Unit 15: Illustrated Encyclopaedias—Publications and Reception
ISHIGAMI Aki, Postgraduate program, International Research Center for Japanese Studies

Summary
Compiled in 1666 (Kanbun 6) by the Kyoto Confucian scholar Nakamura Tekisai, the Kinmō Zui
訓蒙図彙 (with introduction) is the earliest illustrated encyclopaedia in Japan. The Kinmō Zui
remained in circulation up to the modern era and underwent several reprints that expanded theircontent. Designed for children and novices, the Kinmō Zui adopted a format that laid out
illustrations and headwords. This format additionally made the encyclopaedia a useful resource
for learning about Japan, and as such, it proved influential overseas. In this unit, you learn about
the dissemination and transmission of books published in early-modern (1568–1867) Japan,
focusing on the forms in which the encyclopaedia was published and how these editions werereceived.

1. The Publishing Industry in Early-ModernJapanRise of publishing: For-profit seihan publishing emerged between 1596 and 1644
(Keichō–Kan’ei)Foundation for illustrated encyclopaedia publishing: Publication of dictionaries,
character dictionaries, Chinese texts, illustrated books
Shift from closed/restricted knowledge to open knowledge

Nakamura Tekisai’s academic milieu: Kyoto, NijōSources

Kinugasa Yasuki 衣笠安喜. “Genroku no bunka dai ni setsu: Gakumon to shisō” 元禄の文化第二節 学問と思想. In Shinsōban Kyōto no rekishi 5: Kinsei no tenkai, ed. Kyoto City. Kyōto-shi Shi Hensan Jo, 1979.
Nihon shoshigaku taikei 14: Kinsei shorin hanmoto sōran 日本書誌学大系 14 近世書林版元総覧.
Seishōdō Shoten, 1981.
Ōba Osamu 大庭脩. “Kanseki no yunyū” 漢籍の輸入. In Chūgoku bunka sōsho 9: Nihon kanji 中国文化叢書 9 日本漢学. Taishūkan Shoten, 1968.
Nagatomo Chiyoji 長友千代治. Edo jidai no tosho ryūtsū 江戸時代の図書流通. Bukkyo University
Correspondence Program, 2002.

2. Kinmō Zui: Summary, Compilation
Method

1666 Kinmō Zui: Introduction (jo 序)
Compiler: Nakamura Tekisai
Publisher: Yamakataya
Format: Sumizuri taihon 墨摺大本
Number of books: 20 volumes, 14 books
Total entries: 1,484
Volume titles: Astronomy, geography, addresses, personages, physiology, clothing,treasure, tools 1, tools 2, tools 3, tools 4, domesticated beasts, fowl, dragon fish(ryūgyo 龍魚), beetles, rice/cereals, vegetables, fruits/berries/nuts, trees, grasses

Kinmō Zui: Dedication (jo 叙) (National Diet Library, 117–18)
I have children in my family. The children lack instruction, having neither a nanny
at home nor a professor outside the home. Accordingly, I took it upon myself tocompile my own series of ‘four-character poems’ (四言) and ‘thousand-character
texts’ (千字), adding Japanese characters along with illustrations.吾が家に児女有り。皆方に垂髫、内に姆の従ふべき無く、外に傅の就くべき無し。乃ち対照の制に倣ひて四言千字を連綴し、副ふるに国字を以てし、傍るに画象を以てして之を授くKinmō Zui: Sources cited
Chinese texts: Sancai Tuhui 三才図会, Complete Treatise on Agriculture 農政全書,
illustrations in Bencao Gangmu, Confucian commentaries and exegesis, novels,
miscellaneous texts
Japanese texts: Wamyō Ruijushō 和名類聚抄, Tashikihen 多識編, Jikyōshū 字鏡,
Ainōshō 壒嚢抄, Kagakushū 下学集, Setsuyōshū 節用集
What sources did Tekisai consult, and which did he decide to include and reject?

