. The questions covered
communication strategies, expectations on the other group, concern for (ecological)
sustainability etc.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.186

Msw Incineration Plant Siting Applying GIS
and Multi-criteria Analysis
G. Tavares*1, Z. Zsigraiová2, V. Semiao1*

gtavares@ist.utl.pt

1

Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisbon,
Portugal, Mechanical Engineering, Portugal
2
Technical University of Kosice, Dept. of Furnaces and ThermalTechnology, Kosice, Slovakia, presently at Department of MechanicalEngineering, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal

ABSTRACTThe preservation of adequate air quality is presently mandatory for a sustainable
development. Additionally, legislation on pollutant emissions is becoming increasingly
restrictive as it imposes stringent limit values on emissions. In fact, an ill-defined locationof new incineration plant may result in strong adverse impact from its operation on local
communities and contribute to degradation of the environment. Therefore, integration ofenvironmental impact assessment in the phase of a municipal solid waste incineration
plant (MSWIP) site selection has to be of the great concern to guarantees that any
associate adverse impact is minimum. Siting a new MSWIP requires an extensive
evaluation process in order to identify the best available location that simultaneously
meets the requirements of government regulations and better minimises negative impacts.
It is a very complex process requiring political decisions based on technical, economic,
environmental, health, and social issues since, on one side, multiple and evencontradictory objectives may be involved and, on the other, multiple alternatives areavailable. A spatial multi-criteria evaluation methodology is presented herein to optimallysite MSWIP. It is demonstrated with its application to a Cape Verde island. The new
methodology combines the analytic hierarchy process to estimate the relative importanceweights of the evaluation criteria with GIS, identifying and ranking potential areas
according to their suitability. The evaluation criteria cover socio-economic, technical andenvironmental aspects, among others, transportation costs, proximity to urban centres,
land use, morphology, and environmental impact due to the plant operation. The results
confirm that the proposed method possesses capacity and flexibility to be applied in any
region. It provides the decision makers with important and information in the assessmentof the waste management problem including the sensitive environmental impact issue.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.390

Managing and Hedging Fuel Supply for Waste
to Energy Facilities
D. Matovic*1*

darko@me.queensu.ca

1

Queen's University, Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Canada

ABSTRACT
Thermal decomposition of solid and liquid waste has long and turbulent history andlegacy. From backyard burning, via larger scale uncontrolled incineration (including its
offshore variant), it acquired a reputation as a irresponsible way of waste disposal, where
the pollutants went literally up in smoke, destroying the evidence along the process.
Contemporary processes of thermal waste decomposition have gone a long way towards
creating clean waste disposal option with pollutant levels way below the establishedemission limits. This is particularly the case with several emerging plasma treatment
technologies that produce essentially clean combustible gas and a vitrified immobilized
slag as a solid residue.
One perrenial problem remains, though. The investment in the waste to energy
facility creates the need for steady supply stream of stuitable, combustible waste. Even
when the process is proven as clean and energy efficient, the danger of 'tail wagging the
dog' of waste management treatens to hamper future advances in the three 'R-s' (reducing,reusing and recycling). Clearly, if the future options of waste stream reduction are kept
open, the investment risk in building high quality facility need to be managed in someother way. Matovic (1999) proposed a multifaceted structure of the waste-to-energy
system combining natural gas and MSW as fuels. A sustainable alternative is to use acombination of biomass and waste as its input fuel. The use of biomass in Canada is stillin its infancy, as well as the waste-to-energy conversion. Currently landfilling ontributes
2.9% to Canada's total greenhouse emissions, indicating large potential for greenhousegas reduction.
The paper will suggest durable balancing scenario for combined biomass/MSW(municipal solid waste) facilities, using either classical combustion, plasma incineration
or gasification as the options.

150

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.439

High Calcium Ashes Management. An Holistic
Approach
S. Tsimas*1*

stangits@central.ntua.gr

1

National Technical University of Athens, Chemical Engineering, Greece

ABSTRACTThe application rate of Hellenic High Calcium Ashes (HCA) is still very low
compared with similar European ashes. This fact must be attributed either to the lack ofdevelopment of a holistic management system in Greece or to their particularities due totheir intrinsic characteristics. These characteristics exclude generally Hellenic High
Calcium Fly Ashes from the relevant European Standard (EN 450-1) even thoughnumerous literature findings clearly demonstrate that selected qualities of theme provide
better durability properties than LCFA and consequently can be used in special concrete
applications. In the frame of this paper are discussed the disadvantages of Hellenic HCA
as well tested beneficiation techniques which are necessary for the treatment of ashes
order to meet the specifications of EN 450-1 or existing National Norms.

151

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.240

Application of Pyrolysis for Treatment andUtilization of Difficult Wastes
M. Blazso*1, J. Bozi1*

blazso@chemres.hu

1

Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental
Chemistry, Hungary

ABSTRACT
Pyrolysis is a thermal process carried out with the exclusion of oxygen. Most organic
macromolecules are decomposing to gas, oil and char in the temperature range of 300°C 600°C under an inert atmosphere. Accordingly solid waste composed of either natural orsynthetic organic material can be thermally treated in order to obtain valuable products
such as energy rich oil, important chemicals or carbonaceous adsorbent. The proportion ofgas, oil and char among pyrolysis products of various wastes depends primarily on thechemical nature of the material and can be influenced by the temperature and otherconditions of pyrolysis. Pyrolysis oil and char are the main products of biomass waste inagriculture and of plastics waste. This technique is adaptable for chemical plants ofvarious scales from local small device to large industrial factory.
In this lecture the advantage of pyrolysis technique is demonstrated for the
exploitation of complex wastes such as agricultural by products and waste electronic andelectric equipments (WEEE). Pyrolysis oils of various biomass wastes have similar
chemical composition because of the similar plant constituents in wood, straw, husk,
stone, and other kind of biomass. In this way the disadvantageous properties of biomass
oils such as acidic nature and instability can be handled in a similar way. On the contrary,
plastics components of WEEE are rather versatile and this waste may contain smallermolecular organic compound additives as well. Thus the chemical composition of WEEE
derived pyrolysis oils may be quite dissimilar. Fortunately pyrolysis technique can beeasily coupled to catalytic conversion of the liquid products that makes possible toeliminate or convert the unwanted compounds in the oil with the help of low cost
catalysts.
Laboratory experiments proved that it is possible to eliminate the chemically reactive
components of biomass pyrolysis oil over suitable solid catalyst. In the case electronicplastics waste the dehalogenating activity of common catalysts was verified for various
types of halogen-organic compounds. With the help of denitrogenating catalysts pyrolysis
oils of polyamides, polyurethanes and acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers could be
converted in to nitrogen free oil coping with the utilization of energy content of thenitrogen-containing plastics without NOx emission under combustion.

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Developments in Solar Photovoltaic Energy
Conversion
SDEWES.2009.038

Decreasing Performance of An Amorphous
Silicon Grid-connected Photovoltaic System
C. Boonmee*1, N. Watjanatepin2*

yantnong@yahoo.com

1

RMUTSB, EE, Thailand
Rajamangala University of Technology Suvarnabhumi, ElectricalEngineering, Thailand
2

ABSTRACTTo analyze the performance and decrease the rate of PV array efficiency of the 4.872
kW a-Si grid -connected photovoltaic system (GCS), which is installed on the electricalengineering building in the faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Rajamangala
University of Technology Suvarnabhumi Nonthaburi. An analysis method from theInternational Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power System Task2 (IEA PVPS Task2) wasused. This system had operated since 2003 continuously to the resent time. During thefirst three years analysis used electrical parameters from monthly recording from theelectrical instrument that was built in the inverter of GCS, and used solar irradiance datafrom the Meteorological Department of Bangkok. Next two years analysis used all ofparameters from the PC based recorder and real time monitor system that was developedby researchers. In the 5th year operation, GCS was developed so that it could check an
operation system to increase the operation time of system (Final Yield: YF). During thefive years of operation, this system generated 6133.7 kWh in average each year. The PV
array efficiency in average is 6.03%, but is less than the average four years about
0.09%.The decreasing rate of PV array efficiency by the year is equal to 3.32%, andhigher than the four years analysis is equal to 1.48%.The performance ratio (PR) in
average is 0.74 . It is higher than the average four years PR, because the GCS has a betterchecking operation system that was developed in the 5th year of operation. It wasincreased in the final yield of GCS.

153

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.262

PV Plants European Market
A. Vacca*1, S. Pierbattisti1, J. Balma1*

ingvacca@euroesco.it

1EURO ESCO S.r.l., Italy

ABSTRACTDuring last years in many European countries PV plants have been developed andinstalled, both for residential buildings as well for industrial and commercial buildings,
even if many European countries, such Germany, northern Italy, etc. are not the best
location where install a PV plant to produce energy.
This phenomena is mainly due to some factors:
1. awarding laws promoted by some local Governments;
2. use of the electric public grid as 'energy storage';
3. continue increase of crude oil price, and related energy prices;
4. continue increase of environmental consciousness of people;
5. energy performance increase of PV panels;
6. better PV plant design approach.
In this paper we'll deep analyze technical and formal conditions as shown above
about PV plant installation for many European countries, and we'll analyze the PV plantinstallation in many European countries at the date of beginning 2009.

154

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.299

Photovoltaics on Flat Roofs: Energetic
Considerations
A. A. Bayod Rújula*1, A. Ortego2, A. Martínez2*

aabayod@unizar.es

1
2

University of Zaragoza, Electrical Engineering, Spain
University of Zaragoza, CIRCE Foundation, Spain

ABSTRACT
Flat roofs present a large potential of suitable areas for installation of photovoltaic(PV) plants. Flat roof PV installations have the advantage of being able to be optimally
positioned with support structures, and the inclination angle can be adjusted.
Due to the important technological development existing in the PV sector, there aredifferent photovoltaic technologies in the market, whose energy and economic features
substantially differ. It is of high interest to study the PV system production sensibility to
the variation of the panel inclination, the space constrains and their consequences on theenergetic and economic parameters.
This paper describes some useful parameters to choose the technology, distribution
layout and tilt-angle of the modules to be installed in flat roofs and terraces on buildings.
Depending on the specific requirement of the projects, the interest of the parameters isdifferent. The parameters used in this study to evaluate the behaviour of the different PV
configurations on buildings are:- Wp/m2 of surface: it determines the solution that allows to install the highest powerin the building.
- kWh/kWp: it determines the solution with highest specific production.
- kWh/m2 of generation field: it determines the configuration that produces highest
energy per m2 of generation surface.
- kWh/m2 of available surface: it determines the configuration that produce themaximum of energy per m2 occupied with the PV installation.
-IRR: The internal return rate of the investment. It determines the financial risk
assumed in the project. It is especially important for the projects where foreign
financiering is required and for those whose cash flows are negative during the first years.
- EROI: Energy return on investment, ratio of the energy delivered by the PV system
to the energy used directly and indirectly in their fabrication, installation and use.
As case study, the possibilities of PV installation on the flat roofs of the TorresQuevedo Building, located in the Campus of the University of Zaragoza, is presented. Inorder to perform a complete analysis, the different PV technologies available in themarket are included.

155

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.342

The Effect of PV Module Electric Properties on
The Maximum Power Point (MPP) Trajectorywith Aim of Its Alignment to Electrolyzer U-I
Characteristic
M. Firak1, A. Đukić*1*

ankica.djukic@fsb.hr

1

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Department ofEnergy, Power Engineering and Environment, Croatia

ABSTRACT
When we want to combine PV module and electrolyzer to produce hydrogen fromwater, it can be done using intermediate DC-DC converter which is needed to adapt
module's output power features to the electrolyzer input power features. It can also bedone without using electronics and than it is already calculated that the saving can beequal to 700 USD/kW. But than should be done a more sophisticated research work topreserve high system efficiency. The final result of that work appears as a concurrence of
the PV module MPP trajectory (MPP path in U-I plane as a result of the solar irradiation
change) and electrolyzer U-I characteristics.
This paper presents an analysis of the influences of PV module electric properties
like series resistance, parallel resistance and ideality factor on the MPP trajectory at
different solar irradiation. There is shown possibility of its different inclination (rightvertical-left) in respect of an arbitrary chosen electrolyzer U-I characteristic.
Simulated results are obtained using Matlab/Simulink simulations of the well known
one diode model which are confirmed by experimentation with real PV module where
solar irradiation, solar cells temperature, electric current and voltage in the circuit with thevariable ohmic resistance have been measured.

156

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.432

Solar PV Program in Fiji-is it a RescoApproach?
T. Urmee1, D. Harries*1*

d.harries@murdoch.edu.au1

Murdoch University, Faculty of Minerals and Energy, Australia

ABSTRACT
Rural SHS electrification programs have been implemented in most countries in the
Asia-Pacific region using a range of delivery mechanisms and financial mechanisms.
Most of these programs, however, are not managing to keep pace with population
increases. In Fiji the Program is implemented by the Department of Energy (DoEF) andhas been developed to provide electricity for lighting for remote households located inrural areas where supplying electricity via the grid is not an economic option. A survey
was carried out to measure the program success and to understand the issues related toprogram development. This research aims to provide a better understanding on the Fijian
SHS program. The approaches used in implementation of the Fijian program are similar to
those adopted in other countries of the region. The reported lack of success of the Fijian
program therefore cannot be readily attributed to substantive differences from otherprograms in terms of the approach being used. Survey results shows that the impacts ofthe program on social issues are positive. The concept of RESCO did not support the Fijiprogram. The program is relies on donor-supplied capital equipment to get started
therefore not commercially replicable. All components under the program are owned by
the Government and the tariff was designed only to cover the monitoring cost. It was
found that the implementation of the program suffers from a lack of well developed
support infrastructure. This manifests itself in weak monitoring and maintenance programthat gives rise to significant technical problem. The program also suffers from lack ofplanning and policy. It is not a full RESCO program as the program is totally run by theGovernment and there is no service company who is responsible for the program.
Government has not been generally successful in providing quality after sales support ofthe program. Overall, the program concept was good but it needs proper planning andimplementation mechanism to make this program successful. There is a need to develop
proper monitoring systems available under the program mechanism and ensuring quality
service, quality components and implementation of the policy.

157

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIAHeat and Mass Transfer in Energy andEnvironment Systems I
SDEWES.2009.035

Analysis of Recuperative Heat Exchanger
Based on Heat Fluxes Exergy
D. Adamovsky*1*

daniel.adamovsky@fsv.cvut.cz

1

Czech Technical University at Prague, Department of Microenvironmental
and Building Services Engineering, Czech Republic

ABSTRACT
Recuperative heat exchangers are quite common part of air handling units. Mostly as
one of many components within ventilation system it has to sub serve to main design.
Therefore are often operated far away from optimal conditions ensuring high efficiency.
Common analyses of recuperative heat exchanger efficiency usually focus on heat balance
referring to the 1st thermodynamic law. Exergy analysis allows effective approach forevaluation of recuperative heat exchanger behavior in different operation states that
respect also 2nd thermodynamic law. This approach is based on exergy definition of heat
fluxes transferred between cooled and heated air. Exergy analysis allows including andcomparing all heat fluxes on common basis respecting losses caused through irreversible
heat transfer processes. As an exchanger’s efficiency changes it is necessary to define
particular parameters mostly influencing it. In this article is presented advanced approachto our previous method, now containing operation and heat transfer parameters.
Transferred heat between air streams relay on operation parameters such as different air
volume rates of cooled and heated air and temperatures of air streams at inlets. A heatexchanger itself has specific heat transfer parameters, constant one is an area of heattransfer surface. Uncertain parameter of the highest importance is heat transfer coefficientof a heat transfer surface. The most important member of exergy analysis is exergy oflosing heat flux, describing heat loses between air flows. This parameter influences all
partial exergy efficiencies and total also. The exergy efficiencies describe progress of heatrecuperation according to the heat transfer coefficient and flow capacity of heated air
stream. The results also reflect importance of equal air volume rates of cooled and heated
air strongly influencing heat transfer effectivity. This is more obvious in the situation ofhigh heat transfer coefficient.

158

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.341

Entropy Generation Analysis in Film
Condensation on An Elliptical Tube with
Assisted Interfacial Shear Stress
J. A. Esfahani*1, S. Koohi-Fayegh1*

jaesfahani@gmail.com

1

Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mechanical Engineering, Iran

ABSTRACTThe importance of film condensation is due to its great number of industrial
applications such as heat exchangers and condensers. Several condensing systems, such asflat plates, spheres, circular and non-circular cylinders have been extensively studied
regarding the phase-change heat transfer problem of film-wise condensation. Based on theanalysis performed by Semenov et al. if the contour of the cross-section of a non-circularhorizontal tube on which condensation occurs is elongated in the gravitational directionthat its curvature decreases continuously from the upper to the lower one, thecondensation heat transfer is enhanced. Therefore, as elliptical tubes possess someadvantages in heat transfer over cylindrical ones, they are of great importance.
An analytical study is made into the analysis of laminar film condensation on ahorizontal elliptical tube by taking into account the shear force at the liquid vapour
interface. As condensation occurs on the surface of the tube, a continues liquid film runs
downward over the tube under the simultaneous effects of surface tension causing apressure gradient along the surface, gravity force and the vapor interfacial shear force
considered to be constant over the whole interfacial length. A general relation is derived
analytically for the liquid film thickness in the form of a nonlinear differential equation.
Due to the complexity of this equation and based on the three forces applied at the liquid
film, the problem is categorized into two limiting cases: condensation with the effect of
surface tension and high gravitational force compared to the interfacial one andcondensation with high shear force compared to the gravitational one. The effect of theseforces on velocity and temperature profiles, heat transfer coefficient, and mass flow rate
are discussed for various values of ellipticity (e) for constant and variable wall
temperature. Some of the results for special objects (vertical plate e=1, circular tube e=0)
are compared to the classical Nusselt-type solutions available in the literature.
It is shown that for both cases, the pressure gradient along the surface which is
caused by the surface tension depends upon the radius of curvature gradient and has apositive value in the upper half of the tube and acts as an additional force to the two otherforces. However, in the lower half of the tube, the pressure gradient is negative.
Therefore, for the upper half of the tube the liquid film becomes thinner while for the
lower half it becomes thicker resulting in higher and lower heat transfer coefficients forthese two halves, respectively. Since the surface tension force has negative values at thelower half of the tube, it is also seen that a separation point exists where the liquid film
thickness approaches infinity.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Finally, the relation for total entropy generation is derived for the two cases.
Introducing two sets of dimensionless numbers, the existence of an optimum condition foreach case is discussed by using an entropy generation minimization method (EGM).

160

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.564

Thermal-fluid Assessment of Multijet
Atomization for Spray Cooling Applications
A. Moreira1, D. Durao*2, M. Oliveira Panăo1*durao@lis.ulusiada.pt

1
2

Instituto Superior Técnico, Mechanical Engineering, Portugal
Lusiada University, Portugal

ABSTRACTIn electronic applications the miniaturization of electronic packaging is limited by theheat removal capacity of thermal management systems. This requires high performancecooling systems, capable of high heat flux removal to maintain low operating
temperatures and have the ability of dynamically control the heat transfer process.
Intermittent Spray Cooling (ISC) has been suggested as a promising technology for
actively controlling the surface temperature. Recently, based on the ISC concept, adynamic approach has been developed to improve empirical correlations for spray
impingement heat transfer. But, ultimately, any spray cooling technology depends on thestrategy used to atomize the cooling liquid, disperse its droplets as uniformly as possible
and control the deposit of liquid onto the surface, avoiding excessive secondary
atomization or pre-impingement-evaporation. Multijet spray technology has beensuggested as an atomization strategy which has the potential of meeting this objective. A
multijet spray is produced from the point of impact of multiple cylindrical jets, converting
the impact momentum into hydrodynamic structures which further break into small
droplets. These sprays have the advantage of being produced with relatively low flow
rates and at relatively short distances (10 to 30 mm). The purpose of the work reported
here is to assess such atomization strategy to perform spray cooling within the ISC
concept. This is done by taking the multijet spray characteristics of atomizers with 2, 3
and 4 impinging jets, measured with a phase Doppler interferometer, at a certain
measurement plane and use the correlations provided in, which consider an imposed heat
flux, to estimate the heat removal if such spray impinged on a heated surface. Results
explore the differences between the number of impinging jets and corresponding
influence on the heat removal pattern, as well as in its order of magnitude. And conclude
about the promising applicability of multijet sprays for innovating spray cooling systems,
promoting the efficient use of energy in thermal management.

161

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.428

Modelling for Design and Optimization of
Vanadium Redox Batteries
M. Vynnycky*1*

michael.vynnycky@ul.ie

1

University of Limerick, MACSI, Department of Mathematics and Statistics,
Ireland (Republic)

ABSTRACT
Modern demands for increasingly efficient energy delivery and the anticipateddemand for renewable energy have generated considerable interest in redox-flow batteries(RFBs) as an energy storage technology. The potential applications of RFBs are
numerous, including load leveling and peak shaving, uninterruptible power supplies,
emergency backup and facilitation of wind and photovoltaic energy delivery. One of themost popular is the vanadium redox battery (VRB), which has the advantages that: it canoffer almost unlimited capacity simply by using larger and larger electrolyte storage
tanks; it can be left completely discharged for long periods with no ill effects; it can berecharged simply by replacing the electrolyte if no power source is available to charge it;
and, if the electrolytes are accidentally mixed, the battery suffers no permanent damage.
In view of the rapidly approaching commercialization of RFBs such as the VRB,
issues concerning the technology's poor energy-to-volume ratio and optimization withrespect to operating conditions, cell geometry and cell materials will arise. An
indispensible tool for handling these issues, in tandem with experiments, is modelling andsimulation. However, unlike the case of conventional batteries or fuel cells where there
already exist countless models in the literature, there are next to no models for the allvanadium RFB; see for the only exception.
This paper combines ideas from earlier work in polymer electrolyte fuel cells andelectrolytic pickling cells to derive a mathematical model for the operation of a power cellin a VRB. As with earlier work, in addition to describing the physics in detail, thesimultaneous aim is a model that will not be computationally prohibitive when it is used
to describe the operation of the stack of cells that are present in a VRB in actual
applications.

162

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.315

Design of a Centrifugal Blower Using CFD
Methods
G. B. Gherman*1, M. Niculescu 2, G. Fetea1*

bogdan.gherman@comoti.ro

1

INCDT COMOTI, Compressor design, Romania

ABSTRACTThe scroll is a critical component of centrifugal blower because it plays a dramaticrole in efficiency and operating flow rates (region between surge and blockage).To asses
the capability of a CFD code to study such a flow, a flow map of a centrifugal blower will
be computed. In spite of its importance, there are very few detailed studies that deal withthe scroll aerodynamics due to highly three-dimensional flow and its complex geometry,
which makes the obtainment of a high quality mesh that is vital for a good aerodynamic
analysis, a difficult task. In order to obtain the realistic data for scroll inlet, the impeller
aerodynamics was investigated carefully. It is known that the wall functions cannot
accurately predict the separation and reattachment regions. For this reason, the fine meshof impeller has the averaged y+ nearly 1, to properly capture the separation flows nearleading edge at off-design regimes. The maximum polytropic efficiency of blower is 0.84,
that is remarkable if we take into account that the rotational speed of impeller is not
optimal because the rotor is directly coupled to the electric (with no gearbox) to decrease
the mechanical losses.

163

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Fundamentals Of Sustainability
SDEWES.2009.470

Sustainability Science: State of The Art andFuture Perspectives
F. Farioli*, J. Dell'angelo1, V. Naso2, F. Orecchini3*

francesca.farioli@uniroma1.it

1Sapienza Università di Roma, CIRPS, Italy
Sapienza Università di Roma, Department of Mechanical and AeronauticalEngineering, Italy
3
Università Guglielmo Marconi, Italy
2

ABSTRACTOver the last two decades sustainability science has benefited from the vibrantcontribution of distinguished scholars, however a formal recognition of its
epistemological value is very recent. The first International Conference on Sustainability
Science (ICSS09) was held in Tokyo in February 2009 and leading universities andinternational research institutions were there in order to strengthen the foundation of thisinnovative and transdisciplinary science.
The aim of this paper is to not only review the cutting edge research core ofsustainability science but also to describe the practical process behind its construction.
The first part of the paper reviews the main research trends of sustainability scienceand the methodological and epistemological issues that justify the transition from thetraditional uni-disciplinary approach to the trans-disciplinary one. This section gives
particular attention to the limitations of uni-disciplinary approaches in understanding andsolving complex and interdependent phenomena, to the definition and conceptualizationof sustainability and to its problem-solving capacity.
The second part describes the practical aspects of this developing field of science.
We map out the agents involved at this stage, the way they interact and the ongoingcollaboration with particular attention to the creation of the Network of Networks (NoN)of sustainability science. We describe the proposals set forth during the ICSS09 that will
be presented at the next G8 Universities Summit and the main objectives of the ICSS10
that will be held in Rome in 2010.

164

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.405

Application of Multi-criteria Analysis for The
Evaluation of Sustainable Energy Systems - a
Review of Recent Literature
I. Braune*1, A. Pinkwart1, M. Reeg1*

ines.braune@tu-berlin.de1

Berlin Institute of Technology, Department of Energy Engineering,
Germany

ABSTRACTFor sustainable development within energy supply energy systems have to be lookedat from different disciplines as to incorporate all the consequences brought along with
their implementation. As energy issues are usually complex, dynamic, dealing withuncertainty and different stakeholders there is a need for new decision tools. Multi-criteria
decision analysis (MCDA including Multi-criteria decision making and Multi-criteria
decision aid) has been applied manifold for decisions in energy management already.
These decision tools are able to incorporate different perspectives of stakeholders, theyaccount for quantitative as well as qualitative criteria and they separate objective andsubjective aspects of a decision problem.
But how widespread are MCDA methods for energy decisions already? In this papera review of the recent literature is published to analyse the potential of MCDA for realworld applications. A classification is presented to indicate trends and challenges.
Since the 1960s many applications using MCDA-methods for energy issues havebeen published. Reviews done before cover the literature comprehensively until 2003.
Our literature review focussed on articles published between 2004 and 2008. A trend ofincreasing energy applications for MCDA can be found. Also there is a strong focus on
renewable energy systems. Especially the literature of the last two years shows thatparticipation of stakeholders becomes more important. There are new approaches
introduced such as Social Multi Criteria Evaluations and Participatory Multi-Criteria
Analysis.
However, although there is extensive literature on MCDA for energy applications
available most of the articles published are case studies accompanied by research
institutes and public funding. Literature does not show whether MCDA-methods reached
the energy supplying companies already. Moreover, there is a lack of ex post-evaluation
giving an idea whether the MCDA-process was successful and indicating what could belearned for further applications.
In order to learn about the status quo of applications in energy supplying companies
interviews are planned. Further a case study with stakeholders in a small town -especiallylocal industry and politics- is under preparation.

165

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.678

Sustainometrics and Information Theory
V. Todorov*1, D. Marinova2*

vladis@abv.bg

1

University of Forestry and Curtin University of Technology, Faculty ofBusiness Management, Bulgaria
2
Curtin University of Technology, Curtin University Sustainability Policy(CUSP) Institute, Australia

ABSTRACT
Sustainometrics, as a new area of research, aims at providing integrated models andmetrics for the description of the co-evolving relationships between the economy, society
and nature. Its aim is to build on global information and global models and allow for these
to be accessible locally for any processes of decion-making. The global nature of thesustainability agenda, including climate change priorities, is such that sustainometrics will
have to meet the need of modelling the global system of the Earth and quantitatively
measure the processes that are currently covered by other 'metric' sciences, such as
econometrics, biometrics and sociometrics. Information theory can provide the basis forthis to happen and allow the modelling of information processes occurring during theinteractions of intelligent systems.
The nature of mathematical, information and computer modelling implies the use offormal descriptions. They are analogous abstractions of the reality as distinct to physicalor social models based on the nature of things, e.g. objects that are worthy of being
imitated. Information models that use information processes based on some formalisationof real-world behaviour require good understanding and clear definition of the objects thatact as agents for these information processes. In other words, models that are created for
an ill- or poorly defined area of inquiry, such as what is still the case with sustainable
development, are unlikely not only to be trusted but also to be able to generate newknowledge. Their outcomes are not single-valued and can potentially be misleading.
Moreover the methodological problems of the current information theory paradigms,
namely cybernetic, epistemological and pragmatic, are being challenged by therequirements of sustainometrics. Hence there is a need for a new approach to modellingbased on information theory taking into account the following assumptions about thenature of information processes:
Information processes are real processes of system interactions;
Information processes are spontaneous and occur in an environment shaped by theinteractions between the system's components;
Information processes are subject to the law of information relevance, which is basedon the system's hierarchy, nature and complexity.
The paper concludes with the argument that the new information modelling forsustainability needs to include intelligence as an information category.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.406

Influence of Electricity Generation on
Depletion of Exergy of Non-renewable
Resources
W. Stanek*1, M. Budnik1*

wojciech.stanek@polsl.pl

1
Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Thermal Technology,
Poland

ABSTRACTPower industry and other industrial processes have disadvantageous influence upon
the natural environment. These disadvantageous influence results from depletion of nonrenewable natural resources and from rejection of harmful substances to naturalenvironment. The second influence leads to losses in such a fields as: human health,useful industrial or other manufactured products (corrosion of machines, buildings,
transportation equipment etc.), agricultural and forestry production. We shouldcompensate or prevent these environmental losses for example by application of cleaningup installations. However, compensation or prevention of environmental losses leads toadditional consumption of materials and energy and as final effect to depletion of natural
resources. If we accept the exergy as a common measure of natural non-renewable
resources quality the thermoecological cost can be defined as cumulative exergy
consumption of non-renewable resources appearing in all the links of processes leading to
final product with taken into account whole life time of the product. The paper presents
brief description of the thermoecological cost analysis. The method of thermoecologicalcost of production of electricity are developed and described in details. Results ofexample calculations of thermoecological cost of electricity are presented and discussed.
The possibilities of decreasing of the thermoecological cost are examind. Moreover the
possible savings of domestic natural resources thanks to decreasing of such a cost areevaluated.

167

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.140

The Detection and Assessment of Impending
Regime Shifts from Fisher Information
T. Eason*1, A. Garmestani1, H. Cabezas1*

eason.tarsha@epa.gov

1

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD-NRMRL-STD-SEB, UnitedStates

ABSTRACT
Resilient systems typically exhibit periodic fluctuations yet are able to withstandperturbations while maintaining function. However, it is possible for a system to reach adynamic threshold and shift to another set of system conditions. Regime shifts have been
demonstrated for a multitude of ecological and social systems, and often have significant
ecological and economic consequences. While much research has been focused on
detecting regime shifts, from an adaptive management perspective, it is key that regime
shifts be identified before they occur. Rising variance, kurtosis, skewness, and criticalslowing down have all been proposed as indicators for impending regime shifts incomplex adaptive systems. We propose the use of Fisher information as a method of
detecting impending regime shifts. In this study, the detection approach is demonstrated
through the assessment of model and real systems. We believe this research has
tremendous implications for socio-ecological resilience, and therefore, sustainability.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Towards Sustainable Combustion I
SDEWES.2009.085

Worldwide Trends in The Development of Fbc
Technology: its Contribution to a Sustainable
Energy Supply
F. Winter1, P. Szentannai*1*

pal.szentannai@tuwien.ac.at

1

Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering,
Austria

ABSTRACT
Fluidized bed combustors have excellent mixing characteristics of the solids, highheat transfer rates and burn efficient with low emissions. This statement is proved by avery wide range of worldwide experiences of the FBC technology since the 1970s, thestart of operation of the first industrial-scale BFB boiler. A number of other advantages
have been becoming well-known since that time, such as a perfect acceptability ofproblematic fuels of e.g. low calorific value, high ash and moisture or high sulfur, andalso the flexibility against timely changes in fuel quality. Similarly, the limitations of thefluidized bed technology became known as well.
The demand on thermal utilization of a range of such 'problematic' fuels such as
biomass and waste increased nowadays the need of collecting and systematic exchanging
of knowledge accumulated during the past three decades in the area of operating practiceand knowledge of FBCs. A new network has been set up for this reason under the supportof the Austrian ministry BMVIT and International Energy Agency (IEA), where besides
basic technical experience also open and solved problems are exchanged in a quantified
manner.
State of the art is already the utilization of a fuel mix (mainly wood wastes, bark,sludges, coal) in relatively small (< 50 MW) and large fluidized bed combustors. Future
developments are an increased utilization of sewage sludge, small fluidized bed
combustors (< 50 MW) with wood as the main fuel and large units (> 100 MW), as wellas the utilization of municipal solid waste and gasification.

169

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.063

Conversion of Brown Coal At Continuous
Supply of Coal-water Slurry into Reactor on
Supercritical Water
O. Fedyaeva*1, A. Vostrikov1, D. Dubov1*

fedyaeva@itp.nsc.ru

1

Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics SB RAS, Russian Federation

ABSTRACTThe main problem for implementation of existing technologies of low-grade fuels
processing in coal fuel industry, petrochemistry and power engineering is low efficiency
caused by the following factors: high content of mineral components and oxygen; nonhomogeneity of fuel by its chemical composition and physical properties; high costs oftransportation and preparation of fuel (demineralization, grinding, and moisture removal);
support of environmental safety. It follows from comparison of published data on fuelconversion in supercritical organic solvents and supercritical water (SCW) that water at
the supercritical state provides the highest performance of the process. Taking this into
account and considering the fact that water is the environmentally clean and cheapest
solvent the interest to application of SCW as the medium for conversion of low-grade
fuels increased recently.
In this report the results of conversion of coal organic matter (COM) in supercriticalwater at continuous supply of coal-water slurry (CWS) into the flow reactor under thepressure of 30 MPa and temperature of 390−760оС will be discussed. It was found thatwhen coal particle of CWS falls into reactor depending on the SCW temperature about
44−63% of COM is ejected from the particle as liquid and gaseous products. We havetermed this stage of SCW conversion as dynamic conversion (DC) of coal. It turned outthat particles which passed the DC stage do not aggregate in the reactor during thefollowing process of static conversion (SC) within a coal layer. The specific surface ofcoal residue after DC is increased with rise in temperature from 8.8 (400oC) up to 268.4(665oC) m2/g. The volatile products of the total process of coal DC and SC include
paraffin (СН4, С2Н6) and aromatic hydrocarbons (С6Н6, С7Н8, С8Н10) together withsyngas (Н2, СО) and СО2. Researches of shared dynamic and static conversion of coal in
SCW/O2 fluid at P=30 MPa and change of temperature 550-760oC have shown that
increase of Н2 yield is caused by decomposition of water at interaction with carbon ofcoal, and increase of CO2 yield is also due to oxidation of coal residue by oxygen. The
investigation of ash have shown carbon absence and high porosity of ash microparticles.
In general, due to our investigations on coal conversion and combustion in SCW, wehave developed an absolutely new power-saving environment friendly scheme of coalconversion into different liquid and gaseous products, including H2. The power-saving
effect is obtained due to coal combustion directly in water (heat carrier and actuating fluidof power-generating devices). Simultaneously, the auto-thermal character of conversion isprovided by initial low-grade fuel. The maximal working temperature of the process

170

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA(750oC) is reached inside the reactor (in the heat-carrier), and the outer walls have a lower
temperature and they are not oxidized. All heat energy of the process can be potentiallyused, in particular, for electricity production. Universality of this scheme for any kind andgrade of fuel is also an important power-saving component, which excludes additional
expenses on preliminary treatment of fuel.

This study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research(Grants No. 07-03-00698, 09-08-00203, and 09-08-00206) and Presidium ofRussian Academy of Sciences (Grant 13.8).

171

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.546

Influence of Reaction Parameters on
Synthesis of Fame from Rapeseed Oil
K. Valdis*1, K. Malins1, T. Rusakova1*

kampars@ktf.rtu.lv

1

Riga Technical University, Chemistry, Latvia

ABSTRACT
Increasing biodiesel use requires optimized production processes allowing highproduction capacities with low energy consumption, simplified operations, high yields
and purity, and the absence of waste streams. The most common process for production of
FAME is transesterification reaction. During this process the vegetable oil reacted withmethanol in presence of alkali as a homogeneous catalyst and yield FAME as product andglycerol as by product. The production yield and purity of biodiesel depends from purityof reagents, mixing time, reaction temperature, type and concentration of catalyst andmolar ratio of methanol to oil. Only high quality rapeseed oil allows the successful
production with low level catalyst concentration, what simplified the removal the catalyst
after the end of reaction and reduce the amount of wastewater produced to clean the
product. In conventional homogeneous method the synthesis of biodiesel usually isrealized at molar ratio of methanol to oil 3-6:1 through convectional heating of the
mixture of reagents and catalyst in the temperature range 40 - 60oC. After the end of thereaction the reaction mixture is cooled to the room temperature and formation of twolayers occur. Because the procedure of washing and cleaning depends on concentration of
the methyl ester in the biodiesel phase it is very important to have high purity of thisphase. In this paper we studied the effect of variation of molar ratio of methanol to oil,concentration of catalyst and reaction temperature. The obtained results shows that theincrease of molar ratio of methanol to oil forces the reaction equilibrium toward the
products, however above the molar ratio 4:1 the additionally effect is depleting. Increase
the concentration of catalyst gives similar positive effect, but not over the optimum, in ourcase it was 0,75% m/m from oil. Below the 30oC the reaction occur slowly and only
above 50oC occur rapidly enough.

172

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.150

Selection of Sustainable Technologies for
Combustion of Bosnian Coals
A. Kazagic*1, I. Smajevic1, N. Duic2*

a.kazagic@elektroprivreda.ba

1

University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department ofEnergy, Process and Environment Engineering, Bosnia and Herzegovina
2
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture, Department of Energy, Power Engineering and Environment,
Croatia

ABSTRACT
Improving existing and introducing advanced coal combustion technologies, with aview to increasing efficiency and improving environmental performance, is a key
challenge for coal power sector. Due to increase of the world energy consumption andrising problem of global worming and climate change, the attention is focused onsustainability of coal-based electricity generation. Sustainability assessment isrecommended to be performed and offered to decision makers when new application incoal-based energy system is under consideration. Under such an assessment, the system isconsidered from economical, environmental, technological, social, political, ethical andsome other aspects. The aim of that procedure is providing an environmental friendly,
economically feasible and socially balanced coal-based system.
This paper deals with optimization of coal combustion conditions to support selectiona sustainable combustion technology and an optimal furnace and boiler design. A
methodology for optimization of coal combustion conditions is proposed anddemonstrated on the example of Bosnian coals. The properties of Bosnian coals varies
widely from one coal basin to the next and even between coalmines within the samebasin, while very high percentage of ash (particularly in Bosnian brown coal) makes clear
certain differences between Bosnian coal types and other world coal types, providing astrong argument for investigating specific problems related to the combustion of Bosniancoals, as well as ways to improve their combustion behaviour.
In this work, options of energy system (boiler) with different process temperatures,
corresponding to the different combustion technologies; PF combustion (slag tap or drybottom furnace) and fluidized bed combustion, are under consideration for the coals
tested. Sustainability assessment, based on calculation economic and environment
indicators, is used for the optimization in combination with common Low Cost Planning(LCP) method. The total costs in the lifetime are presented by General index of total
costs, calculated on the base of agglomeration of basic economic indicators and theeconomic indicators derived from environmental indicators. So, proposed methodology isbased on identification of those combustion technologies and combustion conditions forcoals tested which the total costs in life time of the system under consideration are lowest,
provided that all environmental issues of the energy system is fulfilled during the lifetime.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Inputs for calculation of the sustainability indicators are provided by the measurements on
an experimental furnace with variation process temperature, supported by good praxis
from the power plants which use the fuels tested and by thermal calculations of the energy
system.

174

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.441

Nanocrystallization of Mg6Ni in Mg - Rich
Amorphous Alloys
S. Todorova*1, T. Spassov1*

nhtst@chem.uni-sofia.bg

1

Sofia University, Faculty of Chemistry, Applied Inorganic Chemistry,
Bulgaria

ABSTRACTThe amorphous Mg – Ni metallic glasses have intensively been studied due to their
possible application as hydrogen storage materials. On the other hand, they can be used as
precursors in the synthesis of new nanocrystalline phases with interesting physical andchemical properties. Devitrification and nanocrystallization of Mg rich metallic glasses
leads to the formation of the metastable Mg6Ni phase. During continuous heating Mg6Niphase transforms to the equilibrium αMg and Mg2Ni.
The present study aims understanding of the mechanism and kinetics of Mg6Ni
formation in a metallic glass with composition Mg88Ni12. Thermal stability andcrystallization kinetics are studied by means of DSC under pure argon atmosphere. The
DSC curves show that the crystallization is a two step process. αMg phase crystallizes
first at 433 K and then Mg6Ni phase at 478 K. Isothermal calorimetric curves in thetemperature range 438 – 448 K are obtained. JMKA equation is found to describe
adequately the nanocrystallization kinetics studied and Avrami exponent of n = 3 isobtained, showing three-dimensional linear growth mechanism. The activation energy ofthe process is found to be Q = 584±83 kJ/mol. DSC study at different heating rates (2.5 –40 K/min) allowed determination of the effective activation energy for the two
crystallization reactions by the Kissinger method. The activation energies obtained are
188±8 kJ/mol for the Mg phase crystallization and 197±84 kJ/mol.

175

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Advances in Waste Management II
SDEWES.2009.184

Waste Management Activities and GHG
Emission Control in Croatia
A. Anić Vučinić*1, A. Hublin2, N. Ružinski1*

aleksandra.anic@fsb.hr

1

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Department ofEnergy, Power Engineering and Environment, Croatia
2
Ekonerg Ltd., Croatia

ABSTRACT
Climate change policy is one of the key factors in the achievement of sustainable
development in the Republic of Croatia. Control and mitigation of greenhouse gases(GHG) is correlated with all economy activity. Waste management is one of the maintasks of the environmental protection in the Republic of Croatia. Waste Management
Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (OG 130/05) and Waste Management Plan in the
Republic of Croatia (OG 85/07) define the concept of waste management hierarchy anddirect and indirect measures as criterion for sustainable waste management establishment.
The main constituent of this system is waste avoiding and minimization, as well as
increasing of recycling and recovery level of waste and landfill gas, which also represent
GHG mitigation measures.
Contribution of the methane emission from landfills amounts about 1-2% of the total
GHG emission in Croatia. Climate change control and mitigation measures as an integral
part of waste management sectoral strategies represent measures for achievement of
national objectives towards GHG emission reduction, which Croatia has accepted in theframework of Kyoto Protocol.

176

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.369

Waste Management in Rural Areas in
Styria/Austria - Potentials of Optimization
Under the Aspect of Demographic Changes
and Depopulation
W. Fischer*1*

wolfgang.fischer@uni-graz.at

1

University of Graz, Geography and Regional Science, Austria

ABSTRACTThe suggested paper deals with 'Waste management in rural areas in Styria/Austria potentials of optimization under the aspect of demographic changes and depopulation'. In
many rural regions in Austria there is a need of the adaption of waste management
structures in such areas. They are strongly affected by a negative demographic change inthe sense of an aging of rural population together with a thinning process in manymunicipalities. Beside this social aspect also the economic aspect becomes more and more
important. A decreasing number of populations together with lower incomes for themunicipalities on the one hand and the high requirements to the infrastructure (e.g. waste
collection systems) which became more expensive during the years cry for innovative
solutions. These could be a new kind of cooperation between municipalities on the one
side and tailor made offers for the costumers. At the example of selected municipalities in
Styria both cooperation models on the basis of Private-Public-Partnerships and remunicipalisation will be shown and discussed and methods of generating optimization
data will be introduced in this paper. The focus lies on collection centers for potential
recyclable waste material. Nowadays these centers are of increasing interest for waste
collection companies and municipalities because well separated recyclable wastematerials allow additional incomes. Of course all mentioned aspects will be lighted under
the actual economic situation and expected development.

177

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.419

Analysis of Sustainable System for Energy
Recovery from Municipal Waste in Croatia
D. R. Schneider*1, Ž. Bogdan1*

daniel.schneider@fsb.hr

1

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University ofZagreb, Department of Energy, Power Engineering and Environment,
Croatia

ABSTRACT
Efficient waste management is one of preconditions for sustainable development ofeach country. In spite of increasing share of waste which is separately collected for the
purpose of recycling and recovering, the quantity of waste that finishes at the landfills is
growing each year. Therefore, the EU has recently prescribed that the waste which has notbeen previously treated will not be allowed to be disposed to landfills. The principles ofsustainable development state that such treatment should also include material and energy
recovery.
The paper focuses on the segment of energy recovery from municipal solid waste in
Croatia. The state strategy is based on the mechanical and biological treatment of waste in
the future waste management centers. Left over after the treatment is waste that can beused as fuel (e.g. refuse derived fuel, RDF). RDF can be used as a substitute fuel incement kilns and thermal power plants as well as in dedicated waste-to-energy plants.
Starting from the geographical distribution of the waste generation (quantities andtransport distances), taking into account the costs of collection, transfer and thermal
treatment, recommendations on optimal number and size of the plants as well as the
choice of the possible locations for the future waste-to-energy plants in Croatia are given.
Second part of the paper examines opportunity of the cement industry in Croatia toutilize ash from thermal treatment of waste in the process of the cement production andthe RDF as a substitute fuel.

178

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.476

Waste to Energy by Industrially Integrated
Scwg -effects of Alkali Salts in Real Biomass
Streams
I. Rönnlund*1, L. Myréen1, K. Lundqvist1, J. Ahlbeck1, T.
Westerlund1*

ida.ronnlund@abo.fi

1
Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Technology, Process Design and
Systems Engineering Laboratory, Finland

ABSTRACTSupercritical water gasification is a method, with which biomass can be converted
into a hydrogen-rich product gas. Industrial waste streams, containing both organic andinorganic material, are well suited for treatment by SCWG. The results are however
highly dependent on the type of material that is gasified and the types of inorganic
material that are present. Two streams of biomass resulting from the pulp and paperindustry have been studied to investigate the outcome of supercritical water gasification ofthese specific feeds. The purpose of the process is to convert these to useful products,
both gaseous and solids, which can be used internally in the process or in external
applications.
The gasified streams were paper sludge from the papermaking process and black
liquor from the pulping process. The experiments were performed in laboratory scale, inan experimental reactor system, which has been constructed for the purpose ofinvestigating the suitability of supercritical water gasification of various industrial waste
streams. The differences in the composition of the material showed large effects on thegasification results. Especially the high alkali content in black liquor proved to beimportant for achieving high gas yields, rich in hydrogen and without carbon monoxide.
The slippery character of alkali also made the feed easily handled at high dry matter
contents. Experiments with alkali salt addition to paper sludge showed similar results asblack liquor, thus confirming the high influence of alkali on gasification. Mixing paper
sludge with black liquor produced similar results as when pure alkali salts where mixed
with paper sludge, thus making it possible to raise the dry matter content and gasification
yield without expensive additives.

179

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.171

Utility Services in The Light of Transition
Changes
L. Runko Luttenberger*1*

lidija.luttenberger@ri.htnet.hr

1

Komunalac d.o.o. Opatija, Croatia

ABSTRACTThe paper analyses social, technical, spatial and commercial contexts of utility
provision and use that are changing. The new pressures for change, besides privatizationand liberalization of utility service markets also include the tightening of enviromnetal
standards, new forms of economic incentives, the high cost of network modrnization,competition between a growing number of viable technologies, uncertainty over future
consumption patterns and overcapacity in some networks. Particular attention is focusedon the area of water supply, wastewater and solid waste management services. The author
proposes possible solutions for controlling the quality of services from the part of publicauthorities.

180

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Solar Thermal Heat and Power I
SDEWES.2009.167

Exergetic Comparison of Two Different
Cooling Technologies for The Power Cycle of a
Solar Thermal Plant
A. M. Blanco-Marigorta*1, M V. Sanchez-Henriquez1, J. A. PenaQuintana1*

ablanco@dip.ulpgc.es

1

University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Department of Process
Engineering, Spain

ABSTRACT
Exergetic analysis is without any doubt a powerful tool for developing, evaluating
and improving an energy conversion system. In the present paper, two different coolingtechnologies for the power cycle of a 50 MWe Solar Thermal Plant are compared fromthe exergetic view point.
The Ranking cycle design is a conventional, single reheat design with 5 closed and 1
open extraction feedwater heaters. The software package Gate Cycle is used for thethermodynamic simulation of the Rankine cycle model. The first design configuration
uses a cooling tower while the second configuration uses an air cooled condenser.
With this exergy analysis we identify the location, magnitude and the sources orthermodynamic inefficencies in this thermal system. This information is very useful for
improving the overall efficency of the system and for comparing the performance of bothtechnologies.

181

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.415

Study of Performance Characteristics of a
Solar Thermal Water Pump
M. Haneef1, C. Muraleedharan*1*

murali@nitc.ac.in

1

National Institute of Technology Calicut, Mechanical Engineering, India

ABSTRACT
Solar energy, a clean form of energy, is falling on earth’s surface in plenty. Solar
thermal water pump is working by utilizing the pressure difference during thecondensation and evaporation of working substance employing solar energy as input. In
the present work, a water pump is designed and fabricated with di-ethyl ether as working
medium. This experimental pump is capable of lifting water more than 5m. The
performance of the pump is studied, and even if the efficiency is very low, the device
developed is suitable for agricultural and domestic level operation, as it is simple,
compact, automatic and uses the energy available at free of cost.

182

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.289

Simulation of a Stand-alone Solar Thermal
Electric Power System with Integrated Longterm Energy Storage
R. Adinberg*1*

roman.adinberg@weizmann.ac.il

1

Weizmann Institute of Science, Solar energy research, Israel

ABSTRACTThis study aims to develop of a solar thermal electric power system operating
continuously 24 hours daily during a year. The electric power generation is supposed tocover load demands by using solar concentrated power (CSP) as the dominant,approaching 100%, energy source, despite of the intermittent nature of solar irradiation.
CPS has been already proven as the most efficient and cost-effective form of solar powerfor industrial scale utilities in areas with more than 2 MWh/m2 of annual direct normal
irradiation. The major CSP technologies are the parabolic trough, linear Fresnel troughand power tower, which can be applied for electricity production via the conventional
Ranking steam cycle. The overall power system design development is focused on thelong-term solar energy storage as an ecologically safe alternative to the state-of-the-art
hybrid solar-fossil fuel power cycles, for which the solar share is below 30% of the totalload during a year.
The considered general scheme of a stand-alone solar electric power plant consists offour major components: a solar collector (e.g. parabolic troughs), a thermal energy storage
unit, a power block (e.g. electrical generators), and an energy management system. In
order to quantify the energy storage capacity demanded for a yearlong storage system,
statistical analyses were performed based upon the available databases of solar radiation
flux measurements and the location-time related urban area electric load profiles.
The results of simulations reveal the storage capacity variability on a one-hourtimescale during a year of continuous operation. The nominal storage capacity value canreach approximately 5-10% of the total annual energy consumption, depending on theload profile. The performance of a long-term energy storage is characterized from thestandpoints of basic thermal cycles (charge, discharge, both merged) and typicaloperational modes (stable and transient conditions of power input/output, peaking load
response).
Conclusions are drawn about feasibility of the existent thermal storage technologies
to match the long-term process requirements for stand alone solar power applications.

183

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.650

Solar Hot Water Self-production on
Venezuelan Andes
A. Micangeli*1*

andrea.micangeli@uniroma1.it

1"Sapienza" University of Rome, CIRPS - Ineruniversity Research Centerfor the Sustainable Development, Italy

ABSTRACT'Hot water from the Sun' is a project on solar energy that was successfully complete
together with some Andes communities in December 2008 in the municipality of Rangel,in the Federate State of Merida Venezuela. A development project can't leave asidetechnology and its overall applications, but at the same time, it can't replace humanreason, history and traditions with advancement. 'Hot water from the sun' is a project on
self-construction of solar panels made up of local and low cost materials in the ruralcommunities of the Venezuelan Paramo (a poor and isolated area in the Andes
Mountains'. A theoretical training on technology and practical workshops on selfconstruction were hold in the target families belonging to the communities. In thesemeeting, it was built a solar collector with an hydraulic circuit that was used in the target
families' houses.
Solar thermal technology has been successfully used in different contexts and it has
proved to be useful also in developing countries, such as Venezuela. There, daily solar
radiation reaches 5 kWh during the whole year, guaranteeing thermal energy supply toheat sanitary water. The project is valuable because it develops energy directly frombottom: the communities that need it most.
In order to realize the project, we first adopted a 'basic needs approach'. Caribana
association, that has been working in the area since a long time, collected the real needs of
local populations. In the whole framework, 'appropriate technology' means the applicationof technical tools that are useful and accepted by those who received them.
The distinguishing features of the area is its geographical position, and especially its
height. Every communities is placed on Andean Mountains' steep slopes (Mucuchies, themain city is 3000 m over the sea level) and even if it is an equatorial area, thetemperatures are cold. It was found that the main problem is related to sanitarian
problems: arthritis and rheumatism, because of cold water's usage for houses cleaning andclothes washing (water at 5°C) and children affected by infective diseases because of
insufficient personal hygiene.

184

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.485

Monitoring and Dynamic Simulation of An
Existing Solar Powered Absorption Cooling
System in Zaragoza (spain)
C. Monné1, S. Alonso1, F. Palacin2, L. M. Serra*3*

serra@unizar.es

1

University of Zaragoza, Mechanical Engineering, Spain
National Renewable Energy Centre (CENER), Bioclimatic Architecture
Department , Spain
3
Universidad de Zaragoza, Group of Thermal Engineering and Energy
Systems (GITSE) - Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A),
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Spain
2

ABSTRACT
Since two years ago the performance of a solar powered absorption coolinginstallation has been analyzed. The installation supplies the cooling demand of a
gymnasium placed in the University of Zaragoza. The solar cooling system consists
mainly of 37.5 m2 of flat plate collector, a 4.5 kW, single effect, BrLi-H2O rotary
absorption chiller and a dry cooler tower to cool the absorption cycle. Additionally, thesystem includes a 700 liter hot water storage tank, to solve the temporal mismatch
between the gymnasium cooling demand and the solar offer, two fan coils are used for the
distribution of the cooling energy and the driving heat for the chiller is provided by two
gas boiler when the solar heat is not enough. To carry out the installation analyses, thesystem was consequently monitored.
The performance analyses of the solar driven chiller have shown average values of
COP close to 0.6 in 2007 and between 0.46 and 0.56 in 2008. Concerning to the averagecooling power, the chiller reaches values between 4.0 y 5.6 kW in 2007 and between 3.6
and 5.3 kW in 2008.
During the analyses phase, a detailed model of the solar cooling system wasdeveloped using the simulation environment TRNSYS. Monitored climatic data of theinstallation location has been used to develop the model. Furthermore, a detailed model ofthe rotary absorption chiller was implemented to be included in the whole installation
model. The dynamic simulation model was validated and compared with the measured
data. The simulation results show a good agreement with the measurements. Thus themodel will be used for the evaluation of further investigations and improvements in the
installation.
The measured data as well as the simulation results of the installation show the strong
influence of the cooling water temperature and the generator driving temperature on the
COP. The simulation results also show the improvement capacity of the installation
performance with others control strategies.
After the experimental and simulation evidence of the influence of the cooling watertemperature, a geothermal cooling system has been studied and executed. The installation

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

with the new variation starts to work the present 2009 year. With the geothermal coolingsystem it is expected that the COP of the chiller will be improved up to 42% more thanthe current one.

