Professor David Attwood
Lecture 2, Sept. 28, 2011

EUV and Soft X-Ray Beamlines
David Attwood
University of California, Berkeley

Cheiron SchoolSeptember 2011
SPring-8
CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

1

Beamlines are used to transport photons to the sample,
and take a desired spectral slice

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

Cheiron School September 201121

Professor David Attwood
Lecture 2, Sept. 28, 2011

A typical beamline: monochromator plus focusing optics todeliver radiation to the sample

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

3

Beamline 7.0 at Berkeley’s
Advanced Light Source

CheironSchool_Oct2010_Lec2.ppt

Cheiron School September 201142

Professor David Attwood
Lecture 2, Sept. 28, 2011

Undulator radiated power in the central cone

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

5Power in the central radiation cone
for three x-ray undulators

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

Cheiron School September 201163

Professor David Attwood
Lecture 2, Sept. 28, 2011

High spectral resolution (meV beamline)

Courtesy of Zahid Hussein (ALS)
CheironSchool_Oct2010_Lec2.ppt

7

MAESTRO: A new varied-line-space grating monochromator beamline for angle-resolved-photo-electron-spectroscopy with highspectral and spatial resolution at the Advanced Light Source
Jason Wells, Derek Yegian, Ken Chow, Eli Rotenberg, Aaron Bostwick, Geoff Gaines and Tony Warwick

The latest soft x-ray undulator spectroscopy beam line planned for the ALS serves MAESTRO a new highresolution Angle Resolved Photo Emission facility with zone-plate focused nano-ARPES. The beam line
design offers spectral resolution 1:30000 from 60eV to 400eV with an extended energy range from 20eV to1000eV. Challenges include optical figure quality, thermal engineering, source size and stability and vibrationsin the monochromator. The optical design is radical in that a VLS grating will provide all of the focusing in thedispersion direction, and the mirrors are plane, except for a sphere to collect and focus horizontally.
Courtesy of Eli Rotenberg and Tony Warwick (ALS)

Cheiron School September 2011

CheironSchool_Oct2010_Lec2.ppt

84

Professor David Attwood
Lecture 2, Sept. 28, 2011

Varied line space gratings
Varied-Line-Space Plane Gratings provide focusing and aberration correction along with the dispersion
that they generate in the monochromator. They can be used to erect the monochromator focal plane,making the position of the focus at the exit slit (almost) stationary as the grating rotates to select thephoton energy. Beyond that, they are now being used to replace the focusing from shaped optics, making
beam lines cheaper and easier to align.
The PEEM3 beam line at 11.0.2 uses a
Triple-Ruled Varied-Line-Space grating:Linear and non-linear
line density variation

1) to erect the focal plane on a
stationary set of exit slits2) to keep the zero-order light infocus, for easy tuning, and formonitoring of the photon energy.

AFMmeasuredgroove shapesCourtesy of Tony Warwick (ALS)

CheironSchool_Oct2010_Lec2.ppt

9MAESTRO: A new varied-line-space grating
monochromator beam line at the ALS

9.25m
MaestroEPU

M201

Shield wall

7.25m (to grating)
Switch-M202
Monochromator

2.00m yard
G201a
G201b
G202a
G202b

2.50m
0.50m0.80m
M214
Exit M212 M213
KB focusing microARPES
slitmirrors

M211
M221
Exit
slit

~2.75mZone plate

Courtesy of Tony Warwick (ALS)

Cheiron School September 2011

nanoARPES

CheironSchool_Oct2010_Lec2.ppt

105Professor David Attwood
Lecture 2, Sept. 28, 2011MAESTRO at the ALS: gratings and efficiencies

Courtesy of Tony Warwick (ALS)

CheironSchool_Oct2010_Lec2.ppt

11

Water-cooled optics are essential: correcting slopeerrors due to a thermal bump

Heighterror
Body plate showing pockets
for cooling channels

Tangential
slope error

Sagittalslope error

Courtesy of Tony Warwick (ALS)

Cheiron School September 2011

CheironSchool_Oct2010_Lec2.ppt

126

Professor David Attwood
Lecture 2, Sept. 28, 2011

Ray tracing beamlines is an important tool
Significant degradation of the spectral resolution occurs due to localized heating of M202. It isalmost entirely corrected by adjusting the monochromator focusing parameter from 3.93 to
4.02. The engineering design will allow this mirror to be built with 1mm thick hot-wall and theactual thermal deformation is expected to be less.