SourcesAsakura Haruhiko 朝倉治彦 (ed.). Kinmō Zui shūsei (all 25 vols) 訓蒙図彙集成. Ozorasha, 1998–2002.
Sugimoto Tsutomu 杉本つとむ. “Nakamura Tekisai ‘Kinmō Zui’ no kōzō” 中村惕斎『訓蒙図彙』の構造. In Sugimoto Tsutomu chosaku shū 7: Jisho jiten no kenkyuu II 杉本つとむ著作集 7 辞書・事典の研究Ⅱ. Yasaka Shobō, 1999.
Kobayashi Shōjirō 小林祥次郎. Edo no irasuto jiten: Kinmō Zui 江戸のイラスト辞典 訓蒙図彙. Bensei
Shuppan, 2012.
Katsumata Motoi 勝又基. “Eiri hyakkajiten no kufū: ‘Kinmō Zui’ to ‘Wakan Sansai Zue’” 絵入り百科事
典の工夫―『訓蒙図彙』と『和漢三才図会』. In Shintōsuru kyōyō: Edo no shuppan bunka to iu kairo
浸透する教養 江戸の出版文化という回路. Bensei Shuppan, 2013.

3. Bibliographic Insights into how the Kinmō
Zui Evolved and How it was Received
15. 1666 (Kanbun 6) edition with jō introduction*
16. 1688 (Kanbun 8) edition
17. 1689 (Kanbun 9) to 1692 (Genroku 1) expanded editions

18. 1695 (Genroku 8) expanded edition with kashira‐gaki notes
19. 1789 (Kansei 1) final (taisei) expanded edition, with kashira‐gaki notes
Transmitted overseas as The History of Japan by Engelbert Kæmpfer* Reproduced and annotated Nichibunkan manuscriptōhon to hanshibon
Double page Fig 4, double page Fig 8, Fig 1 frameless
Added kakigashira, entries, and sections
Shrunk images and names

4. Readership of the Illustrated
Encyclopaedia: Novices and Foreigners
Critical reception among Confucianists

Kaibara Ekken:
Kaibara wrote the following in Vol. 4 of Wazokudōjikun in 1710 (Hōei 7) (AoiCollection in Shizuoka Prefectural Central Library 204-126-2):
Children should learn how to write the characters in common usage. Regardless ofhow good their penmanship is, it is all for naught if they don’t know what thecharacters are. They need a good grasp of the general vocabulary, including terms
related to tenchi (heaven-and-earth), jinbutsu (personage), jinji (human affairs),
seido (institutions), kizai (tools), Honchō no kojitsu (canonical history, according tothe Imperial Court), chūjū (beasts and fowl), chūgyo (bugs and aquatic creatures),and sōmoku (grasses, shrubs, and trees). (…) I recommend recent publications suchas Kinmō Zui, Wajika, and Waji Tsūrei Sho.
世間通用の文字を知るべし。書跡よくしても、文字を知らざれば用をなさず。
天地、人物、人事、制度、器財、本朝故実、鳥獣、虫魚、草木等の名、およそ世間通用の文字を知るべし。（中略）近年印行せし『訓蒙図彙』、『和爾雅』、『和字通例書』などをえらび用ゆべし。

Critical reception as a book that influences children:Yuasa Jōzan: Bunkai Zakki (introduction), 1782 (Tenmei 2)
Emura Hokkai: Jugyō Hen (introduction), 1781 (Tenmei 1), 1783 (Tenmei 3)
Matsuzaki Kōdō: Kōdō Nichireki (entry for 10th of Month 11), 1841 (Tenpō 12)→Confucianists praised Kinmō Zui for the quality of its information and fostering ajoy for reading in children.
SourcesYamazumi Masami 山住正巳, Nakae Kazue 中江和江. Tōyō Bunko 285: Kosodate no sho 1 東洋文庫二八五 子育ての書一. Heibonsha, 1967.
Takahashi Masahiko 高橋昌彦. “Emura Hokkai no zenhansei” 江村北海の前半生. Kokubungaku Ronkō
国文学論考 26 (1990).
Komiya Atsushi 小宮厚, Machida Saburō 町田三郎. Matsuzaki Kōdō, Yasui Sokken 松崎慊堂・安井息軒. Meitoku Shuppan, 2016.