186

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIAHeat and Mass Transfer in Energy andEnvironment Systems II
SDEWES.2009.178

Pollutant Transport Models in Porous Media
M. A. Balint*1, S. Balint2*

balint@physics.uvt.ro1

West University of Timisoara, Physics, Romania
West University of Timisoara, Mathematics and Computer Science,
Romania2

ABSTRACTIn this paper pollutant transport in porous media models are presented. The purpose
is to identify in this way different water purification technologies and identify those which
are sustainable or suggest new water purification technologies.

187

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.179

Heat and Mass Transfer Models in
Semiconductor Crystal Growth Technology
M. A. Balint*1, S. Balint2*

balint@physics.uvt.ro1

West University of Timisoara, Physics, Romania
West University of Timisoara, Mathematics and Computer Science,
Romania2

ABSTRACTIn this paper different heat and mass transfer models, appearing in semiconductor
crystal growth technology are presented. The purpose is to compare in this mannertechnologies and identify those which are sustainable, eventually suggest newtechnologies

188

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.340

Analytical Modelling of The Transport
Phenomena on Temperature and Moisture
History of Food During Drying Process
E. Barati1, J. A. Esfahani*1*

jaesfahani@gmail.com

1

Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mechanical Engineering, Iran

ABSTRACT
Forced convection by hot and dry air is the most widespread industrial technique to
execute food drying. In the literature, over 200 drying models have been offered forvarious foods, which are formally characterized by two different physical and empirical,
approaches. Food science is experiencing a transition from empirically based approach forquantifying the dehydration of dry food particulates to physically based models that are
mainly derived by some assumptions. As a general rule, there has been a need for moreexperimental validation and for establishing the usefulness of the approximate methods
for fully modelling drying process.
The complete description and accurate prediction of the drying have not still beenpossible. The mathematical formulation of heat and mass transfer in drying process isoften based on nonlinear unsteady equations. In general, numerical simulations are
required to solve these equations. Numerical modelling of food has been conducted in thepast. In some simple case, an analytical solution can be obtained for mass transfer
equation. Very often, in analytical procedure, indirect and simplified methods neglecting
fundamentals of the processes are used. The most common simplification is that the foodtemperature is constant and the heat transfer is neglected. This assumption lets solve themass transfer equation analytically but decreases the ability to reproduce experimental
drying data.
This research presents a new mathematical model for both heat and mass transfer
occurring during drying of sliced foods. The main connotation of this study regards thepossibility of using analytical solution for simultaneous heat and mass transfer. The model
considers fundamentals of the drying process and takes internal resistance to temperatureand moisture into account. This model regards the evaporative heat transfer at the surface
of product which is interesting for our study. Considering analytical solution, the focal
innovation introduced in this study is represented with the model formulation. In thisprocedure the same concept of solution is applied for both heat and mass transfer
equations. The verification of the model is made with numerical solution, which is
implemented by the authors, and a set of experimental results reported in the literature forcarrot sliced in slab form. The results reveal that there is nearly perfect match between thetemperature and moisture obtained by the analytical model and experiments. Numericaland analytical results have shown remarkable agreement and the predictions overlap andrelative errors never exceed 3%.

189

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.539

The Determination of Thermodynamic andTransport Properties for Modern Refrigerants
J. Avsec*1, A. Predin1*

jurij.avsec@uni-mb.si

1

University of Maribor, Faculty of Energy Technology, Slovenia

ABSTRACTIn the engineering practice refrigeration processes occuring in liquid-gas region areof vital importance. In order to design devices of this field of activity, it is necessary toknow the thermodynamic properties of state in a one and two phase environment for purerefrigerants and their mixtures.
In most cases the thermodynamic tables or diagrams or different empirical functions
obtained from measurement are used (classical thermodynamics). These equations are
more complicated but they have no insight into the microstructure of matter and poor
agreement with experimental data outside interpolation limits. Statistical thermodynamics
on the other hand, calculates the properties of the state on the basis of molecular motions
in a space and intramolecular interaction. The calculation of the thermodynamic functionsof state is possible by many statistical theories. One of the most successfully is theperturbation theory. Several equations of state have been published that are based on
perturbation theory. In this paper we compared new Tang-Tong-Lu (TTL) model, ChunxiYigui-Jiufang (CYJ) model, Johnson-Zollweg-Gubins (JZG) semi-empirical model, andMecke et al. (MMWF) model. All these models are based on Lennard-Jones
intermolecular potential function. The Lennard-Jones intermolecular potential is an
important model for studying of simple fluids in one and two-phase region. It is widelyused as a reference potential in perturbation theories for more complex potentials .
The paper features the mathematical model of computing equilibrium andnonequilibrium thermophysical properties of state in the liquid and gas domain for purerefrigerants and mixtures with the help of classical thermodynamics and statistical
thermodynamics. The paper features all important contributions (translation, rotation,internal rotation, vibration, intermolecular potential energy and influence of electron andnuclei excitation). To calculate the thermodynamic properties of real fluid the models on
the base of Lennard-Jones intermolecular potential were applied. To calculate thethermodynamic properties of real fluid with help of classical thermodynamics we used
Tillner-Roth-Watanabe-Wagner (TRWW) equation on the base of Helmhotz type. We
developed the mathematical model for the calculation of all equilibrium andnonequilibrium thermodynamic functions of state for pure refrigerants. The analyticalresults obtained by statistical thermodynamics are compared with the TRWW model andshow relatively good agreement.

190

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIAApproaches to Sustainable Development:
Methodologies I
SDEWES.2009.103

Comparison and Analysis of Three World
Energy Models
P. Pilavachi*1, D. Pappas1, J Guilmot2*

ppilavachi@uowm.gr

1

University of Western Macedonia, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Greece2
ESAP SA, Belgium

ABSTRACTThis paper compares the assumptions and the results of three world energy models
until year 2030. The aim is to find out the differences between the models, to detect thereasons behind the different forecasts or the perceptions and to examine to what extend
they influence society. Since the forecasts and energy scenarios may vary from one region
to another, beforehand there is no 'right scenario'. The analysis of the results anddevelopments that are described in the long-term scenarios and their impacts in the shortterm planning constitute the core of this study.

191

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.196

Energy Wedges: a Systematic Way of
Addressing Energy Security and Climate
ChangeL. Hughes*1*

larry.hughes@dal.ca

1Dalhousie University, Energy Research Group, Canada

ABSTRACT
Stabilization wedges were first proposed by Pacala and Socolow as a means ofaddressing climate change (Pacala & Socolow, 2004). They illustrate the potential policy
benefits of restricting all new energy supply and services to low- or non-carbon energy
sources, thereby effectively stabilizing existing greenhouse gas emissions at a known
level. This paper extends the stabilization wedge concept into three distinct energy
wedges that can be applied to energy security.
A methodology, known as the four ‘R’s of energy security, has been developed to
examine and propose improvements to a jurisdiction’s energy security (Hughes, 2009).
The wedges employ three of the ‘R’s: reduce (use less energy), replace (shift to securesources), and restrict (limit new demand to secure sources). The fourth ‘R’, review(understanding the problem), allows the identification of a jurisdiction’s energy supplies
and services.
All energy wedges have a horizontal axis (time) and a vertical axis (demand). The
effect on demand depends upon the type of wedge being applied. A reduction wedge
represents actions that reduce demand for a given energy service. Replacement wedges
are employed when an existing insecure or environmentally destructive energy source isreplaced by one that is secure. A restriction wedge is for new demand and limits the
supply to secure sources. All three wedges illustrate the annual interim steps required of ajurisdiction to meet some long-term target.
The three energy wedges can also be applied to environmentally-related energy
issues such as climate change. Ideally, the energy sources used for replacement andrestriction wedges should be both secure and environmentally benign; however, as history
has shown, when security of supply is lost, political expediency can lead to thedevelopment of wedges that favour security over the environment.
This paper introduces the fours ‘R’s of energy security and shows how they workwith energy wedges. Applications of energy wedges in different jurisdictions arepresented by considering various energy services and their energy supplies. The paper
also demonstrates the versatility of energy wedges: as an educational tool, as a policy
instrument, and as an energy scenario builder.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.012

Competing Dimensions of Energy Security: an
International Perspective
B. Sovacool*1*

sppbks@nus.edu.sg

1

National University of Singapore, Centre on Asia and Globalisation,
Singapore

ABSTRACT
How well are industrialized nations doing in terms of their energy security? Withouta standardized set of metrics, it is difficult to determine the extent that countries areproperly responding to the emerging energy security challenges related to climate change,
growing dependence on fossil fuels, population growth and economic development. In
response, we propose the creation of an Energy Security Index to inform policymakers,
investors and analysts about the status of energy conditions. Using the United States and21 other member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment (OECD) as an example, and looking at energy security from 1970 to 2007,
our index shows that only four countries—Belgium, Denmark, Japan, and the United
Kingdom—have made progress on multiple dimensions of the energy security problem.
The remaining 18 have either made no improvement or are less secure. To make thisargument, the first section of the article surveys the scholarly literature on energy security
from 2003 to 2008 and argues that an index should address accessibility, affordability,
efficiency, and environmental stewardship. Because each of these four components is
multidimensional, the second section discusses ten metrics that comprise an Energy
Security Index: oil import dependence, percentage of alternative transport fuels, on-road
fuel economy for passenger vehicles, energy intensity, natural gas import dependence,electricity prices, gasoline prices, sulfur dioxide emissions, and carbon dioxide emissions.
The third section analyzes the relative performance of four countries: Denmark (the top
performer), Japan (which performed well), the United States (which performed poorly),
and Spain (the worst performer). The article concludes by offering implications for policy.
Conflicts between energy security criteria mean that advancement along any one
dimension can undermine progress on another dimension. By focusing on a 10-pointindex, public policy can better illuminate such tradeoffs and can identify compensating
policies.

193

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.049

Developing an Integrated Sustainability
Assessment Tool for Urban Environments
M. Horner*1, M. El-Haram1*

r.m.w.horner@dundee.ac.uk

1

University of Dundee, Civil Engineering, United Kingdom

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the preliminary results of a four year EPSRC funded research
project whose aim is to produce an integrated sustainability assessment toolkit (ISAT)
providing a comprehensive and transparent framework that encourages key decisionmakers to systematically assess the sustainability of urban developments taking accountof scale, life cycle, location, context and all stakeholder values. Its principal purpose is toallow the user to determine in an integrated and holistic way the relative sustainability ofalternative designs taking account of the economic, environmental and social dimensionsof sustainability. The tool has a knowledge capture system embedded in it. It has been
designed for use predominantly on green or brown field sites, at all stages of a project’s
lifecycle and consists of 5 modules.
1. Module 1 is an input module defining the context and parameters of a scheme
2. Module 2 identifies sustainability impacts and their relative weights
3. Module 3 identifies the tool or tools whose output(s) are most likely to satisfy
the user’s requirements. The tools operate outside the ISAT environment andthe results are imported into
4. Module 4, which integrates their output using a multi-criteria decision-making
approach.
5. Module 5 is a reporting module allowing the outputs to be expressed in a variety
of ways.
The ISAT is delivered as a web application with an integrated help and comment
system, built in Ruby using the Rails framework, with all data stored in a MySQL
database so that anyone with a web browser can use it.
The paper will describe the tool, and highlight the challenges that faced its
development. In particular, it will explain how we:• produced amap of the sustainability assessment process for urban
developments based largely on the RIBA Plan of Work• identified and mapped the interrelationships between some 1600 sustainability
issues and some 900 indicators of sustainability, and how this very complex
landscape was reduced to about 20 key impacts• selected some 30 assessment tools for the ISAT to access from the 700 or sothat we identified,• set about integrating their outputs.

194

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.407

Identification of Neural and Regression
Models of Thermal Processes
W. Stanek*1, H. Rusinowski1, M. Budnik1, G. Szapajko1*

wojciech.stanek@polsl.pl

1

Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Thermal Technology,
Poland

ABSTRACT
Identification consists of the development of models mapping the relations between
inputs and outputs of the analyzed process. Such models are built basing on so called
identification experiment. The identification experiments can be based on results ofindustrial measurements or special measurements as well as can be based on simulativemodel of the process. Regression or neural empirical models obtained by means of theidentification process are rather simple and are characterized by relatively shortcomputational time. For this reason they can be effectively applied for simulation andoptimization of steering and regulation processes as well as for control and thermal
diagnosis of operation (eq. power plants or CHP plants). In the paper regression andneural models of thermal processes developed for systems of operation control of thermal
plants are presented. For the identification of developed models results of industrial
measurements, special measurements and results obtained by means of simulative models
have been applied. Theoretical-empirical models of processes proceeding in power plants
and CHP plants have been worked out. Simulative calculations basing on these models
have been carried out. Results of simulative calculations have been utilized for estimationof coefficient of parametric models and for determination of structure and weights ofneural models. Example results of identification of developed models have been presented
and discussed.

195

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.551

Application of Life Cycle Assessment for The
Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil Using the
Methodology "From Cradle to Cradle"
A. Castaneda*, J. Florez1, P. Acevedo1*

afxtoke@gmail.com

1

Universidad Industrial de Santander, Chemical Engineering, Colombia

ABSTRACT
Natural systems were perceived for a long time as sources and sinks of unlimited
resources. With population growth and the consequent growth of the exploitation systems
the shortage of resources began and there were begun to perceive the damage caused toecosystems by the activities that were being developed for decades. Form those resources
the one that most worries the international community is the petroleum, for this reason itis proposed the use of biofuels like the biodiesel. Colombia through governmental
maneuvers has proposed to become world-wide power in biofuels, but in the middle ofthis marathonic race it has not done the pertinent studies for such aim. This document
contains a study realized for the area of Puerto Wilches (Santander), palm zone for
decades and is projected as biodiesel-producer area in Colombia.
The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology was used contemplated inside theprocedure ISO 14040-2006 and ISO 14044-2006 with the new paradigm "from cradle tocradle' to quantify the entering and leaving flows in each of its stages. The stages included
In the LCA were: cultivation, crop, post crop, benefit and preparation of the fruits, oil
extraction process, estherification, biodiesel use in automobiles; as well as emissions andliquid unloading in all the stages; carbon life cycle closes with the reincorporation ofgases (CO2) to crops via photosynthesis.
The impact categories evaluated in this study were: climate change, acidification,
eutrophication, photochemical oxidants formation, respiratory effects and non-renewableenergy, giving as result the environmental profile from which it can be obtained thesolutions oriented to the reduction of the consumption of energy and emission generated
throughout the life cycle of the biodiesel obtained from palm oil

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Sustainable Manufacturing and Mining I
SDEWES.2009.084

Sustainability Assessment for Brownfieldregeneration. A Survey of Methods and Tools
S. Bartke*1, R. Schwarze1*

stephan.bartke@ufz.de

1Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of
Economics, Germany

ABSTRACTThe EU Soil Thematic Strategy aims at an adequate level of protection for all soils in
Europe and a harmonization of the diverse EU politics on soil. Specifically it calls for theapplication of sustainability concepts and methods as part of a harmonized, integrated
policy to prevent further soil degradation and to increase the re-use of brownfields. Thereis a set of tools available for the sustainability assessment (SA) of brownfield regeneration
projects, for example the 'Land-Value-Balance-Sheet' (developed by the German EPA),
the Sustainability Assessment Tool of RESCUE (a multi-year research programme underEU's FRP5) or the multi-criteria approach currently developed at the US-EPA (STELLA).
How do these approaches compare in concepts, methods and procedures? What are theiraims and target groups? How do they fit into existing decision support and land-use
planning procedures? Are there general criteria to measure the quality of SA tools? And
how do these tools compare based on this criteria? These are the questions addressed andsubsequently answered in this paper. The overall goal is to provide a comprehensive
overview and meta-analysis on existing SA tools for brownfield regeneration in Europe
and the U.S.

197

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.381

Sustainable Mining and Recultivation
I. Ristovic1, M. Stojakovic*2*

misa.stojakovic@rbkolubara.rs

1

Faculty of Mining and Geology, Mining and Environmental Protection,
Serbia2
Coal Mine Kolubara, Serbia

ABSTRACT
Kolubara Coal Company are producing about 30 milions t of coal and digging about
70 millions m3 of overburden per one year. From Kolubara coal is producing more then
50% of electricity in Serbia. Every year bucket wheel excavators are excavating few km2
of lends in front of the open pit mines and stackers are making equivalent surfs of dumps.
Sustainability development requirements recultivation of dumps. It is very serious task.

198

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.141

Possibility of CO2 Emissions Decreasing in
Cement Industry
G. Stefanovic*1, G. Vuckovic2*

goca@masfak.ni.ac.rs

1

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Thermal and Chemical
Engineering, Serbia
2
University of Nis, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Serbia

ABSTRACTThe cement industry contributes about 5% to global anthropogenic CO2 emissions,and is thus an important sector in CO2-emission mitigation strategies. Carbon dioxide isemitted from the calcination process of limestone, from combustion of fuels in the kiln,
and from the coal combustion during power generation. Strategies to reduce these CO2
emissions include energy efficiency improvement, new processes, a shift to low carbon
fuels or waste fuels in cement production, increased use of additives in cement
production, alternative cements, and CO2 removal from flue gases in clinker kilns.
Increased use of fly ash as an additive to concrete has a number of advantages, theprimary being reduction of costs of fly ash disposal, resource conservation, and cost
reduction of the product. Since the production of cement requires a large amount ofenergy, about (2.9±3.2 GJ/t), the substitution of cement by fly ash saves not only energy
but also reduces the associated greenhouse gas emissions.
The paper evaluates the reduction of CO2 emissions that can be achieved by thesemitigation strategies, as well as by partial substitution of cement by fly ash. The latter isimportant because the quality of the produced concrete depends on the physico-chemical
properties of the fly ash and thus partial substitution as well as the type of fly ash (e.g, thecontent of CaO) have an effect not only on energy consumption and emsissions, but also
on the produced concrete quality.

199

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.444

Development of Biological Systems for
Monitoring, Removal and Recovery of
Chromium and Mercury
L. Campanella1, R. Dragone1, N. Bruzzese1, M. Tomassetti1, M.
Papacchini*2*

maddalena.papacchini@ispesl.it

1
2

University of Rome "La Sapienza", Chemistry Department, Italy
ISPESL, DIPIA, Italy

ABSTRACTThe effect from exposure to toxic chromium is depending on the state of oxidation of
the metal. The hexavalent chromium is toxic to all the organisms, while the trivalentchromium has a lower toxicity. This toxicity is related to the process of reduction of
Cr(VI) to the lowest oxidation states in which free radicals are produced. Somemicroorganisms and plants have the ability to concentrate large amounts of heavy metals
and are used as biosorbent for metal monitoring and recovery, for treatment of urban andagro-industrial wastewater, and for remediation of water and soil. Here, to study thebioadsorption of chromium the algae Spirulina maxima, the yeast Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, and the plant Vetiver zizanioides were tested. For each biological system wehave identified and optimised biochemical and kinetic variables in order to highlight thecritical parameters, such as time and pH, to improve the efficiency of the system also infunction of Cr(IV) to Cr(III) speciation. Positive data of analytical utility were obtainedwith the alga after 60 minutes and with the yeast after 90 minutes of exposure.
Preconcentration gives the best results with algae after 120 and 180 minutes. For
environmental applications and bioremediation positive results were achieved with theplant Vetiver. As a result, these systems can be proposed for analytical purpose andenvironmental remediation. The good performance and the optimisation of the methods
for chromium removal also suggest the applicability of the same biological systems to thebivalent free or compelled mercury (i.e. methyl-mercury).

200

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Solar Thermal Heat and Power II
SDEWES.2009.604

Solar Tracking System for Rural Parabolic
Concentrators in Chad
A. Micangeli*1, E. Bonacci2*

andrea.micangeli@uniroma1.it

1"Sapienza" University of Rome, CIRPS - Ineruniversity Research Centerfor the Sustainable Development, Italy
2"Sapienza" University, CIRPS, Italy

ABSTRACT
Chad is living an heavy energetic crisis due to prohibition in using the wood coal forthe daily energy needs. Is increasing the use of dry wood for cooking with the result of
rapid growth of deforestation rate.
The EU is working to stop this phenomena financing many projects to stimulate theuse of alternative resources.
In the framework of the EU Project for 'Participatory Management of Forest
Resources and Promotion of Economic and Eco-compatible Initiatives in the Vallée du
Logon' about sixty Solar Parabolic Concentrators were distributed to the population.
The concentrators are plagued by many problems. The most significant was found tobe the solar orientation: when using the concentrator you should periodically repositioning the plate to maintain a high efficiency. If this is not, the time of use becomesunsustainable. Many concentrators are no longer used.
A system of automatic solar orientation that enhances the efficiency of existing
concentrators is proposed. It is applied to the existing structure as an addition to minimize
the costs of the intervention. It is made of materials readily available and very cheap.
The analysis of solar diagrams shows that it is possible to use a mono-axial (N-S
oriented) handling system with a negligible loss of yield. The angular velocity of the sunat the Earth's surface is about 0.26 rad/h during the whole year. In the 6 hours of dailyinterest is swept a mean angle of 90 degrees.
The system designed comply with the approximations already taken. It allows theconcentrator to maintain the proper position during the whole 6 hours/day taken inconsideration. This movement is made by a simple properly calibrated sand hourglass
system.
A weight, resting on a cap and connected to a chain of bike tight by a small
counterweight, will come down slowly because of the emptying of the hourglass full ofsand. A chain, combined with an existing cycling transmission crown will allow theconcentrator to rotate.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

An experimental law for the granular outflow was founded and used to estimate theexit section of the hourglass.
The energy and economic calculation shows that the full-time use of this type ofparabolic concentrator allows the saving of 982 kg/year of firewood and 1.528
kgCO2/year are the avoided emissions related with a payback period of only 5 months.

202

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.493

A Methodology to Study the Effect ofGeometrical Dimensions of a Basin Type Solar
Still
M. Feilizadeh*, M. Soltanieh1, K. Jafarpur1, S. Ashrafmansouri1, M.
R. Karimi Estahbanati1*

m.feilizadeh@gmail.com

1

Sharif University of Technology, Chemical Engineering, Iran

ABSTRACTA new radiation model for investigating the performance of a basin solar still is
proposed which for the first time accounts for the effect of all walls on the amount ofincident solar radiation to the base and water. The prediction of this model is in very good
agreement with present data. Then, the effect of geometrical dimensions of the still on
productivity has been investigated theoretically. The result shows the system efficiency
decreases by increasing the height of solar still but it increases by extending the basin
length. Further, by an increase in width of the still, at first the system efficiency increases
to a maximum value and then it decreases. To maximize the annual efficiency, the widthis suggested to be half of the basin length.

203

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.137

Efficiency of Solar Ray Use by Parabolic,
Cylindrical Solar Concentrator for Heat
Production
M. Bojic*1, N. Marjanovic1, I. Miletic1*

bojic@kg.ac.rs

1

University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at
Kragujevac, Serbia

ABSTRACTLong stationary parabolic, cylindrical solar concentrator for heat production consistsof the aluminium absorber (with water pipes inside) and parabolic, cylindrical reflector(with metal surface) and has geometrical concentration ratio up to 4. It is of CP-180A
type. Direct solar radiation approaches the concentrator aperture at different angles andpathways. For different aperture angles and different kinds and types of metal surfaces of
the reflector, it would be investigated how efficiently the direct solar radiation reaches
absorber to be converted to heat by using software CATIA.

204

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Hydro, Wind, Geothermal I
SDEWES.2009.244

A Scoping Study of The Potential for MicroHydropower in Aberdeenshire Scotland
B. Slee*1*

b.slee@macaulay.ac.uk

1Macaulay Institute, Scoco-economcis research group, United Kingdom

ABSTRACT
Aberdeenshire in North East Scotland is a region of mixed farming, forestry and landfor sporting shooting (hunting) and fishing. In the past, water power was very widely usedin rural areas. Farms used water power to run mills for grain crops including for threshingand milling; forest owners or sawmillers used water power for sawmills; and many of thelarger estates had small hydropower plants. In addition, water power was widely used incloth and paper manufacture in both small and some quite large factories. The connectionof outlying rural areas to the national electricity grid and the decline of rural
manufacturing resulted in the closure and falling into neglect of many of these historicwater power sources. In recent years, there has been a revival of interest in water power as
new technologies offer prospects for low and high head hydropower generation.
This study uses hydrological data, archaeological records and a field survey of asample of known former water power sites to estimate the potential of these sites forprofitable hydropower production. The paper will present the interim findings of amultidisciplinary research programme undertaken in collaboration with Aberdeenshire
Council and Highlandeco-Design, an engineering company specialising in micro-hydro.
First, the study reviews the historical evidence of the use of hydropower in theregion. Second, it considers the available technologies for micro-hydro production. The
policy and planning environment with respect to renewable energy is then assessed, withparticular reference to hydropower development. The study then estimates, for a sample
of sub-regions within the council area, the potential yield of energy from such sources,
based on the use of Lowflow2000 to estimate water availability. It explains the basis of afield survey to feed information into a site suitability scoring system which has beendeveloped based on expert knowledge of the principal factors impeding and facilitatinghydropower development at a particular location. Such an approach gives a public sector
body such as Aberdeenshire Council, which has a strong commitment to support
renewables initiatives, a platform of knowledge to guide their policy of supporting
renewable energy production.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.047

Future Changes of Freshwater Needs in The
Electricity Production Sector: a European
Study
M. Flörke*1, I. Bärlund1, E. Teichert1*

floerke@usf.uni-kassel.de

1
University of Kassel, Center for Environmental Systems Research,
Germany

ABSTRACTThe future of Europe's waters will be influenced by a combination of many importantenvironmental, socio-economic, energy-related, political, and policy drivers. The main
drivers as such are climate change, population and economic developments, land usechange, energy consumption as well as technological improvements.
The objective of this work was to produce quantitative estimates of freshwater usedin the power production sector in Europe up to 2050 and to assess the impact of climatechange and changing electricity consumption on future water resources. At the same timechanging freshwater needs of other water use sectors, e.g. the domestic, manufacturing
and agricultural sectors were taken into account. In order to attain the goals of this study,a scenario approach and a modelling approach were combined. Two scenarios wereselected to cover the time horizon from the year 2000 (base year) to 2050: a baseline
scenario reflecting a continuation of current trends and a climate policy scenario assuming
policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The scenarios were developed through aparticipatory process within the framework of the SCENES project and address thequestion on how Europe's waters will look like in the future. The modelling approach wasselected to quantify the current and future European water use in the in a consistent way
and thus support the scenarios. Here, the water model WaterGAP (Water - Global
Assessment and Prognosis) was used as the tool to compute the scenarios for whole
Europe.
In a first step estimates of annual water withdrawals and consumption in theelectricity production sector were provided with a spatial resolution of 5 by 5 arc minutes
for the base year and 2050 considering the location of thermoelectric power plants in
Europe. Here we analysed the future trends in cooling water use compared to other water
use sectors. Then, in a second step, further analyses on a monthly time basis were carriedout focussing on river discharges during low flow seasons. Here low flow conditions were
calculated to assess the impact of climate change on river discharges and were related to
the future cooling water needs, especially for thermoelectric power plants using onethrough cooling systems. In this study the low flow to cooling water needs ratio was used
as an indicator to identify future hot spots where water is scarce and where problems ofrising water temperature may occur.

206

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.566

Hydrological Analysis in Trust (Life+
Environment Poilicy and Governance 2007)
Project
M. Ferri*1, F. Baruffi1, A. Galli2*

ferri@idra.unipd.it

1
2

Autorita di bacino dei Fiumi Alto Adriatico, Italy
SGI Studio galli Ingegneria SpA, Italy

ABSTRACTThe River Basin Authority Alto Adriatico is the river authority responsible for the
management of the rivers flowing into the Northern Adriatic Sea.
With the general purpose of contributing to the general objective of theme "Water
policy" the paper contributes the experience gained in the European project TRUST Tool for Regional-scale Assessment of ground water Storage improvement in adaptation
to climaTe change (LIFE + Environment Poilicy and Governance 2007) that focuses on
adapting the groundwater of the Italian Northern East plain to the adverse impacts offuture climate change. TRUST is focused on laying the basis for increasing aquifer
storage through managed artificial recharge (MAR) , also called "water banking". The
project is based on the use of state-of-the-art technologies and methodologies forenhancing the knowledge and management of groundwater - e.g. hydro-geologicalassessment and modelling, remote sensing and GIS, climate change models, managed
aquifer recharge.
The innovative aspect in TRUST consists in a different approach to the artificial
aquifer recharge technique. Managed aquifer recharge has been carried out for many years
to meet water demand under severe water scarcity conditions. TRUST promotes the waterbanking concept with the aim of anticipating future needs while restoring environmental
conditions. Water banking makes use of the natural holding capacity of an aquifer to store
water by means of artificial processes. In addition, TRUST has a high replicability
potential that enables it to be easily applied to other regions of the world featuring
appropriate geological conditions.
An overview and first result of the project are shown, focusing on the hydrologicalanalysis that has been developed using an accurate and robust of the hydrologic responsemodel. The model, of the geomorphologic - MonteCarlo type, reproduces stochastic andreal hydrographs and thereby the return period of peak flows and of any other feature ofengineering interest, including shapes and volumes. The salient geomorphic features ofthe basin is recovered by digital elevation model while the land cover analysis is based ondata from remote sensing. The model captures the essential physics of the relevant
processes, rather than merely reproducing a correspondence between inputs and outputs
within a finite set of observations. So predictive capabilities and robustness of the model
are showed.

207

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.251

Comparison of Operating Efficiency of Electricand Gas Heat Pump Regarding to Renewable
Energy Source
D. Rajković1, M. Sentić*2*

mislav.sentic@ina.hr

1Faculty of Mining,Geology and Petroleum Engineering, Petroleum
Engineering Department, Croatia
2
INA Naftaplin, Sektor Proizvodnje Nafte i Plina za JIE, Croatia

ABSTRACT
Rational use and managing with energy is basic presumption of sustainable
development. Economy with energy today is directed to using and promotion of puretechnologies, with high energetic efficiency and using of renewable sources, and all in
purpose of environmental protection.
During the last decade heat pump technology has attracted increasing attention as oneof the most promising technologies to save energy.
Exactly, heat compressor pumps represent technology with high energetic efficiency.
Heat pump is a device for moving heat from a low temperature heat source to a higher
temperature heat sink using the power for compressor running. In most cases, electricengine runs the compressor.
The efficiency of electric heat pump is defined with Coefficient of Performance(COP - heating factor). It is defined as the ratio of heat delivered by the heat pump and theelectric power for compressor running and auxiliaries. But, COP is not observed fromprimary energy source, it is observed after electroenergetic transformation. In this article
the electric heat pump running will be compared with the gas heat pump running fromprimary energy source (PER- primary energy ratio).
PER is ratio between useful heating energy and primary energy. Gas heat pump uses
a primary energy source without transformation in electric energy and has got a lower
CO2 emission. In this article, the major advantage of gas heat pump, the utilization of
exhausted heat from gas engine (from cooling water and exhausted gases) will be
described. Also, it will be described the two renewable energy sources: air and sea waterwith advantages and disadvantages.

208

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.605

Impact of National Legal Frameworks on
Increasing the Implementation of Small-scale
Hydro Electricity Plants (SHP) in Europe Experiences of Smart Project
Z. Guzovic*1, B. Matijasevic1, M. Antoniazzi2, G. Maffini2, S. Cassi2,
E. Garofalo3, D. Postiglione3, M. Maradin4, O. G. Gunnar Dahlhaug5,
L. T. Christoforidou6, M. Prosoparis6, H. Lunzer7*

zvonimir.guzovic@fsb.hr

1

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University ofZagreb, Department of Energy, Power Engineering and Environment,
Croatia2
Provincia di Cremona, Ufficio Energia - Settore Ambiente, Italy
3
CESI RICERCA, Italy
4
Karlovac County, Croatia
5
The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Institute of Energy
and Process Engineering, Norway
6
Regional Secretariat of Attica, Greece
7
Energieagentur Waldviertel, Austria

ABSTRACTIn the project SMART (Strategies to promote small scale hydro electricity productionin Europe) from the programme IEE (Intelligent Energy Europe) 7 institutions from 5
European states participate: Province of Cremona – Italy; CESI RICERCA SPA – Italy;
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb –Croatia; Karlovac Regional Authority – Croatia; Norwegian University of Science andTechnology – Norway; Regional Secretariat of Attica - Greece and Energieagentur
Waldviertel – Austria. The SMART proposal address to the complexity of thelegal/administrative processes to obtain concessions and the economical/financial
attraction of private investitors. One of the main objective of the project SMART is to
give clear contributions to pull down these non-technological barriers, as helpful tools for
European, national, regional and local authority decision-makers for increasing theimplementation of small-scale hydro electricity plants (SHP) on their own territory.
Therefore in this paper the results of investigations performed with aim to detection
and pull down these non-technological barriers will be presented, both in partner states(Italy, Croatia, Norway, Greece and Austria) and states in their neighbourhood (Portugal,
Spain, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Romania, Germany and Poland).
Investigations include:• analysis of inalienable principles regarding the right to use water;• analysis of the normatives about SHP;

209

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA• analysis of environmental and administrative procedures (legal SHP definition,

environmental impact assessment, obtaining the concession for use of thewater, the authorization to build a SHP, the authorization to connect theplants to the electric grid);• critical review of the different regulations (weak and strong points, mostimportant conflicts linked to the use of water), in previously cited states.
In conclusion of the paper strategies to improve existing regulations (common
methodology and tools) will be presented.

210

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIAApproaches to Sustainable Development:
Methodologies II
SDEWES.2009.445

Environmental Data Management: National
Polluted Sites Indicators
C. Simeoni*1, S. Ansaldi2, A. Nebbioso2, A. Tosti2*

carla.simeoni@ispesl.it

1
2

ISPESL, DIPIA, Italy
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Prevention, Italy

ABSTRACTIn Italy the Ministry of the Environment and Protection of the Territory and the Sea
is the leadering authority when it comes to planning intervention to remediate chemicallyand biologically contaminated sites that refers to all areas where, following previous orcurrent human activities, an alteration of the land, surface and underground waters has
been certified with concentrations exceeding standards established by regulations.
The Italian Decree 152/2006 and following amendment (d.lgs 16 January 2008, n.4)
which replaces the former relevant Decree 471/1999, constitutes the core of the Italianlegislation concerning contaminated sites. This Decree establishes rules for planning
criteria, procedures and modalities for the environmental security, reclamation andrecovery of polluted sites. The Ministry of the Environment relies on several Institutes
that includes ISPESL: (National Institute for Occupational Prevention and Safety). This isa technical and scientific body of the Italian National Health Service and its main
activities are research and training in public and workers' health.
Considering the environmental importance of these sites we have constructedindicators to give information on reclamation activities: safety measures, characterisation
and risk analysis. Since the reclamation sites activity is very complex, indicators provide amore practical and economical way to track the state of the environment. Indicators are auseful tool for governments, non-government organizations and research institutions tocommunicate the state of the environment to the general public and decision makers.
In order to compute indicators an information system on contaminated sites data has
also been developed. It allows powerful management of a greater number of informationand permits fast and direct access to them.

211

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.291

Environmental Systems and Sustainable
Development in Physical Planning
D. Vranješ*1, B. Prtoljan2, N. Pavlus1, B. Horvat1*

domagoj.vranjes@igh.hr

12

Institut IGH, Planning and environmental protection department, Croatia
Croatian Geological Survey, Croatia

ABSTRACTIn modern societies all major development projects start off with expert proposals
and political adoption of a relevant physical development plan. As we witness many ofdevelopment and conservation discrepancies in our environment today, some major issues
regarding the planning process must be emphasized. In order to take a greater step
towards planning more sustainable solutions, it is necessary to build a framework forreaching better decisions in the early planning phase. As a part of the larger scientificproject, environmental system of Konavle area in Croatia was analysed by means ofinterdisciplinary research. Case study carried out on Cavtat urban area points out thatrecent and planned urban growth is increasingly disregarding environmental values andvulnerabilities. Results and methodology presented in this paper are submitted forconsideration to both physical and landscape planners, since the quality of planning
decisions, primarily in the field of natural resources exploitation; biological and landscapediversity, soil, water and wind, is of critical importance for sustainable development.

212

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.241

A Prediction of The Exergy Loss of World’s
Mineral Reserves in The 21st Century
A. Valero1, A. Valero1, A. Martínez*1*

amayamg@unizar.es

1

CIRCE Foundation - University of Zaragoza, Spain

ABSTRACTThis paper makes an assessment of the exergy loss of the main produced minerals in
the world throughout the 21st century, namely for coal, oil, natural gas, iron, aluminiumand copper. The reason for using the exergy analysis as an assessment tool is because it
takes into account the main physical features that make a natural resource valuable:
concentration, composition and quantity. Furthermore, using the same unit ofmeasurement (energy) allows comparing and adding all minerals considered. The
prediction of the mineral reserves has been accomplished with the help of five different
scenarios. The first scenario assumes that production of all commodities will follow thewell known Hubbert’s bell shaped curve. The other four models are based on the IPCC’s
SRES scenarios for fossil fuel consumption and the Hubbert peak model for non-fuelminerals. The results of this study show that there might not be enough resources forsatisfying the predicted future mineral demand.

213

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.197

Visualizing Energy Security: an Analytic
Hierarchical Process Approach
L. Hughes*1, N. Sheth1*

larry.hughes@dal.ca

1Dalhousie University, Energy Research Group, Canada

ABSTRACTEnergy security can be defined as the reliable supply of energy at an affordable price(IEA 2001). Unlike climate change, energy security has no easy method of measurement.
Greenhouse gas emissions can be measured quantitatively and expressed in terms of theirglobal warming potential; however, the same cannot be said for energy security, as it is aqualitative rather than quantitative measurement.
Despite this limitation, a tool that supports the ranking of different energy sources
used by a jurisdiction in terms of their relative importance to its economic and social
health. Such a ranking would give the public, policy-makers, and politicians a clearer
understanding of the jurisdiction's energy mix and the state of its energy security.
This paper proposes a means of ranking energy sources using Analytic Hierarchy
Process (or AHP), a multi-criteria decision analysis technique commonly used for energy
and environmental modeling. The design employs three criteria:, supply, infrastructure,
and affordability, which are applied to the energy sources consumed by the jurisdiction orenergy services within the jurisdiction. The resulting ranking produces an energy security
index for each energy source; the higher the ranking, the more secure the source. The
ranking, when used in conjunction with the consumption associated with each energy
source, can be displayed graphically to permit a rapid visual interpretation of the state ofenergy security in the jurisdiction.
The paper includes a detailed discussion of how AHP was used to allow qualitative
information to be converted into a measured index of energy security. Case studies fromseveral jurisdictions are presented and analyzed through the specially developed energy
security analysis software. Other uses of the tool are also discussed, including as a
scenario tool to consider ways of improving energy security by changing the energy mix.

214

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.457

Modelling the Dependence Structure Between
Crude Oil and Refined Products
L. De Mello*1, S. Trück1*

ldemello@efs.mq.edu.au

1

Macquarie University Sydney, Department of Economics, Australia

ABSTRACT
We investigate the asymmetric dependence structure between the price returns fromcrude oil and refined products. In most applications, this relationship is modeled in thelevel form by estimating the long-run relationship between the prices using standard andasymmetric error correction models with mixed evidence. We contribute to the literature
through the use of copulas for modeling the complex structure between crude oil andvarious refined products in this closely dependent integrated market. Investigating thenonlinear relationship between the return series via the application of different copulafunctions gives us a better representation of the dependence structure. We find that inparticular in the tails of the distributions the use of correlation as the only measure ofdependence clearly underestimates the risk of joint extreme price movements. On theother hand, copula models represent a more general method for deriving the nature ofdependence and provide an appropriate fit also for the tails of the bivariate distributions.
Our results have important implications for hedging and risk management for the refined
petroleum industry.

215

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Advances in Waste Management III
SDEWES.2009.286

Performance Analysis of Energy Recovery in
An Italian Municipal Solid Waste Landfill
G. Zappini*1, P. Cocca1, D. Rossi1*

giovanni.zappini@ing.unibs.it

1

University of Brescia, Department of Mechanical and Industrial
Engineering, Italy

ABSTRACTIn this paper an Italian municipal solid waste landfill has been analyzed. The plant,
operating since 1998, was designed for landfill gas energy recovery. The aim of this paper
is to analyze the performance of this system during its operating time; the authors will
also analyze an alternative solution, based on fuel cell technology. The two solutions
studied will be compared. An economic analysis will be performed, considering the costeffectiveness of the current solution in comparison with a solution based on the molten
carbonate fuel cell technology, particularly suitable for landfill gas (LFG) energy
conversion. The economic analysis will take into account some environmental
externalities, such as air pollution externalities, generally not considered in traditional
economic profitability assessment. This with the aim of identifying the most economic
and sustainable technology for the case studied, as well as providing some new insights
regarding LFG energy conversion.

216

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.309

Microwave Pyrolysis, a Novel Process for
Recycling Waste Automotive Engine Oil
S. S. Lam*1, A. Russell1, H. Chase1*

ssl28@cam.ac.uk

1

University of Cambridge, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology,
United Kingdom

ABSTRACT
Used automotive oil was treated using a microwave-induced pyrolysis process, with
the intention of assessing the suitability of the process in recovering valuable products
from this otherwise difficult to dispose of waste. The resulting pyrolysis gases werecondensed into liquid oil; the yield and composition of the recovered oil and remaining
incondensable gases was determined, and these were compared with those arising from
fresh oil. Process temperature was shown to have a significant effect on the overall yieldand formation of the recovered oils. The recovered liquid and gaseous pyrolysis products
contained various light hydrocarbons which could be used as valuable industrial
feedstock. Our results indicate that microwave pyrolysis shows extreme promise as ameans for disposing of problematic waste oil. The recovery of valuable products showsadvantage over traditional, more destructive disposal methods, and suggests excellent
potential for scaling the process to the commercial level.

217

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.337

Health Care Waste Production: Measures andEstimates in "V. Cervello" Hospital, Palermo,
Italy
S. Nicosia*1, P. A. Lanza2, M. Mosca3, A. Lima4*

salvatore.nicosia@unipa.it

1

Universita degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica e
Applicazioni Ambientali, Italy
2
Universita degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica ed
Applicazioni Ambientali , Italy3
Consultant Engineer, Italy
4
Consultant Engineer, Italy

ABSTRACT
A monitoring work was carried out in May/June 2007 in one large hospital located inPalermo. The monitoring consisted in weighing the infectious waste containers filled insome Departments purposely chosen. As a second stage of the work a comparison was
attempted between the results obtained from the waste production monitoring and the
Health Care Facility's purchases recorded in the same time. A restricted list of purchased
products out of the general one was extracted. Such list allows one to calculate
approximately the mass of medical devices purchased and their composition. To thesematerials a reasonable change in humidity after use was attributed. It was possible in thisdeductive way to draw a probable composition of health care waste materials, which isforbidden to ascertain by direct inspection.

218

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.376

Syngas Production by Three-stage Gasifier
Fed by Municipal and Industrial Wastes
G. Pino1, M. Paolucci*2*

martino.paolucci@apat.it

1
2

ISPRA, INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES , Italy
ISPRA, RIS TEC, Italy

ABSTRACT
Aim of this paper is to evaluate the possibility of producing a clean syngas that canbe directly injected in a Reactor for obtaining Methanol or DiMethylEther (DME) startingfrom a blend consisting of civil and industrial wastes.
The combined use of civil and industrial (no-dangerous) waste in gasifiers meets
problems because is very difficult to obtain an homogeneous blend. The problems can besolved by drying of wastes by crushing them into the ball-mill at high-speed. In
succession, a pyrolysis is performed into a vessel in which a gasification does not occur.
The facility can be considered as a gasifier at two-stage, already tested at bench scale
successfully, with an additional vessel (stage one). In this way a gasifier at three-stage isconstituted. As a consequence, the three-stage gasifier consists of a stage in which thepyrolysis is performed separately from the gasification process, which is developed instage two. The products of pyrolysis reach stage two where are gasified to produce acrude syngas containing tar and C2, or higher hydrocarbons. In agreement with theexperimental data concerning the two-stage gasifier, CaO and Na2CO3 were added into
stage two. In this way the content in chlorine and sulphur of syngas is assured to be under
the legal limits. The three-stage transforms crude syngas in clean syngas because thecontent of tar and C2 (or higher hydrocarbons) is reduced under the law limits. This stage,in fact, works as second stage of two-stage reactor. The need of enthalpy of the pyrolysis
stage is solved by heat exchange with syngas that leaves, at a temperature of about 800°C,
stage two. The syngas flows into an external jacket surrounding stage one. This allows atreaching a temperature ranging from 300 up to 400°C in the stage one. It allows also thecooling of the syngas to a temperature nearer the working temperature of the Reactor
located at downstream.
Besides, preliminary evaluations indicate that an additional advantage of such areactor, respect to the two-stage gasifier, is the lesser amount of oxygen or air, whichmeans a higher content of CO and H2 in syngas and a higher efficiency in the yield of
Methanol/DME. That means that also the amount of CO, by-product of the Methanol
synthesis, is increased. Therefore also an additional energy, i.e. electric power, is so
obtained.

219

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Sustainable Transport I
SDEWES.2009.097

Energy Efficiency in Transport and Mobility
from An Ecoefficiency Viewpoint
A. Aranda Usón*1, S. Scarpellini1, I. Zabalza Bribián1, E. Llera
Sastresa1*

alaranda@unizar.es

1

CIRCE - University of Zaragoza, Spain

ABSTRACTTransport is the disease of the ecosystem in our time and it is becoming the principal
ailment of the global ecosystem. The strategic objective the European Union has declared
to pursue with the White Paper on Transport is to work towards the so-called decouplingof economic growth and transport growth. The energy policies of the different EU
countries in the transport sector promote urban mobility plans, the renewal of the fleets ofcars and industrial vehicles, the introduction of biofuel, etc. Today, mobility is consideredan achievement of developed society. Sustainable mobility is achieved when it is acceptedthat not everything in society must be measured in terms of the speed of arrival andcurrently accepted monetary costs. Transport is a sector that is at the service of theremainder of economic activities, allowing them to approach the production andconsumption centres. However, from the point of view of Ecoefficiency and the Life
Cycle Assessment (LCA), energy policies must go further. They must be capable of not
only monitoring the excessive increases in energy consumption that this sector
experiences year after year, but also actually reducing them.
The objectives of this paper are to analyse the current transport model and thepolicies on energy efficiency being promoted in the EU from a LCA point of view. It
special attention will be paid to the private vehicle, the environmental impact of the stagesof manufacture, use and disposal, and the consequences of the plans to renew fleets. How
old should a vehicle be so that, when it is changed, the energy embodied in the materialsof the vehicle is less than the gain in energy efficiency due to changing the model? How
does the rebound effect affect the private car sector? What is the market trend in sizes andengine specifications? Another objective of the paper is to analyse the different means oftransport in the energy consumption-time ratio from an LCA viewpoint. Reducing times
in transport leads to greater energy consumption, but how long does nature take to repair
the environmental damage caused?
The results will be compared with the current transport style, providing, from an
LCA viewpoint, the steps towards a more sustainable transport and mobility model.

220

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.227

Advanced Measures for Companies toIncrease Public Transport Use
D. Sitányiová*1*

dasit@fstav.uniza.sk

1

University of Žilina, Department of Geotechnics, Slovakia

ABSTRACT
There are many untapped opportunities to save energy and encourage the use ofrenewable energy sources in Europe. The Intelligent Energy - Europe programme is theEU's tool for funding action to improve these conditions and move us towards a moreenergy intelligent Europe. BENEFIT is three-year project under IEE programme, which
will implement many different applications in 7 different cities throughout Europe.
Author of the article would like to introduce the project and its innovative concept andapproach during the conference.
Europe-wide motorised individual traffic is on the rise despite the fact that fuel costs
increase continually and even dramatically. Obviously, energy-efficiency andenvironmental awareness are contradictory to the need of individuals to drive to work intheir personal car. To counteract this trend by promoting attractive alternatives in the areaof public transport, is one of BENEFIT's most important tasks. Therefore one of the
project's approaches is to take up previous know-how and to exchange experience
effectively among the partner cities. There is a focus on the effective involvement of the
key market players in each of the cities. Within demonstration actions like raisingawareness, optimising information, organising new and improved services and effective
actions to motivate the commuters to change travel behaviour, the cities can disseminate
and promote the project. The main objective is to show companies and their employees
the attractiveness of public transport systems compared to car use. Especially in the New
Member States private car ownership is rising rapidly. BENEFIT will address this issue
and aims to achieve a modal shift from the car back to public transport, and in the process,achieve substantial energy savings, emissions reductions and cost reductions.
Each BENFIT city posses its individual challenges in the area of traffic. Measures of
BENEFIT, devised and implemented by the cities, are coordinated accordingly. However,
all actions result from the some intention, namely to inform about public transport, tomotivate new and existing users and to carry out necessary organisational improvements.

221

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.451

Evaluation of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Considering Driving Pattern and Optimal
Power Generation Mix
S. Nakaue*1, H. Yamamoto2, K. Yamaji1, M. Takagi1, A. Hashimoto1*

nakaue@yamaji.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp

1
2

University of Tokyo, Department of Electrical Engineering, Japan
University of Tokyo, Department of Advanced Energy, Japan

ABSTRACT
Evaluation of clean energy vehicles is taken for this presentation. Reducing the CO2
emission in transport sector is very important since around 20% of the total CO2
emissions in Japan are produced from automobiles. We focused on 50 million ordinary
passenger cars which fuel is now monopolized by gasoline. There is a wide range oftechnological options to reduce CO2 emissions of passenger cars. Then, we focused onplug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) because PHEV is expected to be deployedcommercially in near future. The purpose of this study is to analyze economic advantages
and ecological effects of PHEV in Japan considering driving pattern and electricity supply
mix in detail.
We used the data in the survey of origin and destination of automobiles (OD survey,
hereafter) by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan for
categorizing driving patterns of ordinary passenger cars. According to the OD survey in2005, all trips in a day are counted for ten different purposes of the trips for weekdays andweekends respectively. Data is available in the OD survey for the distribution of trip
lengths for each trip purpose. As simulation results we obtained the distribution of daily
driving length of passenger cars. Then, we decide the capacity of battery for PHEV
through the analysis of relative fuel economy of PHEV. On the basis of the assumptions
for the costs of batteries and other PHEV components, we estimate the market shares of
PHEV in future; then, we estimate the increase in electricity demand caused by the
introduction of PHEV with changes in load profile assuming several different modes forcharging battery. Taking into account the modified load profile, we calculate the optimal
power generation mix to estimate the increase of CO2 emission by the electricity
generation for charging PHEV; thus, to evaluate the total CO2 emissions of passenger cars
including both direct emissions from fuel combustion and indirect emissions throughpower generation. Time horizon for the analysis is 2005-2050.

222

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.368

Survey and Evaluation Concerning the Use of
Eltis, Europe's Number One Web Portal on
Urban Transport and Mobility
R. Pressl*1*

pressl@fgm.at

1

Austrian Mobility Research FGM-AMOR, Mobility Management, Austria

ABSTRACTELTIS (European Local Transport Information Service) is an initiative of the EU,
DG TREN. It aims to provide decision-makers, practitioners, researchers & lecturers withthe best available information on urban transport. Whenever possible, it makes sense touse existing knowledge - why re-invent the wheel? The free of charge service contains
EU-project results and findings, news around Europe, case studies of implementations,policy papers, a conference / event database, tools for practitioners
ELTIS provides free multilingual teaching materials for downloading based on EUproject findings. It includes written materials, slides, audio tracks, etc.. Materials for thefollowing topics have been developed: Public transport (Benchmarking & quality
management), integrated transport chains, traffic management, safety , modelling,
environment, energy & transport, pricing, mobility management , urban freight transport,
transport & land use, policy formulation , alternative fuels and cycling & walking
The didactic structure enables their use in different types of learning formats. They
are designed to be both mutually complementary and adaptable to the relevant teachinggoals / instructional settings.
ELTIS has started in 1998 and is developing rapidly. Before 2006 the news section
contained between 5 news items per month. In 2007 an average of 6.7 news items per
week were published (ca 1 per day, 365 days / year.
The strong imbalance of news from W-, N- and Central Europe, which was about
90% at the start of 2006 is going to be changed. In mid 2008 news from S-Europe andfrom the New Member Countries (NMS) / New Neighbouring Countries (NNC) alreadycomprises 30%.
A similar development occurs case studies. In 2006, 420 case studies were on-line.
Now the number has tripled to 1400. Very promising is the fact that case studies from the
NMS & NNC are increasing rapidly. But it was initially difficult to convince the actors inthese countries to share their experience. However, as more case studies from NMS are
put online, others see that they too have similar good practice to share, and so there has
been something of a 'virtuous circle' in the addition of new case studies from thesecountries. This development is promising and meets exactly our aims.
It was also an objective to motivate researchers and practitioners from NMS and
NNC to participate in EU-funded activities / projects. 1st evaluation results show apositive tendency (evaluation still ongoing)223

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.453

Preliminary Experimental Evaluation of a Four
Wheels Motors, Batteries Plus Ultracapacitors
and Series Hybrid Powertrain
F. Orecchini1, E. Bocci2, L. Rambaldi*3*

cirpsgea@uniroma1.it

1

Università Guglielmo Marconi, Italy
University of Rome La Sapienza, Mechanics and Aeronautics Department, Italy3
La Sapienza University, CIRPS, Italy
2

ABSTRACTThis paper reports the preliminary experimental evaluation of a four wheel motors
series hybrid prototype equipped with an internal combustion engine coupled with agenerator and an energy recovery system (batteries plus ultracapacitors). The paper
analyse global efficiency (energy dissipated to overcome the dissipative forces on energy
dissipated in fuel), autonomy in electric configuration, and the efficiency of theregenerative braking system. The tests were carried out in a test cell equipped with achassis dynamometer and a Constant Volume Sampler system. The tests were performed
according to the current regulated procedures and therefore. A constant speed test was
performed in order to evaluate the autonomy of the vehicle in the electric configuration.
The results shows that the real tank to wheels efficiency is about 30% for HOST as aseries hybrid and 79% for HOST as an electric vehicle.

224

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Hydro, Wind, Geothermal II
SDEWES.2009.633

Investigation of Wind Energy Potential for
Possible Electricity Generation At the Selected
Location in Bosnia and Herzegovina
F. Kulic*1, F. Begic1*

fkulic@mef.unsa.ba

1

University of Sarajevo - Faculty of Mech. Eng., Department for Power,
Process and Environmental Engineering, Bosnia and Herzegovina

ABSTRACTDue to limited reserves of fossil fuels on one side, and the need for environmentallyfriendly electricity generation on the other side, it is necessary to research the possibilities
for utilization of renewable resources in Bosnia and Herzegovina. One of the possible
useful renewable sources is wind energy. The research is aimed at creating a basis forpossible utilization of wind energy for the purpose of electricity generation at the selected
location (on the mountain Ivan Sedlo - 45km from Sarajevo) in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Within this research of available potential of wind energy at location, the knowledge of
local atmospheric flows has a crucial role for the installation of wind generators at thislocation.
Since September 2007 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of University of Sarajevo
conducted measurements of wind characteristics with a 30 m measurement mast. In thispaper, measurement data for the first 8 months will be analyzed and based on them andselected wind turbine, annual electricity generation will be estimated and simple
economic pre-feasibility analysis will be made.

225

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.522

Eastern and Southern Serbia Wind Energy
Potentials
P. Živković*1, G. Ilić1, M. Vukić1, Ž. Stevanović2*

pzivkovic@masfak.ni.ac.rs

1

University of Niš, Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Department of ThermalEngineering, Serbia
2Institute for Nuclear Sciences Vinča, Laboratory for Thermal Engineeringand Energy, Serbia

ABSTRACTThe main goal of this paper was to obtain the best possible locations for siting ofwind turbines, with the final goal of making the wind atlas of Serbia. In this phase, ninemezzo and twelve micro models are considered, which mostly cover the area of Easternand Southern Serbia. The simulations are mostly performed using the WAsP simulation
software, considering the conclusions obtained in the elaboration of the mentioned
specific methodology. The results are compared by means of the turbine type, quality andquantity of the wind data and load factor. Finally, the economical analysis of theacceptabillity of the installing of wind turbine farms was done.