600lines_60eV_10000_c=3.93034_18.7_0.038_
1.5mmheatbump

600lines_60eV_10000_c=4.02_18.7_0.038_1.5mmheatbumpcorrected

Courtesy of Tony Warwick (ALS)

CheironSchool_Oct2010_Lec2.ppt

13

References
Reininger, R., Kriesel, K., Hulbert, S.L., Sanchez-Hanke, C. and Arena, D.A., Rev.
Sci. Instrum.,79, 033108 2008
Peterson, H., Jung, C., Hellwig, C. Peatman, W.B. and Gudat, W., Rev. Sci. Instrum.
66 (1995) 1
Follath, R., and Senf, F., Nucl.Intrum. Methods Phys. Res. A390 (1997) 388
Amemiya, K., Kitajima, Y.,Ohta, T., and Ito, K., J. Synchrotron Radiation 3 (1996) 282
The original SHADOW package is available atwww.nanotech.wisc.edu/CNTLABS/shadow.html and with an IDL user interface atwww.esrf.fr/computing/scientific/xop
Undulator Radiation, Ellaume, P., in Undulators, Wigglers and their Applications,Onuki, H. and Ellaume, P. eds., Taylor and Francis.
Characteristics of Synchrotron Radiation, Kim, K., J., in Xray Data Booklet LBNL
internal report (1986) PUB 490 xdb.lbl.gov/xdb.pdf
D Fluckiger - Grating Solver Development Company Dec 2006 www.gsolver.com
Courtesy of Tony Warwick (ALS)

Cheiron School September 2011

CheironSchool_Oct2010_Lec2.ppt

14

7

Professor David Attwood
Lecture 2, Sept. 28, 2011

Typical parameters for synchrotron radiation

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

15

Time structure of synchrotron radiation

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.pptCheiron School September 2011168

Professor David Attwood
Lecture 2, Sept. 28, 2011

Beamlines for spatially coherent
undulator radiation

λ = 11.2 nm

λ = 13.4 nm

1 µmD pinhole
25 mm wide CCDat 410 mm
Courtesy of Patrick Naulleau, LBNL.
CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

17Coherence at short wavelengths

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

Cheiron School September 2011189

Professor David Attwood
Lecture 2, Sept. 28, 2011

Young’s double slit experiment: spatial coherence andthe persistence of fringes

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

19

Spatial and spectral filtering to produce coherent
radiation

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

Cheiron School September 20112010

Professor David Attwood
Lecture 2, Sept. 28, 2011

Spatial and temporal coherence

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

21

Spatially filtered undulator radiation

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

Cheiron School September 2011

22

11

Professor David Attwood
Lecture 2, Sept. 28, 2011

Spatial and spectral filtering of undulator radiation

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

23

Spatially and spectrally filtered undulator radiation

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

Cheiron School September 2011

24

12

Professor David Attwood
Lecture 2, Sept. 28, 2011

Coherent soft x-ray science beamline

Energy range 200-1000eV
Coherent flux at 600 eV:
2 × 1011 ph/sec/0.1%BW
Rosfjord (UCB PhD thesis, 2004)
K. Rosfjord, Y. Liu, D. Attwood, “Tunable
Coherent Soft X-Rays”, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant.
Electr.10, 1405 (Nov/Dec 2004)

λ = 2.07 nm (600 eV)• Wavefront interferomery tomeasure aberrations inzone plate lenses• Measure material properties(f1 & f2)
• Develop new coherent soft
x-ray optical techniques(Fourier Optics)• Coherent scattering frommagnetic nanostructures
CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

25

Undulator beamline for high spatial
coherence measurements

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

Cheiron School September 20112613

Professor David Attwood
Lecture 2, Sept. 28, 2011

Spatial coherence measurements of undulator
radiation using the classic 2-pinhole technique

Courtesy of Chang Chang, UC Berkeley and LBNL.
λ = 13.4 nm, 450 nm diameter pinholes, 1024 x 1024 EUV/CCD at 26 cm ALS, 1.9 GeV, λu = 8 cm, N = 55
CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