Transmission to Foreigners
Engelbert Kæmpfer (1651–1716):
German physician. As a ship doctor for the Dutch East India Company, Kæmpfer
resided in Japan from 1690 to 1692. After returning home, he compiled a text on
Japan from the books, materials, and information he had gathered in the country.
Kæmpfer’s Heutiges Japan was translated into English and published as The Historyof Japan in 1727. It was published in French in 1929 and 1932, Dutch in 1729 and1933, and German in 1777–1779.
Amoenitatum Exoticarum, 1712



Walter Henry Medhurst (1796–1857):
British missionary. In Batavia, he was shown a copy of Kinmō Zui (expanded
edition with kashira-gaki notes), along with other Japanese texts by someone
returning from Japan. Based on these materials, he composed an English–Japanesedictionary.
An English and Japanese and Japanese and English Vocabulary, 1830
→Murakami Hidetoshi (1811–90) composed a Japanese edition, Eigosen 英語箋,which was published in two volumes. The first volume was published in 1857, andthe second was published in 1863.

SourcesNumata Jirō 沼田次郎. “Kenperu ‘Nihon Shi’ no Nihon oyobi kaigai ni okeru eikyō” ケンペル「日本誌」の日本および海外における影響. Engeruberuto Kenperu “Nihon Shi” oyobi “Nihon ShokubutsuZufu” fakushimiriban kaisetsu エンゲルベルト・ケンペル「日本誌」および「日本植物図譜」ファクシミリ版解説, 1980.
Michel-Zaitsu, Wolfgang. Dai Ei Toshokan zoo no Kenperu shiryō ni miru Nihon no byōmei oyobi byōki 大
英図書館蔵のケンペル資料に見る日本の病名および病気, 1997.
Chen Liwei 陳力衛. “Sen kyōshi Medohāsuto nojisho hensan to ‘Kinmō Zui’ no riyō” 宣教師メドハース
トの辞書編纂と『訓蒙図彙』の利用. Presented at the international symposium “Kakimono ni miru e tokotoba no 350 nen” 物にみる絵とことばの 350 年, 2017.7.

Transmission to Modern Era

Illustration format applied
Tanaka Yoshio, Taisei Kunmō Zukai 泰西訓蒙図解, 1871 (Meiji 4)
Tanaka Yoshio, Ei (Ji) Kunmō Zukai 英訓蒙図会, 1871
Toriyama Hiraku, Seiyō Kunmō Zukai, 1874 (Meiji 7)
Educational texts about Western languages, cultures, science, and information.
Adopted Kinmō Zui format

Use as learning material
Shirai Mitsutarō (1863–1932), a herbalist, plant pathologist, and naturalist
All manners of natural history knowledge can be found in the Wakan Meisū andNakamura Tekisai’s Kinmō Zui.
博物学上ノ知識ト云フモノハ此「和漢名数」デアルトカ、又中村惕斎ト云フ人
ノ「訓蒙図彙」デアルトカ、サウ云フモノヲ見テ覚エタノデアリマス
Shokubutsugaku Zasshi 植物学雑誌 27:318 (1913)
Minakata Kumagusu (1867–1941), a naturalist, biologist, and ethnologist
I gathered up pages from Nakamura Tekisai’s Kinmō Zui, which were purchasedfrom a scrap paper shop, to be used as wrapping for kitchen utensils. From thesepages, I learned how to illustrate. Subsequently, I learned how to write thecharacters. By the age of 6 or 7, I had mastered the characters in Kinmō Zui.
博物学上ノ知識ト云フモノハ此「和漢名数」デアルトカ、又中村惕斎ト云フ人ノ「訓蒙図彙」デアルトカ、サウ云フモノヲ見テ覚エタノデアリマス

Letter to Kunio Yanagita, 25th May 1911
SourcesShirai Mitsutarō 白井光太郎. Shirai Mitsutarō chosaku shū, dai 1 kan: Honzōgaku, Honzōgaku shi kenkyū
白井光太郎著作集 第一巻 本草学・本草学史研究. Ed. Kimura Yojirō. Kagaku Shoin, 1985.
Vol. 8 of Minakata Kumagusu zenshū 南方熊楠全集. Heibonsha, 1984.
Minakata Kumagusa ji: “Wakan Sansai Zue” e no Anabā jidai kakiire 南方熊楠辞－『和漢三才図会』へのアナーバー時代書き入れ. Ed. Tōkyō Minakata Kumagasa no Kai 東京・南方熊楠翻字の会, 2006.

（2020/10/21）