226

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.424

Fracture Behaviours of HSLA Welds Made on
Penstock's Material
Z. Praunseis*1, M. Ohata2, A. Predin1, P. Virtič1*

zdravko.praunseis@uni-mb.si

1
2

University of Maribor, Faculty of Energy Technology, Slovenia
Osaka University, Depatment of Manufacturing Science, Japan

ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper is the experimental study of fracture behaviour of HSLA
undermatched welded joints made on penstock's material, and also to determine relevant
parameters which contribute to higher critical calues of fracture toughness.High strenght
low alloyed (HSLA) steels are often used as materials of penstocks at hydroelectric power
station for build up of multy pass welded joints. Welding of HSLA steels to produce
undermatched weld joints presents a technological challenge for modern welded structure
production.
Undermatched welded joints are used for repair welding of joints damage during hard
operation conditions or by short-period overloading. They are recommended to preventhydrogen cracking with preheating , specially for welded joints made of HSLA steels withyield strenght above 700 MPa.
Crack tip opening displascement (CTOD) as a fracture toughness parameter isdetermined as the lowest toughness of different miscrostructure along crack front,
according to the weakest link model.
The presence of different microstructure along pre-crack fatique front has important
effect on the critical crack tip opening displacement (CTOD). This value is the relevant
parameter for safe service of welded structure (penstocks). In the case of specimens withthrough thickness notch partly in the weld metal, partly in the heat affected zone andparttly in the base material, i.e. using the composite notched specimen, fracture behaviour
strongly depends on a portition of ductile base material, size and duistribution of mismatching factor along vicinity of crack front.

227

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.124

The Geofar Project
M. Hiegl*1, M. Wendel2, F. Jaudin3, A. Poux3*m.hiegl@erlangen-ag.de

1Erlangen AG, CEO, Germany
Erlangen AG, EU-Office, Germany
3
BRGM, GTH/DMCG, France
2

ABSTRACT
Deep Geothermal Energy has a high potential in Europe, that is not enough exploitedyet. It becomes necessary to understand why. As technologies are constantly in progress,
the project GEOFAR (Geothermal Financial and Awareness in Europeans Regions) aims
to work on non-technical barriers, focusing most particularly on financial aspects. A
consortium of European partners from Germany, France, Greece, Spain and Portugal
since September 2008 works on overcoming these barriers. Studying cases (operating,planned and failed projects) is the basis of an analysis of difficulties encountered, withoutleaving aside the factor keys of success. Interviews with well-identified stakeholders(public or private investors, financial institutions, local, regional and national
governments as well as runners of geothermal power plants) will help sharing experiences
on European non-technical barriers in geothermal energy projects across Europe andimproves the know-how and awareness on geothermal energy among the European
stakeholders.
A special attention is made on analysis of financial mechanisms, existing in different
European countries. On this basis it will be possible to propose new targeting financing
and funding schemes, in order to reduce financial barriers hindering the initial stages ofgeothermal energy projects what is the main objective of the GEOFAR project. The
proposed financing and funding schemes will be undergone in a reality check with banks,financial institutions and investors on the basis of a due diligence on real cases. These
solutions will be completed by proposals for geothermal related legislations, directives
and communications, in order to boost the development and investment in new energy
projects.
The broadly disseminated results of GEOFAR promote and raise awareness of
emerging geothermal applications. This project, launched by the Intelligent Energy Europe II programme, European Union's tool to promote, energy efficiency andrenewable energy in Europe, should make sure that geothermal energy will be considered
as a relevant mean toward a sustainable, competitive and secure energy in Europe.

228

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.583

Possibilities of Electric Power Generation in
The Republic of Croatia from Medium
Temperature Geothermal Sources
Z. Guzovic*1, B. Majcen2*

zvonimir.guzovic@fsb.hr

1

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University ofZagreb, Department of Energy, Power Engineering and Environment,
Croatia2
Elektroprojekt d.o.o., Croatia

ABSTRACTAs early as 1998, the Energy Institute “Hrvoje Požar” prepared a Program of
Geothermal Energy Usage in the Republic of Croatia, which shows that in the Republic of
Croatia there are several medium temperature geothermal sources with relatively low
temperature of geothermal water in the range from 100 – 140°C, by means of which it ispossible to produce electric power, e.g. Lunjkovec (125°C), Ferdinandovac (125°C),
Babina Greda (125°C) and Rečica (120°C). However, only recently concrete initiatives
for the construction of geothermal power plants have been started.
For the generation of electric power from medium temperature geothermal sources,
the binary plants come to the fore, either with the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) or with
the Kalina Cycle. In literature the Kalina cycle is cited as thermodynamically morefavourable than the ORC, which reaches higher thermodynamic efficiency and gives more
power. On the other hand, knowledges of the authors published in previous papers,
obtained on the basis of calculations for medium temperature geothermal source in
Croatia (Velika Ciglena) with relatively high temperature of geothermal water (175°C)
are opposite. The ORC is thermodynamically better than the Kalina cycle. It was
explained by relatively high temperature of geothermal water and relatively high averageannual temperature of cooling air in condenser (15°C), which has more unfavourable
influence in the Kalina cycle than in the ORC. Now, in this paper the comparison of the
ORC and Kalina cycles will be performed for medium geothermal field with relatively
low temperature of geothermal fluid (125°C) and relatively high average annual
temperature of cooling air in condenser (15°C): concretely for geothermal fieldLunjkovec, probably one of the first future geothermal power station in Croatia. The
comparison of ORC and Kalina cycles will be performed on the basis of results of energy
analysis. Aim of the comparison is to propose the most suitable binary plant either with
the ORC or with the Kalina Cycle for medium temperature geothermal sources in the
Republic of Croatia with relatively low temperature of geothermal water.

229

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIAApproaches to Sustainable Development:
Case Studies
SDEWES.2009.017

Multi Criterion Evaluation for Application of
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency
Policies in The Lerma Valley, Salta, Argentina
S. Belmonte1, V. Núńez1, J. Viramonte2, J. Franco*3*

francoj@unsa.edu.ar

1
Universidad Nacional de Salta, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y
Ecodesarrollo, Argentina
2
Universidad Nacional de Salta, Instituto Geonorte, Argentina
3
Universidad Nacional de Salta, Instituto de Energías No Convencionales,
Argentina

ABSTRACTThis paper evaluates the application of renewable energy and energy efficiency
methods in a territorial planning for the Lerma Valley, Salta, Argentina.
For identifying the possible energetic applications or policies to be used by the urban
or rural people a survey to experts was made. The advisors opinion was used for definedand evaluate the weight indicators organized by environmental impact, risk and aptitude.
We understand for: Aptitude, all the conditions favorable to the implementation of atechnology or an energy efficiency policy. Environmental impact is the predictable effects
motivated by the actions. Risk, are all the conditions that can restrict the technology
transfer.
The multi criterion evaluation (MCE) is a matricial base with a solution by theapplication of a weighed lineal sum. The matriz is made with the advisors opinions, thefeelings of the social actors and the renewable energy map of the area available.
The MCE shows the principal applications that should be promoted in the Lerma
Valley, that are: energy efficiency as environmental education, strategic planning,energetic saving; solar technology as solar fruit or vegetable dryers, solar water collector,
bioclimatic architecture, solar cookers; hydraulics technology as water pum; biomassenergy technology as produccion of biogas (sewage water and urban solid waste).

230

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.161

An Investigation of The Sources of Industrial
Energy Use Change in The Japanese Economy
S. Okushima*1, M. Tamura2*

okushima@sk.tsukuba.ac.jp

1

University of Tsukuba, Department of Social Systems and Management,
Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, Japan
2
Ibaraki University, Institute for Global Change Adaptation Science, Japan

ABSTRACTThis paper suggests a new approach -the Multiple Calibration Decomposition
Analysis (MCDA)- to investigate the sources of industrial energy use change in theJapanese economy. The multiple calibration technique is utilized for an ex post
decomposition analysis of structural change between periods, enabling the distinction
between price substitution and technological change for each sector. The paper explains
the theoretical properties of MCDA and applies it to an empirical case -the change inenergy use in Japanese industry from 1970 to 1990. This paper clarifies how industrial
energy use was affected by price substitution or technological change through theexperience of the two oil crises, focusing on energy-intensive industry. The paper showsthat technological change played an important role in reducing industrial energy use in theJapanese economy.

231

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.003

Is the German Energy System Sustainable?
An Analysis Based on The German
Sustainability Strategy
H. Schlör*1, J. Hake1, W. Fischer1*h.schloer@fz-juelich.de1

Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Energy Research, IEF-STE, Germany

ABSTRACTThe World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg 2002
reaffirmed the conclusions of the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development
in Rio and of the Brundtland Report that sustainable development is a crucial element for
the future of the world and a keystone of the international agenda.
Since the publication of the Brundtland Report, the sustainability concept and its
implementation have been discussed by the science community and society. Sustainability
is regarded as a solution for society's present and future problems. To determine whether
we are working in a sustainable way, we need information about the condition of thesystem earth. Sustainable development indicators describe and define issues andcircumstances which characterize sustainable development. Sustainability indicators
measure the difference between current conditions and a reference situation defined assustainable. The availability of indicators is a precondition for the conversion of themodel of sustainable development into specific policies.
Energy already plays an important role for sustainable development in theBrundtland Commission's report. The use of energy facilitates, on the one hand, economic
development and prosperity but, on the other hand, the production and consumption ofenergy has negative consequences for the environment (e.g. climate change).
For our analysis, we developed a new Indicator for Sustainable Development (ISD)in order to analyze the German energy system. We also developed a quantitative
sustainable development pathway for the energy system on the basis of the scientific work
done by the German Federal Government. The analysis shows that developments in theenergy system can be described with the help of measurable sustainable indicators andthat the indicators identify the need for political action in the German energy sector andthus provide a starting point for political measures.

232

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.283

Eco-efficiency Improvements in Turkish SMEs
T. Altinisik*1, S. Engin1, N. Donmez2*

taltinisik@mpm.org.tr

1

National Productivity Center of Turkey, Department of Research, Turkey
National Productivity Center of Turkey, Department of Measuring andMonitoring Productivity, Turkey

2

ABSTRACTThis article explains the results of the research project “Parallel Development ofIndustrial Productivity and Environmental Performance at SME’s Level”, which was
executed by National Productivity Centre of Turkey and supported by The TechnologicalResearch Council of Turkey. The aim of the project was to develop both the productivity
and environmental performance simultaneously in SMEs level by applying low cost andsimple eco-efficiency measures. The project also aimed to bring up the eco-efficiency
concept for SMEs, demonstrate some case studies and in this way to disseminate ecoefficiency practices, explain the environment-productivity relationship and implementcase studies for 5 pilot companies.

233

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.409

Review of Existing Energy Management
Standards and Possibilities for Its
Introduction in Serbia
D. Jelic*1, D. Gordic1, M. Babic1, D. Koncalovic2, V. Sustersic1*

dubravka.jelic@gmail.com

1

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Energy and Process
Engineering, Serbia
2
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Energy and process engineering,
SerbiaABSTRACT
Until recent times, energy management practices primarily consisted in replacing
inefficient equipment and then using any number of methods to estimate obtained savings.
Experience shows that positive effects of energy efficient improvements were decreased
over time. There have been significant efforts over the last decade to define appropriate
standards and best practices and implement the consistent energy management system toincrease and maintain that energy savings. The knowledge gained from thousands ofenergy efficient projects is driving a transition from traditional tactical practice (one-time"build and forget" projects) to energy management strategies proposed and endorsed by anumber of international organizations. The current status of energy management standards
development internationally, including an analysis of their shared features and differences
is presented in this paper.
The purpose of the analysis is to describe the current state of 'best practices' for thisemerging area of energy efficiency policymaking in order to study the possibility of
implementation of energy management standards in Serbia and to estimate the effects andthe potential for energy saving that would be made by its implementation.

234

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.180

Technology Transfer: a 'Win-win' Strategy for
Sustainable Development in Kenya?
C. Karakosta*1, H. Doukas1, A. G. Papadopoulou1, J. Psarras 1*

chkara@epu.ntua.gr

1

National Technical University of Athens, School of Electrical andComputer Engineering, Management & Decision Support Systems Lab(NTUA-EPU), Greece

ABSTRACTThe aspect of how to respond to climate change and ensure Sustainable Development(SD) are currently high on the political agenda among the world's leading nations. In
many cases, it is uncritically assumed that there is an automatic synergy of climate anddevelopment policies, particularly in the case of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission
reduction. However, the transfer of environmentally sound technologies in the context ofclimate change mitigation is a really complicated problem. The key challenge is that lowcarbon sustainable technologies need to be adopted both by developed as well as
developing countries, in an effort to avoid past unsustainable practices and being locked
into old, less sustainable technologies. Technology Transfer (TT), as an important featureof both the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its
Kyoto Protocol can play a key role. TT can allow countries to move quickly toenvironmentally sound and sustainable practices, institutions and technologies. The main
aim of this paper is to present results obtained from an elaborated stakeholders'assessment on Kenya's high priority energy needs and sustainable energy technologies
fulfilling these needs in order to assist Kenya in finding ways of encouraging TT thatwould contribute to a low-carbon sustainable energy development. In addition, thesustainability benefits to be delivered by selected technologies along with the mainbarriers hampering their successful TT were explored.
The research presented is mainly based on the 'ENTTRANS, The potential oftransferring and implementing sustainable energy technologies through the Clean
Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol' FP6 project, funded by the European
Commission. The case study countries of ENTTRANS are Chile, China, Israel, Kenya
and Thailand.

235

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Social Aspects of Sustainable Development
SDEWES.2009.061

Supply of Renewable Resources from Tropical
Forests to Poverty Stricken Communities
J. Zwolinski*1, J. C. Tieguhong1*zwolinskij@ukzn.ac.za

1

University of KwaZulu-Natal, Forestry, South Africa

ABSTRACTThe forests of the Congo Basin extend over an area of 228 Mkm2 creating the second
largest continuous complex of tropical forest in the world. Not only the forests contributeto the balance of global climates, storage of carbon and the composition of the atmospherebut they also create unique ecosystems to accommodate rich and diverse flora and fauna.
Since the Rio'92 World Summit, the regional governments have been pro-active increating prestigious national parks and conservation areas on an unparallel scale. At thesame time, however the Basin is inhabited by about 80 million people and its population
is growing at 2.4%. This population also contains about 500000 Pygmies, perhaps thelargest surviving forest-dependent peoples whose traditional rights to access the forests
and their resources need to be respected and protected. In general living conditions in theregion are low and the average GDP per capita is estimated at US$411 a year. Due to poor
economic development, education and lack of other opportunities, about 62% of all thepeople depend on deriving their livelihoods from natural resources generated by thetropical rain forests.
A study was established near the Lobeke National Park (Eastern Province ofCameroon) to qualify, quantify and value various products gathered by the local
communities. The results showed that household dependency on forests ranged between
10% to 80% (av. 45%) of the total values of products and services (income) generated by
the households. There were six categories of houses build by using various quantities ofmaterials. The 602 houses surveyed in greater detail showed that the villagers used
132189 poles and 36878 thatch components (palm stalks). When multiplied by theregional population dependent on natural resources, the number of harvested young trees
and palms escalated to 1.815 billion trees and over 0.5 billion palms. The concentration ofplant harvesting near the villages' neighbouring national parks leads to compromised
conservation principles, a decline of biodiversity and forest structure. Therefore, it isrecommended that alternative and more stable building materials are promoted withspecial reference to the cultivation of desirable tree species in timber plantations for house
construction.

236

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.304

Spanish Energy Roadmap to 2020: Socioeconomic Implications of Renewable Targets
N. Fueyo*1, A. Gómez1, J. Zubizarreta1, C. Dopazo1*

Norberto.Fueyo@unizar.es

1

University of Zaragoza, Fluid Mechanics Group, Spain

ABSTRACTThe European Union has established challenging targets for the renewable energy
contribution to be achieved by 2020; for Spain, 20% of the final energy consumption must
to come from renewable sources at such time. This objective can be achieved throughdifferent energy mixes. The aim of this paper is the analysis of the consequences for theelectricity sector (in terms of excess cost of electricity, investment costs, land occupation
CO2 emissions and overcapacity of conventional power) of several possibilities to comply
with the desired targets. Scenarios are created from different hypothesis for energy
demand, biofuel share in final energy in transport, contribution of renewable for coolingand heating, renewable electric generation (mix generation, deployment rate, learning
curves, land availability) and conventional power generation (lifetime of current
installations, committed power in next years, fossil fuel costs and cost of CO2 emissions).
Energy demand is calculated assuming different evolutions of the GDP (some of whichtake into account the current economic climate) and of energy intensity in Spain. The
technical potential and the cost of electricity from renewable sources have been estimatedin previous, detailed studies by the present authors, using a methodology based on GIS(Geographical Information System) and very high resolution meteorological data. As aresult, cost-supply curves are obtained for different hypotheses of change of land usage.
Depending on the generating mix, the attainment of the targets will require a land
occupation of 10000 to 30000 km2 and will lead to an increase of electricity costs between
15 to 50% with respect to 2006. As an example of results obtained , the figure shows therenewable share in final energy consumption, the operating and LCA CO2 emissions ofelectricity-generating sector, the land occupancy for renewable electric generation, theadditional cost of electricity (with respect to 2006) and the investment costs (as a fractionof national Gross Fixed Capital Formation in 2006) for year 2006, and two final-energydemand scenarios for 2020. As it can be seen, a lower energy demand reducesconsiderably the required investment, occupancy and additional cost of electricity toachieve the 20% target.

237

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.401

The Importance of Energy Planning on The
Local Level
M. Golc*1*

mojca.golc@eco-con.si

1

Eco Consulting d.o.o., Director, Slovenia

ABSTRACT
Sustainable development is one of the fundamental goals that we should all have in
our minds as a first priority. When speaking about the energy sector it is necessary to
disconnect the link between economic growth, resource use and waste production toensure the basis for energy sustainability. To achieve energy sustainability we can act atdifferent levels, one of them is also the local level.
The main topic of the article will be local energy planning as a tool to achieve energy
sustainability. Local energy planning is becoming increasingly topical theme and also atheme which actually needs more and more attention and actual implementation. It seems
that some general national measures are no more efficient. Strictly oriented measures,
which can be carried out at the local level, are at the growing importance.
I will show the results of the analysis, which I have made with the multiple
regression model. With the double logarithmic function I was testing the following
hypothesis:- Local communities that are performing local energy planning are more active at
implementing activities than local communities, where local energy planning is not thepart of their development strategy.
- Local communities, which have the local energy manager, are more active at
implementing activities than local communities without the local energy manager.
- The biggest obstacle when making decisions about investments is the lack offinancial sources on the local level.
The results are interesting and at the most interesting is that the financial sources atthe local level, despite the contrary expectation, are not the factor with any importance inthis story.
I will show the model, present the method and I will also show the results of theanalysis. The results will confirm the fact that the local energy planning is important andthat the results which can be achieved are enviable.
The most important part of the article will be presentation of the analysis mentioned
above. Beside this I will also present answers to the following questions: Why energy
planning?, Why local energy planning?, Why long-term planning? and Which are themost important tools for efficient local energy planning?. There will also be presenteddifferent key roles of local communities, which have to be taken over to achieve successon the long term.

238

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.547

Rural Tourism, a Sustainable Alternative
J. A. Mosene*1, M V. Sanagustin2*

jamosene@unizar.es

1

Business School - University of Zaragoza, Finance and Accountancy,
Spain
2
University of Zaragoza, Sociology and Psicology, Spain

ABSTRACTIn the current context of a global crisis, rural tourism houses and businesses are still
experiencing the trend of the good economic times. This situation shows that there is asmall light from sustainable reference.
In this paper we present socio-economic and environmental theoretical and practicalkeys which explain rural tourism development in Spanish Pyrenees, considered as a
singular tourist destination in Spain.
This study takes part of a wider research that aims to diagnose the state of tourism inAragon (Spain), and, thus, draw up a list of proposals for improving it inside thesustainable development paradigm, following the main triple bottom line: social,economic and environmental (Elkington 1994).
Creative leisure development within rural tourism and its potential are objectives
which provide an alternative to mass sun and sand, or skiing, tourism. As a result of
achieving the above objectives, and remembering that our proposal centres on what iscalled integral and sustainable tourism, in that we start by conceiving tourism based on
the new economic situation brought about by globalisation, where micro business, its
human resources, services and products must be continually recycled to keep up to datewith the expectations of potential customer and remain competitive in a market which has
a wide variety of products on offer.
Our proposals are directed straight at developing this sector and all of its alternatives
in Spanish Pyrenees under the SD paradigm.

239

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.095

Alternative Future: Implications of Nonpetroleum Energy for An Oil-based World
S. Blanchette, Jr.*1*

sblanchette@acm.org

1

Carnegie Mellon University, United States

ABSTRACTAn assortment of governmental, technological, environmental, and economic factors
have combined to spur renewed interest in alternatives to petroleum for energy. While aconsensus on the viability of any of the various technologies is lacking, many
governments and corporations alike have vigorous, ongoing research programs. With theelection of Barak Obama as the new President of the United States, there is a new sense of
possibility in the energy market, not just in America but also across the globe. The result
is that the world may stand on the verge of giving up its more than century-old addiction
to petroleum for its energy needs. A transition from oil to one or more alternatives would
alter familiar global economic and political structures in profound ways. The
ramifications will influence developed and developing nations, oil importers andexporters alike. New alliances among governments, corporations, and other groups may
challenge existing notions of governance. Although a non-oil economy may be decades
away, the vision for it requires near- and mid-term thinking to manage the transitionsmoothly. President Obama may be in a unique position to catalyze not only the driveaway from oil but also the global planning necessary to accomplish it successfully. It
remains to be seen if he can capitalize on the hopes he inspired during his campaign andbring solutions that deal with the multi-faceted issues associated with a conversion fromoil. This paper uses hydrogen power as an example to explore those issues. However, it
will be clear that any change from the current oil economy will entail dramatic changes to
the global status quo that must be planned for now.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Combined Cycle and Cogeneration Heat andPower Systems I
SDEWES.2009.057

The Impact of Variable Demand Upon the
Performance of a CCGT Power Plant
R. J Bass1, W Malalasekera*1, P Wilmott1*

W.Malalasekera@lboro.ac.uk

1

Loughborough University, Wolfson School of Mech. and Manuf.
Engineering, United Kingdom

ABSTRACTElectricity is one of the most essential utilities and demand for electricity is likely togrow with the increase in world population and further developments in growth andinfrastructure. For the foreseeable future use of fossil fuel will continue to be thedominant mode of power generation. In this regard gas fired combined cycle technology
has become very popular due to its environmental and economic benefits. In a network
electrical power is produced many types of power stations and other generating sources.
The overall demand for electrical power varies continually (by time of day, by day of theweek and by the seasons of the year). The power supply must be continuously adjusted tomatch the demand. This requires the modulation of the generating stations. Increasing
amounts of renewable energy are also being employed to produce this power. The
principle sources of this energy comes from either the wind and wave energy (variable
and unpredictable) or tidal power (predictable but variable in time of availability andquantity). This variability on the supply side adds increased complexity to the balancing
of supply which must be provided by the power generators on the system who are able tocontinuously modulate their output. Much of this duty will fall upon the available
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) plants.
This paper attempts to measure the impact of variable demand on a modern 800 MW
CCGT plant. The results of contrasting the performance of the plant when operating under
optimum conditions with those measured when modulating the output to match dispatch
instructions is presented and compared. These contrasts include the impact of stepchanges, continual modulation and both hot and cold starts of the plant. The results
indicate the changes in fuel used per MWh, CO2 emitted per MWh and the NOx emissions
under different operating modes.
From the subsequent analysis significant increases were recorded in both fuel used
and CO2 emitted when the plant departs from optimum operating conditions.

241

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.115

The Exergy Analysis of Orc Power Station
Supplied with Waste Heat from Fuel Cells
K. Rychlik1, J. Eliasz*2*

eliasz@pro.onet.pl

1

ZEP-TECH Sp. z o.o., Power Engineering Technological Centre, Poland
West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland,
Department of Heat Engineering, Poland

2

ABSTRACTThe production of electric energy based on fuel cells is connected with emission of
considerable quantities of waste heat. In case of high-temperature fuel cells, this kind ofwaste heat can be used to production of electric energy in energy technologies like: Fuel
Cell - Gas Turbine Hybride - Power Plant.
The waste heat from low-temperature fuel cells at present is used only to heating
aims as well as the preparation of warm usable water. At this time there is a shortage ofexamples in scientific literature, describing technical utilization this kind of waste heat toproduction electric energy in power station of ORC type. It is the reason of undertaking
by authors of proposed scientific article this subject matter and presenting of her inagenda of this year's 5. SEDWES conference.
By the evaluation of the thermodynamic efficiency for this kind of energy
technologies - using on the power supply sides the heat sources with low or middle
enthalpy - it is also indispensable use the exergy calculation, except calculation of balanceof mass and the energy. This permits to regard requirements of the second low ofthermodynamics, both in reference to direction and qualities of energy transformations
realized in individual aggregates this kind of installation . The same in proposed scientificarticle be introduced become:- the concept of ORC power station supplied with waste heat from low-temperature
fuel cells,- the most important assumptions and mathematical dependences for realized
exergetic analysis ,- selected computational examples illustrating the influence of waste heattemperature, the temperature of ambient as well as the kind of organic working fluid on
thermodynamic efficiency of abovementioned type of ORC power station.

242

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.284

Selection and Sizing Procedure of
Polygeneration Plants Based on Gas Natural
Technologies and Renewable Energy Using
Mathematical Programming
J. Uche1, C. Rubio2, A. Martínez3, A. A. Bayod Rújula*4*

aabayod@unizar.es

1

University of Zaragoza, CIRCE Foundation, Spain
UMSNH, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Mexico
3
CIRCE Foundation - University of Zaragoza, Spain
4
University of Zaragoza, Electrical Engineering, Spain
2

ABSTRACTIn this paper a systematic procedure to select and size a polygeneration plant basedon natural gas technologies and solar energy and biomass gasification as renewablesources is presented. The proposed procedure is based on the concepts of chemical
synthesis processes and particularly on the superstructure definition, which contains thepossible configurations that can be considered candidates to integrate a polygeneration
plant that produces simultaneously electricity, heat, cold and fresh water. Based on thatsuperstructure, a mathematical programming model is developed and applied to an
specific case study (Spanish hotel). Three key aspects are evaluated in the mathematicalprogramming problem: energy savings, greenhouse gases emission reductions (GHG) andeconomic feasibility. The results show, firstly, that the simultaneous production ofelectricity, heat, cold and fresh water is possible upon the established assumptions.
Second, higher economic profitability is achieved with natural gas based technologies but
lower energy savings and GHG emission reduction are obtained, through the inclusion ofrenewable sources it is originated the opposite effect.

243

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.378

Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) in Biomass
Applications for Cogenerative Systems in
Association with Absorption Chillers
A. Duvia1, A. Guercio1, R. Bini*1*

roberto.bini@turboden.it

1

Turboden, Sales Department, Italy

ABSTRACTThe ORC technology in cogenerative systems has by now reached a level of fullmaturity in biomass applications. In Europe, there are over 80 plants in operation with asize between 0.2 and 2.2 MW electric, mainly cogenerative systems. The growing request
for cooling in civil applications open has opened new possibilities to associate ORC
modules with absorbing chillers.
Conventional cooling plants with electric compressors have better COP thanabsorbing chillers, but they need precious electric energy to operate. Cooling plants withabsorbing chillers, instead, can be fed by thermal energy coming from cogenerativeplants, with low costs of production and benefits in terms of global energy balance andCO2 emission savings.
In this study, we compare the economic results, in terms of energy balance andinvestment returns, in a biomass case study application with ORC modules sized up to 2
MW electric, in case thermal energy is produced only for heating or for both heating andcooling.
Object of the study is to quantify the required value of the produced electricity
depending on the main technical and economic variables such as biomass cost, value ofthe heat and cooling supplied to end users and available heat load in order to reach good
feasibility. The analysis will be executed according to the discounted cash flow method
and evaluated in terms of discounted economic payback time and net actual value of theinvestment with target values as required in order to obtain bank financing for suchprojects. A complete economic feasibility study is performed taking into account market
costs for the ORC and the additional required equipment.
The environmental benefits due to CO2 reduction depending on the electricity
generation capacity in different actual scenarios are also evaluated.

244

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.533

Technical and Economic Potential of Smalland Micro-cogeneration Systems in
Residential and Tertiary Sector in Croatia
D. Lončar*1, N. Duic1, Ž. Bogdan1*

dloncar@fsb.hr

1
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture, Department of Energy, Power Engineering and Environment,
Croatia

ABSTRACTThe yearly consumption of energy for space heating and hot water preparation in theresidential and tertiary sectors in Croatia is approximately 70 PJ, whereof the energy
produced in public cogeneration plants and public heating plants account for not morethan 10%, whereas the rest is mostly covered by combustion of the natural and liquefied
gas, diesel oil and fuel oil, wood and lignite. Since only a lesser part of space heating andhot water preparation requirements is covered by generation in cogeneration plants, theresidential and tertiary sectors represent potentially the biggest domain for
implementation of cogeneration technology in Croatia, which, depending on economic
justifiability, could be realized either in the existing or newly built district heating systems
or by installation of autonomous micro and small cogeneration units in detachedbuildings. This paper focuses on technical and economic potential of small and microcogeneration technologies suitable for operation in specific conditions imposed by heating
and cooling demand of typical customers in residential and tertiary sectors.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Measurement and Monitoring for
Sustainability I
SDEWES.2009.122

Gas-discharge Visualization (GDV) Method In
Diagnostics of The Functional Condition
T. Popova*1, Y. Makarov2*

tvp@susu.ac.ru

1South Ural state university. , Information security, Russian Federation
South Ural state university. Russia.Chelyabinsk, Information security,
Russian Federation2

ABSTRACTThe effect of Kirlian consists in the following: round the object placed in special
system of electrodes, creating high tension electric field, there is the gas category whichluminescence can be seen and photographed. Heterogeneity of electric properties ofobject, elektronno-issue characteristics, gas evolution, a power exchange withenvironment - all these parametres of investigated object under certain conditions areshown in photos. And for difficult object not always it is possible to divide influence of
this or that factor, that is the method allows to reveal complex reaction of an organism tothis or that influence. In university laboratory experiment on measurement of aluminescence at more than 40 persons of a different sex, age and a social status has beenmade. All received pictures have been classified depending on amplitude, intensity of aluminescence, distribution of beams, etc. On 3 types. Each type includes 3 subtypes.
I type - "normal": it is visually possible to define separate areas or their groups andintervals between them, intensity of a luminescence - average density, average amplitude
of beams (from 1.5 to 3 mm), distribution uniform. II type - "asymmetric": non-uniformly
distributed areas (Variability amplitudes and frequencies), average amplitude and withsites of defects. III type - "power": high density of distribution of areas without visible
intervals, high amplitude of areas, rather uniform distribution. The facts of changes oftypes electrogramme are elicited at change of a functional condition of examinees. For
example, at an induction of a condition of a relaxation transition from II to III type isobserved, and at a psychoemotional pressure from III to II type. These facts prove to betrue the data researches by means of a framework. Thus the method of gas-discharge
visualization (GRV) can be used for diagnostics of a functional condition of the person.

246

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.653

Detection of The Underground Object by a
Triangular Radar System
M. Ambrožič*1, M. Martinšek1, D. Najdovski2, A. Zidanšek3*milan.ambrozic@ijs.si

1

Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor,X3data, Slovenia
3
Jozef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
2

ABSTRACTThe position of the underground object can be determined by three non-colinear
radars on the ground. This presentation is a theoretical study of the subject. The input
parameters for the calculation of the object position are the coordinates of the three radars
and the three times needed for the radar pulses to be reflected from the object and comeback to the detectors. Here it is assumed that the positions of the signal transmitters anddetectors are the same (compared to the distance to the object). The corresponding
equations are given, and they indicate that the appropriate positions of the radars form anequilateral triangle. Furthermore, in order to diminish the error in the calculation of theobject coordinates due to the uncertainty of detected times and/or the speed of the radar
waves, the horizontal position of the object should be approximately in the radar triangle's
centre of gravity. This means that when the approximate position of the object is detected,
the position of the radars may be adapted to improve the resolution in the object's positionin the next step. We also discuss the problem of uncertain mean dielectric constant of themedium (earth, rock, etc.) between the radars and the object, which in turn determines thewave velocity of the radar signal. Since the horn antennas with directed signals are used in
the corresponding experimental research, there may be two independent and more or lessreliable methods for the determination of the dielectric constant of the medium and theobject: either using the intensity of the reflected wave in the case of perpendicularreflection, or the angles in the Fresnel's refraction law. The latter method seems to beadvantageous for the determination of the medium dielectric constant since the incident
and the refraction angle with respect to the air/ground interface are given by the antenna
direction and indirectly by the object position. This method can be applied in various
environmental applications such as in search for underground water or gas pipelines,
leakages in such pipelines or in search of different underground pollutants and otherdangerous objects.

247

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.670

Detection of Discarded Household Hazardous
Waste in The Ground with Groundpenetrating Radar Method
A. Abina*1, M. Zor1*

andreja.abina@mps.si

1

Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Slovenia

ABSTRACT
Hazardous materials are found in almost every home. The products, such as paints,
cleaners, oils, batteries, and pesticides, contain potentially hazardous ingredients andrequire special care when we dispose of them. Household products that contain corrosive,
toxic, ignitable, or reactive ingredients are considered to be household hazardous waste.
Improperly discarded household hazardous waste can pollute the environment and pose athreat to human health. In our research we study if it is possible to detect such objects
using ground-penetrating radar (GPR), which is becoming increasingly important forsolving many environmental problems. GPR is a geophysical method that can provide
high resolution three-dimensional images of subsurface structures or buried objects. We
used spent batteries as test material, which represents potentially hazardous object. The
results of this study show that the GPR technique with 1.6 GHz antenna can detecthousehold hazardous waste buried in the soil.

248

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.659

Application of Ground-penetrating Radar to
Detection of Different Material Objects
M. Zor*1, A. Abina1*

majda.zor@mps.si

1

Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Slovenia

ABSTRACT
Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a non-destructive sensing tool which uses highfrequency electromagnetic waves to acquire subsurface information. This non-destructive
method of subsurface analysis is becoming increasingly important for solving manyenvironmental problems. The GPR antenna with frequency 1.6 GHz was used in thisresearch. We measured objects made of different materials like metal, plastic and glass inthe air inside cardboard box. We also present results of a study of GPR technique inwater. We measured the reflected electromagnetic waves from different objects in shallow
water. The test materials served as model systems for different potentially dangerous
objects, because they have different dielectric constants. GPR responds to changes indielectric constant of different materials. The robust data processing method was used topresent reflections from different materials. The results of this study show that the GPRtechnique with 1.6 GHz antenna can detect and distinguish between different materials
studied at room temperature. The obtained results also indicate that GPR 1.6 GHz antennais effective in detecting objects in water near its surface. We have thus demonstrated that
GPR can be a useful remote sensing technique for the non-destructive detection ofpotential environmental risks either hidden above ground or close to the surface and underwater.

249

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.169

Application of Ground Penetrating Radar for
Environmental Remediation
A. Zidanšek1, D. Najdovski*2*

x3data@siol.net

1
2

Jozef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
X3data, Slovenia

ABSTRACT
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is an excellent tool to detect various types ofunderground objects. It can for example be used to detect water leakages in communal
water distribution system.
A new algorithm for numerical iterative solution of Maxwell equations has beentested on the example of environmental remediation of the upper Soča-valley frontline
from World War I at the Kolovrat hill. This hill was a battlefield of the decisive battle
during the last Soča offensive in 1917, when German troops under the command of
Lieutenant Erwin Rommel captured Kolovrat back from Italians and started a series of
events that led to a collapse of Italian frontline. Today the Kobarid museum incooperation with the Walks of Peace in the Soča Region Foundation established an
outdoor museum of the Soča frontline.
The Kolovrat hill was measured by GPR in order to find the underground metallic
remnants from the war, such as pieces of grenades. The obtained images demonstrate that
GPR is an excellent method for detection of metallic underground objects. In addition to
the detection of their presence it was possible to determine their exact location, which isuseful information for environmental remediation of the former battlefield.

250

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Sustainable Manufacturing and Mining II
SDEWES.2009.431

Energy and Water Conservation Potentials in
The Brazilian Iron and Steel Industry
S. V. Bajay*1, F. D. Gorla1, I. L. Dorileo2*

bajay@fem.unicamp.br

1

State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Interdisciplinary Centre forEnergy Planning (NIPE), Brazil
2
UFMT/UNICAMP, NIEPE, Brazil

ABSTRACTThe iron and steel industry is the second largest energy consumer among the energyintensive branches of the Brazilian industry. Although it is a modern, competitive
industry, with substantial exports of both iron and steel, large conservation potentials exist
for energy and water usages countrywide.
Energy conservation potentials are calculated in this paper for integrated and semiintegrated steel mills, and also for the plants which produce pig iron consuming char coal,for the semi-integrated steel mills, or for exports. Such calculations are carried out
comparing the actual energy consumption with what could be achieved with the use of thebest manufacturing technologies and practices available in the market (best practices), foreach main stage of the production chain.
Both heat and electricity conservation potentials are presented, considering the bestpractices in Brazil and worldwide.
The water conservation potentials were calculated just for the integrated steel mills
and some semi-integrated plants and taking into account best practices available in the
country.
Indications are given in the paper about the technologies that constitute the bestpractices considered in the calculations and recommendations are put forward for new
public policies and the corresponding energy conservation programmes which could help
the Brazilian iron and steel industry to gradually approach such practices.
The energy conservation potentials results presented in this paper were demanded to
the Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy Planning, State University of Campinas, by the
Confederation of the Brazilian Industry, within a project financed by the National
Programme for Electricity Conservation (Procel).

251

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.462

Exploitation of WEEE for The Production ofMetal Powder
I. Masavetas1, A. Moutsatsou*1*

angst@central.ntua.gr

1

National Technical University of Athens, Chemical Engineering, Greece

ABSTRACTDue to the rapid technological progress, the replacement of electronic equipment isvery often necessary, leading to huge amounts that end up as waste. In addition, waste
electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) contains metals of high commercial value
and others that are supposed to be hazardous for the environment. Consequently, WEEE
could be considered as a significant source for recovery of non-ferrous metals. Amongthese waste, computers appear to be distinctive, as far as further exploitation is concerned.
The present study aims to develop a hydrometallurgical process in order to produce Cu,
Zn and Ni powders, appropriate for powder metallurgical applications. Printed circuitboards (PCB) were used as a raw material and firstly the dissolution of waste in acidmedia was studied. A thermal pretreatment was carried out for the separation of the nonmetallic parts and further characterization of the solid residue by XRD, XRF and SEM.
The homogeneity of the resulted samples was investigated, through a series ofexperiments. The investigation of the factors reflecting to dissolution included theconcentration (0.5 M to 6 M) of the solvents (HCl, HNO3, H2SO4), the temperature, thereaction time and leaching efficiency of metals.

252

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.526

Material Efficiency of Biofuel and Chemical
Processing
J. K. Melin*1, M. Hurme1*

kristian.melin@tkk.fi

1

Helsinki University of Technology, Biotechnology and Chemical
Technology, Finland

ABSTRACT
Biofuels such as Fischer-Tropsch diesel, methanol, DME, ethanol, butanol andchemicals such as ethylene etc. obtained from biomass have raised much interest is
processing industry because the potential to replace fossil fuels and reduce green housegas emissions.
The sustainable utilization of biomass should find routes that retain the maximum
amount of material and energy content of feedstocks in the products. Transferring muchof the original energy content of the feedstock into the product is important especially infuel production. If much energy content of the raw material is liberated, even recovered asheat as heat energy in the production process, it is of less valuable than the energy in theliquid biofuel products. On the other hand further upgrading can increase value of thecomponents even they may loose some of their material and energy content.
Even it is of fundamental importance, the material and energy efficiency of the
products obtained from different raw materials by various routes has not been received
attention it deserves. The material efficiency and heat content of the products can be seen
as a step in optimization of biomass utilization.
In this paper material efficiencies and heat contents of the biofuels and chemicals
from various raw materials are systematically studied. The efficiencies of different
chemical routes are reported.
Results of material efficiencies and heat content can be used for finding potential
routes which can then be analyzed more rigorously by including production costs.

253

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.293

New Glass Cullet Beneficiation Process for
Improving Glass Container Plants Energy
Efficiency and Reducing Their Green House
Gases Emissions (CO2)P. Bertuzzi*1, P. Ercole2, L. Ramon2*

bertuzzi@sasil-life.com

1
2

SASIL S.p.A. - Gruppo Minerali Maffei, silica sand,, Italy
SASIL, silica sand, Italy

ABSTRACT
New glass cullet beneficiation process for improving glass container plants energy
efficiency and reducing their green house gases emissions (CO2)
The paper describes a new glass cullet beneficiation process and proves the importanteconomic and significant environmental benefits that the glass container industry canachieve with its application.
The main achievable advantages are the following:
Regarding the glass cullet beneficiation process:Improve, significantly, the quality of furnace-ready cullet processed from bottle-bankcollection systems by decreasing both the amount of hard to melt impurities (ceramics,
porcelain, stones and so on) and the amount of water soluble organic substances.
Decrease the amount of waste produced by cullet processing plants from the current
20 - 25% to less than 2% by transforming it into recyclable and very useful new raw
materials for hollow glass, ceramic, bricks and concrete productions.
Regarding the glass container process:•
Reduce the hollow glass furnaces specific energy consumptions by using
higher cullet percentages by recycling this previously waste product.
•
Improve the heat exchange efficiency by reducing the organic substancespresent and thus the tendency to form persistent foam on the melt surface,•
Make it easier to control those oxidation-reduction reactions from which
the glass stability depends and, in so doing, improve the most criticalforming phases controls (glass conditioning and cooling in the moulds).
•
Obtaining a faster refining process.
•Regarding the glass container production efficiency:•
Reduce the defective bottles due to a significant quality improvement of
furnace-ready cullet; to day, this cullet has, on average, 60 g/ton of non
fusible materials.
•
Improve the pulled glass chemical homogeneity leading to a easier forming
process control.
•
Regarding the environmental impact:•
Give an important contribution to reduce green-house gas emissions (CO2).

254

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA••

Minimize the glass waste land-filing.
Total recycling of industrial water.
The possibility to recycle the primary cullet process rejects will allow, at the samelevel of hollow glass production, to reduce the consumption of natural raw materials (inItaly around 280.000 ton/year), and therefore, taking into account the average yield of thebeneficiation plants, to reduce mineral extraction by about 330.000 ton/year.

255

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Nuclear Power
SDEWES.2009.705

Sustainable Nuclear Energy Dilemma
N. H. Afgan*1*

afgan@sbb.rs

1

Academy of Science Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina

ABSTRACT
Sustainable energy development implies the need for the emerging potential energy
sources which are not producing adverse effect to the environment. In this respect nuclear
energy has gained the complimentary favor to be considered as the potential energy
source without degradation of the environment.
The sustainability evaluation of the nuclear energy systems has required the special
attention to the criteria for the assessment of nuclear energy system before we can makefirm justification of the sustainability of nuclear energy systems.
In order to demonstrate the sustainability assessment of nuclear energy system thisexercise has been devoted to the potential options of nuclear energy development,
namely: short term option, medium term option, long term option and classical thermal
system option. Criteria with following indicators are introduced in this analysis: nuclear
indicator, economic indicator, environment indicator, social indicator... The Sustainability
Index is used as the merit for the priority assessment among options under consideration.

256

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.418

A Technical Approach to The Low Carbon
Society Based on The New Nuclear Power
Utilizing Thorium
T. Kamei*1*

hae00675@nifty.com

1

Kyoto University, Institute of Sustainability Science, Japan

ABSTRACTThe advance of the global warming requires us the construction of the sustainable
society. The one form of sustainable society is called low carbon society. The concept is
to achieve sustainability by reducing emission of CO2 from primary energies such as
power plants, transportation, which mainly uses fossil fuel. For this realization, thedecarburization of the primary energy is necessary. Nuclear power is getting reconsidered.
However, nuclear power occupies only around 6% of the primary energy. This is becausethat present nuclear power has concerns on safety, radioactive waste and the nuclear
proliferation. These concerns can mostly be solved by using thorium as an alternative
nuclear fuel.
Thorium has been examined in many countries including U.S.A. for more than 50
years. The molten-salt reactor experiment successfully was operated in 60's at ORNL in
U.S.A. However, thorium utilization was not selected due to the influence of the Cold
War. After the end of the Cold War, thorium is becoming to be discussed again. Moltensalt reactor became a candidate of generation IV reactors.
Developing countries, China and India, have important roles for constructing low
carbon society. Technical approaches for low carbon society should be designed to be
accepted by these developing countries. Both China and India are going to build more
nuclear power plants but they have little uranium. On the other hand, they have abundant
thorium. India is promoting the thorium use for many years. China has begun to examine
the thorium use. Brazil and Turkey also have a lot of thorium.
It is also important for constructing the low carbon society to reduce CO2 emission
from the transportation section. Rare earth is required to improve motor and battery ofelectric vehicle. Thorium is obtained as the by-product of rare earth. About hundreds ofthousands ton is in stock. Thorium utilization will be a suitable primary energy both fordeveloping countries and electric transportation section.

257

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.292

Preliminary Evaluation of Isolation Systems
Influence on The Seismic Loading Effects in a
Generation IV Reactor
R. Lo Frano*1, G. Forasassi1*

rosa.lofrano@ing.unipi.it

1

University of Pisa, DIMNP, Italy

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with a preliminary safety assessment of a next generation nuclear
power plant (Generation IV) structures response under a reference design basis
earthquake excitation, taking into account also the main isolating device effects.
The GEN IV technology roadmap has identified the six most promising advanced
reactor systems for future deployment, among which the Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor, withmolten lead as the reference coolant and lead-bismuth eutectic as backup option.
Therefore the aim of the proposed study is to analyze the seismic related structural effects
and provide some contribution in term of the evaluation of the structural vulnerability (ofthe designed structures) for the development of the European Lead-cooled System(ELSY) international project.
In fact, the safety aspects related to the postulated accident scenario, characterized by
the seismic waves propagation from the ground to the reactor internal structures, must be
considered as a consequence of the choice of a large liquid metal mass as primary coolant.
Moreover a great attention shall be focused on the evaluation of the hydrodynamic forces
and the coupling effects between fluid and structures, induced particularly by Safe
Shutdown Earthquake loadings, that should accelerate the contained coolant, with andwithin the reactor vessel, and result in waves impact that may impair the structures
capability to withstand, without structural damages, the related dynamic loads.
In order to increase the reactor safety it is assumed to adopt seismic isolators under
the foundation. The isolators demonstrated to be able to attain a strong reduction in theaccelerations propagated to the reactor vessel structures (coupled to large rigid-bodydisplacements, which must be limited by means of dissipating elements) leading tosignificant increases of the structural system resistance.
Finally, a numerical assessment was carried out for not isolated and isolated
foundation cases, making use of suitable finite element models of the reactor vessel andits main internal structures, implemented with appropriate dynamic codes. The criticalanalysis of the obtained numerical results, for the two considered foundation cases, andtheir following comparison is focused to investigate the consequence of the seismicallyinduced metal coolant free oscillations (sloshing waves) and to highlight the isolators
efficiency, with the intent also to contribute to the safety optimization of the mentioned
systems.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.297

Spent Fuel Transport Cask Thermal Evaluation
Under Accident Conditions
R. Lo Frano1, G. Pugliese*1, G. Forasassi1*

g.pugliese@ing.unipi.it

1

University of Pisa, DIMNP, Italy

ABSTRACTThe casks used for transport of nuclear materials, especially the spent fuel element(SPE), are designed according to rigorous acceptance criteria in order to provide
protection to people and environment against radiation exposure particularly in a severe
accident scenario.
Standards requirements cover both normal transport condition and accidents scenario
such as impact and rigorous fire events. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
cask transport packaging test requirements include a 9 m drop onto a flat unyielding
surface and subsequent full exposure to an engulfing fire for 30 minutes (fire test) or to an
environment at 800°C temperature for a numerical simulation or for a furnace test.
The thermal behaviour and the temperatures distribution of a PWR spent fueltransport cask, like that designed in Italy by AGN and certified in the 80's, were analysedboth in normal and accident conditions according to the IAEA accident test requirements.
Using ANSYS finite element code, a series of thermal analyses were carried out inorder to obtain the maximum fuel temperature and the temperatures field in the body ofthe cask both in normal and in accidents scenario. The aim of this paper was tocharacterize the relevant heat transfer mechanisms between the SPEs and the external
environment (fire in the test or air in the normal conditions).
In the analyses all the heat transfer modes between the cask and the environment andinside the cask itself were taken into account. Moreover both wet and dry fuel storage
inside the cavity of the body were analyzed. In order to follow the standards requirements,
thermal analyses in accidents scenarios were performed adopting a deformed shape of theshock absorbers to simulate the mechanical effects of a previous IAEA 9 m drop test
event. Impact tests on scale models of the shock absorbers were already carried out in thepast at the University of Pisa.
Steady-state thermal and transient analyses were performed adopting respectively anot deformed and deformed shapes of the shock absorbers in order to evaluate the effects
of normal and accident transport conditions. Finally other transient analyses were
performed to simulate the cooling down conditions of the cask after the fire event for atime long enough to achieve the steady-state condition again.
In the paper the results of these analyses, used for the new licensing approval by the
Italian competent Authority of the cask for PWR spent fuel transport, are discussed.

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Risk and Opportunity Management for
Sustainable Development ThroughConstruction Nuclear Power Plants in The Gulf
Countries
S. Hakami*1*

saeedhakami@yahoo.com

1

Uinversity of South Australia, School of Natural and Built, Australia

ABSTRACTThe countries of the Gulf region have the capacity to rapidly expand their sustainable
development because of their economic growth and gross domestic product (GDP).
Furthermore, energy demands will be increased enormously as compared with present
need levels. However, their sustainable development needs an energy resource whichmust be economical, environmentally sound and socially sustainable. For sustainableenergy needs in the region, Construction of nuclear power plants can be an alternative.
However, construction of nuclear power plants provides opportunity and risks. There arevast theories, strategies and tools which can decrease the risks from nuclear energy andincrease opportunities. Using nuclear energy increases safety, decreases green houseemissions and protects the environment. However, this paper chiefly provides a
discussion of new risk and opportunity management methodologies. The new risk
management methodology helps to illuminate the consequences of risks in a nuclear
power plant environment which might otherwise affect public health and safety.
Furthermore, risk management can play a role in highlighting the consequences and theeffects of the risk. In addition, new opportunity management helps people to understandthe potential opportunity implicit in nuclear energy. Besides, new risk and opportunity
assist management and other stake holders to rate priorities for the risks and opportunityand determine risk and opportunity levels. The new risk and opportunity management
approach provides data, information, tools and strategies, which are potentially more
appropriate for evaluating the risk and opportunity from economical, social andenvironmental perspective in the Gulf countries. In addition, the new risk and opportunity
management methodology develops action plans that determine and implement the mostappropriate tools for managing those risks and any opportunity. The risk and opportunity
management methodology provides appropriate data and information to analyse them toformulate strategies. Furthermore, it helps to build proper design, high quality
construction and safe operation. The new risk and opportunity management methodology
provides tools to monitor strategies, design, construction, and operation in nuclear energy.
This paper assists to decrease risks to protect human health, the environment and beyond
national borders and future generation. It increases opportunity growth economic andsustainable development through constructing nuclear power plants in the Gulf countries.

260

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIAApproaches to Sustainable Water
Development: Methodologies
SDEWES.2009.211

Perspectives in Integrated Water Resources
Management; a Methodology to Explore
Social Acceptance for Water Management
Strategies Under Changing Conditions
A. Offermans*1, M. Haasnoot2, P. Valkering1*

a.offermans@maastrichtuniversity.nl

1
Maastricht University, International Centre for Integrated assessment andSustainable development (ICIS), Netherlands
2
Utrecht University/ Twente University/ Deltares, Department of PhysicalGeography/ faculty of civil engineering, Netherlands

ABSTRACT
Water management faces major challenges to cope with potential global impacts, andthe inherent future uncertainties in both the water system as well as the social system in asustainable way. Uncertainties in our water system relate to (changes in) drivers andpressures and their effects on the state, like the effects of climate change on discharges.
Uncertainties in the social world relate to changing perceptions, objectives and demands
concerning water (management), which are often related with the aforementioned changes
in the physical environment.
The methodology presented here comprises the 'Perspectives method', derived from
Cultural Theory, a method on analyzing and classifying social response to social andnatural pressures. The methodology will be used for scenario analysis and to identify
social responses including changes in perspectives and management strategies. The
scenarios and responses will be integrated within a rapid assessment tool to provide users
with insight about the interaction of the social and physical system and to identify
sustainable water management strategies. We will argue that in order to achieve asustainable water system, changing social perspectives need to be considered.
Subsequently we will show the theoretical and methodological steps to measure, classify
and analyze present social responses. Finally we will provide you with the first insights
about analyzing future perspectives and the (non) support towards certain water
management strategies, and the way it contributes to a more sustainable future for which
it is necessary to broaden our idea about keeping our environment safe and livable for261

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

future generations further than the present point of view, and to explore a multitude ofscenario's with different perspectives in different contexts.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.282

Assessment of Environmental Water Cost
Through Physical Hydronomics
A. Martínez*1, J. Uche2, C. Rubio3*

amayamg@unizar.es

1

CIRCE Foundation - University of Zaragoza, Spain
University of Zaragoza, CIRCE Foundation, Spain
3
UMSNH, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Mexico
2

ABSTRACTThe Georgescu-Roegen's statements about the connexion between the Economy and
the Thermodynamics, together with the Eco-integrator approach introduced by Naredo
after analyzing the water cost definitions given in the European Water Framework
Directive (WFD), are the outline backgrounds of the work presented in this paper.
Assuming that the physical laws are called to be the objective and universal tools toassess water costs, Physical Hydronomics (PH) has been developed as the accounting tool
for the WFD application. PH is defined as the specific application of the Thermodynamics
to physically characterize the degradation and correction of water bodies. While
Thermodynamics can be interpreted, in this context, as the Arithmetic framework,
Physical Hydronomics can be understood as the prevailing Accounting Principle. The
Second Law of Thermodynamics, through the exergy loss calculation, is the basic
working tool in this study. The final objective of PH is to use those calculated physicalcosts as a guide to allocate the environmental and resource costs proposed by the WFD.
In this paper, the general framework and the basic accounting principles of PH are
explained. First, from the quantity and quality measurements in the river (they give theexergy value to water bodies), the exergy profiles of the river at different statuses (thosedefined by the WFD) are obtained. Then, the environmental cost of water is obtained (inenergy units) as the exergy needed to cover the gap between the current state of the riverand the objective state defined by the applicable legislation to fulfil the European
requirements. To do it, the efficiency of water treatment technologies are introduced in
the analysis.
To illustrate the application of the PH's methodology, the example of the Spanish
Muga Basin, sited in the Inland Basins of Catalonia, is summarized in the last part of thispaper. The results show that similar results to conventional Measurements Plans to fulfil
the WFD objectives is obtained. However, PH presents an important advantage: costs
could be allocated according to the degradation (exergy costs) provoked by the different
water users (meeting in this way the WFD's polluter-pay Principle) in water bodies.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.475

Physical and Chemical Properties of Waste
Water from Ready-mixed Concrete Plants
M. Zervaki1, S. Tsimas*1*

stangits@central.ntua.gr

1

National Technical University of Athens, Chemical Engineering, Greece

ABSTRACT
Every year a substantial amount of ready-mixed concrete produced is returned for
disposal, as well as a huge amount of waste water which is used for washing out truck
mixer drums at the end of each working day to prevent fresh concrete residue from settingin the drum overnight. Water discharged from ready-mixed concrete plants can pollute
local watercourses due to the fact that mixer wash water is classified as hazardous waste
by world and European legislation. This paper focuses on the determination of physicaland chemical properties of truck wash water according to standard specifications for
mixing water in concrete. The aim of the study is to investigate whether Greek waste
water from ready-mixed concrete plants is suitable for concrete mixing water and if not,what are the possible alternatives for the utilization of waste water in this field of
application.