27

Spatial coherence measurements of undulator
radiation using the classic 2-pinhole technique

Courtesy of Chang Chang, UC Berkeley and LBNL.
λ = 13.4 nm, 450 nm diameter pinholes, 1024 x 1024 EUV/CCD at 26 cm ALS, 1.9 GeV, λu = 8 cm, N = 55
CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

Cheiron School September 2011

2814

Professor David Attwood
Lecture 2, Sept. 28, 2011

Spatial coherence measurements in thevertical plane

Courtesy of Chang Chang, UC Berkeley and LBNL.
λ = 13.4 nm, 450 nm diameter pinholes, 1024 x 1024 EUV/CCD at 26 cm ALS, 1.9 GeV, λu = 8 cm, N = 55
CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

29

Coherent power for an EPU at the ALS

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

Cheiron School September 20113015

Professor David Attwood
Lecture 2, Sept. 28, 2011

Coherent power at the Australian Synchrotron

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

31

Coherent power at SPring-8

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

Cheiron School September 2011

3216

Professor David Attwood
Lecture 2, Sept. 28, 2011

Coherent soft x-ray beamline: use of a higher
harmonic (n = 3) to access shorter wavelengths

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

33

Coherent Soft X-Ray Magnetic
Scattering Endstation
Flangosauruss

X ray

Scattering
inTransmission

Samplelocation
Courtesy of K.Chesnel, S. Kevan, U. Oregon
CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

Cheiron School September 2011

3417

Professor David Attwood
Lecture 2, Sept. 28, 2011

Example of experiment in transmission:
coherent scattering from nanoparticles
CCDCamera
2048 x 2048

X-ray beam
tuned to Co L3
resonant edge
Pinhole(coherence)

Diffuse scattering

Co Nanoparticles assembly
precipitated on TEM grid

x 10

45200
4.54004600
3.58003Scattering ring
related tointerparticle distance~12 nm10002.5120021400
1.5
1600
11800
0.5
2000

Courtesy of K.Chesnel, S. Kevan, U. Oregon

200400600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

Cheiron School September 2011353618

Professor David Attwood
Lecture 2, Sept. 28, 2011

Coherent power at BESSY II

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

37

Lensless imaging of magnetic nanostructures by
x-ray spectro-holography

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

Cheiron School September 2011

3819

Professor David Attwood
Lecture 2, Sept. 28, 2011

Undulators, FELs and coherenceCheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

39

Young’s double slit experiment: spatial coherence andthe persistence of fringes

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

Cheiron School September 2011

4020

Professor David Attwood
Lecture 2, Sept. 28, 2011

Young’s double slit experiment: spatial coherence andthe persistence of fringes

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

41

Young’s double slit experiment with random emitters:
Young did not have a laser

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

Cheiron School September 2011

4221

Professor David Attwood
Lecture 2, Sept. 28, 2011

Young’s double slit experiment with phase coherent
emitters (some lasers, or properly seeded FELs)

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

43

Undulators and FELs

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

Cheiron School September 2011

4422

Professor David Attwood
Lecture 2, Sept. 28, 2011

Undulators and FELs

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

45

Undulators and FELs

“SASE” FEL – no seed (several separate “waves” of electrons possible with uncorrelated phase.) Less peak power, broader spectrum.
CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

Cheiron School September 2011

4623

Professor David AttwoodLecture 2, Sept. 28, 2011

Seeded FEL

Second generation x-ray FELs.

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

47

FEL Microbunching

Courtesy of Sven Reiche, UCLA, now SLS

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

Cheiron School September 2011

48

24

Professor David Attwood
Lecture 2, Sept. 28, 2011

Gain and saturation in an FEL

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

49

Free electron lasers

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

Cheiron School September 2011

50

25

Professor David Attwood
Lecture 2, Sept. 28, 2011

References

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

51

Lectures online at www.youtube.com

Amazon.com

UC Berkeley
www.coe.berkeley.edu/AST/sxreuv
www.coe.berkeley.edu/AST/srms
www.coe.berkeley.edu/AST/sxr2009

CheironSchool_Sept2011_Lec2.ppt

Cheiron School September 2011

5226