264

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.065

Supercritical Water Technologies of Closedcircuit Systems of Life Support
A. Vostrikov*1, O. Fedyaeva1, A. Shishkin1*

vostrikov@itp.nsc.ru

1

Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics SB RAS, Russian Federation

ABSTRACT
It was found that supercritical water (SCW: T≥374oC, P≥22.1 MPa) is an active
medium for the partial or complete oxidation of organic substances, including low-grade
fuels, into more efficient fuel or reaction mass of electro generating devices. In thiscontext, it is believe that the utilization of sewage sludge under SCW condition has anumber of advantages over the above process: a long-term process of water evaporation is
excluded; water becomes a nonpolar solvent in a supercritical state; because of this,organic substances become soluble and the rate of chemical reactions with theparticipation of SCW increase; a low viscosity of SCW facilitates the rapid penetration of
the solvent into the pores of solid fuel particles and the extraction of organic substances tocause the separation of organic and mineral sewage sludge components; a low processtemperature excludes the formation of NOx and SO2.
The results of investigation of the conversion of sewage sludge in supercritical water(SCW: T>374oC, P>22.1 MPa) at T≤750oC and P≤30 MPa will be discussed. The sewage
sludge after ten years of holding in sludge drying beds was used as the test material. The
weight content of organic substances (OS) in the dry sewage sludge is 28.8% and highheating value is HHV=16.82 MJ/kg. It was determined that the total SCW conversion
degree of sewage sludge OS is ≈ 90%. According to mass-spectrometric analysis data,
CO2, H2, CH4, and NH3 were predominant among conversion products at T>500oC. The
HHV of conversion combustible products was 23.4-23.7 MJ/kg at T=500-600oC, and at
Т=625, 650 and 700oC was accordingly received HHV=33.0, 40.6 and 45.7 MJ/kg. The
kinetic parameters of conversion were determined. The results of this work demonstrated
that the conversion of sewage sludge in a flow of SCW allowed us not only to separateorganic and mineral components but also to convert solid OS into efficient liquid(T≤450oC) and gaseous fuel. At T>600oC, water molecules reacted with carbon andserved as an additional source of H2. High rate of OS burning in SCW/O2 fluid allows
creating the closed life-support systems by heat, electric power and clean water at burningof sewage sludge, household and agricultural wastes in SCW. For example, when
HHV=16.82 MJ/kg the heating of 5.66 kg of water up to 500oC at P=30 MPa and use of
SCW/CO2 mixture as a reaction mass of power generating devices are provided.
This study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grants No.
07-03-00698, 09-08-00203, and 09-08-00206) and the Administration of Novosibirsk
Region.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.229

Limited Availability of Water - Main Catalystof Merger Between Sector-oriented Water
Management Plans
N. Ravlic*1, M. Babic1, N. Krvavica1*

nenad.ravlic@igh.hr

1

IGH, Water Research & Engineering, Croatia

ABSTRACT
Integrated approach in water management - one of the most important concepts
underlying the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD), can sometimes be rather difficult
to pursue, particularly in areas where the combination between long tradition of sectororiented approach and administrative sub-division in spatial units that do not matchnatural river basin boundaries has evidently created non-sustainable and sometimes tooconstraining water management setting. Such systems are characterised with very limited
capability to provide solutions in normal circumstances, let alone the situations thatappear to be a result of constantly decreasing availability of water resources recorded in
the last couple of decades.
This paper presents a series of concrete examples (encountered in the westernmost
part of the Republic of Croatia, i.e. in the County of Istria) on how simple and apparently
convincing considerations can help in triggering off and accelerating the whole decision
making chain to react unexpectedly promptly and to give birth to reasonable decisions
that wouldn't have been reached without the idea (initially considered to be a blasphemy)
to solicitate mergers between traditionally incompatible and sector-oriented water
management plans (public water supply, irrigation in agriculture, industrial water supply),competing for the same water resources in the region.
Starting from the real-world examples in Istria, the paper discuss feasibility andsustainability of proposed integrated solutions that are not motivated neither byregulations nor previous plans, but are rather a result of pure coincidence that the task to
update several existing plans was assigned to the same independent entity which, as
proven by later developments, has devised the plan inherently compatible withdisadvantageous economic context that is now stumbling many national economies.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Combined Cycle and Cogeneration Heat andPower Systems II
SDEWES.2009.108

Analyzing a Self - Managed Chp System forGreenhouse Cultivation As a Profitable Way to
Reduce CO2 - Emissions
T. Compernolle*1, N. Witters1, S. Van Passel1, T. Thewys1*

tine.compernolle@uhasselt.be1

Hasselt University, Economic Department, Belgium

ABSTRACT
In order to counter global warming, a transition to a low - carbon economy is needed.
On European as well as on a regional scale, commitments are made to reduce carbon
dioxide emissions. Combined heat and power (CHP) systems can contribute to reduce theemissions of greenhouse gasses. However, in several countries insufficient use of CHP
systems can be observed. Therefore, this research points out the economic and ecologicalopportunities using two detailed agricultural cases applying a self - managed gas fuelledcogeneration system. CHP systems are well known for their excellent energy efficiency
and therefore, the installation of CHP systems can be very interesting for the greenhousesector, from an economic as well as an ecological point of view. After all, within
agriculture, the greenhouse sector is the most energy consuming. In several European
countries CHP systems are already widely used in the greenhouse sector but mostly,horticulturists prefer not to exploit the CHP system themselves, ascribable to the highcapital cost and the imbalance between their heat and electricity consumption. Due to therecent European liberalization of the energy market, however, glass horticulturists havethe opportunity to sell excess electricity to the market and by tailored policy and support
measures, regional governments can fill the lack of technical and economic knowledge,
causing initial resistance. Our economic analysis shows that a self-managed CHP system
is viable and moreover, by exploiting the CHP system himself, the horticulturist pulls thestrings. By applying the global emission balance, our analysis shows that installing a CHP
results in a carbon dioxide emission reduction. Moreover, because of the utilization of
CO2 for atmosphere enrichment, the actual effect on air quality will be more positive thanpresented. A local emission balance is established in order to investigate the impact on
NOx and CO emissions. The results show a small increase in the emission of these gasses
when a CHP system is installed, indicating the necessity of a catalytic converter.
Although the observed cases show that placing a CHP system is profitable from both an

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

economic and an ecological point of view, it should be noted that the opportunities andlimitations of the application of a self-managed CHP system are case dependent.

268

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.248

Comparative Analysis Between Centralised
and Distributed Cogeneration
R. Liviu*1*

lruieneanu@elth.ucv.ro1

University of Craiova, Energy Department, Romania

ABSTRACTThe paper presents a method for the comparison of different cogeneration systems
based on economical competitiveness at the end consumer. This involves a detailed
modelling of the major components of CHP system, tacking into account both economical
and technical factors.
Our computer model copes with variation of heat and electricity demands, tariff
conditions and costs variations in order to allow a comprehensive analysis of the CHP
system state and it's competitiveness on heat respectively electricity market.
Results come in a very comprehensive and simple form - the calculation of a limit
value for the global efficiency of the analysed solution in order to maintain a financial
advantage for the consumers respect to other possible solutions.
The last part of the paper was reserved to a series of case studies, that demonstrate
the utility of the proposed method.

269

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.249

The Analysis of The Operation of
Cogeneration Systems At Variable Loads
R. Liviu*1, D. Radu1*

lruieneanu@elth.ucv.ro1

University of Craiova, Energy Department, Romania

ABSTRACT
Starting from the main technologies used in cogeneration this paper analysis theperformances o of cogeneration systems at variable loads. For each cogeneration system
there were considered four different operation regimes.
For the gas turbines cogeneration systems there were considered only the open cycles
where the heat delivered to the consumers is based on the heat recovered from the flue
gasses.
For steam turbines we have considered a group with FIL 150 steam extraction turbinethat insures heat for the district heating system used in Craiova, Romania.
The main analysed indicators are:- the gloal efficiency;- the power to heat ratio;- heat and power delivered to the consumers.
The results are presented in a graphical way for an easier interpretation. The results
are obtain with a program developed by the authors, shortly presented in the last part ofthe paper.

270

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.266

Geographic Evaluation of Trigeneration
Systems in The Tertiary Sector. Effect of
Climatic and Electricity Supply Conditions
M. Carvalho1, L. M. Serra*1, M. A. Lozano1*

serra@unizar.es

1
University of Zaragoza, Group of Thermal Engineering and Energy
Systems (GITSE), Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A),
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Spain

ABSTRACT
Nowadays, the development of trigeneration systems is especially important in thebuildings' sector, where the thermal loads are imposed by the needs of heating, domestic
hot water, and cooling. This indicates a strong seasonal character, since the demands
depend totally on local climatic conditions and vary considerably throughout the year. To
analyze the influence of geography and of the origin of electricity for buildings on thethermal loads and to determine the optimal design for an energy supply plant from
economic and environmental points of view, a medium size hospital was selected. The
geographic locations were chosen so as to represent the climatic variety in Spain: Santa
Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands), Almería (southern Mediterranean coast), Valencia(eastern Mediterranean coast), Lugo (northwestern Spain), and Huesca, Zaragoza, andTeruel (northeastern Spain, from north to south, respectively). The solution of a mixed
integer linear programming model determined the optimal configuration of the different
energy supply plants as well as the optimal operation modes along an entire year,
incorporating the local economic/environmental conditions. From an economic point ofview, the optimal configuration for all localities included cogeneration modules. From anenvironmental point of view, the optimal solution is not as general and is strongly
dependent on the origin of the electricity supplied by the grid.

271

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.452

Micro-CHP (µCHP) in Belgium: An Economic
Analysis
D. Six*1, G. Vekemans 1*

daan.six@vito.be1

VITO - Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Energy Technology,
Belgium

ABSTRACTCHP technology provides more energy efficiency and environmental benefits
compared to traditional methods with separate production of heat and electricity. Up tonow, large CHP units are widely adopted for industrial applications, greenhouses, …
while µCHP in domestic applications is less obvious. Field tests with µCHP technologies
are currently being executed in several countries and most heating system manufacturers
are developing µCHP units aimed at replacing conventional systems in domestic
environments.
In this study, an overview of different µCHP technologies is presented and theirpotential for domestic application is discussed. Based on this assessment, thecharacteristics of the Belgian (and more particularly Flemish) built asset base, figures of
the Flemish distribution network and the current market of heating systems, the total
market potential for µCHP in Flanders is estimatedFurthermore, a techno-economic model is developed to calculate the economic
feasibility of µCHP in domestic dwellings, taking into account technical characteristics,
representative heat demand profiles for different houses and economic parameters. The
outcome of this analysis is used in combination with the market potential figures todetermine total energy savings and CO2 reduction potential for the Flemish region in
Belgium. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is carried out to indicate the importance ofseveral input parameters on the resulting energy savings and economic feasibility.
The outcome of this study indicates the required minimum annual heat demand forthe viability and economic feasibility of µCHP in dwellings, the total market potential forµCHP in Flanders on the short term, and the conditions of economic feasibility.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Sustainable Agriculture
SDEWES.2009.404

Energy Efficiency in Long-term Mediterranean
Cropping Systems with Different Management
Intensities
N. Nassi O Di Nasso1, C. Di Bene1, S. Bosco*1, A. Coli2, E. Bonari1*s.bosco@sssup.it

1

Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna di Pisa, Land Lab, Italy
University of Pisa, Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerche agro-ambientali
E. Avanzi, Italy
2

ABSTRACT
Evaluation of environmental effects of crop production requires consistent
information on the impact and the sustainability of crop production systems. Energy
analysis is a meaningful tool for assessing or comparing the impacts from agricultural
practices and the efficiency of production systems. Besides, the implementation of theenergy use in agriculture has been individuated as an objective in the 'climate action andrenewable energy package' for the climate change mitigation adopted by the European
Union.
For these reason, the study of different cropping system management can represent a
good method to optimise input requirements, yield performance and net energy supply.
The aim of this study is to compare and evaluate, in a long-term field experiment(1993-2005) on a Typic Haplustert plain soil at Enrico Avanzi Interdepartmental ResearchCentre for Agro-Environmental Research of the University of Pisa, located in the Central
Italy, the energy use of a rainfed cropping system cultivated at different management
intensities: a conventional system (CS), managed with cultural practices typical of thestudy area and an integrated (low external input) crop system (LIS) characterised by asignificant reduction in agrochemicals and machinery use for a six-year crop rotation that
included sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. var. saccarifera), durum wheat (Triticum durum(Desf.) Husn.), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.),
durum wheat and set-aside. The energy balance was carried out by determining energy
costs for production and repair of machinery, fertilisers and herbicides and fuel andlubricant oil consumption. Inputs and outputs were converted to energy unit measuresusing coefficients found in the literature. In addition, we determined the efficiency of thecrop energy production (output/input).
The results showed that the crop yield was not significantly affected by the
management intensities with an increase about 6%. The net energy yield not showed
differences between the treatments with an annual mean value of 137 GJ ha-1 year-1,

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

while the energy efficiency increased about 33% from CS to LIS. In addition sorghum
improved this energy efficiency from 9.4 to 22.1. results suggest that LIS had no negative
impact on crop and energy yields with a positive impact on energy saving.

274

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.684

Integrated Pest Management in Agroforestry:
Information Technologies Approach
V. Todorov*1, R. Miltchev2, Y. Stancheva3, N. Neykov4*

vladis@abv.bg

1

University of Forestry and Curtin University of Technology, Faculty ofBusiness Management, Bulgaria
2
University of Forestry, Computer Science & Informatics, Bulgaria
3
University of Forestry, Plant Protection, Bulgaria
4
University of Forestry, Department of Management and Utilization of
Natural Resources, Bulgaria

ABSTRACT
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in agroforestry is one of the big challenges for to
the future of the modern agricultural systems. The fast development and introduction of
information technologies (IT) creates opportunities to expand, improve and in some cases
radically change traditional pest management practices. The role of IPM in promoting thesustainability of agroforestry production systems is based on the premise that
implementing its principles is essential to optimizing the sustainability of agricultural
systems. For improved IPM strategies and tactics to be deployed, the rapidly increasing
computer capacity needs to be used to facilitate technologies and techniques that allow
continuous crop management systems based on ecological concepts.
The present paper discusses issues related to the implementation of particular aspectsof IT that enable specific or complete solutions in the field of agroforestry pest monitoringand management to be created. It presents practical results from the application of a new
approach based on digitizing and analysing data on diseases in crops, methods andtechnical means for collection of climate and other information on specific habitats, andthe application of GIS for the spatial positioning of the studied objects. Based on morethan 10 years research at the University of Forestry in Bulgaria, the paper draws
conclusions about possibilities for the overall integration of these methods in developing
information systems and modules that allow better analysis for the sustainable
management of agroforestry plantations.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.626

Studies on Bamboo for Sustainable andAdvanced Utilization
M. Nakajima*1, K. Kojiro1, H. Sugimoto1, T. Miki1, K. Kanayama1*

ms-nakajima@aist.go.jp

1

Advanced industrial science and technology, Materials research institutefor sustainable development, Japan

ABSTRACT
Recently, not only wood but also bamboo utilization has been increasingly needed, asbamboo has advantageous properties in terms of sustainability and fast circulation of
resources. However, few investigations from the viewpoint of plastic working of bamboo
have been found.
In practical plastic working of bamboo, there are traditional techniques by skilledcraftsman to straighten bamboo by loading with heating and cooling. Although they are
empirical technique, it can be considered that the working processes have important
implications.
In this study, to obtain fundamental knowledge about the plastic working of bamboo,
we first investigated thermal-softening properties and residual deflection appearing after
heating and cooling processes in imitation of straightening work by craftsman, and theresults were as follows.
1. In the heating process, an obvious decrease in relative relaxation modulus dueto thermal-softening of lignin was found at around 60℃. On the other hand, noclear change in the relative relaxation modulus was recognized in the coolingprocess.
2. After the cooling process, about 65% and 75% of residual set was measured
when the specimen was loaded on the epidermis and endodermis side,
respectively. Also, residual set depended on the maximum temperature reachedin the heating process and the unloaded temperature in the cooling process.
From these results, it was deduced that the glass transition of lignin from therubbery to glassy state is important to fix the deformation.
3. Comparing thermal-softening behavior between bamboo and wood, the relative
relaxation modulus of wood steeply decreased at higher temperatures thanbamboo. On the other hand, while about 75% of residual set was also found forwood, almost the same as for bamboo, larger recovery of deformation with time
was recognized for wood than bamboo.
From these results, it can be considered that implications of working processes byskilled craftsman were partially clarified and the fundamental researches lead to advanced
utilization of bamboo.

276

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.113

Globalgap Standard As One Option ofEnvironmental Policy in Sustainable
Agriculture
P. Sanova*1, O. Regnerova1*

sanova@pef.czu.cz

1
Czech Univerzity of Life Sciences in Prague, Faculty of Economics andManagement, Czech Republic

ABSTRACTAgriculture has large impact on quality environment mainly due to application offertilizers and pesticides. After Czech agriculture transformation in 1990 the consumptionof mineral fertilizers rapid fell down on grounds of cost saving. However since 1994 thefertilizer and pesticide application in the Czech Republic has risen again.
The agriculture is the most significant producer of ammonia as well as. Its share of
total ammonia emissions is 95%. The ammonia is substance with environmental impact inview of soil acidification and water eutrofization. In 2007 Czech farms burnt 17770 TJ
various types of energy (petrol, gas, electrical energy etc.). In the Czech Republic wereseven ecological accidents (from total 181accidents) on water caused by agriculture.
GLOBALGAP is certificated standard of good agriculture practice. However the
standard has created in responding to the demands of consumer, retailers and their global
suppliers for ensuring of safety agro-product with respecting worker health, safety andwelfare, animal welfare it includes beside ones also requirements to environmental
protection. The GLOBALGAP can be used as a basic standard for other quality standard(e.g. ISO 9001, ISO 22000, ISO 14000) or tools of environmental protection (e.g. Cleaner
Production) too. Application of sensible methods of farming in frame of the
GLOBALGAP standard may significantly support sustainable development. Standard
implementation and its using are very easy for all farms. The text presents some resultsfrom solved project QG 60148 of Czech Ministry of Agriculture. There is a discussion
about using of the certificated standard structure as one option of protection environment
in sustainable agriculture in the Czech conditions. There are juxtaposition with Cross Compliance and Cleaner Production too.

277

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.484

Difficult Choices, Limited Land: Quantifying
Tradeoffs Between Development Goals in The
Philippines
L. Schmitt Olabisi*1*

schmi420@msu.edu

1Michigan State University, Community, Agriculture, Recreation, andResource Studies, United States

ABSTRACT
Policymakers in developing nations are facing an unprecedented number of changing
conditions and resource interdependencies which they must consider when making
decisions. The need for environmental restoration that protects water resources, forrenewable energy development, and for agricultural production that meets the needs of the
population are articulated by many developing countries. Yet the ability of a country's
land base to meet these requirements is not often considered in the light of changing
conditions such as sea level rise, population growth and urbanization. In the Philippines,
current president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo used the Medium-Term Development Plan
(MTDP) to lay out her goals for accomplishing reforestation, agricultural expansion, andpoverty reduction, but these goals were not evaluated in terms of their feasibility given the
country's land resources. This study uses spatial modeling to quantify the land
requirements of these goals in the face of sea level rise, population growth, andurbanization. Scenarios of 1-and 2-meter sea level rise were considered, as well as high,medium, and low population growth and urbanization rates. I conclude that achieving allof these goals together will likely not be possible, particularly in the event of sea levelrise, which may force the displacement of coastal urban populations. The Philippine
government and its international partners will need to have a serious discussion about
tradeoffs between reforestation, energy production, and agricultural goals as the next
Philippine administration takes over in 2010. Spatial modeling is a tool with the potential
to inform that discussion.

278

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Conservation and Demand-Side Management
I
SDEWES.2009.349

The Baseline in Bottom-up Energy Efficiency
and Saving Calculations - a Concept for Its
Formalisation and a Discussion on Its Options
J. Reichl*1, A. Kollmann1*

reichl@energieinstitut-linz.at

1
Energy Institute at the Johannes Kepler University Linz, Energy
Economics, Austria

ABSTRACTOne of the central variables in bottom-up energy efficiency and saving calculations isthe baseline energy consumption. The development of this baseline is a challenging task
in the evaluation of energy efficiency measures and may induce serious problems
especially if the energy service of the analysed subject has changed throughout theimplementation of the energy efficiency measure. In this paper a formalised concept ofthe development process of the baseline is presented that is flexible enough to deal withseveral difficulties such as changed levels of the energy services. Furthermore the mostapplicable options for deriving the necessary variables are discussed.

279

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.353

Strategic Homogenisation of Energy Efficiency
Measures: an Approach to Improve theEfficiency and Reduce the Costs of The
Quantification of Energy Savings
A. Kollmann*1, J. Reichl1*

kollmann@energieinstitut-linz.at

1
Energy Institute at the Johannes Kepler University Linz, Energy
Economics, Austria

ABSTRACTWith the ongoing efforts on the European level to promote energy efficiency, theneed for the development of harmonised evaluation criteria for energy efficiency
measures arises. Such criteria will allow extensive comparisons of the success or failureof the implementation of energy efficiency measures throughout Europe and will support
the development of a first-best strategy for the realisation of energy savings targets in
Europe. Two fundamental evaluation possibilities exist: bottomup and top-down
quantifications of energy savings. Bottom-up calculations give a more detailed view of
the impact of energy efficiency measures but are much more costly and time consuming
than top-down calculations. In our opinion, this effort can be reduced without losing
precision in the savings calculations by the homogenisation of these energy efficiency
measures. In this paper, we develop a framework specifying how such a homogenisation
could look like.

280

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.144

Connecting Research to Design: Interactive
and Iterative Learning About Energy Demand
Side Management
S. Breukers1, R. Mourik 1, B. Brohmann2, E. Heiskanen3, C.
Feenstra*1*

feenstra@ecn.nl

1Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), Policy Studies
Department, Netherlands
2
Öko-Institut e.V. , Germany3
National Consumer Research Centre (NCRC), Finland

ABSTRACT
Learning between researchers and practitioners is important for arriving at new
knowledge that is translatable into practice and at the same time endures in science. This
paper discusses how this notion has been central in 'Changing Behaviour', a project aimed
at a better understanding of why demand side management programmes succeed or fail.
Generally, there is a growing tradition of evaluation that encompasses the co-constructionof programmes, technology and context. However, most current research and evaluationin this particular area focuses solely on the influence of programme characteristics while
discarding contextual factors and transdisciplinary integration.
In 'Changing Behaviour', learning between researchers and practitioners in analyzing
this co-construction involved not only a theoretical discussion of relevant literature, butalso an inquiry into the (tacit, experiential) knowledge base from various practitioners
active in the field of demand side management. This in turn informed the selection andsubsequent analysis of twenty case studies (on past demand side management
programmes, conducted by researchers in various EU countries) - and thus goes beyond
disciplinary boundaries. The multiple case study revealed how particular configurations ofcontext-, actor- and programme-variables have interacted to produce certain outcomes.
Findings were discussed with practitioners before being translated in a set ofthemes/procedures that are relevant for the design of demand side management
programmes, addressing issues usually overlooked or neglected. These will be tested andrefined with and by the practitioners. Eventually the outcomes of this research-practiceproject include a conceptual framework - grounded in both theory and practice - that helps
us to better understand the dynamics of sociotechnical change involved in demand side
management programmes, as well as a context-sensitive toolkit for designing andimplementing demand side management programmes.

281

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIAApproaches to Sustainable Water
Development: Case Studies I
SDEWES.2009.183

Dew, Fog, Rain As Supplementary Sources ofWater in The South-west of Marocco
I. Lekouch1, D. Beysens*2, B. Kabbachi1, M. Muselli3, I. Milimouk4, J.
Ouazzani4*

daniel.beysens@espci.fr

1

Université Ibn Zohr, Geosciences, Morocco
CEA-ESPCI, ESEME, France
3
Université de Corse, UMR CNRS 6134, France
4
ARCOFLUID, France
2

ABSTRACT
From its geographical position, located close to the Atlantic ocean between arid andsemi-arid regions, the area of Mirleft (43 m asl, 29° 35' N, 10° 02' W) is characterized byweak annual rain precipitations (less than 22 days with an annual quantity of order on 100
mm on average). Because of the increasing price of mobilization of conventional water,
the use of alternative sources of water (rain, fog, dew) is considered. This study reports
one year (May 1, 2007 - April 30, 2008) measurements of dew, fog, rain water and its
chemical analysis. Four standard dew condensers of 1m² surface whose condensing
substrate is a special polyethylene-based film (manufactured by OPUR, 2000) consistedof an innovating material of weak thermal inertia and great emissivity for the IR collected
rain, dew and to some extent, fog. A specific net was also used for fog collection. The
weather data were collected with a 15 minutes time step. Over the one year period werenoted 178 dew events (49% yearly occurrence), 31 rain events (8.5% yearly occurrence)and 7 significant fog events (2% yearly occurrence). The total quantity of collected water
was 48.65 mm (rain), 18.85 mm (dew) and 1.41 mm (fog). Then collecting dew increases
almost 40% the water yield (for fog it is only 3%).
Concerning the chemical analyses, the mean dew pH average is 7.40 (variation ±0.28) and 6.85 (variation ± 0.21) for rain. The mean conductivity is 727.25 µS/cm for dew(variation ± 678.64) and 316 µS/cm for rain (variation ±306.07). A significant
contribution of non marine origin is found in dew for components like Ca²+, K+, SO42- andNO3-). In contrast, Cl-, Na+ and Mg2+ are of sea origin. In rainwater, only Ca²+ and NO3are not influenced by the sea vicinity. One notes a seasonal variation of dew composition,with a higher concentration in elements during the dry season. The mean concentration ofions agrees with the W.H.O. requirements for potable water.

282

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.277

Institutional Shortcomings of Wastewater
Management in Ukraine
N. Hagemann*1, H. Unnerstall2*

nina.hagemann@ufz.de

1Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Economics, Germany
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Environmental and
Planning Law, Germany

2

ABSTRACTThis paper is based on first results of an institutional analysis of the wastewatersector in the city of L´viv in Western Ukraine that has been conducted as part of the
project “International Water Research Alliance Saxony” funded by the German Federal
Ministry of Education and Research.
The predominant problems the wastewater sector in Ukraine faces are highinvestments needs to modernise the infrastructure, the need for financial recovery of thesector mainly by introducing cost recovering tariffs and the need for well-defined
governance structures as a basis for a reliable operation of the sector (World Bank 2006).
The background of the study is that many projects concerning the restructuring of thewastewater system have already been initiated, but in many cases the knowledge about theinstitutional surrounding the sector is operating in is missing, but this is an essential factor
for the sustainable implementation of new technologies.
The New Institutional Economics (NIE) is the theoretical basis of the case study. The
main focus of NIE lies on institutions which are “the rules of the game in a society or,
more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction.” (North
1990: 3). Using a framework for institutional analysis the paper aims at identifying themain institutional shortcomings in the wastewater sector in the city of L´viv by analysing
different factors that are of importance such as rules and norms, governance structures andthe role actors play that are involved.
The findings provide insights in the design and enforcement as well as monitoring ofrules and norms and the role different actors play in these processes and at the same time
provide insights in the gaps that exist. This analysis will provide a basis to make out
possible solutions how to tackle these shortcomings to provide a foundation for effective
and sustainable implementation strategies of new technologies.

283

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.132

A General Water Protection Plan of LakeOnega
Ä. Bilaletdin*1, V. Podsechin1, H. Kaipainen1, T. Frisk1, F. Nikolai2*

emir.bilaletdin@ymparisto.fi

1

Pirkanmaa Regional Environment Centre, Water management, Finland
Northern Water Problems Institute of Karelian Research Centre, RussianFederation2

ABSTRACT
Lake Onega is the second largest lake in Europe after Lake Ladoga. The lake islocated in the Karelian Republic, in the Leningradskaya and Vologodskaya regions of theRussian Federation. The area of the lake is 9800 km2, its max depth is 127 m and theaverage depth about 30 m. The main cities situated on the shore of the lake are
Petrozavodsk and Kondopoga. The lake is connected to the Baltic Sea via the River Svir,
Lake Ladoga and the Neva River.
Russia is not joining the European Union (EU) in the near future. However, there istendency to adopt the central principles of many EU directives also in Russia. Water
Framework Directive (WFD) is a useful directive giving the main guidelines about how toorganize water management.
The aim of the project was to make an investigation of the status of Lake Onega, toassess pressures and risks into the lake and make a general plan for water protection toguarantee a good chemical and ecological status of the lake, as expressed on the WFD.
One purpose of this project was to transfer Finnish knowledge and results of Finnish
investigations concerning the WFD to the area of Lake Onega.
In this study, many different steady-state and dynamic catchment and water quality
models were used in assessing the effects of different loading scenarios. While Lake
Onega preserves a good status of water as a whole, the problems with pollution andeutrophication exist in Petrozavodsk and Kondopoga Bays where anthropogenic loading
is more pronounced.
The excessive phosphorus loading with Petrozavodsk wastewaters should be reduced
considerably to prevent further eutrophication of Lake Onega. The existing treatment
removes about 55-60% of total phosphorus from Petrozavodsk wastewaters. Modern
technology permits to increase this figure up to 95%. In Kondopoga Bay anthropogenic
impact is most severe, the pollution is heaviest at the head of the bay throughout the year,
where Kondopoga PPM withdraws wastewaters for nearly 80 years (40 years without
treatment). To improve environmental conditions in Kondopoga Bay the effectiveness ofwastewater treatment process at Kondopoga PPM has to be enhanced and phosphorus
loading has to be reduced.

284

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.417

Assessment and Recommendations to Reduce
the Pollution Impact Caused by Hydrocarbon
Sector in Semani River
B. Seiti*1, D. Topi1, S. Drushku1*

bujarseiti@yahoo.com

1
University of Tirana, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department ofChemistry, Albania

ABSTRACT
Abstract
In this paper are presented some aspects of assessment and facilitation of scale andtype of pollution to the river Semani, as a result of hydrocarbon sector activities in
Albania. After assessing the environmental impact and figures presented in this paper,
concluded that the oil industry takes first place in terms of impact on the environment
compared to the whole industry of the country. This referred, in general, to high levels ofpolluting discharges in the hydro system that pervades the area of extraction andprocessing of oil and in particular Semani river, but also referred to the nature of risky
pollution elements and high cost of cleaning.
This fact is noted in a study of UNEP (2000), which has set 5 "hottest points" inAlbania in terms of environmental pollution, two of them both belongs to the oil industry,oil-bearing fields Patos-Marinez and Oil Deep Refining Plant, Ballshi. Widespread of theoil sources and geographic position of the two existing refineries: Oil Deep Refining
Plant, Ballshi and Oil Refining Plant, Fieri, have caused relatively high environmental
pollution in those areas (UNEP (ed.) (2000); WB / IFC (ed.) (1995)).

285

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Advances in Thermal Power, Heat, andCooling I
SDEWES.2009.114

Energy - Material Model of Power Technology
Life Cycle
J. Eliasz*1, A. Terelak-Tymczyna2*

eliasz@pro.onet.pl

1

West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland,
Department of Heat Engineering, Poland
2
West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland,
Department of Automatic Production Systems and Quality Egineering,
Poland

ABSTRACT
Nowadays it will be observe continuous increase of electric al power demand, whichis connected with increase of electrical equipment in households. Moreover Polish andEuropean Union energy policy and sign the Kioto protocol force on polish power sector
decreasing emission of carbon dioxide each year.
From this reason most of European Union countries, included Poland, are facing the
problem of taking binding decisions regarding the energy market restructuring, which isconnected with modernization most of existing power stations or even building the newone. To take this importance decisions will be necessary the inventory control of used
power technologies from the point of them energy efficiency, emission level and incur
expenditure quantity: material, energy and fuel.
Based on comparative analyze which take into considerations whole life cycle of new
and existing energy technologies it is possible to support choice and decision process
followed by consequences that are substantial for next generations. The analysis shouldtake into consideration examination the influence of energy technologies from extraction
to final recycling. To make the analysis to be helpful in taking decision considered with,both increasing domestic electric power and reducing negative environmental impact, it
should give possibility of comparing different energy technologies.
The aim of this paper is to presented characteristic of mathematical apparatus used inwork out an energy-material model of power technology life cycle, which take into
consideration both dynamic quantification and indicators analysis. Moreover will bepresented selected results of comparison analysis of three power technologies:- gas-steam power plant;- nuclear power plant;- integrated wind power plant.

286

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

The analysis will be provide with the assumption of the same installed power with all
three type of power plants.

287

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.112

Model of Economic Analysis of Gas-steam
Power Plant Life Cycle
A. Terelak-Tymczyna*1, J. Eliasz2*

a.terelak-tymczyna@wp.pl

1

West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland,
Department of Automatic Production Systems and Quality Egineering,
Poland2West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland,
Department of Heat Engineering, Poland

ABSTRACT
According to European Union energy policy the main tasks for energy sector are:energy security and elimination of the detrimental for environment solution included
reduce of carbon dioxide (CO2). From this reason most of European Union countries arefacing the problem of taking binding decisions regarding the energy market restructuring
and liberalization. Taking this decision will be related to a necessity of modernization
most of existing power stations or even replacement of those that are the most obsolete
ones.
Moreover in connection with reduction of CO2 emission limits for polish energy
sector in years 2008-2012, and European Union pro-ecology politics and still increasing
power requirement, gas-steam power plants could be an alternative for existing coal
power plant.
The aim of this paper is to present economic analysis model for power technology,
take into consideration all life cycle phases according to methodology of life cycle
assessment (LCA).
Shown in article model will be taken as factors as:- installation building cost;- fuels cost;- maintenance cost;- direct and indirect environmental costs, as: charge for taking economic advantage
of environment, buying missing limits of CO2 emissions;- revenue from sale.
Moreover in paper will be presented characteristic of used mathematical apparatus,
will be calculated internal rate of return (IRR) and net present value (NPV), which allow
from one side to define cost-effective of building of exact power technology, and from theother side to define period of invest capital return.
Described model will be based on gas-steam power plant.

288

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.099

Increasing Energy Efficiency ofThermoelectric Power Plant by Optimizing
Maintenance of Steam Condenser
R. Grigore*1, G. Hazi1, A. Hazi1*

rgrigore@ub.ro1

University of Bacau, Faculty of Engineering, Romania

ABSTRACTIn the context of major changes taking place in the world, beginning the millennium
has brought new approaches in terms of global energy development and orientation to asustainable energy future. A fundamental priority of the Romanian energy sector in thenext period is increasing the energy efficiency of the entire system from producer toconsumer.
Improving energy efficiency means, in the case of a thermoelectric power plant,
identifying flows of energy that are lost, establishing the most profitable measures toreduce losses and prior estimate of the costs that they imply and the profits that they
provide. The common problems of energy loss in a thermoelectric power plant are causedby the fouling in tubes of boiler or steam condenser, and because of this, maintenance ofsteam condenser is of the great importance for reliable and efficient power generation.
In the paper it is propose a mathematical model to optimize steam condenser
maintenance by minimizing the total cost of the equipment it and taking into account theoccurrence of fouling on the surface of heat transfer.
Increasing energy prices continued in recent years, increased volatility of energy
prices, deregulation of the energy market and last but not least, the recent entry into forceof Kyoto Protocol influence energy efficiency of the thermoelectric power plants.
Therefore, after optimizing maintenance was done, is studying the influence of electricity
price variation on the maintenance of power plant steam condenser. It is presented ascenario of increased prices for the supply of electricity as a result of fuel price increase.
This scenario is a very useful tool for investigation future developments and theirimplications.

289

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.162

Demonstration Test Plan of Closed Cycle Gas
Turbine with Supercritical CO2 As Working
Fluid
M. Utamura*1*

utamura@nr.titech.ac.jp

1
Tokyo Institute of Technology, Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors,
Japan

ABSTRACTTaking advantages of real gas effect and low critical temperature, a closed cycle gas
turbine with super-critical CO2 as working fluid is a promising candidate for green power.
Its scaled test is planned with 10kWe class power output under operating conditions ofturbine inlet temperature and pressure of 550 K and 12 MPa respectively. New cycle
analysis code and heat exchanger performance analysis code are developed to design
critical components to take nonlinear features of thermal properties of CO2 into
consideration. Using this tool components involved in the scaled test are designed. CO2
cycle can generate electricity with a reasonably high thermal efficiency even from heat atintermediate temperatures ranging 550 K through 800 K. Several MW class capacities
may have thermal efficiency higher than that of steam Rankine cycle. Before realizing thiscycle into practice, however, there exist several critical design issues to be solved. One ofthem is a requisite for regenerative heat exchanger with high thermal performance having
temperature effectiveness more than 95% together with high mechanical strength towithstand high pressure typically of 20 MPa. For this purpose high performance heatexchanger was newly developed. It is a microchannel heat exchanger (MCHE) featured ina large heat transfer area per unit volume and a high heat transfer coefficient two times
larger than that of Dittus Boelter correlation with reasonably small pressure drop. New
design software for heat exchanger design is developed to quantify axial conduction effectunder thermal property variations in the heat exchanger. Component tests verified it has
temperature effectiveness over 95%. Based on this technology, the thermal cycle is
optimized and sizing and operating conditions of turbo-machines are studied from thestandpoint of manufacturing. As a result, CO2 mass flow rate is determined to be 1.2kg/s
and pressure ratio in the range 1.5~2.5. Results show that appropriate turbo-machine typeis centrifugal for compressor and radial for turbine whose outer wheel diameters are
20mm and 32mm respectively. Thermal cycle efficiency is expected to be highest at therotational speed of 100000 rpm. It is shown 10 kW motor power and 160 kW external
heat is required for start up until reaching rated speed without the aid of external torque290

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.188

Construction of The Unit 6 of The Šoštanj
Thermal Power Plant - Next Step in Directionof Sustainability
E. Šterbenk*1, B. Debeljak2, M. Mavec1*

emil.sterbenk@erico.si

1
2

ERICo Velenje, Ecological Research & Industrial Cooperation, SloveniaŠoštanj Thermal Power Plant, Ltd, Slovenia

ABSTRACTThe operation of the Šoštanj Thermal Power Plant (TPP) dates back to year 1956.
The plant is compound of five coal fired and two gas units. In the period of construction,
all units were characterized as the best available technology on the market. In 1983 theproduction of electric energy reached its peak, as well as the emission of air pollutants. In
the second half of the eighties, the first acute environmental damages were noticed. In the1987 the management of the Šoštanj Power Plant launched the Environmental recovery
programme, which has been practically completed by the year 2000.
In the first sight implementing of sustainable development in the TPP using fossil
fuel is controversial. But, quite a number of principles of the sustainable development canbe introduced in such plants. The recovery programme pointed out the environmental
issue, and the harmful effects of the pollution had been greatly reduced. Emission ofmajority of pollutants was significantly reduced. Next step of modernization of the TPP
and increasing efficiency of a plant was installing of two gas units in 2008. Not only
electric power of the plant, also efficiency of the existing Units 4 and 5 enlarged due tousing a heat of gas turbines as additional source for heating fed water.
With best available technology in the field of electric energy production theefficiency of the plant amounts as much as 43% in the first decade of the twenty first
century. So the decision of the Republic of Slovenia to construct a new unit in Šoštanj ismore than right. During the implementation of the recovery programme the main aim wasto reduce the emission of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and dust particles into theatmosphere, as well as reduced water and ground pollution. Furthermore, the constructionof the new unit will help reduce the emission of carbon dioxide per unit of the generated
electric energy. This will eventually reduce the environmental pollution with otherpollutants as well and at the same time increase the economic efficiency and competitive
strength of the Šoštanj TPP. Ethical aspect of the sustainable development is of substantial
importance as well, striving to preserve the natural resources for the future generations.

291

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.314

Discontinuation of Individual Boilers
Operation in The Function of Sustainable
Development
G. Vuckovic*1, G. Stefanovic1, M. Stojiljković1, A. Djordjevic2*

vucko@masfak.ni.ac.yu

1
2

University of Nis, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Serbia
University of Nis, Faculty of Occupational Safety, Serbia

ABSTRACT
Even though energy is the basis of existence and economic growth, the time is ripe to
pay much more attention to the effects of energy production on the environment. In thetime of industrial development, by the half of the previous century, the great population
migration occurred and the towns and cities abruptly enlarged and populated. Individual
housing heating was designed and constructed independently. Since no particularattention was paid to the level of combustion by-products emission, the most of thebuildings had individual boiler rooms, mainly fueled by the fossil fuel (coal or wood).
The goal of this paper is to point at the positive effect of discontinuation of individual
heating boilers operation (dispersed energy sources) and connecting them to the district
heating system in urban environments in order to improve the energy efficiency andreduce greenhouse gases emission, in the function of sustainable development. The paper
presents the comparative analyses of fossil fuel consumption for heating the individual
buildings with own boilers, and of the natural gas for the same buildings, in a scenario
where they are connected to the district heating system. The environmental effects are a
special contribution and they are presented on one hand through the substitution of thefuel, and on the other hand through an optimal operation of the high energy efficiency
facilities in comparison to a large number of individual boilers with relatively low
efficiency.

292

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Education and Technology Transfer for
Sustainability
SDEWES.2009.098

Role of Education in Sustainable Governanceof Protected Area - from Global Issues toParticular Challenges of Society in Transition
V. Orlovic - Lovren*1*

violeta_o@yahoo.com

1

Development Alternatives Incorporated (DAI), Serbia, Serbia

ABSTRACT
Global challenges we are all facing today, do question our concepts, views andunderstanding of sustainability and much more - the actions taken to meet that ideal, first
defined by environmentalists decades ago. The power that has been given to education forsustainability in international documents, doesn't reflect in national strategies andespecially not in the practice of most of the modern societies. While we are celebrating
The Decade of Education for Sustainable Development, global consumption and waste ofresources doesn't decrease. On the contrary - the evidence shows that major consumption
is taking place in the countries with the highest level of development - including the
education.
Being affected by all these trends, complex activity of protected area governancerequires set of skills and competences that will enable not only managers and staff, butalso wide circle of stakeholders, to participate in environmentally, socially andeconomically responsible decision making and actions. Demands are high and it isespecially visible in less developed countries, where requirements far exceed capacities of the area and actors of its governance. Lack of governmental and institutional support isusually followed by less developed individual capacities of the parties involved.
Being among countries in transition, Serbia is facing many challenges, with protectedarea governance left aside especially in terms of developing capacities for effective or,hopefully, sustainable solutions and actions. Lack of strategically planned education
efforts to improve the situation is one of the obstacles in overcoming the gap between
high demands and reality in this area.
This paper offers brief review of the issues present in Serbia as country in transitionin terms of protected area governance, in the context of modern understanding ofsustainability as well as of global issues that affect our lives on daily basis. It provides
frame of research study designed to better understand the role of education on the way tosustainability in protected area governance in Serbia.

293

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.461

Integrating Ecodesign Through Workshops
C. G. Myrdal*1*

grann@plan.aau.dk

1

Aalborg University, Department of Development and Planning, Denmark

ABSTRACT
Companies can integrate and work with ecodesign in many ways and a number oftools within ecodesign are available that companies can choose among. This paper isbased on a PhD study and it describes how workshops can contribute to the integration of
eco-design at the Danish pump manufacturer Grundfos.
As an analytical framework, three overall purposes for integrating ecodesign is
proposed: 1) Creating awareness and motivation for the product developers to make them
integrate the environment in their daily routines, 2) Creating a social network where theproduct developers can receive information and education as well as assisÂ¬tance in theorganisation, and 3) Provide the product developers with tools which should enable themto consider and handle the environment in the daily work. Based on the three purposes
there can be different types of workshops which in different ways provide overview andperspective for eco-design at company level.
During the case-study, two environmental workshops have been held at Grundfos.
One workshop was held by the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) and theconsultancy company IPU and was a part of a project financed by the Danish
Environmental Protection Agency. The other workshop was held as part of the PhD
project. The overall purpose with both workshops was to try out ecodesign methods andtools.
By analysing the workshops in relation to the analytical framework, it is concluded
that the two workshops mainly provided input to which ecodesign tools the company
could use and thereby to the third purpose. The workshops also gave input on how tocreate awareness and motivation of the product developers which relates to the first
purpose. However, the workshops gave only very little input to what a social network
should imply to support eco-design and how it could be created.

294

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.486

E-learning for Environmental Education:
Opportunities and Challenges
M. Camuffo*1, G. Zanetto1 D. De Paoli 1*

camonic@unive.it

1

Ca' Foscari University, Environmental Sciences/IDEAS Centre, Italy

ABSTRACTThe UN Decade on Education on Sustainable Development has contributed toincrease the number of training courses, activities and materials related to Environmental
Education, and in this context a primary role is played by the process of e-learning.
Even if there are many e-learning courses related to sustainability, only few
instruments have been developed to evaluate them. The aim of this study is to review
different researches on the use of e-learning and to integrate them with the elements thatcan define the quality of a process of Environmental Education.
The case study was suggested by the Italian Ministry of Education which proposed
an e-learning course as part of the secondary school programme of Environmental
Education. This proposal was used to analyse the different opportunities offered byinformation and communication technologies to Environmental Education and to define a
set of guidelines to support educators, teachers and learners in assessing the quality of elearning proposals on Environmental Education.

295

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.374

Engineering Education for a Sustainable
Future: Competences, Pedagogy andCurriculum
J. Segalas1, D. Ferrer-Balas2, K. F. Mulder*3*

k.f.mulder@tudelft.nl

1

Technical University of Catalonia, Unesco Chair of Sustainability, Spain
Technical University of Catalonia, Centre for Sustainability, Spain
3
Delft University of Technology, Technology, Policy & Management,
Netherlands
2

ABSTRACTIntroducing sustainable development (SD) in engineering education has been a key
topic in many technological universities (Segalas et al., 2004), accreditation agencies(ABET, 2007; CCPE, 2008; ECUK, 2005) and International and National networks ofuniversities.
At the UNESCO chair of Sustainability of the Technical University of Catalonia(UPC) under their PhD program on Sustainability the authors have carried out a researchon:
1. What SD competences may engineers have when graduating?
2. How should SD competences be taught/learned at technological universities?
3. Which curriculum structure is more suitable to facilitate the acquisition of SD
competences?
To evaluate the competences we compared three leading European universities inintroduction of SD. The competences are classified in three categories: knowledge andunderstanding, skills and abilities and attitudes (Segalas, et al., 2009).
To evaluate the pedagogical approach that facilitates the SD learning we analysed 9
case studies of courses on Sustainability from 5 European technological universities. We
used conceptual maps (Novak, 1998; Segalas et al., 2008) as assessment tool.
To analyse the curriculum design for SD 50 experts on curriculum design andteaching SD courses were interviewed.
The methodology and results of this work are presented and recommendations to
introduce SD in technological universities in the three fields: competences, pedagogy andcurriculum are suggested.

296

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.611

Educating Engineers For/in Sustainable
Development? What We Knew, What We
Learned and What We Should Learn
K. F. Mulder*1, D. Ferrer-Balas2, J. Segalas3*

k.f.mulder@tudelft.nl

1
Delft University of Technology, Technology, Policy & Management,
Netherlands
2Technical University of Catalonia, Centre for Sustainability, Spain
3
Technical University of Catalonia, Unesco Chair of Sustainability, Spain

ABSTRACTIn 2010 the fifth bi-annual Engineering Education in Sustainable Development
Conference will take place in Gothenburg. Before, smaller Environmental Training in
Engineering Education conferences took place annually. What questions have beenaddressed, what answers have been provided and what are the remaining topics forresearch into Engineering Education in Sustainable Development. A main question
concerns the identity of engineering: Is it part of the problem or part of the solution.
Unsurprisingly perhaps, we claim its both. To provide more and better solutions
engineering education should adapt itself, and open itself to social science driven
approaches and active learning in order to make the engineer a valuable SD problem
solver. This paper will provide an overview of questions that were recently addressed andanswers that were provided and present an agenda for further research in EESD.

297

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.499

Sustainability Education in UAE Engineering
Schools
D. Jawad*1*

djawad@aud.edu

1

American University in Dubai, School of Engineering, United ArabEmirates

ABSTRACTOver the last two decades, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) have witnessed an
unprecedented boom in the construction industry resulting from large-scale infrastructure
projects, speedy urbanization and real estate development. While this construction boom
played a major role in converting Dubai, one of the UAE's city states, into a major global
hub that links the East and the West, it has been also among the prime resource-intensive
sectors that adds to the oil producing sector-the backbone of UAE economy.
Consequently, the Global Footprint Network claimed that the UAE is the largest resource
user per head in the world. In addition, the WWF, in its 2006 debated report, has named
Dubai as the second-highest per capita carbon emissions producer in the world. With such
alarming outcomes, 'sustainability' and 'greening' became the buzz words in this region forpolicy makers, construction and design professionals as well as citizens. Today, numerous
sustainability initiatives as well as enforcing legislations are introduced and adopted in
impressive ways in UAE such as the Masdar initiative, the world's first zero-carbon, zerowaste development, or the Dynamic Tower. But what is alarming is that the emirates'
sustainability initiatives are tied to foreign alternative energy companies, engineers,scientists and entrepreneurs who do not have a long-term interest in the country. The
question remains: who is taking ownership of the long-term development andsustainability agenda in the UAE? To build this sense of ownership of the UAE future, thekey principle of sustainability, educating the country's future engineers about the conceptsof sustainable development should become the foremost prerequisite on the sustainability
agenda. UAE with its innovative projects and initiatives is an ideal site for teachingsustainable development through real-life case studies that challenge critical thinking andutilize problem-based learning.
This paper presents the findings of the research done to review and assess the current
practice of Sustainable Development Education at engineering schools in UAE
universities and colleges. Engineering schools are plentiful in UAE offering welldiversified education systems. The research also examines the different approaches thatare followed in sustainable development education by the different education systems.
The research further compares the current practice in UAE universities to those in the US.
The research is done through literature review, questionnaires as well as personal contacts
with respective authorities and faculty. The paper concludes with policy and curricula
recommendations for Universities in UAE on sustainable education in engineeringschools.

298

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.515

Materials and Processes for Sustainable
Energetics - a New Curriculum in Estonia
A. Öpik*1, E. Mellikov1, D. Meissner1, E. Lust2, I. Koppel2*

opik@staff.ttu.ee

1

TALLINN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, CHEMICAL AND MATERIALSTECHNOLOGY, Estonia
2
UNIVERSITY OF TARTU, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Estonia

ABSTRACTNew educational topics that need to be addressed in Estonia, as well as in othercountries, include the new boundary conditions for energy use, i.e. the fact that energy
cost is becoming more and more a critical issue for all players in the energy business, due
to increased worldwide consumption on the one hand, and the need to restrict the
production of green house gases on the other hand. Especially in engineering and naturalscience, this requires a fundamental change of the approaches taken and thereby theeducation given, a true change of paradigms. Instead of optimizing devices in isolation,
the whole system must be considered; instead of analyzing systems starting only byconsidering different primary energy sources, we have also to analyze systems from the
aspect of end-use; instead of being a problem for specialists it becomes a problem forgeneralists. The curriculum provides education in alternative energy materials science andengineering as well as in energy engineering in general at MSc level with a strong
technology component. The curriculum offers an integrated approach towards current andlong term materials and energy issues, focusing on technologies and concepts insustainable development of industrial production and use of energy.
Thereby a new demand arises for people who are educated to deal with minimizing
energy usage as well as with optimizing the conversion and production of energy.
Qualifying such people is a new need for all countries and all types of schools. Here thehigher education sector is addressed in which engineers (Masters of Engineering), as well
as future scientists, are educated.

299

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Environmental Concerns
SDEWES.2009.542

Smart Protection from Environment Pollution
Around Gas and Oil Equipment Using
Knowledge of Corrosion Mechanism
A. Lame*1, Z. Gace1*

alketalame@yahoo.com

1

Tirana University, Department of Chemistry, Albania

ABSTRACT
Is very well known the serious problems, in respect with environment pollution,
surround the storage and refinement gas and oil equipment. Economic and health cost has
probably a lot significance in this case. The success in the fight against environment
pollution is connection with a good knowledge of reasons for the equipment break down,
which is corrosion. The last one is the guilty for release of hydrocarbon liquid, toxic H2S
gas and other contaminant substances outside. Refer by, corrosion cause 25- 30% of thereasons for equipment breakdown in gas and oil industry. Studying of corrosion
mechanism on areas of gas and oil transport pipe with stagnant conditions (where thepossibility of failure is higher), using modeling of pipe in presence of three different fazes(brine solution, oil and gas in up part), in conditions of dynamic variation of temperatures(∆T), presence of condensate, concentration of H2S in gas faze, etc. ECN measurement
and metallographic investigation of cross section of the tube are using during theinvestigation of the corrosion mechanism.

300

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.529

Indoor Radon Concentrations in The Town ofVushtrri, Kosovo
S. Bekteshi*1*

sadbek@yahoo.com

1

University of Prishtina, Fakulty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences,
KosovoABSTRACT
Indoor air radon concentration was measured by exposing etched track detectors in
the two elementary schools, one high school, a kindergarten and hospital in the city of
Vushtrri. Measurements were performed with the radon monitor PRM-145, which usesalpha scintillation cells and serves to determine the current concentration of radon. The
results we obtained are in the range between the average values of radon for the interior
spaces, and values that pose a potential risk for lung cancer. Measuring the concentrationof radon was done in total of 34 rooms and came up with values which are between 28
Bqm-3 and 398 Bqm-3. In order to reduce the concentration of radon, we have fixed apump for ventilation and than we did measures for many time and than we got results
between 130-145 Bqm-3.

301

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.560

Marine Protected Areas (mpas) and The
Coastal and Marine Management in The North
Adriatic Sea
M. Camuffo*1, S. Soriani1, G. Zanetto1*

camonic@unive.it

1

Ca' Foscari University, Environmental Sciences/IDEAS Centre, Italy

ABSTRACTIn Italy the National system of MPAs developed during the 1980s and 1990s. The
picture of established MPAs is characterised by many weak points: organisation failures,state-based approach, social conflicts regarding their management, very partial
geographical and ecological coverage. The situation has however changed in recent time.
New protection measures have been promoted and implementing, on the basis of the EU
Habitat Directive. The present phase shows the increasing importance of the Regions in
the design and implementation of protection policies. These place greater attention on
public involvement and on the definition of more flexible management tools. However, inorder to improve the environmental gains and implement sustainable forms of economic
development these regional initiatives should be considered within a more comprehensive
coastal zone management framework.

302

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.081

Ecoducts: Criteria and Decision-making
Process in Implementation of Technical Steps
for Green Structures for Limitation of
Fragmentation of Big Mammals Population
J. Pencik*1, R. Bocek1*

pencik.j@centrum.cz

1

Profession Society for Science, Research and Consultancy of Czech
Institution of Civil Engineers, , Czech Republic

ABSTRACT
Sustainability can also be understood as long-term compatibility. Its basic pillars are
ecological, economical and social-cultural. From the ecological point of view there arethree basic protection elements: protection of sources, ecosystems and human health. The
use of natural sources must be evaluated not only from the point of view of price andquality but also it is necessary to consider all impacts on surrounding environment. In
case of road structures, among which belong motorways and highways, it is necessary todeal with problems of possible defragmentation of biotopes leading to isolation of partial
populations. Special green structures - so called ecoducts.
Ecoducts that serve primarily for animal migration or primarily for transfer of roadover natural obstacle with secondary function of animal migration can be divided
according to several criteria's. For example dependency of location of ecoduct with regard
to surrounding terrain and road or according to animal category for which is ecoductmade. Among factors influencing design, location and function of ecoducts are width,surface treatment, surface ordering, location, technical equipment supplementary steps
etc.
As a target species for which the ecoducts are designed, are under consideration
virtually all animal species, which suffer by fragmentation effect. The position of
structures must be determined by the location of those species with priority to reduce theirbarrier effect. The entrance area must include at least a peripheral part of territory withpresence of the endangered species. Very negative influence on the population of
mammals is the construction of new communication itself by taking their territories forcommunication. Influence, however, in practical life mean liquidation of individuals andnot entire population. Much more serious impact has the traffic on new communication,
which makes impossible to overcome the barriers. This effect is partially eliminated by arelatively dense construction of ecoducts. Authors describe in detail the criteria anddecision-making process in the implementation of technical steps to reduce thefragmentation of populations of big mammals, with for example migration profile and bychoosing ecoducts and its treatment.

303

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.447

Ecological Remediation of The Šoštanj
Thermal Power Plant with Respect to
Sustainable Development of The Šalek Valley
S. Al Sayegh Petkovšek*1, H. Poličnik1, R. Ramšak1, M. Mavec1, B.
Pokorny1*samar.petkovsek@erico.si

1

ERICo Velenje, Ecological Research & Industrial Cooperation, Slovenia

ABSTRACTThe Šalek Valley used to be exposed to huge amounts of pollutants due to its close
vicinity to the largest Slovene thermal power plant of Šoštanj (ŠTPP). Due to large
emissions of SO2 and heavy metals as well as damping of fly ash negative effects on theenvironment appeared (e.g. forest decline in the emission area of the ŠTPP, pollution of
the lake Velenje and the river Paka). Therefore, several ecological remediation measureson the ŠTPP were implemented in 1990s, and several research projects on reasons andeffects of forest decline and degradation of environment began as well. A continuous andwell-pronounced improving of the condition of both forest and freshwater ecosystems (thelake Velenje and the river Paka) after the installation of desulphurization devices on Units
4 and 5 of the ŠTPP and construction of a closed loop system for the ash transportation isemphasized in the present paper.

304

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.170

Legal Instruments to Control Harmuf Antifouling Systems on Ships
A. Luttenberger*1*

axel@pfri.hr

1

Faculty of Maritime Studies, Social Sciences Department, Croatia

ABSTRACTThe paper deals with harmful environmental effects of organotin compounds used asanti-fouling system on ships. An analysis is made of the International Convention on theControl of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships (AFS-Convention), 2001 as well as theRegulation (EC) No 782/2003 of the European Parliament and the Council of 14 April
2003 on the prohibition of organotin compounds on ships and the Council Directive
76/769/EEC of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws, regulations andadministrative provisions of the Member States relating to restrictions on the marketingand use of certain dangerous substances and preparations. The establishing of legal
mechanism is elaborated for preventing the use of noxious substances as means that areused on the ship to control or prevent the attachment of unwanted organisms. In author's
opinion the European environmental policy legislation is a regional environmental needs
improvement and not a duplicate of the AFS-Convention aimed to reducing or eliminating
adverse effects on the marine environment.

305

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIAApproaches to Sustainable Water
Development: Case Studies II
SDEWES.2009.360

Small Water and Wastewater Systems andEmergency Settlements
C. Masotti*1, L. Masotti2, A. Ferrante1*

clarettamasotti@libero.it

1

University of Bologna - Faculty of Engineering, DAPT - Department ofArchitecture and Urban Planning, Italy
2
Faculty of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Department of Civil
Engineering, Italy

ABSTRACTThe peculiarity of emergency settlements and/or buildings requires a still notdeveloped research on small wastewater treatment systems.
Following sustainable principles, designers need to adopt an integral approach todiscover simple but efficient strategies thus obtaining self-sufficient and low
environmental impact buildings. To reach this aim it is important to consider different
factors in relation to building technologies and materials, climate and socio-culturalenvironments, energy and water facilities which play a fundamental role for people
wellbeing and health.
The paper examines different building solutions for emergency and temporary
settlements properly addressed to satisfy housing demands in a sustainable way focalizing
on possible and integrated small wastewater treatment plants: some of these derive fromlocal traditions and use, other ones present more innovative solutions allowed by thetechnological development. These latter need to meet particular requirements in terms offlexibility, demountability, fast construction and simple maintenance.

306

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.372

Optimization of Tajoura MSF Desalination
Plant
M. Abduljawad*1, U. Ezzeghni1*

maakaa@hotmail.com

1

Renewable Energy and Water Desalination Research Center, Water
Desalination Research , Libya

ABSTRACTOne of the promising projects has been being conducted by The Renewable Energy
and Water Desalination Research Center (REWDRC) is the technology transfer project ofthermal desalination plants, which is aimed to design and construct a once through multistage flash (MSF) and multi effect desalination plants (MED), both with a total capacityof 1200 m3/ day.
This paper presents an optimization study of the MSF desalination plant. The
optimization problem is to maximize the gained output ratio (GOR) at different plant
capacities by varying the top brine temperature.
A simple model devolved by Soliman et al, was used and modified to take into
account the increase of feed stream salinity due to recycling of brine in winter season. The
optimization problem was solved using Microsoft Excel software utilizing the SOLVER
tool. Optimal operating conditions were obtained to vary the plant capacity to any desired
value between 1000 and 1300 m3/day.

307

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.403

Natural Organic Matter and Disinfection Byproducts Formation Potential in Conventionaland Advanced Water Treatments
S. A. M. Rosa1, V. Sousa1, M. R. Teixeira*1*

mribau@ualg.pt

1
University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal, Faculty of Sciences andTechnology, Portugal

ABSTRACT
Natural organic matter (NOM) is a complex mixture of organic compounds present innatural waters. NOM affects colour, odour and taste in water, as well as is a precursor oftrihalomethanes after chlorination in drinking water. Chlorine, widely used as a drinking
water disinfectant, reacts with the NOM present in raw waters leading to the formation of
the disinfection by-products (DBPs). Many DBPs are classified into carcinogenic groups
and their concentrations in drinking water have been regulated in EU, USA and by WHO.
NOM can be effectively removed by membrane processes, especially byultrafiltration and nanofiltration (NF). In fact, NF has been widely studied and used toremove NOM from ground and surface water for drinking water production.
Since more stringent regulations are being implemented to control of DBPs in
drinking water, it is important to analyse the removal efficiencies of the treatment
sequences. Therefore, the objective of the present work is the evaluation of the NOM
removal efficiencies by three different treatment sequences (one conventional and two
advanced) and analyse the DBPs formation potential of those sequences. The three
sequences
analysed
were:conventionalsequence
pre-ozonation,
coagulation/flocculation/ sedimentation (C/F/S), filtration and disinfection; and two
advance sequences - pre-ozonation, C/F/S and NF, and pre-ozonation and NF.
Raw and treated waters were characterized in terms of MW, through the use of highperformance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC),UV254nm absorbance, turbidity, pH and conductivity. The specific UV absorbance at 254
nm (SUVA), the number-average MW (Mn) and the weight-average MW (Mw)parameters have been calculated. This characterization includes the amount of NOM
removed and the qualitative changes in the NOM characteristics (MW andhydrophobicity) since they could be directly related with the DBPs formation potential.
The results demonstrate that, for the type of raw water analysed (hydrophilic withlow DOC content), both treatment sequences remove larger MW compounds. However,the sequences with NF have a higher percentage of low MW compounds, when comparedwith conventional sequence, thus the water from NF sequences will have lower DBPs
formation potential. In addition, the determination of the MW is very important since itleads to the understanding of the physical and chemical properties of NOM and theselection of the adequate treatment process.

308

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.554

Small Reservoirs and Sustainable Water Use
Under Global Change
M. Krol*1*

m.s.krol@utwente.nl

1

University of Twente, Water Engineering and Management, Netherlands

ABSTRACT
Small reservoirs generally serve to supply water for local use in more upstream
locations in a river basin.
A case study on semi-arid North-East Brazil investigates distribution andsustainability of water use und global change scenarios, using climate scenarios,hydrological modelling, routing in reservoir networks.
Regional developments, leading to increased small reservoir numbers, will shiftwater avaiability upstream. Similarly, climate changes enhancing drought stress will havea spatially inhomogeneous impact on water availability and fulfilment of water demand.

309

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Advances in Thermal Power, Heat, andCooling II
SDEWES.2009.400

Improvement of Energy and Environmental
Efficiency of Power Plants by Lowering Flue
Gases Dew Temperature
S. Đurić*1, D. Đaković2*

djuricns@uns.ac.rs

1
University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Environmental
Engineering, Serbia
2
University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Energy and Process
Engineering, Serbia

ABSTRACTIn this paper an influence of introduction (dozing) of gaseous ammonia, NH3, intoflue gases on lowering flue gases dew temperature is analyzed. It has been consideredequilibrium mixture of reaction 2NH3(g)+SO3(g)+H2O->(NH4)2SO4(s). Equilibrium
mixture composition calculation of the analyzed reaction indicates that introducing ofammonia into flue gases of 100 cm3/m3 (0.01%) and with volume fraction of SO3 in fluegases of 0.1 up to 10 cm3/m3 results in complete removal of all of the existing SO3. This
has as a consequence lowering of flue gases dew temperature and improvement of energy
and environmental efficiency of power plants. Product (NH4)2SO4(s) obtained byammonium introduction into flue gases together with a certain treatment, could be used asa nitro-fertilizer in agriculture.

310

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.152

Modelling of The Performance of An
Absorption Cycle Based on Liquid-liquid Phase
Separation of Various Refrigerant-absorbent
Pairs
M. Abdeslam-Hssen1, L. Ouassila*1, T. Cachot2*

larkech_wassila@yahoo.fr

1

Université Mentouri,, Algeria
Univesité de Nancy, Laboratoire des Sciences du Génie Chimique, Génie
des Procédés, France
2

ABSTRACTDue to environmental concerns, CFC and HCFC as well as certain refrigerants arephased out, due to their depletion (towards the ozone layer) (ODP) and the halocarbon
global warming potentials (HGWP). Very severe restrictions concerning their use arecontinuously revised and imposed by the international community. Consequently
alternative safe compounds and substitutes have to be developed and tested inenergetically efficient machines. This is an arduous task due to the influence andinteraction between various parameters such as:- The reactivity towards the environment;- The physical properties of the compounds involved;- The thermodynamic properties;- The efficiency;- The compatibility with the machine.
The present work first considers the particular configuration of a refrigeration cycle
which is based on Maxwell cycle which is globally similar to classical ones but with the
major difference that in the generator a liquid phase separation takes place, avoiding any
condensation of the vapour streams, which, usually, would have been obtained. It is tested
in terms of coefficient of performance (COP) and it has not been subject to an extended
study, a fact which has encouraged its further consideration.
A computer model is presented for this purpose, where a priori, the candidate pair(refrigerant-absorbent) to be used in the refrigeration cycle with phase separation, has tobe selected. A huge number of binary liquid pairs exhibit phase separation at reasonabletemperatures, but the lower the value of the critical solution temperature (LCST), thebetter is for the system performance.
Different systems extracted from the literature, with an organic compound as theabsorbent and water as the refrigerant , have been tested at a large range of operating
conditions in order to optimise the cycle COP values where quite interesting values can beobtained. One can cite (benzyl ethyl amine-glycerol), (water-Hexanoic acid), (water-

311

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIAHexanone), (water-ethyl propionate), triethylamine-water, 1- methyl pipyridine-water,(2.4 Dimethylpyridine-water, hexyl carbitol-water)), etc.
This study requires thermodynamic properties, liquid-liquid and liquid-vapour phaseequilibria at various temperatures, pressures, compositions. Therefore predictive methods
based on the group contribution concept have been applied and a thermodynamic modelfor this cycle has been developed, where equilibrium phase diagrams have been
constructed.
In conclusion, this particular cycle configuration is promising and can be regarded as
an interesting alternative both, environmentally and energetically, mainly due to hardware
savings i.e. absence of condenser. Also many working fluids combinations can be tested
systematically using the elaborated model, and hence providing a valuable tool for
screening and design of potential compounds to be used in refrigeration systems similar tothe one used in the present study.

312

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.091

Current Spanish Biomass Co-firing Potential
in Coal Power Stations
D. Garcia Galindo1, J. Royo2, F. Sebastián*3, M. Gómez1*

fersebas@unizar.es

1

CIRCE - Centre of Research for Energy Resources and Consumption,
Natural Resources division, Spain
2
University of Zaragoza, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Spain
3
Fundación CIRCE- Centre of Research for Energy Resources andComsumption-, Natural Resources Division, Spain

ABSTRACTThe reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is a relevant part in many of thecurrent energy and environment policies in most of the European countries. Diverse
alternatives are being used by the governments and the private companies to palliate theemissions and the costs derived from the emissions trade system. One of these
possibilities for the CO2 emission remediation is co-firing fossil and renewable fuels
together, what implies the replacement of solid fossil fuels by renewable energy sources
like biomass in already existing facilities. In Spain the consumption of solid fossil fuelsaccounts for more than 24 Mtep that represent 20% of total primary energy. The mainsolid fuel consuming sectors are the power generation sector (more than 82%) and cement
industry (more than 7%). Therefore the co-firing technologies, specially in coal power
stations, arise as a promising mean to reduce GHG emissions. The current paper presents
results of the project ENE2005-00304/ALT (founded by the Spanish Ministry of Scienceand Education) on potentials for co-firing biomass in the Spanish coal based power
generation sector. Forestry and agricultural biomass potentials have been obtained withbest outstanding methodologies according to most detailed available data on Spanish
forest and agricultural inventories. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have beenused to locate biomass at land-use resolution and to estimate biomass amounts anddistances inside the influence areas (100 km radius around gravity centre) of the coalconsumption zones. Results reveal existence of enough biomass resources to replace coalequivalent to a installed power capacity of 1000 MWe (more than 10% of the total coal
thermoelectric power in Spain). Southern as well as north-east coal power stations present
significant biomass resources able to replace more than 25% of coal. State of the art for
co-firing has been revised to determine reasonable co-firing ceilings according to current
attained percentages of coal replacement. Maps of biomass potentials, distance and cost of
extraction and transport were useful to determine per consumption zone the curve ofavailable biomass according to its plant-delivery cost. Biomass costs come out as thecurrent bottleneck for biomass co-firing mainly for forestry biomass resources. On thecontrary current herbaceous and ligneous agricultural biomass market prices result insavings for electricity producers.

313

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.656

A Joule Cycle Ericsson Engine for Low Power
Sustainable Energy Conversion
P. Stouffs*1, A. Toure1, M. Alaphilippe2*

pascal.stouffs@univ-pau.fr

1
2

Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, LaTEP, France
Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, IUT-GTE, France

ABSTRACTAn Ericsson engine is an external heat supply engine working according to a Joulethermodynamic cycle. It is shown that such engines are specially interesting for low
power solar energy conversion and micro-CHP from conventional fossil fuels or frombiomass. The design of an open cycle Ericsson engine with air as the working fluid is
proposed. This engine works with a maximum pressure of 300 kPa, a maximum
temperature of 650°C, and a maximum rotational speed of 950 rpm. The maximum shaft
power of the engine is 3.8 kW with a global efficiency (defined as the ratio of the shaft
power to the thermal power supplied to the working fluid in the heater engine) estimatedto 25%. The proposed Ericsson engine is technologically simple and potentially cheap. A
first prototype of the 'hot' part of the engine has been built and tested. Experimental
results are presented.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.640

Through Application of Modern Power
Generation and Information Technologies in
Mines and Thermal Power Plants to
Sustainable Development
F. Kulic1, F. Begic*2*

f.begic@elektroprivreda.ba

1
University of Sarajevo - Faculty of Mech. Eng., Department for Power,
Process and Environmental Engineering, Bosnia and Herzegovina
2
University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bosnia andHerzegovina

ABSTRACT
Coal is a key component of national energy security of Bosnia and Herzegovina
because of its affordability, availability and abundance. Continuous goal of experts from
Public Enterprise Elektroprivreda BiH and other scientific institutions is achievement of
EU levels of efficiency, reliability, availability, flexibility and environmental protection
for existing and especially for new Thermal Power Units. Generally, Bosnian types ofcoal are low valuable lignite and brown types of coal, with high tendency for fouling andslagging of boiler heating surfaces and high emissions of pollutants in flue gases.
Content and chemical compositions of the ash in coal have an important influence on
the shape and size of the boiler furnace where pulverized coal is burned. In design ofboilers with dry slag discharge furnaces and with slag tap furnaces, especially those used
for combustion of coals which cause slagging and fouling, it is necessary to fulfill two
requirements: slag tap chamber must be formed to provide an undisturbed flow of slag inmolten state, and, furnace must be large enough to prevent forming of deposits of sinteredash and molten slag on furnace membrane walls and superheater surfaces. Primarymeasure to fulfil abovementioned requirements is to provide input (coal) of satisfactory
quality.
Theory and practice have shown that precise investigation of coal at the mine andinvestigation of the optimal coal quality control organizational schemes including
homogenization of coal represent key factors in achieving the abovementioned goals.
In the paper four organizational schemes of Thermo Power Plant coal supply systemwith implementation of information technology which continually monitors coal quality
and electricity generation cost are presented. This would provide a basis forreorganization of Mines and Thermo Power Plants which would result in financial
benefits which represent the base for sustainable development.

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Hydro, Wind, Geothermal III
SDEWES.2009.228

Sustainable Use of Geothermal Energy
Resources
E. Jowsey*1*

e.jowsey@shu.ac.uk

1

Sheffield Hallam University, Real Estate, United Kingdom

ABSTRACTThe length of time that is necessary for resources to regenerate is a crucial feature ofnatural resource economics. Many important resources, such as fossil fuels are createdover geological ages and so their rate of supply is very slow. The rate of consumption ofsuch resources is inevitably greater than their rate of regeneration. In contrast, for someresources, such as solar power, the rate of consumption will be less than or equal to therate of supply (it cannot exceed supply) and there can be certainty that these resources
will exist for a very long time into the future. As a result, use of these natural resources ismuch more 'sustainable'.
Between these groups of natural resources there is another group, such as biomass
and water, for which the rate of consumption can be greater than rate of supply, making
extinction of the resource possible if the point is reached where stocks cannot recover.
This is unsustainable and more likely to occur with open-access (to ocean fisheries, forexample). It is also possible with such resources, however, that the rate of consumption
can be less than or equal to the rate of supply. Sustainable forestry and sustainable fishing
operate on this principle.
Geothermal energy is a particularly interesting resource for study because the natureof this resource is such that it can move from being a renewable resource to being a nonrenewable resource depending on the way in which it is exploited. This paper assesses the'sustainable use' of a geothermal resource by determining its utilisation time (how long thegeothermal reservoir will last) if the rate of consumption is greater than the rate of supply.
A further aspect of 'sustainability' of a natural resource is its environmental impact
and this paper also identifies those impacts for geothermal resources. An assessment of
the costs of carbon dioxide emissions from a geothermal resource is presented together
with suggestions as to how to value other environmental impacts of geothermal energy.

316

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.449

Heat Potential of Pumping-injecting Dublet
Wells At Korovci in The Republic of Slovenia
Ž. Vukelić1, G. Vizintin1, M. Vulic*2*

milivoj.vulic@guest.arnes.si

1

University of Ljubljana, Department for geotechnology and mining,
Slovenia
2
Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Chair for Mine Surveying
and Applied Geophysics, Slovenia

ABSTRACTThe Panonian basin is typified by a high geothermal flux and the presence of nonlithified and partially lithified porous clastic sediments. In the area of so called Mura
depression water is present in deep aquifers in the Miocene and Pliocene sediments ofMura formation, Lendava, Murska Sobota formation and preterciary sedimentary rocks at
depths between few hundreds to a few thousands meters. These deep aquifers in Miocene
and Pliocene sediments are tapped for thermal water used by the health spas in the region.
Due to pumping, the hydraulic head in the aquifer is dropping. To counter this effect, asolution to reinject used cooled water back into the deep aquifer was proposed on several
places. A 3D structural model of the aquifer was made for special case of Korovci spa
project. Hydrogeological and thermal properties of the aquifer were determined from thelithological profile of wells in the region, well-loggings and pumping tests. Using
FEFLOW software, a thermodynamanical model of the aquifer was made to determine theeffect of the reinjecting well on the aquifer and evaluation of a proposed location for the
reinjecting well at Korovci location.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.553

Opportunities for The Application of
Groundwater Heat Pumps in Piedmont Region
V. Verda*1, F. Nicolin2, G. Taddia2, S. Lo Russo2*

vittorio.verda@polito.it

1

Politecnico di Torino, Department of Land, Environment and GeoEngineering
2
Politecnico di Torino, Department of Energetics

ABSTRACTIn this paper a multidisciplinary methodology for analyzing the opportunities forapplication of groundwater heat pumps is proposed. The approach starts from a model for
calculation of a time profile of thermal requirements (heat and domestic hot water). This
curve is then coupled with a off-design model of the heat pump and its control system inorder to determine its operation along the period of analysis. This model allows one tocalculate the heat pump energy performances (e.g. COP, primary energy consumption) as
well as profiles of water discharge to the aquifer in terms of mass flow rate andtemperature. Then the thermo-fluid dynamics of the aquifer is performed in order todetermine the system impact on the environment as on possible other systems. The
application to a case study in the Piedmont region, in Italy, is proposed.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.683

Into Geothermal: the Case of Challenge
Stadium in Perth, Western Australia
D. Marinova*1, E. Oldmeadow2*

D.Marinova@curtin.edu.au

1

Curtin University of Technology, Curtin University Sustainability Policy(CUSP) Institute, Australia
2
Parsons Brinckerhoff (PB), PB Australia Pacific, Australia

ABSTRACT
New technologies are being employed to extract heat stored beneath the Earth's
surface. Geothermal energy sources have long been known to humanity, but new
applications are based on innovative technologies which allow greater efficiency of low
temperature resources. Specifically, these technologies can facilitate growth ofdecentralised infrastructure for generation of heat and in certain cases electricity in a
carbon friendly manner. This type of decentralised energy infrastructure promotes
sustainable development within cities.
The paper outlines the application of a low temperature geothermal resource within
Perth, the capital city of Western Australia. The southern hemisphere's largest purpose
built outdoor aquatic centre Challenge Stadium (which hosted the World Swimming
Championships in 1991 and 1998) is now the site of Australia's most successful operating
low temperature geothermal project - Challenge Geothermal. This award winningengineering solution was developed by Parsons Brinckerhoff (PB), world recognised
engineering, planning and project management consulting firm.
Key benefits from Challenge Geothermal include:
1. Reduced consumption of fossil based fuel (geothermal energy replaced 29TJ ofgas) with estimated savings of up to 1300 tonnes of CO2e/year;
2. Cost savings in running the stadium (estimated above AUD $200000/year), with areturn on investment within 6 - 7 years;
3. Water supply and water infrastructure development for a local school through awater neutral technological design (an example of how decentralised infrastructure isbeneficial for local partnerships);
4. Enhanced sustainability profile for the sports and recreation facility.
However, for cities that are established in geothermally rich environments, thegreatest potential benefit from this type of project is the promotion of sustainable
development. Within Perth, Challenge Geothermal is an excellent example of growth inaccordance with the CASE (Cities as Sustainable Ecosystems) principles, where eachgeographic area supports locally appropriate technological solutions aligned to theecological status of the area. Such projects can be seen as sustainable as they areecologically friendly whilst benefitting the community and economy of the city.

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Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
SDEWES.2009.535

Electromagnetic Pollution Analysis of a Hybrid
Photovoltaic-fuel Cell Energy System
O. Karakilinc*1, E. Cetin2, A. Yilanci2, H. K. Ozturk2*

okarakilinc@pau.edu.tr

1

Pamukkale University, Department of Electrical-Electronics Engineering,
Turkey2
Pamukkale University, Energy Research and Application Center, Turkey

ABSTRACTIn the modern life, extensive use of electrical energy affects human health. Especiallyeffects of electromagnetic pollution should be investigated. In any energy system, thecomponents which disperse high electromagnetic pollution should be determined to takesome actions against the electromagnetic pollution. Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems(HRES) which consist of more than one renewable energy source have become important
to utilize in small and large scale buildings. However, main components, photovoltaic
panels, wind turbines, fuel cell systems, used in these systems produce electrical energy as
well as electromagnetic pollution. In this study, an electromagnetic pollution analysis of a
hybrid photovoltaic-fuel cell system installed at Pamukkale University in Denizli, Turkey
is performed. Electromagnetic pollution intensities emitted by components of the installed
hybrid energy system are measured under different loads. In addition, results ofmeasurements are compared with worldwide standards An electromagnetic pollution map
is developed by using Matlab and Mapinfo computer softwares with obtained data inorder to extract an electromagnetic pollution profile of the hybrid energy system.

320

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The Small PV–wind Hybrid Grid Connected
SystemN. Watjanatepin*1, C. Boonmee2*

watjanatepin@rmutsb.ac.th1

Rajamangala University of Technology Suvarnabhumi, ElectricalEngineering, Thailand
2
RMUTSB, EE, Thailand

ABSTRACTThis paper is to present the study and development of small Photovoltaic-Wind
hybrid grid connected systems. The aim is to design configurations and installation the
PV-Wind hybrid system for academic purposes. This system was installed in Nonthaburi
Thailand. The system resources consisted of 1642 Watts of Amorphous Silicon PV
module, and 1000 watts of permanent magnet wind turbine. The power converter
comprises of two difference types of grid-connected invertors. Then developed the PC
based monitor system by LabView. The experimental period was for three months. The
results showed that the electrical energy generated from this hybrid system is equal to5.181 kWh/d. The 5.031 kWh/d from the PV-grid system, and 0.15 kWh/d from theWind-grid system. The efficiency of invertors in PV system is equal to 83.30%, and82.44% from the wind system. The PC based monitor system works perfectly. The small
PV-Wind hybrid system could be use appropriately for academic purposes.

321

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.253

Dynamic Modelling and Simulation of Standalone Hybrid Generation System with Solar
Photovoltaic Energy, Wind Energy andHydrogen-based Energy Storage
M. Castaneda1, L. Fernandez1, F. Jurado*2*

fjurado@ujaen.es

1
2

University of Cadiz, Department of Electrical Engineering , Spain
University of Jaen , Electrical Engineering, Spain

ABSTRACT
Renewable energy sources, as energy alternatives, have attracted special attention allover the world, in order to increase the security of energy supplies by reducing thedependency on imported fossil fuels and to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases.
Renewable energy sources like wind and solar photovoltaic energy are being widelyused, since they are abundantly available in nature and the used technology is now welldeveloped. However, one of their major advantages is the random, fluctuating nature,
which makes them unpredictable or even unreliable compared to traditional supplies ofelectric energy.
This paper describes the model and simulation results of a renewable energy based
hybrid generation system for stand-alone applications. In such a case, different energy
sources and converters need to be integrated to meet sustained load demands whileaccommodating various natural conditions.
The paper focuses on the combination of photovoltaic cells (PV), wind turbine (WT)and hydrogen-based energy storage systems for power generation. The hydrogen-basedenergy storage is composed of an electrolyser (EL), which uses electricity to generatehydrogen from water, a hydrogen storage tank and a fuel cell (FC), which recombineshydrogen with oxygen to generate electricity.
As the WT output power varies with the wind speed and the PV output power varies
with both the ambient temperature and radiation, a hydrogen-based energy storage system
is integrated to ensure that the system performs under all conditions, even when there isinsufficient wind or solar radiation.
In the proposed system, at times of excess renewable energy (WT or PV), theelectrolyser is used as a controllable load by which the excess energy is converted intohydrogen gas. At other times, when there is insufficient renewable energy to meet thedemand, the fuel cell is used to generate electricity.
This paper presents a dynamic simulation model using Matlab/Simulink simulation
environment to study the behavior of renewable energy based hybrid generation system
for stand-alone applications. It is tested under various wind speed, solar radiation and loaddemand conditions. The developed model and its control strategy exhibit excellent

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performance for the simulation of a complete day. In the simulation, the solar radiation,
the wind speed and power demand data are based on real world measurements.
The results show that the proposed hybrid generation system is an excellent option
for stand-alone applications, since it is able to adapt to the rapid changes in natural
conditions and load demand, ensuring the load supply in any case, even with insufficient
renewable energy.

323

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.443

Microgrids: Pilot Test Location in Macedonia
A. Krkoleva1, V. Taseska2, N. Markovska*2, R. Taleski1, V. Borozan1*

natasa@manu.edu.mk1

Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of EE and IT, Power Systems,
Macedonia
2
Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Research Center for Energy,
Informatics and Materials , Macedonia

ABSTRACTMicrogrids comprise low voltage distribution systems with dispersed energy sources,
storage devices and controllable loads, operated connected to the main power network or
islanded, in a controlled, coordinated way. The operation of microgrids offers distinct
advantages to customers and utilities, in terms of improved energy efficiency,
minimization of overall energy consumption, reduced environmental impact,
improvement of reliability and resilience, network operational benefits and more cost
efficient electricity infrastructure replacement. Additionally, as the microgrids concept isbased on utilization of dispersed energy sources, this concept stimulates wider use ofrenewable energy sources available on locations positioned in close proximity of the end
customers.
This paper presents the envisaged test pilot microgrid in Macedonia, developed
within the framework of the FP6 MOREMICROGRIDS project. The test network consistsof a part of the low voltage grid, located on a pig farm. The main electricity source for the
microgrid is a small biogas plant, which uses the biogas produced by a waste water
treatment process on the farm, based on anaerobic digestion. The paper addresses the pilot
microgrid design and development of scenarios which should be tested.
This location is the first of its kind being developed in the Western Balkan region andshould serve as pilot site for introduction and examination of the new concept in non-EU
conditions. The tests performed on the location should create extensive base of data toenable exploration of the potential for wider microgrids deployment in the country andwider.

324

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.056

Techno-economic Assessment of An
Autonomous Renewable Energy System Basedon Hydrogen Production
G. Bakos*, K. Mavridis1*

bakos@ee.duth.gr

1
Democritus University of Thrace, Electrical and Computer Engineering,
GreeceABSTRACTThe main objective of this work is to model a renewable energy system that meets aknown electric load with the combination of a photovoltaic (PV) array, a wind turbine, analkaline electrolyzer and a PEM fuel cell. The analysis utilizes the power load data from asmall hypothetical hotel that can be located in different places in Greece. There are three
regimes in which the power manager can operate:a) In the first regime, there is more power supply from renewable sources than isrequired by the load plus the load safety factor and any excess power is used to run theelectrolyzer in order to generate hydrogen. The produced hydrogen is stored inpressurized tank.
b) In the second regime, there is more power produced from the renewable sources
than is needed to meet the load but not enough to meet the load plus the load safety factor.
In this case, the load is met and any excess power is dumped.
c) In the third regime, power from the renewable sources is less than the power
demands of the hotel. In this case, the electrolyzer is OFF while the fuel cell is ON inorder to meet the load.
The modeling, control and simulation of the proposed system were performed using
TRNSYS software. The HOMER software was used as the optimization tool.
Different combinations of PV, wind turbine, electrolyzer, fuel cell and tank sizes
were selected in order to determine the optimal combination of the system on the basis of
the Net Present Cost (NPC) method.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Impacts andCountermeasures I
SDEWES.2009.215

Modeling the Dependence of The Climate
System on The Carbon Dioxide Emissions
from Fossil Fuel Combustion
S. Bekteshi*1*

sadbek@yahoo.com

1
University of Prishtina, Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences,
KosovoABSTRACT
We have developed a model for investigating the dependence of the climate systemon the concentration of carbon dioxide in atmosphere. This model was constructed in the
STELLA program, which makes use of Systems Dynamics Modeling as a methodology. It
consists of two main sectors: climate sector and carbon dioxide emissions sector, andstudies interactions between climate system and carbon dioxide emisions from coal, oil,natural gas... Together, the interacting climate and carbon dioxide emissions sectors
provide predictions of both Earth and atmosphere temperature as a function of time. The
model predicts a gradual increase in atmosphere and Earth temperatures. The increase ofmean temperatures for the time interval of 100 years is about 5 K, which is in accordancewith the data obtained from IPCC where the range of projected global temperaturechange, for the same time interval, for all scenarios is 1.4 K to 5.8 K.

326

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.001

Long-term Dynamic Effects of Carbon Tax
Based on The Imputed Price of Carbon
K. Matsumoto*1, T. Masui2*

matsumoto.kenichi@nies.go.jp

1

National Institute for Environmental Studies, Center for Global
Environmental Research, Japan
2
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Social and Environmental
Systems Division, Japan

ABSTRACTAn international carbon tax is one of the remarkable ways to efficiently abate CO2
emissions. However, if an internationally common carbon tax (CCT) is introduced, it
might be a heavy burden for poorer countries. A carbon tax based on the imputed price ofcarbon (ICT) is an international carbon tax with tax rates that differ among countries
according to their economic levels. This concept was shown in Uzawa (1991) andMatsumoto (2006, 2007, 2008) analyzed the effects applying the CGE model. Due to thefeatures of the tax, CO2 emissions abatement can be realized considering economic equity
among countries simultaneously. From the above studies, it was shown that CO2
emissions abatement was realized without serious economic damage on developing
countries by introducing ICT relative to CCT. Since these studies were done in a static
basis, it was not possible to deduce from them what would happen in the future. However,considering the features of the tax, understanding the dynamic effects is significant. The
purpose of this study is to analyze the long term impacts of ICT on environment andeconomy relative to CCT by applying a dynamic CGE model.
The model in this study is a global dynamic CGE model with 24 regions and 21
sectors. The base year is 2001 and simulation is implemented until 2100. Both taxes are
introduced from 2010. In the model, although not only CO2 but also other GHGs are
considered, the taxes are imposed only on CO2 emissions. The ICT rates are calculated
based on a certain formula and updated every year. On the other hand, the CCT rate is set
to achieve an equal change in global GDP in 2050 and 2100 to the case of ICT.
As a result (in 2100), the world CO2 emissions abatement amount is almost the same
between ICT and CCT (a bit larger in the case of CCT). However, the economic impact
on each region is quite different. While the changes in world GDP are equivalent for bothcases according to the assumption, the patterns of the changes are different. The negative
influence is smaller in the case of CCT for developed countries, but it is smaller in thecase of ICT for most developing countries. Moreover, the percentage of GDP of thedeveloping countries in the world becomes higher in the case of ICT. This means that
economic disparities between the developed and developing countries are narrowed more.
Also, not merely low tax rates are imposed on the developing countries but the rates are
updated repeatedly according to the economic growth, hence the difference of the rates
among the countries is expected to be smaller as they grow higher and faster. Actually,

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increase rates of ICT are larger in these countries. Especially in China, India, and Brazil,
the rates become the same levels as the developed countries.
It is necessary to consider economic aspects more for future climate change policies(e.g. the Article 3 of the UNFCCC). In addition, it was shown in Matsumoto (2006, 2007,2008) that CO2 emissions abatement effect became much smaller in the case of CCT
introduced without developing countries than that of ICT. In the light of the importance ofworldwide introduction of CO2 abatement policies and avoidance of excessive economic
burdens on developing countries, ICT is regarded as a highly feasible carbon tax policy.

328

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.164

A Projection for Global CO2 Emissions fromThe Industrial Sector Through 2030 Based on
Activity Level and Technology Changes
O. Akashi*1, T. Hanaoka1, M. Kainuma1, Y. Matsuoka2*

akashi.osamu@nies.go.jp

1
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Center for Global
Environmental Research, Japan
2
Kyoto University, Graduate School of Engineering, Japan

ABSTRACTIn this paper, CO2 emissions from industrial sector and its reduction potentials areprojected through year of 2030. We develop a simulation system which consists of threeparts.
The first part simulates macroeconomic indicators such as GDP and sectoral valueadded by a macro economic model. The model is a supply-side model which estimates
GDP from capital stock and labour force and determines other macro economic indicators
based on the GDP.
The second part simulates future levels of industrial activities such as steel
production and cement production with using macro economic indicators as input. As forthe steel production, we develop a model which considers international trade of steel,since significant amount of steel is traded internationally in actual world. The model ispartial equilibrium model in which domestic and international market reach equilibrium
simultaneously. As for the cement production, we develop a model which determines eachregion's production based on the domestic demand, since cement is not widely tradedamong regions. As for the other industries, we don't assume a specific product to indicate
the activity level. Instead, we use industrial value-added in real term, which is projectedby socio-economic macro frame model, as the alternative indicator to represents theactivity level of the other industries.
The third part simulates CO2 emissions and reduction potentials by bottom-up type
technology model which uses industrial activity level as input. The model considers 86
technologies and estimates how much those technologies are used in the future. It depicts
dynamics of recruitment and retirement of technologies to estimate amount of stocked
technologies in each year. We assume economically rational behaviour of industrial
companies in deciding recruitment and retirement of technologies and mathematicallyformulate the model as a cost minimizing problem.
By using this system, it is simulated that world GDP growths at an average annual
rate of 3.2%/year in real term from 2005 to 2030. And world CO2 emissions in 2030 are
estimated to be 25 GtCO2 which is 2.6 times those for 2005 in the case of no technology
change. However, it is also estimated there is a reduction potentials, from no technology
change case, of 4.7 GtCO2 and 6.3GtCO2 under the marginal cost of 0 US$/tCO2 and 100

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

US$/tCO2, respectively. And it is shown reduction potentials in China and India is notably
large which account for 65% of world reduction potentials.

330

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.151

Assessment of The Potential for CO2 Captureand Storage Technologies in European Heavy
Industries
J. Rootzén*1, J. Kjärstad1, F. Johnsson1*

johan.rootzen@chalmers.se

1
Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Energy andEnvironment, Division of Energy Technology, Sweden

ABSTRACTThe main goal of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) is to
reduce CO2 emissions from a number of key sectors in the European energy system, i.e.
emissions from large stationary sources in the energy and industrial sectors. Costs andcapacity to deal with the challenges associated with emission reductions vary acrosssectors and between individual installations. The distribution of CO2 emissions in thevarious branches of the industrial sector depend not only on their energy intensities but
also on their share of direct process related emissions and on their fuel and feedstock
mixes. Many European industries have already managed to lower their CO2 emissions
considerably through increased energy efficiency and through alterations in production
processes and in fuel and feedstock mixes. The prospects for further emission reductions
are thought to be relatively limited. Therefore, to obtain more extensive emission cuts
new, low carbon, process technologies have to be developed and deployed.
This study aims to assess the role of CO2 capture and storage (CCS) technologies incontributing to reduced CO2 emissions in the European energy and industry sectors. The
assessment adds on to an earlier investigation of the potential for CCS in the European
electricity generation system. Emphasis is here placed on three industrial branches withpromising prospects for CCS; mineral oil refineries, iron and steel, and cement
production. A relatively small number (~250) of large emitters (>500000 tCO2/year)
dominates emissions from these three branches. Together these installations emit 380
MtCO2/year, 7% of EU's total greenhouse gas emissions. The assessment of the role of
CCS in these three branches is based on facility level data on key processes and plantcomponents related to energy use and CO2 emissions. Critical factors for the potential anddeployment rate for CCS technologies in heavy industries are:
Location of the plants in relation to other large CO2 emission sources, i.e. to facilitate
integrated transportation networks to suitable storage sites.
Capital vintage structure, i.e. investments in CO2 capture technologies are likely tocoincide with other shifts in the production process.
The paper discusses these factors based on a first estimate of the potential of CCS on
more than 700 large CO2 point sources in the European energy and industry sectors andpresents a number of regional clusters suitable for a CCS rollout.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.024

Comparison of Tools for The Ecological Tax
ReformM. Lacina*1*

mlacina@centrum.cz

1

Czech Technical University in Prague, Department of Economy,
Management and Humanities, Czech Republic

ABSTRACTThe member states of the European Union have a duty to implement the directive
2006/96/EC. This directive orders the states to apply ecological taxes on energy products
and electricity.
There are more kinds of energy products which are subject to tax: leaded petrol,
unleaded petrol, gas oil, kerosene, LPG, natural gas, coal, coke, and electricity.
The ecological tax is an excise tax, which has the goal to include the price forenvironmental damage in the price of an energy product. There are several reasons toapply the ecological taxes on the energy products. One of the most promoted reasons is
the intention of the European Union to reduce the current amount of the consumed energy
products and thus to save the public good.
There is also another idea behind the ecological taxes which says that the ecologicaltax as a kind of an excise tax is “fairer” than the pay-roll tax, because every tax is actuallya kind of a penalty and the government does not want to penalize those who work. The
idea suggests that the better way is to impose tax on the purchased products whose
consumption can be reduced or even fully cut down with positive impact on theenvironment. Hence the ecological tax is a device to internalize the externalities of thehuman activity according to the polluter-pays-principle.
The ecological taxation is not the only tool which can be used to conduct theecological tax reform.
The other tool which can be used to achieve the aims of ecological tax reform is theemission trading system and the emission allowances. The emission allowances are afinancial burden put on the amount of CO2 produced in the industry.
We also know other tools; let us mention the main, which are:•subsidies•
voluntary agreements•
savings•
technological improvements
The goals of the ecological tax reform are to increase the environmental protection
and to increase the economic system efficiency.
The aim of this paper is to compare the individual tools which can be used to achieve
the goals of the ecological tax reform and to assess their impact and their advantages anddisadvantages. This comparison can be further used for decision making in theenvironmental protection.

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Towards Sustainable Combustion II
SDEWES.2009.313

Study on a Bioethanol Solar Reforming
System with The Solar Insolation Fluctuationin Consideration of Heat Chemical Reaction
S. Obara*1*

obara@indigo.plala.or.jp

1

Kitami Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, Japan

ABSTRACTThe greenhouse gas discharge due to distributed small fuel cells changes greatly withmethods of hydrogen supply. Thus, we are examining a system using the heat obtained
from a small sunlight solar collector to reform of bioethanol into a vapor (fuel cell systemwith bioethanol solar reforming system (FBSR)). We propose that hydrogen will be
produced when installing FBSR in a home, and we aim to use a layered neural network as
the weather forecast method. However, all the analysis in this paper assumes steady-statehydrogen production.
By supplying the ethanol steam (fuel steam) to a catalyst layer, the reforming
reaction is advanced at FBSR. Generally, a fuel inversion rate is obtained by using thetemperature of the catalyst layer and the space velocity of the fuel steam. In this paper,
nonsteady heat analysis is introduced into the catalyst layer that is in the reforming
component. From this analysis, the distribution of temperature, inversion rate, and process
gas composition is investigated. From this, the hydrogen generating rate in the non-steadyof FBSR is obtained. The solar insolation input into the acceptance surface of the reactor
that is filled up with the catalyst fluctuates according to the weather. If the heattransmission characteristics of the catalyst layer are taken into consideration, it will be
expected that the amount of hydrogen production of FBSR is influenced by solar
insolation fluctuation over a short time. Accordingly, if the solar irradiance input into theacceptance surface of the reactor fluctuates many times in a short period, the time of thereforming reaction will not be enough. Therefore, the amount of hydrogen production of
FBSR changes with characteristics of the fluctuation of solar insolation. The purpose ofthis research is to determine the characteristics of the amount of hydrogen production andthe efficiency of the reforming component under the circumstances of global solar
radiation with fluctuating inputs to the acceptance surface on the reactor of FBSR. "Thehigher calorific value of hydrogen / the amount of heat collections per day" defines theefficiency of the reforming component.

333

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.320

Mathematical Prediction of Methane
Formation in An Anaerobic Co-digestion Cstr
G. Esposito*1, L. Frunzo2, A. Panico2, F. Pirozzi2*

giovanni.esposito@unicas.it

1

University of Cassino, Department of Mechanics, Structures andEnvironmental Engineering, Italy
2
University of Naples Federico II, Department of Hydraulic, Geotechnicaland Environmental Engineering, Italy

ABSTRACTAn innovative solution for the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW)
treatment is the combined digestion (co-digestion) with sewage sludge in the anaerobic
digesters of the municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs). The feasibility of thissolution deserves a relevant attention in Countries, such as Italy, where many MWWTPs
include oversized reactors for the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge and are locatednext to the solid waste production sites. Anaerobic co-digestion results in production of
biogas containing over 50% methane. The utilisation of this gas in power generation can
provide the energy supply for the MWWTP, whereas the biogas surplus can be used asenergy renewable source.
The studies reported in literature indicate that the optimal operational conditions interms of percentages of the OFMSW and sewage sludge cannot be univocally defined but
should be investigated for each specific case. Moreover, with regard to the physical andbiochemical processes prevailing in a co-digestion system, only some aspects have been
investigated. This paper presents a modelling/experimental study on the anaerobic codigestion of the OFMSW and sewage sludge aimed at defining process optimization
criteria and coming to the determination of the main benefits and applicability limits ofthe system. The mathematical model proposed is able to simulate under dynamic
conditions the physical, chemical and biological processes prevailing in a OFMSW andsewage sludge anaerobic digestion system. This model is mainly based on the IWA
Anaerobic Digestion Model n°1, whereas a different approach has been used to simulate
the OFMSW disintegration process, which is a fundamental step when the substrate to bedisintegrated is highly complex as the OFMSW. Numeric integration of the differential
equations is performed using the software tool Matlab.
Several simulations have been carried out aimed at investigating the effects of theprocess operational conditions in terms of OFMSW/sewage sludge ratio, temperature,
OFMSW particle size, solid mixture retention time, reactor stirring rate, etc. The model
can also be used to optimise the digester operation in order to avoid conditions leading toinstability and subsequent failure of the co-digestion process.

334

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.469

The Application of Statistical
Thermoenergetics for Calculation of
Combustion of Natural Gas
J. Avsec*1, A. Predin1*

jurij.avsec@uni-mb.si

1

University of Maribor, Faculty of Energy Technology, Slovenia

ABSTRACTThe detailed knowledge of natural gas combustion phenomena is very important forenergy technologists, ecologists and scientists involved in combustion process. The
presented paper features the mathematical model of computing the chemical andthermophysical properties in process of natural gas combustion. To identify theparameters of state of combustion products their composition has to be known, which may
be determined from chemical equilibrium. The computation is performed by the use ofchemical potentials and use of statistical thermodynamics. The paper features allimportant molecular contributions (translation, rotation, vibration, and intermolecularpotential energy) Thermal equation of state with two virial terms is used. The reality of
the gas mixture is considered with two components: carbon dioxide and water. Virial
coefficients are dependent on temperature and mole fractions of the real components.
Mixed terms are considered. The caloric equation of state is based on ideal gas statistical
thermodynamics. Considered are corrections according to the second law ofthermodynamics and thermal equation of state. As the whole computation is based on
matrix algebra the expansion of the component number under consideration does not
represent any problem. We tested our model in high pressure region (100 bars) and low
pressure region (1 bar), between temperatures 500-6000 K. Our analytic model iscompared with other analytical models presented in the literature and show relatively
good agreement. At the some time we tested the influence of reality on chemical andthermophysical properties of combustion products.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.438

Co-pyrolysis of Coal and Biomass Blends: Charand Oil Characterization
E. Putun*1, M. Kilic2, A. E. Putun2*

eputun@anadolu.edu.tr

1
2

Anadolu University, Materials Science and Engineering, Turkey
Anadolu University, Chemical Engineering, Turkey

ABSTRACTIn this study, the co-pyrolysis of coal and biomass blends and characterization ofsolid and liquid products were studied. Lignite and hazelnut shell were used for coal andbiomass. Mass ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 lignite:hazelnut shell were
pyrolysed in a fixed-bed Heinze reactor with a heating rate of 10°C min-1, to a final
temperature of 750°C in inert N2 atmosphere with a flowing rate of 100 cm3 min-1. Meanparticle sizes were 0.75 mm for lignite and 1.25 mm for hazelnut shell. Elemental analysis
was used to investigate the characterization and FT-IR spectra was used to analyze thefunctional groups of coal, hazelnut shell, char and oil products. Pyrolysis oils were also
examined by chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis techniques using GC-MS and
1H NMR. Surface areas were calculated by BET equation and scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the changes in the surface structure of coal,hazelnut shell and chars. Solid product yield decreased from 60% to 29% with theincreased hazelnut shell ratio, but on the other hand the liquid product yield increased
from 10% to 27%. According to the experimental and characterization results liquid
products were found to be compatible with petroleum fractions and solid products werecompatible with commercial activated carbons.

336

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Sustainable Transport II
SDEWES.2009.395

Transportation Demand Modelling - a Tool for
Pollution Estimation
J. Jović*1, V. Đorić1*

j.jovic@sf.bg.ac.rs

1

TTEF – Traffic and Transport Engineering Faculty, Traffic Engineering
Department, Serbia

ABSTRACT
Modern software tools give the possibility of generating a lot of development
scenarios of street network system, which can be tested quickly. Transportation models
are good (and necessary) basis in the procedure of environmental traffic effects andenergy emission estimation. Research in this paper deals with the possibility of usingtransportation modelling as a tool for estimation of some air pollution and global worming
indicators on street network, coming from personal cars with the internal combustion.
These indicators could be the basis for defining some planning and management solutions
in transport system in the aspect of their environmental influence. All the analyses are
based on several years of research experience in Belgrade. According to the emissions ofgasses from the model, the values of other GH gases can be estimated, using the known
relations between the pollutants.

337

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.361

Development of a Practical Driving Cycle forSimulation of Car Emissions: a Case Study in
Aleppo City, Syria
H. Achour*1, A. G. Olabi1, A. Marashly2*

achourh2@mail.dcu.ie

12Dublin City University, School of Mech & Manuf Eng, Ireland (Republic)
Aleppo University, Faculty of Technical Engineering, Syria

ABSTRACT
Driving cycles in such a city are analysed by researchers in the same approach inmany countries. Due to recent advancements in some software packages utilized toestimate vehicle emissions, many projects have been conducted on establishing the drive
cycle of a specific area/city. In this paper, a preliminary case study on the estimation of
the emission values taken from a passenger car has been carried out. An On Board
Diagnostic (OBD II) reader has been used and configured to extract the data and save it ina built-in data acquisition package in order to estimate an instantaneous emissions
produced from a vehicle.
A representative driving cycle reflecting the real-world driving conditions wasachieved and estimated vehicle emissions were validated. This method is user-friendly
and the results were shown to be accurate as real data from Aleppo city was used.

338

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.688

Strategic Analysis of Air Transport Industry
M. Sarmento*1, S. Teles1*

manuela.sarmento@spin.pt

1

University Lusiada, Economics and Management, Portugal

ABSTRACT
Competition is often regarded as the ultimate solution for market efficiency. In
certain sectors, however, market imperfections together with scale and scope economies
lead market participants to establish some sort of cooperation efforts in order to maximize
the common benefit of the cooperating partners. We argue that this is increasingly thecase with the air transport industry in Europe and elsewhere.
In this article we analyse the economic rationale behind strategic alliances in the airtransport sector, namely emphasizing the individual contributions and collective benefitsof airlines when merged within a specific alliance for cooperation purposes. The several
possibilities of cooperation agreements between air carriers are also analysed, as well assome of their managerial implications.
Finally, the implications for tourism and the prospective medium-term trends for theairline sector are also taken into consideration for the immediate future of this competitivemarket, notwithstanding the competitive pressures ahead, namely the ones stemming fromIT innovation and increasing energy costs.

339

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.274

The Importance of Assessing Environmental
Loadings of Transport Services in An LCA
H. J. Walnum*1, O. Andersen1*

hjw@vestforsk.no1

Western Norway Research Institute, Environmental research, Norway

ABSTRACT
Today it is consensus internationally that the global transport system is notsustainable. There is an agreement that without substantial change in Governmental policy
this trend will continue (Holden and Høyer 2007).
A necessary prerequisite for successful change of policy and action is basic
knowledge about the energy and environmental impacts of different transport systems. It
is necessary with a thoroughly methodological discussion about life cycle assessment(LCA) of transport services. In the present research the goal is to illustrate the importanceof transport when conducting an LCA.
During recent years there has been a shift in how goods are transported. Air transport(1% of the intercontinental freight transport by volume, but 40% of value of transported
goods), and road transport have increased. Sea transport has only increased slightly andrail transport decreased in EU countries (Neiberger 2009).
The energy use from transport activities makes up 30% of the total CO2 emissions
from the OECD countries (Holden and Høyer 2007)
As a case for illustration off global transport of goods we use the production of acathode for aluminium production. Transport is an environmental hotspot in cathodeproduction. The case highlights that LCA needs not just to look at product efficiency
problems. Societal challenges such as pattern problems i.e. the choice between transportmodes and volume problems e.g. the increased transport of goods should also be
addressed in an LCA (Andersen 2003)
To compare different means of transport we must distinguish between indirect, direct
and gross direct energy usages for different means of transport. This categorisation
includes manufacturing and maintenance of means of transport, as well as construction,
operation and maintenance of infrastructure and direct energy use of the transport means.
It is also important to have a comparable approach for environmental impacts, energy andland use of automotive, bus, boat, train and flight transports from cradle to grave. Thismeans that categorisation should be made as equal as possible. First of all, a transportsystem LCI must be consistent regarding the system boundaries. Secondly, theenvironmental impact analysis must be consistent with regard to level of transporttechnology. Third, it is only worthwhile to compare transport systems that are real
alternatives to each other (Holden and Høyer 2007).

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Impacts andCountermeasures II
SDEWES.2009.383

Development of The System for GHG
Emissions Quantification and GHG Reduction
Potential Estimation from Dispersed Sourcesof Pollution
M. Stojiljković*1, G. Stefanovic2, M. Ignjatović1, M. Tomić3*

mirko.stojiljkovic@masfak.ni.ac.rs

1
University of Niš, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Niš, ThermalEngineering Department, Serbia
2
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Thermal and Chemical
Engineering, Serbia
3
University of Niš, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Niš, Serbia

ABSTRACT
Ratification of Kyoto Protocol and the intention to become developed andenvironmentally responsible country define new challenges for Serbia, its government,
experts and local communities. Data acquisition and processing related to quantificationof greenhouse gasses (GHG) emissions and estimation of the potential for their reduction
is necessary in order to fulfill obligations related to creation of the National GHG
Inventory and meeting other environmental goals, defined either by the state itself or by
the European Union.
This paper illustrates the authors' vision of technical and organizational aspects ofquantification GHG emissions and estimation of the potential of their reduction process
and presents one part of the research performed in order to facilitate Serbian Government
establishment of the entire system. The research, as well as the paper, is related only to
GHG emissions from dispersed sources, i.e. small facilities with stationary combustion
processes with the purpose to provide heat for public, commercial and residential objects.
Relevant data, collected and organized, will be used for GHG reduction potential
estimation, local energy planning, national energy strategy and national GHG Inventory.
The main idea is to perform collection of most information at the same time when the data
for local energy balances are collected. This data are planned to be collected by the local
energy managers of different levels and external consultants. The system for processing
the information will contain the software able to accept information on energy
consumption, fuel characteristics, combustion products composition, as well as the341

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

information on the characteristics for each object. This software, described in this paper,
should also serve to estimate the potential for GHG emissions reduction and energy
savings according to the defined procedures, entered data as well as according to thereferent values and procedures defined in the 2006 IPPC Guidelines for National GHG
Inventories and supply all the data to a single database. The greatest challenge iscollection of data for residential object, which is explained in the paper in more detail.

342

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.135

Modeling CO2 Emissions Impacts on CroatianElectrical System
R. Pasicko*1, S. Robić2, Ž. Tomšić3*robert.pasicko@fer.hr

1

Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Power systems
department, Croatia
2
Fakultet elektrotehnike i računarstva, Zagreb, Zavod za visoki napon ienergetiku, Croatia
3
Fakultet elektrotehnike i računarstva, Zavod za visoki napon i energetiku,
Croatia

ABSTRACT
Today's electrical energy landscape is characterized by new challenges such as
deregulation, liberalization of energy markets, increased competition on different energy
markets, growing demands on security of supply, price insecurities and demand to cut
CO2 emissions. All mentioned challenges are calling for consideration of various options(like nuclear, coal, gas or renewable scenarios) and for better understanding of energy
systems modelling in order to optimize proper energy mix. Existing models are notsufficient anymore and planners will need to think differently in order to face thesechallenges. European emission trading scheme (EU ETS) started in 2005 and has great
influence on electrical system short term and long term planning. Croatia is obliged toestablish a national scheme for trading of greenhouse gas emission allowances from theyear 2010, which will be focused on monitoring and reporting only until accession to EU
when it will be linked with EU ETS.
Thus, for Croatian electrical system it is very important to analyze possible impactsof CO2 emissions. Analysis presented in this paper is done by two different models:mathematical model, based on short run marginal costs (relevant for fuel switch inexisting power plant and merit order change) and long run marginal costs (relevant for
new investment decisions); and electricity market simulation model PLEXOS, which wasused for modelling Croatian electrical system during development of the Croatian Energy
Strategy in 2008.
Results of the analysis show important impacts that emission trading has on Croatianelectrical system, such as influence of emission price rise on price of electricity and on
emission quantity, and change in power plants output that appears with emission price
rise.

343

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.090

Cofiring Versus Biomass-based Power Plants:
GHG Emissions Savings Comparison Among
Different Biomass Resources Utilisation by
Means of LCA Methodology
F. Sebastián*1, J. Royo2, M. Gómez3*

fersebas@unizar.es

1
Fundación CIRCE- Centre of Research for Energy Resources andComsumption-, Natural Resources Division, Spain
2
University of Zaragoza, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Spain
3
CIRCE Foundation, Natural Resouces Division, Spain

ABSTRACTOne way of producing nearly CO2 free electricity is by means of using biomass as afuel. However, it has to be considered that when biomass entire life cycle is assessed still
there are Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions due to cultivation, harvesting, processing
and transport processes, generally use fossil fuels.
For bioelectricity purposes biomass-only fired power plants and biomass cofiring
could be considered. Two important aspects that should be analyzed are which the mostinteresting alternative is when GHG emissions are taken into account and, secondly,
which biomass resources allow the achievement of the highest impact reduction in eachcase. Three different types of biomass have been assessed, wheat straw and two different
energy crops: Brassica carinata and Populus sp. Their different and specific characteristics
concerning the amount of fertilizers, fuel consumption and pretreatments required, etc,
involve differences among their final GHG emissions.
In order to quantify the GHG impacts offered by each system a Life Cycle
Assessment (LCA) was performed. Additionally, some sensibility analysis of the mostimportant parameters and the comparison between the obtained results were obtained.
This paper approaches the answers of which the real net CO2 emissions decrease iswhen bioelectricity is implemented and which the best alternative is when considering afixed resources quantity: a biomass-based or a cofiring power plant. Assessment of the
GHG emissions reduction achieved in a cofiring system is quite important since it affects
biomass utilisation profitability due to its relationship with emissions trading and, related
to this, to the incomes finally obtained. Besides, the results will allow policy makers todetermine preferences or grants among biomass conversion alternatives. Additionally, theresults will allow technicians to identify the differences among considering some different
representative types of biomass as a fuel for the two alternatives assessed.
This paper deals with the same topic that one which was already presented two years
ago dealt with, although this paper besides considering data related to crops production
and management obtained from specific tests carried out in the Teruel province (Spain)
which have increased the accuracy, also includes important methodological improvements

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

based on the proper work carried out by the authors and on the comments and reviews thatwere done by the Energy journal referees.

345

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.303

GHG Emissions Reduction in a Power System
Predominantly Based on Lignite
V. Taseska*1, N. Markovska1, A. Causevski2, T. Bosevski1, J. PopJordanov1*

verica@manu.edu.mk

1

Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Research Center for Energy,
Informatics and Materials , Macedonia
2
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Macedonia

ABSTRACTIn this paper the GHG mitigation potential of a power system with prevailing use oflignite (over 70%) is assessed through the example of the Macedonian power system. The
mitigation analysis is conducted by making use of WASP model in order to develop threedifferent scenarios (business as usual - BAU and two mitigation scenarios) for the powersystem expansion over the period 2008-2025. The dynamics of the expansion is optimizedin order to meet the electricity demand with minimum emissions and minimum total costs(capital investments, fuel and O&M costs).
The BAU scenario assumes that the expansion of the power system is based on thethermal power plants fuelled by domestic lignite. In the first mitigation scenario two gas
power plants with combined cycle are planned to replace some of the lignite-based
capacities. The second mitigation scenario, besides the gas power plants, assumes
reduction of the electricity consumption related to the large industrial consumers andincreased share of the new renewables (small hydro and wind). Detailed calculations of
the GHG emissions are made for the three scenarios. The comparison between 2025- and2008- emissions shows that the relative increase of 78% in the case of BAU, is reduced to
41% by the first mitigation scenario, and furthermore to 14% by the second mitigation
scenario.

346

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.252

Interaction Between Australian Carbon
Allowance and Energy Prices - an Empirical
Analysis
S. Trück*1, C. Deborah2*

strueck@efs.mq.edu.au

1

Macquarie University Sydney, Department of Economics, Australia
University of Technology Sydney, School of Finance and Economics,
Australia
2

ABSTRACTThe overriding aim of carbon trading is to encourage the reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions. An effective carbon trading scheme should reward the production of power
through green sources such as hydro and wind energy and penalise the continuation of
power produced by the higher emitting sources such as coal. Therefore, one could expect
to find a significant effect of carbon allowance prices also on Australian electricity andgas markets. This paper investigates the interaction between carbon permit prices of two
major Australian carbon trading schemes, the NSW Greenhouse Gas Abatement Scheme(GGAS) and the Mandatory Renewable Energy Target Scheme (MRET) and electricity
and gas prices using a structural cointegrated VAR model. The empirical analysis does
not suggest a significant effect of carbon prices on the considered energy markets inAustralia. Our results can be interpreted with respect to the success of the current
abatement schemes and are further of great interest for the design and implications of aneffective national trading scheme to be introduced in 2010 by the current Federal
Government.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Hydrogen and Fuel Cells I
SDEWES.2009.153

Reduced Model of Proton Exchange
Membrane (pem) Fuel Cell System for Vehicle
Propulsion Systems
P. Garcia1, L. Fernandez1, F. Jurado*2*

fjurado@ujaen.es

1
2

University of Cadiz, Electrical Engineering, Spain
University of Jaen , Electrical Engineering, Spain

ABSTRACT
Nowadays fuel cell shows an excellent potential as alternative electric power source.
The use of this clean power source mainly focuses on public transport (buses, trains andundergrounds), where the fuel cell is the main power generation system.
In contrast to internal combustion engines, fuel cell systems do not perform anintermediate conversion into thermal energy and from that to mechanical energy, so theefficiency of a fuel cell is not limited by the Carnot efficiency. It converts the chemicalenergy of fuel directly into electric energy and efficiencies of above 80% at normal
operating conditions can be achieved. Among all types, proton exchange membrane(PEM) fuel cell is the best option to be used in public transport due to their high power
density, specific power, low operating temperature, longevity, efficiency, good dynamic
behavior and the ability to rapidly adjust to changes in power demand.
PEM fuel cell consists of two electrodes, an anode side and a cathode side, separated
by a membrane. The membrane has exclusive proton permeability and is thus used to strip
electrons from hydrogen atoms on the anode side to drive the load. The protons whichflow through the membrane then react with oxygen to generate water on the cathode side
and complete the electrical circuit.
This paper proposes a reduced model of a PEM fuel cell system for application in
vehicle propulsion systems, which is evaluated by comparing with a complete model.
The complete model includes a detailed dynamic model of the main components offuel cell system, such as described in Pukrushpan et al . This model is composed of:1) A compressor with a DC motor controls the incoming air (oxygen) to the cathode.
2) Four manifolds (two supply and two return manifolds) which keep a stable gasflow.
3) An humidifier which injects water into the membrane avoiding the loss ofmembrane properties.
4) An air cooler maintains the fuel in an optimum operating temperature, normallyaround 50°C and 100°C.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

5) A high pressure tank which provides the hydrogen to be used in the fuel cell.
The fuel cell model is completed with an electrochemical model to calculate the fuelcell output voltage, which requires the effective partial pressures of the electrodes to be
determined. The partial pressures of anode and cathode have been calculated from themass conservation and ideal gas law. On the other hand, the fuel cell output voltage has
been obtained from the sum of the Nernst's voltage, the activation voltage drop, the ohmic
voltage drop and the concentration voltage drop, where all the voltage drops are functionof the current density.
Applying some simplifications, a reduced model of PEM fuel cell can be obtained. In
this work, the following simplifications have been done:
1) The compressor is modelled by a first order system in order to approximate its
dynamic response.
2) Assuming that inlet oxygen and hydrogen coming respectively from compressor
and tank present a stable mass flow, the supply manifolds can be eliminated.
3) Return manifolds have been removed since the outlet flow of any gas is considered
to be proportional to its partial pressure inside the channel.
4) The humidifier and air cooler are considered ideal so that the fuel cell operates at
optimum temperature (80°C) and with constant relative humidity.
The proposed reduced model of PEM fuel cell system has been evaluated in its
application in a vehicle propulsion system by means of simulations, where response ofthis reduced model is compared with that of complete model. Static and dynamic
simulations have been performed.
In the static simulation, the polarization curve of fuel cell is obtained from thedescribed models, where voltage versus current density is represented. In this case, thesimulation results obtained from complete and reduced models are similar enough.
In addition, the reduced model is tested under dynamic simulations, where the fuelcell system is demanded to follow the dynamic work cycle of a public transport vehicle.
The dynamic responses of both models also show similar results, with an important
reduction of computation time in case of the reduced model.
Therefore, it can be concluded the validity of proposed reduced model in order torepresent the behavior of a fuel cell for its application in a vehicle propulsion system.

349

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.048

The Main Aspects of Reactants Selection for
Solar Hydrogen Production from Water Via
Thermal Chemical Redox Cycles
I. Vishnevetsky*1, A. Berman1, M. Epstein1*

Irina.Vishnevetsky@weizmann.ac.il

1

Weizmann Institute of Science , Solar Research Facilities Unit, Israel

ABSTRACT
A useful implementation of concentrated solar energy is thermal chemical redox
cycles for hydrogen production from water using different metals. Such cycles usuallyconsist of two steps: metal hydrolysis followed by metal oxide reduction or thermal
decomposition.
The paper describes the main aspects of reactants selection ensuring effective reliable
and safe operation of reactors.
Experimental results and thermodynamic analysis are presented for different
elements such as boron, magnesium, zinc, tin and cadmium. It is shown that element,
which can satisfy all optimal requirements for hydrolysis and reduction steps, does notexist and a compromise is inevitable. Usually, as oxidation is done easier, it is moredifficult to execute the reduction, so successful hydrolysis is implemented with moredifficult reduction step and vice versa.
The elements with lower molecular weight (magnesium) and also higher valency(boron) demonstrate excellent hydrogen productivity per gram of reactant. However theiroxides reduction is difficult and can require multi-step. Zinc micron size powderhydrolysis demonstrates 90% conversion and good kinetic. Its reduction chemistry issimple and can be realized in two ways: carboreduction using bio carbon (charcoal) at
acceptable temperature level of about 1100°C with 85-90% conversion, or direct thermal
splitting, which runs at temperature above 1700-1800°C, does not demonstrates highconversion but is free of CO2. Tin oxide splitting requires temperature above 3000°C, but
carboreduction with charcoal leads to full conversion with fast kinetic at temperature
below 900°C . This can provide prolonged and effective exploitation of chemical reactor.
Tin hydrolysis process is less productive and significant slower than hydrolysis of boron,
magnesium and zinc because of its low exothermic heat, high molecular weight and backreaction occurring at relatively low temperature that suppresses hydrolysis kinetic withtemperature increase. But in spite of these difficulties, tin hydrolysis can reach 90%
conversion during 2 hours in batch reactor with temperature increase up to 550°C at
normal pressure. Comparing with other metals, CdO splitting can be realized at relatively
lower temperature of 1400-1500°C and its charcoal reduction is successfully performed attemperatures below 950°C. The main problem of Cd based redox cycle is the hydrolysis
step. Besides disadvantages inherent to tin hydrolysis, cadmium has high vapor pressure
at temperature above melting point (321°C). All this leads to very low productivity, lowconversion and significant metal losses during the hydrolysis step. The single way to350

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

suppress vaporization and back reaction is raising pressure up to 20-30 bar or more withsignificant excess of water vapor that complicates the hydrolysis reactor construction
taking into account preheating temperature to the level of 500-600°C. Safety issue is also
associated with the cadmium cycle.

351

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.502

Numerical Simulation of Intermediatetemperature Direct-internal-reforming Planar
SOFC
H. Iwai*1, Y. Yamamoto1, M. Saito1, H. Yoshida1*

iwai@mbox.kudpc.kyoto-u.ac.jp

1

Kyoto University, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Japan

ABSTRACTA numerical model for an anode supported intermediate-temperature direct-internalreforming planar SOFC is developed. It applies the volume averaging method to the flow
passages in SOFC assuming that porous materials are inserted in the passages as current
collectors. This treatment reduces the computational time and cost by avoiding a full 3D
simulation, while keeping the capability to solve the flow and pressure fields in thestreamwise and spanwise directions. In the proposed model, quasi-three-dimensional
multi-component gas flow fields, temperature field and the electric potential/current fields
are simultaneously solved. Steam reforming reaction of methane, water shift reaction andthe electro-chemical reactions of hydrogen and carbon monoxide are taken into account. It
is found that the local temperature and local current density distributions can be controlled
by tuning the pre-reforming rate. Even a small amount of heat loss to the sidewall causes
significant non-uniformity of the flow and thermal fields in the spanwise direction.

352

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.202

Hydrogen from The Aqueous Fraction of
Biomass Pyrolysis Liquids by Catalytic Steam
Reforming in Fluidized Bed
J. A. Medrano*1, M. Oliva2, J. Ruiz2, L. Garcia2, J. Arauzo2*

medcat@unizar.es

1

University of Zaragoza, Spain
University of Zaragoza, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A),
Spain
2

ABSTRACT
Catalytic steam reforming of biomass pyrolysis liquids (bio-oil) is a promisingprocess in order to produce hydrogen in a sustainable environmentally friendly way that
can improve the utilisation of the local resources (natural sources or wastes). The aqueous
fraction of bio-oil is catalytically steam reformed at 650 °C and atmospheric pressure in a
fluidized bed reactor. Research nickel based catalysts some of them modified withcalcium or magnesium with an adequate mechanical strength are tested. The results willshow the effect of the different catalysts on gas yields, coke formation and carbon
conversion.

353

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.464

Hydrogen in Zr and Ti Based Amorphous
Alloys
T. Himitliiska*1, T. Spassov1*

nhtth@chem.uni-sofia.bg

1

Sofia University, Faculty of Chemistry, Applied Inorganic Chemistry,
Bulgaria

ABSTRACT
Zirconium and Titanium based metallic glasses exhibit high thermal stability
corresponding to a wide undercooled liquid region. Amorphous alloys, containing Ti andZr especially, have been investigated with a view to hydrogen storage since they are notpulverized upon absorption and desorption of hydrogen and, in addition, have an
improved hydrogen absorption rate as compared with their crystalline counterparts. The
combination of early and late transition metals makes these alloys very interesting
regarding their interaction with hydrogen.
Amorphous Cu33Ti67, Cu33Zr67 and Ni33Ti67 ribbons were prepared by melt spinningand their structure before and after hydriding was checked by X-ray diffraction. Cathodichydrogenation was carried out in a 1:1 glycerin: phosphoric acid electrolyte at 25°C andcurrent density of i = 5mA/cm2. Formation of TiH2 was observed for all Ti based alloys
after electrochemical hydrogenation at room temperature. Hydrogen desorption as well as
the influence of hydrogen on the crystallization were studied by differential scanningcalorimetry under argon atmosphere. At higher hydrogen concentrations the thermal
stability of the glasses was strongly reduced, for some alloys with about 250 K. The
hydrogen absorbed into the alloys forms a solid solution into the amorphous metal matrix
and part of it is in the form of hydrides. To determine the amount of the absorbedhydrogen and to obtain information about the H-desorption rate a thermogravimetricanalysis (TG) of the H-charged ribbons at constant heating rate was carried out.

354

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Biomass, Biogas And Biofuels: Conversion
Processes I
SDEWES.2009.330

Enhancement of Biogas Production from Olive
Mill Wastewater: Influence of Biomass
Selection
M. R. Gonçalves*1, J. C. Costa1, I. P. Marques2, M. M. Alves1*

marta.goncalves@deb.uminho.pt

1

Universidade do Minho, Engenharia Biológica, Portugal
LNEG-Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, I.P., Unidade de
Bioenergia, Portugal
2

ABSTRACT
Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is the effluent generated by olive oil industries,
mainly produced in the Mediterranean areas. It holds a high energetic potential but several
difficulties related to the disposal and biological treatment of OMW are known: seasonal
production, high COD, acid pH values (4-5), unfavourable C/N ratio (nitrogen lacking),
and high content of phenolic and lipidic compounds that are resistant to biologicaldegradation.
This work aims at select a suitable inoculum to accelerate the start-up and to enhancebiogas production from the OMW treatment. Two anaerobic sludges were tested in
toxicity and biodegradability batch experiments: biomass acclimated to oleate (BAO) andbiomass non-acclimated (BNA). In the methanogenic toxicity tests, the OMW
concentration ranged from 5 to 50 gCOD/L. Acetate was added as co-substrate, in order toevaluate the influence of OMW concentration on the acetoclastic activity.
Biodegradability tests were performed with OMW concentrations of 5 and 10 gCOD L-1.
The results show that resistance to OMW toxicity was higher for the BAO than for
the BNA. In the presence of OMW, the BNA was inhibited for all the concentrations
tested, whereas for the BAO no inhibition occurred at 5 and 10 gCOD L-1 and even at 25
gCOD L-1 both substrates (acetate + OMW) were degraded.
The use of an acclimated microbial consortium is a promising strategy to accelerate
the start-up of the digestion process and to improve the overall anaerobic treatment of areal oily wastewater such as OMW with simultaneous bioenergy production (biogas).

355

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.436

The Production of Biodiesel from Waste
Frying Oils: Effect of Catalyst
B. B. Uzun*1, M. Kilic1, N. Özbay2, A. E. Putun1*

bbuzun@anadolu.edu.tr

1
2

Anadolu University, Chemical Engineering, Turkey
Bilecik University, Process and Chemical Engineering, Turkey

ABSTRACT
Increasing concerns regarding environmental impacts, the soaring price of petroleum
products together with the depletion of fossil fuels have prompted considerable research
to identify alternative fuel sources. Biofuel has recently attracted huge attention indifferent countries all over the world because of its renewability, better gas emissions andits biodegradability. Biodiesel is superior to conventional diesel in terms of its sulphur
content, aromatic content and flash point. It is essentially sulphur free and non-aromaticwhile conventional diesel can contain up to 500 ppm SO2 and 20–40 wt% aromaticcompounds. These advantages could be a key solution to reduce the problem of urban
pollution since transport sector is an important contributor of the total gas emissions.
In this study, the effects of catalyst on biodiesel production from waste frying oil(sunflower oil) production via alkaline catalyzed transesterification with various catalysts(NaOH, KOH, NaOCH3, and KOCH3) were studied. In all of the experiments, thefollowing optimized conditions (methanol: oil molar ratio: 7.5:1; agitation intensity: 600
rpm; catalyst wt. %: 0.5; and reaction temperature: 50oC; rxn time: 30 min.) were
employed. The resultant metil esters were characterized and a number of important fuelproperties were determined and compared.

356

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.448

Enhancing Wastewater Degradation and
Biogas Production by Intermittent Operationof Uasb Reactors
H. Nadais*1, C. G. Ramos2, A. Grilo2, S. A. Sousa2, I. Capela3, L.
Arroja3, J. H. Leităo2*nadais@ua.pt

1

University of Aveiro, Environment and Planning, Portugal
IBB – Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for
Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal
3
CESAM, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro,
Portugal2

ABSTRACTThe present work establishes intermittent operation of UASB reactors as a novel
form of enhancing the anaerobic degradation of complex wastewaters and the conversion
to usable biogas. It has been shown that in the anaerobic treatment of complex fat
containing effluents the initial removal of organic matter is mainly done by adsorption
mechanisms. This results in heavy accumulation of organic matter in the sludge bed
hindering reactor performance. A period without feeding or a stabilization period would
be important to reverse this process and degrade the accumulated organic matter to usable
methane. Intermittent operation consists of interrupting reactor feeding during certain
periods of time. During this feedless or stabilization periods, time is given for the
biological degradation to catch up with the adsorption phenomenon, thus eliminating or
reducing the accumulation of organic matter in the sludge bed. Results show that themethanization efficiency obtained in intermittent UASB reactors is around 16% higher
than the observed in continuous systems confirming a higher biological degradation of thesubstrate in intermittent systems. It has been suggested that in the absence of feed, andafter having degraded the easily degradable substrates, the bacteria are forced to degrade
the complex substrates like proteins and fats adsorbed onto the biomass particles. So thestabilization period causes a forced adaptation of the biomass towards the degradation of
the complex substrates, ultimately resulting in a higher production of energy rich biogas.
Results of morphological analyses of the biomass developed in intermittent andcontinuous UASB reactors showed marked differences in the type of microorganisms
present and in their aggregation status. The sludge from the continuous reactor was
mainly constituted of cocci bacteria, loose or grouped in small aggregates and in long
chains. The sludge from the intermittent reactor shows the predominance of rod-likebacteria, loose or grouped in small aggregates and also the presence of small cocci chains.
In order to gain a deeper knowledge on the microbial species thriving inside the UASB
reactors, we have designed primer pairs targeting the 16S rRNA genes for the more
representative metabolic groups. Results obtained on the fluctuations observed in the357

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

microbial populations associated with the intermittent and continuous modes of operationof the UASB reactors, revealed by sequence analysis of the cloned amplimers obtained by
PCR using as template the total DNA extracted from reactorsÂ´ samples, will bepresented and discussed. As a conclusion, this works confirms intermittent operation as a
new way to enhance the valorization of complex wastewaters converting them torenewable energy sources by means of a forced adaptation of the biological community
towards the degradation of complex substrates.

358

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.412

Improving Biomass Stove with a
Thermoelectric Generator
D. Champier*1, M. Rivaletto1, F. Strub2*

daniel.champier@univ-pau.fr

1

Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Laboratoire de Genie
Electrique, France
2
Planete Bois, France

ABSTRACTIn developing countries biomass is too often burnt through open fire or rudimentary
stoves. Even if Biomass is a CO2-neutral renewable source of energy, traditional stoves
are characterized by low efficiency which results in inefficient use of scarce fuel-wood
supplies. In developed countries, wood is considered as a sustainable fuel source, because
the forestry industry currently plants more trees than it chops down. On the contrary, inmany developing countries forests are scarce or dwindling and it becomes a necessity tosave wood fuel. Open fire stoves are also known to lead to high emissions of healthdamaging air pollutants and smoke is highly linked to acute respiratory infection (ARI).
Replacing traditional open fire stoves with improved ones is an important challenge.
The Non Governmental Organisation 'PlanĂ¨te Bois' is developing energy-efficient
multifunction (cooking and hot water) mud stove based on traditional stove designs. The
use of a fan increases the ratio air to fuel and allows to achieve a complete combustion.
Smoke can also be extracted with a horizontal pipe avoiding the building of a verticalchimney. For zones with unreliable electricity supply powering the fan is a problem. A
thermoelectric generator using commercial thermoelectric modules (Bismuth Telluride)has been developed in our laboratory for powering the fan.
In a first part the paper presents the ThermoElectric power Generator for Biomass
Stoves (TEGBioS) and in a second part an electric convertor for the storage of thiselectricity is described with the possibility of adding new functions (light, radio ...) to the
stove

359

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.437

Biodiesel Production from Castor Oil Using
Full Factorial Design
M. Kilic*1, B. B. Uzun1, A. E. Putun1*

mkilic3@anadolu.edu.tr

1

Anadolu University, Chemical Engineering, Turkey

ABSTRACTIn this study optimization of biodiesel production from castor oil using full factorial
design was investigated. The biodiesel was produced by alkaline-catalyzed
transesterification process, which was designed according to the 23 full factorial centralcomposite design (CCD). The effect of temperature, methanol/oil molar ratio and catalyst
concentration were studied. Different purification methods applied to the product after
transesterification reaction. Temperature and catalyst concentration were more effective
on biodiesel conversion than methanol/oil molar ratio. Second-order model were obtained
to predict biodiesel yield as a function of these variables. According to the experimental
results this process gave an average yield of biodiesel more than 90%.

360

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.319

Olive Mill Wastewater As an Energy Source:
Anaerobic Digestion in a Hybrid Reactor
M. R. Gonçalves1, P. Freitas2, I. P. Marques*2*

isabel.paula@ineti.pt

1

Universidade do Minho, Engenharia Biológica, Portugal
LNEG-Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, I.P., Unidade de
Bioenergia, Portugal
2

ABSTRACT
Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is generated from olive oil industries, which activity
has a great economic and social importance in the olive growing countries. OMW is oneof the most polluting agro-industrial effluents. Containing chemical oxygen demand(COD) concentrations up to 200 kg m-3, it is a very important energy source. Anaerobic
digestion provides the conversion of the chemical energy of effluent into a renewableenergy (biogas). However, OMW has a low pH (4-5) and several inhibitory substances asphenolic compounds that cause damages in the anaerobic microbial consortium.
An anaerobic hybrid reactor has been working for 200 days to digest the raw OMWin order to assess its organic removal capacity, especially with respect to phenolic
compounds (33% of its total volume). Hybrid reactor is an up-flow packed bed unit where
the bed material only occupies the upper section of column. The characterization of thehybrid profile under different operational conditions was exploited to study its
functioning. Different parameters have been used (phenolic compounds, total and soluble
COD, volatile fatty acids and pH) to evaluate the role of the different sections of column
and its contribution to the influent removal.
The results show that the hybrid reactor is an interesting choice for the treatment andvalorization of OMW since the greatest amount of influent organic matter is converted
into methane. Values of COD removal up to 75-80% have been registered. Methane
productivity improvement was observed along of the loading rates indicating that thetested hybrid can be advantageously applied. Operating a plant of 1000 m3, a potential of
0.7-0.8 GWh (power) and 1 GWh (heat) is available to be used in the mill during the olive
campaign.

361

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Impacts andCountermeasures III
SDEWES.2009.380

Hydropower Generation and Greenhouse Gas
Emissions in Review
M. A. Dos Santos*1, L. P. Rosa1*

aurelio@ppe.ufrj.br

1

COPPE/UFRJ, Energy Planning Program, Brazil

ABSTRACTThe hydro reservoirs like as others human induced projects have several effects on
the environment. These effects are very well studied over two last decades. One of mostimportant effects of dam impoundment is potential changes in the movement of water byflowing much slower than the original river. This new condition favors the establishmentof phytoplankton and nutrients increase in which methanogenesis replaces the oxidative
water generating anaerobic conditions.
Recent research from the end of 90's point out the problem of hydroelectric dams thatemits greenhouse gases but important questions regarding this debate is uncertain until
now.
Hydropower reservoirs like as other natural water bodies have intense biota, since
microorganisms to aquatic vertebrates. The microorganism (bacteria) decomposes theorganic matter producing biogenic gases under water.
Some of these biogenic gases are effective in terms of global warming such as
methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. GHG emission from hydro reservoir is asubject of extreme strategic importance and comparison with other types of electric
generation like as thermo power should be required.
To determine accurately the net emissions caused by hydro reservoir creation isrequired significant improvement of carbon budgets studies on different representatives'hydro reservoirs at tropical, boreal, arid, semi arid and temperate climate.
To promote comparisons, the emissions by the equivalent thermo power plants must
be calculated and characterized as generating the same annual amount of energy as eachpower dams, burning different fuels and with technology efficiency levels that vary fromsteam turbines to coal, fuel oil / natural gas turbines and combined cycle.
This paper brings the state-of-the-art regarding this subject and some proposals for
future studies.

362

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.391

Biochar As a Viable Carbon Sequestration
OptionD. Matovic*1*

darko@me.queensu.ca

1

Queen's University, Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Canada

ABSTRACT
Current trend in atmospheric CO2 concentration calls for dramatic reduction inanthropogenic CO2 emissions in order to avoid runaway scenario of potentiallycatastrophic temperature and sea level rise. The annual mean CO2 growth rate wassignificantly higher for the period from 2000 to 2005 (4.1 ±0.1 Pg/yr), compared with theflux in the 1990s (3.2 ±0.1 Pg/yr), even though 45% of the antropogenic emissions arebeing naturally sequestered by terrestrial and oceanic systems. In addition to curbing thefossil fuel and cement production CO2 emissions, several strategies for deliberate CO2
sequestering are being proposed: pumping CO2 into underground reservoirs; injecting
CO2 into chemically reactive rock mases, even dead wood burial. Biochar, or black
carbon, as it is sometimes called, is rapidly gaining its place as a viable option inpermanent (on the scale of several millennia) carbon storage, while its other benefits
emerge from various research directions: soil fertility increase, adsorbent for othernutrients in the soil, protecting runoff, a potential habitat for microorganism proliferation,water reservoir, potential barrier to CH4 and N2O release from soil. Various combined
benefits to soil quality have been documented as large pockets of permanently fertile soilin the Amazonian basin, known locally as terra preta ("dark earth" in Portuguese). While
our knowledge of the role of black carbon in soil is still rudimentary, most what we know
today points to positive influence that it exerts on soil quality. The International Biochar
Initiative, est. 2006 (http://www.biochar-international.org/) and regional biochar groups,
promote the research, development, demonstration, deployment and commercialization of
the biochar technology. In addition, they serve as advocacy groups for recognition ofbiochar as carbon sequestration venue that deserves proper carbon credits.

363

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.468

Mitigation of Environmental Issues Via Kyoto
Protocol: a Realistic Or Foolish Approach
K. T. Lee*1, L. C. Lau1, K. T. Tan1, A. R. Mohamed1*

chktlee@eng.usm.my

1

Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Chemical Engineering, Malaysia

ABSTRACT
Global warming and environmental pollution are currently two of the most serious
threats to human civilization and sustainable development. For instance, phenomenonsuch as shrinking of North Pole iceberg, flood and drought in unprecedented locations andunnatural heat waves are some of the evidences that global warming and environmental
pollution are occurring around the globe at an alarming rate. Hence, the establishment of
Kyoto Protocol in 1997 and subsequently its enforcement in 2005 was a timely call for aconcerted effort by all countries towards mitigating environmental issues by reducing CO2
emission below 1990 level. However, the mechanisms proposed in Kyoto Protocol toachieve its target have some weaknesses which limit its enforcement and achievement
towards the goals. Consequently, this paper will discuss the mechanisms of Kyoto
Protocol and subsequently highlights some of the weaknesses that were identified. Apartfrom that, a few recommendations/policies were proposed as well to overcome theincongruities of the current Kyoto Protocol mechanisms.

364

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.561

Renewable Energy Sources and Their
Potential Role in Mitigation of Climate
Changes and As a Sustainable Development
Driver in Bosnia and Herzegovina
P. Gvero*1, S. Petrovic2, S. Papuga3, B. Jaksic3, G. Tica1, L. Roljic4*

pero@urc.rs.ba

1
University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bosnia andHerzegovina
2Institute for Gas Technology, Research and Development Center of Gas
Technology, Bosnia and Herzegovina
3
University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Technology, Bosnia and Herzegovina
4
University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Economy, Bosnia and Herzegovina

ABSTRACT
Bosnia and Herzegovina have significant physical potential regarding to renewableenergy sources. Hydro, biomass, geothermal, wind and solar potential can play importantrole in the whole state economy. Bosnia and Herzegovina is Non-Annex I country
according to UNFCCC and according to that it is obligated to participate in the global
efforts in order to reduce green house gases emission. This paper gives some analysis of
the physical, technological, economic, and market potential of renewable energy sourcesin Bosnia and Herzegovina and their potential role in mitigation of climate changes. Paper
also gives the analysis of the potential connections between renewable energy sources andsustainable development of the B&H's economy, taking in to consideration specificpolitical structure of the state. Bosnia and Herzegovina is consisting from two entities:
Republic of Srpska and Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Brcko District, energy
sector and climate changes mitigation measures are under their jurisdiction. According tothat some of this paper results can be useful for the improvement of entity and state
strategies with the final aim to place renewable energy sources on the right position, as
some of the major economy drivers, not only in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but in whole
region.

365

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Hydrogen and Fuel Cells II
SDEWES.2009.087

Exergoenvironmental Analysis of a Steam
Methane Reforming Process for Hydrogen
Production
A. Boyano-Larriba*1, T. Morosuk2, A. M. Blanco-Marigorta3, G.
Tsatsaronis4*

a.boyano@iet.tu-berlin.de1

Technische Universität Berlin, Energy Engineering and Protection of theEnvironment, Germany
2
Maritime Academy of Szczecin, Institute of Marine Propulsion Plants
Operation, Poland
3
University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Department of Process
Engineering, Spain
4
Technische Universität Berlin, Department Energy Engineering andProtection of the Environment, Germany

ABSTRACTSteam methane reforming (SRM) is one of the most promising processes forhydrogen production. Several studies have demonstrated its advantages from theeconomic viewpoint. Nowadays process development is based on technical andeconomical aspects; however, in the near future, the environmental impact will play asignificant role in the design of such processes.
In this work, a SRM process is studied from an environmental viewpoint using theexergoenvironmental methodology. The latter represents a combination of an exergy
analysis with a comprehensive environmental assessment method - such as Life Cycle
Analysis (LCA) - when the principles of exergoeconomic analysis are employed.
The SRM process is characterized by a high energetic and exergetic efficiency. The
chemical reactor units are the most important plant components from theexergoenvironmental point of view because in these components the highest
environmental impact is formed. According to our results, some heat exchangers and thehydrogen separation membrane unit are associated with a high component-related
environmental impact, and also with a relatively high potential for improvement.
However, the environmental impact associated with the reformer or the combustion
chamber is mainly due to exergy destruction.
Therefore, a reduction of the environmental impact of the overall system can beachieved by reducing the material consumption for some heat exchangers and for the366

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

hydrogen separation membrane unit as well as by increasing the exergy efficiency of the
combustion chamber and the reformer, even though this would increase the component
related environmental impact associated with these components.

367

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.156

Hydrogen from Biological Sources As a Carrierof Energy
A. Zidanšek1, M. Martinšek*2*

maja.martinsek@uni-mb.si

1

Jozef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor,
Department of Physics, Slovenia
2

ABSTRACT
According to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change our excessive dependence
on fossil fuels is one of the most important reasons for current interconnected crises ofenergy and climate. H2 as a source of energy could solve this problem, if renewable andenvironmentally friendly generation of large quantities of H2 gas is possible.
We estimated economic viability of biological production of hydrogen, which can beproduced in a bioreactor based on either algae or fermentative bacteria. Hydrogenproduction from organical substrate remains coming from microbiological wastewater
treatment in bioreactors is a very promising process. Advantage of the production bybacteria is that bacteria do not need the sunlight for the conversion, there is not muchspace needed because the bioreactors are smaller. Algal bioreactors have the added
economic benefit because they are relatively cheap and because they use photosynthesis
to extract carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and so are of interest in terms ofglobal carbon trading. The biomass generated can itself be used as a fuel for electricity
generation. The Wild Type (wt) and high H2 producing mutants of Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii, which produce H2 at rates 6-15 times that of the wt, are commonly used,because its genome is known and genetic manipulation processes are well developed.
Both wastewater treatment by fermentative bacteria or extraction of CO2 from theatmosphere by algae as well as production and usage of hydrogen as fuel are promisingtechnologies, which would result in reduction of the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.
When efficiency of bioreactors will improve significantly, large scale applications will
become economically viable.

368

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.555

Optimization of a MCFC Power System
Coupled with Hydrogen Production
V. Verda*1, F. Nicolin1*

vittorio.verda@polito.it

1

Politecnico di Torino, Energetica, Italy

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a biogas fuelled power generation system is considered. The system isbased on a molten carbonate fuel cell stack for electricity generation. This is integrated
with a micro gas turbine, an internal reformer and a PSA for hydrogen production.
The aim of this work is the multi-objective optimisation of the system plantconsidering thermodynamic and techno-economic objective functions as the electricalefficiency, the net power, the unit cost of electricity and the plant lifetime.
A model of the plant is built and coupled with a tool for the design of the heattransfer network. The system is then optimized by operating on the main design
parameters as well as on the heat transfer network configuration. Typical operating
conditions of the system along the plant lifetime are considered in the formulation of theobjective function. This is achieved by considering variations in the ambient temperatureand in the biogas composition, as well as time degradation in the fuel cell performances.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.245

Energy Production Through the Conjunctionof Agro-residues Thermochemical Conversion
with Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)
A. Zabaniotou*1, O. Ioannidou1*

sonia@cheng.auth.gr

1

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Chemical Engineering Department,
GreeceABSTRACT
Abstract. The production of energy and materials by recycling alternative sources andits impact on climate change are among the main strategic tools implicated in thesustainable development of our society. Green energy, green biofuels and environmental
high added materials production in parallel to waste recycling could be a principal
contributor in economic development of a developing country based in agriculture activity
and waste utilisation.
Accordingly, numerous types of biomass and wastes contribute towards the
production of energy and materials in parallel with reduction in the use of fossil fuels bymeans of biological, chemical and thermal processes. Further to the above, in modern
integrated waste management scenarios the waste-to-energy process allows the cycle to beclosed.
Biomass is a clean and available energy source, since it contributes to net CO2
emissions to the atmosphere and will play an important role in a future sustainable energy
supply. Fuels issued from lignocellulose biomass are the most attractive among bio-fuels,as they present better projected economics; their feedstock requires less additional energy
for growth and harvest and can also be grown under different climatic circumstances incontrast to annual crops that require good-quality land.
Among all the thermochemical processes, pyrolysis, is one form of energy recovery
process, which has the potential to generate char, oil and gas product. Pyrolysis isdetermined as the thermal decomposition of the organic matter either with total absence ofan oxidant, either with minimum feed in order to avoid volatilization. The applied
temperature range for pyrolysis process is relatively low (300-700°C) in comparison to
gasification (700-1200°C). Pyrolysis temperature has the most significant effect-followedby pyrolysis heating rate, the carrier gas flow rate and then finally the pyrolysis residence
time in products distribution according to scientific bibliography Increased temperatures
lead to a decreased yield of solid (char) and an increased yield of liquid (tar) and gaseous
product.
The liquid product of pyrolysis could be used for biodiesel production while thegaseous product could be exploited for energy production. Ultimately, hydrogen may
offer the best perspective; but requires breakthroughs in hydrogen storage technology totick the balance370

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

The remaining solid (char) of the thermal treatment of biomass is an attractive byproduct, with applications including production of activated carbons, useful in air
pollution control as well as wastewater treatment. Agricultural by-products and used tyres
have proved to be promising raw materials for the production of activated carbons due totheir availability at a low (and most of the times zero) price, their high carbon content andlow ashDespite the growing interest in the use of these technologies, in many countries theirimplementation remains limited, chiefly due to reasons other than those of a technical andeconomical nature
The aim of the presentation is to focus on the advances made in the development ofpyrolysis technologies for energy, fuels and material recovery from biomass and waste
and to encourage discussion on relevant aspects.

371

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Biomass, Biogas and Biofuels: Potentials andLimitations II
SDEWES.2009.467

Can Sunflower Provide Biofuel for Inland
Demand? An Integrated Assessment of
Sustainability At Regional Scale
G. Ragaglini*1, F. Triana1, R. Villani1, E. Bonari1*

g.ragaglini@sssup.it

1

Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna di Pisa, Land Lab, Italy

ABSTRACT
Biofuels are often considered a key solution to reduce reliance on fossil oil,greenhouse gas emissions and to meet rural development goals. However, recent studies
have demonstrated that biofuels sustainability is not always assured and some doubts havebeen raised about energy benefits of large-scale biofuels production and about the risk ofincreasing competition with food crops. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate thesustainability of the supply chain of biodiesel from sunflower at detailed scale (1x1 Km)
and the exploitation level of arable land under different scenarios. The Tuscany region(Italy) was chosen in order to highlight the environmental constrains which affect biofuel
production in Mediterranean areas, and because of the interest shown by local authorities
in developing a biofuel regional plan. The supply chain sustainability was assessedconsidering simulated crop yield, energy efficiency, CO2 emissions and land requirement.
The analysis was performed by developing a GIS framework which integrated 1) a
sunflower growth model (EPIC), 2) a soil database (ESBD JRC), 3) 20-years weather
dataset (ARSIA), and 4) a land cover database (CORINE). In order to calculate the overall
energy and carbon budgets a set of assumptions about all activities involved in production
and delivery of biofuel were identified. These assumptions were defined considering bothstandard management practices of local farmers and literature references. Landrequirement assessment was performed under different scenarios based on 1) roadtransport diesel demand, 2) diesel for agricultural operations and 3) EU biofuels targets
for 2010 and 2020.
Energy and carbon budgets permitted to identify suitable areas for sustainableproduction at detailed scale. Moreover, the land requirement assessment allowed toevaluate the level of competition with food crops for arable land under the different
scenarios. The growth model along with the spatial analysis permitted to estimate thebiodiesel potential based on main environmental constraints at different locations.
Furthermore, GIS provided clear information for decision makers interested to evaluate

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

the prospect of developing local biodiesel supply chains, considering both the diesel
inland demand and the regional planning targets.

373

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.295

Potential of Waste Palm Cooking Oil in
Catalyst-free Biodiesel Production
K. T. Lee*1, K. T. Tan1, A. R. Mohamed1*

chktlee@eng.usm.my

1

Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Chemical Engineering, Malaysia

ABSTRACTDisposal of waste palm cooking oil (WPCO) via environmental-friendly route is ofmajor importance in the quest towards sustainable development. In this study, WPCO is
utilized as the source of triglycerides to produce biodiesel, instead of refined vegetableoils. Since WPCO is relatively cheaper compared to high quality vegetable oils, the costof biodiesel produced is lower as well. WPCO consists of several impurities such as waterand free fatty acids which limit its application in catalytic transesterification process dueto the sensitivity of the catalysts. Consequently, catalyst-free process of supercriticalalcohol was employed in this study to investigate to potential of WPCO as an economical
feedstock for biodiesel production. The parameters that influence the reaction such asreaction time, temperature and molar ratio of alcohol to oil were investigated. For
comparison purposes, refined palm oil (RPO) was subjected to supercritical alcohol
reaction as well and it was found that the yield of WPCO is comparable with those from
RPO. As for conclusion, this study has shown that WPCO is an economical and practicalsource of 'green' biofuel.

374

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.384

Energy and Food Security: Peru and Ecuador
Case Study
E. Bocci*1, L. Consorti2, A. Markos3*

enrico.bocci@uniroma1.it

1

University of Rome La Sapienza, Mechanics and Aeronautics Department, Italy2
University of Rome, Interuniversity Research Center for Sustainable
Development, Italy
3
University of Sevilla, Department of Sociology, Spain

ABSTRACT
Efficient food supply chains are a defining feature of climate-proof food systems, yettheir high dependence on energy is increasingly considered as a menace to Food Security.
Many food insecure countries are also energy insecure and rely on import of both foodand energy. Peru and Ecuador are two case/study countries that host a large population
who has no access to modern energy services and is food insecure.
Energy is fundamental to all four dimensions of Food Security: availability, access,utilization and stability. The production, transformation and transport of food require
relevant amounts of exo-somatic energy; refrigeration and cooking are also costly but
fundamental.
Centralized large scale generation provided affordable energy services to many but
failed to include the poorest and most remote communities. Renewable energy locallysourced such as solar, wind, hydro, biomass will play a very important role in boostingdevelopment in energy and food insecure areas (rural or peri-urban). Distributed
generation is key to secure energy supply from Market and Climate shocks, improving
opportunities for development and resilience of food systems.

375

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.459

Development of Utilization of Bio-energy
Sources in Slovenia
F. Al-Mansour*1*

fouad.al-mansour@ijs.si

1

Jozef Stefan Institute, Energy Efficiency Centre, Slovenia

ABSTRACT
Utilization of renewable energy sources is one of the main EU measures to reducegreenhouse gases emissions and decrease energy dependency. The main strategic goals of
EU and Slovenian energy strategy are reduction of the emissions of greenhouses gases,
increase of the share and electricity production from renewable energy sources (RES) anddecrease of energy dependency. The overall targets of the EU climate and energy package"20-20-20" to 2020 are 20% increase in energy efficiency, 20% reduction in greenhousegas (GHG) emissions, 20% share of renewable energy sources in overall EU energy
consumption and 10% biofuel component in vehicle fuel by 2020. The individual targets
for each Member State have to be determined as fairly as possible. The obligation of
Slovenia is to increase electricity production from RES to 33.6% of total electricity
consumption in 2010. The share of RES in 2007 was 10.1% in energy balance and 15.1%
in final energy consumption. The main bioenergy sources in Slovenia are wood biomass
and biogas. Wood biomass resources are very important domestic energy sources in
Slovenia, besides coal and hydro energy. The energy utilization of biogas from anaerobic
digestion manure, agricultural wastes, agricultural silage, organic wastes from kitchens,
other organic wastes, sewage and landfill gas is increasing rapidly. The paper gives a clear
picture of the utilization and potential of bioenergy sources. An action plan for increasing
utilization of wood biomass and utilization of biogas in agriculture is needed. The energy
policy, financing supporting mechanisms and other energy policy in Slovenia aredescribed in the paper.

376

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Renewable Energy Planning and
Implementation I
SDEWES.2009.155

Renewable Energy in Danish Municipalities an Evaluation of The Planning Framework
K. Sperling*1, F. Hvelplund1, B. V. Mathiesen1*

karl@plan.aau.dk

1

Aalborg University, Department of Development and Planning, Denmark

ABSTRACTThe transition of the energy sector towards more sustainable systems of energy
production and consumption poses a number of technological, socio-economic andpolitical challenges that require innovative long-term approaches within the current
energy planning system. While certain renewable technologies such as wind power,
biomass and solar are sometimes considered as mature as incumbent technologies, theiractual large-scale implementation requires planning approaches different from thetraditional ones. The initiatives and involvement of local and regional actors are needed toensure the emergence of such decentralised technologies and energy systems on a wider
scale. In this paper we examine to what extent the existing planning framework in
Denmark can provide for a large-scale penetration of renewable energy solutions in, forinstance, the municipalities. Taking wind power as an example we explore the potentials
of current policies and frameworks in the form of support and certification schemes anddistribution of responsibilities regarding spatial planning, impact assessment andownership. The paper concludes by recommending a number of changes that would leadto an alternative set up of the planning system and possibly to more flexible, integrated
and decentralised forms of energy planning.

377

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.287

Increasing the Penetration of Renewable
Energy Resources in S. Vicente, Cape Verde
R. Segurado*1, G. Krajacic 2, N. Duic2, L. Alves1*

raquelsegurado@ist.utl.pt

1

Instituto Superior Técnico, Mechanical Engineering, Portugal
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture, Department of Energy, Power Engineering and Environment,
Croatia2

ABSTRACTIn general, most islands depend mainly on the importation of fossil fuels for energy
production. On the other hand, most of the islands present a considerable potential inrenewable energies. Several initiatives have been carried out in some islands, mostly inEurope, for the use of this potential in the production of electricity and fresh water(usually very scarce in islands).
Due to high energy costs, the islands present an excellent experimentation platform
for the introduction of new energy technologies. Some islands are trying to become
renewable islands, to satisfy their energy demand mainly or entirely from indigenous andrenewable sources, thus increasing the security of supply and employment opportunities,
without necessarily increasing the costs.
Islands that have energy sources, such as hydro or geothermal energy, can easily
integrate them into the power system, but those with mainly intermittent renewableenergy sources (wind, solar) have to tackle the need of energy storage. Here, advancedenergy planning must be used to combine different intermittent and regular sources inorder to match electricity demand and assure security of supply.
The main objective of this paper is to analyse different scenarios for increasing thepenetration of renewable energies in the energy system of S. Vicente Island in Cape
Verde, using the H2RES model, a tool designed to simulate the integration of renewablesources and hydrogen in the energy systems of island or other isolated locations.
This island is extremely dry, and fresh water is provided to the population by sea
water desalination, a very high energy intensive process. The electricity supply system isbased on diesel and wind (still low penetration). S. Vicente has important wind resourcesthat are not fully used because of its intermittent nature.
In this paper, an integrated approach is used to analyse the electricity and watersupply systems in order to increase their efficiency. In the centre of the island there is a
774 meters high mountain. The present study incorporates the possibility of using
reversible hydro as a storage technique to increase the penetration of renewable energy
sources, using desalinated sea water.

378

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.460

Evaluation of Generation Planning and Rural
Electrification in Tropical Region with
Decentralized Generation
Y. Nagai*1, H. Yamamoto2, K. Yamaji3*

nagai@yamaji.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp

1

The University of Tokyo, Department of Advanced Energy, Japan
University of Tokyo, Department of Advanced Energy, Japan
3
University of Tokyo, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Japan
2

ABSTRACTWith recent development of many decentralized generations such as photovoltaic,
wind power, and gas engines, options for rural electrifications have increased
tremendously. In contrast to centralized generation, decentralized generation has thepotential to deliver energy at high efficiency through use of exhaust heat from generation,and it can use renewable energy sources onsite to generate power. Furthermore, it could
contribute in improving stability of transmission when strategically located. However, theefficiency of decentralized generation, such as combined heat and power plants andrenewable energy, extremely varies depending on parameters such as operational
conditions and geographical location. Additionally, the benefits from the technologies
depend on the condition of current power system along with available infrastructure.
In this study an energy system model of Papua New Guinea including decentralized
generation, centralized generation, and grid systems of electricity and gas are developed.
For electrification of rural area option of extending grid system or installing decentralized
generation are given, and being a developed country development paths under CDM areconsidered. Optimal energy plans focusing on the most cost effective way to electrify
rural areas while keeping the emissions level low are simulated under different developing
scenarios.
The results of simulations show the most cost effective way of providing a low
emission energy system is by extending the power grid and advancing hydro power.
Extending the power grid is found to be more economical than decentralized generation,
as it allows economical generation such as coal and hydro power to supply all thedemands. If the grid is not extended a reduction of emissions is possible throughinstallation of photovoltaic, but it is only economical under high fossil fuel prices.

379

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.385

Energy Independence in Islands - theArchipelago of Açores a Case Study
J. M R. Nunes*1*

rnunes@uac.pt

1

Universidade dos Açores, Departamento Economia e Gestăo, Portugal

ABSTRACTEnergy, lato sensu, is associated with socio-economic development of a country or
region. Island economic development is the consequence of its normal endogenous
economic limitations, which results from its normal paucity of natural resources andreduced qualify human resources, associated with a high level of energy dependency fromfossil fuels.
The primary governmental objective in which concerns energy program, in small
islands and archipelagic regions - such as in Açores - is to reduce the use of oil products
utilized in the production of electricity and consequently minimize the expense associatedwith the importation of fossil energy as well as its environmental impact.
Renewable energy sources in Açores have been increasing, during the last decades,
its representativeness in the production of electricity.
Açores Islands can be considered a real case study, on electricity production, because
are in fact a very good example of how to reduce dependency and simultaneously use
green energy efficiently in order to obtain sustainable development.
Last year total regional electricity production, serving about a quarter of a million
habitants in all islands, was about 821.4 GWh, representing the production throughrenewable sources - small hydro, wind, biomass and geothermic systems - about 26.5%(217.5 GWh).
Geothermal production represents 78.3% of total renewable energy on thearchipelago, while hydro and wind production corresponds, respectively, to 11.6% and10.1%. Biomass production, in an experimental phase, does not have a significant
perceptual value.
It is expect that in about three to four years, as a result of the public investment
program on renewable energy sources, mainly geothermal and wind systems in several
islands, the perceptual representativeness will be 40% from all total electricity production.
Besides the energetic independence of the Region, renewable production ofelectricity will permit annual savings (in 2008 was about 1.5 million euros) which
increases considerably in periods of energy crises, such as that which has taken place
during the last two years, compounded by the high volatility of fossil fuel prices.
Also as a consequence from reduced utilization of fossil products for electricity
production, as a significant source of air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, one of
the main economic activity - tourism - can better contribute to the economic sustainable
development of the Region.

380

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.268

Human Health-related Externalities in Energy
System Modelling
E. Zvingilaite*1*

erzv@risoe.dtu.dk

1

Risoe DTU, System Analysis Division, Denmark

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses methodology of energy system analysis, when reduction of local
externalities, such as damage to human health, from energy production, is in focus.
Ideally local energy externalities should be analysed by adopting the impact pathway
approach of ExternE study, and follow the pollutants from their release to the personal
uptake and resulting health effects. This would require inclusion of air pollution
modelling and monetary valuation of the impacts into an energy system optimisation
process. However, this approach involves a complex study and generalisations are needed.
The paper describes relations between energy production and resulting healthdamages. The way local externalities are included in the existing energy system models is
identified and discussed. Only few studies include localisation aspects when internalisinglocal externalities in energy system optimisation. The performed optimisation of theDanish energy system demonstrates the effects of including localisation aspects, wheninternalising health externalities into energy system planning.

381

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.408

Sustainable Energy Planning on The Island ofBrač
A. Kinderman Lončarević*1*

akinderm@eihp.hr

1

Energy institute Hrvoje Požar, Energy system planning, Croatia

ABSTRACT
According to the modern perception local planning is one of the key prerequisite ofwell-balanced, quality and sustainable development, both in energy sector and othersectors. Energy planning at local level sets up a firm basis for decentralization andsecurity of supply; helps achieve competitiveness, rational use of energy resources andenvironmental protection. Islands are particular natural resources in every country, so theyrequire special attention and care even when defining future energy system development.
The island of Brač present specific case where crucial conditions for establishingsustainable energy development were created. Local authorities, energy suppliers andother local energy actors and citizens recognize importance of their involvement increation of energy development plan of the island and its implementation in order toachieve balanced and optimizing supply from old and new conventional and renewableenergy sources. Application of various integrated measures will results with sophisticatedenergy planning methodology applicable not only on islands level but in local
communities in general.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Measurement and Monitoring for
Sustainability II
SDEWES.2009.442

On the Use of The Real-time Deformation
Monitoring System for Improving the Safety
and Economy of Significant Structures
J. Rošer1, I. Ristovic2, M. Vulic*3*

milivoj.vulic@guest.arnes.si

1

Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Slovenia
RGF Beograd, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Department of Haulage
and Hoisting, Serbia
3
Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Chair for Mine Surveying
and Applied Geophysics, Slovenia
2

ABSTRACTThe safety and vitality of publicly important structures (power plants, electric powerlines, pipelines, water dams, mines...) and their impact on the environment are crucial for
their operation and related good public opinion. Several recent deformation monitoringstudies have proven that that this kind of control is suitable for the observation ofvariations in structures and their vicinity.
This paper presents the use of the (Real-Time) Monitoring System in the stone-pit
Lipica II, a method that is able to combine geodetic, geotechnical and meteorologicalsensors to match our needs of the monitoring project. In 2008, we had started tocontinuously monitor the movements and deformations of critical points immediatelyaround the stone-pit. The system consists of four points; one stable/reference point andthree observation points. The reference point is based on a GNSS sensor suitable for both
real time kinematic and automatic post-processing operations. The observation points are
based on GNSS sensors as well, and in addition, the precise inclinometers are collocatedwith the observation points to provide information about the stability of every single
point. The reference point is used as an origin of vectors to observation points, fromwhich the coordinates of the observation points are defined. Any kinds of change in size
and/or direction of vectors signify the movements of observation points.
Numerous other modifications and variations in present monitoring are possible,
including the monitoring of seismic noise, chemical air quality and radiation in general,with respect to time and position.

383

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.523

Measurements of CO2 Distribution in Free
AtmosphereP. Živković*1, G. Ilić1, M. Vukić1*

pzivkovic@masfak.ni.ac.rs

1

University of Niš, Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Department of ThermalEngineering, Serbia

ABSTRACT
Considering that most of the energy is still being generated from fossil fuels, thenecessity of understanding of flue gas emission and its distribution into the atmosphererelation is very important. In this paper the methodology for measurement of CO2
concentration, as the reference component of the flue gas imission is shown. The
measurements are being performed on 10m high masts, on two locations, in upwind anddownwind side of the industrial source. The wind characteristics - speed and direction are also being measured. The measuring system has been developed depending on therequirements for the measured quantities.

384

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.495

The SnO2 Solid State Gas Sensor and Changesof Some its Properties Used for NH3
Concentration Measurement
J. Pecen*1, P. Zabloudilova2*

pecen@its.czu.cz

1
Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Institute Tropic and Subtropic,
Czech Republic2
Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering Prague, Czech Republic

ABSTRACT
Ammonia (NH3) is an important substance in the nitrogen cycle. Agriculturalemission NH3 has become one of the most important problems causing the worldwide air
pollution. To understand and control of NH3 emission production depends on sampling
and measurement techniques that includes devices, instruments and procedures. Suitablesensors with excellent properties are the first and very important part in detection of NH3.
Solid state sensors are used very often for detecting and measuring of NH3 concentration.
The basic principle of these sensors presents a change of their conductivity depending
mainly on the interaction of measured gas and sensitive material (the layer on the sensing
element) of the sensor (such as SnO2 or ZnO mainly). The electric resistance of n-typesemiconductor under the high oxygen partial pressure is high. Since electron transfer fromthe semiconductor into adsorbed oxygen leads to an electron-depleted space charge region
near the semiconductor surface. Almost any type of reducing gas is detected by thismechanism. Properties of the semiconductor sensor type are determined by thismechanism. A serious problem ofsolid state sensors is their strong dependence on temperature and humidity mainly.
Laboratory experiments with these sensors that are based on SnO2 were carried out
for a long period. The experiments were focused on:- detail study of air humidity influence on measuring low concentration NH3 in air
under influence its temperature.
- the experiments with the sensors that increased their sensitivity to detect of NH3
concentration by their various connecting in sensor matrix in one case. The good results
depend mainly on the same characteristics of used sensors. The influence of soft X-ray
radiation on changes of sensitivity (and stimulation conductivity of the sensor sensitive
material) was shortly studied as well. The obtained results are not fully consistent (thenumber of experiments was not quite sufficient).

385

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.519

PCR Detection of Enteric Viruses in Treated
Wastewater in Venice Area
G. Bordignon*1, F. Schiavon2, N. Burighel3, A. De Bortoli4, E.
Argese5*guido.bordignon@unive.it

1

University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Centre I.D.E.A.S., Italy
Experteam s.a.s., VE.GA. Scientific Park, Italy
3
University of Venice, Environmental Sciences, Italy
4
VE.GA. Scientific Park, Experteam s.a.s., Italy
5
University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Environmental Sciences, Italy
2

ABSTRACTEnteric viruses are released in water by sewage and can cause numerous infections
with different levels of pathogenicity to humans using treated wastewater or bathing inareas where treated wastewater is discharged. In this study, 20 treated wastewater
samples, collected downstream of 10 distinct sewage treatment plants in the Venicelagoon area, were tested for enteric viruses (adenoviruses, enteroviruses, hepatitis A virus(HAV), reoviruses and noroviruses) by nested-PCR and integrated cell culture (ICC)
nested-PCR, in order to find out the most suitable technique to rapidly screen enteric virus
occurrence, to assess the most functional disinfection process and to establish which
enteric virus could be used as an indicator of viral water contamination. Over a six-month
period, adenoviruses were detected in seven sites (70%), enteroviruses were present only
in one site (10%), HAV, reoviruses and noroviruses were always absent, and the mostefficient disinfecting agent against viruses was sodium hypochlorite as against to
peracetic acid and UV radiation treatment. Adenoviruses are proved to be more resistant
to inactivation than other viruses and could be detected directly from the sample
unmodified without propagation in cell culture. Furthermore, detection of adenoviruses bynested-PCR was proved to be more sensible, easier, faster and cheaper than other entericviruses. Therefore, adenoviruses appear suitable to be used as an indicator of viral watercontamination. The present study aims at defining suitable and rapid PCR techniques todetect some important enteric viruses in treated wastewaters, to prove which among theenteric viruses could work as a potential indicator of viral water pollution, to assess thedisinfection efficiency of current water treatment processes, to evaluate the potential
health risk for people using reclaimed wastewater and bathing in seawater where treatedwastes are discharged.

386

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.185

Monitoring and Fault Detection in MSW
Incineration Process Using Multivariate
Statistical Methods
G. Tavares1, Z. Zsigraiová*2, V. Semiao3, M. d. G. Carvalho3*

zdena@ist.utl.pt

1
Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisbon,
Portugal, Mechanical Engineering, Portugal
2
Technical University of Kosice, Dept. of Furnaces and ThermalTechnology, Kosice, Slovakia, presently at Department of MechanicalEngineering, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal
3
Instituto Superior Tecnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Dept. of
Mechanical Engineering, Portugal

ABSTRACT
Process improvement is an essential activity in most industries. The demands arerising rapidly, with higher target of throughput, yield, and lower costs and less pollution
are also desired. Therefore, better knowledge about the processes and their operations isneeded to allow for better control. For thermal treatment of MSW by incineration, plant
availability is a critical characteristic. Due to the continually changing in waste
composition the incineration needs more advanced control concepts to effectively respondto unexpected process disturbances, to guarantee compliance with emissions standards
and early determinate possible deviations. It is a complex and multivariate process.
Although the main critical process parameters may be known, their interrelations areusually not known or they are non-linear. This makes monitoring and control more
complex. Theoretical and experimental research has been carried out aiming at modellingthese phenomena.
Application of multivariate statistic methods, PCA and PLS, is presented herein
aiming at contributing to the improvement of the aforementioned specific problem of theincineration. They provide alternative approaches to fault detection and diagnosis
extracting information from historical data. Two supporting modules for monitoring andcontrol have been developed. Firstly the process operational region is defined based on
historical data from continuous measurements. Then, in the validation module, theestablished plant operation region is used to assess values for the directly manipulated
process-variables to guarantee to be within the acceptable operation conditions. The
diagnostic module detects and analyses abnormal situations through the problem
identification and suggesting possible actions based on engineering studies and expertiseof the plant operators.
The present methodology is demonstrated on application to real process data. The
results are interesting confirming the potential of the proposed approach.

387

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Conservation and Demand-Side Management
II
SDEWES.2009.270

Demand Side Management At Regional Level
I. Dzene*1, M. Rošâ1, D. Blumberga1*

ilze.dzene@rtu.lv

1

Riga Technical University, Institute of Energy Systems and Environment,
LatviaABSTRACT
Demand side management (DSM) commonly is used to manage energy consumption
for optimization of available or planned energy generation resources. Since regional levelis found as the most appropriate energy planning level for promotion of renewable energy
sources and for reduction of environmental impacts, the aim of research was to develop asystem for implementation of DSM at regional level and elaborate the screening
methodology for selection of most appropriate options for improvements. Regional DSM
system is used to maximize the exploitation of renewable energy sources, to reduce CO2
emissions and to find the optimal economical solution for renewable energy technologies
in particular region. Two user groups - users of energy resources and energy end users arelocated in the centre of regional DMS system. Both those user groups are affected bydifferent impacts like availability of renewable energy sources, availability and cost oftechnologies, presence of human factors, energy efficiency measures, etc.
Regional DSM system was developed and tested based on energy structure ofLimbaži region. Limbaži region is a typical middle-sized rural region in Latvia. Its
administrative structure consists of territories of five towns and 11 parishes. Region does
not have connection to natural gas grid and for this reason it is possible to highlight theneed for extended use of locally available fuel and renewable energy sources.
The next step of research was to develop a screening methodology for elaboration of
proposals concerning successful implementation of regional DSM system. The screening
methodology is based on theoretical and practical basics on decision-making, using a
step-by-step approach: listing the possible options for improvements in different parts ofregional DSM systems, selection and listing of criteria (performance indicators andreasons) for the analysis of improvement options, determination of weights and scoring
system and calculation of total score for each option. Finally each option forimprovements was ranked according to awarded points.

388

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.427

Energy Efficiency Management in The Cities
D. Radulović*1*

dusko.radulovic@energo.hr

1

Energo Ltd., Marketing and Sales, Croatia

ABSTRACT
Cities all around the world are facing rapid increase of urban population wherecrucial issues like transportation, water management, air pollution and energy efficiency
management are slowly but surely transfer from national government surveillance to the
local municipalities' responsibility. Recent electricity and gas market liberalization in
European countries demonstrates all the challenges that open market economy is bringing
to energy consumers but also to the city governments. Energy dependency or
independency, become crucial issue for future sustainable development of each urban areain the world.
Environmental issues are increasing as constant market needs for oil and gas. Energy
and environment legislation and trading system for green house gas (GHG) emissions toatmosphere, moving toward renewable energy sources and energy efficiency. Awarenessof climate change brought together Mayors from many cities around the Europe to sign
Covenant of Mayors in February 2009, as a future action plan that will mach EU threetimes 20 percent strategy till the year 2020, on a local level. That significant act,
demonstrates how local government can take initiative for global good and use theirpower to change something.
Energy efficiency management in the cities help local government to focus on
important energy projects that have business aspect and financial feasibility. Energy
efficiency projects financing is another crucial issue, if return on investment in energy
sector is not so attractive. Financial institutions or potential private investors concentrate
than on price subventions or grants, which reduce lower rates loss and longer period of
project implementation. ESCO models or some other innovative financial tools could
make those projects possible to achieve. Field and desk research presented in this paper
show how Croatian city of Rijeka took an energy efficiency opportunity to solve public
lighting issue by using several techniques of strategic management in practice. Also, someother projects of energy efficiency in Rijeka will be presented in this paper, as an example
of sustainability of energy efficiency in urban area.

389

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.508

Energy Efficiency Trends and Policy in
Slovenia
F. Al-Mansour*1*

fouad.al-mansour@ijs.si

1

Jozef Stefan Institute, Energy Efficiency Centre, Slovenia

ABSTRACTThe energy dependency of Slovenia is high (52.1%), but it is lower than the averageenergy dependency in EU 27 (53.8%). Slovenia imports all petroleum products, naturalgas, partly coal and electricity. The energy intensity of Slovenia is higher for about 50%
than the average in EU 27. The target of EU Directive on energy end-use efficiency andenergy services adopted in 2006 is to achieve 9% improvement of energy efficiency
within the period 2008-2016. The new target of the EU climate and energy package "2020-20 plan" is 20% increase in energy efficiency by 2020. The Slovenian government
since 1991 supported energy efficiency activities. The improvement of energy efficiency
was one of the targets of energy strategic documents (Resolution on the Strategy of Useand Supply of Energy in Slovenia from 1996 and Resolution on National Energy
Programme from 2004) adopted by the Slovenian National Assembly (Parliament) in theprevious years. The Energy Act adopted in 1999 defines the objective of energy policy
giving priority to energy efficiency and utilization of renewable energy resources. The
goals of the "National Energy Action Plan 2008-2016 (NEEAP)" adopted by the
Slovenian government in 2008 include a set of energy efficiency improvement
instruments in residential, industry, transport and tertiary sectors. The target of the
NEEAP is to save final energy in the 2008-2016 period, it amounts to at least 4261 GWh
or 9% of baseline consumption. The indicators of energy efficiency trends show
considerable improvement in the period from 1998 to 2007. The improvement of energy
efficiency was reached in all sectors: manufacturing, transport and households. The paper
analyses the structure, trends of energy consumption and energy efficiency indicators bysectors of economic activity. The review of energy efficiency policy and measures is
described in the paper.

390

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Sustainability in Buildings I
SDEWES.2009.120

Accelerating Sustainable Buildings in Local
Government: an Australian Study
U. Iyer-Raniga*1, R. Evans2*

usha.iyer-raniga@rmit.edu.au

1

RMIT University, School of Property, Construction and ProjectManagement, Centre for Design, Australia
2
RMIT University, Centre for Design, Australia

ABSTRACT
Local Government is a significant component of the Australian landscape. In termsof the breadth of services it provides and as a market segment in its own right, local
government can provide leadership for their communities and influence the market. They
provide opportunities for driving change in the built environment sector (Yudelson,2008).
The built environment is an intrinsic part of human life, significant for its social,economic and environmental impacts. Whilst providing shelter and other benefits, thebuilt environment constitutes approximately one third of greenhouse gas emissions(OECD 2002, 2003). Around 30% of projected built environment emissions for 2020 canbe mitigated cost-effectively, if changes were made at the present time (UNEP, 2007).
Furthermore, as reported by McKinsey & Company (Bressand et al 2007, p. 13) large
opportunities for improving energy efficiency exist across the different sectors. The
potential demand reduction in 2020 through enhanced energy productivity can create 10%
opportunities in commercial sector, and 30% in industrial sectors. It is noteworthy thatmost council assets would fall within these sectors.
In Australia, Local Government is the sphere of government that most often
implements national and state regulations and outcomes. Local Government also manages
substantial built assets, both newly commissioned and under maintenance on behalf of
their communities.
The aim of this research is to identify ways that practitioners in local government can
improve sustainable outcomes for their own Council's built environment. The focus is on
areas within the control of practitioners. This research examines the current state of playin relation to the accelerating the uptake of sustainability in existing Council assets inAustralia. This is done through understanding and documenting barriers and opportunities
for accelerating sustainability in Local Governments' built assets and by investigating thefactors of success of those Local Governments who are delivering improved sustainability
outcomes. Through participatory action research, this research aims to extend that391

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

understanding through trialling a practitioner improvement program and interventions inasset management with four participating Councils in the State of Victoria in Australia.

392

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.290

Energetic Analysis and Diagnosis on Historical
Buildings: the "ex-curia Maxima" Building in
Torino City
A. Vacca*1, J. Balma1, S. Pierbattisti1, A. Calvano2, M. G. Pedrotti2,
M. Greci2*

ingvacca@euroesco.it

1
2EURO ESCO S.r.l., Italy
Comune di Torino, Facility Management, Italy

ABSTRACTThe activity of energetic analysis and diagnosis of building has been deeply
developed during last years, due to many reasons; these main reasons could be resumedas:• New European/National laws and Standard Codes on energy consumption ofbuildings;• New environmental consciousness of people above all about energy
consumption, energy saving and rational use of energy;• Increasing of crude oil price and of all energy related prices.
Under these premises was born the co-operation between Comune di Torino –Facility Management Department, and EURO ESCO S.r.l., an Italian ESCo company, toperform energetic analysis and diagnosis of a sample historical building belonging to
Comune di Torino: the “ex-Curia Maxima” building.
In this paper we’ll analyze the building, the technical methodology of approachenergetic analysis and all results of energetic analysis and final energetic diagnosis of thebuilding

393

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.089

Using of Recycled Polymers for Solution of
Critical Details in Low-energy and Passive
Houses
L. Matějka*1, J. Pěnčík2*matejka.l@fce.vutbr.cz

1
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Institute of
Civil Buildings, Czech Republic
2
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Institute ofStructural Mechanics, Czech Republic

ABSTRACTThe increasing quantity of waste materials is associated with continuously increasingneed for their recycling and reuse. An important subgroup of waste materials arepolymers. Selected polymers with suitable thermal and mechanical properties can be usedwith advantage also in civil engineering. The example of polymers meeting the above
requirements is the waste polypropylene PP and waste polyethylene PE in low-density
LDPE or high-density HDPE form. The above polymers represent more than 50% ratio of
the total global production of polymers. This high production is associated with highproduction of wastes, which can be used as a source of material usable for otherapplication. Application of recycled polymers suitably supports decreasing of energy
exigency and thus the area of sustainable development.
One of current trends of energy savings in civil engineering is the proposal andconstruction of low-energy and passive houses. This new concept is associated with thearisen need to solve originated details both in terms of the design and material. On thebasis of analyses details of critical areas were outlined. These include mainly the detailsof circumferential casing, which negatively affect the entire thermal-technical function of
the passive and low-energy function. The details that can constitute problematic places indesigning and construction are especially the following: corner details, wall beams details,
opening fillup embedding detail, wall footing detail and others.
A new product made from recycled polymers, a window sub-frame and insulation
block, was developed for low-energy houses elimination of a critical construction details.
The window sub-frame provides the possibility to embedding fillup opening in the placeof the thermal insulation of the external cladding. The insulation block provides thepossibility to interrupt the thermal bridge between the foundation and the external orinternal wall. Mentioned products meet thermal as well as mechanical requirements andalso the requirements for the functionality and stability for its whole life cycle.

394

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.327

Tradition and Innovation in Zero Energy
Balance and Zero CO2 Emission Housing
Development
A. Ferrante*1, M. T. Cascella2*

annarita.ferrante@unibo.it

1
University of Bologna, Faculty of Engineering, DAPT, Department ofArchitecture and Urban Planning, Italy
2
University of Bologna, Faculty of Engineering, DIEM, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Italy

ABSTRACTThe paper presents a research study and a final design proposal for new social
housing in the peri-urban context of Tricase, a town located in Puglia, in the southern partof Italy. During the 19th century and expecially up to the 1960's and 1970's residential
builings were predominantly designed and constructed to urgently respond to social andmarket's housing demand; thus low costs, by means of pre-cast, as well as low-tech orpoorly simplified construction technologies, became the major focus whithin the urban
formation of new residential areas; consequently urban planning and design generated'fragmented' plans often neglecting the interactions with streets and plots in the structureof inner and surrounding urban textures. Furthermore the major part of residentialbuilding blocks resulted in thermally inefficient lightweight structures which overheatedduring summer season and suffered high rates of heat loss in winter.
The present work was primarily designed to investigate the influence of outdoor
spaces and new building conception as an integrated system: 'sustainable' paths linking
the open spaces within the area -and the same area to the remaining part of the city- havebeen regarded as key elements and components to improve overall microclimaticconditions in the fringe- peri-urban Tricase sector. The design approach combines passive
tools -high thermal inertia brick walls' structure as an evolutionof the stone traditional
construction of the region, high albedo materials, solar shading devices, ventilation
strategies, etc.- with solar and wind energy micro-generation, to finally provide acomprehensive plan for 'Zero local CO2 emission and Zero Energy balance' housingdevelopment. Further investigations have been analysed to accurately assess the study ofthe thermal performance of the buildings, using different software tools and a CFD
simulation with Ansys CFX for natural ventilation strategies. Results show that integratonof active and passive techniques in urban and building types can lead to feasible, energy
efficient and low-cost solutions where the respect of place history and tradition may
translate into high quality performing buildings within recognizable urban environments.
In the search for a reasonable co-habitation between innovation and tradition it istherefore evident that technological innovation can find elements of generation in thecritical reading of context and in the consciousness of existing environmental resources.

395

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.567

Strategies and Indicators for Sustainable
Planning - Building Performance Evaluation
I. Kovacic*1*

iva.kovacic@tuwien.ac.at

1

Vienna University of Technology, Industrial Building and Interdisciplinary
Planning, Austria

ABSTRACTThe current building practice is not only marked by the climate change, but maybe
even more evidently through massive economic changes - economic crisis. The necessity
for development of new strategies for sustainable planning and building in terms of
economic, ecologic and social sustainability is more urgent than ever.
A problem that "green" building is still faced with is the short term thinking of theinvestors - energy efficiency and environmentally friendly technologies and materials
require higher construction costs, with return-of-investment periods longer than 15 years.
Most of the investor-architecture however is handled as merchandise for resale - a
portfolio investment - where return of investment is calculated for very short periods; orthe operational costs are carried over to tenant.
The focus of the prevalent building performance assessments often lies exclusively
upon analysis of heating energy consumption, the primary energy consumption for
construction and demolition as well as the cooling-, lightning- and operation energy
demand is hardly considered. This approach hinders the evaluation of the life-cycle
benefits of increased construction costs and efforts for sustainable planning.
This paper researches the coherences of different parameters determining thesustainability performance of a building and proposes an implementation plan within
integrated planning process. A life-cycle oriented strategy for building performance
evaluation, which quantifies the sustainability potential of a building, will be presented.
The evaluation is carried out by the means of sustainability indicators, which represent theIn- and Outputs occurring thorough the lifecycle of a building such as: Resources, Energy,
Capital, Information. The indicators reflect the ambivalent nature of a building ascomposition of tangible and intangible characteristics, and are structured in sustainability
triangle:•
Economy: construction cost, investment, life cycle cost (operation,cleaning, maintenance, demolition), yields, fungibility•
Ecology: resources- and energy consumption, emissions•
Socio-Cultural Aspects: aesthetic and cultural values, human health andwellbeing
The implementation of the strategy enables development of different scenarios
already in the early planning phases, as well as the identification of potentials and deficits,
enabling the achievement of ecologic, economic and social optimum.

396

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.422

Efficiency Investigation and Energy Saving for
Ground Source Heat Pump in Office Building
J. Desmedt*1, J. Van Bael 1*

johan.desmedt@vito.be

1

VITO, Energytechnology, Belgium

ABSTRACTIn office buildings air conditioning has become current pratice in North Western
Europe. High internal loads, solar gains and increased conformt execptations are the main
reasons. Cooling in office buildings can be achieved with classic cooling machines,
natural ventilation, etc. In this paper an innovative energy system is described and basedon a ground source heat pump with vertical borehole heat exchangers (BHEs). The systemis the largest borehole field in Flanders. GSHP systems exchange heat with the ground,often through BHEs and delivers heating and cooling to a 16.000 mÂ˛ office building.
The performance is determined by the HP characteristics itself, and by the thermal process(extraction and injection of heat) in the ground wit its BHEs.
Despite the fact that GSHP technology is known since almost 50 years, market
penetration of GSHPs in large Belgian public buildings is still in its infancy. Once theenergy demands have been calculated the number of BHEs, the distance between them, ...
can be simulated. By extending the heat pump system from a heat extraction system to aheat storage system, a BTES system is created which has very interesting advantages(natural cooling, regeneration, high efficiency, low operational costs, etc.).
This paper presents the simulation results of GSHP and BHEs. The optimum numberof vertical borehole heat exchangers is simulated. Typically, information on energy
transfer and consumption, flow rates and temperatures is obtained. This information iscompared with a predefined 'reference' installation, existing of contemporary energy
systems. This allows to define the actual primary energy savings and environmental
benefits.

397

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Biomass, Biogas and Biofuels: Potentials andLimitations III
SDEWES.2009.414

Biomass for Energy in Poland
K. Urbaniec*1, R. Grabarczyk1, G. Wisniewski2*

K.Urbaniec@mbox.pw.edu.pl

1

Warsaw University of Technology - Plock Campus, Department of Process
Equipment, Poland
2
Institute of Renewable Energy, Poland

ABSTRACTThe Polish resources of renewable energy, that is, energy amount potentiallyavailable from renewable sources, is currently estimated at 1160000 TJ per year. In thispotential energy stream, the share of biomass - including energy crops, dry and wet agrowaste, and fuel wood - is more than a half. While the over-all potential of renewableenergy is utilised to 17.5%, the actual level of utilisation of biomass resources is about
32%.
Of the different types of biomass, the highest level of utilisation exceeding 95% canbe seen for dry agro-waste and fuel wood, with firing or co-firing for heat and power
generation being the main conversion technologies. The utilisation of wet agro-waste andenergy crops is only beginning as the current level is about 2%, with energy crops being
mainly processed to transportation fuels.
In the national strategy of energy supply until 2030, a considerably increased share of
renewable energy in the supply of final energy - 20% as opposed to less than 7% atpresent - is foreseen. This can be achieved mainly by improving the utilisation of biomass
resources, adding also improved utilisation of wind energy. The Polish government has
proposed an action program aimed at increasing biogas production from wet agro-waste,
but its potential effect in terms of energy generation can only be of secondary importance.
It is necessary to focus on energy crops as the potential for expansion of their production
is very large.
Estimates of land area available for the production of energy crops are widelydifferentiated, ranging from 1 to 2 million ha. It is generally agreed that the system
encompassing land use for energy crops and the associated conversion of biomass energy
to heat and power has to satisfy three basic requirements: sustainable biomass production,
economic feasibility and high energy efficiency. Any future action program aimed at the
expansion of energy crops will have to include the component of monitoring theenvironmental impact and influence on food production.

398

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.466

Geographic Distribution of Economic Potentialof Agricultural and Forest Biomass Residualfor Energy Use in Croatia
B. Ćosić*1, N. Duic1, Z. Stanić2*

boris.cosic@fsb.hr

1
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture, Department of Energy, Power Engineering and Environment,
Croatia2
HEP-Obnovljivi izvori energije d.o.o., Croatia

ABSTRACT
Biomass as a renewable energy source is a vital component of meeting the EU targets
for renewable energy in Croatia. This paper provides information about energy potentialof different type of biomass in Croatian counties and cost of biomass at the power plant
location considering transport distance of biomass, transport cost and size of power plant.
Energy potential for biomass in Croatian counties was calculated for wheat straw, cornstover and for forest residual, since those are considered economically viable at the
moment. Different methodologies are used for calculating energy potential of biomass.
Methodology used for estimating removable residual from wheat straw is based onminimum requirements for soil protection, animal feeding and bedding. For estimating
removable potential of corn is used assumption of 20% for calculating fraction on thefield that go uncollected and 50% for calculating amount of corn stover for soil
protection. Methodology used for calculating potential of forest residual is based onassumption that 12% of the total mass of tree is forest residual which can be removed
from forest and used in energy purpose. Potential of wood waste from wood industries inthis study is not calculated because these residuals wood industries are using it for own
consumption and for production of pellets and briquettes. Results of this study indicatethat the energy potential of wheat straw is 7.9 PJ; corn stover 4.4 PJ and for forest residualenergy potential is 5.9 PJ.

399

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.356

The Possibility of Biomass Production in
Energy Plantations of The Short Rotation in
Recultivated Areas of Waste Sites of Open-pit
Coal Mines
D. Drazic*1, M. Veselinović1*

drazicd@yubc.net

1
INSTITUTE FOR FORESTRY, Environmental Protection and Enhancement,
SerbiaABSTRACTThe industrial, general-economic, as well as civilization developments of the humancommunity are inconceivable without the energy sources. The non-renewable fossil
energy sources such as coal, oil and natural gas, which account for 2/3 of the known
world reserves of the primary energy sources, are still the most important. The coalaccounts for 46% of the reserves.
Serbia is rich in lignite which is mainly used for the production of electricity. The
increasing need for electricity, and the limited hydro-energy potential, as the mostimportant, eco-friendly, renewable potential, force to the orientation to the further
increase of the lignite production in open-pit mines. It implies the disruption oforography, destruction of the ecosystems and further endangering of the environment.
Only within two main coal basins the current ecosystems will be destroyed on over 1000
km2. In order to alleviate the harmful effects of the open-pit mines, it is necessary that themining activities be accompanied by the biological recultivation. As the forest ecosystems
are the greatest absorbers of CO2 and other pollutants, and the most efficient filters of thesolid substances, the forest recultivation should be favoured. The part of the recultivatedareas can be used for establishment of the energy plantations of the fast-growing
dendroflora or perennial herbaceous plants. In order to define the models of theseplantations, The Ministry of Science and Technological Development supported theresearches aimed at the determination of the post-exploitation areas suitable for the shortrotation plantations in the Kolubara basin. Besides the research of ecological conditions of
the post-exploitation areas, research of the development and productivity of biomass inthe forest cultures established during the biological recultivation, the comparative
experiment was set with the number of fast-growing species, in order to determine thetechnology of the soil preparation, feeding, density of sowing, measures of protection,effects of phytoremediation, the selection of the mechanical devices, the analysis of theeconomic parameters, etc. The aim of the research is the increase of the participation ofenergy from biomass and partial replacement of the fossil fuels, in accord with the Kyoto
Protocol, Davos Forum and other international agreements. This paper presents someresults which are the part of the project.

400

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.480

Forest Fuel Availability, Harvesting Costs andEconomy of Wood Fired CHP in Europe in The
Light of Case Studies in Poland, Czech
Republic, France and Western Russia (20052009)
M. Virkkunen*1*

matti.virkkunen@vtt.fi

1

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Biofuel Production, Finland

ABSTRACTThe aim of the case studies was to evaluate the wood biomass availability for fuel, tofind cost-effective wood fuel production technology and to calculate the wood fuel supply
costs in each study location. Also the most suitable combustion technology was evaluatedand heat and power production costs and the associate emissions of heat and power
production in CHP power plant were estimated.
Four case studies were implemented between 2005 and 2009. These studies, under
the projects 'EU's wood fuel resources, energy technology market and international
bioenergy trade mechanism' and 'Global Forest Energy Resources, Sustainable Biomass
Supply and Markets for Bioenergy Technology' aimed to enhance the businesspossibilities of mitigating the climate change. The solution for this was to enhancerenewable energy production by introducing best available technologies and promoting
the Finnish bioenergy know-how in growing global markets and studying the availability,
technology and economy in different European locations.
The studied locations were selected by local experts and associated companies and allsites were suitable for energy production with wood-fired CHP - i.e. demand for heat andpower existed and wood fuel was available with a reasonable cost-at-plant. In Poland(2005) the studied site was an existing power plant in Bialystok (100 MW boiler to be
retrofitted for biomass). In Czech (2007) a location in the town of Zabreh was studied(new 50 MW CHP). In France (2008) a location in Chaumont area was studied (new 50
MW CHP). In Russia (2009), the city of Kostamuksha was studied as a location for aplant (new 150 MW CHP).
Following conclusions were made in the course of the studies:
Availability of wood fuel was sufficient at all locations (branches and tops from final
fellings, small wood from thinnings and forest tending type cuttings, additional fuel fromroot wood. Availability of forest industry side products is generally rather poor)
Costs of wood fuel at plant were reasonable (slightly lower costs in the Eastern
Europe)Chipping At Roadside -method is the general supply chain solution for forest fuelprocurement at all locations

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

The economy of heat and power production with forest fuels is a challenging issue atall locations (Subsidy schemes for renewable forest fuels available in all studied
locations)
The project was funded by the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology andInnovation, TEKES. In addition to TEKES, six Finnish companies (John Deere, Metso
Power, Neste Oil, Pentin Paja Ltd, Stora Enso and Vapo Ltd) participated in the funding
and the executive group of the project. VTT was responsible of the case studies. Finnish
forest research centre METLA provided GIS data for the calculations and was responsibleof the availability calculations.

402

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.517

Evaluation of Phaeodactylum Tricornutum asPotential Biomass for Biofuels in The Venice
Lagoon Area
G. Bordignon*1, L. Iuzzolino1, F. Minello1, C. Bettiol1, P. F. Ghetti1,
C. Dejak1, E. F. Orsega1, E. Argese1*

guido.bordignon@unive.it

1

University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Centre I.D.E.A.S., Italy

ABSTRACTThis work focuses on the characterization of potential available microalgae
Phaeodactylum tricornutum as biomass in the Venice Lagoon area for the eventual
develop of a big scale biofuels production plant. Microalgae are efficient carbon dioxide
fixers and they appear more photosynthetically efficient than terrestrial plants. The
potential production of biodiesel from algae oil is much more feasible than biodiesel fromseeds oil. Microalgae can play an important role on bioremediation too. n this meaning the
Venice Lagoon is a suitable environment, the Lagoon offers the opportunity of developing
algae cultures, is rich in microalgae and it can be consider a natural growth field of algal
biomasses. The polluted water from river mouth discharging into the lagoon could be used
for aquaculture purpose and the bioremediator action of the algae can be utilized to
improve the water quality, eliminating the contaminants and the nutrients excess. The
study provide a mathematical model for the optimal growth of Phaeodactylum
tricornutum analyzing the photosynthetic, respiration and irradiation parameters.

403

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Renewable Energy Planning and
Implementation II
SDEWES.2009.125

Efficiency and Effectiveness of Promotion
Systems for Electricity Generation from
Renewable Energy Sources - Lessons from EU
Countries
H. Reinhard*1*

mcreini@eeg.tuwien.ac.at

1

TU Wien, EEG, Austria

ABSTRACT
1. Introduction
Currently, a wide range of strategies is implemented in different countries to increase
the share of electricity from renewable energy sources: One of the most controversiallydiscussions is whether trading-based (e.g. the recently announced Guarantee-of-Origin(GoO) trade) or technology-specific instruments (like feed-in tariffs (FIT)) lead topreferable solutions for society. An important issue in this context is that both systems are
actually market-based and both systems are introduced by policy makers and, hence,create an artificial market. Finally, in both systems the final electricity customers (or thetax payers) will have to cover the support costs.
2. Method of approach
The core objective of this paper is to discuss the perspectives of quota-based GoO
trade for an efficient and effective increase of RES-E in comparison to FIT. The analysis
is based on a formal framework how instruments works using the computer model
GREEN-X. Major focus is put on the analysis of the additional extra costs for theelectricity consumers/tax payers . Finally the problems that might arise from trading
systems e.g of 'windfall profits' (e.g. if existing capacities or already cost-effective
technologies are included in a trading system) are investigated.
3. Results
The major results of this analysis are: (i) The success stories of growth in RES-E in
EU member states in recent years has been triggered by FIT implemented in a technologyspecific manner at modest costs for European citizens. The main reason is the long term
price security of the system combined with technology diversification of support.
Compared to short term trading in renewable certificate markets the intrinsic stability of
feed-in systems appears to be a key element for success. Hence, currently a well-designed

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA(dynamic) FIT system provides a certain deployment of RES-E in the shortest time and at
lowest costs for society.
At present, quota-based trading systems show a low effectiveness althoughcomparably high profit margins are possible. Firstly, a major problem are the producer
profits possible especially for the cheapest options in the market. This leads tocorrespondingly high additional costs for customers. Secondly, market mechanisms seemto fail in TGC-systems, but, why should competition work in a TGC market if it does not
function in the conventional European electricity market? The large incumbent utilities
favour trading systems since this scheme gives them the chance to hedge risks andtherefore prefer higher profitability.
4. Conclusions
The most important conclusions of this analysis are: (i) regardless which strategy ischosen it is of superior relevance that there is a clear focus on the exclusive promotion of
new capacity; (ii) A well-designed (dynamic) Feed-in tariff system provides a certain
deployment of electricity generated from Renewable Energy Sources (RES-E) fastest andat lowest costs for society; (iii) Promotion strategies with low policy risk lead to lower
profit requirements b y investors and, hence, cause lower costs for society.

405

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.133

Factors Guiding the Development of
Photovoltaics in Croatia
S. Robić*1, V. Bukarica1, Ž. Tomšić1*

slavica.robic@fer.hr

1

Fakultet elektrotehnike i računarstva, Zagreb, Zavod za visoki napon ienergetiku, Croatia

ABSTRACTThe PV industry is the fastest growing renewables industry in the world. However,that trend seems to bypass Croatia, the country with one of the highest average solar
radiations in Europe. The reasons for the slow introduction of PVs in Croatia are multiple,
and they vary from legislative barriers to financial incapability to support this rather
expensive technology. In 2007 new legislature for renwables was set, including feed intariffs for PVs. However, the support for PVs is at the moment limited to a total of 1MWp
installed capacity. This limit seems rather low compared to some countries, such as Spainand Germany, where already installed capacity is few hundred megawatts. Nevertheless,taking into account Croatian limited financial resources 1MWp limit seems to bereasonable to some extent. The new Energy Strategy sets ambitious targets for utilisationof solar energy, and for realisation of those targets some changes in legislation will haveto be made. With the new legislation, and likelihood that additional changes andsimplification will be made as response to requirements of EU acquis and new Croatian
Energy Strategy, it can be concluded that the PVs and other solar applications will havebrighter future under Croatian sun.

406

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.318

Development of Basic Criteria for Establishingof Feed-in Tariffs in R. Macedonia
P. Popovski*1, Z. Markov1*

predrag@mf.edu.mk

1

University Ss. Cyril and Methodius - Skopje, Faculty of MechanicalEngineering, Macedonia

ABSTRACTAll existing research for calculation of the hydro potential in R. Macedonia showsthat the small hydro power represents significant part of the overall hydro potential.
Lack of hydro energy production and Government energy policy has been astimulated development of several independent energy production projects.
According to the hydrology base of Macedonia, the amount of 1088 GWh of electricenergy can be produced by small HPPs, which would represent 17.5 percent of thetechnically usable hydro potential of the country.
The hydro potential of the Republic of Macedonia, including the small watersheds,
that can be used for construction of small HPPs is analyzed and presented in several
studies. One of the basic conclusions is that the small watersheds are mainly not used atall. Their usage would improve the balance of the renewable at the expense of nonrenewable energy resources. R. Macedonia is oriented to importing electricity, because
the domestic energy potential can’t meet the total energy consumption. So, each newenergy source is precious and very welcome, both for the energy production, as well as
the country budgeting. Having in a mind all of the above, there is an obvious need ofenergy production improvement, which can be realized through the following solutions:•
Exploitation of domestic rather then import energy resources•
Exploitation of renewable rather then non-renewable energy resources
Our earlier investigation reviewed international practices with feed-in tariffs and set
out options for such a feed-in arrangement. The objective of this work is to present theestimates of the investment and operational costs of selected small hydro power plants(SHPPs), across a range of sizes, as a base for establishing the level of the feed-in tariffs.
Following this, the objectives are:•Set out the recommended approach for developing a feed-in tariff;•
Provide a draft set of feed-in tariff Rules on Methodology that issuitable for implementation in Macedonia; and•Present data that indicate the likely level of feed-in tariff that would
need to be offered to attract interest.
The results of the preparatory work for establishing of feed-in tariffs will bepresented.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.136

Sustainability Estimation of Energy System
Options Which Use Gas and Renewable
Resources for Domestic Hot Water Production
M. Jovanovic*1, V. Turanjanin1, V. Bakic2, M. Pezo1, B. Vucicevic1*

marinaj@vinca.rs

1
Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, Laboratory for Thermal Engineeringand Energy, Serbia
2
Vinca Institute, Laboratory for Thermal and Energy Research, Serbia

ABSTRACTThe reserves of quality energy-generating products such as oil and gas are symbolic(less than of 1%) and various types of coals are low-quality lignites so strategy of energy
development until 2015 in Serbia including more uses of renewable energy sources. Oneof the possibilities for fossil fuel substitution is the biomass and solar energy using forheat production. This paper presents evaluation of various energy system options for the
purposes of hot water production in heating plant. The heating-plant is situated in one of
the biggest municipality of the city of Belgrade and represents the integral part of Public
Utility Company. It produces and delivers heat energy for heating and domestic hot waterto customers (approximately of 17000 households). The gas fired boiler for thermalenergy production is used with total boiler installed capacity of 10 MW. It is assigned aseveral possibilities that include using renewable energy instead of fossil fuel for thermalenergy produces in domestic hot water production. So, in this paper sustainability
evaluation of different energy options for few cases in regard to thermal energy obtained
are shown: 1) thermal energy from the gas combustion; 2) thermal energy from the gas
combustion and solar collection; 3) thermal energy from the biomass combustion; 4)
thermal energy from the gas and biomass combustion; 5) thermal energy from the gas andbiomass combustion and solar collection. In the calculation, the operation mode of 250
m3/h flux and temperature mode of 60/40°C is used. Also, the calculation is made for the
Apricus type of collector, total collector surface of 5000 m2 and total installed biomass
fired boiler capacity of 3 MW. In order to compare of different energy system options themethod of multicriteria analysis is done. This method integrates various multidimensional
criteria according to presentes efficient method in estimations of complex system
sustainability and the processes of making decisions. There is a little dependence of
subjectively making decision i.e. results not depend of verious analysts. Basic set ofenergy indicators with realation to different aspects of sustainable development is defined.
All the weight coeficients of criteria are calculated by mathematical model using mutual
relation of particular values for each option and criterion (indicator) when priority give tocertain criterion. Obtained results are compared by General Index of Sustainability whichis the measure of system complexity.

408

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.201

Integrated Resources Planning in River
Basins: a Case-study of The Cuiaba River
Basin in Brazil
I. L. Dorileo1, S. V. Bajay*2*

bajay@fem.unicamp.br

1

UFMT/UNICAMP, NIEPE, Brazil
State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Interdisciplinary Centre forEnergy Planning (NIPE), Brazil

2

ABSTRACT
Integrated Resources Planning (IRP) is the most advanced approach which has been
applied for the expansion, or forward, planning of the electric power and gas industries. It
was widely used in the late eighties and early nineties in the USA, Canada and Denmark.
It has been applied in those countries mostly by vertically integrated utilities, motivatedby regulatory requirements. Although such types of utilities are still found in many partsof the world, the current challenge everywhere is to employ the IRP concepts in the new
institutional framework of the electric power and gas industries, where competition isseek for in the production/imports and trade stages of these industries. In the latter case,the forward planning exercises are indicative ones, usually carried out by government
bodies. The exercises provide highly valuable guidelines both for government, for policy
making purposes, and for the market agents - producers, importers/exporters, carriers,
traders, investors, etc. - in their strategic planning.
The current Brazilian Water Resources Law requires that the recently created 'river
basin committees' produce 'water resources plans' for the basins under their jurisdiction.
The basic idea presented in this paper is to extend the water resource plan into an
integrated resource plan concerned to find out the best trade off among three very
important regional development inductors, if they are well employed: water resources,
electricity and natural gas.
Some results of a case-study carried out at the State University of Campinas,
concerning modelling approaches and setting data basis for the CuiabaÂ´s river basin in
Brazil are also reported in the paper.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.557

Policies and Measures for Renewable Energy
Sources and Achievement of Targets by 2020
in Croatia
I. Raguzin*1, D. Vešligaj2, V. Jelavić2*

igor.raguzin@mingorp.hr

1
Ministry of Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship, Department for
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, Croatia
2
Ekonerg, Department of Environmental Protection, Croatia

ABSTRACTThis paper is considering set up a longer-term perspective and plan of actions for thedevelopment of renewable energy infrastructure in Croatia in accordance with the
package of implementation measures for the EU's objectives on climate change andrenewable energy for year 2020. The objectives set out in the EU climate change andenergy policies can only be achieved by significantly increasing the share of renewableenergy sources in energy consumption, including electricity, heating and cooling andtransport. Overall binding target (three sectors are concerned in renewable energy:
electricity, heating/cooling and transport) and indicative pathway for renewable energy
sources to be achieved by 2020 in Croatia is been calculated in accordance with Proposal
for a Directive including position of the European Parliament adopted at first reading on
17 December 2008 and methodology described in Impact assessment document which isaccompanying the proposal. The paper explores development of support scheme forrenewable energy sources promotion in Croatia including feed-in tariffs, guarantees oforigin and greenhouse gas emissions taxation. It is addressed the necessity for creating
enabling environment for promotion of renewable energy sources and gradually remove
barriers for its stronger penetration on the energy market.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Advances in Distribution Systems
SDEWES.2009.106

Similarities and Differences in Optimization of
Water- and Gas- Distribution Pipeline
Networks
D. Brkic*1*

dejanrgf@tesla.rcub.bg.ac.rs

1

Ministry of Science and Technological Development of Serbia, PhD
student at University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Belgrade,
SerbiaABSTRACT
Accent is on determination of appropriate friction factor of the pipes and on selectionof the representative equation for water or natural gas flow which is valuable for existing
conditions in the looped network of pipelines. Note that in a municipal gas pipeline,
natural gas can be treated as incompressible fluid (liquid) i.e. as water or oil. Even under
this circumstance, calculation of water pipelines cannot be literary copied and applied for
calculation of gas pipelines. This means that inappropriate usage of friction factor, equally
as e.g. inappropriate usage of water flow equations for calculation of gas networks canlead to inaccurate final results. Various equations have been proposed to determinate thehead losses due to friction, including the Darcy-Weisbach, Fanning, Chezy, Manning,
Hazen-Williams and Scobey formulas. These equations relate the friction losses tophysical characteristics of the pipe and various flow parameters. Darcy friction factor(somewhere known as Moody factor) is the main parameter of the Darcy-Weisbachequation. The Fanning factor is not the same as the Darcy friction factor (which is 4 times
greater than the Fanning Friction factor). The development of 'Moody Chart' whichenables engineers to plot the Darcy friction factor and the use of the personnel computer
to calculate the Darcy Friction factor has led to a large reduction in the use of the Fanning
friction factors. The Fanning formula is very similar to the Darcy-Weisbach formula but
the hydraulic radius of the pipe work must used, not the pipe diameter. These two factors
are for water or gas flow. But the Darcy-Weisbach and the Fanning also formulas in theirbasic form are only for water (liquid) flow. If we apply these equations for gas flow
without modification, discharges i.e. calculated flows will be in relative correct range ofaccuracy but deviation of calculated pressure drops (head losses) from real values cannot
be neglected. Note that the Darcy-Weisbach formulas are not synonym with Darcy
friction factor, equally as the Fanning formula is not synonym with Fanning friction
factor. Factors are main factors in related formulas. Darcy friction factor is recommended
after different authors for different flow regimes such as laminar, smooth, turbulent, etc.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Authors of these factors are e.g. Renourad, Blasius, Moody, Colebrook, Altshul, etc.
Possible modification of the Darcy-Weisbach equation adjusted for gas lines will beshown in this paper. Also, should be noted that physical meaning of Darcy and Fanning
friction factor are the same. First is in common use in Europe and in civil and petroleum
engineering, while the second one is more common in America and in chemicalengineering. Chezy, Manning, Hazen-Williams and Scobey formulas are only for water,
i.e. for liquid flow and these factors cannot be used for gas pipeline calculation.
Introduced in the early 1900s, the Hazen-Williams equation determines pipe friction headloss for water, requiring a single roughness coefficient. Unfortunately even for water it
may produce errors as high as ±40% when applied outside a limited and somewhat
controversial range of Reynolds numbers, pipe diameters and C coefficients. Not only
inaccurate the Hazen-Williams equation is conceptually incorrect. Some of theselimitations will be discussed. Few novel techniques for determining of friction factor asneuro-fuzzy or similar will be commented. Finally, in this paper will be compared few
iterative methods for determining the optimal hydraulic solution of water- and gaspipeline networks which take form of ring-like, such as, Hardy Cross, modified Hardy
Cross, node-loop method, etc. Speed of convergence will be compared and discussed.
This will be done for one simple network with three loops. Diameters of pipes in thispipeline will be optimised like in water- or gas- distribution network.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.446

Security of Supply Concerning Integrated
Electricity and Gas Distribution Network
Planning
T. Baricevic1, R. Bosnjak*2*

rbosnjak@eihp.hr

1
Energy Institute Hrvoje Pozar, Energy Transmission and Distribution,
Croatia2
Energy Institute Hrvoje Pozar, Energy System Planning, Croatia

ABSTRACTThe paper is focused on a security of supply issue within the concept of integrated
electricity and gas distribution network planning concerning January 2009 gas supply
crisis.
The bases of the integrated electricity and gas distribution network planning will beelaborated as an example of energy system analyses and planning complying to theconcept of the sustainable development. The overall aim is rationalisation of both theenergy consumption and investments in the energy systems. The focus of the paper is on
the later issue, within which the planning criteria and methodology will be given.
However, the additional restrictions imposed by the concept of integral planning bringalso additional uncertainties as well as the corresponding risks. The one presented in thispaper addresses the issue of security of gas supply and the connected issue of security ofelectricity supply.
The example of the electricity network in a region with established gas consumption
is given as a bases for the assessment of the impact of the potential interruption of the gas
supply similar to the January 2009 on the electricity distribution system and electricity
supply. Both electricity and gas load curves will be evaluated resulting with theassessment of the increase of the electricity peak load in the case of the partial or total gas
supply reduction.
The conclusion of the article should be an assessment of the need, as well as possible
suggestions, to impose additional criteria for the electricity distribution network planning
for areas with certain levels of gas consumption or ensure other means for addressing theincreased risk for the reliability of electricity supply.

413

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.624

Optimization of Waste Heat Utilization in
Pipeline Compressor Station
D. Biscan*1, D. Lončar1*

davor.biscan@fsb.hr

1

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Department ofEnergy, Power Engineering and Ecology, Croatia

ABSTRACTGas turbine driven pipeline compressor stations employed in existing pipelines andalso in those that shall be built due to increasing demand for natural gas present
significant potential for production of additional electricity and useful heat by utilizing thewaste heat from gas turbine process. For utilizing the waste heat existing systems areusually upgraded with a heat recovery steam generator, steam turbine and balance of plant
equipment, which are used to produce electricity via conventional combined gas andsteam cycle process.
Paper analyzes and compares several various configurations both in the terms ofthermodynamic and economic criteria. In order to find an optimal configuration of a new
system an exergo-economic HRSG optimization is conducted for finding the compromise
between the exergy losses and investment costs of HRSG surfaces. Preferred single
pressure, dual pressure and triple pressure system configurations are examined in typicaloperating scenarios of pipeline compressor station. For each scenario cost of electricity,
cash flow and internal rate of return are calculated. Sensitivity analysis has been
performed in order to estimate system viability in case of varying fuel prices and CO2
emission certificates for each scenario. The results of the performed investigation are
based on realistic compressor station data and could be used as a guideline for further
research and development in this field.

414

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.134

Energy Generation Potential Within theConventional Natural Gas Transmission andDistribution System
W. J. Kostowski*1*

wojciech.kostowski@polsl.pl

1
Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Thermal Technology,
Poland

ABSTRACTThe paper deals with a possibility of energy production within a natural gas
transportation system. The conventional system has a hierarchical structure, based on 3 or
4 pressure stages, interconnected via Pressure Reduction Stations (PRS). The highest
pressure stage is referred to as the transmission sector while lower stages constitute the
distribution sector. In the high pressure stage, energy is supplied to compressor stations
compensating for friction losses in pipelines. Following the gas flow to subsequent lower
pressure stages, its pressure is reduced in pressure regulators installed at the PRS's.
The main drawback of the conventional system is its thermodynamic irreversibility,
i.e. the loss of potential work that could be generated while reducing the gas pressure.
Within the first part of work, a thermodynamic model has been created to analyze changes
in physical energy and mechanical exergy within the conventional gas transportation
system.
The second part of work deals with the application of turboexpanders (expansion
turbines) at the PRS's allowing one to extract a part of the potential work and to produce
electricity while reducing the gas pressure. The performance of turboexpanders has been
analyzed for various thermodynamic parameters, i.e. the inlet and outlet gas pressure, thegas preheating rate and the expander isentropic efficiency. A second-law based definitionof the expander's efficiency has been proposed.
Furthermore, relevant technical, economic and environmental aspects have been
analyzed. Problems concerning flow regulation, overpressure protection and frequency
control have been identified and described. A brief economic model has been created toanalyze the feasibility of the expander installation in terms of the key economic
parameters. Finally, environmental benefits resulting from generation of additional
electric power in the gas transmission system as well as the legal situation concerning thequalification of the produced energy have been discussed.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Sustainability in Buildings II
SDEWES.2009.455

Multiparametric Programming Approach for
The Home Energy Management Problem
M. H. Le1, M. Jacomino*1, D. H. Lon2, S. Ploix1*

mireille.jacomino@g-scop.inpg.fr

1
2

Grenoble INP, Laboratory G-SCOP, France
INES, CEA, France

ABSTRACT
A home energy system basically consists of appliances linked via a communication
network allowing interactions for control purposes. Load management allows users toadjust their power consumption according to expected comfort, energy price variation andCO2 equivalent rejection. For instance, during the peak periods, according to weather
forecasts and inhabitant requests, it could be possible to decide to delay some services or
to reduce some heater set points in order to reduce CO2 equivalent rejection or to run
requested services even so.
Load management is all the more interesting that there are local storage andproduction means such as battery, photovoltaic panels or wind mills that provide
additional flexibilities. Combining all these elements leads to systems with many degrees
of freedom that are very complex to manage by users.
In this paper, energy management problem is formulated as a scheduling problem inwhich energy is considered as a resource shared by appliances and consuming energy
activities are considered as tasks. Three different aspects can be taken into account asobjective function: user's comfort, economical criteria, ecological criteria. In this paper,
the user's comfort is the only addressed. An adaptation of the static Resource Constraint
Project Scheduling Problems (RCPSP) has been developed to improve the management ofelectric heating systems. This approach is able to co-ordinate the electric heaters whilesatisfying a maximum power resource constraint. Nevertheless, the solved problem
requires precise predictive models, for example, for weather forecast. This
communication is based on a new three-layer (anticipative layer, reactive layer and device
layer) household energy management system able to satisfy the maximum available
electrical power constraint as well as maximize the user's comfort criteria. It focuses on
the anticipative layer in which uncertainties modeled as interval are introduced.
Uncertainties related to weather forecast and amount of energy consumptions are
addressed. An algorithm based on the Branch & Bound procedure and the multiparametriclinear programming are implemented. Two examples are proposed to illustrate theapplicability of this algorithm in energy management problem.

416

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.685

Acoustic and Thermal Behavior of Concrete
Building Blocks with Cork
N. Simoes*1, I. Castro2, A. Tadeu1, F. Branco1*

nasimoes@dec.uc.pt

1

Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of Coimbra, Civil
Engineering Department, Portugal
2
ITeCons, Civil Engineering Department, Portugal

ABSTRACT
In order to improve the acoustic and thermal behavior of concrete blocks, cork has
been added in its composition. Different admixtures with distinct cork proportions andparticle size distribution were studied. Parameters such as the weight of the block and its
compressive strength, water absorption and bulk density were taken into account.
Acoustic behavior was assessed by performing airborne sound insulation tests in masonrywalls using the manufactured concrete blocks containing cork. The experimental tests
were carried out in the two adjacent horizontal acoustic chambers of the 'Instituto deInvestigação e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Ciencias da Construção - ITeCons',
according to the ISO 140-3 standard. The thermal performance of the block wascharacterized by the experimental evaluation of the thermal conductivity of the material.

417

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.423

Influencing Households Energy Behaviour, aIn-situ Measuring Campaign
J. Desmedt*1, J. Van Bael 1, G. Vekemans 1*johan.desmedt@vito.be

1

VITO, Energytechnology, Belgium

ABSTRACTThe behaviour of household members has a significant impact on the resulting energy
consumption of a household. Studies show that within the same buildings with the same
installations, energy consumption can be reduced by an average of 37% by a more
economical behaviour. There exists therefore, a large potential to reduce the demand byinfluencing behaviour. The question remains how this potential can be addressed. VITO
conducted, in collaboration with the Catholic University of Louvain-la-Neuve, the
SEREC-project. This project investigated the socio-economic factors influencing
residential energy consumption; furthermore, in the larger framework different tools havebeen developed. Several were tested and evaluated in a number of dwellings in thisresearch. They address both energy consumption for heating as well as electricity
consumption. The tools are completely different, but all were designed to help makehouseholders aware of their energy-related behaviour and to provide recommendations onenergy saving measures. For each case, potential changes in habits were followed-up. The
observed range is quite large, as full scale audits of every dwelling were performed as
general comparisons of annual consumption were made. To gain more insight into theeffectiveness of the tools, several families participated in in-depth sociological interviews.
The overall results show the strengths and weaknesses of the different tools. Moregenerally, the results reveal some of the key properties of recommendations that arenecessary to ensure effectiveness for behavioural change.

418

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.075

Energy Performances and Architectural
Integration of Solar Plants in Buildings
L. Schibuola*1*

lschibuo@iuav.it

1

University IUAV of Venice, Dipartimento Costruzione Architettura, Italy

ABSTRACTThe energy performances of active solar systems, solar thermal or photovoltaic, arestrongly influenced by the orientation and slope used in the installation of solar panels.
Actually there is the tendency to favour the solar plants which present a strong integration
with the building from an architectural point of view. Nevertheless this design approach
can involve heavy penalization in the annual performances of the installed solar plants. It
is therefore necessary to provide the designers a clear and complete information, since thefirst phase of the project, about the influence on the performances connected withinstallation parameters different from those normally suggested.
In this paper the problem of this penalization is analysed in detail by means ofsimulation models and an estimation on the basis of the consequent calculation proceduresis presented. The results show that orientation and slope deeply influence not only theamount of solar radiation available on the surface of the solar collector but also themechanisms of energy absorption. The analysis is extended to different types of collectors
like flat plate collectors, evacuated tubular collectors with or without compound parabolic
concentrator. The aim is to permit a precise consciousness of the problem in order toachieve the best compromise between architectural exigencies and energetic efficiency.

419

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.450

The Importance of Controlling Underground
Heat Storage
D. R. Fjo1, J. Desmedt1, V. Dirk1, J. Van Bael 1, D. Six*1*

daan.six@vito.be1

VITO - Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Energy Technology,
Belgium

ABSTRACTIn most buildings more than 40% of the energy consumption is used for heating andcooling. Providing technology to lower these costs is definitely one of the most efficient
ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
Underground heat storage is a promising technique to store heat energy over aseason. The problem addressed in this paper concerns controlling such systems. This isimportant for two related reasons: how can be avoided that all heat stored in summer isconsumed midway winter? If this happens, the system would become unreliable and willprobably not be implemented much. In order to avoid this, the underground storage field
is often chosen too big, so that the operation mode is guaranteed, but this raises theinvestments costs. One elegant solution to circumvent this conflict is by the utilization ofrobust optimal control algorithms.
Because the heat and cold demand of a buildins is not a priori known, the mostconvenient way to control such a system is by implementing a stochastic dynamic
programming algorithm, which takes into account the stochastic nature of heat and cold
demand, the dynamics of the storage field and the physical constraints on the temperatureand devices. One important feature of such a control algorithm is that it can deal withmodel errors: even if the model prediction is (partly) wrong, the control law can guarantee
stability of the system and this at the lowest costs.
The controller is tested on a simulation, where a complex model is used to mimic allfeatures of a real underground heat storage field. The conclusions from this simulation
are: (i) the size of the current field is approximately twice to big. Thus so are theinvestment costs. (ii) the controller remains stable under all tested operational conditions,like severe winters, hot summers, etc...(iii) under some conditions, like a mild winter, it ismost profitable to drain excess heat from the field at the end of the winter. Such control
decisions will never be taken by classical control strategies.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Biomass, Biogas and Biofuels: Conversion
Processes II
SDEWES.2009.247

Biodiesel Production from Vegetable Oils: a
Comparative Study
M. Satyanarayana1, C. Muraleedharan*1*

murali@nitc.ac.in

1

National Institute of Technology Calicut, Mechanical Engineering, India

ABSTRACTHigh viscosity and low volatility of vegetable oils compared to diesel lead to injector
fouling and carbon deposits in engine cylinder while using them directly in engines.
Biodiesel from these vegetable oils produced by transesterification process could reduce
viscosity considerably and improve the volatility. The properties of methyl esters
produced from rubber seed oil, coconut oil and palm kernel oil, which are locallyavailable especially in Kerala (India) are presented here. The viscosity of methyl esters ofthese oils is found to be comparable with diesel fuel as per ASTM D6751-02. Biodiesel
from rubber seed oil (with high FFA) was produced by employing two-step pretreatment
process (acid esterification) to reduce acid value from 48 to 1.72 mgKOH/g with 0.40 and
0.35 v/v methanol-oil ratio and 1.0% v/v H2SO4 as catalyst at a temperature of 63(±2)°C
with one hour reaction time followed by transesterification using methanol-oil ratio of
0.30v/v, 0.5w/v KOH as alkaline catalyst at 55(±2)°C with 40 minutes reaction time toyield 98-99% biodiesel. Coconut oil and palm oil, being edible oils and having similarity
in fatty acid composition, transesterification (with 0.25v/v methanol-oil ratio, 0.50%w/v
KOH as at 58(±2)°C, 20 minutes reaction time for coconut oil and 0.25%v/v methanol-oil
ratio, 0.50%w/v KOH as alkaline catalyst at 60(±2)°C for palm kernel oil will convert
them to 98-99% biodiesel. Experiments showed that rubber seed methyl ester is found asa good alternative to diesel considering all the characteristics including economy, eventhough viscosity of coconut methyl ester was found to be closer to that of diesel fuel.

421

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.050

Sugars and Lignosulphonates Fractionationfrom Spent Sulphite Liquor by Membrane
Processes
D. Afonso*1, J. A. Restolho1, M. N. De Pinho1, A. Prates2*

dina.afonso@ist.utl.pt

1
Instituto Superior Técnico, Department of Chemical and BiologicalEngineering, Portugal
2
CAIMA - Indústria de Celulose, S.A., Portugal

ABSTRACT
Spent sulphite liquor (SSL) produced in pulp and paper mills is a biomass resource
which is usually concentrated and burnt in steam boilers. Yet, the biorefinery concept may
add value to the by-products contained in SSL.
The overall goal of this work was preliminary studies of the application of membrane
separation processes to the liquor generated by acidic magnesium-based sulphite pulpingof eucalyptus. The particular objectives were the separation of the lignosulphonates (LS)from the sugars for subsequent fermentation, and the lignosulphonates fractionation to
produce valuable products.
Laboratory experiments were conducted in total recirculation, natural pH and 25ºC,
using Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration, and Reverse Osmosis membranes from Alfa Laval,
Dow Filmtec, and Microdyn-Nadir.
Microdyn-Nadir UP010 membrane showed the widest gap between the rejections of
the lignosulphonates (68%) and total sugars (3%), being promising for fractionating thelignosulphonates and separating the high molecular weight LS from the sugars containedin SSL. The separation of the low-medium molecular weight LS from the sugars
contained in UP010 permeate might be accomplished by Ion Exchange.
Concentration experiments at a membrane pilot plant and an economic assessment
are essential to enlighten about the technical-economical feasibility of the membraneprocesses.

422

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.513

Preparation of Chars with High Adsorption
Capacity from Peach Stones by Pyrolysis
E. Apaydin Varol1, N. Özbay2, B. B. Uzun*1, A. E. Putun1*

bbuzun@anadolu.edu.tr

1
2

Anadolu University, Chemical Engineering, Turkey
Bilecik University, Process and Chemical Engineering, Turkey

ABSTRACTThis study involves the pyrolysis of peach stones using a fixed–bed reactor operating
under atmospheric pressure to investigate the influence of pyrolysis temperature on the
product yields, and to investigate the quality of solid product-char. Under static and steam
atmospheres, final temperature range of 300-700oC was carried out with the samples
having an average particle size when the heating was 10oC/min. Final temperature of
500oC gave the highest bio-oil yield of ~26% under steam atmosphere. For the solid
product the yield of 27% was attained at the same temperature. Chars and liquid products
obtained under different temperatures were characterized by elemental analysis and FTIR.
For the characterization of chars produced, SEM images were taken and their surface
areas were determined from N2 adsorption data at 77 K using BET equation.
For the second part of this study, nickel adsorption capacity of the chars from
aqueous solutions was investigated and the effects of different parameters such as; amountof char, initial concentration and contact time were determined. It was found that under
optimum conditions, adsorption of Ni2+ from aqueous solutions with an efficiency ofhigher then 90% efficiency is possible.
Analysis has shown that it is possible to obtain valuable liquid products similar topetroleum and activated carbons from the renewable source, peach stones.

423

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.344

Energy Analysis of Distillation Units in The
Process of Yeast and Alcohol Production
A. Anastasovski1, V. Meško1, P. Raskovic*2*

pr.raskovic@sezampro.rs

1
2

Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Macedonia
University of Nis, Faculty of Technology, Serbia

ABSTRACTThis paper reports a simulation analysis of energy consumption in steam distillation
units, which are used as a part of manufacture in the factory for yeast and alcohol
production. Distillation units are stored in the final stage of alcohol manufacture routefollowing the anaerobic fermentation processes. The main products of distillation process
are: 96% Vol. ethyl alcohol and technical alcohol, which presents the mixture of ethanol,
aldehydes and some other less volatile components than ethanol.
The simulation analysis has been made by simulation software Aspen HYSYS. The
validity of the model in terms of mass flow rate, temperature and pressure was examinedusing actual plant data at steady-state conditions. Comparison between model results andplant data shows good consistency and enabled the retrofit design with improved
efficiency of the unit.

424

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.059

Development of The Boiler for Combustion ofAgricultural Biomass by Products
D. Djurovic*1, A. Eric1, B. Repic1, D. Dakic1*

dejan2004@vinca.rs

1

Institute Vinca, Laboratory for thermal engineering and energy, Serbia

ABSTRACT
Republic of Serbia consumes about 15 million tons of equivalent oil per year (Mtoe).
At the same time potential of the renewable energy sources is about 3.5 Mtoe/year. Main
renewable source is biomass, with its potential of about 2.6 Mtoe/year. There from 60%
of biomass source is agricultural biomass. Mainly, that type of biomass is collected,
transported and stored in form of bales. At the same time in one of the largest agriculturalcompanies in Serbia (PKB) there are over 2000 ha of soya plantations, and there are 4000
t/year of baled soya straw available, none of which being used for energy purposes.
Therefore, efforts have been made in the Laboratory for Thermal Engineering and Energyof the "Vinča" Institute to develop a technology for utilizing bales of various sizes andshapes for energy production. Satisfactory test results of the 1 MW experimental facility low CO levels and stable thermal output - led to the building-up of a 1.5 MW soya straw
bales-fired hot water boiler, with cigarette type of combustion, for the purposes ofgreenhouse and office heating in the PKB. Further more, achieving good results in
exploitation of that hot water boiler, the next step is building up the firs combined heatand power (electricity) production facility (CHP), which will use agricultural biomass as afuel, in Serbia.

425

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIAElectricity Transmission and Management
SDEWES.2009.538

Environmental Performance andSustainability Reporting in The Electricity
SectorJ. A. Mosene*1, J. M. Moneva2, M V. Sanagustin3*

jamosene@unizar.es

1

Business School - University of Zaragoza, Finance and Accountancy,
Spain
2
University of Zaragoza, Finance and Accounting, Spain
3
University of Zaragoza, Sociology and Psicology, Spain

ABSTRACTThe environmental performance of companies has been measured through the levelof disclosure of environmental reporting (Adams & Larrinaga, 2008). Both academics andcorporate throughout (Moneva and Llena, 2000; KPMG, 2008) have observed that there isa significant relationship between the sectors with the greatest polluting potential and ahigh level of disclosure, showing a legitimacy approach of these companies (e.g.
chemicals, electricity, oil and gas,...)
The aim of this paper is to observe the intra-industry differences to the environmental
performance, considering the institutional conceptual approach. Thus, we develop acontent analysis from a methodological comparative and longitudinal perspective related
to environmental reporting disclosure by the main electricity Spanish companies. Morerecent environmental and sustainability reports (2005-2007) of these companies have been
analysed, checking the level of compliance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)
indicators and other standards related to emissions, environmental expenses andinvestments, impacts on biodiversity, relations with the stakeholders, environmental
management awards and verification level of the reporting achieved.
Results show a positive evolution of the environmental reporting of these companies,
but without significant differences between the amount and the quality of the information
disclosed among them. An isomorphic process can be also checked by the level ofcompliance with GRI guidelines during these years in this sector. Thus, we can conclude
that the electricity sector environmental performance is based on the institutional context.

426

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.069

The Present and Future Relationship Between
Dso and The Customer Regarding Service
Quality
M. Zivic Djurovic*1, M. Morovic2, V. Belasic1*

Marijana.Zivic@riteh.hr

1
Faculty of engineering, University of Rijeka, Department od electric
power engineering, Croatia
2
HEP DSO, Network Development and acces department, Croatia

ABSTRACTAs a result of electric power market liberalization, the energy market in Croatia
began to open in 2006. and continued to gradually open until July 1, 2008., which meansthat as from that date competitive energy market was full opening of retail markets and all
customers have the legal right to choose their electricity supplier. HEP Distribution
System Operator is sole distribution system operator in the Republic of Croatia, andorganizationally consists of 21 local distributors covering the whole territory of Croatia.
Electrical power market liberalization typically aims to improve the position ofcustomers. The possibility of supplier choice and consequent competitive pressure results
in a better match of service supply and user demand. It is generally recognized that
service quality is an important aspect. Not only low price are important, but high service
quality also matters to customers. Price and quality are complementary; together, they
define the value that customers derive from consuming electricity.
The trend now is considered the use of advanced meters as part of an Advanced
Metering Infrastructure (AMI). Advanced metering refers to the full measurement andcollecting system, which included customer meters, communication networks and data
management systems. The meters (smart meters) in an AMI often can use collected data
based on programmed logic. They offer additional functionality including a real timereads, power outage notification and power quality monitoring. That allow price setting
agencies to introduce different prices for consumption based on the time of the day andthe season.
This paper will present initial experiences in service quality implementation in HEP
DSO. Also, a vision for a future distribution system in Croatia will be discussed, withareas that will be key for technology development and the advantages of the newelectricity market.

427

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.146

Financing Off-grid Rural Electrification:
Country Case Nepal
B. Mainali*1, S. Silveira1*

brijesh.mainali@energy.kth.se

1

Royal Institute of Technology, Energy and Climate Studies, Sweden

ABSTRACT
Rural electrification in Nepal has started more than four decades back. Still a large
section of the rural people (61% of the total population) is living in the dark. Rural
electrification is among the priority sectors of the government and a number of donors'
programme. Micro hydro and solar PV are the most commonly adopted technologies in
the off grid rural electrification of Nepal. However, there is a huge financial gap between
the cost of the rural electrification and the affordability of the rural people. Bridging thisgap is a crucial issue that needs to be addressed to improve electricity access in rural
areas. The financial mix in the off grid rural electrification is generally characterized bysubsidy, community equity or investment of private developer and or credit. This paper
discusses the various financial approaches used as credit and subsidy in the rural
electrification programmes.
The paper is based on a case study carried out in Nepal. The study included datacollection regarding the financial mix in rural electrification investments and aquestionnaire survey aimed at verifying the smartness of the subsidy policy, the existing
rural electrification market (with micro hydro and solar PV), investment risks and credit
investment options for off-grid rural electrification, as well as investment policy offinancing institutions in this sector. The survey was carried out with various key
stakeholders including micro hydro installation, supply companies, solar PV companies,
and local non-governmental organization and financing institutions. We have reviewed
the historical development of subsidy policy in the country and, in particular, the resultsof the energy subsidy policy introduced in 2000.
The analysis revealed that for micro hydro electrification schemes, subsidy covers
about 55 to 60% of the total project cost while 40 to 45% of the project cost is borne by
the rural villagers in the form of equity and/or loan. In case of solar PV, subsidy covers
only 27% of the project cost where as 73% of the project cost need to be borne by thevillagers.
Respondents emphasized on smartening the subsidy policy, decentralizing decision
making process for making the subsidy delivery process smooth and also the need ofcredit guarantee mechanisms for minimizing the investment risk and attracting moreprivate financing institutions on the sector. Based on the analysis made, conclusions are
put forward for the sustainable development of the rural electrification sector.

428

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.088

Application of Neural Network for Zagreb
Load Forecasting
D. Mileta*1, S. Sucic2, B. Mlesevic3*

dino.mileta@gmail.com

1

Energetski institut "Hrvoje Pozar", Department for Power Transmission
and Distribution, Croatia
2
Koncar Elektroindustrija, Croatia
3
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, High Voltage, Croatia

ABSTRACT
Load forecasting is needful to the operation of electricity companies. This paper
presents a study of short-term load forecasting using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
and applied it to city of Zagreb (Croatia). The goal of it is to enhance the energy-efficient,reliable operation of a power system and better planning of energy production.
Historical load and weather data obtained for the month January 2006 were used.
The main stages are the pre-processing of the data sets, network training, andforecasting. Inputs for ANN are hour of the day, day of the week, temperature, wind andrain forecast and the output is load forecast for a given hour.

429

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Sustainability in Buildings III
SDEWES.2009.687

Is E-learning a Tool to Improve Sustainable
Hotels?
M. Sarmento*1, D. Durao1, S. Teles1*

manuela.sarmento@spin.pt

1

University Lusiada, Economics and Management, Portugal

ABSTRACT
E-learning is based on information and communication technology (ICT) andsupports the educational process. Due to important results achieved, e-learning iscontinuously gaining relevance in hotels, and in educational institutions.
Despite the undisputable importance of e-learning in education sector, it is very
important in the tourism industry, mainly because it contributes to develop andconsolidate the knowledge management.
This research, presented in this article, aims at analysing the contribution of elearning in improving sustainable hotels. The research reveals that hotels consider that elearning increases productivity and production volume, since their mean values are
xm=4.15 and xm=4.09 respectively, in a Likert scale from 1-nothing to 5-strong. On theother hand, e-learning contributes very much for the employees motivation (xm=3.71).
However, this influence is moderate in absenteeism (xm=2.53) and in turnover(xm=2.94). Globally, the hotels of the sample consider that e-learning enhances verymuch the competitiveness regarding the ten strategic factors under investigation(xm=3.59). This research allows concluding that managers' opinions about e-learning
strategies are dependent on the hotels' category in 40% and on head-office nationality in
50%.
It is also possible to identify four organised groups, which have independent strategic
profile and behaviour in evaluating the impact of e-learning in performance quality,
employees' productivity and motivation. In fact, hotels' sustainability is a consequence of
the involvement of employees in the hotel management. We conclude that the meanvalues of the four groups are superior to moderate, in terms of e-learning to improvesustainable hotels: Group 1: xm=3.44, Group 2: xm=3.49, Group 3: xm=3.52, and Group
4: xm=3.91, in a Likert scale from 1-nothing to 5-strong.

430

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.697

Possible Energy Efficiency: a Case Study fromSouth East European University
D. Spirovski*1, M. Ismaili 2, A. Abazi3*d.spirovski@seeu.edu.mk

1

South East Europian University, Facilities Department, Macedonia
South East Europian University, Prorector for researching, Macedonia
3South East Europian University, Rektor, Macedonia
2

ABSTRACTIn the last few years following the trend for commitment of climate changes, several
university campuses started with planning about decreasing of emission of green housegases in order to perform CO2 management and to raise the level of energy efficiency. Asan effective approach towards this problem area, the implementation of methodology forlong term planning has been identified in order to decrease the emission of green housegasses. This was also in correlation with the other plans of development of the campus
especially with the main project and the strategy for development of the same.
The purpose of this paper is to present the draft plan through the application of the
optimization measures to reach the level of high energy efficiency campus as well as tobuild capacities for production of energy from renewable resources in order to replacecompletely the consumption of electric power from own resources and to achieve thelevel of zero emission of green house gasses and ECO CAMPUS.

431

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.686

Thermal Performance of a Slab On-ground
Floor During the Heating Season: Case Study
N. Simoes*1, S. Martins2*

nasimoes@dec.uc.pt

1

Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of Coimbra, Civil
Engineering Department, Portugal
2
ITeCons, Portugal

ABSTRACTThe evaluation of heat losses in a ground floor is relevant to estimate the thermal
behavior and energy performance of buildings during the heating and cooling seasons. To
assess the contribution of the overall energy performance of buildings, the International
standard ISO 13370 proposes a simplified method to estimate heat losses throughelements in thermal contact with the ground. In this standard different floor constructions
are considered.
In the present work, in order to evaluate the thermal behaviour of a real slab-onground floor, gathering a set of different edge conditions, were performed groundtemperature measurements in the vicinity of a peripheral wall during the heating season.
The different edge conditions are related with outside ground surface level changes.
Theoretical studies based on ISO13370 and steady-state numerical method applications
were also performed for different real configurations.

432

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.579

Evaluating Sustainable Building and Urban
Development Strategies Through the Lens of
Sustainability Science
H. W. Kua*1*

bdgkuahw@nus.edu.sg

1School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore,
Department of Building, Singapore

ABSTRACTAs more attention is paid on ameliorating the construction industry’s negative impact
on climate, we are beginning to see more sustainable building strategies being
implemented in the various jurisdictions. Common strategy instruments include
performance standards and rating systems, design guidelines, building regulations,product labeling scheme, preferential purchase policies, incentives for sustainability
assessment and procurement, demonstration projects, material information portal andsustainable urban development concept.
This paper provides a brief review of these key strategy instruments before assessing
them within the framework of sustainability science – a field that generates knowledge on
the complex interactions between natural and social systems and their roles in affecting
Earth’s sustainability. Put in general terms, a sustainable building or urban development
policy that can contribute toward a more sustainable industry in a “sustainabilityscientific” way must address a wide range of sustainability issues in an integrated manner(that is, being integrative), enable stakeholders to reflect and adopt their roles in realizing
a sustainable industry (that is, being reflective and participatory) and be relevant to themost pressing issues for that particular place in which the strategy is applied (that is, being
place-based). This approach challenges the fundamental structure of many of thestrategies reviewed; as a result, we are able to suggest general changes to conventionalsustainable building strategies.

433

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASDEWES.2009.458

Utilizing the Tourist Ecolabel-award Scheme
for Singling Out Useful Criteria of a New
Environmental Brand for Residential Buildings
M. La Gennusa1, G. Peri*1, G. Rizzo1, G. Scaccianoce1*

peri@dream.unipa.it

1

Universita degli Studi di Palermo, DREAM, Italy

ABSTRACTThe Eco-label brand is assuming a role more and more important in the context of theenvironmental quality certification of products and services, especially in sight of the newambitious aims of greenhouse emissions containment and of more efficiency in theutilizing of the sources of energy and the resources. Recently the hypothesis has been
introduced concerning a European eco-label brand for the buildings, dues to theconsciousness that the building sector is of primary importance in the economic and social
life of the countries. Such brand should mean an integral approach to the environmental
problems concerning the construction, the exercise and the disposal of the materials usedin the buildings, in the whole life cycle. Its main aim would be, as well as protecting theenvironment and using the resources with more appropriately, also ensuring better
comfort conditions to the occupants.

434

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIASIDE EVENTSSTORIES project workshop
The main objective of the STORIES project http://www.storiesproject.eu is to facilitate
RES penetration in islands, through modifications in the legislative and regulatory
framework that will adopt energy storage technologies. Local workshops of STORIES
project will be organised in parraleel with SDEWES conference in order to increaseawareness of the wider public and local/regional authorities on the benefits that will
derive from the adoption of RES in combination to energy storage for the local
community.
The latest findings and project results will be presented including:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Market applications for energy storage systems in islands - case studies
Set of existing regulations and legislative framework related to RES
implementation
Cost-benefit analysis of energy storage systems
RES and hybrid systems barriers assessment and recommendations to overcomethem
Investigation of tariff schemes for energy storage technologies
Scheme for the market organisation of autonomous electricity systems
SWOT analysis and Roadmap for the introduction of hybrid RES/Storage
systems

Participation in workshop will be free for all participants of SDEWES conference andrepresentatives of all local/regional authorities, RES companies, media, policy makers,
RES developers, etc.
Chairman of STORIES workshop will be Dr.sc. Manos Zoulias
STORIES project is co-financed by the Intelligent Energy - Europe (IEE) programme andit is an official partner of the Sustainable Energy Europe Campaign 2005-8.

BIOSIRE project workshop
BIOSIRE project http://www.biosire.eu/ aims to establish a shift towards bio-diesel andelectric propulsion for fleets, ships and special vehicles in tourist areas in Spain, France,
Greece, Italy, Croatia and Austria. Local actions are directed at market transformation andchanging the behaviour of fleet operators, tourists and residents, farmers and potential
suppliers of used cooking oils. These actions cover the full production and distribution
chain: fuel supply, distribution network, fleet operators and final users. Recommendations
for new areas will be formulated, in addition to a variety of transferability activities thatwill directly involve new tourist regions in project actions and stimulate their launching of435

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

new programmes. Local workshop of BIOSIRE project will be organised in parallel with
SDEWES conference in order to increase wider population awareness and awareness of
local/regional authorities on the benefits of collecting used cooking oil, producing
biodiesel from used cooking oil and using hybrid vehicles in tourist sector and Nationalparks.
Project results will be presented at this side event including:••••

Set of existing regulations and legislative framework related to biofuels
Different models for collecting used cooking oil
Experience from using Hybrid vehicles in partner countries and Croatia – casestudies
Used cooking oil potential in Croatia

Participation in workshop will be free for all participants of SDEWES conference andrepresentatives of all local/regional authorities, RES companies, media, policy makers,
RES developers, etc.
Chairman of this section will be Prof.dr.sc. Neven Duić.
BIOSIRE project is co-financed by the Intelligent Energy - Europe (IEE) programme.

Building a research career in the European
Research Market: EU institutional andfinancial tools
The main objective of this side event is to make the case of a good example of theimplementation of the EU policy specified in the following institutional and financial
tools: the European Charter for Researchers and the Code of Conduct for the Recruitmentof Researchers, the EURAXESS Services Network and the specific programme People ofthe 7th FP.
The side event will be divided into two sessions:
The first session will focus on the good example of collaboration among the Greek
EURAXESS Services’ Network, the Greek People NCP Network and the People Network
project. This collaboration is of outmost importance in so far as the EURAXESSServices’ network plays a leading role both in spreading information on EU policies andinstruments and in facilitating the adoption of relevant national policies.
The second session will focus on the institutional tool of the European Charter for
Researchers and the Code of Conduct for the Recruitment of Researchers (C&C). The aimof this session is to increase the awareness of the wider public on the rights, roles andresponsibilities of researchers as well as of their employers and funders. The C&C is a436

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

major component of the European Union’s strategy to stimulate employment andeconomic growth, by setting up a competitive, transparent and open labour market for
researchers.
The overall objective of the event is to show affinities and synergies between the
Networks involved leading to good practices that would help the promotion and theimplementation of the above EU institutional and financial tools to the benefit of theresearchers.

437

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIAAUTHORS INDEX
Bakos, G. ........................................ 325
Balint, M. A. ............................187, 188
Balint, S. ..................................187, 188
Balma, J. ..................................154, 393
Balyk, O............................................ 46
Barati, E. ......................................... 189
Baricevic, T..................................... 413
Bärlund, I. ....................................... 206
Bartke, S. ........................................ 197
Baruffi, F. ....................................... 207
Bass, R. J ........................................ 241
Basti, A. .......................................... 125
Bayod Rújula, A. A..................155, 243
Begic, F....................................225, 315
Bekteshi, S. ..............................301, 326
Belasic, V........................................ 427
Belmonte, S..................................... 230
Berman, A....................................... 350
Bertuzzi, P....................................... 254
Bettiol, C......................................... 403
Beysens, D. ..................................... 282
Bezergianni, S................................. 130
Bhandari, R. .................................... 137
Bilaletdin, Ä.................................... 284
Bini, R............................................. 244
Biscan, D. ....................................... 414
Blanchette, Jr., S. ............................ 240
Blanco-Marigorta, A. M. .........181, 366
Blazso, M........................................ 152
Blinc, R............................109, 114, 115
Blumberga, D.................................. 388
Bocci, E. ..................................224, 375
Bocek, R. ........................................ 303
Bogdan, Ž. ...............................178, 245
Böhm, H. R. ...................................... 77
Bojic, M. ......................................... 204
Bologa, V.......................................... 84
Bonacci, E....................................... 201
Bonari, E. .................................273, 372
Boonmee, C. ............................153, 321
Bordignon, G. ..........................386, 403
Borggrefe, F.................................... 140
Boromisa, A.................................... 108

A. Sousa, S. ..................................... 357
Abazi, A. ......................................... 431
Abdel Akher, M. ............................. 139
Abdeslam-Hssen, M. ....................... 311
Abduljawad, M................................ 307
Aberg, H.......................................... 148
Abina, A. ................................. 248, 249
Acevedo Duarte, L. ........................... 97
Acevedo, P. ............................... 97, 196
Achour, H........................................ 338
Adamovsky, D................................. 158
Adinberg, R..................................... 183
Afgan, N. H..................................... 256
Afonso, D. ....................................... 422
Ahlbeck, J........................................ 179
Ahmed, M. ...................................... 139
Ajanovic, A. .................................... 142
Akashi, O. ....................................... 329
Al Sayegh Petkovšek, S. ................. 304
Alaphilippe, M. ............................... 314
Al-Mansour, F. ........................ 376, 390
Alonso, S......................................... 185
Altinisik, T. ..................................... 233
Alves, L........................................... 378
Alves, M. M. ................................... 355
Ambrožič, M. .......................... 115, 247
Anastasovski, A............................... 424
Andersen, O. ................................... 340
Andersson, J. ................................... 126
Anić Vučinić, A. ............................. 176
Ansaldi, S. ....................................... 211
Antoniazzi, M.................................. 209
Apaydin Varol, E. ........................... 423
Aranda Usón, A....................... 124, 220
Aranda, D. A. .................................... 87
Arauzo, J. ........................................ 353
Argese, E................................. 386, 403
Arroja, L.......................................... 357
Ashrafmansouri, S........................... 203
Avsec, J. .................................. 190, 335
Babic, M...................... 64, 65, 234, 266
Bajay, S. V. ............................. 251, 409
Bakic, V. ......................................... 408

438

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Borozan, V. ..................................... 324
Bosco, S. ......................................... 273
Bosevski, T...................................... 346
Boskovic, G....................................... 65
Bosnjak, R....................................... 413
Boyano-Larriba, A. ......................... 366
Bozi, J. ............................................ 152
Branco, F......................................... 417
Braune, I.......................................... 165
Breukers, S. ..................................... 281
Brkic, D........................................... 411
Brohmann, B. .................................. 281
Bruzzese, N. .................................... 200
Budnik, M. .............................. 167, 195
Bukarica, V. .................................... 406
Bulatov, I........................................... 78
Burighel, N...................................... 386
C. Costa, A. ............................... 87, 100
Cabezas, H. ..................................... 168
Cachot, T......................................... 311
Calame-Darbellay, N......................... 80
Calvano, A. ..................................... 393
Campanella, L. ................................ 200
Camuffo, M............................. 295, 302
Capela, I. ......................................... 357
Capezzali, M. .................................... 71
Carlson, P. ....................................... 126
Carmona C., R................................... 93
Carvalho, M. ................................... 271
Carvalho, M. d. G................ 36, 48, 387
Cascella, M. T. ................................ 395
Cassi, S............................................ 209
Castaneda, A. .................................. 196
Castaneda, M................................... 322
Castro Galiano , E. ............................ 96
Castro, I........................................... 417
Causevski, A. .................................. 346
Ccopa Rivera, E. A.......................... 100
Cetin, E. .......................................... 320
Chakritthakul, S................................. 95
Champagne, P. .................................. 92
Champier, D. ................................... 359
Chapuis, A......................................... 71
Chase, H. ......................................... 217
Cherix, G........................................... 71
Cocca, P. ......................................... 216
Coli, A............................................. 273
Compernolle, T. .............................. 267
Connolly, D....................................... 39

Consorti, L. ..................................... 375
Constantinou, D. ............................. 132
Cortez, L. .......................................... 90
Costa, A. C................................ 87, 100
Costa, J. C. ...................................... 355
Ćosić, B. ......................................... 399
Dackman, C. ................................... 148
Dakic, D.......................................... 425
De Bortoli, A. ................................. 386
De Mello, L..................................... 215
De Paoli , D..................................... 295
De Pinho, M. N. .............................. 422
Debeljak, B. .................................... 291
Deborah, C...................................... 347
Dejak, C. ......................................... 403
Dell'angelo, J................................... 164
Dell'osso, G. R. ............................... 123
Desmedt, J........................397, 418, 420
Despotovic, M................................... 65
Dhar, S. ............................................. 46
Di Bene, C. ..................................... 273
Dias, M. O. d. S. ............................... 98
Díaz De Garayo, S. ......................... 124
Dirk, V. ........................................... 420
Djordjevic, A. ................................. 292
Djurovic, D. .................................... 425
Dominici Loprieno, A..................... 121
Donmez, N...................................... 233
Dopazo, C. ...................................... 237
Dorileo, I. L. ............................251, 409
Dos Santos, M. A............................ 362
Doukas, H. ...................................... 235
Dragone, R...................................... 200
Drazic, D......................................... 400
Drushku, S. ..................................... 285
Dubov, D. ....................................... 170
Duic, N....... 48, 144, 173, 245, 378, 399
Dukovski, V...................................... 61
Durao, D. .................................161, 430
Duvia, A.......................................... 244
Dzene, I........................................... 388
Đaković, D...................................... 310
Đorić, V. ......................................... 337
Đukić, A.......................................... 156
Đurić, S........................................... 310
Eason, T. ......................................... 168
Efstathiou, A. .................................. 132
Elakrami, H....................................... 76
El-Haram, M. .................................. 194

439

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Eliasz, J. .......................... 242, 286, 288
Emtir, M. ........................................... 76
Engin, S........................................... 233
Epstein, M. ...................................... 350
Ercole, P. ......................................... 254
Eric, A. ............................................ 425
Erlandsson, M. ................................ 126
Esfahani, J. A. ......................... 159, 189
Esposito, G. ..................................... 334
Evans, R. ......................................... 391
Ezzeghni, U..................................... 307
Farioli, F.......................................... 164
Fedyaeva, O. ........................... 170, 265
Feenstra, C. ..................................... 281
Feilizadeh, M. ................................. 203
Fernandez, L............................ 322, 348
Ferrante, A. ............................. 306, 395
Ferreira, M. F. L.............................. 146
Ferrer-Balas, D........................ 296, 297
Ferri, M. .......................................... 207
Fetea, G. .......................................... 163
Fieldson , R. .................................... 122
Finger, M........................................... 71
Finnveden, G. .................................. 126
Firak, M........................................... 156
Fischer, W. .............................. 177, 232
Fjo, D. R.......................................... 420
Florez, J........................................... 196
Flörke, M......................................... 206
Fodor, Z............................................. 74
Foeyn, H. Y....................................... 46
Forasassi, G............................. 258, 259
Franco, J. ......................................... 230
Fransson, T...................................... 131
Freire, F........................................... 147
Freitas, P.......................................... 361
Frisk, T............................................ 284
Frunzo, L......................................... 334
Fueyo, N.......................................... 237
G. Ramos, C. ................................... 357
Gace, Z. ........................................... 300
Galli, A............................................ 207
Garcia Galindo, D. .......................... 313
García, A. .......................................... 93
Garcia, L.......................................... 353
Garcia, P.......................................... 348
Garmestani, A. ................................ 168
Garofalo, E. ..................................... 209
Gecevska, V. ..................................... 61

Gherman, G. B................................ 163
Ghetti, P. F...................................... 403
Giarini, O. ....................................... 103
Girardin, L. ....................................... 80
Glaumann, M. ..........................124, 126
Gnansounou, E.................................. 89
Golc, M........................................... 238
Gómez, A........................................ 237
Gómez, M. ...............................313, 344
Gonçalves, M. R. .....................355, 361
González Suárez, E. .......................... 96
Gonzalez, M.................................... 131
Gordic, D. ............................64, 65, 234
Gorla, F. D. ..................................... 251
Grabarczyk, R. ................................ 398
Greci, M.......................................... 393
Grigore, R. ...................................... 289
Grilo, A........................................... 357
Grohnheit, P. E. ................................ 46
Guercio, A....................................... 244
Guilmot, J ....................................... 191
Gunnar Dahlhaug, O. G. ................. 209
Guzovic, Z. ..............................209, 229
Gvero, P. ......................................... 365
H. Leităo, J...................................... 357
Haas, R............................................ 142
Haasnoot, M.................................... 261
Hagemann, N. ................................. 283
Hakami, S. ...................................... 260
Hake, J. ........................................... 232
Hanaoka, T...................................... 329
Haneef, M. ...................................... 182
Harries, D........................................ 157
Hashimoto, A.................................. 222
Hazi, A............................................ 289
Hazi, G............................................ 289
Heiskanen, E. .................................. 281
Hiegl, M.......................................... 228
Himitliiska, T.................................. 354
Hlavackova, J.................................... 50
Horner, M. ...................................... 194
Horvat, B. ....................................... 212
Hu , X. ............................................ 122
Hublin, A. ....................................... 176
Hughes, L.................................192, 214
Hurme, M........................................ 253
Hvelplund, F. .................................. 377
Iancu, P. ...................................... 83, 84
Ignjatović, M................................... 341

440

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Ilić, G. ..................................... 226, 384
Indova, V............................... 52, 53, 60
Ioannidou, O.................................... 370
Ismaili , M. ...................................... 431
Iuzzolino, L. .................................... 403
Iwai, H............................................. 352
Iyer-Raniga, U................................. 391
Jacomino, M.................................... 416
Jafarpur, K....................................... 203
Jaksic, B. ......................................... 365
Jang, N. ............................................. 99
Jaudin, F. ......................................... 228
Jawad, D.......................................... 298
Jelavić, V......................................... 410
Jelic, D. ............................... 64, 65, 234
Johnsson, F...................................... 331
Jovanovic, M. .................................. 408
Jovanovski, D.............................. 56, 57
Jovicic, N. ......................................... 65
Jović, J............................................. 337
Jowsey, E. ....................................... 316
Junqueira, T. L. ................................. 98
Jurado, F.................................. 322, 348
Kabashi, S. .............................. 106, 107
Kabbachi, B..................................... 282
Kaewklum, R. ................................... 95
Kafarov, V............................. 86, 88, 97
Kainuma, M. ................................... 329
Kaipainen, H. .................................. 284
Kalogianni, A. ................................. 130
Kamei, T.......................................... 257
Kanayama, K................................... 276
Karakilinc, O. .................................. 320
Karakosta, C.................................... 235
Karimi Estahbanati, M. R................ 203
Kärkkäinen, S.................................. 136
Karlsson, K........................................ 46
Kazagic, A....................................... 173
Kilic, M. .......................... 336, 356, 360
Kim, J................................................ 78
Kinderman Lončarević, A. .............. 382
Kjärstad, J........................................ 331
Klemes, J............................... 73, 74, 78Knezović, S. .................................... 108
Kojiro, K. ........................................ 276
Kollmann, A............................ 279, 280
Koncalovic, D. .......................... 65, 234
Koohi-Fayegh, S. ............................ 159
Koppel, I.......................................... 299

Kormendi, K. .................................... 75
Kostowski, W. J. ............................. 415
Kovacic, I........................................ 396
Krajacic , G............................... 48, 378
Krkoleva, A..................................... 324
Krol, M. .......................................... 309
Krstic, S. ..................................... 52, 53
Krvavica, N..................................... 266
Kua, H. W. ...................................... 433
Kulic, F. ...................................225, 315
Kuprianov , V. I. ............................... 95
La Gennusa, M................................ 434
Lacina, M........................................ 332
Lam, H. L.......................................... 73
Lam, S. S. ....................................... 217
Lame, A. ......................................... 300
Lanza, P. A. .................................... 218
Lau, L. C. ........................................ 364
Launay, M......................................... 68
Lavric, V. .......................................... 83
Laznjak, J........................................ 112
Le, M. H.......................................... 416
Leahy, M........................................... 39
Leal, E............................................. 131
Lee, C. J. ........................................... 99
Lee, K. T. .................................364, 374
Lekouch, I. ...................................... 282
Lienqueo, M. E. ................................ 93
Lima, A........................................... 218
Lindholm, T. ................................... 126
Lior, N. ..................................... 34, 115
Liu, W............................................... 45
Liviu, R....................................269, 270
Llera Sastresa, E. .....................124, 220
Lo Frano, R..............................258, 259
Lo Russo, S..................................... 318
Lon, D. H. ....................................... 416
Lončar, D. ................................245, 414
Lonholdt, J. R. .................................. 59
Lora, E. E. S...................................... 91
Lozano, M. A.................................. 271
Lukan, A. ........................................ 118
Lund, H..................................35, 39, 45
Lundqvist, K. .................................. 179
Lunzer, H. ....................................... 209
Lust, E............................................. 299
Luttenberger, A............................... 305
Maciel Filho, R. ........................ 98, 100
Maffini, G. ...................................... 209

441

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Mainali, B........................................ 428
Majcen, B. ....................................... 229
Majozi, T........................................... 79
Makarov, Y. .................................... 246
Malalasekera, W.............................. 241
Malca, J. .......................................... 147
Malico, I. ......................................... 146
Malins, K......................................... 172
Malmqvist, T. .......................... 124, 126
Malmström, T.................................. 126
Maradin, M...................................... 209
Marashly, A..................................... 338
Marechal, F. ...................................... 80
Marinova, D. ................... 105, 166, 319
Marjanovic, N. ................................ 204
Markos, A........................................ 375
Markov, Z........................................ 407
Markovska, N.............. 53, 57, 324, 346
Marques, I. P. .................. 146, 355, 361
Martin, A......................................... 131
Martínez, A. ............ 155, 213, 243, 263
Martins, S. ....................................... 432
Martinšek, M. .................. 115, 247, 368
Marton, G. ......................................... 84
Masavetas, I. ................................... 252
Masotti, C........................................ 306
Masotti, L. ....................................... 306
Masui, T. ......................................... 327
Matějka, L. ...................................... 394
Mathiesen, B. V............. 39, 40, 45, 377
Matijasevic, B. ................................ 209
Matovic, D. ............................. 150, 363
Matsumoto, K.................................. 327
Matsuoka, Y. ................................... 329
Mavec, M. ............................... 291, 304
Mavridis, K. .................................... 325
Medrano, J. A.................................. 353
Meissner, D. .................................... 299
Melin, J. K....................................... 253
Mellikov, E...................................... 299
Mesa Garriga , L. .............................. 96
Meško, V......................................... 424
Micangeli, A............................ 184, 201
Miki, T. ........................................... 276
Mileta, D. ........................................ 429
Miletic, I.......................................... 204
Milia, F............................................ 110
Milimouk, I. .................................... 282
Milovanovic, D. ................................ 65

Miltchev, R. .................................... 275
Milutinovic, S. ............................ 58, 67
Minello, F. ...................................... 403
Mlesevic, B. .................................... 429
Mohamed, A. R........................364, 374
Mojsovska, S..................................... 55
Moneva, J. M. ................................. 426
Monné, C. ....................................... 185
Morales Zamora , M. ........................ 96
Moreira, A....................................... 161
Morosuk, T. .................................... 366
Morovic, M. .................................... 427
Mosca, M. ....................................... 218
Mosene, J. A. ...........................239, 426
Mourik , R....................................... 281
Moutsatsou, A................................. 252
Mulder, K. F. ...........................296, 297
Munkácsy, B. .................................... 41
Muraleedharan, C.....................182, 421
Muselli, M....................................... 282
Myrdal, C. G. .................................. 294
Myréen, L. ...................................... 179
Nadais, H. ....................................... 357
Nagai, Y.......................................... 379
Nagy, K............................................. 75
Najdovski, D. ...................113, 247, 250
Nakajima, M. .................................. 276
Nakaue, S........................................ 222
Napper, D.......................................... 78
Naso, V. .......................................... 164
Nassi O Di Nasso, N. ...................... 273
Nebbioso, A. ................................... 211
Neykov, N....................................... 275
Nicolin, F. ................................318, 369
Nicosia, S........................................ 218
Niculescu , M.................................. 163
Nikolai, F. ....................................... 284
Notholt-Vergara, A. .................138, 141
Nunes, J. M R. ................................ 380
Núńez, V. ........................................ 230
Obara, S. ......................................... 333
Obradovik Grncarovska, T................ 61
Offermans, A. ................................. 261
Ohata, M. ........................................ 227
Ojeda, K...................................... 86, 88
Okushima, S.................................... 231
Olabi, A. G...................................... 338
Oldmeadow, E. ............................... 319
Oliva, M.......................................... 353

442

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Oliveira Panăo, M. .......................... 161
Öpik, A............................................ 299
Orabi, M. ......................................... 139
Orecchini, F............................. 164, 224
Orlovic - Lovren, V......................... 293
Orsega, E. F..................................... 403
Ortego, A......................................... 155
Ostergaard, P. A. ............................... 47
Ouassila, L. ..................................... 311
Ouazzani, J. ..................................... 282
Özbay, N. ................................ 356, 423
Ozturk, H. K.................................... 320
Palacin, F......................................... 185
Palacio, J. .......................................... 91
Panico, A......................................... 334
Paolucci, M. .................................... 219
Papacchini, M.................................. 200
Papadopoulou, A. G. ....................... 235
Pappas, D. ....................................... 191
Papuga, S......................................... 365
Pasicko, R........................................ 343
Paulus, M. ....................................... 140
Pavlus, N. ........................................ 212
Pecen, J. .......................................... 385
Pedrotti, M. G.................................. 393
Pena-Quintana, J. A......................... 181
Pencik, J. ......................................... 303
Pěnčík, J. ......................................... 394
Pereira Junior, N................................ 87
Peri, G. ............................................ 434
Perovic, L. ......................................... 51
Petrovic, S. ...................................... 365
Pezo, M. .......................................... 408
Pierbattisti, S. .......................... 154, 393
Pierucci, A....................................... 123
Pilavachi, P...................................... 191
Pinkwart, A. .................................... 165
Pino, G. ........................................... 219
Pinter, C. ........................................... 43
Pirozzi, F. ........................................ 334
Plesu, V. ...................................... 83, 84
Ploix, S............................................ 416
Podsechin, V. .................................. 284
Pokorny, B. ..................................... 304
Poličnik, H. ..................................... 304
Pop-Jordanov, J. .............................. 346
Popova, T. ....................................... 246
Popovski, P...................................... 407
Postiglione, D.................................. 209

Poux, A. .......................................... 228
Prates, A.......................................... 422
Praunseis, Z..................................... 227
Predin, A. .........................190, 227, 335
Pressl, R. ......................................... 223
Prosoparis, M.................................. 209
Prtoljan, B. ...................................... 212
Psarras , J. ....................................... 235
Püttgen, H. B..................................... 71
Pugliese, G...................................... 259
Puksec, T. ....................................... 144
Putun, A. E...............336, 356, 360, 423
Putun, E. ......................................... 336
Quintero, V. ...................................... 86
Radojevic, D. .................................... 58
Radu, D........................................... 270
Radulović, D. .................................. 389
Ragaglini, G.................................... 372
Ragossnig, A. M. .............................. 44
Raguzin, I........................................ 410
Rai, D.............................................. 122
Rajković, D. .................................... 208
Rambaldi, L. ................................... 224
Ramon, L. ....................................... 254
Ramšak, R....................................... 304
Raskovic, P. .................................... 424
Ravlic, N. ........................................ 266
Reeg, M. ......................................... 165
Regnerova, O. ................................. 277
Reichl, J. ..................................279, 280
Reinhard, H..................................... 404
Repic, B. ......................................... 425
Restolho, J. A.................................. 422
Ristovic, I.................................198, 383
Rivaletto, M. ................................... 359
Rizzo, G. ......................................... 434
Robić, S. ..................................343, 406
Rocha , M. ........................................ 91
Roljic, L. ......................................... 365
Rondon, S. ........................................ 86
Rönnlund, I. .................................... 179
Rootzén, J. ...................................... 331
Rosa, L. P........................................ 362
Rosa, S. A. M.................................. 308
Rossell, C.......................................... 98
Rossi, D. ......................................... 216
Rošâ, M........................................... 388
Rošer, J. .......................................... 383
Royo, J. ....................................313, 344

443

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Rubio, C. ................................. 243, 263
Ruiz, J. ............................................ 353
Runko Luttenberger, L. ................... 180
Rusakova, T. ................................... 172
Rusinowski, H. ................................ 195
Russell, A. ....................................... 217
Ružinski, N...................................... 176
Rychlik, K. ...................................... 242
Rydhagen, B.................................... 148
Saito, M........................................... 352
Salazar, O. ......................................... 93
Salomon, M..................................... 131
Samaras, Z....................................... 133
Sanagustin, M V...................... 239, 426
Sanchez, E. L .................................... 88
Sanchez-Henriquez, M V. ............... 181
Sanova, P......................................... 277
Sarmento, M............................ 339, 430
Satyanarayana, M. ........................... 421
Scaccianoce, G. ............................... 434
Scarpellini, S. .......................... 124, 220
Schauer, T. .............................. 103, 117
Schiavon, F...................................... 386
Schibuola, L. ................................... 419
Schlör, H. ........................................ 232
Schmitt Olabisi, L. .......................... 278
Schneider, D. R. .............................. 178
Schwarze, R. ................................... 197
Sebastián, F. ............................ 313, 344
Segalas, J................................. 296, 297
Segurado, R..................................... 378
Seiti, B............................................. 285
Semiao, V................................ 149, 387
Sentić, M. ........................................ 208
Serra, L. M. ............................. 185, 271
Sheth, N........................................... 214
Shishkin, A...................................... 265
Shrestha, A. ..................................... 145
Silveira, S. ....................................... 428
Simeoni, C....................................... 211
Simoes, N. ............................... 417, 432
Sin, G. ............................................... 81
Sitányiová, D................................... 221
Six, D. ..................................... 272, 420
Slak, J.............................................. 114
Slee, B. ............................................ 205
Smajevic, I. ..................................... 173
Sodagar, B....................................... 122
Soltanieh, M. ................................... 203

Soriani, S. ....................................... 302
Sousa, V.......................................... 308
Sovacool, B..................................... 193
Spassov, T................................175, 354
Sperling, K...................................... 377
Spirovski, D. ................................... 431
Srebotnjak Borsellino, M. ............... 114
Stancheva, Y. .................................. 275
Stanek, W.................................167, 195
Staničić, M...................................... 108
Stanić, Z.......................................... 399
Stefanovic, G. ..................199, 292, 341
Stevanović, Ž. ................................. 226
Stojakovic, M.................................. 198
Stojanova, V. .................................... 56
Stojiljković, M. ........................292, 341
Stouffs, P. ....................................... 314
Strub, F. .......................................... 359
Stutterecker, W. ................................ 42
Sucic, S. .......................................... 429
Sugimoto, H.................................... 276
Sustersic, V. .........................64, 65, 234
Svenfelt, Ă. ..................................... 126
Szapajko, G..................................... 195
Szentannai, P................................... 169
Šlaus, I. ............102, 103, 109, 113, 117Šterbenk, E...................................... 291
T. Christoforidou, L. ....................... 209
Taddia, G. ....................................... 318
Tadeu, A. ........................................ 417
Takagi, M........................................ 222
Taleski, R........................................ 324
Tamura, M. ..................................... 231
Tan, K. T..................................364, 374
Tarantini, M. ................................... 121
Taseska, V................................324, 346
Tavares, G................................149, 387
Tefera, E. ........................................ 102
Teichert, E....................................... 206
Teixeira, M. R................................. 308
Teles, S. ...................................339, 430
Terelak-Tymczyna, A. .............286, 288
Thewys, T. ...................................... 267
Thormark, C.................................... 123
Tica, G. ........................................... 365
Tieguhong, J. C............................... 236
Timilsina, G. R. .............................. 145
Tišma, S. ......................................... 108
Todorov, V.......................105, 166, 275

444

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS / 2009 / CROATIA

Todorova, S..................................... 175
Tomassetti, M.................................. 200
Tomić, M......................................... 341
Tomšić, Ž. ............................... 343, 406Topi, D. ........................................... 285
Tosti, A. .......................................... 211
Toure, A. ......................................... 314
Triana, F. ......................................... 372
Trpevski, S. ....................................... 60
Trück, S................................... 215, 347
Tsatsaronis, G.................................. 366
Tsimas, S................................. 151, 264
Turanjanin, V. ................................. 408
Uche, J..................................... 243, 263
Unnerstall, H. .................................. 283
Urbaniec, K. .................................... 398
Urmee, T. ........................................ 157
Utamura, M. .................................... 290
Uzun, B. B....................... 356, 360, 423
Vacca, A.................................. 154, 393
Valdis, K. ........................................ 172
Valero, A......................................... 213
Valkering, P. ................................... 261
Van Bael , J. .................... 397, 418, 420
Van Passel, S................................... 267
Varbanov, P................................. 73, 74
Vekemans , G. ......................... 272, 418
Velea, S. ............................................ 83
Venturini, O. ..................................... 91
Verda, V. ................................. 318, 369
Veselinović, M. ............................... 400
Vešligaj, D. ..................................... 410
Villani, R......................................... 372
Viramonte, J. ................................... 230
Virkkunen, M. ................................. 401
Virtič, P. .......................................... 227
Vishnevetsky, I................................ 350
Vizintin, G....................................... 317
Vostrikov, A............................ 170, 265
Voutetakis, S. .................................. 130
Vranješ, D. ...................................... 212
Vucicevic, B.................................... 408
Vuckovic, G. ........................... 199, 292

Vukelić, Ž. ...................................... 317
Vukić, M. .................................226, 384
Vukovic, B........................................ 51
Vukovic, V.................................. 56, 57
Vulic, M...................................317, 383
Vynnycky, M. ................................. 162
Walnum, H. J. ................................. 340
Watjanatepin, N. ......................153, 321
Wendel, M. ..................................... 228
Westerlund, T. ................................ 179
Wilmott, P....................................... 241
Winter, F. ........................................ 169
Wintzell, H...................................... 126
Wisniewski, G................................. 398
Witters, N........................................ 267
Wolf-Maciel, M. R............................ 98
Xu, C................................................. 92
Yamaji, K.................................222, 379
Yamamoto, H...........................222, 379
Yamamoto, Y.................................. 352
Yilanci, A........................................ 320
Yoon, E. S......................................... 99
Yoshida, H. ..................................... 352
Zabalza Bribián, I. ...................124, 220
Zabaniotou, A. .........................133, 370
Zabloudilova, P............................... 385
Zanetto, G. ...............................295, 302
Zappini, G. ...................................... 216
Zernovski, D. .................................... 52
Zervaki, M. ..................................... 264
Zhang, L............................................ 92
Zhang, X. .......................................... 37
Zhelev, T........................................... 79
Zidanšek, A.....102, 109, 113, 114, 115,
116, 118, 247, 250, 368
Zivic Djurovic, M. .......................... 427
Zor, M......................................248, 249
Zsigraiová, Z............................149, 387
Zubizarreta, J. ................................. 237
Zvingilaite, E. ................................. 381
Zwolinski, J..................................... 236
Živković, P...............................226, 384

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